RECOMMENDED FOR FULL-TEXT PUBLICATION

Pursuant to Sixth Circuit I.O.P. 32.1(b)

File Name: 19a0300p.06

UNITED STATES COURT OF APPEALS

FOR THE SIXTH CIRCUIT

JOHN DOES 8–10,

Plaintiffs-Appellants,

v.

RICK SNYDER; HEIDI E. WASHINGTON; DANIEL H.

HEYNS; THOMAS FINCO; DENNIS STRAUB; RANDY 

TREACHER; MARY BERGHUIS; DAVID BERGH; JEFFREY 

WOODS; CARMEN DENISE PALMER; THOMAS WINN;

DUNCAN MACLAREN; MITCH PERRY; KENNETH T.

MCKEE,

Defendants-Appellees.

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No. 18-1352

Appeal from the United States District Court

for the Eastern District of Michigan at Detroit.

No. 2:17-cv-11181—Robert H. Cleland, District Judge.

Argued: December 6, 2018

Decided and Filed: December 18, 2019

Before: MOORE, GIBBONS, and COOK, Circuit Judges.

_________________

COUNSEL

ARGUED: Deborah A. LaBelle, Ann Arbor, Michigan, for Appellants. Heather S. Meingast, 

OFFICE OF THE MICHIGAN ATTORNEY GENERAL, Lansing, Michigan, for Appellees. 

ON BRIEF: Deborah A. LaBelle, Ann Arbor, Michigan, Michael L. Pitt, Cary S. McGehee, 

PITT MCGEHEE PALMER RIVERS & GOLDEN PC, Royal Oak, Michigan, for Appellants. 

Heather S. Meingast, Mark E. Donnelly, OFFICE OF THE MICHIGAN ATTORNEY 

GENERAL, Lansing, Michigan, for Appellees.

>
No. 18-1352 Doe et al. v. Snyder et al. Page 2

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OPINION

_________________

KAREN NELSON MOORE, Circuit Judge. The Prison Litigation Reform Act 

(“PLRA”) requires inmates to exhaust available administrative remedies. See 42 U.S.C. 

§ 1997e(a). The Supreme Court has explained that “the PLRA contains its own, textual 

exception to mandatory exhaustion. Under § 1997e(a), the exhaustion requirement hinges on the 

‘availab[ility]’ of administrative remedies: An inmate, that is, must exhaust available remedies, 

but need not exhaust unavailable ones.” Ross v. Blake, 136 S. Ct. 1850, 1858 (2016). The 

question here is whether the administrative remedies provided to inmates by the State of 

Michigan are “available.” In the case before us, they are not. As the experiences of John Doe 8 

and John Doe 10 show, the Michigan Department of Corrections (“MDOC”) administrative 

process is, in practice, filled with contradictions—so much so that we hold that it is unavailable.

John Doe 9’s situation is slightly different. Doe 9 did not file a grievance, but he claims 

that he should be excused from doing so because he experienced retaliation after a prior attempt 

to submit a grievance. Doe 9’s allegations, if true, would deter a person of ordinary firmness 

from continuing with the grievance process. The district court failed to address this issue on the 

merits, but it should have.

Accordingly, we REVERSE the judgment of the district court and REMAND this case 

for further proceedings consistent with this opinion.

I. BACKGROUND

The Plaintiffs, John Does 8–10, are inmates in various Michigan prison facilities. At one 

time, the Does were juveniles housed with adult inmates, a policy that Michigan has since 

abandoned. The Plaintiffs bring § 1983 claims that stem from alleged sexual abuse by adult 

inmates, which occurred when the policy of housing juveniles with adults was in place. This is a 

putative class action, and the class seeks monetary, injunctive, and declaratory relief. 

(The district court, however, has not yet addressed class certification.) The Defendants are 
No. 18-1352 Doe et al. v. Snyder et al. Page 3

former-Governor Rick Snyder and a host of other state officials and prison wardens. Before 

turning to the experiences of each John Doe, some procedural and legal background is helpful.

A. Prior Litigation

Does 8–10 are making a second appearance in federal court. In a previous case, a 

separate set of plaintiffs filed a motion to amend their complaint to add Does 8–10, which the 

district court granted on March 11, 2016. The district court later dismissed these Does on the 

ground that they failed to exhaust administrative remedies. See Does 1–12 v. Mich. Dep’t of 

Corr., No. 13-14356, 2017 WL 993184 (E.D. Mich. Mar. 14, 2017). At that time, Does 8–10 

had not filed any grievances. Id. at *4–5. Further, the district court noted that Doe 9 cited no 

record evidence to support the argument that Doe 9 should be excused from the exhaustion 

requirement because of potential retaliation. Id. at *5. The district court dismissed Does 8–10 

without prejudice. Id. at *7; see also Snider v. Melindez, 199 F.3d 108, 111–12 (2nd Cir. 1999) 

(“Failure to exhaust administrative remedies is often a temporary, curable, procedural flaw. . . . 

[A] prisoner who brings suit without having exhausted [his] remedies can cure the defect simply 

by exhausting them and then reinstituting his suit (in the event the administrative claim fails to 

afford him the desired relief).”).

B. The Prison Rape Elimination Act & MDOC’s PREA Grievance Process

On April 27, 2016, MDOC adopted a grievance process pursuant to the Prison Rape 

Elimination Act (“PREA”). Approximately one month later, Doe 8 and 10 filed grievances, 

which MDOC channeled through the PREA process. See infra Section I.C. Notably, these 

events occurred after Does 8–10 were added to the prior litigation but before the district court 

dismissed them from that case—but neither PREA issues nor Doe 8’s and Doe 10’s grievances 

were before the district court during that prior litigation. This case is the first instance in which 

these points will be addressed.

1. PREA

Congress enacted PREA with the purpose of implementing standards and policies to 

prevent prison rape and to “protect the Eighth Amendment rights of Federal, State, and local 
No. 18-1352 Doe et al. v. Snyder et al. Page 4

prisoners.” 34 U.S.C. § 30302 (formerly 42 U.S.C. § 15602). Congress found that juvenile 

“offenders are at increased risk of sexual victimization” and “are 5 times more likely to be 

sexually assaulted in adult rather than juvenile facilities—often within the first 48 hours of 

incarceration.” Id. at § 30301(4); see also id. at § 30301(6) (“Prison rape often goes unreported, 

and inmate victims often receive inadequate treatment for the severe physical and psychological 

effects of sexual assault—if they receive treatment at all.”).

PREA generally left intact the PLRA’s exhaustion requirement, 42 U.S.C. § 1997e(a), 

but regulations promulgated pursuant to PREA modified one aspect of exhaustion. On June 20, 

2012, the Department of Justice issued a final rule mandating that an “agency shall not impose a 

time limit on when an inmate may submit a grievance regarding an allegation of sexual abuse.” 

28 C.F.R. § 115.52(b)(1); National Standards to Prevent, Detect, and Respond to Prison Rape, 

77 Fed. Reg. 37106–01 (June 20, 2012) (to be codified at 28 C.F.R. pt. 115); see also 28 C.F.R. 

§ 115.5 (defining “Agency” as “the unit of a State, local, corporate, or nonprofit authority, or of 

the Department of Justice, with direct responsibility for the operation of any facility that confines 

inmates . . . .”). As to time limits that apply to inmate lawsuits, however, § 115.52(b)(4) of the 

regulations provide: “Nothing in this section shall restrict the agency’s ability to defend against 

an inmate lawsuit on the ground that the applicable statute of limitations has expired.” See also

77 Fed. Reg. 37106–01 at 37159 (“Importantly, one key time limit will still apply . . . . The 

statute of limitations provides a backstop against the filing of stale claims . . . .”). By its own 

terms, the regulation went into effect on August 20, 2012. 28 C.F.R. § 115.52; 77 Fed. Reg. 

37106–01 at 37106. Thus, an inmate’s failure to exhaust can no longer result from an untimely 

grievance if that grievance involved an allegation of sexual abuse.

2. MDOC’s PREA Grievance Process

On April 27, 2016, Michigan instituted a two-step PREA grievance process for sexualabuse claims. At Step I, an inmate must submit a grievance form to the PREA coordinator or 

inspector at the facility at which the inmate is housed. R. 27-2 (MDOC PREA Grievance 

Process) (Page ID #334). All PREA grievances are also referred to an “Internal Affairs 

Division” for investigation. Id. (Page ID #335). MDOC requires the PREA coordinator or 

inspector to “ensure a written response is provided to the prisoner within 60 calendar days of 
No. 18-1352 Doe et al. v. Snyder et al. Page 5

receipt of the Step I PREA grievance unless an extension [of up to seventy days] has been 

approved by the Internal Affairs Division in order to conduct an appropriate investigation.” Id. 

But if an extension is approved, an inmate must “be informed in writing . . . and provided a date 

by which a decision will be made.” Id.; see also 28 C.F.R. § 115.52(d)(3) (“The agency may 

claim an extension of time to respond, of up to 70 days, if the normal time period for response is 

insufficient to make an appropriate decision. The agency shall notify the inmate in writing of 

any such extension and provide a date by which a decision will be made.”).

Then, an inmate “may only file a Step II administrative appeal to the PREA 

Administrator if s/he is dissatisfied with the response received at Step I or if s/he did not receive 

a timely response at Step I.” R. 27-2 (MDOC PREA Grievance Process) (Page ID #335). To 

appeal to Step II:

[T]he prisoner must request a [Step II form] from the facility PREA coordinator 

or inspector and send the completed form to the PREA Administrator within 10 

calendar days after receiving the initial response. If no response was received, the 

prisoner shall submit the appeal within 10 calendar days after the date the 

response was due, including any extension.

Id. Accordingly, whether or not the coordinator or inspector complies with MDOC’s sixty-day 

response requirement, an inmate must file a Step II appeal.

Regarding Step II, we further observe that, at oral argument, counsel for the State 

represented that “the only reason a prisoner would go to Step II on the PREA grievance is that if 

we did not investigate.” Oral Argument at 21:51–22:00; see also id. at 22:23–29 (“The only time 

you [i.e., an inmate] would ask for a Step II response is if you were not being investigated”). 

First, state counsel’s description does not appear anywhere in MDOC’s regulations. See R. 27-2 

(MDOC PREA Grievance Process). Second, we also observe that counsel for the State admitted 

that Doe 8’s and Doe 10’s grievances were being investigated. See Oral Argument at 21:19–23, 

22:40–52. This fact, of course, implies that these Does would not need to go to Step II (at least 

according to state counsel’s statements).

Ultimately, under the grievance process, the PREA Administrator must provide a “final 

agency determination on the merits . . . within 90 calendar days from the original filing of the 

grievance. Computation of the 90 days does not include the 10 days allowed for the prisoner to 
No. 18-1352 Doe et al. v. Snyder et al. Page 6

file an administrative appeal.” R. 27-2 (MDOC PREA Grievance Process) (Page ID #335). 

MDOC’s regulations state that a “Step II decision constitutes the agency’s final determination.” 

Id. (Page ID #334).

With that background in mind, we turn to Does 8–10s’ individual experiences with this 

administrative process.

C. John Does 8–10s’ Timelines

John Doe 8

Doe 8 was incarcerated at an adult prison at the age of seventeen and has been housed in 

various MDOC facilities. R. 1 (Compl. at ¶ 48) (Page ID #16). From the time he was 

incarcerated until approximately one month after his eighteenth birthday, Doe 8 was housed at 

the Chippewa Correctional Facility (“URF”) where he was raped in the shower by an adult 

inmate. Id. at ¶¶ 49–50 (Page ID #17); R. 19-7 (Nelson Aff. at 3) (Page ID #177) (Doe 8 was 

born on June 29, 1994, and therefore he turned eighteen on June 29, 2012; he was apparently 

housed at URF from June 7, 2012 to July 18, 2012).

On May 20, 2016, Doe 8 filed a grievance based on the rape and sexual harassment that 

he experienced while at URF. R. 27-9 (Page ID #374–75). After that, Doe 8 received from

MDOC a memo that stated his complaint would be treated as a PREA grievance. R. 27-11 (Page 

ID #380); R. 27-5 (Doe 8 Decl. at 2) (Page ID #343). Although the MDOC memo was dated 

May 26, 2016, see R. 27-11 (Page ID #380), the grievance itself was purportedly “[r]eceived at 

Step I” on June 1, see R. 27-9 (Page ID #374). Furthermore, Doe 8 completed a questionnaire 

related to his grievance. R. 27-16 (Page ID #395–98).

On June 13, Doe 8 received a “response” from the PREA coordinator. R. 27-5 (Doe 8 

Decl. at 2) (Page ID #343). The response stated that his “PREA Grievance . . . has been received 

and reviewed,” that he would “be notified of the outcome of the investigation at the conclusion 

of the investigation,” but also that “[a]lthough the investigation is pending, this PREA Grievance 

is considered responded to and closed.” R. 27-3 (Page ID #338). Doe 8 was unsure what the 

June 13 response meant. R. 27-5 (Doe 8 Decl. at 2) (Page ID #343). In the absence of any 
No. 18-1352 Doe et al. v. Snyder et al. Page 7

indication from MDOC as to which of the two contradictory statements in that response were 

true, Doe 8 nonetheless filed a handwritten Step II appeal on June 27, 2016—after he requested a 

Step II form but received no response. Id. at 2–3 (Page ID #343–44); R. 27-18 (Page ID #405).

Another PREA form, completed by “Sgt. Belanger,” stated that “[t]he investigation found 

INSUFFICIENT EVIDENCE to support that the alleged conduct occurred.” R. 27-13 (Page ID 

#384). The form is dated July 18, 2016, but Doe 8 claims that he never received any response 

other than the May 26 memo and the June 13 “PREA Grievance Response.” R. 27-5 (Doe 8 

Decl. at 2–3) (Page ID #343–44). At oral argument, counsel for the State represented to the 

court that the July 18 “Investigative Findings and Action” form is neither a Step I nor a Step II 

document; rather, it is “the termination of” the process. See Oral Argument at 23:27–32; see also

R. 27-14 (Doe 10’s Investigative Findings and Action form). It not entirely clear, however, 

whether the Investigative Findings and Action form is the “final agency determination” because, 

per MDOC’s PREA policy, that must “be provided by the PREA Administrator.” R. 27-2 

(MDOC PREA Grievance Process) (Page ID #335). Yet at oral argument, counsel for the state 

responded that “Sgt. Belanger” “would have been one of the investigators,” and counsel did not 

“think he was the PREA Administrator.” See Oral Argument at 23:32–24:00.

John Doe 10

Doe 10 was incarcerated at an adult prison at the age of sixteen and has been housed in 

various MDOC facilities. R. 1 (Compl. at ¶ 73) (Page ID #21). Doe 10 alleges that, while he 

was under the age of eighteen, he experienced various forms of sexual and physical abuse and 

harassment and that adult inmates pressured Doe 10 for sex. See id. at ¶¶ 75–77, 81–82 (Page ID 

#21–22). For example, when Doe 10 was housed at the Saginaw Correctional Facility (“SRF”), 

Doe 10 alleges that an adult inmate sexually assaulted him in the shower and that, following this 

incident, other adult inmates also sexually abused and harassed Doe 10. Id. at ¶ 81–82 (Page ID 

#22). Doe 10 was housed at SRF from March 8, 2012 to May 21, 2013, and he turned eighteenyears old on April 25, 2012. See R. 19-7 (Nelson Aff. at 3) (Page ID #177).

On May 25, 2016, Doe 10 filed a grievance based on the sexual abuse and harassment 

that he experienced at these various MDOC facilities. R. 27-10 (Page ID #377–78); R. 27-6 
No. 18-1352 Doe et al. v. Snyder et al. Page 8

(Doe 10 Decl. at 1–2) (Page ID #348–49). On June 8, 2016, Doe 10 received a memo stating 

that his complaint would be treated as a PREA grievance. R. 27-12 (Page ID #382); R. 27-6 

(Doe 10 Decl. at 2) (Page ID #349). After that, Doe 10 received questionnaires about his 

grievance. The questionnaires are dated July 13 and July 14, 2016, and Doe 10 completed and 

returned these questionnaires on July 13 and July 15, respectively. See R. 27-21 (Page ID #418–

21); R. 27-22 (Page ID #423–25). In the first questionnaire, Doe 10 explains that the SRF 

incident occurred in “April 2012” and also states that he could not “remember exact dates.” 

R. 27-21 (Page ID #418). Doe 10 also stated in the first questionnaire that the sexual harassment 

that he experienced at Michigan Reformatory (“RMI”) occurred between December 2011 and 

January 2012. Id. (Page ID #421).

Doe 10 waited for a response but never received one. R. 27-6 (Doe 10 Decl. at 2) (Page 

ID #349). Accordingly, Doe 10 requested a grievance appeal form sometime in early July, but 

Doe 10 claims that he never received any form. Id. So Doe 10 used the only form available, a 

Step I form, to file his appeal on August 1, 2016 (a date that is within ten days after the sixty-day 

mark of filing his May 25 Step I grievance). See id.; R. 27-23 (Page ID #427). In “mid-August,” 

a grievance coordinator apparently returned this attempted appeal to Doe 10 with a note that 

stated Doe 10 needed to send the form to SRF. R. 27-6 (Doe 10 Decl. at 2) (Page ID #349); 

R. 27-24 (Page ID #429). On August 22, 2016, Doe 10 mailed the form to SRF. R. 27-6 (Doe 

10 Decl. at 3) (Page ID #350).

Furthermore, on August 15, 2016, MDOC wrote a memo that mirrored Doe 8’s 

confusingly-worded form. See R. 27-4 (Page ID #340) (Doe 10); R. 27-3 (Page ID #338) (Doe 

8). Specifically, Doe 10’s memo states that, “Although the investigation is pending, this is your 

PREA Grievance response.” R. 27-4 (Page ID #340). At any rate, it is unclear whether Doe 10 

received this memo because he does not claim that he did in his declaration. R. 27-6 (Doe 10 

Decl. at 1–3) (Page ID #348–50); but see Appellants’ Br. at 5 (“JD 10 did not receive a response 

to his initial grievance for well over two months, and it too only advised the investigation was 

pending.”) (emphasis added). This lack of clarity, however, is immaterial: Even if Doe 10 

received the memo, MDOC’s response was late; further, Doe 10 re-submitted his Step II appeal 

on August 22, within ten days of this “response.”
No. 18-1352 Doe et al. v. Snyder et al. Page 9

On August 17, 2016, just two days after the memo dated August 15 that stated an 

investigation was pending, MDOC issued findings related to Doe 10’s grievance and determined 

that there was “NO EVIDENCE to support that the alleged conduct occurred.” R. 27-14 (Page 

ID #386). Doe 10 apparently never received this form. R. 27-6 (Doe 10 Decl. at 1–3) (Page ID 

#348–50). “Inspector Massick,” a PREA inspector or coordinator, R. 27-4 (Page ID #340), 

completed the form that contained this finding and determination, R. 27-14 (Page ID #386). We 

note again that MDOC’s policy states that a PREA coordinator or inspector must “ensure a 

written response is provided to the prisoner within 60 calendar days of receipt of the Step I

PREA grievance unless an extension has been approved by the Internal Affairs Division in order 

to conduct an appropriate investigation.” R. 27-2 (MDOC PREA Grievance Process) (Page ID 

#335) (emphasis added). And again, this August 17 form that was signed by an individual who 

is a PREA inspector is, apparently, neither a Step I nor Step II form, but rather “the termination 

of” the process. Oral Argument at 23:27–32.

Lastly, the Investigative Findings and Action form resolves a complaint that Warden 

Tom Winn assaulted Doe 10 on April 1, 2012. R. 27-14 (Page ID #386). Doe 10’s grievance, 

however, states that other, older prisoners perpetrated the assaults and abuse. R. 27-10 (Page ID 

#377) (“I . . . was physically assaulted by other prisoners, and was threatened and harassed by 

staff and held in solitary confinement. . . . I experienced sexual harassment by older prisoners 

. . . .”). Meanwhile, Doe 10 states that Warden Winn (among others) “failed to take adequate 

precautions to protect [Doe 10] from assaults and abuse that [he] experienced as a result of being 

a youth in adult prison.” Id.

John Doe 9

The issue with Doe 9 is whether his fear of retaliation excuses his failure to file a 

grievance. It is undisputed that Doe 9 has not filed a PREA grievance. In the prior litigation, 

supra Section I.A., the district court dismissed Doe 9’s retaliation excuse because the plaintiffs 

cited no record evidence to support the argument that the exhaustion requirement should be 

excused. Does 1–12, 2017 WL 993184, at *5.
No. 18-1352 Doe et al. v. Snyder et al. Page 10

Doe 9 was incarcerated in September 2011 and has been housed at various MDOC 

facilities. R. 1 (Compl. at ¶ 59) (Page ID #18). Doe 9 turned eighteen-years old on January 25, 

2012, when he was housed at Newberry Correctional Facility (“NCF”). R. 19-7 (Nelson Aff. at 

3) (Page ID #177). Prior to that, and while Doe 9 was still seventeen-years old, Doe 9 was 

housed at URF. R. 1 (Compl. at ¶ 61) (Page ID #19). At URF, Doe 9 alleges that adult inmates 

sexually harassed, abused, and threatened him. Id. This abuse included one adult inmate 

“regularly grop[ing] and pull[ing] on [Doe 9’s] genitals and grab[bing] his buttocks.” Id.

Doe 9 alleges that he sought the help of MDOC staff and provided a written statement 

about these incidents. Id. at ¶ 62. After that, Doe 9 alleges that he was placed in solitary 

confinement and then transferred to NCF. Id. Moreover, at NCF, adult inmates “exercised 

control over John Doe 9 and threatened him with physical violence” because Doe 9 attempted to 

report the URF incidents. Id. at ¶ 63. In this case, Doe 9 has also submitted a declaration that 

refers to other instances of retaliation because of his involvement in the various pieces of 

litigation related to the former policy of juvenile inmates being housed with adults. See R. 27-28 

(Doe 9 Decl. at 1–4) (Page ID #442–45). Doe 9 concludes by stating that,

After the prior threats and harassment I received as a result of my 

involvement in this litigation and my prior experiences with reporting abuse, 

I was too fearful to file a grievance in order to exhaust my administrative 

remedies.

[ ] It is my opinion that if I filed a formal grievance [MDOC staff] would 

carry out the threats [“to plant a weapon in my cell”] and it would make things 

worse among staff and prisoners, without any benefit.

Id. at 4 (Page ID #445); see also id. at 3–4 (Page ID #444–45) (alleged threats by MDOC staff).

Both parties in this case cite depositions taken in a separate piece of litigation (which is 

also not the prior litigation mentioned earlier) that suggest this retaliation occurred. See 

generally R. 30-8 (Doe 9 Dep. from Separate Litig.) (Page ID #531–42); R. 27-30 (Skip Barnett 

Dep. from Separate Litig. at 105) (Page ID #451) (stating that “there is no question” that the 

Alger MDOC facility (“LMF”), where Doe 9 has been housed, has “a culture of retaliation”); see

also, e.g., R. 30-8 (Doe 9 Dep. from Separate Litig. at 48–49) (Page ID #539) (Doe 9’s cellmate 

thought it was “f***** up” both that Doe 9 was raped at age seventeen and that Doe 9 reported 
No. 18-1352 Doe et al. v. Snyder et al. Page 11

the incident); id. at 24 (Page ID #535) (“I already got targeted because of this, this whole thing, 

specifically by my bunkie.”). For example, one deposition suggests that, because Doe 9 was 

involved in various pieces of litigation, MDOC staff read Doe 9’s legal mail, destroyed his 

property, and called him a rape victim over the loudspeaker (thereby indicating to other inmates 

that Doe 9 reported the abuse by adult inmates to prison staff). R. 30-8 (Doe 9 Dep. from 

Separate Litig. at 16, 20–22) (Page ID #533–35). Additionally, the Plaintiffs state in their brief 

that Doe 9 was “falsely accused of contraband possession by MDOC staff.” Appellants’ Br. at 

44 (citing R. 27-29 (Page ID #447) to support this claim); see also R. 27-28 (Doe 9 Decl. at 2–4) 

(Page ID #443–45) (stating that a knife was placed in his cell and that he fears MDOC will plant 

another weapon in his cell).

D. District Court Grants Summary Judgment to Defendants

The district court entered summary judgment for the Defendants because the district court 

concluded that the Plaintiffs failed to exhaust their administrative remedies as required by the 

PLRA. Doe 8 v. Snyder, No. 17-11181, 2018 WL 1035715, at *7 (E.D. Mich. Feb. 23, 2018). 

The district court determined, in part, that the general grievance process, rather than the PREA 

process, applied. Id. at *4. Finally, the district court failed to address the merits of Doe 9’s 

claim that he should be excused from exhaustion based on the alleged retaliation that he 

experienced. Instead, the district court again relied on its determination that the two-step PREA 

process did not apply. Id. at *7.

II. STANDARD OF REVIEW

“We review de novo a district court’s grant of summary judgment.” Siggers v. Campbell, 

652 F.3d 681, 691 (6th Cir. 2011) (quoting Spencer v. Bouchard, 449 F.3d 721, 727 (6th Cir. 

2006)). Summary judgment is proper if, when drawing all inferences in the light most favorable 

to the non-moving party, the moving party “shows that there is no genuine dispute as to any 

material fact and the movant is entitled to judgment as a matter of law.” FED. R. CIV. P. 56(a).

The PLRA provides that an inmate may not bring an action related to prison conditions 

under federal law “until such administrative remedies as are available are exhausted.” 42 U.S.C. 

§ 1997e(a). The Defendants moved for summary judgment based on the Plaintiffs’ failure to 
No. 18-1352 Doe et al. v. Snyder et al. Page 12

exhaust. Failure to exhaust is an affirmative defense. Jones v. Bock, 549 U.S. 199, 216 (2007). 

We also review de novo a district court’s dismissal of an inmate’s claim for failure to exhaust. 

Surles v. Andison, 678 F.3d 452, 455 (6th Cir. 2012); Risher v. Lappin, 639 F.3d 236, 239 (6th 

Cir. 2011). Because the Defendants bear the burden of proof on exhaustion, they bear an “initial 

summary judgment burden [that] is higher in that [they] must show that the record contains 

evidence satisfying [their] burden of persuasion” and “that no reasonable jury would be free to 

disbelieve it.” Surles, 678 F.3d at 455–56 (internal quotations omitted). We further analyze 

whether an inmate has made “affirmative efforts to comply with the administrative procedures” 

and “whether those ‘efforts to exhaust were sufficient under the circumstances.’” Risher, 639 

F.3d at 240 (quoting Napier v. Laurel County, 636 F.3d 218, 223–24 (6th Cir. 2011)). A district 

court should grant summary judgment only if a defendant establishes that there is no genuine 

dispute of material fact that the plaintiff failed to exhaust. Id.

III. THE PREA GRIEVANCE PROCESS APPLIES

The parties dispute which administrative process the Plaintiffs were required to exhaust. 

The Defendants contend that “[t]he only administrative process available . . . was MDOC’s 

regular three-step grievance process.” Appellees’ Br. at 21. Under that general process, 

grievances need “to be submitted within 7 days of an incident,” and therefore, the Plaintiffs’ 

grievances would be untimely. Id. at 26. But here, the Defendants’ treatment of the grievances 

contradicts their argument.

The Defendants unquestionably treated the Plaintiffs’ complaints as PREA grievances.1 

Thus, even if the Defendants were correct that the three-step general process should have 

applied, “[w]hen prison officials decline to enforce their own procedural requirements and opt to 

consider otherwise-defaulted claims on the merits, so as a general rule will we.” Reed-Bey v. 

Pramstaller, 603 F.3d 322, 325 (6th Cir. 2010); see also Mattox v. Edelman, 851 F.3d 583, 591 

(6th Cir. 2017) (“[P]rison officials waive any procedural irregularities in a grievance when they 

nonetheless address the grievance on the merits.”) (citing Reed-Bey, 603 F.3d at 325). This 

reasoning applies to this case. The Defendants failed to enforce their own procedural rules under 

1R. 27-11 (Page ID #380); R. 27-3 (Page ID #338); R. 27-13 (Page ID #384); R. 27-12 (Page ID #382); 

R. 27-4 (Page ID #340); R. 27-14 (Page ID #386).
No. 18-1352 Doe et al. v. Snyder et al. Page 13

the three-step grievance process when they channeled the Plaintiffs’ grievances through the 

PREA process and ultimately concluded that Doe 8’s and Doe 10’s claims lacked evidence. We 

do not “second guess [a State’s] decision to overlook or forgive its own procedural bar.” ReedBey, 603 F.3d at 325. In short, we generally treat inmate complaints in the same way as prison 

officials have treated them, and here that means PREA applies.2 Because of the factual and 

procedural similarities between John Doe 9 and John Does 8 and 10, we think it likely that the 

grievance John Doe 9 would have filed absent his fear of retaliation would also have been treated 

as a PREA grievance.

To the extent that the Defendants argue that the Plaintiffs’ grievances are not actually 

about sexual abuse and harassment, see, e.g., Appellees’ Br. at 24, that argument is completely 

baseless. The Plaintiffs’ complaint and their grievances clearly allege various incidents of rape 

and other forms of sexual abuse and harassment. Sexual abuse has a rather capacious definition. 

See 28 C.F.R. § 115.6. The incidents alleged in the Plaintiffs’ complaint and grievances plainly 

meet this definition. See supra Section I.C.

Indeed, with these arguments, the Defendants appear to be trying to recast an argument 

from the prior litigation, supra Section I.A., that PREA applied to only federal prisons and not 

the States. The DOJ refuted that argument in its Statement of Interest in that case, see Case No. 

2:13-cv-14356, Dkt. 56 (DOJ Statement of Interest at 3–7) (Page ID #768–72), probably because 

it is completely atextual, see 34 U.S.C. § 30309(7); 28 C.F.R. § 115.5. Now the Defendants 

argue that PREA does not apply to Michigan, at least not at the time of these grievances and in 

this particular context. For the reasons stated above, these arguments are meritless.

Having determined that the PREA grievance process is the relevant MDOC 

administrative remedy, we now turn to the question of whether that remedy is “available” under 

the PLRA.

2Accordingly, we need not address arguments on retroactivity of the PREA rules.
No. 18-1352 Doe et al. v. Snyder et al. Page 14

IV. MDOC’s PREA GRIEVANCE PROCESS IS UNAVAILABLE

In general, the PLRA’s exhaustion requirement is a strict rule, but there are a few 

exceptions. “[T]he PLRA contains [a] textual exception to mandatory exhaustion. Under 

§ 1997e(a), the exhaustion requirement hinges on the ‘availab[ility]’ of administrative remedies: 

An inmate, that is, must exhaust available remedies, but need not exhaust unavailable ones.” 

Ross, 136 S. Ct. at 1858. The Supreme Court explained that this exception “has real content”—

specifically, “an inmate is required to exhaust those, but only those, grievance procedures that 

are ‘capable of use’ to obtain ‘some relief for the action complained of.’” Id. at 1858–59 

(quoting Booth v. Churner, 532 U.S. 731, 738 (2001)). We hold that MDOC’s PREA grievance 

process is, in practice, unavailable, and consequently, Doe 8 and Doe 10 need not exhaust it.

Doe 9’s case presents a slightly different unavailability question: Whether Doe 9’s fear 

of retaliation excuses his failure to file a grievance. The district court erred when it granted 

summary judgment to the Defendants as to Doe 9. On remand, the district court should address 

the retaliation excuse on the merits.

A. John Doe 8 and John Doe 10

In Ross v. Blake, the Supreme Court discussed two circumstances in which the PLRA’s 

unavailability exception applies that are relevant here. First, “an administrative scheme might be 

so opaque that it becomes, practically speaking, incapable of use. In this situation, some 

mechanism exists to provide relief, but no ordinary prisoner can discern or navigate it.” Id. at 

1859. This is a “high[] bar” that applies “when a remedy is . . . essentially ‘unknowable’—so 

that no ordinary prisoner can make sense of what it demands.” Id.; see also Goebert v. Lee 

County, 510 F.3d 1312, 1323 (11th Cir. 2007) (“That which is unknown and unknowable is 

unavailable . . . If we allowed jails and prisons to play hide-and-seek with administrative 

remedies, they could keep all remedies under wraps until after a lawsuit is filed and then uncover 

them and proclaim that the remedies were available all along.”) (internal citation omitted). If a 

remedy fits that bill, then exhaustion is not required.

Next, exhaustion is not required “when prison administrators thwart inmates from taking 

advantage of a grievance process through machination, misrepresentation, or intimidation.” 
No. 18-1352 Doe et al. v. Snyder et al. Page 15

Ross, 136 S. Ct. at 1860; see also id. at n.3 (collecting examples). In particular, this exception 

applies when prison officials “prevent the[] use of otherwise proper procedures,” id. at 1860, or 

design a process that can “trip[ ] up all but the most skillful prisoners.” Id. (quoting Woodford v. 

Ngo, 548 U.S. 81, 102 (2006)). If a remedy is administered or designed in this way, then inmates 

need not exhaust.

Looking at this record, the State’s administration of its PREA grievance process is a 

classic case of Orwellian doublethink that falls comfortably within the circumstances outlined in 

Ross v. Blake. See GEORGE ORWELL, 1984 at 214 (1949) (“Doublethink means the power of 

holding two contradictory beliefs in one’s mind simultaneously, and accepting both of them.”); 

see also id. at 27 (“WAR IS PEACE,” “FREEDOM IS SLAVERY,” “IGNORANCE IS 

STRENGTH”). Examples of such contradictory statements abound in this record, and inmates 

need not navigate this “labyrinthine world of doublethink” to satisfy the exhaustion requirement. 

See Orwell, supra, at 35. These examples show that, in practice, “no ordinary prisoner [could] 

discern or navigate” the PREA grievance process and that the process was designed “to ‘trip[ ] 

up all but the most skillful prisoners.’” See Ross, 136 S. Ct. at 1859–60 (quoting Woodford, 

548 U.S. at 102).

First: MDOC stated that the investigation of a grievance is “pending” and an inmate will 

“be notified of the outcome . . . at the conclusion of the investigation,” while simultaneously 

stating that the grievance is “responded to and closed.” R. 27-3 (Page ID #338). In the 

Defendants’ view, the grievance is both pending and closed. This makes no sense.

Second: An inmate proceeds to Step II only if MDOC does not investigate, see Oral 

Argument at 21:51–22:00, 22:23–29, and Doe 8’s and Doe 10’s grievances were being 

investigated. Before the district court, however, the Defendants stated that part of the reason the 

Plaintiffs failed to exhaust is because the “Plaintiffs never submitted Step II PREA grievance 

appeals after receiving their PREA grievance responses . . . .” R. 19 (Defs.’ Mot. for Summ. J. at 

13) (Page ID #102). MDOC sent Does 8 and 10 initial memos that apparently are Step I 
No. 18-1352 Doe et al. v. Snyder et al. Page 16

responses,3 but why would they appeal to Step II given that those responses were timely and that 

there was nothing to be dissatisfied about because an investigation was pending?4 In the 

Defendants’ view, in order to exhaust the inmates must appeal the initial response that stated an 

investigation was pending, but they need not appeal if their grievance is under investigation. 

This also makes no sense.

Third: A prison official inaccurately described the PREA process to Doe 10. MDOC’s 

regulations require an inmate “to appeal the Step I decision . . . to the PREA Administrator in 

Central Office.” R. 27-2 (MDOC PREA Grievance Process) (Page ID #334). Doe 10’s 

grievance coordinator, however, returned an attempted appeal and told Doe 10 to send it to 

SRF—not the Central Office. R. 27-6 (Doe 10 Decl. at 2) (Page ID #349). And if the 

coordinator meant that Doe 10 needed to file the initial grievance at SRF (where the incident 

occurred), that is inaccurate as well. See R. 27-2 (MDOC PREA Grievance Process) (Page ID 

#334) (“A prisoner may file a PREA grievance at any time . . . with the facility PREA 

coordinator or inspector of the institution at which the prisoner is housed.”) (emphasis added). 

Either way, the prison gave Doe 10 the wrong instructions.

Fourth: If an inmate receives no response, the date that a response is due from MDOC, 

and thus the date that appeal must be filed, may well be unclear. To illustrate: MDOC requires a 

PREA coordinator to respond to a Step I grievance within sixty days of receiving the grievance. 

One might simply assume that the coordinator receives a grievance on the same day that an 

inmate submits the grievance. But based on this record, that assumption would be very wrong. 

Doe 8, for example, filed his grievance on May 20, 2016, but the coordinator did not receive it 

until June 1, 2016—about twelve days later. R. 27-9 (Page ID #374). Doe 10’s grievance form 

is more difficult to decipher. The “Date Received at Step I” notes a date in June. R. 27-10 (Page 

ID #377). Based on the fact that MDOC sent Doe 10 a memo about his grievance on June 8, see

3

See Oral Argument at 21:10–23; R. 27-3 (Page ID #338); R. 27-4 (Page ID #340). We further observe 

that Doe 8 received an earlier memo from MDOC that, again, was dated prior to his grievance being received at Step 

I. See R. 27-11 (Page ID #3380) (dated May 26, 2016); R. 27-9 (Page ID #374) (Doe 8’s grievance was received at 

Step I on June 1, 2016).

4

See R. 27-2 (MDOC PREA Grievance Process) (Page ID #335) (“Prisoners may only file a Step II 

administrative appeal to the PREA Administrator if s/he is dissatisfied with the response received at Step I or if s/he 

did not receive a timely response at Step I.”); Oral Argument at 21:51–22:00, 22:23–29.
No. 18-1352 Doe et al. v. Snyder et al. Page 17

R. 27-12 (Page ID #382), it is possible that the coordinator received the grievance on June 4—

ten days after Doe 10 filed the grievance. R. 27-10 (Page ID #377). But the exact date is fairly 

illegible. The point is, if an inmate receives no response, he or she must nonetheless submit an 

appeal within ten days after the date that a response was due—but the inmate really has no idea 

when the sixty-day clock begins to run for MDOC, and consequently, the date an appeal must be 

filed is unclear.

Fifth: The Investigative Findings and Action form is a PREA form, yet it is neither a 

Step I nor Step II document.5 That form is apparently “the termination of” the investigation into 

the grievance, but again, it is not a Step I response that can be appealed. See R. 27-2 (MDOC 

PREA Grievance Process) (Page ID #335). Then the Investigative Findings and Action must be 

a “final” decision—but that is not clear. In the Defendants’ view, this form is “the termination” 

of the PREA process, which per MDOC’s policy involves two steps, but this form is neither a 

Step I nor Step II decision. This compounds the confusion. (At any rate, the prison did not 

provide Doe 8 or Doe 10 with this form or a Step II appeal form.)

Sixth: The core of the Defendants’ argument in this case is that the Plaintiffs needed to 

go through the three-step general grievance process. But they undisputedly investigated and 

ultimately reached a finding on the Plaintiffs grievances under the PREA process. In the 

Defendants’ view, the Plaintiffs needed to exhaust the three-step general grievance process for 

complaints that do not involve sexual abuse because the Plaintiffs did not truly complain about 

sexual abuse, see Appellees’ Br. at 24, but the Defendants made the Plaintiffs go through the 

PREA process because the Plaintiffs’ grievances “alleged sexual abuse/harassment.” R. 27-3 

(Page ID #338); R. 27-4 (Page ID #340). Given all these inconsistent statements and positions, 

perhaps even the Defendants themselves cannot understand and navigate their own 

administrative process.

Clearly, the MDOC PREA grievance process is, in practice, filled with contradictions and 

machinations, and these contradictions and machinations render the process “incapable of use.” 

See Ross, 136 S. Ct. at 1859; see also Pavey v. Conley, 663 F.3d 899, 906 (7th Cir. 2011) (“An 

5

See R. 27-13 (Page ID #384); R. 27-14 (Page ID #386); Oral Argument 23:27–32.
No. 18-1352 Doe et al. v. Snyder et al. Page 18

administrative remedy is not ‘available,’ and therefore need not be exhausted, if prison officials 

. . . inaccurately describe the steps [an inmate] needs to take to pursue it.”) (collecting cases from 

the Third, Fifth, and Seventh Circuits). It is not that the prison played “hide-and-seek” with an 

administrative remedy—because the prison did not per se “hide” a remedy. See Ross, 136 S. Ct. 

at 1860 n.3 (quoting Goebert, 510 F.3d at 1323). The remedy presented, however, is so 

internally contradictory and described with such inaccuracy that it is, in every practical sense, 

“unknowable.” See id. at 1859 (citing Goebert, 510 F.3d at 1323); see also Pavey, 664 F.3d at 

906. Having failed to articulate how this process actually works, “the defendants should not 

benefit from [Doe 8’s and Doe 10’s] inability to find [their] way.” See Goebert, 510 F.3d at 

1323.

Moreover, the record indicates that the Defendants thwarted the Plaintiffs’ affirmative 

efforts to exhaust. This, too, renders the administrative process unavailable under Ross v. Blake. 

See 136 S. Ct. at 1860. In cases decided before Ross v. Blake, we recognized that although an 

inmate “must make some affirmative efforts to comply with the administrative procedure[,] [t]he 

procedure becomes ‘unavailable’ [when] prison officials have somehow thwarted the inmates 

attempts at exhaustion.” See Brock v. Kenton County, 93 F. App’x 793, 798 (6th Cir. 2004) 

(collecting cases in which the unavailability exception applied); see also Risher, 639 F.3d at 

240–41 (requiring “affirmative efforts,” but concluding that an inmate “was not required to make 

additional efforts beyond the scope of the Bureau’s regulations simply because the Regional 

Director failed to supply him with a document, something it was obligated to do.”); Rancher v. 

Franklin County, 122 F. App’x 240, 241–42 (6th Cir. 2005) (excusing exhaustion when an 

inmate made numerous requests for medical treatment but received no response and presented 

evidence that, in practice, the prison refused to accept medical grievances).

Here, prison officials effectively prevented the use of the PREA grievance process, even 

if that process could be an “otherwise proper procedure[].” See Ross, 136 S. Ct. at 1860. For 

one, prison officials apparently failed to provide an appeal form to Does 8 and 10. See R. 27-5 

(Doe 8 Decl. at 2–3) (Page ID #343–44); R. 27-6 (Doe 10 Decl. at 2) (Page ID #349). Notably, 

despite officials not providing the requisite forms, the Does still made “affirmative efforts to 

comply with administrative procedures,” Risher, 639 F.3d at 240, by filing handwritten Step II 
No. 18-1352 Doe et al. v. Snyder et al. Page 19

appeals in a letter6 and by using a Step I form (which was available).7 And MDOC issued 

findings that Doe 8’s and Doe 10’s claims lacked evidence,8 but the two inmates never received 

those findings either.9 Based on the lack of response, it appears that the prisons ignored the 

Does’ attempted Step II appeals as well. As the Supreme Court, our own court, and our sister 

circuits have recognized, “such interference with an inmate’s pursuit of relief renders the 

administrative process unavailable.” See Ross, 136 at 1860 & n.3 (collecting cases); see also, 

e.g., Williams v. Corr. Officer Priatno, 829 F.3d 118 (2d Cir. 2016) (holding that a grievance 

process was unavailable because it was so confusing that it was incapable of use, where plaintiff 

alleged that he never received grievance responses and that officers never filed forms); Nunez v. 

Duncan, 591 F.3d 1217, 1226 (9th Cir. 2010) (“Rational inmates cannot be expected to use 

grievance procedures . . . when they are misled into believing they must respond to a particular 

document in order to effectively pursue their administrative remedies and that document is then 

not available.”); Rancher, 122 F. App’x at 241–42; Brock, 93 F. App’x at 798.

In sum, this administrative remedy was not available to Doe 8 or Doe 10, and therefore, 

the PLRA does not require them to exhaust.

B. John Doe 9’s Retaliation Excuse

We have also excused an inmate’s failure to exhaust “when the improper actions of 

prison officials render the administrative remedies functionally unavailable.” Himmelreich v. 

Fed. Bureau of Prisons, 766 F. 3d 576, 577 (6th Cir. 2014), aff’d sub nom. Simmons v. 

Himmelreich, 136 S. Ct. 1843 (2016). In Doe 9’s case, the question is whether prison officials 

took an adverse action “that would ‘deter a person of ordinary firmness’ from” continuing with 

the grievance process. See Thaddeus-X v. Blatter, 175 F.3d 378, 396 (6th Cir. 1999) (en banc). 

This requirement “is intended to weed out only inconsequential actions, and is not a means 

whereby solely egregious retaliatory acts are allowed to proceed past summary judgment.” Id. at 

6R. 27-5 (Doe 8 Decl. at 2–3) (Page ID #343–44).

7R. 27-6 (Doe 10 Decl. at 2) (Page ID #349).

8R. 27-13 (Page ID #384); R. 27-14 (Page ID #386).

9R. 27-5 (Doe 8 Decl. at 3) (Page ID #344); R. 27-6 (Doe 10 Decl. at 3) (Page ID #350).
No. 18-1352 Doe et al. v. Snyder et al. Page 20

398. “Thus, unless the claimed retaliatory action is truly ‘inconsequential,’ the plaintiff’s claim 

should” survive a motion for summary judgment. Bell v. Johnson, 308 F.3d 594, 603 (6th Cir. 

2002).

The facts of our prior cases are instructive in determining whether Doe 9 meets this 

standard. In Thaddeus-X, sitting en banc, we noted that the plaintiff’s “allegations, if true, 

certainly meet the standard.” 175 F.3d at 398. There, the plaintiff alleged that he experienced 

harassment, physical threats, and that he was transferred to an area of the prison, with allegedly 

terrible conditions, that housed mentally disturbed inmates. Id. In Bell, we held that the plaintiff 

presented sufficient evidence to satisfy the adverse-action prong. 308 F.3d at 605. The 

plaintiff’s evidence in that case showed that prison officials “twice left the plaintiff’s cell in 

disarray, confiscated his legal papers without returning them, and stole the [plaintiff’s] medical 

diet snacks.” Id. Finally, in Himmelreich, we vacated the district court’s grant of summary 

judgment on the basis of a failure to exhaust because the alleged retaliation, if true, “would 

render the grievance process functionally unavailable for a person of ordinary firmness.” 

766 F.3d at 578. The plaintiff there alleged that a prison official threatened to transfer the 

plaintiff to a higher-security prison or penitentiary where he would be more likely to be attacked 

and placed the plaintiff in a Special Housing Unit for filing a lawsuit. Id. at 577–78.

If Doe 9’s allegations are true, then he too meets his burden under this standard. Doe 9 

alleges that he was placed in solitary confinement and transferred to another facility after he 

sought help from MDOC staff and provided a written statement about the sexual abuse that he 

experienced. See supra Section I.C. At NCF, the facility to which he was transferred, Doe 9 

experienced further threats from inmates. Id. Moreover, Doe 9 alleges that prison officials at 

LMF read his legal mail, destroyed his personal property, and called him a rape victim over the 

loudspeaker (thus exposing him to further threats and harassment from inmates who would think 

that Doe 9 was a “rat” for reporting). Id. Unquestionably, Doe 9’s claim is not merely 

“inconsequential.” Summary judgment, therefore, was improper.

The Defendants appear to contest Doe 9’s allegations that prison officials retaliated 

against him. See Appellees’ Br. at 42–44. At the very least, the Defendants fail to establish the 

absence of a genuine dispute of material fact. As stated, if Doe 9’s allegations prove to be true, 
No. 18-1352 Doe et al. v. Snyder et al. Page 21

then the adverse actions that Doe 9 describes would “deter a person of ordinary firmness” from 

proceeding through the grievance process.

V. CONCLUSION

For these reasons, we REVERSE the district court’s grant of summary judgment to the 

Defendants and REMAND this case for further proceedings consistent with this opinion. John 

Doe 9 has presented enough evidence to withstand summary judgment. Moreover, as John Doe 

8’s and John Doe 10’s experiences with the administrative process provided by MDOC show, 

the administrative remedy is unavailable, and therefore, exhaustion is not required.