MARYLAND DEPARTMENT OF THE ENVIRONMENT 

1800 Washington Boulevard • Baltimore MD 21230 

MDE 41o-s37-3ooo. 1-8oo-633-6101 

Martin O'Malley Shari T. Wilson 

Governor Secretary 

Anthony Brown Robert M. Summers, Ph.D. 

Lt. Governor Deputy Secretary 

Baltimore Nonattainment Area 

PM2.s 

State Implementation Plan and 

Base Year Inventory 

SIP Number: 08-04 

March 24, 2008 

Prepared for: 

U.S. Environmental Protection Agency 

Prepared by: 

Maryland Department of the Environment 
This Page Left Intentionally Blank 

BNAA PM2.s SIP II 3/24/2008 
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TABLE OF CONTENTS 

EXECUTIVE SUMMARY ................ .............................................................. ..................... I 

INTRODUCTION AND BACKGROUND .......................... ........ ........ ....... .... .............................. ..... 1 

SIP REQUIREMENTS FOR NONATTAINMENT AREAS ......................... ......................... .............. 4 

SIP PROCESS ..... .. ..... .............................................................. ........................... ... .... .... ........... 5 

STATE COMMITMENT/IMPLEMENTATION ASSURANCES .................. ................................... .... . 5 

SUBMITTAL OF THE PLANS ...................................... ....................................... ......................... 5 

SANCTIONS ......................... ................................................................. ... ......... ...... ................. 6 

BASE YEAR 2002 EMISSION INVENTORY AND FUTURE YEAR 2009 EMISSION INVENTORY .... 6 

REDUCTIONS IN PM2.s PRECURSORS FROM MEASURES, 2002-2009 ........................................ 8 

ESTABLISHMENT OF A BUDGET FOR TRANSPORTATION MOBILE EMISSIONS ........................... 8 

ATTAINMENT DEMONSTRATION .................................. ............ ................................. ....... ... .... 8 

DETERMINATION OF REASONABLY AVAILABLE CONTROL MEASURES (RACM) .................... 9 

CONTINGENCY MEASURES ........................................... ... ... .. ............................... ...... .............. 9 

DOCUMENT CONTENTS ..................................................................................................... ...... 9 

FINE PARTICLE POLLUTION .......................... ............................................................... 11 

DEFINITION OF FINE PARTICLE MATTER ............................................................................... 11 

HEALTH AND ENVIRONMENTAL EFFECTS .. .. .. .. .. . .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. . .. . .. .. .. . .. .. .. .. . .. .. .. .... .. .. .. . .. .. .. . .. .. .. 11 

SEASONAL VARIATION OF PM2.5 CONSTITUENTS ................................................................ 13 

DIURNAL VARIATION OF FINE PARTICLES ......... ... .......................... ........................... ........... 19 

TRAJECTORIES OF FINE PARTICLES ....................................................................................... 20 

MAJOR CONSTITUENTS OF PM2.5 AND SOURCES IN THE BALTIMORE REGION ..................... 22 

SOURCES OF FINE PARTICLES AND CONSTITUENTS ............................................................... 23 

DETERMINATION OF SIGNIFICANCE FOR PRECURSORS .......................................................... 24 

THE 2002 BASE-YEAR INVENTORY .......................... ..................... .............................. 27 

3.1 BACKGROUND AND REQUIREMENTS .................................................... ........................... ... .... 27 

3.2 TOTAL EMISSIONS BY SOURCE .............................................................................................. 28 

3. 2.1 Point Sources ............................................................................................... ............... 28 

3.2.2 Quasi-Point Sources ........ ................ ........................................................................... 28 

3.2.3 Area Sources ................................................. .............................................................. 28 

3.2.4 Mobile Sources ............................................................................................................ 29 

3.2.5 Nonroad Sources ................................ ............................................................... .......... 31 

3.2.6 Biogenic Emissions ....................................................................................... .............. 32 

4.0 THE 2009 PROJECTED UNCONTROLLED AND CONTROLLED INVENTORIES ... 33 

4.1 GROWTH PROJECTION METHODOLOGY .............................................................................. ... 33 

4.1.1 Growth Projection Methodology for Point Sources: EGAS ....................................... 33 

4.1.2 Growth Projection Methodology for Quasi-Point Sources ........................................ 34 

4.1.3 Growth Projection Methodology: Area Sources ............................... : ......................... 34 

4.1.4 Growth Projection Methodology: Nonroad Model Sources ....................................... 36 

4.1.5 Growth Projection Methodology: Nonroad Sources .................................................. 38 

4.1.6 Growth Projection Methodology: Onroad Sources .................................................... 38 

4.1. 7 Biogenic Emission Projections ................................................................................... 38 

4.2 OFFSET PROVISIONS, EMISSION REDUCTION CREDITS AND POINT SOURCE GROWTH ........... 39 

·· - 4.3 ACTUAL VS. ALLOWABLE EMISSIONS IN DEVELOPMENT OF THE 2009 PROJECTED EMISSIONS 

INVENTORIES ................... ..................................................................................................... 41 
4.4 2009 CONTROLLED EMISSIONS FOR ATTAINMENT .................................... ....... ..................... 41 

4.4.1 2009 Projected Controlled Inventory: Point Sources .... .. ...... .. .. .. ... .......... .... .......... .... 42 ·· 

4.4.2 2009 Projected Controlled Inventory: Quasi-Point Sources ...................... .. .. .. .......... 42 

4.4.3 2009 Projected Controlled Inventory: Area Sources ................................. .. ............... 42 

4.4.4 2009 Projected Controlled Inventory: Nonroad Sources .................. .. .......... .. .. ......... 42 

4.4.5 2009 Projected Controlled Inventory: Onroad Sources ............................................. 43 

4.5 2009 PROJECTED CONTROLLED INVENTORY- SUMMARY OF EMISSIONS ............................. 44 

5.0 CONTROL MEASURES ................... .... .... .. .................................................. ... ..... ......... .... 45 

5.1 CONTROL MEASURES INCLUDED IN 2002 BASELINE SCENARIO ............................ .. .... .. .. .. ... 45 

5.1.1 Point Source Measures ......................... ... ................................ .. .. ................... ............ 45 

5.1.2 Area Source Measures ........... ................. .. ....................... .... .. .... ......... ........... ............. 47 

5.1.3 On-Road Mobile Measures .. ......................................................................... ... .. .. ....... 50 

5.1.4 Non-Road Measures .................................................. .... ... ... .... ................ ... ... .. .. ....... .. . 51 

5.2 CONTROL MEASURES FOR PM2 5 ATTAINMENT ..................................................................... 53 

5.2.1 Point Sources .................................... .. ............................. .. ....... ..... .. .. ... ........ .............. 53 

5.2.2 On-Road Mobile ................................................ .. ..... ... ................ .. ... ............. .............. 55 

5.2.3 New Non-Road Measures .. .............................. ... .... ......... ........... .. .............................. 60 

5.3 VOLUNTARY AND INNOVATIVE CONTROL MEASURES .. .. ............... ..... .. ............ .................... 65 

5.3.1 Regional Forest Canopy Program: Conservation, Restoration, and Expansion ...... 66 

5.3.2 Clean Air Teleworking Initiative .... .... .. ... .............................. ... .... ...... .. ...................... 68 

5.3.3 High Electricity Demand Day (HEDD) Initiative ............................................... ....... 72 

5.3.4 Emission Reductions from Transportation Measures ........................................... .. .... 72 

6.0 REASONABLY AVAILABLE CONTROL MEASURE (RACM) ANALYSIS ............ .. 79 

6.1 ANALYSIS OVERVIEW AND CRITERIA ................................................................................... 79 

6.1.1 Implementation Date ......................................................................... .......................... 80 

6.1.2 Enforceability .............................................................................................................. 80 

6.1.3 Technological Feasibility ...................................................................................... ...... 81 

6.1.4 Economic Feasibility and Cost Effectiveness .................................................. .. ......... 81 

6.1. 5 Substantial and Widespread Adverse Impacts .............. ............................... .. .... ......... 81 

6.1.6 De Minimis Threshold. ................................................................ ... ......................... .... 81 

6.1. 7 Advancing Achievement of Annual 15.0 mg/ m3 Standard ................................ ........ . 81 

6.1. 8 Intensive and Costly Effort............................ .. ........ ...................... ................... ........... 1 

6.2 RACM MEASURE ANALYSIS ..................................... .... .... ........................ ....... ........... ......... 82 

6.2.1 Analysis Methodology .................... ... ... .. .. ... ... .. ....................................... ............... .. ... 82 

6.2.2 Analysis Results ............................... .... ..... ....................................... .. ...... .. .. .. .. ........... 82 

6.3 RACM DETERMINATION ........................................................... ........................................... 82 

6.4 RACT APPLICABILITY .............................................................. .......... ........ ......... ... .... .... .... .. 82 

7.0 MOBILE SOURCE CONFORMITY ...................................................... ........ ............... ..... 85 

7.1 SIGNIFICANCE OF PM2.5 POLLUTANTS AND PRECURSORS FOR THE BALTIMORE, MD 

N ONATTAINMENT A REA ......................................................... .. ..... ......... ...... .. .. ....... .... .... ..... 85 

7.2 TRANSPORTATION CONFORMITY ........................ .... ........ ........................ ................. .. ...... ..... 85 

7. 2.1 Responsibility for Making a Conformity Determination ............................................ 86 

7.2.2 Mobile Emissions Budget and the Baltimore Region Transportation Conformity 

Process ........................................................................ ..................... .. ......................... 87 

7.3 BUDGET LEVEL FOR ON-ROAD MOBILE SOURCE EMISSIONS ................................................ 87 

7.3.1 Modeling and Data ................................ .................... ...... ....................... .. .................. 87 

BNAA PMz.s SIP 11 3/24/2008 
7.3.2 Attainment Year Mobile Budgets ........................................................ ........ ............. ... 87 

8.0 1997 PM2.s NONA TTAINMENT AREA PLAN COMMITMENTS ................................. 89 

8.1 SCHEDULE OF ADOPTED CONTROL MEASURES ..................................................................... 89 

8.3 RACT APPLICABILITY .............................................................................. ..... ................ .. .... . 91 

8.4 REVISION OF NEW SOURCE REVIEW (NSR) REGULATIONS ........................... ......... ............. . 91 

9.0 ATTAINMENT PLAN DEMONSTRATION AND WEIGHT OF EVIDENCE ............... 93 

9.1 MODELING STUDY OVERVIEW ... .... ............................................................................ ........... 93 

9.I.I Background and Objectives ................... ... ..................................... ... ............ .. ..... ....... 9 3 

9.1.2 Relationship to Regional Modeling Protocols ............................................................ 95 

9.I.3 Conceptual Model ............ .. .................... .. ................................................................... 95 

9.2 DOMAIN AND DATABASE ISSUES .................... ...... ................................................. .. ....... ...... 96 

9.2.I Episode Selection ....................... ................ .. .................... .. ..................... .. .. .... .. .. .. ... ... 96 

9.2.2 Size of the Modeling Domain ...... .................................... ... ..... ................................ .... 96 

9.2.3 Horizontal Grid Size .............................. .................... ............ ..................................... 96 

9.2.4 Vertical Resolution .......... ............ ........ ....................................... .. .... ........................... 97 

9.2.5 Initial and Boundary Conditions ........................ .... ... ..... ............ ...... ..... ................. .... 97 

9.2.6 Meteorological Model Selection and Corifiguration ........................ .......................... 97 

9.2. 7 Emissions Model Selection and Corifiguration .......... .............. .... ... ............................ 97 

9.2.8 Air Quality Model Selection and Corifiguration ...... .. ................................................. 98 

9. 2. 9 Quality Assurance ..................................... ......... .. .................. ....... .. .. ........ ........... ....... 98 

9.3 MODEL PERFORMANCE EVALUATION ....................................... ............................................ 99 

9.3.I Overview .. ... .... ........ ... .......................................................... .. ..................................... 99 

9.3.2 Diagnostic and Operational Evaluation .... ............................... ............ .. .. .. ...... .......... 99 

9. 3. 3 Summary of Model Performance ..................................... ......................................... I 08 

9.4 ATTAINMENTDEMONSTRATION .......................... ............................................................... 108 

9. 4.I Overview .... .. ....................... .......................... .................... .. ...................................... I 08 

9.4.2 Modeled Attainment Test ............................................. .. ... ........................................ I 09 

9. 4. 3 Unmonitored Area Analysis .... ........... ... ............... ........... .. ........................................ II4 

9. 4. 4 Local Area Analysis ........ .......................... ......................... ....................................... II5 

9. 4. 5 Emissions Inventories ......... ....................... .............. ................................... .. .. .... ...... II5 

9.5 WEIGHT OF EVIDENCE DEMONSTRATION ........................................... ........ ......................... 115 

9.5.I Trend in PM2.s Design Values ................ ................. .......... ........................................ II6 

9. 5. 2 The Composition of P M2.s ........................................................ ................................. II8 

9. 5. 3 Review of Literature on P M2.5 ................. .. .............. ........ .......... ..... ... ............. .... .. ..... II8 

9.5.4 PM2.s Trends Over the Mid-Atlantic Region ................ ................ .. ........................... 119 

9. 5. 5 P M2.5 Composition As it Relates to Effectiveness of Controls .................................. II9 

9. 5. 6 Monitoring Data From Surface-Based Speciation Sites ...... .. ................................... I20 

9.5. 7 CMAQ PM2.s Modeling ........................................................................ ................. .... I20 

9.6 SUMMARY AND CONCLUSIONS OF ATTAINMENT DEMONSTRATION ........................ .. .......... 121 

9.7 PROCEDURAL REQUIREMENTS ............................................... ... ......................................... . 121 

9. 7.I Reporting .. .... .... ............... ... .............. .. .. .......... ......................... .. ................................ I2I 

9. 7. 2 Data Archival and Transfer of Modeling Files .. ....................................................... I2I 

10.0 CONTINGENCY PLAN .......................................... ....................... .. ............. ...... ............. 123 

10.1 CONTINGENCY MEASURES FOR THEATTAINMENTDEMONSTRATION ................... .............. 123 

IO.I.I Background ..... ............ ......... ................ ..... ............ ..... ..... ...... .. ..... ............................. I23 

I O.I.2 Required Reductions ...................... .. ............................ .............. ................ ............... I23 

BNAA PM2.s SIP iii 3/24/2008 
10.1.3 Identified Contingency Measures .. .. ............ .. ...... .. .......... .. ... .................................... 124 

APPENDICES 

Appendix A -Base Year Emission Inventory 

Appendix A-1: Base Year Emission Inventory Methodologies 

Appendix A-2: Point Source Base Year Inventory 

Appendix A-3: Quasi-Point Source Base Year Inventory 

Appendix A-4: Area Source Base Year Inventory 

Appendix A-5: Mobile Source Base Year Inventory 

Appendix A-6: Nonroad Source Base Year Inventory 

Appendix B -Projection Year Methodologies 

Appendix C- Reasonably Available Control Measures (RACM) Analysis 

Appendix C-1: List of Potential RACM Control Measures & Analysis 

Appendix C-2: BMC Reduction Measures List & Analysis 

Appendix D -Mobile Budget Documentation 

Appendix E- OTC MOU 

Appendix F - Contingency Synopsis of the ASIP Sensitivity Study 

Appendix G- Attainment Modeling 

Appendix G-1: Conceptual Model 

Appendix G-2: Modeling Domain Boundary 

Appendix G-3: Horizontal Grid Definitions for MM5 and CMAQ Modeling Domain 

Appendix G-4: Vertical Layer Definitions for MM5 and CMAQ Modeling Domain 

Appendix G-5: MM5 Model Configuration 

Appendix G-6: MM5 Model Performance Evaluation 

Appendix G-7: SMOKE Processing Description and Configuration 

Appendix G-8: CMAQ Configuration 

Appendix G-9: CMAQ Model Performance 

Appendix G-10: Additional Information on Design Value Calculations 

Appendix G-11 : Weight of Evidence Report 

BNAA PM2.s SIP IV 3/24/2008 
INDEX OF TABLES 

TABLE 2-1: EPA SIP REQUIREMENTS FOR PM POLLUTANTS .... ... ................... .. ................... ............... 25 

TABLE 2-2: SUMMARY OF SIGNIFICANCE DETERMINATIONS FOR SIP CONTROLS AND MOTOR VEHICLE 

EMISSION BUDGETS .... .............. .... ... ... .... .... .... ...... ... ... .............................. ... .. ...... ............. ................... 26 

TABLE 2-3: SUMMARY OF RATIONALE FOR VOC AND NH3 INSIGNIFICANCE DETERMINATIONS FOR 

SIP CONTROLS .......... ............ ...... ......... .. .. ... ..... .. .... ........... ... .. ...... ............. .... ... ......... ....... ................... 26 

TABLE 3-1: 2002 BASE-YEAR ANNUAL INVENTORY .................. ... .......... .. .. .. .. .. .. .............. ............ ...... 27 

TABLE 4-1: 2002-2009 AREA SOURCE GROWTH FACTORS ... ........ .... .............. .................. .................. 34 

TABLE 4-2: 2009 NONROAD MODEL INPUTS .................... ............ .... ............................. .................. 3 7 

TABLE 4.3: EMISSION REDUCTION CREDITS ......... ........ ........... .. .. ............ ........ .. ................ .................. 39 

TABLE 4-4: 2009 PROJECTED CONTROLLED ANNUAL INVENTORY (TPY) ........................................... 44 

TABLE 5-1: MARYLAND HEALTHY AIR ACT ANNUAL NOXEMISSIONS REDUCTIONS (TPY): ........... 54 

TABLE 5-2: ON-ROAD MOBILE EMISSIONS REDUCTIONS (TPY): ....................................................... 56 

TABLE 5-3: OFF-ROAD MOBILE EMISSIONS REDUCTIONS (TPY): ...................................................... 61 

TABLE 5-4: CLEAN AIR TELEWORKING TIME LINE .............................................................................. 71 

TABLE 7-1: 2009 ATTAINMENTMOBILEBUDGETSFOR THE BALTIMORE NONATTAINMENT AREA .... 88 

TABLE 8-1: MARYLAND SCHEDULE OF ADOPTED CONTROL MEASURES ............................................. 89 

TABLE 8-2: STATIONARY SOURCE PERMITTING REVISIONS ................................................................. 91 

TABLE 9-1: BALTIMORE NAA DESIGNATIONS FOR 24-HOUR AND ANNUAL PM2.s STANDARDS ......... 93 

TABLE 9-2. EPA PM2.s MODELING PERFORMANCE GOALS .............................................................. 100 

TABLE 9-3. VISTAS RPO PM2.s MODELING PERFORMANCE GOALS ............................................... 100 

TABLE 9-4 ANNUAL SMAT RESULTS FOR BALTIMORE NAA 2009 BEYOND-ON-THE-WAY CONTROL 

MEASURES ......................................................................................................................................... 112 

TABLE 9-5. 24-HOUR MODELING ATTAINMENT TEST USING EPA SMA T METHODOLOGY 2009 

BEYOND-ON-THE-WAY CONTROL MEASURES ................ ........ ........ .. .. .... .. ...... .................... .............. 113 

TABLE 1 0-1: CONTINGENCY REQUIREMENT FOR PM AND PM PRECURSORS ...... .............................. 123 

TABLE 10-2: CONTINGENCY MEASURES FOR 2008 PM2.s ATTAINMENT ...... .. ................................... 124 

BNAA PM2.s SIP v 3/24/2008 
INDEX OF FIGURES 

FIGURE 1-1: BALTIMORE, MD PM2.5 NON-ATTAINMENT AREA .............. ........................ ........ .... ........ 3 

FIGURE 1-2: BALTIMORE NON-ATTAINMENT AREAPM2.s MONITORS ................................................... 4 

FIGURE 1-3: PM2.s EMISSIONS BY SOURCE CATEGORY (2002 & 2009) ..................................... .. .......... 6 

FIGURE 1-4: NOx EMISSIONS BY SOURCE CATEGORY (2002 & 2009) ................................................... 7 

FIGURE 1-5: S02 EMISSIONS BY SOURCE CATEGORY (2002 & 2009) .................................................... 7 

FIGURE 2-1: ATMOSPHERIC CHEMICAL REACTIONS THAT CONTRIBUTE TO PM2.5 ............................. 12 

FIGURE 2-2: SEASONAL VARIATION OF PM2.s DURING 2000-2006 IN THE BALTIMORE, MD NONATTAINMENT AREA ...................................................................................................................... ....... . 13 

FIGURE 2-3: SEASONAL VARIATION OF SULFATE PM2.s (ESSEX MONITOR, 200 1-2005) ...................... 14 

FIGURE 2-4: SEASONAL VARIATION OF SULFATE PM2.

5 (FT. MEADE MONITOR, 2002-2004) ............. 14 

FIGURE2-5: SEASONAL VARIATIONOFNITRATEPM2.s (ESSEX MONITOR, 2001-2005) ...................... 15 

FIGURE 2-6: SEASONAL VARIATION OF NITRATE PM2.s (FT. MEADE MONITOR, 2002-2004) .............. 16 

FIGURE2-7: SEASONAL VARIATIONOFORGANICCARBON(ESSEXMONITOR, 2001-2005) ................. 17 

FIGURE 2-8: SEASONAL VARIATION OF ORGANIC CARBON (FT. MEADE MONITOR, 2002-2004) ......... 17 

FIGURE 2-9: SEASONAL VARIATION OF AMMONIUM (ESSEX MONITOR, 200 1-2005) ............................ 18 

FIGURE2-10: SEASONAL VARIATION OF AMMONIUM(FT. MEADE MONITOR, 2002-2004) .............. ... 19 

FIGURE2-11: DIURNAL PM2.s PATTERN- BALTIMORE NONATTAINMENT AREA ................................ 20 

FIGURE 2-12A: PM FINE BACK TRAJECTORIES ...................................................................................... 21 

FIGURE 2-12B: PM FINE BACK TRAJECTORIES ............................................................................... ....... 21 

FIGURE 2-13: ANNUALLY AVERAGED 2001-2003 CONCENTRATIONS OF PM2.5 CONSTITUENTS FOR 

BALTIMORE, MD ...................................... .. ................................. ................................................. .. .... 22 

FIGURE 2-14: PM2.5 COMPOSITION DATA FROM THE ESSEX, MD MONITOR ...................................... 23 

FIGURE2-15: PM2.5 COMPOSITION DATA FROM THEFT. MEADE, MD MONITOR .............................. 24 

FIGURE 5.1 AIR QUALITY ACTION GUIDE ............................................................................................ 69 

FIGURE 9-1: BALTIMORE NAA AND SURROUNDING REGIONS ............................................................. 94 

FIGURE 9-2. LOCATIONS USED FOR THE MODEL EVALUATION ACROSS THE OTR+ REGION: FRM ( e, 

264), STN (•, 50), AND IMPROVE (.6., 21) ............ .. ..................... .. ....... ....... ................................. 102 

FIGURE 9-3. COMPOSITE FRM DME SERIES ACROSS THE OTR+ REGION (264 MONITORS) .............. 103 

FIGURE 9-4. MFE AND MFB DME SERIES FOR FRM PM2.s ACROSS THE OTR + REGION ................ 103 

FIGURE 9-5. MFE BUGLE PLOT FOR FRM PM2.s ACROSS OTR+ REGION ......................................... 104 

FIGURE 9-6. MFE BUGLE PLOT FOR S04 ACROSS OTR+ REGION ..................................................... 104 

FIGURE 9-7. MFE BUGLE PLOT FOR N03 ACROSS OTR+ REGION .................................................... 105 

FIGURE 9-8. MFE BUGLE PLOT FOR NH4 ACROSS OTR+ REGION ..................................................... 105 

FIGURE 9-9. MFE BUGLE PLOTFORECACROSS OTR+ REGION ........................... ............................ 106 .. . : 

BNAA PM2.s SIP vi 3/24/2008 
FIGURE 9-10. MFE B UGLE PLOT FOR OMACRO S OTR+ REGION ...... ............................................. 106 

FIGURE 9-11. MFE B UGLE PLOT FOR Son.JCRUSTAL ACROS O TR + REGIO ...................... ............ 107 

F IGURE 9-ll. BALTIMORE NONA TTAINMENT AREA PM2.s MONITOR USED fN THE MODELl G 

D EMONSTRATION ......... ................. .. ............ ... .. ...... .... ............................. ........................................... 114 

FIGURE 9- 12. ANNUAL PM2.s DE JG V ALUES FOR BALTIMORE NONA TTAfNMENT AREA FROM 2002-

2006 ....... ........ ............ ......... ..... ... .................................. .... ..................... .... ................................ ...... . 117 

FlGURE 9-13. 24-HOVR PM2.5 DE ION VALUE FOR B AL TrMORE NONA TTAINME T AREA FROM 2002-

2006 ........... ....................................................................... ................. ............................................... 117 

BNAA PM2.s SIP Vll 3/24/2008 
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BNAA PM2.s SIP Vlll 3/24/2008 
3.0 THE 2002 BASE-YEAR INVENTORY 

3.1 Background and requirements 

The 2002 Base-Y ear Inventory is published in a separate document, "2002 Base Year Emissions 

Inventory & QNQC Plan Maryland," (June 15, 2006). This document was submitted to EPA 

Region III. This document was prepared the Maryland Department of the Environment. It is 

available for inspection at the Air and Radiation Management Administration, 1800 Washington 

Boulevard, Suite 730, Baltimore, Maryland 21230. Relevant portions of this document including, 

source category listings and descriptions, methods and data sources, emission factors, controls, 

spatial and temporal allocations, and example calculations are included in Appendix Al. The full 

inventory document titled, 2002 Base-Year Emissions Inventory of PM2.5 Precursor Emissions, is 

attached to this SIP document in Appendix A. 

The emissions inventory covers all Maryland nonattainment areas, Figure 1-1, which are classified 

as nonattainment areas for particulate matter by the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA). 

The 2002 emissions inventory is the starting point for calculating the emissions reduction 

requirement needed to meet the requirements prescribed for nonattainment areas by the Clean Air 

Act Amendments and EPA. 

Appendix A (2002 Base Year Emissions Inventory of PM2.5 Precursor Emissions for the Baltimore, 

MD Nonattainment Area) of the Annual PM2.5 SIP document addresses emissions ofPM2.5-

Primary, oxides of nitrogen (NOx), sulfur dioxide (S02), volatile organic compounds (VOCs), 

ammonia (NH3), and PMlO-Primary on an annual basis. Included in the inventory are 

anthropogenic (man-made) sources, such as, point, area, non-road and on-road mobile sources and 

biogenic (naturally occurring) sources of PM2.5 precursors. 

The 2002 base-year annual inventories for PM2.5-PRI, NOx, S02, VOC, NH3, and PM1 0-PRI are 

summarized in Table 3-1. 

NH3 

Point 183.92 

Quasi-Point 0.00 

Area 3,553.54 

Non-Road 11.25 

On-Road 2,460.86 

Biogenics 0.00 

Total 6,209.57 

Table 3-1: 

2002 Base-Year Annual Inventory 

(Tons/Year) 

NOx PM2.s-PRI PMIO-PRI SOx 

40,280.02 3,047.60 4,441.99 97,909.52 

2,966.26 320.30 421.90 1,965.68 

7,372.61 8,460.36 31,108.52 4,962.88 

14,077.13 1,525.44 1,586.41 1,202.93 

66,229.56 1,080.35 1,522.33 2,161.95 

635.56 0.00 0.00 0.00 

131,561.14 14,434.05 39,081.15 108,202.96 

* Small discrepancies may result due to roundmg 

BNAA PM2.s SIP 27 

voc Total 

3,463.14 149,326.19 

416.57 6,090.71 

40,654.48 96,112.39 

17,521.85 35,925.01 

25,823.92 99,278.97 

33,527.27 34,162.83 

121,407.23 420,896.10 

3/24/2008 
3.2 Total Emissions by Source 

3.2.1 Point Sources 

For emissions inventory purposes, point sources are defined as stationary, commercial, or industrial 

operations that emit more than 10 tons per year (tons/year) ofVOCs or 25 tons/year or more ofNOx 

or CO. The point source inventory consists of actual emissions for the base-year 2002 and includes 

sources within the geographical area of the Baltimore N onattainment Area. 

For source category listings and descriptions, methods and data sources, emission factors, controls, 

spatial and temporal allocations, and example calculations please refer to Appendix Al. 

For Base-Year Emission Inventory data please refer to Appendix A2. 

3.2.2 Quasi-Point Sources 

The Maryland Department of the Environment Air and Radiation Management has identified several 

facilities that due to size and/or function are not considered point sources. These establishments 

contain a wide variety of air emission sources, including traditional point sources, on-road mobile 

sources, off-road mobile sources and area sources. For each particular establishment, the emissions 

from these sources are totaled under a single point source and summary documents include these 

"quasi-point" sources as point sources. 

Quasi-point sources will include all emissions at the facility regardless of whether they are classified 

as point, area, nonroad, or mobile source emissions. These emissions are actual emissions reported 

for the facilities. The Baltimore Nonattainment Area has the following Quasi-point sources: 

• Baltimore Washington International Airport (BWI) 

• Aberdeen Proving Grounds 

These emissions have been included as Point Source in summary documents. 

For source category listings and descriptions, methods and data sources, emission factors, controls, 

spatial and temporal allocations, and example calculations please refer to Appendix Al. 

For Base-Year Emission Inventory data please refer to Appendix A3. 

3.2.3 Area Sources 

Area sources are sources of emissions too small to be inventoried individually and which 

collectively contribute significant emissions. Area sources include smaller stationary point sources 

not included in the states' point source inventories such as printing establishments, dry cleaners, and 

auto refinishing companies, as well as non-stationary sources. 

Area source emissions typically are estimated by multiplying an emission factor by some known 

indicator of collective activity for each source category at the county (or county-equivalent) level. 

An activity level is any parameter associated with the activity of a source, such as production rate or 

fuel consumption that may be correlated with the air pollutant emissions from that source. For 

example, the total amount of VOC emissions emitted by commercial aircraft can be calculated by 

BNAA PM2.s SIP 28 3/24/2008 
multiplying the number of landing and takeoff cycles (LTOs) by an EPA-approved emission factor 

per L TO cycle for each specific aircraft type. 

Several approaches are available for estimating area source activity levels and emissions. These 

include apportioning statewide activity totals to the local inventory area and using emissions per 

employee (or other unit) factors. For example, solvent evaporation from consumer and commercial 

products such as waxes, aerosol products, and window cleaners cannot be routinely determined for 

many local sources. The per capita emission factor assumes that emissions in a given area can be 

reasonably associated with population. This assumption is valid over broad areas for certain 

activities such as dry cleaning and small degreasing operations. For some other sources an 

employment based factor is more appropriate as an activity surrogate. 

For source category listings and descriptions, methods and data sources, emission factors, controls, 

spatial and temporal allocations, and example calculations please refer to Appendix Al. 

For Base-Year Emission Inventory data please refer to Appendix A4. 

3.2.4 Mobile Sources 

On-road mobile sources include all vehicles registered to use the public roadways. The predominant 

emission source in this category is the automobiles, although trucks and buses are also significant 

sources of emissions. 

The computation of highway vehicle emissions required two primary entities: a) vehicle emission 

factors and b) vehicle activity. 

The Emission factors are generated by using the latest version ofU.S. EPA's emission factor model 

MOBILE6.2. Vehicle activity (vehicle miles traveled- termed VMT for short) is usually obtained 

from two sources: a) State Highway Administration (SHA), and b) Baltimore Metropolitan Council 

(BMC). VMT data from SHA, based on vehicle traffic counts on the roadway system, is mainly used 

for the rural counties. The BMC-provided transportation modeled link-based data is used in the 

emission modeling of the Baltimore Nonattainment Area as mandated by the CAAA 1990. 

In a simple modeling scenario, the product of emission factor and vehicle miles traveled should yield 

emission levels for that scenario. Proper units and conversion are used to arrive at reasonable 

emission estimates. 

In a complex modeling scenario many types of emissions such as exhaust, evaporative, diurnal, 

crankcase, refueling, etc., emissions are computed separately and treated with the appropriate 

activity levels to yield a complex model result. 

MOBILE6 expects enormous amount of local data input such as the fleet characteristics, fleet 

mileage accrual rates, speed, fuel parameters, inspection and maintenance (liM) program in place, 

weather data, and so on. 

In MOBILE6 emission factor model, the total highway vehicle population is characterized by the 

following 16 composite vehicle type categories: 

BNAA PMz.s SIP 29 3/24/2008 
LDV -Light-Duty Vehicles (Passenger Cars) 

LDTl - Light-Duty Trucks 1 

LDT2 - Light-Duty Trucks 2 

LDT3 - Light-Duty Trucks 3 

LDT4 - Light-Duty Trucks 4 

HDV2B- Class 2b Heavy Duty Vehicles 

HDV3 -Class 3 Heavy Duty Vehicles 

HDV4 -Class 4 Heavy Duty Vehicles 

HDV5 -Class 5 Heavy Duty Vehicles 

HDV6 -Class 6 Heavy Duty Vehicles 

HDV7 -Class 7 Heavy Duty Vehicles 

HDV8A- Class 8a Heavy Duty Vehicles 

HDV8B- Class 8b Heavy Duty Vehicles 

HDBS - School Buses 

HDBT - Transit and Urban Buses 

MC - Motorcycles 

These composite vehicle types are further classified into 28 vehicle types - gasoline or diesel 

vehicles depending on the vehicle types. All motorcycles are gasoline based and transit and urban 

buses are diesels. School Bus can be either gasoline driven or diesel driven vehicle. 

MOBILE6 also allows for the modeling of other fuel type vehicle such as hybrids and alternate fuel 

vehicles (AFV) as a special case in a complex modeling initiative. 

MOBILE6 model produces emission factors, for each of the 28 vehicle types, and one composite 

factor for all vehicle types. 

A post-processing system takes care of all emission computations of the modeling domain by 

aggregating the emissions from roads/links appropriate to the area and produces meaningful reports 

by area, by vehicle type and by roadway type. 

For source category listings and descriptions, methods and data sources, emission factors, controls, 

spatial and temporal allocations, and example calculations please refer to Appendix A 1. 

For Base-Y ear Emission Inventory data please refer to Appendix AS. 

BNAA PM2.s SIP 30 3/24/2008 

.· 
3.2.5 Nonroad Sources 

Emissions for all nonroad vehicles and engines except airport (aircraft, ground support equipment 

(GSE) and, auxiliary power units (APU)), locomotives, and diesel marine vessels were calculated 

using EPA's NONROAD2005.0.0 (dt. 12/02/2005) model. Since the time it was first issued on 

12/02/2005, this model version underwent several corrections. The base year nonroad inventory was 

created using the version current as of 3/21/2006. 

Emissions from the "nonroad vehicles and engines" category result from the use of fuel in a diverse 

collection of vehicles and equipment, including vehicles and equipment in the following categories: 

• Recreational vehicles, such as all-terrain vehicles and off-road motorcycles; 

• Logging equipment, such as chain saws; 

• Agricultural equipment, such as tractors; 

• Construction equipment, such as graders and back hoes; 

• Industrial equipment, such as fork lifts and sweepers; 

• Residential and commercial lawn and garden equipment, such as leaf and snow blowers. 

• Aircraft ground support equipment. 

The nonroad model estimates emissions for each specific type of nonroad equipment by multiplying 

the following input data estimates: 

• Equipment population for base year (or base year population grown to a future year), 

distributed by age, power, fuel type, and application; 

• Average load factor expressed as average fraction of available power; 

• Available power in horsepower; 

• Activity in hours of use per year; and 

• Emission factor with deterioration and/or new standards. 

The emissions are then temporally and geographically allocated using appropriate allocation factors. 

Aircraft (military, commercial, general aviation, and air taxi) and auxiliary power units (APU) 

operated at airports along with locomotives and diesel marine vessels are also considered nonroad 

sources and are included in the nonroad category. 

Baltimore Washington International Airport (BWI) and the Maryland Aviation Administration 

(MAA) provided all types of airport emissions for the airport. The Maryland Port Authority 

provided data for commercial marine vessels entering the Chesapeake Bay. Emissions from 

locomotives and commercial diesel marine vessels were calculated my MDE engineers. 

For source category listings and descriptions, methods and data sources, emission factors, controls, 

spatial and temporal allocations, and example calculations please refer to Appendix Al. 

For Base-Y ear Emission Inventory data please refer to Appendix A6. 

BNAA PM2.s SIP 31 3/24/2008 
3.2.6 Biogenic Emissions 

An important component of the inventory is biogenic emissions. Biogenic emissions are those 

resulting from natural sources. Biogenic emissions are primarily VOCs that are released from 

vegetation throughout the day. Biogenic emissions ofNOx include lightning and forest fires. EPA 

used a biogenic computer model (BEIS3 .12) to estimate biogenic emissions for each county in the 

country for all twelve months of the year 2002. 

Emissions data for Baltimore Nonattainment area was acquired from the EPA website 

(ftp://ftp.epa.gov/Emislnventory/2002finalnei!biogenic _sector_ datal). EPA has recommended that 

states use these emissions in case they do not have their own estimated biogenic emissions. 

Baltimore, MD particulate matter non-attainment area decided to use the inventories provided by the 

EPA. 

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