1 

# TECHNICAL AND POLICY ISSUES 

# PROPOSED OZONE NAAQS August 2, 2010 Presentation to: Robert Sussman Senior Policy Counsel U.S. Environmental Protection Agency Washington, D.C.2



# Maintain current 2013 ozone review schedule  

# Review new health studies to address unanswered questions on health effects from the last review  

# Review new data on ozone background levels and significant impact 

# on health benefits valuation  

# Review new data on international transport and potential impacts on SIPs  

# Assess utility and applicability of a secondary standard in the W126 form  

# The above recommendations can be accomplished by folding this unscheduled review into the scheduled ozone review now underway.



# Key Recommendations3



# Backgroun 

# d

 

# EPA reconsidering 2008 NAAQS decision  

# Outstanding issues with 2008 decision not resolved  

# EPA now proposes 0.060 - 0.070 ppm standard based on:  

# The scientific record from the last review  

# Provisional Assessment (PA) of more recent studies  

# EPA concluded that PA does not “materially change“ the conclusions on health effects made in the 2007 (AQCD) Criteria Document  

# A comprehensive review of new studies suggests an alternate conclusion4 

# Concerns with Health Studies from Last Review  

# Reanalyzed published studies, reaching different conclusions  

# Excluded well conducted studies without justification  

# Relied on conflicting hypothesis to explain inconsistent results  

# Used individual responses within a group clinical study  

# Failed to recognize limitations of observational studies  

# Deviated from established medical criteria for adverse effect5 

# Recent Studies Suggest Alternative Conclusions
 

# EPA concluded pulmonary function effects at 0.060 ppb  

# New clinical study confirms no effects at 0.060 ppm  

# EPA claimed asthma exacerbation at current ozone levels  

# 3 of 4 new studies report no association  

# EPA concluded airway inflammation/respiratory morbidity at current levels  

# All new studies (3) on airway inflammation report no association  

# Results of new studies on respiratory morbidity are mixed  

# EPA concluded cardiac admissions at current levels  

# 7 of 8 new studies in PA report no association  

# EPA concluded acute mortality at current levels  

# New studies do not support case for acute mortality link6 

###  

# EPA defines PRB as ozone levels that would occur in the absence of anthropogenic emissions in North America  

# EPA asserts PRB to be 15 - 35 ppb based on GEOS - CHEM modeling  

# Modeled PRB is far too low in comparison to monitored values  

# Risk assessment uses ozone in excess of PRB in benefits valuation 

# Policy Relevant Background (PRB)7 

# EPA CASTNET DATA INDICATE LEVELS IN MANY RURAL AREAS

WILL EXCEED A 60-70 ppb NAAQS 1

1VValues are three -Year Average of Fourth Highest Daily Maximum 8 - Hour Average Ozone Concentrations (ppb) in various National Parks for 2006–2008 Yellowstone Rocky Mt. Acadia Blackwater Great Smokey Kane National Forest

Monmouth Cave Big Bend Lassen Volcano Yosemite

Petrified Forest

Grand Canyon Sequoia Joshua Tree Konza Prairie8



# International Transport Impacts U.S. 1  

# Increasing Asia emissions are outpacing U.S. reductions  

# Asia emissions contribute up to 17 ppb to tropospheric ozone  

# Trend projected to continue at 0.7 ppbv per year  

# Intrusion increases ground level ozone in the west and mid -west  

# Key conclusion: ozone transport hindering attainment in U.S.

1 Statements, data, conclusions presented are from Cooper et al. (2010).9



# Impact of PRB on Acute Mortality Estimates 1 

### Number of Deaths Attributable to Ozone > GEOS - CHEM PRB Number of Deaths Attributable to Ozone > 40 ppb PRB Percent Reductions If Using 40 ppb rather than GEOS - CHEM for PRB Assumption Atlanta 6.5 0.3 95% Cleveland 37.4 4.3 88% Detroit 37.9 1.8 95% Houston 22.7 1.5 94% Los Angeles 38.5 0.1 >99 

### Sacramento 11.0 0.2 98% St. Louis 4.4 0.3 93% 1 Risks estimated using risk specific coefficients from Bell et al. 2004, at exact attainment of the 0.084 ppm NAAQS, average o f 2 002 and 2004 data (CRA, 2007)10 

# A Separate Secondary NAAQS Not Warranted  

# Little new evidence of secondary effects  

# W126 index lacks a strong biological basis  

# Peer- reviewed research concluded W126 greatly overestimated the negative response to ozone  

# CASAC recommends ”EPA collect information and seek additional research that could be used to inform continued refinement of the [W126] standard”  

# W126 standard is not ready for national implementation11



# Conclusions
 

# Do not change the standards without a full review of the new health 

# studies and without correcting background ozone levels.  

# EPA should maintain current 2013 ozone review schedule  

# New / existing health studies do not support lower standard  

# The benefits of a lower ozone NAAQS are highly uncertain  

# Majority of studies show no effects at current levels  

# Low modeled PRB over- stated benefit valuation  

# A lower NAAQS will vastly increase non - attainment areas preventing business expansion, negatively impacting jobs.....  

# W126 secondary standard is not ready for national implementation12



# Background1314 

# EPA Data Show Lowest 10% Ozone Values Have Remained 

# Relatively Flat Despite Aggressive Control Program Year 10th Percentile 1980 0.069 1981 0.070 1982 0.069 1983 0.072 1984 0.071 1985 0.069 1986 0.070 1987 0.074 1988 0.077 1989 0.070 1990 0.070 1991 0.068 1992 0.068 1993 0.066 1994 0.069 1995 0.072 1996 0.071 1997 0.066 1998 0.071 1999 0.072 2000 0.067 2001 0.069 2002 0.069 2003 0.069 2004 0.064 2005 0.065 2006 0.064 2007 0,061 2008 0.064 http://www.epa.gov/airtrends/ozone.html

# Lower NAAQS Drives Extreme Classifications Arkansas Colorado

Illinois Ohio

Pennsylvania West Virginia

Source: NERA analysis of EPA data in Docket No. EPA -HQ - OAR- 2007 -0225 1516 

# References Adams W. et al. (2006). Comparison of chamber 6.6 - h exposures to 0.04 - 0.08 ppm ozone via square -wave and triangular Profiles on pulmonary responses. Inhal. Toxicol . 8(2):127- 136. Cooper et al. (2010). Increasing springtime ozone mixing ratios in the free troposphere over western North America. Nature 463: 344 - 348. Delfino et al. (2002). Association of asthma symptoms with peak particulate air pollution and effect modification by Anti - inflammatory medication use. Env. Health Persp. 110(10:607- 617. Fiore et al. (2009). Multi - model estimates for intercontinental transport of ozone pollution in the northern hemisphere (and un certainties therein), presentation January 21, 2009, http://www.gfdl.noaa.gov/cms -filesystem - action/user_files/aff/presentation_ppts/fiore_gfdl_jan09. ppt HEI (2009). Air Pollution and Health: a European and North American Approach (APHENA). HEI Report 142. Kamps A. et al. (2001). Peak flow diaries in childhood asthma are unreliable. Thorax 56:180 - 182 Mortimer et al. (2002). The effect of air pollution on inner- city children with asthma. Eur. Resp. J. 19:699 - 705. O’Connor et al. (2008). Acute respiratory health effects of air pollution on children with asthma in U.S. inner cities. J. Allergy Clin. Immunol

. 12: 1133 - 9 Schelegle et al. (2009). 6.6 Hour inhalation of ozone concentrations from 60 to 87 ppb in health humans. Am. J. Resp. Crit. Care Med. 164:505 - 517. Smith et al. (1999). Threshold dependence of mortality effects for fine and coarse particles in Phoenix, Arizona. J. Air Wa ste Management Association 50: 1467 - 1379. Schildcdrout et al. (2006). Ambient air pollution and asthma in children: an eight city analysis. Am. J. Epi . 164(5): 505 - 17. Smith et al. (2009). Reassessing the relationship between ozone and short -term mortality in U.S. urban communities. Inhalation Toxicology 29:37- 61. Stoeckenius et al. (2010, 2010). Air quality modeling study for the four corners region and addendum. Environ Int. Corp Repo rt. August 2009 and January 2010. http://www.nmenv.state.nm.us/aqb/4c/Modeling.htlm. Stylinaou and Nicolich (2009). Cumulative effects and threshold levels in air pollution mortality: data analysis of nine larg e US cities using the NMMAPS dataset. Environmental Pollution 157:2216 -2223.