NOT FOR PUBLICATION

UNITED STATES COURT OF APPEALS

FOR THE NINTH CIRCUIT

UNITED STATES OF AMERICA, 

Plaintiff-Appellee, 

 v. 

WAFA HIRZALLA MURAD, 

Defendant-Appellant.

No. 23-50026 

D.C. No. 

3:21-cr-02701-TWR-1 

MEMORANDUM*

Appeal from the United States District Court

for the Southern District of California

Todd W. Robinson, District Judge, Presiding

Argued and Submitted March 7, 2024

Pasadena, California

Before: H.A. THOMAS and DESAI, Circuit Judges, and MÁRQUEZ,** District 

Judge.

A jury convicted Wafa Hirzalla Murad of bringing into the United States an 

alien for financial gain and unlawfully bringing in an alien without presentation, in 

violation of 8 U.S.C. § 1324(a)(2)(B)(ii) and (iii). Murad appeals the district court’s 

* This disposition is not appropriate for publication and is not precedent 

except as provided by Ninth Circuit Rule 36-3.

** The Honorable Rosemary Márquez, United States District Judge for 

the District of Arizona, sitting by designation.

FILED

APR 3 2024

MOLLY C. DWYER, CLERK

U.S. COURT OF APPEALS
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admission of a material witness’s videotaped deposition testimony and the district 

court’s exclusion as hearsay of a third-party’s written confession. We have 

jurisdiction under 28 U.S.C. § 1291. We vacate Murad’s conviction and remand for 

a new trial.

We review the district court’s admission of the videotaped deposition 

testimony for plain error because Murad did not object before the district court. See 

United States v. Matus-Zayas, 655 F.3d 1092, 1098 (9th Cir. 2011). To establish 

plain error, a defendant must show (1) error, (2) that is “clear or obvious,” (3) 

affected the defendant’s substantial rights, and (4) “seriously affected the fairness, 

integrity, or public reputation of judicial proceedings.” United States v. Johnson, 979 

F.3d 632, 636 (9th Cir. 2020).

The Sixth Amendment’s Confrontation Clause “guarantees an accused the 

right to be confronted with the witnesses against him.” Matus-Zayas, 655 F.3d at

1101. “Testimonial statements of witnesses absent from trial have been admitted 

only where the declarant is unavailable, and only where the defendant has had the 

prior opportunity to cross-examine.” Id. “[E]ven absent an objection by the 

defendant,” the government must “provide evidence at trial demonstrating the 

witness’s unavailability as a predicate to the admission of” a material witness’s 

videotaped deposition testimony. Id. at 1102. “A witness is considered unavailable 

for purposes of the Confrontation Clause if the prosecutorial authorities have made 
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a good-faith effort to obtain his presence at trial.” Id. at 1101 (quoting Forn v.

Hornung, 343 F.3d 990, 995 n.3 (9th Cir. 2003), as amended (Sept. 24, 2003)).

Here, the district court clearly erred in admitting the material witness’s 

deposition testimony because the government failed to present any evidence 

establishing the witness’s unavailability, and the district court did not make an 

unavailability finding. See Matus-Zayas, 655 F.3d at 1102. The error affected 

Murad’s substantial Confrontation Clause rights and seriously affected the fairness 

of the proceedings. Id. at 1102–03. The deposition testimony constituted the only 

evidence proving certain elements of the offenses, and Murad asserts the testimony

would not have been admitted had she objected at trial. There are indications in the 

record that the material witness was available, including the witness’s promise under 

oath to return for trial, the availability of travel documents authorizing return, and 

the lack of any indication that the witness had lost contact with his attorney. 

Furthermore, the record does not indicate the government could have established a 

good-faith effort to obtain the witness’s presence at trial had Murad objected. 

Accordingly, Murad satisfies all four requirements of the plain error standard.

Because remand for a new trial is required due to plain error in admitting the 

videotaped deposition testimony, we do not reach other issues raised in this appeal.

VACATED and REMANDED.