Enclosure 1

2000-2008 Indiana Ozone Summary

2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 00-02 01-03 02-04 

ALLEN 18 003 0002 LEO 0.091 0.082 0.093 0.090 0.073 0.086 0.073 0.077 0.066 0.088 0.088 0.085 

ALLEN 18 003 0004 BEACON STREET 0.081 0.074 0.097 0.084 0.069 0.076 0.071 0.080 0.069 0.084 0.085 0.083 BOONE 18 011 0001 WHITESTOWN 0.082 0.084 0.099 0.088 0.072 0.082 0.080 0.083 0.073 0.088 0.090 0.086 

CARROLL 18 015 0002 FLORA 0.079 0.096 0.079 0.071 0.075 0.073 0.078 0.065 0.087 2 0.084 0.082 

CLARK * 18 019 0003/8 CHARLESTOWN / STATE PARK 0.085 0.086 0.100 0.090 0.074 0.080 0.079 0.090 0.075 0.090 0.092 0.088 

DELAWARE 18 035 0010 ALBANY 0.084 0.095 0.085 0.070 0.081 0.072 0.079 0.062 0.089 2 0.088 0.083 

ELKHART 18 039 0007 BRISTOL 0.099 0.087 0.077 0.086 0.067 0.082 0.068 0.099 1 0.093 2 0.087 

FLOYD 18 043 1004 NEW ALBANY 0.077 0.076 0.097 0.086 0.071 0.080 0.076 0.082 0.075 0.083 0.086 0.084 

GREENE 18 055 0001 PLUMMER 0.090 0.085 0.093 0.088 0.073 0.079 0.076 0.084 0.072 0.089 0.088 0.084 

HAMILTON 18 057 1001 NOBLESVILLE 0.090 0.088 0.101 0.101 0.075 0.087 0.077 0.084 0.073 0.093 0.096 0.092 HANCOCK 18 059 0003 FORTVILLE 0.086 0.089 0.101 0.092 0.072 0.080 0.075 0.081 0.074 0.092 0.094 0.088 

HENDRICKS 18 063 0004 AVON 0.087 0.083 0.095 0.079 0.071 0.078 0.073 0.079 0.068 0.088 0.085 0.081 HUNTINGTON 18 069 0002 ROANOKE 0.087 0.082 0.089 0.083 0.069 0.078 0.072 0.078 0.060 0.086 0.084 0.080 JACKSON 18 071 0001 BROWNSTOWN 0.082 0.084 0.090 0.082 0.068 0.077 0.075 0.078 0.070 0.085 0.085 0.080 JOHNSON 18 081 0002 TRAFALGAR 0.084 0.082 0.097 0.080 0.073 0.077 0.078 0.080 0.069 0.087 0.086 0.083 LAKE 18 089 0022 GARY IITRI 0.075 0.083 0.094 0.076 0.064 0.089 0.073 0.085 0.062 0.084 0.084 0.078 

LAKE 18 089 0030 WHITING 0.064 0.088 0.081 0.088 0.062 0.064 1 

LAKE 18 089 2006 HAMMOND 0.086 0.090 0.101 0.081 0.067 0.087 0.075 0.077 0.068 0.092 0.090 0.083 LAPORTE 18 091 0005 MICHIGAN CITY 0.080 0.090 0.107 0.082 0.070 0.084 0.075 0.073 0.059 0.092 0.093 0.086 

LAPORTE 18 091 0010 LAPORTE 0.074 0.079 0.100 0.084 0.068 0.089 0.069 0.078 0.065 0.084 0.087 0.084 MADISON 18 095 0010 EMPORIA 0.080 0.090 0.104 0.091 0.072 0.078 0.073 0.078 0.065 0.091 0.095 0.089 

MARION 18 097 0050 FORT HARRISON 0.083 0.087 0.100 0.091 0.073 0.080 0.076 0.083 0.075 0.090 0.092 0.088 

MARION 18 097 0057 HARDING STREET 0.078 0.081 0.099 0.075 0.066 0.081 0.076 0.076 0.067 0.086 0.085 0.080 MARION 18 097 0073 EAST 16TH STREET 0.082 0.081 0.106 0.082 0.071 0.080 0.072 0.080 0.066 0.089 0.089 0.086 

MORGAN 18 109 0005 MONROVIA 0.088 0.082 0.094 0.081 0.072 0.078 0.077 0.084 0.069 0.088 0.085 0.082 

PERRY 18 123 0009 LEOPOLD 0.078 0.086 0.079 0.080 0.073 0.078 1 

PORTER 18 127 0024 OGDEN DUNES 0.085 0.085 0.101 0.077 0.069 0.090 0.070 0.084 0.069 0.090 0.087 0.082 

PORTER 18 127 0026 VALPARAISO 0.082 0.077 0.100 0.082 0.072 0.078 0.071 0.080 0.061 0.086 0.086 0.084 POSEY 18 129 0003 ST. PHILLIPS 0.085 0.079 0.097 0.077 0.071 0.077 0.058 0.080 0.069 0.087 0.084 0.081 ST. JOSEPH 18 141 0010 POTATO CREEK 0.079 0.078 0.092 0.081 0.073 0.078 0.069 0.075 0.063 0.083 0.083 0.082 ST. JOSEPH ** 18 141 0008/15 ANGELA & EDDY / SHIELDS DRIVE 0.081 0.082 0.100 0.082 0.072 0.084 0.063 0.067 0.058 0.087 0.088 0.084 ST. JOSEPH 18 141 1007 GRANGER 0.078 0.089 0.104 0.086 0.076 0.086 0.070 0.082 0.069 0.090 0.093 0.088 

SHELBY 18 145 0001 FAIRLAND 0.087 0.093 0.101 0.089 0.071 0.080 0.073 0.082 0.070 0.093 0.094 0.087 

VANDERBURGH 18 163 0012 MILL ROAD 0.081 0.073 0.095 0.081 0.072 0.080 0.075 0.085 0.074 0.083 0.083 0.082 

VANDERBURGH 18 163 0013 INGLEFIELD 0.075 0.072 0.086 0.075 0.058 0.056 0.081 0.088 0.072 0.077 0.077 0.073 

VIGO 18 167 0018 TERRE HAUTE 0.075 0.082 0.082 0.066 0.057 0.064 0.060 0.077 0.059 0.079 0.076 0.068 VIGO 18 167 0024 SANDCUT 0.083 0.099 0.080 0.072 0.076 0.072 0.073 0.066 0.091 2 0.087 0.083 

WARRICK 18 173 0008 BOONVILLE 0.073 0.078 0.091 0.076 0.073 0.080 0.078 0.083 0.071 0.080 0.081 0.080 

WARRICK 18 173 0009 LYNNVILLE 0.077 0.075 0.090 0.078 0.066 0.076 0.070 0.080 0.064 0.080 0.081 0.078 WARRICK 18 173 0011 DAYVILLE 0.077 0.078 0.076 0.060 

Prior to 2008, Red Numbers are >= 0.085 ppm 1 One Year of Data 2006-2008 Design Value Greater 

Beginning 2008, Red Numbers are >= 0.076 ppm 2 Two Years of Data

* Clark County ozone monitor was moved from Charlestown to Charlestown State Park in 2007. The 2005-2007 and 2006-2008 design values are calculated from both monitoring sites.

Three

Note: Prior to 2008, the ozone standard was 0.08 parts per million (ppm). Attainment was determined by the average of the 4th highest ozone values over a three-year period. A value of 0.085 ppm or above was in vioozone standard was lowered to 0.075 ppm. Attainment is determined by the average of the 4th highest ozone values over a three-year period. A value of 0.076 ppm or above is a violation of the standard. 

Site Name

4th Highest Ozone Value (ppm)

County Site #

** St. Joseph ozone monitor was moved from Angela & Eddy to Shields Drive on June 1, 2006. The 2004-2006 and 2005-2007 design values are calculated from both monitoring sites. The 2006-2008 design value is c
1

Enclosure 2 

List of Indiana Counties with Recommendations 

County (Monitor ID) 

2006-2008 

Design Value 

(ppm) 

Attainment Status for 

1997 Ozone NAAQS 

Indiana 

Recommendation for 

2008 Ozone NAAQS 

Reason For Recommendation 

for 2008 Ozone NAAQS 

Allen (180030002) 0.072 

Allen (180030004) 0.073 

Attainment with a 

Maintenance Plan 

(Redesignation approved 

2-12-07) 

Attainment Monitor Values Below Standard 

Boone (180110001) 0.078 Attainment with a 

Maintenance Plan 

(Redesignation approved 

10-19-07) 

Nonattainment Monitor Value Above Standard 

Carroll (180150002) 0.072 Attainment/Unclassifiable Attainment Monitor Value Below Standard 

Clark (180190003/8) 

Clark County ozone monitor was moved from 

Charlestown to Charlestown State Park in 2007, 

the 2006-2008 Design Value is calculated from 

both monitoring sites. 

0.081 Attainment with a 

Maintenance Plan 

(Redesignation approved 

7-19-07) 

Nonattainment Monitor Value Above Standard 

Dearborn 

(Lawrenceburg 

Township) 

Note: Indiana does not have an ozone monitor 

located in Dearborn County

N/A Nonattainment (Attainment 

Demonstration sent to U.S. 

EPA on 4-5-08) 

Attainment/Unclassifiable Insignificant Contributor 

Delaware (180350010) 0.071 Attainment with a 

Maintenance Plan 

(Redesignation approved 

1-3-06) 

Attainment Monitor Value Below Standard 

Elkhart (180390007) 0.072 Attainment with a 

Maintenance Plan 

(Redesignation approved 

7-19-07) 

Attainment Monitor Value Below Standard 

Floyd (180431004) 0.077 Attainment with a 

Maintenance Plan 

(Redesignation approved 

7-19-07) 

Nonattainment Monitor Value Above Standard 

Greene (180550001) 0.077 Attainment with a 

Maintenance Plan 

(Redesignation approved 

12-29-05) 

Nonattainment Monitor Value Above Standard 

Hamilton (180571001) 0.078 Attainment with a 

Maintenance Plan 

(Redesignation approved 

10-19-07) 

Nonattainment Monitor Value Above Standard 

Hancock (180590003) 0.076 Attainment with a 

Maintenance Plan 

(Redesignation approved 

10-19-07) 

Nonattainment Monitor Value Above Standard 

Hendricks (180630004) 0.073 Attainment with a 

Maintenance Plan 

(Redesignation approved 

10-19-07) 

Attainment Monitor Value Below Standard 

Huntington 

(180690002) 

0.070 Attainment/Unclassifiable Attainment Monitor Value Below Standard 

Jackson (180710001) 0.074 Attainment with a 

Maintenance Plan 

(Redesignation approved 

12-29-05) 

Attainment Monitor Value Below Standard 
2

Red text indicates 2006-2008 design value is greater than or equal to 0.076 ppm 

County (Monitor ID) 

2006-2008 

Design Value 

(ppm) 

Attainment Status for 

1997 Ozone NAAQS 

Indiana 

Recommendation for 

2008 Ozone NAAQS 

Reason For Recommendation 

for 2008 Ozone NAAQS 

Johnson (180810002) 0.075 Attainment with a 

Maintenance Plan 

(Redesignation approved 

10-19-07) 

Attainment Monitor Value Below Standard 

Lake (180890022) 0.073 

Lake (180890030) 0.077 

Lake (180892006) 0.073 

Nonattainment 

(Redesignation pending sent 

to U.S. EPA on 12-4-08) 

Nonattainment One Monitor Value Above the 

Standard 

LaPorte (180910005) 0.069 

LaPorte (180910010) 0.070 

Attainment with a 

Maintenance Plan 

(Redesignation approved 

7-19-07) 

Attainment Monitor Values Below Standard 

Madison (180950010) 0.072 Attainment with a 

Maintenance Plan 

(Redesignation approved 

10-19-07) 

Attainment Monitor Value Below Standard 

Marion (180970050) 0.078 

Marion (180970057) 0.073 

Marion (180970073) 0.072 

Attainment with a 

Maintenance Plan 

(Redesignation approved 

10-19-07) 

Nonattainment One Monitor Value Above the 

Standard 

Morgan (181090005) 0.076 Attainment with a 

Maintenance Plan 

(Redesignation approved 

10-19-07) 

Nonattainment Monitor Value Above Standard 

Perry (181230009) 0.077 Attainment/Unclassifiable Nonattainment Monitor Value Above Standard 

Porter (181270024) 0.074 

Porter (181270026) 0.070 

Nonattainment 

(Redesignation pending sent 

to U.S. EPA on 12-4-08)

Attainment Monitor Values Below Standard 

Posey (181290003) 0.069 Attainment/Unclassifiable Attainment Monitor Value Below Standard 

St. Joseph (181410010) 0.069 

St. Joseph (181410015) 0.062 

St. Joseph (181411007) 0.073 

Attainment with a 

Maintenance Plan 

(Redesignation approved 

7-19-07) 

Attainment Monitor Values Below Standard 

Shelby (181450001) 0.075 Attainment with a 

Maintenance Plan 

(Redesignation approved 

10-19-07) 

Attainment Monitor Values Below Standard 

Vanderburgh 

(181630012) 

0.078 

Vanderburgh 

(181630013) 

0.080 

Attainment with a 

Maintenance Plan 

(Redesignation approved 

1-30-06) 

Nonattainment Monitor Values Above Standard 

Vigo (181670018) 0.065 

Vigo (181670024) 0.070 

Attainment with a 

Maintenance Plan 

(Redesignation approved 

2-6-06) 

Attainment Monitor Values Below Standard 

Warrick (181730008) 0.077 

Warrick (181730009) 0.071 

Warrick (181730011) 0.071 

Attainment with a 

Maintenance Plan 

(Redesignation approved 

1-30-06) 

Nonattainment One Monitor Value Above the 

Standard 

Red text indicates 2006-2008 design value is greater than or equal to 0.076 ppm 

Note: Indiana is recommending the remainder of the state as Attainment/Unclassifiable 
1

Enclosure 3 

Map of Indiana Ozone Designation Recommendations 

Lawrenceburg Township

Allen

Jay

Lake

Knox

Vigo

White

Jasper

Cass

Clay

Laporte

Pike

Rush

Parke

Grant

Greene

Perry

Ripley

Clark

Noble

Gibson

Porter

Wells

Posey

Elkhart

Owen

Henry

Boone

Miami

Jackson

Putnam

Dubois

Shelby

Pulaski Fulton

Marion

Wayne

Clinton

Sullivan

Harrison

Benton Carroll

Daviess Martin

Orange

Kosciusko

Monroe

Morgan

Madison

Newton

Marshall

Warrick

Wabash

Warren

Brown

DeKalb

Franklin

Adams

Starke

Spencer

Decatur

Randolph

Lawrence

Whitley

Fountain

Hamilton

Washington

St. Joseph

Tippecanoe

Tipton

Jennings

Delaware

Hendricks

Lagrange

Montgomery

Jefferson

Steuben

Howard

Johnson

Scott

Huntington

Hancock

Crawford

Dearborn

Bartholomew

Fayette Union

Floyd

Switzerland

Ohio

Vermillion

Vanderburgh

Blackford

Legend

Attainment/Unclassifiable

Attainment-Based on Monitoring Data 

Nonattainment-Based on Monitoring Data
1

Enclosure 4

Indiana’s Assessment of the Revised 2008 8-hour Ozone Standard and 

Technical Support Documents 

March 2009 

U.S. EPA has not finalized its implementation guidance that outlines the process for 

transitioning from the 1997 8-hour ozone standard to the revised 2008 8-hour ozone standard. 

This plays a large role in determining the regulatory implications of nonattainment status for 

various types of areas for the revised 2008 8-hour ozone standard. IDEM urges U.S. EPA to do 

everything possible to finalize the 2008 8-hour implementation guidance before nonattainment 

boundaries are finalized. Uncertainty about the implementation requirements has had a definite 

impact on Indiana’s development of recommendations and has made the process more difficult 

than it would have been had implementation guidance been available for the revised 2008 8-hour 

ozone standard. In addition, states should have the opportunity to supplement their 

recommendations to U.S. EPA concerning nonattainment designations under the revised 2008 8-

hour ozone standard once a final implementation rule is published. U.S. EPA should not 

designate areas under the revised 2008 8-hour ozone standard until states have had an 

opportunity to evaluate the implications of the implementation rule for affected areas and 

supplement or revise these original recommendations. 

IDEM recognizes that U.S. EPA’s implementation guidance for the revised 2008 8-hour 

ozone standard must be consistent with the Clean Air Act. The CAA provided highly specific 

requirements for the attainment of the 1-hour ozone standard but does not make provisions for an 

8-hour ozone standard. IDEM recognizes that U.S. EPA is trying to make the existing language 

of Subpart 2 of the CAA fit the needs of the revised 8-hour ozone standard, for which it was not 

designed. In the early days of the CAA when the air pollutants being addressed had very 

localized impacts, mandatory controls in nonattainment areas were a sensible approach to 

reducing emissions where air quality was unhealthy. In many cases, the “mandatory” control 

measures required by the CAA have been extremely effective in reducing pollution levels. As 

more is learned about the cause and effects of ozone formation, mandatory controls that focus on 

localized impacts make less and less sense as these controls have been found to produce little to 

no measurable improvements to air quality. The most significant ozone control programs in 

recent years, the NOx SIP Call and CAIR, apply to sources region-wide or nationwide, not just 

those in designated nonattainment areas. Air quality analyses to date suggest that most of the 

counties in Indiana where air quality currently does not meet the revised 2008 8-hour ozone 

standard will meet that standard once CAIR is fully implemented. 

The current implementation guidance for the 1997 8-hour ozone standard requires certain 

mandatory measures for areas of the country. This approach to designations is based on 

guidance for the 1-hour ozone standard which is out of date. Those mandatory measures are not 

needed in some areas and are not appropriate mechanisms to make progress towards cleaner air. 

According to the CAA and U.S. EPA’s guidance for implementation of the 1997 8-hour ozone 

standard, any county designated as nonattainment would be automatically subject to stricter new 

source review requirements for new and expanding sources. While it makes sense to avoid or 

minimize increases in emissions in nonattainment areas, these new source review requirements 
2

can have unintended consequences that, in many cases, just push new development to the 

outskirts of a nonattainment area. As a result, these requirements have contributed to sprawl, 

loss of farmland, and are inconsistent with policies that promote the development of brownfields. 

Development immediately adjacent to nonattainment areas can have just as deleterious an effect 

on local air quality as if the development occurred in the nonattainment area itself. U.S. EPA 

should avoid to the greatest extent possible mandatory control programs, especially for areas 

likely to meet the revised 2008 8-hour ozone standard without any additional controls beyond the 

reductions associated with CAIR. 

Indiana counties are significantly impacted by regional transport of ozone and its 

precursors, Volatile Organic Compounds (VOC) and Oxides of Nitrogen (NOx.) Reducing ozone 

precursors on a regional scale has a much greater impact on ground-level ozone levels than 

reductions achieved on a local scale. The inclusion of adjacent counties based on “cause and 

contribution” contradicts federal and state control programs. Local “mandatory” controls for 

ozone do not help expedite attainment of the standard. Designating counties nonattainment that 

measure air quality which attains the standard, or counties or portions of counties with major 

stationary sources would serve no purpose. Indiana counties that are currently violating the 

revised 2008 8-hour NAAQS will attain the standard in advance of the applicable deadline, and 

the attainment date will not move forward or backward as a result of including surrounding 

counties based on “cause and contribution”. U.S. EPA’s analyses and LADCO technical 

modeling to date suggest that all of Indiana will meet the revised 2008 8-hour ozone standard 

after implementation of currently required state and federal control measures, such as CAIR. 

Indiana is also developing and implementing statewide VOC rules such as Stage I vapor 

recovery, degreasing, auto refinishing, Architectural and Industrial Maintenance Coatings, and a 

Consumer and Commercial Coatings Rule. Statewide applicability of these VOC rules will 

further benefit air quality while balancing emission reductions statewide and ensure that the 

Indiana’s air quality will continue to be in attainment of the ozone NAAQS, and provide for an 

ample margin of safety. 

U.S. EPA should reconsider its guidance and previous determination that counties or 

portions of counties with a large emissions base should be designated as nonattainment based 

upon the “cause or contribute” rationale. Most of the primary stationary sources within Indiana 

are already subject to federal control programs, including the CAIR. Since CAIR is considered 

equivalent to Reasonably Available Control Technology (RACT), these sources would not be 

subject to the RACT requirements for nonattainment areas as outlined under the 1997 8-hour 

implementation rule for ozone. As a result, the inclusion of counties beyond those where 

monitored violations occur will not achieve significant additional emission reductions or advance 

the attainment date under the revised 2008 8-hour ozone standard. 

At a minimum, U.S. EPA should consider the size of any facility or power plant and its 

emission controls for a county that U.S. EPA feels may be contributing to a downwind monitor 

violation. For example, the only significant source of ozone precursor emissions in Dearborn 

County is the American Electric Power (AEP) - Tanners Creek power plant. The AEP-Tanners 

Creek power plant will be installing Selective Non-Catalytic Reduction (SNCR) technology on 

three of its four Electric Generating Units (EGUs), with operation to begin in mid-2009. This 

will achieve an additional 30% reduction in NOx. The reductions from facilities like the AEP-
3

Tanners Creek power plant will help improve air quality in the Southeast Indiana region. 

Designating an area nonattainment based solely on the fact that a facility and/or power plant is 

located there will not result in any further emission reductions or serve any useful purpose. 

Unless there is a documented significant contribution from a facility and/or power plant to a 

nonattainment area, the entire designation and State Implementation Plan (SIP) process will 

employ U.S. EPA and Indiana staff in a paperwork process that will do nothing to improve 

Indiana’s air quality. 

Recognizing that U.S. EPA is obligated to consider a county’s contribution to a 

downwind monitored violation of the standard, sound evidence must exist that demonstrates that 

a county actually contributes to the downwind violation in order for the upwind county to be 

designated nonattainment. Counties that measure air quality below the standard, and are not 

proven to be significantly culpable for a downwind violation, should be designated attainment. 

Counties for which monitoring data does not exist, and are not proven to be significantly 

culpable for a downwind violation, should be considered unclassifiable and designated 

attainment. 

In response to the United States Environmental Protection Agency’s (U.S. EPA’s) 

December 4, 2008 guidance memorandum titled “Area Designations for the 2008 Revised 

Ozone National Ambient Air Quality Standards”, the Indiana Department of Environmental 

Management (IDEM) has developed the following evaluation of nonattainment area boundaries 

for designating areas under the 2008 revised 8-hour ozone National Ambient Air Quality 

Standard (NAAQS). 

Indiana Analysis by Region 

Northwest Indiana Area

Background

Lake and Porter counties were designated nonattainment under the 1997 8-hour ozone 

standard as part of the greater Chicago nonattainment area due to the assumed contribution to 

monitored violations in northeast Illinois. All of the monitor sites in Lake and Porter counties 

have measured air quality that meets the 1997 8-hour ozone standard since 2007. A 

Redesignation Petition and Maintenance Plan for the 1997 8-hour ozone standard for Indiana’s 

portion of the Chicago Metropolitan Statistical Area (MSA) is currently pending U.S. EPA 

approval. The Indiana portion of the Chicago MSA includes Jasper, Lake, Newton and Porter 

counties. There are no monitors in Jasper or Newton counties. 

LaPorte County was designated nonattainment under the 1997 8-hour ozone standard as 

its own MSA. The two monitor sites in LaPorte County have measured air quality that meets the 

1997 8-hour ozone standard since 2005. A Redesignation Petition and Maintenance Plan for the 

1997 8-hour ozone standard for LaPorte County was approved by U.S. EPA on July 19, 2007. 
4

Northwest Indiana Monitoring Data

 Highlighted data means 2006-2008 Design Value is above 0.076 ppm 

Gary IITRI

0.073 ppm

Hammond

0.073 ppm

Whiting

0.077 ppm

Ogden Dunes

0.074 ppm

Valparaiso

0.070 ppm 

Michigan City

0.069 ppm

LaPorte

0.070 ppm

Lake

Laporte

Jasper

Porter

Pulaski

Starke

Newton

White Cass

St. Joseph

Fulton

Marshall

Legend

Ozone Monitor Under the 2008 8-hour Ozone Standard

Ozone Monitor Over the 2008 8-hour Ozone Standard

Attainment/Unclassifiable

Attainment-Based on Monitoring Data 

Nonattainment-Based on Monitoring Data

There are five monitors in the Indiana portion of the Chicago MSA (Lake and Porter 

counties) and two monitors in the Michigan City (LaPorte County) MSA. Of the five monitors 

located in Lake and Porter counties, only one of them (Whiting) is over the revised 2008 8-hour 

4th Highest Ozone Values (ppm) Design Value 

County Monitor Location 2006-2008 (ppm) 

2006 2007 2008 

Lake Gary IITRI 0.073 0.085 0.062 0.073 

Lake Whiting 0.081 0.088 0.062 0.077 

Lake Hammond 0.075 0.077 0.068 0.073 

LaPorte Michigan City 0.075 0.073 0.059 0.069 

LaPorte LaPorte 0.069 0.078 0.065 0.070 

Porter Ogden Dunes 0.070 0.084 0.069 0.074 

Porter Valparaiso 0.071 0.080 0.061 0.070 
5

ozone standard. The two monitors located in the LaPorte County are also below the revised 

2008 8-hour ozone standard. 

There are no ozone monitors located in Newton or Jasper counties in Indiana. Newton 

County does not have any major stationary sources and does not impact monitored violations in 

Lake and Porter counties. There is only one stationary source located in Jasper County which is 

controlled under NOx SIP Call and CAIR and does not impact monitored violations in Lake or 

Porter counties. Newton and Jasper counties are essentially rural in nature, do not have 

measured air quality in excess of the revised 2008 8-hour ozone standard, and are not 

contributing to elevated ozone levels in the area. Jasper and Newton counties account for a small 

percentage of the total emissions for the entire MSA. Jasper and Newton counties also have a 

low population which is not expected to grow and fewer than 10,000 people work and commute 

outside the counties. Indiana believes there is no reason to include these counties in the 

nonattainment area. U.S. EPA should keep the nonattainment area for Northwest Indiana as 

small as possible. 

Lake County is the only Indiana county in Northwest Indiana that is over the revised 

2008 8-hour ozone standard. Porter County does not significantly impact monitored violations in 

Lake County or the Chicago area. Indiana has conducted an evaluation to determine the impacts 

Porter County sources have on ozone monitors in Lake County, Indiana and the Chicago area. 

As a result, Indiana has determined that emissions from Porter County do not affect the 

downwind area’s ability to attain the ozone standard. Therefore, Porter County should be 

designated separately from Lake County, Indiana and the rest of the Chicago MSA. Within 

Illinois’ portion of the Chicago MSA there are 18 monitors, of which only one of them (located 

in Alsip, IL) is over the revised 2008 8-hour ozone standard. The monitors in the Chicago area 

located closest to the Indiana state line and the lakefront, which should be more directly 

impacted by emission sources located in Lake and Porter counties, are monitoring attainment of 

the revised 2008 8-hour ozone standard. If emissions from Lake and Porter counties were 

significantly contributing to the violating monitors in Illinois, higher levels at the monitors 

located between Indiana and the violating monitors would be expected. It is unnecessary to 

extend the restrictions of a nonattainment area beyond Lake County, as it is the only county in 

Northwest Indiana violating the ozone standard. 

Northwest Indiana Zero-Out and Future Year Modeling 

Lake Michigan Air Directors Consortium (LADCO) recently performed updated CAMx 

modeling for ozone to support attainment demonstrations for the five-state LADCO region. This 

modeling, referred to as “Round 5”, uses the most recent emissions inventories and model 

updates. The Comprehensive Air Quality Model with extensions (CAMx version 4.51), 

developed by Environ, was the photochemical model used for the 8-hour ozone standard 

analysis. This model has been accepted by U.S. EPA as an approved air quality model for 

regulatory analysis. Requirements of the “Guidance on the Use of Models and Other Analyses in 

Attainment Demonstrations for the 8-hour Ozone NAAQS” (EPA-454/R-05-002, Oct. 2005) are 

satisfied with the use of CAMx for attainment demonstrations and other air quality related 

analyses. 
6

2005 baseyear emissions as well as 2005 meteorology were used to conduct the 

photochemical modeling. The modeling included the implementation of "on-the-books" controls 

such as U.S. EPA motor vehicle and fuel standards and the Clean Air Interstate Rule (CAIR). In 

order to demonstrate the impact of Porter County emissions on the controlling ozone monitor in 

Northwest Indiana, a 2005 baseyear modeling run with all 2005 emissions was conducted. Then, 

all anthropogenic emissions from Porter County, including all point, area and mobile source 

emissions were removed (zeroed-out) from the emission files and the model was run again. 

The table below, shows the modeling results of the zero-out of all anthropogenic 

emissions from Porter County on the Whiting, Lake County monitor. The difference between 

the two results is the ozone impacts (in parts per million) of Porter County emissions on the 

Whiting ozone monitor. 

Results of Zero-out Runs for Northwest Indiana Ozone Monitors

Monitor ID County Site

2005 

Modeled 

Design Value 

(ppm) 

2005 Modeled 

Zero-Out 

Design Value 

(ppm) 

2005 

Modeled 

Difference 

(ppm) 

180890022 Lake Gary 0.1004 0.1005 +0.0001 

180890030 Lake Whiting 0.0998 0.0999 +0.0001 

180892008 Lake Hammond 0.0998 0.0999 +0.0001 

181270024 Porter Ogden Dunes 0.1023 0.1023 0.0000 

181270026 Porter Valparaiso 0.0956 0.0956 0.0000 

Zeroing-out all anthropogenic emissions from Porter County showed a 0.0001 ppm 

increase in ozone concentrations at the Whiting monitor as well as the Gary and Hammond 

monitors in Lake County. These increases in ozone concentration from zeroed-out Porter 

County emissions indicate NOx disbenefit. However, the impacts are considered not significant. 

No other appreciable changes were modeled at surrounding ozone monitors in Lake or Porter 

County. Ozone decreases were modeled farther away from Porter County. LaPorte County 

ozone monitors at Michigan City had a 0.0003 ppm ozone decrease while the LaPorte monitor 

realized a 0.0001 ppm decrease. Ozone monitors in states surrounding Lake Michigan, 

especially those located on or near the lakeshore realized ozone decreases from 0.0001 to 0.0006 

ppm. 

Results of Zero-out Runs for MRPO Ozone Monitors

 2005 

Monitor ID County Site

2005 

Modeled 

Design Value 

Modeled 

Zero-Out 

Design Value 

2005 

Modeled 

Difference 

180890022 Lake Gary 0.1004 0.1005 +0.0001 

180890030 Lake Whiting 0.0998 0.0999 +0.0001 

180892008 Lake Hammond 0.0998 0.0999 +0.0001 

181270024 Porter Ogden Dunes 0.1023 0.1023 0.0000 

181270026 Porter Valparaiso 0.0956 0.0956 0.0000 

180910005 LaPorte Michigan City 0.1045 0.1042 -0.0003 

180910010 LaPorte LaPorte 0.1036 0.1035 -0.0001 

170317002 Cook – IL Evanston 0.0997 0.0995 -0.0002 
7

170971002 Lake – IL Waukegan 0.1009 0.1005 -0.0004 

170971007 Lake - IL IL Beach St. Park 0.1009 0.1005 -0.0004 

260050003 Allegan – MI Holland 0.1019 0.1016 -0.0003 

260210014 Berrien – MI Coloma 0.1043 0.1037 -0.0006 

260810020 Kent – MI Grand Rapids 0.0909 0.0908 -0.0001 

260810022 Kent – MI 14 Mile Road 0.0867 0.0866 -0.0001 

261210039 Muskegon – MI Muskegon 0.1010 0.1007 -0.0003 

263910005 Ottawa – MI Jenison 0.0948 0.0947 -0.0001 

261530001 Schoolcraft - MI Seney Natl. Wild. 0.0849 0.0848 -0.0001 

550090026 Brown - WI Green Bay 0.0818 0.0816 -0.0002 

550290004 Door – WI Newport State Park 0.0970 0.0970 0.0000 

550370001 Florence – WI Florence 0.0739 0.0735 -0.0004 

550390006 Fond du Lac – WI Fond du Lac 0.0787 0.0787 0.0000 

550590002 Kenosha – WI Jefferson 0.1011 0.1006 -0.0005 

550590019 Kenosha – WI Pleasant Prairie 0.1011 0.1006 -0.0005 

550610002 Kewaunee – WI Kewaunee 0.0939 0.0936 -0.0003 

550710004 Manitowoc – WI Collins Fire Tower 0.0839 0.0836 -0.0003 

550710007 Manitowoc – WI Two Rivers 0.0996 0.0992 -0.0004 

550790010 Milwaukee – WI Health Center 0.1010 0.1004 -0.0006 

550790026 Milwaukee – WI DNR SER Hdqtrs 0.1015 0.1009 -0.0006 

550790041 Milwaukee – WI UWM N. Campus 0.1015 0.1009 -0.0006 

550790044 Milwaukee – WI Milwaukee 0.0926 0.0923 -0.0003 

550790085 Milwaukee – WI Bayside 0.1041 0.1035 -0.0006 

550791025 Milwaukee – WI S. Milwaukee 0.0992 0.0987 -0.0005 

550870009 Outagamie – WI Appleton 0.0762 0.0760 -0.0002 

550890008 Ozaukee – WI Grafton 0.0873 0.0872 -0.0001 

550890009 Ozaukee – WI Harrington Beach 0.1018 0.1014 -0.0004 

551010017 Racine – WI Racine 0.1012 0.1006 -0.0006 

551170006 Sheboygan – WI Kohler Andre Park 0.0974 0.0970 -0.0004 

551170007 Sheboygan – WI Sheboygan Falls 0.0974 0.0970 -0.0004 

551330017 Waukesha – WI Carroll College 0.0851 0.0850 -0.0001 

551330027 Waukesha – WI Waukesha 0.0851 0.0850 -0.0001 

LADCO conducted future year modeling in order to determine the ozone impacts on 

monitors in the Midwest. The following table outlines LADCO’s Round 5 future year modeling 

results for Lake, Porter and LaPorte County ozone monitors. Results show all monitors with the 

exception of the Whiting, Lake County monitor meet the 2008 revised 8-hour ozone NAAQS by 

2012. 

LADCO’s Round 5 Future Year Modeling Results for 2009 and 2012 

 BaseYear 2009 2012 

Monitor ID County Site D.V. D.V. D.V. 

180890030 Lake Whiting 0.0793 0.0770 0.0760 

180890022 Lake Gary 0.0777 0.0750 0.0740 

180892008 Lake Hammond 0.0777 0.0750 0.0740 

180910010 LaPorte LaPorte 0.0777 0.0740 0.0730 

180910005 LaPorte Michigan City 0.0770 0.0730 0.0720 

181270024 Porter Ogden Dunes 0.0783 0.0750 0.0740 

181270026 Porter Valparaiso 0.0753 0.0720 0.0710 
8

Northwest Indiana Emissions Data

2005 Point Source Emissions (Tons Per Year) 

 NOx % of MSA VOC % of MSA 

Jasper County 16,844.17 25.78% 239.19 3.40% 

Lake County 23,769.48 36.38% 5,402.00 76.79% 

LaPorte County 5,175.87 7.92% 536.42 7.63% 

Newton County 0.00 0.00% 0.00 0.00% 

Porter County 19,550.84 29.92% 857.07 12.18% 

Total 65,340.36 7,034.68 

Northwest Indiana 2005 NOX 

Point Source Emissions

LaPorte 

County

8%

New ton 

County

0%

Lake County

36%

Jasper 

County

26%

Porter County

30%

Northwest Indiana 2005 VOC

 Point Source Emissions

Jasper 

County

3% New ton 

County

0%

Porter County

12%

LaPorte 

County

8%

Lake County

77%

Note: These charts do not account for emissions from Illinois sources, which would alter the 

ratios significantly. 

Because most of the area in Lake and Porter counties is urban, the two counties account 

for 66.3% of the area’s total NOx emissions. Sources within Lake and Porter counties account 

for 88.9% of the VOC emissions from stationary sources. There are no major stationary sources 

located within Newton county. It does not appear that the emissions from Newton County have 

a significant impact on air quality within the MSA. Overall ozone values have continued to drop 

and NOx and VOC emissions are expected to decrease throughout the Midwest over the next few 

years when CAIR has been fully implemented. 

Lake and Porter counties are subject to the most stringent group of emission controls 

within the State of Indiana. This collection of permanent and enforceable controls is equally as 

stringent as those that apply elsewhere within the Chicago MSA and in some cases are more 

stringent. Vehicles registered in Lake and Porter counties are subject to reformulated gasoline 

and enhanced vehicle inspection and maintenance requirements. Indiana maintains a 

comprehensive vehicle inspection and maintenance program in Lake and Porter counties for all 

vehicles of model year 1976 and newer. Lake and Porter counties’ vehicle inspection and 

maintenance program is more stringent than that which applies to the vast majority of the fleet 

that accounts for the Vehicle Miles Traveled (VMT) and long-term idling in close proximity to 

the monitoring sites. 
9

Level of Control of Emission Sources

NOx emissions within Northwest Indiana are projected to decline by almost 42% between 

2005 and 2020. Emission reduction benefits from federal rules are factored into the emission 

totals. These rules include the NOx SIP Call, Clean Air Interstate Rule (CAIR), Tier 2 Motor 

Vehicle Emissions Standards and Gasoline Sulfur Control Requirements, the Highway HeavyDuty Engine Rule, and the Non-Road Diesel Engine Rule. In fact most of the major ozone 

precursor sources within the area are subject to the NOx SIP Call, CAIR or RACT requirements. 

Northwest Indiana Traffic Patterns

2006 Commuting Patterns 

 

Total Workforce: 

Number of persons 

who live in County 

and work 

Number of persons 

who live AND work in 

County 

Number of persons 

who live in County 

and work in another 

County 

Percent 

In 

County 

Percent Out of 

County 

Jasper County 21,368 15,124 6,244 70.8% 29.2% 

Lake County 293,662 234,264 59,398 79.8% 20.2% 

LaPorte County 68,494 57,268 11,226 83.6% 16.4% 

Newton County 9,468 5,766 3,702 60.9% 39.1% 

Porter County 103,805 68,933 34,872 66.4% 33.6% 
10

Within Northwest Indiana, LaPorte County maintains the highest concentration (83.6%) 

of employment by residents of the county, compared to the other counties within the area. Lake 

(79.8%) county is also high. The majority of the traffic congestion occurs in Lake County. A 

significant level of commuting occurs from the surrounding counties to Lake and Porter counties. 

In fact Lake, LaPorte and Porter Counties have the largest level of commuting to and from each 

other in Northwest Indiana. 

Northwest Indiana Growth Rates and Patterns

 

Population 

1990 

Population 

2000 

Percent 

Change 

from 

1990 to 

2000 

Population 

Estimate 

2007 

Percent 

Change 

from 

2000 to 

2007 

Population 

Estimate 

2010 

Percent 

Change 

from 

2000 to 

2010 

Population 

Estimate 

2020 

Percent 

Change 

from 

2000 to 

2020 

Jasper County 24,823 30,043 17.4% 32,275 6.9% 32,534 7.7% 35,206 14.7% 

Lake County 475,594 484,564 1.9% 492,104 1.5% 483,183 -0.3% 503,203 3.7% 

LaPorte County 107,066 110,106 2.8% 109,787 -0.3% 110,376 0.2% 110,656 0.5% 

Newton County 13,551 14,586 7.1% 14,014 -3.9% 14,444 -1.0% 14,097 -3.3% 

Porter County 128,932 146,798 12.2% 160,578 8.6% 156,755 6.4% 175,175 16.2% 

Evaluation for Northwest Indiana

March 12, 2009 Designation Recommendations for Northwest Indiana: 

Jasper County Attainment/Unclassifiable 

Lake County Nonattainment 

LaPorte County Attainment 

Newton County Attainment/Unclassifiable 

Porter County Attainment 
11

Central Indiana Area

Background

Eight of the ten counties in the Indianapolis MSA were designated nonattainment under 

the 1997 8-hour ozone standard. Madison County was also designated nonattainment under the 

1997 8-hour ozone standard as part of the Central Indiana nonattainment area. All of the monitor 

sites in Central Indiana, within the Indianapolis and Anderson MSAs, have measured air quality 

that meets the 1997 8-hour ozone standard since 2005. A Redesignation Petition and 

Maintenance Plan for the Central Indiana nonattainment area was approved by U.S. EPA on 

October 19, 2007. The Indianapolis MSA includes Boone, Brown, Hamilton, Hancock, 

Hendricks, Johnson, Marion, Morgan, Putnam and Shelby counties. The Anderson MSA 

includes Madison County. There are ozone monitors in every county in Central Indiana except 

Brown and Putnam counties. 

Central Indiana Monitoring Data

4th Highest Ozone Values (ppm) 

County Monitor Location 2006 2007 2008 

Design Value 

2006-2008 (ppm) 

Boone Whitestown 0.080 0.083 0.073 0.078 

Hamilton Noblesville 0.077 0.084 0.073 0.078 

Hancock Fortville 0.075 0.081 0.074 0.076 

Hendricks Avon 0.073 0.079 0.068 0.073 

Johnson Trafalgar 0.078 0.080 0.069 0.075 

Madison Emporia 0.073 0.078 0.065 0.072 

Marion Fort Harrison 0.076 0.083 0.075 0.078 

Marion Harding Street 0.076 0.076 0.067 0.073 

Marion East 16th Street 0.072 0.080 0.066 0.072 

Morgan Monrovia 0.077 0.084 0.069 0.076 

Shelby Fairland 0.073 0.082 0.070 0.075 

 Highlighted data means 2006-2008 Design Value is above 0.076 ppm 
12

Whitestown

0.078 ppm

Trafalgar

0.075 ppm

Fairland

0.075 ppm

Fortville 

0.076 ppm

Fort Harrison

0.078 ppm

Monrovia

0.076 ppm

E. 16th St

0.072 ppm

Harding St

0.073 ppm

Avon

0.073 ppm

Emporia

Noblesville 0.072 ppm

0.078 ppm

Boone

Shelby

Marion

Clinton

Morgan

Madison

Hamilton

Rush

Tipton

Putnam

Hendricks

Johnson

Hancock

Owen

Henry

Montgomery

Decatur

Delaware

Grant

Brown

Tippecanoe

Monroe Bartholomew

Carroll Howard Blackford

Legend

Ozone Monitor Under the 2008 8-hour Ozone Standard

Ozone Monitor Over the 2008 8-hour Ozone Standard

Attainment/Unclassifiable

Attainment-Based on Monitoring Data 

Nonattainment-Based on Monitoring Data

There are ten monitors in the Indianapolis MSA (located in Boone, Hamilton, Hancock, 

Hendricks, Johnson, Marion, Morgan and Shelby counties) and one monitor in the Anderson 

MSA (Madison County). Of the ten monitors in the Indianapolis MSA, five of them are over the 

revised 2008 8-hour ozone standard. The monitor in the Anderson MSA is below the revised 

ozone 2008 8-hour ozone standard. Brown and Putnam counties do not have any major 

stationary sources and do not impact monitored violations in Central Indiana. Therefore, it is 

unnecessary to extend the restrictions of a nonattainment area within the Indianapolis MSA to 

any county other than the counties that have a monitored violation. 

Central Indiana Zero-Out and Future Year Modeling 

Lake Michigan Air Directors Consortium (LADCO) recently performed updated CAMx 

modeling for ozone to support attainment demonstrations for the five-state LADCO region. This 

modeling, referred to as “Round 5”, uses the most recent emissions inventories and model 

updates. The Comprehensive Air Quality Model with extensions (CAMx version 4.51), 
13

developed by Environ, was the photochemical model used for the 8-hour ozone standard 

analysis. This model has been accepted by U.S. EPA as an approved air quality model for 

regulatory analysis. Requirements of the “Guidance on the Use of Models and Other Analyses in 

Attainment Demonstrations for the 8-hour Ozone NAAQS” (EPA-454/R-05-002, Oct. 2005) are 

satisfied with the use of CAMx for attainment demonstrations and other air quality related 

analyses. 

2005 baseyear emissions as well as 2005 meteorology were used to conduct the 

photochemical modeling. The modeling included the implementation of "on-the-books" controls 

such as U.S. EPA motor vehicle and fuel standards and the Clean Air Interstate Rule (CAIR). In 

order to demonstrate the impact of Hendricks County emissions on the controlling ozone monitor 

in Central Indiana, a 2005 baseyear modeling run with all 2005 emissions was conducted. Then, 

all anthropogenic emissions from Hendricks County, including all point, area and mobile source 

emissions were removed (zeroed-out) from the emission files and the model was run again. 

The table below shows the modeling results of zeroing-out all anthropogenic emissions 

from Hendricks County on the Noblesville, Hamilton County monitor. The difference between 

the two results is the ozone impacts in parts per million (ppm) of Hendricks County emissions on 

the Noblesville ozone monitor. 

Modeling Results of Zero-out Runs - Central Indiana Ozone Monitors

Monitor ID County Site 

2005 

Modeled 

Design Value 

(ppm) 

2005 Modeled 

Zero-Out 

Design Value 

(ppm) 

2005 

Modeled 

Difference 

(ppm) 

180110001 Boone Whitestown 0.0872 0.0872 0.0000 

180571001 Hamilton Noblesville 0.0935 0.0935 0.0000

180590003 Hancock Fortville 0.0926 0.0925 -0.0001

180630004 Hendricks Avon 0.0895 0.0895 0.0000

180810002 Johnson Trafalgar 0.0839 0.0839 0.0000

180950010 Madison Emporia 0.0902 0.0900 -0.0002

180970050 Marion Fort Harrison 0.0954 0.0954 0.0000

180970057 Marion Harding Street 0.0957 0.0957 0.0000

180970073 Marion E. 16th Street 0.0964 0.0963 -0.0001

181090005 Morgan Monrovia 0.0864 0.0864 0.0000

181450001 Shelby Fairland 0.0916 0.0916 0.0000

Zeroing-out all anthropogenic emissions from Hendricks County showed no ozone 

impacts at the Noblesville monitor and a decrease in ozone of 0.0002 ppm at the Madison 

County monitor and 0.0001 ppm at the Hancock County monitor and Indianapolis monitor in 

Marion County. 

Johnson and Shelby Counties, based on their locations to the south and southeast, would 

not be expected to show any appreciable ozone impacts on the Noblesville ozone monitor. 

Madison County, located to the east of the Noblesville ozone monitor, would be expected to 

show negligible ozone impacts on the monitor. The wind roses below show the winds during 

2005 through 2007, with prevailing winds from the southwest. Therefore, any ozone precursors 
14

from counties to the south, southeast and east would have minimal impacts on the Noblesville 

ozone monitor. 

Wind Rose for Indianapolis –2005, 2006 and 2007 

2005 2006 2007 

LADCO conducted future year modeling in order to determine the ozone impacts on 

monitors in the Midwest. The following table outlines LADCO’s Round 5 future year modeling 

results for Boone, Hamilton, Hancock, Hendricks, Johnson, Marion, Morgan and Shelby County 

ozone monitors. Results show all monitors meet the 2008 revised 8-hour ozone NAAQS by 

2012. 

LADCO’s Round 5 Future Year Modeling Results for 2009 and 2012 

 BaseYear 2009 2012 

Monitor ID County Site D.V. D.V. D.V. 

180110001 Boone Whitestown 0.0797 0.0750 0.0730 

180571001 Hamilton Noblesville 0.0827 0.0780 0.0750 

180590003 Hancock Fortville 0.0780 0.0730 0.0710 

180630004 Hendricks Avon 0.0753 0.0710 0.0690 

180810002 Johnson Trafalgar 0.0767 0.0720 0.0700 

180970050 Marion Fort Harrison 0.0787 0.0750 0.0730 

180970057 Marion Harding St 0.0750 0.0720 0.0710 

180970073 Marion Indianapolis 0.0757 0.0720 0.0700 

180970042 Marion Mann Road 0.0727 0.0700 0.0680 

181090005 Morgan Monrovia 0.0777 0.0730 0.0710 

181450001 Shelby Fairland 0.0773 0.0740 0.0720 
15

Central Indiana Emissions Data

2005 Point Source Emissions (Tons Per Year) 

 NOx % of Area VOC % of Area 

Boone County 0.00 0.00% 106.50 3.47% 

Brown County 0.00 0.00% 0.00 0.00% 

Hamilton County 28.51 0.16% 17.13 0.55% 

Hancock County 13.30 0.07% 153.08 4.99% 

Hendricks County 0.00 0.00% 0.04 0.00% 

Johnson County 6.48 0.03% 364.63 11.88% 

Madison County 334.74 1.91% 139.70 4.55% 

Marion County 10,207.22 58.29% 1,536.68 50.10% 

Morgan County 4,456.81 25.45% 96.25 3.13% 

Putnam County 1,789.47 10.21% 75.38 2.45% 

Shelby County 673.03 3.84% 577.49 18.82% 

TOTAL 17,509.56 3,066.88 

Central Indiana 2005 NOX 

Point Source Emissions

Hamilton 

County

0%

Brow n 

County

0%

Boone County

0%

Hendricks 

County

0%

Morgan 

County

25%

Marion County

59%

Putnam 

County

10%

Shelby 

County

4%

Madison 

County

2%

Johnson 

County

0%

Hancock 

County

0%

Central Indiana 2005 VOC

Point Source Emissions

Madison 

County

5%

Johnson 

County

12%

Shelby 

County

19%

Putnam 

County

2%

Morgan 

County

3%

Marion County

50%

Brow n 

County

0%

Hamilton 

County

1%

Hendricks 

County

0%

Hancock 

County

5% Boone County

3%
16

Central Indiana 2005 NOx-All Anthropogenic Sources

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

Boone

Brown

HamiltonHancock

Hendricks

Johnson

Madison

Marion

MorganPutnam

Shelby

County

Tons per Day

Mobile Point Nonroad Area

Central Indiana 2005 VOC-All Anthropogenic Sources

0

5

10

15

20

25

30

35

40

45

Boone

Brown

HamiltonHancock

Hendricks

Johnson

Madison

Marion

MorganPutnam

Shelby

County

Tons per Day

Mobile Point Nonroad Area
17

Because the majority of Central Indiana is urban, the majority of the area’s emissions 

come from Marion County. Marion County accounts for 58.29% of the area’s total NOx point 

source emissions and 49.90% of the area’s total VOC point source emissions. The only counties 

within Central Indiana with major stationary sources are Marion and Morgan counties. Point 

source emissions from the other counties in Central Indiana are negligible and do not have a 

significant impact on air quality within the MSAs. The comparison of all the anthropogenic 

(point, area, mobile and nonroad) sources for Central Indiana shows that Marion county 

dominates the emissions inventory in Central Indiana. All of the other counties within Central 

Indiana have very similar anthropogenic emission totals. The counties in Central Indiana that 

meet the 2008 revised 8-hour ozone standard (Hendricks, Johnson, Madison and Shelby 

counties) have very low anthropogenic emission totals for NOx and VOC. Based on the zero-out 

modeling of Hendricks County emissions, it would be anticipated that zeroing out of emissions 

from Johnson, Madison and Shelby counties would have similar ozone impacts to those from 

Hendricks County and not impact monitor violations in Central Indiana. Overall ozone values 

have continued to drop and NOx and VOC emissions are expected to decrease throughout the 

Midwest over the next few years when CAIR has been fully implemented. 

Level of Control of Emission Sources

Marion County has the highest emissions of any of the counties in Central Indiana, but 

emissions are expected to decrease in the near future. The Indianapolis Power and Light (IPL)-

Harding Street power plant located in Marion County is currently controlled by low NOx burner 

technology with separated overfire air. Since these control units are in place prior to the 

attainment date, emissions from the IPL-Harding Street power plant are not expected to increase 

in the near future. Morgan County contributes a small portion of the emissions to the Central 

Indiana area from the IPL-Eagle Valley power plant. This power plant is currently controlled by 

low NOx burner technology with separated overfire air. These controls are expected to remain in 

place and emissions from this plant should not increase in the future. The other counties in 

Central Indiana have similar emissions which are not contributing to the Indianapolis area. Most 

of the major ozone precursor sources within the area are subject to the NOx SIP Call, CAIR or 

RACT requirements. 
18

Central Indiana Traffic Patterns

2006 Commuting Patterns 

 

Total Workforce: 

Number of persons 

who live in County 

and work 

Number of persons 

who live AND work in 

County 

Number of persons 

who live in County 

and work in another 

County 

Percent In 

County 

Percent Out 

of County 

Boone County 35,330 19,972 15,358 56.5% 43.5% 

Brown County 10,535 6,071 4,464 57.6% 42.4% 

Hamilton County 160,076 97,104 62,972 60.7% 39.3% 

Hancock County 45,409 24,158 21,251 53.2% 46.8% 

Hendricks County 85,956 44,395 41,561 51.6% 48.4% 

Johnson County 86,886 50,804 36,082 58.5% 41.5% 

Madison County 82,881 65,138 17,743 78.6% 21.4% 

Marion County 530,578 494,693 35,885 93.2% 6.8% 

Morgan County 45,798 25,142 20,656 54.9% 45.1% 

Putnam County 22,430 16,054 6,376 71.6% 28.4% 

Shelby County 29,288 20,738 8,550 70.8% 29.2% 
19

Within Central Indiana, Marion County maintains the highest concentration (93.2%) for 

employment by residents of the county, compared to the other counties within the area. Madison 

(71.6%), Putnam (71.6%), and Shelby (70.8%) counties are also high. The majority of the traffic 

congestion occurs in Marion County. A significant level of commuting occurs from the 

surrounding counties to Marion County, namely Hamilton, Hendricks and Johnson counties. 

Central Indiana Growth Rates and Patterns

 

Population 

1990 

Population 

2000 

Percent 

Change 

from 

1990 to 

2000 

Population 

Estimate 

2007 

Percent 

Change 

from 

2000 to 

2007 

Population 

Estimate 

2010 

Percent 

Change 

from 

2000 to 

2010 

Population 

Estimate 

2020 

Percent 

Change 

from 

2000 to 

2020 

Boone County 38,147 46,107 17.3% 54,137 14.8% 56,319 18.1% 66,186 30.3% 

Brown County 14,080 14,957 5.9% 14,670 -1.9% 16,419 8.9% 15,168 1.4% 

Hamilton County 108,936 182,740 40.4% 261,661 30.2% 298,642 38.8% 380,611 52.0% 

Hancock County 45,527 55,391 17.8% 66,305 16.5% 67,426 17.8% 80,018 30.8% 

Hendricks County 75,717 104,093 27.3% 134,558 22.6% 146,966 29.2% 175,070 40.5% 

Johnson County 88,109 115,209 23.5% 135,951 15.3% 140,736 18.1% 161,585 28.7% 

Madison County 130,669 133,358 2.0% 131,312 -1.5% 129,019 -3.3% 124,918 -6.3% 

Marion County 797,159 860,454 7.4% 876,804 1.9% 866,409 0.7% 915,850 6.0% 

Morgan County 55,920 66,689 16.1% 69,874 4.6% 71,862 7.2% 75,167 11.3% 

Putnam County 30,315 36,019 15.8% 37,014 2.7% 38,484 6.4% 39,430 8.7% 

Shelby County 40,307 43,445 7.2% 44,063 1.4% 43,934 1.1% 43,415 -0.0% 

Central Indiana has had very rapid growth extending outward from Marion County into 

the counties of Hamilton, Hendricks and Johnson. 

Evaluation for Central Indiana

March 12, 2009 Designation Recommendations for Central Indiana: 

Boone County Nonattainment 

Brown County Attainment/Unclassifiable 

Hamilton County Nonattainment 

Hancock County Nonattainment 

Hendricks County Attainment 

Johnson County Attainment 

Madison County Attainment 

Marion County Nonattainment 

Morgan County Nonattainment 

Putnam County Attainment/Unclassifiable 

Shelby County Attainment 
20

Greene County, Indiana (Bloomington MSA)

Background

Greene County, which is part of the Bloomington MSA, was designated nonattainment 

under the 1997 8-hour ozone standard. The monitor site in Greene County has measured air 

quality that meets the 1997 8-hour ozone standard since 2003. A Redesignation Petition and 

Maintenance Plan for Greene County was approved by U.S. EPA on December 29, 2005. The 

Bloomington MSA includes Greene, Monroe and Owen counties. There are no ozone monitors 

in Monroe or Owen counties. 

Bloomington MSA Monitoring Data

Highlighted data means 2006-2008 Design Value is above 0.076 ppm 

Plummer 

0.077 ppm

Greene

Owen

Knox

Clay

Monroe

Daviess Martin

Lawrence

Vigo

Sullivan

Morgan

Orange

Brown

Putnam

Washington

Jackson

Legend

Ozone Monitor Under the 2008 8-hour Ozone Standard

Ozone Monitor Over the 2008 8-hour Ozone Standard

Attainment/Unclassifiable

Attainment-Based on Monitoring Data

Nonattainment-Based on Monitoring Data

4th Highest Ozone Values (ppm) 

County Monitor Location 2006 2007 2008 

Design Value 

2006-2008 (ppm) 

Greene Plummer 0.076 0.084 0.072 0.077 
21

There is only one monitor located within the Bloomington MSA in Greene County and it 

is over the revised 2008 8-hour ozone standard. Within the Bloomington MSA, Monroe County 

accounts for the majority of the emissions, population, and vehicle miles traveled (VMT). 

Greene and Owen counties do not have any major stationary sources and do not impact 

monitored violations in the Bloomington MSA. 

Greene County’s air quality is dominated by regional transport of NOx into the area. U.S. 

EPA should recognize that local controls (including stricter permitting requirements) will not 

contribute to improved air quality and that regional controls will be effective over the next few 

years when the CAIR rule is fully implemented. Indiana believes there is no reason to include 

the other counties in the nonattainment area. The other counties in the MSA are essentially rural 

in nature, do not have measured air quality in excess of the revised 2008 8-hour ozone standard, 

and are not contributing to elevated ozone levels in the area. Indiana strongly encourages U.S. 

EPA to consider Greene County as a rural area affected by overwhelming transport. 

LADCO conducted future year modeling in order to determine the ozone impacts on 

monitors in the Midwest. LADCO’s Round 5 future year results for the Greene County ozone 

monitor show a modeled concentration of 0.0770 ppm by 2009 and a modeled concentration of 

0.0750 ppm by 2012, meeting the 2008 revised 8-hour ozone NAAQS. 

Bloomington MSA Emissions Data

2005 Point Source Emissions (Tons Per Year) 

 NOx % of Area VOC % of Area 

Greene County 95.45 19.59% 177.56 49.26% 

Monroe County 391.55 80.40% 182.86 50.73% 

Owen County 0.00 0.00% 0.00 0.00% 

TOTAL 487.00 360.42 

Monroe County accounts for 80.40% of the area’s total NOx emissions and 50.73% of the 

area’s total VOC emissions. There are no major stationary sources located in the area and 

emissions from Greene and Owen counties do not have a significant impact on air quality within 

Bloomington, Indiana Area 2005 NOX 

Point Source Emissions

Ow en County

0% Greene 

County

20%

Monroe 

County

80%

Bloomington, Indiana Area 2005 VOC

Point Source Emissions

Monroe 

County

51%

Ow en County

0%

Greene 

County

49%
22

the MSA. Overall ozone values have continued to drop and NOx and VOC emissions are 

expected to decrease throughout the Midwest over the next few years when CAIR has been fully 

implemented. 

Level of Control of Emission Sources

Most of the major ozone precursor sources within the area are subject to the NOx SIP 

Call, CAIR or RACT requirements. 

Bloomington MSA Traffic Patterns

2006 Commuting Patterns 

 

Total Workforce: 

Number of persons 

who live in County 

and work 

Number of persons 

who live AND work in 

County 

Number of persons 

who live in County 

and work in another 

County 

Percent In 

County 

Percent Out 

of County 

Greene County 21,300 14,123 7,177 66.3% 33.7% 

Monroe County 72,002 66,253 5,749 92.0% 8.0% 

Owen County 13,571 8,092 5,479 59.6% 40.4% 

Monroe County maintains the highest concentration (92.0%) for employment by 

residents of the county, compared to the other counties within the area. The majority of the 

traffic congestion occurs in Monroe County and a significant level of commuting occurs from the 

surrounding counties to Monroe County 
23

Bloomington MSA Growth Rates and Patterns

 

Population 

1990 

Population 

2000 

Percent 

Change 

from 

1990 to 

2000 

Population 

Estimate 

2007 

Percent 

Change 

from 

2000 to 

2007 

Population 

Estimate 

2010 

Percent 

Change 

from 

2000 to 

2010 

Population 

Estimate 

2020 

Percent 

Change 

from 

2000 to 

2020 

Greene County 30,410 33,157 8.3% 32,692 -1.4% 33,334 0.5% 33,421 0.8% 

Monroe County 108,978 120,563 9.6% 128,643 6.3% 132,940 9.3% 130,014 7.3% 

Owen County 17,281 21,786 20.7% 22,398 2.7% 24,264 10.2% 24,851 12.3% 

The Bloomington MSA has not grown very rapidly over the past decade, nor is it 

expected to in the future. There are no expectations for regional growth that would adversely 

affect air quality. 

Evaluation for Bloomington MSA

March 12, 2009 Designation Recommendations for Bloomington MSA: 

Greene County Nonattainment 

Monroe County Attainment/Unclassifiable 

Owen County Attainment/Unclassifiable 
24

Southeastern Indiana

Background

Clark and Floyd counties, which are part of the Louisville, Kentucky MSA, were 

designated nonattainment under the 1997 8-hour ozone standard. The monitor sites in Clark and 

Floyd counties have measured air quality that meets the 1997 8-hour ozone standard since 2003. 

A Redesignation Petition and Maintenance Plan for Clark and Floyd counties was approved by 

U.S. EPA on July 19, 2007. Indiana’s portion of the Louisville, Kentucky MSA includes Clark, 

Floyd, Harrison and Washington counties. There are no ozone monitors in Harrison or 

Washington counties. 

Southeastern Indiana Monitoring Data

 Highlighted data means 2006-2008 Design Value is above 0.076 ppm 

Charlestown

0.081 ppm

New Albany

0.077 ppm

Clark

Harrison

Washington

Jefferson

Scott

Jackson

Floyd

Jennings

Crawford

Orange

Lawrence Switzerland

Crawford Legend

Ozone Monitor Under the 2008 8-hour Ozone Standard

Ozone Monitor Over the 2008 8-hour Ozone Standard

Attainment/Unclassifiable

Attainment-Based on Monitoring Data 

Nonattainment-Based on Monitoring Data

4th Highest Ozone Values (ppm) 

County Monitor Location 2006 2007 2008 

Design Value 

2006-2008 (ppm) 

Clark Charlestown 0.079 0.090 0.075 0.081 

Floyd New Albany 0.076 0.082 0.075 0.077 
25

There are two monitors located within Indiana’s portion of the Louisville, KY MSA and 

both are over the revised 2008 8-hour ozone standard. Within the Louisville MSA, Jefferson 

County, Kentucky accounts for the majority of the emissions, population, and vehicle miles 

traveled (VMT). Southeast Indiana’s air quality is dominated by regional transport of NOx into 

the region. Indiana does not believe that emissions from Clark and Floyd counties affect the 

downwind area’s ability to attain the ozone standard, noting that Clark and Floyd counties are 

downwind of Louisville. Indiana believes there is no reason to include any other Indiana 

counties in the nonattainment area. Harrison and Washington counties do not have any major 

stationary sources and do not impact monitored violations in the Louisville area. Harrison and 

Washington counties in Indiana are essentially rural in nature, do not have measured air quality 

in excess of the revised 2008 8-hour ozone standard, and are not contributing to elevated ozone 

levels in the area. Modeling shows that both Clark and Floyd counties will meet the revised 

2008 8-hour ozone standard when regional NOx levels decrease. Air quality will continue to 

improve when the CAIR rule is fully implemented. 

LADCO conducted future year modeling in order to determine the ozone impacts on 

monitors in the Midwest. The following table outlines LADCO’s Round 5 future year modeling 

results for Clark and Floyd County ozone monitors. Results show both monitors meet the 2008 

revised 8-hour ozone NAAQS by 2009 and 2012. 

LADCO’s Round 5 Future Year Modeling Results for 2009 and 2012 

 BaseYear 2009 2012 

Monitor ID County Site D.V. D.V. D.V. 

180190003 Clark Charlestown 0.0790 0.0750 0.0740 

180431004 Floyd New Albany 0.0777 0.0740 0.0730 

Southeastern Indiana Emissions Data

2005 Point Source Emissions (Tons Per Year) 

 NOx % of Area VOC % of Area 

Clark County 2,225.53 7.37% 1,169.83 54.39% 

Floyd County 5,305.99 17.58% 68.20 3.17% 

Harrison County 5.60 0.01% 190.31 8.84% 

Jefferson County 22,629.02 74.98% 340.60 15.83% 

Scott County 9.73 0.03% 141.26 6.56% 

Washington County 1.76 0.00% 240.51 11.18% 

TOTAL 30,177.63 2,150.71 
26

Note: These charts do not account for emissions from Kentucky sources, which would alter the 

ratios significantly. 

Jefferson County, Indiana accounts for 74.98% of the area’s total NOx emissions and 

Clark County accounts for 54.39% of the area’s total VOC emissions. The only major stationary 

source outside of the Louisville MSA is located in Jefferson County, Indiana. Jefferson County, 

Indiana is downwind from Clark and Floyd counties and emissions from Jefferson County, 

Indiana do not impact the Louisville MSA. Emissions from Harrison, Scott and Washington 

counties do not have a significant impact on air quality within the MSA. Overall ozone values 

have continued to drop and NOx and VOC emissions are expected to decrease throughout the 

Midwest over the next few years when CAIR has been fully implemented. Louisville, Kentucky 

is the core of the MSA and its population and emissions are significantly higher than those in 

Clark and Floyd counties. 

Level of Control of Emission Sources

The only major stationary source located in the Indiana portion of the Louisville MSA is 

located in Floyd County. The Gallagher power plant located in Floyd County is currently 

controlled by low NOx burner technology with separated overfire air. The Duke Energy Indiana 

- Gallagher Station power plant is installing selective catalytic reduction systems on all four of 

its electric generating units anticipating operation starting in 2015. 

The major stationary source located in Jefferson County, Indiana is downwind of the 

Louisville MSA. The Indiana Kentucky Electric Corporation - Clifty Creek power plant is 

currently controlled by selective catalytic reduction and overfire air. Indiana does not believe 

that the current or future emissions from the Clifty Creek power plant are affecting the monitor 

violations in Clark and Floyd counties. Most of the other major ozone precursor sources within 

the Louisville area are subject to the NOx SIP Call, CAIR or RACT requirements. 

Southeast Indiana 2005 NOX 

Point Source Emissions

Washington 

County

0%

Harrison 

County

0%

Jefferson 

County

75%

Scott County

0%

Clark County

7%

Floyd County

18%

Northwest Indiana 2005 VOC

 Point Source Emissions Washington 

County

11%

Floyd County

3%

Harrison 

County

9%

Scott County

7%

Jefferson 

County

16% Clark County

54%
27

Southeastern Indiana Traffic Patterns

2006 Commuting Patterns 

 

Total Workforce: 

Number of persons 

who live in County 

and work 

Number of persons 

who live AND work in 

County 

Number of persons 

who live in County 

and work in another 

County 

Percent In 

County 

Percent Out 

of County 

Clark County 66,760 42,078 24,682 63.0% 37.0% 

Floyd County 48,350 27,319 21,031 56.5% 43.5% 

Harrison County 25,597 15,051 10,546 58.8% 41.2% 

Jefferson County 21,104 17,929 3,175 85.0% 15.0% 

Scott County 14,977 10,491 4,486 70.0% 30.0% 

Washington County 17,601 11,553 6,048 65.6% 34.4% 

Within the Southeastern Indiana area, the highest concentrations of employment by 

residents of the county and vehicle miles traveled (VMT) is split between Clark and Floyd 

counties. Although mild urban growth is occurring in neighboring counties, the majority of the 

region’s VMT and traffic congestion is generated within the core urban areas of Jeffersonville 

(Clark County) and New Albany (Floyd County), and Clark (63.0%) and Floyd (56.5%) counties 

maintain high concentrations for employment, compared to the other counties within the area. 

The majority of the traffic congestion occurs in Clark and Floyd counties. A significant level of 

commuting occurs from the surrounding counties to Clark and Floyd counties. In fact, those two 

counties have the largest level of commuting to and from each other in Southeastern Indiana. 
28

Southeastern Indiana Growth Rates and Patterns

 

Population 

1990 

Population 

2000 

Percent 

Change 

from 

1990 to 

2000 

Population 

Estimate 

2007 

Percent 

Change 

from 

2000 to 

2007 

Population 

Estimate 

2010 

Percent 

Change 

from 

2000 to 

2010 

Population 

Estimate 

2020 

Percent 

Change 

from 

2000 to 

2020 

Clark County 87,774 96,472 9.0% 105,035 8.2% 101,969 5.4% 111,310 13.3% 

Floyd County 64,404 70,823 9.1% 73,064 3.1% 71,992 1.6% 73,569 3.7% 

Harrison County 29,890 34,325 12.9% 36,810 6.8% 38,203 10.2% 41,185 16.7% 

Jefferson County 29,797 31,705 6.0% 32,704 3.1% 33,293 4.8% 34,209 7.3% 

Scott County 20,991 22,960 8.6% 23,679 3.0% 24,947 8.0% 25,850 11.2% 

Washington County 23,717 27,223 12.9% 27,920 2.5% 29,613 8.1% 30,015 9.3% 

Southeastern Indiana as a region has not grown very rapidly over the past decade, nor is it 

expected to in the future. There are signs of population shifts, but no expectation for regional 

growth that would adversely affect air quality. 

Evaluation for Southeastern Indiana

March 12, 2009 Designation Recommendations for Southeastern Indiana: 

Clark County Nonattainment 

Floyd County Nonattainment 

Harrison County Attainment/Unclassifiable 

Jefferson County Attainment/Unclassifiable 

Scott County Attainment/Unclassifiable 

Washington County Attainment/Unclassifiable 
29

Dearborn County, Indiana

Background

Lawrenceburg Township in Dearborn County, Indiana, which is part of the Cincinnati, Ohio 

MSA, was designated nonattainment under the 1997 8-hour ozone standard. There are no ozone 

monitoring sites in Dearborn County, Indiana. An attainment demonstration was sent to U.S. 

EPA on April 5, 2008, which states that the area will attain the ozone standard by 2009. 

Indiana’s portion of the Cincinnati, Ohio MSA includes Dearborn, Franklin and Ohio counties. 

Dearborn County, Indiana Monitoring Data

Lawrenceburg Township Ripley

Franklin

Decatur

Jefferson

Dearborn

Switzerland

Ohio

Jennings

Rush

Scott

Clark

Legend

Ozone Monitor Under the 2008 8-hour Ozone Standard

Ozone Monitor Over the 2008 8-hour Ozone Standard

Attainment/Unclassifiable

Attainment-Based on Monitoring Data 

Nonattainment-Based on Monitoring Data
30

There are no monitors located in the Indiana portion of the Cincinnati MSA. Within the 

Cincinnati MSA, Hamilton County, Ohio accounts for the majority of the emissions, population, 

and vehicle miles traveled (VMT). If monitors were located in the Indiana portion of the MSA, 

it is reasonable to assume that the values would be consistent with background values elsewhere 

in the state and Midwest. Therefore, Indiana does not believe the ozone concentrations in this 

area exceed the revised 2008 8-hour ozone standard. Additionally, based on analysis of similar 

urban areas, Indiana does not believe that emissions from Dearborn County and surrounding 

counties contribute significantly to ozone values elsewhere in the Cincinnati MSA. 

Dearborn County, Indiana Emissions Data

2005 Point Source Emissions (Tons Per Year) 

 NOx % of Area VOC % of Area 

Dearborn County 10,407.81 100.00% 1,204.44 100.00% 

Franklin County 0.00 0.00% 0.00 0.00% 

Ohio County 0.00 0.00% 0.00 0.00% 

TOTAL 10,407.81 1,204.44 

Lawrenceburg, Indiana Area 2005 NOX 

Point Source Emissions

Ohio County

0%

Dearborn 

County

100%

Franklin 

County

0%

Lawrenceburg, Indiana Area 2005 VOC

Point Source Emissions

Franklin 

County

0%

Ohio County

0%

Dearborn 

County

100%

Note: These charts do not account for emissions from Ohio sources, which would alter the ratios 

significantly. 

Dearborn County accounts for 100% of Indiana’s portion of the Cincinnati MSA’s total 

NOx and total VOC emissions. The only major stationary source in the area is located in 

Lawrenceburg Township in Dearborn County. Essentially the rest of Dearborn County along 

with the rest of Indiana’s portion (Franklin and Ohio counties) of the Cincinnati MSA are rural in 

nature. Emissions from Franklin and Ohio counties do not have a significant impact on air 

quality within the MSA. Overall ozone values have continued to drop and NOx emissions are 

expected to decrease throughout the Midwest over the next few years when CAIR has been fully 

implemented. 
31

Level of Control of Emission Sources

The American Electric Power (AEP) -Tanner’s Creek Generating Station power plant, 

located in Lawrenceburg Township in Dearborn County, is covered by a consent decree and 

several, but not all, electric generating units will have to apply controls. Currently the power 

plant is controlled by low NOx burner technology (dry bottom only) and overfire air. AEPTanner’s Creek Generating Station will be installing selective non-catalytic reduction systems on 

three of its four electric generating units, with operation to begin in mid-2009. This will achieve 

an additional 30% reduction in NOx. Indiana believes that emissions from Dearborn County do 

not affect the downwind area’s ability to attain the revised 2008 8-hour ozone standard. Most of 

the other major ozone precursor sources within the Cincinnati area are subject to the NOx SIP 

Call, CAIR or RACT requirements. 

Dearborn County, Indiana Traffic Patterns

2006 Commuting Patterns 

 

Total Workforce: 

Number of persons 

who live in County 

and work 

Number of persons 

who live AND work in 

County 

Number of persons 

who live in County 

and work in another 

County 

Percent In 

County 

Percent Out 

of County 

Dearborn County 33,559 19,067 14,492 56.8% 43.2% 

Franklin County 15,585 8,456 7,129 54.3% 45.7% 

Ohio County 4,126 2,201 1,925 53.3% 46.7% 
32

Dearborn County, Indiana Growth Rates and Patterns

 

Population 

1990 

Population 

2000 

Percent 

Change 

from 

1990 to 

2000 

Population 

Estimate 

2007 

Percent 

Change 

from 

2000 to 

2007 

Population 

Estimate 

2010 

Percent 

Change 

from 

2000 to 

2010 

Population 

Estimate 

2020 

Percent 

Change 

from 

2000 to 

2020 

Dearborn County 38,835 46,109 15.8% 49,759 7.3% 50,855 9.3% 54,017 14.6%

Franklin County 19,580 22,151 11.6% 23,234 4.7% 24,035 7.8% 24,413 9.3%

Ohio County 5,315 5,623 5.5% 5,772 2.6% 6,092 7.7% 6,220 9.6%

Dearborn, Franklin and Ohio counties have not grown very rapidly over the past decade, 

nor are they expected to in the future. There are no expectations for regional growth that would 

adversely affect air quality. 

Evaluation for Dearborn County, Indiana

March 12, 2009 Designation Recommendations for Lawrenceburg, Indiana Area: 

Dearborn County Attainment/Unclassifiable 

Franklin County Attainment/Unclassifiable 

Ohio County Attainment/Unclassifiable 
33

Southwestern Indiana

Background

Vanderburgh and Warrick counties, which are part of the Evansville, MSA, were 

designated nonattainment under the 1997 8-hour ozone standard. The monitor sites in 

Vanderburgh and Warrick counties have measured air quality that meets the 1997 8-hour ozone 

standard since 2002. A Redesignation Petition and Maintenance Plan for Vanderburgh and 

Warrick counties was approved by U.S. EPA on January 30, 2006. The Evansville MSA 

includes Gibson, Posey, Vanderburgh and Warrick. There are ozone monitors in every county in 

the Evansville MSA except for Gibson County. 

Perry County is not part of an MSA and was designated attainment under the 1997 8-hour 

ozone standard. 

Southwestern Indiana Monitoring Data

Highlighted data means 2006-2008 Design Value is above 0.076 ppm 

4th Highest Ozone Values (ppm) 

County Monitor Location 2006 2007 2008 

Design Value 

2006-2008 (ppm) 

Perry Leopold 0.079 0.080 0.073 0.077 

Posey St. Phillips 0.058 0.080 0.069 0.069 

Vanderburgh Mill Road 0.075 0.085 0.074 0.078 

Vanderburgh Inglefield 0.081 0.088 0.072 0.080 

Warrick Boonville 0.078 0.083 0.071 0.077 

Warrick Lynnville 0.070 0.080 0.064 0.071 

Warrick Dayville 0.078 0.076 0.060 0.071 
34

Leopold

0.077 ppm

Lynnville

0.071 ppm

Boonville

0.077 ppm

Dayville

0.071 ppm

Inglefield

0.080 ppm

Evansville

0.078 ppm

St. Phillips

0.069 ppm

Knox

Pike

Perry

Gibson

Posey

Dubois

Daviess

Orange

Martin

Warrick

Spencer

Lawrence

Crawford

Vanderburgh

Sullivan Greene

Harrison

Legend

Ozone Monitor Under the 2008 8-hour Ozone Standard

Ozone Monitor Over the 2008 8-hour Ozone Standard

Attainment/Unclassifiable

Attainment-Based on Monitoring Data 

Nonattainment-Based on Monitoring Data

There are six monitors located within the Evansville MSA and three of them are over the 

revised 2008 8-hour ozone standard. Within the Evansville MSA, Vanderburgh and Warrick 

counties account for the majority of the emissions, population, and vehicle miles traveled 

(VMT). Indiana also has a monitor in Leopold in nearby Perry County. The monitor in Leopold 

is over the revised 2008 8-hour ozone standard. 

Southwest Indiana’s air quality is clearly dominated by the many large sources of NOx in 

the region. Ozone levels have been decreasing over the past few years as NOx controls have 

been installed at many of these sources. Air quality will continue to improve when the CAIR 

rule is fully implemented. The only monitors in the region that exceed the revised 2008 8-hour 

ozone standard are in Vanderburgh and Warrick counties. Indiana believes there is no reason to 

include the other counties in the nonattainment area. U.S. EPA should keep the nonattainment 

areas as small as possible. The prevailing wind direction is from southwest, south and southeast, 

which means that Vanderburgh County emissions are not dominating the ozone readings in 

Warrick County, directly to the east. It is the regional levels of NOx to the south and southwest 

of Warrick County that are primarily causing the high levels. Modeling shows that both 

Vanderburgh and Warrick counties will meet the revised 2008 8-hour ozone standard when 

regional NOx levels decrease. Perry County’s air quality is dominated by regional transport of 
35

NOx into the area. Air quality will continue to improve when the CAIR rule is fully 

implemented. Perry County is not located within an MSA but the monitor exceeds the revised 

2008 8-hour ozone standard. Indiana believes there is no reason to include other counties, other 

than Perry County, in the nonattainment area. The other counties in the area are essentially rural 

in nature, do not have measured air quality in excess of the revised 2008 8-hour ozone standard, 

and are not contributing to elevated ozone levels in Perry County. Indiana strongly encourages 

U.S. EPA to consider Perry County as a rural area affected by overwhelming transport. 

LADCO conducted future year modeling in order to determine the ozone impacts on 

monitors in the Midwest. The following table outlines LADCO’s Round 5 future year modeling 

results for Posey, Vanderburgh and Warrick County ozone monitors. Results show all monitors 

in Southwest Indiana meet the 2008 revised 8-hour ozone NAAQS by 2009 and 2012. There is 

insufficient data to determine the baseyear design value in order to conduct future-year modeling 

for Perry County at this time. 

LADCO’s Round 5 Future Year Modeling Results for 2009 and 2012 

 BaseYear 2009 2012 

Monitor ID County Site D.V. D.V. D.V. 

181290003 Posey St. Phillips 0.0717 0.0680 0.0670 

181630012 Vanderburgh Mill Road 0.0773 0.0730 0.0720 

181630013 Vanderburgh Inglefield 0.0677 0.0640 0.0630 

181730008 Warrick Boonville 0.0777 0.0740 0.0730 

181730011 Warrick Dayville 0.0775 0.0740 0.0730 

181730009 Warrick Lynnville 0.0727 0.0700 0.0690 

Southwestern Indiana Emissions Data

2005 Point Source Emissions (Tons Per Year) 

 NOx % of Area VOC % of Area 

Gibson County 30,364.55 41.80% 1,236.72 31.88% 

Perry County 91.61 0.12% 239.83 6.18% 

Pike County 18,299.68 25.19% 197.77 5.09% 

Posey County 8,064.24 11.10% 1,064.64 27.44% 

Vanderburgh County 119.04 0.16% 524.03 13.50% 

Warrick County 15,689.05 21.60% 616.29 15.88% 

TOTAL 72,628.17 3,879.28 
36

Gibson County accounts for 41.80% of the area’s total NOx emissions and 31.88% of the 

area’s total VOC emissions. Gibson County is downwind of the Evansville area and does not 

impact monitor violations in Vanderburgh and Warrick counties. Vanderburgh County has 

significantly lower emissions than surrounding counties in Southwestern Indiana. There are no 

major stationary sources in Perry County and emissions from that county are not impacting the 

Evansville MSA. Overall, ozone values have continued to drop and NOx and VOC emissions are 

expected to decrease throughout the Midwest over the next few years when CAIR has been fully 

implemented. Reductions expected to occur in Warrick and Gibson counties over the next two 

years will significantly alter the contribution from these counties and further improve air quality 

in the near future. 

Level of Control of Emission Sources

NOx emissions from electric generating units in the Southwestern Indiana area have 

decreased substantially during the past few years. The decrease in NOx can be largely attributed 

to those electric generating units located within and surrounding the Southwest Indiana area that 

have reduced their NOx emissions as a result of the NOx SIP Call. 

The Southern Indiana Gas and Electric Company, Inc. (SIGECO) - F.B. Culley power 

plant located in Warrick County was required to shut down one of its electric generating units. 

The other two electric generating units are under a consent decree to operate at 95% efficiency at 

all times the units are in operation. With the consent decree, the controls result in a significant 

reduction in NOx emissions. These controls will be in place prior to the attainment date and 

emissions from the power plant will not increase in the near future. The ALCOA – Warrick 

Operations power plant located in Warrick County is currently controlled by Low NOx Burner 

Technology with Overfire Air. These controls are in place prior to the attainment date. Indiana 

believes that emissions from Warrick County do not affect the downwind area’s ability to attain 

the ozone standard. Most of the other major ozone precursor sources within the Evansville area 

are subject to the NOx SIP Call, CAIR or RACT requirements. 

Southwest Indiana 2005 NOX 

Point Source Emissions

Warrick 

County

22%

Posey County

11%

Pike County

25%

Vanderbugh 

County

0%

Gibson 

County

42%

Perry County

0%

Southwest Indiana 2005 VOC

Point Source Emissions

Warrick 

County

16%

Perry County

6%

Pike County

5%

Vanderbugh 

County

14%

Posey County

27%

Gibson 

County

32%
37

Comparison of 2005 Estimated and 2020 Projected Emission Estimates for Southwestern 

Indiana (Annual Tons) 

2005 2020 Change % Change 

NOx 100,738.05 33,920.55 -66,817.50 66.33% 

NOx emissions within the Southwestern Indiana area are projected to decline by 66.33% 

between 2005 and 2020. Emission reduction benefits from federal rules covering the NOx SIP 

Call, CAIR, Tier 2 Motor Vehicle Emissions Standards and Gasoline Sulfur Control 

Requirements, the Highway Heavy-Duty Engine Rule and the Nonroad Diesel Engine Rule are 

factored into the percent changes. Further, due to the implementation of the NOx SIP Call and 

CAIR, NOx and ozone levels entering this area will also be decreasing. 

Southwestern Indiana Traffic Patterns

2006 Commuting Patterns 

 

Total Workforce: 

Number of persons 

who live in County 

and work 

Number of persons 

who live AND work in 

County 

Number of persons 

who live in County 

and work in another 

County 

Percent In 

County 

Percent Out 

of County 

Gibson County 22,589 17,739 4,850 78.5% 21.5% 

Perry County 12,448 9,204 3,244 73.9% 26.1% 

Pike County 8,955 5,379 3,576 60.1% 39.9% 

Posey County 18,217 11,752 6,465 64.5% 35.5% 

Vanderburgh County 113,021 104,474 8,547 92.4% 7.6% 

Warrick County 39,248 20,834 18,414 53.1% 46.9% 

Within the Evansville MSA, Vanderburgh (92.4%) County maintains the highest 

concentration of employment by residents of the county, compared to the other counties within 

the area. The majority of the traffic congestion occurs in Vanderburgh and Warrick counties. A 

significant level of commuting occurs from the surrounding counties to Vanderburgh and 
38

Warrick counties. These two counties have the largest level of commuting to and from each 

other. 

Southwestern Indiana Growth Rates and Patterns

 

Population 

1990 

Population 

2000 

Percent 

Change 

from 

1990 to 

2000 

Population 

Estimate 

2007 

Percent 

Change 

from 

2000 to 

2007 

Population 

Estimate 

2010 

Percent 

Change 

from 

2000 to 

2010 

Population 

Estimate 

2020 

Percent 

Change 

from 

2000 to 

2020 

Gibson County 31,913 32,500 1.8% 32,754 0.8% 32,904 1.2% 35,004 7.2% 

Perry County 19,107 18,899 -1.1% 18,916 0.0% 18,709 -1.0% 18,738 -0.9% 

Pike County 12,509 12,837 2.6% 12,605 -1.8% 13,317 3.6% 12,986 1.1% 

Posey County 25,968 27,061 4.0% 26,262 -3.0% 26,605 -1.7% 26,053 -3.7% 

Vanderburgh County 165,058 171,922 4.0% 174,425 1.4% 174,355 1.4% 174,827 1.7% 

Warrick County 44,920 52,383 14.2% 57,090 8.2% 56,631 7.5% 62,845 16.6% 

Southwestern Indiana as a region has not grown very rapidly over the past decade, nor is 

it expected to in the future. There are signs of population shifts, but no expectation for regional 

growth that would adversely affect air quality. 

Evaluation for Southwestern Indiana

March 12, 2009 Designation Recommendations for Southwestern Indiana: 

Gibson County Attainment/Unclassifiable 

Perry County Nonattainment 

Pike County Attainment/Unclassifiable 

Posey County Attainment 

Vanderburgh County Nonattainment 

Warrick County Nonattainment 
REVISIONS TO EPA’S OZONE AIR QUALITY INDEX 

FACT SHEET 

ACTION 

• On March 12, 2008 EPA revised its Air Quality Index (AQI) for ozone to reflect changes 

to the national ambient air quality standards for ground-level ozone. The AQI is EPA’s 

color-coded tool for communicating daily air quality to the public. 

• The AQI revisions address the ranges of ozone that are represented by the AQI 

categories, such as “good,” “moderate,” “unhealthy for sensitive groups,” and 

“unhealthy.” EPA has adjusted the upper end of the “moderate” range to be equal to the 

new primary 8-hour ozone standard, which is 0.075 parts per million (ppm), and has 

made proportional changes to the other categories. This action is part of the rule EPA 

issued to significantly strengthen the ozone standards. 

• Under the revised AQI, ozone levels above 0.075 ppm would be considered in the 

“unhealthy for sensitive groups” category –known to many people as a “code orange” air 

quality day. When ozone is in this category, EPA recommends certain groups adjust their 

activity levels to reduce their ozone exposure. These groups include children and adults 

who are active outdoors, people with asthma or other lung diseases and older adults. 

• State and local governments may begin using the new AQI breakpoints immediately to 

issue voluntary ozone forecasts and for calling air quality action days. Cities of 350,000 

and larger are required to report the daily AQI and must begin using the new breakpoints 

no later than 60 days after the revised ozone standards are published in the Federal 

Register. 

• The table below shows the new breakpoints: 

401-500 No Change No Change

301-400 No Change No Change Hazardous

201-300 0.125-0.374 0.116-0.374 Very 

Unhealthy

Unhealthy 151-200 0.105-0.124 0.096-0.115

101-150 0.085-0.104 0.076-0.095

Unhealthy 

for 

Sensitive 

Groups

Moderate 51-100 0.065-0.084 0.060-0.075

Good 0-50 0.000-0.064 0.000-0.059

2008

8-hour

(ppm)

1997

8-hour

(ppm)

AQI 

Value Category

401-500 No Change No Change

301-400 No Change No Change Hazardous

201-300 0.125-0.374 0.116-0.374 Very 

Unhealthy

Unhealthy 151-200 0.105-0.124 0.096-0.115

101-150 0.085-0.104 0.076-0.095

Unhealthy 

for 

Sensitive 

Groups

Moderate 51-100 0.065-0.084 0.060-0.075

Good 0-50 0.000-0.064 0.000-0.059

2008

8-hour

(ppm)

1997

8-hour

(ppm)

AQI 

Value Category
BACKGROUND: 

• EPA calculates the AQI for five major air pollutants regulated by the Clean Air Act: 

ground-level ozone, particle pollution (also known as particulate matter), carbon 

monoxide, sulfur dioxide, and nitrogen dioxide. An AQI value of 100 generally 

corresponds to the “primary,” national air quality standard for the pollutant, which is the 

standard EPA sets to protect public health. 

• AQI values below 100 are generally thought of as satisfactory. When AQI values are 

above 100, air quality is considered to be unhealthy -- at first for certain sensitive groups 

of people, then for everyone as AQI values get higher. 

• People can reduce their exposure to ozone by changing the time of their activity or 

simply taking it easier on days when ozone levels are expected to be high. For example, a 

runner could run in the morning, when ozone levels are lower, instead of in the afternoon, 

when conditions tend to be more favorable for ozone formation. A runner also could 

reduce exposure by taking a walk instead of going for the run. 

• State and local governments issue voluntary ozone forecasts for more than 300 U.S. cities 

during the ozone season, which generally runs from May 1 to September 30. More than 

200 cities also issue forecasts for particle pollution, which can be a problem year-round, 

depending on location. These forecasts are widely carried on television and in 

newspapers, and also are available on the AIRNow Web site, at www.airnow.gov. 

FOR MORE INFORMATION

• For a daily map showing air quality forecasts across the country, got to www.airnow.gov

and click on “National Forecast.”

• To learn more about air pollution and health, go to www.airnow.gov and click on 

“Publications.” 

• For more information about EPA’s action to strengthen the national ozone standards, visit 

www.epa.gov/groundlevelozone. 
 

 

 

FACT SHEET 

FINAL REVISIONS TO THE NATIONAL AMBIENT AIR QUALITY STANDARDS 

FOR OZONE
 

SUMMARY OF ACTION 

Ozone standards 

• On March 12, 2008, EPA significantly strengthened its national ambient air quality standards 

(NAAQS) for ground-level ozone, the primary component of smog. These changes will 

improve both public health protection and the protection of sensitive trees and plants. 

• EPA is revising the 8-hour “primary” ozone standard, designed to protect public health, to a 

level of 0.075 parts per million (ppm). The previous standard, set in 1997, was 0.08 ppm. 

Because ozone is measured out to three decimal places, the standard effectively became 0.084 

ppm as a result of rounding. 

• EPA is also strengthening the secondary 8-hour ozone standard to the level of 0.075 ppm 

making it identical to the revised primary standard. EPA decided to strengthen the secondary 

ozone standard after concluding that the 1997 secondary standard is not adequate to protect 

public welfare. Current ozone air quality concentrations in many areas of the country -- 

including some areas that meet the 1997 ozone standards -- are high enough to harm sensitive 

vegetation and ecosystems. 

• EPA estimates that the revised standards will yield health benefits valued between $2 billion 

and $17 billion. Those benefits include preventing cases of bronchitis, aggravated asthma, 

hospital and emergency room visits, nonfatal heart attacks and premature death, among others. 

•	 In addition, EPA is changing the Air Quality Index (AQI) to reflect the new primary standard. 

The AQI is EPA’s color-coded tool designed for use by state and local authorities to inform the 

public about daily air pollution levels in their communities. 

Scientific Review 

•	 Breathing air containing ozone can reduce lung function and increase respiratory symptoms, 

thereby aggravating asthma or other respiratory conditions. Ozone exposure also has been 

associated with increased susceptibility to respiratory infections, medication use by asthmatics, 

doctors visits, and emergency department visits and hospital admissions for individuals with 

respiratory disease. Ozone exposure may also contribute to premature death, especially in 

people with heart and lung disease. 

• After evaluating the results of more than 1,700 new scientific studies available for this review, 

EPA concluded that ozone causes adverse health effects at the level of the 1997 standard and 

below. This newly available evidence strengthens EPA’s confidence in the findings of the 1997 

review and identifies important new health endpoints associated with ozone exposure, including 

mortality, increased asthma medication use, school absenteeism, and cardiac-related effects. 

Furthermore, studies of asthmatics indicate that they experience larger and more serious 

responses to ozone that last longer than responses for healthy individuals. 

1
 
• In addition, new scientific evidence since the last review of the ozone NAAQS continues to 

show that repeated exposure to ozone damages sensitive vegetation and trees, including those 

in forests and parks, leading to reduced growth and productivity, increased susceptibility to 

disease and pests, and damaged foliage. 

• EPA selected levels for the final standards after completing an extensive review of thousands of 

scientific studies on the impact of ground level ozone on public health and the environment. 

The Agency also carefully reviewed and considered public comment as well as comment from 

its Clean Air Scientific Advisory Committee (CASAC) on the proposed standards. EPA held 

five public hearings and received thousands of written comments. 

Clean Air Rules 

• EPA has issued a number of rules that will help states make progress toward meeting the 

revised ozone standards. These rules will significantly reduce ground-level ozone pollution, 

both regionally and nationally, by reducing emissions of NOx. These rules include the Clean 

Air Interstate Rule to reduce ozone forming emissions from power plants in the eastern United 

States, and the Clean Diesel Program to reduce emissions from highway, nonroad and 

stationary diesel engines nationwide. 

DETERMINING COMPLIANCE WITH THE STANDARDS 

• In addition to changing the level of the standards from 0.08 pm to 0.075 ppm, EPA is now 

specifying the level of the standard to the third decimal. An area will meet the revised 

standards if the three-year average of the annual fourth-highest daily maximum 8-hour average 

at every ozone monitor is less than or equal to the level of the standard (i.e., 0.075 ppm). 

BENEFITS AND COSTS 

• The Clean Air Act prohibits EPA from considering costs in setting or revising National 

Ambient Air Quality Standards. To inform the public, the Agency analyzes the benefits and 

costs of meeting the standards as required by Executive Order 12866 and guidance from the 

White House Office of Management and Budget. 

• To estimate the benefits of meeting a standard, EPA uses a sophisticated peer-reviewed 

approach to model the relationship between air quality and health and welfare effects, the air 

quality impacts of implementing future pollution control technologies, and the dollar values of 

resulting public health improvements. 

• EPA’s Regulatory Impact Analysis presents a range of benefits for meeting the revised ozone 

standards: 

o	 Based on the largest multi-city study used in EPA’s risk analysis, an estimated 260 to 2,000 

premature deaths would be avoided annually in 2020. When added to the other projected 

benefits from reduced ozone, these avoided deaths lead to an estimated total ozone-related 

benefit of $3 to $17 billion per year. 

2
 
 

 

o	 Using three studies that synthesize data across a large number of individual studies, an 

estimated 420 to 2,300 premature deaths would be avoided annually in 2020, leading to 

total monetized ozone-related benefits of between $4 and $17 billion per year. 

o Alternatively, if there is no causal relationship between ozone and mortality, avoided 

premature deaths associated with reduced ozone exposure would be zero, and the total 

monetized ozone-related benefits would range between $2 billion and $17 billion per year 

(including 190 to 2,000 deaths per year avoided due to reduced particle pollution). 

•	 The benefits estimates also include the value of an estimated reduction in the following adverse 

health effects in 2020: 

o 380 cases of chronic bronchitis, 

o 890 nonfatal heart attacks, 

o 1,900 hospital and emergency room visits, 

o 1,000 cases of acute bronchitis, 

o 11,600 cases of upper and lower respiratory symptoms, 

o 6,100 cases of aggravated asthma, 

o 243,000 days when people miss work or school, and 

o 750,000 days when people must restrict their activities because of ozone-related illnesses 

Note: These benefits estimates reflect both the ozone and particle pollution reductions that 

would result from a revised ozone standard. 

• To estimate the costs of meeting a standard, EPA uses several peer-reviewed approaches for 

modeling the cost of using both existing controls and controls that may be developed in the 

future for reducing NOx and VOCs . 

EPA estimates that costs of implementing a standard of 0.075 ppm would range from a low of 

$7.6 billion to a high of $8.8 billion annually in 2020. 

IMPLEMENTING THE STANDARDS 

•	 These revised standards will lead to substantially improved air quality in urban and rural areas 

throughout the United States. 

• The Clean Air Act requires EPA to designate areas as attainment (meeting the standards), 

nonattainment (not meeting the standards), or unclassifiable (insufficient data to classify) after 

the Agency sets a new standard, or revises an existing standard. The following schedule will 

apply to the revised ozone standards: 

o States must make recommendations to EPA no later than March 2009 for areas to be 

designated attainment, nonattainment and unclassifiable. 

3
 
 

 

o EPA will issue final designations of attainment, nonattainment and unclassifiable areas no 

later than March 2010 unless there is insufficient information to make these designation 

decisions. In that case, EPA will issue designations no later than March 2011. 

o	 States must submit State Implementation Plans outlining how they will reduce pollution to 

meet the standards by a date that EPA will establish in a separate rule. That date will be no 

later than three years after EPA’s final designations. If EPA issues designations in 2010, 

then these plans would be due no later than 2013. 

o	 States are required to meet the standards by deadlines that may vary based on the severity of 

the problem in the area. 

• EPA will issue a separate rule to address monitoring requirements necessary to implement the 

new standards. EPA intends to propose a monitoring rule in June 2008 and issue a final rule by 

March 2009. 

BACKGROUND: 

WHAT IS OZONE? 

• Ozone is found in two regions of the Earth’s atmosphere – at ground level and in the upper 

regions of the atmosphere. Both types of ozone have the same chemical composition (O3). 

While upper atmospheric ozone forms a protective layer from the sun’s harmful rays, ground 

level ozone is the primary component of smog. 

• Ground-level ozone is not emitted directly into the air, but forms through a reaction of nitrogen 

oxides (NOx) and volatile organic compounds (VOCs) in the presence of sunlight. 

• Emissions from industrial facilities and electric utilities, motor vehicle exhaust, gasoline vapors, 

and chemical solvents are the major man-made sources of NOx and VOCs. 

• Because sunlight and hot weather accelerate its formation, ozone is mainly a summertime air 

pollutant. Both urban and rural areas can have high ozone levels, often due to transport of ozone 

or its precursors (NOx and VOCs) from hundreds of miles away. 

OZONE AND PUBLIC HEALTH 

• Health effects associated with exposure to ground-level ozone include: 

o Reduced lung function, making it more difficult for people to breathe as deeply and 

vigorously as normal; 

o Irritated airways, causing coughing, sore or scratchy throat, pain when taking a deep breath 

and shortness of breath; 

o Increased frequency of asthma attacks; 

o Inflammation of and damage to the lining of the lung; 

o Increased susceptibility to respiratory infection; and 

o Aggravation of chronic lung diseases such as asthma, emphysema and bronchitis. 

4
 
 

 

 

• In some people, these effects can lead to: 

o Increased medication use among asthmatics; 

o More frequent doctors visits; 

o School absences; and 

o Increased emergency room visits and hospital admissions. 

• Ozone may continue to cause lung damage even when the symptoms have disappeared. 

• Breathing ozone may contribute to premature death, especially in people with heart and lung 

disease. 

OZONE AND THE ENVIRONMENT 

• Ground-level ozone can have harmful effects on various plants and ecosystems. When 

sufficient ozone enters the leaves of a plant, it can: 

o Interfere with the ability of sensitive plants to produce and store food, making them more 

susceptible to certain diseases, insects, other pollutants, competition and harsh weather 

o Visibly damage the leaves of trees and other plants, harming the appearance of urban 

vegetation, national parks, and recreation areas; and 

o Reduce forest growth and crop yields. 

REVIEW OF THE OZONE STANDARDS 

• The Clean Air Act directs EPA to set National Ambient Air Quality Standards for pollutants 

considered harmful to public health and the environment. National standards exist for six 

pollutants: ozone, particulate matter, carbon monoxide, lead, nitrogen dioxide, and sulfur 

dioxide. 

•	 For each of these pollutants, the Clean Air Act requires EPA to set the health-based or 

“primary” standards at a level judged to be “requisite to protect the public health with an 

adequate margin of safety” and establish secondary standards that are “requisite” to protect 

public welfare from “any known or anticipated effects associated with the pollutant in the 

ambient air” including effects on crops, vegetation, wildlife, buildings and national monuments, 

and visibility. 

•	 The law requires EPA to review the standards once every five years to determine whether 

revisions to the standards are appropriate. 

•	 EPA last updated the ozone standards in 1997. The decision to revise the standards was 

challenged in court by a number of parties and ultimately reached the U.S. Supreme Court. In 

2001, the Court unanimously upheld the constitutionality of the 1970 Clean Air Act provision 

that authorizes EPA to set NAAQS to protect public health and welfare. The Court also 

affirmed that the Clean Air Act requires EPA to set ambient air quality standards, at levels 

sufficient but not more than necessary, to protect the public health with an adequate margin of 

safety, and to protect the public welfare, without considering the economic costs of 

implementing the standards. 

5
 
 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

•	 Under terms of a consent decree, EPA agreed to issue a proposal on the ozone standards by 

June 20, 2007 and a final rule by March 12, 2008. 

•	 The ozone review process began with an assessment of scientific studies on ozone by EPA’s 

National Center for Environmental Assessment. This assessment was published as an Air 

Quality Criteria Document for Ozone, which explored the scientific data pertaining to the health 

and environmental effects associated with ozone. EPA’s Office of Air Quality Planning & 

Standards then prepared a “Staff Paper” document which presented key policy-relevant 

scientific information, the results of quantitative exposure and risk assessments with associated 

uncertainties, and a policy assessment that identified policy options, including ranges of 

standards, for consideration by the Administrator. 

•	 The Criteria Document and Staff Paper underwent extensive scientific and public review, 

including review by the Clean Air Scientific Advisory Committee (CASAC), EPA’s 

independent scientific advisory body established by the Clean Air Act. As part of its mandate, 

CASAC makes recommendations to EPA on the adequacy of the existing standards and 

revisions it believes would be appropriate. Based on the scientific assessments, and taking into 

account the recommendations of CASAC and public comments, the EPA Administrator must 

judge whether it is appropriate to revise the standards. 

•	 Before making a final decision on whether to revise the ozone NAAQS, EPA undertook an 

extensive public review and comment process on its proposed decision of June 20, 2007. The 

Agency carefully considered and analyzed issues raised in public comments during the public 

comment period on the proposed rule, which ended October 9, 2007. 

FOR MORE INFORMATION 

•	 Interested parties can download the notice from EPA's Web site at: 

http://www.epa.gov/groundlevelozone 

6
 
Lawrenceburg Twnshp

Allen

Jay

Lake

Knox

Vigo

White

Jasper

Cass

Clay

Pike

Rush

LaPorte

Parke

Grant

Greene

Perry

Ripley

Clark

Noble

Gibson

Porter

Wells

Posey

Elkhart

Owen

Henry

Boone

Miami

Jackson

Putnam

Dubois

Shelby

Pulaski Fulton

Marion

Wayne

Clinton

Sullivan

Harrison

Benton Carroll

Daviess Martin

Orange

Kosciusko

Monroe

Morgan

Madison

Newton

Marshall

Warrick

Wabash

Warren

Brown

DeKalb

Franklin

Adams

Starke

Spencer

Decatur

Randolph

Lawrence

Whitley

Fountain

Hamilton

Washington

St. Joseph

Tippecanoe

Tipton

Jennings

Delaware

Hendricks

Montgomery

Jefferson

LaGrange Steuben

Howard

Johnson

Scott

Huntington

Hancock

Crawford

Dearborn

Bartholomew

Fayette Union

Floyd

Switzerland

Ohio

Blackford

Vermillion

Vanderburgh

Legend

Ozone Counties

Attainment

O3 Nonattainment (Subpart 1/EPA-Basic)

O3 Nonattainment (Subpart 2/EPA-Marginal)

O3 Nonattainment (Subpart 2/EPA-Moderate)

OZONE NONATTAINMENT AREAS
Lawrenceburg Twnshp

Allen

Jay

Lake

Knox

Vigo

White

Jasper

Cass

Clay

Laporte

Pike

Rush

Parke

Grant

Greene

Perry

Ripley

Clark

Noble

Gibson

Porter

Wells

Posey

Elkhart

Owen

Henry

Boone

Miami

Jackson

Putnam

Dubois

Shelby

Pulaski Fulton

Marion

Wayne

Clinton

Sullivan

Harrison

Benton Carroll

Daviess Martin

Orange

Kosciusko

Monroe

Morgan

Madison

Newton

Marshall

Warrick

Wabash

Warren

Brown

DeKalb

Franklin

Adams

Starke

Spencer

Decatur

Randolph

Lawrence

Whitley

Fountain

Hamilton

Washington

St. Joseph

Tippecanoe Tipton

Jennings

Delaware

Hendricks

Lagrange

Montgomery

Jefferson

Steuben

Howard

Johnson

Scott

Huntington

Hancock

Crawford

Dearborn

Bartholomew

Fayette Union

Floyd

Switzerland

Ohio

Vermillion

Vanderburgh

Blackford

OZONE NONATTAINMENT AREAS

Legend

Ozone Counties

Attainment

Nonattainment (Subpart 2/EPA Moderate)

Nonattainment (Subpart 1/ EPA Basic)
Harding St

0.073

Gary IITRI

0.073

Leo

0.072

E 16th St

0.072

Avon

0.073

Flora

0.072

Bristol

0.072

Albany

0.071

Sandcut

0.070

Granger

0.073

Leopold

0.077

Emporia

0.072

LaPorte

0.070

Hammond

0.073

Whiting

0.077

Roanoke

0.070

Plummer

0.077

Dayville

0.071

Lynville

0.071

Fairland

0.075

Monrovia

0.076

Fort Ben

0.078

Boonville

0.077

Trafalgar

0.075

Fortville

0.076

Inglefield

0.080

Evansville

0.078

South Bend

0.062

Potato Crk

0.069

Valparaiso

0.070

Brownstown

0.074

New Albany

0.077

Whitestown

0.078

Fort Wayne

0.073

Terre Haute

0.065

St. Phillips

0.069

Michigan City

0.069

Mann Rd

0.076

Ogden Dunes

0.074

Noblesville

0.078

Charlestown

0.081

Allen

Jay

Lake

Knox

Vigo

White

Jasper

Cass

Clay

Laporte

Pike

Rush

Parke

Grant

Greene

Perry

Ripley

Clark

Noble

Gibson

Porter

Wells

Posey

Elkhart

Owen

Henry

Boone

Miami

Jackson

Putnam

Dubois

Shelby

Pulaski Fulton

Marion

Wayne

Clinton

Sullivan

Harrison

Benton Carroll

Daviess Martin

Orange

Kosciusko

Monroe

Morgan

Madison

Newton

Marshall

Warrick

Wabash

Warren

Brown

DeKalb

Franklin

Adams

Starke

Spencer

Decatur

Randolph

Lawrence

Whitley

Fountain

Hamilton

Washington

St. Joseph

Tippecanoe

Tipton

Jennings

Delaware

Hendricks

Lagrange

Montgomery

Jefferson

Steuben

Howard

Johnson

Scott

Huntington

Crawford

Dearborn

Bartholomew

Fayette Union

Floyd

Switzerland

Ohio

Hancock Vermillion

Vanderburgh

Blackford

Ozone Standard at 0.075 ppm

Based on 2006-2008 Ozone Design Values

Legend

Values posted are in units of ppm.

Values Under the Standard of 0.075 ppm

Values Over the Standard of 0.075 ppm

Ozone Counties Based on Ozone Standard of 0.075 ppm

Attainment

Nonattainment