# North Dakota Regional Haze EPA-R08-OAR-2010-0406



# WRAP Technical Support System
Information Related to Nitrate Impacts at

Theodore Roosevelt National Park and

Lostwood Wilderness Area

# 1



# WEIGHTED EMISSIONS POTENTIAL ANALYSIS

Introduction

The Weighted Emissions Potential analysis (WEP) was developed as a screening tool for states to decide which source regions have the potential t o contribute to haze formation at specific Class I areas, based on both the 2002 and 2018 emis sions inventories. This method does not produce highly accurate results because, unlike the air quality model and associated PSAT analysis, it does not account for chemistry and rem oval processes. Instead, it relies on an integration of gridded emissions data, back traject ory residence time data, a one-over-distance factor to approximate deposition, and a normalizati on of the final results. Residence time over an area is indicative of general flow patterns, but does not necessarily imply the area contributed significantly to haze at a given receptor. Therefo re, users are cautioned to view the WEP as one piece of a larger, more comprehensive weight of evi dence analysis.

Emissions Data Inputs

The emissions data used were the annual, 36km grid SMOKE-processed, model-ready emissions inventories provided by the WRAP Regional Modeling Center (RMC) . The analysis was performed for nine (9) pollutants (maps were genera ted for all but the last three):

• Sulfur oxides

• Nitrogen oxides

• Organic carbon

• Elemental carbon

• Fine particulate matter

• Coarse particulate matter

• Ammonia

• Volatile organic carbon

• Carbon monoxide.

The following source categories for each pollutant were identified and preserved through the analysis:

• Biogenic

• Natural fire

• Point

• Area

• WRAP oil and gas

• Off-shore

• On-road mobile

• Off-road mobile

• Road dust

• Fugitive dust

• Windblown dust

• Anthropogenic fires

# 2

Residence Time Inputs

The back trajectory residence times were provided b y the WRAP Causes of Haze Assessment (COHA) . The COHA project used NOAA’s HYSPLIT model to ge nerate eight (8) back trajectories daily for each WRAP Class I area for t he entire five-year baseline period (2000-04). The major model parameters selected for this analys is are presented in Table 1. From these individual trajectories, residence time fields were generated for one-degree latitude by onedegree longitude grid cells. Residence time analys is computes the amount of time (e.g., number of hours) or percent of time an air parcel is in a horizontal grid cell. Plotted on a map, residence time is shown as percent of total hours in each gri d cell across the domain, thus allowing an interpretation of general air flow patterns for a g iven Class I area. The residence time fields for the 20% worst and best IMPROVE-monitored extinction days were selected for the WEP analysis to highlight the potential emissions sourc es during those specific periods.

Table 1 Back Trajectory Model Parameters Selected for WEP A nalysis

Model Parameter Value Trajectory duration 192 hours (8 days) backward in time Top of model domain 14,000 meters Vertical motion option used model data Receptor height 500 meters Meteorological Field EDAS and FNL (location depende nt)

Integration of Emissions and Residence Time Data

The WEP analysis consisted of weighting the annual gridded emissions (by pollutant and source category) by the worst and best extinction days res idence times for the five-year baseline period. To account for deposition along the trajectories, t he result was further weighted by a one-overdistance factor, measured as the distance in km bet ween the centroid of each emissions grid cell and the centroid of the grid cell containing the Cl ass I area monitoring site under investigation. (The “home” grid cell of the monitoring site was we ighted by one fourth of the 36km grid cell distance, or one-over-9km, to avoid a large respons e in that grid cell.) The resulting weighted emissions field was normalized by the highest grid cell to ease interpretation.

An example series of maps illustrating the WEP anal ysis is presented in Figure 1. This example shows the annual emissions for NOx across the domai n, the specific residence time pattern for the 20% worst monitored days at a Class I area, and the resulting weighted emissions map. Both the 2002 and 2018 cases are presented. Interpretat ion of the results should focus on which grid cells (or larger regions) have significant potentia l to affect the Class I area, and on changes between 2002 and 2018.

An example of associated bar charts showing the est imated contribution by source category and region is presented in Figure 2. It is important t o note that these charts show normalized values with no direct connection to original emissions val ues. Interpretation of the results should focus

# 3

on the relative contributions by each source catego ry and region, and the changes between 2002 and 2018.

Caveats

The WEP is not a rigorous, stand-alone analysis, bu t a simple, straightforward use of existing data. As such, there are several caveats to keep i n mind when using WEP results as part of a comprehensive weight of evidence analysis:

• This analysis does not take into account any emissi ons chemistry.

• While actual emissions may vary considerably throug hout the year, this analysis pairs up annual emissions data with 20% worst/best extinc tion days residence times – this is likely most problematic for carbon and dust emis sions, which can be highly episodic.

• Coarse particle and some fine particle dust emissio ns tend not to be transported long distances due to their large mass.

• The WEP results are unitless numbers, normalized to the largest-valued grid cell. Effective use of these results requires an understa nding of actual emissions values and their relative contribution to haze at a given Clas s I area.42002 NOx Emissions (TPY)Residence Time Field, Worst 20% MonitoredDays (2000-2005)2002 NOx Emissions Weighted by ResidenceTime and One-Over-Distance2018 NOx Emissions (TPY) Residence Time Field, Worst 20% MonitoredDays (2000-2005)2018 NOx Emissions Weighted by ResidenceTime and One-Over-DistanceFigure 1. Example series of maps for WEP analysisat Bridger Wilderness, WY. From left to right: single-year annual emissions densitymap; five-year residence time map; emissions weighted by residence time, by one-over-distance, and normalized to the highest grid cell. Toprow presents 2002 results, bottom row presents 2018results.

# 5 Sources and Areas of Potential Nitrogen Oxide Emissions Influence

2000-2004 Baseline for Bridger Wilderness, WY

20% Worst Visibility Days

4.8 12.6

0.8 22.1

3.4 4.3

0.5 0.2 4.6

0.1 19.9

3.7 15.1

3.2 1.3 0.3 0.7 2.3

0 10 20 30 40

A r izon a California Colorado Ida

h o Mo n ta n a Nev a da New M e xico North Da k ota O regon

So u th Da k ota Utah

Washing t on Wyoming Pacific Offshore CE

NRA P

E a ste r n U S Mexico Ca

na d aPercent of Total Distance Weighted Emis x ResTime Biogenic Natural Fire Point Area WRAP Area O&G Off-Shore
On-Road Mobile Off-Road Mobile Road Dust Fugitive Dust WB Dust Anthro Fire



### Sources and Areas of Potential Nitrogen Oxide Emissions Influence

2018 Projections for Bridger Wilderness, WY

20% Worst Visibility Days

3.2 7.7

0.6 20.6

3.1 3.7

0.6 0.2 3.3

0.1 13.9

2.2 33.1

2.7 1.0 0.2 0.7 3.2

0 10 20 30 40

A r izon a California Colorado Ida

h o Mo n ta n a Nev a da New M e xico North Da k ota O regon

So u th Da k ota Utah

Washing t on Wyoming Pacific Offshore CE

NRA P

E a ste r n U S Mexico Ca

na d aPercent of Total Distance Weighted Emis x ResTime Biogenic Natural Fire Point Area WRAP Area O&G Off-Shore
On-Road Mobile Off-Road Mobile Road Dust Fugitive Dust WB Dust Anthro Fire



# Figure 2. Example source category bar charts based on WEP analysis at Bridger Wilderness, WY. Top chart presents 2002 results, bottom chart presents 2018 results.

# PM SOURCE APPORTIONMENT TECHNOLOGY (PSAT)

Impairment of visibility in Class I areas is caused by a combination of local air pollutants and regional pollutants that are transported long dista nces. To develop effective visibility improvement strategies, the WRAP member states and tribes need to know the relative contributions of local and transported pollutants, and which emissio ns sources are significant contributors to visibility impairment at a given Class I area.

A variety of modeling and data analysis methods can be used to perform source apportionment of the PM observed at a given receptor site. Model sen sitivity simulations have been used in which a “base case” model simulation is performed and the n a particular source is “zeroed out” of the emissions. The importance of that source is assesse d by evaluating the change in pollutants at the receptor site, calculated as pollutant concentratio n in the sensitivity case minus that in the base case. This approach is known as a “brute force” sen sitivity because a separate model run is required for each sensitivity test.

An alternative approach is to implement a mass-trac king algorithm in the air quality model to explicitly track for a given emissions source the c hemical transformations, transport, and removal of the PM that was formed from that source. Mass tr acking methods have been implemented in both the CMAQ and CAMx air quality models. Initial work completed by the RMC during 2004 used the CMAQ Tagged Species Source Apportionment ( TSSA) method. Unfortunately, there were problems with mass conservation in the version of CMAQ used in that study, and these affected the TSSA results. A similar algorithm has been implemented in CAMx, the PM Source Apportionment Technology (PSAT). Comparisons of TSS A and PSAT showed that the results were qualitatively similar, that is, the relative r anking of the most significant source contributors were similar for the two methods. However, the tota l mass contributions differed. With separate funding from EPA, UCR has implemented a version of TSSA in the new CMAQ release (v4.5) that corrects the mass conservation error, but give n the uncertainty of the availability of this update, the CAMx/PSAT source apportionment method w as used for the WRAP modeling analysis.

The main objective of applying CAMx/PSAT is to eval uate the regional haze air quality for conditions typical of the 2000-04 baseline period ( Plan02c) and future-year 2018 (Base18b) conditions. These results are used

• to assess the contributions of different geographic source regions (e.g., states) and source categories to current (2000-04) and future (2018) v isibility impairment at Class I areas, to obtain improved understanding of (1) the causes of the impairment and (2) which states are included in the area of influence (AOI) of a gi ven Class I area;

• to determine which source categories contributing t o the AOI for each Class I area are changing, and by how much, between the 2000-04 and 2018 base case, by varying only controllable anthropogenic emissions between the 2 PSAT simulations; and

• to identify the source regions and emissions catego ries that, if controlled to lower emissions rates than the 2018 base case levels, wou ld produce the greatest visibility improvements at a Class I area.

# CAMx/PSAT

The PM Source Apportionment Technology performs sou rce apportionment based on userdefined source groups. A source group is the combin ation of a geographic source region and an emissions source category. Examples of source regio ns include states, nonattainment areas, and counties. Examples of source categories include mob ile sources, biogenic sources, and elevated point sources; PSAT can even focus on individual so urces. The user defines a geographic source region map to specify the source regions of interes t. He or she then inputs each source category as separate, gridded low-level emissions and/or ele vated-point-source emissions. The model then determines each source group by overlaying the sour ce categories on the source region map. For further information, please refer to the white pape r on the features and capabilities of PSAT (http://pah.cert.ucr.edu/aqm/308/reports/PSAT_White _Paper_111405_final_draft1.pdf ), with additional details available in the CAMx user’s gui de (ENVIRON, 2005; http://www.camx.com ).

PM source apportionment modeling was performed for aerosol sulfate (SO 4 

# ) and aerosol nitrate (NO 3 

# ) and their related species (e.g., SO 2 

# , NO, NO 2 

# , HNO 3 

# , NH 3 

# , and NH 4 

# ). The PSAT simulations include 9 tracers, 18 source regions, a nd 6 source groups. The computational cost for each of these species differs because additional tr acers must be used to track chemical conversions of precursors to the secondary PM speci es SO 4 

# , NO 3 

# , NH 4 

# , and secondary organic aerosols (SOA). Table 1 summarizes the computer run time required for each species. The practical implication of this table for WRAP is tha t it is much more expensive to perform PSAT simulations for NO 3 

# and especially for SOA than it is to perform simul ations for other species.

Table 1. Benchmarks for PSAT computational costs fo r each PM species. Run time is for one day (01/02/2002) on the WRAP 36 -km domain.

Species No. of Species

Tracers RAM

Memory Disk Storage

per Day Run Time with

1 CPU

SO 4 

# 2 1.6 GB 1.1 GB 4.7 h/day

NO 3 

# 7 1.7 GB 2.6 GB 13.2 h/day

SO 4 

# and NO 3 

# combined 9 1.9 GB 3.3 GB 16.8 h/day

SOA 14 6.8 GB Not tested Not tested Primary PM species 6 1.5 GB 3.0 GB 10.8 h/day



# Two annual 36-km CAMx/PSAT model simulations were p erformed: one with the Plan02c typical-year baseline case and the other with the B ase18b future-year case. It is expected that the states and tribes will use these results to assess the sources that contribute to visibility impairment at each Class I Area, and to guide the c hoice of emission control strategies. The RMC web site includes a full set of source apportio nment spatial plots and receptor bar plots for both Plan02b and Base18b. These graphical displays of the PSAT results, as well as additional analyses of these results are available on the TSS under http://vista.cira.colostate.edu/tss/Tools/ResultsSA .aspx

# CAMx/PSAT Configuration for 2002 and 2018 Modeling

PSAT source apportionment simulations for 2000-04 b aseline period and 2018 base case were performed using CAMx v4.30. Table 2 lists overall s pecifications for the PSAT simulations. The domain setup was identical to the standard WRAP CMA Q modeling domain. The CAMx/PSAT run-time options are shown in Table 3. The CAMx/PSA T computational cost for one simulation day with source tracking for sulfate (SO 4 

# ) and nitrate (NO 3 

# ) is approximately 14.5 CPU hours with an AMD Opteron CPU. The source regions used i n the PSAT simulations are shown in Figure 1 and Table 4. The six emissions source grou ps are described in Table 5. The development of these emissions data are described i n more detail below.

The annual PSAT run was divided into four seasons f or modeling. The initial conditions for the first season (January 1 to March 31, 2002) came fro m a CENRAP annual simulation. For the other three seasons, we allowed 15 model spin-up da ys prior to the beginning of each season. Based on the chosen set of source regions and group s, with nine tracers, and with a minimum requirement of 87,000 point sources and a horizonta l domain of 148 by 112 grid cells with 19 vertical layers, the run-time memory requirement is 1.9 GB. Total disk storage per day is approximately 3.3 GB. Although the RMC’s computatio n nodes are equipped with dual Opteron CPUs with 2 GB of RAM and 1 GB of swap space, the h igh run-time memory requirements prevented running PSAT simulations using the OpenMP shared memory multiprocessing capability implemented in CAMx.

Table 2. WRAP 2002 CAMx/PSAT specifications.
WRAP PSAT Specs Description

Model CAMx v4.30 OS/compiler Linux, pgf90 v.6.0-5 CPU type AMD Opteron with 2 GB of RAM Source region 18 source regions; see Figure 4.1 and Table 4.4 Emissions source groups Plan02b, 6 source groups; s ee Table 4.5 Initial conditions From CENRAP (camx.v4.30.cenrap36 .omp.2001365.inst.2) Boundary conditions 3-h BC from GEOS-Chem v2



# Table 3. WRAP CAMx/PSAT run-time options.
WRAP PSAT specs Description

Advection solver PPM Chemistry parameters CAMx4.3.chemparam.4_CF Chemistry solver CMC Plume-in-grid Not used

# WRAP PSAT specs Description Probing tool PSAT Dry/wet deposition TRUE (turned on) Staggered winds TRUE (turned on)



# Table 4. WRAP CAMx/PSAT source regions cross-refere nce table.

Source Region ID Source Region

Description 1 

# Source

Region ID Source Region

Description 1


# 1 Arizona (AZ) 10 South Dakota (SD) 2 California (CA) 11 Utah (UT) 3 Colorado (CO) 12 Washington (WA) 4 Idaho (ID) 13 Wyoming (WY) 5 Montana (MT) 14 Pacific off-shore & Sea of Cortez (OF) 6 Nevada (NV) 15 CENRAP states (CE) 7 New Mexico (NM) 16 Eastern U.S., Gulf of Mexico, & Atlantic Ocean (EA) 8 North Dakota (ND) 17 Mexico (MX) 9 Oregon (OR) 18 Canada (CN)

1 

## The abbreviations in parentheses are used to identi fy source regions in PSAT receptor bar plots.

## -2736 -2412 -2088 -1764 -1440 -1116 -792 -468 -144 180 504 828 1152 1476 1800 2124 2448 -2088 -1872 -1656 -1440 -1224 -1008 -792 -576 -360 -144 72 288 504 720 936 1152 1368 1584 1800

2 6

9 12

4 5 8

13

11 3

1 7

15 15

16

16 16 18 18

14

17 14

10



# Figure 1. WRAP CAMx/PSAT source region map. Table 4 .4 defines the source region IDs.

Table 5. WRAP CAMx/PSAT emissions source groups.

Emissions Source Groups 

# Low-level Sources Elevated Sources

1 Low-level point sources (including stationary off

shore) Elevated point sources (including stationary off-shore) 2 Anthropogenic wildfires (WRAP only) Anthropogenic wild fires (WRAP only) 3 Total mobile (on-road, off-road, including planes

, trains, ships in/near port, off-shore shipping)

# Emissions

Source Groups 

# Low-level Sources Elevated Sources

4 Natural emissions (natural fire, WRAP only, biogenics) Natural emissions (natural fire, WRAP only, biogenics) 5 Non-WRAP wildfires (elevated fire sources in other RPOs) Non-WRAP wild fires (elevated fire sources in other RPOs) 6 Everything else (area sources, all dust, fugitive ammonia, non-elevated fire sources in other RPOs)



# Preparation of Emissions Data

Emissions datasets for the CAMx/PSAT simulations we re prepared directly from the SMOKEprocessed emissions developed for CMAQ. A simple fo rmat conversion was used to convert the original SMOKE output files from the I/O API format to the CAMx format. For certain source categories, SMOKE was configured to output CAMx-for matted files directly. In addition, CMAQ species names were changed for several of the emissions species to make them consistent with the CAMx species. Additional processing was al so required for the PSAT algorithm. For each of the emissions categories that were tracked in PSAT, the intermediate SMOKE output files for those categories were converted to the CA Mx/PSAT formats, and read by the CAMx program to distinguish among the emissions source c ategories. The elevated-point-source CAMx emissions files were also processed files to specif y the PSAT source region individually for each point source. This was necessary in order to assign elevated-point-source emissions to the correct PSAT source region (particularly near state boundar ies and along coastal regions), due to the relatively coarse (36-km) grid cell resolution.

No additional post-processing QA was performed on t he CAMx emissions files, since they were prepared directly from the previously quality-assur ed CMAQ emissions files. However, the CAMx/PSAT simulations by comparing the CAMx- and CM AQ-predicted species concentrations as part of the overall QA of the mod el simulations.Help Parameter Group Mass Light Extinction

Parameter Particle Extinction Total Extinction Deciview Sulfate Extinction Nitrate Extinction Particulate Organic Carbon Extinction Elemental Carbon Extinction
IMPROVE Algorithm Original Revised Year 2009 2008 2007 2006 2005 2004 2003 2002 2001 2000 1999 1998 1997 1996 Selection of Days

IMPROVE sampled Best 20 % IMPROVE Worst 20 % IMPROVE
Averaging Daily Monthly Annual
Quarter Q 1 - JFM Q 2 - AMJ Q 3 - JAS Q 4 - OND Chart Type

Timeline

Bar Chart

Figure 1. - Hide Data Site Method Year N SO4 Extinction NO3 Extinction OMC Exti nction EC Extinction Soil Extinction CM Extinction
THRO1 NIA 2000 21 16.4 13.61 11.81 3.26 0.76 5.61
THRO1 NIA 2001 22 18.77 17.7 6.67 2.69 1.01 4.52
THRO1 NIA 2002 19 20.83 10.7 5.85 1.9 1.2 5.58
THRO1 NIA 2003 21 17.7 10.34 16.43 3.36 0.97 5.39
THRO1 NIA 2004 23 13.96 16.35 13.35 2.52 0.55 2.99 

# Page 1 of 1 Results

1/13/2012 http://vista.cira.colostate.edu/dev1/web/results/Re sultsMONtsEXTworst.aspxHelp Parameter Nitrate / NOx Sulfate / SOx

Emissions Scenario 2000

- 04 Baseline ( plan 02 c ) 2018 Base Case ( base 18 b )

Source Categories Natural Fires and Biogenics ( WRAP ) Anthropogenic Fires ( WRAP ) Mobile Area Point Source Regions AZ - Arizona CA - California CO - Colorado ID - Idaho MT - Montana NV - Nevada NM - New Mexico ND - North Dakota OR - Oregon SD - South Dakota UT - Utah WA - Washington WY - Wyoming
*Outside Domain requires all Source Categories be selected Selection of Days All days IMPROVE sampled Best 20 % IMPROVE Worst 20 % IMPROVE
Averaging Daily Monthly Annual
Quarter Q 1 - JFM Q 2 - AMJ Q 3 - JAS Q 4 - OND

Figure 1. - Hide Data PIE site Year modelrun param N SReg PT AF MV Nat Area Total THRO1 2002 plan02c36k PN3 19 CAN 0.15 0 0.228 0.025 0.139 0.54 1 THRO1 2002 plan02c36k PN3 19 CEN 0.01 0 0.026 0.005 0.003 0.04 3 THRO1 2002 plan02c36k PN3 19 EUS 0.001 0 0.003 0 0 0.004 THRO1 2002 plan02c36k PN3 19 MEX 0 0 0 0 0 0 THRO1 2002 plan02c36k Outside Domain 0.304 THRO1 2002 plan02c36k PN3 19 PO 0.001 0 0.002 0 0.006 0.008 THRO1 2002 plan02c36k WRAP 0.81
WRAP site Year modelrun param N SReg PT AF MV Nat Area Total THRO1 2002 plan02c36k PN3 19 AZ 5.789474E-05 0 0.0001894737 2.105263E-05 0 0.000268421 THRO1 2002 plan02c36k PN3 19 CA 0.0004052632 6.842105E-05 0 .003873684 0.0002526316 0.000568421 0.005168421 THRO1 2002 plan02c36k PN3 19 CO 0.003142105 7.894737E-05 0. 003726316 0.0004473684 0.0008631579 0.008257896 THRO1 2002 plan02c36k PN3 19 ID 0.001631579 5.789474E-05 0. 009389474 0.001068421 0.003673684 0.01582105 THRO1 2002 plan02c36k PN3 19 MT 0.09888421 0.0001894737 0.1 025211 0.03495263 0.01848947 0.2550369 THRO1 2002 plan02c36k PN3 19 NV 0.001121053 0 0.001594737 0. 0001421053 0.0001052632 0.002963158 THRO1 2002 plan02c36k PN3 19 NM 0.0002421053 0 0.0001631579 0.0001052632 0.0001052632 0.0006157896 THRO1 2002 plan02c36k PN3 19 ND 0.1587421 0.0002842105 0.10 37895 0.0388579 0.02333158 0.3250053 THRO1 2002 plan02c36k PN3 19 OR 0.003942105 0.0001157895 0. 01638421 0.001136842 0.001542105 0.02312105 THRO1 2002 plan02c36k PN3 19 SD 0.003526316 1.578947E-05 0. 01697895 0.0137 0.00238421 0.03660526 THRO1 2002 plan02c36k PN3 19 UT 0.005689474 1.052632E-05 0. 009247368 0.0001947368 0.0008052632 0.01594737 THRO1 2002 plan02c36k PN3 19 WA 0.005231579 0.001142105 0.0 4051579 0.002578947 0.002673684 0.0521421 THRO1 2002 plan02c36k PN3 19 WY 0.03513684 0.0001157895 0.0 2402105 0.0018 0.008236842 0.06931052
BAR site Year modelrun param N SReg Nat. Fires & Bio. Anthro. Fires Mobile Area Point Outside Domain THRO1 2002 plan02c36k PN3 19 AZ 0 0 0 0 0 THRO1 2002 plan02c36k PN3 19 CA 0 0 0.004 0.001 0 THRO1 2002 plan02c36k PN3 19 CAN 0.025 0 0.228 0.139 0.15 THRO1 2002 plan02c36k PN3 19 CEN 0.005 0 0.026 0.003 0.01 THRO1 2002 plan02c36k PN3 19 CO 0 0 0.004 0.001 0.003 THRO1 2002 plan02c36k PN3 19 EUS 0 0 0.003 0 0.001 THRO1 2002 plan02c36k PN3 19 ID 0.001 0 0.009 0.004 0.002 THRO1 2002 plan02c36k PN3 19 MEX 0 0 0 0 0 THRO1 2002 plan02c36k PN3 19 MT 0.035 0 0.103 0.018 0.099 THRO1 2002 plan02c36k PN3 19 ND 0.039 0 0.104 0.023 0.159 THRO1 2002 plan02c36k PN3 19 NM 0 0 0 0 0 THRO1 2002 plan02c36k PN3 19 NV 0 0 0.002 0 0.001 THRO1 2002 plan02c36k PN3 19 OR 0.001 0 0.016 0.002 0.004 THRO1 2002 plan02c36k PN3 19 PO 0 0 0.002 0.006 0.001 

# Page 1 of 2 Results

1/12/2012 http://vista.cira.colostate.edu/dev1/web/results/Re sultsPSATregNOx.aspxTHRO1 2002 plan02c36k PN3 19 SD 0.014 0 0.017 0.002 0.004 THRO1 2002 plan02c36k PN3 19 UT 0 0 0.009 0.001 0.006 THRO1 2002 plan02c36k PN3 19 WA 0.003 0.001 0.041 0.003 0.005 THRO1 2002 plan02c36k PN3 19 WY 0.002 0 0.024 0.008 0.035 THRO1 2002 plan02c36k PN3 19 OD 0.304
DATA site Year modelrun param N SReg Nat. Fires & Bio. Anthro. Fires Mobile Area Point Outside Domain THRO1 2002 plan02c36k PN3 19 AZ 0 0 0 0 0 THRO1 2002 plan02c36k PN3 19 CA 0 0 0.004 0.001 0 THRO1 2002 plan02c36k PN3 19 CAN 0.025 0 0.228 0.139 0.15 THRO1 2002 plan02c36k PN3 19 CEN 0.005 0 0.026 0.003 0.01 THRO1 2002 plan02c36k PN3 19 CO 0 0 0.004 0.001 0.003 THRO1 2002 plan02c36k PN3 19 EUS 0 0 0.003 0 0.001 THRO1 2002 plan02c36k PN3 19 ID 0.001 0 0.009 0.004 0.002 THRO1 2002 plan02c36k PN3 19 MEX 0 0 0 0 0 THRO1 2002 plan02c36k PN3 19 MT 0.035 0 0.103 0.018 0.099 THRO1 2002 plan02c36k PN3 19 ND 0.039 0 0.104 0.023 0.159 THRO1 2002 plan02c36k PN3 19 NM 0 0 0 0 0 THRO1 2002 plan02c36k PN3 19 NV 0 0 0.002 0 0.001 THRO1 2002 plan02c36k PN3 19 OR 0.001 0 0.016 0.002 0.004 THRO1 2002 plan02c36k PN3 19 PO 0 0 0.002 0.006 0.001 THRO1 2002 plan02c36k PN3 19 SD 0.014 0 0.017 0.002 0.004 THRO1 2002 plan02c36k PN3 19 UT 0 0 0.009 0.001 0.006 THRO1 2002 plan02c36k PN3 19 WA 0.003 0.001 0.041 0.003 0.005 THRO1 2002 plan02c36k PN3 19 WY 0.002 0 0.024 0.008 0.035 THRO1 2002 plan02c36k PN3 19 OD 0.304 THRO1 2002 plan02c36k PN3 19 CAN 0.139 THRO1 2002 plan02c36k PN3 19 CEN 0.003 THRO1 2002 plan02c36k PN3 19 EUS 0 THRO1 2002 plan02c36k PN3 19 MEX 0 THRO1 2002 plan02c36k Outside Domain THRO1 2002 plan02c36k PN3 19 PO 0.006 THRO1 2002 plan02c36k WRAP 

# Page 2 of 2 Results

1/12/2012 http://vista.cira.colostate.edu/dev1/web/results/Re sultsPSATregNOx.aspxHelp Parameter Group Mass Light Extinction

Parameter Particle Extinction Total Extinction Deciview Sulfate Extinction Nitrate Extinction Particulate Organic Carbon Extinction Elemental Carbon Extinction
IMPROVE Algorithm Original Revised Year 2009 2008 2007 2006 2005 2004 2003 2002 2001 2000 1999 1998 1997 1996 Selection of Days

IMPROVE sampled Best 20 % IMPROVE Worst 20 % IMPROVE
Averaging Daily Monthly Annual
Quarter Q 1 - JFM Q 2 - AMJ Q 3 - JAS Q 4 - OND Chart Type

Timeline

Bar Chart

Figure 1. - Hide Data Site Method Year N SO4 Extinction NO3 Extinction OMC Exti nction EC Extinction Soil Extinction CM Extinction SeaS alt Extinction
LOST1 NIA 2000 19 19.98 15.96 17.78 4.49 0.85 5.19 0
LOST1 NIA 2001 24 21.52 29.33 9.19 2.84 0.72 4.75 0.87
LOST1 NIA 2002 24 20.14 23.33 7.58 2.26 0.5 2.64 0.11
LOST1 NIA 2003 24 18.57 19.4 9.15 2.4 0.63 4.35 0.05
LOST1 NIA 2004 24 26.78 26.71 11.57 2.22 0.41 2.73 0.27 

# Page 1 of 1 Results

1/13/2012 http://vista.cira.colostate.edu/dev1/web/results/Re sultsMONtsEXTworst.aspxHelp Parameter Nitrate / NOx Sulfate / SOx

Emissions Scenario 2000

- 04 Baseline ( plan 02 c ) 2018 Base Case ( base 18 b )

Source Categories Natural Fires and Biogenics ( WRAP ) Anthropogenic Fires ( WRAP ) Mobile Area Point Source Regions AZ - Arizona CA - California CO - Colorado ID - Idaho MT - Montana NV - Nevada NM - New Mexico ND - North Dakota OR - Oregon SD - South Dakota UT - Utah WA - Washington WY - Wyoming
*Outside Domain requires all Source Categories be selected Selection of Days All days IMPROVE sampled Best 20 % IMPROVE Worst 20 % IMPROVE
Averaging Daily Monthly Annual
Quarter Q 1 - JFM Q 2 - AMJ Q 3 - JAS Q 4 - OND

Figure 1. - Hide Data PIE site Year modelrun param N SReg PT AF MV Nat Area Total LOST1 2002 plan02c36k PN3 24 CAN 0.384 0 0.503 0.047 0.315 1.2 49 LOST1 2002 plan02c36k PN3 24 CEN 0.044 0 0.071 0.012 0.017 0.1 44 LOST1 2002 plan02c36k PN3 24 EUS 0.005 0 0.011 0.001 0.001 0.0 19 LOST1 2002 plan02c36k PN3 24 MEX 0.001 0 0 0 0 0.001 LOST1 2002 plan02c36k Outside Domain 0.392 LOST1 2002 plan02c36k PN3 24 PO 0.002 0 0.006 0 0.014 0.022 LOST1 2002 plan02c36k WRAP 1.015
WRAP site Year modelrun param N SReg PT AF MV Nat Area Total LOST1 2002 plan02c36k PN3 24 AZ 0.0001458333 0 0.0008041667 7.083333E-05 2.083333E-05 0.001041667 LOST1 2002 plan02c36k PN3 24 CA 0.001829167 0.000325 0.0161 4167 0.0009375 0.002433333 0.02166667 LOST1 2002 plan02c36k PN3 24 CO 0.004479167 4.166667E-06 0. 005295834 0.0006458334 0.001279167 0.01170417 LOST1 2002 plan02c36k PN3 24 ID 0.003316667 0.001125 0.0221 5417 0.002241667 0.008679166 0.03751668 LOST1 2002 plan02c36k PN3 24 MT 0.07263333 0.003445833 0.12 34958 0.040025 0.01998333 0.2595833 LOST1 2002 plan02c36k PN3 24 NV 0.002120833 4.166667E-06 0. 002675 0.0003375 0.0002 0.0053375 LOST1 2002 plan02c36k PN3 24 NM 0.0004958333 0 0.0002791667 7.916667E-05 0.0002125 0.001066667 LOST1 2002 plan02c36k PN3 24 ND 0.175975 1.666667E-05 0.119 6875 0.0362375 0.0334375 0.3653542 LOST1 2002 plan02c36k PN3 24 OR 0.008833334 0.002720833 0.0 3448333 0.002475 0.003104167 0.05161666 LOST1 2002 plan02c36k PN3 24 SD 0.008379167 8.333333E-06 0. 01997917 0.01372083 0.002608333 0.04469582 LOST1 2002 plan02c36k PN3 24 UT 0.005795833 0 0.009145834 0. 0003458333 0.0008625 0.01615 LOST1 2002 plan02c36k PN3 24 WA 0.0122375 0.001833333 0.094 85417 0.0055 0.006266667 0.1206917 LOST1 2002 plan02c36k PN3 24 WY 0.04050416 4.583333E-05 0.0 2745 0.0018125 0.008416667 0.07822917
BAR site Year modelrun param N SReg Nat. Fires & Bio. Anthro. Fires Mobile Area Point Outside Domain LOST1 2002 plan02c36k PN3 24 AZ 0 0 0.001 0 0 LOST1 2002 plan02c36k PN3 24 CA 0.001 0 0.016 0.002 0.002 LOST1 2002 plan02c36k PN3 24 CAN 0.047 0 0.503 0.315 0.384 LOST1 2002 plan02c36k PN3 24 CEN 0.012 0 0.071 0.017 0.044 LOST1 2002 plan02c36k PN3 24 CO 0.001 0 0.005 0.001 0.004 LOST1 2002 plan02c36k PN3 24 EUS 0.001 0 0.011 0.001 0.005 LOST1 2002 plan02c36k PN3 24 ID 0.002 0.001 0.022 0.009 0.003 LOST1 2002 plan02c36k PN3 24 MEX 0 0 0 0 0.001 LOST1 2002 plan02c36k PN3 24 MT 0.04 0.003 0.123 0.02 0.073 LOST1 2002 plan02c36k PN3 24 ND 0.036 0 0.12 0.033 0.176 LOST1 2002 plan02c36k PN3 24 NM 0 0 0 0 0 LOST1 2002 plan02c36k PN3 24 NV 0 0 0.003 0 0.002 LOST1 2002 plan02c36k PN3 24 OR 0.002 0.003 0.034 0.003 0.009 LOST1 2002 plan02c36k PN3 24 PO 0 0 0.006 0.014 0.002 

# Page 1 of 2 Results

1/13/2012 http://vista.cira.colostate.edu/dev1/web/results/Re sultsPSATregSOx.aspxLOST1 2002 plan02c36k PN3 24 SD 0.014 0 0.02 0.003 0.008 LOST1 2002 plan02c36k PN3 24 UT 0 0 0.009 0.001 0.006 LOST1 2002 plan02c36k PN3 24 WA 0.005 0.002 0.095 0.006 0.012 LOST1 2002 plan02c36k PN3 24 WY 0.002 0 0.027 0.008 0.041 LOST1 2002 plan02c36k PN3 24 OD 0.392
DATA site Year modelrun param N SReg Nat. Fires & Bio. Anthro. Fires Mobile Area Point Outside Domain LOST1 2002 plan02c36k PN3 24 AZ 0 0 0.001 0 0 LOST1 2002 plan02c36k PN3 24 CA 0.001 0 0.016 0.002 0.002 LOST1 2002 plan02c36k PN3 24 CAN 0.047 0 0.503 0.315 0.384 LOST1 2002 plan02c36k PN3 24 CEN 0.012 0 0.071 0.017 0.044 LOST1 2002 plan02c36k PN3 24 CO 0.001 0 0.005 0.001 0.004 LOST1 2002 plan02c36k PN3 24 EUS 0.001 0 0.011 0.001 0.005 LOST1 2002 plan02c36k PN3 24 ID 0.002 0.001 0.022 0.009 0.003 LOST1 2002 plan02c36k PN3 24 MEX 0 0 0 0 0.001 LOST1 2002 plan02c36k PN3 24 MT 0.04 0.003 0.123 0.02 0.073 LOST1 2002 plan02c36k PN3 24 ND 0.036 0 0.12 0.033 0.176 LOST1 2002 plan02c36k PN3 24 NM 0 0 0 0 0 LOST1 2002 plan02c36k PN3 24 NV 0 0 0.003 0 0.002 LOST1 2002 plan02c36k PN3 24 OR 0.002 0.003 0.034 0.003 0.009 LOST1 2002 plan02c36k PN3 24 PO 0 0 0.006 0.014 0.002 LOST1 2002 plan02c36k PN3 24 SD 0.014 0 0.02 0.003 0.008 LOST1 2002 plan02c36k PN3 24 UT 0 0 0.009 0.001 0.006 LOST1 2002 plan02c36k PN3 24 WA 0.005 0.002 0.095 0.006 0.012 LOST1 2002 plan02c36k PN3 24 WY 0.002 0 0.027 0.008 0.041 LOST1 2002 plan02c36k PN3 24 OD 0.392 LOST1 2002 plan02c36k PN3 24 CAN 0.315 LOST1 2002 plan02c36k PN3 24 CEN 0.017 LOST1 2002 plan02c36k PN3 24 EUS 0.001 LOST1 2002 plan02c36k PN3 24 MEX 0 LOST1 2002 plan02c36k Outside Domain LOST1 2002 plan02c36k PN3 24 PO 0.014 LOST1 2002 plan02c36k WRAP 

# Page 2 of 2 Results

1/13/2012 http://vista.cira.colostate.edu/dev1/web/results/Re sultsPSATregSOx.aspx