FOURTH D I VI SI ON

DI L LA RD, P. J.

, M ERCI ER and PI N SON, JJ.

N O T IC E : M otions for r e c ons i de r a tion m us t be

ph y sic a l ly r e ce iv ed i n our c le r k ’s offic e w ithin te n

da y s of the da te of de c is ion to be de e m ed tim e ly file d.

https ://w w w

. ga a ppe a ls .us /r ule s

Febr uar y 8, 2022



# I n th e Co u r t o f

A p p eals o f

G eo r g ia

A2 1 A1 35 5 , A2 1 A1 3 96 . STATE v . J ENNINGS, & v i ce v ers a.

D I LLA R D , Pres i d i n g J u d g e.

In Cas e N u m

b er A2 1 A1 3 5 5

, t h e St at e ap p eal s fro m t h e g r a n t of a m o t i o n to

s u p p res s i n fav o r o f Sh erri Ly n n J en n i n g s, arg u i ng t h e t ri al co urt erred b y co n cl u d i n g

t h at (1 ) an o ffi cer m ad e an u n l awfu l i n tru s i o n on t o h er p ro p ert y

, (2 ) an o ffi ce r

u n l awfu l l y park ed cl os e t o h er v eh i cl e, an d (3 ) t he s ei zu re o f h er v eh i cl e w as

u n l awfu l

. In Cas e Nu m

b er A2 1 A1 3 9 6

, Jen n i ng s cro s s ap p eal s fro m t h e t ri al co urt ’ s

d en ial o f h er m ot io n t o ex cl u d e s t at em en t s s he m ad e t o i n v es t i gat o rs

, arg ui n g t h at

t h o s e s t at e m e n t s we r e d eri vat i v e of an u n lawfu l s earch

, an d al tern at i v el y

, t h at t h e

s t a t e m e n t s s h o u l d h av e b een ex cl u d ed b ecau s e t hey were m ad e w h i l e sh e was in

cu s t o d y wi t h o u t h av in g b een read h er Mi r a n d a ri g h t s

. Fo r th e reas o n s s et fo rt h i n fr a

,i n Cas e Nu m b er A2 1 A1 35 5

, we v a c a t e i n p a r t

, affi rm i n p art

, an d rem an d t h e cas e

wi t h d irect i o n ; an d i n Cas e No . A2 1 A1 3 9 6 , we affi rm

.

Vi ewi n g th e fact s i n t h e li g h t m o s t fav o rab l e t o t he t ri al co urt ’ s j u d gm en t

, 1 t h e

reco rd s ho ws t h at o n t he ev en i ng o f Oct ob er 9

, 2 01 7

, l aw en fo rcem en t was n o t i fi ed

o f a h i t-an d -ru n o n Daws o n Fo res t Ro ad i n D aws on Co u n t y, i n w h i ch a p ed es t ri an

was s t ru ck an d k i l l ed

. Th e o n l y ev i den ce l eft at t h e s cen e was a pas s en ger-s id e m i rro r

l y i n g o n t h e p av em en t b es i de t h e v i ct im , wh i ch cam e fro m a b l ack 2 00 9 /2 0 1 0 Fo rd

Esc a pe

, M e r c u r

y M a r i ne r

, or M a z da Tri b u t e. An i n ves t i g at o r t hen s earch ed co m p u terai d ed di s p at ch rep ort s fo r an y p ri o r co nt act s w i th l aw en f o rcem en t b y v eh i cl es

m at ch i n g t h at d es cri p ti o n

. U l t i m at el y

, a l i st o f 1 7 v eh icl es was co m p i led an d l aw

en fo rcem en t v i s i t ed al m o s t al l o f t h em t o v i ew t h ei r ex t eri o rs fo r a m i s s in g m i rro r.

Th i s l i s t i n cl u d ed a 2 0 0 9 Fo rd Es cap e t h e in v es t i g at o r b el i ev ed was l o cat ed at 6 3 4 5

El m o Ro ad i n Cu m

m i n g

. Th e i n v es t i g at o r t rav el ed to t hat ad dres s

, wh i ch is l o cat ed

i n a h eav il y wo o d ed ru ral area off o f a g rav el dri v eway s h ared by an d s p l i t u p am o n g

s ev eral res i d en ces

. Th e i n v es t i g at or t es t i fi ed t h at t h e dri v eway i s “ ki n d o f a g o o d

1 S ee, e.g

. , Hu g h es v. S t a t e

, 2 9 6 Ga. 7 4 4

, 7 4 6 (1 ) (7 7 0 SE2 d 6 36 ) (2 0 15 ) (“ [A] n

ap p el l at e co u rt m

u s t co n s t ru e t h e ev i d en t i ary reco rd i n t h e li g h t m o s t fav o rab l e t o t h e

fact ual fi n d i n g s an d ju d gm en t o f t h e t ri al co u rt .”).

2d i s t an ce o ff t he ro ad ,” i s n o t vi s i b l e fro m t h e ro ad

, an d t he h o u se i t s el f i s n o t v i s i b l e

as y o u beg i n t h e ap pro ach u p t h e d ri v e w a y

. Acco rd in g t o t h e i n v es t i g at o r, h i s

i n t en t i o n —u p o n arri v i n g at t he El m o Ro ad ad d res s —was t o k n o ck o n t h e d o o r an d

s p eak wi th t h e res i d en t s

.

As t h e i nv es t ig at o r d ro v e u p a s l i g h t h i l l t o t h e ho u s e, h e s po t t ed t h e b ack en d

o f a b l ack Fo rd E s cap e p ark ed ah ead an d “ s ti ck i n g o ut ” in an area o n t h e l eft s i d e o f

t h e h ou s e. 2 An d u p o n cl o s er ap p ro ach t o t h i s area, b y p ark i n g h i s car bey o n d t h e fro nt

o f t h e h o u s e an d b eh i n d t h e Fo rd Es cap e (s o t h a t i t w o ul d b e u n ab l e t o leav e), h e

n o t i ced th e p as s en g er-s i d e m irro r was m i s s i ng

. Th e i n v es t ig at o r lat er referred t o t h e

v eh icl e’ s l o cat i o n o n t h e d ri v eway as a “ p ark i n g area” ju s t pas t t he fro n t o f t h e h o u s e,

“ aft er y o u p as s t h e fro n t d o o r.”

Hav i n g m ad e t h is o b serv at i o n

, t he i n v es ti g at o r i m m ed i at el y rad i o ed d i s p at ch

fo r as si s t an ce. An d aro u nd t h is s am e t i m e, Jen n i n g s ’ s h u sb an d cam e ou t of t h e h o u s e

a nd a p p ro ach ed h i m

. T h e h u s ban d i m m ed i at el y as k ed wh at t h e i n v es t i g ator w a s doing

t h ere, t o wh i ch h e res p o nd ed

, “ [Y] o u k no w wh at I’ m do i ng h ere,” an d t h en i n q u i red

as t o h o w t h e v eh i cl e was d am ag ed

. Th e h u s b a n d s a i d h i s wi fe hi t a d eer wi t h h er

2 Th e i n v es t i g at or t es t i fi ed t h at h e was ab l e t o s p o t t he v eh i cl e wh en l i n ed u p

wi t h t h e area o f t h e fro n t d oo r t o t he h o m e.

3v eh icl e, an d t h e i n v es t i g at o r th en req u es t ed t h at h e cal l h i s wi fe an d as k h er t o co m e

h o m e t o b e q ues ti o n ed

.

In t h e i n t eri m

, J en n i n g s’ s h u s b an d wal k ed ov er t o t h e v eh i cl e an d s ho wed t h e

i n v es t i g at o r h i s at t em

p t t o rep ai r t h e h ead l i g ht

. Th e h us b an d al s o t o l d th e in v es t i g at o r

t h at h e was h ed th e c a r a n d t r i e d t o p us h o u t a d en t i n t h e fro n t o f t h e veh i cl e. Th e

h u s b an d t h en t o ok t h e in v es t i g at o r t o an area o n t he ri g h t s i d e o f t h e h o m e aft er t h e

i n v es t i g at o r as ked wh ere t h e m i s s i n g p i eces fo r t h e head l i g h t as s em b l y were l o cat ed

.

In t h i s sam e area, t he i n v es t i gat o r s aw at leas t o n e o p en b o ok reg ard in g co u rt ro o m

p ro ced ure.

At s o m e p o i nt

, t h e J en n i n g s es ’ s o n cam e h om e, an d h e t o o cl ai m e d t h at h i s

m o th er s t ru ck a d eer wh i l e d ri v i n g t h e v eh i cl e. A n d wh en J e n n i n g s fi n al l y arri v ed

h o m e, t he i n v es t i g at o r as k ed if s h e wan t ed to t el l h i m an y t h i n g

, an d s he s ai d t h at s h e

“ t h ou g h t s h e h it a deer” on Daws o n Fo res t Ro ad

. Aro u nd th i s s am e t i m e, s ev en o t h er

o ffi cers arri v ed o n t h e s cen e t o s ecu re t h e v eh icl e; an d s h o rt l y t hereaf t e r

, J en n i ng s

was p laced u n d er arres t an d t h e v eh i cl e s ei zed

.

Two d ay s aft er t he veh i cl e was t owed

, l aw en fo rcem e n t s ecu red a s earch

warran t

. J e n n i n g s was t h en i n d i ct ed o n ch arg es o f fi rs t -d eg ree v eh i cu l ar h o m i ci de,

h i t an d ru n

, fai l u re t o rep o rt a n a c c i d en t

, an d fai l u re t o m ai n t ai n l an e. Sh e

4s u b s eq u en t l y fi l ed a m o ti o n t o s u p p res s th e v eh i cl e an d o t h er ev i d en ce fo u n d at h er

res i den ce, an d al s o m o v ed t o ex cl u de s tat em en t s s h e m ad e t o l aw en fo rcem en t

.

Th e t ri al co u rt g ran t ed J en n i n g s ’ s m o t io n t o s u pp res s t h e v e h i cl e an d o t h er

ev i d en ce, reas o n i n g t hat becau se l aw en fo rcem en t d i d n ot p o s s es s a warran t o r o b t ai n

co n sen t t o s earch t h e p ro p ert y a n d t h ere were n o ex i g en t ci rcu m s t an ces

, t h e in t ru s i o n

o n t o t h e cu rt i l ag e o f h er pr o p e r t y an d s u b s eq u en t s ei zu re o f ev i d en ce v i ol at ed h er

ri gh t s u n d er t h e Fo u rt h Am en d m en t t o t h e Un i t ed St at es Co n s t i t u t i o n

. Bu t o n t h e

q u es ti o n of s tat em en t s Jen n in g s m ad e t o l aw en fo rcem en t d u ri n g t h e sam e vi s i t t o h er

p ro p ert y

, t h e t ri al co u rt d en i e d t h e m o ti o n t o ex cl ud e aft er co n cl u d i n g t h at t h o s e

s t at em en t s were m ad e v o l u nt ari l y an d n o t wh i l e i n cu s t o d y . Th es e ap p eal s fo l l o w

.

A2 1 A 1 3 5 5

1

. T h e S t a t e arg u es th e t ri al co u rt erred b y co n cl u d i n g t h at t h e in v es t i g at o r

act ed u nl awfu ll y b y (1 ) i n t ru d i n g o nt o t h e J en n in g s es ’ p ro p ert y

, (2 ) p ark i n g h i s p at ro l

car t o o cl o se t o J en n i n g s ’ s v eh i cl e, an d (3 ) s ei zi n g J en ni n g s ’ s v eh i cl e. In s t ead

, t h e

St at e m ai n t ai n s (1 ) t h e i n ves t i gat o r lawfu l ly en t ered o n to t h e pro p ert y t o c o n d u ct a

“ k n o ck an d t al k ”; (2 ) t h e i n v es t i g at o r was au t h o ri zed t o m o v e cl o s er t o t h e v eh i cl e

b ecau s e h e h ad reas o n ab l e, art i cu l ab le s u s p i ci o n ; an d (3 ) t h at p r o b ab l e cau s e

s u p p ort ed a warran t le ss s ei zu re o f t h e v eh i cl e an d o t h er i n s t ru m en t al i t i es of t h e cri m e.

5Fo r t h e reas o n s th at fo l l o w, we v acat e in p art

, affi rm i n p art

, an d rem an d fo r fu rt h er

p ro ceed in g s co n s is t en t wi t h t h i s o p in i o n.

W h en t h e fact s m at eri al t o a m o t i o n t o s u p p res s are d i s p u ted

, i t “ g en eral l y i s

fo r t h e t ri al ju dg e t o res o l v e t h o s e d is p u t es an d d et erm i n e t h e m at eri al fact s .” 3 As a

res u l t, we m

u s t (1 ) “ accep t t h os e fi n d i ng s u nl es s th ey are cl earl y erro neo u s ”; (2 )

“ co n s t ru e t h e ev i d en t iary reco rd i n t h e l i g h t m o s t fav o rab l e t o t he fact u al fi n di n g s an d

ju d g m en t o f t h e t ri al co u rt ”; an d (3 ) “ l i m i t [o u r] co ns i d erat i o n o f t h e d i s p u t ed fact s

t o t ho s e ex p res s l y

fo un d b y t h e t ri al co u rt .” 4 W it h t h es e gu i d i n g pri n ci p l es i n m i n d,

we wi l l n o w ad d res s each o f t h e St at e’ s co nt en t i o n s

.

a. In i t i a l En t ry t o Co n d

u ct Kn o ck a n d Ta l

k

. Fo r st art ers

, t h e St at e arg u es t h at

t h e in v es t i g at o r’ s i ni t i al en t ry o n t o t h e cu rt i l ag e 5 o f J en n i ng s ’ s p ro pert y d i d n ot

3 Hu g h es , 2 96 Ga. at 7 4 6 (1 ).

4 Id

. (p u n ct uat i o n o m i t t ed ).

5 “ Cu rt i l ag e” i s d efi n ed as “ t he y ard s an d g ro u n d s o f a part i cu l ar ad d res s

, i t s

g ard en s, b arn s

, an d b u i ld in g s .” La n d er s v. S t a t e , 2 50 Ga. 8 0 8

, 8 09 (3 0 1 SE2 d 6 3 3 )

(1 9 8 3) (p u n ct u at i on o m i t ted ); a cco r d Co r ey v. S t a t e , 3 2 0 Ga. Ap p

. 3 5 0 , 3 5 4 (1 ) (a)

(7 3 9 SE2 d 7 9 0) (2 0 1 3 ); s ee a l so Fl o r i d a v. Ja r di n es

, 5 69 U.S. 1, 7 (II) (A) (1 3 3 SCt

1 4 0 9

, 18 5 LE2 d 4 9 5 ) (2 0 1 3 ) (“ W h i l e th e b ou n dar i e s o f t h e cu rt i l ag e are g en eral l y

‘ cl earl y m ark ed ,’ th e ‘ co n cep t i o n d efi n i n g th e cu rt i l ag e’ i s at an y rat e fam i l i ar en o u g h

t h at i t is ‘ eas i l y u n d ers t o o d fro m o ur d ai l y ex p eri en ce.’

. . . . [An d ] [t ] h e fro n t p o rch

i s t he cl as s i c ex em

p l ar o f an area ad

jacen t t o th e ho m e an d t o wh i c h t h e a c t i v i t y o f

h o m e l i fe ex t en d s .” (ci t at i o n & p u n ct u at i o n o m i t t ed )); Ol i ver v. U ni t ed St a t es

, 4 6 6

6req u i re ex i g en t ci rcu m s tan ces b ecau s e i t was n o t t o d o a s earch o f t he p ro pert y

, b ut

was i n s t ead d on e t o co n d u ct a “ k n o ck an d t al k .” W arran t l es s s earch es o f t h e cu rt i l ag e

are, o f co u rs e, “ per s e u n r eas o n ab l e u n d er t h e Fo u rt h Am en d m en t[ 6 ]

— su b j ect o n l y

t o a few s p eci fi cal l y

es t ab l i s h ed an d wel l -d el in eat ed ex cep t i o n s .” 7 An d as t h e St at e

U.S. 1 7 0

, 1 8 0 (III) (A) (1 0 4 SCt 1 7 3 5

, 8 0 LE2 d 21 4 ) (1 9 8 4 ) (“ [C] o u rt s h av e ex t en d ed

Fo u rt h Am en d m en t p ro t ect i o n t o t h e cu rt i lag e; an d t h ey h av e d efi n ed t h e cu rt i l ag e,

as di d t h e c o m m o n l aw, b y referen ce t o t h e fact o rs t h at d et erm i n e wh et h er an

i n d i v i d u al reas o n ab l y m ay ex pect t h at an area i m m ed i at el y ad

jacen t t o th e h o m e wi l l

rem ai n p ri vat e.”); A New La w Di ct i o n a r y 2 0 3 (Gi l es J a c o b e d

. 1 7 32 ) (d efi n i n g

“ cu rt i l ag e” as “ a Co u rt

, Yard

, Back [s ] id e, o r Pi ece of Gro un d l y in g n ear o r bel o n g i n g

t o a Dwel l i n g h o u [s ] e”); 4 W

. Bl ack s to n e, Co mmen t ar i es o n t h e La ws o f E ng l a n d 2 2 5

(1 7 6 9) (“ [T] h e cap i t al ho u s e p ro t ect s an d p ri v i l eg es al l i t s b ran ch es an d ap pu rt en an t s

, i f wi t hi n t h e cu rt i l ag e.”).

6 S e e U.S. CONST. am en d

. IV (“ Th e ri g h t of t h e p eo p l e t o b e s ecu re i n t h e i r

p ers o n s

, h o u s es

, p ap ers

, an d effect s, ag ai n s t u n reas on a ble se a r c h e s an d s ei zu res

, s h al l

n o t b e v i o l at ed

, an d n o W arran t s s h al l is su e, b u t u p o n p ro b ab l e cau se, su p po rt ed by

O a t h o r a f

fi rm at i on

, an d p art i cu l arl y des cri b i n g t he pl ace t o b e s earch ed

, an d t h e

p ers o n s o r t h i n g s to b e s ei zed .”); see a l s o G A. CONST. art

. 1

, § 1

, ¶ X III (“ Th e ri g ht

o f th e p eo p l e t o b e s ecu re in t h ei r p ers on s

, h ou s es

, p ap ers

, an d e f f e ct s ag ai n s t

u n reas o nab l e s earch es an d s ei zu res s h al l n o t be v io l at ed ; an d n o w arran t sh al l i s s u e

ex cep t u p o n p ro b ab l e cau s e s up p o rt ed b y o at h o r affi rm at io n p art i cu l arl y d es cri b i n g

t h e p l ace o r p l aces t o b e s earch ed an d t h e p ers o n o r t h i n gs t o b e s ei zed

. ”).

7 S t a t e. v. News o me

, 35 2 Ga. Ap p

. 5 4 6

, 5 4 9 -5 0 (8 3 5 SE2 d 32 9 ) (2 0 1 9 ); a cco r d

W a t so n v. Pea r

s o n , 9 2 8 F3 d 5 0 7 , 5 12 (6 t h Ci r. 2 01 9 ); s ee g en er al l y Ka t z v. Un i t ed

S t a t es

, 3 8 9 U.S. 34 7

, 3 5 7 (8 8 SCt 5 0 7

, 1 9 LE2 d 57 6 ) (1 96 7 ); s ee a ls o Co l l i n s v.

Vi r g i n i a

,

_ _ U.S.

_ _ ( 1 3 8 SCt 1 6 6 3

, 1 6 7 6, 2 0 1 L E 2 d 9 ) (2 0 1 8 ) (Th om as

, J

.

co n c u rri n g ) (“ As a g en eral ru l e, warran t l es s s earch es o f t h e cu rt i l ag e v i o l at e [t h e

Fo u rt h Am en d m en t ]

. At t h e fo un d i n g

, t h e cu rt i l ag e was co n s id ered p art o f t h e h o u s e

i t sel f.”).

7ri gh t ly n ot es

, o ne s u ch ex cep t i o n i s a “ kn o ck an d t al k ” p ro ced u re, in wh i ch l aw

en fo rcem en t ap p ro ach es a h o m e o r res i d en ce to in v es t i g at e a cri m e o r m ak e i n q u i ri es

o f t h e o ccu p an t s

. 8 Bu t t h e t ri al co u rt fo u nd t h e in v es ti g at o r p ro ceed ed b eyo n d t h e area

n eces s ary t o co n d u ct a k n o ck an d t al k by dri v i n g fu rt h er up t h e d ri v eway an d p ark i n g

d i r e c t l y b eh i nd t h e veh i cl e. 9 As a res u l t

, th e co urt co n cl ud ed t h e o ffi cer b eg an a

s earch o f t h e p ro p ert y

wi t h ou t a warran t , co n s en t , o r ex i gen t ci rcu m s t an ces

.

Fu rt h er, th e t r i a l c o u rt co n cl u d ed t h at ev en i f t h e i n v es t i g at or had b een i n a

l awfu l p o s i t i o n fro m wh i ch t o v i ew t h e v eh i c l e a f t er p as s i n g t h e fro n t o f t h e h o u s e

8 News o me

, 3 5 2 Ga. Ap p

. at 5 5 0 ; s ee Ken t u cky v. Ki n g

, 5 6 3 U.S. 45 2

, 4 6 6 -4 6 7

(III) (B) (1 3 1 SCt 1 8 49

, 17 9 LE2 d 8 6 5 ) (2 0 1 1 ) (Al i t o

, J .) (“ [T] h e p o l i ce m ay wi s h to

s p eak w i t h t h e o ccu p an t s o f a d wel l i n g b efo re d eci d i n g w h et h er i t i s wo rt h wh i l e to

s eek au th o ri zat i o n fo r a s earch

. Th ey m ay t h i n k t h at a sh o rt an d s i m p l e co n v ers at i o n

m ay o b vi at e t h e n eed t o ap pl y fo r an d ex ecu t e a warran t .”).

9 S ee News o me

, 3 5 2 Ga. Ap p

. at 55 2 (h o l d i n g t h at “ t h e t ri al co u rt was

au t h o ri zed t o c o n c l u d e t h at th e o ffi cer was n o t en t i t l ed t o en t er t h e cu rt i l ag e i n t h e

m an n er i n w h i ch h e d i d

, an d t h at h e was n o t i n a p lace t h at h e was au t h ori zed t o b e

wh en h e v i ewed t h e s t o l en t o o l s ,” wh en ev i d en ce s h o wed t h at o ffi cer s p o tt ed s t o l en

t o o l s n ear b ack d oo r t o h o m e, wh i ch h e ap p ro ach ed o n l y aft er recei v i n g n o an s wer fo r

“ k n o ck an d t al k ” at h o m e’ s fro nt d o o r); see a l so Ja r d i nes

, 5 6 9 U.S. at 8 (II) (B (“ Th i s

i m p l i ci t l i cen s e t y

p ical l y p erm i t s t h e v i s i t o r t o ap p ro ach t h e h o m e b y t h e fro n t p at h,

k n o ck p ro m

p t l y

, w ai t b ri efl y t o b e recei v ed

, an d t h en (ab s en t i n v i tat i on t o l i n g e r

l o n g er) l eav e. Co m

p l y in g w i t h t h e t erm s o f th at t rad it i on al i n vi t at i o n d o es n ot req u i re

fi ne-g rai n ed l eg al k no wl ed g e; i t i s gen eral l y m an ag ed wi t h o ut i n ci d en t b y t h e

Nat i o n ’ s Gi rl Sco u t s an d t ri ck -o r-t reat ers

. Th u s

, a po l i ce o ffi cer n o t arm ed wi t h a

warran t m ay ap pro ach a h om e an d k n ock

, p reci s el y b ecau s e t h at i s n o m o re t h an an y

p ri v at e ci t i zen m i gh t d o

. ” (fo o t n o t e & p u nct u at i o n o m i t t ed )).

8(an d t h u s t h e fro n t d o o r), t h ere were n o ex i g en t ci rcu m st an ces o r co n s en t b y wh i ch

t h e o ffi cer co u l d s earch t he rem ai n d e r o f t h e cu rt i l ag e o r s ei ze t h e v eh i cl e wi t h o ut

fi rs t o b tai n i n g a warran t

. In d eed

, n o t o n l y m u s t an offi cer b e “ l awfu ll y l o cat ed i n a

p l ace fro m wh ich t h e o b

j ect can b e p l ai n l y s een ,” 1 0 he o r sh e m u s t al s o h av e “ a l awfu l

ri gh t o f a cces s t o th e o bject i t s el f.” 1 1 Th i s i s t ru e ev en wh en i t em s o f co n trab an d are

v i s i b l e w i t h i n an o ffi cer’ s p l ai n v i ew. 1 2 An d an o ffi cer g ai ns l awfu l acces s t o an i t em

1 0 Ga tes v. St a t e

, 2 2 9 Ga. Ap p

. 7 66

, 7 6 8 (a) (4 95 SE2 d 1 1 3 ) (1 9 9 7 )

(p u n ct u at i o n o m i t t ed ); a cco r d Ho r t o n v. Ca l i f o r ni a

, 4 9 6 U.S. 1 2 8

, 13 6 -3 7 (II) (1 1 0

SCt 2 3 0 1

, 1 10 LE2 d 1 1 2 ) (1 9 90 ); Geo r g e v. S t a t e

,

_

_ Ga.

_ _ (8 6 5 SE2 d 1 2 7

, 1 3 0 )

(2 0 2 1); s ee s up r a n o te 6

.

1 1 Ga t es

, 2 2 9 Ga. A pp

. at 7 6 8 (a) (em ph as i s s u p p l i ed ); s ee Lewi s v. S t a t e

, 3 5 8

G a

. A p p

. 4 8 2

, 4 8 5 (1 ) (b ) (8 5 5 SE2 d 7 0 8 ) (2 02 1 ) (“ [P] ol i ce offi cers are pro h i b i t e d

fro m en t eri n g a p ers o n ’ s h o m e o r it s cu rt i l ag e wi t h o u t a warran t ab s en t co n s en t o r a

s h o wi n g o f ex i g en t ci rcu m s t an ces

. Th i s i s t ru e ev en wh e n i t em s o f co n t rab an d are

v i s i b l e wi t h i n an o ffi cer’ s p l ai n v i ew.”); Ca r r a n z a v. S t a t e

, 2 6 6 Ga. 2 6 3

, 26 6 (1 ) (4 6 7

SE2 d 3 1 5 ) (1 9 9 6) (“ It i s el em en t ary t h at p ro b ab l e cau s e, ho wev er wel l fo u n d ed

, can

p ro v id e n o ju s t i fi cat i on fo r a warran t l es s in t ru s i o n o f a p ers o n ’ s h om e ab s en t a

s h o wi n g t hat t he ex ig en ci es o f t h e s i t u at i o n m a d e th at co u rs e i m p erat i v e.”

(p u n ct u at i o n o m i t t ed )).

1 2 S ee Smi t h v. S t at e

, 3 2 4 Ga. Ap p. 5 4 2

, 5 4 6 -4 7 (2 ) ( 7 5 1 S E 2 d 1 6 4 ) (2 0 1 3 )

(“ An o ffi cer g ai n s l awfu l acces s t o an it em i n p l ai n v iew b y o b t a i n i n g a s earch

warran t

, o b t ai ni n g co n s en t t o s earch

, o r t h e ex i s t en ce o f ex i g e n t c i rcu m st an ces .”

(p u n ct u at i o n o m i t t ed )); s ee a ls o Ca r r a n z a

, 2 6 6 Ga. at 2 6 8 (1 ) (“ [W h en ] an i n d i v i d u al

co m m i t s an o ffen s e i n h i s o r h er h o m e an d t hat o ffen s e i s co m m i t t ed i n t he pres en ce

o r wi t h i n t h e i m

m ed i at e k n o wl ed g e o f a law en fo rcem en t o f f i cer, t h e o ffi cer i s

au t h o ri zed t o arres t t h e i n d i v i du al i n t h e h o m e w i t h o u t a warran t o n l y [wh en ] t h e

o ffi cer’ s en t ry i n t o th e h o m e i s b y co n s en t o r wh ere t h ere are ex i gen t ci rcu m st an ces .”

9i n p l ai n v i ew by “ ob t ai n in g a s earch warran t

, o b t ai ni ng co n s en t t o s ear c h

, o r t h e

ex i s t en ce o f ex i g en t ci rcu m s t an ces .” 1 3 Th i s , t h e o ffi cers d i d n o t d o

.

(p u n ct u at i o n o m i t t ed )).

1 3 Ga l i nd o -Er i za v. St a t e

, 3 0 6 Ga. Ap p. 1 9

, 2 1 (1 ) (7 0 1 SE2 d 5 1 6) (2 0 1 0 ); s ee

Ar p v. S t a t e

, 3 2 7 Ga. Ap p

. 3 4 0

, 3 4 2 ( 1 ) ( 7 5 9 SE2 d 5 7) (2 0 1 4 ) (“ [E] v en i f o ffi cers

h av e p ro b ab l e cau s e, ab s en t ex i g en t ci rcu m s t an ces o r p ro p er co n s en t

, warran t l es s

s earch es an d sei zu res wi t h in a h o m e b y o ffi cers i n p u r s u i t o f t h ei r t rad i t i o n al l aw

en fo rcem en t d u ti es are p res um pt i v el y u n reas o n ab l e.”); Co r ey v. S t a t e

, 3 2 0 G a. Ap p.

3 5 0

, 3 5 3 ( 1 ) ( 7 3 9 SE2 d 7 9 0) (2 0 1 3 ) (“ [E] v en i f o ffi cers h av e p ro b ab l e cau s e to

i n v es t i g at e a cri m e, wi t h o ut a warran t

, ex ig en t ci rcu m s t an ces

, o r p ro p er co n s en t

, t h ey

m ay n o t en ter a h o m e o r it s cu rt i l ag e.”). Becau s e t h e St at e do es n o t ch al l en g e t h e t ri al

co u rt ’ s co n cl u si o ns r e g a r d i n g t h e ab s en ce of co n s en t o r ex i g en t ci rcu m s t an ces

, we

d eem an y s u ch arg u m en t s ab an d o n e d

. S e e R eece v. S t at e

, 2 1 0 Ga. 5 7 8

, 5 78 (4 ) (8 2

SE2 d 1 0 ) (1 95 4 ) (h o l d i n g t h at g ro u n d s fo r ap p eal t h at were n o t rai s ed i n t h e b ri efs

n o r o t herwi se arg u ed d u ri n g ap p eal p ro ceed i n g s w ere ab an d o ned ); Da ven p o r t v.

S t a t e

, 32 8 Ga. Ap p

. 8 5 0

, 85 1 (7 6 3 SE2 d 1 3 0 ) (2 0 1 4 ) (“ [Ap p el l an t ] d o es n ot p res en t

an y arg u m en t i n s up p o rt o f t h i s en um erat i o n an d do es n o t ch al l en g e t h e t ri al co urt ’ s

fi nd i ng t h at t h e ev i d en ce [ap p el l an t ] p res en t ed t o s up p o rt a fi n d in g o f m at eri al i t y was

‘ sp ecu l at i v e.’ Th u s

, we d eem t h i s en u m erat i o n t o b e ab an d o n ed

, an d th at p ort i o n o f

t h e t ri al co u rt ’ s o rd er s tan d s affi rm ed .”); Jo n es v. Bd

. o f Reg en t s o f Un i v. S ys

. o f Ga

. , 2 6 2 Ga. Ap p

. 7 5

, 7 9 (3 ) (5 8 5 SE2 d 1 3 8 ) (2 0 0 3 ) (“ As [ap p el lan t ] d o es n o t arg u e t h es e

cl ai m s i n h i s ap p el l at e bri ef, t h ey are deem ed ab an d on ed .”); s ee a l s o Bl a l o ck v.

Ca r t wr i gh t

, 30 0 Ga. 8 84

, 8 89 (III) n.4 (7 9 9 SE2 d 2 2 5 ) (2 0 1 7) (“ Becau se [ap p el lan t ]

h as no t ch al l en g ed t h e t ri al co u rt ’ s d i s m i s sal o rd er as i t s p eci fi cal l y rel at es t o h i s

at t o rn ey fee cl ai m s , we d o n o t ad d res s t h es e cl ai m s o n ap p eal .”).

10Hav i n g co n s i d ered al l o f t h e fo reg oi n g

, we ag ree w i t h t h e t r i al co u rt t h at t h e

i n v es t i g at o r ex ceed ed t h e s co p e o f a p erm i ss i b l e k no ck an d t al k aft er h i s i n i t i al en t ry

o n t o t h e p ro p ert y i n v i ol at i o n o f t he Fo u rt h Am en d m en t

. 1 4

b

. Rea s o n a b l e, Ar t i cu l ab l e S u s pic ion

. N e xt

, t h e St at e co n t en d s t h e in v es t i g at o r

h ad reas o n ab l e, art i cu l ab l e s u s pi ci o n t h at t h e v eh i cl e on J en n i n gs ’ s p ro p ert y was t h e

o n e bei n g s o u g h t b y l aw en fo rcem en t

, an d t h erefo re h e was au t h o ri zed to m o ve cl o s er

t o t h e car aft er t he i ni t i al ap p ro ach t o co n du ct a k n o ck an d t al k

. Bu t t h e St at e d i d n ot

m ak e th i s arg u m en t t o th e t ri al co u rt b el ow. An d as t hi s Co urt i s o ne fo r t h e

co rrect io n o f l eg al erro rs

, we hav e n o ju ri s d i ct i o n t o ad d res s i s s u es rai s ed fo r t h e fi rs t

t i m e o n ap p eal

. 1 5

Fu rt herm o re, ev en i f t h e St at e h ad m ad e t hi s arg u m en t b el ow, i t ab an d o n ed t h i s

co n ten t i o n o n a p p e al by fai li n g t o s u pp o rt it wi t h l eg al arg u m en t an d ci t at i o n to

1 4 S ee s u p r a n o t es 9 -1 3

.

1 5 S ee, e.g

. , Fi d

es v

. S t at e

, 2 3 7 Ga. Ap p

. 6 0 7, 6 0 7 (5 1 6 SE2 d 10 1 ) (1 9 9 9 )

(“ Th i s Co u rt i s a co u rt fo r t h e co rrect i o n o f l eg al erro rs a n d h as n o ju ri s d i ct i o n to

ad d res s i s s u es t h at are rai s ed fo r t h e fi r s t t i m e o n ap p eal

. Al so

, [ap p el l an t ] m ay n ot

ab an do n an i s s u e i n t h e t ri al co u rt an d o n ap p eal rai se q u es t i o n s o n w h i ch t h e t ri al

co u rt h as n o t ru l ed .” (p u n ct uat i o n & ci t at i o n o m i t ted )).

11rel ev an t b i n d i ng au t h o ri t y

. 1 6 W e rem i n d t h e St at e t h a t “ t h e req u i rem en t s as t o t h e

fo rm o f ap p el l at e b ri efs were creat ed

, n o t t o p ro v i d e an o bs t acl e, b u t t o ai d p art i es in

p res en t i ng t hei r arg u m en t s i n a m an n er m o s t l i k el y t o b e fu l l y an d effi ci en t l y

co m p reh en d ed b y

t h i s Co urt

. ” 1 7 An d as a res ul t, we wi l l n o t ad d res s t h is arg u m en t

.

c. Pr o b a b l e Ca u s e

. Fi n al l y

, t h e St at e arg u es t h e offi cers h ad p ro b ab l e cau s e to

b el i ev e th e v eh i cl e an d o t h e r e v i d e n c e were i n s t ru m en t al it i es of a cri m e fo l l o wi n g

J en n in g s’ s s t at em en t s t o p ol i ce an d h er s u b s eq u en t arres t. M o re sp eci fi cal l y

, t h e St at e

as s ert s t hat aft er J en n i n g s was arres t ed

, offi cers co u l d s ei ze an y in s t ru m en t al i t i es o f

t h e cri m e.

1 6 S ee C T

. A P P

. R. 2 5 (c) (2 ) (“ An y en u m erat i o n o f erro r t h at i s n o t s u p p o rt ed

i n t h e b ri ef b y ci t at i o n o f au t h ori t y o r arg u m en t m ay b e d eem ed ab an do n ed .”). See

g en er a l l y Fl o wer s v. S t a t e , 2 69 Ga. Ap p . 4 43 , 4 4 5 (1 ) (6 0 4 SE2 d 28 5 ) (2 0 0 4 ) (“ As

we h av e ex p l ai n ed

, l eg al an al y s i s i s

, at a m i n i m u m

, a d i s c u s s i o n o f t h e ap p ro p ri at e

l aw as ap p l i ed t o t h e rel ev an t fact s .” (p u n ct uat i o n o m i t t ed )). Su ffi ce it t o s ay

, t h e

St at e’ s i n cl u s i o n o f a ci tat i o n t o a cas e reg ard i n g t h e t raffi c s t op o f a veh i cl e wi t h in

a p ark i n g l ot i s wh o l l y

i nap p o si t e t o t he fact s o f t h is cas e.

1 7 Da ker v. S t a t e

, 30 0 Ga. 7 4

, 7 6 (2 ) (7 9 2 S E 2 d 3 8 2 ) (2 0 16 ) (p u n ct u at i o n

o m it t ed ); a cco r d Da n i el v. Al ls t a t e In s

. Co

. , 2 90 Ga. Ap p

. 8 9 8

, 9 00 -0 1 (1 ) (6 6 0 SE2 d

7 6 5 ) (2 0 0 8 ) (p u n ct u at i on o m i t t ed ); see al s o St ep h en Lo u i s A. Di ll ard

, Op en

Ch a mb er s Revi s i t ed : D emys t i

f yi n g t h e In n er W

o r ki n g s a n d Cu l t u r e o

f th e Geo r

g i a

Co u r t o f Ap p ea l s

, 6 8 M ercer L. Rev

. 1

, 7 (II) (2 0 1 6 ) (“ T h e q u i ck es t way t o s ab o t ag e

y o u r ap p eal i s t o fai l to s ub s t an t i at e l eg al arg um en t s o r k e y fact u al o r p ro ced u ral

as s ert i o n s .”).

12Th e St at e ap p ears to h av e rai s ed s o m e s em bl an ce o f t hi s co n t en t i on fo r t h e fi rs t

t i m e i n i t s p os t-h eari ng b ri ef b efo re t h e t ri al co u rt

, b u t t h e co u rt n ev er ru l ed o n t h i s

p art i cu l ar arg u m en t

. In s t ead

, t h e t r i a l co urt b as ed i t s g ran t o f J en n i n g s ’ s m o t i o n to

s u p p res s s o l el y o n i t s fi n di n g t h at t here was n o co n s en t t o s earch t h e p ro p ert y an d n o

ex i g en t ci rcu m s tan ces

.

W e are, o f co u rs e, “ a co u rt o f rev iew, n o t o f fi rs t v i ew.” 1 8 As a res u l t, we m ay

rem an d a cas e fo r fu rt h er fact u al fi n d i n g s wh en t he t ri al co u rt ’ s o rd er l ack s su ffi ci en t

d et ai l t o en ab l e m ean i ng fu l ap p el l at e rev i ew. 1 9 Th i s is s uch a cas e. Th u s

, b ecau s e t h e

t ri al co u rt d i d no t ex p l i ci t l y m ak e fi n d i n g s of fact o r ru le u p o n t hi s al t ern at i v e

arg u m en t b y t h e St at e, we v acat e t h e co urt ’ s o rd er to t he ex t en t it i mp l ici t ly ru l ed o n

1 8 Fl a n d er s v. S ta t e

, 3 6 0 Ga. Ap p

. 8 5 5

, 8 5 5 (8 6 2 S E 2 d 1 5 2 ) (2 0 2 1 )

(p u n ct u at i o n o m i tt ed ); a cco r d Cu tt er v. W i l ki n so n

, 5 4 4 U.S. 7 09

, 7 1 8 n .7 (1 2 5 SCt

2 1 1 3 , 1 6 1 LE2 d 1 0 2 0 ) (2 0 0 5 ).

1 9 Fl a n d er s

, 36 0 Ga. at 8 5 5 ; s ee W

i l l i a ms v. St a t e

, 3 0 1 G a. 6 0

, 6 2 (7 9 9 SE2 d

7 7 9 ) (2 0 1 7 ) (“ Gi ven t h e u n cert ai n t y i n t he t ri al co u rt ’ s o rd er reg ard i n g th e b as i s fo r

i t s ru l i n g

, t h i s Co u rt m

u s t v acat e t h e o p i n i o n o f t h e Co u rt o f Ap p eal s an d rem an d fo r

t h e Co u rt o f Ap p eal s t o rem an d t h i s cas e t o t h e t ri al co u rt fo r fu rt h er cl ari fi cat i o n o n

t h e sp eci fi c fi n d i n g s t h at fo rm t h e b as is fo r i t s l eg al co ncl u s io n s wi t h reg ard t o [t h e]

m o t i on t o s u p pres s .”); W ei n t ra u b v. S t a t e

, 3 5 2 Ga. Ap p

. 8 8 0

, 8 8 9 (8 3 6 SE2 d 1 6 2 )

(2 0 1 9) (“ Ou r Su p rem e Co u rt h as in s tru ct ed t h at we m ay rem an d fo r fu rt h er fact u al

fi nd i ng s wh ere th e t ri al co u rt ’ s o rd er l ack s s u ffi ci en t d e t a i l t o en ab l e m ean i n g fu l

ap p el l at e rev i ew.”).

13t h i s is s u e a n d r em an d fo r i t t o ad d res s an d ru l e u p o n t h i s arg u m en t i n t h e fi rs t

i n s t an ce. 2 0

A2 1 A 1 3 9 6

2

. In h er cro s s -ap p eal

, J en n i n g s arg u es t hat h er s t at em en t s t o i nv es t i g at o rs

s h o u ld be ex cl u ded b ecau se t h ey (1 ) were d eri v at i v e o f an u n l awfu l s earch an d (2 ) in

t h e al t ern at i v e, were m ad e wh i l e i n cu s to d y wi t h o u t h av in g b een read h er M i r a n d a 2 1

ri gh t s.

2 0 S ee F l a n d er s

, 36 0 Ga. at 85 5 (“ G iv en t h e tri al co u rt ’ s fai l u re t o ad d res s [t h e]

cl ai m

, we m

us t v acat e t h e t ri al co u rt ’ s o rd er t o t h e ex t en t it at l eas t i m p l i ci tl y d en i ed

t h a t c l a i m an d rem an d fo r t h e t ri al co u rt t o ad d res s t he cl ai m i n t h e fi rs t i ns t an ce.”

(fo o t no t e o m i t t ed )); s e e a l s o O C G A § 1 7-5 -1 (a) (4 ) (“ W h en a lawfu l arres t i s

effect ed a p eace o ffi cer m ay reas o n ab ly s earch t h e p ers on arres t ed an d t he area wi t h in

t h e p ers o n ’ s i m

m ed i at e p res en ce fo r t h e pu rp o s e o f

. . . [d ] i s co v eri n g o r s ei zi n g an y

i n s t ru m en t s, art i cl es

, o r t h i n g s wh ich are b ei n g u s ed o r wh i ch m ay hav e b een u s ed in

t h e co m m i s s i o n o f t he cri m e fo r wh i ch t h e p ers o n h as b een arres t ed .”); Ab r a ms v.

S t a t e

, 2 2 3 Ga. 2 1 6

, 2 2 0 (2 ) (1 5 4 SE2 d 44 3 ) (1 9 6 7 ) (“ I t i s w e l l es t ab l i s h ed b y

. . . Un i ted St at es Su p rem e Co u rt cas es t h at i n s t ru m en t al i t i es u sed i n t h e co m m i s s i o n o f

a cri m e m ay b e s ei zed at t h e t im e of t h e arres t wi t h o u t a s earch warran t

. Th e d o ct ri n e

t h at a s earch wi t h o u t warran t m ay b e l awfu l l y co n du ct ed if i n ci d en t to a l awfu l arres t

h as l o ng b een reco g ni zed as co n s i s t en t wi t h t h e Fo u rt h Am en d m en t ’ s p ro t ect i o n

ag ai n s t u n reas o n ab l e s earc he s a nd se iz ur e s[

. ] ” ( punc tua tion om itte d) )

. A ga i n

, b ecau s e

t h e St at e d i d n o t ch al l en g e t h e t ri al co u rt ’ s ru l i n g o n th e q ues t i o n s o f co n s en t an d

ex i g en t ci rcu m s t an ces

, an d t h us ab an d o n ed an y s u ch arg u m en t s o n ap p eal

, we d o n ot

v acat e t h e t ri al co urt ’ s o p i n i o n as t o t h o s e ru li n g s

, wh i ch s t an d affi rm ed

. See s u pr a

n o t e 1 3.

2 1 S ee Mi r a n d

a v. Ar i z o n a

, 3 8 4 U.S. 4 3 6 (8 6 SCt 1 6 0 2, 1 6 LE2 d 6 9 4 ) (1 9 6 6 ).

14(a) Der i va t i ve S t a t emen t s . Th e t ri al co u rt m ad e n o ex p l i ci t ru l i n g o n wh et h er

J en n in g s’ s s tat em en t s t o l aw en fo rcem en t were al s o s u b ject to ex cl u s i o n o n t h e b as i s

t h a t th ey were d eri vat i v e of w h at i t d et erm i ned was an u n l awfu l s earch o f t h e

p ro p ert y

, as d i s cu s s ed i n Di v i s i on 1 s u p r a

. In d eed

, i n a s eco nd ord er, t h e co u rt d en i ed

J en n in g s’ s s ep arat e m o t i o n to ex cl u d e h er s t at em en t s t o l aw en fo rcem en t becau s e s h e

was n ot i n cu s to d y at t he t i m e t h o se s t at em en t s were m ad e.

No t ab l y

, t h e reco rd do es n o t s h o w th at J en ni n g s s peci fi cal l y m o v ed t o s u p p res s

h er s tat em en t s o n t he bas i s th at t h ey were d eri v at i ve o f t h e u n l awfu l s earch

, an d we

d o n o t rev ers e t ri al co u rt ju d g m e n t s a s b ei n g “ wro ng fo r an y reas o n .” 2 2 In d eed

, as

p rev i o u s l y n ot ed

, w e are a co urt fo r t h e co rrect i o n o f erro rs

. 2 3 T hat sai d

, i t i s p o s s i b l e

2 2 S ee M o o r e v. St at e

, 2 9 0 Ga. 8 0 5, 8 0 8 (2 ) n .3 (7 2 5 SE2 d 2 9 0) (2 0 1 2) (“ Th ere

i s no ‘ wro n g fo r an y reas on ’ d oct ri n e, an d t h i s Co u rt w i l l n o t rev ers e a ju dg m en t o n

an i s s u e n ev er rai s ed o r ru l ed o n i n th e t ri al co u rt [.] ”), s u p er s ed ed b y s t a t ut e o n o t h er

g r o u nd s a s s t a ted i n Br ewn er v. S t a t e

, 3 0 2 G a. 6

, 1 4 (III) (8 0 4 SE2 d 94 ) (2 0 1 7 ); S t a t e

v. Hu d so n

, 3 0 3 Ga. 3 4 8

, 35 5 (8 1 2 SE2 d 2 7 0) (2 0 1 8 ) (Hu n s t ei n

, J

., co n cu rri n g

s p eci al l y ) (“ A s th i s C o u r t has p rev i o u s ly em p h as i zed

, th ere i s n o ‘ w ro n g fo r an y

reas on ’ d o ct ri n e.”); Lo we v. S t a t e

, 3 52 Ga. Ap p. 4 5 8

, 4 6 3 (8 3 5 S E 2 d 3 0 1 ) (2 0 1 9 )

(“ [W ] h i le we h av e u n d er cert ai n ci rcu m s t an ces ap p l ied t h e ‘ ri g h t fo r an y reas o n ’ ru l e

t o reach i s s u es u nad d res s ed b y ei t h er p art y i n o rd er t o affi rm a ju d g m en t as ri g h t fo r

an y reas o n

, i t d o es n o t fo ll o w t h at we ap p l y t h e ‘ wro ng fo r an y reas on ’ ru l e t o rev ers e

i n co rrect ru l i n gs o n i s s u es n o t rai s ed o r ru l ed u p o n i n t he t ri a l c o u r t

. ” (p u n ct u at i o n

o m it t ed )).

2 3 S ee Mo r d i ca v. S ta t e

, 31 9 Ga. Ap p

. 1 4 9

, 1 5 4-5 5 (2 ) (7 3 6 SE2 d 1 5 3 ) (2 0 1 2 )

(“ It i s wel l s et t l ed t hat t h i s Co u rt m a y n o t ad dres s is s u es o n ap p eal wh i ch were n ot

15t h e t ri al co u rt at l eas t i m p l i ci t l y ru led o n t h i s q u es t i o n wh en i t s u p p res s ed ev i d en ce

“ d eri v at i v e” o f t h e s earch d is cu s s ed s u pr a

. 2 4 So

, i n li g h t of o ur d i rect i v e i n Di v i s i o n

1 (c), th e t ri al co u rt s h o u l d e x p l i ci tl y ru l e u p o n th i s qu es t i o n on rem an d wh en i t

ad d res s es t h e v acat ed p o rt i on o f t h e o rd er at i s su e i n Cas e Nu m b er A2 1 A1 3 5 5

. 2 5

ad d res s ed by t h e t ri al co u rt

, b ecau s e th i s Co u rt i s a co u rt fo r t h e co rrect i o n o f erro rs

an d i t d oes n ot co n s id er m at t ers wh i ch were no t rai s ed an d ru l ed o n b y t h e t ri al co u rt

. W i th o u t a ru li n g b y t h e t ri al co u rt o n th i s p art icu l ar is s u e, t h ere i s n o t h i n g f o r t h i s

Co u rt t o rev i ew up o n ap p eal .” (p u n ct u at i o n & fo o t n o t e om i t t ed )); Fr eel a n d v. S t a t e

, 2 2 3 Ga. Ap p

. 3 2 6, 3 2 6 (2 ) (4 7 7 SE2 d 6 3 3 ) (1 9 9 6 ) (“ Is s ues p res en t ed fo r t h e fi rs t t i m e

o n ap p eal fu rn i s h no t h i n g fo r u s t o rev iew, fo r t h i s i s a co u rt fo r co rrect i o n o f erro rs

o f l aw co m

m i t t ed b y t h e t ri al co u rt wh ere p ro p er ex cep t i o n i s t ak en

, becau s e o n e m ay

n o t ab an d o n an i s s u e i n th e t ri al co u rt an d o n ap p eal rai s e q u es t i o ns o r i s s u es n ei t h er

rai s ed n o r ru l ed o n b y

t h e t ri al co u rt

. ” (p u n ct u at i o n o m i t t ed )).

2 4 See W o ng S u n v. Un i t ed S t a t es

, 3 7 1 U.S. 4 7 1

, 48 5 (8 3 SCt 4 0 7, 9 L E2 d 4 4 1

(1 9 6 3) (“ [V] erb al ev i d en ce wh i ch deri v es s o i m m ed i at el y fro m an u n l awfu l en t ry an d

an u n au th o ri zed arres t as t h e o ffi cers ’ act i o n i n t he p res en t cas e is n o l es s t h e ‘ fru i t ’

o f o ffi ci al i ll eg al i t y th an th e m o re co m m o n t an gi b l e fru i t s of t h e u n w a r r a n t e d

i n t ru si o n

. ”).

2 5 S ee B r o wn v. Il l i n o i s

, 4 2 2 U.S. 5 9 0

, 6 0 1 -0 2 (III) (9 5 SCt 2 2 5 4

, 4 5 L E2 d 4 1 6 )

(1 9 7 5) (“ [E] v en i f t h e s tat em en t s i n t h i s cas e were fo u n d t o b e v o l u n t ary u n d er t h e

Fi ft h Am en d m en t

, t h e Fo u rt h Am en d m en t i ss u e rem ai ns

. In o rd er fo r t h e ca u s al

ch ai n

, b et ween t h e i l leg al arres t an d t h e s tat em en t s m ad e s u b seq u e n t t h e r et o

, t o b e

b ro k en

, W

o n g S u n req u ires n ot m erel y t h at t he s t at em en t m eet t h e Fi ft h Am en d m en t

s t an d ard o f vo lu n t ari n es s b u t t h at i t b e s u ffi ci en t l y an act o f f r e e wi l l t o p u rg e t h e

p ri m ary t ai n t .’ W

o n g Su n t h us m an d at es co n s i d erat i o n o f a s t at em en t ’ s ad m i s s i b i l i t y

i n li g h t o f t h e d i s t i n ct p o l i ci es an d i n t eres ts o f t h e Fo u rt h Am en d m en t .” (p u n ct u at i o n

& ci t at i o n o m i t t ed )); i d

. at 6 0 3 -0 4 (III) (“ Th e Mi ra n d a warn i n g s are a n i m

p o rt an t

fact or, t o b e s u re, i n d et erm i ni ng wh et h er th e co n fes s i o n i s o b tai n ed by ex p l o i t at i o n

o f an i ll eg al arres t

. Bu t th ey are n o t t h e o n l y f a c t o r t o b e co n s id ered

. Th e t em p o ral

16(b ) In -Cu s t od y S ta t emen t

s

. Nex t

, J en n i n g s arg u es t h e tri al co u rt erred by f a i l i n g

t o ex cl u de h er s tat em en ts o n th e b as i s t hat t h ey were m ad e wh i le s h e was i n cu s t o dy

wi t h o u t h av in g b een read h er Mi r a n d a ri g h ts . W e d i s ag ree.

Wh en an accu s ed i s n ei t h er i n cu s t o d y n o r s o res t rai n ed as to “ e q u a t e t o a

fo rm al arre s t

, an y s tat em en t s m ad e t o an i n v es t i g at i n g o ffi cer are m ad e u n d er

n o n cu s t od i al ci r c u m st an ces an d Mi r a n d a warn i n g s are n o t req ui red .” 2 6 In d eed

,

Mi r an d a p ro t ect i o n s ad h ere wh en an i n d i v i du al i s “ (1 ) fo r m a l l y arres t ed o r (2 )

res t rai n ed t o t h e d eg ree as so ci at ed wi t h a fo rm al arres t .” 2 7 Th e s eco n d pro n g m u s t b e

ev al u at ed o b

ject i v el y

— i .e.

, “ an i n d i v i d ual i s i n cu st od y i f a reas o n ab l e p ers o n i n t h e

p l ace o f t h e d efen d an t wo u l d feel s o res t rai n ed as t o eq u at e t o a fo rm al arres t .” 2 8

p ro x im it y o f t h e arres t an d t he co n fes s io n

, t h e p res en ce o f i n terv en i n g ci rcu m s t an ces

,

an d

, part i cu l arl y

, t h e p u rp os e an d fl ag ran cy o f t h e o ffi ci al m i s co n d u ct are al l rel ev an t

. Th e v o lu n t ari n es s o f t h e s t at em en t i s a t h res h o l d req u i rem en t

. A n d th e b u rd en o f

s h o wi n g ad m i s s i b i l i t y res t s

, o f co u rs e, on t h e p ro s ecu t i on .” (ci t at i o n s & fo o t n o t es

o m it t ed )); s ee a l

so S t a te v. Po

p p el l

, 2 77 Ga. 5 9 5

, 5 9 7 (5 9 2 SE2 d 8 38 ) (2 0 0 4 )

(reci t i n g an d rel y i n g u p o n t h e fact o rs fro m B r o wn v. Il li n o i s ); La ws o n v. St a t e

, 2 9 9

Ga. Ap p . 8 6 5 , 8 6 8 (1 ) (6 8 4 SE2 d 1 ) (2 0 0 9 ) (s am e).

2 6 Du r h a m v. S t a t e

, 2 8 1 Ga. 2 0 8

, 2 0 9 (2 ) (6 3 6 SE2 d 5 13 ) (2 0 0 6) (p u n ct u at i o n

o m it t ed ).

2 7 Id

.

2 8 Id

. 2 0 9 -1 0 (2 ).

17Here, o u r rev i ew o f t he ev i d en ce es t ab l i s h es t h at t h e t ri al co u rt d id n o t cl earl y

err b y fi n d i n g J en n i n g s was n o t i n cu st o d y at th e t i m e s h e m ad e h er s t at em en t s t o l aw

en fo rcem en t

, an d t h u s i t d i d n o t err i n d en y i n g h er m o t i on t o e x c l u d e t h o s e

s t at em en t s

. Th e co u rt co ncl u d ed t h at J en n in g s m ad e her st at em en ts wh i l e o u t s i d e o n

h er own p ro p ert y

, wi t h o u t t h reat s b y l aw en fo rcem en t, wh il e s he was n ot h an d cu ffed

,

an d w h il e s h e was n o t o t herwi s e res t rai n ed

. An d b ecau s e t he reco rd

— wh i ch i n cl u d es

a DVD reco rd i n g 2 9

— s u p p o rt s th es e fi n d in gs

, we affi rm t h e t ri al co u rt ’ s ru l i n g i n t h i s

reg ard

. 3 0

2 9 Th e DVD s h o ws J en n i n g s i m m ed iat el y ap p ro ach in g t h e i n v es t i g at o r u p o n

h er arri v al h o m e an d o fferi ng i n fo rm at i o n a nd an s weri n g h i s q ues t i o n s wi t h o ut

h es i t at i o n

. J en n i n g s i s v i s i b l y u p s et d uri n g th e ex ch an g e (b y vi rt ue o f th e al l eg at i o n

t h at s h e h i t a p ers on wi t h her v eh i cl e rat h er t h an a d eer), b ut s he w as n ot h an d cu ffed

o r o t h erwi s e res t rai n ed

.

3 0 S ee S t a t e v. W

al d en

, 3 1 1 Ga. 3 8 9

, 3 95 (8 58 SE2 d 4 2 ) (2 0 2 1 ) (“ [Ap p el lan t ]

was n o t han d cu ffed o r o t h erwi s e res t rai n ed

, an d s he wai ted les s t h an an h ou r t o s p eak

t o t h e i n v es t i gat o r. [Ap p el l an t ] cl ai m s t h at [a d ep ut y ] i m p ed ed h er e x i t b e c a u s e h e

was i n u n i fo rm

, arm e d

, a n d s e a t e d n ex t to th e d o o r, an d t h e ex i t w as no t o b v i o u s l y

acces s i b l e. Bu t th e d o o r t o t h e i n t erv i ew ro o m cl earl y rem ai n ed o p en wh i l e t h ey

wai t ed

, an d [t h e d ep u t y ] d i d n o t s i t i n fro n t o f t h e d o orway

. An d al t h o u g h [Ap p el lan t ]

em ph as i z e s t h at s h e w as i n t erv i ewed i n an i n t erro g at i o n ro om

, b y an i n v es t i g at o r,

wi t h o u t an y fam il y m em

b ers p res en t

, t h es e fact o rs by th em s el v es wo u l d n o t s u p p o rt

a fi nd i n g t h at s h e was i n cu s t o d y .”); DeVa u gh n v

. S t a te

, 2 9 6 G a. 4 7 5

, 4 7 9 (4 ) (7 6 9

SE2 d 7 0 ) (2 0 1 5 ) (“ Th e r e c o r d i n t h i s cas e s u p p o rt s t h e t ri al co urt ’ s fi n di n g s t h at

Ap p el l an t d ro v e h im s el f t o t h e p o l i ce s t at i o n aft er b ei n g as k ed t o s p eak t o t h e

i n v es t i g at o rs ; wh i l e t h e p o l i ce t em p o rari l y t o o k h is car k ey s s o t h at th ey co u ld i n s p ect

t h e car i n h i s p res en ce, h e was n o t res t rai n ed i n an y w ay

, was n ev er t o l d h e was u n d er

18Acco rd i ng l y , as t o Cas e Nu m b er A2 1 A1 3 5 5 , we affi rm t h e ju d g m en t i n p art

,

v acat e t h e ju d g m en t i n p art

, an d rem an d t h e cas e fo r fu rt h er p ro ceed in g s co n s i s t en t

wi t h t h i s o p i n i o n ; an d as t o Cas e Nu m ber A2 1 A1 3 9 6

, w e a f

f i r m t h e t ri al co urt ’ s

ju d g m en t

. 3 1

Ju d g men t i n Ca s e No

. A2 1 A1 39 6 a f f i r med

. Ju dg men t i n Ca s e No

. A 2 1 A1 3 5 5

a f f i r med i n p a r t

, va c a t e d i n p ar t

, a n d ca s e r ema n d

ed wi t h d ir ect i on

. Mer ci er a n d

Pi n s o n , JJ., co n cu r

.

arres t

, an d was al l o w ed t o s p eak t o h i s m o th er o n t h e p h o n e d u ri n g t h e i n t erv iew; an d,

wh en h e as k ed t o l eav e, h e was al l o wed t o d o s o .”).

3 1 As a rem i n d er, i n Cas e No

. A2 1 A1 35 5

, we co ns i d ered th e t ri al co u rt ’ s g ran t

o f Jen n i n g s ’ s m o t i o n t o su p pres s ev i den ce an d affi rm ed th e t ri al co u rt ’ s ru l i n g o n t h e

q u es ti o n s o f co n s en t an d ex i g en t ci rcu m s t an ces

, b u t we vacat ed t h e co u rt ’ s ju d g m en t

t o th e ex t en t i t i m

p l i ci t ly ru l ed o n t h e St at e’ s arg u m en t reg ard i n g s ei zu re o f ev i d en ce

s u b s eq u en t t o Jen ni n g s ’ s s tat em en t s an d ar r e s t

. In Cas e N o

. A2 1A1 3 9 6

, we

co n si d ered t he t ri al co u rt ’ s s ep arat e o rd er d en y i n g J en n i n g s’ s m o ti o n t o s u p p res s h er

s t at em en t s o n t he bas is t h at t h e y w ere in v o l u n t ari l y m ad e an d affi rm ed t h e t ri al

co u rt ’ s ru l i n g ; h o w ev er, we d i rect ed t h e t ri al co urt to ex p l i ci t l y ru le u p o n t h e

ad m i s s i b i l i t y o f J en n in g s ’ s s t at em en t s as th ey rel at e t o t h e F ou r th Amen d

m en t i s s u es

d i s cu s s ed i n Cas e N o

. A2 1 A1 3 5 5 t h at are t o b e fu rt h er ex p lo red o n rem an d o f t h at

cas e.

19