1 This memorandum opinion was not selected for publication in the New Mexico Reports. Please see

2 Rule 12-405 NMRA for restrictions on the citation of unpublished memorandum opinions. Please

3 also note that this electronic memorandum opinion may contain computer-generated errors or other

4 deviations from the official paper version filed by the Court of Appeals and does not include the

5 filing date. 

6 IN THE COURT OF APPEALS OF THE STATE OF NEW MEXICO

7 STATE OF NEW MEXICO, 

8 Plaintiff-Appellee, 

9 v. NO. 29,830 

10 JACOBO ROCHA, 

11 Defendant-Appellant.

12 APPEAL FROM THE DISTRICT COURT OF BERNALILLO COUNTY

13 Albert S. “Pat” Murdoch, District Judge 

14 Gary K. King, Attorney General 

15 Santa Fe, NM

16 Ralph E. Trujillo, Assistant Attorney General 

17 Albuquerque, NM 

18 for Appellee 

19 Jacqueline L. Cooper, Acting Chief Public Defender 

20 Allison H. Jaramillo, Assistant Appellate Defender

21 Kathleen T. Baldridge, Assistant Appellate Defender

22 Santa Fe, NM 

23 for Appellant

24 MEMORANDUM OPINION
2

1 BUSTAMANTE, Judge.

2 Defendant Jacobo Rocha was convicted of possession of cocaine after his

3 motion to suppress was denied. Defendant argued that his detention at gunpoint

4 rendered his consent involuntary. The district court found that the consent was

5 voluntary because the officer’s request to search was given in Defendant’s native

6 language (Spanish) and because Defendant had lived in the United States for eighteen

7 years. We reverse.

8 I. BACKGROUND

9 Although the parties are familiar with the facts, we present them here to give

10 a complete account of the circumstances known to the district court at the time it made

11 its decision. Two witnesses were presented: Officer Javier Lopez, who was called by

12 the State, and Defendant.

13 Lopez testified as follows. He and another officer were parked together when

14 they heard gunshots nearby. The officers began to investigate, and an unidentified

15 man indicated that the shots had come from behind a building. The officers went

16 behind the building and saw two people. The officers “approached, guns drawn, and

17 commanded” the people to show their hands. Both men complied. 

18 At this point, the officers were separated from the men by a chain link fence,

19 and the men were separated by another fence. The officers climbed a fence into the
3

1 yard with one of the people. The officers instructed Defendant to climb the other

2 fence to be in the same yard with everyone else. When Defendant first tried to climb

3 the fence, his right hand moved so that Lopez could not see it. Lopez aimed his gun

4 at Defendant and commanded him to show his hands. Defendant complied. Lopez

5 described himself as “[v]ery” tense at this point.

6 Defendant climbed the fence without further incident. Lopez began a search

7 of Defendant to make sure Defendant had no weapons. During the patdown, Lopez

8 felt something he thought was a baggie of cocaine. He asked Defendant what it was,

9 and Defendant replied that he thought it was money. Lopez asked if he could check

10 the pocket, and Defendant agreed. Lopez found a baggie of white powdery substance

11 which was later identified as cocaine. On cross-examination, Defendant agreed that

12 he gave the officer permission to search his pockets. Because Lopez had initially

13 determined Defendant was more comfortable speaking Spanish, this conversation was

14 conducted in Spanish. 

15 Defendant argued that the short time between when he was being commanded

16 to do things at gunpoint and when Lopez requested to search Defendant’s pocket

17 rendered his consent involuntary. The State argued that consent was voluntary

18 because Defendant spoke with Lopez in Spanish and because Defendant had lived in

19 the country for eighteen years. The district court found that consent was voluntary
4

1 because Defendant “was given the choice of yes or no, and in spite of the fact [that]

2 the original contact was at gunpoint, the question was done in [Defendant]’s native

3 language.” 

4 II. DISCUSSION

5 “Searches that are . . . consensual are an exception to the warrant requirement.”

6 State v. Paul T., 1999-NMSC-037, ¶ 28, 128 N.M. 360, 993 P.2d 74. “To be deemed

7 valid, the consent given to search must be voluntary and not a product of duress,

8 coercion, or other vitiating factors.” Id. The State bears the burden of proving

9 voluntariness, which depends on the totality of the circumstances. See id. 

10 The voluntariness of consent “involves a three-tiered analysis: (1) there

11 must be clear and positive testimony that the consent was specific and

12 unequivocal; (2) the consent must be given without duress or coercion;

13 and (3) the first two factors are to be viewed in light of the presumption

14 that disfavors the waiver of constitutional rights.” 

15 State v. Pierce, 2003-NMCA-117, ¶ 20, 134 N.M. 388, 77 P.3d 292 (quoting State v.

16 Anderson, 107 N.M. 165, 167, 754 P.2d 542, 544 (Ct. App. 1988)). “Whether consent

17 was voluntarily given is a factual question, and the trial court’s determination will not

18 be disturbed on appeal unless it is not supported by substantial evidence.” Paul T.,

19 1999-NMSC-037, ¶ 28.

20 Because our standard of review is substantial evidence based on the totality of

21 the circumstances, our cases tend to be fact-specific. Nevertheless, we observe that
5

1 our courts have not hesitated to reverse district court findings that consent was

2 voluntary. See State v. Davis, 2011-NMCA- , ¶¶ 18-19, ___ N.M. ___, ___ P.3d

3 ___ (No. 28,219, Aug. 10, 2011) (finding consent was not voluntary when a defendant

4 was surrounded by numerous police cars and a helicopter, police were armed with

5 assault rifles, and police appeared to have already started to search); Pierce, 2003-

6 NMCA-117, ¶ 21 (finding consent was not voluntary when police repeatedly asked

7 a handcuffed defendant about a bulge in his sock for an extended period of time until

8 the defendant “capitulated”); State v. Ruud, 90 N.M. 647, 650-52, 567 P.2d 496, 499-

9 501 (Ct. App. 1977) (finding that the State had not met its burden of showing

10 voluntary consent when the only evidence was that the defendant agreed when asked

11 for consent).

12 The State did not meet its burden in this case. The evidence establishes two

13 points relevant to consent: (1) that Defendant was held at gunpoint by two tense

14 officers immediately prior to his “consent,” and (2) that Defendant answered “[y]es”

15 when asked if Lopez could search his pocket. Because both Lopez and Defendant

16 testified that Defendant consented, there is substantial evidence to support the

17 conclusion that Defendant’s consent was positive and unequivocal. This is also the

18 only evidence capable of supporting a finding that the consent was voluntary. But the

19 totality of the circumstances paints a far different picture, especially when viewed in
6

1 light of the presumption against waiver of constitutional rights. As in Davis, the

2 officers had made a strong show of force, and Lopez asked to search the pocket after

3 he had already began a search of Defendant’s person. There was little time between

4 when Defendant was being commanded at gunpoint and when Lopez asked to look

5 in his pocket. Far from proving voluntariness, the State’s evidence is actually

6 probative of duress and coercion.

7 III. CONCLUSION

8 For the foregoing reasons, we reverse the order denying Defendant’s motion to

9 suppress and remand for further proceedings consistent with this Opinion.

10 IT IS SO ORDERED.

11 

12 MICHAEL D. BUSTAMANTE, Judge

13 WE CONCUR:

14 

15 CELIA FOY CASTILLO, Chief Judge

16 

17 RODERICK T. KENNEDY, Judge