J-S12004-24 

 

NON-PRECEDENTIAL DECISION - SEE SUPERIOR COURT O.P. 65.37 

COMMONWEALTH OF PENNSYLVANIA 

 v. 

JEFFREY TODD LUKENS 

 Appellant 

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 IN THE SUPERIOR COURT OF 

 PENNSYLVANIA 

 No. 2113 EDA 2023 

Appeal from the Judgment of Sentence Entered July 6, 2023 

In the Court of Common Pleas of Bucks County Criminal Division at 

No(s): CP-09-CR-0006262-2021 

BEFORE: DUBOW, J., SULLIVAN, J., and BENDER, P.J.E. 

MEMORANDUM BY DUBOW, J.: FILED JUNE 20, 2024 

Appellant, Jeffrey Todd Lukens, appeals from the July 6, 2023 judgment 

of sentence of 25 to 50 years of incarceration entered in the Bucks County 

Court of Common Pleas following his conviction by a jury of one count each of 

Indecent Assault—Person Less Than 13 Years of Age, Attempt to Commit 

Indecent Assault—Person Less Than 13 Years of Age, Unlawful Contact with a 

Minor—Sexual Offenses, Corruption of Minors, Indecent Assault—Without 

Consent of Other, Attempt to Commit Indecent Assault—Without Consent of 

Other, Invasion of Privacy, and Criminal Attempt to Commit Invasion of 

Privacy.1 Appellant challenges certain evidentiary rulings. After careful 

review, we affirm. 

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1

 18 Pa.C.S. §§ 3126(a)(7), 901(a), 6318(a)(1), 6301(a)(1)(i), 3126(a)(1), 

901(a), 7507.1(a)(2), 901(a), respectively. 
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 The relevant facts and procedural history are as follows. On September 

1, 2021, then-11-year-old E.M.’s parents hired Appellant to remove bees from 

their home. The next day, when Appellant returned to the home to continue 

working, E.M. asked to help Appellant and Appellant agreed. Appellant 

provided E.M. with a protective suit to cover the top of his body including his 

arms, torso, and face. 

 Eventually, E.M. and Appellant went into the basement and E.M. helped 

Appellant cut a hole into drywall to expose the bees’ nest. While E.M. stood 

on a ladder, Appellant rubbed E.M.’s upper thigh under his shorts, massaged 

E.M.’s lower stomach and upper pubic area under his shirt, and took a photo 

of E.M.’s abdomen using Appellant’s cell phone. 

 Appellant returned to E.M.’s home on September 6, 2021, to complete 

the job. On that date, Appellant told E.M. that he wanted to measure E.M.’s 

abdominal muscles. Appellant pulled E.M.’s shorts partially down, exposing 

his lower stomach and part of his upper pubic area, held a tape measure to 

E.M.’s torso, and took a photo of E.M.’s exposed torso. 

 E.M. reported Appellant’s conduct to his mother who subsequently 

reported it to police. On September 30, 3031, the Commonwealth charged 

Appellant with numerous offenses arising from this conduct. 

 On September 16, 2022, the Commonwealth filed an omnibus pretrial 

motion that included requests to admit evidence of prior bad acts pursuant to 

Pa.R.Crim.P. 404(b). The Commonwealth sought to introduce the testimony 

of N.A. who, in 2009, was a 12-year-old friend of Appellant’s son. On 
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November 1, 2008, N.A. spent the night at Appellant’s home. N.A. was 

awoken during the night by a poke in his genital area, opened his eyes, and 

saw Appellant fondling N.A.’s penis over his shorts. N.A. instructed Appellant 

to stop and Appellant left the room. N.A. reported Appellant’s abuse to his 

father and to the police. On September 3, 2009, the Commonwealth charged 

Appellant with Indecent Assault—Person Less Than 13 Years of Age, 

Corruption of Minors, and Unlawful Contact with a Minor. In 2010, N.A. 

testified at Appellant’s trial, which resulted in a jury conviction of all charges. 

 The Commonwealth also sought to introduce the testimony of C.M. In 

the spring of 2005, when C.M., who worked with Appellant in Appellant’s crab 

cake business, was 18 years-old, he and Appellant were drinking beer in a 

barn located on Appellant’s property. After they had had a few drinks, 

Appellant showed C.M. some pornographic magazines and asked C.M. how 

they made him feel and asked C.M. to measure his penis. C.M. initially 

refused, but eventually relented because he wanted Appellant’s questioning 

to stop. When C.M. walked to a corner to measure his penis, Appellant walked 

up behind him and watched over C.M.’s shoulder to make sure C.M. was 

measuring correctly. This made C.M. extremely uncomfortable and he left the 

barn shortly thereafter. On another occasion, when Appellant and C.M. were 

delivering crab cakes, Appellant touched C.M.’s penis over his clothes and 

attempted to pull down C.M.’s fly. C.M. testified to these facts at Appellant’s 

2010 trial. 
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 On September 27, 2022, and December 9, 2022, the trial court held 

hearings on the Commonwealth’s motion.2 At the hearing, the Commonwealth 

sought to admit the transcripts of N.A.’s and C.M.’s testimony from Appellant’s 

2010 trial for the court’s consideration in determining whether it would permit 

N.A. and C.A. to testify in the current trial about Appellant’s prior conduct. 

Appellant’s counsel objected to the admission of the transcripts, but only on 

the grounds that he had not cross-examined N.A. and C.A. in 2010. Notably, 

Appellant did not object to admission of the proffered prior bad acts testimony 

of N.A. and C.A. as substantive evidence in the current trial. After extensive 

argument from the parties, the trial court admitted the transcripts, indicating 

that it would review them for purposes of determining whether the conduct 

described by N.A. and C.M. constituted prior bad acts evidence that the court 

would admit as evidence at Appellant’s trial. 

On December 19, 2022, the trial court entered an order granting the 

Commonwealth’s motion to admit Appellant’s prior bad acts evidence “subject 

to the witness(es) confirming consistency as to what the Commonwealth has 

offered.” Order, 12/19/22, at ¶ 1. 

 On February 3, 2023, the Commonwealth learned that, due to ordered 

military deployment, N.A. would be unavailable to testify at Appellant’s trial, 

which the court had scheduled to commence on March 13, 2023. 

Consequently, the Commonwealth requested that the trial court continue the 

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2

 The record reflects that Appellant did not file a written response to the 

Commonwealth’s motion to admit prior bad acts evidence. 
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trial until after N.A. returned from deployment in April of 2023. The court 

denied the request prompting the Commonwealth to file, on February 17, 

2023, a motion in limine seeking permission to introduce N.A.’s 2010 trial 

testimony as evidence in this trial.3 

 At the commencement of trial, but prior to the jury’s empanelment, the 

court considered the Commonwealth’s motion in limine. Appellant’s counsel 

argued the Commonwealth should not be permitted to read into evidence at 

this trial N.A.’s testimony from Appellant’s 2010 trial because N.A. was not 

unavailable to testify as defined in 42 Pa.C.S. § 5917.4 In support of this 

argument, Appellant asserted that the steps taken by the Commonwealth to 

compel N.A.’s presence at trial—including emailing N.A. a subpoena prior to 

his overseas deployment—were insufficient to properly ensure N.A. appeared 

to testify. He suggested that the Commonwealth should have instead served 

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3

 Appellant did not file a written response to the motion in limine. 

4

 Section 5917 provides as follows: 

Whenever any person has been examined as a witness, either for 

the Commonwealth or for the defense, in any criminal proceeding 

conducted in or before a court of record, and the defendant has 

been present and has had an opportunity to examine or crossexamine, if such witness afterwards dies, or is out of the 

jurisdiction so that he cannot be effectively served with a 

subpoena, or if he cannot be found, or if he becomes incompetent 

to testify for any legally sufficient reason properly proven, notes 

of his examination shall be competent evidence upon a 

subsequent trial of the same criminal issue. . . . 

42 Pa.C.S. § 5917. 
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the subpoena through local law enforcement or that the court should have 

issued a material witness warrant to force N.A. to testify while he was still 

present in the United States. Appellant also objected to the admission of 

N.A.’s prior testimony as violative of Appellant’s right of confrontation under 

the Sixth Amendment and asserted that “it denies a fair trial to the extent that 

a jury cannot assess the credibility of someone who isn’t here.” N.T. Trial, 

3/13/23, at 14.

 The Commonwealth disputed that its method for notifying N.A. to 

appear as a witness was inadequate and that N.A. was not unavailable as a 

matter of law. It also indicated that it never contemplated obtaining a material 

witness warrant to compel N.A.’s appearance as N.A. was cooperative and 

willing to testify against Appellant. The Commonwealth also asserted that 

N.A. had been subject to a full and fair cross-examination at the time of 

Appellant’s prior trial and, in light of his current military deployment, it 

concluded that N.A. was “sufficiently unavailable.” Id. at 11. 

Following argument on this issue, the trial court agreed that N.A. was 

an unavailable witness and indicated that it would permit the Commonwealth 

to read N.A.’s testimony into the record at the appropriate time. 

Next, the court considered the admissibility of the live testimony of C.M. 

Appellant objected to the admission of this evidence, characterizing it as 

inadmissible propensity or character evidence.5 He noted that C.M.’s 

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5

 Our review of the record indicates that Appellant did not object to the 

admission of N.A’s testimony on this basis. 
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allegations of Appellant’s 2005 conduct did not result in an arrest or 

conviction. He argued that, even if the evidence was admissible under Rule 

404(b), the prejudice it would cause to Appellant outweighed its probative 

value and suggested that the court only admit it as rebuttal evidence if 

Appellant testified. Following its consideration of C.M.’s prior testimony, the 

trial court ruled that C.M. could testify in the instant trial consistent with his 

prior testimony. 

 In support of the charges against Appellant, the Commonwealth 

presented the testimony of E.M., his parents, Bucks County Children’s 

Advocacy Center coordinator and forensic interviewer Alison Rose, C.M., N.A., 

and Newtown Township Detective Corporal Joseph Camp. Immediately before 

C.M. began his testimony, the trial court instructed the jury that C.M was 

testifying “for a limited purpose, that is for the purpose of proving motive, 

opportunity, intent, preparation, plan, knowledge, identity, absence of 

mistake or lack of accident.” N.T. Trial, 3/14/23, at 50. The court admonished 

the jury not to consider his testimony for any other purpose, specifically 

directing that the jury must “not regard this evidence as showing that the 

defendant is a person of bad character or criminal tendencies from which you 

might be inclined to infer guilt.” Id. at 66. The court also reiterated this 

instruction prior to dismissing the jury to begin its deliberations. N.T. Trial, 

3/15/23, at 65-66. 

 Appellant did not testify in his own defense. However, in his closing 

argument, his counsel argued that the Commonwealth failed to prove that 
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Appellant acted with sexual desire or for sexual gratification. He further 

argued that any contact between Appellant and E.M. was incidental and 

normal because E.M. was on a ladder and that, in taking a photograph of E.M., 

Appellant merely exercised poor judgment. 

 Following its deliberations, the jury convicted Appellant of Indecent 

Assault—Person Less Than 13 Years of Age, Attempt to Commit Indecent 

Assault—Person Less Than 13 Years of Age, Unlawful Contact with a Minor—

Sexual Offenses, Corruption of Minors, Indecent Assault—Without Consent of 

Other, Attempt to Commit Indecent Assault—Without Consent of Other, 

Invasion of Privacy, and Criminal Attempt to Commit Invasion of Privacy. On 

July 6, 2023, the trial court sentenced Appellant to a term of 25 to 50 years 

of incarceration. Appellant filed a timely post-sentence motion, which the trial 

court denied. 

 This appeal followed. Both Appellant and the trial court complied with 

Pa.R.A.P. 1925. 

 Appellant raises the following two issues on appeal: 

1. Did the trial court err in admitting “other acts” testimony—

those alleged to involve CM and NA—as neither met the 

requirements of Rule 404(b) and/or should have been excluded 

as unfairly prejudicial or misleading/confusing under Rule 403? 

2. Did the trial court err in permitting NA’s allegations to be 

proved by prior testimony as the Commonwealth failed to 

prove unavailability as required by Rule 804 and the Sixth 

Amendment confrontation guarantee? 

Appellant’s Brief at 5. 
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A. 

In his first issue, Appellant challenges the admission of C.M.’s and N.A.’s 

testimony regarding Appellant’s prior conduct. Appellant’s Brief at 17-24. As 

a prefatory matter, we reiterate that our review of the record indicates that 

Appellant did not object to the admission of N.A.’s testimony as improper Rule 

404(b) evidence.6 He has, thus, waived this claim on appeal. See 

Commonwealth v. Ramos, 231 A.3d 955, 957 (Pa. Super. 2020) (explaining 

“failure to raise a contemporaneous objection to evidence at trial waives that 

claim on appeal”) (citations omitted); see also Pa.R.E. 103(a)(1)(A) 

(providing a party may only claim error regarding admission of evidence if he 

makes timely objection on record). Accordingly, we confine our review to the 

admission of C.M.’s testimony. 

Appellant avers that the trial court should have excluded C.M.’s 

testimony because the acts described by C.M. were largely dissimilar and too 

remote in time to be admissible prior bad acts evidence. Appellant’s Brief at 

18, 21-23. Appellant emphasizes that the two instances of sexual contact 

took place in 2005 when C.M. was 18 years old and both C.M. and Appellant 

were consuming alcohol. Id. at 19. Appellant characterizes the contact 

between Appellant and C.M. as occurring “during two work-related 

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6

 Furthermore, Appellant has not in his brief cited to the place in the record 

where he lodged this objection, in violation of Pa.R.A.P. 2119(c) (requiring 

citation “to the place in the record where the matter referred to appears”). 
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encounters,” and notes that, unlike in the instant case, involved looking at 

pornography. Id. 

Appellant argues that in addition to being remote in time and dissimilar 

in their character, the conduct does not show a plan, only a propensity. Id. 

at 20. Appellant asserts that this evidence shows only that Appellant had a 

propensity to be sexually attracted to males. Id. He further asserts that the 

instant case has “little else in common” with C.M.’s experience other than that 

both C.M. and E.M. were known to Appellant, both experiences involved 

touching or looking at the penis, and Appellant used a measuring device or 

ruler with both. Id. Appellant concludes that this is mere propensity “and 

not a plan or other non-character link to the acts alleged in this trial.” Id. 

Appellant asserts that the trial court’s opinion and the court’s instruction 

to the jury supports his claim that the court should not have admitted this 

evidence. Id. at 20-21. Appellant notes that, in its opinion, the trial court 

did not analyze the remoteness of this incident to the one described by C.M. 

and did not cite any case law in support of the evidence’s admissibility. Id.

at 20. Appellant also claims, without citation to any authority, that the trial 

court erred in instructing the jury that it may consider C.M.’s testimony for 

any or all of the non-character purposes listed in Rule 404(b) and asserts that 

this “is further confirmation of the inadmissibility of this proof,” when it was 

clear that knowledge, opportunity, identity, or preparation were not “at issue” 

in this case. Id at 21. 
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The “[a]dmission of evidence is within the sound discretion of the trial 

court and will be reversed only upon a showing that the trial court clearly 

abused its discretion.” Commonwealth v. Tyson, 119 A.3d 353, 357 (Pa. 

Super. 2015) (en banc) (citation omitted). “Accordingly, a ruling admitting 

evidence will not be disturbed on appeal unless that ruling reflects manifest 

unreasonableness, or partiality, prejudice, bias, or ill-will, or such lack of 

support to be clearly erroneous.” Commonwealth v. Huggins, 68 A.3d 962, 

966 (Pa. Super. 2013) (citations and internal quotation marks omitted). 

Pennsylvania Rule of Evidence 404(b) prohibits evidence of a 

defendant’s prior bad acts “to prove a person’s character” or demonstrate 

“that on a particular occasion the person acted in accordance with the 

character.” Pa.R.E. 404(b)(1). Nevertheless, the Rule also provides that prior 

bad acts evidence “may be admissible for another purpose, such as proving 

motive, opportunity, intent, preparation, plan, knowledge, identity, absence 

of mistake, or lack of accident.” Id. at 404(b)(2). 

Thus, under Rule 404(b) evidence of prior bad acts “is not admissible 

for the sole purpose of demonstrating a criminal defendant’s propensity to 

commit crimes” but “may be admissible in certain circumstances where it is 

relevant for some other legitimate purpose and not utilized solely to blacken 

the defendant’s character.” Tyson, 119 A.3d at 358 (citations omitted). 

Specifically, such evidence is admissible “if offered for a non-propensity 

purpose[.]” Id. “A common scheme may be relevant to establish any element 
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of a crime, where intent may be shown through a pattern of similar acts.” 

Commonwealth v. Einhorn, 911 A.2d 960, 967 (Pa. Super. 2006). 

“When offered for a legitimate purpose, evidence of prior crimes is 

admissible if its probative value outweighs its potential for unfair prejudice.” 

Tyson, 119 A.3d at 358. The term “unfair prejudice” in Rule 404(b)(2) 

“means a tendency to suggest [a] decision on an improper basis or to divert 

the jury’s attention away from its duty of weighing the evidence impartially.” 

Commonwealth v. Dillon, 925 A.2d 131, 141 (Pa. 2007) (citation omitted). 

“[W]hen examining the potential for undue prejudice, a cautionary jury 

instruction may ameliorate the prejudicial effect of the proffered evidence,” as 

“[j]urors are presumed to follow the trial court’s instructions.” Tyson, 119 

A.3d at 360. 

To establish one of the Rule 404(b) admissibility exceptions, there must 

be “a close factual nexus sufficient to demonstrate the connective relevance 

of the prior bad acts to the crime in question.” Commonwealth v. Sami, 

243 A.3d 991, 999 (Pa. Super. 2020) (citation and emphasis omitted). 

 The trial court admitted C.M.’s testimony pursuant to Rule 404(b) as 

evidence of Appellant’s intent.7 Trial Ct. Op., 10/13/23, at 10. The trial court 

explained that it reached this conclusion in light of the following facts: 

Similar to the incident with C.M., in the present case, Appellant 

had tried to measure a part of E.M.’s body with a tape measure. 

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7

 The court did not, as Appellant argues, admit this evidence to demonstrate 

the existence of a common plan or scheme. 
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In addition, Appellant’s entire defense was that none of his 

touching of E.M. was for sexual purposes or gratification. 

Id. The court also noted that the probative value of C.M.’s testimony 

outweighed the potential for unfair prejudice. Id. 

 Following our review, we discern no abuse of the trial court’s discretion. 

As noted above, the Commonwealth may use evidence of a pattern of prior 

similar acts to show intent. Here, Appellant’s defense at trial was that he 

lacked the requisite intent to commit these crimes because he did not touch 

or photograph E.M. for the purpose of deriving sexual gratification. The 

Commonwealth offered, and the trial court did not abuse its discretion in 

admitting, C.M.’s testimony describing a similar sexual assault also involving 

Appellant’s use of a measuring device, for the purposes of showing that 

Appellant touched and photographed E.M. with the requisite sexual intent. 

Furthermore, we discern no abuse of discretion in the trial court’s 

conclusion that the probative value of this evidence outweighed the potential 

for unfair prejudice. Because Appellant’s defense was his alleged lack of intent 

and motive to derive sexual gratification, evidence establishing his state of 

mind, intent, and motive to refute that defense was highly probative. In 

addition, the trial court twice provided the jury with a limiting instructing 

explaining how the jury should consider the evidence when deliberating. We 

presume that it has followed this instruction. See Tyson, 119 A.3d at 360. 

Accordingly, Appellant is not entitled to relief on this claim. 

B. 
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Appellant next claims that the trial court erred in permitting the 

Commonwealth to read into evidence N.A.’s prior testimony. Appellant’s Brief 

at 25-28. Appellant challenges the trial court’s conclusion both that the 

Commonwealth demonstrated N.A.’s unavailability as required by Pa.R.E. 804 

and the Sixth Amendment confrontation guarantee, and that Appellant had 

sufficient opportunity to cross-examine Appellant “in a way that could elicit 

significant differences between [N.A.’s prior] allegations and the charges in 

this case.” Id. 

It is axiomatic that the argument portion of an appellate brief must be 

developed with citation to and discussion of relevant authority and to the 

record. Pa.R.A.P 2119(a)-(c). “[I]t is an appellant’s duty to present 

arguments that are sufficiently developed for our review. The brief must 

support the claims with pertinent discussion, with references to the record and 

with citations to legal authorities.” Commonwealth v. Hardy, 918 A.2d 766, 

771 (Pa. Super. 2007) (internal citation omitted). “This Court will not act as 

counsel and will not develop arguments on behalf of an appellant.” Id. If a 

deficient brief hinders this Court’s ability to address any issue on review, we 

shall consider the issue waived. Commonwealth v. Gould, 912 A.2d 869, 

873 (Pa. Super. 2006) (holding that appellant waived issue on appeal where 

he failed to support claim with relevant citations to case law and record). See 

also In re R.D., 44 A.3d 657, 674 (Pa. Super. 2012) (finding that, where the 

argument portion of an appellant’s brief lacked meaningful discussion of, or 

citation to, relevant legal authority regarding an issue generally or specifically, 
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the appellant’s issue was waived because appellant’s lack of analysis 

precluded meaningful appellate review). 

“We shall not develop an argument for an appellant, nor shall we scour 

the record to find evidence to support an argument[.]” Milby v. Pote, 189 

A.3d 1065, 1079 (Pa. Super. 2018). To do so would place this Court “in the 

conflicting roles of advocate and neutral arbiter.” Commonwealth v. 

Williams, 782 A.2d 517, 532 (Pa. 2001) (Castille, J., concurring). Therefore, 

when an appellant fails to develop his issue in an argument, the issue is 

waived. Sephakis v. Pa. State Police Bureau of Records and Id., 214 

A.3d 680, 686-87 (Pa. Super. 2019). 

The argument Appellant has presented in support of this claim is 

woefully underdeveloped and wholly conclusory. Although Appellant provided 

citation to two cases for the proposition that a “mere assertion of a person 

being outside of the Commonwealth is inadequate to establish 

unavailability[,]”8 he has failed to discuss the facts of this case in the context 

of the cited cases, has provided no citations whatsoever to the record, and 

has not included the in his brief text of either Rule 804 or the Confrontation 

Clause.9 Furthermore, Appellant has not provided any citation to case law in 

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8

 Appellant’s Brief at 25 (citing Consolidated Rail Corp. v. Del. River Port 

Auth., 880 A.2d 628, 631 (Pa. Super. 2005) and Commonwealth v. Lebo, 

795 A.2d 987 (Pa. Super. 2002)). 

9

 Appellant also cited two Fifth Circuit Court of Appeals opinions and two 

secondary sources and quoted one U.S. Supreme Court Case for the general 

(Footnote Continued Next Page) 
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support of his argument that N.A.’s cross examination by the attorney who 

represented Appellant at his prior trial was inadequate to satisfy the Sixth 

Amendment’s confrontation protections in this trial. Appellant’s failure to 

develop his arguments with citation to and discussion of relevant authority 

and to the record has hampered this Court’s ability to conduct meaningful 

appellate review. Thus, we conclude that Appellant has waived this claim by 

failing to develop it. 

C. 

Having found Appellant’s claims either meritless or waived, we affirm 

his judgment of sentence. 

Judgment of sentence affirmed. 

Date: 6/20/2024 

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proposition that the Sixth Amendment right to confront adverse witnesses is 

a right “premised on the importance of having the witness ‘stand face to face 

with the jury in order that they may look at him, and judge by his demeanor 

upon the stand and the manner in which he gives his testimony whether he is 

worth of belief.’” Appellant’s Brief at 26 (quoting Mattox v. United States, 

156 U.S. 237, 242-43 (1895).