IN THE COURT OF APPEALS OF TENNESSEE

AT JACKSON

April 23, 2014 Session

DONALD J. ROBERTS IRA ET AL. V. PHILLIP H. MCNEILL, SR. ET AL.

Appeal from the Circuit Court for Shelby County

No. CT00495507 Jerry Stokes, Judge

No. W2013-01072-COA-R3-CV - Filed May 30, 2014

This is the second interlocutory appeal from a class certification. In Roberts v.

McNeill, No. W2010-01000-COA-R9-CV, 2011 WL 662648 (Tenn. Ct. App. Feb. 23, 2011)

(“Roberts I”), we vacated the trial court’s class certification and remanded for

reconsideration. Plaintiffs/Appellees are former owners of preferred stock in Equity Inns,

Inc., who filed suit against Defendants/Appellants, the board of directors, for breaches of the

fiduciary duties allegedly owed to the preferred shareholders during the negotiation and

approval of a merger. Upon remand from this Court, the trial court granted the plaintiffs’

motion for class certification with respect to “the proposed preferred class stockholders.”

Having previously enumerated three preferred classes of stockholders, the purported

certification creates an ambiguity as to the global class. The trial court’s certification of three

subclasses does not cure the ambiguity in the global class, and we cannot proceed to review

under Tennessee Rule of Civil Procedure 23 in the absence of a clearly defined class.

Accordingly, we vacate and remand for further consideration.

Tenn. R. App. P. 3 Appeal as of Right; Judgment of the Circuit Court Vacated and

Remanded

J. STEVEN STAFFORD, J., delivered the opinion of the Court, in which ALAN E. HIGHERS, P.J.,

W.S., and DAVID R. FARMER, J., joined.

John S. Golwen, Annie T. Christoff, Johathan E. Nelson, Memphis, Tennessee, and Edward

J. Fuhr (pro hac vice), Matthew P. Bosher (pro hac vice), Trevor S. Cox (pro hac vice),

Richmond, Virginia, for the appellants, Phillip H. McNeill, Sr., Howard A. Silver, Raymond

E. Schultz, Robert P. Bowen, and Joseph W. McLeary.
Alan G. Crone, Memphis, Tennessee, and Lee A. Weiss (pro hac vice), Garden City, New

York, for the appellees, Donald J. Roberts IRA, Dr. James M. Byers IRA Rollover, Patrick

Svoboda IRA and Svoboda Realty Inc. Defined Benefit Plan, Jack Fulton, and Eric Clarke,

as Trustee of Clarke Revocable Trust, On Behalf of Themselves and All Others Similarly

Situated.

MEMORANDUM OPINION

1

As set out in Roberts I, this case arose following a merger of Equity Inns, Inc.

(“Equity Inns”) into the Whitehall Street Global Real Estate Limited Partnership 2007

(“Whitehall”). Prior to the merger, Equity Inns functioned as a publicly held real estate

investment trust based in Memphis, Tennessee; through its operating partnership, Equity Inns

owned 133 hotel properties in 35 states. Equity Inns issued a total of 5,850,000 shares of two

classes of preferred stock, which were designated (1) 8.75% Series B Cumulative Preferred

Stock (the “Series B Stock”), and (2) 8.00% Series C Cumulative Preferred Stock (the

“Series C Stock”). The remaining stock was common stock. The two series of preferred

shares were issued three years apart, and conferred different rights on their holders, were

subject to different conditions, and were governed by their own contractual terms.

In 2007, Equity Inns’ Board of Directors, Phillip H. McNeill, Sr., Howard A. Silver,

Raymond E. Schultz, Robert P. Bowen, and Joseph W. McLeary (together “Directors,”

“Defendants,” or “Appellants”), who were all holders of common stock in Equity Inns,

unanimously approved a definitive merger agreement under which the privately held

Whitehall would acquire Equity Inns in a transaction valued at approximately $2.2 billion.

The merger agreement provided owners of Equity Inns common stock $23 per share in cash,

a premium of approximately 28% over the stock’s 90 day average closing share price or

approximately 19% over its closing share price on June 20, 2007. At this time, the Directors

owned over 1.2 million shares of Equity Inns’ common stock, which would net them

approximately $28,000,000.00 when the merger closed. Only Director McNeill owned any

of the preferred series stock; he owned 8,000 shares of Series C Stock, which was less than

Rule 10 of the Rules of the Court of Appeals of Tennessee provides:

1

This Court, with the concurrence of all judges participating in the case, may affirm, reverse

or modify the actions of the trial court by memorandum opinion when a formal opinion

would have no precedential value. When a case is decided by memorandum opinion it shall

be designated “MEMORANDUM OPINION,” shall not be published, and shall not be cited

or relied on for any reason in any unrelated case.

-2-
2% of his total Equity Inns holdings. The merger agreement, which was allegedly approved

without separate inquiry into the effect on the preferred stockholders’ shares, provided that

the preferred stockholders would receive stock in Whitehall, which stock would have

identical dividend and other relative rights, preferences, limitations, and restrictions as their

existing shares. The merger closed on October 25, 2007. During the four-month period

between the merger and the announcement of the closing of the merger, the value of the

Series B Stock allegedly declined 32%; during the same time period, the Series C Stock

allegedly declined 33%.

On September 28, 2007, the named plaintiffs, Donald J. Roberts IRA, Dr. James M.

Byers IRA Rollover, Patrick Svoboda IRA, Svoboda Realty Inc. Defined Benefit Plan, Jack

Fulton, and Eric Clarke, as Trustee of Clarke Revocable Trust (together, “Plaintiffs,” or

“Appellees”), who were all preferred stock holders, filed this class action as amended against

the Directors. Appellees’ amended complaint asserted that the Directors owed the holders

2

of Equity Inns preferred stock the “utmost fiduciary duties of due care, loyalty, and good

faith.” The Directors allegedly violated these fiduciary duties when they approved a merger

that greatly benefitted the common stockholders, including the Directors, without properly

evaluating the impact of the merger on the preferred shareholders. According to Plaintiffs,

the announcement of the merger caused a foreseeable diminution in the value of their

preferred stock because Whitehall was not subject to the reporting requirements of the

Securities Exchange Act of 1934 and investors were unable to accurately value Whitehall’s

preferred stock. Plaintiffs specifically alleged that the Directors’ breaches caused 32% and

33% decreases in the value of Equity Inns’ Series B and Series C preferred stock,

respectively, prior to the closing of the merger. Plaintiffs concluded that, by approving the

merger and electing not to redeem the preferred stock for cash, the Directors impermissibly

increased the payout for common stock to the detriment of the preferred shareholders.

The Directorsresponded, on December 4, 2007, with a motion to dismiss the amended

complaint under Rule 12.02(6) of the Tennessee Rules of Civil Procedure for failure to state

a claim upon which relief could be granted. The Directors argued, in part, that Plaintiffs had

based their complaint on general fiduciary duty principles that do not apply when

determining the rights of preferred shareholders in Tennessee. The Directors maintained

that the rights of preferred shareholders are governed by contract and, thus, Plaintiffs failed

to state a claim because they did not allege a breach of contract. In the alternative, the

The original complaint did not name Jack Fulton as a plaintiff. After a failed attempt to certify

2

the class, the trial court granted a motion to amend the complaint to add Mr. Fulton over the objection of

Directors. Following the addition of Mr. Fulton as a plaintiff, the class was certified, which certification led

to the appeal in Roberts I. As discussed, infra, Eric Clarke was not added as a Plaintiff until after the case

was remanded in Roberts I. Mr. Clarke was added by amended pleading filed on April 30, 2012.

-3-
Directors asserted that both the business judgment rule and an exculpatory provision in the

Company’s corporate charter precluded recovery. The trial court denied the Directors’

motion to dismiss, but granted permission to seek interlocutory appeal pursuant to Rule 9 of

the Tennessee Rules of Appellate Procedure, which appeal both this Court and the Tennessee

Supreme Court denied. Thereafter, the Directorsfiled an answer asserting various affirmative

and other defenses.

Plaintiffs moved to certify a class of “[a]ll holders of Equity Inns preferred stock as

of June 21, 2007” and to appoint Donald J. Roberts IRA, Dr. James M. Byers IRA Rollover,

and Jack Fulton as representatives of the class. Plaintiffs’ motion and initial supporting

3

memorandum argued that the class representatives satisfied all requirements of Rule 23.01

and 23.02(3) of the Tennessee Rules of Civil Procedure. The Directors disagreed and

submitted a detailed response arguing, inter alia, that the proposed representatives satisfied

neither the typicality, nor the adequacy of representation requirements of Rule 23. Plaintiffs

submitted a memorandum in reply, seeking to counter the arguments of the Directors and to

further support their motion. On March 2, 2010, the trial court conducted a fairly lengthy

hearing during which the parties asserted their positions. Rather than announce a decision at

the conclusion of the hearing, the court took the matter under advisement.

On April 26, 2010, the trial court granted Plaintiffs’ motion for class certification with

respect to “the named class representatives” in an order that set forth relevant facts, offered

the court’s legal conclusions, and incorporated by reference the transcript of the parties’

hearing. The court expressly acknowledged that the burden to demonstrate compliance with

Rule 23.01’s requirements—numerosity, commonality, typicality, and adequacy of

representation—rested with Plaintiffs. Upon examination of the issues, the court concluded

that Plaintiffs carried their burden. The court also concluded that Plaintiffs demonstrated a

basis for certification under Rule 23.02(3). The Directors filed an application for

interlocutory appeal pursuant to Rule 9 of the Tennessee Rules of Appellate Procedure and

Tennessee Code Annotated section 27-1-125, which this Court granted.

On February 23, 2011, in Roberts I, this Court vacated the class certification and

remanded the case back to the trial court for further consideration. Our decision was based,

 As noted in Roberts I, the trial court’s order cited Donald J. Roberts IRA, Patrick Svoboda

3

IRA, and Svoboda Realty Inc. Defined Benefit Plan as the proposed class representatives for the Series B

preferred shareholders and Jack Fulton as the proposed class representative for Series B and C preferred

shareholders. However, Plaintiffs’ motion for class certification and accompanying memoranda sought

appointment of Dr. James M. Byers IRA Rollover as a class representative, not Patrick Svoboda IRA or

Svoboda Realty Inc. Defined Benefit Plan.

-4-
inter alia, upon the following:

We vacate and remand for several reasons. First, the record does

not demonstrate that the claims or defenses of the representative

parties are typical of the claims or defenses of the class. This is

enough in our view to vacate the decision of the trial court.

Second, remand prevents this Court from authoring a potentially

advisory opinion on whether at least one named plaintiff must

possess standing for each claim in a class action, which is a

matter of first impression before Tennessee courts. While Mr.

Fulton’s status as a class representative stands in jeopardy, it is

possible that the trial court will determine upon review of the

relevant evidence that he satisfies both the typicality and

adequacy of representation requirements. Third, it is not entirely

clear that the trial court would have reached the same decision

on certification if it had concluded upon examination of the

necessary evidence that Mr. Fulton was an inadequate

representative. The court’s ordersuggestsit considered only Mr.

Fulton a proposed class representative for Series C preferred

shareholders. Finally, remand givesthe trial court an opportunity

to correct an apparent error in its decision regarding which

named plaintiffs sought to serve as class representatives and to

clarify which class representatives met Rule 23’ s requirements.

We accordingly vacate the trial court’s decision and remand for

further consideration.

Roberts I, 2011 WL 662648, at *9 (footnote omitted). In reaching our decision, we noted,

in dicta, that the existence of a potential unique defense against a class representative would

defeat typicality in Tennessee. Id. at *8 (“[T]he court may have premised its rejection of

Directors’ position on an erroneous conclusion that a unique defense likely to become a

major focus of the litigation does not defeat typicality in Tennessee.”). Specifically, we

noted that the affirmative defenses of acquiescence, ratification, and waiver, which were

raised against Mr. Fulton based upon his vote in favor of the merger, “are likely to become

a major focus of the litigation regardless of whether they are ultimately meritorious.” Id.

Finally, we counseled the lower court that it “must actively guard against the development

of conflicts” and reject class certification if a conflict exists. Id. at *10.

Following remand, the parties attempted to mediate. However, when that was

unsuccessful, the Plaintiffs were granted leave to amend their complaint “to address the

potential issues raised by the Court of Appeals.” The second amended complaint, filed on

-5-
April 30, 2012, made one change. It added Eric Clarke, as Trustee of Clarke Revocable

Trust, as a plaintiff. Clarke Revocable Trust held Series C Stock at the time of the merger

announcement. However, discovery revealed that the Clarke Trust had purchased thousands

of shares of both Series B Stock and Series C Stock following the announcement of the

merger. After adding Clarke, Plaintiffs filed a renewed motion for class certification on June

6, 2012. Because the Clarke Trust held no common stock, Plaintiffs argued that the addition

of the Clarke Trust addressed this Court’s concern, as set out in Roberts I, because the Clarke

Trust could allegedly serve as a representative of Series C shareholders, without being

subject to the potential acquiescence defense. Because the potential acquiescence defense

was allegedly factually unsupported due to the lack of any meaningful disclosure concerning

the preferred shares in the proxy statement for the merger, and the defense allegedly did not

raise a conflict between preferred shareholders who did not own common stock and those

who did, Plaintiffs once again sought certification of a class of all preferred stockholders on

the date of the merger announcement. Although the Plaintiffs opined that the acquiescence

defense was completely without merit, out of an abundance of caution, they proposed, in

their renewed motion for class certification, two subclasses. First, Plaintiffs proposed the

“Preferred/Common Stock SubClass.” The Preferred/Common Stock SubClass would

allegedly address concerns regarding the acquiescence defense because any legal issues

concerning that defense would be common to any class member who voted in favor of the

merger, and the litigation of those common questions would not raise any conflicts with the

other preferred shareholders. Roberts I, 2011 WL 662648, at *8 (“[I]t is possible that the

defenses raised with respect to Mr. Fulton are not unique because a substantial part of the

class is similarly situated.”). Plaintiffs proposed Mr. Fulton as the representative of the Class

and the Preferred/Common Stock SubClass. In addition, Plaintiffs proposed a second

subclass, the “Preferred Stock SubClass,” which would include only those who owned

preferred stock, and did not own common stock, on or after June 21, 2007. Plaintiffs

proposed the appointment of the Roberts IRA, the Byers IRA, and the Clarke Revocable

Trust as representatives of the Preferred Stock SubClass.

The Directors opposed the renewed motion for class certification, arguing, inter alia,

that the motion still sought certification of the same single class of all holders of Equity Inns

preferred stock—both Series B and Series C shareholders, including those who also held

common shares. The trial court held a hearing on the motion for class certification.

Despite some confusion at the hearing concerning the parameters of the Plaintiffs’

proposed class and subclasses, in its April 26, 2013 order, the trial court attempted to clarify

Plaintiffs’ position on class certification. Specifically, the court stated that Plaintiffs were

seeking class certification of

all preferred stockholders (global class); and/or subclass

-6-
certification of all Series B Preferred shareholders who owned

neither Series C Preferred stock nor common stock as of June

21, 2007; and/or subclass certification of all Series C

shareholders who owned neither Series B preferred nor common

stock as of June 21, 2007; and/or subclass certification of all

Series B & C preferred shareholders who also owned common

stock as of June 21, 2007.

Plaintiffs also seek class certification of all preferred

stockholders, as of June 21, 2007, who did not own common

stock on or after June 21, 2007. Also, Plaintiffs seek class

certification of all preferred stockholders who owned common

stock on or after June 21, 2007.

Plaintiffs also request this Court certify this lawsuit as a

class action on behalf of a class consisting of all holders of the

Company’s preferred stock as of June 21, 2007, and certify the

preferred stock subclass and the preferred/common stock

subclass. Plaintiffs request that Roberts IRA, Byers IRA, and

Eric Clarke be appointed as representatives of the global class

of preferred shareholders; and that Jack Fulton be appointed as

representative of the global class of the preferred/common stock

subclass. Excluded from the class and subclasses are the named

Defendants and any person, firm, trust, corporation or other

entity related to, or affiliated with, any Defendant.

In the foregoing statements, the trial court outlines three different classes: (1) “all preferred

stockholders (global class)”; (2) “all preferred stockholders, as of June 21, 2007, who did not

own common stock on or after June 21, 2007”; (3) “all preferred stockholders who owned

common stock on or after June 21, 2007.” The trial court also identifies three subclasses: (a)

“all Series B preferred stockholders who owned neither Series C preferred stock nor common

stock as of June 21, 2007”; (b) “all Series C shareholders who owned neither Series B

preferred nor common stock as of June 21, 2007”; and (c) “all Series B & C preferred

shareholders who owned common stock as of June 21, 2007.”

After outlining and discussing the requirements of Tennessee Rule of Civil Procedure

23, see discussion infra, the trial court ruled as follows:

[T]he Court hereby certifies the proposed preferred class

stockholders under Rule 23. As part of that certification, the

Court creates and certifies subclasses under rule 23.03(4) and

appoints Byers and Roberts as class representatives of all Series

-7-
B stockholders who owned such stock on June 21, 2007. The

Court appoints Clarke as class representative of all Series C

stockholders who owned such stock on June 21, 2007. In

addition, this Court appoints Fulton as class representative of all

stockholders who owned Series B and C stock as well as

common stock on June 21, 2007. All other requests for class

certification is [sic] denied.

Tennessee Code Annotated Section 27-1-125 provides:

The court of appeals shall hear appeals from orders of trial

courts granting or denying class certification under Rule 23 of

the Tennessee Rules of Civil Procedure, if a notice is filed

within ten (10) days after entry of the order. All proceedings in

the trial court shall be automatically stayed pending the appeal

of the class certification ruling.

Although not required, on May 6, 2013, the Directors filed a motion in this Court for

permission to appeal. A significant portion of that motion claimed that the trial court’s order

was incomplete and inconsistent. On May 9, 2013, this Court issued an order, noting that

Tennessee Code Section 27-1-125 did not require the Directors to file an application for

appeal, and ordering that the matter would proceed as an appeal as of right.

On June 12, 2013, while the appeal was pending, Plaintiffs filed a motion to remand

the case pursuant to Tennessee Code Annotated Section 27-3-128 on the basis of a “defect

in the record.” In their motion to remand, Plaintiffs alleged that the order appealed suffers

4

from a number of “defects,” including that: (1) “omissions and ambiguities” plague the order;

(2) the trial court failed to “state the definition of the Class that it certified”; (3) the “different

definitions” of the class in the order create ambiguity; (4) the trial court made potentially

“contradictory statements” and “contradictory findings” regarding Plaintiffs’ typicality and

adequacy; and (5) the lower court “could [have] ma[d]e clearer findings as to the Class’s

satisfaction of the requirements of Tennessee Rule of Civil Procedure 23.01(3) and (4).”

Tennessee Code Annotated Section 27-3-128 provides:

4

The court shall also, in all cases, where, in its opinion, complete justice

cannot be had by reason of some defect in the record, want of proper

parties, or oversight without culpable negligence, remand the cause to the

court below forfurther proceedings, with proper directions to effectuate the

objects of the order, and upon such terms as may be deemed right.

-8-
This Court denied the remand motion. Accordingly, Plaintiffs contend that our

“consideration of this appeal should focus on Rule 23 elements, which the Class readily

satisfies, and the resolution of any perceived ambiguities in the Class Certification Order.”

In the first instance, the mere fact that we declined to remand the case under

Tennessee Code Annotated Section 27-3-128 at the time the motion was made does not, ipso

facto, require us to limit our review to Rule 23 elements, or prevent this Court from resolving

any ambiguities we may find in the trial court’s order. Rather, our review will extend as far,

and in whatever direction, as may be necessary to adjudicate the issues before us. Those

issues, as stated in the Directors’ brief, are as follows:

1. Did the lower court improperly certify a global class of

shareholders, given that the order failed to provide a coherent

basis for determining the membership of the certified class and

contained illogical conclusions, as even Plaintiffs concede,

regarding whether Rule 23’ s requirements had been met?

2. Did the lower court incorrectly conclude that the global class

of shareholders satisfied Rule 23’s commonality and

predominance requirements, given that the shareholder groups

comprising the class each had different, separately defined legal

rights that prevent the resolution of their claims in one stroke?

3. Did the lower court incorrectly certify three subclasses within

the global class, given that the court: excluded significant

shareholder groups within the global class from membership in

the subclasses, thereby preventing satisfaction of Rule 23’s

superiority and predominance requirements; created a subclass

with intra-class conflicts; failed to find that each subclass

satisfied the numerosity requirement; and neglected to appoint

separate counsel to represent the conflicting interests of each

subclass?

4. Did the lower court incorrectly certify the global class and

three subclasses, given that each of the plaintiffs the court

appointed to represent them are subject to unique defenses that

destroy their typicality and/or are incapable of adequately

representing absent class members?

Before turning to the issues, we restate the standard of review applicable to class

-9-
certification questions. As stated in Roberts I:

A trial court’s decision on class certification is entitled to

deference. See Meighan v. U.S. Sprint Commc’ns Co., 924

S.W.2d 632, 637 (Tenn. 1996). The grant or denial of class

certification is discretionary, and the court’s decision will stand

absent abuse of that discretion. Id. (citing Sterling v. Velsicol

Chem. Corp., 855 F.2d 1188, 1197 (6th Cir.1988)). The abuse

of discretion standard typically applies when a choice exists in

the trial court among several acceptable alternatives. Lee Med.,

Inc. v. Beecher, 312 S.W.3d 515, 524 (Tenn. 2010) (citing

Overstreet v. Shoney’s,Inc., 4 S.W.3d 694, 708 (Tenn. Ct. App.

1999)). Because the trial court is vested with the responsibility

to make that choice, a reviewing court cannot second-guess the

lower court’s judgment or merely substitute an alternative it

finds preferable. Id. at 524 (citations omitted). A reviewing

court must instead affirm the discretionary decision so long as

reasonable legal minds can disagree about its correctness.

Eldridge v. Eldridge, 42 S.W.3d 82, 85 (Tenn. 2001) (citing

State v. Scott, 33 S.W.3d 746, 752 (Tenn. 2000); State v.

Gilliland, 22 S.W.3d 266, 273 (Tenn. 2000)). The same

principles apply here; a trial court’s certification decision must

stand if reasonable judicial minds can differ about the soundness

of its conclusion. Freeman v. Blue Ridge Paper Prod., Inc.,

229 S.W.3d 694, 703 (Tenn. Ct. App. 2007) (citing White v.

Vanderbilt Univ., 21 S.W.3d 215, 223 (Tenn. Ct. App. 1999)).

“The abuse of discretion standard of review does not, however,

immunize a lower court’s decision from any meaningful

appellate scrutiny.” Beecher, 312 S.W.3d at 524 (citing Boyd v.

Comdata Network, Inc., 88 S.W.3d 203, 211 (Tenn. Ct. App.

2002)).

A trial court’s discretion is not unbounded. Cf. Gulf Oil

Co. v. Bernard, 452 U.S. 89, 100, 101 S.Ct. 2193, 68 L.Ed.2d

693 (1981). A trial court must consider controlling legal

principles and relevant facts when making a discretionary

decision. Beecher, 312 S.W.3d at 524 (citing Konvalinka v.

Chattanooga-Hamilton Cnty. Hosp. Auth., 249 S.W.3d 346,

358 (Tenn. 2008); Ballard v. Herzke, 924 S.W.2d 652, 661

(Tenn. 1996)). A trial court abuses its discretion if it (1) applies

an incorrect legal standard, (2) reaches an illogical or

-10-
unreasonable decision, or (3) bases its decision on a clearly

erroneous evaluation of the evidence. Elliott v. Cobb, 320

S.W.3d 246, 249–50 (Tenn. 2010) (citation omitted); see also

Walker v. Sunrise Pontiac-GMC Truck, Inc., 249 S.W.3d 301,

308 (Tenn.2008) (citation omitted). Additionally, a trial court

abuses its discretion if it “strays beyond the applicable legal

standards or when it fails to properly consider the factors

customarily used to guide the particular discretionary decision.”

Beecher, 312 S.W.3d at 524 (citing State v. Lewis, 235 S.W.3d

136, 141 (Tenn. 2007)).

Appellate courts review a trial court’s discretionary

decision to determine “(1) whether the factual basis for the

decision is properly supported by evidence in the record, (2)

whether the lower court properly identified and applied the most

appropriate legal principles applicable to the decision, and (3)

whether the lower court’s decision was within the range of

acceptable alternative dispositions.” Id. at 524–25 (citing Flautt

& Mann v. Council of Memphis, 285 S.W.3d 856, 872–73

(Tenn. Ct. App. 2008)). We review the trial court’s legal

conclusions de novo with no presumption of correctness. Id. at

525 (citing Johnson v. Nissan N. Am., Inc., 146 S.W.3d 600,

604 (Tenn. Ct. App. 2004); Boyd v. Comdata Network, Inc., 88

S.W.3d 203, 212 (Tenn. Ct. App. 2002)). We review the trial

court’s factual conclusions under the preponderance of the

evidence standard. Id. (citations omitted).

Roberts I, 2011 WL 662648, at *3–4.

Furthermore, as set out in Roberts I:

Rule 23 of the Tennessee Rules of Civil Procedure

governs class action certification. Walker, 249 S.W.3d at 307

(citing Hamilton v. Gibson Cnty. Util. Dist., 845 S.W.2d 218,

225 (Tenn. Ct. App. 1992)). The burden is on the proponent of

class certification to demonstrate that a class action is

appropriate. Id. This burden is two-fold. The proponent must

first satisfy the numerosity, commonality, typicality, and

adequacy of representation requirements of Rule 23.01. Id. at

307–08 (citing Tenn. R. Civ. P. 23.01). Rule 23.01 permits class

certification if

-11-
(1) the class is so numerous that joinder of all

members is impracticable, (2) there are questions

of law or fact common to the class, (3) the claims

or defenses of the representative parties are

typical of the claims or defenses of the class, and

(4) the representative parties will fairly and

adequately protect the interest of the class.

Tenn. R. Civ. P. 23.01. The proponent of class certification must

demonstrate compliance with each of Rule 23.01’s

requirements. Walker, 249 S.W.3d at 307–08.

The proponent must next establish the class action is

maintainable under Rule 23.02. Id at 308. In contrast to Rule

23.01, the proponent of class certification must establish only

one Rule 23.02 basis for the maintenance of a class action. Id.

Rule 23.02 provides three bases for class action certification:

(1) the prosecution of separate actions by or

against individual members of the class would

create a risk of

(a) inconsistent or varying adjudications with

respect to individual members of the class which

would establish incompatible standards of

conduct for the party opposing the class, or

(b) adjudications with respect to individual

members of the class which would as a practical

matter be dispositive of the interests of the other

members not parties to the adjudications or would

substantially impair or impede their ability to

protect their interest; or

(2) the party opposing the class has acted or

refused to act on grounds generally applicable to

the class, thereby making appropriate final

injunctive relief or corresponding declaratory

relief with respect to the class as a whole; or

(3) the court finds that the question of law or fact

common to the members of the class predominate

over any questions affecting only individual

-12-
members, and that a class action is superior to

other available methods for the fair and efficient

adjudication of the controversy. The matters

pertinent to the findings include: (a) the interest of

members of the class in individually controlling

the prosecution or defense of separate actions; (b)

the extent and nature of any litigation concerning

the controversy already commenced by or against

members of the class; (c) the desirability or

undesirability of concentrating the litigation of the

claims in the particular forum; (d) the difficulties

likely to be encountered in the management of a

class action.

Tenn. R. Civ. P. 23.02. Class certification is permissible only if

the proponent demonstrates compliance with both Rule 23.01

and Rule 23.02. Freeman, 229 S.W.3d at 702 (citing Hamilton,

845 S.W.2d at 225).

Roberts I, 2011 WL 662648, at *4–5.

Ambiguity in the Order

It is well settled that a trial court speaks through its orders. Palmer v. Palmer, 562

S.W.2d 833, 837 (Tenn. Ct. App. 1997). Whether an order is ambiguous presents a legal

issue. See Konvalinka v. Chattanooga-Hamilton County Hosp. Auth., 249 S.W.3d 346, 356

(Tenn. 2008). Our review of a legal issue is conducted “under a pure de novo standard of

review, according no deference to the conclusions of law made by the lower courts.” Moody

v. Hutchison, 159 S.W.3d 15, 26 (Tenn. Ct. App. May 25, 2004) (quoting Southern

Constructors, Inc. v. Loudon County Bd. Of Educ., 58 S.W.3d 706, 710 (Tenn. 2001)).

As noted above, in its order, the trial court first identified three separate classes of

preferred stockholders: (1) “all preferred stockholders (global class)”; (2) “all preferred

stockholders, as of June 21, 2007, who did not own common stock on or after June 21,

2007"; (3) “all preferred stockholders who owned common stock on or after June 21, 2007.”

The court then goes on to certify “the proposed preferred class stockholders under Rule 23.”

Unfortunately, we cannot determine to which (if any) of the three enumerated classes the

“proposed preferred class stockholders” language refers. This creates an ambiguity that is

fatal to meaningful review.

-13-
We have reviewed the record, but have been unable to glean any information that

would illuminate the trial court’s order concerning which class it is certifying. Elsewhere in

its order, the court states that “[c]ertifying this proposed global class as constituted would

invite intra-class conflict,” and that “the typicality requirement has not been satisfied as to

the global class.” Yet, despite these statements, the court appears to certify some global

class, i.e., the “proposed preferred class stockholders.”

The failure to define the purported class constitutes error, which requires this Court

to vacate the trial court’s judgment and remand for further proceedings. Cf. Fed. R. Civ. P.

23(c)(1)(B) (“An order that certifies a class action must define the class.”). Indeed, “an

5

essential prerequisite to a class action is the existence of a class whose bounds are precisely

drawn.” Considine v. Park Nat. Bank, 64 F.R.D. 646, 647–48 (E.D. Tenn. 1974). “Clearly

delineating the contours of the class . . . serves several important purposes, such as providing

the parties with clarity and assisting class members in understanding their rights.” Marcus

v. BMW of N. Am., LLC, 687 F.3d 583, 591–92 (3d Cir. 2012). Accordingly, courts have

not hesitated to overturn orders that attempt to certify vaguely-defined classes. For example,

in Marcus, the United States Court of Appeals for the Third Circuit vacated a trial court’s

certification order that stated it was certifying plaintiff’s proposed class, but did not “set out

its own definition,” resulting in a class whose parameters were “far from clear.” Id. at 592.

Likewise, in Gov’t Employees Ins. Co. v. Bloodworth, No.

M2003-02986-COA-R10-CV, 2007 WL 1966022 (Tenn. Ct. App.June 29, 2007), this Court

held that a “trial court [is] required to make a rigorous and thorough analysis of [the Rule 23

requirements] and to provide a sufficient explanation of that analysis to provide an

opportunity for meaningful appellate review.” Id. at *51. Specifically, we noted:

Based on the trial court’s order and the record before us, we

cannot determine whether the trial court applied the correct legal

principles to the issues raised herein. . . . Based on the record

before us, we cannot conclude that the class proponent has met

her burden of establishing that the requirements of Tenn. R. Civ.

 As noted in Roberts I, “[a]lthough there are few reported opinions from Tennessee state courts 5

addressing class certification under Rule 23 of the Tennessee Rules of Civil Procedure, federal cases

addressing class certification under the Federal Rules of Civil Procedure are persuasive authority. Meighan

v. U.S. Sprint Commc’ns Co., 924 S.W.2d 632, 637 n.2 (Tenn. 1996) (citing Bayberry Assocs. v. Jones, 783

S.W.2d 553, 557 (Tenn.1990)).” Roberts I, 2011 WL 662648, n.5. In fact, the Tennessee class action statute

is modeled after the federal rule. “Because Tennessee Rule of Civil Procedure 23 and Federal Rule of Civil

Procedure 23 use identical language, federal authority is persuasive.” Freeman v. Blue Ridge Paper Prods.,

Inc., 229 S.W.3d 694, 702 n.3 (Tenn. 2007).

-14-
P. 23.02(3) have been met. Neither can we conclude that the

trial court has conducted the type of analysis necessary to insure

compliance with those requirements. Consequently, we must

vacate the trial court’s order certifying this action as a class

action.

Id. The same is true here. Because we cannot determine the parameters of the “proposed

preferred class,” we cannot conduct a meaningful review so as to reach the “conclu[sion] that

the trial court conducted the type of analysis necessary to insure compliance with these [Rule

23] requirements.” Id. For us to proceed with Rule 23 analysis in the absence of a clearly

defined class would border on an advisory opinion. “In an interlocutory appeal, as well as

in an appeal as of right, the appellate court considers only questions that were actually

adjudicated by the trial court.” Shaffer v. Memphis Airport Authority, Service Management

Systems, Inc., No. W2012-00237-COA-R9-CV, 2013 WL 209309, at *4 (Tenn. Ct. App.

Jan.18, 2013) (citing In re Estate of Boykin, 295 S.W.3d 632, 636 (Tenn. Ct. App. 2008)

(“At the appellate level, we are limited in authority to the adjudication of issues that are

presented and decided in the trial courts.”). “To do otherwise would render the interlocutory

appeal a request for an advisory opinion.” Shaffer, 2013 WL 209309, at *4. Accordingly,

we must vacate the order of the trial court and remand for further proceedings. However, we

note that after three attempts at class certification, and two interlocutory appeals, this case

has become convoluted to the point that the trial court may need to wipe the slate clean and

start from the beginning on remand. At any rate, after reviewing the record, and from

statements made during oral argument, it appears that the framework for class certification,

i.e. Tennessee Rule of Civil Procedure 23, may have been neglected in favor of attempts to

create subclasses to negate shortcomings in the global class. This is not proper procedure.

As discussed in Roberts I, the creation of subclasses will not cure Rule 23 deficiencies in the

larger class. Nonetheless, because we cannot determine what classthe trial court is certifying,

we cannot proceed with further review.

For the foregoing reasons, we vacate the trial court’s order on class certification, and

remand for further proceedings as may be necessary and are consistent with this opinion.

Costs of the appeal are assessed against the Appellees, Donald J. Roberts IRA, Dr. James M.

Byers IRA Rollover, Patrick Svoboda IRA, Svoboda Realty Inc. Defined Benefit Plan, Jack

Fulton, and Eric Clarke, for which execution may issue if necessary.

_________________________________

J. STEVEN STAFFORD, JUDGE

-15-