T hi s or derand j udgm enti s notbi ndi ng pr ece dentexce ptundert he * d o c tr in e s o f

la w o f th e c a s e , re s ju d ica ta and col l at er al es t oppel . I tm aybe ci t ed, h o w e v e r, fo r its p e rsu a siv e v a lu e c o n sis ten t w ith F e d . R . A p p . P . 3 2 .1 a n d 1 0 th C i r . R . 32. 1. 

## F I LED United States C ourt of Appeals Tenth Circuit 

### F e b r u ary23,2007 Elisab eth A. Shumaker C l erk of C ourt UNI TED S TATES CO URT O F AP PEALS

T E N T H C IR C U IT

__________________________ UNI T E D S T AT E S OF AM E RI CA , Pl ai nt i ff- A ppel l ee, v. TER RY L. RI CH A RD S, D e fe n d a n t-A p p e llan t. N o. 06- 3286 (D . K a n .) ( D. Ct . No . 0 5 - CR- 4 0 1 4 8 - S AC)

____________________________ ORDE R AND J UDGM EN T * B efo re T AC HA , C hi ef Ci r cui tJ udge, and BARRETT and BROR BY , Seni or C i rcui tJudg es.

A ft erexami ni ng t he br i efs and appe l l at e r ecor d, t hi s panel has det erm i ned unani m ous l yt hator al ar gum entw oul d notm at er i al l yas s i s tt he det erm i nat i on of th is a p p e a l. See F e d . R . A p p . P . 3 4 (a )(2 ); 1 0 th C ir. R . 3 4 .1 .9 (G ). T h e c a se is th e re fo re o rd e re d su b m itt e d w ith o u t o ra l ar g u m e n t.

A ppel l antT err yL . R i char ds appea l s hi s convi ct i on forone countof-2-

p o s s e s s io n o f

a fir e a rm b ya c o n v ic te d fe lo n in v io la tio n o f 1 8 U .S .C . § 9 2 2 (g )( 1 ). M r . R i char ds appea l s hi s convi ct i on on gr ounds the di s tr i ctcourterr ed i n deny i ng h is m o tio n to su p p re ss e v id e n c e o b tain e d fo llo w in g a p a t-d o w n se a rc h o f h is per s on i n vi ol at i on of hi s Four t h A m endmentr i ght s . W e exe r ci s e j ur i s di ct i on pur s uantt o 28 U . S. C . § 1291 and affi r m M r . R i char ds ’ s convi ct i on.

I . Factual and Pr ocedur al B ackgr ound T he fol l ow i ng undi s put ed fa ct s s t em from evi dence pr es ent ed atthe su p p ression h ea ri n g an d reli ed o n b ythe d istri ct co u rtin d en y ing M r. R icha rds’s m ot i on t o s uppr es s . A t12: 45 a. m . on A ugus t29, 2005, Pol i ce O ffi cerB obby M i ng w as on patr ol i n T opeka, K ans as , w hen he r ece i ved a pol i ce di s pat ch not i fy i ng hi m of an a r m ed r obberyof a c ab dr i veron the north s i de of t ow n. T he di s pat ch i dent i fi ed the s us pect s as thr ee bl ack mal es w ho r obbed the ca b dr i ver w i t h a ni ne mi l l i m et erhandgun i n the ar ea of a conve ni ence s t or e nea r Sevent eenth St r eetand Topeka B oul evar d. I tal s o r eport ed the ca b dr i verhad or i gi nal l ypi cked the s us pect s up t hr ee mi l es aw ayatthe 2400 bl ock of M adi s on St r eet , w hi ch i s neart he s out heas tar ea of T opeka w her e O ffi cerM i ng w as l ocat ed; aft ert he r obbery , t he s us pect s w er e r eport ed t o have f l ed i n a darkcol or ed C adi l l ac. A tt he di s pat cher ’ s r eques t , O ffi cerM i ng dr ove t o the 2400 b lo c k o f M a d iso n , w h e re th e c a b rid e o rig in a ted , in th e e v e n t th e su sp e c ts re tu rn e d to th a t a re a , b u t h e d id n o t s e e a c a r fittin g th e d e s c ri p tio n .O ffice r M in g is a c e rtifie d ra d a r o p e ra to r, re q u ire d to e stim a te v e h icle 1 s p e e d s c o rr e c tly w ith in a ra n g e o f fiv e m ile s p e r h o u r. -3- O ffi cerM i ng t hen dr ove t o the B oy s ’ and G i r l s ’ C l ub a fe w bl ocks aw ay a n d p a r k e d h i s v e h i c l e s o h e c o u l d o b s e r v e th e 2 6 0 0 b l o c k o f Ad a ms S tr e e t . At a p p ro x im a tely1 :0 5 a .m ., h e h e a rd a lo u d n o ise f ro m th e e x h a u st o f

a v e h icle ac ce lerati n g u p h il l and tr av eli n g fro m the d ir ec ti o n o f to w n w h ere the ro b b ery occurr ed; t he vehi cl e w as an ol der , dark gr ey - bl ue C adi l l ac he adi ng s outhbound at a hi gh r at e of s peed. N o ot hervehi cl es w er e oper at i ng i n the ar ea, w hi ch O ffi cer 1 M i ng not ed w as t he typi cal t r aff i c s i tuat i on at1: 05 on a Sundaym or ni ng. A tt hat tim e , O ffice r M in g c o u ld n o t se e h o w m a n yp e o p le w e re in th e v e h icle o r th e ir ra c e o r s e x . O ffice r M in g fo llo w e d th e v e h icle , w h ich h e o b se rv e d fa ili n g to sta yin its l ane a nd w eavi ng betw een l anes w i thouts i gnal i ng, pr es um abl ydue t o the dr i ver s pot t i ng t he off

i ceri n hi s r earvi ew m i rr or . B efor e s t oppi ng the vehi cl e, O ffi cer M i ng cal l ed fora bac k- up uni tbeca us e he fear ed forhi s and other s ’ s afe ty , gi ven the C ad il lac m igh t con tai n the n ine m il li m eter g u n u sed to ro b the c ab d ri v er. I n at t empt i ng t o s t op t he vehi cl e O ffi cerM i ng turned on hi s emer gencyl i ght s , but t he C adi l l ac di d noti m m edi at el ys t op and i ns t ead pul l ed overas i f t o y i el d, t hen t r avel ed thi r t y - fi ve t o for t yy ar ds agai ns tt he curb, cr eepi ng al ong atan i dl i ng s peed. B as ed on hi s m anyy ear s of l aw enfor cementexper i ence , t hi s act i on-4-

caus ed O ffi cerM i ng t o bel i eve the occ upant s w er e dr i nki ng, hi di ng evi dence of i l l egal conduct , acc es s i ng w eapons , orpr epar i ng t o fl ee; cons equent l y , hi s bel i ef th e tr a ffic s to p w o u ld b e d a n g e ro u s w a s h e ig h te n e d . O n c e th e C a d ill a c sto p p e d , O ffice r M in g w a ited fo r a b a c k -u p o ffice r to a rriv e . A f

ter th e o ffice r a rriv e d , O ffice r M in g a p p ro a c h e d th e v e h icle w ith h is fl as hl i ghton and hi s handgun outw i th i t s s afe tyoff. A l though i tw as dark, O ffi cer M i ng ascer t ai ned t he v ehicl e con t ai ned fou r orfi ve b l ack m al es, h eigh tenin g h is susp ici o n itm igh t be th e sa m e v eh icl e inv o lved in the rob b ery . In ap p roa ch ing the v eh icl e, O fficer M ing p roc ee d ed alon g the trun k to the v eh icl e’s r earw i ndow pi l l ars o i f any one pos s es s ed a gun theyw oul d have t o tur n ar ound and make a not i cea bl e mot i on befor e theyfi r ed athi m . W hi l e s t andi ng behi nd t he w i ndow pi l l ar , O ffi cerM i ng i dent i fi ed hi m s el f, expl ai ned the r eas on forthe s t op, re q u e ste d p a p e rw o rk , an d a sk e d th e d riv e r to ste p o u t o f th e v e h icle a n d b a c k to O ffi cerM i ng’ s l ocat i on. O ffi cerM i ng then expl ai ned t o the dr i verthatthe r eas on fo r th e sto p ste m m e d f ro m h is s p e e d in g a n d a re c e n t ro b b e ry , an d , w ith h is c o n se n t, O ffice r M in g d id a p a t-d o w n se a rc h o f th e d riv e r a n d th e n d ire c ted h im to s it o n th e c u rb , w ith w h ic h h e c o m p lie d . O fficer M ing then w en t t o the p asse n g er side o f th e C ad il lac a n d ask ed M r. R i char ds , t he fr onts eatpas s enger , t o s t ep outof the vehi cl e and j oi n hi m attheA ccor di ng t o O ffi cerM i ng, t he s i x- poi nt ed s t arr i ng i s “an i ndi cat orof 2 t he Fol ks G ang. I t ’ s a r ecogni t i on s i gn. ” R . , V ol . 3 at39. -5- re a r o f th e v e h icle so h e c o u ld sp e a k w ith h im . W h ile M r. R ich a rd s u lti m a tely c o m p lied , O ffice r M in g n o tice d h e w a s h e sita n t ab o u t g e tti n g o u t an d re lu c tan t to compl yw i t h hi s r eques t s ; M r . R i char ds al s o began que s t i oni ng the off i cerabout t he p urpose o f t he st op . C on cerned fo r hi s safetybecau se M r. R i chards w as a lar g e m a n , an d h o p in g to d e f u se a n yten sio n , O ffice r M in g c a lm lya sk e d h im to p lace h is ha n d s o n the trun k ; M r. R icha rds h esit ated an d then co m p li ed . In pat t i ng hi m dow n, O ffi cerM i ng fi r s tputone hand on M r . R i char ds ’ s back a nd fel thi m t ens e; j us tas O ffi cerM i ng began t o s w eep the fr ontof hi s w ai s tband, M r . R i char ds s pun ar ound, atw hi ch t i m e O ffi cerM i ng di s t i nct l yfel ta gun pr ot rudi ng t hr ough hi s t - s hi r t . M r . R i char ds then r an, fl eei ng t o a nea rbyw ooded ar ea w i t h O ffi cerM i ng gi vi ng chas e, s hout i ng forhi m t o s t op, and r adi oi ng for addi t i onal backup. A ft erot heroffi cer s arr i ved, M r . R i char ds w as arr es t ed. W hen anotheroffi cerpat t ed dow n M r . R i char ds , he found a handgun magazi ne cont ai ni ng . 25 cal i berr ounds i n hi s fr ontpant s pocket . A bouts i x t o t en fe etfr om w her e M r . R i char ds w as pat t ed dow n, the off i cer s al s o found a ha ndgun, drugs and a s i x- poi nt ed s t arr i ng. 2

F oll ow i ng his arr est , M r. R i chards’s cou nsel fi l ed a m oti on t o sup press evi dence obt ai ned fr om t he pat - dow n s ear ch, cont endi ng the s ear ch w as-6-

uncons t i tut i onal . Fol l ow i ng a s uppr es s i on hear i ng w her e O ffi cerM i ng t es t i fi ed, t he di s t r i ctcour ti s s ued a w el l - r eas oned, compre hens i ve dec i s i on, det erm i ni ng O ffi cerM i ng pos s es s ed an a r t i cul abl e, r eas onabl e s us pi ci on t o: ( 1) s t op the Ca d i l l a c b a s e d o n t h e s p e e d i n g a n d l a n e v i o l a t i o n s ; a n d ( 2 ) p e r fo r m th e p a t - d o wn s ear ch. W i t h r es pectt o t he l at t er , the di s tr i ctcour tappl i ed the r el evantl aw t o t he fa c ts p re se n ted a n d d e ter m in e d O ffice r M in g p o ss e ss e d a n a rticu lab le, re a so n a b le s u s p ic io n fo r t h e p a t- d o w n s e a rc h b a s e d o n th e “ to ta lity o f th e c ir c u m s ta n c e s ,” i ncl udi ng, i n par t , t he fa ct : ( 1) t he vehi cl e mat ched the des cr i pt i on of the darkcol or ed C adi l l ac i nvol ved i n t he arm ed r obbery ; ( 2) the r ace , num ber , and s ex of i t s occupa nt s m at ched the des cr i pt i on of the arm ed r obberys us pect s ; ( 3) the l ocat i on of the s peedi ng vehi cl e w as nearw her e the t axi r i de or i gi nat ed and w as tra v e lin g a w a yf

ro m th e a re a w h e re th e ro b b e ryo c c u rre d ; (4 ) it w a s th e e a rly hour s of the morni ng and ther e w as a l ack of othertr aff

i c atthatt i m e; ( 5) the ca r w as o p era ted in a fast o r un u su al m an n er b efo re a n d d u ri n g O fficer M ing ’s at t empt t o s t op i t ; ( 6) M r . R i char ds di s pl ay ed hes i t antand ar gum ent at i ve conduc t w hen as ked t o cooper at e and pl ace hi s hands on the trunk; and ( 7) O ffi cerM i ng bel i eved the defendant , as an occ upantof the s t opped vehi cl e, m i ghtbe arm ed and danger ous and a Terry f ri s k w o u ld b e n e c e s s a ry to p ro te c t h im s e lf a n d o th e rs . F o ll o w ing the d istri ct co u rt ’s de n ial o f h is m o ti o n to su p p ress, M r. R i c h a r d s e n t e r e d a c o n d i t i o n a l g u i l ty p l e a t o p o s s e s s i o n o f a fi r e a r m b y a-7-

c o n v ic te d fe lo n , re s e rv in g th e ri g h t to a p p e a l th e s u p p re s s io n is s u e ra is e d . F o llo w in g th e se n ten c in g h e a rin g , the d istric t co u rt se n ten c e d M r. R ich a rd s to fi fty - one mont hs i m pr i s onm ent . M r . R i char ds now appea l s hi s convi ct i on.

I I . D i s cus s i on O n appea l , M r . R i char ds cont ends the pat - dow n s ear ch byO ffi cerM i ng w as “cons t i tut i onal l yunr eas onabl e, beca us e the fa ct s avai l abl e t o l aw enfor cementdi d notw arr anta r eas onabl e bel i ef . . . [he] w as arm ed and danger ous . ” M r . R i char ds pr emi s es hi s cont ent i on on the fa ctthe pol i ce di s pat ch onl ypr ovi ded “thum bnai l bi t s of i nform at i on” thatan arm ed r obberyoccurr ed i nvol vi ng a dark- col or ed C adi l l ac c ont ai ni ng thr ee s us pect s , w hi ch he a r gues w as i ns uffi ci ent , underourdeci s i on i n Uni t ed Stat es v. Jones , 9 9 8 F . 2 d 8 8 3 (10 th C ir . 1993) , t o s uppor ta pat - dow n s ear ch. I n s uppor tof hi s ar gum ent , M r . R i char ds c o n ten d s: (1 ) d a rk -c o lo re d C a d ill a c s a re n o t u n u su a l in T o p e k a a n d th e g e n e ric des cr i pt i on of a da r k C adi l l ac w as t oo br oad t o gener at e r eas onabl e s us pi ci on for t he s t op; ( 2) O ffi cerM i ng s t opped a Cadi l l ac c ont ai ni ng fi ve i ndi vi dual s and not t hr ee i ndi vi dual s as r epor t ed bythe di s pat ch; ( 3) otherthan i nform at i on the thr ee su sp e c ts w e re b lac k m a les , n o in fo rm a tio n w a s k n o w n a b o u t th e “ h e ig h t, w e ig h t, h air sty le, cloth ing , o r an yo ther d ist ing u ishing ch ara cterist ic[s] o f th e ro b b ery s us pect s ”; ( 4) t he el aps ed tw enty - t o thi r ty - m i nut e t i m e per i od betw een the di s pat ch and the s t op m eantt he s us pectvehi cl e coul d be anyw her e i n T opeka; ( 5)-8-

it sh o u ld h a v e tak e n o n lyth re e to fiv e m in u tes , rath e r th a n tw e n tyto th irty m i nut es , t o dr i ve thr ee mi l es fr om the r obberyl ocat i on t o the s t op l ocat i on; and ( 6) nei t hert he dr i vernorM r . R i char ds s ai d ordi d anythi ng thr eat eni ng t o the o ffice rs p rio r to th e p a t-d o w n se a rc h . H e a lso a rg u e s th e fa c t th e c a r d ro v e slo w ly forfor t yy ar ds aft erO ffi cerM i ng act i vat ed hi s emer gencyl i ght s w as i ns uffi ci ent to w arran t a reaso n ab le be li ef M r. R icha rds w as a rm ed an d d an g ero u s, an d M r. R icha rds’s h esit an cyto co m p lyw ith O fficer M ing ’s co m m an d s w as m o m en tary and otherw i s e di d notj us t i fya pat - dow n s ear ch. Forthes e r eas ons , M r . R i char ds s ugges t s t he pat - dow n s ear ch w as uncons t i tut i onal , and ther efor e, evi dence re s u ltin g f

ro m th e s e a rc h s h o u ld h a v e b e e n s u p p re s s e d . We b e g i n a d d r e s s i n g M r . Ri c h a r d s ’ s a r g u me n twi th o u rs t a n d a r d o f r e v i e w: W hen r evi ew i ng t he deni al of a mot i on t o s uppr es s , w e ac ceptthe d i s t r i c tc o u r t ’ s fa c tu a l fi n d i n g s u n l e s s c l e a r l ye rr o n e o u s , a n d we re v ie w th e e v id e n c e in th e lig h t m o s t fa v o ra b le to th e g o v e rn m e n t. H ow ever , w e r evi ew de novo the ul t i m at e det erm i nat i on of r eas onabl enes s undert he Four th A m endmentbeca us e thati s a l egal c o n c lu sio n . T h e d e fe n d a n t b e a rs th e b u rd e n o f e sta b lish in g a F o u rth A m endmentvi ol at i on. Uni t ed Stat es v. P at t ers on , 472 F. 3d 767, 775 ( 10th C i r . 2006) ( quot at i on m arks an d cit ati o n s o m itted).

As t o t h e a p p l i c a b l e l e g a l a n a l y s i s , fo rth e p u rp o s e o f j u d i c i a l e c o n o mywe d e c lin e to re p e a t th e d istric t co u rt’s e x h a u stiv e d isc u ss io n o f th e law a p p lica b le to-9-

p a t-d o w n se a rc h e s, o th e r th a n to re p e a t a fe w re lev a n t p rin c ip les sp e c ifica lly a p p lica b le to th e c irc u m sta n c e s p re se n ted h e re . In situ a tio n s in v o lv in g a tra ffic s t op, w e have hel d an off i cerm ayt ake s t eps t o r eas onabl ypr ot ecthi m s el f and ot her s , pr ovi ded thos e meas ur es ar e nott oo i ntrus i ve and the governm ent ’ s s tr ong in te re s t in o ffic e r s a fe ty o u tw e ig h s th e m o to ri s t’ s in te re s ts . See Uni t ed Stat es v. D ennis on , 4 1 0 F .3 d 1 2 0 3 , 1 2 1 1 (1 0 th C ir .), cer t . deni ed , 1 2 6 S . C t. 4 6 8 (2 0 0 5 ). W hen an offi cerpos s es s es a r eas onabl e s us pi ci on t o bel i eve a n occupa ntof a v e h icle m a yb e a rm e d a n d d a n g e ro u s, th a t o ffice r m a yc o n d u c t a r e a so n a b le p a tdow n s ear ch of the dr i verand anypas s enger s of the vehi cl e forw eapons i n or der to p ro te c t h im s e lf

a n d o th e rs . See D ennis on , 4 1 0 F .3 d a t 1 2 1 1 ; Uni t ed Stat es v. Manj ar r ez , 3 4 8 F .3 d 8 8 1 , 8 8 6 -8 7 (1 0 th C ir. 2 0 0 3 ). T h u s, in d e ter m in in g if a p a tdo w n search i s const i tuti on al l yvali d, w e l oo k to the tot al i tyof the ci rcum st ances, i ncl udi ng t he art i cul abl e fa ct s pr es ent ed, t aken t ogetherw i th the r at i onal in fe re n c e s f

ro m th o se fa c ts, to d e ter m in e if th e yw o u ld c a u se a re a so n a b ly p ru d e n t o ffic e r t o b e lie v e h is s a fe ty an d th e s a fe ty o f o th e rs w a s in d a n g e r. See D ennis on , 4 1 0 F .3 d a t 1 2 1 0 -1 1 ; Manj ar r ez , 348 F. 3d at887. I n s o doi ng, w e gi ve “defer ence t o t he off

i cer ’ s abi l i t yt o dr aw on hi s ow n exper i ence and s peci al i zed t r ai ni ng t o m ake i nfer ence s fr om and deduc t i ons aboutthe cumul at i ve i nform at i on avai l abl e t o hi m t hatm i ghtw el l el ude an untr ai ned per s on. ” Uni t ed Stat es v. Johns on , 364 F. 3d 1185, 1193 ( 10th C i r . 2004) ( quot at i on m arks and ci t at i ons o m itted).-10-

I n appl y i ng t hes e pr i nci pl es t o the fa ct s athand, i ti s cl earM r . R i char ds has notcarr i ed hi s bur den of e s t abl i s hi ng a Four th A m endmentvi ol at i on. A s the d istric t co u rt e x p lain e d , O ffice r M in g p o ss e ss e d a re a so n a b le, a rticu lab le s us pi ci on t o conductt he pat - dow n s ear ch bas ed on hi s ow n l aw enfor cement exper i ence and the t ot al i t yof the ci r cumst ance s , i ncl udi ng butnotl i m i t ed t o the fac tt he s peedi ng vehi cl e and i t s occupa nt s appea r ed t o m at ch the des cr i pt i on of bot h t he vehi cl e and s us pect s i nvol ved i n the arm ed r obbery , and ther efor e, i tw as notunr eas onabl e t o bel i eve the occ upant s of the vehi cl e mayhave pos s es s ed the gun us ed i n t he arm ed r obbery . W i thoutconduct i ng a pat - dow n s ear ch, O ffi cer M i ng coul d notas s ur e the s afe t yof hi m s el f orother s dur i ng the tr aff i c s t op, and s uch a s ear ch w as nots o i nt rus i ve as t o caus e M r . R i char ds ’ s Four th A m endment in te re s ts to o u tw e ig h th e o ffic e r’ s in te re s ts in s a fe ty.

T he fa ctt he s t op came t w entyorthi r tym i nut es aft erthe r obbery , i n an ar ea onl ya fe w m i l es aw ayfr om t he conve ni ence s t or e, does notdi m i ni s h O ffi cer M i ng’ s r eas onabl e s us pi ci on t he vehi cl e and i t s occupa nt s m ayhave be en i nvol ved i n t he r obbery . N otonl ydi d the C adi l l ac mat ch the gene r al des cr i pt i on of the r obberyvehi cl e us ed, buti tw as the onl yvehi cl e oper at i ng i n the ar ea that m or ni ng, and the pos s i bi l i t yexi s t ed the r obberys us pect s s pentt i m e t aki ng m eas ur es t o evade author i t i es befor e r etur ni ng t o the ar ea w her e thei rconduct or i gi nat ed. Si m i l ar l y , w hi l e more than thr ee men occupi ed the vehi cl e, i tw as not-11-

u n rea so n ab le fo r O fficer M ing to co n ti n u e to a ssu m e itco n tai n ed the ro b b ery su sp e c ts, g iv e n o n e o r m o re in d iv id u a ls m a yh a v e b e e n in th e g e taw a yv e h icle w a iti n g to p ick u p th e o th e rs. W h ile M r. R ich a rd s p o in ts to th e se a n d o th e r fa c ts t o s ugges ti nnocentconductoccurr ed w hi ch di d notnece s s i t at e a pa t - dow n s ear ch, w e do no tl oo k at each factori n is olat i on bu tatthe “tot al i tyof the ci rcum st ances” t o det erm i ne i f the off i cerhad a “ part i cul ar i zed a nd obj ect i ve bas i s fors us pect i ng l egal w r ongdoi ng. ” United S tates v. A rvizu , 534 U . S. 266, 273 ( 2002) ( quot at i on m arks and ci t at i on om i t t ed) . Si m i l ar l y , an off i cer ’ s “det erm i nat i on that r eas onabl e s us pi ci on exi s t s . . . need notrul e outthe pos s i bi l i tyof i nnocent conduct . ” Id. at277.

N e x t, as th e d istric t co u rt e x p lain e d , the situ a tio n p re se n ted h e re is d i ffe r e n tf

r o m Jon es, w her e author i t i es , l ooki ng fortw o arm ed bl ack mal es i n a bl ack M er cede s , i m perm i s s i bl ys i ngl ed outtw o bl ack mal es i n a bl ack M er cede s i n a ci t yas l ar ge as A l buquer que at4: 00 p. m . on a w eekda yaft ernoon, w her e the vehi cl e: ( 1) al s o cont ai ned a w om an and a tl eas tone chi l d; ( 2) w as nottr avel i ng i n a di r ect i on aw ayfr om t he di s turbance ; ( 3) parked ata gr ocerys t or e r atherthan fl eei ng author i t i es ; and ( 4) di d notappea roroper at e i n a w ayt o ar ous e the o ffic e rs ’ s u s p ic io n s . 9 9 8 F .2 d a t 8 8 4 -8 5 . I n contr as t , t he s i tuat i on her e i nvol ved notonl ya dark- col or ed C adi l l ac a nd-12-

atl eas tt hr ee bl ack mal es m at chi ng the gene r al des cr i pt i on pr ovi ded, butthe C adi l l ac w as t he onl yvehi cl e i n the vi ci ni tyi n the ea r l yhour s of the morni ng, a n d a ls o s p e d a n d w o v e b e tw e e n la n e s in a d ir e c tio n a w a yf ro m th e ro b b e ry. W e have he l d s us pect s fl eei ng fr om an arm ed r obberypr es entan exi gencycal l i ng for a c tio n , s ee Uni t ed Stat es v. Mi l l er , 532 F. 2d 1335, 1338 ( 10th C i r . 1976) , and the m a tch in g g e n e ra l d e sc rip tio n o f th e ro b b e ryv e h icle a n d su sp e c ts, to g e th e r w ith t he t i m e of da y , l ack of ot hert r aff

i c, and di r ect i on, l ocat i on, and err at i c oper at i on o f th e C a d ill a c p ro v id e d O ffice r M in g w ith su fficie n t ar ticu lab le, re a so n a b le su sp icio n to c o n d u c t a p a t-d o w n se a rc h in o rd e r to a ss u re h is a n d o th e rs’ sa fe ty dur i ng t he tr aff

i c s t op. M or eover , unl i ke the s i tuat i on i n Jones , M r. R icha rds’s d em ea n o r an d h esit an t coo p era ti o n , tog ethe r w ith o ther e x am p les o f th e C ad il lac’s err at i c oper at i on, i ncl udi ng i t s fai l ur e t o s t op and i t s oper at i on nextt o the curb at i dl i ng s peed foral m os tfor t yy ar ds , contr i but ed t o the t ot al i tyof the c irc u m sta n c e s a n d O ffice r M in g ’s a rticu lab le, re a so n a b le s u sp icio n th e o c c u p a n ts m ig h t b e a c c e s s in g a w e a p o n . I I I . C oncl us i on Fort hes e and the otherr eas ons out l i ned bythe di s tr i ctcour t , M r . R i char ds h a s fa iled to c a rryh is b u rd e n o f sh o w in g th e d istric t co u rt e rre d in d e n y in g h is m o tio n to s u p p re s s e v id e n c e o f th e g u n fo u n d d u ri n g a p a t- d o w n s e a rc h .-13-

A ccor di ngl y , w e AF F I RM M r . R i char ds ’ s convi ct i on.

E n ter ed b y th e C o u rt: W ADE BRO RBY U ni t ed St at es C i r cui tJ udge