The State concedes the double jeopardy violation. Accordingly, we reverse the conviction 1

for burglary and dismiss the prosecution on that count.

TEXAS COURT OF APPEALS, THIRD DISTRICT, AT AUSTIN

NO. 03-07-00695-CR

Jeffrey Michael Wahlig, Appellant

v.

The State of Texas, Appellee

FROM THE DISTRICT COURT OF HAYS COUNTY, 22ND JUDICIAL DISTRICT

NO. CR-06-191, HONORABLE DIB WALDRIP, JUDGE PRESIDING

M E M O R A N D U M O P I N I O N

A jury convicted appellant Jeffrey Michael Wahlig of the offenses of burglary

of a habitation, aggravated assault, and two counts of endangering a child. See Tex. Penal Code

Ann. §§ 22.02(b)(1), .041(c) (West Supp. 2008), § 30.02(a)(3) (West 2003). He was sentenced to

twelve years in prison. Wahlig appeals, asserting a double-jeopardy violation and challenging the

sufficiency of the evidence to support the convictions for child endangerment. We affirm the child

1

endangerment convictions.

Jeffrey Michael Wahlig and his wife, Rebecca, had been having marital difficulties

before the incident in question. Rebecca admitted to Wahlig that she had been having an affair

with an old friend, Eric Sharp. At the time of the incident, the status of the relationship between
2

Wahlig and Rebecca was unclear. Wahlig testified that they were trying to work through their

problems. Rebecca testified that they were making arrangements to separate and divorce. Both

Wahlig and Rebecca agree, however, that Rebecca had promised not to see Sharp. On February 14,

2006, Rebecca “broke down” and met Sharp at the home of her sister around lunch time. Wahlig

testified that he went to Rebecca’s work place to take her out to lunch for Valentine’s Day. He was

informed that she had gone out for a while, so according to Wahlig, he headed back to work. On the

wayback, he drove byRebecca’s sister’s house, where he noticed her van and another vehicle parked

outside. Suspecting that Rebecca was with Sharp, he began knocking, kicking, and pounding on

both the front and back doors. Eventually, while Wahlig was in the front of the house, Sharp fled

through the back door. When Rebecca went to close the garage door, she was confronted by Wahlig,

who hit and kicked her repeatedly. After the assault, Wahlig gave Rebecca a towel and left.

Wahlig then drove to his daughters’ school and picked up the girls because, according

to Wahlig, he knew that “eventually the police probably would come for me . . . and I just wanted

to be with them and say goodbye.” He returned with the girls to his house, “[p]ut a movie in, took

off their shoes and socks, gave them a little snack and put them in front of the TV and—just got

them comfortable.” Shortly thereafter, police arrived at the house and began knocking on the door.

However, Wahlig refused to let them in, explaining that “I wanted to get in touch with my mom to

let her know what’s going on and my friends so they can make arrangements to possibly bail me

out.” He also testified that he was “trying to gather up enough stuff for the girls so that they can be

prepared on whatever they’re going to do. I tried to prepare them on what they’re going to do to

me and just so they’re a little aware of what’s going on.” Wahlig also testified that, in the process
3

of gathering some things for the girls, he “found some left over articles of lingerie that my wife

wore for [Sharp].” Wahlig put Rebecca’s things in several piles and went downstairs to get lighter

fluid. On his way back upstairs, he brought the girls with him and had them sit down on the top of

the stairs. He set the clothes on fire, escorted the girls with their things downstairs, and surrendered

to the police.

In four counts, Wahlig was indicted for burglary of a habitation, aggravated assault,

and two counts of endangering a child. A jury convicted Wahlig on all four counts and sentenced

him to ten years for burglary, twelve years for aggravated assault, and two years for both counts of

child endangerment. All sentences were to run concurrently. Wahlig appeals, arguing that he was

subjected to multiple punishment for the same criminal transaction in violation of his doublejeopardy rights and that the evidence was insufficient to support conviction on the two counts of

child endangerment.

The State concedes that the judgment sentencing Wahlig for both burglary of a

habitation and aggravated assault, a lesser-included offense of burglary of a habitation, violated

double jeopardy by subjecting him to two punishments for the same criminal transaction. See, e.g.,

Berger v. State, 104 S.W.3d 199, 204-05 (Tex. App.—Austin 2003, no pet.) (citing Blockburger

v. United States, 284 U.S. 299, 304 (1932)) (two offenses are same for double-jeopardy purposes

if one of offenses contains all elements of other). The remaining dispute is limited to the proper

remedy for the double-jeopardy violation. The parties agree that this Court is required to vacate the

conviction for the lesser offense, but disagree as to the method by which we are to determine which

offense is the lesser. See Landers v. State, 957 S.W.2d 558, 559 (Tex. Crim. App. 1997) (citing Ball
 The “other factors” mentioned in Cavazos remain important in determining the 2

most serious offense when the sentences are the same. See Bigon v. State, 252 S.W.3d 360, 373

(Tex. Crim. App. 2008).

4

v. United States, 470 U.S. 856, 864-65 (1985)). Relying on Ex parte Cavazos, 203 S.W.3d 333

(Tex. Crim. App. 2006), the State contends that the most serious offense is to be determined by

the sentence assessed by the fact-finder. While acknowledging the court’s decision in Cavazos,

Wahlig contends that the method espoused by Cavazos is constitutionally flawed and, to that extent,

should not be followed.

In 2006, the Texas Court of Criminal Appeals clarified the “most serious offense test”

originally set out in Landers.

[T]he “most serious” offense is the offense of conviction for which the greatest

sentence was assessed. To the extent that Landers holds that other factors, such as

the degree of the felony, range of punishment, and rules governing parole eligibility

and awarding of good-conduct time, shall be used in that determination, it is

overruled.

Cavazos, 203 S.W.3d at 338; see Landers, 957 S.W.2d at 559.2

Wahlig contends that the test set out by the court in Cavazos is flawed because it

impermissibly usurps the role of the legislature in determining which are the greater offenses and

which are the lesser offenses. According to Wahlig:

In the absence of Legislative action, the rule of law should define greater and lesser

offenses, not the verdict of any given jury in any given trial. . . . The primary

problem with the Cavazos opinion is that it hands over to juries the Legislative power

to decide which offense is greater than another. Secondarily, the Cavazos opinion

is unworkable because it presupposes that any given jury is acting rationally in
5

determining sentence when the only thing we know for sure is that the jury has been

given erroneous legal instructions from the trial court.

The State asserts that, in compliance with the rule set out in Cavazos, Wahlig’s

conviction for burglary of a habitation should be reversed, and the conviction for aggravated

assault should stand. We agree with the State’s assessment of the state of the current law and are

required to follow precedent established by the Texas Court of Criminal Appeals in Cavazos.

Accordingly, we sustain Wahlig’s first point of error and reverse the judgment of conviction for

burglary of a habitation.

In his second and third points of error, Wahlig argues that the evidence is legally

and factually insufficient to support his convictions for child endangerment. The jury found, as

alleged in the indictment, that Wahlig endangered his children “by igniting multiple areas of a

second story habitation” while his children were inside. Wahlig challenges the sufficiency of the

evidence to support this finding.

In a legal-sufficiency review, we consider whether a rational trier of fact could

have found the essential elements of the offense beyond a reasonable doubt. Vodochodsky v. State,

158 S.W.3d 502, 509 (Tex. Crim. App. 2005). We review all the evidence in the light most

favorable to the verdict and assume that the trier of fact resolved conflicts in the testimony, weighed

the evidence, and drew reasonable inferences in a manner that supports the verdict. See Rollerson

v. State, 227 S.W.3d 718, 724 (Tex. Crim. App. 2007); Shams v. State, 195 S.W.3d 346, 347

(Tex. App.—Austin 2006, pet. ref’d) (citing Griffin v. State, 614 S.W.2d 155, 159 (Tex. Crim.

App. 1981)).
6

In a factual-sufficiency review, the evidence is reviewed in a neutral light. Roberts

v. State, 220 S.W.3d 521, 524 (Tex. Crim. App. 2007). Evidence is factually insufficient (1) when

the evidence supporting the verdict is so weak that the verdict seems clearly wrong and manifestly

unjust; or (2) when the supporting evidence is outweighed by the great weight and preponderance

of the contrary evidence so as to render the verdict clearly wrong and manifestly unjust. Id. An

appellate court must be appropriately deferential to the jury’s verdict, in order to avoid substituting

its own judgment for that of the fact-finder. Vasquez v. State, 67 S.W.3d 229, 236 (Tex. Crim. App.

2002). We may not re-weigh the evidence and substitute our judgment for that of the fact-finder.

King v. State, 29 S.W.3d 556, 562 (Tex. Crim. App. 2000).

A person commits an offense of child endangerment if he:

intentionally, knowingly, recklessly, or with criminal negligence, by act or omission,

engages in conduct that places a child younger than 15 years in imminent danger of

death, bodily injury, or physical or mental impairment.

Tex. Penal Code Ann. § 22.041(c). To be imminent, the conduct must be:

ready to take place, near at hand, impending, hanging threateningly over one’s head,

menacingly near. It is not sufficient that the accused placed the child in a situation

that is potentially dangerous. The accused’s conduct must threaten the child with

immediate, impending death, bodily injury, or impairment.

Millslagle v. State, 81 S.W.3d 895, 898 (Tex. App.—Austin 2002, pet. ref’d).

The record includes evidence that, while the children were waiting at the top of

the stairs, Wahlig set fire to three or four different locations inside the master bedroom, which

was also located upstairs. The record shows that Officer Patsy Oaks was the first to arrive at
7

Wahlig’s residence. Oaks testified that upon entering the house, she smelled something burning

and that “it was hazy” and “smoky looking.” The girls were “upset and crying.” When Oaks took

the girls outside, she could see flames coming from the roof of the house. Fearing for the safety of

the children, Oaks took them about 15 to 20 feet from the house. When Oaks again looked at the

house, she saw “a lot more smoke and flames.”

The jury also heard the testimony of William Montague, the assistant fire marshal,

who told the jury that, based on his observation of black soot around the air conditioning vent,

the air conditioning system was on and “sucking smoke into the air ducts and blowing it out

the vents into each room.” According to Montague, this would create “very dangerous” conditions

because smoke and carbon monoxide would be blown into every room in the house. Montague also

explained that carbon monoxide is particularly dangerous to children because “[t]hey’re a lot smaller

than adults, so their systems react a lot faster.”

According to Wahlig, “[t]he children were never close enough to the fire to be able to

observe it while theywere inside the house,” and expert testimony given by the assistant fire marshal

as to imminent danger from carbon monoxide was insufficient to establish whether the fire had

created enough carbon monoxide to pose an actual danger to the children. Because “[a]ll evidence

points to their [the children’s] expeditious removal from the house immediately after the blaze was

set,” Wahlig contends, the evidence is insufficient to support a finding that the children were ever

in imminent danger.

There is some dispute in the record as to how much time elapsed between the time

Wahlig set the fire and the time the children exited the house. Even if we accept Wahlig’s statement
8

that he set the fire only two minutes before exiting the house, however, the conditions observed

by both Oaks and Montague are sufficient evidence for the fact-finder to conclude that the children

were in imminent danger. Further, the jury could have determined that—even without the testimony

of Oaks and Montague—the simple fact that Wahlig started an uncontrolled fire in the house while

the children were inside the house was sufficient to satisfy the test for imminent danger.

The record evidence is both legally and factually sufficient to support the jury’s

finding that Wahlig placed his children in imminent danger, as alleged in the indictment. See

Vodochodsky, 158 S.W.3d at 509; Roberts, 220 S.W.3d at 524. Accordingly, Wahlig’s second and

third points of error are overruled.

We reverse the judgment of conviction for burglary of a habitation and dismiss that

count of the indictment. We affirm the judgments of conviction for aggravated assault and child

endangerment.

__________________________________________

G. Alan Waldrop, Justice

Before Justices Patterson, Waldrop and Henson

Affirmed in part; Reversed and Dismissed in part

Filed: March 27, 2009

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