No. 86-177
IN THE SUPREME COURT OF THE STATE OF MONTANA

POWDER R.IVERCOUNTYBANK, Plaintiff,Counter-Defendant and Respondent,-vsARNESS-McGRIFFIN COAL COMPANY,a Colorado Corporation,and SAMK. ARNESS, Defendants,Counter-Plaintiffs and Appellants.

POWDER RIVER COUNTY BANK, Plaintiff, Counter-Defendant,-vsSAMK. ARNESS, Defendant,Counter-Plaintiff.

APPEAL FROM: District Court of the Sixteenth JudicialDistrict, In and for the County of Powder River, The HonorableAlfred Coate,Judgepresiding.
COUNSEL OF RECORD:
ForAppellant: Cate Law Firm; Jerome J. Cate argued, Billings, Montana
For Respondent: Lucas & Monaghan;Thomas Monaghan argued,Miles City, Montana

Submitted: October 21, 1986 Decided: February 19, 1987
Filed: 

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## 19

## 1987Mr. Justice L. C. Gulbrandson delivered the Opinion of the Court.

SamArness appeals a PowderRiver CountyDistrictCourt order granting summary judgment to the Powder River County Bank (the Bank) on Arness' four counterclaims against the Bank. The sole issue on appeal iswhether the court erred in dismissing appellant's counterclaims on the basis that those claims arose outof,andwere dependentupon,an illegal loan agreement. We affirm. Beginning at least in 1980, the Bankmade various loans to appellant personally and to several businesses with whom appellant was affiliated. Appellant personally guaranteed the loansmade to the businesses (Arness-McGriffinCoal Co., Eastmont Forest Products, and Arness-Anderson Corp.). In April 1982,the Bank filed two separate complaintsto collect amounts due on the loans. One complaint named appellant alone as the defendant and sought to collect approximately $691,000 allegedly due on the loans. The other complaint named appellant and Arness-McGriffin Coal Co.

(Arness-McGrif fin) as defendants and sought to collect approximately $234,000 allegedly due on the loans. In July 1982, the defendants in both actions filed answers to the complaints and denied the Bank's claims. InAugust 1982, the Bank, Arness and Arness-McGriffin entered into a loan agreement which provided that the Bank would take no action to prosecute the two civil actions for one month; that the Bank would dismiss both actions with prejudice upon the satisfactionof certainconditions precedent; thatArness and Arness-McGriffin acknowledged that they were indebted to the Bank for over one million dollars; that the Bank agreed to
renew the indebtednessand to loan additional funds toArness and Arness-McGriffin; and that Arness and Arness-McGriffinwould execute two promissory notes and secure the notes with diverse assets. On September 14, 1982, the Montana State Department of Commerce issued a "Notice Of Charges And Hearing And. Temporary CeaseAnd Desist"directed to the Bank. This order stated inpertinent part: [tlheDepartment

# .

# . .alleges

3. The Bank and its management have engaged and are continuing to engage in unsafe and unsound banking practices as are evidenced in the charges which follow.
4. Disclosures made in the examination of the Bank by the personnel of the Federal Reserve Bank of Minnesota during the period ofAugust 30 through September 10, 1982 indicate that the Bank is in an unsound condition and is not in compliancewith the laws of the state of Montana to the following extent:

d. Unsecured loans and overdrafts extended to Arness-Anderson, Inc. exceed the legal lending limit of the Bank pursuant to section 32-1-432, MCA

($240,000) and have been in excess of this amount since before the August 31, 1981 examination of the Bank by the Federal Reserve Bank of Minnesota and as disclosed in the March 15, 1982 examination by the state of Montana;

e. Unsecured loans and overdrafts extended to Eastmont Forest Products, Inc. and its subsidiary, Northern Cheyenne Forest Products, Inc., have exceeded the legal lending limit since before the August 31, 1981 examinationof the Bank by the Federal Reserve Bank of Minnesota;f. The April 8, 1982 letter of transmittal of the state of Montana examinationdated March 15, 1982 included adirective, given under the authority of section 31-1-432,MCA to reduce the total loans to Sam Arness and his interests to $480,000. The Bank has not compliedwith thisdirective;

g. The Department has reasonable cause to believe that the Bank may be consideringa further extension of credit to Sam Arness and his interests in a substantial amount which would be a further violation of section 32-1-432, MCA and the Bank's lending limit aswell as a violation of the April 8, 1982 letter of transmittal;

1. The Bank is ordered to cease and desist in advancing any additional funds or loans to Sam Arness and all his business or corporate interests;
2. The Bank is ordered to cease its noncompliance with the April 8, 1982 directive by disposing of all loans to Sam Arness and his appropriate interests which exceed $480,000;

Section 32-1-432(1)(a),MCA, states: The total loans to aperson, partnership, or corporationby a bank, including loans to a partnership and to the several members thereof, shall at no time exceed 20% of the amount of the unimpaired capitaland surplusof thatbank.
In October 1982, the defendants in both actions (appellant alone in one action and appellant and Arness-McGriffin in the other) filed amended answers to the complaints. In October 1983, the defendants again filedamended answers in both actions. The answers inboth actions denied that the amounts sued uponwere due, setup the August 1982 loan agreement as an affirmative defense, and counterclaimed against the Bank for breach of the loan agreement. The October 1982 answers pray for specific performance of the loan agreementor, in the alternative, for damages. The October 1983 answers simply ask for damages. In November 1983, the Bank filed a reply to the affirmative defense and alleged four affirmative defenses to the counterclaim. In August 1984, Arness and Arness-McGriffin filed a second (actually third) amended answer and counterclaim consolidating both cases into one pleading. This answer reiterates the allegations of the previous
answers and adds three new counterclaims. These new counterclaims, plus the one previously alleged,are (1) for breach of the loan agreement, (2) that the Bank's "repudiation of the subject contract constituted bad faith and unfair dealing in a commercial context" giving rise to a
cause of action in tort, (3) for intentional infliction of emotional distress in that theBank's actions "inrepudiating the contract were outrageous in nature",and (4) the fourth counterclaim realleges the allegations of the first three counterclaims and further claims that the Bank acted maliciously, oppressively and in wanton disregard of appellant's rights. In February 1985, the Bank moved for summary judgment on all of the counterclaims of appellant and Arness-McGriffin. In moving for summary judgment on the counterclaims, the Rank relied solely on one affirmative defense, i.e., that the counterclaims were barred because they arose out of an illegal loan agreement. The District Court agreed with the Bank's contention and, in March 1986,the court granted summary judgment to the Bank on the counterclaims. This appeal followed. The standard of review is clear. Summary judgment is only proper under Rule 56(c), M.R.Civ.P., where the record discloses that no genuine issue of material fact exists and the moving party is entitled to judgmentas amatter of law. Mutual Service Cas. Ins. Co. v. McGehee (Mont. 1985), 711 P.2d 826, 827, 42 St.Rep. 2038, 2039-2040. Summary judgment

was properly granted here as there was no disputed issue of material fact. The Commerce Department'snotice to the Bank conclusively established,and appellantdoesnot dispute,the determinative fact in this case. That fact is that the loan agreement is an illegal contract. The Commerce Department'snotice established that the loan agreementauthorized loans in excess of the Bank's legal lending limit. The agreement was contrary to an express provision of law, § 32-1-432,MCA, (citedabove). Therefore, that agreement was unlawful under § 28-2-701,MCA, and void under § 28-2-603,MCA. Given that the contract was illegal, appellant cannot successfully pursue a counterclaim depending on and arising out of the contract. That is exactly what appellant attempts. Recently, this Court reaffirmed the rule that: "No principle of law is better settled than that a party to an illegal contract cannot come into a court of law and ask to have his illegal objects carried out, nor can he setup a case in which he must necessarily disclose an illegal purpose as the groundwork of his claim

# . . . The law, in short,will not aid eitherparty to an illegal agreement. It leaves the parties where it finds them. Therefore neither a court of law nor a court of equity will aid the one in enforcins it, o; g&e damages for a breach of it_,orset it aside at the suit of the other, or, when the agreement 

### -- has been executed in whole or in ~artbv the ~avment 

### - L 2 

### - .-- ofmoney or the transfer of other

roperty, lend its aid to recover it Eack.I' (Citationsomitted.) (~m~hasE

. * in original.)

McPartlin v. Fransen (1982),199Mont. 143, 146-147, 648P.2d 729, 730-731,quotingMcManusv. Fulton (1929),85Mont. 170, 182-183, 278 P. 126, 131. Appellant's own language in the counterclaims demonstrates he seeks damages for an alleged breach of the illegal agreement. Count I is for breach of contract. Counts I1 and I11 both rely on the Bank's alleged "repudiation of the contract." Count IV realleges the previous allegations and labels the conduct malicious, oppressive and in wanton disregard of appellant's rights. Under the rule cited in McPartlin, the District Court properly granted summary judgment to the Bank on appellant's counterclaims. Appellant argues that he is not in pari delicto (equally at fault) in comparison to the Bank and that he should therefore be allowed to pursue his claims. Montana
cases have established that under certain circumstances a plaintiff may pursue a claim based on an illegal contract where the plaintiff is not inpari delicto. See Cliffordv. Great Falls GasCo. (1923),68Mont. 300, 216 P. 114; Carroll

v. Beardon (1963), 142 Mont. 40, 381 P.2d 295. Both the Clifford case and the Carroll case are limited to very particular situations and specific illegal contracts. Neither of those decisions are applicable to the case atbar. Courts and commentators agree that public policy plays
a large role indeciding whether aplaintiff can enforce, sue on, or collect sumspaid on an illegal contract. See, e.g.,Jackson Purchase, Etc. v. Local Union 816, Etc. (6th ~ir. 1981), 646 F.2d 264; Golberg v. Sanglier (Wash. 1982), 639 P.2d 1347; 6AA. Corbin,Corbin on Contracts,S 1533,p. 809

(1962). In this case, the legislature has articulated a public policy under S 32-1-432,MCA, that the depositorsof a bank should be protected. To allow appellant to pursue his claims against the Bank would circumvent thatpublic policy. We find that public policy militates against allowing appellant to pursue his claims. Given that policy and the McPartlin decision,we hold that theDistrict Court correctly granted summary judgment. Affirmed.



### I

Justices



### Mr. Justice John 

### C. Sheehy:


### I dissent.

Justice /