IN THE COURT OF APPEALS OF IOWA

No. 21-1539

Filed January 27, 2022

IN THE INTEREST OF N.B.,

Minor Child,

L.W., Mother,

Appellant.

________________________________________________________________

Appeal from the Iowa District Court for Polk County, Brent Pattison, District 

Associate Judge.

A mother appeals the termination of her parental rights. AFFIRMED.

Sarah E. Dewein of Cunningham & Kelso, P.L.L.C., Urbandale, for appellant 

mother.

Thomas J. Miller, Attorney General, and Chandlor Collins, Assistant 

Attorney General for appellee State.

Magdalena Reese, attorney and guardian ad litem for minor child.

Considered by Greer, P.J., and Schumacher and Ahlers, JJ.
2

AHLERS, Judge.

The mother appeals the termination of her parental rights to N.B., born in 

2018. The family came to the attention of the Iowa Department of Human Services 

(DHS) shortly after birth when the child tested positive for methamphetamine and 

amphetamines. The newborn child was removed from the family home but 

returned to the parents’ custody in February 2020. 

The family again came to the attention of the DHS in October 2020 when 

law enforcement executed a federal search warrant on the family home and 

discovered large amounts of methamphetamine, large amounts of cash, and other 

evidence of drug trafficking. The father was taken into custody and charged with 

state and federal crimes. The mother was not charged after the search, though 

she admitted using methamphetamine two days prior. The child was soon

removed from the parents’ custody again and then adjudicated a child in need of 

assistance.

The mother initially made progress addressing her mental-health and 

substance-abuse issues; however, she tested positive for methamphetamine in 

May 2021, and she began inconsistently engaging with services after that. The 

State petitioned to terminate parental rights, which proceeded to a hearing in 

September 2021. The juvenile court terminated the mother’s parental rights under 

Iowa Code section 232.116(1)(g) and (h) (2021).1 The mother appeals.

We review termination-of-parental-rights proceedings de novo.2 Such 

 

1 The juvenile court also terminated the father’s parental rights. He does not 

appeal.

2

In re A.S., 906 N.W.2d 467, 472 (Iowa 2018).
3

proceedings follow a familiar three-step process of determining (1) whether 

statutory grounds for termination have been established, (2) whether termination 

is in the best interest of the children, and (3) whether the statutory exceptions of 

section 232.116(3) should preclude termination.3 

First, the mother argues the State failed to prove a statutory ground for 

termination. “When the juvenile court terminates parental rights on more than one 

statutory ground, we may affirm the juvenile court's order on any ground we find 

supported by the record.”4 We choose to address termination under section 

232.116(1)(h), which allows the juvenile court to terminate parental rights if it finds 

all of the following:

(1) The child is three years of age or younger.

(2) The child has been adjudicated a child in need of 

assistance pursuant to section 232.96.

(3) The child has been removed from the physical custody of 

the child’s parents for at least six months of the last twelve months, 

or for the last six consecutive months and any trial period at home 

has been less than thirty days.

(4) There is clear and convincing evidence that the child 

cannot be returned to the custody of the child’s parents as provided 

in section 232.102 at the present time.

The mother concedes the first two elements but disputes the third and 

fourth. As to the third element, the mother only argues termination was rushed, 

which “frustrates the purpose behind the statute.” “While we recognize the law 

requires a ‘full measure of patience with troubled parents who attempt to remedy 

a lack of parenting skills,’ Iowa has built this patience into the statutory scheme of 

 

3

In re P.L., 778 N.W.2d 33, 40–41 (Iowa 2010) (reciting the three-step process); 

In re M.J.H.T., No. 17-1329, 2017 WL 6033879, at *2 (Iowa Ct. App. Dec. 6, 2017) 

(referring to the process as “a now familiar three-step analysis”).

4

In re A.B., 815 N.W.2d 764, 774 (Iowa 2012).
4

Iowa Code chapter 232.”5 Eleven months elapsed between removal from the 

mother’s care in October 2020 and the termination hearing in September 2021. 

This removal was continuous and exceeds the six months required under section 

232.116(1)(h)(3), which the mother apparently recognizes by focusing on the 

“spirit” of the statute. We find the third element satisfied both legally and in spirit.

As to the fourth element, the mother argues she has been addressing her 

mental-health and substance-abuse issues and her home is appropriate for the 

child. The mother has a long history of substance abuse. While the mother initially 

engaged in services, she began resisting testing and treatment around April 2021. 

On May 5, the mother provided a urine sample that tested positive for 

methamphetamine. Beginning the final week of May, the mother agreed to meet 

with her substance-abuse and mental-health counselor weekly instead of monthly, 

even though she denied drug use in spite of the recent positive test. However, 

she did not comply with the agreement. Her attendance was sporadic, as she only 

met with her counselor five times from June until the September termination 

hearing. The mother blamed the counselor for canceling or changing her 

appointments. The juvenile court was skeptical of these claims, and, on our de 

novo review, we share that skepticism. Since the positive test in May, the mother 

consistently ignored or outright refused DHS requests for drug testing, making 

service providers, the juvenile court, and us unable to verify her claims of sobriety. 

 

5

In re C.B., 611 N.W.2d 489, 494 (Iowa 2000) (quoting In re D.A., Jr., 506 N.W.2d 

478, 479 (Iowa Ct. App. 1993)).
5

The mother has also irregularly attended visitation. She did not schedule 

as much visitation as she could and often arrived late for visits, interfering with the 

child’s bedtime.

Considering the mother’s recent positive test, refusal to acknowledge her 

drug use, inconsistent attendance in treatment, unverified sobriety, and unreliable 

visitation, we find the fourth element satisfied, as the child could not be safely 

returned to the mother. We agree the State proved the ground for termination 

under section 232.116(1)(h).

Second, the mother argues termination is not in the child’s best interests.6 

Here, the mother repeats her claims that she attends mental-health and 

substance-abuse treatment, her home is appropriate for the child, and she is 

nurturing during visitation. As explained above, the mother has inconsistently 

engaged in treatment, testing, and visitation in the months leading up to the 

termination hearing. We find termination is in the child’s best interests.

Finally, the mother argues she proved that a permissive factor under section 

232.116(3) should preclude termination.7 The mother asserts her parental rights 

should not be terminated because a relative has legal custody of the child8 and 

because she has “a uniquely positive bond and relationship” with the child.9 

 

6 See Iowa Code § 232.116(2).

7 See In re A.S., 906 N.W.2d at 475–76 (noting that application of the exceptions 

is permissive, not mandatory, and holding that the parent claiming an exception 

under section 232.116(3) has the burden of proving its applicability).

8 See Iowa Code § 232.116(3)(a) (stating the court need not terminate parental 

rights if “[a] relative has legal custody of the child”).

9 See Iowa Code § 232.116(3)(c) (stating the court need not terminate parental 

rights if “termination would be detrimental to the child at the time due to the 

closeness of the parent-child relationship”).
6

We are not persuaded by the mother’s assertions. It is true that a relative 

had custody of the child at the time of the termination hearing, but that fact alone 

is not compelling.10 The evidence established that the child is much more bonded 

to the relatives with whom the child has been placed than the child is with the 

mother. This is not surprising, as this young child has lived with the relatives 

significantly longer than with the mother. We see no persuasive evidence of a 

special bond between mother and child, which is also not surprising considering 

the child has only been in the mother’s care for about eight months during her three 

years of life. The relatives with whom the child is placed have brought reliability, 

stability, and consistency to the child while making sure all of her needs are met. 

The same cannot be said for the mother. Accordingly, we decline to apply either 

of the permissive factors relied upon by the mother, as doing so is not supported 

by the evidence and would not be in the child’s best interests.

Finding the State proved a statutory ground for termination, termination is 

in the child’s best interest, and no permissive factor prevents termination, we affirm 

the termination of the mother’s parental rights.

AFFIRMED.

 

10 See In re C.K., 558 N.W.2d 170, 174 (Iowa 1997) (declining to apply the

exception based on a relative having custody because “[a]n appropriate 

determination to terminate a parent-child relationship is not to be countermanded 

by the ability and willingness of a family relative to take the child.”).