*

Honorable Donald P. Lay, Senior U.S. Circuit Judge for the Eighth Circuit, sitting by

designation. 

United States Court of Appeals,

Eleventh Circuit.

No. 97-2959.

AQUATHERM INDUSTRIES, INC., Plaintiff-Appellant,

v.

FLORIDA POWER & LIGHT COMPANY, Defendant-Appellee.

July 8, 1998.

Appeal from the United States District Court for the Middle District of Florida. (No. 92-1049-CivOrl-22), Anne C. Conway, Judge.

Before HATCHETT, Chief Judge, and RONEY and LAY*

, Senior Circuit Judges.

LAY, Senior Circuit Judge:

Aquatherm Industries ("Aquatherm") appeals the district court's dismissal under Federal Rule

of Civil Procedure 12(b)(6) of antitrust claims filed against Florida Power & Light ("FPL"). We

affirm.

I.

Aquatherm is a Delaware corporation that manufactures solar-powered heating systems for

swimming pools. FPL is the exclusive provider of electric power in approximately two-thirds of the

state of Florida. In 1988, through advertising and direct mailing to its customers, FPL promoted the

use of electric pool-heating pumps ("PHPs") as an economical way to heat residential swimming

pools. FPL does not sell PHPs or any other swimming pool equipment. Its admitted sole purpose

was to increase use of electrical power. The campaign promoted electric PHPs as "the most
 1

In December 1991, Aquatherm originally filed suit against FPL in Florida state court,

alleging the company engaged in false and deceptive advertising, violated Florida's antitrust

laws, and Florida's Energy Efficiency and Conservation Act. In February 1992, the state court

dismissed all four counts, but granted leave to amend the antitrust claims. Aquatherm amended

its complaint to include federal trade and antitrust violations, including false and deceptive

advertising, monopoly leveraging, attempted monopolization, and conspiracy to monopolize.

FPL removed the case to federal court, and Aquatherm in turn withdrew its

federal claim for unfair competition under the Lanham Act, 15 U.S.C. § 1125(a). The

case was remanded to state court, where in November 1992, the third amended complaint

was dismissed with prejudice. The dismissal was affirmed without opinion by the

Florida Court of Appeals in March 1994. 

 2

The Honorable Anne C. Conway, District Judge for the Middle District of Florida, presiding. 

2

cost-effective pool heating method available." FPL made these comparisons to natural gas, propane,

and other fossil-fuel heating alternatives, but made no comparisons to solar pool heaters.

Aquatherm filed this action alleging that FPL, through false advertising relating to PHPs, had

violated federal antitrust and Lanham Act provisions. The district court dismissed the suit in

December 1994, stating an earlier state court determination constituted res judicata on Aquatherm's

federal claims.1

 On appeal, this court held that res judicata barred any Lanham Act claims, but not

the later-filed federal antitrust claims. See Aquatherm Indus., Inc. v. Florida Power & Light Co.,

84 F.3d 1388 (11th Cir.1996). Upon remand, FPL filed a 12(b)(6) motion as to the remaining

antitrust claims. The district court2

 granted the motion to dismiss the case with prejudice, finding

Aquatherm had failed to state a claim upon which relief could be granted. See Aquatherm Indus.,

Inc. v. Florida Power & Light Co., 971 F.Supp. 1419 (M.D.Fla.1997). This appeals follows.

II. Aquatherm's Section 2 Claims

A. Monopolization/Attempt to Monopolize
 3

In granting FPL's motion to dismiss, the district court found that "the market for sale of

electric power is not the relevant market for Aquatherm's claims; the relevant market in this case

is some subset of the pool heater market, which has yet to be properly defined by Aquatherm." 

971 F.Supp. at 1427. 

3

 Aquatherm asserts that FPL has violated § 2 of the Sherman Antitrust Act which prohibits

both monopolization and attempted monopolization. See 15 U.S.C. § 2. In asserting its § 2 claims,

Aquatherm identifies two possible relevant markets, arguing that FPL either 1) wrongly attempted

to prevent erosion of its electric power monopoly, or 2) wrongly interfered with the pool-heater

market in order to increase its profits.3

 We find that the monopolization and attempted

monopolization claims are problematic under either relevant market formulation asserted by

Aquatherm.

First, as FPL correctly points out, under the facts pled there exists no allegation that FPL's

actions increased its market share in the electric power market (which, as a regulated monopoly,

stands at 100%), or erected any kind of barrier of entry into the electric power market. On the other

hand, if pool heaters are the relevant market, there is no allegation that FPL held or attempted to

create a monopoly in this market. In fact, Aquatherm does not assert that FPL ever competed in the

pool-heater market.

In addition, there is no showing that FPL held any kind of monopoly in a broader energy

market, or that its alleged actions raised a "dangerous probability" of achieving such a monopoly.

See Spectrum Sports, Inc. v. McQuillan, 506 U.S. 447, 456, 113 S.Ct. 884, 890, 122 L.Ed.2d 247

(1993); Technical Resource Services, Inc. v. Dornier Medical Sys., Inc., 134 F.3d 1458, 1466 (11th

Cir.1998). Aquatherm's failure to support these essential elements is fatal to any claims of

monopolization, or attempt to monopolize.
4

B. Conspiracy to Monopolize

 Aquatherm also asserts that FPL conspired to monopolize the "pool heater aftermarket," by

"conspiring with its "FPL Participating Contractors' and sellers of heat pump systems, who are in

competition with Aquatherm...." Aquatherm Br. at 38.

In its amended complaint, Aquatherm alleges the following:

The Defendant [FPL] combined and conspired in a concerted action with manufacturers and

sellers of electric pool heat pumps and pool contracting firms in its geographic area with a

specific intent to achieve a monopoly in the pool heating market for the purpose of increased

consumption of power by [FPL] customers who purchase these electric pool heat pumps in

violation of 15 U.S.C.S. § 2.

1R.26 at 13. The district court correctly found that "[s]uch vague, conclusory allegations are

insufficient to state a claim upon which relief can be granted." 971 F.Supp. at 1429.

In Lombard's, Inc. v. Prince Mfg., Inc., 753 F.2d 974 (11th Cir.1985), this court affirmed the

dismissal of § 1 conspiracy allegations which alleged only that "[Defendant], together and with

[Defendant's] dealers and others at this time unknown to [Plaintiff], have attempted, and are now

attempting, to prevent [Plaintiff] from making wholesale and mail order sales...." Id. at 975. The

court stated: "Thus not only are no facts alleged to demonstrate the conspiracy but the specific

participants of the conspiracy are not even identified. Such pleading is inadequate to give the

defendant fair notice of [Plaintiff]'s claim." Id.

We find that the § 2 conspiracy claim offered by Aquatherm suffers from the same defect.

Aquatherm identifies other conspirators only as "manufacturers and sellers of electric pool heat

pumps," and specifies no fact in support of this allegation. Based on the facts presented, there is no

showing of the requisite specific intent—on the part of FPL or any other party—to achieve a

monopoly in the pool heater market.
 4

Equally fatal to Aquatherm's conspiracy allegation is the fact that no authority exists holding

a defendant can conspire to monopolize a market in which it does not compete. The cases relied

upon by Aquatherm offer no support under § 2. See, e.g., Nash v. United States, 229 U.S. 373, 33

S.Ct. 780, 57 L.Ed. 1232 (1913) (Section 1 conspiracy claim alleged in restraint of trade is not

the equivalent of a § 2 monopolization claim). The plaintiff can cite to no case in which at least

one of the defendants charged with conspiracy to monopolize was not a competitor in the

relevant market. 

5

 Aquatherm essentially claims FPL entered an agreement with manufacturers and sellers of

electric pool heat pumps in order to increase its sales of electric power. But " "increasing sales' and

"increasing market share' are normal business goals, not forbidden by § 2 without other evidence

of an intent to monopolize." United States Steel Corp. v. Fortner Enterprises, Inc., 429 U.S. 610,

612 n. 1, 97 S.Ct. 861, 863 n. 1, 51 L.Ed.2d 80 (1977). Because there is no showing of concerted

action deliberately entered into with the specific intent of achieving a monopoly in the pool-heater

market,4

 Aquatherm's § 2 conspiracy claim cannot stand.

C. Monopoly Leveraging

 Aquatherm also asserts a claim under § 2 of "monopoly leveraging," under which a

monopolist "us[es] its monopoly power in one market to gain a competitive advantage in another."

Berkey Photo, Inc. v. Eastman Kodak Co., 603 F.2d 263, 275 (2d Cir.1979). As previously

discussed, there is no showing the FPL in any way sought a competitive advantage in the pool-heater

market, because FPL did not compete in the pool-heater market.

By stating a monopoly leveraging claim under these facts, Aquatherm in effect asks this

court to extend Berkey Photo to a situation in which a monopolist projects its power into a market

it not only does not seek to monopolize, but in which it does not even seek to compete. There is no

support for such an extension in either the language of § 2 or the case law interpreting it.

III. Aquatherm's Section 1 Claims
 5

At oral argument, Aquatherm stated that the actual restraint on competition was FPL's

customer mailings, which the plaintiff contends were "false representations to induce reliance

thereon and give an unfair competitive advantage to [electric pool heaters]." 

6

A. Conspiracy to Restrain Trade

 Section 1 of the Sherman Act broadly prohibits "[e]very contract, combination ... or

conspiracy, in restraint of trade or commerce...." A § 1 conspiracy to restrain trade does not need

to allege the specific element of a conspiracy to monopolize, but must allege 1) an agreement to

enter a conspiracy, 2) designed to achieve an unlawful objective. See, e.g., United States Anchor

Mfg., Inc. v. Rule Indus., Inc., 7 F.3d 986, 1001 (11th Cir.1993). It is fundamental that a plaintiff

establish an agreement between two or more persons to restrain trade; unilateral conduct is not

prohibited by § 1. See Monsanto Co. v. Spray-Rite Serv. Corp., 465 U.S. 752, 761, 104 S.Ct. 1464,

1469, 79 L.Ed.2d 775 (1984).

 Aquatherm contends that FPL conspired to restrain competition "through fraud and

deception and misuse of monopoly profits [and] unreasonably tilted the field of competition in favor

of the substantially less energy-efficient heat pumps and thereby denied sales and profits to

Aquatherm." Aquatherm Br. at 39.5

 Even if Aquatherm's contentions are true, we find FPL's actions do not rise to the level of

an actual restraint on competition. As the Supreme Court has stated:

Even an act of pure malice by one business competitor against another does not, without

more, state a claim under the federal antitrust laws; those laws do not create a federal law

of unfair competition or "purport to afford remedies for all torts committed by or against

persons engaged in interstate commerce.'

Brooke Group Ltd. v. Brown & Williamson Tobacco Corp., 509 U.S. 209, 225, 113 S.Ct. 2578,

2589, 125 L.Ed.2d 168 (1993) (citation omitted). A plaintiff who alleges unfair competition must
7

prove injury to competition in order to sustain a federal antitrust claim. See Associated Radio Serv.

Co. v. Page Airways, Inc., 624 F.2d 1342, 1350 (5th Cir.1980). In other words, as courts have

repeatedly stated, "[t]he antitrust laws are intended to protect competition, not competitors." Levine

v. Central Florida Medical Affiliates, Inc., 72 F.3d 1538, 1551 (11th Cir.) (citing Brown Shoe Co.

v. United States, 370 U.S. 294, 344, 82 S.Ct. 1502, 1534, 8 L.Ed.2d 510 (1962)), cert. denied, ---

U.S. ----, 117 S.Ct. 75, 136 L.Ed.2d 34 (1996).

Aquatherm does not show, or even claim, that the actions by FPL harmed competition in the

pool-heater market. Its only claim is FPL acted unfairly by disseminating false information, and this

unfair competition in turn harmed Aquatherm's business. This claim of unfair competition is not

sufficient to support a claim under § 1 or any other federal antitrust provision. As long as no

restraint on competition occurred, there is no cause of action under § 1 resulting from FPL's

promotion of electric pool heaters.

B. Tying Arrangements

 Section 1 also may be violated by an invalid "tying arrangement," in which a seller exploits

its control over a "tying product" to force the buyer to purchase a "tied product" that the buyer either

did not want at all, or might have preferred to purchase elsewhere on different terms. See Jefferson

Parish Hosp. Dist. No. 2 v. Hyde, 466 U.S. 2, 12, 104 S.Ct. 1551, 1558, 80 L.Ed.2d 2 (1984).

"When such "forcing' is present, competition on the merits in the market for the tied item is

restrained and the Sherman Act is violated." Id.

 Therefore, in order for Aquatherm to state a valid § 1 claim under the theory of an illegal

tying arrangement, it would have to show that FPL exploited its control over electrical power (the

"tying product") in order to force pool owners to purchase PHPs (the "tied product") which they
8

either did not want or might have preferred to purchase elsewhere. The flaw in this argument is that

the essential element of coercion on the part of the product seller is absent completely from the facts

presented by Aquatherm. Cf. Eastman Kodak Co. v. Image Technical Services, Inc., 504 U.S. 451,

112 S.Ct. 2072, 119 L.Ed.2d 265 (1992). Even if, as the plaintiff asserts, FPL disseminated false

or misleading advertisements to pool owners and offered them incentives to buy a PHP, this does

not rise to the level of coercion necessary to constitute an illegal tying arrangement.

C. Group Boycotts

 Lastly, Aquatherm contends its allegations support a § 1 group boycott claim because "pool

contractors—drawn by the enticements of FPL ...—refused to sell, or to make customer referrals to

makers or sellers (including Aquatherm) of, solar heaters." Aquatherm Br. at 39. The plaintiff

claims "a substantial number of pool contractors were, in effect, locked up by FPL." Id. Once

again, we find that these allegations fall short of what is necessary to make out a valid antitrust

claim.

 A group boycott under § 1 involves the "pressuring [of] a party with whom one has a dispute

by withholding, or enlisting others to withhold, patronage or services from the target." St. Paul Fire

& Marine Ins. Co. v. Barry, 438 U.S. 531, 541, 98 S.Ct. 2923, 2929, 57 L.Ed.2d 932 (1978). Group

boycotts which have been deemed illegal per se "have generally involved joint efforts by a firm or

firms to disadvantage competitors by "either directly denying or persuading or coercing suppliers

or customers to deny relationships the competitors need in the competitive struggle.' " Northwest

Wholesale Stationers, Inc. v. Pacific Stationery & Printing Co., 472 U.S. 284, 294, 105 S.Ct. 2613,

2619, 86 L.Ed.2d 202 (1985) (citation omitted).
9

As the district court correctly noted, Aquatherm claims only that FPL recommended the use

of electric pool heaters; there is no allegation or evidence that FPL refused to allow participating

contractors to buy or sell solar pool heaters. The act of offering "enticements" to contractors falls

considerably short of "withholding, or enlisting others to withhold, patronage or services...." St.

Paul Fire & Marine, 438 U.S. at 541, 98 S.Ct. at 2929.

Additionally, as with its § 2 conspiracy claims, Aquatherm has failed to identify any specific

participants in the alleged group boycott conspiracy. As stated earlier, under the law of this circuit

"[s]uch pleading is inadequate to give the defendant fair notice of [Plaintiff]'s claim." Lombard's,

753 F.2d at 975.

IV. Conclusion

Even if the plaintiff were given leave to amend its complaint, we conclude Aquatherm can

prove no set of facts in support of its claims which would entitle it to relief under the federal

antitrust laws. For these reasons, we affirm the district court's dismissal of the amended complaint

with prejudice pursuant to Federal Rule of Civil Procedure 12(b)(6).

Judgment AFFIRMED.