IN THE COURT OF APPEALS OF TENNESSEE

AT JACKSON

May 2, 2001 Session

IN THE MATTER OF: HANNAH GAYLE PARLOW

A Direct Appeal from the Juvenile Court for Shelby County

No. K6666 The Honorable George E. Blancett, Special Judge

No. W2000-01462-COA-R3-CV - Filed June 14, 2001

After paternity was established and Mother was granted custody of minor daughter, Father

filed petition to change custody on the ground of material change of circumstances consisting of

Mother’s remarriage to an allegedly violent man, and Mother’s intention to move with the child out

of the state. The juvenile referee denied the petition and, upon a de novo trial before a special

juvenile judge of the juvenile court, Father’s petition was denied. Father has appealed. We affirm.

Tenn.R.App.P. 3; Appeal as of Right; Judgment of the Juvenile Court Affirmed and

Remanded

W. FRANK CRAWFORD, P.J., W.S., delivered the opinion of the court, in which ALAN E. HIGHERS,

J. and ALAN E. GLENN, J., joined.

William Bryan Penn, Memphis, For Appellant, Timothy F. Parlow

Richard M. Murrell, Memphis, For Appellee, Eden Nicole Clifton

OPINION

On May 11, 1999, petitioner, Timothy F. Parlow (“Father”), filed a petition against

defendant, Eden Nichole Davis (Mother), to establish paternity and his parentage of Hannah Gayle

Johnson, born July 24, 1997. After a hearing, the juvenile court entered its decree which held that

said child was a legitimate child of Father, that custody of said child be awarded to Mother, that

Father pay all medical expenses incident to the child’s birth, that no support be ordered by agreement

of the parties, that Father shall provide medical insurance or alternatively be responsible for medical

expenses, that the surname for the child be changed to that of the Father, and that the costs of the

cause were adjudged against Father. The parties stipulated that in lieu of child support, Father

agreed to pay for specific items for the child, including the cost of daycare provided by Father’s

sister. 
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On April 6, 2000, Father filed “Petition to Change Custody” alleging that Mother had

remarried to an allegedly violent person who is a threat to the minor child, and that Mother had told

Father that she intended to move with the child from the State of Tennessee. Father alleges that there

has been a material change of circumstances and that the best interests of the child require that

custody be changed. 

After a nonjury trial, the juvenile court entered its order on May 25, 2000, which states:

This cause came on before the Honorable George E. Blancett,

Special Judge, Juvenile Court of Memphis and Shelby County,

Tennessee, and upon testimony and the entire record the Court finds

that said child should remain in the custody of her mother.

IT IS THEREFORE ORDERED

1. That said child shall remain in the custody of her mother, Eden

Nicole Davis Johnson, to reside in the State of Virginia.

2. That the father of said child, Timothy Frederick Parlow, shall pay

$279.30 monthly, fee included, to the Central Child Support

Receipting Unit, toward the support of said child, beginning May 1,

2000. Unless specifically ordered, support shall not be reduced nor

prorated.

3. That the father of said child shall provide medical insurance for

the minor child and the parties shall split the medical expenses not

covered by insurance.

4. That the father of said child shall have visitation privileges with

said child as follows:

A. Prior to said child attending school starting with kindergarten, he

shall have the child as follows:

(1) for two week visits three (3) times each year.

Each two week visit shall be separated from the other

by at least ten (10) weeks. These visits shall not be

exercised during the months of December or January.

(2) Each year from December 26 until January 8.

B. When the child begins school at kindergarten, the child shall visit

with her father as follows:
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(1) For four weeks visit each summer commencing

after the close of the school year and ending at least

one week before school resumes.

(2) Each year from December 26 until January 8.

(3) The child shall visit each year with the father

during the school’s spring break beginning the first

Sunday after break begins, and to return to the mother

at least one day prior to school resuming. In either

event, the father shall give the mother at least four (4)

weeks notice of intended visit period unless waived

by the mother.

C. In the event the mother visits Memphis or the father travels to the

city of the mother’s residence to visit, the father shall be allowed

reasonable visitation at said location for at least two nights of each

week visit.

D. The father shall pay the cost of the child’s transportation to

Memphis and the mother shall pay the cost of the child’s

transportation back to the mother’s home.

E. The parental bill of rights pursuant to Tenn. Code Ann. § 36-6-

110 (a) shall be included in this order by reference. Jurisdiction for

enforcement and modification of this order shall remain in the State

of Tennessee.

5. That the father of said child, Timothy Frederick Parlow, shall pay

an additional fee to the mother’s attorney, Richard Murrell, in the

amount of $750.00 and that the $1,000.00 fee awarded April 13, 2000

be reconfirmed.

Father has appealed and presents three issues for review as stated in his brief:

1. Whether there was proper disposition of the mother’s relocation

with the child pursuant to Tenn. Code Ann. § 36-6-108.

2. Whether visitation was sufficient to protect Appellant’s rights of

due process and parentage under the Tennessee and United States

Constitutions.
1

 § 36-6-108. Parent relocation

(a) If a parent who is spending inte rvals of time with a child desires to relocate outside the state or more than

one hundred (100) miles from the oth er parent with in the state, the relo cating pare nt shall send a notice to the other parent

at the other parent's last known address by registered or certified mail. Unless excused by the court for exigent

circumstances, the notice shall be mailed not later than sixty (60) days prior to the move. The notice shall contain the

following:

(1) Statement of intent to move;

(2) Location of proposed new residence;

(3) Reasons for proposed relocation; and

(4) Statement that the other parent may file a petition in opposition to the move within thirty (30) days of receipt

of the notice.

(b) Unless the parents can agree on a new visitatio n schedule, th e relocating p arent shall file a petition seeking

to alter visitation. The court shall conside r all relevant factors, including those factors enumerated within subsection (d).

The court shall also consider the availability of alternative arrangements to foster and continu e the child's relation ship

with and access to the other parent. The court shall assess the costs of transporting the child for visitation and determine

whether a deviation from the child support guidelines should be considered in light of all factors including, but not

limited to, additional costs incurred for transporting the child for visitation.

(c) If the parents are actually spending substantially equal intervals of time with the child and the relocating

parent seeks to move w ith the child, the oth er parent may, within thirty (30) d ays of receipt o f notice, file a petition in

opposition to removal of the child. No presumption in favor of or against the request to relocate with the child shall arise.

The court shall determine whether or not to permit relo cation of the c hild based upon the b est interests of the ch ild. The

court shall consider all relevant factors including the following where applicable:

(1) The extent to which visitation rights have been allowed and exercised;

(continued ...)

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3. Whether the court properly disposed of the dependency and

neglect issues.

Appellee has also listed a “Statement of the Issues for Review” in her brief, but it appears

that these are in reality responses to the issues and arguments presented by the appellant.

Accordingly, we will not consider these as issues for specific treatment.

Appellant’s first issue is stated as: Whether there was proper disposition of the mother’s

relocation with the child pursuant to Tenn. Code Ann. § 36-6-108.

Although Father’s petition did not make specific reference to the parental relocation statute,

T.C.A. § 36-6-108 (Supp. 2000), Father apparently was treating his petition as opposition to

Mother’s proposed relocation. We note, however, that neither party complied with the provisions

of the relocation statute.1 Father asserts that this case is controlled by subsection (c) of the statute
1

(...continued)

(2) Whether the primary residential parent, once out of the jurisdiction, is likely to comply with any new

visitation arrang ement;

(3) The love, affection and emotional ties existing between the parents and child;

(4) The disposition of the parents to provide the child with food, clothing, medical care, education and other

necessary care and the degree to which a parent has been the primary caregiver;

(5) The imp ortance o f continuity in the child 's life and the length of time the child has lived in a stable,

satisfactory envir onment;

(6) The stability of the family unit of the parents;

(7) The mental and physical health of the parents;

(8) The home, school and community record of the child;

(9) The reasonable preference of the child if twelve (12) years of age or older. The court may hear the

preference of a younger child upon request. The preferences of older children should normally be given greater weight

than those of younger children;

(10) Evidence of physical or emotional abuse to the child, to the other parent or to any other person; and

(11) The character and beha vior of any oth er person who reside s in or frequen ts the home of a parent and such

person's interactions with the child.

(d) If the parents are not actually spending substantially equal intervals of time with the child and the parent

spending the greater amount of time with the child proposes to relocate with the child, the other parent may, within thirty

(30) days of rece ipt of the notice , file a petition in opposition to removal of the child. The other parent may not attempt

to relocate with the child unless expressly authorized to do so by the court pursuant to a change of custody or primary

custodial responsib ility. The parent spending the greater amount of time with the child shall be perm itted to reloca te with

the child unless the court finds:

(1) The relocation does not have a reasonable purpose;

(2) The relo cation wou ld pose a threat of specific and serious harm to the child which outweighs the threat of

harm to the child of a change of custody; or

(3) The parent's motive for relocating with the child is vindictive in that it is intended to defeat or deter visitation

rights of the non-custodial parent or the parent spending less time with the child.

Specific and serious harm to the child includes, but is not limited to, the following:

(1) If a parent wishes to take a child with a serious medical pro blem to an area whe re no ade quate treatm ent is

readily available;

(2) If a parent wishes to take a child with specific educational requirements to an area with no accep table

education facilities;

(continued ...)

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1

(...continued)

(3) If a parent wishe s to relocate and take up resid ence with a p erson with a history of child or domestic abu se

or who is currently abusing alcoho l or other drugs;

(4) If the child relies on the parent not relocating who provides emotional support, nurturing and development

such that removal would result in severe emotional detriment to the child;

(5) If the custodial parent is emotionally disturbed or dependent such that the custodial parent is not capable

of adequately parenting the child in the absence of support systems currently in place in this sta te, and such support

system is not available at the proposed relocation site; or

(6) If the proposed relocation is to a foreign country whose public policy does not normally enforce the

visitation rights of non-custodial parents, which does not have an adequately functioning legal system or which otherwise

presents a substantial risk of specific and serious harm to the child.

(e) If the court finds o ne (1) or m ore of the gro unds design ated in subse ction (d), the cou rt shall determine

whether or n ot to permit relocation of the child base d on the best interest of the child. If the court finds it is not in the

best interests of the child to reloc ate as defined herein, but the p arent with whom the child resides the majority of the time

elects to relocate, the court shall make a custody determination and shall consider all relevant factors including the

following where applicable:

(1) The extent to which visitation rights have been allowed and exercised;

(2) Whether the primary residential parent, once out of the jurisdiction, is likely to comply with any new

visitation arrang ement;

(3) The love, affection and emotional ties existing between the parents and child;

(4) The disp osition of the p arents to provide the child with food, clothing, medical care, education and other

necessary care and the degree to which a parent has been the primary caregiver;

(5) The importance of continuity in the child's life and the length of time the child has lived in a stable,

satisfactory envir onment;

(6) The stability of the family unit of the parents;

(7) The mental and physical health of the parents;

(8) The home, school and community record of the child;

(9) The reas onable p reference o f the child if twelve (1 2) years of age or old er. The court may hear the

preference of a younger child upon request. The preferences of older children should normally be given greater weight

than those of younger children;

(10) Evidence of physical or emotional abuse to the child, to the other parent or to any other person; and

(11) The character and behavior of any other person who resides in or frequents the home of a parent and such

person's interactions with the child.

(continued ...)

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1

(...continued)

The court shall consider the availability of alternative arrangements to foster and continue the chil d's

relationship with and access to the other parent. The court shall assess the costs of transporting the child for visitation,

and determine whether a deviation from the child support guidelines should be considered in light of all factors including,

but not limited to, additional costs incurred for transporting the child for visitation.

(f) Nothing in this section shall prohibit either parent from petitioning the court at any time to ad dress issues,

(such as, but not limited to visitation), othe r than a chang e of custod y related to the m ove. In the ev ent no petition in

opposition to a prop osed relo cation is filed within th irty (30) days o f receipt of the no tice, the parent propo sing to

relocate with the child shall be permitted to do so.

(g) It is the legislative intent that the gender of the parent who seeks to relocate for the reason of career,

education al, professional, or job opportunities, or otherwise, shall not be a factor in favor or against the relocation of such

parent with the child.

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relating to parents that spend substantially equal intervals of time with the child. On the other hand,

Mother asserts that they do not spend substantially equal intervals of time with the child, that she

spends the greater amount of time and under these circumstances, and that subsection (d) of the

statute controls. Mother was granted custody of the child initially and has retained custody

throughout the child’s life. Moreover, a review of the record reveals that while Father had liberal

visitation, it did not rise to an equal interval of time with the child. Accordingly, if the statute is

applied, subsection (d) would be the correct standard for the trial court to apply.

Although the trial court did not make specific findings of fact in the order appealed, the trial

court did state from the bench that it found no spousal abuse on the part of Mother’s spouse and that

the majority of the evidence offered adverse to Mother’s ability to care for the child has been with

regard to her relationships with other people. There was no evidence that she was subjecting the

child to undesirable elements or otherwise not taking care of the child. The court opined that the

referee made the correct decision in not changing custody from Mother to Father. The court further

stated that it found no evidence of any malice on the part of Mother in wanting to move with the

child out of state. The court showed concern as to the uncertainness of employment of Mother’s

husband and their living arrangements in their proposed move. Accordingly, the court instructed the

parties to furnish additional information concerning the final plans, and the court would hold the

matter in abeyance until this was done. As noted, the court’s order was entered May 25, 2000,

allowing Mother to move with the child to the State of Virginia. The record is silent as to any further

information furnished to the court and we must therefore assume that the parties satisfactorily

complied with the court’s instructions since the court entered the order allowing the move.

From our review of the record, it appears that the trial court made a determination from the

entire body of proof that Mother’s proposed relocation is not adverse to the best interests of the child,

as required by T.C.A. § 36-6-108 (c). While Mother had formerly been an exotic dancer, there was

no proof that her occupation had an unfavorable effect on the child. Moreover, Mother was engaged

in this occupation at the time custody was first awarded and had actually ceased such occupation

prior to Father filing his petition. Father presented some proof concerning what he termed as abuse

by Mother’s boyfriend, who later became her husband, but this proof was refuted by proof presented
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by Mother which was accredited by the trial court. The proof established that Father had been

allowed liberal visitation rights and that Mother would comply with any new visitation arrangements

necessary. Both parties show love and affection for the child and their disposition to provide the

necessaries for the child. The child had been in the custody of Mother since her birth, and Mother

has provided a stable environment, notwithstanding her frequent changes of occupation. Mother had

remarried near the time Father’s petition was filed and appears to have a stable family unit. Both

parents appear to be in good physical and mental health, and there simply was no evidence of any

emotional or physical abuse to the child or anyone else. Judging from the remarks of the trial court

from the bench, it appears that, simply stated, Father did not prove that the move with Mother would

be adverse to the best interests of the child. The evidence preponderates in favor of the trial court’s

determination.

The second issue for review, as stated in Father’s brief, is:

2. Whether visitation was sufficient to protect Appellant’s rights of

due process and parentage under the Tennessee and United States

Constitutions.

Father has failed to specifically point out just how his due process rights have been violated.

The record reflects that the trial court suggested, and counsel for both parties agreed, that the parties

could probably work out their visitation arrangements. The trial court set out liberal visitation rights

in the final order, and Father has not complained about the extent of the visitation rights. Father’s

complaint in his brief is that “the relocation of Hannah deprives him of the opportunity to raise and

provide appropriate guidance to Hannah. In essence, relocation effectively terminates appellant’s

parental rights.” As we have previously noted, Father was granted liberal visitation rights and

apparently is not complaining that he has not been granted such rights. 

In Nale v. Robertson, 871 S.W.2d 674 (Tenn. 1994), the Court said:

Parents, including parents of children born out of wedlock,

have a fundamental liberty interest in the care and custody of their

children under both the United States and Tennessee Constitutions.

Stanley v. Illinois, 405 U.S. 645, 92 S.Ct. 1208, 31 L.Ed.2d 551

(1972); Hawk v. Hawk, 855 S.W.2d 573 (Tenn. 1993). However,

this right is not absolute and the State may interfere with parental

rights if there is a compelling State interest. Santosky v. Kramer, 455

U.S. 745, 102 S.Ct. 1388, 71 L.Ed.2d 599 (1982); Hawk v. Hawk,

855 S.W.2d at 579.

Id. at 678. The United States Supreme Court noted in Santosky, that one of the interests at stake was

“a parens patriae interest in preserving and promoting the welfare of the child.” 455 U.S. at 766.
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While we recognize Father’s fundamental right, the situation presented to us is the lack of

a two-parent family unit. With the competing interests of one parent against the other, the state must

allow courts to step in to resolve the differences. In Pizzillo v. Pizzillo, 884 S.W.2d 749 (Tenn. Ct.

App. 1994), this Court said:

Child custody and visitation disputes require the courts to

focus on the welfare and best interests the child. Lentz v. Lentz, 717

S.W.2d 876, 877 (Tenn. 1986); Luke v. Luke, 651 S.W.2d 219, 221

(Tenn. 1983). While the parents’ respective rights and desires are

secondary in these proceedings; Doles v. Doles, 848 S.W.2d 656, 661

(Tenn. Ct. App. 1992); Griffin v. Stone, 834 S.W.2d 300, 302 (Tenn.

Ct. App. 1992), they should not be ignored. Neely v. Neely, 737

S.W.2d 539, 542 (Tenn. Ct. App. 1987). 

A child’s interests are well-served by a custody and visitation

arrangement that promotes the development of relationships with

both the custodial and the noncustodial parent. Rogero v. Pitt, 759

S.W.2d 109, 112 (Tenn. 1988)(relationship with both parents); Bryan

v. Bryan, 620 S.W.2d 85, 88 (Tenn. Ct. App. 1981) (relationship with

a noncustodial parent); Dillow v. Dillow, 575 S.W.2d 289, 291 (Tenn.

Ct. App. 1978) (relationship with a noncustodial parent). Thus, the

court’s should devise custody and visitation arrangements that

interfere with each parent’s relationship with his or her child as little

as possible. 

Id. at 755 (citations omitted). Accordingly, Father was not deprived of any due process rights. 

The last issue for review, as stated in Father’s brief, is

3. Whether the court properly disposed of the dependency and

neglect issues.

Father made no argument concerning this issue which was presented as one of the three

issues for review. Accordingly, we will not address this issue. 

Father did, however, present a third issue in the argument section of his brief which is stated

in the brief as:

The Juvenile Court of Shelby County, Tennessee abused its judicial

discretion by excluding the evidence of the appellee’s behavior of the

time before appellant established paternity and issues of abuse.
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In this issue, Father asserts that the trial court erred in excluding evidence of the appellee’s

behavior during the period before the entry of the original order granting her custody of the child.

We have searched the transcript of the trial testimony from beginning to end and find that at no part

of the trial did Father make an offer of proof of any allegedly excluded evidence. In the absence of

a statement of the substance of the evidence or an offer of proof, the issue as to the propriety of the

exclusion of evidence is not reviewable on appeal. See Tenn.R.Evid. 103 (a)(2); Rutherford v.

Rutherford, 971 S.W.2d 955 (Tenn. Ct. App. 1997).

Should we have overlooked an offer of proof, we should also note that if the matters excluded

were limited entirely to the period preceding the original order of custody, the trial court correctly

excluded the evidence. Child custody and visitation decisions once made and implemented are res

judicata upon the facts in existence or reasonably foreseeable when the decision was made. See

Adelsperger v. Adelsperger, 970 S.W.2d 482 (Tenn. Ct. App. 1997).

The order of the juvenile court is affirmed, and the case is remanded to the juvenile court for

such further proceedings as may be necessary. Costs of the appeal are assessed against appellant,

Timothy F. Parlow, and his surety.

__________________________________________

W.FRANKCRAWFORD,PRESIDINGJUDGE,W.S.