1 This memorandum opinion was not selected for publication in the New Mexico Reports. Please

2 see Rule 12-405 NMRA for restrictions on the citation of unpublished memorandum opinions. 

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6 IN THE COURT OF APPEALS OF THE STATE OF NEW MEXICO

7 STATE OF NEW MEXICO,

8 Plaintiff-Appellee,

9 v. NO. 28,017

10 STEPHANIE PERKINS,

11 Defendant-Appellant.

12 APPEAL FROM THE DISTRICT COURT OF CURRY COUNTY

13 Joe Parker, District Judge

14 Gary K. King, Attorney General

15 Ann M. Harvey, Assistant Attorney General

16 Santa Fe, NM

17 for Appellee

18 Hugh W. Dangler, Chief Public Defender

19 Carlos Ruiz de la Torre, Assistant Appellate Defender

20 Santa Fe, NM

21 for Appellant

22 MEMORANDUM OPINION

23 CASTILLO, Judge.
2

1 Defendant Stephanie Perkins appeals her jury convictions for possession of a

2 controlled substance (methamphetamine) with intent to distribute and for possession

3 of drug paraphernalia. She challenges the convictions on the following four grounds:

4 (1) her convictions are not supported by substantial evidence; (2) the district court

5 erred when it instructed the jury regarding the definition of possession; (3) the district

6 court should have granted a mistrial due to the officers’ failure to collect certain

7 evidence related to whether Defendant resided at the home where she was arrested;

8 and (4) ineffective assistance of counsel based on counsel’s failure to do certain

9 pretrial discovery relevant to whether Defendant lived at the home and to file

10 suppression motions. We affirm.

11 I. BACKGROUND

12 On April 20, 2005, police officers executed a search warrant at a home in

13 Clovis, looking for evidence that drugs were being sold there. While the search was

14 underway, Defendant arrived in a car and got out holding a soda cup and a Marlboro

15 cigarette pack. Officers came out of the home and handcuffed her, in the course of

16 which she put down the cup and the cigarette pack. A later search of the cigarette

17 pack revealed 1.7 grams of methamphetamine. The search of the home turned up

18 numerous items alleged to be drug paraphernalia, some of which contained

19 methamphetamine residue. One witness, Deputy Malin Parker, testified that
3

1 Defendant became upset and verbally abusive and repeatedly used language asking

2 what the officers were doing in “her house” and that they should get out of “her

3 house.” Deputy Parker also testified that in one bedroom of the residence, he found

4 a New Mexico identification card for Defendant with an address different from the

5 home being searched. He also found pictures and mail, both of which led him to

6 believe that Defendant resided in the home. In addition to Defendant, the officers

7 encountered other persons in the home. These persons were searched and allowed to

8 leave without giving statements. Additional facts will be developed in the context of

9 the issues discussed.

10 II. SUBSTANTIAL EVIDENCE

11 Defendant argues that there was insufficient evidence that she physically

12 possessed methamphetamine and constructively possessed the drug paraphernalia in

13 the home. Defendant does not contest that drugs and drug paraphernalia were found

14 during the search of the residence. Rather, she argues that the State did not adequately

15 connect her to those items. First, Defendant contends that her possession of the 1.7

16 grams of methamphetamine in the Marlboro pack was not proved beyond a reasonable

17 doubt. Her second issue deals with constructive possession. She claims that because

18 there was insufficient evidence to prove she resided in the home, there was

19 insufficient evidence that the paraphernalia was hers. Along the same lines,
4

1 Defendant also takes issue with the evidence regarding the other three persons whom

2 the officers found in the home at the time of the search. Defendant argues that there

3 was an insufficient showing that these three persons did not have access to the rooms

4 where most of the evidence was found. We begin with our standard of review and

5 elements of the convictions. Then we will address Defendant’s two arguments.

6 A. Standard of Review

7 “Substantial evidence is relevant evidence that a reasonable mind might accept

8 as adequate to support a conclusion.” State v. Rojo, 1999-NMSC-001, ¶ 19, 126 N.M.

9 438, 971 P.2d 829 (filed 1998). The test to determine the sufficiency of evidence in

10 New Mexico is whether substantial evidence of either a direct or circumstantial nature

11 exists to support a verdict of guilt beyond a reasonable doubt with respect to every

12 element essential to a conviction. State v. Sutphin, 107 N.M. 126, 131, 753 P. 2d

13 1314, 1319 (1988). “This Court does not weigh the evidence and may not substitute

14 its judgment for that of the fact finder so long as there is sufficient evidence to support

15 the verdict.” Id. On appeal, the appellate court views the evidence in the light most

16 favorable to the verdict, resolving all conflicts and indulging all reasonable inferences

17 in favor of the verdict. State v. Apodaca, 118 N.M. 762, 765-66, 887 P.2d 756, 759-

18 60 (1994).

19 B. Elements of the Convictions
5

1 Here Defendant was convicted of two crimes. As to possession of

2 methamphetamine with intent to distribute, the State had to prove that Defendant: (1)

3 had methamphetamine in her possession; (2) knew it was methamphetamine or

4 believed it to be methamphetamine; and (3) intended to transfer it to another. See UJI

5 14-3104 NMRA. Because the amount of methamphetamine seized was only 1.7

6 grams, the State had to prove the intent element by proving that Defendant possessed

7 the paraphernalia which included items such as scales, baggies with the corner cut out,

8 measuring spoons, and other articles often used for distribution of drugs. To find

9 Defendant guilty of possession of drug paraphernalia, the State was required to prove

10 that Defendant: (1) possessed drug paraphernalia; and (2) intended to use the drug

11 paraphernalia for the purpose of producing, processing, preparing, testing, analyzing,

12 packing, re-packing, storing, containing, concealing, injecting, ingesting, or otherwise

13 introducing into the human body a controlled substance. See NMSA 1978, § 30-31-

14 25.1(A) (2001). For both offenses, the State also had to prove that the events

15 happened in New Mexico on or about the 20th day of April, 2005, an issue not in

16 dispute in this case. We begin with the evidence regarding drugs in the cigarette pack.

17 C. Marlboro Pack

18 Defendant’s position is that there was insufficient evidence linking her to

19 methamphetamine in the cigarette pack. She argues that the evidence concerning
6

1 where the cigarette pack was found was conflicting, that there was no continuous

2 observation of the pack, and that there might have been more than one pack.

3 A review of the evidence presented at trial shows the following. Deputy David

4 Kube testified that Defendant set the cigarette pack on the ground in the course of

5 being handcuffed. Deputy Daniel Freeman similarly testified that Defendant placed

6 the pack on the ground while being handcuffed. He recalled there also being a lighter

7 and that Deputy Parker was the next person to pick up the cigarette pack. Deputy

8 Victor Rodriguez testified that Deputy Parker “retrieved a Marlboro cigarette pack

9 from near a trash can,” and that the trash can was “[o]utside the house by the front

10 steps.”

11 On cross-examination, Deputy Rodriguez testified that the cigarette pack was

12 “[k]ind of partially under, I wouldn’t say they were under the trash can,” and that

13 when Defendant was on the ground, “they were directly in front of her by the trash

14 can.” Deputy Rodriguez testified that there was no other trash around. Deputy Parker

15 testified that he saw the cigarette pack “on the ground” and asked Deputies Kube and

16 Freeman where it came from. They said Defendant had been holding it and that she

17 put it on the ground. Deputy Parker also testified—inconsistently with his testimony

18 that he had seen it on the ground—that he got information from other officers that

19 Deputy Freeman had set it on the porch. Deputy Parker opened the pack and found
7

1 the plastic bag with methamphetamine inside. On cross-examination, Deputy Parker

2 again testified that he found the pack on the porch step, and he did not recall any trash

3 can being there.

4 While we agree with Defendant that there are differences in the officers’

5 testimony regarding the cigarette pack, it is up to the jury to resolve factual

6 inconsistencies in testimony. State v. Morales, 2000-NMCA-046, ¶ 8, 129 N.M. 141,

7 2 P.3d 878. There was substantial evidence to support a conclusion that Defendant

8 was holding the cigarette pack and put it down as she was being handcuffed. There

9 was no other trash around, and one or more officers were in the vicinity of the pack

10 during the relevant time. There is no suggestion of any means by which the pack in

11 evidence might have been substituted for the one Defendant was holding. There

12 appears to be no question that the substance found in the pack was methamphetamine.

13 Viewing this evidence in the light most favorable to the verdict, we conclude that

14 substantial evidence supported Defendant’s conviction for possession of

15 methamphetamine. Apodaca, 118 N.M. at 765-66, 887 P.2d at 759-60.

16 D. Constructive Possession 

17 Possession of the drug paraphernalia was necessary to prove the element of

18 intent to distribute the methamphetamine. There appears to be no dispute that the

19 various items introduced into evidence constituted drug paraphernalia or that
8

1 possession of such items would establish intent to distribute as opposed to personal

2 use of the methamphetamine. Defendant argues that there was insufficient evidence

3 to prove possession because the State failed to prove (1) that she lived at the house,

4 and (2) that the items were in her possession as opposed to the possession of the other

5 persons present in the residence when the officers arrived.

6 As to who lived in the house, Deputy Parker testified that when Defendant

7 arrived at the residence, she “wanted to know why we were in her house, what were

8 we doing in her house. She repeated multiple times to get out of her house.” This was

9 an admission made by Defendant. Although she argues that the other officers did not

10 testify to hearing the admission and that the admission was not mentioned in any

11 police report, it is up to the jury to evaluate a witness’s credibility. State v. Fuentes,

12 2010-NMCA-027, ¶ 17, ___N.M. ___, 228 P.3d 1181.

13 Additionally, Deputy Parker testified that he found Defendant’s New Mexico

14 ID card in the east bedroom of the residence where some of the items of paraphernalia

15 were also found. He acknowledged that the ID card had a different address on it than

16 the residence being searched. On cross-examination, Deputy Parker testified that

17 during earlier surveillance he observed Defendant and other persons going in or out.

18 He acknowledged that, during the search, he saw several pieces of mail with

19 Defendant’s and her husband’s or boyfriend’s name on them, but he did not know
9

1 what address was on the mail. Deputy Parker also saw pictures of Defendant that led

2 him to believe the residence was hers, but he did not feel it was necessary to collect

3 them. Defendant’s admissions and the other testimony provide sufficient evidence to

4 support the jury’s conclusion that Defendant resided at the home that was searched.

5 The evidence also supports the conclusion that Defendant constructively

6 possessed the drug paraphernalia. Deputy Rodriguez searched a dresser in the east

7 bedroom where he found eight cut plastic baggies, also known as corner baggies,

8 which he testified are used for packaging narcotics. Officer Riley Loomis, a probation

9 officer, testified that after entering the home, he went to the east bedroom, which he

10 believed was the master bedroom. In the bathroom that was inside the master

11 bedroom, he saw in plain view a set of Triton T-2 scales with white powdery residue

12 on them that field-tested positive for methamphetamine. In the master bathroom,

13 Officer Loomis also found: a metal spoon that field-tested positive for

14 methamphetamine; a black, zippered bag containing two measuring spoons with white

15 residue and a plastic baggie with white residue; and a tin containing a baggie with

16 marijuana seeds and stems inside and a pair of metal clamps with burned residue

17 consistent with marijuana use.

18 Three of the State’s witnesses testified concerning the other persons present at

19 the beginning of the search. Their testimony was inconsistent as to whether there
10

1 were two or three persons present. Deputy Rodriguez testified that upon entry he

2 encountered a male and a female. He secured the male and Deputy Freeman secured

3 the female in the kitchen. Officer Loomis also testified that as he entered the home,

4 he encountered two persons immediately inside. He did not speak to them. Deputy

5 Parker recalled that there was a male and two females present in the kitchen and living

6 area of the home. They were read their Miranda rights and consented to be searched.

7 Deputy Parker wrote their names down and released them.

8 To prove either actual or constructive possession, the State must show that

9 Defendant had both knowledge and control of the drug paraphernalia. State v. Barber,

10 2004-NMSC-019, ¶ 27, 135 N.M. 621, 92 P.3d 633. “Proximity alone does not

11 constitute possession.” State v. Garcia, 2005-NMSC-017, ¶ 13, 138 N.M. 1, 116 P.3d

12 72 (citing UJI 14-130 NMRA). “[C]onstructive possession is a legal fiction used to

13 expand possession and include those cases where the inference that there has been

14 possession at one time is exceedingly strong.” Barber, 2004-NMSC-019, ¶ 22

15 (internal quotation marks and citation omitted). “Constructive possession exists when

16 the defendant has knowledge of the presence of the drug and control over it.” State

17 v. Brietag, 108 N.M. 368, 370, 772 P.2d 898, 900 (Ct. App. 1989). “Where a

18 defendant is not in exclusive possession of the premises on which drugs are found, an

19 inference of constructive possession cannot be drawn unless there are incriminating
11

1 statements or circumstances tending to support the inference.” Id. “Because

2 bedrooms are usually private areas of a house and dresser drawers are especially

3 private, evidence indicating sole occupancy of a bedroom supports a logical inference

4 of control and knowledge of the room’s contents by the usual occupier.” Id. (internal

5 quotation marks and citation omitted).

6 Although Defendant cites a number of cases to support her argument that the

7 evidence was insufficient to prove possession of the paraphernalia, she primarily relies

8 on Brietag and State v. Maes, 2007-NMCA-089, 142 N.M. 276, 164 P.3d 975. In

9 Brietag, the defendant and other persons were seen coming and going from the

10 defendant’s rented house. Seven or eight people, but not the defendant, were present

11 when the search began. A witness testified that the defendant had been renting a room

12 from her elsewhere for about a month before the search. Prior surveillance had

13 established that some of the other persons had stayed all night at the defendant’s house

14 on occasion. One person stated that he had been staying there about a month. Various

15 drugs were found in several areas of the home. No evidence, such as personal

16 belongings, definitively linked the defendant to these areas, except that rent receipts

17 and electric bills in the defendant’s name and photographs of him with family

18 members were found in a bedroom where drugs were found. Various property

19 belonging to others and papers in other persons’ names were also found in the room.
12

1 The State acknowledged that the defendant did not have exclusive possession of the

2 premises and that the premises were open and used by others. This Court

3 characterized the premises as a “crash pad” with insufficient evidence that the

4 defendant alone used the bedroom. Id. at 370, 772 P.2d at 900.

5 In Maes, 2007-NMCA-089, ¶ 6, the defendant was present during a search of

6 a bedroom that revealed two bottlecaps with methamphetamine residue and a corner

7 of a baggie with traces of methamphetamine in it. The defendant denied living in the

8 home. The officers found two pieces of mail addressed to the defendant at a different

9 address, but no other bills or personal papers. They also found women’s clothing in

10 the bedroom, but could not say it was the defendant’s. Relying on Brietag, this Court

11 concluded the evidence was insufficient and reversed the conviction. We pointed out

12 that “[t]he State’s theory of constructive possession—that [the d]efendant necessarily

13 controlled every item in the house of which she had knowledge—is not a correct

14 statement of the criminal law of constructive possession.” Maes, 2007-NMCA-089,

15 ¶ 21.

16 The question of possession is one of fact. While we agree that there are

17 similarities between the facts in the present case and those in Brietag and Maes, the

18 differences are material and distinguish this case from Brietag and Maes. In the case

19 before us, the other persons present were encountered in the living area and kitchen
13

1 of the home. Although there was no testimony as to how long Defendant had been

2 absent, nothing indicates that she had been away for weeks as had the defendant in

3 Brietag. The fact that she arrived carrying only a soda cup and a pack of cigarettes

4 suggests that her absence was brief. The master bedroom and bathroom where the

5 paraphernalia was found also contained evidence, consisting of Defendant’s ID card,

6 mail, and photographs, indicating that the bedroom was hers. No testimony suggested

7 that the officers encountered an intermingled jumble of other persons’ personal items

8 as in Brietag, nor was there any evidence that the other persons present at the time of

9 the search or anyone else had ready access to the bedroom area. Unlike the defendant

10 in Maes, where the drug evidence consisted of tiny, easily overlooked items,

11 Defendant here could not help but be aware of the presence of the paraphernalia, some

12 of which was in plain view.

13 We conclude that substantial evidence supported a conclusion that Defendant

14 possessed drug paraphernalia, and that the nature of the paraphernalia indicated that

15 Defendant intended to distribute methamphetamine.

16 III. JURY INSTRUCTION ON DEFINITION OF POSSESSION

17 Defendant argues that the district court failed to read a portion of the jury

18 instruction defining possession of a controlled substance and that he read a portion of

19 the instruction that is inconsistent with Maes. Defendant acknowledges that she did
14

1 not object to the instruction at trial. “The standard of review we apply to jury

2 instructions depends on whether the issue has been preserved. If the error has been

3 preserved[,] we review the instructions for reversible error. If not, we review for

4 fundamental error.” State v. Benally, 2001-NMSC-033, ¶ 12, 131 N.M. 258, 34 P.3d

5 1134 (citations omitted). “The doctrine of fundamental error is to be resorted to in

6 criminal cases only for the protection of those whose innocence appears indisputably,

7 or open to such question that it would shock the conscience to permit the conviction

8 to stand.” Barber, 2004-NMSC-019, ¶ 14 (internal quotation marks and citation

9 omitted).

10 UJI 14-3130 NMRA defines possession of a controlled substance. The first

11 sentence of the instruction sets forth the basic definition of possession. The court

12 must then decide which of three optional sentences following the basic instruction are

13 appropriate. See UJI 14-3130, Use note 2. The district court modified the instruction

14 to include the drug paraphernalia in addition to the methamphetamine and included

15 the first two of the three optional sentences:

16 A person is in possession of methamphetamine or drug

17 paraphernalia when she knows it is on her person or in her presence, and

18 she exercises control over it.

19 Even if the methamphetamine or drug paraphernalia is not in her

20 physical presence, she is in possession if she knows where it is, and she

21 exercises control over it.
15

1 Two or more people can have possession of methamphetamine or

2 drug paraphernalia at the same time.

3 Defendant argues that the district court should have added the third optional sentence,

4 which in unmodified form reads as follows:

5 A person’s presence in the vicinity of the substance or his

6 knowledge of the existence or the location of the substance, is not, by

7 itself, possession.

8 Id. Defendant argues that the evidence at trial raised an issue as to whether

9 constructive possession of the methamphetamine and paraphernalia could be attributed

10 to her, given the presence of the other persons in the residence.

11 In Barber, drugs and paraphernalia were found on top of a toilet in a motel

12 room bathroom. The defendant, who was also found in the bathroom, stated that he

13 was there only to take a shower, that he saw the drugs but did not touch them, and that

14 there were four other admitted users of methamphetamine in the vicinity of the room.

15 At trial, no instruction was given on the definition of possession, even though the

16 committee commentary to UJI 14-3130 states that “[t]his instruction must be given if

17 possession is in issue.” Reviewing for fundamental error, the Supreme Court first

18 considered whether a reasonable juror would have been confused or misdirected by

19 the instruction on possession of drugs given without an accompanying instruction

20 defining possession. Recognizing that the potential for confusion existed, the Court

21 concluded that there was no reasonable likelihood that the jury had been confused,
16

1 given the presence of other evidence from which inferences could be drawn that the

2 drugs and paraphernalia belonged to the defendant. Barber, 2004-NMSC-019, ¶¶ 19-

3 28. Barber also noted that any potential for confusion likely favored the defendant;

4 without a definition of possession, a jury would more likely reason that a person does

5 not possess something just by being in its vicinity. See id. ¶ 26.

6 We find Barber controlling. Defendant contends that the failure to include the

7 third optional sentence confused and misdirected the jury as to the central issue in the

8 case—whether constructive possession of the paraphernalia and methamphetamine

9 could be attributed to her in spite of the existence of at least three individuals who

10 either lived at or enjoyed access to the home. We disagree. As in Barber, a number

11 of people including Defendant were in proximity to the drugs. Had this language been

12 included, the jury could have used it to exclude the individuals because mere

13 proximity to the paraphernalia or methamphetamine would have constituted

14 possession. As in Barber, any potential for confusion by excluding the language

15 would have likely favored Defendant.

16 Defendant also argues that the first optional sentence of UJI 14-3130, which

17 was included in the jury instructions in this case, is inconsistent with the following

18 sentence in Maes:

19 A defendant’s knowledge of the location of . . . another person’s stash of

20 drugs coupled with the physical ability to exercise control over them in
17

1 the owner’s absence does not justify an inference of the defendant’s

2 constructive possession of drugs anymore than a defendant’s knowledge

3 of the location of a housemate’s stash of cash would justify an inference

4 that the defendant constructively possessed the housemate’s money in

5 the housemate’s absence.

6 Maes, 2007-NMCA-089, ¶ 21. We first point out that the quoted sentence was

7 immediately followed by this sentence:

8 The [s]tate’s theory of constructive possession—that [the d]efendant

9 necessarily controlled every item in the house of which she had

10 knowledge—is not a correct statement of the criminal law of

11 constructive possession, and we expressly disapprove of closing

12 arguments that incorporate this view of the law.

13 Id. Defendant’s reliance on the first quoted sentence above fails to distinguish

14 between “the physical ability to exercise control” and an actual exercise of control.

15 In many cases it would be physically possible for one person to go into another

16 person’s unlocked bedroom or other private area uninvited, but the bare possibility

17 that the person could access an item in this manner is insufficient to show constructive

18 possession. There must be evidence that the person actually exercised control over

19 the item, not just that he could have.

20 In Defendant’s case, the jury could infer that Defendant exercised control over

21 the drug paraphernalia in her bedroom and bathroom. There was not just the mere

22 possibility that she could go into the bedroom uninvited; there was evidence that the

23 bedroom was hers and that she actually exercised control over it.
18

1 We conclude that nothing about UJI 14-3130 as modified in this case leaves

2 Defendant’s conviction “open to such question that it would shock the conscience to

3 permit the conviction to stand.” Barber, 2004-NMSC-019, ¶ 14 (internal quotation

4 marks and citation omitted).

5 IV. OFFICERS’ FAILURE TO COLLECT CERTAIN EVIDENCE

6 Defendant argues that a mistrial should have been granted because the officers

7 executing the search failed to collect or otherwise preserve: (1) photographs, letters,

8 utility bills, or other items indicating that she lived there; (2) statements from the

9 persons who were present when the search began and were allowed to leave; and (3)

10 fingerprints from the cigarette package. “A motion for a mistrial is addressed to the

11 sound discretion of the trial court and is only reviewable for an abuse of discretion.”

12 State v. Salazar, 1997-NMCA-088, ¶ 4, 124 N.M. 23, 946 P.2d 227 (internal quotation

13 marks and citation omitted). “An abuse of discretion is defined as a decision that is

14 clearly against the logic and effect of the facts and circumstances before the [trial]

15 court.” Id. (alteration in original) (internal quotation marks and citation omitted).

16 In State v. Ware, 118 N.M. 319, 325-26, 881 P.2d 679, 685-86 (1994), our

17 Supreme Court adopted a two-part test for deciding whether to sanction the State

18 when police fail to gather evidence from a crime scene.

19 First, as a threshold matter the evidence that the State failed to gather

20 from the crime scene must be material to the defendant’s defense.
19

1 Sanctions are not appropriate for failure to gather evidence immaterial

2 to the defendant’s defense. The determination of evidence materiality is

3 a question of law for the court. Evidence is material only if there is a

4 reasonable probability that, had the evidence been [available] to the

5 defense, the result of the proceeding would have been different. A

6 reasonable probability is a probability sufficient to undermine confidence

7 in the outcome.

8 If the evidence is material to the defendant’s defense, then the

9 conduct of the investigating officers is considered. If the trial court

10 determines that the failure to collect the evidence was done in bad faith,

11 in an attempt to prejudice the defendant’s case, then the trial court may

12 order the evidence suppressed. If it is determined that the officers were

13 grossly negligent in failing to gather the evidence—for example, by

14 acting directly contrary to standard police investigatory procedure—then

15 the trial court may instruct the jury that it can infer that the material

16 evidence not gathered from the crime scene would be unfavorable to the

17 State. When the failure to gather evidence is merely negligent, an

18 oversight, or done in good faith, sanctions are inappropriate, but the

19 defendant can still examine the prosecution’s witnesses about the

20 deficiencies of the investigation and argue the investigation’s

21 shortcomings against the standard of reasonable doubt.

22 Id. (alteration in original) (internal quotation marks and citations omitted).

23 We conclude that the first two of the three categories of evidence of which

24 Defendant complains were material to her defense as that concept is defined in Ware.

25 We conclude that the third item—fingerprints from the cigarette package—were not

26 material because, as discussed above, there was eyewitness testimony that Defendant

27 had it in her hand and an adequate chain of custody to support a finding that the pack

28 introduced at trial was the same one Defendant had in her hand when she got out of

29 the car upon arriving at the residence. There is no reasonable probability that having
20

1 the fingerprints available to Defendant would have led to a different result. Rather,

2 it is likely that the fingerprint evidence would have been cumulative of the eyewitness

3 testimony.

4 The other two categories of evidence not gathered—items documenting that

5 Defendant resided at the address in question and statements from the other persons

6 present—were material, given the otherwise circumstantial evidence that Defendant

7 lived there and that the other persons did not have access to the bedroom. The one

8 documentary item in evidence, the New Mexico ID card retrieved from the bedroom,

9 in fact had a different address on it, as was acknowledged at trial. The strength of the

10 probability that having the documentation and statements available would have led to

11 a different result depends, of course, on what they would have shown had they been

12 gathered.

13 In Ware, the missing evidence was a rock allegedly used to strike the victim.

14 The investigators photographed the rock, but did not gather it as evidence. The

15 defendant argued that this prevented him from being able to analyze the rock for

16 blood, hair, and fibers. The trial court suppressed the photographs and testimony

17 concerning the rock. The Supreme Court, using the two-part test set forth above,

18 concluded that the court erred in suppressing evidence of the rock, and that the

19 officers’ failure to collect the rock was “a judgment call and certainly not anything
21

1 more than mere inadvertence or ordinary negligence on the part of the police.” Id. at

2 326, 881 P.2d at 686.

3 We believe the actions of the officers in the present case were also a judgment

4 call. From Deputy Parker’s point of view, before he searched the bedroom he already

5 had evidence that Defendant lived at that address, as she made repeated statements to

6 the effect that the officers should get out of her house. Upon finding the ID card, he

7 also had evidence linking her to the master bedroom. At trial, Deputy Parker testified

8 that he normally would have collected pieces of mail if he had not found an ID card

9 lying there. We view his decision that he had sufficient evidence of residence without

10 taking Defendant’s personal mail and photographs to be a judgment call that we will

11 not second-guess. The same concept applies to the officers’ failure to obtain

12 statements from the persons who were present in the home. Deputy Parker testified

13 that the persons were secured, given Miranda warnings, and interviewed. They

14 consented to be searched, in the course of which no contraband was found. At least

15 one of these persons was named in the police report, but the record does not indicate

16 whether defense counsel attempted to locate and interview this person. The record

17 also does not indicate what Deputy Parker’s interviews revealed, but we again decline

18 to second-guess his decision not to obtain formal statements.

19 We further observe, as the court pointed out in Ware, that where the failure to
22

1 gather evidence is at worst negligent and thus sanctions are inappropriate, “the

2 defendant can still examine the prosecution’s witnesses about the deficiencies of the

3 investigation and argue the investigation’s shortcomings against the standard of

4 reasonable doubt.” Id. at 325-26, 881 P.2d at 685-86. The trial transcript indicates

5 that defense counsel vigorously cross-examined Deputy Parker in particular, inquiring

6 about several investigatory omissions thus pointing out potential weaknesses that

7 implicated reasonable doubt.

8 We conclude that the district court did not err in denying Defendant’s motion

9 for mistrial.

10 V. INEFFECTIVE ASSISTANCE OF COUNSEL

11 Defendant argues that she received ineffective assistance of counsel because of

12 trial counsel’s deficiencies in two areas: (1) his failure to file suppression motions or

13 conduct discovery that would have supplied grounds for such motions and (2) his

14 failure to introduce certain evidence tending to negate the assertion that Defendant

15 lived at the residence searched. Defendant claims that this evidence would have

16 shown that her son and a third person lived there and that Defendant lived at another

17 address.

18 Counsel is presumed competent. State v. Jacobs, 2000-NMSC-026, ¶ 48, 129

19 N.M. 448, 10 P.3d 127.
23

1 To establish a prima facie case of ineffective assistance of counsel, [the

2 d]efendant must show that (1) counsel’s performance was deficient in

3 that it fell below an objective standard of reasonableness; and (2) that

4 [the d]efendant suffered prejudice in that there is a reasonable probability

5 that, but for counsel’s unprofessional errors, the result of the proceeding

6 would have been different.

7 State v. Aker, 2005-NMCA-063, ¶ 34, 137 N.M. 561, 113 P.3d 384 (quoting Lytle v.

8 Jordan, 2001-NMSC-016, ¶¶ 26-27, 130 N.M. 198, 22 P.3d 666). “On appeal, we

9 will not second guess the trial strategy and tactics of the defense counsel.” Lytle,

10 2001-NMSC-016, ¶ 43 (internal quotation marks and citation omitted).

11 Counsel representing Defendant at trial was not her original counsel. At a

12 motions hearing on November 13, 2006, about-three-and-a-half months before trial,

13 Defendant’s eventual trial counsel, Albert Granger, appeared telephonically and

14 informed the court that Defendant had a conflict with her original counsel and had

15 asked Granger to represent her. In the course of this hearing, the prosecutor informed

16 the court that Defendant’s previous counsel had considered filing a motion to

17 suppress, but after interviewing the confidential informant in the case, former counsel

18 told the prosecutor that he did not believe such a motion would have any merit and

19 that he would not file it. Defendant does not explain why her original counsel’s

20 conclusion after interviewing the informant was incorrect, or what she or Granger

21 would have learned from the documents, photographs, or other persons present in the

22 home that would have made a motion to suppress newly appropriate. In essence,
24

1 Granger decided not to duplicate parts of the investigation done by original counsel.

2 Regarding the documents and photographs, as discussed above, we conclude that

3 Deputy Parker’s failure to gather them as evidence did not require a mistrial. Once

4 the search was done without the documents or photographs having been gathered as

5 evidence, there is nothing defense counsel could have done after the fact to obtain

6 them for trial. None of this strikes us as a performance “[falling] below an objective

7 standard of reasonableness,” and we therefore conclude that Defendant’s ineffective

8 assistance claim fails the first prong of the test set forth in Aker and numerous other

9 cases. See Aker, 2005-NMCA-063, ¶ 34.

10 Defendant also argues that defense counsel failed to introduce evidence that her

11 son lived at the residence, that Defendant lived at another address, and that a third

12 party also lived at the residence. Except for the evidence at trial that Defendant’s ID

13 card showed a different address, the record before us contains nothing either

14 supporting or negating these allegations. 

15 When an ineffective assistance claim is first raised on direct appeal, we

16 evaluate the facts that are part of the record. If facts necessary to a full

17 determination are not part of the record, an ineffective assistance claim

18 is more properly brought through a habeas corpus petition, although an

19 appellate court may remand a case for an evidentiary hearing if the

20 defendant makes a prima facie case of ineffective assistance.

21 State v. Roybal, 2002-NMSC-027, ¶ 19, 132 N.M. 657, 54 P.3d 61. Having

22 concluded that Defendant has not made a prima facie case of ineffective assistance,
25

1 we also conclude that her claim that counsel overlooked additional evidence would

2 be better pursued in a habeas corpus petition.

3 VI. CONCLUSION

4 For the reasons set forth above, we affirm Defendant’s convictions for

5 possession of a controlled substance (methamphetamine) with intent to distribute and

6 possession of drug paraphernalia.

7 IT IS SO ORDERED.

8 ________________________________

9 CELIA FOY CASTILLO, Judge

10 WE CONCUR:

11 __________________________________

12 CYNTHIA A. FRY, Chief Judge

13 __________________________________

14 TIMOTHY L. GARCIA, Judge