Opinion issued March 21, 2013.

In The

Court of Appeals 

For The 

First District of Texas 

————————————

NO. 01-12-00339-CR

———————————

LEWIS RAMIREZ, Appellant

V.

THE STATE OF TEXAS, Appellee

On Appeal from the 174th District Court

Harris County, Texas

Trial Court Cause No. 1305448

MEMORANDUM OPINION

Following a bench trial, the trial court found Lewis Ramirez guilty of the 

third-degree felony offense of possession of a controlled substance, cocaine, 

weighing between one and four grams. See TEX. HEALTH & SAFETY CODE ANN.

§§ 481.102(3)(D), 481.115(c) (West 2010). The trial court assessed punishment at 
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six years’ confinement. On appeal, Ramirez contends that (1) he was denied his 

right to a jury trial and (2) his trial counsel was ineffective in not adequately 

informing him of his right to a jury trial. Finding no reversible error, we affirm.

Background

In May 2011, Houston Police Department Officer Ruiz arrested Ramirez for 

possession of cocaine. Ruiz discovered the cocaine while conducting a pat-down 

search during a traffic stop. The state charged Ramirez with possession of a 

controlled substance. After a bench trial, the trial court found Ramirez guilty. The 

judgment of conviction provides that Ramirez “waived the right of trial by jury.” 

The record contains no other reference to whether Ramirez waived his right to a 

jury trial. Ramirez made no objection to the absence of a jury during the 

proceedings. 

Discussion

I. Waiver of Right to Jury Trial

First, Ramirez contends that he did not waive his right to a jury trial and that 

the recitation in the judgment that he waived his right to a jury trial is insufficient 

to show that he did so. For a criminal defendant to waive his right to a jury trial, 

the record must establish express, knowing, and intelligent waiver. Hobbs v. State, 

298 S.W.3d 193, 197 (Tex. Crim. App. 2009). Article 1.13(a) of the Code of 

Criminal Procedure provides that “such waiver must be made in person by the 
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defendant in writing in open court with the consent and approval of the court, and 

the attorney representing the State.” See TEX. CODE CRIM. PROC. ANN. art. 1.13(a)

(West 2011). Our record contains no evidence that Ramirez waived his right to a 

jury trial “in writing in open court,” as required by article 1.13(a) of the Code of 

Criminal Procedure. See id.

We evaluate a failure to comply with article 1.13 as statutory, nonconstitutional error under Texas Rule of Appellate Procedure 44.2(b), because 

neither the state nor the federal constitution requires that a jury waiver be in 

writing. Johnson v. State, 72 S.W.3d 346, 349 (Tex. Crim. App. 2002);see TEX. R.

APP. P. 44.2(b) (providing that any non-constitutional “error, defect, irregularity, or 

variance that does not affect substantial rights must be disregarded”). The absence 

of a written jury waiver is not harmful if the record reflects that the defendant was 

aware of, and waived, his right to a jury trial. Johnson, 72 S.W.3d at 349. We 

presume that recitations in a judgment are true, and a defendant has the burden to 

object to the judgment and establish that the recitations are false. Id.; Breazeale v. 

State, 683 S.W.2d 446, 450–51 (Tex. Crim. App. 1984) (en banc). In Johnson, the 

Court of Criminal Appeals held that a recitation in the judgment that the defendant 

waived his right to a jury trial, absent any evidence to the contrary, showed that the 

defendant was aware of and waived his right to a jury trial. Id. at 349; see also 

Kmiec v. State, 91 S.W.3d 820, 824 (Tex. App.—Houston [1st Dist.] 2002, pet. 
4

ref’d) (holding violation of article 1.13(a) harmless when defendant presented no

direct evidence to rebut presumption that recitation of jury waiver in judgment was 

true).

The judgment here, as in Johnson, provides that Ramirez waived his right to 

a jury trial. See id. We therefore presume that Ramirez was aware of his right to a 

jury trial and waived that right. See id.; Kmiec, 91 S.W.3d at 824. Ramirez has 

produced no evidence to rebut this presumption. We hold that Ramirez has not 

established harmful error. See Johnson, 72 S.W.3d at 349; Kmiec, 91 S.W.3d at 

824.

Ramirez contends that the recitation in this case is not presumptively true, 

because it is included in a pre-printed judgment form. Yet, the recitation in 

Johnson was no different: the defendant there similarly waived his right to a jury 

trial in a pre-printed form. Johnson, 72 S.W.3d at 349. And the Texas Code of 

Criminal Procedure requires that trial courts use the judgment forms promulgated 

by the Office of Court Administration in felony convictions. TEX. CODE CRIM.

PROC. ANN. art. 42.01 § 4. Ramirez raises no irregularity casting doubt on the 

adequacy of the waiver recited in the required judgment forms.

Ramirez challenges Johnson’s holding, and he urges us to follow the 

dissenting opinion in Johnson or interpretations of an analogous federal statute. As 

an intermediate court of appeals, we are bound to follow the precedent of the Texas 
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Court of Criminal Appeals. Gonzales v. State, 190 S.W.3d 125, 130 n. 1 (Tex. 

App.—Houston [1st Dist.] 2005, pet. ref’d); see TEX. CONST. art. V, § 5(a) 

(providing that Court of Criminal Appeals is final authority for interpreting 

criminal law in Texas).

II. Ineffective Assistance of Counsel

Second, Ramirez contends that his trial counsel was ineffective in failing to 

inform Ramirez about his right to a jury trial and to obtain his consent to waive the 

right. To prevail on a claim of ineffective assistance of counsel, a defendant must 

show that (1) his counsel’s performance was deficient and (2) a reasonable 

probability exists that the result of the proceeding would have been different but 

for counsel’s deficient performance. Strickland v. Washington, 466 U.S. 668, 687, 

104 S. Ct. 2052, 2065 (1984); Andrews v. State, 159 S.W.3d 98, 101–02 (Tex.

Crim. App. 2005). A defendant has the burden to establish both prongs by a 

preponderance of the evidence; a failure to show either defeats his ineffectiveness 

claim. Mitchell v. State, 68 S.W.3d 640, 642 (Tex. Crim. App. 2002) (en banc). 

The record must firmly support a claim of ineffective assistance. Thompson v. 

State, 9 S.W.3d 808, 813 (Tex. Crim. App. 1999).

The record is silent regarding whether trial counsel consulted with Ramirez 

about his right to a jury trial or whether he obtained Ramirez’s consent to waive 

that right. While silence does not confirm the recitation in the judgment, it also 
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does not negate it so as to establish the elements of an ineffective assistance claim. 

See Mitchell, 68 S.W.3d at 642. This silence does not support an ineffective 

assistance claim. See Thompson, 9 S.W.3d at 813 (cautioning that ineffective 

assistance cannot be grounded on matters not found within the record). We hold 

that Ramirez has not met his Strickland burden. See Strickland, 466 U.S. at 687, 

104 S. Ct. at 2065.

Conclusion

We hold that nothing in the record challenges the judgment recital that 

Ramirez waived his right to a jury trial; thus, any failure to comply with the 

statutory requirement for obtaining a waiver was harmless. We further hold that 

Ramirez failed to establish that his trial counsel was ineffective. We therefore 

affirm the judgment of the trial court.

Jane Bland

Justice 

Panel consists of Justices Jennings, Bland, and Massengale.

Do not publish. TEX. R. APP. P. 47.2(b).