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SUPREME COURT OF ARKANSAS

No. CR-13-214

JOSEPH CHUNESTUDY

APPELLANT

V.

STATE OF ARKANSAS

APPELLEE

Opinion Delivered September 4, 2014

PRO SE APPEAL FROM THE

GREENE COUNTY CIRCUIT COURT

[NO. 28CR-09-608]

HONORABLE RANDY F.

PHILHOURS, JUDGE

AFFIRMED.

PER CURIAM

In 2011, appellant Joseph Chunestudy was found guilty by a jury of rape and sentenced

to life imprisonment. We affirmed. Chunestudy v. State, 2012 Ark. 222, 408 S.W.3d 55.

Subsequently, appellant timely filed in the trial court a verified, pro se petition for

postconviction relief pursuant to Arkansas Rule of Criminal Procedure 37.1 (2011). The trial

court denied the petition after holding a hearing. Appellant brings this appeal.

In his petition, appellant alleged that he was not afforded effective assistance of counsel

at trial. This court has held that it will reverse the trial court’s decision granting or denying

postconviction relief only when that decision is clearly erroneous. Conley v. State, 2014 Ark. 172,

433 S.W.3d 234. A finding is clearly erroneous when, although there is evidence to support it,

the appellate court, after reviewing the entire evidence, is left with the definite and firm

conviction that a mistake has been committed. Caery v. State, 2014 Ark. 247 (per curiam); Sartin

v. State, 2012 Ark. 155, 400 S.W.3d 694.

When considering an appeal from a trial court’s denial of a Rule 37.1 petition based on
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ineffective assistance of counsel, the sole question presented is whether, based on a totality of

the evidence under the standard set forth by the United States Supreme Court in Strickland v.

Washington, 466 U.S. 668 (1984), the trial court clearly erred in holding that counsel’s

performance was not ineffective. Taylor v. State, 2013 Ark. 146, 427 S.W.3d 29. 

The benchmark for judging a claim of ineffective assistance of counsel must be “whether

counsel’s conduct so undermined the proper functioning of the adversarial process that the trial

cannot be relied on as having produced a just result.” Strickland, 466 U.S. at 686. Pursuant to

Strickland, we assess the effectiveness of counsel under a two-prong standard. First, a petitioner

raising a claim of ineffective assistance must show that counsel made errors so serious that

counsel was not functioning as the “counsel” guaranteed the petitioner by the Sixth Amendment

to the United States Constitution. Caery, 2014 Ark. 247; Williams v. State, 369 Ark. 104, 251

S.W.3d 290 (2007). There is a strong presumption that trial counsel’s conduct falls within the

wide range of professional assistance, and an appellant has the burden of overcoming this

presumption by identifying specific acts or omissions of trial counsel, which, when viewed from

counsel’s perspective at the time of the trial, could not have been the result of reasonable

professional judgment. Henington v. State, 2012 Ark. 181, 403 S.W.3d 55; McCraney v. State, 2010

Ark. 96, 360 S.W.3d 144 (per curiam). Second, the petitioner must show that counsel’s deficient

performance so prejudiced petitioner’s defense that he was deprived of a fair trial. Holloway v.

State, 2013 Ark. 140, 426 S.W.3d 462. A petitioner making an ineffective-assistance-of-counsel

claim must show that his counsel’s performance fell below an objective standard of

reasonableness. Abernathy v. State, 2012 Ark. 59, 386 S.W.3d 477 (per curiam). The petitioner

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must show that there is a reasonable probability that, but for counsel’s errors, the fact-finder

would have had a reasonable doubt respecting guilt, i.e., the decision reached would have been

different absent the errors. Breeden v. State, 2014 Ark. 159, 432 S.W.3d 618 (per curiam). A

reasonable probability is a probability sufficient to undermine confidence in the outcome of the

trial. Id. The language, “the outcome of the trial,” refers not only to the finding of guilt or

innocence, but also to possible prejudice in sentencing. Id. Unless a petitioner makes both

showings, it cannot be said that the conviction resulted from a breakdown in the adversarial

process that renders the result unreliable. Id. “[T]here is no reason for a court deciding an

ineffective assistance claim . . . to address both components of the inquiry if the defendant

makes an insufficient showing on one.” Strickland, 466 U.S. at 697. 

To understand appellant’s allegations in the Rule 37.1 petition and his arguments on

appeal, a summary of the evidence adduced at trial is necessary. Criminal charges were filed

against appellant in 2009, alleging that he had raped his minor daughter in Greene County,

Arkansas, between March 1, 2003, and April 27, 2005. At trial, the State presented evidence,

including the testimony of the victim, that she and appellant had engaged in an ongoing, longterm sexual relationship that included sexual intercourse. The relationship began when they

lived in Oklahoma when the victim was eleven or twelve years old and continued after they had

moved to Arkansas, including a stay in Greene County, when she was between the ages of

fifteen and eighteen. Appellant later married his daughter when she reached eighteen, and they

moved to Craighead County. The victim eventually moved back to Oklahoma where she

disclosed the abuse to her former stepmother, leading to appellant’s arrest. It was appellant’s

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defense at trial that no rape occurred in Greene County.

Appellant first argues on appeal that counsel was ineffective for failing to move for a

motion for directed verdict at the close of all the evidence, which resulted in our declining to

consider the issue of the sufficiency of the evidence on appeal. While this issue was not raised

in the Rule 37.1 petition, it was raised at the hearing, and the trial court ruled on the issue. As

the question was raised at the hearing and ruled on by the court, it is clear that the court

constructively allowed appellant to amend his petition to bring up the issue. Accordingly, the

issue can be raised in this appeal. See Croft v. State, 2010 Ark. 83 (per curiam).

Considering the totality of the evidence adduced at trial, we cannot say that the trial court

erred in holding that counsel was not ineffective for not renewing the motion for directed

verdict at the close of all the evidence. When it is asserted that counsel was ineffective for the

failure to make a motion or argument, the petitioner must show that the motion or argument

would have been meritorious because the failure to make an argument that is meritless is not

ineffective assistance of counsel. Conley, 2014 Ark. 172, 433 S.W.3d 234 (citing Mitchell v. State,

2012 Ark. 242). For that reason, appellant must demonstrate that this court on appeal would

have found that the evidence adduced at trial was insufficient to support a conviction and would

have overturned his conviction for that reason. Conley, 2014 Ark. 172, 433 S.W.3d 234 (citing

Strain v. State, 2012 Ark. 42, 394 S.W.3d 294). Because the trial court determined that no

prejudice resulted from the failure to renew the directed-verdict motion, the appeal of that

decision requires this court to review whether there was sufficient evidence to support the

verdict.

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A person commits rape if he or she engages in sexual intercourse or deviate sexual

activity with another person who is less than eighteen years of age and the actor is the victim’s

guardian, see Ark. Code Ann. § 5-14-103(a)(4)(A)(i) (Repl. 2006), or step-grandparent, see id. § 5-

14-103(a)(4)(A)(ii). A “guardian” is defined as “a parent, stepparent, legal guardian, legal

custodian, foster parent, or any person who by virtue of a living arrangement is placed in an

apparent position of power or authority over a minor.” Id. § 5-14-101(3) (Repl. 2006). Here,

there was evidence elicited at trial that appellant was the victim’s biological daughter, that he

engaged in sexual intercourse with the victim, and that the victim was less than eighteen years

of age when the sexual intercourse occurred. The credibility of the witnesses who provided the

testimony that proved the elements of the offense of rape was for the jury to assess. Green v.

State, 2013 Ark. 497, 430 S.W.3d 729. When the totality of the evidence against appellant is

taken into account, it establishes that the trial court was not clearly erroneous in its

determination that a motion for directed verdict would not have been successful.

Appellant next contends that counsel failed to properly prepare for trial in that he did not

call a witness to rebut the testimony of Lea Ann Vanaman, a witness for the State. Vanaman,

a supervisor with the Crimes Against Children Division of the Arkansas State Police, testified

about her part in the investigation of the allegations against appellant and about behavior typical 

in victims of child abuse. On cross-examination, counsel elicited from Vanaman that she had

never interviewed appellant’s daughter and that she obtained her information concerning his

daughter’s claims of abuse from reports that were called in to the “hotline” about which no

action was taken because the victim was no longer a minor and it was not known that appellant

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still had access to children. 

In his Rule 37.1 petition, appellant alleged that counsel erred in not calling an expert

witness to rebut Vanaman’s testimony, but he did not state on what basis Vanaman’s testimony

could have been rebutted or explain what information a rebuttal witness would have imparted

to the jury that would have made a difference to the outcome of the trial.1 At the hearing on the

petition, counsel noted that he objected to Vanaman’s being called as a witness, and the record

on direct appeal reflects that counsel argued that Vanaman had no direct knowledge of the case. 

Counsel also testified that he brought out on cross-examination Vanaman’s inability to offer any

direct evidence concerning the charges against appellant. Considering counsel’s objection to

Vanaman’s testimony, and inasmuch as appellant did not support his allegation that counsel

should have called a specific rebuttal witness with any facts in either the petition or in the

evidentiary hearing to demonstrate how he was prejudiced, he failed to make a showing that

counsel was ineffective. See Green v. State, 2014 Ark. 284 (per curiam).

As his third argument on appeal, appellant contends that counsel failed to impeach the

victim concerning her inconsistent statements and that he failed to recall her as a witness. In his

brief, appellant does not state which of the victim’s statements he contends were inconsistent

or otherwise advance any argument concerning how he was prejudiced. In the petition filed

below, he contended that the victim should have been recalled to “explore and exploit” her

admissions concerning an unlawful breaking or entering and her allegations of pregnancies and

1Appellant raised additional claims concerning Vanaman’s appearance as a witness that

were entirely conclusory in nature and are not raised in this appeal. Claims argued below but

not on appeal are considered abandoned. Springs v. State, 2012 Ark. 87, 387 S.W.3d 143.

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miscarriages. He further asserted that an expert witness should have been called to impeach the

victim’s statements concerning pregnancies and miscarriages. At the evidentiary hearing,

appellant questioned counsel about why medical doctors were not called to testify about the

victim’s allegations and why the victim was not cross-examined concerning a break-in at

appellant’s house. Because appellant did not state what specific evidence could have been

elicited from a doctor concerning the victim’s allegations of pregnancies and miscarriages or

from the victim concerning the break-in, he failed to establish that counsel’s decisions prejudiced

the defense. Petitioner’s claim about calling a doctor fails because he has not meet his burden

of demonstrating a specific reason that a medical witness should have been called by explaining

what evidence could have been elicited from that witness.

Likewise, with respect to the break-in, he did not show that questioning the victim would

have elicited any specific information that would have been helpful to the defense. The general

suggestion that calling a witness or asking a witness a particular question would have been

beneficial to the defense is not sufficient to satisfy the second prong under Strickland because

conclusory claims do not demonstrate that there was prejudice to the defense. It is not enough

to allege prejudice, prejudice must be demonstrated with facts. Stiggers v. State, 2014 Ark. 184,

433 S.W.3d 252. 

Appellant next contends that counsel failed to investigate his case because phone calls

were counsel’s only investigation and no subpoenas were issued. He names eight persons in his

brief that counsel did not contact, but in his petition to the trial court, of those eight, he named

only Ryan Gasaway. Appellant identified Gasaway in the petition as the victim’s boyfriend and

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a person who could corroborate other persons’ accounts concerning the justification for the

break-in of his house and the victim’s proclivity for lying for pecuniary gain. As there was no

factual substantiation in the petition to support the allegation that counsel was remiss in not

investigating with respect to Gasaway, appellant failed to show that counsel prejudiced the

defense by not investigating Gasaway as a potential witness. That is, he did not allege that

Gasaway could have provided any specific information that would have affected the outcome

of the trial.2

 

In his final argument in this appeal, appellant urges this court to overturn the trial court’s

order on the ground that the court failed to grant his motion for appointment of counsel and

failed to provide him with a copy of the trial record for use in the evidentiary hearing. He cites 

Martinez v. Ryan, ___ U.S. ___, 132 S. Ct. 1309 (2012), as authority for the assertion that he was

entitled to appointment of counsel to represent him in his first collateral challenge to the

judgment of conviction.

Appellant’s reliance on Martinez is misplaced. The Martinez Court held that, when state

law requires a prisoner to use a collateral attack rather than a direct appeal to raise a claim that

his trial attorney was not effective under the Sixth Amendment, the prisoner’s failure to comply

with state rules in bringing his collateral attack on the judgment will no longer bar a federal judge

from granting habeas relief on that claim, if the prisoner had no attorney to represent him in the

collateral proceeding or that attorney was ineffective and if the petition filed in the state court

2At the evidentiary hearing, appellant questioned counsel concerning counsel’s decision

not to call other persons to testify at trial, and the trial court ruled that counsel was not

ineffective for failure to call the persons identified at the hearing. Appellant does not argue on

appeal that the trial court erred with respect to that decision.

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had a meritorious claim. In Trevino v. Thaler, ___ U.S. ___, 133 S. Ct. 1911 (2013), the Court

extended its holding in Martinez to cases in which a state’s procedural framework make it unlikely

in a typical case that a defendant would have a meaningful opportunity to raise a claim of

ineffective assistance of trial counsel on direct appeal. Trevino clarified aspects of Martinez, but

it did not require states to provide counsel to every petitioner in a collateral attack on a

judgment. Accordingly, neither the ruling in Martinez nor the ruling in Trevino dictated that the

trial court was required to appoint counsel for appellant. 

We have held that, in order to demonstrate an abuse of discretion by the trial court in

declining to appoint counsel, appellant must make some substantial showing in his request for

counsel that his petition included a meritorious claim. Ellis v. State, 2014 Ark. 24 (per curiam); 

see also Viveros v. State, 372 Ark. 463, 277 S.W.3d 223 (2008) (per curiam). A review of the Rule

37.1 petition demonstrates that appellant did not make that showing. The claims raised by

appellant were largely devoid of the factual support required for the trial court to find that

counsel made errors so serious that counsel was not functioning as the “counsel” guaranteed the

petitioner by the Sixth Amendment. While appellant contends that he was “severely

handicapped” by his lack of counsel, he does not argue in his brief that there was any specific

issue that he was unable to raise to the court without the assistance of an attorney or a copy of

the transcript of his trial. 

Under the Strickland standard, as stated, appellant was required to show that there is a

reasonable probability that, but for counsel’s errors, the fact-finder would have had a reasonable

doubt respecting guilt, i.e., the decision reached would have been different absent the errors. 

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Breeden, 2014 Ark. 159, 432 S.W.3d 618. A reasonable probability is a probability sufficient to

undermine confidence in the outcome of the trial. Id. Here, appellant’s daughter testified that

she had sexual relations with appellant two to four times a week while living in Greene County.3

A police investigator testified that appellant admitted to him that he had had sex with the victim

during 2008 but, during questioning, either declined to state whether he had engaged in sexual

relations with her while she was a minor or denied doing so. A co-worker of the victim who was

called by the State testified that appellant identified the victim at one point as being his wife

when the victim was seen speaking with some young men. There was also evidence that

appellant, who was determined by DNA testing to be the victim’s biological father, later married

the victim. In light of the conclusory nature of allegations contained in the Rule 37.1 petition

and in the evidentiary hearing, appellant failed to overcome the strong presumption that trial

counsel’s conduct fell within the wide range of professional assistance as defined by Strickland. 

Appellant did not demonstrate that counsel’s deficient performance so prejudiced appellant’s

defense that he was deprived of a fair trial. The totality of the evidence, coupled with appellant’s

failure to establish specific acts by counsel that prejudiced the defense, establishes that the trial

court did not err in declining to grant relief under Rule 37.1.

Affirmed.

Joseph Chunestudy, pro se appellant.

Dustin McDaniel, Att’y Gen., by: Valerie Glover Fortner, Ass’t Att’y Gen., for appellee.

3There was also testimony at trial that appellant had engaged in sexual relations with the

victim both before and after the two lived in Greene County. Counsel objected unsuccessfully

to the admission of the evidence and argued on appeal that the admission of the evidence was

error. We held on appeal that the evidence was admissible pursuant to Arkansas Rule of

Evidence 404(b) (2013) under the “pedophile exception” as it was helpful in showing a proclivity

for a specific act with a person or class of persons with whom the defendant has an intimate

relationship and that the victim in this case fell squarely under the exception. Chunestudy, 2012

Ark. 222, at 228, 408 S.W.3d at. 60.

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