P.1 

OAR Box 1126 

Prepped by Ollie Stewart 

Document Number: 

53)11-1-176 

Docket Number: 

A-83-22 

Printed 4/18/2008 9:58:23 AM Sheet 53 of 182 
P.2 

The Universixy of 8irmin<3lTam • '** 

ENVIRONMENT. HEALTH AND BEHAVIOUR RESEARCH GROUP 

Selly Wick house. 59. Selly Wick Road. / 

Birmingham . / j 

B29 7JF T 7 Q ' ' 

Telephone 021-471 2359 

Head of Department o( Psychiatry: Professor Ian Brockington 

Proiect Director: Peter Harvey 

Research Associates: Jane Morgan 

Anne Spurgeon 

PGH/JMT/6A 

26th April, 1983. . 

Dr. M. Davies, 

Maildrop 52, 

U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, 

Research Triangle Park, 

North Carolina 27711, 

U.S.A. 

Dear Dr. Davies, 

Following our telephone conversation I enclose a copy of our 

background document for your information. I should point 

out that we are in the process of preparing a paper for 

publication in one of the scientific journals and as soon as 

this is complete and refereed I will let you have a preprint. 

I should also add that there are some data missing from the 

background document but these are still being analysed. I 

have been in touch with somebody on the Royal Commission and 

they hopefully will be arranging for a copy of their report 

on lead to be sent to you in the near future. 

I have also discussed with Marjorie Smith the possibility of 

trying obtain her data too. As I believe you know there 

may be some problems with presentation of unpublished data 

and I think it may well be better for you to contact both 

her and Richard Lansdown direct on this. I am sorry to 

give you extra work but I think it may well be important fcr 

you to deal with them on a personal basis. 

I shall look forward to seeing a draft of your new document 

and if I can be of any more help I shall be happy to. 

With best wishes, 

Yours sincerely, 

P.G. Harvey 

Project Director 

-fez 

tr 

! 

•I 
P.3 

"it . . .—"•''-.-, J JV 

' .-^- r '"a . tt '.A ' ' ' • % 1 

.;. ; ** • •!»-_•».• , .• ', -( THE 31 ?-M ING HAM BLOOD LEAD STUDY 

PETER HARVEY, MARK HAMLIN & RAJ KUMAR 

Environment, Health & Behaviour Research Group 

University of Birmingham 

Background document to the paper "The Birmingham ', 

Blood Lead Stucv" presented at the svmcosium "Lead ,

: V J 

and Health - seme psychological data" at the Annual >-*' 

Conference of the British Psychological Society, * 

University Of York, Aoril 1983. c .„ 

"1 

,***•-<•*•£ 

1 ****** 
THE BIRMINGHAM BLOOD LEAD STUDY 1 

SUMMARY RESULTS - APRIL 1983 

SAMPLE One hundred and eighty nine (104 boys: 85 girls) inner-city 

Birmingham children, aged 30 months at time of testing: born in and 

remained in Birmingham: since birth: having a birthweight >2500g: 

being a legitimate child of a mother aged 20-29 at the time of 

birth: being delivered in hospital: and having European Englishspeaking parents. 

MEASURES Parents i) Structured 68 item interview (Appendix I) covering 

a variety of social, health and environmental 

factors. 

ii) Modified Locke-Wallace Marital Questionnaire. 

iii) Holmes & Rahe Life Events Schedule. 

vi) General Health Questionnaire (mothers only). 

v) Ravens Progressive Matrices and Mill Hill Vocabulary 

Scales (Mothers only) . •& *JuV -

 e>+-v_^*-m«t ^UsJCt^ «-<• 

Child-Cognitive Four tests from British Ability Scales: ^-r^. ^^A yev^ 

i) Naming Ability. * 

ii) Recall of Digits. 

iii) Verbal Comprehension. 

iv) Visual Recognition. 

Child-Psychomotor Three tests from the Stanford-Binet:. 

i) Shapes - time and performance. 

ii) Blocks - tower (number of blocks) , bridge (performance) 

and time. 

iii) Beads - time and performance. 

Child-3ehavioural 

i) Structured behaviour rating of video tape of one 

9 minute play period (with mother) in a standard 

playroom (see Appendix 2). 

ii) Structured behaviour rating of video tape of 

complete test period (see Appendix 2) 

iii) Tester rating scale (see Appendix 3) 

iv) P.I.P. Developmental Charts filled by parents. 

Child-Indicator of lead burden One 2.5 ml sample of venous 

blood taken after testing. Analysed by Dr. T. 

Delves (University of Southampton) . 
1. DATA ANALYSIS GENERAL BACKGROUND 

1.1 Dat.a Coding and checking procedures. The interview data were 

categorised and coded during the interview. The coded figures 

were then transferred onto a summary form, and from thence to a 

computer coding form which was used by the punch card operators. 

A similar procedure was followed for all the other data. All 

other coding and transfer was carried out by one person. Once the 

raw data were on a computer file, a printed output was obtained 

which was checked against the original forms (not the coding sheets). 

A sample of approximately 1 in 3 cases was used for data checking. 

There was one punching error and 5 coding errors in a total of 

21948 numbers. 

Some data from the interview was coded on a ordered scale usually 

with a higher number representing a higher freguency of occurrence 

of the item being measured. For example, question 41 asks whether 

the child ever puts things into his or her mouth that aren't food. 

The mother can respond no, occasionally, regularly or not kr.cwn. 

While this allows for a more detailed quantification of data it can 

also lead to small cell sizes (especially when other factors are 

taken into account). Furthermore, for some statistical analyses 

this dees not satisfy mathematical criteria such as is found in 

interval scales. Such data were usually recoded to form dummy 

variables. Where this had been done, all variables are recoded as 

dichotomous variables (0 or 1). 

A general rule was applied such that, where appropriate, such 

categories referred to the presence or absence of a phenomenon. 

Thus, in the example given earlier, 0 would cover .the no category 

and 1 wculd cover both occasionally and regularly. 

1.2 Stages of analysis. The statistical analysis was carried out 

in stages. The first stage is a general descriptive one, allowing 

for a characterisation of the sample in terms of its social, demographic 

and psychological characteristics. These data can be compared 

with ether data in order to check on the representativeness of the 

saaple. 

The next stage involves an assessment of the predictor or independent 

variables' influence on the various outcome measures, particularly 

I.Q. and other psychometric data. These confounding variables and 

co-variates must be adequately assessed prior to any further analyses. 

The final stage attempts to answer the central question of what 

relationship exists between blood lead and performance after those 

other factors known to affect performance are taken into account. 

.•sr 

1.3 Procedures used. Once the data were punched onto cards they 

were input to the ICL 1906A computer at Birmingham University and 

from there transferred to the CDC 7600 at the Univesity of Manchester 

Regional Computer Centre. All analyses were performed thereafter 

at Manchester. The Statistical Package for the Social Sciences 

(Version 8) was used throughout. 
Specifically, analyses of variance were used to determine differences 

between categories within variables. Non-parametric techniques 

(Spearman rank correlations) were used in these instances when 

correlations were needed as many of the continuous variables were 

non-normally distributed. 

Standard non-stepwise regression techniques were used in two ways. 

Firstly, to determine what predictor (independent) variables significantly 

influenced the outcome measures. Secondly, when significant 

predictors emerged from the analyses, a further set of regression 

analyses were performed using the significant predictors (noncontinuous variables coded as dummies). These analyses excluded 

blood lead. A second, identical analysis was then carried out but 

this time including blood lead (as a continuous variable). The 

difference between the sum of the squares accounted for by the two 

sets of predictors was calculated in order to give the sum of 

squares in the outcome variable accounted for by lead over and 

above the other predictor variables. This was then tested against 

the residual mean square from the second regression to give an F 

ratio, the significance of which was assessed Ln the usual way. 

These analyses were repeated using log blood lead in order to take 

account of any skew in the distribution. Results were virtually 

identical whichever measure of blood lead was used. 

RESULTS Parent characteristics - Summarised in Tables 1 8. 2. 

Refusal rates - Summarised in figure 1, 

Blood lead.- Summarised in figures 2 & 3. 

Psychometric - Cognitive Summarised in table 3 •' 

- Psychomotor Summarised in Table 4. 

Blood lead & IQ - Summarised in Figures 4,5 & 6. 

Interralationships with social factors - Summarised in Table 5. 

IQ & Tests completed.- Summarised in Table 6. 

I 

Sunnary of regression analyses.- Table 8. 
P.7 

APPENDIX 1 
Child's christian name 

Date of Ir.tervvew 

1. Date of birth 

2. Age (In months) 

3. Sex 

0. Male 

1. Female 

4. How long have you lived at this address? 

5. What ls your postcode? 

6. It leas than a year: Where did you live before? 

Postcode 

And how long did you live there? 

7. 0. Own House 

1. Own Flat 

2. Rented House 

3. Rented Flat 

4. Council House 

5. Council Flat 

8. Other (specify) 

9. Not known 

8. How old is. the hous-e/ilat? Year t--.lt: 

0. Less than 5 years 

1. 5-15 years 

2. 15-35 years 

3. 35-80 years 

4. More than 80 years 

9. Not known 

9. If flat which floor? 

10. Is paint peeling from outside walls, woodwork, fixtures, 

fences, gates or railings? 

0. No 

1. Yes 

9. Not known 

11. Is paint peeling from inside walls, woodwork or fixtures? 

0. No 

1. Yes 

9. Not known 

12. Has housing been renovated? 

0. Within 12 months 

1. Before 12 months 

2. Still being renovated 

3 3. No 

9. Not known 

CE 1 

CD 

• 

CD 

1 

• 

D 

I 

• 

D 

• 
P.9 

"13. Vlow many children are there In the house? 

.U 

14. Does anyone else live here? 

0. No 

1. Yes • 

15. So, the number of people who live here is? 

16. Ordinal position of child 

position/number of children 

9. Not known 

17. Present placement of child 

0. Child living with both natural parents 

1/2 Child living with natural mother only 

with/without father substitute 

3/4 Child living with natural father only 

with/without mother substitute 

5. Child living with other relative 

6. Child living with foster parent ln 

V.OTr 

13. 

19. 

20. 

21. 

22. 

23. 

an institution 

7. Adoption (circumstances) 

8. Other (specify) 

£R 

Age (yrs.) Year bora 

Occupation 

If not working now, have you worked at all since ycur child 

was born? 

0. No 

1. Yes 

Place of Birth 

0. England, Scotland, Wales 

1. Ireland 

2. Europe 

8. Others (specify) 

Previous marriage 

0. No 

1. Yes 

How long have you been married? Year sarried 

What age did you leave school - any further qualifications? 

0. Up to school leaving age 

1. Further secondary 

2. Secretarial or technical qualification 

3. Teacher training 

4. University not completed 

5. Degree 

6. Postgraduate 

8. Other (specify) 

• . 

| |' | 

q 

1 Q 

• 

i ' i 

• v 
FATHER 

24. Age (yrs) Year born 

25. Occupation 

26. Place of Birth 

0. England, Scotland, Wales 

1. Ireland 

2. Europe 

8. Other • 

27. Previous Marriage 

0. No 

1. Yes • 

28. What age did you leave school - any further qualifications? 

0. Up to school leaving age 

1. Further secondary 

2. Secretarial or technical qualifications 

3. Teacher training 

4. University not completed 

5. Degree 

29. 

30. 

31. 

32. 

8. Other 

Is child currently receiving medical attention? 

0. No 

1. Yes If yes what type 

How is his/her health? Has he/she been seen by your family doctor 

recently, in the past twelve months? How aazy times? 

0. None 

1. 1 only 

2. 1-5 Exact nuaber 

3. More than 5 Exact number 

9. Not known Reasons for visits 

Does the child suffer from headaches, sickness? 

0. Never 

1. Occasionally 

2. Frequently 

9. Not known 

Has your child ever been an inpatient at hospital, even for a night? 

(exclude birth unless there had been complications) 

0. No 

1. Yes Reason: 

Length of stay: 

• 

~] 

• 

• 

9 
P.11 

yer.r, for example stitches, an x-ray etc ' 

0. None 

1. 1 only 

2. 2 only 

3. More than 2 

9. Not known 

E.g. Burns/scalds 

Cuts, falls, b^nps, 

bruises 

Fractures 

Swallowing or inhaling 

something 

Something up tte nose, in 

the ear or ia the eye 

Car accident 

Other 

a 

34. Has he/she had any accidents NOT requiring hospital treatment over the 

last year? 

0. None 

1. 1 only 

2. 2 only 

3. 2-5 

4. More than 5 

9. Not known • 

35. Has your child ever suffered any type of head injury? 

0. Sever 

1. Minor, no loss of consciousness 

2. Unconcious less than 15 minutes 

3. Unconscious more than 15 minutes 

9. Not known D 

36. Has your child taken any tablets or medicines for anything :z. tie past 

year? Anything fer sleep or appetite, or to calm him/her i;vn? 

long for? Who prescribed thea? Have they helped? What about 

aspirins? 

Describe drugs taken, reason for taking them and effectivetsss. 

How 

0. No drugs taken 

1. Drug3 used occasionally 

2. Used for more than a week at a time during the year 

3. Used for more than a week and still in use • 

37. 

Aspirin 

Medical 

Sleep 

Appetite 

Vitamins 

Did you have any problems feeding your child as an Infant? 

0. No 

1. Yes 

9. Not known If yes, 

what type of :rcolem? 

• 

Si 
P.12 

' 38. 

39. 

40. 

41. 

42. 

Uo you feel that anything in your child's health or behaviour is a 

problem? 

0. No 

1. Yes 

Reason: 

Do you have any Idea of the cause of this? 

Do you think your child has a large appetite, is he/she a good eater? 

Or ls he/she going through the faddy stage? Does he/she get fussy 

about his/her food? Do you ever have to make special meals? 

0. No eating difficulties 

1. Some eating difficulties (Hss some fads, or poor appetite) 

2. Marked difficulties (Poor appetite and refusal to eat all but 

a few items) 

Does your child suck his/her thumb? 

0. No 

1. Yes 

Does your child ever put things that aren't food into his/her mouth? 

0. No 

1. Occasionally 

2. Regularly 

9. Not known 

Peeling old Paint 

Fresh paint 

Oust or dirt 

Paaer 

Pencils 

Others (specify) 

Does your child have any sleep problems? 

• 

• 

• 

• 

0. No 

1. Occasionally 

2. Regularly 

Ability to fall asleep 

good/bad 

Restless sleep 

Nightmares 

Doesn't sleep through 

the night 
P.13 

43. Does your child have his/her own bedroom? 

44. 

45. 

46. 

How 

for 

for 

0. 

1. 

2. 

3. 

4. 

5. 

6. 

7. 

Sleeps alone/own room 

Sleeps with parents/own bed 

Sleeps with parents/parents bed 

Sleeps with slbs/own bed 

Sleeps with sibs/shares bed 

Shares bed with sibs ln parents room 

Any other sleeping arrangements/own bed 

Any other sleeping arrangements/shares bed 

active is your child? Does he/she not like sitting still even 

mea Ls? How many minutes will he/she sit usually? What about 

a story ...T.V.? How long has he/she been like this? 

0. 

1. 

2. 

3. 

Is your 

Not markedly active 

Very active 

Hyperactive, sits still for meals or on other occasions 

usually less than 5 minutes 

Underactive: spends most of the time stationary and 

unoccupied (apart from habits) 

child restless when you take him/her shopping? Does he/she 

rush around and touch everything? 

0. 

1. 

2. 

No 

Occasionally 

Regularly 

Where does your child most like to spend his/her tine. Inside or 

outside 

0. 

1. 

2. 

If 

1. 

2. 

3. 

9. 

the house? 

Inside the house 

Outside the house 

Split equally between the two 

outside: 

Garden 

Street 

Playground 

Not known 

• 

; 

1 

P 

P 

j \ 

a 

4 7. Has your child played in any of these places in the past month? 

Corridor, balcony or stairs 

Concrete area around estate 

In street 

In park 

Children's or adventure playground 

In someone else's house 

In someone else's garden 

Elsewhere (omit playgroup) 

4 8. What ls the longest he/she will stick to one thing Indoors if he/she 

ls Interested? 

0. Concentrates usually for more than fifteen minutes 

1. Concentrates usually for 5-15 minutes 

2. Concentrates usually never more than a few minutes g 
49. Does he/she ever have temper tantrums? What happens? Is it a real 

tantrum with screaming, banging, shouting, kicking? How long do t.-.ey 

last? 

0. No tantrums 

1. Brief tantrums lasting a few minutes 

2. Frequent tantrums lasting more than fifteen minutes 

Frequency per week 

50 Does he/she go to a nursery or playgroup, or anywhere else regularly? 

0. Never attended 

1. School 

2. Attends playgoup 

3. Day nursery 

4. Daily minder 

5. Has attended playgroup or school in past 

8. Other 

Frequency: No. of sessions per week 

(one session = J a day) 

(If less than 1 tenth put 1) 

51. Does your child nave a set bedtime? 

0. Yes 

1. No 

52. Has your child been immunised? 

0. Yes 

1. No 

53. Are there particular things that you enjoy doing as a family 

with your child? 

54. Do you (mother) cr your husband have any hobbies? Wine or 

beer making, enamelling, or pottery for instance? 

Mother Father 

0. No 0. No 

1. Yes 1. Yes 

If yes what are they? 

55 Do you have a car? 

0. No 

1. Yes 

a 

• 

a 

• 

• 

a 

• 
- r r ..a. : 

Child's christia n name 

SAMPLE NUMBER 

RESEARCH NUMBER 

Date of Interview 

-P.15 

Was child delivered in hospital? 

0. Yes 

1. No If no, why? 

Which hospital: 

Consultant: 

What is your General Practitioner's name and address? 

• 

2. Was child born on date he/she was due? 

0. On time 

1. Up to two weeks early 

2. More than rao weeks early 

3. Up to two weeks late 

4. More than TTO weeks late 

9. Not known U 

What did your child -veigh? 

0. 8-lOlbs 

1. 6i-81bs 

2. 5-6Uhs 

3. 3-51bs 

4. Less than 3 lbs 

5. More than 10lbs 

9. Not known 

4. Where there any complications of birth or delivery' 

0. No 

1. Yes 

9. Not known 

Caesarian section 

Emergency 

Planned 

Breech 

Forceps 

Anxiety over breathing 

Jaundice 

Other 

5. Was any special care given to the baby, did you both go home together 

or did the baby have to stay ln hospital for any reason? 

0. Care not given 

1. Care given 

9. Not known 

If care given, reason: 

u 

n 
P.16 

fcor following 7 questions: 

0 . Noraal 

1. Slow 

2 . Fast 

9. Not Iciawn 

6. At what age did your child first feed himself/herself with a spocn? 

(13-24 ssaths) months 

7. At what age did your child first sit alone? 

(5-9 months) months 

8.. When did your child say his/her first words? 

(13-21 mnnths) months 

9. And when did he/she say his/her first sentences? 

(18-27 mznths) months 

10. And what about toilet training? 

When was he/s^e dry during the dny? 

Bladder ;iay) 

(1-5 years) years 

11. When was he/sza dry during the night? 

Bladder Ctight) 

(1-5 years) years 

12. And when was he/she clean, bowel trained? 

Bowels 

di-5 years) years 

13. Is hair dye of any sort used in your household? 

0. No 

1. Yes 

If yes, what type? 

• I 

• 

• 

• 

• 

• 

D 

• 
APPENDIX 2 

P.17 
P.18 

BEHAVIOURS CODED IN PLAYROOM 

CATEGORY CODE BEHAVIOURS 

MOVEMENT 

NM No movement 

WA Walking, running, hopping, jumping 

CR Crawling 

CL Climbing on climbin g frame 

SL Slidin g on slid e 

afT Move on truc k 

.ARM MOVE2CNT 

NA Neutral arms 

FL Flap, beat, clap 

PO Point 

HF Hand to face 

AM Automanipulate 

TM Touch mother 

POSTURE 

UR 

SD 

SQ 

KN 

BN 

AF 

Upright 

Sit down 

Squat 

On knees 

Bend over 

On floor on hands and knees 

or stomach 

(see over] 
BEHAVIOURS CODED IN TEST SITUATION 

P.19 

CATEGORY CODE BEHAVIOURS 

LOOKING 

EX 

TS 

AW 

Looking at experimenter 

Looking at test material 

Looking away and not at either 

experimenter or test material 

VOCAL 

NS 

VO 

CR 

PN 

No sound 

I Talking or vocalization other 

than those listed below 

, Crying 

Play noise or laugh 

MOVEMENT 

NB 

BM 

HM 

TC 

TT 

LO 

LT 

WA 

No body movement 

Body movement 

Head movement 

In test chair at test table 

Out of test chair at test table 

Lift out of test chair 

Lay on test table 

Walk away from test table 

ARM MOVEMENT 

NU Neutral arms 

PN Point 

AU Automanipulate 

HM Hand to face 
P.20 

APPENDIX 3 
3EKAV::-JR AIID ATTITUDE CHECKLIST 

NAI IE: 

AGE: 

TEST ADMINISTERED: 

Instructions: Place an " "X" on 

EXAMINER: 

DATE OF REPORT: 

DATE OF EXAMINATION: 

the appropriate line for each scale 

I. Attitude towards examiner: 

1. passive 

2. hostile 

II. Attitude toward test, situat; 

3. tense 

4. interested 

5. eager 

6. enjoyable 

7. trie s his best: 

8. gives up on hard iterzs 

9. interest leve l 

continuously high 

III. Attitude towards self: 

10. confident 

11 boastful 

IV. Work, habits 

12. fast 

13. answers deliberately 

14. thinks aloud 

15. careless 

V. Reaction t o test iteas: 

16. understands directions 

easily 

cn: 

aggressive 

friendly 

! 

relaxed ! 

i uninivolved ! 

perfunctory 

not enjoyable ' 

does not try his best , 

does not give up on hard it=^s 

i 

I 

interest leve l variable , 

i i 

not confident 

self-derogatory 

slow 

answers inpulsiveiy 

thinks silently 

neat 

understands instructions with 

difficulty 
P.22 

13. exa.-nir.er 5'5 tjuestions : : : : : : : examiner's questions do 

help exaainee express not help examinee 

ideas express ideas 

VI. Reaction to failure: 

19. aware of failure : : : : : : : oblivious of failure 

20. calm : : : : : : : agitated 

21. apologetic : : : : : : : not apologetic 

22. works harder after : : : : : : : gives up easily after 

failure ' failure 

VII. Reaction to praise: 

23. accepts gracefully : : : : : : : accepts awkwardly 

24. works harder after : : : : : : : retreats after praise 

praise 

VIII. Language: 

25. fluent : : : : : : : halting 

26. articulate : : : : : : : inarticulate 

27. responses direct : : : : : : : responses vague 

28. converses spontaneously : : : : : : : only speaks when spoken 

to 

29. bizarre : : : : : : : reality orientated 

30. errors indicate :::::: : errors indicate 

am —^ ^ ' "a- " ' • — •TM"aa — " I I '^ ^ ^^ ^ 

associations easily associations not easily 

recognizable recognizable 

IX. Visual-sotor 

31. reaction time slow : : : : : : : reaction time fast 

32. trial-and-error : : : : : : : careful and planned 

33. skillful movements : : : : : : : awkward movements 

34. relevant gestures : : : : : : : irrelevant gestures 

35. overcontrolled : : : : : : : impulsive 

X. Overall test results: 

36. valid : : : : : : : invalid 

37. reliable : : : : : : : unreliable 

XI. Other: 
APPENDIX 2 
3EHAVI0URS CODED IN PLAYROOM 

CATEGORY CODE BEHAVIOURS 

MOVEMENT 

NM No movement 

WA Walking, running, hopping, jumping 

CR Crawling 

CL Climbing on climbing frame 

'SL Sliding on slide 

Hr Move on truck 

ARM MOVEMENT 

POSTURE 

NA Neutral arms 

FL Flap, beat, clap 

PO Point 

HF Hand to face 

AM Automanipulate 

TM Touch mother 

UR 

SD 

SQ 

KN 

BN 

AF 

Upright 

Sit down 

Squat 

On knees 

Bend over 

On floor on hands and knees 

or stomach 

(see over) 
SEHAVIOURS CODED IN TEST SITUATION 

P.25 

CATEGORY CODE BEHAVIOURS 

LOOKING 

EX 

TS 

AW 

Looking at experimenter 

Looking at test material 

Looking away and not at either 

experimenter or test material 

VOCAL 

NS 

VO 

CR 

PN 

No sound 

Talking or vocalization other 

than those listed below 

Crying 

Play noise or laugh 

MOVEMENT 

NB No body movement 

BM Body movement 

HM Head movement 

TC In test chair at test table 

TT Out of test chair at test table 

LO Lift out of test chair 

LT Lay on test table 

WA Walk away from test table 

ARM MOVEMENT 

NU Neutral arms 

PN Point 

AU Automanipulate 

HM Hand to face 
P.26 

APPENDIX 3 
-yr-1 P.27 

3EHAVICUR '-ZZ ATTITUDE CHECKLIST 

NAItE: EXAMINER: 

AGE: DATE OF REPORT: 

TEST ADMINISTERED: DATE OF EXAMINATION: 

Instructions: Place an " "X" on the appropriate line for each scale 

I. Attitude towards exaniner: 

1. passive ' : : _: : : : : aggressive 

2. hostile : : _: : : : : friendly 

II. Attitude toward test situation: 

3. tense : : : :• : : : relaxed 

4. interested : : : : : : : uninivolved 

5. eager : : j : : : : perfunctory 

6. enjoyable : : : : : : : not enjoyable 

7. tries his best. : : : : : : : does not try his best 

8. gives up on haid i-ers : : _: : : : : does not give up on hard iters 

9. interest level 

continuously high : : : : : : : interest level variable 

III. Attitude towards self: 

10. confident : : _: : : : : not confident i 

11 boastful : : •».;• : : : : self-dercgatory 

IV. Work habits 

12. fast : : : : : : : slow 

13. answers deliberately : ; : : : : : answers impulsively 

14. thinks aloud : : _: : : : : thinks silently 

15. careless : : : : : : : neat 

V. Reaction to test items: 

16. understands directions 

easily : : : : : : : understands instructions with 

difficulty 
Ji;;-.:'--i ?- -•» 

13. examiners's questions : : : : : : : examiner's questions do 

help examinee express not help examinee 

ideas express ideas 

VI. Reaction to failure: 

19. aware of failure : : : : : : : oblivious of failure 

20. calm : : : : : : : agitated 

21. apologetic : : : :__j : : not apologetic 

22. works harder after . : : : : : : : gives up easily after 

failure failure 

VII. Reaction to praise: 

23. accepts gracefully : : -. : : : : accepts awkwardly 

24. works harder after : : : : : : : retreats after praise 

praise 

VIII. Language: 

25. fluent : : : : : : : halting 

26. articulate : : : : : : : inarticulate 

27. responses direct : : -. : : : : responses vague 

28. converses spontaneously : : : : : : : only speaks when spoken 

to 

29. bizarre : : : : : : : reality orientated 

30. errors indicate : : : : : : : errors indicate 

associations easily associations not easily 

recognizable recognizable 

IX. Visual-motor 

31. reaction time slow : : : : : : : reaction time fast 

32. trial-and-error : : : : : : : careful and planned 

33. skillful movements : : : : : : : awkward movements 

34. relevant gestures : : : : : : : irrelevant gestures 

35. overcontrolled : : : : : : : impulsive 

X. Overall test results: 

36. valid : : : : : : : invalid 

37. reliable : : : : : : : unreliable 

XI. Other: 
P.29 

FIGURES 
SUBJECT AVAILABILITY 

AVAILABILITY REFUSAL RATE 

NOT AYAILAHE 4S.6X 

NOT SEEN 

REFUSED 14.2X 

AVAIUHE 54.3X SEEN 44.3X 

FIGURE 1 

u 
P.31 

BLOOD LEAD 

EQJ " nop I Fan LEVELS 

sp_ 

4.2 u/d l 

0.20 u-o l 

10 1-1 1-2 1*3 1 * 

FIGURE 2 
•aa'r-^rrJT^r^nT 

cs 

LU 

CD 

LU 

CO 

ZD 

CD 

OS 

UJ 

CD 

CD 

CD 

QQ 
FIC.U1U-: 4 

126 

IQ 

114 

102 

90 

78-

66-

•3 

6 

Blood lead & IQ Overall 

rs -0-17* 

Y" 104-42 -0-45X 

• • • • 

• • • 

i i 

•5 

10 

•7 

14 

•9 

18 

11 

22 

13 

26 

1-5 

30 

/itnol 

Mg/dl 

BLOOD LEAD 
90} 

801 

P.34 

Blood lead & IQ Non Manual 

120|-

IQ 

110| 

1001 

r = 006 

Y = 100-68-0-12X 

• 9 

701-

6 

•5 

10 

•7 

14 

•9 

18 

FIGURE 5 

11 1-3 

22 26 

BLOOD LEAD 

1-5 

30 

Mmol 

M9 dl 
"TT"" P.35 

Blood lead & IQ Manual 

120-

r« -0-32** ! 

Y« 108-32 - 0-78X 

IQ 

110 

100 

90 

80 

70 

•3 

• • 

JL J_ x 

•5 

10 

•7 

14 

•9 

18 

1-1 

22 

1-3 

26 

BLOOD LEAD 

1-5 MfT«Ol 

30 Mg/dl 

FIGURE 6 
P.36 

:.-3LES 
PARENT VARIABLES - FATHER 

SOCIAL CLASS 

I 

II 

III NM 

III M 

IV 

V 

UNEMPLOYED 

MISSING 

NON-MANUAL 

MANUAL 

MISSING/UNEMPLOYED 

N 

~5 

22 

14 

84 

29 

6 

26 

3 

41 

119 

29 

% 

3 

12 

8 

45 

16 

3 

14 

— 

22 

63 

15 

EDUCATION 

N 

UP TO SCHOOL LEAVING AGE 

FURTHER SECONDARY 

TECHNICAL 

TEACHER TRAINING 

UNIVERSITY - INCOMPLETE 

UNIVERSITY - UNDERGRADUATE 

UNIVERSITY - POST GRADUATE 

MISSING 

UP TO SCHOOL-LEAVING AGE 

FURTHER EDUCATION 

150 

11 

18 

1 

1 

3 

3 

2 

150 

37 

80 

6 

10 

1 

1 

2 

2 

— 

80 

20 

PLACE OF 3IRTH 

N % 

UK MAINLAND 

EIRE 

OTHER/MISSING 

172 

15 

2 

92 

8 

AGE 

MEAN 

S.D. 

MODE 

RANGE 

30.0 

4.6 

29 

22-48 

TABLE 1 

(Table 2 over) 
OCCUPATION 

PARENT VARIABLES - MOTHER 

P.38 

FULL-TIME PAID WORK 

PART-TIME PAID WORK 

HOUSEWIFE 

PAID WORK 

HOUSEWIFE 

43 

27 

19 

70 

19 

23 

14 

63 

37 

63 

EDUCATION 

N 

PLACE OF 3IRTH 

UP TO SCHOOL-LEAVING AGE 

FURTHER SECONDARY 

SECRETARIAL/TECHNICAL 

TEACHER TRAINING 

UNIVERSITY - UNDERGRADUATE 

UNIVERSITY- POST GRADUATE 

UK MAINLAND 

EIRE 

OTHER 

47 

16 

13 

7 

4 

2 

N 

56 

21 

2 

78 

8 

7 

4 

2 

1 

% 

88 

11 

1 

AGE 

MEAN 

S.D. 

27.2 

2.6 

MODE 

RANGI 

25 

20-34 

GHQ SCORE 

MEAN 

S.D. 

(LIKZRT SCORING) MODE 

RANGE 

MEAN 

S.D. 

MODE 

RANGE 

41.4 

22.1 

32.0 

12-150 

7.2 

10.3 

0 

0-50 

NUMBER SCORING < 11 

NUMBER SCORING > 12 

(2 MISSING CASES) 

145 

42 

TABLE 2 
PSYCHOMETRIC TESTS - SUMMARY RESULTS 

BRITISH ABILITY SCALES 

ABILITY SCORES 

NAMING 

RECALL 

COMPREHENSION 

RECOGNITION 

i.e. 

N 

152 

73 

11.4 

I.l J 

131 

MEAN 

44.7 

43.4 

1.3.9 

II .(» 

97. 'J 

SD 

12.9 

15.1 

il.'., 

14.U 

11.J 

MODE 

55 

29 

H7 

V.l 

104 

MEDIAN 

46.8 

42.0 

hi, A) 

29.«. 

yy.o 

RANGE 

10-64 

29-75 

IO-I17 

|o-/w 

OO-11'J 

POTENTIAL 

RANGE 

10-64 

29-189 

Hi --M7 

|ij..|»'» 

'.il - I'l'J 

SCORES 

NAMING 

RECALL 

COMPREHENSION 

RECOGNITION 

MEAN 

152 

73 

159 

131 

131 

45.1 

53.9 

45.9 

50.9 

50.7 

7.9 

5.1 

9.1 

6.6 

4.1 

52 

49 

59 

49 

53.8 

46.5 

54.4 

46.1 

49.9 

50.6 

27-58 

47-64 

27-59 

41-69 

42-58.8 

27-99 

27-99 

27-99 

27-99 

27-7 3 

TABLE 3 

(Table 4 over) 
PSYCHOMETRIC TESTS SUMMARY RESULTS 

SHAPES 

BLOCKS 

READS 

BRIDGE 

N 

172 

172 

169 

169 

STANFORD-

% PASSING 

85.7 

81 .O 

55.6 

21.2 

-BINET TESTS 

MEAN 

13.6 

30.1 

62.3 

-

TIMES ( 

S.D. 

11.5 

15.9 

21.8 

-

sec) 

MODE 

8.0 

20.0 

40.0 

-

MEDIAN 

lO.O 

26.8 

57.8 

-

RANGE 

5.89 

7-85 

27-116 

-

TABLE 4 

O 
• 

, 4 

i i 

INDEPENDENT VARIABLES SHOWING 

HOUSING 

PARENT - FATHER 

PARENT - MOTHER 

CHILD - GENERAL 

HEALTH 

BEHAVIOUR 

RELATIONSHIP WITH IVTCOME 

House Age 

Insid e Peelin g Pain t 

Age 

Socia l Class 

Educationa l Leve l 

Lif e Events 

Marita l Satisfactio n 

Age 

Workin g 

Educationa l Leve l 

GHQ 

Lif e Events 

Marita l Satisfactio n 

Sex 

Ordina l Positio n 

Group Attende r 

Visit s t o Dcoto r 

Medicatio n 

Inpatien t 

Major Accidents 

Mino r Accidents 

Head Injur y 

Nonfood Mouthing 

Dust Eatin g 

Thum Sucking 

Dummy Use r 

Activit y Leve l 

Activit y Out 

Problem Behaviour 

Concentratio n 

Tantrum Type 

Tantrum Frequency 

Slee p Problems 

A SIGNIFICANT 

VARIABLES I.Q. NAMING 

+ + 

•+• •*• 

+ + 

+ + 

+• + 

+ 

•> 

•> 

• + 

RECALL 

+ 

•> 

COMP. 

RECOG. 

+ 

• 

+ 

+ 

+ 

+ 

+ 

+ 

+ 

• 

SHAPES 

• 

+ 

-> 

BLOCKS •+• 

+ 

a 

a 

< 

a 

• 

P.41 

. ] . , 

1 

+ BLOO

D LEAD • * . 

1 
NUMBER OF TESTS COMPLETED 

P.42 

B.A.S. ABILITY SCORES 

NAMING 

RECALL 

COMPREHENSION 

RECOGNITION 

I.Q. 

B.A.S. T-SCORES 

NAMING 

RECALL 

COMPREHENSION 

RECOGNITION 

MEAN 

STANFORD BINET 

SHAPES - TIME (sec) 

- % PASSING 

BLOCKS - TIKE (sec) 

- % PASSING 

TOWER - MODAL HEIGHT 

BRIDGE - % PASSING 

BEADS - TIME (sec) 

- % PASSING 

1 

•aa" * 

49.2 

43.5 

*. •» 

*" — 

21.5 

4".6 

53.9 

43.4 

51.3 

50.' 

12.0 

9~ 

:?.5 

96 

6 

3]_ 

59.0 

6-i 

3 

49.4 

42.6 

65.0 

29.6 

93.5 

44.4 

53.6 

45.6 

50.0 

47.3 

11.6 

99 

31.0 

91 

6 • 

22 

64.2 

70 

<3 

34.5 

-

45.7 

29.7 

" 

39.2 

-

37.9 

50.0 

• a " 

21.0 

82 

34.0 

74 

0 

11 

66.4 

46 

P 

•»»» 

*** 

NS 

*** 

NS 

NS 

53 67 54 

MEAN TEST SCORES 3Y JTJXSER 0? 3.A.S . TEST COMPLETED 

TA3LE 6 
. ' • 

SUMMARY OF ? RATIOS COMPARING REGRESSION 

ANALYSIS *ITH AND WITHOUT BLOOD LEAD 

Naming 

Recall 

Comprehension 

Recognition 

I.Q. 

Shapes 

Blocks 

Beads 

F 

< 1 

1.26 

< 1 

< 1 

< 1 

< 1 

2.3 4 

2.46 

d.f. 

1,76 

1. 63 

1,106 

1,7 3 

1.7 1 

1,122 

1,129 

1,9 3 

P 

NS 

NS 

NS 

NS 

NS 

NS 

NS 

NS 

TABLE 8