Illinois Official Reports 

Appellate Court

Pinske v. Allstate Property & Casualty Insurance Co., 2015 IL App (1st) 150537

Appellate Court 

Caption

MARK PINSKE, on Behalf of Himself and All Others Similarly 

Situated, Plaintiff-Appellant, v. ALLSTATE PROPERTY AND 

CASUALTY INSURANCE COMPANY, Defendant-Appellee.

District & No. First District, Second Division

Docket No. 1-15-0537

Filed October 27, 2015

Decision Under 

Review

Appeal from the Circuit Court of Cook County, No. 14-CH-11443; the 

Hon. Kathleen M. Pantle, Judge, presiding.

Judgment Affirmed.

Counsel on

Appeal

A.W. Block & Associates, of Chicago (Alvin W. Block, Jerome E. 

Boyle, and Rebecca R. Trayber, of counsel), for appellant.

Cozen O’Connor, of Chicago (Peter J. Valeta and Bryan J. Johnson, of 

counsel), for appellee.

Panel JUSTICE NEVILLE delivered the judgment of the court, with 

opinion.

Presiding Justice Pierce and Justice Simon concurred in the judgment 

and opinion.
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 OPINION 

¶ 1 Mark Pinske, the plaintiff, filed a personal injury lawsuit against Lawrence White. Allstate 

Property and Casualty Insurance Company (Allstate) defended White in the lawsuit. The 

circuit court dismissed Pinske’s complaint with prejudice because the parties agreed to resolve 

the matter through binding arbitration. 

¶ 2 Subsequently, the parties entered into a binding mediation agreement which included a 

high-low agreement that limited the amount Pinske could recover. At the conclusion of the 

binding mediation, the mediator, Judge Michael Hogan (Ret.), entered an award in favor of 

Pinske on May 16, 2013, that triggered the maximum award, $100,000, of the high-low 

agreement. Pinske requested interest on the $100,000 award on August 12, 2013. Allstate paid 

the $100,000 but refused to pay interest on the award. 

¶ 3 Pinske then filed a class action lawsuit against Allstate seeking interest on the award 

pursuant to section 2-1303 of the Illinois Code of Civil Procedure (Code) (735 ILCS 5/2-1303 

(West 2012)), arguing that Allstate did not timely issue the funds at the conclusion of the 

binding mediation. Allstate filed a section 2-619 motion to dismiss the complaint (735 ILCS 

5/2-619(a)(9) (West 2012)), maintaining that the parties’ binding mediation agreement 

included a high-low agreement which settled the matter and absolved Allstate of any liability 

to Pinske beyond the award entered by Judge Hogan. The circuit court granted Allstate’s 

motion to dismiss and Pinske timely filed this appeal. 

¶ 4 We find that the high-low agreement the parties entered into was a settlement agreement 

and that the $100,000 award was predetermined by the parties’ agreement and was not 

determined after an actual adjudication. Because the $100,000 was not awarded after an actual 

adjudication, Allstate was not required to pay Pinske interest pursuant to section 2-1303 of the 

Code. Therefore, we hold that the circuit court did not err when it granted Allstate’s section 

2-619 motion to dismiss Pinske’s complaint.

¶ 5 BACKGROUND

¶ 6 On January 9, 2009, Pinske was injured in an automobile accident by a vehicle driven by 

White, Allstate’s insured. Pinske filed a personal injury lawsuit against White, and Allstate 

paid for and controlled White’s defense pursuant to White’s insurance policy with Allstate.

¶ 7 On November 26, 2012, the circuit court entered an order dismissing Pinske’s complaint 

with prejudice “pursuant to the parties [sic] agreement to submit the matter to binding 

arbitration.” The court further ordered that it would “retain jurisdiction over the matter to 

enforce the award of the arbitrator and adjudicate any liens.”

¶ 8 Following dismissal of Pinske’s complaint, the parties signed a binding mediation 

agreement with ADR Systems. The mediation agreement provided that the “Honorable 

Michael Hogan (Ret.) shall serve as the sole Mediator in this matter.” It further provided that 

“the Mediator shall decide all issues concerning liability and damages arising from the dispute 

if this matter cannot be settled.” (Emphasis omitted.)

¶ 9 Section III(F) of the mediation agreement, entitled “Award Limits,” provided:

“1. The Parties may agree prior to the Mediation that a minimum and maximum 

amount will serve as parameters for the Award (sometimes referred to as a ‘high/low 
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agreement’), such that the actual amount that must be paid to the plaintiff or claimant 

shall not exceed a certain amount (the ‘high’ or ‘maximum award’) and shall not be less 

than a certain amount (the ‘low’ or ‘minimum award’).

 ***

 b. All award minimum and maximum parameters are subject to applicable 

set-offs if any, as governed by policy provisions if not specified in the Agreement. 

The parties agree that for this Mediation the minimum award to Mark Pinske will be 

$50,000.00. Also, the maximum award to Mark Pinske will be $100,000.00. These 

amounts reflect the minimum and maximum amounts of money that Allstate insurance 

shall be liable to pay Mark Pinske.”

¶ 10 Section IV of the mediation agreement was entitled “Effect of this Agreement” and 

provided: 

“A. After the commencement of the Mediation, no Party shall be permitted to 

cancel this Agreement or the Mediation and the Mediator shall render a decision that 

shall be in accordance with the terms set forth in this Agreement. When the Award is 

rendered, the Mediation is resolved, and any Award arising from this Mediation shall 

operate as a bar and complete defense to any action or proceeding in any court or 

tribunal that may arise from the incident upon which the Mediation is based. 

 B. The Parties further agree that any pending litigation will be dismissed, with 

prejudice, as to those Parties participating in this Mediation upon the conclusion 

thereof. Any and all liens, including contractual rights of subrogation owed are subject 

to existing Illinois law. By agreement of the Parties, the Mediator’s Award will be final 

and binding and not subject to appeal or motion for reconsideration by any Party.”

¶ 11 On March 29, 2013, the parties engaged in mediation before Judge Hogan. Judge Hogan 

entered an award in the amount of $194,231 in favor of Pinske on May 16, 2013. This award 

triggered the maximum award in the high-low agreement and Allstate was only required to pay 

$100,000. 

¶ 12 In a letter to Allstate’s representative, Barbara Crawford, dated August 12, 2013, Rebecca 

Trayber, one of Pinske’s attorneys, requested that Allstate issue checks to a list of lienholders 

and that it issue a check to Pinske with interest. Trayber noted that a “satisfaction” would be 

issued to Allstate upon receipt of payment. 

¶ 13 The parties agree that Allstate issued settlement checks totaling $100,000 in accordance 

with the high-low agreement on August 23, 2013. On November 5, 2013, Allstate issued a 

letter to Trayber, stating, “As soon as your office instructed us on check payees and amounts, 

Allstate issued the $100,000. No interest is owed and will not be considered.”

¶ 14 On July 11, 2014, Pinske filed a class action lawsuit seeking interest from Allstate on the 

May 16, 2013 award of $100,000 pursuant to section 2-1303 of the Code. 735 ILCS 5/2-1303 

(West 2012). Section 2-1303 provides: 

“Interest on judgment. Judgments recovered in any court shall draw interest at the rate 

of 9% per annum from the date of the judgment until satisfied or 6% per annum when 

the judgment debtor is a unit of local government, as defined in Section 1 of Article VII 

of the Constitution, a school district, a community college district, or any other 

governmental entity. When judgment is entered upon any award, report or verdict, 

interest shall be computed at the above rate, from the time when made or rendered to 
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the time of entering judgment upon the same, and included in the judgment. Interest 

shall be computed and charged only on the unsatisfied portion of the judgment as it 

exists from time to time. The judgment debtor may by tender of payment of judgment, 

costs and interest accrued to the date of tender, stop the further accrual of interest on 

such judgment notwithstanding the prosecution of an appeal, or other steps to reverse, 

vacate or modify the judgment.” 735 ILCS 5/2-1303 (West 2012). 

¶ 15 On September 12, 2014, Allstate filed a section 2-619(a)(9) motion to dismiss Pinske’s 

class action complaint. 735 ILCS 5/2-619(a)(9) (West 2012). In support of the motion to 

dismiss, Tammy Sherman, Allstate’s claims service leader, averred in an affidavit that “[o]n or 

about May 24, 2013, Allstate contacted Plaintiff’s counsel, Rebecca Trayber, and requested 

specific information regarding the names of the entities to whom the settlement checks should 

be made payable and respective amounts of said checks.” Sherman also averred in her affidavit 

that Allstate was “ready and able” to make payment at that time, but plaintiff’s counsel 

required additional time to “negotiate the medical liens applicable to her client’s recovery.” On 

October 10, 2014, Pinske responded to Allstate’s section 2-619 motion to dismiss with an 

affidavit from one of his attorneys, Jerome E. Boyle, who averred that Sherman had not 

accurately described her involvement in the case and that a deposition of Sherman or Barbara 

Crawford was necessary in order to respond to Allstate’s motion. On December 5, 2014, 

Allstate filed a reply in support of its section 2-619 motion to dismiss. On January 23, 2015, the 

circuit court granted Allstate’s motion to dismiss Pinske’s complaint, and Pinske timely filed 

his notice of appeal on February 17, 2015. 

¶ 16 ANALYSIS 

¶ 17 A motion to dismiss under “section 2-619(a) (735 ILCS 5/2-619(a) (West 2000)) admits 

the legal sufficiency of the plaintiff’s claim, but asserts certain defects or defenses outside the 

pleading that defeat the claim.” Solaia Technology, LLC v. Specialty Publishing Co., 221 Ill. 

2d 558, 579 (2006). When ruling on a motion to dismiss, the trial court must interpret all 

pleadings and supporting documents in the light most favorable to the nonmoving party and 

grant the motion if the plaintiff can prove no set of facts that would support a cause of action. 

Rodriguez v. Sheriff’s Merit Comm’n, 218 Ill. 2d 342, 349 (2006). We review an order granting 

a section 2-619 motion to dismiss de novo. Solaia, 221 Ill. 2d at 579. 

¶ 18 Initially, Pinske asks this court to reverse the circuit court’s order that granted Allstate’s 

section 2-619 motion to dismiss because Allstate’s motion was improper as it denied the 

allegations of Pinske’s complaint rather than offering some other affirmative matter outside of 

the pleading that defeated Pinske’s claim. Pinske raises this argument for the first time on 

appeal. It is well settled in Illinois that “issues not raised in the trial court are deemed waived 

and may not be raised for the first time on appeal.” Haudrich v. Howmedica, Inc., 169 Ill. 2d 

525, 536 (1996). We note that “waiver” and “forfeiture” are often used interchangeably, 

however they have distinct meanings. “Waiver” means the “voluntary relinquishment of a 

known right,” and “forfeiture” means “the failure to make the timely assertion of the right.” 

People v. Blair, 215 Ill. 2d 427, 444 n.2 (2005). We found no evidence in the record that Pinske 

intentionally relinquished or abandoned his right to raise this issue, so we find that he failed to 

timely raise this issue. Blair, 215 Ill. 2d at 444 n.2. Therefore, we find that Pinske forfeited this 

issue by not raising it in the circuit court. 
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¶ 19 However, waiver and forfeiture rules serve as an admonition to litigants rather than a 

limitation upon the jurisdiction of the reviewing court, and courts of review may sometimes 

override considerations of waiver and forfeiture in order to achieve a just result and maintain a 

sound and uniform body of precedent. Daley v. License Appeal Comm’n, 311 Ill. App. 3d 194, 

200 (1999). Forfeiture aside, Pinske maintains that Allstate cannot rebut the allegations in 

Pinske’s complaint by supplementing its section 2-619 motion with an affidavit. 

¶ 20 We find that section 2-619 specifically provides that an affidavit can be used to support a 

section 2-619 motion: 

“(a) Defendant may, within the time for pleading, file a motion for dismissal of the 

action or for other appropriate relief upon any of the following grounds. If the grounds 

do not appear on the face of the pleading attacked the motion shall be supported by 

affidavit: 

 * * * 

 (c) *** If a material and genuine disputed question of fact is raised the court may 

decide the motion upon the affidavits and evidence offered by the parties ***.” 735 

ILCS 5/2-619(a), (c) (West 2012). 

Therefore, after reviewing the Code, we hold that Allstate was permitted by section 2-619 of 

the Code to support its motion to dismiss with an affidavit. 735 ILCS 5/2-619(a), (c) (West 

2012). 

¶ 21 Pinske next argues that although the binding mediation agreement characterizes the 

proceeding as mediation, the parties actually entered into arbitration, that interest is properly 

awarded on an arbitration award, and that he should receive interest on his award in this case. 

Pinske also argues that the high-low agreement the parties entered into is not a settlement 

agreement, but merely a limit on the award. 

¶ 22 We find that the issue before this court is whether the high-low agreement was a settlement 

agreement, and if so, whether interest, pursuant to section 2-1303 of the Code (735 ILCS 

5/2-1303 (West 2012)), accrues on an award that is predetermined by a high-low agreement. 

Illinois courts have recognized that high-low agreements are settlement agreements. See 

Garley v. Columbia LaGrange Hospital, 377 Ill. App. 3d 678, 679-80 (2007); Madalinski v. St. 

Alexius Medical Center, 369 Ill. App. 3d 547, 550 (2006); Wingo v. Rockford Memorial 

Hospital, 292 Ill. App. 3d 896, 912 (1997). Courts from other states have also held that 

high-low agreements are settlement agreements. Cunha v. Shapiro, 837 N.Y.S.2d 160, 163-65 

(N.Y. App. Div. 2007); Thompson v. T.J. Whipple Construction Co., 985 A.2d 221, 224 (Pa. 

Super. Ct. 2009) (“Pennsylvania courts have long recognized high/low agreements as both 

contractual agreements and as a type of settlement.”); Employers Reinsurance Corp. v. 

Gordon, 209 S.W.3d 913, 917 (Tex. App. 2006) (In which the court quoted Black’s Law 

Dictionary and explained, “A high-low agreement is defined as ‘[a] settlement in which a 

defendant agrees to pay the plaintiff a minimum recovery in return for the plaintiff’s agreement 

to accept a maximum amount regardless of the outcome of the trial.’ ” (quoting Black’s Law 

Dictionary 746 (11th ed. 2004))).

¶ 23 We find Cunha, 837 N.Y.S.2d at 163-65, a New York case with similar facts, instructive 

and persuasive. In that case, the New York Supreme Court held that a $325,000/$50,000 

high-low agreement the parties entered into was a settlement. Cunha, 837 N.Y.S.2d at 163-65. 

The court reasoned: 
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“A high-low agreement, when initially reached by the parties in a litigation, is, in 

fact, a conditional settlement. The condition of the agreement is that the jury render a 

verdict that falls outside the range of the high-low agreement. When a verdict is 

rendered outside of the agreed-upon range, the condition is triggered and the ‘high’ or 

the ‘low’ becomes binding upon the parties as a settlement. By contrast, when a jury 

renders a verdict within the range of the high-low agreement, the condition is not met 

and the high-low agreement is rendered academic.” Cunha, 837 N.Y.S.2d at 163. 

Therefore, when the jury rendered a verdict outside of the range of the “high” limit of the 

agreement, the verdict was “supplanted by the parties’ agreement that damages be paid in the 

sum of $325,000 instead. The $325,000 award was not determined by the jurors, but rather, by 

the parties themselves.” Cunha, 837 N.Y.S.2d at 164. 

¶ 24 Like Cunha, the parties in the present case entered into a settlement agreement that was 

triggered when Judge Hogan entered an award of $194,231 which was beyond the maximum 

award or high limit of the high-low agreement. The $100,000 award was not the amount 

awarded by Judge Hogan; instead, the parties’ high-low agreement predetermined that 

$100,000 would be the maximum award. Therefore, we find that the high-low agreement the 

parties entered into was a settlement agreement. Garley, 377 Ill. App. 3d at 680; Madalinski, 

369 Ill. App. 3d at 550; Cunha, 837 N.Y.S.2d at 164. 

¶ 25 Next, we must determine whether interest is paid on an award predetermined by a high-low 

agreement. Section 2-1303 of the Code permits interest to accrue on a judgment that is entered 

on “any award, report or verdict.” 735 ILCS 5/2-1303 (West 2012). Our supreme court held 

that in order for interest to accrue, “the sum in question must be the result of an actual 

adjudication *** as distinct from the parties’ stipulation or settlement agreement.” Illinois 

State Toll Highway Authority v. Heritage Standard Bank & Trust Co., 157 Ill. 2d 282, 300-01 

(1993). 

¶ 26 We find that Pinske’s $100,000 award was predetermined by the parties’ high-low 

agreement and was not an award based on an actual adjudication. 

¶ 27 Therefore, we hold: (1) that the $100,000 award was predetermined by a high-low 

agreement entered into by the parties so it was a settlement agreement; (2) that section 2-1303 

of the Code provides for interest to accrue on a judgment entered on an award after an 

adjudication; and (3) that the $100,000 award was predetermined by the parties’ high-low

agreement, and not by an actual adjudication, so Pinske is not entitled to interest on the 

$100,000 award. Illinois State Toll Highway Authority, 157 Ill. 2d at 300-01. Accordingly, the 

circuit court did not err when it granted Allstate’s section 2-619 motion to dismiss Pinske’s 

complaint. 

¶ 28 CONCLUSION 

¶ 29 Illinois courts and courts of other states hold that high-low agreements are settlement 

agreements. Garley, 377 Ill. App. 3d at 680; Madalinski, 369 Ill. App. 3d at 550; Cunha, 837 

N.Y.S.2d at 163-65; Thompson, 985 A.2d at 224; Employers Reinsurance Corp., 209 S.W.3d 

at 917. Interest accrues on judgments entered on awards after an actual adjudication, but does 

not accrue on awards that are predetermined by high-low agreements. Illinois State Toll 

Highway Authority, 157 Ill. 2d at 300-01. Therefore, because Pinske’s award was 

predetermined by the parties’ high-low agreement, Pinske was not entitled to interest on the 

$100,000 award. 735 ILCS 5/2-1303 (West 2012); Illinois State Toll Highway Authority, 157 
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Ill. 2d at 300-01; Garley, 377 Ill. App. 3d at 680; Madalinski, 369 Ill. App. 3d at 550; Cunha, 

837 N.Y.S.2d at 163-65. Accordingly, we affirm the circuit court’s order granting Allstate’s 

section 2-619 motion to dismiss Pinske’s complaint.

¶ 30 Affirmed.