[Cite as State v. Tapscott, 2012-Ohio-4213.]

STATE OF OHIO, MAHONING COUNTY 

IN THE COURT OF APPEALS 

SEVENTH DISTRICT 

STATE OF OHIO ) CASE NO. 11 MA 26 

) 

PLAINTIFF-APPELLEE ) 

) 

VS. ) O P I N I O N 

) 

ALLEN TAPSCOTT ) 

) 

DEFENDANT-APPELLANT ) 

CHARACTER OF PROCEEDINGS: Criminal Appeal from the Court of 

Common Pleas, Mahoning County, Ohio 

Case No. 10 CR 1267 

JUDGMENT: Convictions Affirmed. 

 Remanded for Resentencing. 

APPEARANCES: 

For Plaintiff-Appellee: Atty. Paul Gains 

Prosecuting attorney 

Atty. Ralph Rivera 

Assistant Prosecuting Attorney 

21 West Boardman Street, 6th Floor 

Youngstown, Ohio 44503 

For Defendant-Appellant: Atty. Rhys B. Cartwright-Jones 

42 N. Phelps Street 

Youngstown, Ohio 44503-1130 

JUDGES: 

Hon. Joseph J. Vukovich 

Hon. Gene Donofrio 

Hon. Cheryl L. Waite 

Dated: September 14, 2012
[Cite as State v. Tapscott, 2012-Ohio-4213.]

VUKOVICH, J. 

{¶1} Defendant-appellant Allen Tapscott appeals from the judgment of the 

Mahoning County Common Pleas Court which sentenced him after a jury found him 

guilty of aggravated burglary and two counts of aggravated robbery. He argues on 

appeal that he was prejudiced by the admission of testimony that the female victim 

was pregnant and that her pregnancy was high-risk. He also urges that the two 

counts of aggravated robbery, one for each victim, should have been merged. For 

the following reasons, these arguments are overruled, and his convictions are 

upheld. 

{¶2} However, we find a plain error in the trial court’s decision to sentence 

appellant concurrently on offenses that the court merged as a merged offense 

receives no sentence. Consequently, we remand for resentencing where the state 

can elect the offenses that will receive sentences. 

STATEMENT OF THE CASE

{¶3} As a result of a reported home invasion at the Westlake Terrace 

Apartments, appellant was indicted on two counts of aggravated robbery with a 

deadly weapon, one count of aggravated burglary with a deadly weapon, three 

firearm specifications, and one count of having a firearm while under disability. The 

last count was severed for a bench trial to take place after a jury trial on the first three 

counts. 

{¶4} At the jury trial, the male victim testified that he was at his girlfriend’s 

apartment at the Westlake projects on November 1, 2010 at 6:50 p.m. when he heard 

noises at the front door (which had been barricaded) and then heard someone say, 
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“get the money, I know he has money.” (Tr. 258). At that point, appellant entered by 

way of the back door. The victims knew appellant through the neighborhood and 

because the female victim had helped appellant set up a Facebook page a few days 

before. (Tr. 257, 309). 

{¶5} The male victim stated that appellant pointed a gun at the female victim 

and said he “was going to shoot her, kill my kid, kill me.” (Tr. 255). According to the 

victim, appellant demanded pills and money. The male victim replied that he could 

have the pills on the counter (which were prenatal vitamins) and that he had money 

at the neighbor’s apartment. Appellant then allowed the female victim to leave to 

retrieve the money. The male victim testified that appellant ransacked the apartment 

while pointing the gun at him and threatened to hit him in the head with the gun if the 

female did not return. (Tr. 255, 260). It was reported that appellant took $40 cash 

and a $200 money order and then left when he heard sirens. (Tr. 260, 295). 

{¶6} The female victim confirmed that appellant entered through the back 

door, pointed a gun at her, threatened to kill her and the male victim, and asked for 

pills and money. (Tr. 304, 306). She also heard someone instruct appellant to get 

the money. (Tr. 307-308). She related that when appellant allowed her to leave, she 

went to the neighbor’s apartment and called the police. (Tr. 308). This neighbor 

confirmed that the female victim, who was crying and upset, asked to use his 

telephone because her boyfriend was being robbed. (Tr. 351). 

{¶7} A police officer testified that when they encountered the male victim he 

had been following appellant to see whether he entered another apartment. The 

victim appeared frantic and seemed relieved to see the police. (Tr. 368). The officer 
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confirmed that the apartment had been ransacked, noting that he saw a computer 

and electronic equipment on the floor. (Tr. 373). The officer stated that the victims 

immediately began making plans to move from the apartment that night. (Tr. 374). 

The officer also testified that the female victim seemed very scared when she 

returned to pack her belongings. (Tr. 377). 

{¶8} Appellant then testified in his own defense. Appellant stated that the 

male victim had been looking for a gun for his brother. Appellant asked around and 

was able to procure one that he knew did not work. (Tr. 514-515). Appellant stated 

that on October 29, 2010, he arrived at the male victim’s apartment with the gun. He 

related that the victim called his brother, and when the brother arrived, appellant sold 

him the gun for $120. (Tr. 517-518). The female victim then helped appellant set up 

a Facebook page. (Tr. 519). 

{¶9} Appellant said that the male victim called him on October 30 to say that 

his brother wanted his money back because the gun did not work. (Tr. 520). 

Appellant testified that he originally agreed to refund the money when he was able to, 

but when the male victim kept calling him, he told him that he would not be refunding 

the money, which upset the male victim. (Tr. 520). Appellant then related that when 

he went to the apartment complex on October 31, the male victim wanted to fight 

him, and so, they nearly engaged in a knife fight in front of a group of people at the 

projects. (Tr. 521-522). He said he was back at the complex on November 1 (the 

day of the reported incident) and that he saw the female victim outside but did not 

speak to her and did not enter their apartment or rob them. (Tr. 525). 
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{¶10} The jury found appellant guilty on all three counts with firearm 

specifications. The court thereafter found him guilty of the weapons under disability 

charge. In a January 28, 2011 entry, the court sentenced appellant to ten years on 

the first three offenses, three years on each firearm specification, and five years on 

the weapons under disability charge. The court merged the firearm specifications 

into one specification. The court also held that the aggravated burglary would merge 

with aggravated robberies and ran those sentences concurrently. The court refused 

appellant’s request to merge the two aggravated robberies as well and ran these 

sentences consecutively to each other, to the sentence on the specification, and to 

the weapons sentence, for a total of twenty-eight years. The within appeal followed. 

ASSIGNMENT OF ERROR NUMBER ONE

{¶11} Appellant’s first assignment of error provides: 

THE TRIAL COURT ERRED IN ALLOWING IN EVIDENCE OF THE 

ALLEGED VICTIM’S ‘HIGH RISK’ PREGNANCY IN 

CONTRAVENTION OF RULES 401, 402, AND 403 OF THE OHIO 

RULES OF EVIDENCE, WHICH PROSCRIBE ADMISSION OF 

IRRELEVANT AND PREJUDICIAL EVIDENCE. 

{¶12} Appellant complains here about various places in the testimony where 

the jury was informed that the victim was in the midst of a high-risk pregnancy at the 

time of the offense. The jury was not informed that within days of the offense, she 

gave birth and the baby died. It was this latter fact that the defense asked to be 

excluded in their written motion in limine where they asked the court to prohibit the 
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state from introducing evidence of the female victim’s medical condition after the 

robbery. 

{¶13} In discussing this motion before trial, the prosecutor asked for guidance 

on how to proceed and noted that the victim’s condition helped emphasize her 

credibility. (Tr. 8-9). The court agreed that the death of the baby was not pertinent 

but opined that the fact of pregnancy seemed unavoidable. (Tr. 10-12). The court 

suggested that the state stick to the elements of the offenses and pointed out that 

certain facts may become pertinent depending upon cross-examination. (Tr. 10-11). 

{¶14} The male victim testified first. When the prosecutor asked if he lived in 

the apartment with his girlfriend, he answered: “I was staying with her. She was 

going through a high-risk pregnancy and she needed me there with her at all times.” 

(Tr. 252-253). When asked who was home during the incident, the male victim 

added to his answer, “She was laying on the couch. Like I said, she was a high-risk 

pregnancy and she wasn’t allowed to do nothing.” (Tr. 254). As aforementioned, he 

also testified that appellant “said he was going to shoot her, kill my kid, kill me.” (Tr. 

255). 

{¶15} Thereafter, when the prosecutor asked the female victim who lived with 

her at the apartment, she answered, “It was myself, but I was going through a highrisk pregnancy so my boyfriend was there with me.” (Tr. 302). The prosecutor asked 

how far along she was at the time to which she responded that she had been five 

months pregnant. (Tr. 302-303). The prosecutor then inquired, “And as far as being 

a high-risk pregnancy, what orders did you have from the doctor?” She replied, “I 
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was supposed to be on bedrest * * * I had to take two medicines for my contractions 

* * *.” (Tr. 303). 

{¶16} The responding officer testified in pertinent part: “He was upset. He 

stated several times that he was very scared for his life as well as his girlfriend’s life. 

His girlfriend was pregnant at the time. He immediately began to make plans of 

moving out of the apartment.” (Tr. 374). When asked to describe the female victim’s 

demeanor, the officer responded in part, “she was scared for her life and her 

pregnancy. I guess she had mentioned it was high risk and, you know, it was a very 

stressful situation for her to be in.” (Tr. 377). 

{¶17} Appellant first claims that all of this testimony about a high-risk 

pregnancy was not relevant and thus was inadmissible under Evid.R. 401 and 402. 

Appellant alternatively argues that even if the evidence was relevant, it should have 

been excluded under Evid.R 403(A) or (B). 

{¶18} Initially, it must be pointed out that the defense’s written motion in limine 

did not ask for exclusion of evidence of a high-risk pregnancy. That is, the motion 

specifically asked to exclude evidence of the victim’s medical condition after the 

offense, not before or during the offense. Accordingly, the trial court agreed that the 

death of the baby should not be discussed, and it was not in fact discussed at trial. 

The court did not prohibit testimony on the pregnancy and in fact noted that such 

testimony appeared unavoidable. Thus, contrary to appellant’s suggestion, he did 

not file a motion in limine on the topic of pregnancy, and the court did not rule to 

exclude such evidence. 
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{¶19} In any event, a motion in limine does not preserve an issue. A motion 

in limine is a preliminary, precautionary, tentative, and anticipatory ruling on the 

potential treatment of an issue to be later resolved when it arises in the context of the 

trial where the trial court may change its mind based upon circumstances that are 

developed. State v. Grubb, 28 Ohio St.3d 199, 201-203, 503 N.E.2d 142 (1986). A 

party's failure to reassert the matter at the proper point at trial constitutes a waiver of 

any challenge, regardless of the disposition made for a preliminary motion in limine. 

Id. at 203. 

{¶20} As the defense did not object to any of the mentions of pregnancy 

during the testimony, the issue was waived. See id.; State v. Hancock, 108 Ohio 

St.3d 57, 2006-Ohio-160, 840 N.E.2d 1032, ¶ 59 (objecting party must challenge 

evidence during trial when issue is presented in full context ). See also Evid.R. 

103(A)(1) (error may not be predicated upon a ruling which admits or excludes 

evidence unless a substantial right of the party is affected and a timely objection was 

made specifically stating the grounds of the objection). 

{¶21} Where no objection is entered at a time when the error can be 

corrected, the court may recognize plain error if substantial rights are affected. See 

Crim.R. 52(B). Plain error is a discretionary doctrine to be used with the utmost of 

care by the appellate court only in exceptional circumstances in order to avoid a 

manifest miscarriage of justice. State v. Noling, 98 Ohio St.3d 44, 2002-Ohio-7044, ¶ 

62. The doctrine can be employed only where there was an obvious error affecting 

substantial rights in that the error was clearly outcome determinative. Id.; Hancock, 

108 Ohio St.3d 57 at ¶ 60. 
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{¶22} However, there is no error here, plain or otherwise. The admission or 

exclusion of relevant evidence rests within the sound discretion of the trial court. 

State v. Sage, 31 Ohio St.3d 173, 180, 510 N.E.2d 343 (1987). It is within the sound 

discretion of the trial court to apply its common experience and logic to determine the 

relevance of evidence. State v. Lyles, 42 Ohio St.3d 98, 99-100, 537 N.E.2d 221 

(1989). 

{¶23} Contrary to appellant’s position, the relevancy test does not require the 

evidence to directly prove an element of the offense. Relevant evidence is defined 

as “evidence having any tendency to make the existence of any fact that is of 

consequence to the determination of the action more probable or less probable than 

it would be without the evidence.” Evid.R. 401. Relevant evidence is admissible 

unless prohibited by another rule, statute, the constitution. Evid.R. 402. Evidence 

which is not relevant is not admissible. Evid.R. 402. 

{¶24} The fact that the victim was pregnant was admissible to explain 

appellant’s own declaration that he “was going to shoot her, kill my kid, kill me.” (Tr. 

255). Appellant’s brief seems to acknowledge this as it focuses on the testimony 

disclosing that the pregnancy was high-risk. However, this fact is also relevant for 

various reasons. 

{¶25} Whether the victim’s story about appellant entering her apartment with 

a firearm and robbing them is true is a “fact that is of consequence” to the action. 

See Evid.R. 401. The fact that she was in the midst of this high-risk pregnancy has 

“a tendency” to make it less likely that she would entangle herself in this police 

investigation and engage in the actions taken that evening. See id. As the state 
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points out, a female subjected to bedrest for a high-risk pregnancy while taking two 

medications to stop early contractions would not typically leave her apartment when 

the baby’s father was present, walk to a neighbor’s residence five doors down, and 

call 911 to report a robbery unless that robbery was actually occurring. Her state of 

being on bedrest also makes it less likely that she would thereafter pack her 

belongings and leave the apartment if the robbery never occurred. The neighbor’s 

testimony confirmed that she came over to call the police, and the police officer’s 

testimony confirmed that she packed items in order to stay elsewhere that night and 

that the apartment had been ransacked. 

{¶26} The jury is entitled to all information that might bear on the accuracy 

and truth of a witness’s testimony. United States v. Abel, 469 U.S. 45, 52, 105 S.Ct. 

465, 83 L.2d 450 (1984) (dealing with witness bias). The credibility of a witness is 

always a relevant issue. State v. Curry, 11th Dist. No. 92-A-1738 (June 30, 1993); 

State v. Lumpkin, 2d Dist. No. 90CA82 (Oct. 25, 1991). See also State v. Oddi, 5th 

Dist. No. 02CAA01005, 2002-Ohio-5926, ¶ 32. The evidence contested here makes 

it more probable that the victim is telling the truth. See State v. Jackson, 107 Ohio 

St.3d 53, 2005-Ohio-5981, 836 N.E.2d 1173, ¶ 70. 

{¶27} Furthermore, the fact of pregnancy and even that it was high-risk was 

admissible to explain the pill bottles in the apartment which contained the female 

victim’s prenatal vitamins and two medications prescribed to stop contractions. This 

is relevant background information regarding how appellant may have seen the 

prescription pill bottles in the apartment when he was there getting assistance with 

his Facebook page a few days before and regarding why he immediately asked for 
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the pills when he broke into the house. For all of these reasons, the evidence 

regarding the victim’s high-risk pregnancy passed the test for relevancy pursuant to 

Evid.R. 401 and 402. 

{¶28} Pursuant to Evid.R. 403(A), there is a mandatory exclusion of relevant 

evidence whose probative value is substantially outweighed by the danger of unfair 

prejudice, of confusion of the issues, or of misleading the jury. Moreover, the trial 

court has discretion to exclude relevant evidence whose probative value is 

substantially outweighed by considerations of undue delay, or needless presentation 

of cumulative evidence. Evid.R. 403(B). 

{¶29} Initially, it should be reiterated that no one informed the jury that the 

victim went into labor shortly after the offense or that she lost the baby. Nor did 

anyone suggest that the victim gave birth prematurely as a result of the stressful 

situation and her inability to abide by strict bed rest that evening. 

{¶30} As aforementioned the high-risk pregnancy was relevant to the victims’ 

credibility as to whether the offense occurred and as background for the pill bottles in 

the apartment. The victims’ credibility was key here. This is especially true since the 

defense revolved around a claim that the victims ransacked their own apartment and 

made up the story of the burglary and robbery in retaliation for appellant selling the 

male victim’s brother a broken gun for $120. Thus, contrary to appellant’s argument, 

the probative value of the testimony was not minimal. 

{¶31} Generally, all evidence presented by the prosecution is prejudicial to 

the criminal defendant, and as the rule speaks only to prejudice that is unfair, there is 

a preference for admissibility. See State v. Skatzes, 104 Ohio St.3d 195, 2004-Ohio-
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6391, 819 N.E.2d 215, ¶ 107; State v. Frazier, 73 Ohio St.3d 323, 333, 652 N.E.2d 

1000 (1995). The issues were straightforward in this case; nothing confusing was 

presented. The case dealt with victims claiming robbery and burglary versus a 

defendant claiming that he was falsely accused due to the male victim’s desire to 

avenge his brother’s loss of $120 due to the purchase of a broken gun. Therefore, 

had an objection been lodged at trial, the trial court would not have abused its 

discretion in determining that the probative value of the high-risk pregnancy was not 

substantially outweighed by the danger of unfair prejudice, confusion of the issues, or 

misleading the jury. See Evid.R. 403(A). 

{¶32} As for Evid.R. 403(B), the probative value of the testimony that her 

pregnancy was high-risk was not substantially outweighed by undue delay or the 

needless presentation of cumulative evidence. The evidence on this topic was 

abbreviated, was not needlessly cumulative, and caused no delay. As such, this 

assignment of error is overruled. 

ASSIGNMENT OF ERROR NUMBER TWO

{¶33} Appellant’s second assignment of error contends: 

THE TRIAL COURT ERRED IN NOT MERGING MR. TAPSCOTT’S 

SENTENCES FOR AGGRAVATED ROBBERY AGAINST TWO 

ALLEGED VICTIMS. 

{¶34} Appellant argues that the two aggravated robberies should be merged. 

Appellant contends that the mere existence of two victims does not automatically 

result in sentences for two offenses. He states that a defendant must commit the 

offenses separately against each victim in order to be sentenced on both. 
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{¶35} Pursuant to R.C. 2941.25: 

(A) Where the same conduct by defendant can be construed to 

constitute two or more allied offenses of similar import, the indictment or 

information may contain counts for all such offenses, but the defendant 

may be convicted of only one. 

(B) Where the defendant's conduct constitutes two or more offenses of 

dissimilar import, or where his conduct results in two or more offenses 

of the same or similar kind committed separately or with a separate 

animus as to each, the indictment or information may contain counts for 

all such offenses, and the defendant may be convicted of all of them. 

{¶36} Under the old analysis for evaluating whether offenses are allied 

offenses of similar import or offenses of dissimilar import, the court was to compare 

the elements of the offenses in the abstract (without considering the defendant’s 

conduct) to determine whether the elements corresponded to such a degree that the 

commission of one offense would result in the commission of the other offense. 

State v. Cabrales, 118 Ohio St.3d 54, 2008-Ohio-1625, 886 N.E.2d 181, ¶ 14; State 

v. Rance, 85 Ohio St.3d 632, 710 N.E.2d 699 (1999). If they were of dissimilar 

import, sentencing could proceed on both; if they were allied offenses of similar 

import, the court proceeded to look at the defendant’s conduct to determine whether 

they were committed separately or with separate animus. Cabrales, 118 Ohio St.3d 

54 at ¶14, 31; State v. Jones, 78 Ohio St.3d 12, 14, 676 N.E.2d 80 (1997). 
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{¶37} Now, however, courts are permitted to consider the defendant's 

conduct in determining whether the offenses are of similar import. State v. Johnson, 

128 Ohio St.3d 153, 2010–Ohio–6314, 942 N.E.2d 1061, syllabus. All six justices 

that sat on Johnson agreed with the following syllabus law: “When determining 

whether two offenses are allied offenses of similar import subject to merger under 

R.C. 2941.25, the conduct of the accused must be considered. (State v. Rance

(1999), 85 Ohio St.3d 632, 710 N.E.2d 699, overruled.)” Johnson, 128 Ohio St.3d at 

syllabus. Besides this statement, Johnson did not provide us any new legal 

precedent as there was no majority opinion. See State v. Gardner, 7th Dist. No. 

10MA52, 2011–Ohio–2644, ¶ 23. 

{¶38} We begin by noting that appellant relies on case law that is neither 

binding nor on point. For instance, appellant cites to a dog neglect case, which 

neither involved human victims nor actions as neglect is the absence of action. See

State v. Bybee, 134 Ohio App.3d 395, 731 N.E.2d 232 (1999). That court specified 

that the neglect was one course of conduct and there did not exist sufficient separate 

conduct to allow sentencing on each offense. Id. at 401. 

{¶39} In another case, a defendant robbed a store with three employees, and 

he was charged with one offense per employee. State v. Howard, 1st Dist. No. C020389, 2003-Ohio-1365. The court stated that it was well-settled that when an 

offender robs different victims of different property in a short period of time, he can be 

convicted of each robbery because there is a separate animus for each offense, i.e., 

a separate victim. Id. at ¶ 15. The court concluded that the defendant should only be 

sentenced on one robbery because his intent was to rob the store, there were not 
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separate acts separated by time or conduct, and he did not attempt to steal from the 

three employees. Id. at ¶ 14-15. Thus, this holding does not support appellant’s 

position here. 

{¶40} Appellant also cites a case explaining that aggravated robbery charges 

against multiple victims would not merge because the defendant took property from 

each victim by threat and thus with a separate animus. State v. Smith, 8th Dist. No. 

95243, 2011-Ohio-3051, ¶ 79. Appellant apparently focuses on the following 

statement in the Smith case: “This is not similar to a fact pattern where an individual 

fires a gun into a crowd of people, which arguably could create allied offenses of 

similar import in the event the offender is charged with multiple counts of felonious 

assault for each victim.” Id., citing State v. Sutton, 8th Dist. No. 90172, 2011–Ohio–

2249. However, the latter fact pattern is distinguishable from our case, and that court 

used the word “arguably.” Finally, regarding appellant’s attempts to use the dicta or 

reverse inference of these cases, the specific conduct occurring in a particular case 

is relevant at every step of the analysis and every case has different levels of conduct 

toward each victim. 

{¶41} The Ohio Supreme Court has stated that multiple sentences for a single 

act committed against multiple victims is permissible where the offense is defined in 

terms of conduct toward “another” as such offenses are of dissimilar import; the 

import being each person affected. State v. Jones, 18 Ohio St.3d 116, 118, 480 

N.E.2d 408 (1985). Thus, a person can be sentenced on a count of aggravated 

vehicular homicide for each victim killed because the offense is defined in terms of 

recklessly causing the death “of another.” Id. Similarly, a person who set one fire to 
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a structure could be sentenced for six counts of aggravated arson, one for each 

victim, because arson was defined in terms of creating a substantial risk of serious 

harm to another person. State v. Franklin, 97 Ohio St.3d 1, 2002-Ohio-5304, 776 

N.E.2d 26, ¶ 48. 

{¶42} Appellant was charged with aggravated robbery for attempting, 

committing, or fleeing after committing a theft offense while having a deadly weapon 

on or about his person or under his control and either displaying, brandishing, 

indicating possession, or using that weapon. See R.C. 2911.01(A)(1). Appellant was 

not charged with the type of aggravated robbery involving the inflicting or attempting 

to inflict serious physical harm “on another.” See R.C. 2911.01(A)(3). Still, in order 

for the defendant to display, brandish, indicate possession of, or use a weapon, he 

would have done so to the person he is robbing; thus, the offense is essentially 

defined in terms of conduct toward another. Moreover, theft is an element of 

aggravated robbery, and theft involves the taking of property from “another.” See 

R.C. 2911.01(A), citing R.C. 2913.01, citing R.C. 2913.02 (property of another). See 

also State v. Snuffer, 8th Dist. Nos. 96480, 96481, 96482, 96483, 2011-Ohio-6430, ¶ 

4 (applying Jones to theft offenses). In accordance, under the Jones and Franklin

analysis, the court was permitted to sentence appellant for one aggravated robbery 

per victim. 

{¶43} Additionally, Jones and Franklin involved one act by the defendant that 

happened to affect two victims. The case before us involves various acts purposely 

aimed at two victims. And, we are now permitted to view these acts in the first step 

of the analysis. 
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{¶44} Moreover, finding offenses to be of dissimilar import is merely one way 

to sentence on both offenses. See R.C. 2941.25(B). If the conduct results in two or 

more offenses of the same or similar kind committed separately or with separate 

animus to each, sentencing can also proceed on both. Id. 

{¶45} In this case, circumstantial evidence showed that appellant knew he 

would be robbing both of these particular victims before he even entered the 

apartment. And, he engaged in various acts toward each victim. He first pointed his 

weapon at the female. He then threatened to kill both victims. When neither could 

produce money, he ordered the female to leave the apartment to retrieve money held 

by the neighbor while holding the male victim in the apartment. He pointed the gun 

at the male victim during this time and threatened to hit him in the head with the gun. 

He stole items from the apartment that belonged to both victims during this time: the 

money order for the rent on the female’s apartment and $40 belonging to the male 

victim. In fact, aggravated robbery only requires attempting to commit theft while 

having and displaying the deadly weapon; it does not require actual theft, and 

appellant attempted to deprive both victims of pills and more money. 

{¶46} In conclusion, appellant knew he would be approaching two victims, 

each victim was threatened, a gun was pointed at each at different times, the victims 

were collectively asked for money and pills, and each was subjected to a different 

consequence (the male held hostage while the female was instructed to leave the 

apartment to retrieve money). Considering all of appellant’s conduct here, the 

offenses were not allied offenses of similar import as the different victim makes them 
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of dissimilar import and/or that they were committed separately or with separate 

animus to each. Consequently, appellant’s argument here is overruled. 

{¶47} There is another issue we shall address here that is not raised by 

appellant. The trial court merged the firearm specifications so that only one remained 

for sentencing and merged the aggravated burglary with the aggravated robberies so 

that only the robberies remained for sentencing.1

 Although the trial court merged 

these offenses, the court still entered sentences on all offenses, apparently believing 

that merger is satisfied by running the sentences on the merged offenses 

concurrently. 

{¶48} However, when a court merges offenses, it cannot run the sentences 

for the merged offenses concurrently. Rather, the court must refrain from entering a 

sentence on one of the merged offenses. “Sentencing concurrently on merged 

counts does not satisfy the merger doctrine as no sentence at all should be entered 

on one of the two merged counts.” State v. Gardner, 7th Dist. No. 10 MA 52, 2011-

Ohio-2644, ¶ 24, citing State v. Whitfield, 124 Ohio St.3d 319, 2010-Ohio-2, 922 

N.E.2d 182, at ¶ 17. 

{¶49} Failure to merge allied offenses of similar import constitutes plain error 

even where a defendant's sentences are run concurrently because “a defendant is 

prejudiced by having more convictions than are authorized by law.” State v. 

Underwood, 124 Ohio St.3d 365, 2010-Ohio-1, 922 N.E.2d 923, ¶ 31 (plain error 

 1

 The propriety of these mergers was not contested by the state on appeal. See App.R. 5 (on 

seeking leave to appeal); RC. 2945.67(A) (appeal by state). In fact, the state clearly acknowledged 

the necessity of merging the firearm specifications. (Tr. 10). And, the state admitted that the trial 

court was permitted to merge the aggravated burglary with the aggravated robberies if it so wished. 

(Tr. 9-10). 
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even where it is a jointly recommended sentence), citing State v. Yarbrough, 104 

Ohio St.3d 1, 2004-Ohio-6087, 817 N.E.2d 845, ¶ 96–102. 

{¶50} Cases such as this are remanded for a limited resentencing hearing so 

that the prosecution can select which of the merged offenses it wishes the court to 

enter a conviction and sentence the defendant on. State v. Whitfield, 124 Ohio St.3d 

319 at ¶ 21-22 (finding that appellate court impermissibly intruded on the state’s right 

to elect by ordering which offense to vacate); Maumee v. Geiger, 45 Ohio St.2d 238, 

244, 74 O.O.2d 380, 344 N.E.2d 133 (1976). 

{¶51} In accordance, we remand for the prosecution to select whether it 

wishes the defendant to be sentenced on the two aggravated robberies but not the 

aggravated burglary or on the aggravated burglary and one of the aggravated 

robbery counts. We note that the firearm specifications were all the same and just 

generally merged into one specification negating the need for an election regarding 

the specifications on remand. Still, the trial court is instructed to correct its sentence 

on the specifications so that a sentence is only pronounced on one firearm 

specification (as opposed to pronouncing sentence on all three and running them 

concurrently). 

{¶52} Convictions affirmed. Sentence reversed in part for resentencing. 

Donofrio, J., concurs. 

Waite, P.J., concurs.