COURT OF APPEALS OF VIRGINIA

Present: Judges Malveaux, Ortiz and Friedman

Argued by videoconference

PATRICK M. BARNES

MEMORANDUM OPINION* BY

v. Record No. 0930-22-1 JUDGE MARY BENNETT MALVEAUX

NOVEMBER 8, 2023

COMMONWEALTH OF VIRGINIA

FROM THE CIRCUIT COURT OF THE CITY OF NORFOLK

Everett A. Martin, Jr., Judge

Daymen Robinson for appellant.

Victoria Johnson, Assistant Attorney General (Jason S. Miyares, 

Attorney General, on brief), for appellee.

Patrick M. Barnes (“appellant”) appeals his convictions, following a jury trial, for

second-degree murder, in violation of Code § 18.2-32, abduction, in violation of Code § 18.2-47, 

and two counts of use of a firearm in the commission of a felony, in violation of Code § 18.2-53.1.

1

On appeal, appellant asserts that the evidence was insufficient to prove he was one of the 

perpetrators. He further asserts that the trial court erred when it refused his proffered jury 

instruction concerning eyewitness testimony.2 For the following reasons, we disagree and affirm 

the convictions.

* This opinion is not designated for publication. See Code § 17.1-413(A).

1 The jury acquitted appellant of conspiracy to commit second-degree murder and 

conspiracy to commit abduction. 

2 On brief, appellant withdraws his third assignment of error as it relates to refused Jury 

Instruction A. 

UNPUBLISHED
- 2 -

I. BACKGROUND

On appeal, “we review the evidence in the ‘light most favorable’ to the Commonwealth.” 

Clanton v. Commonwealth, 53 Va. App. 561, 564 (2009) (en banc) (quoting Commonwealth v. 

Hudson, 265 Va. 505, 514 (2003)). That principle requires us to “discard the evidence of the 

accused in conflict with that of the Commonwealth, and regard as true all the credible evidence 

favorable to the Commonwealth and all fair inferences that may be drawn therefrom.” Kelly v. 

Commonwealth, 41 Va. App. 250, 254 (2003) (en banc) (quoting Watkins v. Commonwealth, 26 

Va. App. 335, 348 (1998)).

After midnight on March 30, 2019, Anthony Beach was working as a security guard at 

Murphy’s Law Pub. As he surveyed the alley between the pub and a neighboring restaurant, Mona 

Lisa’s, he noticed “an altercation break out” in front of Mona Lisa’s. He informed a co-worker that 

a fight was about to occur and went back inside. 

James Kirksey was working as Mona Lisa’s front door security in the early morning hours 

of March 30, 2019. That evening he was wearing a black hat, black shirt, and camouflage jacket. 

While surveying the alley, he observed three individuals beating Elijah Craven and noticed a gun 

pointed at Craven’s abdomen.

3

 Kirksey noted that one of the individuals surrounding Craven had 

braids and wore a red, white, and blue jacket. As Kirksey entered Mona Lisa’s to report the incident 

to his boss, patrons rushed past him yelling that Craven was “getting jumped.” Michael McGregor

ran past Kirksey and out of the restaurant.

4

 Kirksey testified that he knew McGregor through his

family and knew Craven as a Mona Lisa’s patron. Kirksey testified that Craven and McGregor 

were friends. 

3 Several witnesses knew Craven as “Gualla” and referred to him as Gualla during their 

testimony.

4 Several witnesses knew McGregor as “Puddy” and referred to him as Puddy during 

their testimony.
- 3 -

Meanwhile, Beach monitored the altercation on Murphy’s Law Pub’s exterior security 

cameras. When Beach next opened the pub door to admit new patrons, he observed appellant with 

his arm around Craven and a gun pointed at Craven’s abdomen. Beach recognized appellant and 

Craven because earlier he had denied both of them entry to Murphy’s Law Pub as the pub was at 

capacity. Appellant was wearing a long sleeve camouflage shirt with lettering across the front. 

While patting down a patron, and watching the altercation outside on the security monitor, Beach 

observed multiple people surround Craven and pull him to the parking lot behind Murphy’s Law

Pub. When Beach finished searching the patron, he opened the exterior door and immediately heard 

“multiple shots” coming from behind the building. After several minutes passed without gunfire, 

Beach approached the back parking lot and found McGregor on the ground and bleeding from his 

head. First responders pronounced McGregor dead at the scene. On cross-examination, both Beach 

and Kirksey admitted that they were convicted felons. 

Craven remained at the scene until investigators arrived. He was photographed that evening 

wearing a red, white, and black jacket with jeans. 

Detectives Jemal Davis, John O’Keefe, and Lance Roberson testified that they examined 

footage of the incident from Murphy’s Law Pub and Mona Lisa’s as well as enhanced versions of 

that footage multiple times.5 The detectives identified appellant, Dashawn Bryant (“Bryant”), and 

Gary Drew (“Drew”) as members of the group of four who dragged Craven to the back parking lot. 

Detectives O’Keefe and Roberson were familiar with appellant, Bryant, and Drew through their 

duties as patrol officers and often saw them together in the Five Points neighborhood. The 

detectives, however, were unable to identify the fourth individual because there was no clear view 

of his face in the videos. 

5 The enhanced versions utilized software to brighten the existing image. 
- 4 -

Video footage from cameras at Mona Lisa’s and Murphy’s Law Pub was shown to the jury. 

Mona Lisa’s video footage depicted both appellant and Bryant inside the restaurant just before the 

shooting. Detective O’Keefe identified appellant as the stockier man wearing a camouflage shirt 

with white lettering on the front, dark pants, and a gold chain. The detective identified Bryant as the 

short-haired man in the dark green jacket, black shirt, black jeans, and white shoes. 

In the Murphy’s Law Pub video, Detective Davis identified Drew as the man with braids 

and dressed in jeans, a cap, and a red, white, and blue jacket. In the video, Drew approached

appellant and Bryant in the alley between Murphy’s Law Pub and Mona Lisa’s just after midnight 

on March 30. Then several individuals began scuffling just off camera in front of Mona Lisa’s. As 

the fight moved into the camera’s frame, four men surrounded Craven and dragged him behind 

Murphy’s Law Pub. Detective Davis identified Craven as the man in the middle of appellant, 

Bryant, and Drew. Bryant held Craven while the others pushed him to the back parking lot. 

The video showed that as the group turned the corner to the back parking lot, McGregor 

raced down the alley in pursuit. Contemporaneously, the group entered the rear security camera’s 

view and numerous flashes discharged. McGregor fell to the ground, and an individual crouched

and skirted around the vehicle near McGregor. Once parallel with McGregor, the individual raised

a gun and fired two gunshots into McGregor’s head. After identifying each individual and tracking 

their progress on the video, the detectives determined that appellant was the assailant who fired the 

final two gunshots at McGregor. 

On cross-examination, the detectives acknowledged that they could not identify anyone in 

the unenhanced footage at the time of the actual shots. Furthermore, they acknowledged that their

identification of appellant as the individual in the final part of the shooting was based on the 

“culmination of all of the video,” his height, his build, and his clothing. 
- 5 -

At trial, appellant offered Jury Instruction B, which specifically instructed the jury on

evaluating eyewitness testimony. Appellant claimed that, because the only evidence tying him to 

the crimes was eyewitness testimony, his proposed instruction was critical to his case and germane 

to the jury’s fact-finding mission. The trial court refused Instruction B noting that “it’s covered by 

other instructions.” 

The jury convicted appellant of second-degree murder, abduction, and two counts of use of 

a firearm in the commission of a felony. This appeal followed.

II. ANALYSIS

A. Sufficiency of the Evidence

Appellant asserts that the evidence was insufficient to prove beyond a reasonable doubt that 

he was one of the individuals who abducted Craven and shot McGregor. 

“When reviewing the sufficiency of the evidence, ‘[t]he judgment of the trial court is 

presumed correct and will not be disturbed unless it is plainly wrong or without evidence to 

support it.’” McGowan v. Commonwealth, 72 Va. App. 513, 521 (2020) (alteration in original) 

(quoting Smith v. Commonwealth, 296 Va. 450, 460 (2018)). “In such cases, ‘[t]he Court does 

not ask itself whether it believes that the evidence at the trial established guilt beyond a 

reasonable doubt.’” Id. (alteration in original) (quoting Secret v. Commonwealth, 296 Va. 204, 

228 (2018)). “Rather, the relevant question is whether ‘any rational trier of fact could have 

found the essential elements of the crime beyond a reasonable doubt.’” Vasquez v. 

Commonwealth, 291 Va. 232, 248 (2016) (quoting Williams v. Commonwealth, 278 Va. 190, 193 

(2009)). “If there is evidentiary support for the conviction, ‘the reviewing court is not permitted 

to substitute its own judgment, even if its opinion might differ from the conclusions reached by 

the finder of fact at the trial.’” McGowan, 72 Va. App. at 521 (quoting Chavez v. 

Commonwealth, 69 Va. App. 149, 161 (2018)).
- 6 -

“It is firmly established that ‘[c]ircumstantial evidence is competent and is entitled to as 

much weight as direct evidence provided that the circumstantial evidence is sufficiently 

convincing to exclude every reasonable hypothesis except that of guilt.’” Kelley v. 

Commonwealth, 69 Va. App. 617, 629 (2019) (alteration in original) (quoting Pijor v. 

Commonwealth, 294 Va. 502, 512 (2017)). “Circumstantial evidence is not ‘viewed in isolation’ 

because the ‘combined force of many concurrent and related circumstances, each insufficient in 

itself, may lead a reasonable [fact finder]’ to conclude beyond a reasonable doubt that a 

defendant is guilty.” Rams v. Commonwealth, 70 Va. App. 12, 27 (2019) (alteration in original) 

(quoting Muhammad v. Commonwealth, 269 Va. 451, 479 (2005)).

“[T]he credibility of a witness, the weight accorded the testimony, and the inferences to 

be drawn from proven facts are matters solely for the fact finder’s determination.” Fletcher v. 

Commonwealth, 72 Va. App. 493, 502 (2020) (quoting Crawley v. Commonwealth, 29 Va. App. 

372, 375 (1999)). Furthermore, we defer “to the [fact finder]’s interpretation of all of the 

evidence, including video evidence.” Meade v. Commonwealth, 74 Va. App. 796, 806 (2022). 

At trial, the jury “views video and other evidence to determine [the facts].” Id. On appeal, we

“view video evidence . . . for the limited purpose of determining whether any rational factfinder 

could have viewed it as the [jury] did.” Id.

Appellant argues that any identification of him as one of the culprits was unreliable, 

asserting that the eyewitnesses were never able to identify him as being involved in McGregor’s 

shooting or as the shooter. Additionally, appellant claims that law enforcement’s identification of 

him was speculative as it was based upon poor quality video footage that had no sound. 

Although appellant contends that the eyewitness identification was unreliable, the jury

was able to assess the credibility of that identification by comparing appellant’s appearance 

during that evening, as well as in court, to that of the perpetrators in the video footage. We 
- 7 -

conclude that the jury, having viewed the video evidence, reasonably could determine that the 

video footage corroborated Beach’s, Kirksey’s, and law enforcement’s identification testimony, 

based on the similarities in the clothing, height, and build of appellant and the perpetrator. 

Viewed as a whole, the Commonwealth’s evidence was competent, credible, and sufficient to 

prove beyond a reasonable doubt that appellant abducted Craven and shot McGregor.

B. Refused Jury Instruction

Appellant contends that the trial court erred when it rejected his proposed instruction on the 

jury’s consideration of eyewitness identification testimony. 

We review a trial court’s decisions in giving and denying requested jury instructions for 

abuse of discretion. Barney v. Commonwealth, 69 Va. App. 604, 609 (2019). “A reviewing 

court’s responsibility in reviewing jury instructions is ‘to see that the law has been clearly stated 

and that the instructions cover all issues which the evidence fairly raises.’” Fahringer v. 

Commonwealth, 70 Va. App. 208, 211 (2019) (quoting Darnell v. Commonwealth, 6 Va. App. 

485, 488 (1988)). Moreover, a jury instruction “may not ‘single out for emphasis a part of the 

evidence tending to establish a particular fact.’” Terry v. Commonwealth, 5 Va. App. 167, 170 

(1987) (quoting Woods v. Commonwealth, 171 Va. 543, 548 (1938)). “When granted 

instructions fully and fairly cover a principle of law, a trial court does not abuse its discretion in 

refusing another instruction relating to the same legal principle.” Hilton v. Commonwealth, 293 

Va. 293, 302 (2017) (quoting Daniels v. Commonwealth, 275 Va. 460, 466 (2008)).

In Daniels, the Supreme Court of Virginia observed that “[c]ourts have long recognized 

dangers inherent in eyewitness identification testimony.” 275 Va. at 464.

[S]ome state and federal courts, citing continued research on 

eyewitness identification, have opined that courts should guard 

against a jury assuming that admitted eyewitness identification 

testimony is unquestionably reliable and credible simply because it 

was admitted in evidence. Accordingly, these jurisdictions have 

allowed a specific jury instruction alerting the jury to the dangers 
- 8 -

of eyewitness identification testimony both with regard to the 

circumstances of the identification and the possibility of a sincere 

mistake in identification. In some jurisdictions, such instructions 

are required in cases in which the defendant requests the 

instruction and identification of the defendant is a central part of 

the prosecution's case. In others, such cautionary instructions are 

permissible, but not required, if the circumstances warrant.

Id. at 465 (citations omitted). Nonetheless, the Court found that, in Virginia, “[w]e have not 

adopted a rule . . . which requires a cautionary instruction on eyewitness identification in every 

case in which it is requested and the identification of the defendant is central to the prosecution’s 

case.” Id. But “[n]either ha[s the Court] opined that such an instruction would never be 

appropriate, nor that a court would abuse its discretion by granting such an instruction.” Id.

In Payne v. Commonwealth, 292 Va. 855 (2016), the Supreme Court considered whether 

the trial court erred in refusing a proffered jury instruction on eyewitness identification modeled 

upon an instruction discussed in United States v. Telfaire, 469 F.2d 552 (D.C. Cir. 1972). The 

Court observed that “the very specificity of Payne’s instruction counseled against its use, in the 

form and using the precise language he proffered.” Payne, 292 Va. at 871. “The proffered 

instruction would have focused the jury’s attention on four enumerated factors, thereby 

suggesting that those four factors were exclusive or at least entitled to special consideration or 

undue weight.” Id. The Court further noted that while a party may, in closing argument, “focus 

the jurors’ attention on the evidence it prefers them to consider during their deliberations, it is 

not appropriate for the court to do so in a jury instruction because, under the law of Virginia, the 

jury is free to weigh the evidence how it chooses.” Id. The Court reaffirmed the holding in 

Daniels that it is within the trial court’s discretion to deny an instruction on eyewitness 

identification. Id. at 872.

Here, appellant argues that eyewitness identification was critical to his convictions and that 

general instructions were insufficient as eyewitness identification is the least reliable type of 
- 9 -

evidence. He asserts that an instruction dealing specifically with eyewitness identification was 

warranted due to the inherent dangers of eyewitness identification testimony or the possibility of 

the witness making a sincere mistake. 

As in Payne, the trial court in this case granted the Virginia model jury instruction 

concerning the jury’s role in judging the credibility of witnesses, the burden of proof, and 

circumstantial evidence. The model instruction on witnesses’ credibility, like the proposed 

instruction, instructed the jury to consider the circumstances of the witnesses’ intelligence, their 

bias, “their opportunity for knowing the truth and for having observed the things about which 

they testified.” The jury was appropriately instructed regarding the Commonwealth’s burden of 

proving appellant’s identity beyond a reasonable doubt, as well as on the presumption of 

innocence. The granted instructions given by the trial court thus addressed the defense theory

that the eyewitness testimony lacked credibility and accuracy. As such, granting appellant’s

proposed instruction would have been duplicative. We find no abuse of discretion in the trial 

court’s decision to deny appellant’s proffered instruction on eyewitness identification.6

6 Appellant also argues that the trial court erred in finding Robert Horton, a co-owner and 

custodian of record for Murphy’s Law Pub, unavailable as a witness and, as a result, admitting 

his testimony from the preliminary hearing. Prior to trial, the Commonwealth moved the trial 

court to admit Horton’s former testimony at trial because he had become an unavailable witness. 

Horton testified at a preliminary hearing on August 1, 2019, and was subject to 

cross-examination. Thereafter, Horton became a government contractor in Bahrain and was 

stationed there until October 2020. After a hearing on the matter, the trial court granted the 

Commonwealth’s motion for “reasons stated to the record” in an order dated October 28, 2019. 

The record on appeal does not contain a transcript of the October 24, 2019 pretrial motion 

hearing nor does it contain a written statement of facts in lieu of a transcript regarding the 

hearing. “If . . . the transcript [or statement of facts] is indispensable to the determination of the 

case, then the requirements for making the transcript [or statement of facts] a part of the record 

on appeal must be strictly adhered to.” Bay v. Commonwealth, 60 Va. App. 520, 528 (2012) 

(alterations in original) (quoting Turner v. Commonwealth, 2 Va. App. 96, 99 (1986)). “Whether 

the record is sufficiently complete to permit our review on appeal is a question of law subject to 

our de novo review.” Id. at 529. After reviewing the record and the opening brief, we conclude 

that a timely filed transcript or written statement of facts is indispensable to a determination of 

appellant’s argument. See Smith v. Commonwealth, 32 Va. App. 766, 772 (2000); Turner, 2 
- 10 -

CONCLUSION

We hold that the evidence was sufficient to support appellant’s convictions. Further, the 

trial court did not abuse its discretion when it refused proffered Instruction B. Accordingly, we 

affirm appellant’s convictions.

Affirmed.

Va. App. at 99-100. Therefore, we do not address the merits of this argument. Rule 

5A:8(b)(4)(ii).