United States

Environmental Protection 

Agency

Office of Chemical Safety

and Pollution Prevention

(7101)

EPA 730-C-11-003

June 19, 2012

Product Performance

Test Guidelines

OCSPP 810.2400:

Disinfectants and 

Sanitizers for Use on 

Fabrics and Textiles –

Efficacy Data 

Recommendations
NOTICE

This guideline is one of a series of test guidelines established by the United States 

Environmental Protection Agency’s Office of Chemical Safety and Pollution Prevention 

(OCSPP) for use in testing pesticides and chemical substances to develop data for 

submission to the Agency under the Toxic Substances Control Act (TSCA) (15 U.S.C. 2601, 

et seq.), the Federal Insecticide, Fungicide and Rodenticide Act (FIFRA) (7 U.S.C. 136, et 

seq.), and section 408 of the Federal Food, Drug and Cosmetic Act (FFDCA) (21 U.S.C. 

346a). Prior to April 22, 2010, OCSPP was known as the Office of Prevention, Pesticides 

and Toxic Substances (OPPTS). To distinguish these guidelines from guidelines issued by 

other organizations, the numbering convention adopted in 1994 specifically included OPPTS 

as part of the guideline’s number. Any test guidelines developed after April 22, 2010 will 

use the new acronym (OCSPP) in their title.

The OCSPP test guidelines serve as a compendium of accepted scientific 

methodologies and protocols that are intended to provide data to inform regulatory decisions 

under TSCA, FIFRA and/or FFDCA. This document provides guidance for conducting the 

test, and is also used by EPA, the public and the companies that are subject to data 

submission requirements under TSCA, FIFRA and/or the FFDCA. As a guidance document, 

these guidelines are not binding on either EPA or any outside parties, and the EPA may 

depart from the guidelines where circumstances warrant and without prior notice. At places 

in this guidance, the Agency uses the word “should.” In this guidance, the use of “should” 

with regard to an action means that the action is recommended rather than mandatory. The 

procedures contained in this guideline are strongly recommended for generating the data 

that are the subject of the guideline, but EPA recognizes that departures may be appropriate 

in specific situations. You may propose alternatives to the recommendations described in 

these guidelines, and the Agency will assess them for appropriateness on a case-by-case 

basis. 

For additional information about these test guidelines and to access these guidelines 

electronically, please go to http://www.epa.gov/ocspp and select “Test Methods & 

Guidelines” on the left side navigation menu. You may also access the guidelines in 

http://www.regulations.gov grouped by Series under Docket ID #s: EPA-HQ-OPPT-2009-

0150 through EPA-HQ-OPPT-2009-0159, and EPA-HQ-OPPT-2009-0576.
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OCSPP 810.2400: Fabrics and Textiles – efficacy data recommendations.

(a) Scope.—

(1) Applicability. This guideline describes test methods that EPA believes will 

generally satisfy testing requirements of the Federal Insecticide, Fungicide and 

Rodenticide Act (FIFRA) (7 U.S.C. 136, et seq.) and the Federal Food, Drug, and 

Cosmetic Act (FFDCA) (21 U.S.C. 346a). It addresses testing to demonstrate the 

effectiveness of antimicrobial pesticides bearing claims for use as disinfectants or 

sanitizers on fabrics and textiles.

(2) Background. The source materials used in developing this OCSPP test 

guideline are OPP guidelines 91-4 Products for use on fabrics and textiles and 91-30 

Acceptable methods (Pesticide Assessment Guidelines, Subdivision G, Product 

Performance, EPA report 540/9-82-026, October 1982).

(b) Purpose. This guideline addresses efficacy testing for antimicrobial 

pesticides intended to be used on fabrics and textiles, and which bear label claims as 

disinfectants or sanitizers. 

(c) General considerations. –(1) This guideline recommends methods for use 

in tests to be conducted to address the data requirements for pesticide registration. 

Good Laboratory Practice Standards (GLP) as defined in 40 CFR Part 160 apply to 

studies to support disinfection and sanitization of fabrics and textiles. According to 40 

CFR §160.17: “EPA may refuse to consider reliable for purposes of supporting an 

application for a research or marketing permit any data from a study which was not 

conducted in accordance with this part.” 40 CFR §160.12(b) requires with any submitted 

research data“[a] A statement that the study was conducted in accordance with this 

part; [b] A statement describing in detail all differences between the practices used in 

the study and those required by this part; or [c] A statement that the person was not a 

sponsor of the study, did not conduct the study, and does not know whether the study 

was conducted in accordance with this part.” Note: The Association of Official 

Analytical Chemists (AOAC) recommended tests are designed to be conducted as 

written. For deviations (e.g., cultures grown with shaking instead of static, dilution of 

culture prior to drying on carriers) proposed to be used in the conduct of these tests, 

obtain written approval from the Agency and document such deviations in the study 

reports submitted to the Agency. The Agency may consult with the AOAC prior to 

accepting modifications to their standardized methods. Refer to OCSPP Test Guideline 

810.2000 for general testing recommendations prior to initiating tests.

(d) Laundry additives (Non-residual). This section addresses efficacy testing 

for antimicrobial products which bear label claims for use in the treatment of laundry (as 

a pre-soak treatment) or in household and commercial laundry operations to provide 

various levels of antimicrobial activity including disinfection, sanitization or residual 

sanitization. 

(1) Disinfecting pre-soak treatments. Effectiveness of products for “one-step” 

cleaning and disinfecting of hard surfaces (in the presence of moderate amounts of 
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organic soil) may be extrapolated to disinfection of soiled fabrics by total immersion in 

the use solution prior to routine laundry operations.

(i) Limited disinfectants.—(A) Test procedure. The Agency recommends the 

use of the AOAC International Use-Dilution Methods1(Ref. 1) modified to include 5% 

organic soil. Sixty carriers for each of three samples, representing three different 

batches, one of which should be at least 60 days old, should be tested against 

Salmonella enterica (S. enterica) American Type Culture Collection (ATCC 10708) 

(formerly designated as Salmonella choleraesuis) for effectiveness against Gramnegative bacteria, or Staphylococcus aureus (S. aureus) (ATCC 6538) for effectiveness 

against Gram-positive bacteria.

(B) Evaluation of success for limited disinfectant pre-soak treatments. The

product should kill all test microorganisms on 59 out of each set of 60 carriers in ≤10 

minutes. In addition, per the 2009 AOAC revisions for the Use-Dilution Method, ”The 

mean log density for S. aureus must be at least 6.0 (corresponding to a geometric mean 

density of 1.0 x 106); a mean log density <6.0 invalidates the test.” 

(ii) General or Broad Spectrum Disinfectants.—(A) Test procedure. The 

Agency recommends the use of the AOAC International Use-Dilution Methods (Ref.1), 

modified to include 5% organic soil. Sixty carriers for each of three samples, 

representing three different batches, one of which should be at least 60 days old, should 

be tested against both S. enterica (ATCC 10708) and S. aureus (ATCC 6538). 

(B) Evaluation of success for general or broad spectrum disinfectant presoak treatments. The product should kill all test microorganisms on 59 out of each set 

of 60 carriers in ≤10 minutes. In addition, per the 2009 AOAC revisions for the UseDilution Method, “the mean log density for S. aureus must be at least 6.0 

(corresponding to a geometric mean density of 1.0 x 106); a mean log density <6.0 

invalidates the test.” 

.

(iii) Hospital or healthcare disinfectants.--(A) Test procedure. The Agency 

recommends the use of the AOAC International Use-Dilution Methods (Ref.1) modified 

to include 5% organic soil. Sixty carriers for each of three samples, representing three 

different batches, one of which should be at least 60 days old, should be tested against 

each of the following: S. aureus (ATCC 6538), and Pseudomonas aeruginosa (P. 

aeruginosa) (ATCC 15442).

(B) Evaluation of success for hospital or healthcare disinfectant pre-soak 

treatments. The product should kill all test microorganisms on 59 out of each set of 60 

carriers in ≤10 minutes. In addition, per the 2009 AOAC revisions for the Use-Dilution 

Method, “the mean log density for S. aureus and Pseudomonas aeruginosa must be at 

least 6.0 (corresponding to a geometric mean density of 1.0 x 106); a mean log density 

<6.0 invalidates the test.” 

 

1 Per Pesticide Registration Notice 2001-4, the phenol resistance assay is no longer expected to be 

conducted and submitted for all carrier based tests.
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.

(2) Sanitizing pre-soak treatments. Effectiveness of products for “one-step” 

cleaning and sanitizing of hard surfaces (in the presence of moderate amounts of 

organic soil) may be extrapolated to sanitization of soiled fabrics by total immersion in 

the use solution prior to routine laundry operations. 

(i) Test Procedure. The Agency recommends the following test procedure.

(A) The American Society for Testing and Materials (ASTM) Test Method for 

Efficacy of Sanitizers Recommended for Inanimate Non-Food Contact Surfaces (E1153-

03) modified to include 5% organic soil, (Ref.2). Three product samples, representing 

three different batches, one of which should be at least 60 days old, should be tested 

against each test bacterium. Unglazed ceramic tile should be used for the test carrier. 

Five (5) test carriers and 3 control carriers should be used for each test. The test 

microorganisms should be: Staphylococcus aureus (ATCC 6538) and Klebsiella 

pneumoniae (K. pneumoniae) (ATCC 4352). Enterobacter aerogenes (ATCC 13048) 

may be substituted for K. pneumoniae. The ASTM method states “an average of at least 

7.5 x 105 organisms must have survived the inoculated control squares for the test to be 

valid.”

(ii) Evaluation of success for sanitizing pre-soak treatments. The results 

should demonstrate a reduction of ≥99.9 percent (a 3-log10 reduction) in the number of 

each test microorganism over the parallel control count in ≤5 minutes.

(3) Disinfecting laundry.—(i) Test procedures. The Agency recommends a 

simulated-use study using the American Society for Testing and Materials (ASTM) 

Standard Test Method for Evaluation of Laundry Sanitizers and Disinfectants (E 2274-

03) (Ref. 3) or Standard Test Method for Evaluation of Laundry Sanitizers and 

Disinfectants for Use in High Efficiency Washing Operations (E 2406-04) (Ref. 4). 

Alternatively, an actual in-use study utilizing washing machines may be used. The 

following elements should be used in either the simulated-use or actual in-use study.

(A) The test microorganisms should be Klebsiella pneumoniae (ATCC 4352) and 

Staphylococcus aureus (ATCC 6538) for broad-spectrum disinfection. If the product is 

intended for use in healthcare facilities, it should also be tested against Pseudomonas 

aeruginosa (ATCC 15442) in addition to S. aureus and K. pneumoniae.

(B) Tests should be conducted with three samples representing three different 

batches, one of which is at least 60 days old. Each sample should be tested with nine 

fabric swatches against each of the test bacteria.

(C) The basic bacteriological procedures should be performed as described in 

ASTM Methods E-2274 and E-2406.

(D) The method should be designed to include testing of both the fabric and 

laundry water (5 mL from the automatic washer, or 0.5 mL from the simulated washing 
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device) in individual wide-mouth jars containing subculture media and neutralizers. The 

laundry water-to-media volume ratio should not exceed 1:40.

(E) The effectiveness of an antimicrobial laundry product may be altered by 

differences in laundry machine types (top loading vs. high efficiency machines). 

Therefore, the type of machine should be taken into consideration when conducting 

efficacy tests. The water to fabric ratio in common top loading machines is 

approximately 10:1 (wash volume to fabric weight), while with high efficiency laundry 

machines, it can be as low as approximately 2.5:1. It should be noted that machine 

manufacturers are constantly upgrading machines and therefore, the fabric to water 

ratios noted above should be considered as examples.

(F) Growth or no-growth should be recorded after a 48-hour incubation period.

(ii) Evaluation of disinfection success. There should be no growth in the 

subculture from the fabric and no growth in the subculture from the laundry water for all 

test microorganisms. This lack of growth should be demonstrated against each test 

microorganism within the contact time claimed on the label. 

(4) Sanitizing laundry additives.—(i) Test procedures. The Agency 

recommends a simulated-use study using the American Society for Testing and 

Materials (ASTM) Standard Test Method for Evaluation of Laundry Sanitizers and 

Disinfectants (E 2274-03) (Ref. 3) or Standard Test Method for Evaluation of Laundry 

Sanitizers and Disinfectants for Use in High Efficiency Washing Operations (E 2406-04) 

(Ref. 4). Alternatively, an actual in-use study utilizing washing machines may be used. 

The following elements should be used in either the simulated-use or actual in-use 

study.

(A) Tests should be conducted with three samples representing three different 

batches, one of which is at least 60 days old. Each sample should be tested using 

three cloth swatches for each target microorganism (Klebsiella pneumoniae (ATCC 

4352) and Staphylococcus aureus (ATCC 6538)).

(B) The basic bacteriological procedures should be performed as described in 

ASTM Methods E-2274 and E-2406.

(C) The method should be designed to include testing of both the fabric and 

laundry water (5 mL from the automatic washer, or 0.5 mL from the simulated washing 

device) in individual wide-mouth jars containing subculture media and neutralizers. The 

laundry water-to-media volume ratio should not exceed 1:40.

(D) ) The effectiveness of an antimicrobial laundry product may be altered by 

differences in laundry machine types (top loading vs. high efficiency machines). 

Therefore, the type of machine should be taken into consideration when conducting 

efficacy tests. The water to fabric ratio in common top loading machines is 

approximately 10:1 (wash volume to fabric weight), while with high efficiency laundry 

machines, it can be as low as approximately 2.5:1. It should be noted that machine 
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manufacturers are constantly upgrading machines and therefore, the fabric to water 

ratios noted above should be considered as examples.

(E) Quantitative bacteriological assays should be conducted and plate counts 

reported for the cloth swatches and laundry water

 

(ii) Evaluation of sanitization success. The results should demonstrate a 

reduction of ≥99.9 percent (a 3-log10 reduction ) in bacteria over the control count for 

both laundry water and fabric. This reduction should be demonstrated against each test 

microorganism within the contact time claimed on the label.

(e) Laundry additives (Residual). This section addresses efficacy testing for 

antimicrobial products which bear claims to provide residual self-sanitizing activity (i.e., 

reduction in the number of microorganisms which may contaminate the items) on 

treated fabrics when used in automatic washing machines (usually in the final rinse). 

(1) Self-sanitizing additives.-(i) Test Procedure. The Agency recommends 

use of the American Association of Textile Chemists and Colorists (AATCC) Test 

Method 100-2004 Quantitative Procedure: Assessment of Antibacterial Finishes on 

Textile Materials (Ref. 5), or the Standard Test Method for Determining the Antimicrobial 

Activity of Immobilized Antimicrobial Agents Under Dynamic Contact Conditions (ASTM 

E2149-01) (Ref. 6).

(A) Testing should be conducted on three samples, representing three different 

batches of the product, one of which should be at least 60 days old. The test 

microorganisms should be Staphylococcus aureus (ATCC 6538) and Klebsiella 

pneumoniae (ATCC 4352).

(B) Quantitative bacteriological assays should be performed at the following time 

intervals: 0, 30 min., 1-hr, 2-hr, 3-hr, 6-hr, and 24-hr. Consideration by the Agency can 

be given to fewer or different time intervals, depending on the label claims, on a caseby-case basis.

(ii) Evaluation of Self-sanitizing success. The results should demonstrate a 

reduction of ≥99.9 percent (a 3-log10 reduction ) in bacteria over the control count for 

both laundry water and fabric. This reduction should be demonstrated against each test 

microorganism within the contact time claimed on the label.

(6) Impregnated self-sanitizing fabrics and textiles.

A protocol should be submitted for Agency approval prior to conducting any tests 

for impregnated self-sanitizing label claims.

(f) Carpet sanitizers. This section addresses efficacy testing for antimicrobial 

products which bear label claims for use in sanitizing carpets.

(1) Test procedure. There is no standard test method for evaluating the 

effectiveness of sanitizers for use on carpets. Applicants should contact the Agency 
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and schedule a pre-registration meeting to discuss protocol development. During the 

meeting, the applicant should provide an agenda of items for discussion, a draft label 

with the claims to be supported by the proposed protocol, and any research and 

development product performance data the applicant may have generated in support of 

the application. The following items should be taken into consideration when 

developing protocols and generating data for carpet sanitizers.

(i) The test microorganisms for carpets that are used in residential, commercial, 

or industrial settings (including, but not limited to; homes, schools, office buildings, 

restaurants, factories) should be Staphylococcus aureus (S. aureus)(ATCC 6538) and 

Enterobacter aerogenes (E. aerogenes)(ATCC 13048). Applicants who intend to 

market their product to healthcare facilities (e.g., hospitals, hospices, dental and 

medical clinics, nursing homes, etc) should also test against Pseudomonas aeruginosa

(ATCC 15442), in addition to S. aureus and E. aerogenes. 

(ii) Three product samples representing three separate batches, one of which is 

at least 60 day old, should be tested against the microorganisms listed above, on 2 

different types of representative carpet (e.g., nylon, olefin, polyester). If the product is 

intended to be used on wool carpet, an additional representative sample of wool carpet 

should be tested.

(iii) All carpet samples should be identified by the pile fiber, pile yarn weight of 

finished carpet, pile density, and tuft height. The carpet should be cut into 8 x 12 inch 

pieces.

(iv) Controls should be incorporated into the test protocol to demonstrate that 

bacteriostatic agents in the carpet pile or backing do not interfere with the test results.

(2) Evaluation of sanitizing success. The results should demonstrate a 

reduction of ≥99.9 percent (a 3 log10 reduction) in the number of each test 

microorganism over the scrubbed control count within the contact time claimed on the 

label.

(g) Mattress, pillows and upholstered furniture treatments. This section 

addresses efficacy testing for antimicrobial products which bear label claims for use as 

a sterilant, disinfectant or sanitizer on mattresses and upholstered furniture.

(1) Test procedure. The use of gases and vapors is currently the only effective 

and practical means of treating mattresses, upholstered furniture, pillows, and similar 

objects to sterilize, disinfect, or sanitize against pathogenic microorganisms. Simulateduse studies, in which artificially contaminated articles (e.g., mattresses, upholstered 

furniture, pillows) are employed, should be performed to demonstrate the level of 

effectiveness intended (sterilization, disinfection, or sanitization). Potential applicants 

should contact the Agency and schedule a pre-registration meeting to discuss protocol 

development. During the meeting, the applicant should provide an agenda of items for 

discussion, a draft label with the claims to be supported by the proposed protocol, and 

any research and development product performance data the applicant may have 

generated in support of the application. The following items should be taken into 
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consideration when developing protocols for generating data for mattresses, pillows and 

upholstered furniture.

(i) Each test article should be inoculated throughout the entire article.

(ii) Samples should be taken or withdrawn randomly from the entire article and 

cultured for microbial growth.

(iii) A control using a similar untreated article should be employed.

(iv) For claims of sterilization, the test microorganisms should be Bacillus subtilis

(B. subtilis) (ATCC 19659) and Clostridium sporogenes (C. sporogenes) (ATCC 3584). 

For claims of broad-spectrum disinfection, the test microorganisms should be 

Staphylococcus aureus (S. aureus) (ATCC 6538) and Salmonella enterica (S. enterica) 

(ATCC 10708). If the product is used in hospitals, Pseudomonas aeruginosa (P. 

aeruginosa) (ATCC 15442) should be tested along with S. aureus. Label claims for 

sanitization should be tested against S. aureus and Klebsiella pneumoniae (K. 

pneumoniae) (ATCC 4352). Enterobacter aerogenes (E. aerogenes) (ATCC 13048) 

can be substituted for K. pneumoniae.

(v) Testing should be conducted on three samples representing three different 

batches of the product, one of which is at least 60 days old.

(h) Surface Sanitization of Fabrics and Textiles. This section addresses 

efficacy testing for antimicrobial products that bear claims of sanitization to the surface 

of fabrics and textiles.

(1) Test Procedure. The Agency recommends the use of The American 

Society for Testing and Materials (ASTM) Test Method for Efficacy of Sanitizers 

Recommended for Inanimate Non-Food Contact Surfaces (ASTM E1153-03) (Ref. 2). 

Three product samples, representing three different batches, one of which should be at 

least 60 days old, should be tested against Staphylococcus aureus (ATCC 6538) and 

either Klebsiella pneumoniae (ATCC 4352) or Enterobacter aerogenes (ATCC 13048). 

The ASTM method states “an average of at least 7.5 x 105 organisms must have 

survived the inoculated control squares for the test to be valid.”

Two different fabric types should be tested. The fabrics should represent natural 

fabrics, such as cotton, and synthetic fabrics, such as polyester or rayon.

(2) Evaluation of sanitizing success. The results should demonstrate a 

reduction of ≥99.9 percent (a 3-log10reduction) in the number of each test 

microorganisms over the scrubbed control count within 5 minutes.

(i) Data collection and reporting—(1) General. To assist in the proper review 

and evaluation of product performance, complete descriptions of the test employed and 

the results obtained should be submitted to the Agency. All test reports should include, 

at the least, the following information:

(i) Study title;
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(ii) Product Identity;

(iii) Guideline number/Data Requirement; 

(iv) Identification of the testing laboratory or organization;

(v) Location where the test was performed;

(vi) Name(s) of the person(s) responsible for the test;

(vii) Statement of Confidentiality Claims;

(viii) Statement of 40 CFR Part 160 Good Laboratory Practice compliance and 

Quality Assurance Statement;

(ix) Purpose of the study;

(x) Date and time of the start and end of the test;

(xi) Test employed and any modifications (e.g., organic soil, hard water, etc), 

when using standard tests (e.g., AOAC, ASTM, etc) all deviations to the test methods 

should be reported;

(xii) Test microorganisms employed, including identification of the specific strain 

(ATCC or other);

(xiii) Description of the test substance, including the percent of active ingredient;

(xiv) Concentration or dilution of the product tested and how prepared;

(xv) Number of samples, batches and replicates tested;

(xvi) Manufacture date of each product batch; 

(xvii) Identification of all material or procedural options employed, where such 

choice is provided for or recommended in the test method selected (e.g., growth media, 

drying time for inoculated carriers, neutralization confirmation and/or subculture media, 

secondary subculturing);

(xviii) Test exposure conditions (e.g., contact time, temperature, and relative 

humidity);

(xix) Complete reports of results obtained for each replication;

(xx) Any control data essential to establish the validity of the test.

(xxi) Carrier counts;
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(xxii) Statistical treatment of the data;

(xxiii) Conclusions;

(xxiv) References;

(xxv) Appendices, including study protocol and all raw data reports associated 

with the conduct of the study;

The applicant is encouraged to use the EPA’s standard efficacy report format, 

which may be found at http://www.epa.gov/oppad001/efficacystudystandards.htm.

(2) Data for modifications of recommended methods. Where recommended 

methods are modified for testing conducted to support specific claims and/or use 

patterns for a product, the protocol, identifying and describing each modification, should 

be provided with the study report. The applicant is encouraged to submit the proposed 

modification to the Agency for review and evaluation prior to initiation of the test.

(3) Data for other methods. When recommended methods, or modifications 

thereto, are not employed to develop efficacy data (such as actual in-use or many kinds 

of simulated-use testing), complete testing protocols should be submitted with the test 

reports. All materials and procedures employed in testing should be described in a 

manner consistent with original research reports published in technical or scientific 

journals. Where references to published reports or papers are made, copies or reprints 

of such references should be provided with the test reports. The applicant should submit 

the proposed testing protocols for in-use or simulated-use studies (with a proposed 

label to show the claims to be supported by the protocol) to the Agency for review and 

evaluation prior to initiation of the test.

(h) References: The references in this paragraph may be consulted for additional background information.

(1) Official Methods of Analysis of the Association of Official Analytical Chemists, 

Use-Dilution Methods, Chapter 6, Disinfectants; Current edition. Association of Official 

Analytical Chemists (AOAC), 2200 Wilson Boulevard Arlington, VA 22201.

(2) Annual Book of Standards, Test Method for Efficacy of Sanitizers 

Recommended for Inanimate Non-Food Contact Surfaces, Designation E1153-03. 

American Society for Testing and Materials, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, West 

Conshohocken, PA 19428.

(3) Annual Book of Standards, Standard Test Method for Evaluation of Laundry 

Sanitizers and Disinfectants (E 2274-03). American Society for Testing and Materials, 

100 Barr Harbor Drive, West Conshohocken, PA 19428.

(4) Annual Book of Standards, Standard Test Method for Evaluation of Laundry 

Sanitizers and Disinfectants for Use in High Efficiency Washing Operations (E 2406-04). 
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American Society for Testing and Materials, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, West 

Conshohocken, PA 19428.

(5) American Association of Textile Chemists and Colorists (AATCC) Test 

Method 100-2004 Quantitative Procedure: Assessment of Antibacterial Finishes on 

Textile Materials

(6) Book of Standards, Standard Test Method for Determining the Antimicrobial Activity 

of Immobilized Antimicrobial Agents Under Dynamic Contact Conditions American 

Society for Testing and Materials, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, West Conshohocken,