Importation of Fresh Fruit of Andean Blackberry (Rubus 

glaucus Benth) and Raspberry (Rubus idaeus Linnaeus) into 

the Continental United States from Ecuador

A Qualitative, Pathway-Initiated Risk Assessment

June 21, 2012

Version 1 (Original)

Agency Contact

Plant Epidemiology and Risk Analysis Laboratory

Center for Plant Health Science and Technology

United States Department of Agriculture 

Animal and Plant Health Inspection Service

Plant Protection and Quarantine

1730 Varsity Dr. Suite 300

Raleigh, NC 27606
Pest Risk Assessment for Andean blackberry and raspberry from Ecuador

Ver. 1 June 21, 2012 ii

Executive Summary

The Animal and Plant Health Inspection Service of the United States Department of Agriculture 

prepared this pest risk assessment to examine plant pest risks associated with the importation of 

fresh field-grown fruit of Andean blackberry, Rubus glaucus Benth, and raspberry, Rubus idaeus 

Linnaeus, from the Republic of Ecuador into the continental United States. We developed a list of 

pests associated with Andean blackberry and raspberry (in any country) that occur in Ecuador on 

any host based on scientific literature, previous Plant Protection and Quarantine commodity risk 

assessments, records of intercepted pests at ports-of-entry, information from specialized 

databases, and the opinion of experts in Andean blackberry and raspberry fruit production.

We identified three quarantine arthropod pests likely to follow the pathway with Andean 

blackberries and raspberries imported from Ecuador: 

Taxonomy Scientific Name Pest Risk Potential

Diptera: Tephritidae Anastrepha fraterculus Wiedemann High

Ceratitis capitata (Wiedemann) High

Lepidoptera: Noctuidae Copitarsia decolora Guenée High

We found that the pest risk potentials for all three species were High. Specific phytosanitary

measures are strongly recommended for pests with High Risk Potential. The selection of 

appropriate measures to mitigate risk is part of the risk management phase and is not addressed in 

this document.
Pest Risk Assessment for Andean blackberry and raspberry from Ecuador

Ver. 1 June 21, 2012 iii

Table of Contents

Executive Summary .......................................................................................................................ii

1. Introduction ................................................................................................................................1

1.1. Background .........................................................................................................................1

1.2. Commodities Information ...................................................................................................1

2. Risk Assessment..........................................................................................................................2

2.1. Initiating Event: Proposed Action.......................................................................................2

2.2. Assessment of Weed Potential of Rubus glaucus and Rubus idaeus..................................2

2.3. Decision History, Current Status, and Pest Interceptions ...................................................4

2.4. Pest Categorization—Identification of Pests.......................................................................6

2.5. Risk Assessment................................................................................................................21

3. Pest Risk Potential and Conclusion........................................................................................27

4. Authors and Reviewers............................................................................................................28

5. References.................................................................................................................................28

6. Appendix ...................................................................................................................................39

Appendix A. Pests (alive) intercepted on Rubus spp. and Rubus idaeus from 1985 to 2011 ..39
Pest Risk Assessment for Andean blackberry and raspberry from Ecuador

Ver. 1 June 21, 2012 1

1. Introduction

1.1. Background

This document was prepared by the Plant Epidemiology and Risk Analysis Laboratory of the 

Center for Plant Health Science and Technology, USDA Animal and Plant Health Inspection 

Service (APHIS), Plant Protection and Quarantine (PPQ), in response to a request to evaluate the 

risks associated with the importation of commercially produced fresh fruit of Andean blackberry

(Rubus glaucus Benth) and raspberry (Rubus idaeus Linnaeus) from Ecuador into the continental 

United States.

The International Plant Protection Convention (IPPC) provides guidance for conducting pest risk 

analyses. The methods used here are consistent with guidelines provided by the IPPC, 

specifically the International Standard for Phytosanitary Measures (ISPM) on Pest Risk Analysis 

for Quarantine Pests, Including Analysis of Environmental Risks and Living Modified Organisms 

(IPPC, 2009: ISPM #11). The use of biological and phytosanitary terms is consistent with the 

Glossary of Phytosanitary Terms (IPPC, 2009: ISPM #5). 

Three stages of pest risk analysis are described in international standards: Stage 1, Initiation; 

Stage 2, Risk Assessment; and Stage 3, Risk Management. This document satisfies the 

requirements of Stages 1 and 2. 

This is a qualitative risk analysis; estimates of risk are expressed in terms of High, Medium, and 

Low pest risk potentials based on the combined ratings for specified risk elements (PPQ, 2000) 

related to the probability and consequences of importing Andean blackberry and raspberry from 

Ecuador. For the purposes of this assessment High, Medium, and Low probabilities will be 

defined as:

High: More likely to occur than not to occur

Medium: As likely to occur as not to occur

Low: More likely not to occur than to occur

The appropriate risk management strategy for a particular pest depends on the risk posed by that 

pest. Identification of appropriate sanitary and phytosanitary measures to mitigate the risk, if any, 

for this pest is undertaken as part of Stage 3 (Risk Management). Other than listing possible 

mitigation options for the pests of concern, we did not discuss risk management in this document.

1.2. Commodities Information

Blackberries and raspberries are a diverse group of species and hybrids in the genus Rubus. They

are members of the Rosaceae family. Rubus is one of the most diverse genera of flowering plants 

in the world, consisting of 12 subgenera, some with hundreds of species (CABI, 2011; Ellis et al., 

1991; Rieger, 2006). Two subgenera, Idaeobatus and Eubatus, have attained major commercial 

significance as fruit crops (Ellis et al., 1991). 
Pest Risk Assessment for Andean blackberry and raspberry from Ecuador

Ver. 1 June 21, 2012 2

The major species that produce edible fruits include Rubus idaeus L., namely, R. idaeus subsp. 

vulgatus Arrhen. (the European red raspberry) and R. idaeus subsp. strigosus Michx. (the 

American red raspberry); R. occidentalis L. (the Eastern North American black raspberry); and R. 

glaucus Benth. ( a South American tetraploid black raspberry) (Ellis et al., 1991). Raspberries 

and blackberries are aggregate fruits formed from a single five-petaled flower, through the 

adhesion of many separate carpels (drupelets), which ripen simultaneously (Ellis et al., 1991).

Raspberries are differentiated from blackberries by the retention of the receptacle within the 

drupelets on fruit maturity (CABI, 2011).

Andean blackberry shrubs produce fruit year-round. The canes, 3-4 m (9.8-13.1 ft) long, have 

small thorns (Popenoe et al., 1989). Andean blackberry can be propagated sexually, but is 

typically propagated asexually (using tip layers or stem pieces) (Popenoe et al., 1989). Plants 

require pest and disease control measures, and are often trellised (Finn, 1999; Popenoe et al., 

1989). Its cultivation has increased because its fruits are exported to the United States (Popenoe 

et al., 1989). Commercial production has been reported in Mexico, Central and South America 

(Finn, 1999; Popenoe et al., 1989; Strik et al., 2007). Like other Rubus species, the Andean 

blackberry exhibits a wide variability because of segregation (Popenoe et al., 1989).

Red raspberry is a deciduous, shrub which grows from 0.5 m to 2 m (1.6-6.5 ft) in height (CABI, 

2011). It has woody stems that are bristly or prickly, and its leaves are alternate and pinnate. Its 

flowers are white in clusters of one to four in a compound cyme. The fruit is compound and made 

up of individual red or pinkish-purple drupelets (Tirmenstein, 1990). Fruit abscission zones occur 

at the point of attachment of each drupe to the receptacle (CABI, 2011).

2. Risk Assessment

2.1. Initiating Event: Proposed Action

We prepared this commodity-based, pathway-initiated assessment in response to a request made 

by the Ecuadorian Animal and Plant Health Service (SESA, 2006) to the USDA for authorization 

to allow imports of fresh Andean blackberries and raspberries to the continental United States.

Importation of these fruits grown in Ecuador is a potential pathway for introduction of plant 

pests. Title 7 of the Code of Federal Regulations 319 Part 56 (7 CFR § 319, 2009) provides 

regulatory authority for the importation of fruits and vegetables from foreign sources into the 

United States.

2.2. Assessment of Weed Potential of Rubus glaucus and Rubus idaeus

If the species considered for import poses a risk as a weed pest, then a pest-initiated risk 

assessment is conducted. The results of the weed potential assessment for R. glaucus and R.

idaeus did not prompt a weed-initiated risk assessment (Table 1).
Pest Risk Assessment for Andean blackberry and raspberry from Ecuador

Ver. 1 June 21, 2012 3

Table 1. Assessment of the weed potential of Rubus glaucus and R. idaeus.

Scientific names and authors: 

Rubus glaucus Benth (NRCS, 2011; USDA-ARS, 2011). Synonyms: No synonym found. 

Common names: English: Andes berry, Andean blackberry; Spanish: mora, mora de Castilla

(NRCS, 2011; USDA-ARS, 2011; Wiersema and Leon, 1999).

Rubus idaeus Linnaeus (NRCS, 2011; USDA-ARS, 2011). Synonyms: Rubus buschii

(Rozanova) Grossh; R idaeus var. vulgatus Arrh.; Rvulgatus var. buschii Rozanova; R strigosus

Michx.; Ridaeus var. idaeus; Ridaeus var. strigosus (Michx.) Maxim. (CABI, 2011). 

Common names: English: raspberry, red raspberry; Spanish: frambuesa (USDA and ARS, 

2011; Wiersema and Leon, 1999).

Plant family: Rosaceae (USDA-ARS, 2011; NRCS, 2011)

Phase 1: Distribution in the United States

Rubus glaucus Benth is present in the United States only in Hawaii (NRCS, 2011). It was 

introduced at Volcano and Pa'auilo Agricultural Experimental Stations, where it grew but did 

not provide commercially exploitable fruit crops (University of Hawaii, 1998). 

Rubus idaeus is widely prevalent in the United States; it is present in more than 35 states

(Tirmenstein, 1990; NRCS, 2011).

Phase 2: Invasive/Weed Status: Listing as weed

Rubus 

glaucus

Rubus 

idaeus Reference

NO NO CIPM, 2010; FLEPPC, 2011; Gunn and Ritchie, 1988; Holm et al., 1977; 

Holm et al., 1997; ISSG, 2011; Reed, 1977; Skinner et al., 2011; PPQ, 

2010; Weber, 2003; Wiersema and Leon, 1999

NO YES Holm et al., 1979; Swearingen, 2010; WSSA, 2010

YES NO IPPC, 2003; NRCS, 2011

YES YES Randall, 2007

Phase 3: Summary and Conclusion

Rubus glaucus Benth is reported as an invasive species in Hawaii and Ecuador (Galapagos 

Islands). In Hawaii, it was introduced at the Volcano and Pa'auilo Agricultural Experimental 

Stations in the late 1960s, where it grew but did not provide commercially exploitable fruit

crops. The canes were abandoned but birds dispersed the seeds; the plant is now threatening the

'Ola'a Tract of Hawai'i Volcanoes National Park (Starr et al., 2003; University of Hawaii, 

1998). In the Galapagos Islands (Ecuador), it is considered as an aggressive invasive plant 

species and an eradication plan has been initiated (Buddenhagen, 2003).

Rubus idaeus Linnaeus is listed as a common weed in Finland and a weed of unknown 

importance in the United States and Turkey; it is also present in the flora of Australia (Holm et 

al., 1979).

Rubus glaucus and R. idaeus are listed as world economic plants and are widely naturalized and 

cultivated for their edible fruits (IPGRI, 2008; Wiersema and Leon, 1999). Importation of 

blackberries and raspberries into the United States is permitted from several countries (APHIS, 

2011). 

Conclusion: Because R. idaeus is already widely distributed and naturalized in the 

United States, importation of fresh fruit from Ecuador should not increase the weed potential 
Pest Risk Assessment for Andean blackberry and raspberry from Ecuador

Ver. 1 June 21, 2012 4

beyond that existing at present. Rubus glaucus fruit is frequently imported into the United 

States; it is listed as a world economic plant, and is widely naturalized and cultivated for its 

edible fruits. The pest risk assessment therefore proceeds. However, if evidence supporting the 

weed potential of this plant in the continental United States becomes available later, a weed risk 

assessment could be initiated.

2.3. Decision History, Current Status, and Pest Interceptions

2.3.1. Decision History

Below we summarize previous decisions regarding Rubus spp. importations (Table 2).

2.3.2. Current Status of Importations

Currently, Title 7, Part 319, Section 56 of the U.S. Code of Federal Regulations (7 CFR §319.56) 

does not permit the importation of fresh Andean blackberry and/or raspberry for human 

consumption from Ecuador into the continental United States. We examined the current status 

and summarized it below (Table 3).

Table 2. Prior decisions the United States has made regarding requests to import Rubus spp.

Year Country Decision Reason / Conditions

1924 Mexico Approved At border ports

1928 Peru Entry denied Fruit flies presence in Peru

1930 England Approved Northern ports

1931 Norway Approved South pacific ports

1931 Sweden Approved Northern ports

1937 Chile Approved No record of injurious quarantine pests attacking Rubus spp. in 

Chile.

1947 Central 

America

Approved Entry permitted through all ports. Berries should be free from 

leaf or stem contamination.

1949 Finland Approved Entry permitted only through North Atlantic ports.

1950 Mexico Approved Mexican Border and only for local consumption.

1966 Ecuador Approved North Atlantic and South Atlantic and Gulf ports.

1969 Australia Disapproved Presence of Bactrocera tryoni and lack of approved treatment.

1970 Colombia Approved Permitted into North Atlantic and South Atlantic and Gulf ports. 

Inspection on arrival.

1972 Haiti Approved All ports. Subject to inspection and freedom from plant parts.

1979 Chile Approved All ports. Inspection and treatment if warranted.

1982 France Approved All ports. Inspection and treatment if warranted.

1984 Australia 

(Tasmania)

Approved All ports. Subject to inspection and entomological findings.

1986 Spain Disapproved No approved treatments against complex of exotic pests.

1987 Jamaica Disapproved No approved treatments for Anastrepha spp.

1988 Argentina Disapproved The undetermined status of Rubus as a host of Anastrepha; lack 

of pest information of this host from Argentina; no approved 

treatment available.
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Ver. 1 June 21, 2012 5

Year Country Decision Reason / Conditions

1988 South Africa Disapproved No approved treatment available for Ceratitis spp.

1991 Nicaragua Approved All ports. Inspection and Treatment if warranted.

1991 Colombia; 

Ecuador

Immediate 

prohibition

Lack of approved treatment for Anastrepha fraterculus.

1992 Bolivia Disapproved Lack of approved treatment for Anastrepha fraterculus.

1992 Colombia Disapproved No approved treatment available.

1992 Australia Disapproved No approved treatment available.

1994 Colombia Approved North Atlantic and South Atlantic and Gulf ports. Only 

shipments from the free area of Anastrepha fraterculus.

1996 South Africa Disapproved Presence of exotic pests and lack of approved treatment.

Table 3. Current status of blackberry and raspberry fruits from countries with permit of entry into the 

continental United States (APHIS, 2011).

Permitted entry into all ports 

from:

Permitted entry through North 

Atlantic ports from:

Permitted entry through South 

Atlantic & Gulf ports from:

Australia, from Tasmania only Albania Colombia 2

Belize Colombia 2

Chile, from all provinces Finland 

Costa Rica Netherlands 

El Salvador Norway 

France, continental France Sweden 

Guatemala The United Kingdom, from 

England,

Honduras Orkney Islands, Scotland and 

Wales

Mexico, from all areas1

New Zealand 

Nicaragua

Panama 

1 Under the protocol of the National Agriculture Release Program (NARP). See the Fruits and Vegetables Import 

Requirements manual (APHIS, 2011) for additional information regarding these commodities.

2 All consignments must be accompanied by a phytosanitary certificate with the following additional declaration that

“the berries originated from an area outside of the quarantine area for Anastrepha fraterculus.”

2.3.3. Pest Interceptions

Pest species intercepted between 1985 and 2011 on Rubus sp. and R. idaeus entering the United 

States are listed in Appendix A. Since 1985, 580 different species of pests have been intercepted 

14,875 times from different countries (PestID, 2011). Of these pests, several non-quarantine 

pests, present in Ecuador were not included in Table 4 because the only evidence of Rubus spp. 

being a possible host was scant interception data, and no other source has documented an 

association with species of Rubus spp. These pests are Planicephalus flavicosta (Stal) 

(Hemiptera: Cicadellidae), Anasa scorbutica (Fabricius) (Hemiptera: Coreidae), Xyonysius 

basalis (Dallas) (Hemiptera: Lygaeidae), Creontiades rubrinervis (Stål) (Hemiptera: Miridae), 

Dysmicoccus brevipes (Cockerell), Planococcus citri (Risso), and Pseudococcus jackbeardsleyi 
Pest Risk Assessment for Andean blackberry and raspberry from Ecuador

Ver. 1 June 21, 2012 6

Gimpel & Miller (Hemiptera: Pseudococcidae), Neopamera bilobata (Say) (Hemiptera: 

Rhyparochromidae), Apis mellifera Linnaeus (Hymenoptera: Apidae), Solenopsis geminata 

(Fabricius) (Hymenoptera: Formicidae), Agrotis subterranea (Fabricius) Syn: Agrotis lutescens 

(Blanchard), Helicoverpa zea (Boddie), Spodoptera albula (Walker) Syn: Spodoptera sunia

(guenee), and Spodoptera exigua (Hübner) (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae), Cadra cautella Walker, and 

Elasmopalpus lignosellus (Zeller) (Lepidoptera: Pyralidae), Franklinothrips vespiformis (D.L. 

Crawford) (Thysanoptera: Aeolothripidae), Haplothrips gowdeyi Franklin (Thysanoptera: 

Phlaeothripidae), Frankliniella panamensis Hood, and Frankliniella williamsi Hood 

(Thysanoptera: Thripidae), and Lehmannia valentiana (Ferussac) (Mollusk) (PestID, 2011).

The thrips species Frankliniella gardeniae Moulton, F. intonsa (Trybom) and F. insularis

(Thysanoptera: Thripidae) were not listed in Table 4. Although these pests have been intercepted 

several times on Rubus spp. the only evidence of them occurring in Ecuador are single 

interceptions in a permit cargo (PestID, 2011). No other sources have documented the presence 

of these pests in Ecuador.

2.4. Pest Categorization—Identification of Pests

2.4.1. Pests associated with Andean blackberry and raspberry in Ecuador

Below we list the pests associated with Andean blackberry and raspberry (in any country) that 

occur in Ecuador on any host (Table 4). In that list, we identify 1) the scientific name of the pest, 

2) the presence of pests in Ecuador and the United States, 3) the reference(s) that report the pest 

on the host, 4) the quarantine status of the pest in the United States, 5) the generally affected 

plant part or parts, and 6) if the pest is likely to follow the pathway into the United States on 

Andean blackberry and/or raspberry fruit. Each pest report has the pertinent citation(s) for the 

distribution, record on the host, and plant part association.

Please note that in the pest list (Table 4), we do not indicate for non-quarantine pests if the pest is

likely to follow the pathway. Even if non-quarantine pests are able to follow the pathway, 

phytosanitary measures against these pests would not be justified because they already occur in 

the continental United States. Therefore, for non-quarantine pests “N/A” (not applicable) is

indicated in the columns for “Plant part association” and “Follow pathway.”
Pest Risk Assessment for Andean blackberry and raspberry from Ecuador

Ver. 1 June 21, 2012 7

Table 4. Pests reported on Andean blackberry (Rubus glaucus) and raspberry (Rubus idaeus) anywhere 

in the world and reported as present in Ecuador (on any host)

Pest Scientific Name Geographic 

Distribution1

Reported on Rubus 

spp.2

Quarantine Pest Plant Part(s) 

Association3

Follow 

Pathway

ARTHROPODS

ARACHNIDA

Acari: Tetranychidae

Panonychus ulmi (Koch)

Syn: Paratetranychus 

pilosus Canestrini & 

Fanzago

EC (Rogg, 2000); US 

(Bolland et al., 1998; 

CABI, 2011)

Rg (Bolland et al., 

1998; CAF, 1992)

No N/A N/A

Paratetranychus sp. EC (FDS, 1994) Ri, Rs (FDS, 1994) Yes L

4

(CABI, 

2011)

No

Tetranychus sp. EC (FDS, 1994; 

Moretta, 1995)

Rg, Ri, Rs (FDS, 

1994); Rg (CAF, 

1992); Rs (Moretta, 

1995)

Yes L (CAF, 1992; 

Moretta, 1995)

No

Tetranychus urticae Koch EC (Camacho, 1994; 

MAG, 1986; 

Sponagel, 1999)

US (Bolland et al., 

1998; CABI, 2011)

Rg (Camacho, 1994); 

Ri (Aguilera et al., 

1998; PMRA, 2007)

No N/A N/A

INSECTA

Coleoptera: Scarabaeidae

Macrodactylus sp. EC (Gara and Onore, 

1989; MAG, 1986; 

Ruales, 1984)

Rs (Gara and Onore, 

1989)

Yes L (Gara and 

Onore, 1989)

No

Phyllophaga sp. EC (Gallegos et al., 

2001)

Rg (Gallegos et al., 

2001)

Yes R (Gallegos et 

al., 2001)

No

Diptera: Tephritidae

Anastrepha fraterculus 

Wiedemann

EC (CABI, 2011; 

Norrbom, 2004; 

Tigrero, 1998)

Rg (Norrbom, 2004; 

Tigrero, 1998); Rs 

(Alvarez and Acosta, 

1997; Norrbom, 

2004)

Yes F (Norrbom, 

2004; Tigrero, 

1998)

Yes

Anastrepha sp. EC (Camacho, 1994; 

Moretta, 1995; FDS, 

1994; Sigcha, 2003)

Rg (Camacho, 1994; 

CAF, 1992; FDS, 

1994; Sigcha, 2003); 

Rs (Moretta, 1995)

Yes F (Moretta, 

1995; Sigcha, 

2003)

Yes

 

1 Only geographic distribution in the continental United States and Ecuador is considered: CA= California; EC= Ecuador; 

FL= Florida; LA= Louisiana; MD= Maryland; OR= Oregon; US = Widespread in the United States; TX= Texas; WA= 

Washington State.

2 Reported on: Rg= Rubus glaucus; Ri= Rubus idaeus; Rs= Rubus sp. and/or other species of Rubus in Ecuador. R= both 

species R. glaucus and R. idaeus.

3

F = Fruit; I = Inflorescence/Flower; L = Leaf; R = Root; Sd = Seed; Sh = Shoot; S = Stem

4

Plant parts affected by Paratetranychus sp. correspond to the record in the literature for Paratetranychus spp. on raspberry 

and other commodities (CABI, 2011).
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Ver. 1 June 21, 2012 8

Pest Scientific Name Geographic 

Distribution1

Reported on Rubus 

spp.2

Quarantine Pest Plant Part(s) 

Association3

Follow 

Pathway

Ceratitis capitata 

(Wiedemann)

EC (CABI, 2011; 

Tigrero, 1998)

R, Rg (Camacho, 

1994; White and 

Elson-Harris, 1992)

Ri (Oroño et al., 

2006)

Yes F (Camacho, 

1994; White 

and ElsonHarris, 1992)

Yes

Hemiptera: Aleyrodidae

Trialeurodes 

vaporariorum 

Westwood

EC (Valarezo et al., 

2004)

US (CABI, 2011)

Ri (CABI, 2011) No N/A N/A

Hemiptera: Aphididae

Amphorophora rubi 

(Kaltenbach)

EC (CAF, 1992)

US (Jensen et al., 

1999)

Ri (CAF, 1992; 

INRA, 2011)

No N/A N/A

Aphis craccivora Koch EC (Jensen et al., 

1999; Merino, 2003; 

Rogg, 2000)

US (CABI, 2011; 

Jensen et al., 1999)

Ri (Klein Koch and 

Waterhouse, 2000)

No N/A N/A

Aphis idaei van der Goot EC (CAF, 1992) Ri (CABI, 2011; 

CAF, 1992; INRA, 

2011)

Yes L, Sh (CAF, 

1992)

No

Aphis sp. EC (Moretta, 1995; 

FDS, 1994; Sigcha, 

2003)

R (FDS, 1994; 

Sigcha, 2003); Rs 

(Isaac and Orellana, 

1985; Moretta, 1995)

Yes L, Sh 

(Moretta, 

1995)

No

Aphis spiraecola Patch EC (CABI, 2011; 

MAG, 1986; Rogg, 

2000)

US (CABI, 2011; 

Jensen et al., 1999)

Ri (Klein Koch and 

Waterhouse, 2000)

No N/A N/A

Hemiptera: Coccidae

Coccus hesperidum 

Linnaeus

EC (MAG, 1986; 

Rogg, 2000; Ruales, 

1984)

US (Arnett Jr., 2000; 

Ben-Dov et al., 2011; 

CABI, 2011)

Ri (Klein Koch and 

Waterhouse, 2000)

No N/A N/A

Hemiptera: Coreidae

Leptoglossus zonatus 

(Dallas)

EC (Moretta, 1995; 

Rogg, 2000; Ruales, 

1984)

US (Schaefer and 

Panizzi, 2000)

Rs (Moretta, 1995 No N/A N/A
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Pest Scientific Name Geographic 

Distribution1

Reported on Rubus 

spp.2

Quarantine Pest Plant Part(s) 

Association3

Follow 

Pathway

Hemiptera: Diaspididae

Aulacaspis rosae 

(Bouché)

EC (Rogg, 2000)

US (CABI, 2011)

Ri (Ben-Dov et al., 

2011; CABI, 2011; 

Klein Koch and 

Waterhouse, 2000)

No N/A N/A

Diaspidiotus perniciosus 

(Comstock)

EC, US (CABI, 2011) R (CABI, 2011) No N/A N/A

Lepidosaphes ulmi 

Linnaeus

EC (Rogg, 2000)

US (CABI, 2011)

Ri (Ben-Dov et al., 

2011

No N/A N/A

Pseudaulacaspis 

pentagona (Targioni 

Tozzetti) MacGillivray

EC (Rogg, 2000)

US (Ben-Dov et al., 

2011; CABI, 2011; 

Miller, 2005)

R (CABI, 2011) No N/A N/A

Hemiptera: Margarodidae

Margarodes sp. EC (CAF, 1992) R (CAF, 1992) Yes R (CAF,

1992)

No

Hemiptera: Pentatomidae

Nezara viridula 

(Linnaeus)

EC (Arias et al., 

1992; Rogg, 2000)

US (CABI, 2011)

Ri (CABI, 2011) No N/A N/A

Thyanta perditor 

(Fabricius)

EC (Merino, 2003; 

Rogg, 2000)

US (Schaefer and 

Panizzi, 2000)

Rs (PestID, 2011) No N/A N/A

Hemiptera: Pseudococcidae

Pseudococcus viburni 

Signoret

EC, US (Ben-Dov et 

al., 2011)

Ri (Ben-Dov et al., 

2011; Klein Koch and 

Waterhouse, 2000)

No N/A N/A

Lepidoptera: Arctiidae

Lophocampa sp. EC (Gara and Onore, 

1989)

Rs (Gara and Onore, 

1989)

Yes L (Gara and 

Onore, 1989)

No

Lepidoptera: Hepialidae

Hepialus sp. EC (CAF, 1992; 

Moretta, 1995; FDS, 

1994; Sigcha, 2003)

R (CAF, 1992 

Moretta, 1995; FDS, 

1994; Sigcha, 2003)

Yes R, S (Moretta, 

1995)

No

Lepidoptera: Noctuidae

Agrotis ipsilon (Hufnagel) EC (CABI, 2011; 

MAG, 1986; Rogg, 

2000; Ruales, 1984)

US (Arnett Jr., 2000; 

CABI, 2011)

Ri (Klein Koch and 

Waterhouse, 2000)

No N/A N/A

Copitarsia sp. EC (PestID, 2011; 

MAG, 1986; Rogg, 

2000)

R (PestID, 2011) Yes F (PestID, 

2011)

Yes
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Ver. 1 June 21, 2012 10

Pest Scientific Name Geographic 

Distribution1

Reported on Rubus 

spp.2

Quarantine Pest Plant Part(s) 

Association3

Follow 

Pathway

Copitarsia decolora 

Guenée 

Syn.: C. turbata

(Herrich & Schäffer)

EC (Angulo and 

Olivares, 2003; 

Angulo and Olivares, 

2010; MAG, 1986; 

Rogg, 2000; Ruales, 

1984; Vaughan, 

1982)

Ri (Klein Koch and 

Waterhouse, 2000)

Yes F (PestID, 

2011), L, S 

(Angulo, 

2004)

Yes5

Euxoa scandens (Riley) EC (Rogg, 2000)

US (Mello, 2005; 

Losey et al., 2003; 

Zhang, 1994)

Ri (Robinson et al., 

2007)

No N/A N/A

Peridroma saucia 

(Hübner)

EC (MAG, 1986; 

Rogg, 2000; Ruales, 

1984)

US (CABI, 2011)

Ri (CABI, 2011; 

PMRA, 2007; 

Robinson et al., 2007)

No N/A N/A

Spodoptera dolichos 

(Fabricius)

EC (Pogue, 2003; 

Rogg, 2000)

US (Heppner and 

Habeck, 1976; Losey 

et al., 2003)

Ri (Robinson et al., 

2007)

No N/A N/A

Spodoptera ornithogalli 

(Guenée)

EC (Rogg, 2000)

US (Arnett Jr., 2000; 

CABI, 2011; Zhang, 

1994)

Ri (Robinson et al., 

2007)

No N/A N/A

Trichoplusia ni (Hübner) EC (Sponagel, 1999; 

Rogg, 2000)

US (Arnett Jr., 2000; 

CABI, 2011; Zhang, 

1994)

Ri (PMRA, 2007); Rs 

(Rogg, 2000)

No N/A N/A

Phasmatodea: Diapheromeridae

Donusa phyllopoda 

Sellick

EC (Gara and Onore, 

1989)

Rs (Gara and Onore, 

1989)

Yes L (Gara and 

Onore, 1989)

No

Thysanoptera: Thripidae

Frankliniella occidentalis 

(Pergande)

EC (CABI, 2011; 

Sponagel, 1999; 

Rogg, 2000; 

Tayupantha and 

Gallegos, 2001)

US (Arnett Jr., 2000; 

CABI, 2011; Hoddle 

et al., 2004)

Ri, Rs (PestID, 2011) No N/A N/A

 

5 Copitarsia decolora attacks mainly leaves and only occasionally fruits of its hosts (Angulo, 2004). Nonetheless, species of 

Copitarsia have been intercepted frequently at U.S. ports-of-entry on fruit of Rubus species from Chile, Colombia, 

Ecuador, and Guatemala. Consequently, this species is considered likely to follow the pathway of Andean blackberries 

and/or raspberries from Ecuador.
Pest Risk Assessment for Andean blackberry and raspberry from Ecuador

Ver. 1 June 21, 2012 11

Pest Scientific Name Geographic 

Distribution1

Reported on Rubus 

spp.2

Quarantine Pest Plant Part(s) 

Association3

Follow 

Pathway

Frankliniella sp. EC (Moretta, 1995) Ri (PestID, 2011); Rs 

(PestID, 2011; 

Moretta, 1995)

Yes Fl, F, 

(Moretta, 

1995); Fr 

(PestID, 2011)

Yes

Thrips tabaci Lindeman EC (CABI, 2011; 

MAG, 1986; 

Sponagel, 1999)

US (CABI, 2011)

Ri (Klein Koch and 

Waterhouse, 2000)

No N/A N/A

BACTERIA

Agrobacterium rubi 

(Hildebrand) Young et 

al.

EC (Moretta, 1995)

US (Bradbury, 1986; 

CABI, 2011)

Ri (Bradbury, 1986); 

Rs (Moretta, 1995)

No N/A N/A

Erwinia amylovora 

(Burrill) Winslow et al.

EC (Moretta, 1995; 

Rogg, 2000)

US (Bradbury, 1986; 

CABI, 2011; 

Hayward and 

Waterston, 1965)

Ri (Hayward and 

Waterston, 1965; 

PMRA, 2007)

No N/A N/A

Rhizobium radiobacter 

(Beijerinck & van 

Delden) Young et al.

Syn.: Agrobacterium 

tumefaciens (Smith & 

Townsend) Conn

EC (Moretta, 1995; 

FDS, 1994; Sigcha, 

2003)

US (Bradbury, 1986; 

CABI, 2011)

Rg (Moretta, 1995; 

FDS, 1994; Sigcha, 

2003); Ri (Bradbury, 

1986; PMRA, 2007)

No N/A N/A

FUNGI23

Alternaria sp. EC (MAG, 1986; 

MAG and IICA, 

2001; PestID, 2011)

Rs (MAG, 1986; 

MAG and IICA, 

2001; PestID, 2011)

Yes L (MAG, 

1986; MAG 

and IICA, 

2001)

No

Appendiculella 

calostroma (Desm.) 

Höhn.

Syn.: Irene calastroma 

(Desm.) Höhn., Meliola 

puiggarii Speg., 

Sphaeria calostroma 

Desm.

EC (Læssøe and 

Petersen, 2011; Farr 

and Rossman, 2011)

US (Farr and 

Rossman, 2011)

Ri (Farr and 

Rossman, 2011); Rs 

(Wellman, 1977)

No N/A N/A

Armillaria mellea (Vahl) 

P. Kumm.

EC (MAG, 1986; 

FDS, 1994)

US (CABI, 2011; 

Farr and Rossman, 

2011)

Ri (CAF, 1992; Farr 

and Rossman, 2011; 

FDS, 1994)

No N/A N/A

Botryosphaeria obtusa 

(Schwein.) Shoemaker

Syn.: Sphaeropsis 

malorum Peck

EC (MAG, 1986)

US (CABI, 2011; 

Farr and Rossman, 

2011)

Ri (Farr and 

Rossman, 2011)

No N/A N/A
Pest Risk Assessment for Andean blackberry and raspberry from Ecuador

Ver. 1 June 21, 2012 12

Pest Scientific Name Geographic 

Distribution1

Reported on Rubus 

spp.2

Quarantine Pest Plant Part(s) 

Association3

Follow 

Pathway

Botryosphaeria ribis 

Grossenb. & Duggar

EC (MAG, 1986; 

Rogg, 2000; 

Vaughan, 1982)

US (CABI, 2011; 

Farr and Rossman, 

2012)

R (CABI, 2011) No N/A N/A

Botryotinia fuckeliana (de 

Bary) Whetzel

Syn.: Botrytis cinerea 

Pers., Sclerotinia 

fuckeliana (de Bary) 

Fuckel

EC (FDS, 1994; 

Camacho, 1994; Isaac 

and Orellana, 1985; 

Moretta, 1995)

US (CABI, 2011; 

Farr and Rossman, 

2011)

Rg (Camacho, 1994; 

FDS, 1994); Ri 

(CABI, 2011; Farr 

and Rossman, 2011); 

Rs (Isaac and 

Orellana, 1985; 

Moretta, 1995)

No N/A N/A

Botrytis sp. EC (MAG, 2001) Rg (MAG, 2001) Yes F (MAG, 

2001)

Yes

Campanulospora rubi

Salazar-Yepes, PardoCard. & Buriticá

EC (Martin, 2002) Rg, Rs (Martin, 2002) Yes L, S (Martin, 

2002)

No

Cercospora sp. EC (CAF, 1992; 

Moretta, 1995; FDS, 

1994; Sigcha, 2003)

Rg (CAF, 1992; FDS, 

1994; Sigcha, 2003); 

Rs (Moretta, 1995)

Yes L (CAF, 1992; 

Moretta, 1995)

No

Cladosporium sp.6 EC (Farr and 

Rossman, 2011; 

MAG, 1986; PestID, 

2011)

US (Farr and 

Rossman, 2011)

Rg (Farr and 

Rossman, 2011; 

PestID, 2011)

No N/A N/A

Colletotrichum acutatum

Simmonds

EC (Yepes et al., 

2007)

US (CABI, 2012; 

Martin et al., 2000a)

Ri (Martin et al., 

2000; Vizuete et al., 

2002)

No F, L, R, S

(Martin et al., 

2000; Yepes et 

al., 2007)

Yes

Curvulariopsis 

cymbisperma (Pat.) 

M.B. Ellis

EC (Læssøe and 

Petersen, 2011; Farr 

and Rossman, 2011)

Rs (Læssøe and 

Petersen, 2011; Farr 

and Rossman, 2011)

Yes L (Læssøe and 

Petersen, 

2011)

No

Cylindrocarpon 

destructans var. 

destructans (Zinssm.) 

Scholten

EC (Farr and 

Rossman, 2011; 

Vaughan, 1982)

US (Farr and 

Rossman, 2011)

Rg (Cedeño et al., 

2004)

No N/A N/A

Cylindrocarpon sp. EC (MAG, 2001) Rg (MAG, 2001) Yes R, S (MAG, 

2001)

No

 

6 Based on International Plant Protection Convention (IPPC, 2009) standards, risk mitigation measures are not considered for 

organisms identified only to genus level if that genus occurs in the United States.
Pest Risk Assessment for Andean blackberry and raspberry from Ecuador

Ver. 1 June 21, 2012 13

Pest Scientific Name Geographic 

Distribution1

Reported on Rubus 

spp.2

Quarantine Pest Plant Part(s) 

Association3

Follow 

Pathway

Didymella applanata 

(Niessl) Saccardo

Syn.: Mycosphaerella 

rubina (Peck) House, 

Phoma argillacea 

(Bres.) Aa & Boerema, 

Phyllosticta argillacea 

Bres.

EC (Moretta, 1995)

US (CABI, 2011; 

Farr and Rossman, 

2011)

Ri (CABI, 2011; Farr 

and Rossman, 2011; 

PMRA, 2007); Rs 

(Moretta, 1995)

No N/A N/A

Discostroma fuscellum 

(Berkeley & Broome) 

Huhndorf

Syn.: Sporocadus 

lichenicola Corda

EC (Moretta, 1995)

US (Farr and 

Rossman, 2011)

Ri (Farr and 

Rossman, 2011); Rs 

(Moretta, 1995)

No N/A N/A

Elsinoë ampelina Shear EC7, US (CABI, 

2011)

Rg, Rs (CABI, 2011) No N/A N/A

Elsinoe veneta 

(Burkholder) Jenk.

Syn.: Gloeosporium 

venetum Speg., 

Plectodiscella veneta 

Burkholder, 

Sphaceloma necator 

(Ellis & Everh.) Jenk. & 

Shear

EC (Moretta, 1995; 

Rogg, 2000)

US (CABI, 2011; 

Farr and Rossman, 

2011)

Ri (Farr and 

Rossman, 2011; 

PMRA, 2007; 

Sivanesan and 

Critchet, 1976); Rs 

(Moretta, 1995; 

Rogg, 2000)

No N/A N/A

Fusarium culmorum 

(W.G. Smith) Saccardo

Syn.: F. roseum f.

cereale (Cooke) W.C. 

Snyder & H.N. Hansen

EC (Ochoa, 1990; 

Vaughan, 1982)

US (CABI, 2011; 

Farr and Rossman, 

2011)

Ri (Farr and 

Rossman, 2011)

No N/A N/A

Fusarium oxysporum 

Schltdl.:Fr.

(Ascomycetes: 

Hypocreales)

EC (MAG, 1986; 

Rogg, 2000; 

Vaughan, 1982)

US (CABI, 2011; 

Farr and Rossman, 

2011)

Ri (CABI, 2011; Farr 

and Rossman, 2011)

No N/A N/A

Fusarium sp.

(Hyphomycetes)

EC (MAG, 2001) Rg (MAG, 2001) Yes R, S (MAG, 

2001)

No

Gerwasia andinus

(Lagerheim) Buriticá & 

Salazar

Syn.: G. lagerheimii (P. 

Magnus) Buriticá, 

Mainsia lagerheimii (P. 

Magnus) Jackson & 

Holway

EC (Læssøe and 

Petersen, 2011; 

Salazar et al., 2007)

Rg (Buriticá, 1999; 

Farr and Rossman, 

2011); Rs (Læssøe 

and Petersen, 2011; 

Salazar et al., 2007)

Yes L (Buriticá, 

1999)

No

 

7 Reported in Colombia and Peru (neighboring countries) on raspberry and blackberry.
Pest Risk Assessment for Andean blackberry and raspberry from Ecuador

Ver. 1 June 21, 2012 14

Pest Scientific Name Geographic 

Distribution1

Reported on Rubus 

spp.2

Quarantine Pest Plant Part(s) 

Association3

Follow 

Pathway

Gerwasia clara (H.S. 

Jacks. & Holw.) 

Buriticá

EC (Læssøe and 

Petersen, 2011; 

Salazar et al., 2007)

Rs (Læssøe and 

Petersen, 2011; 

Salazar et al., 2007)

Yes L (Buriticá, 

1999)

No

Gerwasia 

cundinamarcensis 

(Mayor) Buriticá

EC (Læssøe and 

Petersen, 2011)

Rg (Buriticá, 1999); 

Rs (Læssøe and 

Petersen, 2011; 

Salazar et al., 2007)

Yes L (Buriticá, 

1999)

No

Gerwasia holwayii 

(Jackson) Buriticá

EC (Salazar et al., 

2007)

Rs (Salazar et al., 

2007)

Yes L (Buriticá, 

1999)

No

Gerwasia peruviana 

(Jackson) Buriticá

Syn.: Mainsia 

peruviana Jackson

EC (Læssøe and 

Petersen, 2011; 

Salazar et al., 2007)

Rs (Læssøe and 

Petersen, 2011; 

Salazar et al., 2007)

Yes L (Læssøe and 

Petersen, 

2011)

No

Gerwasia quitensis 

(Lagerheim) Buriticá

Syn.: Mainsia quitensis 

(Lagerheim) Jackson & 

Holway

EC (Læssøe and 

Petersen, 2011; Farr 

and Rossman, 2011; 

Salazar et al., 2007)

Rs (Læssøe and 

Petersen, 2011; Farr 

and Rossman, 2011; 

Salazar et al., 2007)

Yes L (Læssøe and 

Petersen, 

2011)

No

Gerwasia sp. EC (Camacho, 1994) Rg (Camacho, 1994) Yes L (Camacho, 

1994)

No

Gerwasia tenella (Jackson 

& Holway) Buriticá

EC (Læssøe and 

Petersen, 2011; 

Salazar et al., 2007)

Rs (Læssøe and 

Petersen, 2011)

Yes L (Buriticá, 

1999)

No

Gerwasia variabilis 

(Mayor) Buriticá

EC (Læssøe and 

Petersen, 2011; 

Salazar et al., 2007)

Rg (Buriticá, 1999); 

Rs (Læssøe and 

Petersen, 2011)

Yes L (Buriticá, 

1999)

No

Gibberella aveneria R. J. 

Cook 

Syn: Fusarium 

avenaceum (Corda:Fr.) 

Sacc.

EC, US (CABI, 2011) Ri (CABI, 2011) No N/A N/A

Gloeosporium sp. EC (Camacho, 1994; 

FDS, 1994; Isaac and 

Orellana, 1985)

Rg (Camacho, 1994); 

Ri (FDS, 1994); Rs 

(Isaac and Orellana, 

1985)

Yes L, S 

(Camacho, 

1994; FDS, 

1994; Isaac 

and Orellana, 

1985)

No

Glomerella cingulata 

(Stoneman) Spauld. & 

H. Schrenk

Syn.: Colletotrichum 

gloeosporioides (Penz.) 

Penz. & Sacc.

EC (MAG, 1986; 

Rogg, 2000; 

Vaughan, 1982)

US (CABI, 2011; 

Farr and Rossman, 

2011)

Ri (Gally et al., 1997) No N/A N/A

Gymnoconia nitens 

(Schwein.) F. Kern & 

H.W. Thurston

EC (Moretta, 1995)

US (Farr and 

Rossman, 2011)

Ri (Farr and 

Rossman, 2011; 

Laundon and 

Rainbow, 1969)

No N/A N/A
Pest Risk Assessment for Andean blackberry and raspberry from Ecuador

Ver. 1 June 21, 2012 15

Pest Scientific Name Geographic 

Distribution1

Reported on Rubus 

spp.2

Quarantine Pest Plant Part(s) 

Association3

Follow 

Pathway

Gymnoconia sp. EC (Camacho, 1994; 

CAF, 1992)

Rg (Camacho, 1994; 

CAF, 1992) 

Yes L, S (CAF, 

1992)

No

Kuehneola loeseneriana 

Henn.

EC (Læssøe and 

Petersen, 2011; (Farr 

and Rossman, 2011)

Rs (Farr and 

Rossman, 2011; 

Hernández and 

Hennen, 2003)

Yes L, S 

(Hernández 

and Hennen, 

2003)

No

Leptosphaeria 

coniothyrium Fuckel

Syn.:Coniothyrium 

fuckelii Sacc., 

Diapleella 

coniothyrium Fuckel, 

Kalmusia coniothyrium 

Fuckel

EC (Moretta, 1995)

US (CABI, 2011; 

Farr and Rossman, 

2011)

Ri (CABI, 2011; Farr 

and Rossman, 2011); 

Rs (Farr and 

Rossman, 2011;

Moretta, 1995)

No N/A N/A

Macrophoma sp. EC (MAG, 1986; 

PestID, 2011)

Rs (MAG, 1986; 

PestID, 2011)

Yes F (MAG, 

1986; PestID, 

2011)

Yes

Meliola manca (Ellis & G. 

Martin) Hansf.

EC (Læssøe and 

Petersen, 2011)

US (Farr and 

Rossman, 2011)

Rs (Læssøe and 

Petersen, 2011)

No N/A N/A

Mycosphaerella rubi

Roark.

Syn.: Septoria rubi 

Westend.

EC (Isaac and 

Orellana, 1985; 

Moretta, 1995)

US (Farr and 

Rossman, 2011)

Ri (Farr and 

Rossman, 2011); Rs 

(Isaac and Orellana, 

1985; Moretta, 1995)

No N/A N/A

Neonectria discophora 

(Mont.) Mantiri & 

Samuels 

Syn.: Cylindrocarpon 

ianthothele Wollenw, 

Hypomyces rubi

(Osterw.) Wollenw, N.

discophora var. rubi

Brayford & Samuels, 

Nectria mammoidea

(Mont.) Mantiri & 

Samuels , N. rubi

Osterw 

EC (Moretta, 1995)

US (Farr and 

Rossman, 2011)

Rg (Cedeño et al., 

2004); Ri (Farr and 

Rossman, 2011)

No N/A N/A

Oidium sp. EC (CAF, 1992; 

Moretta, 1995; 

Sigcha, 2003)

Rg (CAF, 1992; 

Sigcha, 2003); Rs 

(Moretta, 1995)

Yes L (CAF, 

1992); F, L 

(Moretta, 

1995)

Yes

Ophionectria rubicola Pat. EC (Læssøe and 

Petersen, 2011)

Rs (Læssøe and 

Petersen, 2011)

Yes S (Læssøe and 

Petersen, 

2011)

No
Pest Risk Assessment for Andean blackberry and raspberry from Ecuador

Ver. 1 June 21, 2012 16

Pest Scientific Name Geographic 

Distribution1

Reported on Rubus 

spp.2

Quarantine Pest Plant Part(s) 

Association3

Follow 

Pathway

Peronospora sp. EC (Camacho, 1994) Rg (Camacho, 1994) Yes L (Camacho, 

1994)

No

Peronospora sparsa Berk. EC (Moretta, 1995; 

UCE and Expoflores, 

1999)

US (Farr and 

Rossman, 2011)

Ri (Farr and 

Rossman, 2011); Rs 

(Moretta, 1995)

No N/A N/A

Phlebia incarnata 

(Schwein.) Nakasone & 

Burds.

EC (Læssøe and 

Petersen, 2011)

US (Farr and 

Rossman, 2011)

Rs (Læssøe and 

Petersen, 2011)

No N/A N/A

Phragmidium rubi-idaei 

(DC.) P. Karst.

Syn.: P. gracile Arthur, 

P. imitans Arthur,

Uredo gyrosa Rebent

EC (Moretta, 1995)

US (CABI, 2011; 

Farr and Rossman, 

2011)

Ri (CABI, 2011; Farr 

and Rossman, 2011); 

Rs (Farr and 

Rossman, 2011; 

Moretta, 1995)

No N/A N/A

Phytophthora cactorum 

(Lebert & Cohn) J. 

Schröt.

EC (Rodriguez and 

Velastegui, 1998; 

Rogg, 2000)

US (CABI, 2011; 

Farr and Rossman, 

2011)

Ri (Farr and 

Rossman, 2011)

No N/A N/A

Phytophthora cinnamomi 

Rands

EC (CABI, 2011; 

Rogg, 2000; 

Vaughan, 1982)

US (CABI, 2011; 

Farr and Rossman, 

2011)

Ri (Farr and 

Rossman, 2011)

No N/A N/A

Phytophthora 

citrophthora (R.E. Sm. 

& E.H. Sm.) Leonian

EC (CABI, 2011; 

Rogg, 2000)

US (CABI, 2011; 

Farr and Rossman, 

2011)

Ri (Farr and 

Rossman, 2011; 

Wilcox and Latorre, 

2002)

No N/A N/A

Phytophthora cryptogea 

Pethybr. & Laff.

EC (Rogg, 2000)

US (CABI, 2011; 

Farr and Rossman, 

2011)

Ri (CABI, 2011; Farr 

and Rossman, 2011; 

Wilcox and Latorre, 

2002)

No N/A N/A

Phytophthora 

erythroseptica Pethybr.

EC (Rogg, 2000)

US (CABI, 2011; 

Farr and Rossman, 

2011)

Ri (Farr and 

Rossman, 2011)

No N/A N/A

Phytophthora fragariae 

Hickman

EC (CABI, 2011)

US (CABI, 2011; 

Farr and Rossman, 

2011)

Ri (CABI, 2011; Farr 

and Rossman, 2011)

No N/A N/A
Pest Risk Assessment for Andean blackberry and raspberry from Ecuador

Ver. 1 June 21, 2012 17

Pest Scientific Name Geographic 

Distribution1

Reported on Rubus 

spp.2

Quarantine Pest Plant Part(s) 

Association3

Follow 

Pathway

Phytophthora 

megasperma Drechsler

Syn.: P. megasperma 

var. Megasperma 

Drechsler

EC (Rogg, 2000)

US (CABI, 2011; 

Farr and Rossman, 

2011)

Ri (Farr and 

Rossman, 2011)

No N/A N/A

Pleospora herbarum 

Pers.) Rabenh.

EC (UCE and 

Expoflores, 1999)

US (CABI, 2011; 

Farr and Rossman, 

2011)

Ri (Farr and 

Rossman, 2011)

No N/A N/A

Rhizoctonia sp. EC (MAG, 2001) Rg (MAG, 2001) Yes R, S (MAG, 

2001)

No

Rosellinia necatrix Prill. EC (MAG, 1986; 

Pionce and Olvera, 

1997)

US (CABI, 2011; 

Farr and Rossman, 

2011)

Ri (CABI, 2011; Farr 

and Rossman, 2011)

No N/A N/A

Rosellinia sp. EC (CAF, 1992) Rg (CAF, 1992) Yes R (CAF, 

1992)

No

Sclerotinia sclerotiorum 

(Lib.) de Bary

EC (Rogg, 2000; 

Vaughan, 1982)

US (CABI, 2011; 

Farr and Rossman, 

2011)

Ri (CABI, 2011) No N/A N/A

Scutelliformis bicornus

Salazar-Yepes, PardoCard. & Buriticá

EC (Martin, 2002; 

Yepes et al., 2007

Rg, Rs (Martin, 2002

Yepes et al., 2007;)

Yes L, S (Martin, 

2002; Yepes et 

al., 2007)

No

Septoria sp. EC (FDS, 1994) Ri (FDS, 1994) Yes L

8

(Ellis et al., 

1991; Horst, 

2001)

No

Sphaerotheca macularis 

(Wallr.:Fr.) Lind 

Syn.: S. humuli (DC.) 

Burrill

EC (Rogg, 2000)

US (CABI, 2011; 

Farr and Rossman, 

2011)

Ri (Farr and 

Rossman, 2011)

No N/A N/A

Sphaerotheca sp. EC (CAF, 1992; 

Moretta, 1995; FDS, 

1994)

Ri (CAF, 1992; FDS, 

1994); Rs (Moretta, 

1995)

Yes Fr, L (Moretta, 

1995)

Yes

Stereum purpureum Pers.

Syn.: Chondrostereum 

purpureum Pouzar

EC (Farr and 

Rossman, 2011) 

US (CABI, 2011)

Ri (CABI, 2011; Farr 

and Rossman, 2011)

No N/A N/A

 

8

Species of Septoria causes leaf spot on Rubus sp. (Ellis et al., 1991; Horst, 2001).
Pest Risk Assessment for Andean blackberry and raspberry from Ecuador

Ver. 1 June 21, 2012 18

Pest Scientific Name Geographic 

Distribution1

Reported on Rubus 

spp.2

Quarantine Pest Plant Part(s) 

Association3

Follow 

Pathway

Thanatephorus cucumeris

Donk

Syn.: Rhizoctonia 

solani J.G. Kühn

EC (MAG, 1986; 

Rogg, 2000; 

Vaughan, 1982)

US (CABI, 2011; 

Farr and Rossman, 

2011)

Ri (Farr and 

Rossman, 2011)

No N/A N/A

Verticillium albo-atrum

Reinke & Berthier 

EC (Moretta, 1995; 

Camacho, 1994)

US (CABI, 2011; 

Farr and Rossman, 

2011)

Rg (Camacho, 1994); 

Ri (Farr and 

Rossman, 2011); Rs 

(Moretta, 1995)

No N/A N/A

Verticillium dahliae Kleb. EC (Moretta, 1995; 

Rogg, 2000)

US (CABI, 2011; 

Farr and Rossman, 

2011)

Ri (CABI, 2011); Rs 

(Moretta, 1995)

No N/A N/A

Verticillium sp. EC (CAF, 1992; 

Isaac and Orellana, 

1985; FDS, 1994)

Rg (CAF, 1992; FDS, 

1994); Rs (Isaac and 

Orellana, 1985)

Yes R, (CAF, 

1992; Isaac 

and Orellana, 

1985)

No

Volutella setosa (Grev.) 

Berk.

EC (Læssøe and 

Petersen, 2011)

Rs (Læssøe and 

Petersen, 2011)

Yes L (Læssøe and 

Petersen, 

2011)

No

MOLLUSKS

Deroceras reticulatum 

(Muller)

Syn.: Agriolimax 

reticulatus Mueller

EC (PestID, 2011)

US (Berry, 1998; 

Getz, 1959; Willson, 

1992)

Ri (PestID, 2011) No N/A N/A

Guppya gundlachi 

(Pfeiffer)

EC (PestID, 2011)

US (Perez, 2007; 

Sandoval, 1999)

Ri (PestID, 2011) No N/A N/A

NEMATODES

Aphelenchus sp. EC (Moretta, 1995) Rs (Moretta, 1995) Yes R (Moretta, 

1995)

No

Dorylaimus sp. EC (Moretta, 1995) Rs (Moretta, 1995) Yes R (Moretta, 

1995)

No

Helicotylenchus sp. EC (Moretta, 1995) Rs (Moretta, 1995) Yes R (Moretta, 

1995)

No

Meloidogyne arenaria 

(Neal) Chitwood

EC (CABI, 2011; 

INIAP, 1992)

US (CABI, 2011; 

Ferris, 2011)

Ri (Ferris, 2011) No N/A N/A

Meloidogyne hapla 

Chitwood

EC (CABI, 2011; 

INIAP, 1992)

US (CABI, 2011; 

Ferris, 2011)

Ri (Ferris, 2011) No N/A N/A
Pest Risk Assessment for Andean blackberry and raspberry from Ecuador

Ver. 1 June 21, 2012 19

Pest Scientific Name Geographic 

Distribution1

Reported on Rubus 

spp.2

Quarantine Pest Plant Part(s) 

Association3

Follow 

Pathway

Meloidogyne javanica 

(Treub) Chitwood

EC (CABI, 2011; 

INIAP, 1992)

US (CABI, 2011; 

Ferris, 2011)

Ri (Ferris, 2011) No N/A N/A

Meloidogyne sp. EC (Moretta, 1995) Rs (Moretta, 1995) Yes R (Moretta, 

1995)

No

Mononchus sp. EC (Moretta, 1995) Rs (Moretta, 1995) Yes R (Moretta, 

1995)

No

Nacobbus sp. EC (Moretta, 1995) Rs (Moretta, 1995) Yes R (Moretta, 

1995)

No

Pratylenchus sp. EC (INIAP, 1992) Rg (INIAP, 1992) Yes R (INIAP, 

1992)

No

Pratylenchus neglectus 

(Rensch) Filipjev & S. 

Stekhoven

EC, US (Ferris, 2011) Ri (Ferris, 2011) No N/A N/A

Pratylenchus penetrans 

(Cobb) Filipjev & 

Schuurmans Stekhoven

EC (Ferris, 2011; 

Moretta, 1995)

US (CABI, 2011; 

Ferris, 2011)

Ri (Ferris, 2011) No N/A N/A

Trichodorus sp. EC (INIAP, 1992; 

Moretta, 1995)

Rs (INIAP, 1992; 

Moretta, 1995)

Yes R (INIAP, 

1992; Moretta, 

1995)

No

Tylenchorhynchus sp EC (MAG and IICA, 

2001)

US (Handoo et al., 

2007)

Ri (Handoo et al., 

2007; MAG and 

IICA, 2001)

Yes R (Handoo et 

al., 2007)

No

Tylenchus sp. EC (Moretta, 1995) Rs (Moretta, 1995) Yes R (Moretta, 

1995)

No

Xiphinema americanum 

Cobb

EC (CABI, 2011)

US (Handoo et al., 

2007)

Ri (CABI, 2011; 

Handoo et al., 2007); 

Rs (Ferris, 2011)

No N/A N/A

Xiphinema spp. EC (Moretta, 1995) Ri (Ferris, 2011; 

PMRA, 2007); Rs 

(Moretta, 1995)

Yes R (Moretta, 

1995; PMRA, 

2007)

No

VIRUSES and VIROIDS

Raspberry bushy dwarf 

virus

EC, US (Converse, 

1991; Chamberlain et 

al., 2003; CABI, 

2012)

Rs (Converse, 1991 ; 

Chamberlain et al., 

2003; CABI, 2012)

No N/A N/A

Tomato ringspot virus EC, US (Chamberlain 

et al., 2003; CABI, 

2012; Converse, 

1987; EPPO, 2006)

Rs (Chamberlain et 

al., 2003; CABI, 

2012; Converse, 

1987; EPPO, 2006)

No N/A N/A
Pest Risk Assessment for Andean blackberry and raspberry from Ecuador

Ver. 1 June 21, 2012 20

2.4.2. Quarantine pests that are not candidates for further mitigation

General issues. We excluded many of the organisms from further analysis because they did not 

satisfy the definition of a quarantine pest, or they were unlikely to follow the pathway. For 

example, they were associated mainly with plant parts other than the commodity; they were 

associated with the commodity, but were not reasonably expected to remain with the commodity

during commercial production/processing; or they were intercepted as biological contaminants 

during inspection at ports-of-entry but would not be expected to be present with the commodity.

Doubtful host association. We could not conclude solely from scant interception data (PestID, 

2011) that the following organisms attack Rubus spp.: Diabrotica viridula Fabricius (Coleoptera: 

Chrysomelidae), Xyleborus affinis Eichhoff, and Xyleborus volvulus (Fabricius) (Coleoptera: 

Scolytidae), Parlatoria ziziphi (Lucas) (Hemiptera: Diaspididae), Phenacoccus parvus Morrison

and Planococcus minor (Maskell) (Hemiptera: Pseudococcidae), Paragonatas divergens

(Distant) (Hemiptera: Rhyparochromidae), Corythaica cyathicollis (Costa) (Hemiptera: 

Tingidae), Phidotricha erigens Raganot (Lepidoptera: Pyralidae), and Thrips palmi Karny

(Thysanoptera: Thripidae). Therefore, we did not list them above.

The weevil Conoderus rufangulus has been intercepted on Rubus spp. shipments at United States 

ports-of-entry (PestID, 2011), but we found no reports of Rubus spp. specifically as a host of C.

rufangulus. Larvae are found at very low densities associated with assorted plant roots, notably

grasses, corn, and fleshy roots (sugar beet) (Whittle, 1982). Conoderus rufangulus is a good flier 

and can contaminate shipments of fruit from Chile (González, 1989), and it is listed as a 

secondary or occasional pest in Chile (González, 1989; Prado, 1991). The only evidence for host 

status is the interceptions; the biology of the pest indicates that those were intercepted 

hitchhikers.

Organisms identified only to genus. Generally, based on standards by the International Plant 

Protection Convention (IPPC, 2009), we do not consider risk mitigation measures for organisms 

identified only to the genus level if the genus in question is reported in the continental United 

States. Often there are many species within a genus, and we cannot know if the unidentified 

species occurs in the continental United States and, consequently, whether it meets the definition 

of a quarantine pest for the continental United States. In this risk assessment, the above statement 

applies to the arthropods Frankliniella sp. and Noctuidae spp., and the pathogens Botrytis sp., 

Macrophoma sp., Oidium sp., and Sphaerotheca sp. These genera are reported to occur in the 

continental United States (CABI, 2011; Farr and Rossman, 2011). Lack of specific identification 

may indicate the limits of current taxonomic knowledge or the life stage or quality of the 

specimen submitted for identification. Pest risk assessments focus on organisms for which 

biological information is available. Lack of specific identification does not rule out the possibility

that a high-risk quarantine pest was intercepted. Conversely, the development of detailed 

assessments for known pests that inhabit a variety of ecological niches, such as internal fruit 

feeders or foliage pests, allows effective mitigation measures to eliminate the known organisms 

as well as similar but incompletely identified organisms that inhabit the same niche. If pests 

identified to higher taxa are intercepted in the future, we may reevaluate their risk.

2.4.3. Quarantine pests likely to follow the pathway and candidates for further mitigation

We identified three quarantine pests for further analysis—Anastrepha fraterculus, Ceratitis 

capitata, and Copitarsia decolora (Table 5). All of these pests are reasonably expected to follow 
Pest Risk Assessment for Andean blackberry and raspberry from Ecuador

Ver. 1 June 21, 2012 21

the pathway, i.e., be included in commercial shipments of Rubus glaucus and R. idaeus fruit from 

Ecuador.

Table 5. Quarantine pests (arthropods) likely to follow the pathway.

Organism Taxonomy

Anastrepha fraterculus Diptera: Tephritidae

Ceratitis capitata Diptera: Tephritidae

Copitarsia decolora Lepidoptera: Noctuidae

2.5. Risk Assessment

2.5.1. Consequences of Introduction

We considered the negative impacts resulting from the introduction and establishment of 

quarantine pests in this assessment. We rated the potential consequences of introduction using the 

five risk elements described in the Guidelines for the Pathway-Initiated Pest Risk Assessments, 

Version 5.02 (PPQ, 2000). For each risk element, we rated the pest Low (1 point), Medium (2 

points), or High (3 points). We summed all the risk element values to calculate a cumulative risk 

rating score, which is a biological indicator of the potential of the pest to establish, spread, and 

cause economic and environmental impacts (PPQ, 2000). We summarized the ratings for the 

Consequences of Introduction below (Table 6).

Anastrepha fraterculus Risk ratings

Risk Element #1: Climate-Host Interaction 

Anastrepha fraterculus represents a species complex (e.g., CABI, 2011; Caceres et al., 

2009; Foote et al., 1993; Weems, 2002; White and Elson-Harris, 1992). The sibling 

species in this complex vary in morphology and pest status (Foote et al., 1993; Weems, 

2002). Anastrepha fraterculus occurs in North, Central, and South America and the 

Caribbean, ranging from southern Texas to Argentina (CABI, 2011; Foote et al., 1993; 

PPQ, 2002). It occurs in southern Texas (Rio Grande Valley), Mexico (restricted 

distribution), Belize, Costa Rica, El Salvador, Guatemala, Honduras, Nicaragua, Panama, 

Trinidad and Tobago, Argentina (restricted distribution), Bolivia, Brazil, Colombia, 

Ecuador, Guyana, Paraguay, Peru, Suriname, Uruguay, and Venezuela (CABI, 2011; 

PPQ, 2002). This distribution covers a temperature range corresponding to USDA Plant 

Hardiness Zones 8-11 (Magarey et al., 2008). Thus, those areas would provide suitable 

climatic conditions for establishment of the pest. In these areas, multiple hosts of A. 

fraterculus are present (e.g., Citrus aurantium, Prunus persica, and Pyrus communis) 

(Kartesz, 2011). Because Zone 11 only comprises approximately 0.1 percent of the 

United States (PERAL, 2008), we do not count it toward the total number of zones for 

determining the Climate-Host Interaction risk rating. Therefore, we rated this element as 

Medium.

Medium (2)

Risk Element #2: Host Range

Anastrepha fraterculus feeds on multiple genera in multiple plant families, including 

Actinidiaceae (Actinidia), Anacardiaceae (Mangifera, Spondias, Anacardium), 

Annonaceae (Annona), Combretaceae (Terminalia), Ebenaceae (Diospyros), Fabaceae 

(Inga), Juglandaceae (Juglans), Lauraceae (Persea), Moraceae (Ficus), Myrtaceae 

High (3)
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Ver. 1 June 21, 2012 22

Anastrepha fraterculus Risk ratings

(Eugenia, Feijoa, Psidium, Syzygium), Oleaceae (Olea), Oxalidaceae (Averrhoa), 

Punicaceae (Punica), Rosaceae (Cydonia, Eriobotrya, Fragaria, Malus, Prunus, Pyrus, 

Rubiaceae (Coffea), Rutaceae (Citrus, Fortunella), Sapotaceae (Manilkara, Pouteria), 

Solanaceae (Solanum), Sterculiaceae (Theobroma), and Vitaceae (Vitis) (CABI, 2011; 

White and Elson-Harris, 1992). 

Risk Element #3: Dispersal Potential

Anastrepha fraterculus has high reproductive and dispersal potentials. Females can lay up 

to 50 eggs in a single fruit, depending on the maturity and variety of the host fruit (PPQ, 

2002). Under laboratory conditions, females deposit from 200 to 400 eggs total in host 

fruits (Fletcher, 1989). There can be six to seven generations per year (PPQ, 2002). In 

mark-release-recapture experiments in Brazil, adults of A. fraterculus were captured up to 

800 meters from their release point (Kovaleski et al., 1999). The most important means of 

long-distance movement of A. fraterculus is the international trade of infested fruit (CABI, 

2011). Since 1985, inspectors at U.S. ports-of-entry have intercepted Anastrepha species 

on fruits of different commodities (PestID, 2011). In addition, A. fraterculus can be 

transported as pupae in soil or in packaging or growing media accompanying plants (CABI, 

2011). 

High (3)

Risk Element #4: Economic Impact

The A. fraterculus species complex damages economically important plants (Weems, 

2002). In Argentina, it is considered the most important pest of citrus (PPQ, 2002). In 

Brazil, it causes severe yield losses in apple because of resulting fruit malformation and fruit 

drop, is a major concern of growers, and significantly restricts fresh fruit exports to countries 

with quarantine barriers (Sugayama et al., 1996). It is an important pest of guava and mango, 

and to some extent Prunus spp. (CABI, 2011). The oviposition punctures (“stings”) alone 

may render fruit unmarketable (Gould and Raga, 2002). The introduction of A. fraterculus 

into new areas of the continental United States would likely stimulate control programs 

(APHIS, 1984; CABI, 2011; Guillen and Sanchez, 2007; Vera et al., 2007), thereby 

increasing crop production costs. Anastrepha fraterculus is a quarantine pest for 

numerous countries and regional plant protection organizations (CERIS, 2011; EPPO, 

2007), and its introduction into the United States would likely lead to export restrictions 

of host commodities to markets outside of this pest’s known distribution.

High (3)

Risk Element #5: Environmental Impact

Because of its broad host range, A. fraterculus may attack Federally threatened and 

endangered plant species in the continental United States, such as Prunus geniculata

(endangered species in Florida) (USFWS, 2011). We consider this endangered species a 

potential host because it is in the same genus as known hosts of A. fraterculus. However, 

A. fraterculus only affects the fruit of its hosts. We found no evidence that A. fraterculus

damages the seeds or other non-fruit parts of their hosts; therefore, we assume this fruit fly 

would have little, if any, direct effect on the population health of endangered plant species.

The wider establishment of A. fraterculus in the continental United States would probably 

trigger the initiation of chemical control (APHIS, 1984; CABI, 2011; Guillen and Sanchez, 

2007) and possibly classical biological control programs, as has occurred in Peru and 

Argentina (Clausen, 1978; Wharton, 1989). Based on the potential indirect effects of 

control programs, as opposed to direct damage caused by this fruit fly, we rate this risk 

element Medium.

Medium (2)
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Ver. 1 June 21, 2012 23

Ceratitis capitata Risk ratings

Risk Element #1: Climate-Host Interaction 

Ceratitis capitata (Medfly) is native to Africa and has spread throughout the 

Mediterranean region, Southern Europe (e.g., Spain, Italy, Cyprus), the Middle East, 

Western Australia, South and Central America (e.g., Argentina, Ecuador, Peru, 

Colombia), and Hawaii (Fletcher, 1989; White and Elson-Harris, 1992). The species can 

establish in California, Florida, and Texas, where it has been recorded intermittently, and 

subsequently eradicated (CABI, 2011). Based on this reported distribution, we estimate 

that Medfly could establish in areas of the continental United States corresponding to 

USDA Plant Hardiness Zones 8-11 (Magarey et al., 2008). Multiple hosts of Medfly are 

present in these areas (Citrus spp., Malus spp., Prunus spp., Pyrus communis, P. 

calleryana, Solanum lycopersicum) (Kartesz, 2011). Because Zone 11 only comprises 

approximately 0.1 percent of the United States (PERAL, 2008), we do not count it 

toward the total number of zones for determining the Climate-Host Interaction risk 

rating. Therefore, we rate this element Medium.

Medium (2)

Risk Element #2: Host Range

Medfly is a polyphagous species that has been recorded from cultivated and wild hosts 

belonging to at least 51 genera among at least 30 plant families, including Anacardiaceae 

(Anacardium, Mangifera, Spondias), Annonaceae (Annona), Cactaceae (Opuntia), 

Malpighiaceae (Malpighia), Moraceae (Artocarpus, Ficus, Morus), Myrtaceae (Eugenia, 

Feijoa, Psidium, Syzygium), Punicaceae (Punica), Rosaceae (Malus, Mespilus, Prunus), 

Rutaceae (Citrus), Sapindaceae, (Blighia, Euphoria, Litchi), Sapotaceae 

(Chrysophyllum, Manilkara, Mimusops, Pouteria), Solanaceae (Capsicum, Solanum), 

and Vitaceae (Vitis) (CABI, 2011; Liquido et al., 1991; Thomas et al., 2010; White and 

Elson-Harris, 1992). 

High (3)

Risk Element #3: Dispersal Potential

A female Medfly may lay up to 800 eggs (22 per day) during her lifetime (Thomas et al., 

2010). The life cycle under favorable conditions [21.1-32.2C (70-90°F)] may be 

completed in three weeks; however, under the climatic conditions in Florida (prevailing 

in the latitude of Orlando), 10 generations could develop under normal year-round 

conditions (Knapp, 1998). Adult Medflies can fly as far as 32.2 km (20 miles) 

(Christenson and Foote, 1960; Steiner et al., 1962). Movement of infested commodities 

is the major means of dispersal to previously uninfested areas (CABI, 2011). Since 1984, 

inspectors at U.S. ports-of-entry have intercepted Medfly over 3,000 times (PestID, 

2011). Medfly may also be dispersed via puparia in soil or growing mediua

accompanying plants (CABI, 2011).

High (3)

Risk Element #4: Economic Impact

Because of its wide distribution and its wide host range, Medfly is ranked as the most 

important among economically important fruit flies (CABI, 2011; Weems, 1981). It 

causes reduction of crop yield (Steck, 2006) and may also transmit fruit-rotting fungi 

(CABI, 2011). Additionally, costs would be incurred to minimize the impact of Medfly

on crop production, because the presence of larvae in the fruit may make the fruit 

unmarketable (Andrew et al., 1977). The species is of quarantine significance for many 

countries (Steck, 2006). Its presence, even as temporary adventive populations, can lead 

to severe constraints for the export of fruits to uninfested areas in other parts of the 

world; eradication of recurring populations of Medfly in an area (to maintain pest-free 

status) can be very costly and resource intensive (Cayol et al., 2002; Steck, 2006).

High (3)

Risk Element #5: Environmental Impact

Because of its broad host range, Medfly may affect numerous Federal Threatened and 

Endangered (T&E) plant species in the continental United States [e.g., Argemone 

Medium (2)
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Ver. 1 June 21, 2012 24

Ceratitis capitata Risk ratings

pleiacantha ssp. pinnatisecta (E), Asimina tetramera (E), Berberis nevivii (E), 

Euphorbia telephioides (T), Prunus geniculata (E), Ribes echinellum (T)] (USFWS, 

2011). However, Medfly only affects the fruit of its hosts. We found no evidence that 

Medfly damages the seeds or other non-fruit parts of its hosts; therefore, we assume this 

fruit fly would have little, if any, direct effect on the population health of threatened or 

endangered plant species. A potential and indirect effect of the establishment of Medfly

is the continuance and possible increase in exotic fruit-fly control programs, which 

would probably include chemical and biological control (CABI, 2011; Ovruski et al., 

2000; Purcell, 1998; APHIS, 2001; APHIS, 2011; Wharton, 1989). Based on the 

potential indirect effects of control programs, as opposed to direct damage caused by 

Medfly, we rate this risk element Medium.

Copitarsia decolora Risk ratings

Risk Element #1: Climate-Host Interaction

Copitarsia decolora occurs in Argentina, Bolivia, Chile, Colombia, Costa Rica, Ecuador, 

Guatemala, Mexico, Peru, Uruguay and Venezuela (Angulo and Olivares, 2003; Angulo 

and Olivares, 2010; Gomez, 1972; Lamborot et al., 1999; Liberman, 1986). Based on a 

comparison of this reported distribution with a global map of USDA Plant Hardiness 

Zones (Magarey et al., 2008), we estimate that C. decolora could establish in U.S. Plant 

Hardiness Zones 8-10. One or more of its potential hosts occur in these zones (Kartesz, 

2011).

Medium (2)

Risk Element #2: Host Range

Copitarsia decolora is a polyphagous species that has been reported on Actinidia deliciosa

(Actinidiaceae), Allium spp. (Liliaceae), Amaranthus cruentus (Amaranthaceae), Beta 

vulgaris (Chenopodiaceae), Brassica oleracea (Brassicaceae), Capsicum frutescens 

(Solanaceae), Chenopodium quinoa (Chenopodiaceae), Cynara scolymus (Asteraceae), 

Daucus carota (Apiaceae), Dianthus caryophyllus (Caryophyllaceae), Feijoa sellowiana

(Myrtaceae), Fragaria ananassa (Rosaceae), Helianthus sp. (Asteraceae), Lactuca sativa

(Asteraceae), Medicago sativa (Fabaceae), Pistacia vera (Anacardiaceae), Rubus sp. 

(Rosaceae), Simmondsia chinensis (Simmondsiaceae), Solanum tuberosum (Solanaceae), 

Triticum sp. (Poaceae), Vicia faba (Fabaceae), Zea mays (Poaceae) (Angulo and Olivares, 

2003; Arce de Hamity and Neder de Roman, 1992; Gomez, 1972; Guerrero et al., 2000; 

Lamborot et al., 1999). Copitarsia decolora attacks multiple species among multiple plant 

families.

High (3)

Risk Element #3: Dispersal Potential

Copitarsia decolora completes its life cycle in about 92 days at 17.3 °C and 78 percent 

relative humidity; a female can mature and deposit from 572 to 759 eggs during its life 

(Alcázar et al., 2004; Arce de Hamity and Neder de Roman, 1992). Under laboratory 

conditions, C. decolora exhibited an average fecundity of 1038 eggs per female (Larraín, 

1996). It completes three generations in a year during the spring-summer period. Adults of 

Copitarsia can fly and spread locally. Long-distance spread by this pest is accomplished 

via the movement of larvae in commercial plant materials, as evidenced by over 16,000 

interceptions on a wide variety of commodities (PestID, 2011).

High (3)

Risk Element #4: Economic Impact 

Copitarsia decolora can reduce crop yields by killing seedlings and reduce the value of 

commodities by feeding on them or requiring controls (Alcázar et al., 2004). In Peru, C. 

decolora is a major pest of potato (Alcala, 1978). Defoliation on the order of 60 percent 

has been reported in rape (Brassica napus var. napus), although with no appreciable effect 

High (3)
Pest Risk Assessment for Andean blackberry and raspberry from Ecuador

Ver. 1 June 21, 2012 25

Copitarsia decolora Risk ratings

on yield (Larraín, 1996). Establishment of C. decolora in the United States could cause a 

loss of foreign and domestic markets because it does not have a cosmopolitan distribution, 

and it attacks numerous crops of economic importance. The evidence would suggest that 

the risk associated with the potential economic impact of this pest is High.

Risk Element #5: Environmental Impact

Based on the Copitarsia decolora host range, it may negatively impact Federally 

threatened and endangered plants species in the continental United States, particularly 

congeners of current hosts, such as Amaranthus pumilus (DE, MA, MD, NC, NJ, NY, RI, 

SC, VA), Helianthus paradoxus (NM, TX), and Helianthus schweinitzii, (NC, SC) 

(USFWS, 2011). As the species is a pest of important crops produced in the United States 

(e.g., potato, lettuce, grape, apple, and corn), biological and chemical control programs 

could be initiated where it is introduced (Arce de Hamity and Neder de Roman, 1992; 

Klein Koch and Waterhouse, 2000; Angulo and Olivares, 2003).

High (3)

Table 6. Summary risk ratings for Consequences of Introduction.

Pest Risk elements Cumulative 

Risk

Ratinga

Climate-Host 

Interaction

Host 

Range

Dispersal

Potential

Economic 

Impact

Environmental Impact

Anastrepha fraterculus Med (2) High (3) High (3) High (3) Med (2) High (13)

Ceratitis capitata Med (2) High (3) High (3) High (3) Med (2) High (13)

Copitarsia decolora Med (2) High (3) High (3) High (3) High (3) High (14)

aLow is 5-8 points, Medium is 9-12 points, and High is 13-15 points (PPQ, 2000).

2.5.2. Likelihood of Introduction

We summarized the ratings for the Likelihood of Introduction for each pest below (Table 7).

Quantity of commodity imported annually. The likelihood that an exotic species will arrive in 

the United States is related to the volume of a commodity shipped to the United States. In 2005, 

Ecuador had approximately 4,275 hectares of Andean blackberry and raspberry crops, with a 

potential production of 6,840 metric tons of fruit (PROFIAGRO, 2007a, 2007b; SESA, 2007). It 

is expected that initially only a portion of Ecuador’s total production will be exported to the 

United States due for internal demand of these fruits (372 gr/per capita/year) (PROFIAGRO, 

2007a, 2007b). This sub-element is estimated considering, the quantity of these fruits exported 

from Ecuador to other countries and the size of sea shipping containers. During 1999 to 2007, 

Ecuador exported an average of 13 metric tons of Andean blackberries and raspberries. In 2007, 

Ecuador registered 90 metric tons of these fruits exported to different countries (PROFIAGRO, 

2007a, 2007b). The sea shipping containers that are typically used for estimating the volume of 

commodity shipments are 40 feet (12.2 m) in length and hold approximately 40,000 pounds 

(18,182 kg or 20 tons) (FAS, 2003). Based on the data, we estimated that the quantity of the 

commodity exported annually to the continental United States would be less than 10 shipping 

containers (40 feet) per year, resulting in a Low rating for all pests.

Survive post-harvest treatment. Andean blackberries and raspberries exported from Ecuador 

are harvested by hand, placed in baskets, and carried to cold storage at 0C (32F). The fruit is 
Pest Risk Assessment for Andean blackberry and raspberry from Ecuador

Ver. 1 June 21, 2012 26

then inspected and carried to the scale by size and maturity grade; fruit with defects and debris

are removed. Finally, the fruit is packed, weighed, and boxed in plastic baskets of 250 grams 

each one, and placed in a cardboard box (SESA, 2007). Arthropods that feed internally are 

highly likely to survive these post-harvest treatments. Therefore, we rated Anastrepha 

fraterculus and Ceratitis capitata High for this sub-element. 

Externally feeding arthropods are less likely to survive post-harvest treatments than 

internal feeding arthropods. For this reason, we rated C. decolora Medium.

Survive shipment. Andean blackberries and raspberries will be transported internally by truck 

under temperatures of 0.5 to 0C and at relative humity of 85-90 percent, prior to loading for 

air shipment to the continental United States (SESA, 2007). Although we had no information on 

the timeframe for the storage and shipment of this commodity, we assume it is very short (i.e., 

two days or less). Records of interceptions of live adult and immature stages of external 

pests such as C. decolora on Rubus spp. and on other commodities from different 

countries indicate that external feeders can survive shipment (PestID, 2011). 

For internal feeders such as C. capitata and species of Anastrepha (other than A. ludens), PPQ 

(2011) currently recommends that fruit be treated at 1.67 C for 17 days or 1.11 C for 15 

days to kill them. Therefore, a short shipment time is unlikely to affect the larval stages of these 

fruit flies. Consequently, we rated these insects High for this sub-element.

Not be detected at the port-of-entry. Because internal feeders are well concealed, they are often 

highly likely to escape detection. Thus, we rated Anastrepha fraterculus and Ceratitis capitata

High risk.

As an external pest, Copitarsia decolora should be detectable by trained inspectors. This is 

corroborated by numerous interceptions at U.S. ports-of-entry (PestID, 2011). We rated 

this pest Medium because it could escape detection by hiding in the hollow portion of the

Andean blackberry and raspberry fruit.

Imported or moved subsequently to an area with an environment suitable for survival. The 

likelihood that a pest will be moved to an area with a suitable environment for survival is 

dependent on the potential distribution of markets for the host commodity throughout the country

and the presence of suitable habitats for the pest. Risk ratings for this sub-element are based on 

the proportion of the commodity that is likely to move to locations suitable for pest survival. 

Andean blackberries and raspberries from Ecuador are likely to be sold in every continental U.S. 

state. Furthermore, if demand for this product is assumed to be proportional to the size of the 

consumer population in potential markets, then imports might be concentrated more in some 

regions of the United States than in others, not all of which may be conducive to pest survival. 

Forty-three percent of the U.S. population resides in states wholly or partly within Plant 

Hardiness Zones 8 or above (PERAL, 2008). Based on this assumption, areas suitable for these 

pests to establish permanent populations will likely include part of the country in the South and 

along the West Coast of the continental United States. Hosts of all of these pests and suitable 

temperatures for their reproduction would be available in those areas. Therefore, we rated all 

insects High for this sub-element.
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Ver. 1 June 21, 2012 27

Come into contact with host material suitable for reproduction. Even if the final destination 

of infested commodities is suitable for pest survival, pests must still come into contact with 

suitable host material for their reproduction. This process is depends on two factors: the pest’s 

potential for dispersal, and the presence of host material in the region. All pests considered for 

analysis have the potential to be distributed great distances via human transport of 

infested host material. Hosts of the extremely polyphagous species as Anastrepha

fraterculus and Ceratitis capitata include widely cultivated plants that should be available 

throughout the potential range; these pests are rated High. Copitarsia decolora also has a

wide host range and can disperse aerially; therefore, it is given a High pest risk rating. 

Table 7. Risk Rating for Likelihood of Introduction.

Pest Sub-Elements Cumulative 

risk ratingsa

Quantity 

Imported 

Annually

Survive 

PostHarvest 

Treatment

Survive

Shipment

Not be 

detected 

at port of 

entry

Moved to 

Suitable 

Habitat

Contact 

with Host 

Material

Anastrepha 

fraterculus

Low (1) High (3) High (3) High (3) High (3) High (3) High (16)

Ceratitis 

capitata

Low (1) High (3) High (3) High (3) High (3) High (3) High (16)

Copitarsia 

decolora

Low (1) Med (2) High (3) Med (2) High (3) High (3) Medium (14)

aLow is 6-9 points, Medium is 10-14 points and High is 15-18 points (PPQ, 2000).

3. Pest Risk Potential and Conclusion

We summed the Consequences of Introduction and the Likelihood of Introduction values to 

esimate the Pest Risk Potentials for each pest (Table 8). We found a pest risk potential of High 

for Anastrepha fraterculus, Ceratitis capitata, and Copitarsia decolora. A High rating indicates 

that specific phytosanitary measures, supplemental to port-of-arrival inspection, are strongly

recommended (PPQ, 2000).

Table 8. Pest Risk Potentials for quarantine pests on Andean blackberry and raspberry from 

Ecuador.

Pest Consequences of 

Introduction

Likelihood of 

Introduction Pest Risk Potentiala

Anastrepha fraterculus High (13) High (16) High (29)

Ceratitis capitata High (13) High (16) High (29)

Copitarsia decolora High (14) Medium (14) High (28)

a

Low is 11-18 points, Medium is 19-26 points and High is 27-33 points.
Pest Risk Assessment for Andean blackberry and raspberry from Ecuador

Ver. 1 June 21, 2012 28

4. Authors and Reviewers

Authors:

Luis E. Forero, USDA-APHIS-PPQ-CPHST-PERAL Columbia

Kayimbi M.Tubajika, USDA-APHIS-PPQ-CPHST-PERAL

Reviewers:

James W Smith, USDA-APHIS-PPQ-CPHST-PERAL

Lisa M. Ferguson, USDA-APHIS-PPQ-CPHST-PERAL

Ashley Jackson, USDA-APHIS-PPQ-CPHST-PERAL, Editor

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Pest Risk Assessment for Andean blackberry and raspberry from Ecuador

Ver. 1 June 21, 2012 39

6. Appendix

Appendix A. Pests (alive) intercepted on Rubus spp. and Rubus idaeus from 1985 to 2011

Data from PestID (2011).

Pest Imported as Quantity Where

Acalitus sp. Fruit 25 Permit Cargo

Acanthoscelides obreptus 1 Permit Cargo

Acanthoscelides obtectus Fruit 3 Permit Cargo

Acanthoscelides sp. Fruit; Leaf 3 Baggage; Permit Cargo

Acanthoscelides stylifer Fruit 1 Permit Cargo

Acari, species of Leaf; Plant 173 Baggage; Permit Cargo; Stores

Acledra dimidiaticollis Fruit 1 Permit Cargo

Adelidae, species of Fruit 1 Permit Cargo

Aeolothripidae, species of Leaf 4 Permit Cargo; Stores

Aeolothrips sp. Fruit 1 Permit Cargo

Agallia laevis Leaf 1 Stores

Agriolimax sp. Leaf 1 Stores

Agriotes sp. Fruit 1 Permit Cargo

Agromyzidae, species of Fruit; Leaf 28 Baggage; Permit Cargo ; Stores

Agrotis ipsilon 1 Permit Cargo

Aleyrodes lonicerae Leaf 4 Quarters; Stores

Aleyrodidae, species of Leaf ; Plant 13 Baggage; Permit Cargo; Stores

Alternaria sp. Fruit 2 Baggage

Amorbia emigratella Fruit 5 Permit Cargo

Amorbia sp. Cut Flower; Fruit 188 Baggage; General Cargo; Permit Cargo

Anarsia sp. Fruit 1 Permit Cargo

Anasa scorbutica Fruit 1 Permit Cargo

Anastrepha sp. Fruit 8 Baggage

Anobiidae, species of Fruit 17 Permit Cargo

Anomala sp. Fruit 17 General Cargo; Permit Cargo

Anthicidae, species of 8 General Cargo; Permit Cargo

Anthocoridae, species of Fruit; Stem 260 Baggage; Permit Cargo

Anthonomus sp. Fruit 1 Permit Cargo

Anystidae, species of 1 Permit Cargo

Aphididae, species of Cutting; Fruit; Leaf; 

Plant

207 Baggage; Mail; Miscellaneous; Permit 

Cargo; Quarters; Stores

Aphis spiraecola Fruit 1 Permit Cargo

Aphodiinae, species of 2 Permit Cargo

Apis mellifera Fruit 2 Permit Cargo

Aptinothrips rufus Plant 1 Baggage

Aradidae, species of 1 Permit Cargo

Araneae, species of 2 Permit Cargo

Araneidae, species of Fruit 7 Permit Cargo

Archipini, species of Cut Flower 1 Permit Cargo

Arctiidae, species of Fruit 3 Permit Cargo

Arhyssus sp. Fruit 1 Permit Cargo
Pest Risk Assessment for Andean blackberry and raspberry from Ecuador

Ver. 1 June 21, 2012 40

Pest Imported as Quantity Where

Asterobemisia carpini Cut Flower; Fruit; Leaf; 

Stem

2187 Baggage; Miscellaneous; Quarters; Stores

Asterolecanium palmae Leaf 1 Stores

Atheas nigricornis Fruit 5 Permit Cargo

Aulacorthum solani Fruit 1 Permit Cargo

Autographa sp. Fruit 1 Permit Cargo

Balboa sp. Fruit 21 Permit Cargo

Balboa variabilis Fruit 21 Permit Cargo

Blapstinus punctulatus Fruit 1 Permit Cargo

Blapstinus sp. Fruit 6 Permit Cargo

Blastobasidae, species of Fruit 4 Permit Cargo

Blattidae, species of Fruit 3 Permit Cargo

Blattodea, species of Fruit 2 Permit Cargo

Brachyderes sp. Fruit 1 Permit Cargo

Brachypnoea sp. Fruit 6 Permit Cargo

Braconidae, species of Fruit 4 Permit Cargo

Bravothrips mexicanus Fruit 2 Permit Cargo

Brochymena sp. 1 Permit Cargo

Bruchidae, species of Fruit 2 Permit Cargo

Bruchinae, species of Fruit 2 Permit Cargo

Byturidae, species of Cut Flower 1 Permit Cargo

Cacoecimorpha pronubana Leaf 1 Stores

Cadra cautella Fruit 4 Baggage

Calligrapha sp. Fruit 1 Permit Cargo

Camponotus sp. 1 General Cargo

Cantharidae, species of Fruit 2 Permit Cargo

Capitophorus sp. Leaf 1 Stores

Carabidae, species of Cut Flower; Fruit 6 Permit Cargo

Carpophilus sp. Fruit 1 Permit Cargo

Carposinidae, species of Fruit 33 Baggage; Permit Cargo;

Caryedon serratus 1 General Cargo

Catolethrus longulus Fruit 1 Permit Cargo

Caulophilus sp. Fruit 1 Permit Cargo

Cecidomyiidae, species of Fruit; Leaf; Wood 

Product

67 Baggage; Mail; Permit Cargo; Stores

Ceraphronidae, species of Leaf 1 Baggage

Ceratitis capitata Fruit 2 Permit Cargo

Cercopidae, species of Cut Flower; Plant 2 Baggage; Permit Cargo

Chaetocnema sp. Fruit 2 Permit Cargo

Chloropidae, species of Fruit 1 Permit Cargo

Chramesus sp. Fruit 1 Permit Cargo

Chrysobothris costifrons Fruit 1 Permit Cargo

Chrysomela depressa Fruit 1 Permit Cargo

Chrysomelidae, species of Fruit 7 General Cargo; Permit Cargo

Chrysopidae, species of Fruit 3 Permit Cargo

Cicadellidae, species of Cutting; Fruit; Leaf; 

Plant

51 Baggage; General Cargo; Miscellaneous; 

Permit Cargo; Stores;
Pest Risk Assessment for Andean blackberry and raspberry from Ecuador

Ver. 1 June 21, 2012 41

Pest Imported as Quantity Where

Cladosporium sp. Fruit 2 Permit Cargo

Clambidae, species of Fruit 1 Permit Cargo

Cleridae, species of Fruit 13 Permit Cargo

Clinodiplosis sp. Cut Flower; Fruit 9 Baggage; Permit Cargo

Coccidae, species of Cutting; Fruit; Leaf; 

Stem;

1709 Baggage; Quarters; Stores

Coccinellidae, species of Fruit 13 Permit Cargo

Coccus sp. Leaf 17 Stores

Cochlicella sp. Leaf 2 Permit Cargo

Colaspis sp. Fruit 1 Permit Cargo

Coleoptera, species of Cut; Flower; Fruit; Leaf 166 General Cargo; Permit Cargo; Stores

Collembola, species of Cut Flower; Fruit; Plant 84 General Cargo; Permit Cargo

Condica mobilis 1 Permit Cargo

Coniopterygidae, species of Fruit 1 Permit Cargo

Conotrachelus sp. Fruit 6 Permit Cargo

Contarinia sp. Cutting; Fruit 5 Mail; Permit Cargo

Copitarsia sp. Cut Flower, Fruit 21 Baggage; Permit Cargo

Coreidae, species of Fruit 3 Permit Cargo

Cornu aspersum Fruit 1 Permit Cargo

Corticariidae, species of Fruit 1 Permit Cargo

Corylophidae, species of Fruit 1 Permit Cargo

Corythucha gossypii Fruit 1 Permit Cargo

Corythucha sp. Fruit 2 Permit Cargo

Cosmopterigidae, species of Fruit 1 Permit Cargo

Cossonus sp. 2 Permit Cargo

Crambidae, species of Fruit 12 Baggage

Crambinae, species of Fruit 17 Baggage

Crematogaster sp. Fruit 1 Permit Cargo

Creontiades rubrinervis Fruit 1 Permit Cargo

Creontiades sp. Fruit 2 Permit Cargo

Crocidosema aporema Fruit 11 General Cargo; Permit Cargo

Crophius costatus Fruit 1 Permit Cargo

Cryphula sp. Fruit 1 Permit Cargo

Cryptocephalus cribripennis 1 Permit Cargo

Cucujidae, species of Fruit 35 Permit Cargo

Cucujoidea, species of Fruit 10 Permit Cargo

Cuerna sp. Fruit 3 Permit Cargo

Curculionidae, species of Fruit; Leaf 2 Permit Cargo; Quarters

Cyclorrhapha, species of Fruit 13 Permit Cargo

Cyrtopeltis sp. Cutting 1 Baggage

Dagbertus sp. Fruit 1 Permit Cargo

Dalmochrimnus 

circumplicatus

Fruit 1 Permit Cargo

Dasineura sp. Leaf 34 Baggage; Quarters; Stores

Delia sp. Leaf 1 Stores

Delphacidae, species of Fruit 1 Permit Cargo

Deltocephalinae, species of Fruit 1 Permit Cargo
Pest Risk Assessment for Andean blackberry and raspberry from Ecuador

Ver. 1 June 21, 2012 42

Pest Imported as Quantity Where

Dendrothrips degeeri Leaf 3 Stores

Dermaptera, species of Fruit 4 Permit Cargo

Deroceras laeve Leaf 1 Permit Cargo

Diabrotica viridula Fruit 1 Permit Cargo

Diachus sp. Fruit 7 Permit Cargo

Diaspididae, species of Leaf; Plant 5 Baggage; Stores

Dinoderus minutus Fruit 3 Permit Cargo

Dinoderus sp. Fruit 1 Permit Cargo

Diplodia sp. Plant 1 Baggage

Diplotaxis cavifrons Fruit 1 Permit Cargo

Diplotaxis sp. Fruit 1 Permit Cargo

Diptera, species of Fruit; Leaf 46 Permit Cargo; Stores

Disonycha sp. Fruit 1 Permit Cargo

Draeculacephala sp. Fruit 1 Permit Cargo

Drosophila sp. Fruit 2 Permit Cargo

Drosophilidae, species of Cut Flower; Fruit; Leaf 11 General Cargo; Permit Cargo; Quarters

Drymaeus sp. Fruit 1 Permit Cargo

Dysmicoccus brevipes Fruit 1 Permit Cargo

Dysmicoccus sp. Fruit 1 Permit Cargo

Dytiscidae, species of 1 Permit Cargo

Empoasca sp. Fruit 1 Permit Cargo

Entomobryidae, species of Fruit 21 Permit Cargo

Eotetranychus rubiphilus Leaf 101 Baggage; Stores;

Eotetranychus sp. Leaf 60 Baggage ; Stores

Epicaerus sp. Fruit 1 General Cargo

Epipaschiinae, species of Fruit 1 Permit Cargo

Epitrix sp. Fruit 3 Permit Cargo

Eriophyes phyllocoptes Leaf 1 Stores

Eriophyidae, species of Fruit 2 Permit Cargo

Erythraeidae, species of Fruit 1 Permit Cargo

Euceropsylla sp. Fruit 1 Permit Cargo

Eurychilella sp. Fruit 1 Permit Cargo

Euschistus biformis Fruit 5 Permit Cargo

Euschistus sp. Fruit 4 Permit Cargo

Ferrisia virgata Fruit 2 Permit Cargo

Formicidae, species of Fruit 2 Permit Cargo

Formicinae, species of Fruit 14 Permit Cargo

Frankliniella annulipes Fruit 5 Permit Cargo

Frankliniella australis Fruit 2 Permit Cargo

Frankliniella borinquen Fruit 2 Permit Cargo

Frankliniella bruneri Fruit 48 Permit Cargo

Frankliniella bruneri Fruit 12 Permit Cargo

Frankliniella cephalica Fruit 11 Permit Cargo

Frankliniella cestrum Fruit 5 Permit Cargo

Frankliniella fallaciosa Fruit 8 Permit Cargo

Frankliniella fulvipennis Fruit 16 Permit Cargo

Frankliniella gardeniae Cut Flower; Fruit 57 Permit Cargo
Pest Risk Assessment for Andean blackberry and raspberry from Ecuador

Ver. 1 June 21, 2012 43

Pest Imported as Quantity Where

Frankliniella insularis Fruit 15 Permit Cargo

Frankliniella intonsa Cut Flower 11 Baggage

Frankliniella invasor Fruit 12 Permit Cargo

Frankliniella kelliae Fruit 10 Permit Cargo

Frankliniella occidentalis Cut Flower; Fruit; Leaf 1125 Baggage; General Cargo; Mail; Permit 

Cargo

Frankliniella panamensis Fruit 5 Permit Cargo

Frankliniella schultzei Fruit 1 Permit Cargo

Frankliniella sp. Cut Flower; Fruit; Leaf 548 Baggage; General Cargo; Permit Cargo; 

Stores;

Frankliniella williamsi Fruit 4 Permit Cargo

Franklinothrips vespiformis Fruit 1 Permit Cargo

Fusarium sp. Fruit 1 Permit Cargo

Galerucini, species of Fruit 1 Permit Cargo

Gelechiidae, species of Fruit; Leaf 16 Permit Cargo; Stores

Gelechioidea, species of Fruit 1 Permit Cargo

Geobyrsa nodifera Fruit 1 Permit Cargo

Geocoridae, species of Fruit 6 Permit Cargo

Geocoris sp. Fruit 1 Permit Cargo

Geometridae, species of Cut Flower; Fruit; Leaf; 

Plant

248 Baggage; General Cargo; Permit Cargo; 

Stores

Glyphonyx sp. Fruit 1 Permit Cargo

Gracillariidae, species of Fruit; Leaf 6 Baggage; Stores

Grapholita sp. Fruit 1 Permit Cargo

Gryllidae, species of Cut Flower; Fruit 2 Permit Cargo

Gryllus sp. Fruit 2 Permit Cargo

Guppya gundlachi Fruit; Leaf 11 Permit Cargo; Stores

Haplothrips gowdeyi Fruit 2 Permit Cargo

Haplothrips sp. Leaf 4 Stores

Haplothrips victoriensis Fruit 1 Permit Cargo

Helicarionidae, species of Fruit 1 Permit Cargo

Helicoverpa sp. Fruit 1 Permit Cargo

Helicoverpa zea Fruit 1 Permit Cargo

Heliodinidae, species of Fruit 1 Permit Cargo

Heliothis sp. Fruit 5 Permit Cargo

Hemiptera, species of Fruit 7 General Cargo; Permit Cargo

Heteroptera, species of Fruit; Leaf 21 Permit Cargo; Quarters

Homaemus sp. Fruit 2 Permit Cargo

Homoptera, species of Leaf; Plant 14 Baggage; Stores

Hordeum sp. Fruit 0 Permit Cargo

Hormostes sp. Fruit 1 Permit Cargo

Hymenoptera, species of Fruit; Plant 2 Baggage; Permit Cargo

Hypatopa sp. 1 Permit Cargo

Hypena cachialis 10 Permit Cargo

Hypena sp. 1 Permit Cargo

Hypothenemus sp. Fruit 1 Permit Cargo

Idaea sp. Fruit 1 Permit Cargo
Pest Risk Assessment for Andean blackberry and raspberry from Ecuador

Ver. 1 June 21, 2012 44

Pest Imported as Quantity Where

Insecta, species of Fruit; Leaf 127 Baggage; Permit Cargo; Quarters; Stores

Karnyothrips sp. Fruit 1 Permit Cargo

Kuehneola uredinis Cut Flower; Fruit; Plant 3 Baggage; General Cargo; Permit Cargo

Lampyridae, species of Fruit 2 Permit Cargo

Languriidae, species of Fruit 1 Permit Cargo

Largus sp. Fruit 3 Baggage; Permit Cargo

Lasioderma serricorne Fruit 1 Permit Cargo

Latridiidae, species of Fruit 22 Permit Cargo

Lehmannia valentiana Fruit 1 Permit Cargo

Lepidoptera, species of Fruit; Leaf; 74 Baggage; Permit Cargo; Stores

Ligyrocoris litigiosus Fruit 1 Permit Cargo

Linepithema humile 1 General Cargo

Linogeraeus sp. Fruit 1 Permit Cargo

Liorhyssus hyalinus Fruit 1 Permit Cargo

Listronotus bonariensis Fruit 1 Permit Cargo

Listronotus sp. Fruit 1 Permit Cargo

Lithraeus egenus Fruit 1 Permit Cargo

Lobiopa sp. Fruit 1 Permit Cargo

Lobometopon sp. Fruit 4 Permit Cargo

Longitarsus sp. Fruit 4 Permit Cargo

Lophocampa annulosa 1 Permit Cargo

Lycaenidae, species of Fruit 4 Permit Cargo

Lyctinae, species of Fruit 3 Permit Cargo

Lygaeidae, species of Fruit 15 Permit Cargo

Lygaeoidea, species of Leaf; Fruit 20 Permit Cargo; Stores

Lygaeospilus pusio Fruit 1 Permit Cargo

Lygaeus reclivatus 1 Permit Cargo

Lygus elisus Fruit 1 Permit Cargo

Lygus hesperus Fruit 7 Permit Cargo

Lygus lineolaris Fruit 2 Permit Cargo

Lygus mexicanus 2 Permit Cargo

Lygus sp. Fruit 3 Permit Cargo

Macrodactylus sp. Fruit 1 Permit Cargo

Macrophoma sp. Leaf 1 Stores

Macrosiphum sp. Leaf 9 Stores

Mainsia pittieriana Fruit 5 Permit Cargo

Megaris sp. Fruit 1 Permit Cargo

Melanopleurus bistriangularis Fruit 1 Permit Cargo

Melanopleurus pyrrhopterus Fruit 1 Permit Cargo

Melanthrips sp. Leaf 1 Stores

Melipotis fasciolaris 1 Permit Cargo

Membracidae, species of Fruit; Leaf 1 Permit Cargo; Stores

Merlinius brevidens Plant 1 Baggage

Mesocriconema sp. Plant 1 Mail

Mesostigmata, species of Plant 6 Baggage; Permit Cargo

Mesoveliidae, species of Fruit 1 Permit Cargo

Metachroma sp. Fruit 1 Permit Cargo
Pest Risk Assessment for Andean blackberry and raspberry from Ecuador

Ver. 1 June 21, 2012 45

Pest Imported as Quantity Where

Microgryllus pallipes Fruit 1 Permit Cargo

Micrutalis sp. Fruit 1 Permit Cargo

Miridae, species of Cut Flower; Fruit; Leaf 214 Baggage; General Cargo; Permit Cargo; 

Stores

Mocis latipes 2 Permit Cargo

Monacha sp. Leaf 1 Stores

Moodna bisinuella Fruit 1 Permit Cargo

Muscidae, species of Fruit 1 Permit Cargo

Mycetophagidae, species of Fruit 11 General Cargo; Permit Cargo

Mycodiplosis sp. Leaf 4 Quarters; Baggage

Mycterothrips sp. Leaf 3 Stores

Myzocallis sp. Leaf 5 Stores

Myzus ornatus Fruit; Leaf 4 Permit Cargo

Nabidae, species of Fruit 1 Permit Cargo

Neohydatothrips sp. Fruit 5 Permit Cargo

Neopamera bilobata Fruit 1 Permit Cargo

Neopamera sp. Fruit 1 Permit Cargo

Nepticulidae, species of Leaf 20 Stores

Neurocolpus sp. Fruit 1 General Cargo

Neuroptera, species of Fruit 12 Permit Cargo

Nitidulidae, species of Cut Flower; Fruit 123 General Cargo; Permit Cargo

Noctuidae, species of Cut Flower; Fruit; Leaf; 217 Permit Cargo; Stores;

Nodonota sp. Fruit 5 Permit Cargo

Nysius raphanus Fruit 2 Permit Cargo

Nysius sp. Fruit 39 Miscellaneous; Permit Cargo

Ochrostomus pulchellus Fruit 1 Permit Cargo

Octotoma sp. Fruit 1 Permit Cargo

Olethreutinae, species of Fruit 25 Baggage; Permit Cargo

Orius sp. Fruit 2 Permit Cargo

Ormiscus sp. Fruit 1 Permit Cargo

Oryzaephilus surinamensis 2 General Cargo

Otiorhynchus singularis 6 Baggage

Otiorhynchus sp. Root 2 Permit Cargo

Otitidae, species of Fruit 1 Permit Cargo

Oxychilus sp. Leaf 1 Permit Cargo

Ozophora sp. Cut Flower; Fruit 6 Permit Cargo

Pachybrachis sp. Fruit 3 Permit Cargo

Palpita flegia Fruit 1 Permit Cargo

Paracoccus sp. Fruit 1 Permit Cargo

Paragonatas divergens Fruit 1 Permit Cargo

Parlatoria ziziphi Leaf 2 Stores

Parthenolecanium corni Leaf 19 Baggage; Mail; Stores

Parthenolecanium sp. Leaf 79 Baggage: Quarters; Stores

Pentatomidae, species of Cut Flower; Fruit; Leaf 466 Baggage; General Cargo; Permit Cargo

Pentatominae, species of Fruit 3 Permit Cargo

Pentatomoidea, species of Fruit; Leaf 336 Permit Cargo

Phaedon sp. Fruit 1 Permit Cargo
Pest Risk Assessment for Andean blackberry and raspberry from Ecuador

Ver. 1 June 21, 2012 46

Pest Imported as Quantity Where

Phatnoma annulipes Fruit 1 Baggage

Phidotricha erigens Fruit 2 General Cargo; Permit Cargo

Phidotricha erigens Fruit 1 Permit Cargo

Phlaeothripidae, species of Fruit 1 Permit Cargo

Phlaeothripidae, species of Fruit; Leaf; Plant 7 Baggage; General Cargo; Permit Cargo; 

Stores

Phoma sp. 1 General Cargo

Phomopsis sp. Leaf; Stem 1 Baggage; Stores

Phoridae, species of Fruit 4 Permit Cargo

Phragmidium sp. Fruit; Leaf; Plant 2 Baggage; Permit Cargo

Phragmidium violaceum Leaf; Plant 2 Baggage; General Cargo

Phycitinae, species of Fruit 3 Baggage; Permit Cargo

Phyllophaga sp. Fruit 2 Permit Cargo

Phyllotreta sp. Fruit 1 Permit Cargo

Phyrdenus sp. Fruit 1 Permit Cargo

Phytocoris sp. Fruit 1 Permit Cargo

Phytocoris sp. 2 Permit Cargo

Phytoseiidae, species of Fruit 4 Permit Cargo

Pityophthorus sp. Fruit 9 Permit Cargo

Planicephalus flavicosta Fruit 1 Permit Cargo

Planococcus citri Fruit 1 Permit Cargo

Planococcus minor Fruit 6 Permit Cargo

Platynota sp. Fruit 13 General Cargo; Permit Cargo

Plodia interpunctella Fruit 9 Baggage

Plusiinae, species of Fruit 1 Permit Cargo

Plutella xylostella Fruit 5 Permit Cargo

Polymerus sp. Fruit 4 Permit Cargo

Pristiphora sp. Plant 3 Baggage

Proeulia sp. Fruit 1 Permit Cargo

Prytanes formosa Fruit 1 Permit Cargo

Pseudocercospora sp. Leaf 1 Quarters

Pseudochermes fraxini Leaf 1 Stores

Pseudococcidae, species of Cut Flower; Fruit; Leaf 61 Permit Cargo

Pseudococcus jackbeardsleyi Fruit 2 Permit Cargo

Pseudococcus sp. Fruit 2 Permit Cargo

Pseudococcus viburni Fruit 1 Permit Cargo

Pseudopachybrachius sp. Fruit 1 Permit Cargo

Pseudopamera aurivilliana Fruit 2 Permit Cargo

Pseudoscorpiones, species of Fruit 1 Permit Cargo

Psocoptera, species of Fruit 1 Permit Cargo

Psocoptera, species of Cut Flower; Fruit; Leaf 105 General Cargo; Permit Cargo; Quarters

Psyllidae, species of Leaf 3 Stores

Psylliodes sp. Fruit 2 Permit Cargo

Pteromalidae, species of Fruit 1 Permit Cargo

Pterophoridae, species of Cut Flower 1 Permit Cargo

Pterophoridae, species of Fruit 5 Permit Cargo

Ptinidae, species of 1 General Cargo
Pest Risk Assessment for Andean blackberry and raspberry from Ecuador

Ver. 1 June 21, 2012 47

Pest Imported as Quantity Where

Puccinia sp. Plant 1 Baggage

Pucciniastrum americanum Fruit 10 General Cargo; Permit Cargo

Punctidae, species of Fruit 1 Permit Cargo

Pyralidae, species of Fruit; Leaf 8 Baggage; Permit Cargo; Stores

Pyralinae, species of Fruit 1 Permit Cargo

Pyraustinae, species of Leaf; Fruit 5 Baggage; Permit Cargo

Reduviidae, species of Fruit 5 Permit Cargo

Resseliella sp. Fruit 1 Permit Cargo

Rhinacloa sp. Fruit 16 Permit Cargo

Rhinacloa sp. Fruit 4 Permit Cargo

Rhopalidae, species of Fruit 1 Permit Cargo

Rhyparochromidae, species of Fruit 3 Permit Cargo

Rotylenchus robustus Plant 15 Baggage; Mail

Saissetia sp. Fruit 1 Permit Cargo

Saturniidae, species of Fruit 1 Permit Cargo

Scarabaeidae, species of Fruit; Plant 2 Baggage; Permit Cargo

Scarinae, species of Leaf 3 Baggage

Sciaridae, species of Fruit 2 Permit Cargo

Scirtothrips abditus Fruit 1 Permit Cargo

Scirtothrips lumarius Fruit 2 Permit Cargo

Scolytidae, species of Fruit 6 Permit Cargo

Scutelleridae, species of Fruit 1 Permit Cargo

Scythrididae, species of Fruit 4 General Cargo; Permit Cargo

Scythris sp. Fruit 1 Permit Cargo

Seticosta rubicola Fruit 33 Permit Cargo

Seticosta sp. Fruit 3 Permit Cargo

Sibinia primita Cut Flower 1 Permit Cargo

Silvanidae, species of Fruit 5 Baggage; Permit Cargo

Sitobion sp. Fruit 1 Permit Cargo

Sitophilus oryzae Fruit 1 Permit Cargo

Sitophilus sp. Cut Flower; Fruit 45 Permit Cargo

Sminthuridae, species of Fruit 1 Permit Cargo

Sminthuridae, species of Fruit; Leaf 8 Permit Cargo; Stores

Solenopsis geminata Fruit 1 Permit Cargo

Sparganothis sp. Fruit 1 Permit Cargo

Sphyrocoris punctellus Fruit 1 Permit Cargo

Spintherophyta sp. Fruit 1 Permit Cargo

Spodoptera albula Fruit 1 Permit Cargo

Spodoptera dolichos Fruit 1 Permit Cargo

Spodoptera eridania Fruit 1 Permit Cargo

Spodoptera exigua Fruit 4 General Cargo; Permit Cargo

Spodoptera frugiperda Fruit 10 General Cargo; Permit Cargo

Spodoptera latifascia Fruit 4 Permit Cargo

Spodoptera sp. Fruit 2 Permit Cargo

Spoladea recurvalis 1 Permit Cargo

Staphylinidae, species of Fruit 22 Permit Cargo

Stator pruininus Fruit 1 Permit Cargo
Pest Risk Assessment for Andean blackberry and raspberry from Ecuador

Ver. 1 June 21, 2012 48

Pest Imported as Quantity Where

Stator vachelliae Fruit 1 Permit Cargo

Stethaulax sp. Fruit 1 Permit Cargo

Stratiomyidae, species of 7 Permit Cargo

Syrphidae, species of Cut Flower; Fruit 92 Baggage; Permit Cargo

Syrphinae, species of Fruit 2 Permit Cargo

Systena sp. Fruit 1 Permit Cargo

Tachinidae, species of Fruit 1 Permit Cargo

Tarsonemidae, species of Fruit 7 Permit Cargo

Tarsonemus sp. Cut Flower; Fruit; Leaf 37 Miscellaneous; Permit Cargo; Stores

Tarsonemus sp. Plant 1 Permit Cargo

Tenebrionidae, species of Fruit 9 Permit Cargo

Tephritidae, species of Fruit 24 Baggage

Tetranychidae, species of Fruit; Leaf; Plant 21 Baggage; Permit Cargo; Stores

Tetranychus pacificus Fruit 1 Permit Cargo

Tetranychus sp. Fruit; Leaf 34 Permit Cargo; Stores

Thripidae, species of Fruit; Leaf 72 Baggage; General Cargo; Permit Cargo; 

Quarters; Stores

Thrips annulatus Leaf 1 Stores

Thrips flavus Leaf 2 Stores

Thrips imaginis Fruit 1 Permit Cargo

Thrips major Cut Flower; Leaf 10 General Cargo; Permit Cargo; Stores

Thrips minutissimus Leaf 2 Stores

Thrips obscuratus Fruit 109 General Cargo; Permit Cargo

Thrips palmi Fruit, Leaf 4 Permit Cargo, Stores

Thrips simplex Fruit 1 Permit Cargo

Thrips sp. Fruit; Leaf; Plant 20 Baggage; Permit Cargo; Stores

Thrips tabaci Fruit 6 Permit Cargo

Thyanta perditor Fruit 4 Permit Cargo

Tineidae, species of Fruit 3 Permit Cargo

Tischeria sp. Leaf 3 Stores

Tischeriidae, species of Leaf 3 Stores

Tortricidae, species of Cut Flower; Cutting; 

Fruit; Leaf

316 Baggage; General Cargo; Permit Cargo; 

Stores

Tortricinae, species of Fruit; Leaf; 212 General Cargo; Permit Cargo; Stores

Tribolium sp. Fruit 1 Permit Cargo

Trichapion sp. Fruit 1 Permit Cargo

Trichoptera, species of Fruit 4 Permit Cargo

Trogoderma sp 1 General Cargo; Permit Cargo

Tropidosteptes sp. Fruit 1 Permit Cargo

Tydeidae, species of Plant 9 Baggage; Mail

Tydeus caudatus Fruit 1 Permit Cargo

Tylenchorhynchus dubius Plant 4 Mail

Tyrophagus sp. Plant 5 Baggage

Veliidae, species of Fruit 1 Permit Cargo

Vespidae, species of Fruit 1 Permit Cargo

Xestocephalus desertorum Fruit 1 Permit Cargo

Xyleborus affinis Fruit 9 Permit Cargo
Pest Risk Assessment for Andean blackberry and raspberry from Ecuador

Ver. 1 June 21, 2012 49

Pest Imported as Quantity Where

Xyleborus ferrugineus Fruit 1 Permit Cargo

Xyleborus sp. Fruit 1 Permit Cargo

Xyleborus volvulus Fruit 2 Permit Cargo; Unknown

Xyonysius basalis Fruit 1 Permit Cargo

Xyonysius californicus Fruit 6 General Cargo; Permit Cargo

Table 10. Pests (alive) intercepted on Rubus idaeus

Pest Origin Imported as Quantity Where

Acanthoscelides 

pyrrhomelas

Chile Fruit 4 Permit Cargo

Acanthosomatidae, species 

of

Chile Fruit 2 Permit Cargo

Acledra dimidiaticollis Chile Fruit 2 Permit Cargo

Acledra sp. Chile Fruit 6 Permit Cargo

Acrididae, species of Chile Fruit 2 Permit Cargo

Agriolimacidae, species of Chile Fruit 8 Permit Cargo

Agriolimax reticulatus Chile Fruit 1 Permit Cargo

Agromyzidae, species of Chile, Mexico Fruit 2 Permit Cargo

Agrotis lutescens Chile Fruit 2 Permit Cargo

Agrotis sp. Chile Fruit 2 Permit Cargo

Alphitobius diaperinus Mexico Fruit 1 Permit Cargo

Altica sp. Chile Fruit 1 Permit Cargo

Amnestus sp. Chile Fruit 2 Permit Cargo

Amorbia sp. Mexico 1 Permit Cargo

Amplicephalus sp. Chile Fruit 1 Permit Cargo

Anacampsis sp. Chile Fruit 7 Permit Cargo

Anthaxia concinna Chile Fruit 6 Permit Cargo

Anthonomus sp. Mexico Fruit 1 General Cargo

Aphididae, species of Mexico Fruit 1 General Cargo

Apion sp. Chile Fruit 10 Permit Cargo

Arhyssus tricostatus Chile Fruit 13 Permit Cargo

Athysanini sp. Chile Fruit 1 Permit Cargo

Balclutha sp. Chile Fruit 1 Permit Cargo

Blapstinus punctulatus Chile Fruit 40 Permit Cargo

Carposinidae, species of New Zealand Fruit 14 Permit Cargo

Chelymorpha varians Chile Fruit 2 Permit Cargo

Chrysomelidae, species of Chile Fruit 1 Permit Cargo

Cicadellidae, species of Chile; Unknown Fruit, Plant 41 Baggage, Permit Cargo

Cladosporium sp. Norway 1 General Cargo

Coccidae, species of Unknown 1 Stores

Coleophora sp. Chile Fruit 2 Permit Cargo

Conoderus rufangulus Chile Fruit 45 Permit Cargo

Conoderus sp. Chile Fruit 1 Permit Cargo

Copitarsia sp. Chile Fruit 44 Permit Cargo

Coreidae sp. Chile Fruit 32 Permit Cargo

Corythaica cyathicollis Chile Fruit 3 Permit Cargo
Pest Risk Assessment for Andean blackberry and raspberry from Ecuador

Ver. 1 June 21, 2012 50

Pest Origin Imported as Quantity Where

Crambidae, species of Chile Fruit 1 Permit Cargo

Cryptophagidae, species of Mexico Fruit 3 Permit Cargo

Curculionidae, species of Chile; Mexico Fruit 3 Permit Cargo

Delphacidae, species of Chile Fruit 15 Permit Cargo

Delphacodes sp. Chile Fruit 4 Permit Cargo

Deroceras (agriolimax) Chile Fruit 1 Permit Cargo

Deroceras laeve Chile Fruit 1 Permit Cargo

Diachus sp. Chile Fruit 1 Permit Cargo

Drosophila sp. Mexico Fruit 1 Permit Cargo

Drosophila suzukii Mexico Fruit 1 Permit Cargo

Elasmopalpus lignosellus Chile Fruit 1 Permit Cargo

Elateridae, species of Chile Fruit 6 Permit Cargo

Empoasca sp. Chile Fruit 3 Permit Cargo

Erythroneura sp. Chile Fruit 1 Permit Cargo

Euschistus servus Mexico 1 Permit Cargo

Frankliniella australis Chile Fruit 584 General Cargo; Permit Cargo

Frankliniella cestrum Chile Fruit 457 Baggage; Permit Cargo

Frankliniella occidentalis Chile; Mexico Flower, Fruit 26 Permit Cargo

Frankliniella sp. Chile Fruit 26 Permit Cargo

Franklinothrips 

vespiformis 

Mexico Fruit 1 Permit Cargo

Galgupha albipennis Chile Fruit 1 Permit Cargo

Gelechiidae, species of Chile Fruit 57 Permit Cargo

Gelechioidea, species of Chile Fruit 1 Permit Cargo

Geniocremnus sp. Chile Fruit 26 Permit Cargo

Geometridae, species of Chile; Mexico; New 

Zealand; Unknown

Fruit 25 Baggage; General Cargo;

Permit Cargo

Gnorimoschema sp. Chile Fruit 1 Permit Cargo

Gomphiothrips sp. Chile Fruit 1 Permit Cargo

Grammophorus minor Chile Fruit 10 Permit Cargo

Gryllidae, species of Chile Fruit 1 Permit Cargo

Gryllus sp. Chile Fruit 9 Permit Cargo

Hadeninae sp. Chile Fruit 2 Permit Cargo

Harmostes serratus Chile Fruit 1 Permit Cargo

Harmostes sp. Chile Fruit 13 Permit Cargo

Helicidae sp. Chile Fruit 1 Permit Cargo

Helicoverpa sp. Chile; New Zealand Fruit 4 General Cargo; Permit Cargo

Helicoverpa zea Chile Fruit 1 Permit Cargo

Heliothinae sp. Chile Fruit 1 Permit Cargo

Heliothis sp. Chile; New Zealand Fruit 2 Permit Cargo

Hemiptera, species of Mexico Fruit 1 Permit Cargo

Heteroptera, species of Chile Fruit 316 Permit Cargo

Homoptera, species of Chile Fruit 3 Permit Cargo

Hoplosphyrum griseus Chile Fruit 30 Permit Cargo

Hylamorpha elegans Chile Fruit 1 Permit Cargo

Hylurgus ligniperda Chile Fruit 1 Permit Cargo

Hymenoptera, species of Chile 2 Permit Cargo
Pest Risk Assessment for Andean blackberry and raspberry from Ecuador

Ver. 1 June 21, 2012 51

Pest Origin Imported as Quantity Where

Hypurus bertrandi Chile 1 Permit Cargo

Kuschelina decorata Chile Fruit 18 Permit Cargo

Kuschelina sp. Chile Fruit 1 Permit Cargo

Lema bilineata Chile Fruit 2 Permit Cargo

Lepidoptera, species of Chile Fruit 2 Permit Cargo

Leptoglossus chiliensis Chile Fruit 39 Permit Cargo

Leptoglossus sp. Chile Fruit 1 Permit Cargo

Lexiphanes sp. Chile Fruit 5 Permit Cargo

Liorhyssus sp. Chile Fruit 4 Permit Cargo

Listroderes sp. Chile Fruit 3 Permit Cargo

Listronotus sp. Chile Fruit 1 Permit Cargo

Lithraeus egenus Chile Fruit 23 Permit Cargo

Lixus sp. Mexico Fruit 1 Permit Cargo

Lycaenidae, species of Chile; Mexico Fruit 14 Permit Cargo

Lyctus sp. Chile Fruit 1 Permit Cargo

Lygaeidae, species of Chile, Mexico Fruit 14 Permit Cargo

Lygaeoidea, species of Chile Fruit 21 Permit Cargo

Lygaeus albo-ornatus Chile Fruit 1 Permit Cargo

Lygus sp. Mexico Fruit 1 Permit Cargo

Lysathia sp. Chile Fruit 7 Permit Cargo

Megacerus eulophus Chile Fruit 10 Permit Cargo

Melacoryphus circumlitus Mexico Fruit 1 Permit Cargo

Membracidae, species of Chile Fruit 9 Permit Cargo

Microgryllus pallipes Chile Fruit 17 Permit Cargo

Miridae, species of Chile; Guatemala; Mexico; 

Netherlands

Fruit 15 General Cargo; Permit Cargo

Nabidae, species of Mexico Fruit 1 Permit Cargo

Nabis sp. Mexico Fruit 1 Permit Cargo

Naupactus xanthographus Chile Fruit 17 Permit Cargo

Nematus desantisi Chile Fruit 7 Permit Cargo

Neopamera bilobata Mexico Fruit 1 Permit Cargo

Neotermes chilensis Chile Fruit 4 Permit Cargo

Nezara viridula Mexico Fruit 1 Permit Cargo

Noctuidae, species of Chile Fruit 170 Permit Cargo

Noctuinae sp. Chile Fruit 1 Permit Cargo

Nomophila sp. Chile Fruit 4 Permit Cargo

Nysius sp. Chile; Mexico Flower, Fruit 81 Permit Cargo

Oecophoridae, species of Chile Fruit 5 Permit Cargo

Oedionychus sp. Chile Fruit 2 Permit Cargo

Oenopiella unidentata Chile Fruit 1 Permit Cargo

Olethreutinae sp. Chile Fruit 6 Permit Cargo

Orius sp. Mexico Fruit 1 Permit Cargo

Paria sp. Chile Fruit 1 Permit Cargo

Pentatomidae, species of Chile; Mexico Fruit 56 Permit Cargo

Pentatomoidea, species of Chile Fruit 53 Permit Cargo

Phenacoccus parvus Chile Fruit 1 Permit Cargo

Phlaeothripidae, species of Chile Fruit 2 Permit Cargo
Pest Risk Assessment for Andean blackberry and raspberry from Ecuador

Ver. 1 June 21, 2012 52

Pest Origin Imported as Quantity Where

Phthorimaea sp. Chile 1 Permit Cargo

Plusiinae sp. Chile Fruit 2 Permit Cargo

Polymerus sp. Chile Fruit 3 Permit Cargo

Porotermes quadricollis Chile Fruit 11 Permit Cargo

Proeulia sp. Chile Fruit 3 Permit Cargo

Prostephanus sulcicollis Chile Fruit 1 General Cargo

Pseudococcidae, species of Chile Fruit 35 Permit Cargo

Pseudococcus sp. Chile Fruit 14 Permit Cargo

Psocoptera , species of Mexico 1 Permit Cargo

Pterophoridae, species of Chile Fruit 1 Permit Cargo

Pucciniastrum 

americanum

Mexico Fruit 0 Permit Cargo

Pyralidae sp. Chile; New Zealand Fruit 9 Permit Cargo

Pyraustinae sp. Chile Fruit 1 Permit Cargo

Rhopalidae, species of Chile Fruit 159 Permit Cargo

Rhyephenes sp. Chile Fruit 1 Permit Cargo

Rhyparochromidae, 

species of

Chile 1 Permit Cargo

Saturniidae, species of Chile Fruit 1 Permit Cargo

Scutelleridae, species of Chile Fruit 1 Permit Cargo

Sibinia albovittata Chile Fruit 2 Permit Cargo

Sibinia sp. Chile Fruit 2 Permit Cargo

Sitona sp. Chile Fruit 10 Permit Cargo

Smicronyx sp. Chile 1 Permit Cargo

Sminthuridae, species of Chile Fruit 3 Permit Cargo

Sminthurides sp. Chile Fruit 1 Permit Cargo

Tenebrionidae, species of Chile Fruit 1 Permit Cargo

Tettigoniidae, species of Mexico Fruit 1 Permit Cargo

Thrips obscuratus New Zealand Fruit 27 Permit Cargo

Thrips sp. Chile Fruit 1 Permit Cargo

Thyanta sp. Chile Fruit 10 Permit Cargo

Tingidae, species of Chile Fruit 1 Permit Cargo

Tomarus villosus Chile Fruit 1 Permit Cargo

Tortricidae, species of Chile; Mexico; New 

Zealand

Fruit 17 Permit Cargo

Tortricinae sp. Chile Fruit 148 Permit Cargo

Triozidae, species of Chile Fruit 1 Permit Cargo

Xenogenus gracilis Chile Fruit 1 Permit Cargo

Xerophloea sp. Chile Fruit 7 Permit Cargo