[Cite as State v. Kouame, 2020-Ohio-3118.]

COURT OF APPEALS OF OHIO 

EIGHTH APPELLATE DISTRICT 

COUNTY OF CUYAHOGA

STATE OF OHIO, : 

 

 Plaintiff-Appellee, : 

 No. 108559 

 v. : 

 

GUY C. KOUAME, : 

 

 Defendant-Appellant. : 

 

JOURNAL ENTRY AND OPINION 

 JUDGMENT: AFFIRMED 

RELEASED AND JOURNALIZED: May 28, 2020 

 

Criminal Appeal from the Cuyahoga County Court of Common Pleas 

Case No. CR-18-634167-A 

 

Appearances: 

Michael C. O’Malley, Cuyahoga County Prosecuting 

Attorney, Anthony T. Miranda and Hannah Smith, 

Assistant Prosecuting Attorneys, for appellee. 

John F. Corrigan, for appellant. 

FRANK D. CELEBREZZE, JR., J.: 

Defendant-appellant Guy Kouame1 brings the instant appeal 

challenging his convictions and the trial court’s sentence for domestic violence and 

 1 Appellant also goes by the name “Claude.” (Tr. 380.) 
endangering children. Appellant argues that his convictions were not supported by 

sufficient evidence and are against the manifest weight of the evidence, the trial 

court erred in admitting prejudicial evidence, the trial court erred in denying 

defense counsel’s motion for a mistrial, he was denied a fair trial based on the 

cumulative-error doctrine, and the trial court abused its discretion in imposing an 

18-month jail sentence. After a thorough review of the record and law, this court 

affirms. 

I. Factual and Procedural History 

The instant matter arose from an altercation that occurred on 

October 4, 2018, between appellant and his wife, R.K. (hereinafter “Mother”). This 

altercation occurred in the presence of their three children: (1) J.H., referenced in 

the indictment as John Doe, d.o.b. July 3, 2002 (16 at the time of the incident); 

(2) R.H., referenced in the indictment as Jane Doe I, d.o.b. December 23, 2003 (14 

at the time of the incident); and (3) J.K., referenced in the indictment as Jane Doe 

II, d.o.b. January 31, 2017 (less than 2 years old at the time of the incident). 

The altercation began as a verbal argument that escalated to a physical 

altercation. The altercation took place inside appellant’s and Mother’s bedroom. 

Mother went to bed with J.K. Between 11:30 p.m. and midnight, appellant came 

into the bedroom and was yelling about money and Mother’s financial contributions 

to the household. As the argument escalated, appellant grabbed Mother’s neck and 

began choking her. Mother was pregnant at the time. 
Mother testified, “[appellant] grabbed my throat and he grabbed it very 

firmly and he was squeezing it.” (Tr. 386.) Appellant was blocking mother’s airway 

and at the time she was unable to breathe. Mother began punching appellant in the 

stomach to defend herself. 

Mother’s older children, J.H. and R.H., heard the altercation between 

Mother and appellant escalating. They were standing in the hallway outside of 

appellant’s and Mother’s bedroom. They began to record the altercation on their 

cell phones. J.H. captured an audio recording on his cell phone, and R.H. recorded 

a video on her cell phone. These recordings were played at trial. 

During the altercation, appellant opened the bedroom door and tried to 

take J.K. downstairs. Mother took J.K. from appellant. Appellant closed and locked 

the bedroom door. When he did so, J.H. and R.H. were in the hallway outside of the 

room, and appellant, Mother, and J.K. were inside the bedroom. 

Appellant struck Mother in the head with an object she assumed was 

his cell phone. R.H. testified that she was in the hallway outside of the bedroom and 

heard “[a] big bang and [Mother] was crying and yelling for [J.H.] and I.” (Tr. 455.) 

J.H. testified that he heard Mother yelling for him to come in the bedroom. 

J.H. forcibly broke open the locked bedroom door. Upon entering the 

room, J.H. and R.H. both observed blood on Mother’s head. The children called 911 

and reported the incident. Mother was transported to Fairview Hospital where she 

received treatment for her head injury. 
Appellant left the residence after J.H. and R.H. forcibly entered the 

bedroom and called 911. He turned himself into the North Olmsted Police 

Department the day after the physical altercation. 

On November 8, 2018, a Cuyahoga County Grand Jury returned a fivecount indictment charging appellant with (1) felonious assault, a second-degree 

felony in violation of R.C. 2903.11(A)(1); (2) domestic violence, a first-degree 

misdemeanor in violation of R.C. 2919.25(A), and (3) – (5) endangering children, 

first-degree misdemeanors in violation of R.C. 2919.22(A). Count 3 pertained to 

J.H., Count 4 pertained to R.H., and Count 5 pertained to J.K. Appellant pled not 

guilty to the indictment at his November 14, 2018 arraignment. 

A jury trial commenced on April 2, 2019. J.H., R.H., and Mother, 

among others, testified on behalf of the state. At the close of the state’s case, defense 

counsel moved for a Crim.R. 29 judgment of acquittal. The trial court denied 

defense counsel’s motion. 

Appellant testified on his own behalf. Appellant denied choking or 

striking Mother in the head. The defense rested and renewed the Crim.R. 29 motion. 

The trial court denied the renewed motion. 

The jury returned its verdict on April 5, 2019. The jury found appellant 

not guilty on Count 1, and guilty on Counts 2-5. 

On April 5, 2019, appellant filed a “post-verdict motion for acquittal of 

his convictions on Counts 3 and 4.” Therein, appellant argued that the state failed 

to establish that J.H. and R.H. sustained any physical or mental harm from the 
incident. In support of his argument, appellant asserted that the two children were 

standing on the opposite side of a locked door, neither child was injured, and that 

their sadness or anger about appellant’s assault on their mother did not constitute 

physical or mental harm. Appellant cited Cleveland Hts. v. Cohen, 2015-Ohio-1636, 

31 N.E.3d 695 (8th Dist.), in support of his argument.2 

The trial court held a sentencing hearing on April 8, 2019. The trial 

court imposed a six-month jail term on the domestic violence count and all three 

endangering children counts. The trial court ordered Counts 2 and 5 to run 

concurrently with one another. The trial court ordered Counts 3 and 4 to run 

consecutively with one another and consecutively to the six-month concurrent 

sentence on Counts 2 and 5, for an aggregate jail term of one and one-half years 

(18 months). Subsequently, on remand from this court, the trial court credited 

appellant with 158 days of jail-time credit on September 19, 2019. 

On May 13, 2019, appellant filed the instant appeal challenging the 

trial court’s judgment. He assigns six errors for review: 

I. Appellant’s child endangering convictions in Counts III and IV were 

not supported by legally sufficient evidence as required by state and 

federal due process. 

II. All of appellant’s convictions were against the manifest weight of 

the evidence. 

III. The trial court erred in repeatedly allowing the jury to be inundated 

with prejudicial evidence of sympathy. 

 2 The trial court did not specifically rule on this motion. However, the trial court’s 

April 12, 2019 sentencing journal entry provided, in relevant part, “[a]ll motions not 

specifically ruled on prior to the filing of this judgment entry are denied as moot.” 
IV. The trial court abused its discretion in lauding a state’s witness for 

his testimony and further erred in overruling appellant’s motion for a 

mistrial. 

V. Cumulative error denied appellant a fair trial. 

VI. Appellant’s sentence was an abuse of discretion. 

II. Law and Analysis 

A. Sufficiency 

In his first assignment of error, appellant argues that his endangering 

children convictions on Counts 3 and 4 were not supported by sufficient evidence. 

The test for sufficiency requires a determination of whether the 

prosecution met its burden of production at trial. State v. Bowden, 8th Dist. 

Cuyahoga No. 92266, 2009-Ohio-3598, ¶ 12. The relevant inquiry is whether, after 

viewing the evidence in a light most favorable to the prosecution, any rational trier 

of fact could have found the essential elements of the crime proven beyond a 

reasonable doubt. State v. Jenks, 61 Ohio St.3d 259, 574 N.E.2d 492 (1991), 

paragraph two of the syllabus. 

In the instant matter, appellant is challenging his endangering 

children convictions on Count 3, pertaining to his stepson J.H., and on Count 4, 

pertaining to his stepdaughter R.H. 

Appellant was convicted of endangering children in violation of R.C. 

2919.22(A), which provides, in relevant part, “[n]o person, who is the parent, 

guardian, custodian, person having custody or control, or person in loco parentis of 
a child under eighteen years of age * * * shall create a substantial risk to the health 

or safety of the child, by violating a duty of care, protection, or support.” 

Proof of recklessness is also required. State v. McGee, 79 Ohio St.3d 

193, 680 N.E.2d 975 (1997), syllabus (“The existence of the culpable 

mental state of recklessness is an essential element of the crime of 

endangering children under R.C. 2919.22(A).”). A “[s]ubstantial risk” 

is “a strong possibility, as contrasted with a remote or significant 

possibility, that a certain result may occur or that certain circumstances 

may exist.” R.C. 2901.01(A)(8). “A person acts recklessly when, with 

heedless indifference to the consequences, he perversely disregards a 

known risk that his conduct is likely to cause a certain result, or is likely 

to be of a certain nature.” R.C. 2901.22(C). Thus, to support a 

conviction for child endangering under R.C. 2919.22(A), it must be 

established, beyond a reasonable doubt, that [the defendant] (1) 

recklessly (2) created a substantial risk to the health or safety of one or 

more of his children (3) by violating a duty of care, protection or 

support. 

Cohen, 2015-Ohio-1636, 31 N.E.3d 695, at ¶ 25. 

In support of his sufficiency challenge, appellant argues that the state 

failed to establish that appellant, either by violating a duty of care or omission, 

endangered J.H. and R.H. In fact, appellant contends that when he locked J.H. and 

R.H. out of the room, he “took affirmative measures to see that [the children] were 

not at risk.” Appellant’s brief at 9. 

Appellant directs this court to Cohen, in which a husband and wife 

engaged in a physical altercation. During the physical altercation, the husband 

pushed the wife into a wall, causing her to hit her head on a closet. The parties’ 

children witnessed the physical altercation and the head injury sustained by the 

wife. The husband was convicted at trial of two counts of child endangerment. On 

appeal, this court reversed the child endangerment convictions, concluding that the 
prosecution failed to establish that defendant’s conduct created a substantial risk to 

the health and safety of the children that were present and witnessed the physical 

altercation. Id. at ¶ 30. This court explained, that there was no evidence in the 

record or claim that the children were “in any way part of the altercation involving 

their parents,” and as a result, there was “no evidence in the record that the children 

were at any risk of harm — much less a substantial risk of harm — to their mental or 

physical health or safety” as a result of defendant’s actions. (Emphasis added.) Id. 

at ¶ 29. Furthermore, this court concluded, 

Although we have little doubt that (1) hearing one’s parents argue about 

getting a divorce and leaving the family’s home and (2) viewing the type 

of inappropriate and irresponsible behavior exhibited by the parents in 

this case could have an emotional impact on a child, we cannot say, 

based on the record before us, that the city met its burden of proof. 

Simply because the two children were present in the home at the time 

of the altercation, may have witnessed part of the dispute and may have 

been (understandably) upset or confused by their parents’ words and 

actions does not establish that Cohen violated a duty of care, protection 

or support to his children or that he, with heedless indifference to the 

consequences of his actions, perversely disregarded a known risk and 

thereby created a substantial risk to the health or safety of his children. 

As such, the evidence was insufficient to support Cohen’s conviction for 

child endangering pursuant to R.C. 2919.22(A). 

Id. at ¶ 30. 

After reviewing the record in this case, we find Cohen to be 

distinguishable. Unlike the children in Cohen, J.H. and R.H. were not merely 

present in the home or witnesses to the argument and physical altercation between 

appellant and Mother — they were involved in the altercation. 
First, R.H. became involved in the altercation after appellant choked 

Mother inside the bedroom. Mother testified that after appellant choked her and 

she punched appellant in the stomach to defend herself, R.H. came into the bedroom 

and asked Mother if she was “good.” (Tr. 385.) 

R.H. testified that appellant opened the bedroom door and Mother 

was holding J.K. inside the room. Appellant took J.K. from Mother and tried to leave 

the bedroom to go downstairs. Mother would not let appellant go downstairs with 

J.K. R.H. asserted that appellant was yelling at Mother, “you’re not taking my baby,” 

and Mother was yelling at appellant, “I want my baby back, you’re not taking him 

downstairs.” (Tr. 454.) J.H. testified that Mother took J.K. back from appellant and 

handed J.K. to R.H. 

The evidence presented by the state demonstrated that after Mother 

took J.K. from appellant and handed him to R.H., appellant acted aggressively 

towards R.H. while she was holding J.K. R.H. testified that she was holding J.K. and 

he was crying. At this point, appellant approached R.H., coming within 

approximately two-and-one-half feet of her and J.K., and told R.H. to “get the F out 

of my room.” (Tr. 463.) R.H. asserted that she felt scared for herself when appellant 

got in her face and ordered her to leave the bedroom. Mother testified that after she 

took J.K. from appellant and handed him to R.H., appellant began yelling and 

swearing at R.H., telling her to “Get the F out, get the F out” of the bedroom. 

(Tr. 389.) Finally, regarding R.H.’s involvement in the altercation, J.H. testified that 
R.H. tried to break open the bedroom door from the hallway, but was unable to do 

so. (Tr. 344.) 

Second, J.H. became involved in the physical altercation between 

appellant and Mother when he heard Mother calling out for him inside the bedroom 

and he broke down the bedroom door out of fear for Mother’s safety. J.H. testified 

about what transpired after appellant locked the bedroom door: 

Afterwards my mom starting yelling for me to come in. And so [R.H.] 

tried to bang open the door, and she couldn’t do it, [R.H.] said for me 

to go ahead and bang open the door. 

So I rushed right through the door. 

(Tr. 342.) 

When J.H. broke down the door, he saw Mother’s head bleeding. J.H. 

explained, 

[appellant] was just standing there next to [Mother], with her head just 

bleeding, gushing blood around her forehead like near her eye. And 

there was a lot of blood everywhere. And I think she had it on her hands 

and — so I called the — the cops were — I pretty much pushed 

[appellant] down on the bed and said what — and I was yelling: What 

did you do to my mother? 

(Tr. 344.) 

Accordingly, the record reflects that J.H. and R.H. were not merely 

bystanders or witnesses to the physical altercation. Based on J.H.’s and R.H.’s 

involvement and participation in the physical altercation between appellant and 

Mother, appellant’s reliance on Cohen is misplaced. 
We further find this case to be distinguishable from State v. JacksonWilliams, 8th Dist. Cuyahoga Nos. 108516 and 108611, 2020-Ohio-1118, in which 

this court applied the Cohen rationale. Jackson-Williams involved a verbal and 

physical altercation between the defendant-appellant and his wife in a parking lot. 

During the altercation, the defendant attempted to push the victim into the car and 

threatened to choke her and drag her across the ground if she did not get out of his 

face. Id. at ¶ 8. The defendant also grabbed the victim and twisted her arm behind 

her back, and held the victim in this position for several minutes. The parties 

continued to argue, at which point the defendant grabbed and squeezed the victim’s 

other hand, causing her to scream out. During the altercation, the victim sustained 

sprains to both of her hands, her left hand was swollen, and she sustained cuts 

between her fingers. 

The altercation took place outside of the vehicle in which the parties’ 

two children were seated. The two children witnessed the altercation. Defendant 

was convicted of child endangerment in violation of R.C. 2919.22(A). On appeal, 

defendant challenged his endangering children convictions, arguing that there was 

no evidence that his actions posed any risk to the health or safety of his children. 

Defendant asserted that the children were secured in their car seats during the 

altercation with the victim, and as a result, they were never endangered. Id. at ¶ 28. 

The Jackson-Williams court applied the Cohen rationale and 

determined that there was no evidence that defendant’s aggressive behavior toward 
the victim created a substantial risk to the health and safety of the children inside 

the vehicle: 

[t]he struggle between Jackson-Williams and [the victim] was 

relatively brief and occurred outside of [the victim’s] car while the 

children were safely secured inside the car. Although witnessing their 

parents fight probably had a negative emotional impact on the children, 

their mere presence at the scene of their parents’ domestic dispute did 

not create a substantial risk to their health or safety. Therefore, there 

is insufficient evidence in the record to sustain Jackson-Williams’s two 

child-endangering convictions. 

Id. at ¶ 35. 

After reviewing the record, we find Jackson-Williams to be 

distinguishable. As noted above, unlike Jackson-Williams, J.H. and R.H. were not 

merely witnesses to or present at the scene of the physical altercation between 

appellant and Mother. The children were directly involved in the physical 

altercation. Furthermore, although J.H. and R.H. were locked outside of the 

bedroom for a period of time during the altercation, they were not “safely secured” 

in the hallway or out of harm’s way during the entirety of the altercation. 

As noted above, when R.H. was holding J.K. to prevent appellant from 

taking J.K. downstairs, appellant aggressively approached her, got in her face, and 

threatened her to leave the bedroom. The evidence presented at trial also 

demonstrates that after appellant locked them out of the bedroom, J.H. and R.H. 

were so concerned for the safety of Mother that they felt they had no choice but to 

exert enough force using their own bodies to break into the bedroom to save Mother 

from further abuse. 
Based on J.H.’s and R.H.’s involvement in the physical altercation 

between appellant and Mother, we find that the state’s evidence, if believed, 

established that appellant’s actions created a substantial risk of harm to the physical 

health or safety of J.H. and R.H. We further find that appellant’s actions created a 

substantial risk of harm to the mental or emotional health or safety of J.H. and R.H. 

In State v. Jay, 8th Dist. Cuyahoga No. 91827, 2009-Ohio-4364, 

remanded on other grounds, 130 Ohio St.3d 239, 2011-Ohio-5161, 957 N.E.2d 276, 

this court affirmed the defendant-father’s child endangering conviction pertaining 

to his nine-year-old son, J.W., who witnessed defendant sexually abuse his threeyear-old sibling. In rejecting the defendant’s argument that there was insufficient 

evidence to support his conviction of child endangerment, this court recognized that 

the state’s case was predicated on the substantial risk of emotional harm that 

defendant’s actions caused to J.W., who witnessed the defendant sexually abuse his 

younger brother. Id. at ¶ 15. This court concluded that the state presented sufficient 

evidence to establish that: 

(1) J.W. witnessed an act of sexual abuse being performed on his threeyear old brother perpetrated by appellant; (2) while J.W. was in the 

care and custody of appellant; (3) that appellant owed J.W. a duty of 

care and custody; and (4) that this created a substantial risk to the 

health or safety of J.W., there is sufficient evidence to support 

appellant’s conviction for child endangerment. Sexual abuse creates a 

substantial risk to the health and safety of a child, whether victim or 

witness. 

(Emphasis added.) Id. at ¶ 17. 
After reviewing the record, although J.H. and R.H. were not victims of 

physical abuse, we find that Jay rationale applies to the physical abuse and domestic 

violence involved in this case that was witnessed by J.H. and R.H. Here, the state 

presented sufficient evidence to establish that (1) J.H. and R.H. witnessed an act of 

physical abuse or domestic violence appellant perpetrated against Mother, (2) J.H. 

and R.H. witnessed the act of physical abuse or domestic violence while they were 

in the care and custody of appellant, (3) appellant owed J.H. and R.H. a duty of care 

and custody, and (4) this created a substantial risk to the emotional health or safety 

of J.H. and R.H. 

Both J.H. and R.H. were in their bedrooms when appellant began 

yelling at Mother in their bedroom. Both children came out of their bedrooms and 

began recording the altercation as it escalated. R.H. contemplated calling 911 before

appellant struck Mother in the head. She asked J.H. if he thought they should 

intervene or call 911. (Tr. 453.) 

J.H. explained why he began recording the altercation between 

appellant and Mother: “I felt like something bad might happen later on, I wasn’t 

really sure.” (Tr. 336.) J.H. continued, “I was a little nervous, so like I was — if 

anything bad did happen I would have called the cops, and I wanted to at least have 

evidence that — for yelling and stuff.” (Tr. 338.) 

The testimony of J.H. and R.H. establishes that both children were so 

concerned about the escalating nature of the altercation between appellant and 

Mother that they began recording the altercation on their cell phones. Both J.H. and 
R.H. contemplated intervening in the escalating altercation and calling police before 

appellant struck Mother in the head. 

In Cohen, 2015-Ohio-1636, 31 N.E.3d 695, it was unclear where the 

children were at in the house at the time the victim sustained injuries to her nose 

and forehead, and whether the children were present when the victim sustained her 

injuries. Id. at ¶ 7, fn. 2. In this case, J.H. and R.H. were present when appellant 

choked Mother and struck her in the head. 

J.H. and R.H. were in the hallway outside of the bedroom when 

appellant choked Mother. J.H. testified that he observed red markings on Mother’s 

neck. Mother testified that R.H. entered the bedroom to check on her after appellant 

choked her. Both children heard the initial physical altercation that transpired 

inside the bedroom: appellant choking Mother, and Mother punching appellant in 

the stomach to defend herself. Similarly, both children heard the physical 

altercation that transpired inside the bedroom after appellant locked them in the 

hallway: appellant striking Mother in the head. After they forced their way into the 

bedroom, both J.H. and R.H. observed blood emanating from Mother’s head. 

In Jackson-Williams, 8th Dist. Cuyahoga Nos. 108516 and 108611, 

2020-Ohio-1118, where the children were secured inside a vehicle and the parents 

engaged in a physical fight outside the vehicle in the parking lot, the victim sustained 

hand injuries including sprains, swelling, and cuts, during the altercation. In this 

case, unlike Jackson-Williams, the head injury sustained by Mother was much more 

readily apparent to J.H. and R.H. Both J.H. and R.H. testified that they observed 
Mother’s head bleeding when they forcibly entered the bedroom. J.H. and R.H. also 

confirmed that they saw the treatment Mother received for her head injury — six 

staples — when she returned from the hospital. Accordingly, based on (1) J.H.’s and 

R.H.’s presence for the entirety of the physical altercation between appellant and 

Mother, (2) the fact that both children heard the physical altercation that was 

occurring inside the bedroom, and (3) the fact that the children observed the red 

marks on Mother’s neck, blood flowing from Mother’s head, and the staples Mother 

received for her head injury, we find that appellant’s actions created a substantial 

risk of harm to the mental or emotional health or safety of J.H. and R.H. 

Finally, appellant appears to argue that J.H. and R.H. were at fault for 

creating any substantial risk to their health or safety because they “interjected 

themselves into the situation.” Appellant’s brief at 10. We unequivocally and 

categorically reject appellant’s argument that J.H. and R.H. were in any way at fault 

for the events that transpired. Both children testified at trial that they intervened in 

the altercation between appellant and Mother because they were worried about 

Mother and feared for her safety. 

For all of the foregoing reasons, and based on J.H.’s and R.H.’s 

involvement in the physical altercation between appellant and Mother, we find that 

the evidence presented at trial by the state, if believed, sufficiently established that 

appellant’s actions created a substantial risk of harm to the mental and physical 

health or safety of J.H. and R.H. Accordingly, appellant’s endangering children 

convictions on Counts 3 and 4 are supported by sufficient evidence in the record. 
Appellant’s first assignment of error is overruled. 

B. Manifest Weight 

 In his second assignment of error, appellant argues that his 

convictions for domestic violence and endangering children are against the manifest 

weight of the evidence. 

In contrast to sufficiency of the evidence, “weight of the evidence 

involves the inclination of the greater amount of credible evidence.” State v. 

Thompkins, 78 Ohio St.3d 380, 387, 678 N.E.2d 541 (1997). While “sufficiency of 

the evidence is a test of adequacy as to whether the evidence is legally sufficient to 

support a verdict as a matter of law, * * * weight of the evidence addresses the 

evidence’s effect of inducing belief.” State v. Wilson, 113 Ohio St.3d 382, 2007-

Ohio-2202, 865 N.E.2d 1264, ¶ 25, citing Thompkins at 386-387. “In other words, 

a reviewing court asks whose evidence is more persuasive — the state’s or the 

defendant’s?” Id. The reviewing court must consider all the evidence in the record, 

the reasonable inferences, and the credibility of the witnesses to determine 

“‘whether in resolving conflicts in the evidence, the jury clearly lost its way and 

created such a manifest miscarriage of justice that the conviction must be reversed 

and a new trial ordered.’” Thompkins at 387, quoting State v. Martin, 20 Ohio 

App.3d 172, 485 N.E.2d 717 (1st Dist.1983). 

1. Counts 3 and 4 

First, regarding his endangering children convictions on Counts 3 and 

4, appellant appears to argue that these convictions were against the manifest weight 
of the evidence because he did not go after J.H. or R.H., did not throw anything at 

them, or commit a separate assault against either child. Appellant’s argument is 

misplaced. 

As noted above, the state was not required to demonstrate that 

appellant assaulted or attempted to assault either J.H. or R.H. Rather, the state had 

to demonstrate that appellant’s actions created a substantial risk of harm to the 

health or safety of J.H. and R.H. 

Appellant also appears to argue that the evidence presented at trial 

established that he did not endanger J.H. or R.H., but, in fact, established that 

appellant protected these children during the altercation with Mother: “[t]he 

undisputed facts of this case are that Appellant did everything in his power to 

separate [J.H. and R.H.] from the spousal dispute.” Appellant’s brief at 12. As noted 

above, appellant contends that he “took affirmative measures to see that [the 

children] were not at risk.” Appellant’s brief at 9. Once again, appellant appears to 

blame J.H. for intervening in the dispute between him and Mother. Appellant’s 

argument is entirely unsupported by the record. 

To the extent that appellant contends that he “protected” the children 

by locking them out of the bedroom, the record reflects that J.H. and R.H. were not 

locked out of the bedroom for the entirety of the altercation between appellant and 

Mother. J.H. and R.H. were not separated from the altercation, they were directly 

involved in the altercation, and intervened out of fear for Mother’s safety. 
Nevertheless, appellant’s convictions are not against the manifest 

weight of the evidence merely because the jury rejected the defense’s theory that 

appellant took affirmative actions to protect and ensure the safety of J.H. and R.H., 

and found the state’s theory of the case — that appellant’s actions during the 

altercation created a substantial risk to the health and safety of J.H. and R.H. — to 

be more believable. “‘[A] conviction is not against the manifest weight of the 

evidence simply because the jury rejected the defendant’s version of the facts and 

believed the testimony presented by the state.’” State v. Jallah, 8th Dist. Cuyahoga 

No. 101773, 2015-Ohio-1950, ¶ 71, quoting State v. Hall, 4th Dist. Ross No. 

13CA3391, 2014-Ohio-2959, ¶ 28. 

The jury did not lose its way in resolving the conflicting theories based 

on the evidence presented at trial. Accordingly, appellant’s second assignment of 

error is overruled with respect to his endangering children convictions on Counts 3 

and 4. 

2. Counts 2 and 5 

Second, in support of his manifest weight challenge on Counts 2 and 

5, appellant appears to argue that Mother was not a credible witness because she 

provided conflicting testimony. Specifically, appellant contends that although 

Mother testified that appellant turned the bedroom lights off after locking the 

bedroom door, neither J.H. nor R.H. testified that the bedroom lights were off when 

they forcibly entered the room, and the cell phone video recorded by R.H. 

contradicts Mother’s testimony about the bedroom lights being off. 
Mother testified on direct examination that appellant locked the 

bedroom door and turned off the lights in the bedroom. (Tr. 390.) Mother 

acknowledged on cross-examination that she did not mention appellant turning off 

the lights in her statement to medical personnel or the police. There was no 

testimony presented at trial regarding who, if anyone, turned the bedroom lights 

back on after they had been turned off by appellant. 

Although R.H. recorded the altercation on her cell phone, she was in 

the hallway when appellant purportedly turned the bedroom lights off. J.H. testified 

on cross-examination that to the best of his recollection, the bedroom lights stayed 

on during the entire altercation. (Tr. 263.) 

Appellant’s convictions are not against the manifest weight of the 

evidence based on any inconsistencies in the trial testimony regarding whether the 

lights in the bedroom had been turned off when appellant struck Mother in the head. 

Mother testified that the altercation began between 11:30 p.m. and midnight. 

Therefore, there would not have been any natural light coming into the house during 

the altercation. The important aspects of Mother’s testimony remained largely 

consistent over time, including appellant choking her, and striking her in the head 

inside the bedroom while she was holding J.K. 

Appellant appears to argue that Mother’s head injury was not caused 

by appellant striking Mother with a cell phone, but rather caused when Mother was 

struck by the door that J.H. forced open. Appellant testified at trial that he did not 

strike Mother in the head. 
Mother testified at trial that appellant struck her in the head with an 

object he was holding in his hand, and that appellant struck her before the children 

forcibly entered the room. J.H. testified that he did not hear a noise as he forced the 

door open and the door swung into the bedroom. The only noise he heard when he 

forced the door open was crying. J.H. asserted that he did not feel as if he hit anyone 

inside the bedroom when he forced the door open. He heard Mother scream before 

he forced his way into the bedroom. R.H. testified that she heard a “bang” inside the 

bedroom after which Mother cried out for her and J.H. R.H. heard this “bang” 

before J.H. forcibly opened the bedroom door. 

As noted above, appellant’s convictions are not against the manifest 

weight of the evidence merely because the jury rejected the defense’s theory that 

Mother’s head injury was caused by the bedroom door, and found Mother’s 

testimony — that appellant struck her in the head with an object — to be more 

believable than appellant’s testimony. See Jallah, 8th Dist. Cuyahoga No. 101773, 

2015-Ohio-1950, at ¶ 71. The jury did not lose its way in resolving the conflicting 

theories based on the evidence presented at trial. 

Finally, appellant appears to argue that Mother’s account of the 

incident was not credible because she had breakfast the next morning and ran 

errands with appellant. 

 Mother testified on direct examination that the morning after the 

altercation, appellant called her and asked her to bring him his work cell phone, his 
socks, and his shoes. Appellant told Mother that he was going to turn himself in. 

Mother explained, 

I walked up to the local dollar store that was by our house, Dollar 

General, where I met [appellant]. I then got in the driver’s side. 

I had a doctor’s appointment that day for our baby. And [appellant] 

wanted to go with us — me, to hear his daughter’s heartbeat for the last 

time before he turned himself in. 

But I told him, “We’re not running Claude, we’re not running.” 

(Tr. 398.) After the doctor’s appointment, Mother drove appellant to the North 

Olmsted Police Department where appellant was detained. 

Appellant testified on direct examination that on the way to the police 

station, he and Mother stopped at Dunkin’ Donuts where they had coffee, breakfast, 

and talked. (Tr. 619.) Appellant alleged that they had an agreement to go into the 

police station and tell the officers that Mother’s injuries were caused by an accident. 

(Tr. 622.) 

The testimony of Mother was supported by the testimony of J.H. and 

R.H., and consistent with the video recording captured by R.H.’s cell phone, and 

consistent with the audio recording captured by J.H.’s cell phone. Mother’s 

testimony about appellant choking her is consistent with J.H.’s testimony that he 

observed red markings on Mother’s neck. 

For all of the foregoing reasons, we find no basis upon which to 

conclude that appellant’s domestic violence and child endangering conviction 

pertaining to J.K. are against the manifest weight of the evidence. This is not an 
exceptional case in which the evidence weighs heavily against appellant’s 

convictions or that the jury clearly lost its way in finding appellant guilty. 

Appellant’s second assignment of error is overruled with respect to his 

domestic violence conviction on Count 2 and his endangering children conviction 

pertaining to J.K. on Count 5. 

C. Evidence of Sympathy 

In his third assignment of error, appellant argues that the trial court 

erred by “allowing the jury to be inundated with prejudicial evidence of sympathy.” 

Appellant’s brief at 15. Appellant specifically challenges aspects of J.H.’s, R.H.’s, and 

Mother’s trial testimony, arguing that the testimony was irrelevant and improperly 

presented to inflame the passions of the jury. 

Pursuant to Evid.R. 402, only relevant evidence is admissible. Evid.R. 

401 defines “relevant evidence” as any “evidence having any tendency to make the 

existence of any fact that is of consequence to the determination of the action more 

probable or less probable than it would be without the evidence.” 

The admission of evidence “lies within the broad discretion of the trial 

court, and a reviewing court should not disturb evidentiary decisions in the absence 

of an abuse of discretion that has created material prejudice.” State v. Conway, 109 

Ohio St.3d 412, 2006-Ohio-2815, 848 N.E.2d 810, ¶ 62, citing State v. Issa, 93 Ohio 

St.3d 49, 64, 752 N.E.2d 904 (2001). Accordingly, this court’s review is limited to 

determining whether the trial court’s evidentiary rulings were unreasonable, 
arbitrary, or unconscionable. State v. Barnes, 94 Ohio St.3d 21, 23, 759 N.E.2d 1240 

(2002). 

First, appellant takes issue with the testimony of J.H. and R.H. 

regarding their observations during and after the incident. J.H. testified that when 

Mother returned from the hospital, he saw six staples in Mother’s head. J.H. 

testified, over defense counsel’s objection, about how he felt when he saw his 

Mother’s head injury: “I was just happy that she was okay. I was happy that 

everything was all right, that she was back home the very same night that she got 

injured. I was glad that [the medical staff] helped her get all fixed up, you know, 

stitches and stuff. I was upset because it looked like it hurt.” (Tr. 356.) Appellant 

argues that J.H.’s testimony was not relevant and a “tactical ploy for the hearts of 

the jurors.” Appellant’s brief at 15. 

The record reflects that defense counsel elicited testimony from J.H. 

regarding how he felt about his mother’s injuries on cross-examination: 

[Defense Counsel]: And the idea of your mother being injured, that 

probably hurts you a great deal, am I right? 

[J.H.]: Yeah. 

(Tr. 357.) 

After the video that R.H. recorded on her cell phone was played in 

court, the prosecutor asked R.H. if it was hard for her to watch the video. R.H. 

simply responded in the affirmative, “[y]es.” (Tr. 406.) R.H. also testified that she 

felt “sad” when her and J.H. forced their way into the bedroom and she saw blood 
on Mother’s head. (Tr. 456.) Defense counsel did not object to the prosecutor’s 

questions or R.H.’s responses, and as a result, appellant has waived all but plain 

error with respect to this challenged testimony. 

Pursuant to Crim.R. 52(B), plain errors or defects that affect 

substantial rights may be grounds for reversal even though they were not brought to 

the attention of the trial court. Notice of plain error is only to be taken under 

exceptional circumstances to prevent a manifest miscarriage of justice. State v. 

Long, 53 Ohio St.2d 91, 372 N.E.2d 804 (1978), paragraph three of the syllabus. 

Plain error does not exist unless it can be shown that but for the error, the outcome 

of the trial would clearly have been different. State v. Moreland, 50 Ohio St.3d 58, 

62, 552 N.E.2d 894 (1990). 

R.H. testified that when Mother returned from the hospital, she 

noticed Mother received some treatment to her head. R.H. testified, over defense 

counsel’s objection, that she was “sad” when she saw Mother received treatment at 

the hospital for her head injury. (Tr. 465.) 

After reviewing the record, we are unable to conclude that the trial 

court abused its discretion or committed plain error in permitting the testimony of 

J.H. and R.H. with which appellant takes issue. The state’s theory of the case 

regarding the child endangerment offenses charged in Counts 3 and 4 was that 

appellant created a substantial risk to the emotional or mental health and safety of 

J.H. and R.H. when he assaulted Mother while the children were present. 

Accordingly, the children’s testimony about how they felt as the verbal argument 
was escalating, during the physical altercation, and immediately after the physical 

altercation, was arguably relevant to the determination of whether appellant’s 

conduct created a substantial risk to the health or safety of the children. 

Second, appellant challenges aspects of Mother’s testimony. Mother 

testified that the altercation began when appellant came into the bedroom and 

started talking about money, the fact that he makes more money than Mother, and 

suggesting that Mother does not contribute enough to the family. Mother testified, 

over defense counsel’s objection, about how she felt about appellant’s comments 

about money: “[w]ell, I always felt I was contributing to the household. I always — 

so as a wife should contribute. I can’t necessarily make more or as much money as 

him if what my employer offers me — what they pay me is what they pay me. And 

that’s what I brought. What I could bring in is what I supplied to the family.” 

(Tr. 384.) Appellant contends that the state’s line of questioning was “an attempt to 

make the jurors want to drive a stake through the heart of a Neanderthal.” 

Appellant’s brief at 16. 

We are unable to conclude that the trial court abused its discretion in 

permitting Mother’s testimony in this respect. Mother’s testimony was relevant 

background information, explaining how the altercation started in the first place. 

Furthermore, J.H. testified that when he was in his bedroom, he heard both 

appellant and Mother yelling. The jury could have reasonably inferred from this 

testimony that Mother was upset about appellant’s financial comments. 
Mother testified, over defense counsel’s objection, about whether she 

feared for the safety of her children during the altercation. Mother answered 

affirmatively, “[y]es” and “[a]bsolutely.” (Tr. 399.) As noted above, the endangering 

children offenses on Counts 3 and 4 were predicated, in part, on whether appellant’s 

conduct created a substantial risk to the emotional or mental health and safety of 

J.H. and R.H. Accordingly, Mother’s testimony in this respect was relevant, and the 

trial court did not abuse its discretion in overruling defense counsel’s objection. 

Mother testified about the threats appellant made to her during the 

argument, including appellant’s statement “I’m going to knock you out” to Mother. 

(Tr. 388.) Mother asserted that she felt uncomfortable and terrified when she heard 

this threat. Mother opined, over defense counsel’s objection, that appellant could, 

in fact, knock her out. Mother testified, over defense counsel’s objection, that it was 

“painful” to hear the recording of the 911 call that was played at trial. 

After reviewing the record, we are unable to conclude that the trial 

court abused its discretion in permitting Mother’s testimony. Although Mother’s 

opinion testimony about whether appellant could “knock her out” is arguably 

irrelevant to the elements of the felonious assault and domestic violence offenses 

charged in Counts 1 and 2, any error in the trial court’s admission of this testimony 

was, at best, harmless error pursuant to Crim.R. 52(A). 

An error is harmless if it did not affect the accused’s “substantial 

rights.” Crim.R. 52(A). Otherwise stated, the accused has a 

constitutional guarantee to a trial free from prejudicial error, not 

necessarily a trial free of all error. See United States v. Hasting, 461 

U.S. 499, 508-509, [103 S.Ct. 1974, 76 L.Ed.2d 96 (1983)]. Before 
constitutional error can be considered harmless, however, a reviewing 

court must be able to “declare a belief that it was harmless beyond a 

reasonable doubt.” Chapman v. California, 386 U.S. 18, 24, [87 S.Ct. 

824, 17 L.Ed.2d 705 (1967)]. Where there is no reasonable possibility 

that unlawful testimony contributed to a conviction, the error is 

harmless and therefore will not be grounds for reversal. State v. Lytle[, 

48 Ohio St.2d 391, 358 N.E.2d 623 (1976), paragraph three of the 

syllabus, vacated on other grounds, 438 U.S. 910, 98 S.Ct. 3135, 57 

L.Ed.2d 1154 (1978)]. 

State v. Johnson, 8th Dist. Cuyahoga No. 80857, 2003-Ohio-1826, ¶ 24. 

In the instant matter, we are unable to find that the aforementioned 

testimony of J.H., R.H., and Mother with which appellant takes issue contributed to 

appellant’s domestic violence conviction and child endangerment conviction 

pertaining to J.K. The record contains substantial and independent evidence 

supporting appellant’s convictions on Counts 2 and 5. 

Finally, the trial court provided multiple instructions to the jury to 

refrain from being influenced by bias or sympathy. In its preliminary instructions, 

the trial court instructed the jury, “[y]ou must not be influenced in your decision by 

sympathy, prejudice, or passion toward any party, witness, or attorney in this case.” 

(Tr. 313.) Following the presentation of evidence, the trial court instructed the jury, 

“in strict keeping with your oaths you must refuse absolutely to have your judgment 

influenced by sympathy, bias or prejudice, either for or against the government or 

the defendant in this case.” (Tr. 696.) This court presumes that the jury heeded the 

trial court’s instructions. State v. Leonard, 104 Ohio St.3d 54, 2004-Ohio-6235, 818 

N.E.2d 229, ¶ 157. 
For all of the foregoing reasons, appellant’s third assignment of error 

is overruled. 

D. Trial Court’s Remarks and Motion for Mistrial 

In his fourth assignment of error, appellant argues that the trial court 

abused its discretion in “lauding [J.H.] for his testimony” and denying defense 

counsel’s motion for a mistrial. Appellant’s brief at 19. 

 First, appellant takes issue with the trial court’s comments to J.H. 

following his testimony on redirect examination. Before dismissing J.H., the trial 

court made the following remarks to J.H.: 

Before you leave, I want to tell you something: I want to tell you how 

much I appreciate you coming and sharing your story with us. And I 

don’t want you to leave with a bad impression about the courtroom, 

okay? 

* * * 

It’s a search for the truth. So [the prosecutor] has to present certain 

things, so that [the jury] can see it and evaluate it. And we’re not here 

to try and make you uncomfortable. 

* * * 

I appreciate you coming and I think you’re very brave. I hope one day 

you’re a lawyer and you can take my seat, okay? 

(Tr. 372.) 

Appellant argues that the trial court “invaded the province of the jury 

by declaring J.H. a brave witness” and portrayed defense counsel as obstructing the 

search for the truth. In this appeal, appellant appears to argue that the trial court’s 
remarks conveyed to the jury that only the prosecutor’s questioning and arguments 

were important. 

Initially, we find no merit to appellant’s argument that the trial court’s 

remarks to J.H. were in any way disparaging, either explicitly or implicitly, to 

defense counsel. The trial court gave J.H. — not the jury — a brief, one sentence 

explanation of how a criminal trial works: the prosecutor presenting evidence to the 

jury, and the jury evaluating that evidence. 

Furthermore, after reviewing the record, we are unable to conclude 

that the trial court’s remarks were unreasonable, arbitrary, or unconscionable. J.H. 

was 16 years old at the time of trial. He came into court and testified openly about a 

situation that was at the very least upsetting and uncomfortable, if not traumatic — 

a physical altercation between his mother and stepfather that escalated to a point 

where he feared for the safety of his mother and felt compelled to intervene. To 

make matters even more uncomfortable for J.H., Mother was in the process of 

divorcing appellant. (Tr. 438.) Under these circumstances, the trial court did not 

abuse its discretion in thanking J.H. for testifying openly and candidly. 

Second, appellant argues that the trial court abused its discretion in 

denying defense counsel’s motion for a mistrial. Defense counsel moved for a 

mistrial based on the trial court’s statements to J.H. following his testimony. In 

support of the motion, defense counsel argued, “this is an adversarial witness, he’s 

a critical eyewitness in this case, but the way you talked him up about being brave 

and, you know, demonstrating that you were proud of him, you know, I think that 
prejudiced [appellant]. I understand you were just being polite to him, but to do so 

right in front of the jury, Judge, it does prejudice my client.” (Tr. 375.) 

The trial court denied defense counsel’s motion for a mistrial, 

concluding, in relevant part, 

Well, I took into consideration that [J.H.] was a young person, I saw his 

struggle as he was testifying. I thought that the video was graphic. I 

did not want him to leave with a bad impression, so I made [the 

remarks]. 

I do not think that this prejudiced your client at all. And I never said 

anything about the basis of the truth or untruth of what he testified to. 

(Tr. 375-376.) 

The trial court should declare a mistrial “only when the ends of justice 

so require and a fair trial is no longer possible.” State v. Franklin, 62 Ohio St.3d 

118, 127, 580 N.E.2d 1 (1991), citing Illinois v. Somerville, 410 U.S. 458, 462-463, 

93 S.Ct. 1066, 35 L.Ed.2d 425 (1973). A trial court enjoys broad discretion in ruling 

on a motion for a mistrial. State v. Iacona, 93 Ohio St.3d 83, 100, 752 N.E.2d 937 

(2001). This court will not reverse a trial court’s ruling on a motion for a mistrial 

absent an abuse of that discretion. State v. Benson, 8th Dist. Cuyahoga No. 87655, 

2007-Ohio-830, ¶ 136. 

After reviewing the record, we find no basis upon which to conclude 

that the trial court’s ruling denying defense counsel’s motion was unreasonable, 

arbitrary, or unconscionable. As noted above, given the uncomfortable, if not 

traumatic circumstances of this case, the trial court’s remarks to J.H. were not 

inappropriate. The trial court did not comment on J.H.’s credibility or the veracity 
of his trial testimony. Because this court is confined to a written transcript of the 

proceedings, we defer to the trial court’s determination that J.H. was struggling at 

points during his testimony. 

For all of the foregoing reasons, appellant’s fourth assignment of error 

is overruled. The trial court did not abuse its discretion in issuing the remarks to 

J.H. following his testimony or in denying defense counsel’s motion for a mistrial. 

E. Cumulative Error 

In his fifth assignment of error, appellant argues that the cumulative 

effect of the trial court’s errors denied him a fair trial. 

Pursuant to the cumulative-error doctrine, a conviction will be 

reversed when the cumulative effect of errors in a trial deprives a defendant of the 

constitutional right to a fair trial, even though each of the errors does not 

individually constitute cause for reversal. State v. Obermiller, 8th Dist. Cuyahoga 

No. 101456, 2019-Ohio-1234, ¶ 52, citing State v. Hunter, 131 Ohio St.3d 67, 2011-

Ohio-6524, 960 N.E.2d 955, ¶ 132. The cumulative-error doctrine is inapplicable, 

however, when the alleged errors are found to be harmless or nonexistent. Id., citing 

id. 

Based on our resolution of appellant’s third and fourth assignments of 

error, the cumulative-error doctrine is inapplicable in this case. The trial court did 

not abuse its discretion or commit prejudicial error in admitting irrelevant, victim 

impact evidence, and the trial court did not abuse its discretion in denying defense 

counsel’s motion for a mistrial. 
Appellant’s fifth assignment of error is overruled. 

F. Trial Court’s Sentence 

In his sixth assignment of error, appellant argues that the trial court 

abused its discretion in sentencing appellant to a jail term of 18 months. 

As an initial matter, we note that it is unclear whether appellant is 

still serving his 18-month jail sentence. Appellant was sentenced to 18 months in 

jail during the April 8, 2019 sentencing hearing. On September 19, 2019, the trial 

court granted appellant 158 days of jail-time credit. The trial court’s docket indicates 

that appellant was “leaving jail” on April 24, 2020. 

In the event that appellant has completed service of his 18-month jail 

term, his sixth assignment of error would be moot. See State v. Wright, 8th Dist. 

Cuyahoga No. 83781, 2004-Ohio-4077, ¶ 18 (“Any appeal of a sentence already 

served is moot.”); see also State v. Santiago, 8th Dist. Cuyahoga No. 101612, 2015-

Ohio-1301, ¶ 9 (“[B]ecause [the defendant] is no longer serving his sentence, there 

is no remedy this court may provide.”). Accord State v. Gates, 8th Dist. Cuyahoga 

No. 108067, 2019-Ohio-4783, ¶ 3. 

In the event that appellant has not completed service of his 18-month 

sentence, we find appellant’s sixth assignment of error fails on the merits. 

Misdemeanor sentencing is governed by R.C. 2929.21 through 

2929.28. N. Olmsted v. Rock, 8th Dist. Cuyahoga No. 105566, 2018-

Ohio-1084, ¶ 32. In imposing a sentence for a misdemeanor 

conviction, a trial court must consider the overriding purposes of 

misdemeanor sentencing, “to protect the public from future crime by 

the offender and others and to punish the offender,” set forth in R.C. 

2929.21, and the factors set forth in R.C. 2929.22(B) regarding the 
appropriate method of achieving those purposes. Lakewood v. Dobra, 

8th Dist. Cuyahoga No. 106001, 2018-Ohio-960, ¶ 9. 

A trial court enjoys broad discretion in imposing sentence on a 

misdemeanor offense. Dobra at ¶ 8, citing Cleveland v. Meehan, 8th 

Dist. Cuyahoga No. 100202, 2014-Ohio-2265, ¶ 7. Accordingly, this 

court reviews a trial court’s misdemeanor sentence for an abuse of 

discretion. Cleveland v. Peoples, 8th Dist. Cuyahoga No. 100955, 2015-

Ohio-674, ¶ 13. “A trial court abuses its discretion when it makes a 

decision that is unreasonable, unconscionable, or arbitrary.” Id., citing 

State v. Adams, 62 Ohio St.2d 151, 157, 404 N.E.2d 144 (1980). 

State v. Gaines, 8th Dist. Cuyahoga No. 106784, 2019-Ohio-639, ¶ 20-21. 

A trial court abuses its discretion when it imposes a sentence for a 

misdemeanor conviction without considering the sentencing factors under R.C. 

2929.21 and 2929.22. Dobra at ¶ 10, citing Maple Hts. v. Sweeney, 8th Dist. 

Cuyahoga No. 85415, 2005-Ohio-2820, ¶ 7. R.C. 2929.21 and 2929.22 are not, 

however, fact-finding statutes. Accordingly, a trial court need not make factual 

findings on the record regarding its consideration of the factors set forth in the 

statutes. Sweeney at ¶ 8. “[W]hen a misdemeanor sentence is within the statutory 

limits, the trial court is presumed to have considered the required factors [under 

R.C. 2929.22], absent a showing to the contrary by the defendant.” Id. 

In the instant matter, appellant appears to argue that the trial court 

imposed a jail term of two years during the sentencing hearing, but reduced the jail 

term in its sentencing journal entry to 18 months. Appellant’s argument is 

unsupported by the record. 

During the sentencing hearing, the trial court sentenced appellant to 

180 days in jail on Count 2, and 180 days in jail on the three child endangering 
convictions (Counts 3, 4, and 5). (Tr. 760.) The trial court ordered the 180-day 

sentences on Counts 3, 4, and 5 to run consecutively with one another. (Tr. 760.) 

Contrary to appellant’s assertion, the trial court did not order the 180-day sentence 

on Count 2 to also run consecutively. Accordingly, the trial court imposed an 

aggregate jail term of 18 months in open court during the sentencing hearing. The 

trial court’s April 12, 2019 sentencing journal entry provides, in relevant part, 

[t]he court considered all required factors of the law. * * * [Appellant] 

is sentenced to the Cuyahoga County jail for a term of 18 month(s). 

Count 2 — 6 months. Count 3 — 6 months. Count 4 — 6 months. 

Count 5 — 6 months. Count 2 and Count 5 are concurrent. Count 3 

and Count 4 are consecutive to each other and consecutive to Count 2 

and Count 5. 

Appellant’s convictions on Counts 2, 3, 4, and 5 were first-degree 

misdemeanors. Pursuant to R.C. 2929.24(A)(1), a jail term for a misdemeanor of 

the first degree shall not exceed 180 days (six months). The trial court sentenced 

appellant to 180 days in jail on all four convictions. Accordingly, the trial court’s 

sentence was within the permissible statutory range under R.C. 2929.24(A)(1). 

Because the trial court’s sentence was within the permissible 

statutory range, this court presumes that the trial court considered the sentencing 

factors set forth in R.C. 2929.21 and 2929.22. See Sweeney, 8th Dist. Cuyahoga No. 

85415, 2005-Ohio-2820, at ¶ 8; Dobra, 8th Dist. Cuyahoga No. 106001, 2018-Ohio960, at ¶ 10. Furthermore, appellant has failed to demonstrate that the trial court 

failed to consider the sentencing factors at sentencing. 
Appellant appears to argue that the trial court did not consider the 

factors under R.C. 2929.21 and 2929.22, and that the trial court had made “a 

preordained decision to impose the max[imum sentence].” Appellant’s brief at 27. 

In support of this allegation, appellant references the two-year sentence purportedly 

imposed by the trial court during the sentencing hearing. As noted above, the record 

reflects that the trial court imposed an 18-month jail term, not a two-year jail term, 

during the sentencing hearing. 

Appellant further argues that the trial court’s decision to run Count 5 

concurrently “evinces an arbitrary sentence.” Again, appellant’s argument is 

unsupported by the record. As noted above, the trial court ordered the three 

endangering children convictions — Counts 3, 4, and 5 — to run consecutively. 

Finally, appellant argues that the trial court erred by ordering the 

endangering children convictions on Counts 3 and 4, pertaining to J.H. and R.H., to 

run consecutively because the children were not inside the bedroom. Appellant’s 

argument is misplaced. R.C. 2929.41(B)(1), governing the imposition of consecutive 

sentences for misdemeanors, provides that in order to impose consecutive 

sentences, the trial court simply needs to “specify” that the sentences would be 

served consecutively. See State v. Jones, 8th Dist. Cuyahoga No. 108438, 2020-

Ohio-1273, ¶ 19. Here, the trial court specified that all three endangering children 

convictions, including Counts 3 and 4, were to run consecutively. 
For all of the foregoing reasons, we find no basis upon which to 

conclude that the trial court abused its discretion in imposing an aggregate jail term 

of 18 months. Appellant’s sixth assignment of error is overruled. 

III. Conclusion 

After thoroughly reviewing the record, we affirm the trial court’s 

judgment. Appellant’s domestic violence and endangering children convictions 

were supported by sufficient evidence and are not against the manifest weight of the 

evidence. The trial court did not abuse its discretion in admitting irrelevant and 

prejudicial testimony, and the trial court did not abuse its discretion in denying 

defense counsel’s motion for a mistrial. The trial court did not abuse its discretion 

in sentencing appellant to 18 months in jail. 

Judgment affirmed. 

It is ordered that appellee recover from appellant costs herein taxed. 

The court finds there were reasonable grounds for this appeal. 

It is ordered that a special mandate issue out of this court directing the 

common pleas court to carry this judgment into execution. The defendant’s 

convictions having been affirmed, any bail pending is terminated. Case remanded 

to the trial court for execution of sentence. 
A certified copy of this entry shall constitute the mandate pursuant to Rule 27 

of the Rules of Appellate Procedure. 

 

FRANK D. CELEBREZZE, JR., JUDGE 

MICHELLE J. SHEEHAN, J., CONCURS; 

SEAN C. GALLAGHER, P.J., CONCURS IN JUDGMENT ONLY WITH SEPARATE 

OPINION 

SEAN C. GALLAGHER, P.J., CONCURRING IN JUDGMENT ONLY: 

I respectfully concur in judgment only. The majority’s decision 

highlights an issue on the application of R.C. 2919.22(A) as to whether a childendangering conviction can be sustained solely based on a presumption that the 

defendant created a substantial risk to the mental health or safety of the child based 

on the child’s witnessing the defendant’s acts of violence, or other deviant behavior, 

against another family member. In light of the limited arguments presented for 

review, we should avoid rendering any conclusions furthering the chasm between 

the cases identified by the majority. 

In Cleveland Hts. v. Cohen, 2015-Ohio-1636, 31 N.E.3d 695, ¶ 30 

(8th Dist.), it was concluded that evidence demonstrating that a child heard or 

viewed a defendant verbally and physically attack his spouse, although it was 

acknowledged that witnessing such an event could have a negative emotional impact 

on the child, was not sufficient evidence to sustain a conviction under R.C. 

2919.22(A). According to Cohen, the fact that the children witnessed and were near 
the physical assault did not demonstrate that the attacking spouse created a 

substantial risk to the mental or physical health of the children. Id. at ¶ 30. The 

panel in State v. Jackson-Williams, 8th Dist. Cuyahoga Nos. 108516 and 108611, 

2020-Ohio-1118, ¶ 36, reiterated that a child’s observation of a spouse’s aggressive 

behavior toward another spouse was insufficient evidence demonstrating that the 

belligerent spouse created a substantial risk to the health or safety of the child as a 

matter of law. According to a combined reading of those two decisions, whether a 

defendant creates a substantial risk to the mental or physical health of the child 

cannot be presumed solely based on the child’s proximity to an altercation. 

The majority factually distinguishes Cohen and Jackson-Williams on 

the basis that two children in this case were “involved” in the altercation. I cannot 

join that conclusion in light of the fact that their involvement was limited to their 

proximity to the altercation after the defendant physically attacked the children’s 

mother (the daughter first entered the room after Kouame choked her mother, and 

the son entered after Kouame caused the head injury) or while the children observed 

the altercation from behind a locked bedroom door. There is no evidence that 

Kouame continued the physical assault while the children were in the bedroom. In 

addition, there is no evidence that Kouame assaulted or threatened to assault the 

children or escalated the incident to such a degree that posed any physical danger to 

the children. 

In both Cohen and this case, the children were present during at least 

part of the altercation. Cohen at ¶ 19. Similar to Jackson-Williams, the child victims 
in this case also observed part of the assault from behind a closed door. Thus, the 

children in this case were just as “involved” in altercation as the child victims in the 

conflict cases, that is to say, they were all present at some point during the 

altercation but were not actively involved in, or the subject of, the physical attack. 

But see, e.g., Allan v. Allan, 8th Dist. Cuyahoga No. 101212, 2014-Ohio-5039, ¶ 41 

(finding evidence of child endangerment based on the spouse’s continued physical 

assault while the children were near their mother or hanging on the offending 

spouse in an attempt to end the attack); State v. Florencio, 8th Dist. Cuyahoga No. 

107023, 2019-Ohio-104, ¶ 11 (for the purposes of R.C. 2919.22(A), defendant 

instigated the hostile situation by pointing an unloaded firearm at the mother’s 

head, causing the daughter to fire a firearm in defense of her mother, thereby 

creating a substantial risk of harm to herself); State v. Durbin, 5th Dist. Holmes No. 

13 CA 2, 2013-Ohio-5147, ¶ 47 (physically assaulting the child constituted the 

creating of a substantial risk to the health of the child). 

On this point, the state entirely relies on the children’s fear attributed 

to Kouame’s expletive-laced command, ordering the daughter to leave the room. 

The state, however, does not cite any case in support of the claim that aggressively 

yelling at a child can create a substantial risk to the health and safety of a child — 

such a broad conclusion adopted as a proposition of law could lead to unintended 

consequences. It is true that R.C. 2919.22(A) is broadly worded such that the mental 

and physical health of the endangered child falls under its purview. See, e.g., State 

v. Mohamed, 151 Ohio St.3d 320, 2017-Ohio-7468, 88 N.E.3d 935, ¶ 13-15 (the 
absence of a modifier preceding the word “harm” demonstrates the legislative intent 

that harm encompasses both mental and physical harm). However, the state has 

not presented any evidence that Kouame’s conduct created a substantial risk to the 

children’s mental health. At best the state asks us to presume such a risk based 

solely on the fact that the children witnessed Kouame’s deviant behavior — a 

presumption that was tacitly rejected in Cohen and Jackson-Williams. As a result, 

I cannot agree that Cohen or Jackson-Williams are factually distinguishable from 

this case. 

Further, State v. Jay, 8th Dist. Cuyahoga No. 91827, 2009-Ohio4364, further highlights the discord between the potential conflict cases. In Jay, the 

state claimed that the defendant created a substantial risk to the mental health of a 

child by allowing that child to witness the defendant sexually abusing a sibling. The 

divided panel presumed that witnessing the sexual abuse of a sibling could affect the 

mental health of the child, but no evidence was discussed to support such a 

conclusion. Jay at ¶ 43 (Stewart, J., dissenting). Although mental health can be 

considered under R.C. 2919.22(A), the state must present evidence of the substantial 

risk to the mental health that was created by the defendant’s conduct. Simply 

presuming that the witnessing of an incident can cause such harm is insufficient. 

See Cohen, 2015-Ohio-1636, 31 N.E.3d 695, at ¶ 29; Jackson-Williams, 8th Dist. 

Cuyahoga Nos. 108516 and 108611, 2020-Ohio-1118, at ¶ 35. 

Notwithstanding the foregoing, Kouame does not contend that 

Cohen is dispositive, nor does he even cite Jackson-Williams or Jay. App.R. 
16(A)(7). As such, the issue is not squarely before this panel. The sole argument 

advanced by Kouame is that there is insufficient evidence of the child endangerment 

when the facts are considered in the light most favorable to his perspective. Since 

all reasonable inferences under the sufficiency standard inure to the state’s benefit, 

we could summarily reject Kouame’s claim. Hyper-analyzing legal precedent and 

resolving potential conflicts best occurs under the crucible of advocacy. In light of 

the limited arguments provided by the parties, I would refrain from offering any 

conclusions with respect to the interplay between the above-cited cases. 

Accordingly, I concur in judgment only.