NOT RECOMMENDED FOR PUBLICATION

File Name: 23a0384n.06

Case No. 22-1601

UNITED STATES COURT OF APPEALS

FOR THE SIXTH CIRCUIT

MOORE FAMILY TRUST; SCOTT 

MICHAEL MOORE, Trustee,

Plaintiffs- Appellants,

v.

MICHAEL WILLIAM BINGHAM; PETER 

EDWARD BINGHAM; WILLIAM DAVID 

BINGHAM; MARY BINGHAM; DONNA 

BINGHAM; LAURA CISON; KEVIN 

SALLESE; ELIZABETH SALLESE; 

LOUIS TOMASINO; BARBARA 

TOMASINO; BARRY HEALY; JUDY 

HEALY; JAMES MARKS; CHRISTINE 

MARKS; FRANK BERTUCCI; PATRICIA 

BERTUCCI; BRIAN BURICH; 

ANTOINETTE BURICH; BRIAN 

MARTIN; AMIE MARTIN; BINGHAM 

FAMILY TRUST; SUSAN M. BINGHAM, 

Defendants- Appellees.

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ON APPEAL FROM THE UNITED 

STATES DISTRICT COURT FOR 

THE WESTERN DISTRICT OF 

MICHIGAN

OPINION

Before: CLAY, WHITE, and THAPAR, Circuit Judges.

WHITE, J., delivered the opinion of the court in which CLAY and THAPAR, JJ., joined. 

THAPAR, J. (pp. 21–23), delivered a separate concurring opinion.
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HELENE N. WHITE, Circuit Judge. Invoking the court’s diversity jurisdiction under 

28 U.S.C. § 13321, Scott Moore and the Moore Family Trust sued the Bingham family for trespass 

and nuisance based on their use of a disputed area of land in Michigan’s Upper Peninsula.

2

 The 

district court granted summary judgment to the Binghams, finding that they had a prescriptive 

easement over the land that defeated Moore’s claims, and Moore appeals. Moore Fam. Tr. v. 

Bingham, No. 2:19-CV-115, 2022 WL 2619857, at *1 (W.D. Mich. July 6, 2022). Because we 

find that genuine issues of material fact remain, we REVERSE and REMAND.

I.

Scott Moore’s family has owned land along Lake Gratiot in Keweenaw County for over 

140 years. In 1980, his grandparents, Bernard and Dolly Eister, sold approximately 45 acres of 

the land to William E. and Greta Bingham. The deed included an easement over the Eisters’ 

property “for access” from the public road, described as “[a] strip of land Twelve (12) feet in 

width.” R. 214-1, PID 4139. 

At some point, the Bingham family turned the easement into a 15-foot-wide gravel road. 

Moore, who assumed care of his family’s property in 1985, attests that he knew that the Binghams 

1 Moore is a New York resident, and his family’s trust is a New York trust; the Bingham Family Trust is a Michigan 

trust, and the Bingham individual Defendants are residents of Florida, Illinois, Michigan, and Texas. The Binghams 

moved to dismiss, arguing that the amount in controversy is below $75,000, but the district court properly found that 

they failed to support this assertion to a legal certainty, and the Binghams do not challenge that finding. See Charvat

v. GVN Mich., Inc., 561 F.3d 623, 628 (6th Cir. 2009).

2 Pursuant to the operative Third Amended Complaint, Moore, on behalf of himself and the Moore Family Trust

(which he manages, and which owns the Moore family’s land on Lake Gratiot), sued twenty-one individual members 

of the Bingham family and the Bingham Family Trust. Defendants-Appellees are Michael, Peter, William, Mary, 

Donna, and Susan Bingham, Laura Cison, Kevin Sallese, Louis and Barbara Tomasino, Barry and Judy Healy, James 

and Christine Marks, Frank and Patricia Bertucci, Brian and Antoinette Burich, Brian and Amie Martin, and the 

Bingham Family Trust. For simplicity, we refer to Plaintiffs-Appellants in the singular as “Moore” and to DefendantsAppellees as “the Binghams” or the “Bingham family,” although we discuss individual defendants as relevant. Moore 

also sued several others in his first complaint. These Defendants—Matthew, Joan, Meghan, and Monica Downey, 

Nicole Heidrich, and Richard Parker—were dismissed with prejudice after Moore settled claims with them.
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were encroaching around this time, but he was coping with a family tragedy and took no immediate 

action. Michael Bingham, son of William and Greta, attests that his father built the road around 

1986 and the family has maintained it and “regularly” used its full 15-foot width ever since. R. 

221-2, PID 4862-64.

Moore moved to the lake full-time in 1990 and began a series of challenges to the 

Binghams’ expanded use of the easement. Sometime during the 1990s, he complained to the 

Binghams’ logger about clearing land beyond the original easement. In 1995, he sent a protest 

letter to William and Greta Bingham “objecting to use of the easement by speeding cars, trucks, 

and rumbling construction vehicles, and of the noise, dust, and stones scattered off the easement.” 

R. 214, PID 4099. That year he also had a surveyor stake the easement boundaries.

Moore moved away in 2000 but has visited every summer since, usually for about two 

weeks. In 2001, he found all but one of the stakes removed and responded by placing tree stumps 

along the original easement boundaries. Thus began a multiyear cycle: Each summer from 2002

through 2017, Moore arrived to find his stumps removed and replaced them. Fed up, in 2018, 

Moore had the easement’s recorded boundaries re-staked and added no-trespassing signs. But in 

July 2018, he found several posts removed.

At this point, Moore called the police and installed surveillance cameras. The next day, he 

found three of the stake holes filled and reported this to police. The day after, William, Michael, 

and Peter Bingham exchanged “loud and angry expletives” with Moore on the public road.

Moore sued the Binghams in 2019 for trespass and nuisance, seeking monetary damages, 

attorney fees and costs, and permanent injunctive relief. The Binghams counterclaimed, asserting 

a prescriptive easement over the 15-foot width as a defense and seeking attorney fees and 
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declaratory relief. Both parties moved for summary judgment. The district court granted the 

Binghams’ motion and denied Moore’s, concluding that the Binghams had a prescriptive easement 

and that this and the statute of limitations defeated Moore’s claims. Moore Family Trust, 2022 

WL 2619857, at *8-9. The court also found that Moore failed to show that the Binghams had 

overburdened the easement through use by more people over the years. Id. at *9.

II.

We review de novo a district court’s decision to grant or deny summary judgment. George 

v. Youngstown State Univ., 966 F.3d 446, 458 (6th Cir. 2020). The moving party must establish

that there is “no genuine dispute as to any material fact” and it is “entitled to judgment as a matter 

of law,” Fed. R. Civ. P. 56(a), which requires showing that no “reasonable jury could return a 

verdict for the nonmoving party,” Anderson v. Liberty Lobby, Inc., 477 U.S. 242, 248 (1986). On

this showing, the nonmoving party must use “specific facts” to demonstrate that “a genuine issue 

for trial” exists; otherwise, summary judgment is warranted. Celotex Corp. v. Catrett, 477 U.S. 

317, 323 (1986) (emphasis added). “In considering” a summary-judgment motion, “the court must 

view the evidence and draw all reasonable inferences in favor of the nonmoving party.” Wexler v. 

White’s Fine Furniture, Inc., 317 F.3d 564, 570 (6th Cir. 2003).

III.

We start with the grant of summary judgment to the Binghams’ on their prescriptiveeasement claim. The district court found that the Binghams established the elements for a 
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prescriptive easement, including continuous use; Moore argues that the court applied the wrong 

standard, improperly weighed the evidence, and failed to determine the easement’s boundaries.

3

 

A.

Moore is correct that the district court applied an incorrect standard for continuous use but 

is wrong about the right one. Under Michigan law, a prescriptive easement “arises from a use of 

the servient estate that is open, notorious, adverse, and continuous for a period of fifteen years.” 

Goodall v. Whitefish Hunting Club, 528 N.W.2d 221, 223 (Mich. Ct. App. 1995). The party 

claiming the easement must establish these elements using “clear and cogent proof,” Marlette Auto 

Wash, LLC v. Van Dyke SC Properties, LLC, 912 N.W.2d 161, 167 (2018), which is a higher 

standard “than a preponderance of the evidence, approaching the level of proof beyond a 

reasonable doubt,” Walters v. Snyder, 570 N.W.2d 301, 303 (Mich. Ct. App. 1997). A landowner 

may interrupt the claimant’s continuous use, and thus restart the fifteen-year clock, by blocking

the claimant from using the land. Fowle v. Dushane, No. 339913, 2018 WL 5276145, at *4 (Mich. 

Ct. App. Oct. 16, 2018). 

Moore asserts that he interrupted the Binghams’ use with the tree stumps, but the Binghams 

argue that the stumps never stopped them. The district court found Moore’s argument insufficient

based on an example from the Third Restatement of Property: 

A drove his cattle across Blackacre every year to reach and return from summer 

pasture. O, the owner of Blackacre, repeatedly fenced Blackacre, blocking the trail, 

but A as frequently cut the wires and drove his cattle through. In the absence of 

3 Moore also argues that the prescriptive easement fails because the Binghams did not specify its start date and the

district court looked only at the continuous 2001-2018 period. But the Binghams only needed to identify one 15-year 

period of prescriptive use, so their use at other times does not matter if this period was sufficient. Marlette Auto Wash, 

LLC v. Van Dyke SC Properties, LLC, 912 N.W.2d 161, 167 (2018).
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other facts or circumstances, the conclusion would be justified that O did not 

interrupt A’s adverse use.

Restatement (Third) of Property: Servitudes § 2.17, cmt. j (2000). The district court reasoned that 

Moore did no more with the tree stumps than O did with the fencing, and that the Binghams simply 

moved the tree stumps as A cut the wires, and thus Moore failed to prove interruption. Moore 

Family Trust, 2022 WL 2519857, at *5-6.

We are not convinced that Michigan courts follow this narrow view of interruption. 

Although Michigan courts have cited the Third Restatement, we find only three examples citing 

the section on servitudes, none addressing interruption.

4

 Faced with “little helpful authority” on 

interruption, the Michigan Court of Appeals turned to secondary sources but not the Third 

Restatement. Fowle, 2018 WL 5276145, at *4.

5

 And although it noted that “[a] temporary or 

accidental interruption, generally, is not sufficient,” id. (quoting 28A CJS, Easements, § 38, p. 

237), it specifically stated that “a physical barrier erected across the easement, which prevents the 

dominant estate from continuing its use, interrupts the prescriptive period,” id. (citing Hopkins v. 

Parker, 296 N.W. 294, 295-96 (Mich. 1941)), and “that if the owner of the servient estate ‘takes 

any action that stops a claimant’s use of the property’ during the prescriptive period, such as

erecting physical barriers, ‘for any period of time, no matter how brief,’ ‘this action will defeat a 

4 We have searched for such cases using Westlaw, and the Binghams cite no authority showing that Michigan courts 

follow the Restatement’s approach to interruption. See Finch v. Kelly, No. 337493, 2018 WL 2991075, at *3 (Mich. 

Ct. App. June 14, 2018); Applebee Oil Co. v. Michigan Milk Producers Ass’n, No. 327514, 2016 WL 5599645, at *4 

(Mich. Ct. App. Sept. 29, 2016); Brookfield E. Lansing, LLC v. 125 N. Hagadorn, LLC, No. 325956, 2016 WL 

3542359, at *5 (Mich. Ct. App. June 28, 2016).

5

“Intermediate state appellate courts’ decisions are . . . viewed as persuasive unless it is shown that the state’s highest 

court would decide the issue differently.” In re Dow Corning Corp., 419 F.3d 543, 549 (6th Cir. 2005).
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claim for a prescriptive easement.’” Id. (quoting 157 Am. Jur. Proof of Facts 3d § 59) (emphasis 

added). Accordingly, even brief interruption is sufficient under Michigan law.6

Although the district court viewed interruption too narrowly, Moore is mistaken about the 

proper standard. He cites Hurst v. Rysberg, asserting that he only needed to “manifest [his] 

purpose to resume possession of the land.” See No. 259564, 2006 WL 1042084 (Mich. Ct. App. 

Apr. 20, 2006) (per curiam). But Hurst concerned adverse possession, which, unlike a prescriptive 

easement, requires exclusive use by the claimant. Matthews v. Dep’t of Nat. Res., 792 N.W.2d 40, 

49 (Mich. Ct. App. 2010) (per curiam).

B.

Next, we agree with Moore that the district court failed to hold the Binghams to the correct 

standard of proof when evaluating whether the tree stumps restricted their use of the road. Because 

the Binghams moved for summary judgment on their claim of a prescriptive easement, they must 

show the absence of a genuine issue of material fact, Fed. R. Civ. P. 56(a), while also establishing

the elements using “clear and cogent” proof, Snyder, 570 N.W.2d at 303; see also McQueen v. 

Black, 425 N.W.2d 203, 205 n.2 (Mich. Ct. App. 1988) (addressing clear-and-cogent standard in 

adverse-possession case and explaining that, “where there is any reasonable dispute, in light of the 

evidence over the questions of possession, the party has failed to meet his burden of proof”).

6 We also observe that, using language similar to Fowle, several other state courts have explicitly taken a broader view 

of interruption and found interruption even where the easement claimant immediately moved barriers. See Pittman v. 

Lowther, 610 S.E.2d 479, 480-81 (S.C. 2005) (“Numerous courts have held when the potential servient owner, by 

either threats or physical barriers, succeeds in causing a discontinuance of the use, no matter how brief, the running 

of the prescriptive period is stopped” (emphasis added)); Allen v. Thomas, 209 S.W.3d 475, 480 (Ky. Ct. App. 2006);

Kelley v. Westover, S.W.2d 235, 235-36 (Ark. 1997); Garrett v. Mueller, 927 P.2d 612 (Or. 1996). These courts have 

reasoned that requiring more “would encourage wrongful or potentially violent behavior that is contrary to sound 

public policy.” Allen, 209 S.W.3d at 480 (quoting Pittman, 610 S.E.2d at 481).
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The Binghams asserted in their summary-judgment motion that, although Moore “argue[d] 

that he used stumps to impede [their] use,” Moore “admits it never stopped them because the logs 

were moved.” R. 217-1, PID 4582. They also asserted that “[c]ontinuity was not broken until 

2018 when Mr. Moore placed metal signs along both sides of the original easement” and “[e]ven 

then, the signs only partially interfered with their use because larger vehicles [could] no longer get 

through.” Id. At a motion hearing, the Binghams’ attorney argued that “the undisputed evidence 

is that [the Binghams] didn’t even know [the logs] were intended to stop them because [they were] 

so far off to the side that they noticed the pile but it didn’t stop them.” R. 243, PID 5030. 

In response, Moore asserted that he interrupted the Binghams’ use with the stakes in 1995 

and 2018 and with tree stumps in summers 2001 through 2017, “all of which impeded the flow of 

[the Bingham’s] traffic.” R. 220, PID 4695. He pointed to his response to the Binghams’ 

interrogatories and his October 2021 declaration, which described alleged interruptions in similar 

terms. As stated in the declaration, after finding the 1995 stakes removed in 2001, Moore 

“protested” using “tree stumps [that] obstructed the path of vehicles” placed “along the [n]orth and 

[s]outh side of the [w]est end of the [e]asement boundaries,” where the easement meets the public

road. R. 214, PID 4100. “[T]he next summer,” he found the stumps “removed and disappeared,” 

so Moore “again placed tree stumps to mark the easement,” and “[e]ach subsequent summer the 

pattern of placement of stumps and the discovery of their removal[] continued until . . . 2018,” 

when he had the boundaries re-staked. Id.

As explained, relying on the Restatement example, the district court found that Moore 

failed to establish a “factual dispute for trial” regarding interruption. Moore Family Trust, 2022 

WL 2619857, at *6. The court noted that Moore “offer[ed] no evidence that the stumps remained 
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in place any longer than the time it took to place them there” and that the Binghams said “that the 

stumps ‘never stopped them.’” Id. (quoting R. 217-1, PID 4581). “[T]he factual record of people 

with personal knowledge consists exclusively of sworn declarations of the Binghams who were 

actually using their property and the easement,” the court reasoned, and “[a]gainst this sworn 

personal knowledge is only the speculation and hypothetical possibilities suggested by Mr. Moore 

who was not there.” Id. at n.6.

On review, we conclude that the district court failed to hold the Binghams to their standard 

of proof. The Binghams’s summary-judgment motion asserted that the stumps “never stopped 

them,” citing a portion of Moore’s first complaint in which Moore described finding the stumps 

removed each summer upon returning to the lake.7 They otherwise provided no support for this 

assertion, except for an affidavit cited elsewhere in the motion, in which Michael William 

Bingham said that his family has “regularly walked, biked, and dr[iven] over the entire 15-footwide easement” and “continuously used the easement without interruption until 2018.” R. 217-2, 

PID 4592. 

This was not enough for the Binghams to establish the absence of a “genuine dispute as to 

any material fact,” Fed. R. Civ. P. 56(a), under the “clear and cogent” evidence standard, Snyder, 

570 N.W.2d at 303. True, “regardless of whether the moving party accompanies its summary 

judgment motion with affidavits, the motion may, and should, be granted so long as whatever is 

before the district court demonstrates that the standard for the entry of summary judgment . . . is 

satisfied.” Celotex Corp., 477 U.S. at 323. But this standard was not met with “all reasonable 

7 The Binghams cited Moore’s first complaint, but the cited portion appears the same in Moore’s Third Amended 

Complaint.
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inferences” drawn in Moore’s favor. See Wexler, 317 F.3d at 570. The Binghams never directly 

addressed the stumps, except to suggest that Moore “admit[ted]” that the stumps “never stopped 

them” because he said he found them removed. R. 217-1, PID 4581. Based on that “admi[ssion]” 

and Moore’s declaration, and in the absence of any evidence from the Binghams about how and 

when they removed the stumps, a “reasonable inference” in Moore’s favor would be that the 

stumps still blocked the Binghams from using the 15-foot width for at least some time before the 

Binghams moved them, which is enough for interruption. Thus, the court erred in granting 

summary judgment on the claimed prescriptive easement.

8

C.

Moore further argues that, even if the elements for a prescriptive easement were met, the 

court should have determined the easement’s precise boundaries. Under Michigan law, adverse 

possession and prescriptive easements may rely simply on visible markers. See Gould v. Fiero, 

247 N.W. 719, 719 (Mich. 1933) (“The line was marked by stakes, a post, and by trees.”). Thus, 

the district court sufficiently found that the Binghams established “the existence of a prescriptive 

easement [15]-feet wide in length, over the gravel road between the Binghams parcels and the 

public road.” Moore Family Trust, 2022 WL 2619857, at *6; cf. Matthews, 792 N.W.2d at 43 

8 Relatedly, we note that Moore argues that the district court misconstrued evidence about a maple tree that, he asserts, 

once marked the deeded easement’s boundaries. In 2008, the Binghams cut this tree down and paid Moore’s family 

after they complained. The district court found this evidence irrelevant because the tree “clearly was not part of the 

prescriptive use before 2008” and “the Binghams [are not] asserting a prescriptive easement over the area where the 

maple once stood.” Moore Family Trust, 2022 WL 2619857, at *7. But as Moore notes on appeal, the court based 

its latter finding on evidence regarding a separate area of land, and the Binghams’ only response is to agree that the 

tree could not have been part of the easement pre-2008 and assert that there is no evidence anyone knew the tree was 

easement-defining. Even if that assertion is true, if Moore shows that the Binghams changed their area of use in 2008, 

that would likely restart the 15-year clock at least for some area and potentially cast doubt on use of a greater area. 

Accordingly, the maple tree presents issues for trial as related to continuous use.
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(finding claimant had easement over “pathway of pallets that stretches 0.22 miles (or 1,200 feet), 

from the end of the two-track road to the landlocked parcel”). 

Nonetheless, Moore asserts that the Binghams trespassed beyond the 15-foot width, and,

indeed in defending against Moore’s claims, the Binghams assert on appeal and asserted before 

the district court that they used a wider area at the easement’s entrance. However, the Binghams 

do not challenge the district court’s findings regarding the easement’s boundaries, nor did their 

counterclaim seek declaratory relief for land beyond the 15-foot width, and as discussed below, 

Moore forfeited any argument about trespass beyond that area.

IV.

We turn to the district court’s decision to deny summary judgment on Moore’s trespass 

and nuisance claims and grant summary judgment to the Binghams. Moore argues that if the 

prescriptive easement fails, he is entitled to summary judgment based on the Binghams’ trespass 

in the 3-foot expansion area. Additionally, Moore argues that, regardless of the easement, he 

should receive damages for alleged trespass beyond the expansion and also that the Binghams 

overburdened the easement and created several nuisance conditions.

9

Under Michigan law, “[a] trespass is an unauthorized invasion of the private property of 

another,” Morse v. Colitti, 896 N.W.2d 15, 30 (Mich. Ct. App. 2016), and “[a] private nuisance is 

a nontrespassory invasion of another’s interest in the private use and enjoyment of land,” Adkins 

v. Thomas Solvent Co., 487 N.W.2d 715, 720 (Mich. 1992). “Activities . . . beyond the reasonable 

9 He also argues that the district court failed to join his trespass and nuisance claims, citing L.A. Plaza, Inc. v. Hermiz, 

in which the Michigan Court of Appeals noted that a trial court has jurisdiction to consider nuisance and trespass 

claims brought under a Michigan citizen-suit statute. See No. 293291, 2010 WL 4103536, at *3 (Mich. Ct. App. Oct. 

19, 2010). L.A. Plaza is irrelevant here, and thus we thus find no error, especially given that the court considered 

these claims. For our review, we consider Moore’s claims “as sounding in trespass and/or nuisance.” See Droncheff 

v. Kerr, No. 298874, 2011 WL 6268200, at *1 (Mich. Ct. App. Dec. 15, 2011).
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exercise of the use granted by [an] easement may constitute a trespass,” Schadewald v. Brule, 570 

N.W.2d 788, 796 (Mich. 1997), meaning “[t]he owner of an easement cannot materially increase 

the burden of the easement or impose a new and additional burden on the servient estate,” Heydon 

v. MediaOne, 739 N.W.2d 373, 379 (Mich. 2007). 

Trespass and nuisance claims are subject to a 3-year statute of limitations, Mich. Comp. 

Laws § 600.5805(2), but where “the nuisance or trespass is ‘temporary’ or ‘continuous,’ a new 

cause of action arises day by day or injury by injury, with the result that the plaintiff in such a case 

can always recover for such damages as have accrued within the statutory period immediately prior 

to the suit,” Township of Fraser v. Haney, 983 N.W.2d 309, 312 n.13 (Mich. 2022) (quoting Russo 

Farms, Inc. v. Vineland Bd. of Ed., 675 A.2d 1077, 1086 (N.J. 1996)).

A.

Assuming the prescriptive easement fails, Moore argued in his summary-judgment briefing

that he must prevail for trespass in the 3-foot expansion area because the Binghams admit 

trespassing there. Indeed, in their summary-judgment briefing, the Binghams “admit[ted] to 

trespass by expanding the width and location of the easement” but argued that, even without a

prescriptive easement, Moore’s claims fail for a lack of timeliness and because “a responsible party 

or damage cannot be identified.” R. 219-1, PID 4662-63. The Binghams noted Michigan’s 

abrogation of the continuing-wrongs doctrine, asserting that “there need only be one wrong and 

one injury to begin the running of the period of limitations.” R. 217-1, 4583 (quoting Marilyn 

Froling Revocable Living Tr. v. Bloomfield Hills Country Club, 769 N.W.2d 234, 247 (2009)). 

The Binghams misconstrue the significance of Michigan’s abrogation of the continuingwrongs doctrine, which was a mechanism that enabled plaintiffs to sue for harms outside the statute 
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of limitations when part of a series of wrongs extended into the statutory period. Haney, 

983 N.W.2d at 313. The doctrine’s abrogation does not “immunize” trespass or nuisance

defendants from suits based on “new violation[s],” id. at 314, which arise each day the trespass or

condition persists, id. at 310, 312 n.13. 

Accordingly, if the prescriptive easement fails, Moore has a viable theory of trespass. The 

Binghams admit trespassing in the 3-foot expansion area and suggest only that “other allegations 

of trespass fail” because “a responsible party or damage cannot be identified.” R. 219-1, PID 4662

(emphasis added). By “other allegations,” the Binghams apparently refer to the removal of the 

stumps and survey posts, filling the holes for the posts, William Bingham using a CAT Bobcat to 

dig along the easement, and Peter Bingham parking off the easement. As to removal of the stumps

and filling the holes, we agree that Moore fails to identify a defendant. For the other trespass 

claims, Moore has identified defendants, and we leave any damages for resolution on remand.

10

B.

Moore forfeited his claim for trespass beyond the 15-foot width. “[A] litigant must give 

the court and opposing parties notice of his position” and provide “‘some minimal level of 

argumentation in support’ of that position.” In re Anheuser-Busch Beer Labeling Mktg. & Sales 

Pracs. Litig., 644 F. App’x 515, 527 (6th Cir. 2016) (quoting United States v. Huntington Nat’l 

Bank, 574 F.3d 329, 332 (6th Cir. 2009)). “[I]ssues adverted to in a perfunctory manner, 

unaccompanied by some effort at developed argumentation, are deemed [forfeited]. It is not 

sufficient for a party to mention a possible argument in the most skeletal way, leaving the court to 

10 Moore attests that a security camera recorded Donna Bingham moving a sign in August 2018 ahead of a large 

construction truck.
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. . . put flesh on its bones.” Id. (quoting McPherson v. Kelsey, 125 F.3d 989, 995-96 (6th Cir.1997)) 

(second alteration in original). Although Moore’s complaint never limited trespass to the 15-foot

width, and the facts section of his summary-judgment motion describes a larger area, Moore never 

discussed a larger area in the motion’s argument section. Instead, he referred only to the 

Binghams’ admission that they have expanded their road by 3 feet. Without a “minimal level of 

argumentation,” this argument is forfeited. Cf. id.

C.

Notwithstanding any prescriptive easement, Moore argues that he established seven 

theories of nuisance and trespass by overburdening: 1) the Binghams’ creation of a 30-foot-wide 

road on their property abutting the easement; 2) the Binghams’ transportation of mobile homes 

over the easement onto their property; 3) the Binghams’ failure to attach private-road notices to 

14 of 15 deeds, 4) the removal of the 1995 and 2018 survey markers, 5) the Binghams’ use of the 

easement to travel between Bingham-owned properties, 6) the Binghams’ use of the easement and 

the public road as an ATV/ORV trail, and 7) the Binghams’ property splits in alleged 

circumvention of land-division laws. Moore asserts that these actions created “overburdening, 

dangerous, offensive, and hazardous condition[s],” R. 213, PID 3606, referencing Buckeye Union 

Fire Ins. Co. v. State, which instructs that “[n]uisance may . . . exist as a dangerous, offensive, or 

hazardous condition even with the best of care,” 178 N.W.2d 476, 480 (Mich. 1970). 

In response, the Binghams revisit their trespass arguments, asserting that Moore’s nuisance 

and trespass-by-overburdening claims fail for untimeliness, “lack of damage,” and “failure to 

identify a responsible party.” Appellee’s Br. 25. They also argue that Moore fails to identify any 
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cognizable nuisance injuries and make specific points, addressed below, regarding Moore’s

various theories.

The district court found that none of Moore’s claims fell “within the statute of limitations 

but outside the scope of the prescriptive easement determination” and that “the Binghams’ use of 

the easement remain[ed] within the original purpose.” Moore Family Trust, 2022 WL 2619857, 

at *9. We agree that several claims fail without regard to whether the Binghams have a prescriptive 

easement, but we differ in our reasoning and conclude that Moore brought viable nuisance and 

overburdening claims based on speeding vehicles and use of ATVs/ORVs.

1.

Moore presents an issue of fact with his argument that the 30-foot-wide internal easement 

on the Binghams’ property causes “a bottleneck by adjoining . . . the 12-foot-wide [e]asement 

[over Moore’s property] followed by the 66-foot-wide [public road].” Appellant’s Br. 48.11 This 

argument supports a viable overburdening claim because, with “all reasonable inferences” drawn 

in Moore’s favor, Wexler, 317 F.3d at 570, it supports Moore’s theory that vehicles travel too 

quickly across his property, especially considered alongside Moore’s images of vehicles driving 

fast over his property and his declaration about this problem. Additionally, as discussed below,

this theory is buttressed by Moore’s arguments about the private-road notices.

To be sure, the Binghams are permitted to use the easement for “access,” but “unnecessary 

dallying, unnecessary noise, unnecessarily destructive maneuvering, and other such frivolities or 

aggravations beyond what intrinsically accompanies any particular conveyance will overburden 

11 The 30-foot-wide internal easement was created in 1995 when William E. and Greta Bingham split the land into 5 

lots, adding the internal easement to the four deeds.
Case No. 22-1601, Moore Family Trust, et al. v. Bingham, et al.

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[an] easement.” Lamkin v. Hartmeier, No. 326986, 2016 WL 4585816, at *4-5 & n.8 (Mich. Ct. 

App. Sept. 1, 2016), judgment vacated in part on other grounds, 919 N.W.2d 273, 274 (2018). 

And the “touchstone” for overburdening is “reasonableness under the circumstances,” which 

amounts to a “balancing test” best left to factfinders. Id. at *5 (clarifying overburdening standard 

on appeal from summary disposition and noting that state court of appeals was “not in a position 

to evaluate whether defendants [had] overburdened the easement”). Thus, Moore has shown 

enough to create a reasonable dispute of fact about the nature and character of the vehicular use of

the easement that is material to his overburdening claim.

12

2.

Moore argues that the “Bingham parties[’] two prohibited permanent mobile homes . . . 

trespassed in 2008 when surreptitiously transported in four (over 12-feet-wide) sections across the 

12-foot-wide [e]asement . . . and created an overburdening, dangerous, offensive, and hazardous 

property condition.” Appellant’s Br. 49. He notes that the purchase agreement between Moore’s 

grandparents and the Binghams prohibits permanent mobile homes on the Binghams property. 

And, although he concedes that this prohibition never made it into the deed, he asserts:

Appellants argued under two exceptions to the Merger Doctrine, the lower court 

has equity power to enforce the prohibition of permanent mobile homes under the 

Purchase Agreement because the express intent of the parties was to include the 

language in the deed, and the failure to include the language is an unperformed part 

of the Purchase Agreement and was not merged into the 1980 Eister to Bingham 

Deed.

Appellant’s Br. 49.

12 The Binghams note in their summary-judgment briefing that Moore does not identify a specific Bingham party 

responsible for speeding. But Moore’s complaint is also for injunctive relief, which the district court might find 

appropriate. Also, Moore’s claims are based partly on the Binghams’ liability for creating the conditions that have 

led to speeding. 
Case No. 22-1601, Moore Family Trust, et al. v. Bingham, et al.

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In addressing Moore’s claims, the district court found generally that none of Moore’s 

claims “would be within the statute of limitations but outside the scope of the prescriptive easement 

determination.” Moore Family Trust, 2022 WL 2619857, at *10. We agree that the trespass claim 

is untimely because Moore sued 11 years after the mobile homes were transported over the 

easement. To the extent Moore implies that a nuisance condition was created due to the presence 

of the mobile homes in violation of the purchase agreement, and faults the district court for not 

granting the requested equitable relief, that claim fails as well. Although the district court spoke 

in terms of the statute of limitations, the parallel concept in equity is laches. And Moore gives no

reason why the district court was obliged to reform a 1980 deed or grant equitable relief in 2019 

for an alleged violation in 2008. Finally, to the extent Moore argues that the mobile homes created 

a continuing nuisance, he fails to argue any theory of ongoing harm, such as the homes being 

unsightly.

3.

The Binghams’ failure to attach private-road notices to 14 of their 15 deeds, in violation of 

Michigan law, see MCL 560.261, supports Moore’s overburdening theory. The Binghams admit 

to these failures but asserted in their summary-judgment briefing that “the buyers. . . underst[oo]d 

that the road was not serviced by the road commission, which is the purpose of the notice.” R. 

219-1, PID 4664. MCL 560.261 says that notice must be given “that the street or road is private 

and is not required to be maintained by the board of county road commissioners,” so we are not 

convinced that the statute’s purpose is limited to notice about maintenance. See MCL 560.261 

(emphasis added). Moore provided evidence that the absence of these notices led some Bingham 

family members to believe the easement was “part of the public . . . [r]oad,” R. 213, PID 3632. 
Case No. 22-1601, Moore Family Trust, et al. v. Bingham, et al.

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This fact, considered together with Moore’s argument about the 30-foot-wide internal easement, 

creates an additional dispute of fact about whether the Binghams have overburdened the easement 

with speeding and other uses.

4.

Next, Moore fails to show how the Binghams overburdened the easement or created a 

nuisance by removing the 1995 and 2018 survey markers. These actions involve “an unauthorized 

invasion of [Moore’s] private property],” Morse, 896 N.W.2d at 30, thus constituting trespass, not 

nuisance, Adkins, 487 N.W.2d at 720, and they do not in themselves “materially increase the 

burden of the easement,” as required for overburdening, Heyden, 739 N.W.2d at 379. Further, the 

1995 claim is time-barred because Moore asserts that the Binghams moved the markers by 2001 

at the latest, well before the three-year limitations period for Moore’s 2019 lawsuit. See Mich. 

Comp. Laws § 600.5805(2).

5.

Likewise, Moore has no overburdening or nuisance claim regarding the Binghams’ use of

the easement to travel between Bingham-owned properties. True, an easement holder may not 

“use the easement for the benefit of an estate other than the dominant estate,” such as by using the 

easement directly to access an adjacent parcel. Johnson v. APJ Properties, LLC, 729 F. App’x 

401, 404 (6th Cir. 2018). But Moore admits that the Binghams traveled over the easement and 

then the public road to reach other Bingham-owned property, so their use was consistent with use

for access as deeded. Cf. id. (holding dominant estate holder exceeded easement’s scope after 

buying adjacent parcel and using easement for entry). Further, he does not suggest any nonburdening injury, negating any nuisance claim. 
Case No. 22-1601, Moore Family Trust, et al. v. Bingham, et al.

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6.

Moore has viable claims for nuisance and trespass based on the Binghams’ use of 

ATVs/ORVs. The Binghams admit in their summary-judgment briefing that “[i]t is undisputed 

that some of the Bingham parties and guests use ORVs on the [e]asement” but argue that their use 

is consistent with the deed’s purpose for access. R. 219-1, PID 4665. However, the Michigan 

Court of Appeals has specifically recognized the potential for ATVs and similar vehicles to exceed 

the scope of an “access” easement and create a nuisance because they “can be considerably louder 

than motor vehicles, or at least generate a substantially different kind of noise, are typically used 

for recreation rather than truly for transportation, and may cause unique damage to an unpaved 

road surface.” Lamkin, 2016 WL 4585816, at *5. The Binghams’ admission and Moore’s 

declaration about their use of these vehicles is enough to support nuisance and overburdening 

claims for trial.

7.

Lastly, Moore asserts that, over several years, the Binghams divided their property into 

11 lots and that this occurred without government applications or approval under Michigan’s landdivision statute, which requires local approval for splits, MCL § 560.109, and imposes a limit on 

the number of divisions possible from a parent lot, id. § 560.108 (capping number of possible 

divisions derived from a parent parcel, defined in MCL § 560.102 as ones that existed in March 

1997). The Binghams concede that they only obtained review when obtaining a variance for a 

tenth parcel, but they note that the town did not express any concerns about the prior splits at that 

point.
Case No. 22-1601, Moore Family Trust, et al. v. Bingham, et al.

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The district court did not specifically address this claim nor make findings regarding the 

Binghams’ splits. We are unable to determine whether this claim was properly dismissed on this 

record and therefore remand for further consideration. 

We note, however, that property splits on their own do not overburden an easement. 

Michigan’s overburdening doctrine contemplates property splits—even ones that increase the 

number of easement users—as a routine matter. “If a dominant estate with easement rights is 

divided, all resulting parcels take a share in the easement as long as an unreasonable burden is not 

imposed on the servient estate,” Morse, 896 N.W.2d at 23, and “[g]enerally, a mere increase in the 

number of persons using an unlimited right of way to which the land is subject is not an unlawful 

additional burden,” id. (quoting Henkle v. Goldenson, 248 N.W. 574, 575 (Mich. 1933)). Thus, 

the remaining question is whether the Binghams exceeded the splits contemplated by Michigan 

law.

V.

For the foregoing reasons, we AFFIRM in part, REVERSE in part, and REMAND for 

further proceedings consistent with this opinion.
Case No. 22-1601, Moore Family Trust, et al. v. Bingham, et al.

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THAPAR, Circuit Judge, concurring. Although I agree with the majority on the bottom 

line, I am persuaded by much of the careful analysis in the opinion below. I write separately to 

emphasize two things the district court did right—and one oddity in Michigan law that compels 

my concurrence.

First, I would not fault the district court for relying on the Restatement (Third) of Property. 

Contra Maj. Op. III.A. There’s no on-point precedent from the Michigan Supreme Court that 

resolves this case. So the district court had to make its best “Erie guess” as to what the Michigan 

Supreme Court would do. Conlin v. Mortg. Elec. Registration Sys., Inc., 714 F.3d 355, 358 (6th 

Cir. 2013). As Michigan courts and the majority both admit, there is “little helpful authority” in 

Michigan law covering interruption of prescriptive easements, so the lower courts in Michigan 

have “resort[ed] to secondary sources for guidance.” Fowle v. Dushane, No. 339913, 2018 WL 

5276145, at *4 (Mich. Ct. App. Oct. 16, 2018) (per curiam). And Michigan courts have frequently 

invoked the Restatement, including the very section relevant here. See, e.g., Applebee Oil Co. v. 

Mich. Milk Producers Ass’n, No. 327514, 2016 WL 5599645, at *4 (Mich. Ct. App. Sept. 29, 

2016) (per curiam) (citing Restatement (Third) of Property (Servitudes) § 2.17 (2000)).

True, in the one case the majority highlights, a Michigan court relied on secondary sources 

other than the Restatement. See Fowle, 2018 WL 5276145, at *4. In that case, the court reasoned 

that a physical barrier suffices to interrupt the prescriptive period if it “stops a claimant’s use of 

the property . . . for any period of time, no matter how brief.” See id. (citing 157 Am. Jur. Proof 

of Facts 3d, § 59). But the district court applied that very rule, concluding that Moore’s annual 

placement of tree stumps was “simply insufficient to stop the Bingham’s prescriptive use, even for 

a brief period.” Moore Fam. Tr. v. Bingham, No. 19-CV-115 (RJJ), 2022 WL 2619857, at *5 
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(W.D. Mich. July 6, 2022) (emphasis added). In short, the district court thoroughly reviewed and 

applied all relevant law on this question, and I see no problem with turning to the Restatement for 

additional support—as Michigan courts often do.

Second, the district court correctly applied the federal summary-judgment standard. On 

the question of continuity, the evidence is one-sided. In 2001, Scott Moore began his annual ritual 

of placing tree stumps on the original easement boundaries. And every year after, he returned to 

find the previous year’s stumps gone. What happened to the stumps in between his annual visits? 

Moore doesn’t know because he wasn’t there. But the Binghams were. And they say the tree 

stumps “never stopped them.” R. 217-1, Pg. ID 4581. In fact, they “regularly walked, biked, and 

drove over the entire 15-foot-wide easement.” R. 221-2, Pg. ID 4804. Moore speculates that the 

Binghams removed the stumps, but he presented no evidence to support this theory. As the district 

court rightly explained, on summary judgment, a judge can (and should) reject “speculation and 

hypothetical possibilities.” Moore Fam. Tr., 2022 WL 2619857, at *6 n.6; see also Cox v. Ky. 

Dep’t of Transp., 53 F.3d 146, 150 (6th Cir. 1995) (“[A] nonmoving party must present affirmative 

evidence to defeat a properly supported motion for summary judgment.”).

But this case has a unique wrinkle: the Binghams’ entitlement to summary judgment 

depends on their prescriptive-easement claim. That means—as a prerequisite to summary 

judgment—Michigan law requires the Binghams to establish the elements of prescription with 

“clear and cogent proof.” Marlette Auto Wash, LLC v. Van Dyke SC Props., LLC, 912 N.W.2d 

161, 167 (Mich. 2018). That’s a higher standard “than a preponderance of the evidence, 

approaching the level of proof beyond a reasonable doubt.” Walters v. Snyder, 570 N.W.2d 301, 

303 (Mich. Ct. App. 1997) (per curiam). In other words, “the evidence must clearly establish the 
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fact of possession and there must be little doubt left in the mind of the trier of fact as to the proper 

resolution of the issue.” McQueen v. Black, 425 N.W.2d 203, 205 n.2 (Mich. Ct. App. 1988) (per 

curiam).

This places a heavy burden on the Binghams. Although the Binghams’ evidence on 

continuity is undisputed (for purposes of the federal summary-judgment standard), I’m not sure 

it’s “clear and cogent” (for purposes of the underlying, substantive state-law burden of proof). Id.; 

see also O’Brien v. Willys Motors, Inc., 385 F.2d 163, 165 (6th Cir. 1967) (explaining that federal 

courts in diversity cases follow state law on burdens of proof). Here, the Binghams say the stumps 

“never stopped them.” R. 217-1, Pg. ID 4581. Does that mean they encountered and quickly 

removed the stumps—or does it mean they never encountered the stumps at all? If we were 

applying the federal summary-judgment standard alone, the lack of a full explanation would be no 

problem. But under Michigan’s “clear and cogent” standard, the Binghams’ sworn statements 

leave room for doubt about whether their prescriptive use was truly uninterrupted.

The way this state-law burden of proof interacts with the federal summary-judgment 

standard is admittedly unusual. Indeed, when Michigan’s “clear and cogent” standard applies, 

summary judgment may rarely be appropriate. Nonetheless, we’re tasked with making our best 

guess at how Michigan law applies in federal court, and we’ve done so here. Thus, I agree with 

the majority that the Binghams haven’t carried their burden and cannot prevail on summary 

judgment.