# Patent

## Title
Method for the production by fermentation of sulphur-containing fine chemicals (metF)

## Abstract

The invention relates to methods for the fermentative production of sulfur-containing fine chemicals, in particular L-methionine, by using bacteria which express a nucleotide sequence coding for a methionine synthase (metF) gene.

## Background
RELATED APPLICATIONS
This application is a national stage application (under 35 U.S.C 371) of PCT/EP2003/009451 filed Aug. 26, 2003, which claims benefit of German application 102 39 308.7 filed Aug. 27, 2002.
The invention relates to a method for the fermentative production of sulfur-containing fine chemicals, in particular L-methionine, by using bacteria which express a nucleotide sequence coding for a methylenetetrahydrofolate reductase (metF) gene.
PRIOR ART
Sulfur-containing fine chemicals such as, for example, methionine, homocysteine, S-adenosylmethionine, glutathione, cysteine, biotin, thiamine, lipoic acid are produced in cells via natural metabolic processes and are used in many branches of industry, including the food, animal feed, cosmetics and pharmaceutical industries. These substances which are collectively referred to “sulfur-containing fine chemicals” include organic acids, both proteinogenic and nonproteinogenic amino acids, vitamins and cofactors. They are most expediently produced on a large scale by means of cultivating bacteria which have been developed in order to produce and secrete large amounts of the substance desired in each case. Organisms which are particularly suitable for this purpose are coryneform bacteria, Gram-positive nonpathogenic bacteria.
It is known that amino acids are produced by fermentation of strains of coryneform bacteria, in particular Corynebacterium glutamicum. Due to the great importance, the production processes are constantly improved. Process improvements can relate to measures regarding technical aspects of the fermentation, such as, for example, stirring and oxygen supply, or to the nutrient media composition such as, for example, sugar concentration during fermentation or to the work-up to give the product, for example by ion exchange chromatography, or to the intrinsic performance properties of the microorganism itself.
A number of mutant strains which produce an assortment of desirable compounds from the group of sulfur-containing fine chemicals have been developed via strain selection. The performance properties of said microorganisms are improved with respect to the production of a particular molecule by applying methods of mutagenesis, selection and mutant selection. However, this is a time-consuming and difficult process. In this way strains are obtained, for example, which are resistant to antimetabolites such as, for example, the methionine analogs α-methylmethionine, ethionine, norleucine, n-acetylnorleucine, S-trifluoromethylhomocysteine, 2-amino-5-heprenoitic acid, selenomethionine, methioninesulfoximine, methoxine, 1-aminocyclopentanecarboxylic acid or which are auxotrophic for metabolites important for regulation and which produce sulfur-containing fine chemicals such as, for example, L-methionine.
Methods of recombinant DNA technology have also been used for some years to improve Corynebacterium strains producing L-amino acids by amplifying individual amino-acid biosynthesis genes and investigating the effect on amino acid production.
BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE INVENTION
It is an object of the present invention to provide a novel method for the improved fermentative production of sulfur-containing fine chemicals, in particular L-methionine.
We have found that this object is achieved by providing a method for the fermentative production of a sulfur-containing fine chemical, comprising the expression of a heterologous nucleotide sequence coding for a protein with metF activity in a coryneform bacterium.
The invention firstly relates to a method for the fermentative production of at least one sulfur-containing fine chemical, which comprises the following steps:

    a) fermentation of a coryneform bacteria culture producing the desired sulfur-containing fine chemical, the coryneform bacteria expressing at least one heterologous nucleotide sequence which codes for a protein with methylenetetrahydrofolate reductase (metF) activity;
    b) concentration of the sulfur-containing fine chemical in the medium or in the bacterial cells, and
    c) isolation of the sulfur-containing fine chemical, which preferably comprises L-methionine.


The above heterologous metF-encoding nucleotide sequence is preferably less than 100%, such as, for example, more than 70%, such as 75, 80, 85, 90 or 95%, or less than 90%, such as, for example, up to 60, 50, 40, 30, 20 or 10% homologous to the metF-encoding sequence from Corynebacterium glutamicum ATCC 13032. The metF-encoding sequence is derived preferably from any of the following organisms of list I:










List I










Organism
Strain collection







Corynebacterium diphteriae
ATCC 14779



Streptomyces lividans
ATCC 19844



Streptomyces coelicolor
ATCC 10147



Aquifex aeolicus
DSM 6858



Burkholderia cepacia
ATCC 25416



Nitrosomonas europaea
ATCC 19718



Pseudomonas aeruginosa
ATCC 17933



Xylella fastidiosa
ATCC 35881



Pseodomonas fluorescens
ATCC 13525



Schizosaccharomyces pombe
ATCC 24969



Saccharomyces cerevisiae
ATCC 10751



Erwinia carotovora
ATCC 15713



Klebsiella pneumoniae
ATCC 700721



Salmonella typhi
ATCC 12839



Salmonella typhimurium
ATCC 15277



Escherichia coli K12
ATCC 55151



Vibrio cholerae
ATCC 39315



Haemophilus influenzae
ATCC 51907



Caulobacter crescentus
ATCC 19089



Actinobacillus
ATCC 33384



actinomycetemcomitans



Neisseria meningitis
ATCC 6253



Rhodobacter capsulatus
ATCC 11166



Campylobacter jejuni
ATCC 33560



Lactococcus lactis
ATCC 7962



Prochlorococcus marinus
PCC 7118



Bacillus stearothermophilus
ATCC 12980










    ATCC: American Type Culture Collection, Rockville, Md., USA
    PCC: Pasteur Culture Collection of Cyanobacteria. Paris France
    DSM: German collection of Microorganisms and Cell Cultures


The metF-encoding sequence used according to the invention preferably comprises a coding sequence according to SEQ ID NO:1, 3, 5, 7, 9, 11, 13, 15, 17, 19, 21, 23, 25, 27, 29, 31, 33, 35, 37, 39, 41, 43, 45, 47, 49, 51 and 53 or a nucleotide sequence homologous thereto which codes for a protein with metF activity.
Moreover, the metF-encoding sequence used according to the invention preferably codes for a protein with metF activity, said protein comprising an amino acid sequence according to SEQ ID NO:2, 4, 6, 8, 10, 12, 14, 16, 18, 20, 22, 24, 26, 28, 30, 32, 34, 36, 38, 40, 42, 44, 46, 48, 50, 52 and 54 or an amino acid sequence homologous thereto which represents a protein with metF activity.
The coding metF sequence is preferably a DNA or an RNA which can be replicated in coryneform bacteria or is stably integrated into the chromosome.
According to a preferred embodiment, the method of the invention is carried out by

    a) using a bacterial strain transformed with a plasmid vector which carries at least one copy of the coding metF sequence under the control of regulatory sequences or
    b) using a strain in which the coding metF sequence has been integrated into the bacterial chromosome.


Furthermore, preference is given to overexpressing the coding metF sequence for the fermentation.
It may also be desirable to ferment bacteria in which additionally at least one further gene of the biosynthetic pathway of the desired sulfur-containing fine chemical has been amplified; and/or in which at least one metabolic pathway, which reduces production of the desired sulfur-containing fine chemical has, at least partially, been switched off.
It may also be desirable to ferment bacteria in which additionally the activity of at least one further gene of the biosynthetic pathway of the desired sulfur-containing fine chemical is not undesirably influenced by metabolic metabolites.
Therefore, according to another embodiment of the method of the invention, coryneform bacteria are fermented in which, at the same time, at least one of the genes selected from among

    
    
        a) the lysC gene, which encodes an aspartate kinase,
        b) the gene asd, which encodes an aspartate-semialdehyde dehydrogenase,
        c) the glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase-encoding gene gap,
        d) the 3-phosphoglycerate kinase-encoding gene pgk,
        e) the pyruvate carboxylase-encoding gene pyc,
        f) the triose phosphate isomerase-encoding gene tpi,
        g) the homoserine O-acetyltransferase-encoding gene meta,
        h) the cystathionine gamma-synthase-encoding gene metB,
        i) the cystathionine gamma-lyase-encoding gene metC,
        j) the serine hydroxymethyltransferase-encoding gene glyA,
        k) the O-acrylhomoserine sulfhydrylase-encoding gene metY,
        l) the methionine synthase-encoding gene metH,
        m) the phosphoserine aminotransferase-encoding gene serC,
        n) the phosphoserine phosphatase-encoding gene serB,
        o) the serine acetyl transferase-encoding gene cysE,
        p) the homoserine dehydrogenase-encoding gene hom

is overexpressed.

    
    


According to another embodiment of the method of the invention, coryneform bacteria are fermented in which, at the same time, at least one of the genes selected from among genes of the abovementioned group a) to p) is mutated in such a way that the activity of the corresponding proteins is influenced by metabolic metabolites to a smaller extent, if at all, compared to nonmutated proteins and that in particular the inventive production of the fine chemical is not adversely affected.
According to another embodiment of the method of the invention, coryneform bacteria are fermented in which, at the same time, at least one of the genes selected from among

    
    
        q) the homoserine kinase-encoding gene thrB,
        r) the threonine dehydratase-encoding gene ilvA,
        s) the threonine synthase-encoding gene thrC,
        t) the meso-diaminopimelate D-dehydrogenase-encoding gene ddh,
        u) the phosphoenolpyruvate carboxykinase-encoding gene pck,
        v) the glucose-6-phosphate 6-isomerase-encoding gene pgi,
        w) the pyruvate oxidase-encoding gene poxB,
        x) the dihydrodipicolinate synthase-encoding gene dapA,
        y) the dihydrodipicolinate reductase-encoding gene dapB; or
        z) the diaminopicolinate decarboxylase-encoding gene lysA

is attenuated, in particular by reducing the rate of expression of the corresponding gene.

    
    


According to another embodiment of the method of the invention, coryneform bacteria are fermented in which, at the same time, at least one of the genes of the above groups q) to z) is mutated in such a way that the enzymic activity of the corresponding protein is partially or completely reduced.
Preference is given to using, in the method of the invention, microorganisms of the species Corynebacterium glutamicum. 
The invention further relates to a method for producing an L-methionine-containing animal feed additive from fermentation broths, which comprises the following steps:

    
    
        a) culturing and fermentation of an L-methionine-producing microorganism in a fermentation medium;
        b) removal of water from the L-methionine-containing fermentation broth;
        c) removal of from 0 to 100% by weight of the biomass formed during fermentation; and
        d) drying of the fermentation broth obtained according to b) and/or c), in order to obtain the animal feed additive in the desired powder or granule form.
    
    


The invention likewise relates to the coding metF sequences isolated from the above microorganisms for the first time, to the metF enzymes encoded thereby and to the functional homologs of these polynucleotides and proteins, respectively.



BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE FIGURES
FIG. 1 shows the plasmid map of plasmid pCIS lysC.
FIG. 2 shows the plasmid map of plasmid pCIS lysC thr311ile.
FIG. 3 shows the plasmid map of plasmid pC metF_Cd (Corynebacterium diphteriae).



DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE INVENTION
a) General Terms
Proteins with methylenetetrahydrofolate reductase activity are described as being proteins which are capable of reducing 5,10-methylenetetrahydrofolare (CH2—H(4)folate) to 5-methyltetrehydrofolate (CH3—H(4)folate) with oxidation of the cofactor NADH or NADPH. The skilled worker is familiar with further details of the metF protein: (Matthews R G. Sheppard C. Goulding C. European Journal of Pediatrics. 157 Suppl 2: S54-9,1998, Trimmer E E. Ballou D P. Matthewsn R G. Biochemistry. 40(21):6205-15, 2001). The skilled worker can detect the enzymatic activity of metF by means of enzyme assays, protocols for which may be: Matthews, R. G., Methylenetetrahydrofolate reductase from pig liver. Methods in Enzymology. 122:372-81, 1986.
Within the scope of the present invention, the term “sulfur-containing fine chemical” includes any chemical compound which contains at least one covalently bound sulfur atom and is accessible by a fermentation method of the invention. Nonlimiting examples thereof are methionine, homocysteine, S-adenosylmethionine, in particular methionine and S-adenosylmethionine.
Within the scope of the present invention, the terms “L-methionine”, “methionine”, homocysteine and S-adenosylmethionine also include the corresponding salts such as, for example, methionine hydrochloride or methionine sulfate.
“Polynucleotides” in general refers to polyribonucleotides (RNA) and polydeoxyribonucleotides (DNA) which may be unmodified RNA and DNA respectively, or modified RNA and DNA, respectively.
According to the invention, “polypeptides” means peptides or proteins which contain two or more amino acids linked via peptide bonds.
The term “metabolic metabolite” refers to chemical compounds which occur in the metabolism of organisms as intermediates or else final products and which, apart from their property as chemical building blocks, may also have a modulating effect on enzymes and on their catalytic activity. It is known from the literature that such metabolic metabolites may act on the activity of enzymes in both an inhibiting and a stimulating manner (Biochemistry, Stryer, Lubert, 1995 W. H. Freeman & Company, New York, N.Y.). The possibility of producing in organisms enzymes in which the influence of metabolic metabolites has been modified by measures such as mutation of the genomic DNA by UV radiation, ionizing radiation or mutagenic substances and subsequent selection for particular phenotypes has also been described in the literature (Sahm H., Eggeling L., de Graaf A A., Biological Chemistry 381(9-10):899-910,2000; Eikmanns B J., Eggeling L., Sahm H., Antonie van Leeuwenhoek., 64:145-63, 1993-94). These altered properties may also be achieved by specific measurements. The skilled worker knows that it is possible specifically to modify in enzyme genes particular nucleotides of the DNA coding for the protein in such a way that the protein resulting from the expressed DNA sequence has certain new properties, for example that the modulating effect of metabolic metabolites on the unmodified protein has changed.
The activity of enzymes may be influenced in such a way that the reaction rate is reduced or the affinity for the substrate is modified or the reaction rates are changed.
The terms “express” and “amplification” or “overexpression” describe in the context of the invention the production of or increase in intracellular activity of one or more enzymes encoded by the corresponding DNA in a microorganism. For this purpose, for example, it is possible to introduce a gene into an organism, to replace an existing gene by another gene, to increase the copy number of the gene or genes, to use a strong promoter or to use a gene which codes for a corresponding enzyme having a high activity, and these measures can be combined, where appropriate.
b) metF Proteins of the Invention
The invention likewise includes “functional equivalents” of the specifically disclosed metF enzymes of organisms in the above list I.
Within the scope of the present invention, “functional equivalents” or analogs of the specifically disclosed polypeptides are polypeptides different therefrom, which furthermore have the desired biological activity such as, for example, substrate specificity.
According to the invention, “functional equivalents” means in particular mutants which have in at least one of the abovementioned sequence positions an amino acid other than the specifically mentioned amino acid, but which have nevertheless one of the abovementioned biological activities. “Functional equivalents” thus also include the mutants obtainable by one or more amino acid additions, substitutions, deletions and/or inversions, it being possible for said modifications to occur at any position in the sequence as long as they result in a mutant having the property profile of the invention. There is functional equivalence in particular also when the reaction patterns of mutant and unmodified polypeptide match qualitatively, i.e. identical substrates are converted with different rates, for example.
“Functional equivalents” naturally also comprise polypeptides which are obtainable from other organisms, and naturally occurring variants. For example, homologous sequence regions can be found by sequence comparison, and equivalent enzymes can be established following the specific guidelines of the invention.
“Functional equivalents” likewise comprise fragments, preferably individual domains or sequence motifs, of the polypeptides of the invention, which have the desired biological function, for example.
“Functional equivalents” are also fusion proteins which have one of the abovementioned polypeptide sequences or functional equivalents derived therefrom and at least one further heterologous sequence functionally different therefrom in functional N- or C-terminal linkage (i.e. with negligible functional impairment of the functions of the fusion protein parts). Nonlimiting examples of such heterologous sequences are, for example, signal peptides, enzymes, immunoglobulins, surface antigens, receptors or receptor ligands.
According to the invention, “functional equivalents” include homologs of the specifically disclosed proteins. These have at least 30%, or about 40%, 50%, preferably at least about 60%, 65%, 70%, or 75%, in particular at least 85%, such as, for example, 90%, 95% or 99%, homology to one of the specifically disclosed sequences, calculated by the algorithm of Pearson and Lipman, Proc. Natl. Acad., Sci. (USA) 85(8), 1988, 2444-2448.
Homologs of the proteins or polypeptides of the invention can be generated by mutagenesis, for example by point mutation or truncation of the protein. The term “homolog”, as used herein, relates to a variant form of the protein, which acts as agonist or antagonist of the protein activity.
Homologs of the proteins of the invention can be identified by screening combinatorial libraries of mutants such as, for example, truncation mutants. It is possible, for example, to generate a variegated library of protein variants by combinatory mutagenesis at the nucleic acid level, for example by enzymatic ligation of a mixture of synthetic oligonucleotides. There is a multiplicity of methods which can be used for preparing libraries of potential homologs from a degenerate oligonucleotide sequence. Chemical synthesis of a degenerate gene sequence can be carried out in an automatic DNA synthesizer, and the synthetic gene can then be ligated into a suitable expression vector. The use of a degenerate set of genes makes it possible to provide whole sequences which encode the desired set of potential protein sequences in one mixture. Methods for synthesizing degenerate oligonucleotides are known to the skilled worker (for example, Narang, S. A., (1983) Tetrahedron 39:3; Itakura et al., (1984) Annu. Rev. Biochem. 53:323; Itakura et al., (1984) Science 198:1056; Ike et al., (1983) Nucleic Acids Res. 11:477).
In addition, libraries of fragments of the protein codon can be used to generate a variegated population of protein fragments for screening and for subsequent selection of homologs of a protein of the invention. In one embodiment, a library of coding sequence fragments can be generated by treating a double-stranded PCR fragment of a coding sequence with a nuclease under conditions under which nicking occurs only about once per molecule, denaturing the double-stranded DNA, renaturing the DNA to form double-stranded DNA which may comprise sense/antisense pairs of various nicked products, removing single-stranded sections from newly formed duplexes by treatment with S1 nuclease and ligating the resulting fragment library into an expression vector. It is possible by this method to devise an expression library which encodes N-terminal, C-terminal and internal fragments of the protein of the invention, which has different sizes.
Several techniques are known in the prior art for screening gene products from combinatorial libraries which have been produced by point mutations or truncation and for screening cDNA libraries for gene products with a selected property. These techniques can be adapted to rapid screening of gene libraries which have been generated by combinatorial mutagenesis of homologs of the invention. The most frequently used techniques for screening large gene libraries undergoing high-throughput analysis comprise the cloning of the gene library into replicable expression vectors, transformation of suitable cells with the resulting vector library and expression of the combinatorial genes under conditions under which detection of the desired activity facilitates isolation of the vector encoding the gene whose product has been detected. Recursive ensemble mutagenesis (REM), a technique which increases the frequency of functional mutants in the libraries, can be used in combination with the screening tests in order to identify homologs (Arkin und Yourvan (1992) PNAS 89:7811-7815; Delgrave et al. (1993) Protein Engineering 6(3):327-331
c) Polynucleotides of the Invention
The invention also relates to nucleic acid sequences (single- and double-stranded DNA and RNA sequences such as, for example cDNA and mRNA) coding for one of the above metF enzymes and the functional equivalents thereof which are obtainable, for example, also by use of artificial nucleotide analogs.
The invention relates both to isolated nucleic acid molecules which code for polypeptides or proteins of the invention or for biologically active sections thereof, and to nucleic acid fragments which can be used, for example, for use as hybridization probes or primers for identifying or amplifying coding nucleic acids of the invention.
Moreover, the nucleic acid molecules of the invention may contain untranslated sequences from the 3′ and/or 5′ ends of the coding region of the gene.
An “isolated” nucleic acid molecule is separated from other nucleic acid molecules which are present in the natural source of the nucleic acid and may moreover be essentially free of other cellular material or culture medium if it is prepared by recombinant techniques, or free of chemical precursors or other chemicals if it is chemically synthesized.
The invention furthermore comprises the nucleic acid molecules complementary to the specifically described nucleotide sequences or a section thereof.
The nucleotide sequences of the invention make it possible to generate probes and primers which can be used for identifying and/or cloning homologous sequences in other cell types and organisms. Such probes and primers usually complete a nucleotide sequence region which hybridizes under stringent conditions to at least about 12, preferably at least about 25, such as, for example 40, 50 or 75, consecutive nucleotides of a sense strand of a nucleic acid sequence of the invention or of a corresponding antisense strand.
Further nucleic acid sequences of the invention are derived from SEQ ID NO:1, 3, 5, 7, 9, 11, 13, 15, 17, 19, 21, 23, 25, 27, 29, 31, 33, 35, 37, 39, 41, 43, 45, 47, 49, 51 or 53 and differ therefrom through addition, substitution, insertion or deletion of one or more nucleotides, but still code for polypeptides having the desired profile of properties. These may be polynucleotides which are identical to above sequences in at least about 50%, 55%, 60%, 65%, 70%, 80% or 90%, preferably in at least about 95%, 96%, 97%, 98% or 99%, of the sequence positions.
The invention also includes those nucleic acid sequences which comprise “silent” mutations or are modified, by comparison with a specifically mentioned sequence, in accordance with the codon usage of a specific source or host organism, as well as naturally occurring variants such as, for example, splice variants or allelic variants. The invention likewise relates to sequences which are obtainable by conservative nucleotide substitutions (i.e. the relevant amino acid is replaced by an amino acid of the same charge, size, polarity and/or solubility).
The invention also relates to molecules derived from specifically disclosed nucleic acids through sequence polymorphisms. These genetic polymorphisms may exist because of the natural variation between individuals within a population. These natural variations usually result in a variance of from 1 to 5% in the nucleotide sequence of a gene.
The invention furthermore also comprises nucleic acid sequences which hybridize with or are complementary to the abovementioned coding sequences. These polynucleotides can be found on screening of genomic or cDNA libraries, and where appropriate, be amplified therefrom by means of PCR using suitable primers, and then, for example, be isolated with suitable probes. Another possibility is to transform suitable microorganisms with polynucleotides or vectors of the invention, multiply the microorganisms and thus the polynucleotides, and then isolate them. An additional possibility is to synthesize polynucleotides of the invention by chemical routes.
The property of being able to “hybridize” to polynucleotides means the ability of a polynucleotide or oligonucleotide to bind under stringent conditions to an almost complementary sequence, while there are no unspecific bindings between noncomplementary partners under these conditions. For this purpose, the sequences should be 70-100%, preferably 90-100%, complementary. The property of complementary sequences being able to bind specifically to one another is made use of, for example, in the Northern or Southern blot technique or in PCR or RT-PCR in the case of primer binding. Oligonucleotides with a length of 30 base pairs or more are usually employed for this purpose. Stringent conditions means, for example, in the Northern blot technique the use of a washing solution at 50-70° C., preferably 60-65° C., for example 0.1×SSC buffer with 0.1% SDS (20×SSC; 3M NaCl, 0.3M Na citrate, pH 7.0) for eluting nonspecifically hybridized cDNA probes or oligonucleotides. In this case, as mentioned above, only nucleic acids with a high degree of complementarity remain bound to one another. The setting up of stringent conditions is known to the skilled worker and is described, for example, in Ausubel et al., Current Protocols in Molecular Biology, John Wiley & Sons, N.Y. (1989), 6.3.1-6.3.6. beschrieben.
c) Isolation of the Coding metF Gene
The metF genes coding for the enzyme methylenetetrahydrofolate reductase can be isolated from the organisms of the above list I in a manner known per se.
In order to isolate the metF genes or else other genes of the organisms of the above list I, first a gene library of this organism is generated in Escherichia coli (E. coli). The generation of gene libraries is described in detail in generally known textbooks and manuals. Examples which may be mentioned are the textbook by Winnacker: Gene und Klone, Eine Einführung in die Gentechnologie (Verlag Chemie, Weinheim, Germany, 1990), and the manual by Sambrook et al.: Molecular Cloning, A Laboratory Manual (Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press, 1989). A very well-known gene library is that of E. coli K-12 strain W3110, which was generated in λ vectors by Kohara et al. (Cell50, 495-508 (198)).
In order to produce a gene library from organisms of list I in E. coli, cosmids such as the cosmid vector SuperCos I (Wahl et al., 1987, Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences USA, 84: 2160-2164), or else plasmids such as pBR322 (BoliVal; Life Sciences, 25,807-818 (1979)) or pUC9 (Vieira et al., 1982, Gene, 19: 259-268) can be used. Suitable hosts are in particular those E. coli strains which are restriction and recombination defective. An example of this is the strain DH5αmcr which has been described by Grant et al. (Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences USA, 87 (1990) 4645-4649). The long DNA fragments cloned with the aid of cosmids may then in turn be subcloned into common vectors suitable for sequencing and subsequently be sequenced, as described, for example, in Sanger et al. (proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America, 74: 5463-5467,1977).
The DNA sequences obtained can then be studied using known algorithms or sequence analysis programs such as, for example, those by Staden (Nucleic Acids Research 14, 217-232(1986)), by Marck (Nucleic Acids Research 16, 1829-1836 (1988)) or the GCG program by Butler (Methods of Biochemical Analysis 39, 74-97 (1998)).
The metF-encoding DNA sequences from organisms according to the above list I were found. In particular, DNA sequences according to SEQ ID NO:1, 3, 5, 7, 9, 11, 13, 15, 17, 19, 21, 23, 25, 27, 29, 31, 33, 35, 37, 39, 41, 43, 45, 47, 49, 51 and 53 were found. Furthermore, the amino acid sequences of the corresponding proteins were derived from said DNA sequences present, using the above-described methods. SEQ ID NO:2, 4, 6, 8, 10, 12, 14, 16, 18, 20, 22, 24, 26, 28, 30, 32, 34, 36, 38, 40, 42, 44, 46, 48, 50, 52 and 54 depict the resulting amino acid sequences of the metF gene products.
Coding DNA sequences which result from the sequences according to SEQ ID NO:1, 3, 5, 7, 9, 11, 13, 15, 17, 19, 21, 23, 25, 27, 29, 31, 33, 35, 37, 39, 41, 43, 45, 47, 49, 51 and 53 due to the degeneracy of the genetic code are likewise subject of the invention. In the same way, the invention relates to DNA sequences which hybridize with said sequences or parts of sequences derived therefrom.
Instructions for identifying DNA sequences by means of hybridization can be found by the skilled worker, inter alia, in the manual “The DIG System Users Guide fur Filter Hybridization” from Boehringer Mannheim GmbH (Mannheim, Germany, 1993) and in Liebl et al. (International Journal of Systematic Bacteriology (1991) 41: 255-260). Instructions for amplifying DNA sequences with the aid of the polymerase chain reaction (PCR) can be found by the skilled worker, inter alia, in the manual by Gait: Oligonucleotide synthesis: A Practical Approach (IRL Press, Oxford, UK, 1984) and in Newton and Graham: PCR (Spektrum Akademischer Verlag, Heidelberg, Germany, 1994).
It is furthermore known that changes at the N- and/or C-terminus of a protein do not substantially impair its function or may even stabilize said function. Information on this can be found by the skilled worker, inter alia, in Ben-Bassat et al. (Journal of Bacteriology 169: 751-757 (1987)), in O'Regan et al. (Gene 77: 237-251 (1989), in Sahin-Toth et al. (Protein Sciences 3: 240-247 (1994)), in Hochuli et al. (Biotechnology 6: 1321-1325 (1988)) and in known textbooks of genetics and molecular biology.
Amino acid sequences which result accordingly from SEQ ID NO:2, 4, 6, 8, 10, 12, 14, 16, 18, 20, 22, 24, 26, 28, 30, 32, 34, 36, 38, 40, 42, 44, 46, 48, 50, 52 and 54 are likewise part of the invention.
d) Host Cells used According to the Invention
The invention further relates to microorganisms serving as host cells, in particular coryneform bacteria, which contain a vector, in particular a shuttle vector or plasmid vector, carrying at least one metF gene as defined by the invention or in which a metF gene of the invention is expressed or amplified.
These microorganisms can produce sulfur-containing fine chemicals, in particular L-methionine, from glucose, sucrose, lactose, fructose, maltose, molasses, starch, cellulose or from glycerol and ethanol. Said microorganisms are preferably coryneform bacteria, in particular of the genus Corynebacterium. Of the genus Corynebacterium, mention must be made in particular of the species Corynebacterium glutamicum which is known in the art for its ability to produce L-amino acids.
Examples of suitable strains of coryneform bacteria, which may be mentioned, are those of the genus Corynebacterium, in particular of the species Corynebacterium glutamicum (C. glutamicum), such as

    Corynebacterium glutamicum ATCC 13032,
    Corynebacterium acetoglutamicum ATCC 15806,
    Corynebacterium acetoacidophilum ATCC 13870,
    Corynebacterium thermoaminogenes FERM BP-1539,
    Corynebacterium melassecola ATCC 17965
    or
    of the genus Brevibacterium, such as
    Brevibacterium flavum ATCC 14067
    Brevibacterium lactofermentum ATCC 13869 and
    Brevibacterium divaricatum ATCC 14020;
    Or strains derived therefrom such as
    Corynebacterium glutamicum KFCC10065
    Corynebacterium glutamicum ATCC21608


which likewise produce the desired fine chemical or the precursor(s) thereof.
The abbreviation KFCC means the Korean Federation of Culture Collection, the abbreviation ATCC means the American Type Strain Culture Collection, the abbreviation FERM BP means the Collection of the National Institute of Bioscience and Human Technology, Agency of Industrial Science and Technology, Japan.
e) Carrying out the Fermentation of the Invention
According to the invention, it was found that coryneform bacteria, after overexpression of a metF gene from organisms of the list I, produce sulfur-containing fine chemicals, in particular L-methionine, in an advantageous manner.
To achieve overexpression, the skilled worker can take different measures individually or in combination. Thus it is possible to increase the copy number of the appropriate genes or to mutate the promoter and regulatory region or the ribosomal binding site which is located upstream of the structural gene. Expression cassettes which are incorporated upstream of the structural gene act in the same way. Inducible promoters make it additionally possible to increase expression during the course of the fermentative L-methionine production. Expression is likewise improved by measures which extend the life span of the mRNA. Furthermore, the enzymic activity is likewise enhanced by preventing degradation of the enzyme protein. The genes or gene constructs may be either present in plasmids with varying copy number or integrated and amplified in the chromosome. A further possible alternative is to achieve overexpression of the relevant genes by changing the media composition and management of the culture. Instructions for this can be found by the skilled worker, inter alia, in Martin et al. (Biontechnology 5, 137-146 (1987)), in Guerrero et al. (Gene 138, 35-41 (1994)), Tsuchiya and Morinaga (Bio/Technology 6, 428-430 (1988)), in Eikmanns et al. (Gene 102, 93-98 (1991)), in the European patent 0472869, in U.S. Pat. No. 4,601,893, in Schwarzer and Pühler (Biotechnology 9, 84-87 (1991), in Remscheid et al. (Applied and Environmental Microbiology 60, 126-132 (1994), in LaBarre et al. (Journal of Bacteriology 175, 1001-1007 (1993)), in the patent application WO 96/15246, in Malumbres et al. (Gene 134, 15-24 (1993)), in the Japanese published specification JP-A-10-229891, in Jensen und Hammer (Biotechnology and Bioengineering 58, 191-195 (1998)), in Makrides (Microbiological Reviews 60: 512-538 (1996) and in known textbooks of genetics and molecular biology.
The invention therefore also relates to expression constructs comprising a nucleic acid sequence coding for a polypeptide of the invention under the genetic control of regulatory nucleic acid sequences; and to vectors comprising at least one of said expression constructs. Such constructs of the invention preferably include a promoter 5′ upstream of the particular coding sequence and a terminator sequence 3′ downstream and also, where appropriate, further regulatory elements, in each case operatively linked to the coding sequence. An “operative linkage” means the sequential arrangement of promoter, coding sequence, terminator and, where appropriate, further regulatory elements such that each of the regulatory elements can properly carry out its function in the expression of the coding sequence. Examples of operatively linkable sequences are activating sequences and enhancers and the like. Further regulatory elements include selectable markers, amplification signals, origins of replication and the like. Suitable regulatory sequences are described, for example in Goeddel, Gene Expression Technology: Methods in Enzymology 185, Academic Press, San Diego, Calif. (1990).
In addition to the artificial regulatory sequences, the natural regulatory sequence may still be present upstream of the actual structural gene. Genetic modification can, where appropriate, switch off this natural regulation and increase or decrease expression of the genes. However, the gene construct may also have a simpler design, i.e. no additional regulatory signals are inserted upstream of the structural gene and the natural promoter with its regulation is not removed. Instead, the natural regulatory sequence is mutated such that regulation no longer takes place and gene expression is increased or reduced. The gene construct may contain one or more copies of the nucleic acid sequences.
Examples of useful promoters are: ddh, amy, lysC, dapA, lysA from Corynebacterium glutamicum promoters, but also Gram-positive promoters SPO2, as are described in Bacillus Subtilis and Its Closest Relatives, Sonenshein, Abraham L., Hoch, James A., Losick, Richard; ASM Press, District of Columbia, Wash. and Patek M. Eikmanns B J., Patek J., Sahm H., Microbiology. 142 1297-309, 1996 or else the cos, tac, trp, tet, trp-tet, lpp, lac, lpp-lac, laclq, T7, T5, T3, gal, trc, ara, SP6, λ-PR and λ-PL promoters which are advantageously applied in Gram-negative bacteria. Preference is also give to using inducible promoters such as, for example light- and, in particular, temperature-inducible promoters such as the PrPl promoter. It is in principle possible to use all natural promoters with their regulatory sequences. In addition, it is also possible to use advantageously synthetic promoters.
The regulatory sequences mentioned are intended to make specific expression of the nucleic acid sequences possible. Depending on the host organism, this may mean, for example, that the gene is expressed or overexpressed only after induction, or that it is immediately expressed and/or overexpressed.
In this connection, the regulatory sequences and factors may preferably have a beneficial effect on, and thus increase or decrease, expression. Thus, it is possible and advantageous to enhance the regulatory elements at the transcriptional level by using strong transcription signals such as promoters and/or enhancers. However, it is also possible besides this to enhance translation by, for example, improving the stability of the mRNA.
An expression cassette is prepared by fusing a suitable promoter, a suitable Shine-Dalgarno sequence, to a metF nucleotide sequence and a suitable termination signal. For this purpose, common recombination and cloning techniques are used, such as those described, for example, in Current Protocols in Molecular Biology, 1993, John Wiley & Sons, Incorporated, New York, N.Y., PCR Methods, Gelfand, David H., Innis, Michael A., Sninsky, John J., 1999, Academic Press, Incorporated, Calif., San Diego, PCR Cloning Protocols, Methods in Molecular Biology Ser., Vol. 192, 2nd ed., Humana Press, New Jersey, Totowa. T. Maniatis, E. F. Fritsch and J. Sambrook, Molecular Cloning: A Laboratory Manual, Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory, Cold Spring Harbor, N.Y. (1989) and in T. J. Silhavy, M. L. Berman und L. W. Enquist, Experiments with Gene Fusions, Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory, Cold Spring Harbor, N.Y. (1984) and in Ausubel, F. M. et al., Current Protocols in Molecular Biology, Greene Publishing Assoc. and Wiley Interscience (1987).
The recombinant nucleic acid construct or gene construct is expressed in a suitable host organism by inserting it advantageously into a host-specific vector which makes optimal expression of the genes in the host possible. Vectors are well known to the skilled worker and can be found, for example, in “Cloning Vectors” (Pouwels P. H. et al., Hrsg, Elsevier, Amsterdam-New York-Oxford, 1985). The term “vectors” means, apart from plasmids, also all other vectors known to the skilled worker, such as, for example, phages, transposons, IS elements, plasmids, cosmids and linear or circular DNA. These vectors can replicate autonomously in the host organism or are replicated chromosomally.
MetF genes of the invention were amplified by overexpressing them by way of example with the aid of episomal plasmids. Suitable plasmids are those which are replicated in coryneform bacteria. Numerous known plasmid vectors such as, for example, pZ1 (Menkel et al., Applied and Environmental Microbiology (1989) 64: 549-554), pEKE×1 (Eikmanns et al., Gene 102: 93-98 (1991)) or pHS2-1 (Sonnen et al., Gene 107:69-74 (1991)) are based on the cryptic plasmids pHM1519, pBL1 or pGA1. Other plasmid vectors such as, for example, pCLiK5MCS, or those based on pCG4 (U.S. Pat. No. 4,489,160) or pNG2 (Serwold-Davis et al., FEMS Microbiology Letters 66, 119-124 (1990)) or pAG1 (U.S. Pat. No. 5,158,891) may be used in the same way.
Suitable plasmid vectors are furthermore also those with the aid of which it is possible to apply the method of gene amplification by integration into the chromosome, as has been described, for example, by Remscheid et al. (Applied and Environmental Microbiology 60, 126-132 (1994)) for the duplication and amplification of the hom-thrB operon. In this method, the complete gene is cloned into a plasmid vector which can replicate in a host (typically E. coli) but not in C. glutamicum. Suitable vectors are, for example, pSUP301 (Simon et al., Bio/Technology 1, 784-791 (1983)), pK18mob or pK19mob (Schäfer et al., Gene 145, 69-73 (1994)), Bernard et al., Journal of Molecular Biology, 234: 534-541 (1993)), pEM1 (Schrumpf et al., 1991, Journal of Bacteriology 173: 4510-4516) or pBGS8 (Spratt et al.,1986, Gene 41: 337-342). The plasmid vector containing the gene to be amplified is then transferred into the desired C. glutamicum strain via transformation. Methods for transformation are described, for example, in Thierbach et al. (Applied Microbiology and Biotechnology 29, 356-362 (1988)), Dunican and Shivnan (Biotechnology 7, 1067-1070 (1989)) and Tauch et al. (FEMS Microbiological Letters 123, 343-347 (1994)).
The activity of enzymes can be influenced by mutations in the corresponding genes in such a way that the rate of the enzymic reaction is partly or completely reduced. Examples of such mutations are known to the skilled worker (Motoyama H., Yano H., Terasaki Y., Anazawa H., Applied & Environmental Microbiology. 67:3064-70,2001, Eikmanns B J., Eggeling L., Sahm H., Antonie van Leeuwenhoek. 64:145-63, 1993-94. )
Additionally, it may be advantageous for the production of sulfur-containing fine chemicals, in particular L-methionine, to amplify, in addition to expression and amplification of a metF gene of the invention, one or more enzymes of the respective biosynthetic pathway, the cysteine pathway, of aspartate-semialdehyde synthesis, of glycolysis, of anaplerosis, of the pentose phosphate metabolism, the citrate acid cycle or the amino acid export.
Thus, one or more of the following genes can be amplified to produce sulfur-containing fine chemicals, in particular L-methionine:

    the aspartate kinase-encoding gene lysC (EP 1 108 790 A2; DNA-SEQ NO. 281),
    the aspartate-semialdehyde dehydrogenase-encoding gene asd (EP 1 108 790 A2; DNA-SEQ NO. 282),
    the glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase-encoding gene gap (Eikmanns (1992), Journal of Bacteriology 174: 6076-6086),
    the 3-phosphoglycerate kinase-encoding gene pgk (Eikmanns (1992), Journal of Bacteriology 174: 6076-6086),
    the pyruvate carboxylase-encoding gene pyc (Eikmanns (1992), Journal of Bacteriology 174: 6076-6086),
    the triose phosphate isomerase-encoding gene tpi (Eikmanns (1992), Journal of Bacteriology 174: 6076-6086),
    the homoserine O-acetyltransferase-encoding gene metA (EP 1 108 790 A2; DNA-SEQ NO. 725),
    the cystathionine gamma-synthase-encoding gene metB (EP 1 108 790 A2; DNA-SEQ NO. 3491),
    the cystathionine gamma-lyase-encoding gene metC (EP 1 108 790 A2; DNA-SEQ NO. 3061),
    the serine hydroxymethyltransferase-encoding gene glyA (EP 1 108 790 A2; DNA-SEQ NO. 1110),
    the O-acetylhomoserine sulfhydrylase-encoding gene metY (EP 1 108 790 A2; DNA-SEQ NO. 726),
    the methionine synthase-encoding gene metH (EP 1 108 790 A2),
    the phosphoserine aminotransferase-encoding gene serC (EP 1 108 790 A2; DNA-SEQ NO. 928),
    a phosphoserine phosphatase-encoding gene serB (EP 1 108 790 A2; DNA-SEQ NO. 334, DNA-SEQ NO . 467, DNA-SEQ NO. 2767),
    the serine acetyl transferase-encoding gene cysE (EP 1 108 790 A2; DNA-SEQ NO. 2818),
    the homoserine dehydrogenase-encoding gene hom (EP 1 108 790 A2; DNA-SEQ NO. 1306)


Thus, it may be advantageous for the production of sulfur-containing fine chemicals, in particular L-methionine, in coryneform bacteria to mutate, at the same time, at least one of the genes below, so that the activity of the corresponding proteins, compared to that of unmutated proteins, is influenced by a metabolic metabolite to a lesser extent or not at all:

    the aspartate kinase-encoding gene lysC (EP 1 108 790 A2; DNA-SEQ NO. 281),
    the pyruvate carboxylase-encoding gene pyc (Eikmanns (1992), Journal of Bacteriology 174: 6076-6086),
    the homoserine O-acetyltransferase-encoding gene metA (EP 1 108 790 A2; DNA-SEQ NO. 725),
    the cystathionine gamma-synthase-encoding gene metB (EP 1 108 790 A2; DNA-SEQ NO. 3491),
    the cystathionine gamma-lyase-encoding gene metC (EP 1 108 790 A2; DNA-SEQ NO. 3061),
    the serine hydroxymethyltransferase-encoding gene glyA (EP 1 108 790 A2; DNA-SEQ NO. 1110),
    the O-acetylhomoserine sulfhydrylase-encoding gene metY (EP 1 108 790 A2; DNA-SEQ NO. 726),
    the methionine synthase-encoding gene metH (EP 1 108 790 A2),
    the phosphoserine aminotransferase-encoding gene serC (EP 1 108 790 A2; DNA-SEQ NO. 928),
    a phosphoserine phosphatase-encoding gene serB (EP 1 108 790 A2; DNA-SEQ NO. 334, DNA-SEQ NO. 467, DNA-SEQ NO. 2767),
    the serine acetyl transferase-encoding gene cysE (EP 1 108 790 A2; DNA-SEQ NO. 2818),
    the homoserine dehydrogenase-encoding gene hom (EP 1 108 790 A2; DNA-SEQ NO. 1306)


It may be furthermore advantageous for the production of sulfur-containing fine chemicals, in particular L-methionine, in addition to expression and amplification of one of the metF genes of the invention, to attenuate one or more of the following genes, in particular to reduce expression thereof, or to switch them off:

    the homoserine kinase-encoding gene thrB (EP 1 108 790 A2; DNA-SEQ NO. 3453),
    the threonine dehydratase-encoding gene ilvA (EP 1 108 790 A2; DNA-SEQ NO. 2328),
    the threonine synthase-encoding gene thrC (EP 1 108 790 A2; DNA-SEQ NO. 3486),
    the meso-diaminopimelate D-dehydrogenase-encoding gene ddh (EP 1 108 790 A2; DNA-SEQ NO. 3494),
    the phosphoenolpyruvate carboxykinase-encoding gene pck (EP 1 108 790 A2; DNA-SEQ NO. 3157),
    the glucose-6-phosphate 6-isomerase-encoding gene pgi (EP 1 108 790 A2; DNA-SEQ NO. 950),
    the pyruvate oxidase-encoding gene poxB (EP 1 108 790 A2; DNA-SEQ NO. 2873),
    the dihydrodipicolinate synthase-encoding gene dapA (EP 1 108 790 A2; DNA-SEQ NO. 3476),
    the dihydrodipicolinate reductase-encoding gene dapB (EP 1 108 790 A2; DNA-SEQ NO. 3477)
    the diaminopicolinate decarboxylase-encoding gene lysA (EP 1 108 790 A2; DNA-SEQ NO. 3451)


It may be furthermore advantageous for the production of sulfur-containing fine chemicals, in particular L-methionine, in addition to expression and amplification of one of the metF genes of the invention in coryneform bacteria, to mutate, at the same time, at least one of the following genes in such a way that the enzymic activity of the corresponding protein is partly or completely reduced:

    the homoserine kinase-encoding gene thrB (EP 1 108 790 A2; DNA-SEQ NO. 3453),
    the threonine dehydratase-encoding gene ilvA (EP 1 108 790 A2; DNA-SEQ NO. 2328),
    the threonine synthase-encoding gene thrC (EP 1 108 790 A2; DNA-SEQ NO. 3486),
    the meso-diaminopimelate D-dehydrogenase-encoding gene ddh (EP 1 108 790 A2; DNA-SEQ NO. 3494),
    the phosphoenolpyruvate carboxykinase-encoding gene pck (EP 1 108 790 A2; DNA-SEQ NO. 3157),
    the glucose-6-phosphate 6-isomerase-encoding gene pgi (EP 1 108 790 A2; DNA-SEQ NO. 950),
    the pyruvate oxidase-encoding gene poxB (EP 1 108 790 A2; DNA-SEQ NO. 2873),
    the dihydrodipicolinate synthase-encoding gene dapA (EP 1 108 790 A2; DNA-SEQ NO. 3476),
    the dihydrodipicolinate reductase-encoding gene dapB (EP 1 108 790 A2; DNA-SEQ NO. 3477)
    the diaminopicolinate decarboxylase-encoding gene lysA (EP 1 108 790 A2; DNA-SEQ NO. 3451)


It may be furthermore advantageous for the production of sulfur-containing fine chemicals, in particular L-methionine, apart from expression and amplification of a metF gene of the invention, to eliminate unwanted secondary reactions (Nakayama: “Breeding of Amino Acid Producing Microorganisms”, in: Overproduction of Microbial Products, Krumphanzl, Sikyta, Vanek (eds.), Academic Press, London, UK, 1982).
The microorganisms produced according to the invention may be cultured continuously or batchwise or in a fed batch or repeated fed batch process to produce sulfur-containing fine chemicals, in particular L-methionine. An overview of known cultivation methods can be found in the textbook by Chmiel (Bioprozeβtechnik 1. Einführung in die Bioverfahrenstechnik (Gustav Fischer Verlag, Stuttgart, 1991)) or in the textbook by Storhas (Bioreaktoren und periphere Einrichtungen (Vieweg Verlag, Braunschweig/Wiesbaden, 1994)).
The culture medium to be used must satisfy the demands of the particular strains in a suitable manner. The textbook “Manual of Methods fur General Bacteriology” by the American Society for Bacteriology (Washington D.C., USA, 1981) contains descriptions of culture media for various microorganisms.
Said media which can be used according to the invention usually comprise one or more carbon sources, nitrogen sources, inorganic salts, vitamins and/or trace elements.
Preferred carbon sources are sugars such as mono-, di- or polysaccharides. Examples of very good carbon sources are glucose, fructose, mannose, galactose, ribose, sorbose, ribulose, lactose, maltose, sucrose, raffinose, starch and cellulose. Sugars may also be added to the media via complex compounds such as molasses or other byproducts of sugar refining. It may also be advantageous to add mixtures of different carbon sources. Other possible carbon sources are oils and fats such as, for example, soybean oil, sunflower oil, peanut oil and coconut fat, fatty acids such as, for example, palmitic acid, stearic acid and linoleic acid, alcohols such as, for example, glycerol, methanol and ethanol and organic acids such as, for example acetic acid and lactic acid.
Nitrogen sources are usually organic or inorganic hydrogen compounds or materials containing said compounds. Examples of nitrogen sources include ammonia gas or ammonium salts such as ammonium sulfate, ammonium chloride, ammonium phosphate, ammonium carbonate and ammonium nitrate, nitrates, urea, amino acids and complex nitrogen sources such as cornsteep liquor, soybean flour, soybean protein, yeast extract, meat extract and others. The nitrogen sources may be used singly or as mixture.
Inorganic salt compounds which may be included in the media comprise the chloride, phosphorus or sulfate salts of calcium, magnesium, sodium, cobalt, molybdenum, potassium, manganese, zinc, copper and iron.
Inorganic sulfur-containing compounds such as, for example, sulfates, sulfites, dithionites, tetrathionates, thiosulfates, sulfides, or else organic sulfur compounds such as mercaptans and thiols may be used as sources of sulfur for the production of sulfur-containing fine chemicals, in particular of methionine.
Phosphoric acid, potassium dihydrogen phosphate or dipotassium hydrogen phosphate or the corresponding sodium-containing salts may be used as sources of phosphorus.
Chelating agents may be added to the medium in order to keep the metal ions in solution. Particularly suitable chelating agents include dihydroxyphenols such as catechol or protocatechuate and organic acids such as citric acid.
The fermentation media used according to the invention usually also contain other growth factors such as vitamins or growth promoters, which include, for example, biotin, riboflavin, thiamine, folic acid, nicotinic acid, panthothenate and pyridoxine. Growth factors and salts are frequently derived from complex media components such as yeast extract, molasses, cornsteep liquor and the like. It is moreover possible to add suitable precursors to the culture medium. The exact composition of the media heavily depends on the particular experiment and is decided upon individually for each specific case. Information on the optimization of media can be found in the textbook “Applied Microbiol. Physiology, A Practical Approach” (Editors. P. M. Rhodes, P. F. Stanbury, IRL Press (1997) pp. 53-73, ISBN 0 19 963577 3). Growth media can also be obtained from commercial suppliers, for example Standard 1 (Merck) or BHI (brain heart infusion, DIFCO) and the like.
All media components are sterilized, either by heat (20 min at 1.5 bar and 121° C.) or by sterile filtration. The components may be sterilized either together or, if required, separately. All media components may be present at the start of the cultivation or added continuously or batchwise, as desired.
The culture temperature is normally between 15° C. and 45° C., preferably at from 25° C. to 40° C., and may be kept constant or may be altered during the experiment. The pH of the medium should be in the range from 5 to 8.5, preferably around 7.0. The pH for cultivation can be controlled during cultivation by adding basic compounds such as sodium hydroxide, potassium hydroxide, ammonia and aqueous ammonia or acidic compounds such as phosphoric acid or sulfuric acid. Foaming can be controlled by employing antifoams such as, for example, fatty acid polyglycol esters. To maintain the stability of plasmids it is possible to add to the medium suitable substances having a selective effect, for example antibiotics. Aerobic conditions are maintained by introducing oxygen or oxygen-containing gas mixtures such as, for example, air into the culture. The temperature of the culture is normally 20° C. to 45° C. The culture is continued until formation of the desired product is at a maximum. This aim is normally achieved within 10 to 160 hours.
The fermentation broths obtained in this way, in particular those containing L-methionine, usually contain a dry biomass of from 7.5 to 25% by weight.
An additional advantage is to carry out the fermentation under sugar limitation, at least at the end, but in particular over at least 30% of the fermentation period. This means that during this time the concentration of utilizable sugar in the fermentation medium is maintained at or reduced to ≧0 to 3 g/l.
The fermentation broth is then processed further. The biomass may, according to requirement, be removed completely or partially from the fermentation broth by separation methods such as, for example, centrifugation, filtration, decanting or a combination of these methods or be left completely in said broth.
Subsequently, the fermentation broth may be thickened or concentrated using known methods such as, for example, with the aid of a rotary evaporator, thin film evaporator, falling film evaporator, by reverse osmosis, or by nanofiltration. This concentrated fermentation broth can then be worked up by freeze drying, spray drying, spray granulation or by other methods.
However, it is also possible to further purify the sulfur-containing fine chemicals, in particular L-methionine. To this end, the product-containing broth, after removing the biomass, is subjected to a chromatography using a suitable resin, the desired product or the contaminations being retained completely or partially on the chromatographic resin. These chromatographic steps can be repeated, if necessary, using the same or different chromatographic resin. The skilled worker is familiar with the selection of suitable chromatographic resins and their most effective application. The purified product can be concentrated by filtration or ultrafiltration and stored at a temperature at which the stability of the product is greatest.
The identity and purity of the isolated compound(s) can be determined by techniques of the art. These include high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC), spectroscopic methods, staining methods, thin-layer chromatography, NIRS, enzyme assay or microbiological assays. These analytic methods are summarized in: Patek et al. (1994) Appl. Environ. Microbiol. 60:133-140; Malakhova et al. (1996) Biotekhnologiya 1127-32; and Schmidt et al. (1998) Bioprocess Engineer. 19:67-70. Ulmann's Encyclopedia of Industrial Chemistry (1996) Bd. A27, VCH: Weinheim, pp. 89-90, pp. 521-540, pp. 540-547, pp. 559-566, 575-581 and pp. 581-587; Michal, G., (1999) Biochemical Pathways: An Atlas of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, John Wiley and Sons; Fallon, A. et al. (1987) Applications of HPLC in Biochemistry in: Laboratory Techniques in Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Volume 17.
The following nonlimiting examples and attached figures describe the invention in more detail:
FIG. 1 shows the plasmid map for plasmid pClysC;
FIG. 2 shows the plasmid map for plasmid pClSlysCthr311ile;
FIG. 3 shows the plasmid map for plasmid pC_metF_Cd.
Restriction cleavage sites together with their respective positions in brackets are shown in the plasmid maps. Essential sequence segments are printed in bold. KanR means kanamycin resistance gene; ask means aspartate kinase gene.
EXAMPLE 1
Construction of pCLiK5MCS
First, ampicillin resistance and origin of replication of the vector pBR322 were amplified using the oligonucleotides p1.3 (SEQ ID NO:55) and p2.3 (SEQ ID NO:56) with the aid of the polymerase chain reaction (PCR).








p1.3 (SEQ ID NO:55)



5′-CCCGGGATCCGCTAGCGGCGCGCCGGCCGGCCCGGTGTGAAATACCGCACAG-3′


 


p2.3 (SEQ ID NO:56)


5′-TCTAGACTCGAGCGGCCGCGGCCGGCCTTTAAATTGAAGACGAAAGGGCCTCG-3′






In addition to sequences complementary to pBR322, the oligonucleotide p1.3 (SEQ ID NO:55) contains in 5′-3′ direction the cleavage sites for the restriction nucleases SmaI, BamHI, NheI and AscI and the oligonucleotide p2.3 (SEQ ID NO:56) contains in 5′-3′ direction the cleavage sites for the restriction endonucleases XbaI, XhoI, NotI and DraI. The PCR reaction was carried out according to a standard method such as that by Innis et al. (PCR Protocols. A Guide to Methods and Applications, Academic Press (1990)) using PfuTurbo polymerase (Stratagene, La Jolla, USA). The DNA fragment obtained of approximately 2.1 kb in size was purified using the GFXTMPCR, DNA and gel band purification kit (Amersham Pharmacia, Freiburg) according to the manufacturer's instructions. The blunt ends of the DNA fragment were ligated to one another using the rapid DNA ligation kit (Roche Diagnostics, Mannheim) according to the manufacturer's instructions and the ligation mixture was transformed into competent E. coli XL-1 Blue (Stratagene, La Jolla, USA) according to standard methods, as described in Sambrook et al. (Molecular Cloning. A Laboratory Manual, Cold Spring Harbor, (1989)). Plasmid-carrying cells were selected for by plating out onto ampicillin (50 μg/ml)-containing LB agar (Lennox, 1955, Virology, 1:190).
The plasmid DNA of an individual clone was isolated using the Qiaprep spin miniprep kit (Qiagen, Hilden) according to the manufacturer's instructions and checked by restriction digests. The plasmid obtained in this way is denoted pCLiK1.
Starting from plasmid pWLT1 (Liebl et al., 1992) as template for a PCR reaction, a kanamycin resistance cassette was amplified using the oligonucleotides neo1 (SEQ ID NO:57) and neo2 (SEQ ID NO:58).










neo1 (SEQ ID NO:57):




5′-GAGATCTAGACCCGGGGATCCGCTAGCGGGCTGCTAAAGGAAGCGGA-3′



 



neo2 (SEQ ID NO:58):



5′-GAGAGGCGCGCCGCTAGCGTGGGCGAAGAACTCCAGCA-3′






Apart from the sequences complementary to pWLT1, the oligonucleotide neo1 contains in 5′-3′ direction the cleavage sites for the restriction endonucleases XbaI, SmaI, BamHI, NheI and the oligonucleotide neo2 (SEQ ID NO:58) contains in 5′-3′ direction the cleavage sites for the restriction endonucleases AscI and NheI. The PCR reaction was carried out using PfuTurbo polymerase (Stratagene, La Jolla, USA) according to a standard method such as that of Innis et al. (PCR Protocols. A Guide to Methods and Applications, Academic Press (1990)). The DNA fragment obtained was approximately 1.3 kb in size was purified using the GFXTMPCR, DNA and gel band purification kit (Amersham Pharmacia, Freiburg) according to the manufacturer's instructions. The DNA fragment was cleaved with restriction endonucleases XbaI and AscI (New England Biolabs, Beverly, USA) and, following that, again purified using the GFXTMPCR, DNA and gel band purification kit (Amersham Pharmacia, Freiburg) according to the manufacturer's instructions. The vector pCLiK1 was likewise cleaved with the restriction endonucleases XbaI and AscI and dephosphorylated using alkaline phosphatase (Roche Diagnostics, Mannheim) according to the manufacturer's instructions. After electrophoresis in a 0.8% strength agarose gel, the linearized vector (approx. 2.1 kb) was isolated using the GFXTMPCR, DNA and gel band purification kit (Amersham Pharmacia, Freiburg) according to the manufacturer's instructions. This vector fragment was ligated with the cleaved PCR fragment with the aid of the rapid DNA ligation kit (Roche Diagnostics, Mannheim) according to the manufacturer's instructions and the ligation mixture was transformed into competent E. coli XL-1 Blue (Stratagene, La Jolla, USA) according to standard methods, as described in Sambrook et al. (Molecular Cloning. A Laboratory Manual, Cold Spring Harbor, (1989)). Plasmid-carrying cells were selected for by plating out onto ampicillin (50 μg/ml)- and kanamycin (20 μg/ml)-containing LB agar (Lennox, 1955, Virology, 1:190).
The plasmid DNA of an individual clone was isolated using the Qiaprep spin miniprep kit (Qiagen, Hilden) according to the manufacturer's instructions and checked by restriction digests. The plasmid obtained in this way is denoted pCLiK2.
The vector pCLiK2 was cleaved with the restriction endonuclease DraI (New England Biolabs, Beverly, USA). After electrophoresis in 0.8% strength agarose gel, an approx. 2.3 kb vector fragment was isolated using the GFXTMPCR, DNA and gel band purification kit (Amersham Pharmacia, Freiburg) according to the manufacturer's instructions. This vector fragment was religated with the aid of the rapid DNA ligation kit (Roche Diagnostics, Mannheim) according to the manufacturer's instructions and the ligation mixture was transformed into competent E. coli XL-1 Blue (Stratagene, La Jolla, USA) according to standard methods, as described in Sambrook et al. (Molecular Cloning. A Laboratory Manual, Cold Spring Harbor, (1989)). Plasmid-carrying cells were selected for by plating out onto kanamycin (20 μg/ml)-containing LB agar (Lennox, 1955, Virology, 1:190).
The plasmid DNA of an individual clone was isolated using the Qiaprep spin miniprep kit (Qiagen, Hilden) according to the manufacturer's instructions and checked by restriction digests. The plasmid obtained in this way is denoted pCLiK3.
Starting from plasmid pWLQ2 (Liebl et al., 1992) as template for a PCR reaction, the origin of replication pHM1519 was amplified using the oligonucleotides cg1 (SEQ ID NO:59) and cg2 (SEQ ID NO:60).










cg1 (SEQ ID NO:59):




5′-GAGAGGGCGGCCGCGCAAAGTCCCGCTTCGTGAA-3′



 



cg2 (SEQ ID NO:60):



5′-GAGAGGGCGGCCGCTCAAGTCGGTCAAGCCACGC-3′






Apart from the sequences complementary to pWLQ2, the oligonucleotides cg1 (SEQ ID NO:59) and cg2 (SEQ ID NO:60) contain cleavage sites for the restriction endonuclease NotI. The PCR reaction was carried out using PfuTurbo polymerase (Stratagene, La Jolla, USA) according to a standard method such as that of Innis et al. (PCR Protocols. A Guide to Methods and Applications, Academic Press (1990)). The DNA fragment obtained was approximately 2.7 kb in size and was purified using the GFXTMPCR, DNA and gel band purification kit (Amersham Pharmacia, Freiburg) according to the manufacturer's instructions. The DNA fragment was cleaved with restriction endonuclease NotI (New England Biolabs, Beverly, USA) and, following that, again purified using the GFXTMPCR, DNA and gel band purification kit (Amersham Pharmacia, Freiburg) according to the manufacturer's instructions. The vector pCLiK3 was likewise cleaved with the restriction endonuclease NotI and dephosphorylated using alkaline 0.8% strength agarose gel, the linearized vector (approx. 5.0 kb) was isolated using the GFXTMPCR, DNA and gel band purification kit (Amersham Pharmacia, Freiburg) according to the manufacturer's instructions. This vector fragment was ligated with the synthetic double-stranded DNA fragment with the aid of the rapid DNA ligation kit (Roche Diagnostics, Mannheim) according to the manufacturer's instructions and the ligation mixture was transformed into competent E. coli XL-1 Blue (Stratagene, La Jolla, USA) according to standard methods as described Sambrook et al. (Molecular Cloning. A Laboratory Manual, Cold Spring Harbor (1989)). Plasmid-carrying cells were selected for by plating out onto kanamycin (20 μg/ml)-containing LB agar (Lennox, 1955, Virology, 1:190).
The plasmid DNA of an individual clone was isolated using the Qiaprep spin miniprep kit (Qiagen, Hilden) according to the manufacturer's instructions and checked by restriction digests. The plasmid obtained in this way is denoted pCLiK5MCS.
Sequencing reactions were carried out according to Sanger et al. (1977) Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences USA 74:5463-5467. The sequencing reactions were fractionated and analyzed by means of ABI Prism 377 (PE Applied Biosystems, Weiterstadt).
The resultant plasmid pCLiK5MCS is listed as SEQ ID NO: 65.
EXAMPLE 2
Construction of pCLiK5MCS Integrativ SacB
Starting from the plasmid pK19mob (Schäfer et al., Gene 145,69-73(1994)) as template for a PCR reaction, the Bacillus subtilis sacB gene (coding for levan sucrase) was amplified using the oligonucleotides BK1732 and BK1733.










BK1732 (SEQ ID NO:63):




5′-GAGAGCGGCCGCCGATCCTTTTTAACCCATCAC-3′



 



BK1733 (SEQ ID NO:64):



5′-AGGAGCGGCCGCCATCGGCATTTTCTTTTGCG-3′






Apart from the sequences complementary to pEK19 mobsac, the oligonucleotides BK1732 and BK1733 contain cleavage sites for the restriction endonuclease NotI. The PCR reaction was carried out using PfuTurbo polymerase (Stratagene, La Jolla, USA) using a standard method like that of Innis et al. (PCR Protocols. A Guide to Methods and Applications, Academic Press (1990)). The DNA fragment obtained of approximately 1.9 kb in size was purified using the GFXTMPCR, DNA and gel band purification kit (Amersham Pharmacia, Freiburg) according to the manufacturer's instructions. The DNA fragment was cleaved with the restriction endonuclease NotI (New England Biolabs, Beverly, USA) and, following that, again purified using the GFXTMPCR, DNA and gel band purification kit (Amersham Pharmacia, Freiburg) according to the manufacturer's instructions.
The vector pCLiK5MCS (prepared according to example 1) was likewise cleaved with the restriction endonuclease NotI and dephosphorylated using alkali phosphatase (I (Roche Diagnostics, Mannheim)) according to the manufacturer's instructions. After electrophoresis in a 0.8% strength agarose gel, an approximately 2.4 kb in size vector fragment was isolated using the GFXTMPCR, DNA and gel band purification kit (Amersham Pharmacia, Freiburg) according to the manufacturer's instructions. This vector fragment was ligated with the cleaved PCR fragment with the aid of the rapid DNA ligation kit (Roche Diagnostics, Mannheim) according to the manufacturer's instructions and the ligation mixture was transformed into competent E. coli XL-1 Blue (Stratagene, La Jolla, USA) according to standard methods, as described in Sambrook et al. (Molecular Cloning. A Laboratory Manual, Cold Spring Harbor, (1989)). Plasmid-carrying cells were selected for by plating out onto kanamycin (20 μg/ml)-containing LB agar (Lennox, 1955, Virology, 1:190).
The plasmid DNA of an individual clone was isolated using the Qiaprep spin miniprep kit (Qiagen, Hilden) according to the manufacturer's instructions and checked by restriction digests. The plasmid obtained in this way is denoted pCLiK5MCS integrativ sacB.
Sequencing reactions were carried out according to Sanger et al. (1977) Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences USA 74:5463-5467. The sequencing reactions were fractionated and analyzed by means of ABI Prism 377 (PE Applied Biosystems, Weiterstadt).
The resultant plasmid pCLiK5MCS integrativ sacB is listed as SEQ ID NO: 66.
It is possible to prepare in an analog manner further vectors which are suitable for the inventive expression or overproduction of metF genes.
EXAMPLE 3
Isolation of the lysC Gene from C. glutamicum Strain LU1479
The first step of the strain construction is intended to be an allelic substitution of the lysC wild-type gene encoding the enzyme aspartate kinase in C. glutamicum ATCC13032, hereinbelow referred to as LU1479. It is intended to carry out a nucleotide substitution in the LysC gene so that, in the resulting protein, the amino acid Thr at position 311 is exchanged for the amino acid Ile.
Starting with the chromosomal DNA from LU1479 as the template for a PCR reaction, an amplification was performed with the oligonucleotide primers SEQ ID NO:67 and SEQ ID NO:68 lysC with the aid of the Pfu-Turbo PCR system (Stratagene USA) following the manufacturer's instructions. Chromosomal DNA from C. glutamicum ATCC 13032 was prepared as described by Tauch et al. (1995) Plasmid 33:168-179 or Eikmanns et al. (1994) Microbiology 140:1817-1828. The amplified fragment is flanked at its 5′ end by an SalI restriction cleavage and at its 3′ end by an MluI restriction cleavage. Prior to cloning, the amplified fragment was digested by these two restriction enzymes and purified with GFXTMPCR, DNA and Gel Band Purification Kit (Amersham Pharmacia, Freiburg).










SEQ ID NO:67




5′-GAGAGAGAGACGCGTCCCAGTGGCTGAGACGCATC-3′



 



SEQ ID NO:68



5′-CTCTCTCTGTCGACGAATTCAATCTTACGGCCTG-3′






The resulting polynucleotide was cloned into pCLIK5 MCS integrativ SacB (hereinbelow referred to as pCIS; SEQ ID NO: 66 of Example 2) via the SalI and MluI restriction cleavages and transformed into E.coli XL-1 blue. Selection for plasmid-bearing cells was achieved by plating on kanamycin (20 μg/ml)-containing LB Agar (Lennox, 1955, Virology, 1:190). The plasmid was isolated and the expected nucleotide sequence was verified by sequencing. The plasmid DNA was prepared by methods of, and using materials from, Quiagen. Sequencing reactions were carried out as described by Sanger et al. (1977) Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences USA 74:5463-5467. The sequencing reactions were separated using ABI Prism 377 (PE Applied Biosystems, Weiterstadt) and evaluated. The resulting plasmid pCIS lysC is shown as SEQ ID NO:69. The corresponding plasmid map is shown in FIG. 1.
Sequence SEQ ID NO:69 encompasses the following essential part-regions:














LOCUS
pCIS\lysC 5860 bp DNA circular



FEATURES
Location/Qualifiers









CDS1)
 155..1420




/vntifkey=“4”




/label=lysC



CDS
 complement2)(3935..5356)




/vntifkey=“4”




/label=sacB\(Bacillus\subtilis)



promoter
 complement(5357..5819)




/vntifkey=“30”




/label=Promoter\sacB



C_region
 complement(3913..3934)




/vntifkey=“2”




/label=sacB\downstream region



CDS
 1974..2765




/vntifkey=“4”




/label=Kan\R



CDS
 complement(3032..3892)




/vntifkey=“4”




/label=Ori\-EC\(pMB)







1)coding sequence



2)on the complementary strand






EXAMPLE 4
Mutagenesis of the C. glutamicum IysC Gene
Site-specific mutagenesis of the C. glutamicum lysC gene (example 3) was carried out using the QuickChange Kit (Stratagene/USA) following the manufacturer's instructions. The mutagenesis was carried out in the plasmid pCIS lysC, SEQ ID NO:69. The following oligonucleotide primers were synthesized for the exchange of thr311 for 311ile with the aid of the Quickchange method (Stratagene):










SEQ ID NO:70




5′-CGGCACCACCGACATCATCTTCACCTGCCCTCGTTCCG-3′



 



SEQ ID NO:71



5′-CGGAACGAGGGCAGGTGAAGATGATGTCGGTGGTGCCG-3′






The use of these oligonucleotide primers in the Quickchange reaction leads to a substitution of the nucleotide in position 932 (T being substituted for C) in the lysC gene (cf. SEQ ID NO:72) and to an amino acid substitution in position 311 (Thr→Ile) in the corresponding enzyme (cf. SEQ ID NO:73). The resulting amino acid substitution Thr311Ile in the IysC gene was verified by sequencing after transformation into E.coli XL1-blue and plasmid preparation. The plasmid was named pCIS lysC thr311ile and is shown as SEQ ID NO:74. The corresponding plasmid map is shown in FIG. 2.
Sequence SEQ ID NO:74 encompasses the following essential part regions:














LOCUS
pCIS\lysC\thr311ile 5860 bp DNA circular



FEATURES
Location/Qualifiers









CDS1)
 155..1420




/vntifkey=“4”




/label=lysC



CDS
 complement2)(3935..5356)




/vntifkey=“4”




/label=sacB\(Bacillus\subtilis)



promoter
 complement(5357..5819)




/vntifkey=“30”




/label=Promoter\sacB



C_region
 complement(3913..3934)




/vntifkey=“2”




/label=sacB\downstream region



CDS
 1974..2765




/vntifkey=“4”




/label=Kan\R



CDS
 complement(3032..3892)




/vntifkey=“4”




/label=Ori\-EC\(pMB)







1)coding sequence



2)on the complementary strand






The plasmid pCIS lysC thr311ile was transformed into C. glutamicum LU1479 by means of electroporation as described by Liebl, et al. (1989) FEMS Microbiology Letters 53:299-303. Modifications of the protocol are described in DE-A-10046870. The chromosomal arrangement of the lysC locus of individual transformants was checked using standard methods by Southern blot and hybridization as described by Sambrook et al. (1989), Molecular Cloning. A Laboratory Manual, Cold Spring Harbor. It was thus ensured that the transformants were those which have the transformed plasmid integrated at the lysC locus by homologous recombination. After such colonies had grown overnight in media without antibiotic, the cells were plated onto a sucrose—CM agar medium (10% sucrose) and incubated for 24 hours at 30° C.
Since the sacB gene which is present in the vector pCIS lysC thr311ile converts sucrose into a toxic product, only those colonies which have the sacB gene deleted between the wild-type lysC gene and the mutated gene lysC thr311ile by a second homologous recombination step are capable of growing. Either the wild-type gene or the mutated gene together with the sacB gene can be deleted during homologous recombination. When the sacB gene is removed together with the wild-type gene, a mutated transformant results.
Growing colonies were picked and examined for a kanamycin-sensitive phenotype. Clones with deleted SacB gene must simultaneously show kanamycin-sensitive growth behavior. Such Kan-sensitive clones were studied in a shake flask for their lysine productivity (see example 6). The untreated strain LU1479 was grown for comparison purposes. Clones whose lysine production was increased over that of the control were selected, chromosomal DNA was obtained, and the corresponding region of the lysC gene was amplified by a PCR reaction and sequenced. One such clone with the property of an increased lysine synthesis and confirmed mutation in lysC at position 932 was named LU1479 lysC 311ile.
EXAMPLE 5
Preparation of Ethionine-Resistant C. glutamicum Strains
In the second strain construction step, the resulting strain LU1479 lysC 311ile (example 4) was treated in order to induce resistance to ethionine (Kase, H. Nakayama K. Agr. Biol. Chem. 39 153-106 1975 L-methionine production by methionine analog-resistant mutants of Corynebacterium glutamicum): an overnight culture in BHI medium (Difco) was washed in citrate buffer (50 mM pH 5.5) and treated for 20 min at 30° C. with N-methylnitrosoguanidine (10 mg/ml in 50 mM citrate pH 5.5). After treatment with the chemical mutagen N-methylnitrosoguanidine, the cells were washed (citrate buffer 50 mM pH 5.5) and plated out on a medium composed of the following components, based on 500 ml: 10 g (NH4)2SO4, 0.5 g KH2PO4, 0.5 g K2HPO4, 0.125 g MgSO4.7H2O, 21 g MOPS, 50 mg CaCl2, 15 mg proteocatechuate, 0.5 mg biotin, 1 mg thiamine, 5 g/l D,L-ethionine (Sigma Chemicals Germany), pH 7.0. In addition, the medium comprised 0.5 ml of a microsalt solution of: 10 g/l FeSO4.7H2O, 1 g/l MnSO4.H2O, 0.1 g/l ZnSO4.7H2O, 0.02 g/l CuSO4, 0.002 g/l NiCl2.6H2O; all salts were dissolved in 0.1 M HCl. The finished medium was filter-sterilized and, after addition of 40 ml of sterile 50% glucose solution, liquid sterile agar was added in a final concentration of 1.5% agar and the mixture was poured into culture dishes.
Cells which had undergone mutagenic treatment were applied to plates containing the above-described medium and incubated for 3-7 days at 30° C. Resulting clones were isolated, and individual clones were isolated at least once on the selection medium and then analyzed for their methionine productivity in a shake flask in medium 11 (see example 6
EXAMPLE 6
Preparation of Methionine Using the Strain LU1479 lysC 311ile ET-16.
The strains generated in Example 5 were grown for 2 days at 30° C. on an agar plate comprising CM medium.
CM agar:
10.0 g/l D-glucose, 2.5 g/l NaCl, 2.0 g/l urea, 10.0 g/l Bacto peptone (Difco), 5.0 g/l yeast extract (Difco), 5.0 g/l beef extract (Difco), 22.0 g/l agar (Difco), autoclaved (20 min., 121° C.)
The cells were subsequently scraped from the plate and resuspended in saline. For the main culture, 10 ml of medium II and 0.5 g of autoclaved CaCO3 (Riedel de Haen) in a 100 ml Erlenmeyer flask were inoculated with the cell suspension to an OD 600 nm of 1.5 and incubated for 72 h at 30° C. on an orbital shaker at 200 rpm.










Medium II:

















40
g/l
sucrose


60
g/l
molasses (based on 100% sugar content)


10
g/l
(NH4)2SO4


0.4
g/l
MgSO4*7H2O


0.6
g/l
KH2PO4


0.3
mg/l
thiamine*HCl


1
mg/l
biotin (from a 1 mg/ml filter-sterilized stock solution




brought to pH 8.0 with NH4OH)


2
mg/l
FeSO4


2
mg/l
MnSO4









a pH of 7.8 was established with NH4OH and the mixture was autoclaved (121° C., 20 min). In addition, vitamin B12 (hydroxycobalamin Sigma Chemicals) was added from a stock solution (200 μg/ml, filter-sterilized) to a final concentration of 100 μg/l
Methionine formed, as well as other amino acids in the culture broth, were [lacuna] with the aid of the Agilent amino acid acid determination method on an Agilent 1100 Series LC System HPLC. The amino acid mixture was separated on a Hypersil M column (Agilent). Pre-column derivatization with ortho-phthalaldehyde allowed the quantification of the amino acids formed. The amino acid mixture was separated on a column.
Clones whose methionine productivity was at least twice as high as that of the original strain LU 1479 lysC 311 ile were isolated. One such clone was employed in the further experiments and was named LU 1479 lysC 311ile ET-16.
EXAMPLE 7
Cloning metF from Corynebacterium diphtheriae and Cloning into the Plasmid pC metF_Cd
Chromosomal DNA of Corynebacterium diphtheriae was obtained from the American Type Strain Culture Collection (ATCC, Atlanta-USA), Cat. No. 700971D from strain ATCC 700971.
Using the oligonucleotide primers SEQ ID NO:75 and SEQ ID NO:76, the C. diphtheriae chromosomal DNA as template and Pfu Turbo polymerase (Stratagene), a DNA fragment of approx. 1.2 kb, which comprises the metF gene including a noncoding 5′ region (promoter region), was amplified with the aid of the polymerase chain reaction (PCR) following standard methods such as Innis et al. (1990) PCR Protocols. A Guide to Methods and Applications, Academic Press. The amplified fragment is flanked at its 5′ end by an XhoI restriction cleavage site and at the 3′ end by an XbaI restriction cleavage site, which had been introduced via the oligonucleotide primers.










SEQ ID NO:75




5′-GAGACTCGAGGTAGACTTTAAACCCATATTAG-3′



and



 



SEQ ID NO:76



5′-GAAGTCTAGATTAGCGAATAGCGTCGTGG-3′






The resulting DNA fragment was purified with the GFXTMPCR, DNA and Gel Band Purification Kit (Amersham Pharmacia, Freiburg) following the manufacturer's instructions. Thereafter, it was cleaved with the restriction enzymes XhoI and XbaI (Roche Diagnostics, Mannheim) and separated by gel electrophoresis. The approximately 1.2 kb DNA fragment was subsequently isolated from the agarose using the GFXTMPCR, DNA and Gel Band Purification Kit (Amersham Pharmacia, Freiburg).
The vector pClik5MCS SEQ ID NO: 65, hereinbelow referred to as pC, was cut with the restriction enzymes XhoI and XbaI (Roche Diagnostics, Mannheim), and an approximately 5 kb fragment was separated by electrophoresis and then isolated using the GFXTMPCR, DNA and Gel Band Purification Kit.
The vector fragment was ligated together with the PCR fragment with the aid of the Rapid DNA Ligation Kit (Roche Diagnostics, Mannheim) following the manufacturer's instructions, and the ligation reaction was transformed into competent E.coli XL-1 Blue (Stratagene, La Jolla, USA) using standard methods as described in Sambrook et al. (Molecular Cloning. A Laboratory Manual, Cold Spring Harbor, (1989)). A selection for plasmid-bearing cells was achieved by plating onto kanamycin (20 μg/ml)-containing LB agar (Lennox, 1955, Virology, 1:190).
The plasmid DNA was prepared using methods of, and materials from, Quiagen. Sequencing reactions were carried out as described by Sanger et al. (1977) Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences USA 74:5463-5467. The sequencing reactions were separated and evaluated by means of ABI Prism 377 (PE Applied Biosystems, Weiterstadt).
The resulting plasmid pC metF_Cd (Corynebacterium diphtheriae) is shown as SEQ ID NO:77. The corresponding plasmid map is shown in FIG. 3.










pC_metF_Cd 6142 bp DNA circular








FEATURE
Location/Qualifiers





CDS
136..1158



=metF_Coryne\diphtheriae


CDS
1508..2299



=Kan\R


CDS
4580..5701



=Rep\Protein


CDS
3572..4246



=ORF\1


CDS
complement(2566..3426)



=Ori\-EC\(pMB)









EXAMPLE 8
Transformation of the Strain LU1479 lysC 311ile ET-16 with the plasmid pC metF_Cd
The strain LU1479 lysC 311ile ET-16 was transformed with the plasmid pC metF_Cd by the above-described method (Liebl, et al. (1989) FEMS Microbiology Letters 53:299-303). The transformation mixture was plated onto CM plates which additionally comprised 20 mg/l kanamycin in order to obtain a selection for plasmid-containing cells. Resulting Kan-resistant clones were picked and individual clones were isolated. The methionine productivity of the clones was studied in a shake-flask experiment (see Example 6). The strain LU1479 lysC 311ile ET-16 pC metF_Cd produced significantly more methionine in comparison with LU1479 lysC 311ile ET-16.

## Claims

1. A method for the fermentative production of L-methionine, which comprises the following steps:
a) fermenting in a medium cells of a coryneform bacterium for producing L-methionine, the coryneform bacteria expressing at least one heterologous nucleotide sequence which codes for a protein with methylenetetrahydrofolate reductase (metF) activity, wherein said heterologous nucleotide sequence comprises a nucleotide sequence encoding a metF protein having an amino acid sequence as set forth in SEQ ID NO: 2 or comprises a nucleotide sequence encoding a metF protein having an amino acid sequence with 95% homology or more to the sequence as set forth in SEQ ID NO: 2;
b) concentrating L-methionine in the medium or in the bacterial cells, and
c) isolating L-methionine.

2. The method as claimed in claim 1, wherein the metF-encoding sequence comprises a coding sequence as set forth in SEQ ID NO:1.

3. The method as claimed in claim 1, wherein the metF-encoding sequence codes for a protein with metF activity, said protein comprising an amino acid sequence as set forth in SEQ ID NO:2.

4. The method as claimed in claim 1, wherein the coding metF sequence is a DNA or RNA which can be replicated in coryneform bacteria or is stably integrated into the chromosome.

5. The method as claimed in claim 4, wherein
a) a bacteria strain transformed with a plasmid vector carrying at least one copy of the coding metF sequence under the control of regulatory sequences is used, or
b) a strain in which the coding metF sequence has been integrated into the bacteria chromosome is used.

6. The method as claimed in claim 1, wherein the coding metF sequence is overexpressed.

7. The method as claimed in claim 1, wherein bacteria are fermented in which additionally at least one further gene of the biosynthetic pathway of L-methionine has been overexpressed.

8. The method as claimed in claim 1, wherein coryneform bacteria are fermented in which, at the same time, at least one of the genes from among
a) a lysC gene derived from a coryneform bacterium, which encodes an aspartate kinase,
b) the glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase-encoding gene gap,
c) the 3-phosphoglycerate kinase-encoding gene pgk,
d) the pyruvate carboxylase-encoding gene pyc,
e) the triose phosphate isomerase-encoding gene tpi,
f) the homoserine O-acetyltransferase-encoding gene metA,
g) the cystathionine gamma-synthase-encoding gene metB,
h) the cystathionine gamma-lyase-encoding gene metC,
i) the serine hydroxymethyltransferase-encoding gene glyA,
j) the O-acetylhomoserine sulfhydrylase-encoding gene metY,
k) the vitamin B12-dependent methionine synthase-encoding gene metH,
l) the phosphoserine aminotransferase-encoding gene serC,
m) the phosphoserine phosphatase-encoding gene serB,
n) the serine acetyltransferase-encoding gene cysE, or
o) the horn gene, which encodes a homoserine dehydrogenase, is overexpressed.

9. The method as claimed in claim 1, wherein the coryneform bacterium is of the species Corynebacterium glutamicum.

10. A method for the production of L-methionine, which comprises the following steps:
a) fermenting in a medium cells of a coryneform bacterium fur producing of L-methionine, said coryneform bacteria expressing at least one heterologous nucleotide sequence which codes for a protein with methylenetetrahydrofolate reductase (metF) activity, wherein the heterologous nucleotide sequence comprises a nucleotide sequence having 95% identity or more to the sequence as set forth in SEQ ID NO; 1;
b) concentrating L-methionine in the medium or in the bacterial cells; and
c) isolating L-methionine.

11. The method of claim 10, wherein the coding metF sequence is a DNA or RNA which can be replicated in coryneform bacteria or is stably integrated into the chromosome.

12. The method of claim 10, wherein
a) a bacteria strain transformed with a plasmid vector carrying at least one copy of the coding metF sequence under the control of regulatory sequences is used, or
b) a strain in which the coding metF sequence has been integrated into the bacteria chromosome is used.

13. The method of claim 10, wherein the coding metF sequence is overexpressed.

14. The method of claim 10, wherein bacteria are fermented in which additionally at least one further gene of the biosynthetic pathway of L-methionine has been overexpressed.

15. The method of claim 10, wherein the coryneform bacterium is of the species Corynebacterium glutamicum.

16. The method as claimed in claim 1, wherein coryneform bacteria are fermented in which, at the same time, a lysC gene derived from a coryneform bacterium, which encodes an aspartate kinase, is overexpressed.

17. The method as claimed in claim 16, wherein the lysC gene is derived from C. glutamicum.