NOT FOR PUBLICATION

UNITED STATES COURT OF APPEALS

FOR THE NINTH CIRCUIT

KEITH TROUT, as the proposed guardian ad 

litem of minor DA, minor JG1, minor JG2 

and minor JG3, 

Plaintiff-Appellant, 

 v. 

COUNTY OF MADERA, a domestic 

municipal corporation; et al., 

Defendants-Appellees.

No. 22-16177 

D.C. No.4:21-cv-06061-PJH 

MEMORANDUM*

Appeal from the United States District Court

for the Northern District of California

Phyllis J. Hamilton, District Judge, Presiding

Argued and Submitted December 4, 2023

San Francisco, California

Before: BRESS and JOHNSTONE, Circuit Judges, and EZRA,** District Judge.

Keith Trout appeals from the district court’s judgment dismissing his action 

for improper venue and from its order denying his request to amend the judgment 

* This disposition is not appropriate for publication and is not precedent 

except as provided by Ninth Circuit Rule 36-3.

** The Honorable David A. Ezra, United States District Judge for the 

District of Hawaii, sitting by designation.

FILED

DEC 12 2023

MOLLY C. DWYER, CLERK

U.S. COURT OF APPEALS
2 

and transfer this case to the Eastern District of California. He does not challenge 

the district court’s conclusion that venue was improper in the Northern District of 

California. We review for abuse of discretion a district court’s determination of 

whether to dismiss or transfer a case for improper venue under 28 U.S.C. 

§ 1406(a), Costlow v. Weeks, 790 F.2d 1486, 1488 (9th Cir. 1986), as well as its 

decision to deny a motion to amend the judgment under Federal Rule of Civil 

Procedure 59(e), Connell v. Lima Corp., 988 F.3d 1089, 1096 (9th Cir. 2021). 

Because the parties are familiar with the facts and procedural history, we do not 

recite them here. We affirm.

Section 1406(a) provides that “[t]he district court of a district in which is 

filed a case laying venue in the wrong division or district shall dismiss, or if it be in 

the interest of justice, transfer such case to any district or division in which it could 

have been brought.” 28 U.S.C. § 1406(a). While we take “a broad view of when 

transfer is appropriate,” Amity Rubberized Pen Co. v. Mkt. Quest Grp. Inc., 793 

F.3d 991, 996 (9th Cir. 2015), we have affirmed the dismissal of cases under 

§ 1406(a) when the plaintiff has opposed transfer to a proper district, Johnson v. 

Payless Drug Stores Nw., Inc., 950 F.2d 586, 588 (9th Cir. 1991) (per curiam), or 

has “sought to avoid [the proper district] through blatant forum shopping,” Wood v. 

Santa Barbara Chamber of Com., Inc., 705 F.2d 1515, 1523 (9th Cir. 1983).
3 

Here, the district court did not abuse its discretion in determining that 

transfer was not in the interest of justice. Trout knew that his tort claims against 

certain defendants might be barred by the statute of limitations if his action in the 

Northern District were dismissed and he had to refile in another district.1 For 

several months prior to the dismissal, Trout was aware that there were substantial 

challenges to the propriety of venue in the Northern District, and he received 

ample notice of defendants’ intention to move to dismiss based on improper venue.

Nevertheless, Trout’s opposition to defendants’ motions to dismiss or transfer the 

amended complaint still did not argue that it would be in the interest of justice to 

transfer the case if the district court found that venue was lacking. Indeed, Trout 

argued against transfer to the Eastern District in opposing the defendants’ 

alternative 28 U.S.C. § 1404(a)motion,

2 asserting that such a transfer would not be 

in the interest of justice because of docket congestion.

Even assuming the district court had a duty to consider transfer pursuant to

28 U.S.C. § 1406(a) before dismissing this case, the court fulfilled the duty under 

§ 1406(a)in its consideration of Trout’s Rule 59(e) motion to amend the judgment. 

The court determined that transfer would not be in the interest of justice because 

1 Our decision does not depend on whether any claims are time-barred, and we do 

not reach that issue.

2 Section 1404(a) provides that “[f]or the convenience of parties and witnesses, in 

the interest of justice, a district court may transfer any civil action to any other 

district or division” where venue is proper. 28 U.S.C. § 1404(a).
4 

Trout had engaged in “blatant forum shopping” to avoid the Eastern District and 

had previously argued against transfer to that district. Although the district court’s 

interest-of-justice analysis occurred in the context of its ruling on Trout’s Rule 

59(e) motion, the court cited and applied the correct legal standard under 

§ 1406(a), and its determination is supported by the record and the proceedings in 

this case. Accordingly, the district court did not abuse its discretion by dismissing 

this case for improper venue or by denying Trout’s motion to amend the judgment.

AFFIRMED.