1

Filed 5/6/22 Parish v. The Ohio Casualty Insurance Company CA4/2

NOT TO BE PUBLISHED IN OFFICIAL REPORTS

California Rules of Court, rule 8.1115(a), prohibits courts and parties from citing or relying on opinions not certified for 

publication or ordered published, except as specified by rule 8.1115(b). This opinion has not been certified for publication 

or ordered published for purposes of rule 8.1115.

IN THE COURT OF APPEAL OF THE STATE OF CALIFORNIA

FOURTH APPELLATE DISTRICT

DIVISION TWO

DON E. PARISH,

Plaintiff and Appellant,

v.

THE OHIO CASUALTY INSURANCE 

COMPANY,

Defendant and Respondent.

E075135

(Super.Ct.No. CIVDS1717151)

OPINION

APPEAL from the Superior Court of San Bernardino County. John M. Pacheco, 

Judge. Affirmed.

Law Offices of Robert B. Mobasseri, Robert B. Mobasseri and David Alan Cooper

for Plaintiff and Appellant.

Booth, Mitchel & Strange and Stacie L. Brandt for Defendant and Respondent.
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I. INTRODUCTION

In 2016, Don E. Parish (plaintiff) purchased a used vehicle from a licensed vehicle 

dealer (dealer). He subsequently discovered defects in the vehicle and that the vehicle 

had an unreported prior accident history. Plaintiff eventually filed a civil action against 

the dealer alleging causes of action for (1) violation of the Consumers Legal Remedies 

Act (Civ. Code, § 1750 et seq.; CLRA), (2) fraudulent concealment, and (3) violation of 

the Song-Beverly Consumer Warranty Act (Civ. Code, § 1790 et seq.). Plaintiff also 

alleged a cause of action against the dealer’s surety, Ohio Casualty Insurance Company 

(surety defendant) for liability on a surety bond pursuant to Vehicle Code1section 11711, 

subdivision (a).

The dealer moved to compel arbitration, the trial court granted the dealer’s motion, 

and the litigation was stayed with respect to the cause of action between plaintiff and 

surety defendant. The arbitrator set the matter for an evidentiary hearing, held the 

hearing in the dealer’s absence when the dealer failed to appear, and issued an award in 

favor of plaintiff. The remaining cause of action against surety defendant was tried in a 

court trial and resulted in a judgment in favor of surety defendant.

Plaintiff appeals from the judgment against him, arguing: (1) surety defendant

should have been precluded from relitigating any issues decided in plaintiff’s favor in the 

arbitration proceeding involving the dealer under the doctrine of collateral estoppel; 

(2) the trial court erred in “applying a common law fraud standard to his CLRA claim”; 

1

 Undesignated statutory references are to the Vehicle Code.
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and (3) the trial court erred in determining that third-party vehicle history reports do not 

qualify as a “written instrument furnished by the licensee, containing stipulated 

provisions and guarantees which the person believes have been violated,” within the 

meaning of section 11711, subdivision (a).

We conclude that plaintiff has forfeited any claims of error by failing to identify a 

standard of review or tailor any arguments to the appropriate standard of review on 

appeal. We further conclude that, even in the absence of forfeiture, the trial court did not 

err in declining to apply the doctrine of collateral estoppel against a surety and did not err 

in requiring plaintiff to prove actual fraud on the part of the dealer in order to recover 

against a surety under section 11711, subdivision (a). Finally, in light of these 

conclusions, we need not determine whether the trial court erred in its application of 

section 11711, subdivision (a)’s written instrument requirement because, even assuming 

the trial court erred, such error would not justify reversal of the judgment on appeal.

II. FACTS AND PROCEDURAL HISTORY

On September 5, 2017, plaintiff filed a civil complaint for damages arising out of 

the purchase of a used vehicle from the dealer. Plaintiff alleged three causes of action 

against the dealer, including (1) violation of the CLRA, (2) fraud, and (3) violation of the 

Song-Beverly Consumer Warranty Act (Civ. Code, § 1790 et seq.). Plaintiff also alleged 

a cause of action against surety defendant for liability on its bond pursuant to Vehicle 

Code section 11711, subdivision (a). Surety defendant filed an answer to the complaint. 

However, the dealer filed a motion to compel arbitration of all claims against it.
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On December 6, 2017, the trial court granted the dealer’s motion to compel 

arbitration and stayed the litigation with respect to the remaining claim against surety 

defendant pending the arbitration proceedings.

2

 The dealer failed to appear at the time 

set for the evidentiary hearing in the arbitration proceedings; the hearing was held 

without the dealer’s participation; and the arbitrator issued an award in plaintiff’s favor. 

The trial court confirmed the award against the dealer and entered judgment against the 

dealer on April 5, 2019.

The cause of action against surety defendant proceeded in the trial court, and the 

matter was set for trial. Surety defendant filed a motion in limine seeking to exclude 

evidence of the arbitration, arbitration award, and judgment against the dealer. In 

opposition to this motion and in his trial brief, plaintiff argued that surety defendant was 

barred by the doctrine of collateral estoppel from relitigating any issues already decided 

in arbitration. The trial court granted surety defendant’s motion but held that evidence 

from the arbitration could be used for impeachment at trial.

Plaintiff was the only witness to testify in a one-day bench trial. Plaintiff testified 

that he purchased a vehicle from the dealer. Plaintiff testified that, in doing so, he relied 

on (1) oral assurances made by the dealer regarding the quality of the vehicle, (2) the 

dealer’s internet advertisements that assured potential customers they could have “peace 

of mind” because all of the dealer’s vehicles had been inspected, (3) and copies of two 

vehicle history reports generated by independent third parties provided by the dealer. He 

2

 Plaintiff did not include the written submissions, oral record of proceedings, or 

written order of the trial court related to this motion as part of the record on appeal.
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became dissatisfied with his purchase and believed the vehicle fell short of what the 

dealer represented. Plaintiff would not have purchased the vehicle if he had known its 

true condition.

On December 4, 2019, the trial court issued an intended statement of decision. 

With respect to the cause of action pursuant to section 11711, subdivision (a), against 

surety defendant, the trial court concluded that plaintiff met his burden to show loss or 

damage under the statute but failed to show fraud practiced on him by the dealer or that 

he was in possession of a written instrument from the dealer containing stipulations and 

guarantees within the meaning of the statute. The trial court’s intended statement of 

decision became final and judgment was entered in favor of surety defendant on February 

3, 2020. Plaintiff appeals from this judgment.

III. DISCUSSION

A. Plaintiff Has Forfeited His Claims on Appeal by Failing To Identify Or Tailor 

Arguments to Any Standard of Review

“ ‘ “Arguments should be tailored according to the applicable standard of appellate 

review.” [Citation.] Failure to acknowledge the proper scope of review is a concession 

of a lack of merit.’ ” (Ewald v. Nationstar Mortgage, LLC (2017) 13 Cal.App.5th 947, 

948, quoting Sonic Manufacturing Technologies, Inc. v. AAE Systems, Inc. (2011) 

196 Cal.App.4th 456, 465.) “ ‘Perhaps the most fundamental rule of appellate law is that 

the judgment challenged on appeal is presumed correct, and it is the appellant’s burden to 

affirmatively demonstrate error.’ ” (People v. Foss (2007) 155 Cal.App.4th 113, 126.) 

Thus, “[w]hen an appellant fails to apply the appropriate standard of review, the 
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argument lacks legal force” and “the appellant fails to show error in the judgment.” 

(Ibid.)

Here, plaintiff’s briefs on appeal fail to identify the standard of review applicable 

to any of his claims of error. Simply claiming error in the abstract without reference to 

any standard of review or any argument designed to explain why, under the appropriate 

standard of review, any such error requires reversal of the judgment, does not meet 

plaintiff’s burden on appeal. For this reason alone, plaintiff’s claims must be deemed 

forfeited on appeal, and the appeal must be resolved against plaintiff. Additionally, as 

explained post, even in the absence of forfeiture, we would find no error warranting 

reversal.

B. The Trial Court Did Not Err in Declining To Apply the Doctrine of Collateral 

Estoppel

Plaintiff contends the trial court erred in permitting surety defendant to relitigate 

issues already decided in plaintiff’s favor in the arbitration proceeding between plaintiff 

and the dealer. According to plaintiff, it should have been permitted to apply the doctrine 

of collateral estoppel offensively to preclude surety defendant from litigating any issues 

the dealer could have litigated, but failed to, in arbitration. We disagree.

“The trial court’s application of the doctrine of collateral estoppel or issue 

preclusion is a question of law subject to de novo review.” (Johnson v. GlaxoSmithKline,

Inc. (2008) 166 Cal.App.4th 1497, 1507; see Roos v. Red (2005) 130 Cal.App.4th 870, 

878; see also Meridian Financial Services, Inc. v. Phan (2021) 67 Cal.App.5th 657, 684.) 

Generally, the doctrine of collateral estoppel will bar relitigation of an issue where there 
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has been (1) a final adjudication (2) of an identical issue (3) actually litigated and 

necessarily decided in the first suit, and (4) the issue is asserted against one who was a 

party in the first suit or one in privity with that party. (Meridian Financial Services, at 

p. 686.)

With respect to matters litigated against a principal in arbitration, the Civil Code 

expressly provides that “[a]n arbitration award rendered against a principal alone shall 

not be, be deemed to be, or be utilized as, an award against his surety.” (Civ. Code,

§ 2855.) The express purpose of this provision is to apply existing law applicable to prior 

judgments to arbitration awards. (Ibid.) Plaintiff acknowledges that this statute generally 

precludes a prior arbitration award against a principal from being directly enforced 

against a surety but claims that the statute is ambiguous as to “what additional steps must 

be taken by a plaintiff” and “what, if anything, must be retried in a subsequent trial 

against a surety.” Contrary to plaintiff’s characterization, the law appears well-settled on 

both of these points.

First, the law is clear that in order to avoid an inconsistent judgment, the plaintiff 

bears the burden of ensuring that both the principal and surety are joined in a single 

action. Long before the enactment of Civil Code section 2855, the California Supreme 

Court affirmed that “[a] judgment against the principal is not conclusive in a separate 

action against the surety.” (Kane v. Mendenhall (1936) 5 Cal.2d 749, 751-752.) Thus, to 

avoid the risk of obtaining diverging judgments in separately tried actions, both the 

California Supreme Court and Courts of Appeal have cautioned that a plaintiff should 

join the principal and surety in a single suit. (Kane, at p. 757; Dreher v. Fidelity &
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Casualty Co. (1957) 148 Cal.App.2d 695, 700-701; Mahana v. Alexander (1927) 

88 Cal.App. 111, 116 (Mahana).)

For many years, joinder of the principal and surety in a single action was 

permitted but not required. (Titus v. Woods (1920) 45 Cal.App. 541, 546 [citing former 

version of Code Civ. Proc. holding that “ ‘[p]ersons severally liable upon the same 

obligation . . . including . . . sureties on the same or separate instruments may all or any 

of them be included in the same action at the option of the plaintiff’ ”].) However, the 

Legislature has since amended the Code of Civil Procedure to require such joinder in 

actions seeking liability on a bond. (Code Civ. Proc., § 996.430, subd. (a); National

Technical Systems v. Commercial Contractors, Inc. (2001) 89 Cal.App.4th 1000, 1006-

1007.) Thus, contrary to plaintiff’s characterization, the law is well settled with respect 

to “what additional steps must be taken by a plaintiff.” A plaintiff must ensure joinder of 

both the principal and surety in a single action in order to avoid diverging judgments or 

arbitration awards.

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3

 We recognize that, in this case, the trial court granted a motion to compel 

arbitration over plaintiff’s opposition, which created the risk of divergent outcomes with 

respect to the claims against the dealer and the claim against surety defendant. The Code 

of Civil Procedure expressly provides alternative options other than compelling 

arbitration in situations where “[a] party to the arbitration agreement is also a party to a 

pending court action . . . with a third party, arising out of the same transaction or series of 

related transactions[,] and there is a possibility of conflicting rulings on a common issue 

of law or fact.” (Code Civ. Proc., § 1281.2, subd. (c).) However, nothing in the record 

suggests plaintiff raised this issue in the trial court, and plaintiff has not challenged the 

trial court’s decision with respect to the order compelling arbitration. (Muao v. 

Grosvenor Properties, Ltd. (2002) 99 Cal.App.4th 1085, 1088-1089 [An order 

compelling arbitration can be “reviewed on appeal from the judgment entered after the 

arbitration is completed or in exceptional circumstances . . . by writ of mandate.”].)
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Second, the law appears equally settled that, in the event a surety is not joined in a 

single action with the principal, then the surety is entitled to relitigate any issues relevant 

to its defense in a subsequent trial. Our Supreme Court has unambiguously stated that 

“ ‘[s]urties on a bond have a legal right to avail themselves of all defenses that would be 

allowed the principal and are generally in no worse position than he would be if sued 

separately.’ ” (Flickinger v. Swedlow Engineering Co. (1955) 45 Cal.2d 388, 394.) 

Following this principle, the Courts of Appeal have repeatedly held that considerations of 

fundamental fairness require that a surety be afforded the opportunity to litigate any 

available defenses—including defenses that may have previously been unsuccessfully 

litigated by a principal. (Mahana, supra, 88 Cal.App. at pp. 121-122 [surety is “entitled 

to his day in court and to contest any attempt to fasten upon him an obligation he did not 

assume”]; All Bay Mill & Lumber Co. v. Sur. Co. (1989) 208 Cal.App.3d 11, 17-18 [even 

where principal and surety are sued in same action, surety is not bound by principal’s 

default and “must be given an opportunity to be heard in defense”].)

As explained in Nat’l Tech. Sys. v. Superior Court (2002) 97 Cal.App.4th 415

(Nat’l Tech. Sys.), the “ ‘ “ ‘surety undertakes in general terms that the principal will 

perform his official duty. They do not agree to be absolutely bound by any judgment 

obtained against the principal . . . . They are only held for a breach of their own 

obligations. It is a general principle that no party can be so held without an opportunity 

to be heard in defense. This right is not divested by the fact that another party has 

defended on the cause of action and has been unsuccessful. As the surety did not 

stipulate that it would be absolutely bound by the judgment against the principal or 
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permit [it] to conduct the defense and be themselves responsible for the result of it, the 

fact that the principal has unsuccessfully defended has no effect on their rights.’ ” ’ ” (Id.

at pp. 421-422.) Thus, it appears well established that principles of fundamental fairness 

require that a surety be afforded the opportunity to participate in the litigation of any 

available defenses.

Because the law recognizes that fundamental fairness requires a surety be given 

the opportunity to participate and litigate any available defenses, a surety lacks the 

required privity4 with its principal to permit the doctrine of collateral estoppel to be 

applied in the manner urged by plaintiff. Absent privity, the doctrine of collateral 

estoppel does not apply, and the trial court did not err in concluding that surety defendant

was entitled to litigate any issues relevant to its defense, even if previously litigated in 

arbitration between plaintiff and the dealer.

C. Section 11711, Subdivision (a), Requires Proof of Actual Fraud by the Principal to 

Recover on a Bond

Plaintiff also argues that, even if the doctrine of collateral estoppel could not be 

applied offensively, the trial court “erroneously applied a common-law fraud standard to 

the CLRA claim.” We agree with surety defendant that this entire argument erroneously 

frames the issue. As we explain, once the issue is correctly understood, it is apparent the 

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 “ ‘Privity is not susceptible of a neat definition, and determination of whether it 

exists is not a cut-and-dried exercise. [Citations.] In the final analysis, the determination 

of privity depends upon the fairness of binding [a party] with the result obtained in earlier 

proceedings in which it did not participate.’ ” (Citizens for Open Access etc., Tide Inc. v. 

Seadrift Assn (1998) 60 Cal.App.4th 1053, 1070.)
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trial court did not err in applying a common-law fraud standard to the cause of action 

actually alleged against surety defendant: a claim for bond liability pursuant to 

section 11711, subdivision (a).

1. Plaintiff Incorrectly Frames the Issue as Liability Under the CLRA

Plaintiff’s entire argument on appeal is focused on the question of what standard 

should be employed to prove liability under the CLRA. However, the only cause of 

action alleged against surety defendant in this case was one for bond liability under 

section 11711, subdivision (a).

The fact that plaintiff separately alleged the dealer’s liability under the CLRA is

irrelevant. “ ‘A surety bond is not an insurance policy.’ ” (Schmitt v. Ins. Co. of N. Am.

(1991) 230 Cal.App.3d 245, 256; see Lumbermens Mutual Casualty Co. v. Agency RentA-Car, Inc. (1982) 128 Cal.App.3d 764, 769; see also Cates Constructions, Inc. v. Talbot 

Partners (1999) 21 Cal.4th 28, 48 [“[A] surety has no duty to protect the principal under 

a motor vehicle dealer’s bond as if the principal were an insured under an insurance 

policy.”].) “The bond does not insure the principal against liability.” (Schmitt, at p. 257.) 

Thus, the fact that plaintiff may have a meritorious tort or contract claim against the 

dealer does not in itself establish a claim against the dealer’s surety.

Instead, it is “settled that a surety is not liable for anything that extends beyond the 

letter of its contract. [Citations.] The surety’s obligation is strictly construed so as not to 

impose a burden not contained in or clearly inferable from the language of the contract.” 

(Airlines Reporting Corp. v. United States Fidelity & Guaranty Co. (1995) 

31 Cal.App.4th 1458, 1464.) Additionally, “ ‘ “[w]here a surety bond is given pursuant 
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to the requirements of a particular statute, the statutory provisions are incorporated into 

the bond.” ’ ” (Corby v. Gulf Ins. Co. (2004) 114 Cal.App.4th 1371, 1375.) Thus, “[t]he 

liability of a surety on a bond issued in conformity with sections 11710 and 11711 is 

determined from the express terms of the bond read in light of those statutes. The 

statutory provisions are incorporated into the bond. Liability must be found within that 

bond or not at all.” (Pierce v. Western Surety Co. (2012) 207 Cal.App.4th 83, 90.)

Here, plaintiff alleged a single cause of action against surety defendant for liability 

on its bond pursuant to section 11711, subdivision (a). Plaintiff was required to prove 

surety defendant’s liability on the bond under the provisions of this statute, regardless of 

whether the dealer’s acts could give rise to the dealer’s separate liability under the 

CLRA. The dealer is not a party to this appeal, the judgment against the dealer has not 

been appealed, and a surety is not liable simply because its principal may be liable to the 

plaintiff. Accordingly, plaintiff’s focus on the standard applicable to prove liability under 

the CLRA—a claim that was never alleged against surety defendant—incorrectly frames 

the issue on appeal.

2. The Trial Court Did Not Err in Concluding Surety Defendant’s Liability on the 

Bond Required Proof of Fraud

As we have already explained, plaintiff was required to prove surety defendant’s 

liability pursuant to the terms of section 11711, subdivision (a). By its very terms, 

section 11711, subdivision (a), renders a surety liable for “any loss or damage by reason 

of any fraud practiced on him or fraudulent representation made to him by a licensed 

dealer . . . and such person has possession of a written instrument furnished by the 
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licensee, containing stipulated provisions and guarantees which the person believes have 

been violated by the licensee . . . .” Thus, the standard necessary to prove the dealer’s 

liability under the CLRA would only be relevant if the terms “fraud” or “fraudulent 

representation” as used in section 11711, subdivision (a), can be read to include any 

deceptive practice giving rise to liability under the CLRA.

The proper interpretation of a statute is a matter subject to our de novo review. 

(Sanchez v. State of California (2009) 179 Cal.App.4th 467, 478 [“Our interpretation of a 

statute is typically subject to de novo review.”]; Upland Police Officers Assn. v. City of 

Upland (2003) 111 Cal.App.4th 1294, 1301 [We “apply the de novo standard of review 

in interpreting the statute.”].) We conclude that the terms “fraud” and “fraudulent 

representation” as used in section 11711, subdivision (a), cannot be interpreted to 

incorporate all acts that might give rise to liability under the CLRA.

First, multiple appellate decisions have construed the terms of section 11711, 

subdivision (a), to require a plaintiff to prove an underlying claim for common law fraud 

in order to recover under the statute. (Beverly Finance Co. v. American Casualty Co. 

(1969) 273 Cal.App.2d 259, 267-268 (Beverly Finance Co.) [“[T]he words ‘fraud’ and 

‘fraudulent representation’ in sections 11710 and 11711 of the Vehicle Code were 

intended by the Legislature to be used in the normal meaning of fraud,” requiring proof 

of an intent to deceive.]; American Air Equipment, Inc. v. Pacific Employers Ins. Co.

(1974) 37 Cal.App.3d 322, 327 (American Air Equipment) [applying normal elements of 

common law fraud claim to evaluate sufficiency of evidence because “the Legislature 

meant what it said when it used the words ‘fraud’ and ‘fraudulent representation’ in 
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section 1171, subdivision (a).”]; Goggin v. Reliance Ins. Co. (1962) 200 Cal.App.2d 361, 

365 [evaluating claim under § 11711, sub. (a), under same clear and convincing standard 

of proof required for common law fraud].) While plaintiff has pointed to some instances 

in which the term “fraud” has been interpreted more expansively in the context of other, 

unrelated statutes, he has not cited to any cases adopting such an expansive interpretation 

in the context of section 11711, subdivision (a).

Second, a surety’s liability was already established under Vehicle Code 

section 11711 at the time of the CLRA’s enactment,

5 and nothing in the CLRA suggests 

that the Legislature intended to alter already existing forms of liability established by 

statute or common law. In fact, the CLRA expressly provides that “[i]f any act or 

practice proscribed under this title also constitutes a cause of action in common law or a 

violation of another statute, the consumer may assert such common law or statutory cause 

of action under the procedures and with the remedies provided for in such law.” (Civ.

Code, § 1752.) By its very terms, the CLRA was intended to afford a plaintiff an 

additional remedy, without altering the requirements of any existing claims the plaintiff 

might already have under existing law. (Ibid.; see Morgan v. AT&T Wireless Services,

Inc. (2009) 177 Cal.App.4th 1235, 1253, fn. 10.) Thus, the CLRA cannot be interpreted 

5 Section 11711 of the Vehicle Code was enacted in 1959. (As amended by Stats.

1959, ch. 1827, § 7.) The CLRA was enacted in 1970. (Stats. 1970, ch. 1550, § 1.)
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as expanding or altering the type of acts that might give rise to liability under Vehicle 

Code section 11711, subdivision (a).

6

Nothing in section 11711, subdivision (a), suggests that its reference to fraud 

incorporates any and all acts that might violate the CLRA. While a dealer’s fraudulent 

act can constitute a violation of the CLRA, that does not mean that all violations of the 

CLRA rise to the level of fraud.

7

 The plain terms of the statute and weight of appellate 

authority interpreting that statute does not support the expansive interpretation of section 

11711, subdivision (a), which plaintiff seeks to apply in this case, and the trial court did 

not err in requiring proof of the dealer’s fraud under a common-law standard in order to 

establish surety defendant’s liability on its bond.

6

 We also note that, consistent with this understanding, appellate decisions both 

before and after enactment of the CLRA continued to interpret section 11711, 

subdivision (a), to require proof of a traditional common law fraud claim in order to 

recover on a surety’s bond. (Beverly Finance Co., supra, 273 Cal.App.2d. at p. 268; 

American Air Equipment, supra, 37 Cal.App.3d. at p. 327.)

7 We recognize there are situations in which the same factual allegations might 

give rise to liability under both statutory schemes. “The conduct that violates [Vehicle 

Code] section 11711, i.e., fraud or fraudulent representation, falls within the CLRA.” 

(Pierce v. Western Surety Co. (2012) 207 Cal.App.4th 83, 91-92.) Thus, “plaintiffs 

routinely plead fraud, [unfair competition law], and CLRA claims based on similar 

allegations.” (Flores v. Southcoast Automotive Liquidators, Inc. (2017) 17 Cal.App.5th 

841, 850; see Outboard Marine Corp. v. Superior Court (1975) 52 Cal.App.3d 30, 35-38 

[plaintiff may allege both a common law fraud claim and CLRA claim based upon same 

facts].) However, simply because an act of actual fraud constitutes a violation of the 

CLRA does not render all violations of the CLRA the equivalent of actual fraud. “Civil 

Code section 1770 describes 24 separate acts that may constitute a CLRA violation.” 

(Pierce, at p. 91.) Most of these acts would not rise to the level of fraud or fraudulent 

representation because “ ‘[f]raud is an intentional tort’ ” (Lacher v. Superior Court

(1991) 230 Cal.App.3d 1038, 1046; see Civ. Code, §§ 1709, 1710), and only two of the 

acts proscribed under the CLRA contain an intent requirement. (Civ. Code, §§ 1709, 

1710.)
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D. Any Error with Respect to the Trial Court’s Interpretation of the Written Instrument 

Requirement of Section 11711, Subdivision (a), Could Not Have Been Prejudicial

Finally, plaintiff contends the trial court misapplied the definition of written 

instrument set forth in section 11711, subdivision (a). We need not resolve this question 

because, even assuming the trial court erred in this regard, plaintiff could not have 

suffered any prejudice warranting reversal of the judgment from such an error.

In order to establish liability under section 11711, subdivision (a), a plaintiff must 

prove (1) he suffered loss or damage, (2) by reason of fraud practiced on him or a 

fraudulent representation made to him by a licensed dealer, and (3) he has possession of a 

written instrument furnished by the licensed dealer containing the stipulated provisions or 

guarantees violated by the dealer. Plaintiff acknowledges that the written instrument 

requirement is a distinct element of proof necessary to recover against a surety on a 

bond.

8

Here, the trial court found that plaintiff failed to prove the second element of fraud 

practiced upon him by the dealer. Plaintiff’s sole challenge to this finding was premised 

upon the argument that the term fraud in section 11711, subdivision (a), should be read to 

include all acts that might constitute a violation of the CLRA. However, as we have 

8

 The purpose of the written instrument requirement is to prevent “collusion 

between licensees at the expense of a bonding company” by requiring that the dealer 

provide written evidence of the fraudulent representation. (American Air Equipment,

supra, 37 Cal.App.3d. at p. 326.) This, in turn, ensures that, to the extent a surety is 

required to pay, its right to seek indemnification from the principal is preserved. (Nat’l 

Tech. Sys., supra, 97 Cal.App.4th at p. 427 [“ ‘Under a surety bond, the principal is not

indemnified [and] the surety can sue the principal for any sums it mut pay out to the 

obligee.’ ”].)
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already explained, the trial court applied the correct standard in evaluating whether 

plaintiff proved fraud within the meaning of the statute. Plaintiff has not otherwise 

challenged the sufficiency of the evidence to support the trial court’s finding on this 

element, and this finding alone supports a judgment in favor of surety defendant.

Given this conclusion, we need not resolve the issue of whether an advertisement 

or third party vehicle history report in this case might qualify as a written instrument for 

purposes of section 11711, subdivision (a). Where the trial court’s finding on an 

independent element of the cause of action has not been challenged on appeal and is itself 

sufficient to warrant judgment in surety defendant’s favor, we need not address claims of 

error with respect to findings related to other elements of the cause of action because, 

even assuming the trial court erred, plaintiff could not have suffered prejudice warranting 

reversal. (Cassim v. Allstate Ins. Co. (2004) 33 Cal.4th 780, 801 [“ ‘No form of civil trial 

error justifies reversal and retrial . . . where in light of the entire record, there was no 

actual prejudice to the appealing party.’ ”]; Soule v. General Motors Corp. (1994) 

8 Cal.4th 548, 574 [An error “generally does not warrant reversal unless there is a 

reasonable probability that in the absence of the error, a result more favorable to the 

appealing party would have been reached.”]; Cal. Const., art. VI, § 13.)
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IV. DISPOSITION

The judgment is affirmed. Surety defendant is to recover its costs on appeal.

NOT TO BE PUBLISHED IN OFFICIAL REPORTS

FIELDS

J.

We concur:

RAMIREZ

P. J.

McKINSTER

J.