J-A22012-20

NON-PRECEDENTIAL DECISION - SEE SUPERIOR COURT I.O.P. 65.37

COMMONWEALTH OF PENNSYLVANIA

v.

DANIEL DAVID DELEON 

Appellant

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 IN THE SUPERIOR COURT OF

 PENNSYLVANIA

 No. 397 MDA 2020

Appeal from the Judgment of Sentence Entered July 19, 2019

In the Court of Common Pleas of Lancaster County Criminal Division at 

No(s): CP-36-CR-0004560-2017

BEFORE: SHOGAN, J., STABILE, J., and MURRAY, J.

MEMORANDUM BY MURRAY, J.: FILED OCTOBER 02, 2020

Daniel David Deleon (Appellant) appeals from the judgment of sentence 

imposed after a jury convicted him of endangering the welfare of a child 

(EWOC) and recklessly endangering another person (REAP).1 Appellant does 

not challenge his convictions. His claim is that the trial court erred by ordering 

him to pay restitution under the Crimes Code provision for injuries to person 

or property, 18 Pa.C.S.A. § 1106. For the reasons that follow, we affirm.

On June 1, 2017, while in Appellant’s care, C.W. (Child)2 sustained 

“serious, permanent bodily injur[y], including severe brain and neurological 

damage.” Trial Court Opinion, 1/31/20, at 1. Child’s mother, Amanda

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1 18 Pa.C.S.A. §§ 4304(a)(1) and 2705.

2 Appellant is not Child’s biological father. N.T., 5/29/19, at 97.
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Gotshall, left Child in Appellant’s care while she went to the grocery store. 

N.T., 5/29/19, at 98. Upon exiting the grocery store, Ms. Gotshall saw that 

she had 18 missed calls from Appellant.3 Ms. Gotshall called Appellant, who

informed her that “something seems wrong with the baby,” and asked Ms. 

Gotshall whether he should call 9-1-1. Id. at 99. Ms. Gotshall responded that 

she was on her way home and to “[l]et [her] come [home] before we end up 

calling an ambulance for something that is not an emergency.” Id. After Ms. 

Gotshall arrived home and saw Child’s condition, she immediately called 9-1-

1. Id. at 100.

Child, who was five months old at the time, was taken to Hershey 

Medical Center. The Commonwealth’s expert witness, Dr. Kent Hymel, related 

that Child was:

completely limp or flaccid, unresponsive to pain, with pupils that 

were minimally reactive to light. He had episodic seizures. His 

breathing was compromised or inadequate to the point where 

[medical staff] decided to intubate him. He was also showing 

posturing of his body in a way that told [medical staff] that his 

brain was swelling and shifting dangerously within his skull 

causing severe compromise.

N.T., 5/29/19, at 299. Dr. Hymel testified that Child’s injuries were consistent 

with being “violently shak[en].” Id. at 320. The Commonwealth emphasizes

that Lancaster County Detective Kenneth Henry “determined that Appellant 

had sole and exclusive custody of [Child] at the time he was injured[, and] 

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3 Ms. Gotshall testified that she does not get reception inside the grocery store. 

N.T., 5/29/19, at 98-99.
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Appellant admitted to having sole and exclusive custody of [Child] at the time 

[he] ‘became limp.’” Commonwealth’s Brief at 6 (citations to notes of 

testimony omitted).

Appellant was charged with two counts of aggravated assault and one 

count each of EWOC and REAP. A four-day jury trial began on May 28, 2019. 

At the conclusion of trial, the jury acquitted Appellant of both counts of 

aggravated assault, but convicted him of EWOC and REAP. On July 19, 2019, 

the trial court sentenced Appellant to five years of county intermediate 

punishment, with the first nine months on house arrest, and two years of 

concurrent probation. Pertinently, the court ordered Appellant to pay 

restitution for Child’s medical expenses in the amount of $459,150.26.

On July 25, 2019, Appellant filed a timely post-sentence motion

challenging the restitution. Appellant averred that the court “improperly 

sentenced [Appellant] to pay $459,150.26 in restitution when the jury 

specifically found [Appellant] not guilty of causing [Child’s] injuries.” PostSentence Motion, 7/25/19, at 2 ¶ 9 (unpaginated).

Appellant’s motion was denied by operation of law on February 4, 2020.4 

This appeal followed. Both Appellant and the trial court have complied with 

Rule of Appellate Procedure 1925.

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4 Appellant filed a timely post-sentence motion on July 25, 2019. The trial 

court had 120 days to decide the post-sentence motion, but when it failed to 

decide the motion within that period, the motion was deemed denied by 

operation of law on November 22, 2019. See Pa.R.Crim.P. 720(B)(3)(a). 
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Appellant raises a single issue for our review:

Whether the [t]rial [c]ourt erred in ordering Appellant to pay 

restitution pursuant to 18 Pa.C.S.A. § 1106(a) in the amount of 

$459,150.26 for medical bills incurred by the injured child when 

Appellant was found not guilty of directly causing the injuries that 

required medical attention.

Appellant’s Brief at 4.

Appellant’s issue presents a pure question of law, subject to plenary and 

de novo review. Commonwealth v. Brown, 956 A.2d 992, 994 (Pa. Super. 

2008) (en banc).

Instantly, the trial court imposed restitution as part of Appellant’s 

sentence, which is distinct from restitution imposed as a condition of probation 

pursuant to 42 Pa.C.S.A. § 9754. As discussed infra, when restitution is 

imposed as part of a sentence, there must be a direct nexus between the 

criminal conduct and the victim’s loss. Commonwealth v. Popow, 844 A.2d 

13, 19 (Pa. Super. 2004). In contrast, when a trial court imposes restitution 

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When a post-sentence motion is deemed denied, the clerk of courts must enter 

an order deeming the motion denied on behalf of the trial court and serve 

copies on the parties. See Pa.R.Crim.P. 720(B)(3)(c). A notice of appeal 

must be filed within 30 days of the entry of the order denying the postsentence motion by operation of law. See Pa.R.Crim.P. 720(A)(2)(b). Here, 

the clerk of courts failed to enter an order disposing of Appellant’s postsentence motion. Instead, the trial court entered an opinion and order 

denying relief on February 4, 2020, outside the 120-day period, and Appellant 

filed a notice of appeal within 30 days of that order. This Court has previously 

determined that there is a breakdown in the judicial system when the clerk of 

courts fails to enter a deemed denied order under Rule 720; thus, we may 

consider the merits of Appellant’s appeal. See Commonwealth v. 

Braykovich, 664 A.2d 133, 138 (Pa. Super. 1995); Commonwealth v. 

Patterson, 940 A.2d 493, 498-99 (Pa. Super. 2007).
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as a condition of probation, “the required nexus is relaxed” and the court “is 

accorded latitude in fashioning probationary conditions designed to 

rehabilitate the defendant and to provide some measure of redress to the 

victim.” Id.

Our Supreme Court has held that “restitution is a creature of statute 

and, without express legislative direction, a court is powerless to direct a 

defendant to make restitution as part of a sentence.” Commonwealth v. 

Harner, 617 A.2d 702, 704 (Pa. 1992) (citation omitted). The authority to 

impose restitution comes from Section 1106 of the Crimes Code. 

Commonwealth v. Barger, 956 A.2d 458, 465 (Pa. Super. 2008) (en banc).

Section 1106 states: “Upon conviction for any crime wherein the victim 

suffered personal injury directly resulting from the crime, the offender 

shall be sentenced to make restitution in addition to the punishment 

prescribed therefor.” 18 Pa.C.S.A. § 1106(a) (emphasis added). This section 

“applies only for those crimes to property or person where there has been a 

loss that flows from the conduct which forms the basis of the crime for 

which a defendant is held criminally accountable.” Barger, 956 A.2d at 465 

(quoting Harner, 617 A.2d at 706) (emphasis added). 

To determine the amount of restitution, a “but-for” test is used –

damages which occur as a result of the crime are those which would not have 

occurred but for the appellant’s criminal conduct. Commonwealth v. Oree, 

911 A.2d 169, 174 (Pa. Super. 2006). The amount of restitution must be 

determined “under the adversarial system with considerations of due 
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process.” Commonwealth v. Weir, 201 A.3d 163, 170 (Pa. Super. 2018), 

appeal granted, 215 A.3d 966 (Pa. 2019).

Appellant asserts that restitution was improper because there is no 

direct nexus between his EWOC and REAP convictions and Child’s injuries. 

Appellant argues:

Restitution can only be imposed on Appellant if he directly caused 

the personal injury to [Child]. Therefore, the only question before 

the Court in the instant case is whether the injuries suffered by 

[Child] were the direct result of Appellant’s conduct. The 

imposition of restitution is improper when the injuries are an 

indirect rather than a direct result of the criminal activity.

Appellant’s Brief at 10.

Appellant contends that when the “jury returned a verdict of not guilty 

on both counts of aggravated assault,” it “indicated that the Commonwealth 

failed to prove that it was Appellant who committed this heinous act.”

Appellant’s Brief at 16. Appellant asserts that the crimes of EWOC and REAP 

“go to creating risks of injury and conscious disregard or knowing conduct that 

bring about an expected or reasonably expected result,” id. at 20, and lack a 

causation element. He maintains:

Neither [EWOC] nor [REAP] contain the element of causation. 

Those offenses address conduct creating the atmosphere where 

injury could occur. While it is not necessary for actual injury to 

occur for one to be convicted of these crimes, restitution does not 

attach to them unless [Child’s] injuries were the direct result of 

these crimes. . . .

While causation need not be an element of an offense for 

restitution to be ordered, the crime must have directly led to the 

injury for which restitution is sought.
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Appellant’s Brief at 17 (emphasis in original). Appellant suggests that “[o]nce 

the jury [acquitted] Appellant of [aggravated assault], the only reasonable 

explanation for convicting him on the remaining charges would be that he 

failed to act upon discovering [Child’s] injury. However, the Commonwealth 

presented no evidence that Appellant’s failure to act contributed to [Child’s] 

injuries or subsequent medical expenses.” Id. at 18. We disagree.

The jury found Appellant guilty of EWOC and REAP, and Appellant does 

not challenge his convictions. To convict someone of EWOC, the 

Commonwealth must prove beyond a reasonable doubt that “[a] parent, 

guardian or other person supervising the welfare of a child under 18 years of 

age . . . knowingly endanger[ed] the welfare of the child by violating a duty 

of care, protection or support.” 18 Pa.C.S.A. § 4304(a). There is a three-part 

test to prove EWOC:

1) [T]he accused [was] aware of his/her duty to protect the child;

2) [T]he accused [was] aware that the child [was] in 

circumstances that could threaten the child’s physical or 

psychological welfare; and

3) [T]he accused has either failed to act or has taken action so 

lame or meager that such actions cannot reasonably be expected 

to protect the child’s welfare.

Commonwealth v. Bryant, 57 A.3d 191, 197 (Pa. Super. 2012) (citations 

omitted).

With regard to REAP, a person is guilty under Section 2705 of the Crimes 

Code when the person:
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(1) possessed “a mens rea recklessness,” (2) committed a 

wrongful deed or guilty act (“actus reus”), and (3) created by

such wrongful deed the danger of death or serious bodily injury to 

another person. The element of “mens rea recklessness” has been 

defined as a conscious disregard of a known risk of death or great 

bodily harm to another person. “Serious bodily injury” is defined 

as bodily injury which creates a substantial risk of death or which 

causes serious, permanent disfigurement, or protracted loss or 

impairment of the function of any bodily member or organ. We 

have further held that Section 2705 was directed against reckless 

conduct entailing a serious risk to life or limb out of proportion to 

any utility the conduct might have had. Finally, the perpetrator 

must create an actual condition of danger, not merely an 

apprehension of danger.

Commonwealth. v. Emler, 903 A.2d 1273, 1278 (Pa. Super. 2006) 

(citations omitted, emphasis added).

As noted above, Appellant concedes that “causation need to be an 

element of an offense for restitution to be ordered.” Appellant’s Brief at 17. 

Here, the trial court opined:

Using the “but-for” test to determine the relationship between 

[Appellant’s] EWOC conviction and [Child’s] injuries, the court is 

satisfied that the sentence of restitution imposed in this case was 

proper. By knowingly violating the duty imposed upon him 

while supervising [Child], [Appellant] created a condition 

of danger and the serious, permanent bodily injuries 

sustained by [Child] during [Appellant’s] period of 

supervision were the result of the dangerous condition 

[Appellant] created. If a reckless mens rea can satisfy the 

direct nexus necessary for restitution under Section 1106(a), 

there is no question that the heightened standard of knowing 

mens rea can do so.

Trial Court Opinion, 1/31/20, at 4 (citations omitted, emphasis added).

We discern no error. The record supports the trial court’s imposition of 

restitution under Section 1106(a), where Child’s injuries were the direct result, 

i.e., “a loss that flow[ed]” from Appellant’s criminal conduct in committing 
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EWOC and REAP. See Barger, 956 A.2d at 465. But for Appellant’s criminal 

conduct of violating his duty of care while Child was in his custody (EWOC),

and acting recklessly such that Child was in danger of death or serious bodily 

injury (REAP), Child would not have suffered permanent injuries, including 

“life-threatening head trauma.” N.T., 5/29/19, at 319. We reject Appellant’s 

argument that because the jury acquitted him of aggravated assault, no direct 

nexus existed between Appellant’s criminal conduct and Child’s injuries. Both 

EWOC and REAP contain elements which require the fact-finder to determine

that the defendant engaged in reckless behavior that “threaten[ed] the child’s 

physical . . . welfare” and created “the danger of death or serious bodily injury 

to another person.” See Bryant, 57 A.3d at 197; Emler, 903 A.2d at 1278. 

The Commonwealth put forth ample evidence, including the testimony of 

investigating detectives, medical professionals, and an expert in the field of 

child abusive head trauma, to support Appellant’s convictions. As a direct 

result of Appellant committing EWOC and REAP, Child suffered extensive and 

permanent injuries. Accordingly, the trial court did not err when it ordered 

restitution under Section 1106(a) for Child’s medical expenses resulting from 

injuries that flowed from Appellant’s criminal conduct.

For the above reasons, we discern no error in the trial court’s imposition 

of restitution.
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Judgment of sentence affirmed.

Judgment Entered.

Joseph D. Seletyn, Esq.

Prothonotary

Date: 10/2/2020