Slip Op. 09-4 

UNITED STATES COURT OF INTERNATIONAL TRADE 

___________________________________________ 

 : 

PEERLESS CLOTHING INTERNATIONAL, INC., : 

 : 

 Plaintiff, : 

 : Before: WALLACH, Judge 

 v. : Court No: 03-00537 

 : 

UNITED STATES, : PUBLIC VERSION

 : 

 Defendant. : 

___________________________________________: 

[Plaintiff’s Motion for Summary Judgment is GRANTED IN PART and DENIED IN PART; 

Defendant’s Cross-Motion for Summary Judgment is GRANTED IN PART and DENIED IN 

PART.] 

 Dated: January 13, 2009 

Sandler, Travis & Rosenberg, P.A. (Arthur K. Purcell) for Plaintiff Peerless Clothing 

International, Inc. 

Gregory G. Katsas, Assistant Attorney General; Barbara S. Williams, Attorney in Charge, 

International Trade Field Office, Commercial Litigation Branch, Civil Division, U.S. 

Department of Justice (Edward F. Kenny); and Chi S. Choy, Office of the Assistant Chief 

Counsel, U.S. Customs and Border Protection, of Counsel, for Defendant United States. 
2 

OPINION

Wallach, Judge:

I 

INTRODUCTION

 Plaintiff Peerless Clothing International, Inc. (“Peerless USA”) contests the appraisement 

and assessment of certain duties by Defendant United States Bureau of Customs and Border 

Protection (“Customs”) on garments imported into the United States, and seeks a refund of all 

challenged duties that were paid. Peerless USA claims that Customs violated: (1) 19 U.S.C. § 

1625(c) by modifying “treatment” of its goods without the statutorily required review and 

comment period, and (2) 19 U.S.C. § 1401(a) by replacing Peerless’s expense allocation 

methodology that complied with generally accepted accounting principles (“GAAP”). 

Jurisdiction pursuant to 28 U.S.C. § 1581(a) is uncontested by the parties. The court concludes 

that Customs did not violate 19 U.S.C. § 1625(c), but did improperly replace the importer’s 

GAAP-compliant allocation for the expense categories at issue other than warehousing costs. 

Accordingly, Plaintiff’s Motion for Summary Judgment is Granted in Part and Denied in Part, 

and Defendant’s Cross-Motion for Summary Judgment is Granted in Part and Denied in Part. 

II 

BACKGROUND

This dispute challenges Customs’ allocation of expenses between Peerless USA and 

Peerless Clothing, Inc. (“Peerless Canada”). Peerless USA and Peerless Canada are separate 

legal entities, Plaintiff’s Statement of Material Facts for Which There is No Genuine Issue to be 

Tried (“Plaintiff’s Facts”) ¶ 4; Defendant’s Response to Plaintiff’s Statement of Material Facts 

Not in Issue (“Defendant’s Fact Response”) ¶ 4, that share common senior management and 

corporate officers. Memorandum of Law in Support of Plaintiff’s Motion for Summary 
3 

Judgment (“Plaintiff’s Motion”) at 4 n.1. Peerless Canada is the largest manufacturer of men’s 

wool suits in North America and created Peerless USA in the 1980s to import merchandise into 

the United States. Id. at 4. Peerless Canada operates a plant in Montreal. Defendant’s Additional 

Statement of Undisputed Material Facts ¶ 1 (“Defendant’s Additional Facts”); Plaintiff’s 

Response to Defendant’s Additional Statement of Undisputed Facts (“Plaintiff’s Response to 

Additional Facts”) ¶ 1. Peerless USA is a wholesaler of men’s clothing having offices in New 

York and a warehouse and distribution center in St. Albans, Vermont. Plaintiff’s Facts ¶ 5; 

Defendant’s Fact Response ¶ 5. Although Peerless USA and Peerless Canada are collectively 

referred to as “Peerless”, Peerless USA is the Plaintiff in this action as the importer of record. 

Complaint ¶¶ 2, 3; Answer ¶¶ 2, 3. 

The merchandise at issue in this case was purchased by Peerless USA through related 

party transactions, imported into the United States, and either delivered to customers or shipped 

to the Peerless USA warehouse in Vermont. Plaintiff’s Facts ¶ 6; Defendant’s Fact Response ¶ 6. 

For Customs’ appraisement, Peerless Canada allocated expenses between itself and Peerless 

USA by including the percentage of the expenses it deemed in support of the production of 

goods in the cost of goods sold to Peerless USA, and excluding the expenses it deemed allocable 

to Peerless USA’s sales and sales support activities. Plaintiff’s Facts ¶ 11; Defendant’s Fact 

Response ¶ 11. Peerless claims to have used a computed value method to calculate the 

intercompany price. Plaintiff’s Facts ¶ 27; Plaintiff’s Motion at 9 (citing Ex. 12, Deposition of 

Gerald Horn at 16–17). Peerless calculated intercompany price using two types of invoices that 

Peerless Canada issued to Peerless USA: (1) the cost of manufacturing known as “cut, make, & 

trim” (“CMT”); and (2) the cost of fabric known as material purchase recovery (“MPR”). 

Plaintiff’s Facts ¶ 27; Defendant’s Fact Response ¶ 27. 
4 

In 1997, Customs initiated an audit of Peerless USA’s importation of wool suits, sports 

jackets, and trousers for the period between April 1, 1996 and September 30, 1997. Plaintiff’s 

Facts ¶¶ 40, 41; Defendant’s Fact Response ¶¶ 40, 41. Customs examined three types of 

invoices that Peerless Canada issued to Peerless USA: (1) CMT; (2) MPR; and (3) warehousing, 

general and administrative expenses known as “Warehousing and Expense Allocation” 

(“WEA”). Defendant’s Confidential Memorandum in Support of Its Cross-Motion for Summary 

Judgment and in Opposition to Plaintiff’s Motion (“Defendant’s Opposition and Cross-Motion”) 

at 3, 24–25. The WEA invoices between Peerless Canada and Peerless USA consist of eleven 

expense categories and were not declared to Customs. Id. at 25–26; Defendant’s Additional Facts 

¶ 8; Plaintiff’s Response to Additional Facts ¶ 8. Peerless USA claims that WEA is comprised 

of “only non-dutiable ‘below the line’ expenses: warehousing costs and non-production related 

selling expenses incurred by Peerless USA in Montreal.” Plaintiff’s Response to Defendant’s 

Cross-Motion for Summary Judgment and Reply to Defendant’s Opposition to Plaintiff’s Motion 

for Summary Judgment (“Plaintiff’s Reply and Response to Cross-Motion”) at 19–20. 

According to Peerless USA, “the sum of CMT and MPR invoices alone was adequate to 

recover the costs of production plus a profit (markup)”. Plaintiff’s Motion at 9. Peerless USA 

did not declare the WEA warehousing costs incurred in Canada because it maintains that they are 

non-dutiable. Plaintiff’s Reply and Response to Cross-Motion at 20. For other WEA categories, 

Peerless USA states that although its allocation “roughly correlated to the 90/10 percent ratio of 

sales in the United States versus Canada, where appropriate Peerless would allocate to Peerless 

Canada an enhanced amount for certain items, to reflect the higher degree to which the 

manufacturer/seller Peerless Canada benefitted from the expense item.” Plaintiff’s Motion at 33. 

Peerless USA contends that these non-warehousing expenses on the WEA invoice “are unrelated 
5 

to production and the cost of goods because the production-related expenses and overhead are 

already allocated to, and captured in, the CMT invoice.”1

 Plaintiff’s Response and Cross-Motion 

at 20. 

Customs auditors concluded “that most of the expenses on the WEA invoices that were 

paid by Peerless USA were not attributable to Peerless USA, but were actually Peerless Canada’s 

own general and administrative expenses. Therefore, the undeclared payments Peerless USA 

made to Peerless Canada should have been part of the dutiable value of the imported 

merchandise.” Defendant’s Opposition and Cross-Motion at 3. A draft report of the audit 

findings was provided to Peerless USA in 1998. Id. at 23–24. Before finalizing their report, 

Customs auditors sought internal advice from Customs Headquarters that resulted in the issuance 

of Customs Headquarters Ruling Letter Number 547108 (March 28, 2000) (“HQ 547108”). 

Plaintiff’s Facts ¶¶ 43, 44; Defendant’s Fact Response ¶¶ 43, 44. This internal advice ruling was 

neither published in the Customs Bulletin nor made available for public comment before 

liquidation. Plaintiff’s Facts ¶ 46; Defendant’s Fact Response ¶ 46. 

In HQ 547108, Customs agreed with the preliminary audit finding that Peerless USA 

owed additional dutiable value on all but three of the WEA categories.2

 Defendant’s Opposition 

and Cross-Motion Ex. 3, HQ 574108. The WEA warehouse costs invoiced by Peerless Canada 

to Peerless USA for the storage of the fabric pre-production and the storage of merchandise 

before shipping were found to be fully dutiable. Defendant’s Opposition and Cross-Motion at 30, 

 1

 Plaintiff characterizes the warehousing and expense allocation (“WEA”) invoice as “constitut[ing] the 

‘balance’ of the intercompany overhead expenses; such expenses were incurred by Peerless Canada in Montreal and 

charged back to Peerless USA.” Plaintiff’s Post-Oral Argument Brief (November 9, 2007) at 4. 

2

 The categories found not dutiable were: shipping truck rentals, selling expenses, and truck rental 

expenses. Memorandum of Law in Support of Plaintiff’s Motion for Summary Judgment (“Plaintiff’s Motion”) at 

12; Defendant’s Memorandum in Support of Its Cross-Motion for Summary Judgment and in Opposition to 

Plaintiff’s Motion (“Defendant’s Opposition and Cross-Motion”) Ex. 3, HQ 547108 (March 28, 2000) (“HQ 

547108”) at 3. 
6 

HQ 547108 at 6. For the remaining WEA categories found dutiable, “Customs auditors 

determined that the ratio of costs incurred by Peerless Canada to Peerless USA was 

approximately 9.2 to 1. Accordingly, 92.2 percent of the management salaries, data entry 

salaries, office salaries and supplies, computer supplies, telephone [expenses] and buying salaries 

were to be included in the price of the imported clothing.” Defendant’s Opposition and CrossMotion at 30, HQ 547108 at 9. 

Customs issued the audit report in January 2001 that relied upon HQ 547108. Plaintiff’s 

Motion Ex. 7, Customs Audit Report 112-97-IMO-002 (January 23, 2001) (“Audit Report”) at 

8–9. Customs calculated that Peerless owed additional dutiable value of $8,662,795 for fiscal 

year 1996 and $12,268,073 for fiscal year 1997. Id. at 9. Customs further calculated that 

Peerless USA’s: 226 fiscal year 1996 entries were undervalued by $4,339,576, resulting in an 

applicable loss of revenue totaling $278,033.82; and 464 entries for fiscal year 1997 were 

undervalued by $12,267,917, resulting in an applicable loss of revenue totaling $832,046.51. Id.

at 10. Customs liquidated all of Peerless USA’s entries under protest with an advance in value, 

including the subject entries. Plaintiff’s Facts ¶ 45; Defendant’s Fact Response ¶ 45. Peerless 

USA’s protest was filed on September 6, 2001, and denied through Customs Headquarters 

Ruling Letter Number 548065 (September 6, 2002) (“HQ 548065”). Defendant’s Opposition 

and Cross-Motion Ex. 4, HQ 548065 at 1, 9. Plaintiff initiated this action on August 5, 2003. 

III 

STANDARD FOR DETERMINATION OF CASE

A motion for summary judgment should be granted if “the pleadings, discovery and 

disclosure materials on file, and any affidavits show that there is no genuine issue as to any 

material fact and that the movant is entitled to judgment as a matter of law.” USCIT R.56(c); see 
7 

Celotex Corp. v. Catrett, 477 U.S. 317, 322, 106 S. Ct. 2548, 91 L. Ed. 2d 265 (1986). An issue 

of fact is to be considered “genuine” when “the evidence is such that a reasonable jury could 

return a verdict for the nonmoving party,” and a fact will be material when it “might affect the 

outcome of the suit under the governing law.” Anderson v. Liberty Lobby, Inc., 477 U.S. 242, 

248, 106 S. Ct. 2505, 91 L. Ed. 2d 202 (1986). 

An agency’s regulation that implements a statute is “given controlling weight unless [it 

is] arbitrary, capricious, or manifestly contrary to the statute.” Chevron U.S.A. Inc. v. Natural 

Res. Def. Council, Inc., 467 U.S. 837, 843–44, 104 S. Ct. 2778, 81 L. Ed. 2d 694 (1984). 

Additionally, in matters of statutory construction, this court will show “great deference to the 

interpretation given the statute by the officers or agency charged with its administration.” Udall 

v. Tallman, 380 U.S. 1, 16, 85 S. Ct. 792, 13 L. Ed. 2d 616 (1965). The agency’s construction 

need not be the only reasonable one, or even the same result this court would have reached had 

the question arisen in the first instance in a judicial proceeding. Id. (citing Unemployment Comp. 

Comm’n of Alaska v. Aragon, 329 U.S. 143, 153, 67 S. Ct. 245, 91 L. Ed. 136 (1946)). 

In Customs cases, the court is charged with making findings of fact and conclusions of 

law de novo. 28 U.S.C. § 2640(a). When making these determinations, the role of the court is to 

reach the correct result. Jarvis Clark Co. v. United States, 733 F.2d 873, 878 (Fed. Cir. 1984). 

Although Customs classification and valuation rulings are not entitled to Chevron deference, 

they are entitled to a degree of respect proportional to their “power to persuade.” United States v. 

Mead Corp., 533 U.S. 218, 235, 121 S. Ct. 2164, 150 L. Ed. 2d 292 (2001) (quoting Skidmore v. 

Swift & Co., 323 U.S. 134, 140, 65 S. Ct. 161, 89 L. Ed. 124 (1944)); Christensen v. Harris 

County, 529 U.S. 576, 587, 120 S. Ct. 1655, 146 L. Ed. 2d 621 (2000). These rulings, “while not 

controlling upon the courts by reason of their authority, do constitute a body of experience and 
8 

informed judgment to which courts and litigants may properly resort for guidance.” Skidmore, 

323 U.S. at 140. The amount of deference afforded an agency’s determination varies with the 

circumstances present in each case; in deciding the weight of a ruling, the court will consider 

such factors as “the degree of the agency’s care, its consistency, formality, and relative 

expertness, and . . . the persuasiveness of the agency’s position.” Mead, 533 U.S. at 228 

(citations omitted). 

IV 

DISCUSSION

Plaintiff first argues that Customs violated 19 U.S.C. § 1625(c) in changing the 

“treatment” of Peerless USA’s entries without providing a notice and comment period as the 

statute requires. Defendant counters that Peerless USA fails to meet the statutory and regulatory 

requirements to establish a violation of 19 U.S.C. § 1625(c). Plaintiff next argues that Customs 

improperly replaced Peerless’s allocation methodology that complied with GAAP and 19 U.S.C. 

§ 1401a. Defendant responds that it was not required to follow Peerless’s allocation and that 

Customs’ appraisal is deserving of deference. Each of Peerless’s claims are considered in order 

below. 

A 

Customs Did Not Violate the Treatment Statute

The “no change” method of liquidation at issue constitutes “treatment” pursuant to 19 

U.S.C. § 1625(c). The parties present conflicting interpretations of the regulation implementing 

the treatment statute concerning the relevant time period for evidence of treatment. This conflict 

need not be reconciled because, using either time period, Peerless’s entries that received 

treatment were not “substantially identical” to those at issue in HQ 547108, as the treatment 
9 

statute requires. Therefore, Customs did not violate 19 U.S.C. § 1625(c) despite the lack of 

publication and comment period for HQ 547108. 

1 

Statutory and Regulatory Overview 

The treatment statute was enacted as part of the North American Free Trade Agreement 

Implementation Act, Pub. L. No. 103-182 § 625(c), 107 Stat. 2057 (1993). It provides, in 

pertinent part, as follows: 

(c) Modification and revocation. 

 A proposed interpretive ruling or decision which would— . . . 

 (2) have the effect of modifying the treatment previously accorded by the 

Customs Service to substantially identical transactions; 

shall be published in the Customs Bulletin. The Secretary shall give interested 

parties an opportunity to submit, during not less than the 30-day period after the 

date of such publication, comments on the correctness of the proposed ruling or 

decision. After consideration of any comments received, the Secretary shall 

publish a final ruling or decision in the Customs Bulletin within 30 days after the 

closing of the comment period. The final ruling or decision shall become 

effective 60 days after the date of its publication. 

19 U.S.C. § 1625(c). Legislative history evinces an intent of Congress to “provide ‘assurances 

of transparency concerning Customs rulings and policy directives . . . .’” Sea-Land Serv., Inc. v. 

United States, 239 F.3d 1366, 1373 (Fed. Cir. 2001) (quoting H.R. Rep. No. 103-361(I), at 124 

(1993), reprinted in 1993 U.S.C.C.A.N. 2552, 2674). 

This court interpreted the treatment statute in the Precision cases. See Precision Specialty 

Metals, Inc. v. United States, 24 CIT 1016, 116 F. Supp. 2d 1350 (2000) (“Precision I”); 

Precision Specialty Metals, Inc. v. United States, 25 CIT 1375, 182 F. Supp. 2d 1314 (2001) 

(“Precision II”). Precision I held that “treatment” in the statute refers to “prior actions” of 

Customs rather than only to formal policies and administrative rulings. 24 CIT at 1043–44. This 

interpretation was also followed in Precision II. 25 CIT at 1388. Precision I set forth the 
10 

following treatment analysis: “[section] 1625(c)(2) is violated when: (1) an interpretive ruling or 

decision (2) effectively modifies (3) a ‘treatment’ previously accorded by Customs to (4) 

‘substantially identical transactions’, and (5) that interpretive ruling or decision has not been 

subjected to the notice-and-comment process outlined in § 1625(c)(2).” 24 CIT at 1040. 

Subsequent to the Precision cases, Customs promulgated 19 C.F.R. § 177.12(c)(1)(ii) to 

clarify its role in implementing the treatment statute. The regulation provides as follows: 

The determination of whether the requisite treatment occurred will be made by 

Customs on a case-by-case basis and will involve an assessment of all relevant 

factors. In particular, Customs will focus on the past transactions to determine 

whether there was an examination of the merchandise (where applicable) by 

Customs or the extent to which those transactions were otherwise reviewed by 

Customs to determine the proper application of the Customs laws and regulations. 

For purposes of establishing whether the requisite treatment occurred, Customs 

will give diminished weight to transactions involving small quantities or values, 

and Customs will give no weight whatsoever to informal entries and to other 

entries or transactions which Customs, in the interest of commercial facilitation 

and accommodation, processes expeditiously and without examination or 

Customs officer review. 

19 C.F.R. § 177.12(c)(1)(ii). 

This regulation and the underlying treatment statute were applied in the Motorola cases. 

See Motorola, Inc. v. United States, 28 CIT 1310, 350 F. Supp. 2d 1057 (2004) (“Motorola I”), 

aff’d in part, vacated in part, and remanded by Motorola, Inc. v. United States, 436 F.3d 1357 

(Fed. Cir. 2006) (“Motorola II”). At issue was whether Customs violated 19 U.S.C. § 1625(c) 

with respect to circuits used in cellular phone battery packs by modifying treatment accorded to 

substantially identical transactions without the requisite publication and comment period. This 

court initially found that Custom’s liquidation of entries through a “bypass” procedure that used 

random sampling did constitute treatment and held that 19 C.F.R. § 177.12(c)(1)(ii) was an 

impermissible construction of the treatment statute. Motorola I, 350 F. Supp. 2d at 1072–74. 
11 

The Federal Circuit reversed in finding 19 C.F.R. § 177.12(c)(1)(ii) to be a reasonable 

interpretation of the treatment statute. Motorola II, 436 F.3d at 1366–67 (citing Chevron, 467 

U.S. at 842–43). In Motorola II, the Federal Circuit remanded as follows: 

Customs’ construction is a permissible one in light of the ambiguity of the term 

“treatment” as it applies to the issue presented in this case, i.e., entries liquidated 

under Customs’ “bypass” procedures . . . . We do not address the validity of the 

entire regulation for all purposes . . . . On remand, the trial court will have to 

address whether the particular bypass entries at issue were processed without 

review or examination by Customs, and thus fall within the scope of the 

regulation or whether the goods were examined or the entries otherwise reviewed 

in a manner that would take them out of the reach of the regulation. 

Motorola II, 436 F.3d at 1366–67. 

The Federal Circuit, however, affirmed this court’s finding that only four of the eight 

circuits were “substantially identical” under 19 U.S.C. § 1625(c). Motorola II, 436 F.3d at 1367. 

Motorola I determined that only half of the types of circuits under review were “substantially 

identical” to those that had been liquidated through the bypass procedure; the “nickel-chemistry 

based” circuits were found to be “substantially identical” to those previously liquidated, whereas 

those using “lithium-ion battery cells” were not. Motorola I, 350 F. Supp. 2d at 1074–75. The 

Federal Circuit affirmed by holding that “it was reasonable for the trial court to hold that the 

nickel chemistry parts were ‘substantially identical’ to the bypass parts, but that the lithium 

chemistry parts were not.” Motorola II, 436 F.3d at 1368. 

2 

Customs’ “No Change” Review of Peerless USA’s Entries Constitutes Treatment 

Peerless USA contends that treatment under 19 U.S.C. § 1625(c) and 19 C.F.R. § 

177.12(c)(1)(ii) occurred when Customs liquidated its entries “‘no change,’ meaning without 

change in the appraised values.” Plaintiff’s Motion at 17. According to Peerless USA, the “no 

change” determinations qualify because in each an Import or Entry Specialist “reviews an entry 
12 

summary and agrees with the entered values and rates of duty, or there is a net difference of less 

than $10 between the total estimated duties and total liquidated duties . . . .” Id. at 24 (citing Ex. 

32, Customs Directive 099 3550-071, “Change” and “No Change” Liquidation Notations (July 

27, 1994) (“‘No Change’ Directive”)). Peerless USA asserts that thousands of its entries 

liquidated ‘no change” by Customs over “the decade prior to the subject entries” constitute 

treatment because of the frequent interaction with Customs concerning specific requests for 

information. Id. at 26. Peerless USA emphasizes that these reviews were not of transactions 

involving “small quantities or values.” Id. (quoting 19 C.F.R. § 177.12(c)(1)(ii)). 

The Precision cases are instructive as to what actions constitute treatment, despite their 

pre-dating 19 C.F.R. § 177.12(c)(1)(ii). In promulgating its final regulation, Customs relied 

upon Precision II having “specifically noted ‘the consistent trail of correspondence and 

submissions in which Precision and its agents describe the entries’ . . . and reiterated its holding 

in Precision I that ‘treatment’ looks to the actions of Customs rather than a ‘position’ or ‘policy’ 

of Customs.” T.D. 02-49, 19 CFR Part 177, Administrative Rulings, 67 Fed. Reg. 53,483, 

53,490–91 (August 16, 2002) (quoting Precision II, 25 CIT at 1385 n.11, 1388). Further 

commenting on the importance of consistent action, Customs explained that “the key issue in 

determining whether a treatment exists is whether, and if so the manner in which, Customs has 

taken action on past transactions.” Id. at 53,492. 

This court’s most recent Motorola decision asked “whether there has been a sufficient 

examination or review by Customs” to determine if actions constitute treatment under 19 U.S.C. 

§ 1625(c) and 19 C.F.R. § 177.12(c)(1)(ii). Motorola, Inc. v. United States, 462 F. Supp. 2d 

1367, 1375 (CIT 2006) (“Motorola III”), aff’d, Motorola, Inc. v. United States, 509 F.3d 1368 

(Fed. Cir. 2007). Upon remand from the Federal Circuit, Motorola III concluded that “a random 
13 

review of two to ten percent of all bypass entries is insufficient to constitute treatment.” 

Motorola III, 462 F. Supp. 2d at 1378. As Peerless points out, the random sampling at issue in 

Motorola “would have included all bypassed entries from all importers in a given district or 

region.” Plaintiff’s Motion at 25 (emphasis omitted) (citation omitted). 

Customs’ “no change” determinations in this case constitute treatment under 19 U.S.C. § 

1625(c) and 19 C.F.R. § 177.12(c)(1)(ii). In contrast to the “bypass” procedure consisting of 

random sampling in Motorola, the “no change” determinations involve specific review of 

individual transactions. See “No Change” Directive. Moreover, Customs took an active role in 

the “no change” determinations as demonstrated by its interaction in response to Peerless USA’s 

“CF-28” Requests for Information. See id. at 13–17 (citing Exs. 15, 16, 23–26, 29, 30, 32). This 

communication constitutes a “consistent trail of correspondence and submissions in which” 

Peerless described its entries to Customs. See Precision II, 25 CIT at 1385 n.11. The regular and 

active review by Customs in the “no change” determinations therefore qualifies as treatment in 

this case. 

3 

Plaintiff and Defendant Provide Conflicting Interpretations of the Relevant Time Period 

For Evidence of Treatment 

The treatment statute does not set forth the period of time for which evidence of 

treatment is relevant. See 19 U.S.C. § 1625(c). Customs’ implementing regulation contains a 

two-year time period, providing that in order to demonstrate treatment: 

There must be evidence to establish that: 

(A) There was an actual determination by a Customs officer regarding the 

facts and issues involved in the claimed treatment; 

(B) The Customs officer making the actual determination was responsible 

for the subject matter on which the determination was made; and 

(C) Over a 2-year period immediately preceding the claim of treatment, 

Customs consistently applied that determination on a national basis as 

reflected in liquidations of entries or reconciliations or other Customs actions 
14 

with respect to all or substantially all of that person's Customs transactions 

involving materially identical facts and issues; . . . 

19 C.F.R. § 177.12(c)(1)(i) (emphasis added). The parties disagree as to the relevant time period 

for determining whether a treatment occurred and provide conflicting interpretations of the 

regulation. 

Defendant interprets the relevant time period to be September 6, 1999, through 

September 6, 2001. Defendant’s Opposition and Cross-Motion at 14. Relying upon the 

language of “2-year period immediately preceding the claim” in 19 C.F.R. § 177.12(c)(1)(i)(C), 

Defendant takes the position that because Peerless USA first claimed “treatment” when the 

protest was filed, “the only relevant period within which evidence of treatment is relevant” is the 

two years immediately before September 6, 2001. Id. (emphasis omitted). Defendant supports its 

position by stating that the two-year requirement originates from a former regulation having 

language that “[t]he evidence of past treatment by [Customs] shall cover the 2-year period 

immediately prior to the date of the ruling letter.” 3 Defendant’s Supplemental Memorandum 

(November 13, 2007) at 2 (emphasis omitted) (quoting 19 C.F.R. § 177.9(e)(2) (1989)).4 

Defendant contends that its interpretation is compelled by the plain meaning of the regulation 

and that the two-year period immediately preceding the date an importer first applies to Customs 

seeking a determination regarding treatment is the exclusive time for which evidence of 

 3

 Plaintiff finds support for its interpretation in this former regulatory language because there is an explicit 

cap on the period of time, in contrast to the language of 19 C.F.R. § 177.12(c)(1)(i), which does not contain any such 

limitation. Plaintiff’s Response to Defendant’s Post-Oral Argument Supplemental Memorandum (November 19, 

2007) at 4. 

4

 Defendant notes Customs’ explanation that the two-year period is appropriate in the new regulation 

because 19 U.S.C. § 1625(c)(2) “was modeled in part from the text of former section 177.9.” Defendant’s 

Supplemental Memorandum (November 13, 2007) at 3 (citing T.D. 02-49, 19 CFR Part 177, Administrative 

Rulings, 67 Fed. Reg. 53,483, 53,494 (August 16, 2002) (“T.D. 02-49”)). Defendant further points out that Customs 

changed the two-year period to apply “immediately preceding the claim of treatment” because the new triggering 

date would be “more relevant in identifying the 2-year period for purposes of protecting the treatment rights of a 

person.” Id. (citing T.D. 02-49, 67 Fed. Reg. at 53,494). 
15 

treatment is relevant. Defendant’s Reply Memorandum in Support of Its Cross-Motion for 

Summary Judgment and in Opposition to Plaintiff’s Motion (“Defendant’s Reply”) at 5. 

Plaintiff interprets the relevant time period to be September 1995 through July 1997, 

“using the earliest entries listed in plaintiff’s summons.” Plaintiff’s Reply and Response to 

Cross-Motion at 5. According to Plaintiff, this is merely “the minimum range of time that 

Customs had to have consistently applied its treatment; nothing in the regulation prohibits the 

claimant from offering evidence that Customs applied its treatment” over a longer time-frame. 

Id. at 4 (emphasis omitted). Plaintiff rejects Defendant’s interpretation as conflicting with both 

the regulatory language that makes the time period triggered by the “claim” for treatment, not the 

date of protest, and the statutory purpose that is specifically directed at modification of 

“treatment previously accorded”. Id. at 2–3; 19 U.S.C. § 1625(c)(2). Plaintiff summarizes its 

position as follows: 

Defendant’s interpretation, unsupported by any authorities, is completely 

irrational and hostile to the purpose of the statute and regulation, as it has the 

potential to, and in this case does, limit an importer’s evidence of “prior” action 

by Customs to entries and liquidations that occurred after the entries for which 

treatment is claimed! 

Plaintiff’s Reply and Response to Cross-Motion at 2 (emphasis omitted). 

Plaintiff also advances a policy-based challenge to Defendant’s interpretation. According 

to Plaintiff, measuring the relevant time period from the date of protest following liquidation will 

allow Customs to control claims for treatment by manipulating the liquidation date.5 Id. at 3 

(citing United States v. Cocoa Berkau, Inc., 990 F.2d 610, 614 (Fed. Cir. 1993) for the 

proposition that this court and the Federal Circuit disfavor and consistently reject interpretations 

 5

 Defendant responds to this argument by stating that Plaintiff “could have applied to Customs for a 

treatment determination well before the September 6, 2001 protest was filed . . . . Any negative consequences 

suffered by Peerless USA are clearly the results of plaintiff’s own actions.” Defendant’s Reply Memorandum in 

Support of Its Cross-Motion for Summary Judgment and in Opposition to Plaintiff’s Motion at 6–7. 
16 

of law that put control of limitations periods solely in the hands of one party). Plaintiff further 

points out that the regulation was adopted in 2002, subsequent to the entries in question, 

although it acknowledges that this fact alone is not dispositive. Id. at 4 (citing Motorola II, 436 

F.3d at 1366). 

The parties’ conflicting interpretations of 19 C.F.R. § 177.12(c)(1)(i) need not be 

reconciled. Because the treatment statute is not violated under either interpretation, as set forth 

below, whether and to what extent Defendant’s interpretation of the two-year requirement is 

entitled to deference need not be determined. See Defendant’s Opposition and Cross-Motion at 

14 (arguing that “the term ‘treatment’ as used in § 1625(c)(2) is ambiguous and therefore 

Customs’ regulation which clarified what comprises a treatment provided an appropriate and 

permissible construction of the statute”) (emphasis omitted); Plaintiff’s Reply and Response to 

Cross-Motion at 2 (arguing against deference “[b]ecause Customs’ interpretation is neither a 

rational nor permissible interpretation of the statute, and in fact conflicts with the regulatory 

language”). 

4 

The Transactions Are Not “Substantially Identical” As the Treatment Statute Requires

Under the treatment statute, “the requirement that transactions be ‘substantially identical’ 

does not require complete identity.” Cal. Indus. Products, Inc. v. United States, 436 F.3d 1341, 

1352 (Fed. Cir. 2006) (holding that “substantially identical transactions” does not require the 

same parties to the transactions).6

 In an analysis upheld by the Federal Circuit, this court 

interpreted the “substantially identical” requirement as follows: 

 6

 The Federal Circuit held that 19 C.F.R. § 177.12(c)(1)(iii)(A) was an impermissible construction of 19 

U.S.C. § 1625(c) for limiting treatment consideration to the claimant’s “own transactions” contrary to the clear 

intent of Congress. Cal. Indus. Products, Inc. v. United States, 436 F.3d 1341, 1356 (Fed. Cir. 2006). 
17 

The plain meaning of the phrase “substantially identical” can be discerned from 

the dictionary definitions of each term. The term “substantial” is defined as 

“being of considerable importance, value, degree, amount of extent.” The term 

“identical” is defined as “being the same[,] exactly equal and alike[,] having such 

similarity or near resemblance as to be fundamentally equal or interchangeable. 

Motorola I, 28 CIT at 1328–29 (citations omitted); see Motorola II, 436 F.3d at 1367 (“[w]e do 

not believe that the trial court applied the wrong legal standard.”). Applying this standard to the 

time period advocated by both Defendant and Plaintiff, the transactions receiving treatment are 

not “substantially identical” to those in HQ 547108. Customs was consequently not required to 

publish HQ 547108 and give Peerless USA an opportunity to comment before liquidating the 

merchandise with increased duties, and therefore did not violate 19 U.S.C. § 1625(c).7

(a) 

The Transactions Are Not “Substantially Identical” Using Defendant’s Interpretation 

Defendant contends that review is limited to Peerless USA’s transactions within two 

years preceding the claim of treatment: between September 6, 1999 and September 6, 2001. 

During this period, Customs liquidated 236 Peerless USA entries, with 153 of those entries 

identified as having been liquidated “no change.”8 Defendant’s Opposition and Cross-Motion 

Ex. 5, Chi S. Choy Declaration (“Choy Dec.”) ¶ 3. Of the “no change” liquidations, 116 were 

 7

 Defendant also alleges that Peerlesss USA’s failure to inform Customs of the payments it made for 

warehousing, general and administrative expenses was a material omission. See Defendant’s Opposition and CrossMotion at 18–19. The applicable regulation provides in pertinent part: 

Customs will not find that a treatment was accorded to a person’s transactions if: . . . 

 (C) The person made a material false statement or material omission in connection with a 

Customs transaction or in connection with the review of a Customs transaction and that statement 

or omission affected the determination on which the treatment claim is based; . . . 

19 C.F.R. § 177.12(c)(1)(iii). Because there was no violation of the treatment statute in this case, Defendant’s 

argument that Peerless violated 19 C.F.R. § 177.12(c)(1)(iii) will not be addressed. 

8

 Additionally, 67 entries were liquidated with increased duties assessed. Defendant’s Opposition and 

Cross-Motion Ex. 5, Chi S. Choy Declaration (“Choy Dec.”) ¶ 15. All 67 entries are listed on the summons filed in 

this action. Id. 
18 

consumption entries, the majority of which were non-apparel items.9 Id. ¶¶ 3, 10–14. Because 

the vast majority of Peerless USA’s entries between September 6, 1999 and September 6, 2001 

do not involve the sale of men’s clothing, they are not substantially identical transactions to those 

in HQ 547108. Plaintiff does not dispute this outcome, but instead counters that Defendant uses 

“the wrong period of time” in analyzing whether the transactions are “substantially similar” to 

those in HQ 547108. Plaintiff’s Reply and Response to Cross-Motion at 6. Under Defendant’s 

interpretation of 19 C.F.R. § 177.12(c)(1)(i), Customs did not violate 19 U.S.C. § 1625(c). 

(b) 

The Transactions Are Not “Substantially Identical” Using Plaintiff’s Interpretation 

Under the interpretation advocated by Plaintiff, the relevant period is, at a minimum, 

between September 1995 and July 1997. During this two-year period, Customs liquidated 

approximately 940 entries as “no change”. Plaintiff’s Response to Additional Facts Ex. A, 

Declaration of Robert E. Casey ¶¶ 4–5. Plaintiff contends that the relevant period for 

considering evidence of treatment is the decade “between 1990 and 2000,” during which time 

“Customs made more than 3000 ‘no change’ liquidations of plaintiff’s garments”.10 Plaintiff’s 

Motion at 18. Consideration of this timeframe, however, reaches the same result that Peerless 

USA’s transactions are not substantially identical to those in HQ 547108. 

 9

 Of the 116 consumption items, 55 were articles returned to the U.S. after export for alteration or repair, 18 

were entered as articles of plastic, 10 were entered as machines, 8 were entered as articles exported and then 

returned having been advanced in value or improved in condition by a manufacturing process while abroad, 3 were 

entered under the provision for wood clothes hangers, 6 were entered as woven labels, and 4 were entered under the 

heading for paper labels. Choy Dec. ¶¶ 10–12. Further, 6 consumption entries were: (1) entered under the heading 

for samples, (2) entered as metal mountings and fittings, (3) entered as “other” articles of iron or steel, (4) entered 

under the heading providing for ceramic ware, (5) entered as sewing thread, and ( 6) entered as woven fabric. Id. ¶ 

13. The remaining consumption entries were entered as wearing apparel or textile and apparel goods from Canada 

or Mexico. Id. ¶ 14. 

10 Plaintiff calculates that 93% of its entries between 1990 and 1999 were liquidated as “no change” by 

Customs and explains that Customs liquidated with refunds to Peerless USA in all other instances. Plaintiff’s 

Motion Ex. 9, Affidavit of Gerald Horn ¶¶ 8, 9, 12. 
19 

Defendant provides evidence of significant changes in the makeup of the value factors 

and intercompany dealings between Peerless USA and Peerless Canada so as to render 

transactions during Peerless USA’s alleged treatment period dissimilar. Defendant’s Opposition 

and Cross-Motion at 15–18. These changes include the tripling in size of Peerless’s data entry 

department, the implementation of a computer tracking system in Montreal, the addition of data 

input personnel and the creation of a human resources department by Peerless Canada. Id. at 17–

18; Defendant’s Reply at 9. Peerless’s expense allocation “percentages were examined on a 

monthly basis and adjusted annually”. Plaintiff’s Motion Ex. 13, Affidavit I of Carmen 

Lamonica ¶ 9. As Plaintiff explained to Customs, Peerless USA’s sales and costs increased 

greatly throughout the decade, necessitating an annual adjustment of the intercompany pricing.

See Defendant’s Opposition and Cross-Motion Ex. 6, letter from Gerald Horn, Sandler, Travis & 

Rosenberg, P.A., to Virginia Brown, Acting Chief, Value Branch, Customs (March 21, 2001), at 

2 (“[o]ver the last decade, the level of sales to Peerless USA has increased threefold. As a result 

of this increase, the costs associated with both the production and sale of the merchandise have 

increased greatly.”); Plaintiff’s Motion Ex. 16, letter from Gerald Horn, Soller, Shayne & Horn, 

to J. Induni, Import Specialist, Customs (December 21, 1995), at 2 (CMT prices are “adjusted on 

a seasonal basis”). 

Peerless’s management salaries demonstrate the dissimilarity of the transactions 

receiving treatment during the period that Peerless USA advocates and those in HQ 547108. The 

allocation schedule reveals the percentage of these salaries attributable to Peerless USA having 

“changed from 50% ($7,368,425.00 CDN) in 1996 to 90% ($10,104,247.00) in 1997 to 

 75% ($5,456,760.00) in 1998”. Defendant’s Opposition and Cross-Motion at 16. Consequently, 

there was more than “only an insubstantial difference between” Peerless USA’s transactions 
20 

receiving the treatment and those at issue in HQ 547108. See Cal. Indus. Products, Inc., 436 F.3d 

at 1352. Plaintiff acknowledges this fluctuation, but claims that it is the result of non-dutiable 

bonuses. Plaintiff’s Reply and Response to Cross-Motion at 8–9. Defendant disputes the 

Peerless management salaries being comprised of bonuses. Defendant’s Opposition and CrossMotion at 16 n.6; Defendant’s Reply at 14; Defendant’s Fact Response ¶ 33. Without having to 

ascertain the makeup of Peerless’s management salaries, the substantial change in allocation 

percentage between 1996 and 1998 establishes that the transactions liquidated by Customs using 

the “no change” review are not “substantially identical transactions” to those in HQ 547108. 

Plaintiff is unable to establish that Peerless USA made the same additional undeclared 

payments to Peerless Canada because the underlying factors changed constantly. To prevail 

under its interpretation of 19 C.F.R. § 177.12(c)(1)(i), Plaintiff must demonstrate that the HQ 

547108 entries and those throughout the 1990s—or at least between 1995 and 1997— 

“reflect[ed] substantially identical production costs, production overhead and intercompany 

dealings between Peerless USA and Peerless Canada.” Defendant’s Reply at 9. Plaintiff 

contends that the imported merchandise receiving treatment similarly “involved dutiable suits, 

jackets and pants”. Plaintiff’s Reply and Response to Cross-Motion at 7. However, this is not a 

classification case where the determination hinges primarily upon the characteristics of the 

imported merchandise. See Defendant’s Reply at 8–9; Peugeot Motors of Am., Inc. v. United 

States, 8 CIT 167, 171, 595 F. Supp. 1154 (1984) (“[a]ppraisement is conceptually different from 

classification.”). While the intercompany dealings need not be “complete[ly] identi[cal]”, Cal. 

Indus. Products, Inc., 436 F.3d at 1352, they are sufficiently dissimilar in this case. That 

Customs ultimately employed a uniform numerical factor to increase the declared values does 
21 

not render the transactions “substantially identical” for purposes of the treatment statute, as 

Plaintiff argues. See Plaintiff’s Reply and Response to Cross-Motion at 8. Using Plaintiff’s 

proposed time-period for reviewing evidence of treatment, Customs did not violate 19 U.S.C. § 

1625(c) despite the lack of notice and comment period for HQ 547108. 

B 

Customs Improperly Replaced Peerless’s Allocation of Non-Warehousing Expenses

At issue is Peerless’s method of allocating WEA expenses between Peerless USA and 

Peerless Canada. Plaintiff and Defendant disagree as to whether this allocation complies with 

GAAP and 19 U.S.C. § 1401a. Although Peerless complied with GAAP in Canada, Customs 

appropriately found the warehousing expenses to be entirely dutiable based upon prior Customs 

determinations. For the remaining WEA expenses found dutiable, however, Customs improperly 

replaced Peerless’s allocation. Upon remand, Customs is instructed to reallocate the duties for 

the following expense categories in accordance with Peerless’s methodology: management 

salaries, data entry salaries, office salaries and supplies, computer supplies, telephone expenses, 

and buying salaries. 

1 

Statutory Overview 

The appraisement of imported merchandise is governed by 19 U.S.C. § 1401a. One of 

several methods explicitly authorized is “computed value”.11 Id. § 1401a(a)(1)(E). The statute 

provides that computed value is to include “an amount for profit and general expenses equal to 

 11 The statute defines “Computed value” as the sum of: 

 (A) the cost or value of the materials and the fabrication and other processing of any kind 

employed in the production of the imported merchandise; 

 (B) an amount for profit and general expenses equal to that usually reflected in sales of 

merchandise of the same class or kind as the imported merchandise that are made by the producers 

in the country of exportation for export to the United States; 

 (C) any assist, if its value is not included under subparagraph (A) or (B); and 

 (D) the packing costs. 

19 U.S.C. § 1401a(e)(1). 
22 

that reflected in sales of merchandise of the same class or kind as the imported merchandise that 

are made by the producers in the country of exportation for export to the United States.” Id. § 

1401a(e)(1)(B). The statute further defines GAAP and provides the circumstances when Customs 

is to accept a GAAP-compliant appraisement, as follows: 

information that is submitted by an importer, buyer, or producer in regard to the 

appraisement of merchandise may not be rejected by the customs officer 

concerned on the basis of the accounting method by which that information was 

prepared, if the preparation was in accordance with generally accepted accounting 

principles. The term “generally accepted accounting principles” refers to any 

generally recognized consensus or substantial authoritative support regarding— 

 (A) which economic resources and obligations should be recorded as assets and 

liabilities; 

 (B) which changes in assets and liabilities should be recorded; 

 (C) how the assets and liabilities and changes in them should be measured; 

 (D) what information should be disclosed and how it should be disclosed; and 

 (E) which financial statements should be prepared. 

The applicability of a particular set of generally accepted accounting principles 

will depend upon the basis on which the value of the merchandise is sought to be 

established.

Id. § 1401a(g)(3) (emphasis added). 

The statute gives importers flexibility with respect to their method of appraisement. 

Legislative history evinces an intent of Congress “to allow the importer . . . to prepare his figures 

in any one of a variety of acceptable methods, and Customs will not reject the manner in which 

such information is organized, so long as the preparation and methods are in accordance with 

[GAAP].” H.R. Rep. No. 96-317, at 86 (1979), as reprinted in 3 Legislative History of the Trade 

Agreements Act of 1979. Importers may comply with GAAP in the country of export, provided 

that the value figures are not in question or otherwise unreliable. See LaPerla Fasions, Inc. v. 

United States, 22 CIT 393, 401, 9 F. Supp. 2d 698 (1998) (citing VWP of Am., Inc. v. United 

States, 21 CIT 1109, 1117–18, 980 F. Supp. 1280 (1997), vacated on other grounds and 

remanded, 175 F.3d 1327 (Fed. Cir. 1999)). 
23 

Customs is not compelled to accept an importer’s allocation that complies with GAAP in 

its country of origin. VWP, 21 CIT at 1118 (“value comparisons using allocations of costs 

verified and in compliance with GAAP do not necessarily provide . . . accurate information with 

respect to the import statute in the U.S.”). Customs determines the “applicability” of a GAAPcompliant appraisement “depend[ing] upon the basis on which the value of merchandise is 

sought to be established.” 19 U.S.C. § 1401a(g)(3).12 Legislative history confirms that the 

statute “should not be construed in a manner which forces [Customs] to accept the information 

solely because it is prepared and submitted in a manner which is in accordance with [GAAP]”. 

S.R. No. 96-249, at 118 (1979), reprinted in 1979 U.S.C.C.A.N. 381, 504 (emphasis omitted). 

“GAAP, as a general matter, is only an accounting method, and does not speak to whether a[n] 

item may be dutiable for Customs purposes.” Merck, Sharp & Dohme Intl. v. United States, 20 

CIT 137, 144 n.5, 915 F. Supp. 405 (1996). 

Although Customs valuation rulings are not entitled to Chevron deference, they are 

entitled to a degree of respect proportional to their power to persuade. Mead, 533 U.S. at 235 

(quoting Skidmore, 323 U.S. at 140); Christensen, 529 U.S. at 587. When determining whether 

to accept Customs’ appraisement, a court can balance the evidence concerning GAAP 

compliance provided by the parties. See Merck, 20 CIT at 144. The Federal Circuit rejected an 

importer’s appraisement despite compliance with GAAP in Samsung Electronics Am., Inc. v. 

United States, 195 F.3d 1367 (Fed. Cir. 1999). There, the importer’s appraisement was not 

accepted because “the set of GAAP employed by Samsung, i.e., annual cost accounting, is not 

applicable . . . and more specific proof is necessary, which may be obtained and offered under a 

 12 This statutory language overcomes Plaintiff’s contention that Customs must accept a GAAPcompliant methodology “without further adjustment.” See Plaintiff’s Motion at 29 (citing Customs Headquarters 

Ruling Number 543412 (April 3, 1985)). 
24 

different set of GAAP.” Id. at 1372. Customs must therefore have a sufficient justification 

before it can reject and replace an importer’s GAAP-compliant intercompany expense allocation 

with an allocation that employs an alternate methodology. 

2. 

Peerless’s Allocation Complied With GAAP and 19 U.S.C. § 1401a(e) 

At issue is Peerless’s allocation of WEA expenses among Peerless Canada and Peerless 

USA. Peerless allocated the entire warehousing expenses to Peerless USA, while the remaining 

categories found dutiable were allocated between Peerless USA and Peerless Canada on a 

percentage basis. Plaintiff provides affidavits, depositions, and log sheets explaining its 

allocation. See affidavits attached to Plaintiff’s Motion Ex. 20, letter from Gerald Horn, Soller, 

Shayne & Horn, to David Spence, Office of Regulations and Rulings/ Value Branch, Customs 

(September 29, 1999) (“1999 Horn Letter”). Peerless’s allocation relied upon the relative 

percentage of sales of the related companies and management’s estimates of how much time and 

effort were applied to a particular expense, along with the degree to which each company 

benefited from the expense. Id. at 32–33 (citing affidavits attached to 1999 Horn Letter and 

Plaintiff’s Motion Ex. 19, Affidavit II of Carmen Lamonica ¶ 7). 

The methodology that Peerless used to allocate expenses among Peerless USA and 

Peerless Canada complied with GAAP in Canada. An independent accounting firm employed by 

Peerless verified the allocation being compliant with Canadian GAAP. Id. Ex. 35, Affidavit of 

Michael Frankel (“Frankel Aff.”) ¶ 5. According to the Canadian Institute of Chartered 

Accountants (“CICA”), the GAAP standard applicable to related party overhead is that of 

reasonableness based upon professional judgment. Id. Ex. 33, CICA Handbook Excerpts § 1000 

¶¶ .43, .44. The accountant employed by Peerless explains that its allocation satisfies this 

standard because Peerless Canada rendered services on behalf of Peerless USA, and “incurred 
25 

expenses and in accordance with GAAP recognized revenues (arising from the sale of goods) for 

the services provided to Peerless USA,” which was charged back for those services by Peerless 

Canada. Frankel Aff. ¶¶ 6, 25–26, 28–29. 

The report submitted by Defendant’s expert does not undermine compliance of Peerless’s 

allocation with Canadian GAAP. The accountant employed by Peerless concludes that its 

allocation remains reasonable in light of the concerns that Defendant’s expert raises. Id. ¶ 36. 

Defendant’s expert, when addressing the standard with which to judge related party overhead, 

only finds that there is “some question” whether Peerless’s chosen method is reasonable, and 

provides scenarios in which the allocation could possibly be unreasonable or in which a different 

result might be reached, rather than definitive examples of unreasonable outcomes. Id. Ex. 36, 

Expert Report of Carolyn Orth, Zeifman & Company, LLP, at 12, 23. Defendant provides 

alternative allocation methodologies, but fails to establish that the method employed by Peerless 

is unreasonable. The independent accountant employed by Peerless adequately addresses the 

objections raised by Defendant’s expert and justifiably concludes that Peerless’s overhead 

expense allocation is reasonable. Therefore, Peerless’s chosen method for allocating expenses 

among Peerless USA and Peerless Canada is in accord with Canadian GAAP. 

Peerless further complied with 19 U.S.C.§ 1401a in its use of computed value. 

Defendant contests Peerless’s resort to computed value without first having demonstrated a 

reason to “bypass the value statute’s hierarchical nature” necessary to justify the use of computed 

value. Defendant’s Opposition and Cross-Motion at 35. However, Defendant provides no 

support for such a prerequisite in 19 U.S.C. § 1401a. Defendant next challenges Peerless’s 

compliance with 19 U.S.C. § 1401a(e)(1)(B) in alleging that its computed value assessment 

failed to show consistency with other producers in Canada. Id. At issue is an evaluation of the 
26 

intercompany pricing between Peerless USA and Peerless Canada. See Plaintiff’s Motion Ex. 17, 

KPMG Transfer Pricing Study Update 1997 Report (“KPMG Study”). Defendant contends that 

the KPMG Study is irrelevant because it does not compare Peerless to Canadian manufacturers. 

Defendant’s Opposition and Cross-Motion at 35. 

The statutory requirement that computed value be consistent with other producers in the 

country of export is not absolute. When an exporting manufacturer makes a diligent effort to 

find a comparable manufacturer in the country of export but cannot do so, it can use profits of 

manufacturers in other comparable countries or actual profits in making its computed value 

determination. See Meadows Wye & Co., Inc. v. United States, 58 Cust. Ct. 746, 750–51 (1967), 

and Meadows Wye & Co., Inc. v. United States, 64 Cust. Ct. 713, 717–18, 314 F. Supp. 54 

(1970) (applying principle to constructed value under the previous statute). The KPMG Study 

establishes that Peerless USA lacks a comparable competitor in Canada, rendering it impossible 

to compare its methods to manufacturers of merchandise of the same class or kind from its 

country of origin. See KPMG Study at 32. The KPMG Study further includes detailed analyses 

of the chosen companies and their financial data, as well as the companies it rejected for lack of 

compatibility. Id. Apps. 1–3. Plaintiff was diligent in seeking comparable manufacturers and 

therefore did not violate 19 U.S.C. § 1401a(e) in its use of computed value. 

3 

Customs Must Accept Peerless’s Allocation For WEA Categories Other Than Warehousing 

Customs is not automatically required to accept an importer’s expense allocation that 

complies with GAAP and 19 U.S.C. § 1401a(e). See 19 U.S.C. § 1401a(g)(3); Samsung, 195 

F.3d at 1372; Merck, 20 CIT at 144 n.5; VWP, 21 CIT at 1118. To the extent that Customs 

provides a persuasive rationale, it is entitled to a proportional degree of deference. Mead, 533 

U.S. at 235. Customs here provides a sufficient justification to reject Peerless’s allocation of the 
27 

warehousing expenses but not for the remaining WEA categories found dutiable. Therefore, 

upon remand, Customs is instructed to reallocate the duties for the following expense categories 

in accordance with Peerless’s methodology: management salaries, data entry salaries, office 

salaries and supplies, computer supplies, telephone expenses, and buying salaries.

(a) 

Customs Appropriately Found Peerless’s WEA Warehousing Category Dutiable 

Customs completely reversed Peerless’s allocation of WEA warehousing expenses that 

were entirely excluded from CMT and MPR. In finding the warehouse expenses fully dutiable, 

Customs relied upon previous determinations from 1992 and 1995. Audit Report at 8; HQ 

547108 at 6. In Customs Headquarter Ruling Letter Number 544758 (February 21, 1992) (“HQ 

544758”), Customs “determined that in the instance when the importer paid the warehousing 

charges to the seller, but not to the unrelated third party, the charges were part of the price 

actually paid or payable for the merchandise.” HQ 547108 at 6. In Customs Headquarters 

Ruling Number 545663 (July 14, 1995) (“HQ 545663”), Customs “determined that fees paid to 

the warehouse proprietor, a party related to the manufacturer, for pre-production warehousing 

costs incurred for raw materials were part of the price actually paid or payable for the imported 

merchandise.” Id. Relying on these determinations, Customs reached the following conclusion: 

As the warehousing expense, in this case, is for storage of the fabric preproduction and storage of merchandise before shipment, this expense is related to 

the imported merchandise. Additionally . . . it is paid by the buyer directly to the 

seller. Therefore, we find that the entire warehouse expense is included in the 

price actually paid or payable. 

Id.

The materials for Peerless USA were warehoused in the Peerless Canada manufacturing 

facility. Plaintiff’s Facts ¶ 12; Defendant’s Fact Response ¶ 12. “Peerless USA, at all times, was 

the owner of the fabric and . . . also the owner of the finished garments”. Frankel Aff. ¶ 18. 
28 

Plaintiff contends that because the materials were owned by an importer that is related to the 

manufacturer, a 1990 Customs determination deems the warehousing charge non-dutiable. 

Plaintiff’s Post-Oral Argument Brief (November 9, 2007) at 3 citing Customs Headquarters 

Ruling Number 544323 (March 8, 1990) (“HQ 544323”)). However, Defendant distinguishes 

HQ 544323 because, “in it, no payments were made from the buyer/importer to the seller or 

party related to the seller for such warehousing services.” Defendant’s Memorandum in 

Response to Plaintiff’s Post Argument Brief (November 26, 2007) at 4–5 (citing HQ 545663). 

Defendant further explains that HQ 545663 is on point; there, materials were warehoused in the 

same complex as the manufacturing facility and Customs held that the fee paid for storage was 

dutiable. Id. Because Peerless USA’s materials were warehoused in the same building as the 

manufacturing plant, Customs appropriately followed HQ 545663 to find Peerless USA’s WEA 

warehousing expenses dutiable. See id. at 4 n.3. 

HQ 547108 “may surely claim the merit of its writer’s thoroughness, logic and 

expertness, its fit with prior interpretations, and any other sources of weight.” Mead, 533 U.S. at 

235. Customs’ allocation of Peerless USA’s warehousing expenses fits squarely with HQ 

545663 and HQ 544758, and is distinguishable from HQ 544323. Reviewing courts are to 

consider “consistency with earlier” determinations in ascertaining whether to afford deference to 

Customs. Id. at 228 (citing Skidmore, 323 U.S. at 140). Customs conducted a “thorough and 

carefully reasoned analysis” in finding Peerless USA’s warehousing expenses entirely dutiable in 

HQ 547108. See Four Seasons Produce, Inc. v. United States, 25 CIT 1395, 1403 (2001). 

Although Peerless’s allocation comports with GAAP and 19 U.S.C. § 1401a(e), Customs 

properly rejected its “applicability” for the WEA warehousing expenses. 19 U.S.C. § 

1401a(g)(3). 
29 

(b) 

Customs Must Accept Peerless’s Allocation For the Remaining Dutiable WEA Categories 

In contrast to the warehousing expenses, Customs provides an insufficient basis to depart 

from Peerless’s allocation of the remaining WEA categories found dutiable. Plaintiff 

demonstrates that Peerless’s GAAP-compliant methodology resulted in an appropriate allocation 

for these expense categories that include the following: 

• Management salaries: Peerless establishes that “almost all of management’s time is spent 

in day-to-day, hands-on, overseeing of the operation of Peerless [USA]. Accordingly, it 

would be appropriate for the substantial portion of the salaries paid to be apportioned to 

the U.S. company.” 1999 Horn Letter at 10, affidavits attached thereto. Peerless 

approximated that 90% of management’s time was allocated to activities benefitting 

Peerless USA. Plaintiff’s Motion at 33. 

• Data entry salaries: Peerless allocated approximately 95% of these expenses to Peerless 

USA because “virtually all of the data entry salaries . . . were paid to employees who 

entered the Peerless USA salesman’s customer orders.” Id. at 34 (citing Ex. 3, Deposition 

of Carmen Lamonica at 37–40).

• Computer supplies: Peerless establishes that these expenses “overwhelmingly” serviced 

Peerless USA, as the “entire computer system developed in Montreal was used and 

maintained to process Peerless USA’s orders.” Id. at 35 (citing Ex. 11, Deposition of 

Barbara Segal at 10, 26, 32). 

Customs asserts that its allocation is “commensurate with the work performed and the 

risk taken by [Peerless Canada] and [Peerless USA]”. Id. Ex. 7, Audit Report at 9. However, 

Customs adduces no evidence of fraud, falsehood, or inaccuracy with respect to Peerless’s 

GAAP-compliant allocation. Customs’ audit acknowledges the adequacy of Peerless’s 
30 

intercompany pricing. See id. at 5 (“the invoices covering the shipment of garments to the U.S. 

were accurately recorded . . . . [W]e concluded that [Peerless Canada’s] system for recording 

costs associated with the production of the wool garments was adequate.”). Moreover, the 

evidence that Customs provides is either nonexistent or not persuasive. In contrast to the 

testimony supporting Peerless’s computer expense allocation, Customs based its allocation on an 

“observation . . . that the computer is extensively used to support the production process.” HQ 

547108 at 8. Similarly, Customs replaced Peerless’s management salary allocation that was 

supported by testimony merely because all but one manager “are domiciled in Canada, receive 

their compensation from Peerless and spend approximately 85 percent of their time in Montreal.” 

Id. at 7. 

Customs was therefore not justified in allocating the dutiable non-warehousing WEA 

categories based on “the ratio of costs incurred” between Peerless USA and Peerless Canada. See 

id. at 8. Without substantiation, Customs is not entitled to replace Peerless’s GAAP-compliant 

expense allocation with its own. See 19 U.S.C. § 1401a(g)(3). Balancing the evidence favors the 

importer, as in Merck where the plaintiff: 

provided ample evidence to show that its method of determining cost of 

production is the predominant method used throughout the industry, and is in 

accordance with GAAP. In contrast, the defendant failed to present any evidence, 

either directly or through cross-examination of Merck’s witnesses, showing that 

the costs that Merck excluded were clearly production related. 

Merck, 20 CIT at 144. Defendant here similarly fails to sufficiently counter the importer’s 

GAAP-compliant methodology, and unconvincingly flips the argument in stating that “Customs’ 

appraisers found no evidence to establish that those costs were unrelated to the imported 

merchandise.” Defendant’s Opposition and Cross-Motion at 28. Without a more reasoned basis, 

Customs is not able to replace Peerless’s GAAP-compliant appraisal. 
31 

This outcome is in accord with Samsung. There, the Federal Circuit rejected an 

importer’s GAAP-compliant methodology because the set of GAAP used did not match the set 

needed to obtain an accurate accounting. Samsung, 195 F.3d at 1372. Defendant here contends 

that the expenses should or could be allocated differently, but gives no reason as to why the set 

of GAAP used by Peerless is inappropriate. See Defendant’s Opposition and Cross-Motion at 

38–39 (arguing that under computed value, the expenses “may well be part of an amount for 

Peerless Canada’s general expenses and profit that must be added to the cost of labor, cost of 

materials and cost of packing.”). In contrast to the importer in Samsung, Peerless’s allocations 

for the non-warehousing WEA categories apply a set of GAAP that responds effectively to the 

“basis upon which the value of merchandise is sought to be established.” 19 U.S.C. § 

1401a(g)(3). 

For the foregoing reasons, this case is remanded to Customs to reallocate the following 

expense categories in accordance with Peerless’s methodology: management salaries, data entry 

salaries, office salaries and supplies, computer supplies, telephone expenses, and buying salaries. 

V 

CONCLUSION

 For the foregoing reasons, Plaintiff’s Motion for Summary Judgment is Granted in Part 

and Denied in Part, and Defendant’s Motion for Summary Judgment is Granted in Part and 

Denied in Part. Customs’ determination is partially sustained and partially remanded for action 

consistent with this Opinion. 

 

 __/s/ Evan J. Wallach____

 Evan J. Wallach, Judge 

Dated: January 13, 2009 

 New York, New York