# Patent

## Title
Method for apparatus for audio matrix decoding

## Abstract

A method derives at least three audio signals, each associated with a direction, from two input audio signals. In response to the two input signals, a passive matrix generates a plurality of passive matrix audio signals, including two pairs of passive matrix audio signals, a first pair of passive amtrix audio signals represent directions lying on a first axis and a second pair of passive matrix audio signals represent direction lying on a second axis, the first and second aces being substantially at ninety degrees to ach other. The pairs of passive matrix audio signals are processed to derive a plurality of matrix coefficients therefrom, The processing includes deriving a pair of intermediate signals and urging each pair of intermediate signals toward equality in response to a respective error signal. At least three output signals are produced by matrix multiplying the two input signals by the matrix coefficients.

## Background
The invention relates to audio signal processing. In particular, the invention relates to “multidirectional” (or “multichannel”) audio decoding using an “adaptive” (or “active”) audio matrix method that derives three or more audio signal streams (or “signals” or “channels”) from a pair of audio input signal streams (or “signals” or “channels”). The invention is useful for recovering audio signals in which each signal is associated with a direction and was combined into a fewer number of signals by an encoding matrix. Although the invention is described in terms of such a deliberate matrix encoding, it should be understood that the invention need not be used with any particular matrix encoding and is also useful for generating pleasing directional effects from material originally recorded for two-channel reproduction.
TECHNICAL FIELD
Audio matrix encoding and decoding is well known in the prior art. For example, in so-called “4-2-4” audio matrix encoding and decoding, four source signals, typically associated with four cardinal directions (such as, for example, left, center, right and surround or left front, right front, left back and right back) are amplitude-phase matrix encoded into two signals. The two signals are transmitted or stored and then decoded by an amplitude-phase matrix decoder in order to recover approximations of the original four source signals. The decoded signals are approximations because matrix decoders suffer the well-known disadvantage of crosstalk among the decoded audio signals. Ideally, the decoded signals should be identical to the source signals, with infinite separation among the signals. However, the inherent crosstalk in matrix decoders may result in only 3 dB separation between signals associated with adjacent directions. An audio matrix in which the matrix characteristics do not vary is known in the art as a “passive” matrix.
In order to overcome the problem of crosstalk in matrix decoders, it is known in the prior art to adaptively vary the decoding matrix characteristics in order to improve separation among the decoded signals and more closely approximate the source signals. One well-known example of such an active matrix decoder is the Dolby Pro Logic decoder, described in U.S. Pat. No. 4,799,260, which patent is incorporated by reference herein in its entirety. “Dolby” and “Pro Logic” are trademarks of Dolby Laboratories Licensing Corporation. The '260 patent cites a number of patents that are prior art to it, many of them describing various other types of adaptive matrix decoders. Other prior art patents include patents by James W. Fosgate, one of the present inventors, including U.S. Pat. Nos. 5,625,696; 5,644,640; 5,504,819; 5,428,687; and 5,172,415. Each of these patents is also incorporated by reference herein in its entirety.
Although prior art adaptive matrix decoders are intended to reduce crosstalk in the reproduced signals and more closely replicate the source signals, the prior art has done so in ways, many of which being complex and cumbersome, that fail to recognize desirable relationships among intermediate signals in the decoder that may be used to simplify the decoder and to improve the decoder's accuracy.
Accordingly, the present invention is directed to methods and apparatus that recognize and employ heretofore-unappreciated relationships among intermediate signals in adaptive matrix decoders. Exploitation of these relationships allows undesired crosstalk components to be cancelled easily, particularly by using automatic self-canceling arrangements using negative feedback.
DISCLOSURE OF INVENTION
In accordance with an aspect of the invention, the invention constitutes a method for deriving at least three audio output signals from two input audio signals, in which four audio signals are derived from the two input audio signals by using a passive matrix that produces two pairs of audio signals in response to two audio signals: a first pair of derived audio signals representing directions lying on a first axis (such as “left” and “right” signals) and a second pair of derived audio signals representing directions lying on a second axis (such as “center” and “surround” signals), the first and second axes being substantially ninety degrees to each other. Each of the pairs of derived audio signals are processed in a “servo” arrangement to produce respective first and second pairs (the left/right and center/surround pairs, respectively) of intermediate audio signals such that the magnitudes of the relative amplitudes of the audio signals in each pair of intermediate audio signals are urged toward equality by a servo.
The invention may be implemented in either of several equivalent ways. One way is to use the intermediate signal itself (or a component of the intermediate signal) as a component of the output signal. Another way is to use the signals controlling the gain of variable-gain elements in the servos to generate coefficients in a variable matrix that operates on the two input audio signals. In every embodiment of both ways, intermediate signals are derived from a passive matrix operating on a pair of input signals and those intermediate signals are urged toward equality. The first way may be implemented by several equivalent topologies. In embodiments embodying a first topology of the first way, components of the intermediate signals are combined with passive matrix signals (from the passive matrix operating on the input signals or otherwise) to produce output signals. In an embodiment employing a second topology of the first way, pairs of the intermediate signals are combined to provide output signals. According to the second way, although intermediate signals are generated and urged toward equality by a servo, the intermediate signals do not directly contribute to the output signals; instead signals present in the servo are employed in generating coefficients of a variable matrix.
The heretofore unappreciated relationships among the decoded signals is that by urging toward equality the magnitudes of the intermediate audio signals in each pair of intermediate audio signals, undesired crosstalk components in the decoded output signals are substantially suppressed. This result is obtained according to both the first way and the second way. The principle does not require complete equality in order to achieve substantial crosstalk cancellation. Such processing is readily and preferably implemented by the use of negative feedback arrangements that act to cause automatic cancellation of undesired crosstalk components.
Other aspects of the present invention include the derivation of additional control signals for producing additional output signals.
It is a primary object of the invention to achieve a measurably and perceptibly high degree of crosstalk cancellation under a wide variety of input signal conditions, using circuitry with no special requirements for precision, and requiring no unusual complexity in the control path, both of which are found in the prior art.
It is another object of the invention to achieve such high performance with simpler or lower cost circuitry than prior art circuits.



BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF DRAWINGS
FIG. 1 is a functional and schematic diagram of a prior art passive decoding matrix useful in understanding the present invention.
FIG. 2 is a functional and schematic diagram of a prior art active matrix decoder useful in understanding aspects of the present invention.
FIG. 3 is a fictional and schematic diagram of a feedback-derived control system (or “servo”) according to aspects of the present invention for the left and right VCAs and the sum and difference VCAs of FIG. 2 and for VCAs in other embodiments of the present invention.
FIG. 4 is a functional and schematic diagram showing an arrangement according to an aspect of the present invention equivalent to the combination of FIGS. 2 and 3 in which the output combiners generate the passive matrix output signal components in response to the Lt and Rt input signals instead of receiving them from the passive matrix from which the cancellation components are derived.
FIG. 5 is a functional and schematic diagram according to an aspect of the present invention showing an arrangement equivalent to the combination of FIGS. 2 and 3 and FIG. 4. In the FIG. 5 configuration, the signals that are to be maintained equal are the signals applied to the output deriving combiners and to the feedback circuits for control of the VCAs; the outputs of the feedback circuits include the passive matrix components.
FIG. 6 is a functional and schematic diagram according to an aspect of the present invention showing an arrangement equivalent to the arrangements of the combination of FIGS. 2 and 3, FIG. 4 and FIG. 5, in which the variable-gain-circuit gain (1−g) provided by a VCA and subtractor is replaced by a VCA whose gain varies in the opposite direction of the VCAs in the VCA and subtractor configurations. In this embodiment, the passive matrix components are implicit. In certain other embodiments, the passive matrix components are explicit.
FIG. 7 is an idealized graph, plotting the left and right VCA gains gl and gr of the Lt/Rt feedback-derived control system (vertical axis) against the panning angle α (horizontal axis).
FIG. 8 is an idealized graph, plotting the sum and difference VCA gains gc and gs of the sum/difference feedback-derived control system (vertical axis) against the panning angle α (horizontal axis).
FIG. 9 is an idealized graph, plotting the left/right and the inverted sum/difference control voltages for a scaling in which the maximum and minimum values of control signals are +/−15 volts (vertical axis) against the panning angle α (horizontal axis).
FIG. 10 is an idealized graph, plotting the lesser of the curves in FIG. 9 (vertical axis) against the panning angle α (horizontal axis).
FIG. 11 is an idealized graph, plotting the lesser of the curves in FIG. 9 (vertical axis) against the panning angle α (horizontal axis) for the case in which the sum/difference voltage has been scaled by 0.8. prior to taking the lesser of the curves.
FIG. 12 is an idealized graph, plotting the left back and right back VCA gains glb and grb of the left-back/right-back feedback-derived control system (vertical axis) against the panning angle α (horizontal axis).
FIG. 13 is a functional and schematic diagram of a portion of an active matrix decoder according to an aspect of the present invention in which six outputs are obtained.
FIG. 14 is a functional and schematic diagram showing the derivation of six cancellation signals for use in a six output active matrix decoder such as that of FIG. 13.
FIG. 15 is a schematic circuit diagram showing a practical analog circuit embodying aspects of the present invention.
FIG. 16A is a functional block diagram showing an alternative embodiment of the invention.
FIG. 16B is a functional block diagram showing an alternative embodiment of FIG. 16A.
FIG. 16C is a functional block diagram showing an alternative embodiment of FIG. 16A.
FIG. 16D is a functional block diagram showing an alternative embodiment of FIG. 16A.
FIG. 17 is a functional block diagram showing a left/right servo implemented in the digital domain suitable for use in the embodiments of FIGS. 16A, B, C or D and in other disclosed embodiments of the invention.
FIG. 18 is a functional block diagram showing a front/back servo implemented in the digital domain. suitable for use in the embodiments of FIGS. 16A, B, C or D and in other disclosed embodiments of the invention.
FIG. 19 is a functional block diagram showing the derivation in the digital domain of left back and right back control signals suitable for use in the embodiment of FIGS. 16A, B, C or D and in other embodiments of the invention.



BEST MODE FOR CARRYING OUT THE INVENTION
A passive decoding matrix is shown functionally and schematically in FIG. 1. The following equations relate the outputs to the inputs, Lt and Rt (“left total” and “right total”):

Lout=Lt  (Eqn. 1)

Rout=Rt  (Eqn. 2)

Cout=1⁄2*(Lt+Rt)  (Eqn. 3)

Sout=1⁄2*(Lt−Rt)  (Eqn. 4)

(The “*” symbol in these and other equations throughout this document indicates multiplication.)
The center output is the sum of the inputs, and the surround output is the difference between the inputs. Both have, in addition, a scaling; this scaling is arbitrary, and is chosen to be 1⁄2 for the purpose of ease in explanation. Other scaling values are possible. The Cout output is obtained by applying Lt and Rt with a scale factor of +1⁄2 to a linear combiner 2. The Sout output is obtained by applying Lt and Rt with scale factors of +1⁄2 and −1⁄2, respectively, to a linear combiner 4.
The passive matrix of FIG. 1 thus produces two pairs of audio signals; the first pair is Lout and Rout; the second pair is Cout and Sout. In this example, the cardinal directions of the passive matrix are designated “left,” “center,” “right,” and “surround.” Adjacent cardinal directions lie on axes at ninety degrees from each other, such that, for these direction labels, left is adjacent to center and surround; surround is adjacent to left and right, etc. It should be understood that the invention is applicable to any 2:4 decoding matrix having axes at ninety degrees.
A passive matrix decoder derives n audio signals from m audio signals, where n is greater than m, in accordance with an invariable relationship (for example, in FIG. 1, Cout is always 1⁄2*(Rout+Lout)). In contrast, an active matrix decoder derives n audio signals in accordance with a variable relationship. One way to configure an active matrix decoder is to combine signal-dependent signal components with the output signals of a passive matrix. For example, as shown functionally and schematically in FIG. 2, four VCAs (voltage-controlled amplifiers) 6, 8, 10 and 12, delivering variably scaled versions of the passive matrix outputs, are summed with the unaltered passive matrix outputs (namely, the two inputs themselves along with the two outputs of combiners 2 and 4) in linear combiners 14, 16, 18, and 20. Because the VCAs have their inputs derived from the left, right, center and surround outputs of the passive matrix, respectively, their gains may be designated gl, gr, gc, and gs (all positive). The VCA output signals constitute cancellation signals and are combined with passively derived outputs having crosstalk from the directions from which the cancellation signals are derived in order to enhance the matrix decoder's directional performance by suppressing crosstalk.
Note that, in the arrangement of FIG. 2, the paths of the passive matrix are present. Each output is the combination of the respective passive matrix output plus the output of two VCAs. The VCA outputs are selected and scaled to provide the desired crosstalk cancellation for the respective passive matrix output, taking into consideration that crosstalk components occur in outputs representing adjacent cardinal directions. For example, a center signal has crosstalk in the passively decoded left and right signals and a surround signal has crosstalk in the passively decoded left and right signals. Accordingly, the left signal output should be combined with cancellation signal components derived from the passively decoded center and surround signals, and similarly for the other four outputs. The manner in which the signals are scaled, polarized, and combined in FIG. 2 provides the desired crosstalk suppression. By varying the respective VCA gain in the range of zero to one (for the scaling example of FIG. 2), undesired crosstalk components in the passively decoded outputs may be suppressed.
The arrangement of FIG. 2 has the following equations:

Lout=Lt−gc*1⁄2*(Lt+Rt)−gs*1⁄2*(Lt−Rt)  (Eqn. 5)

Rout=Rt−gc*1⁄2*(Lt+Rt)+gs*1⁄2*(Lt−Rt)  (Eqn. 6)

Cout=1⁄2*(Lt+Rt)−gl*1⁄2*Lt−gr*1⁄2*Rt  (Eqn. 7)

Sout=1⁄2*(Lt−Rt)−gl*1⁄2*Lt+gr*1⁄2*Rt  (Eqn. 8)

If all the VCAs had gains of zero, the arrangement would be the same as the passive matrix. For any equal values of all VCA gains, the arrangement of FIG. 2 is the same as the passive matrix apart from a constant scaling. For example, if all VCAs had gains of 0.1:

Lout=Lt−0.05*(Lt+Rt)−0.05*(Lt−Rt)=0.9*Lt

Rout=Rt−0.05*(Lt+Rt)+0.05(Lt−Rt)=0.9*Rt

Cout=1⁄2*(Lt+Rt)−0.05*Lt−0.05*Rt=0.9*1⁄2*(Lt+Rt)

Sout=1⁄2*(Lt−Rt)−0.05*Lt+0.05*Rt=0.9*1⁄2*(Lt−Rt)

The result is the passive matrix scaled by a factor 0.9. Thus, it will be apparent that the precise value of the quiescent VCA gain, described below, is not critical.
Consider an example. For the cardinal directions (left, right, center and surround) only, the respective inputs are Lt only, Rt only, Lt=Rt (the same polarity), and Lt=−Rt (opposite polarity), and the corresponding desired outputs are Lout only, Rout only, Cout only and Sout only. In each case, ideally, one output only should deliver one signal, and the remaining ones should deliver nothing.
By inspection, it is apparent that if the VCAs can be controlled so that the one corresponding to the desired cardinal direction has a gain of 1 and the remaining ones are much less than 1, then at all outputs except the desired one, the VCA signals will cancel the unwanted outputs. As explained above, in the FIG. 2 configuration, the VCA outputs act to cancel crosstalk components in the adjacent cardinal directions (into which the passive matrix has crosstalk).
Thus, for example, if both inputs are fed with equal in-phase signals, so Rt=Lt=(say) 1, and if as a result gc=1 and gl, gr and gs are all zero or near zero, one gets:

Lout=1−1*1⁄2*(1+1)−0*1⁄2*(1−1)0

Rout=1−1*1⁄2*(1+1)+0*1⁄2*(1−1)0

Cout=1⁄2*(1+1)−0*1⁄2*1−0*1⁄2*1=1

Sout=1⁄2*(1−1)−0* 1/2*1+0* 1/21=0

The only output is from the desired Cout. A similar calculation will show that the same applies to the case of a signal only from one of the other three cardinal directions.
Equations 5, 6, 7 and 8 can be written equivalently as follows:

Lout=1⁄2*(Lt+Rt)*(1−gc)+1⁄2*(Lt−Rt)*(1−gs)  (Eqn. 9)

Cout=1⁄2*Lt*(1−gl)+1⁄2*Rt*(1−gr)  (Eqn. 10)

Rout=1⁄2*(Lt+Rt)*(1−gc)−1⁄2*(Lt−Rt)*(1−gs)  (Eqn. 11)

Sout=1⁄2*Lt*(1−gl)−1⁄2Rt*(1−gr)  (Eqn. 12)

In this arrangement, each output is the combination of two signals. Lout and Rout both involve the sum and difference of the input signals and the gains of the sum and difference VCAs (the VCAs whose inputs are derived from the center and surround directions, the pair of directions being ninety degrees to the left and right directions). Cout and Sout both involve the actual input signals and the gains of the left and right VCAs (the VCAs whose respective inputs are derived from the left and right directions, the pair of directions ninety degrees to the center and surround directions).
Consider a non-cardinal direction, where Rt is fed with the same signal as Lt, with the same polarity but attenuated. This condition represents a signal placed somewhere between the left and center cardinal directions, and should therefore deliver outputs from Lout and Cout, with little or nothing from Rout and Sout.
For Rout and Sout, this zero output can be achieved if the two terms are equal in magnitude but opposite in polarity.




  
    
      
        
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A consideration of a signal panned (or, simply, positioned) between any two adjacent cardinal directions will reveal the same two relationships. In other words, when the input signals represent a sound panned between any two adjacent outputs, these magnitude relationships will ensure that the sound emerges from the outputs corresponding to those two adjacent cardinal directions and that the other two outputs deliver nothing. In order substantially to achieve that result, the magnitudes of the two terms in each of the equations 9-12 should be urged toward equality. This may be achieved by seeking to keep equal the relative magnitudes of two pairs of signals within the active matrix:




  
    
      
        
          
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The desired relationships, shown in Equations 15 and 16 are the same as those of Equations 13 and 14 but with the scaling omitted. The polarity with which the signals are combined and their scaling may be taken care of when the respective outputs are obtained as with the combiners 14, 16, 18 and 20 of FIG. 2.
The invention is based on the discovery of these heretofore-unappreciated equal amplitude magnitude relationships, and, preferably, as described below, the use of self-acting feedback control to maintain these relationships.
From the discussion above concerning cancellation of undesired crosstalk signal components and from the requirements for the cardinal directions, it can be deduced that for the scaling used in this explanation, the maximum gain for a VCA should be unity. Under .quiescent, undefined, or “unsteered” conditions, the VCAs should adopt a small gain, providing effectively the passive matrix. When the gain of one VCA of a pair needs to rise from its quiescent value towards unity, the other of the pair may remain at the quiescent gain or may move in the opposite direction. One convenient and practical relationship is to keep the product of the gains of the pair constant. Using analog VCAs, whose gain in dB is a linear function of their control voltage, this happens automatically if a control voltage is applied equally (but with effective opposite polarity) to the two of a pair. Another alternative is to keep the sum of the gains of the pair constant. As, for example, described in connection with FIGS. 16-19, the invention may be implemented digitally or in software rather than by using analog components.
Thus, for example, if the quiescent gain is 1/a, a practical relationship between the two gains of the pairs might be their product such that

g1*gr=1/a2, and

gc*gs=1/a2.

A typical value for “a” might lie in the range 10 to 20.
FIG. 3 shows, functionally and schematically, a feedback-derived control system (or “servo”) for the left and right VCAs (6 and 12, respectively) of FIG. 2. It receives the Lt and Rt input signals, processes them to derive intermediate Lt*(1−gl) and Rt*(1−gr) signals, compares the magnitude of the intermediate signals, and generates an error signal in response to any difference in magnitude, the error signal causing the VCAs to reduce the difference in magnitude. One way to achieve such a result is to rectify the intermediate signals to derive their magnitudes and apply the two magnitude signals to a comparator whose output controls the gains of the VCAs with such a polarity that, for example, an increase in the L, signal increases g, and decreases g,. Circuit values (or their equivalents in digital or software implementations) are chosen so that when the comparator output is zero, the quiescent amplifier gain is substantially less than unity (e.g., 1/a). Preferred digital implementations are shown and described below in connection with FIGS. 17 and 18.
In the analog domain, particularly, a practical way to implement the comparison function is to convert the two magnitudes to the logarithm domain so that the comparator subtracts them rather than determining their ratio. Many analog VCAs have gains proportional to an exponent of the control signal, so that they inherently and conveniently take the antilog of the control outputs of logarithmically-based comparator.
More specifically, as shown in FIG. 3, the Lt input is applied to the “left” VCA 6 and to one input of a linear combiner 22 where it is applied with a scaling of +1. The left VCA 6 output is applied to the combiner 22 with a scaling of −1 (thus forming a subtractor) and the output of combiner 22 is applied to a full-wave rectifier 24. The Rt input is applied to the right VCA 12 and to one input of a linear combiner 26 where it is applied with a scaling of +1. The right VCA 12 output is applied to the combiner 26 with a scaling of −1 (thus forming a subtractor) and the output of combiner 26 is applied to a full-wave rectifier 28. The rectifier 24 and 28 outputs are applied, respectively, to non-inverting and inverting inputs of an operational amplifier 30, operating as a differential amplifier. The amplifier 30 output provides a control signal in the nature of an error signal that is applied without inversion to the gain controlling input of VCA 6 and with polarity inversion to the gain controlling input of VCA 12. The error signal indicates that the two signals, whose magnitudes are to be equalized, differ in magnitude. This error signal is used to “steer” the VCAs in the correct direction to reduce the difference in magnitude of the intermediate signals. The outputs to the combiners 16 and 18 are taken from the VCA 6 and VCA 12 outputs. Thus, only a component of each intermediate signal is applied to the output combiners, namely, −Ltgr and −Rtgl. For steady-state signal conditions, the difference in magnitude may be reduced to a negligible amount by providing enough loop gain. However, it is not necessary to reduce the differences in magnitude to zero or a negligible amount in order to achieve substantial crosstalk cancellation. For example, a loop gain sufficient to reduce the dB difference by a factor of 10 results, theoretically, in worst-case crosstalk better than 30 dB down. For dynamic conditions, time constants in the feedback control arrangement should be chosen to urge the magnitudes toward equality in a way that is essentially inaudible at least for most signal conditions. Details of the choice of time constants in the various configurations described are beyond the scope of the invention.
Preferably, circuit parameters are chosen to provide about 20 dB of negative feedback and so that the VCA gains cannot rise above unity. The VCA gains may vary from some small value (for example, 1/a2, much less than unity) up to, but not exceeding, unity for the scaling examples described herein in connection with the arrangements of FIGS. 2, 4 and 5. Due to the negative feedback, the arrangement of FIG. 3 will act to hold the signals entering the rectifiers approximately equal.
Since the exact gains are not critical when they are small, any other relationship that forces the gain of one of the pair to a small value whenever the other rises towards unity will cause similar acceptable results.
The feedback-derived control system for the center and surround VCAs (8 and 10, respectively) of FIG. 2 is substantially identical to the arrangement of FIG. 3, as described, but receiving not Lt and Rt but their sum and difference and applying its outputs from VCA 6 and VCA 12 (constituting a component of the respective intermediate signal) to combiners 14 and 20.
Thus, a high degree of crosstalk cancellation may be achieved under a wide variety of input signal conditions using circuitry with no special requirements for precision. The feedback-derived control system operates to process pairs of audio signals from the passive matrix such that the magnitudes of the relative amplitudes of the intermediate audio signals in each pair of intermediate audio signals are urged toward equality.
The feedback-derived control system shown in FIG. 3 controls the gains of the two VCAs 6 and 12 inversely to urge the inputs to the rectifiers 24 and 28 towards equality. The degree to which these two terms are urged towards equality depends on the characteristics of the rectifiers, the comparator 30 following them and of the gain/control relationships of the VCAs. The greater the loop-gain, the closer the equality, but an urging towards equality will occur irrespective of the characteristics of these elements (provided of course the polarities of the signals are such as to reduce the level differences). In practice the comparator may not have infinite gain but may be realized as a subtractor with finite gain.
If the rectifiers are linear, that is, if their outputs are directly proportional to the input magnitudes, the comparator or subtractor output is a function of the signal voltage or current difference. If instead the rectifiers respond to the logarithm of their input magnitudes that is to the level expressed in dB a subtraction performed at the comparator input is equivalent to taking the ratio of the input levels. This is beneficial in that the result is then independent of the absolute signal level but depends only on the difference in signal expressed in dB. Considering the source signal levels expressed in dB to reflect more nearly human perception, this means that other things being equal the loop-gain is independent of loudness, and hence that the degree of urging towards equality is also independent of absolute loudness. At some very low level, of course, the logarithmic rectifiers will cease to operate; accurately, and therefore there will be an input threshold below which the urging towards equality will cease. However, the result is that control can be maintained over a 70 or more dB range without the need for extraordinarily high loop-gains for high input signal levels, with resultant potential problems with stability of the loop.
Similarly, the VCAs 6 and 12 may have gains that are directly or inversely proportional to their control voltages (that is, multipliers or dividers). This would have the effect that when the gains were small, small absolute changes in control voltage would cause large changes in gain expressed in dB. For example, consider a VCA with a maximum gain of unity, as required in this feedback-derived control system configuration, and a control voltage Vc that varies from say 0 to 10 volts, so that the gain can be expressed as A=0.1*Vc. When Vc is near its maximum, a 100 mV (millivolt) change from say 9900 to 10000 mV delivers a gain change of 20*log(10000/9900) or about 0.09 dB. When Vc is much smaller, a 100 mV change from say 100 to 200 mV delivers a gain change of 20*log(200/100) or 6 dB. As a result, the effective loop-gain, and, hence, rate of response, would vary hugely depending whether the control signal was large or small. Again, there can be problems with the stability of the loop.
This problem can be eliminated by employing VCAs whose gain in dB is proportional to the control voltage, or expressed differently, whose voltage or current gain is dependent upon the exponent or antilog of the control voltage. A small change in control voltage such as 100 mV will then give the same dB change in gain wherever the control voltage is within its range. Such devices are readily available as analog ICs, and the characteristic, or an approximation to it, is easily achieved in digital implementations.
The preferred analog embodiment therefore employs logarithmic rectifiers and exponentially controlled variable gain amplification, delivering more nearly uniform urging towards equality (considered in dB) over a wide range of input levels and of ratios of the two input signals.
Since in human hearing the perception of direction is not constant with frequency, it is desirable to apply some frequency weighting to the signals entering the rectifiers, so as to emphasize those frequencies that contribute most to the human sense of direction and to de-emphasize those that might lead to inappropriate steering. Hence, in practical embodiments, the rectifiers 24 and 28 in FIG. 3 are preceded by filters derived empirically, providing a response that attenuates low frequencies and very high frequencies and provides a gently rising response over the middle of the audible range. Note that these filters do not alter the frequency response of the output signals, they merely alter the control signals and VCA gains in the feedback-derived control systems.
An arrangement equivalent to the combination of FIGS. 2 and 3 is shown functionally and schematically in FIG. 4. It differs from the combination of FIGS. 2 and 3 in that the output combiners generate passive matrix output signal components in response to the Lt and Rt input signals instead of receiving them from the passive matrix from which the cancellation components are derived. The arrangement provides the same results as does the combination of FIGS. 2 and 3 provided that the summing coefficients are essentially the same in the passive matrices. FIG. 4 incorporates the feedback arrangements described in connection with FIG. 3.
More specifically, in FIG. 4, the Lt and Rt inputs are applied first to a passive matrix that includes combiners 2 and 4 as in the FIG. 1 passive matrix configuration. The Lt input, which is also the passive matrix “left” output, is applied to the “left” VCA 32 and to one input of a linear combiner 34 with a scaling of +1. The left VCA 32 output is applied to a combiner 34 with a scaling of −1 (thus forming a subtractor). The Rt input, which is also the passive matrix “right” output, is applied to the “night” VCA 44 and to one input of a linear combiner 46 with a scaling of +1. The right VCA 44 output is applied to the combiner 46 with a scaling of −1 (thus forming a subtractor). The outputs of combiners 34 and 46 are the signals Lt*(1−gl) and Rt*(1−gr), respectively, and it is desired to keep the magnitude of those signals equal or to urge them toward equality. To achieve that result, those signals preferably are applied to a feedback circuit such as shown in FIG. 3 and described in connection therewith. The feedback circuit then controls the gain of VCAs 32 and 44.
In addition, still referring to FIG. 4, the “center” output of the passive matrix from combiner 2 is applied to the “center” VCA 36 and to one input of a linear combiner 38 with a scaling of +1. The center VCA 36 output is applied to the combiner 38 with a scaling of −1 (thus forming a subtractor). The “surround” output of the passive matrix from combiner 4 is applied to the “surround” VCA 40 and to one input of a linear combiner 42 with a scaling of +1. The surround VCA 40 output is applied to the combiner 42 with a scaling of −1 (thus forming a subtractor). The outputs of combiners 38 and 42 are the signals 1⁄2*(Lt+Rt)*(1−gc) and 1⁄2*(Lt−Rt)*(1−gs), respectively, and it is desired to keep the magnitude of those signals equal or to urge them toward equality. To achieve that result, those signals preferably are applied to a feedback circuit or servo such as shown in FIG. 3 and described in connection therewith. The feedback circuit then controls the gain of VCAs 38 and 42. The portions 43 and 47 within dashed lines constitute a portion of the servos (the servos further include the relevant portions of FIG. 3).
The output signals Lout, Cout, Sout, and Rout are produced by combiners 48, 50, 52 and 54. Each combiner receives the output of two VCAs (the VCA outputs constituting a component of the intermediate signals whose magnitudes are sought to be kept equal) to provide cancellation signal components and either or both input signals so as to provide passive matrix signal components. More specifically, the input signal Lt is applied with a scaling of +1 to the Lout combiner 48, with a scaling of +1⁄2 to the Cout combiner 50, and with a scaling of +1⁄2 to the Sout combiner 52. The input signal Rt is applied with a scaling of +1 to the Rout combiner 54, with a scaling of +1⁄2 to Cout combiner 50, and with a scaling of −1⁄2 to Sout combiner 52. The left VCA 32 output is applied with a scaling of −1⁄2 to Cout combiner 50 and also with a scaling of −1⁄2 to Sout combiner 52. The right VCA 44 output is applied with a scaling of −1⁄2 to Cout combiner 50 and with a scaling of +1⁄2 to Sout combiner 52. The center VCA 36 output is applied with a scaling of −1 to Lout combiner 48 and with a scaling of −1 to Rout combiner 54. The surround VCA 40 output is applied with a scaling of −1 to Lout VCA 48 and with a scaling of +1 to Rout VCA 54.
It will be noted that in various ones of the figures, for example in FIGS. 2 and 4, it may initially appear that cancellation signals do not oppose the passive matrix signals (for example, some of the cancellation signals are applied to combiners with the same polarity as the passive matrix signal is applied). However, in operation, when a cancellation signal becomes significant it will have a polarity that does oppose the passive matrix signal.
Another arrangement equivalent to the combination of FIGS. 2 and 3 and to FIG. 4 is shown functionally and schematically in FIG. 5. In the FIG. 5 configuration, the signals that are to be maintained equal are the signals applied to the output deriving combiners and to the feedback circuits for control of the VCAs. These signals include passive matrix output signal components. In contrast, in the arrangement of FIG. 4 the signals applied to the output combiners from the feedback circuits are the VCA output signals and exclude the passive matrix components. Thus, in FIG. 4 (and in the combination of FIGS. 2 and 3), passive matrix components must be explicitly combined with the outputs of the feedback circuits, whereas in FIG. 5 the outputs of the feedback circuits include the passive matrix components and are sufficient in themselves. It will also be noted that in the FIG. 5 arrangement the intermediate signal outputs rather than the VCA outputs (each of which constitutes only a component of the intermediate signal) are applied to the output combiners. Nevertheless, the FIG. 4 and FIG. 5 (along with the combination of FIGS. 2 and 3) configurations are equivalent (as is the FIGS. 16A-D configurations, described below), and, if the summing coefficients are accurate, the outputs from FIG. 5 are the same as those from FIG. 4 (and the combination of FIGS. 2 and 3).
In FIG. 5, the four intermediate signals, [1⁄2*(Lt+Rt)*(1−gc)], [1⁄2*(Lt−Rt)*(1−gs), [1⁄2*Lt*(1−gl)], and [1⁄2*Rt*(1−gr)], in the equations 9, 10, 11 and 12 are obtained by processing the passive matrix outputs and are then added or subtracted to derive the desired outputs. The signals also are fed to the rectifiers and comparators of two feedback circuits, as described above in connection with FIG. 3, the feedback circuits desirably acting to hold the magnitudes of the pairs of signals equal. The feedback circuits of FIG. 3, as applied to the FIG. 5 configuration, have their outputs to the output combiners taken from the outputs of the combiners 22 and 26 rather than from the VCAs 6 and 12.
Still referring to FIG. 5, the connections among combiners 2 and 4, VCAs 32, 36, 40, and 44, and combiners 34, 38, 42 and 46 are the same as in the arrangement of FIG. 4. Also, in both the FIG. 4 and FIG. 5 arrangements, the outputs of the combiners 34, 38, 42 and 46 preferably are applied to two feedback control circuits (the outputs of combiners 34 and 46 to a first such circuit in order to generate control signals for VCAs 32 and 44 and the outputs of combiners 38 and 42 to a second such circuit in order to generate control signals for VCAs 36 and 40). In FIG. 5 the output of combiner 34, the Lt*(1−gl) signal, is applied with a scaling of +1 to the Cout combiner 58 and with a scaling of +1 to the Sout combiner 60. The output of combiner 46, the Rt*(1−gr) signal is applied with a scaling of +1 to the Cout combiner 58 and with a scaling of −1 to the Sout combiner 60. The output of combiner 38, the 1⁄2*(Lt+Rt)*(1−gc) signal, is applied to the Lout combiner 56 with a scaling of +1 and to the Rout combiner 62 with a scaling of +1. The output of the combiner 42, the 1⁄2*(Lt−Rt)*(1−gs) signal, is applied to the Lout combiner 56 with a +1 scaling and to the Rout combiner 62 with a −1 scaling. The portions 45 and 49 within the dashed lines constitute a portion of the servos (the servos further include the relevant portions of FIG. 3).
Unlike prior art adaptive matrix decoders, whose control signals are generated from the inputs, aspects of the invention preferably employ a closed-loop control in which the magnitudes of the signals providing the outputs are measured and fed back to provide the adaptation. In particular, unlike prior art open-loop systems, in certain aspects of the invention the desired cancellation of unwanted signals for non-cardinal directions does not depend on an accurate matching of characteristics of the signal and control paths, and the closed-loop configurations greatly reduce the need for precision in the circuitry.
Ideally, aside from practical circuit shortcomings, “keep magnitudes equal” configurations of the invention are “perfect” in the sense that any source fed into the Lt and Rt inputs with known relative amplitudes and polarity will yield signals from the desired outputs and negligible signals from the others. “Known relative amplitudes and polarity” means that the Lt and Rt inputs represent either a cardinal direction or a position between adjacent cardinal directions.
Considering the equations 9, 10, 11 and 12 again, it will be seen that the overall gain of each variable gain circuit incorporating a VCA is a subtractive arrangement in the form (1−g). Each VCA gain can vary from a small value up to but not exceeding unity. Correspondingly, the variable-gain-circuit gain (1−g) can vary from very nearly unity down to zero. Thus, FIG. 5 can be redrawn as FIG. 6, where every VCA and associated subtractor has been replaced by a VCA alone, whose gain varies in the opposite direction to that of the VCAs in FIG. 5. Thus every variable-gain-circuit gain (1−g) (implemented, for example by a VCA having a gain “g” whose output is subtracted from a passive matrix output as in FIGS. 2/3, 4 and 5) is replaced by a corresponding variable-gain-circuit gain “h” (implemented, for example by a stand-alone VCA having a gain “h” acting on a passive matrix output). If the characteristics of gain “(1−g)” is the same as gain “h” and if the feedback circuits act to maintain equality between the magnitude of the requisite pairs of signals, the FIG. 6 configuration is equivalent to the FIG. 5 configuration and will deliver the same outputs. Indeed, all of the disclosed configurations, the configurations of FIGS. 2/3, 4, 5, and 6, are equivalent to each other.
Although the FIG. 6 configuration is equivalent and functions exactly the same as all the prior configurations, note that the passive matrix does not appear explicitly but is implicit. In the quiescent or unsteered condition of the prior configurations, the VCA gains g fall to small values. In the FIG. 6 configuration, the corresponding unsteered condition occurs when all the VCA gains h rise to their maximum, unity or close to it.
Referring to FIG. 6 more specifically, the “left” output of the passive matrix, which is also the same as the input signal Lt, is applied to a “left” VCA 64 having a gain hl to produce the intermediate signal Lt*hl. The “right” output of the passive matrix, which is also the same as the input signal Rt, is applied to a “right” VCA 70 having a gain hr to produce the intermediate signal Rt*hr. The “center” output of the passive matrix from combiner 2 is applied to a “center” VCA 66 having a gain hc to produce an intermediate signal 1⁄2*(Lt+Rt)*hc. The “surround” output of the passive matrix from combiner 4 is applied to a “surround” VCA 68 having a gain hs to produce an intermediate signal 1⁄2*(Lt−Rt)*hs. As explained above, the VCA gains h operate inversely to the VCA gains g, so that the h gain characteristics are the same as the (1−g) gain characteristics. The portions 69 and 71 within the dashed lines constitute a portion of the servos.
Generation of Control Voltages
An analysis of the control signals developed in connection with the embodiments described thus far is useful in better understanding the present invention and in explaining how the teachings of the present invention may be applied to deriving five or more audio signal streams, each associated with a direction, from a pair of audio input signal streams.
In the following analysis, the results will be illustrated by considering an audio source that is panned clockwise around the listener in a circle, starting at the rear and going via the left, center front, right and back to the rear. The variable α is a measure of the angle (in degrees) of the image with respect to a listener, 0 degrees being at the rear and 180 degrees at the center front. The input magnitudes Lt and Rt are related to a by the following expressions:




  
    
      
        Lt
        =
        
          cos
          ⁡
          
            [
            
              π
              ⁢
              
                
                  (
                  
                    α
                    -
                    90
                  
                  )
                
                360
              
            
            ]
          
        
      
    
    
      
        (
        
          
            Eqn
            .
            
              
            
            ⁢
            17
          
          ⁢
          A
        
        )
      
    
  
  
    
      
        Rt
        =
        
          sin
          ⁡
          
            [
            
              π
              ⁢
              
                
                  (
                  
                    α
                    -
                    90
                  
                  )
                
                360
              
            
            ]
          
        
      
    
    
      
        (
        
          
            Eqn
            .
            
              
            
            ⁢
            17
          
          ⁢
          B
        
        )
      
    
  




There is a one-to-one mapping between the parameter a and the ratio of the magnitudes and the polarities of the input signals; use of a leads to more convenient analysis. When α is 90 degrees, Lt is finite and Rt is zero, i.e., left only. When α is 180 degrees, Lt and Rt are equal with the same polarity (center front). When α is 0, Lt and Rt are equal but with opposite polarities (center rear). As is explained further below, particular values of interest occur when Lt and Rt differ by 5 dB and have opposite polarity; this yields a values of 31 degrees either side of zero. In practice, the left and right front loudspeakers are generally placed further forward than +/−90 degrees relative to the center (for example, +/−30 to 45 degrees), so α does not actually represent the angle with respect to the listener but is an arbitrary parameter to illustrate panning. The figures to be described are arranged so that the middle of the horizontal axis (α=180 degrees) represents center front and the left and right extremes (α=0 and 360) represent the rear.
As discussed above in connection with the description of FIG. 3, a convenient and practical relationship between the gains of a pair of VCAs in a feedback-derived control system holds their product constant. With exponentially controlled VCAs fed so that as the gain of one rises the gain of the other falls, this happens automatically when the same control signal feeds both of the pair, as in the embodiment of FIG. 3.
Denoting the input signals by Lt and Rt, setting the product of the VCA gains gl and gr equal to 1/a2, and assuming sufficiently great loop-gain that the resultant urging towards equality is complete, the feedback-derived control system of FIG. 3 adjusts the VCA gains so that the following equation is satisfied:

|Lt|·(1−gl)=|Rt|·(1−gr)  (Eqn. 18)

In addition,




  
    
      
        
          gl
          ·
          gr
        
        =
        
          1
          
            a
            2
          
        
      
    
    
      
        (
        
          Eqn
          .
          
            
          
          ⁢
          19
        
        )
      
    
  




Clearly, in the first of these equations, the absolute magnitudes of Lt and Rt are irrelevant. The result depends only on their ratio Lt/Rt; call this X. Substituting gr from the second equation into the first, one obtains a quadratic equation in gl that has the solution (the other root of the quadratic does not represent a real system):




  
    
      
        gl
        =
        
          
            1
            2
          
          ⁢
          
            
              [
              
                
                  X
                  ·
                  
                    a
                    2
                  
                
                -
                
                  a
                  2
                
                +
                
                  
                    
                      a
                      2
                    
                    ·
                    
                      (
                      
                        
                          
                            X
                            2
                          
                          ·
                          
                            a
                            2
                          
                        
                        -
                        
                          2
                          ·
                          X
                          ·
                          
                            a
                            2
                          
                        
                        +
                        
                          a
                          2
                        
                        +
                        
                          4
                          ·
                          X
                        
                      
                      )
                    
                  
                
              
              ]
            
            
              X
              ·
              
                a
                2
              
            
          
        
      
    
    
      
        (
        
          Eqn
          .
          
            
          
          ⁢
          20
        
        )
      
    
  




Plotting gl and gr against the panning angle α, one obtains FIG. 7. As might be expected, gl rises from a very low value at the rear to a maximum of unity when the input represents left only (α=90) and then falls back to a low value for the center front (α=180). In the right half, gl remains very small. Similarly and symmetrically, gr is small except in the middle of the right half of the pan, rising to unity when a is a 270 degrees (right only).
The above results are for the Lt/Rt feedback-derived control system. The sum/difference feedback-derived control system acts in exactly the same manner, yielding plots of sum gain gc and difference gain gs as shown in FIG. 8. Again, as expected, the sum gain rises to unity at the center front, falling to a low value elsewhere, while the difference gain rises to unity at the rear.
If the feedback-derived control system VCA gains depend on the exponent of the control voltage, as in the preferred embodiment, then the control voltage depends on the logarithm of the gain. Thus, from the equations above, one can derive expressions for the Lt/Rt and sum/difference control voltages, namely, the output of the feedback-derived control system's comparator, comparator 30 of FIG. 3. FIG. 9 shows the left/right and the sum/difference control voltages, the latter inverted (i.e., effectively difference/sum), in an embodiment where the maximum and minimum values of control signals are +/−15 volts. Obviously, other scalings are possible.
The curves in FIG. 9 cross at two points, one where the signals represent an image somewhere to the left back of the listener and the other somewhere in the front half. Due to the symmetries inherent in the curves, these crossing points are exactly halfway between the α values corresponding to adjacent cardinal directions. In FIG. 9, they occur at 45 and 225 degrees.
Prior art (e.g., U.S. Pat. No. 5,644,640 of the present inventor James W. Fosgate) shows that it is possible to derive from two main control signals a further control signal that is the greater (more positive) or lesser (less positive) of the two, although that prior art derives the main control signals in a different manner and makes different use of the resultant control signals. FIG. 10 illustrates a signal equal to the lesser of the curves in FIG. 9. This derived control rises to a maximum when α is 45 degrees, that is, the value where the original two curves crossed.
It may not be desirable for the maximum of the derived control signal to rise to its maximum precisely at α=45. In practical embodiments, it is preferable for the derived cardinal direction representing left back to be nearer to the back, that is, to have a value that is less than 45 degrees. The precise position of the maximum can be moved by offsetting (adding or subtracting a constant to) or scaling one or both of the left/right and sum/difference control signals so that their curves cross at preferred values of a, before taking the more-positive or more-negative function. For instance, FIG. 11 shows the same operation as FIG. 10 except that the sum/difference voltage has been scaled by 0.8, with the result that the maximum now occurs at α=31 degrees.
In exactly the same manner, comparing the inverted left/right control with the inverted sum/difference and employing similar offsetting or scaling, a second new control signal can be derived whose maximum occurs in a predetermined position corresponding to the right back of the listener, at a desired and predetermined α (for instance, 360−31 or 329 degrees, 31 degrees the other side of zero, symmetrical with the left back). It is a left/right reversal of FIG. 11.
FIG. 12 shows the effect of applying these derived control signals to VCAs in such a manner that the most positive value gives a gain of unity. Just as the left and right VCAs give gains that rise to unity at the left and right cardinal directions, so these derived left back and right back VCA gains rise to unity when a signal is placed at predetermined places (in this example, α=31 degrees either side of zero), but remain very small for all other positions.
Similar results can be obtained with linearly controlled VCAs. The curves for the main control voltages versus panning parameter a will be different, but will cross at points that can be chosen by suitable scaling or offsetting, so further control voltages for specific image positions other than the initial four cardinal directions can be derived by a lesser-than operation. Clearly, it is also possible to invert the control signals and derive new ones by taking the greater (more positive) rather than the lesser (more negative).
The modification of the main control signals to move their crossing point before taking the greater or lesser may alternatively consist of a non-linear operation instead of or in addition to an offset or a scaling. It will be apparent that the modification allows the generation of further control voltages whose maxima lie at almost any desired ratio of the magnitudes and relative polarities of Lt and Rt (the input signals).
An Adaptive Matrix with More than Four Outputs
FIGS. 2 and 4 showed that a passive matrix may have adaptive cancellation terms added to cancel unwanted crosstalk. In those cases, there were four possible cancellation terms derived via four VCAs, and each VCA reached a maximum gain, generally unity, for a source at one of the four cardinal directions and corresponding to a dominant output from one of the four outputs (left, center, right and rear). The system was perfect in the sense that a signal panned between two adjacent cardinal directions yielded little or nothing from outputs other than those corresponding to the two adjacent cardinal outputs.
This principle may be extended to active systems with more than four outputs. In such cases, the system is not “perfect,” but unwanted signals may still be sufficiently cancelled that the result is audibly unimpaired by crosstalk. See, for example, the six-output matrix of FIG. 13. FIG. 13, a functional and schematic diagram of a portion of an active matrix according to the present invention, is a useful aid in explaining the manner in which more than four outputs are obtained. FIG. 14 shows the derivation of six cancellation signals usable in FIG. 13. FIGS. 13 and 14 relate to providing more than four outputs according to the first way of the invention. An approach for providing more than four outputs according to the second way of the invention is disclosed below in connection with FIGS. 16-19.
Referring first to FIG. 13, there are six outputs: left front (Lout), center front (Cout), right front (Rout), center back (or surround) (Sout), right back (RBout) and left back (LBout). For the three front and surround outputs, the initial passive matrix is the same as that of the four-output system described above (a direct Lt input, the combination of Lt plus Rt scaled by one-half and applied to a linear combiner 80 to yield center front, the combination of Lt minus Rt scaled by one-half and applied to a linear combiner 82 to yield center back, and a direct Rt input). There are two additional back outputs, left back and rear back, resulting from applying Lt with a scaling of 1 and Rt with a scaling of −b to a linear combiner 84 and applying Lt with a scaling of −b and Rt with a scaling of 1 to a linear combiner 86, corresponding to different combinations of the inputs in accordance with the equations LBout=Lt−b*Rt and RBout−Rt−b*Lt. Here, b is a positive coefficient typically less than 1, for example, 0.25. Note the symmetry that is not essential to the invention but would be expected in any practical system.
In FIG. 13, in addition to the passive matrix terms, the output linear combiners (88, 90, 92, 94, 96 and 98) receive multiple active cancellation terms (on lines 100, 102, 104, 106, 108, 110, 112, 114, 116, 118, 120 and 122) as required to cancel the passive matrix outputs. These terms consist of the inputs and/or combinations of the inputs multiplied by the gains of VCAs (not shown) or combinations of the inputs and the inputs multiplied by the gains of VCAs. As described above, the VCAs are controlled so that their gains rise to unity for a cardinal input condition and are substantially smaller for other conditions.
The configuration of FIG. 13 has six cardinal directions, provided by inputs Lt and Rt in defined relative magnitudes and polarities, each of which should result in signals from the appropriate output only, with substantial cancellation of signals in the other five outputs. For an input condition representing a signal panned between two adjacent cardinal directions, the outputs corresponding to those cardinal directions should deliver signals but the remaining outputs should deliver little or nothing. Thus, one expects that for each output, in addition to the passive matrix there will be several cancellation terms (in practice, more than the two shown in FIG. 13), each corresponding to the undesired output for an input corresponding to each of the other cardinal directions. In practice, the arrangement of FIG. 13 may be modified to eliminate the center back Sout output (thus eliminating combiners 82 and 94) so that center back is merely a pan half-way between left back and right back rather than a sixth cardinal direction.
For either the six-output system of FIG. 13 or its five-output alternative there are six possible cancellation signals: the four derived via the two pairs of VCAs that are parts of the left/right and sum/difference feedback-derived control systems and two more derived via left back and right back VCAs controlled as described above (see also the embodiment of FIG. 14, described below). The gains of the six VCAs are in accordance with FIG. 7 (gl left and gr right), FIG. 8 (gc sum and gs difference) and FIG. 12 (glb left back and grb right back). The cancellation signals are summed with the passive matrix terms using coefficients calculated or otherwise chosen to minimize unwanted crosstalk, as described below.
One arrives at the required cancellation nixing coefficients for each cardinal output by considering the input signals and VCA gains for every other cardinal direction, remembering that those VCA gains rise to unity only for signals at the corresponding cardinal direction, and fall away from unity fairly rapidly as the image moves away.
Thus, for instance, in the case of the left output, one needs to consider the signal conditions for center front, right only, right back, center back (not a real cardinal direction in the five-output case) and left back.
Consider in detail the left output, Lout for the five-output modification of FIG. 13. It contains the term from the passive matrix, Lt. To cancel the output when the input is in the center, when Lt=Rt and gc=1, one needs the term −1⁄2*gc*(Lt+Rt), exactly as in the four-output system of FIGS. 2 or 4. To cancel when the input is at center back or anywhere between center back and right front (therefore including right back), one needs −1⁄2*gs*(Lt−Rt), again exactly as in the four-output system of FIGS. 2 or 4. To cancel when the input represents left back, one needs a signal from the left back VCA whose gain glb varies as in FIG. 12. This can clearly deliver a significant cancellation signal only when the input lies in the region of left back. Since the left back can be considered as somewhere between left front, represented by Lt only, and center back, represented by 1⁄2*(Lt−Rt), it is to be expected that the left back VCA should operate on a combination of those signals.
Various fixed combinations can be used, but by using a sum of the signals that have already passed through the left and difference VCAs, i.e., gl*Lt and 1⁄2*gs*(Lt−Rt), the combination vanes in accordance with the position of signals panned in the region of, but not exactly at, left back, providing better cancellation for those pans as well as the cardinal left back itself. Note that at this left back position, which can be considered as intermediate between left and rear, both gl and gs have finite values less than unity. Hence the expected equation for Lout will be:

Lout=[Lt]−1⁄2*gc*(Lt+Rt)−1⁄2*gs*(Lt−Rt)−x*glb*((gl*Lt+gs*1⁄2*(Lt−Rt))  (Eqn. 21)

The coefficient x can be derived empirically or from a consideration of the precise VCA gains when a source is in the region of the left back cardinal direction. The term [Lt] is the passive matrix term. The terms 1⁄2*gc*(Lt+Rt), −1⁄2*gs*(Lt−Rt), and 1⁄2*x*glb*((gl*Lt+gs*1⁄2*(Lt−Rt)) represent cancellation terms (see FIG. 14) that may be combined with Lt in linear combiner 88 (FIG. 13) in order to derive the output audio signal Lout. As explained above, there may be more than two crosstalk cancellation term inputs than the two (100 and 102) shown in FIG. 13.
The equation for Rout is derived similarly, or by symmetry:

Rout=[Rt]−1⁄2*gc*(Lt+Rt)+1⁄2*gs*(Lt−Rt)−1⁄2*x*grb*((gr*Rt−gs*(Lt−Rt))  (Eqn. 22)

The term [Rt] is the passive matrix term. The terms −1⁄2*gc*(Lt+Rt), 1⁄2*gs*(Lt−Rt), and −1⁄2*x*grb*((gr*Rt−gs*(Lt−Rt)) represent cancellation terms (see FIG. 14) that may be combined with Rt in linear combiner 98 (FIG. 13) in order to derive the output audio signal Routs. As explained above, there may be more than two crosstalk cancellation term inputs than the two (120 and 122) shown in FIG. 13.
The center front output, Cout, contains the passive matrix term 1⁄2*(Lt+Rt), plus the left and right cancellation terms as for the four-output system, −1⁄2*gl*Lt and −1⁄2*gr*Rt:

Cout=[1⁄2(Lt+Rt)]−1⁄2*g1*Lt*−1⁄2*gr*Rt*  (Eqn. 23)

There is no need for explicit cancellation terms for the left back, center back or right back since they are effectively pans between left and right front via the back (surround, in the four-output) and already cancelled. The term [1⁄2(Lt+Rt)] is the passive matrix term. The terms −1⁄2*gl*Lt and −1⁄2*gr*Rt represent cancellation terms (see FIG. 14) that may be applied to inputs 100 and 102 and combined with a scaled version of Lt and Rt in linear combiner 90 (FIG. 13) in order to derive the output audio signal Cout.

For the left back output, the starting passive matrix, as stated above, is Lt−b*Rt. For a left only input, when g1=1, clearly the required cancellation term is therefore −gl*Lt. For a right only input, when gr=1, the cancellation term is +b*gr*Rt. For a center front input, where Lt=Rt and gc=1, the unwanted output from the passive terms, Lt−b*Rt, can be cancelled by (1−b)*gc*1⁄2*(Lt+Rt). The right back cancellation term is −grb*(gr*Rt−1⁄2*gs*(Lt−Rt)), the same as the term used for Rout, with an optimized coefficient y, which may again be arrived at empirically or calculated from the VCA gains in the left or right back conditions. Thus,

LBout[Lt−b*Rt]−gl*Lt+b*gr*Rt−(1−b)*gc*1⁄2*(Lt+Rt)−y*grb*(gr*Rt−gs*1⁄2*(Lt−Rt))  (Eqn. 24)

Similarly,

RBout=[Rt−b*Lt]−gr*Rt+b*gl*Lt−(1−b)*gc*1⁄2*(Lt+Rt)−y*glb*(gl*Lt+gs,*1⁄2*(Lt−Rt))   (Eqn. 25)

With respect to equation 24, the term [Lt−b*Rt] is the passive matrix term and the terms −gl*Lt, +b*gr*Rt, −1⁄2*(1−b)*gc*(Lt+Rt) and −y*grb*((gr*Rt-gs*1⁄2*(Lt−Rt)) represent cancellation terms (see FIG. 14) that may be combined with Lt−bRt in linear combiner 92 (FIG. 13) in order to derive the output audio signal LBout. As explained above, there may be more than two crosstalk cancellation term inputs than the two (108 and 110) shown in FIG. 13.
With respect to equation 25, the [Rt−b*Lt] is the passive matrix term and the components −gr*Rt, b*Lt*gl, −1⁄2*(1−b)*gc*(Lt+Rt), and −y*glb*((gl*Lt+gs*1⁄2*(Lt−Rt)) represent cancellation terms (see FIG. 14) that may be combined with Rt−b*Lt in linear combiner 96 (FIG. 13) in order to derive the output audio signal RBout. As explained above, there may be more than two crosstalk cancellation term inputs than the two (116 and 118) shown in FIG. 13.
In practice, all the coefficients may need adjustments to compensate for the finite loop-gains and other imperfections of the feedback-derived control systems, which do not deliver precisely equal signal levels, and other combinations of the six cancellation signals may be employed.
These principles can, of course, be extended to embodiments having more than five or six outputs. Yet additional control signals can be derived by further application of the scaling, offsetting or non-linear processing of the two main control signals from the left/light and sum/difference feedback portions of the feedback-derived control systems, permitting the generation of additional cancellation signals via VCAs whose gains rise to maxima at other desired predetermined values of a. The synthesis process of considering each output in the presence of signals at each of the other cardinal directions in turn will yield appropriate terms and coefficients for generating additional outputs.
Referring now to FIG. 14, input signals Lt and Rt are applied to a passive matrix 130 that produces a left matrix signal output from the Lt input, a right matrix signal output from the Rt input, a center output from a linear combiner 132 whose input is Lt and Rt, each with a scale factor of +1⁄2, and a surround output from a linear combiner 134 whose input is Lt and Rt with scale factors of +1⁄2 and −1⁄2, respectively. The cardinal directions of the passive matrix are designated “left,” “center,” “right,” and “surround.” Adjacent cardinal directions lie on axes at ninety degrees to each other, such that, for these direction labels, left is adjacent to center and surround; surround is adjacent to left and right, etc.
The left and right passive matrix signals are applied to a first pair of variable gain circuits 136 and 138 and associated feedback-derived control system 140. The center and surround passive matrix signals are applied to a second pair of variable gain circuits 142 and 144 and associated feedback-derived control system 146.
The “left” variable gain circuit 136 includes a voltage controlled amplifier (VCA) 148 having a gain g1 and a linear combiner 150. The VCA output is subtracted from the left passive matrix signal in combiner 150 so that the overall gain of the variable gain circuit is (1−gl) and the output of the variable gain circuit at the combiner output, constituting an intermediate signal, is (1−gl)*Lt. The VCA 148 output signal, constituting a cancellation signal, is gl*Lt.
The “right” variable gain circuit 138 includes a voltage controlled amplifier (VCA) 152 having a gain gr and a linear combiner 154. The VCA output is subtracted from the right passive matrix signal in combiner 154 so that the overall gain of the variable gain circuit is (1−gr) and the output of the variable gain circuit at the combiner output, constituting an intermediate signal, is (1−gr)*Rt. The. VCA 152 output signal gr*Rt constitutes a cancellation signal. The (1−gr)*Rt and (1−gl)*Lt intermediate signals constitute a first pair of intermediate signals. It is desired that the relative magnitudes of this first pair of intermediate signals be urged toward equality. This is accomplished by the associated feedback-derived control system 140, described below.
The “center” variable gain circuit 142 includes a voltage-controlled amplifier (VCA) 156 having a gain gr and a linear combiner 158. The VCA output is subtracted from the center passive matrix signal in combiner 158 so that the overall gain of the variable gain circuit is (1−gc) and the output of the variable gain circuit at the combiner output, constituting an intermediate signal, is 1⁄2*(1−gc)*(Lt+Rt). The VCA 156 output signal 1⁄2*gc*(Lt+Rt) constitutes a cancellation signal.
The “surround” variable gain circuit 144 includes a voltage-controlled amplifier (VCA) 160 having a gain g, and a linear combiner 162. The VCA output is subtracted from the surround passive matrix signal in combiner 162 so that the overall gain of the variable gain circuit is (1−gc) and the output of the variable gain circuit at the combiner output, constituting an intermediate signal, is 1⁄2*(1−gs)*(Lt−Rt). The VCA 160 output signal 1⁄2(1*gs)*(Lt−Rt) constitutes a cancellation signal. The 1⁄2*(1−gc)*(Lt+Rt) and 1⁄2*(1−gs)*(Lt−Rt) intermediate signals constitute a second pair of intermediate signals. It is also desired that the relative magnitudes of this second pair of intermediate signals be urged toward equality. This is accomplished by the associated feedback-derived control system 146, described below.
The feedback-derived control system 140 associated with the first pair of intermediate signals includes filters 164 and 166 receiving the outputs of combiners 150 and 154, respectively. The respective filter outputs are applied to log rectifiers 168 and 170 that rectify and produce the logarithm of their inputs. The rectified and logged outputs are applied with opposite polarities to a linear combiner 172 whose output, constituting a subtraction of its inputs, is applied to a non-inverting amplifier 174 (devices 172 and 174 correspond to the magnitude comparator 30 of FIG. 3). Subtracting the logged signals provides a comparison function. As mentioned above, this is a practical way to implement a comparison function in the analog domain. In this case, VCAs 148 and 152 are of the type that inherently take the antilog of their control inputs, thus taking the antilog of the control output of the logarithmically-based comparator. The output of amplifier 174 constitutes a control signal for VCAs 148 and 152. As mentioned above, if implemented digitally, it may be more convenient to divide the two magnitudes and use the resultants as direct multipliers for the VCA functions. As noted above, the filters 164 and 166 may be derived empirically, providing a response that attenuates low frequencies and very high frequencies and provides a gently rising response over the middle of the audible range. These filters do not alter the frequency response of the output signals, they merely alter the control signals and VCA gains in the feedback-derived control systems.
The feedback-derived control system 146 associated with the second pair of intermediate signals includes filters 176 and 178 receiving the outputs of VCAs 158 and 162, respectively. The respective filter outputs are applied to log rectifiers 180 and 182 that rectify and produce the logarithm of their inputs. The rectified and logged outputs are applied with opposite polarities to a linear combiner 184 whose output, constituting a subtraction of its inputs, is applied to a non-inverting amplifier 186 (devices 184 and 186 correspond to the magnitude comparator 30 of FIG. 3). The feedback-derived control system 146 operates in the same manner as control system 140. The output of amplifier 186 constitutes a control signal for VCAs 158 and 162.
Additional control signals are derived from the control signals of feedback-derived control systems 140 and 146. The control signal of control system 140 is applied to first and second scaling, offset, inversion, etc. functions 188 and 190. The control signal of control system 146 is applied to first and second scaling, offset, inversion, etc. functions 192 and 194. Functions 188, 190, 192 and 194 may include one or more of the polarity inverting, amplitude offsetting, amplitude scaling and/or non-linearly processing described above. Also in accordance with descriptions above, the lesser or the greater of the outputs of functions 188 and 192 and of functions 190 and 194 are taken in by lesser or greater functions 196 and 198, respectively, in order to produce additional control signals that are applied to a left back VCA 200 and a right back VCA 202, respectively. In this case, the additional control signals are derived in the manner described above in order to provide control signals suitable for generating a left back cancellation signal and a right back cancellation signal. The input to left back VCA 200 is obtained by additively combining the left and surround cancellation signals in a linear combiner 204. The input to right back VCA 202 is obtained by subtractively combining the right and surround cancellation signals in a linear combiner 204. Alternatively and less preferably, the inputs to the VCAs 200 and 202 may be derived from the left and surround passive matrix outputs and from the right and surround passive matrix output, respectively. The output of left back VCA 200 is the left back cancellation signal glb*1⁄2*((gl*Lt+gs(Lt−Rt)). The output of right back VCA 202 is the right back cancellation signal grb*1⁄2*((gr*Rt+gs(Lt−Rt)).
FIG. 15 is a schematic circuit diagram showing a practical circuit embodying aspects of the present invention. Resistor values shown are in ohms. Where not indicated, capacitor values are in microfarads.
In FIG. 15, “TL074” is a Texas Instruments' quad low-noise JFET-input (high input impedance) general-purpose operational amplifier intended for high-fidelity and audio preamplifier applications. Details of the device are widely available in published literature. A data sheet may be found on the Internet at <<http://www.ti.com/sc/docs/products/analog/tl074.html>>.
“SSM-2120” in FIG. 15 is a monolithic integrated circuit intended for audio applications. It includes two VCAs and two level detectors, allowing logarithmic control of the gain or attenuation of signals presented to the level detectors depending on their magnitudes. Details of the device are widely available in published literature. A data sheet may be found on the Internet at <<http://www.analog.com/pdf/1788_c.pdf>>.
The following table relates terms used in this document to the labels at the VCA outputs and to the labels on the vertical bus of FIG. 15.













Label at
Label on



output of VCA
vertical bus


Terms used in the above description
of FIG. 15
of FIG. 15







gl * Lt
Left VCA
LVCA


gr * Rt
Right VCA
RVCA


1⁄2 * gc * (Lt + Rt)
Front VCA
FVCA


1⁄2 * gs * (Lt − Rt)
Back VCA
BVCA


glb * ((gl * Lt + gs * 1⁄2 * (Lt − Rt))
Left Back VCA
LBVCA


grb * ((gr * Rt − gs * 1⁄2 * (Lt − Rt))
Right Back VCA
RBVCA









In FIG. 15, the labels on the wires going to the output matrix resistors are intended to convey the functions of the signals, not their sources. Thus, for example, the top few wires leading to the left front output are as follows:














Label in FIG. 15
Meaning









LT
The contribution from the Lt input



CF Cancel
The signal to cancel the unwanted




output for a center front source



LB Cancel
The signal to cancel the unwanted




output for a left back source



BK Cancel
The signal to cancel the unwanted




output for a back source



RB Cancel
The signal to cancel the unwanted




source for a right back source



LF GR
Left front gain riding—to make a pan




across the front give a more constant




loudness










Note that in FIG. 15, whatever the polarity of the VCA terms, the matrix itself has provision for inversion of any terms (U2C, etc.). In addition, “servo” in FIG. 15 refers to the feedback derived control system as described herein.
Inspection of Equations 9-12 and Equations 21-25 suggests a further equivalent approach to the generation of output signals, namely the second way of the invention, discussed briefly above. According to the second way, although intermediate signals are generated and urged toward equality by a servo, the intermediate signals do not directly contribute to the output signals; instead signals present in the servo are employed in generating coefficients used for controlling a variable matrix. Consider, for example, Equation 9. The equation may be rewritten by collecting all the Lt terms and all the Rt terms:

Lout=[1⁄2*(1−gc)+1⁄2(1−gs)]Lt+[1⁄2*(1−gc)−1⁄2*(1−gs)]Rt  (Eqn. 26)

The coefficient of the Lt terms may be written as “Al” and the coefficient of the Rt terms may be written as “Ar,” such that Equation 26 may be expressed simply as:

Lout=Al*Lt+Ar*Rt  (Eqn. 27)

Similarly, Cout (Eqn. 10), Rout (Eqn. 11), and Sout (Eqn. 12) may be written as:

Cout=Bl*Lt+Br*Rt  (Eqn. 28)

Rout=Cl*Lt+Cr*Rt  (Eqn. 29)

Sout=Dl*Lt+Dr*Rt  (Eqn. 30)

In the same way, Equations 21-25 may be rewritten to collect together all of the Lt terms and all of the Rt terms such that Equations 21-25 may be expressed in the manner of Equations 27-30. In each case, the output signal is the sum of a variable coefficient times one of the input signals Lt plus another variable coefficient times the other of the input signals Rt. Thus, a further equivalent way to implement the invention is to generate signals from which the variables Al, Ar, etc. are derived, in which some or all of the signals are generated by employing urged-toward-equal-magnitude servo arrangements. Although this additional approach is applicable to both analog and digital implementations, it is particularly useful for digital implementations because, for example, in the digital domain some of the processing may be performed at a lower sampling rate, as is explained below.
FIGS. 16-19 functionally describe a software digital implementation of the just-referred-to further equivalent way of implementing the invention, the second way of practicing the invention. In practice, the software may be written in ANSI C code language and implemented on general purpose digital processing integrated circuit chips. Sampling rates of at 32 kHz, 44.1 kHz, or 48 kHz, or other sampling rates suitable for audio processing may be employed. FIGS. 16-19 are essentially a digital software version of the previously described FIG. 14 embodiment.
Referring to FIG. 16A, a functional block diagram is shown in which there is an audio signal path (above the dashed horizontal line) and a control signal path (below the dashed horizontal line). An Lt input signal is applied via a gain function 210 (thus becoming Lt′) and an optional delay function 212 to an adaptive matrix function 214. Similarly, an Rt audio input signal is applied via a gain function 216 (thus becoming Rt′) and an optional delay function 218 to adaptive matrix function 214. The gain functions 210 and 216 are primarily for balancing the input signal levels and to scale the input by −3 dB to minimize output clipping. They do not form an essential part of the invention. The Lt and Rt signals are samples, taken, for example, at 32 kHz, 44.1 kHz, or 48 kHz of analog audio signals.
The Lt′ and Rt′ signals are also applied to a passive matrix function 220 that provides four outputs: Lt′, Rt′, Ft, and Bt. The Lt′ and Rt′ outputs are taken directly from the Lt′ and Rt′ inputs. In order to generate Ft and Bt, Rt′ and Lt′ are each scaled by 0.5 in scaling functions 222 and 224. The 0.5 scaled versions of Lt′ and Rt′ are summed in combining function 226 to produce Ft and the 0.5 scaled version of Lt′ is subtracted from Rt′ in combining function 228 to produce Bt (thus, Ft=(Lt′+Rt′)/2 and Bt=(−Lt′+Rt′)/2). Scalings other than 0.5 are usable. Lt′, Rt′, Ft and Bt are applied to a variable gain signals generator function 230 (function 230 contains servos, as is explained below).
In response to the passive matrix signals, generator function 230 generates six control signals gL, gR, gF, gB, gLB, and gRB that are, in turn, applied to a matrix coefficient generator function 232. The six control signals correspond to the gains of the VCAs 136, 138, 156, 160, 200, and 202 of FIG. 14. In principle, they may be the same as the gain control signals of the FIG. 14 circuit arrangement. In practice, they may be made arbitrarily close to those signals, depending on implementation details. As is explained further below, the variable gain signals generator function 230 includes what are referred to herein as “servos.”
In response to the six control signals, generator function 232 derives twelve matrix coefficients, designated mat.a, mat.b, mat.c, mat.d, mat.e, mat.f, mat.g, mat.h, mat.i, and mat.l, as explained further below. In principle, the division of functions between functions 230 and 232 may be as just described or, alternatively, function 230 containing servos may generate and apply to function 232 only two signals generated within the servos (namely, the “LR” and “FB” error signals, described below) and function 232 may then derive the six control signals gL, gR, gF, gB, gLB, and gRB from LR and FB and, from the six control signals to generate the twelve matrix coefficient signals (mat.a, etc.). Alternatively and equivalently, the twelve matrix coefficients may be derived directly from the LR and FB error signals. FIG. 16B shows an alternative variable gain signals generator function 230 that applies only two signals, the LR and FB error signals, to the matrix coefficient generator function.
As discussed further below, the gL and gR control signals may be derived from the LR error signal, the gF and gB control signals may be derived from the FB error signal, and the gLB and gRB control signals may be derived from the LR and FB error. Thus, the adaptive matrix coefficients for the outputs may alternatively be derived directly from the LR and FB error signals without using the six control signals gL, gR, etc. as intermediates.
The adaptive matrix function 214, a six-by-two matrix described further below, generates the output signals L (left), C (center), R (right), Ls (left surround), Bs (back surround), and Rs (right surround) in response to the input signals Lt′ and Rt′ and the matrix coefficients from generator function 232. Various ones of the six outputs may be omitted, if desired. For example, as explained further below, the Bs output may be omitted, or alternatively, the Ls, Bs, and Rs outputs may be omitted. Delays of about 5 milliseconds (ms) are preferred in the optional input delays 212 and 218 in order to allow time for generation of the gain control signals (this is often referred to as a “look ahead). The delay time of 5 ms was determined empirically and is not critical.
FIGS. 17, 18 and 19 show how the gain control signals preferably are generated by the variable gain signals generator function 232. FIG. 17 shows a left/right servo function that generates the gL and gR control signals in response to Lt′ and Rt′. FIG. 18 shows a front/back servo function that generates the gF and gB control signals in response to Ft and Bt. FIG. 19 shows a function that generates the gLB and gRB control signals in response to an FB error signal present in the front/back servo function (FIG. 17) and an LR error signal present in the left/right servo function (FIG. 18). If only four output channels are desired, the functions of FIG. 19 may be omitted and appropriate changes made in the generator function 232 and the adaptive matrix function 214.
Referring to FIG. 17, the Lt′ signal is applied to a combining function 240 and a multiplying function 242 that multiplies Lt′ by a gain control factor gL. The output of multiplying function 240 is subtracted from Lt′ in the combining function 240. Thus, the output of function 240 may be expressed as (1−gL)*Lt′ and constitutes an intermediate signal. The servo arrangement of FIG. 17 operates so as to urge the intermediate signal at the output of combining function 240 to be equal to the intermediate signal at the output of combining function 250, described below. In order to limit frequencies to which the control path (and thus the overall decoder) responds, the combining function 240 output is filtered by a bandpass filter function 244, preferably one having a fourth order characteristic with a bandpass from about 200 Hz to about 13.5 kHz. Other bandpass characteristics may be suitable depending on the designer's criteria.
In a practical embodiment, the bandpass filter has a response based on an analog filter modeled as two independent sections—a 2-pole low-pass filter, and a 2-pole/2-zero high-pass filter. The analog filter characteristics are as follows:
High-pass section:

    
    
        Zero #1=0 Hz
        Zero #2=641 Hz
        Pole #1=788 Hz
        Pole #2=1878 Hz
    
    


Low-pass section:

    
    
        2 Poles at 13,466 Hz
    
    


To transform the filter characteristics to the digital domain, the high-pass filter may be discretized using a bilinear transformation and the low-pass filter may be discretized using a bilinear transformation with prewarping at the −3 dB cutoff frequency of the analog filter (13,466 Hz). Discretization was performed at 32 kHz, 44.1 kHz, and 48 kHz sampling frequencies.
The bandpass filtered signal is rectified by an absolute value function 246. The rectified and filtered signal is then smoothed, preferably by a first order smoothing function 248 having a time constant of about 800 ms. Other time constants may be suitable depending on the designer's criteria. The Rt′ signal is processed in the same manner by a combining function 250, a multiplying function 252, a bandpass filter function 254, an absolute value function 256 and a smoothing function 258. The output of combining function 250 is an intermediate signal of the form (1−gR)*Rt′. The servo arrangement of FIG. 17 operates so as to urge the intermediate signal at the output of combining function 250 to be equal to the intermediate signal at the output of combining function 240, described above. The processed Lt′ signal from smoothing function 248 and the processed Rt′ signal from smoothing function 258 are applied to respective scaling functions 260 and 262 that apply an A0 scale factor (A0 is chosen to minimize the possibility that the input to the following log function is zero). The resulting signals are then applied to respective logging functions 264 and 266 that provide the log to the base two of their inputs. The resulting logged signals are applied respectively to further scaling functions 268 and 270 that apply an A1 scaling factor (chosen so that the output of the subsequent combiner 272 is small at least for steady-state signal conditions). The resulting processed Rt′ signal is then subtracted from the resulting processed Lt′ in a combining function 272, the output of which is applied to yet a further scaling function 274 that applies an A2 scaling factor (the value of A2 affects the servo speed in conjunction with the subsequent variable gain function in which gain goes down as the applied signal increases in amplitude). The output of scaling function 274 is applied to a variable gain function 276. Preferably, as shown by the shape of the transfer function in the figure, the variable gain function is piecewise-linear in three parts, having a first linear gain for signals having an amplitude within a range from a first negative value to a first positive value and a second, lower, linear gain for signals more negative or more positive. In a practical implementation, the transfer function is defined by the following pseudocode statements:

    
    
        If input=(−0.240714, 0.240714)
        output=(input*2.871432)
        If input=[0.240714, 1.0)
        output=((input*0.406707)+0.593293)
        If input=[−1.0, −0.240714]
        output=((input*0.406707)−0.593293)
    
    


Alternatively, using more than three piecewise-linear segments to provide a smoother non-linear transfer function improves performance but at the expense of greater processing power requirements. The output of the variable gain function is applied to a further first order smoothing function 278. Preferably, the smoothing function has a time constant of about 2.5 ms. That signal, which may be designated the “LR” signal, is then scaled by a factor of A3 by a scaling factor function 280 and applied to two paths. In one path, the one that develops the gL signal, the A3-scaled LR signal is summed with a scale factor A4 in a combining function 282. The combined signal is then exponentiated in a base two exponentiator or antilogging function 284 (thus undoing the prior logging operation) to produce the gL signal used to multiply times Lt′ in multiplier function 242. In the other path, the one that develops the gR signal, the A3-scaled LR signal is subtracted from scale factor A4 in a combining function 286. The combined signal is then exponentiated in a base two exponentiator function 288 to produce the gR signal used to multiply times Rt′ in multiplier function 252.
The operation of the left/right servo of FIG. 17 may be compared to the operation of the left/right servo 140 of FIG. 14. The transfer function from the output of the smoothing function 278 through the output of the respective antilogging function models the gain of a VCA such as VCAs 148, 152, 156, etc. in FIG. 14. The signals gL and gR are the equivalents of VCA gains. When gL increases, gR decreases and vice-versa as in the prior described servo arrangements. Thus, gL and gR are directly derived from the error signal LR. The only outputs of the left/right servo are the gL and gR signals. Functions within the dashed line 289 are downsampled—computation is required only once per a fewer number of samples, eight samples for example, because the signals are changing sufficiently slowly that processing can occur at a lower rate. In a practical embodiment of the invention and in the examples set forth herein, downsampling by eight is discussed, however, it will be appreciated that downsampling by other factors may be employed. By downsampling, computational complexity is decreased without any significant degradation of the resulting audio output. Such degradation can be lessened by appropriate upsampling as explained below.
The front/back servo of FIG. 18 is essentially the same as the left/right servo of FIG. 17. Functions corresponding to those in FIG. 17 are designated with the same reference numerals but with prime (′) marks. In addition, Ft replaces Lt′, Bt replaces Rt′, gF replaces gL, gB replaces gR, and FB replaces LR. As in the case of the left/right servo of FIG. 17, gF and gL are directly derived from the error signal FB.
In a practical embodiment, the A0 through A4 constants employed in the left/right and front/back servos of FIGS. 17 and 18 are as follows:

    
    
        A0=(0.707106781*0.000022)
        A1=(3.182732/4.0)
        A2=(32*4)
        A3=−0.2375
        A4=−0.2400
    
    


FIG. 19 is a functional block diagram showing the derivation in the digital domain of left back and right back control signals suitable for use in the embodiments of FIGS. 16A-D and in other embodiments of the invention. Referring now to FIG. 19, the LR signal from the left/light servo of FIG. 17 is applied to two paths. In one path, it is inverted by multiplying it by −1 in a multiplying function 290 The inverted signal is then applied to maximizing function 292 that takes the greater of the inverted LR signal or another signal, a scaled version of the FB signal. In the other path, the LR signal is applied directly to another maximizing function 294 that takes the greater of the LR signal or another signal, a scaled version of the FB signal. The FB signal from the front/back servo of FIG. 18 is multiplied by a scale factor B0 in a multiplying function 296. The value of B0 defines the angle at which maximum gain occurs in the rear semicircle (thus defining the positions of the Ls (left surround) and Rs (right surround) of the adaptive matrix 214 of FIGS. 16A-D). That angle may be (but need not be) chosen to be substantially the same as in the analog embodiment of FIG. 14. The B0 scaled FB signal is then applied as one of the inputs to the maximizing functions 292 and 294 as mentioned above. The “greater of” signals from function 292 and 294 are each multiplied by a factor B1 in multiplying functions 296 and 298, respectively. The value of gain factor B1 is chosen to minimize the possibility of the outputs gLB and gRB exceeding 1. Each of the B1 scaled signals are limited by a minimizing function 300 and 302, respectively. Both minimizing functions should have the same limiting characteristic, preferably that positive inputs to the limiting function are clamped to zero. Each limited signal is then multiplied by a factor B2 in multiplying functions 304 and 306, respectively, and then offset by a value B3 in additive combining functions 308 and 310, respectively. The B2/B3 scaled signals are then exponentiated in respective base two exponentiator functions 312 and 314 (thus undoing the prior logging operation). The resulting signals are offset by a value B4 in additive combining functions 316 and 318, respectively, and then multiplied by a factor B5 in multiplying functions 320 and 322, respectively. The output of multiplying function 320 provides the gain function gLB and the output of multiplying function 322 provides the gain function gRB. The various scale factors and offsets are chosen to minimize the possibility of gLB and gRB exceeding 1. All of the FIG. 19 functions may be downsampled such that computation is required only once per eight samples as in a portion of the FIG. 17 and 18 functions.
In a practical embodiment, the B0 through B5 constants are:

    
    
        B0=0.79
        B1=1.451
        B2=−0.15415
        B3=−0.15415.
        B4=(−0.21927/1.21927)
        B5=1.21927
    
    


In the manner of FIG. 19, two or more additional control signals may be generated in order to facilitate the derivation of additional output directions. Doing so requires, for each pair of control signals, two additional coefficient matrices, two further output channel calculations and the reoptimization of the matrix coefficients.
Referring again to FIG. 16A, the six-by-two adaptive matrix function 214 calculates its six outputs (L, C, R, Ls, Bs, and Rs) using the following equations (every sample):

L=Lt*mat.a+Rt*mat.b

C=Lt*mat.c+Rt*mat.d

R=Lt*mat.e+Rt*mat.f

Ls=Lt*mat.g+Rt*mat.h

Bs=Lt*mat.i+Rt*rat.j

Rs=Lt*mat.k+Rt*mat.l

The notations “mat.a”, “mat.b”, etc. denote variable matrix elements. In a practical version of the embodiment, Bs is set to zero for all conditions so as to provide five outputs. Alternatively, if only the basic four outputs are desired, Ls and Rs may be set to zero (and the functions of FIG. 19 omitted from the overall arrangement). The variable matrix elements (mat.x) are calculated or obtained using a look-up table in matrix coefficient generator function 232 using the following equations (preferably once every 8 samples) (mat.k and mat.l are not required when the Bs output is omitted):

mat.a=a0+a1*gL+a2*gR+a3*gF+a4*gB+a5*gLB+a6*gRB

mat.b=b0+b1*gL+b2*gR+b3*gF+b4*gB+b5*gLB+b6*gRB

mat.c=c0+c1*gL+c2*gR+c3*gF+c4*gB+c5*gLB+c6*gRB

mat.d=d0+d1*gL+d2*gR+d3*gF+d4*gB+d5*gLB+d6*gRB

mat.e=e0+e1*gL+e2*gR+e3*gF+e4*gB+e5*gLB+e6*gRB

mat.f=f0+f1*gL+f2*gR+f3*gF+f4*gB+f5*gLB+f6*gRB

mat.g=g0+g1*gL+g2*gR+g3*gF+g4*gB+g5*gLB+g6*gRB

mat.h=h0+h1*gL+h2*gR+h3*gF+h4*gB+h5*gLB+h6*gRB

mat.i=l0+i1*gL+i2*gR+i3*gF+i4*gB+i5*gLB+i6*gRB

mat.j=j0+j1*gL+j2*gR+j3*gF+j4*gB+j5*gLB+j6*gRB

mat.k=k0+k1*gL+k2*gR+k3*gF+k4*gB+k5*gLB+k6*gRB

mat.l=l0+l1*gL+l2*gR+13*gF+l4*gB+l5*gLB+l6*gRB

All of the coefficients are fixed once determined, while the gain control signal components remain variable. The x0 coefficients (a0, b0, etc.) represent passive matrix coefficients. The other fixed coefficients are scaled by the variable gain signals obtained from the control path function.
Preferably, the variable matrix coefficients (mat.x) are upsampled to achieve a smoother transition (a small change every sample instead of a larger change every eighth sample) from one state of the variable matrix to the next, without the substantial complexity that would result from recalculating the variable matrix every sample. FIG. 16C shows an alternative embodiment in which a smoothing/upsampling function 233 operates on the twelve matrix coefficient outputs from function 232. Alternatively, and with similar results, the control path gain signals may be upsampled. FIG. 16D shows another alternative embodiment in which a smoothing/upsampling function 231 operates on either the six or two outputs of the variable gain signals generator function 230. In either case, linear interpolation may be employed.
If the control path gain signals (gL, gR, etc.) are generated every eight samples, a slight time difference is introduced between the audio sample in the main signal path and the control path outputs. Upsampling introduces a further time difference in that linear interpolation, for example, inherently has an eight sample delay. The optional 5 ms lookahead more than compensates for this and other minor time differences introduced by the control path (bandpass filters, smoothing filters), and results in a system that is quite responsive to rapidly changing signal conditions.
The fixed coefficients may be determined and optimized in various ways. One way, for example, is to apply input signals having an encoded direction corresponding to each of the adaptive matrix's outputs (or cardinal directions) and to adjust the coefficients such that the outputs at all but the output corresponding in direction to that of the input signal are minimized. However, this approach may result in undesired sidelobes causing greater crosstalk among and between outputs when the encoded direction of the input signal is other than the decoder's cardinal directions. Preferably, the coefficients instead are chosen to minimize crosstalk among and between outputs for all encoded input directions. This may be accomplished, for example, by simulating the arrangements of FIGS. 16A-D in an off-the-shelf computer program such as MATLAB (“MATLAB” is a trademark of and is sold by The Math Works, Inc.) and recursively varying the coefficients until a result deemed optimized or acceptable to the designer is obtained.
Optionally, the variable matrix coefficients may be upsampled by a factor of 8 using linear interpolation in order to reduce the slight reduction in perceived audio quality resulting from generating the gain control signals by sampling only once every eight samples.
The coefficients are defined in terms of 6×2 matrices as follows (if Bs is omitted, resulting in 5×2 matrices, the last row of all the coefficient matrices, kx and lx, is omitted).




















mat_fix =

mat_gl =

mat_gr =

mat_gf =


























a0,
b0,
a1,
b1,
a2,
b2,
a3,
b3,



c0,
d0,
c1,
d1,
c2,
d2,
c3,
d3,



e0,
f0,
e1,
f1,
e2,
f2,
e3,
f3,



g0,
h0,
g1,
h1,
g2,
h2,
g3,
h3,



i0,
j0,
i1,
j1,
i2,
j2,
i3,
j3,



k0,
l0,
k1,
l1,
k2,
l2,
k3,
l3,




























mat_gb =

mat_glb =

mat_grb =
























a4,
b4,
a5,
b5,
a6,
b6,



c4,
d4,
c5,
d5,
c6,
d6,



e4,
f4,
e5,
f5,
e6,
f6,



g4,
h4,
g5,
h5,
g6,
h6,



i4,
j4,
i5,
j5,
i6,
j6,



k4,
l4,
k5,
l5,
k6,
l6,










One or more sets of coefficients may be defined depending on the desired results. For example, one might define a standard set and a set that emulates an analog variable matrix decoding system known as Pro Logic, which is manufactured and licensed by Dolby Laboratories of San Francisco, Calif. The coefficients in such practical embodiments are as follows.










Standard Coefficients:


















mat_fix = {
mat_gl = {
mat_gr ={
mat_gf = {














 0.7400,
 0.0,
 0.3200,
0.0,
0.0,
 0.0,
−0.3813,
−0.3813,


 0.5240,
 0.5240,
−0.5400,
0.0,
0.0,
−0.5400,
 0.2240,
 0.2240,


 0.0,
 0.7400,
 0.0,
0.0,
0.0,
 0.3200,
−0.3813,
−0.3813,


 0.7600,
−0.1700,
−0.7720,
0.0,
0.0,
 0.1920,
−0.2930,
−0.2930,


 0.0,
 0.0,
 0.0,
0.0,
0.0,
 0.0,
 0.0,
 0.0,


−0.1700,
 0.7600 }
 0.1920,
0.0 }
0.0,
−0.7720 }
−0.2930,
−0.2930 }









mat_gb = {
mat_glb = {
mat_grb = {












−0.3849,
 0.3849,
−0.2850,
 0.2850,
 0.0,
 0.0,


 0.0,
 0.0,
 0.0,
 0.0,
 0.0,
 0.0,


 0.3849
−0.3849,
 0.0,
 0.0,
 0.2850,
−0.2850,


 0.0697,
−0.0697,
 0.3510,
−0.3510,
−0.3700,
 0.3700


 0.0,
 0.0,
 0.0,
 0.0,
 0.0,
 0.0,


−0.0697,
 0.0697 }
 0.3700,
−0.3700 }
−0.3510,
 0.3510 }





Note:


when Bs is omitted, the fifth row of the above coefficient matrices is omitted.
















Pro Logic Emulation Coefficients:


















mat_fix = {
mat_gl = {
mat_gr = {
mat_gf = {














0.7400,
 0.0,
 0.3200,
0.0,
0.0,
 0.0,
−0.3811,
−0.3811,


0.5240,
 0.5240,
−0.5400,
0.0,
0.0,
−0.5400,
 0.2250,
 0.2250,


0.0,
 0.7400,
 0.0,
0.0,
0.0,
 0.3200,
−0.3811,
−0.3811,


0.5370,
−0.5370,
−0.5460,
0.0,
0.0,
 0.5460,
 0.0,
 0.0,


0.0,
 0.0,
 0.0,
0.0,
0.0,
 0.0,
 0.0,
 0.0,


0.5370,
−0.5370 }
−0.5460,
0.0 }
0.0,
 0.5460 }
 0.0,
 0.0 }











mat_gb_0 = {
mat_glb = {
mat_grb = {














−0.3811,
 0.3811,
0.0,
0.0,
0.0,
0.0,



 0.0,
 0.0,
0.0,
0.0,
0.0,
0.0,



 0.3811,
−0.3811,
0.0,
0.0,
0.0,
0.0,



 0.0,
 0.0,
0.0,
0.0,
0.0,
0.0,



 0.0,
 0.0,
0.0,
0.0,
0.0,
0.0,



 0.0,
 0.0 }
0.0,
0.0}
0.0,
0.0 }







Note:



when Bs is omitted, the fifth row of the above coefficient matrices is omitted.






CONCLUSION
It should be understood that implementation of other variations and modifications of the invention and its various aspects will be apparent to those skilled in the art, and that the invention is not limited by these specific embodiments described. It is therefore contemplated to cover by the present invention any and all modifications, variations, or equivalents that fall within the true spirit and scope of the basic underlying principles disclosed and claimed herein.
Those of ordinary skill in the art will recognize the general equivalence of hardware and software implementations and of analog and digital implementations. Thus, the present invention may be implemented using analog hardware, digital hardware, hybrid analog/digital hardware and/or digital signal processing. Hardware elements may be performed as functions in software and/or firmware. Thus, all of the various elements and functions (e.g., matrices, rectifiers, comparators, combiner, variable amplifiers or attenuators, etc.) of the disclosed embodiments may be implemented in hardware or software in either the analog or digital domains.

## Claims

1. A method for deriving at least three audio signals, each associated with a direction, from two input audio signals, comprising
generating with a passive matrix in response to said two input audio signals a plurality of passive matrix audio signals including two pairs of passive matrix audio signals, a first pair of passive matrix audio signals representing directions lying on a first axis and a second pair of passive matrix audio signals representing directions lying on a second axis, said first and second axes being substantially at ninety degrees to each other,
processing each of said pairs of passive matrix audio signals to derive a plurality of matrix coefficients therefrom, said processing including deriving a pair of intermediate signals [(1−gL)*Lt′ and (1−gR)*Rt′, (1−gF)*Ft and (1−gB)*Bt] from each pair of passive matrix audio signals, respectively, and urging each pair of intermediate signals toward equality in response to a respective error signal, and
producing at least three output signals by matrix multiplying said two input signals by said matrix coefficients.

2. The method of claim 1 wherein each error signal is generated in response to the relative magnitudes of the pair of intermediate signals with which it is associated.

3. The method of claim 2 wherein said plurality of matrix coefficients are derived from said error signals.

4. The method of claim 2 wherein said plurality of matrix coefficients are derived from control signals generated by said processing in response to said error signals.

5. The method of claim 1 wherein the method derives four audio output signals associated with the directions left, center, right, and surround.

6. The method of claim 1 wherein the method derives six audio output signals associated with the directions left, center, right, left surround, back surround and right surround.

7. The method of claim 1 wherein the method derives five audio output signals associated with the directions left, center, right, left surround and right surround.

8. The method of claim 3 wherein the method is implemented in the digital domain and wherein at least a portion of said processing is downsampled.

9. The method of claim 8 wherein said error signals are upsampled.

10. The method of claim 4 wherein the method is implemented in the digital domain and wherein at least a portion of said processing is downsampled.

11. The method of claim 10 wherein said control signals are upsampled.

12. The method of claim 2 wherein the method is implemented in the digital domain and further comprising delaying said input signals to produce delayed input signals and wherein said producing produces at least three output signals by matrix multiplying said delayed input signals by said matrix coefficients.

13. The method of claim 12 wherein said delaying delays said input signals by about 5 ms.

14. The method of claim 1 wherein said plurality of matrix coefficients are derived from said error signals.

15. The method of claim 14 wherein the method is implemented in the digital domain and wherein at least a portion of said processing is downsampled.

16. The method of claim 15 wherein said error signals are upsampled.

17. The method of claim 1 wherein said plurality of matrix coefficients are derived from control signals generated by said processing in response to said error signals.

18. The method of claim 17 wherein the method is implemented in the digital domain and wherein at least a portion of said processing is downsampled.

19. The method of claim 18 wherein said control signals are upsampled.

20. The method of claim 1 wherein the method is implemented in the digital domain and wherein at least a portion of said processing is downsampled.

21. The method of claim 20 wherein said error signals are upsampled.

22. The method of claim 20 wherein said control signals are upsampled.

23. The method of claim 20 wherein said matrix coefficients are upsampled.

24. The method of claim 1 wherein the method is implemented in the digital domain and further comprising delaying said input signals to produce delayed input signals and wherein said producing produces at least three output signals by matrix multiplying said delayed input signals by said matrix coefficients.

25. The method of claim 24 wherein said delaying delays said input signals by about 5 ms.