# United States **Court of Appeals**  **for the Federal Circuit**

______________________ ROBERT L. DOYON, Plaintiff

- Appellant

v.

UNITED STATES, Defendant

- Appellee

______________________

2021

- 2095

______________________ Appeal from the United States Court of Federal Claims in No. 1:19

- cv

- 01964

- LKG, Judge Lydia Kay Griggsby.

______________________
Decided: January 25, 2023

______________________

M ICHAEL C LEMENTE , Latham & Watkins LLP, Washington, DC, argued for plaintiff

- appellant. Also represented by E UGENE R. E LROD , A DAM M ICHAEL G REENFIELD ; R EMINGTON L AMONS , Costa Mesa, CA; R OCHELLE B OBROFF , National Veterans Legal Services Program, Arlington, VA

.

E LIZABETH A NNE S PECK , Commercial Litigation Branch, Civil Division, United States Department of Justice, Washington, DC, argued for defendant

- appellee. Also represented by B RIAN M. B OYNTON , S TEVEN J OHN G ILLINGHAM , P ATRICIA M. M C C ARTHY

.

A LEXANDER O. C ANIZARES , Perkins Coie, LLP, Case: 21-2095 Document: 63 Page: 1 Filed: 01/25/2023DOYON v. US 2

Washington, DC, for amicus curiae Connecticut Vet erans Legal Center. Also represented by J OHN M ICHAEL G EISE , Elias Law Group LLP , Washington, DC

.

M AYA M. E CKSTEIN , Hunton Andrews Kurth LLP, Richmond, VA, for amicus curiae Protect Our Defenders. Also represented by J EFFREY P IERCE L AMBERSON ; K E VIN E DWARD G AUNT , Washington, DC.

A LEC U MBERTO G HEZZI , Veterans ’ Voice of America, Silver Spring, MD, for amicus curiae Vietnam Veterans of America.

______________________
Before N EWMAN , L INN , and C HEN , Circuit Judges

. C HEN , Circuit Judge

. Pl aintiff

- Appellant Robert Doyon petitioned the Board for the Correction of Naval Records (BCNR) to correct his military service records to state that he was discharged from the Navy for service

- connected post

- traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) rather than a “personality disorder.” After the BCNR denied his petition , Doyon brought suit in the Court of Federal Claims (Claims Court), seeking disability retirement payment for service

- conn ected PTSD pursuant to 10 U.S.C. § 1201 and alleging that the BCNR failed to review his application with “liberal consideration

. ” The g overnment moved for judgment on the administrative record, which the Claims Court granted. The court reasoned that the “liberal consideration” standard does not apply to the type of correction Mr. Doyon requested

. Because Mr. Doyon challenges the correctness of the narrative reason for his discharge , as stated in his military records

, and because both 10 U.S.C. § 1552(h) and a Department of Defense memorandum (Kurta Memo) require liberal consideration for such correction requests , the Claims Court erred in holding that the liberal Case: 21-2095 Document: 63 Page: 2 Filed: 01/25/2023DOYON v. US 3

consideration standard does not apply to Mr. Doyon’s petition . Accordingly, we vacate the Claims Court’s decision granting judgment on the administrative record in favor of the government and remand with instructions to afford Mr. Doyon’s application liberal consideration.

B ACKGROUND
I. Statutory and Regulatory Background Congress created a statutory framework of administrative boards to adjudicate petitions by current or former military service member s to correct their military records. 10 U.S.C. § 1552. Congress authorized the Secretaries of military departments , acting through such adm inistrative boards for each department , to “correct any military record” when “necessary to correct an error or remove an injustice.” Id. § 1552(a)(1) ; see also 32 C.F.R. § 723.2 (establishing the BCNR)

. A service member who believes he was erroneously d enied disability retirement due to errors in his military records may petition the BCNR for correction of his military record. See Chambers v. United States , 417 F.3d 1218, 1225 (Fed. Cir. 2005) ( explaining that “w here the service member was released from service without a [retirement] board hearing and subsequentlyfiles a claim for disability retirement before a military correction board

, the Correction Board becomes the first proper board to act (or to be asked to act) on the matter

. . . . [and a] Corr ection Board proceeding becomes a mandatory remedy ” ( internal quotation marks and citation omitted)). There is no dispute that the BCNR has the power to make corrections granting or amending military disability retirement. Appellant’s Br. 34; Appellee’s Br. 20

.In 2014, Secretary of Defense Chuck Hagel issued guidance to correction boards regarding claims seeking to upgrade a service member ’s discharge characterization based on previously unrecognized PTSD

. J.A. 1232

– 35 (Hagel Memo). The Hagel Memo noted that , because “ PTSD was not recognized as a diagnosis at the time of service ” for Case: 21-2095 Document: 63 Page: 3 Filed: 01/25/2023DOYON v. US 4

Vietnam veterans and because PTSD diagnoses often “were not made until decades after service was completed ,”
many veterans’ records lack sufficient “substantive information” concerning PTSD. J.A. 1232

. The Hagel Memo therefore instructed correction boards to give liberal consideration to “petitions for changes in characterization ofservice” when the former service member’s records “document one or more symptoms” of PTSD. Id. “Characterization of service” is a term of art that appears on military discharge paperwork and that reflect s the circumstances of

a veteran’s separation from military service

— i.e., “Honorable,” “General (Under Honorable Conditions),” and “ Under Other Than Honorable Conditions .” See Dep’t of Defense (DoD) Instruction 1332.14 at Encl

. 4, ¶ 3(b)(2).

Then , o n August 25, 2017, Undersecretary of Defense Anthony Kurta issued a nother memorandum

, titled “Clarifying Guidance to Military Discharge Review Boards and Boards for Correction Military/Naval Records Considering Requests by Veterans for Modification of their Discharge Due to Mental Health Conditions; Traumatic Brain Injury; Sexual Assault; or Sexual Harassment” (Kurta Memo), toexpand on the Hagel Memo and to promote “greater uniformity amongst the review boards.” J.A

. 1940 ; see also J.A. 1943 ¶ 22

. Unlike the Hagel Memo, which was focused

on “ petitions for changes in characterization of s ervice”

— e.g., changing a service member ’s discharge from dishonorable or less

- than

- honorable to honorable, J.A

. 1234, the Kurta Memo ’s guidance is not limited to discharge characterization upgrades and appl ies to “ any petition seeking discharge relief including requests to change the narrative

reason, re

- enlistment codes, and upgrades from General to Honorable characterizations

, ” J.A. 1943 ¶ 24. Like the Hagel Memo, t he Kurta Memo explains that the more lenient liberal consideration evidentiary standard is appropriate for PTSD

- related correction claims because “[i]t is unreasonable to expect the same level of proof for injustices committed years ago when

. . . PTSD

. . . w[as] Case: 21-2095 Document: 63 Page: 4 Filed: 01/25/2023DOYON v. US 5

far less understood than [it is] today.” J.A. 1943

– 44 ¶ 26(a), (b), (k)

. Evidence relevant to a PTSD

- related petition may include “changes in behavior

, . . . deterioration in work performance; inability of the individual to conformtheir behavior to the expectations of the military environment; substance abuse; episodes o f depression, panic attacks, or anxiety” and more. J.A. 1941 ¶ 5

. Additionally, the “veteran’s testimony alone” may establish the existence of PTSD, and a service -connection determination by the VA is “persuasive evidence” that PTSD existed during milita ry service. J.A. 1942 ¶¶ 13

– 14

. There is no dispute that t he Hagel and Kurta Memo s ’ guidance is binding on the BCNR. See Fisher v. United States , 402 F.3d 1167, 1177 (Fed. Cir. 2005) (“[T]he military is bound to follow its own procedural regulations sho uld it choose to promulgate them.”). Congress subsequently codified the liberal consideration standard into the BCNR’s authorizing statute o n December 12, 2017, when it amended 10 U.S.C. § 1552 to add sub -section (h). See National Defense Authorization Act for Fiscal Year 2018, Pub. L. No. 115

- 91 § 520, 131 Stat. 1283, 1379, 1380 (2017). Section 1552(h) imposed a requirement on correction board s to review claims involving PTSD with liberal consideration

. See 10 U.S.C. § 1552 (h). Under controlling naval regulations at the time of Mr. Doyon’s discharge

, service member s could be “separated [from military service] , by reason of unsuitability, with an honorable or general discharge” for, among other reasons, character and behavioral disorders “[a]s determined by medical authority.” J.A. 18 3 4 (Bureau of Naval Personnel Manual

— Part C) § 10310(1), (2)(e). To discharge a service member as “ unsuitable ” due to a personality disorder, “the disorder [must be] of such severity as to render the member incapable of serving adequately.” I d. § 10310(4). Moreover, controll ing DoD regulations at the time of Mr. Doyon’s discharge distinguish ed personality disorders

, such ascharacter and behavioral disorders, from physical disabilities, such as psychoses and psychoneuroses (then

Case: 21-2095 Document: 63 Page: 5 Filed: 01/25/2023DOYON v. US 6

analogues to PTSD). See DoD Directive 1332.18 , Encl. 2, § XIV ¶ 3(a) (Sept. 9, 1968) (J.A. 1190) (specifying that“[c]haracter and behavior disorders may render an individual unsuitable rather than unfit because of physical disability” (emphasis added) ) ; see also id. , Encl. 1 ¶ E ( J.A

. 1164 ) (defining “physical disability” as including “mental disease [except] behavior disorders, personality d isorders, and primary mental deficiency”).

M ilitary disability retirement , on the other hand, is governed by 10 U.S.C. § 1201, which provides: “[U]pon the Secretary’s determination that a service member is ‘unfit to perform the duties of the member’s offi ce, grade, rank,or rating because of physical disability incurred while entitled to basic pay,’ the service member may retire for disability.” See Chambers , 417 F.3d at 1223 , 1224 (quoting 10 U.S.C. § 1201(a)); see also DoD Directive 1332.18 § V(A)(1) (Sept. 9, 1968) (J.A

. 1153) (setting forth “ Standards of Unfitness by Reason of Physical Disability ”). A separate Physical Examination Board “determines a servicemember’s fitness for duty and entitlement to disability retirement once a Medical Ex amination Board

. . . finds thesoldier does not meet the [military department’s] standards for retention under its regulations.” See Chambers

, 417 F.3d at 1225 n.2. So while some service members might be discharged from military service on “ unsuitabilit y” grounds , other service members may instead retirefrom service due to disability if the Secretary of their respective military department determines that they are “ unfit ” for duty

. II. Mr. Doyon’s Military Service
Mr. Doyon served in the Navy from March 17, 1966, to November 21, 1968

. J.A. 1102 ; J.A. 1136

. During the Vietnam War , Mr. Doyon was assigned to the U.S.S. Intrepid

, where he attained the rank of Airman and received several medals and commendations

, including the V ietnam Service Medal ( One Bronze Star), the Vietnam Campaign Medal, Case: 21-2095 Document: 63 Page: 6 Filed: 01/25/2023DOYON v. US 7

and the National Defense Service Medal. J.A

. 124 0– 46 ; J.A

. 1969

. On July 29, 1967, a rocket misfired on the deck of the U.S.S. Forrestal

, causing an explosion and fire that resulted in mo re than 130 deaths and 160 injuries. J.A

. 1001

– 02 ¶ 2; J.A

. 1251 –55

. From the deck of the Intrepid

, Mr. Doyon witnessed the immediate aftermath of the explosion and fire. Id

. On October 23, 1967, four members of the Intrepid went Absent W ithout Leave (AWOL). J.A

. 1007

– 08 ¶ 24 ; J.A

. 1255

. Mr. Doyon alleges that because he was friendly with two of the deserters, he was verbally and physically harassed and threatened by his ship mates. J.A

. 1007

– 08 ¶ 24 ; J.A

. 1577 ¶ 12 . In April1968, Mr. Doyon’s parents wrote to Senator Edward Kennedy about his mental health

, and Senator Kennedy, in turn, wrote to the commanding officer of the Intrepid

. J .A

. 1008 ¶ 25

. The commanding officer subsequently reprimanded Mr. Doyon for going outside of the chain of command

. J.A

. 1254

. In May 1968, Mr. Doyon went AWOL for two days. J.A

. 1246 ; J.A

. 1256 ; J.A

. 1268

– 69 . Upon his return to the Intrepid , Mr. Doyon was referred to the ship’s sick bay because of his “inability to get along with his peers, his recentmental agitation and deteriorating work habits, and his expression of admiration for several of 1967 ’ s famous four deserters.” J.A. 1 009 ¶ 28. Once admitted to sick bay, he was sedated with Thorazine, which Mr. Doyon contends is an antipsychotic

. J.A

. 1009 ¶ 28; J.A

. 1115 ; see also J.A. 1258

. On August 16, 1968, Mr. Doyon was transferred to Naval Base Subic Bay for further evaluation. J.A. 1009 ¶ 29. Whil e at Subic Bay, a medical evaluation diagnosed Mr. Doyon with “passive aggressive personality disorder.” J.A. 1009 ¶ 30. On August 31, 1968, Mr. Doyon returned to the Intrepid

. J.A

. 1010 ¶ 32. Less than a month later

, Mr. Doyon witnessed a fatal plane crash , including dismemberment of Case: 21-2095 Document: 63 Page: 7 Filed: 01/25/2023DOYON v. US 8

a fellow Airman, while he was standing duty at a video recording console

. J.A

. 1010

– 11 ¶ 36 ; J.A. 1256

– 57

. Mr

. Doyon was then spen t several hours replaying video recordings of the crash for Air Department and Incident Report Personnel . J.A

. 1011 ¶ 37 ; J.A. 1257

. On September 26, 1968, the commanding officer of the Intrepid recommended the Navy separate Mr. Doyon from military service for unsuitability

, citi ng his diagnosis of passive

- aggressive personality disorder. J.A. 1279

. A subsequent psychiatric evaluation conducted on October 28, 1968, changed Mr. Doyon’s diagnosis to “Emotionally Unstable Personality #3210, with noted paranoid trait in his personal ity.” J.A

. 1002 ¶ 4; J.A. 1115 ; J.A. 1052

. O n November 21, 1968, Mr. Doyon was discharged from the Navy. J.A

. 1134. The “ Characterization of Service ” field on Mr. Doyon’s DD

- 214 form 1 characterize d his discharge as “ Honorable ,” and the “ Reason and Authority ” field on his DD

- 214 form contained a separation code indicat ing that he was discharged for unsuitability due to a personality disorder. 2 See J.A . 11 02

. Accordingly , Mr.

1 Mr. Doyon’s DD

- 214 f orm is en titled “ Armed Forcesof the United States Report of Transfer or Discharge .” J.A

. 1102

. A DD

- 214 form provides “a clear, concise summary of each discrete period of active service

. . . . [and] includes relevant data regarding the[service] member’s service and the circumstances of termination ” and serves as “an authoritative source of personnel information for administrative purposes, and for making enlistment or reenlistment eligibility determi nations.” DoD Instruction 1336.01 § 1. 2(d)(1), (2) (Feb

. 17
, 20 22 ).

2 The “ BUPERS MAN UAL ART . C

- 10310 ” separation code in the “Reason and Authority” field of Mr. Doyon’s Case: 21-2095 Document: 63 Page: 8 Filed: 01/25/2023DOYON v. US 9

Doyon was not eligible to receive a military disability retirement.

II I. Administrative Proceedings In December 2013, Mr. Doyon filed an application for disability compensation with the Department of Veterans Affairs (VA) for PTSD. J.A

. 1404 . In June 2014, a VA psychiatrist diagnosed Mr. Doyon with PTSD and opin ed that he had experienced in

- service stressors

, including witnessing the fatal plane crash and the Forestall fire

. J.A

. 1112

– 20

. T he VA subsequently granted Mr. Doyon’s application for disability compensation due to PTSD and assigned a 50

- percent disabil ity rating

, effective December 9, 2013. J.A. 1136

– 39 . On November 18, 2015, based on a PTSD diagnosis by a second VA psychiatrist, the VA granted Mr. Doyon’s claim for an increased disability rating and assign ed a 70

- percent disability rating

, effective August 27, 2015. J.A. 1406

– 12; J.A. 1141

– 44

. In September 2017, Mr. Doyon sought correction of his military records with the BCNR. J.A

. 1068

– 70

. Specifically, Mr. Doyon requested that the BCNR correct the separation code indicating the narrative reason for his discharge on his DD

- 214 form to: (1 ) reflect that he was medically retired due to physical disability ; (2) reflect that he was unfit and medically retired for psychoses or psychoneuroses (then

- analogu es to PTSD); and (3) remove any reference to unsuitability due to personality disorder

. 3 J.A

. 1068 ; see also J.A

. 1094 (supporting brief requesting

DD

- 214 correspond s to “Discharge of Enlisted Person ne l by Reason of Unsuitability.” See J.A. 1102; J.A. 1834

.

3 The narrative reason for Mr. Doyon’s discharge isa separation code, and he seeks to correct the narrative reason by changing to a different separation code, one necessary for military disability retirement. See J.A. 1102; J.A. 1068. Case: 21-2095 Document: 63 Page: 9 Filed: 01/25/2023DOYON v. US 10

same). Mr. Doyon also argued that his request was entitled to liberal consideration pursuant to 10 U.S.C. § 1552

. J.A

. 1074

. To support his application , Mr. Doyon submitted a psychiatric evaluation report from Dr. Ted R. Greenzang, who opined that ( i ) Mr. Doyon experienced manifestations of PTSD at the time of his military discharge from the military, ( ii ) his medical history was inconsistent with a personality disorder diagnosis, and ( ii i) his separation from the Navy for unsuitability was “not an appr opriate disposition.” J.A

. 1423

– 39. The BCNR then sought an advisory opinion from Secretary of the Navy Council of Review Boards (CORB), J.A. 1067, and a CORB medical advisor respond ed that the evidence did not support a determination that Mr. Doyon had a PTSD

- based physical disability

, J.A. 1052

– 57. The medical advisor therefore concluded that there was insufficient evidence to support an unfitness determination but noted th at reconsideration would be appropriate “[s]hould further evidence surface suppo rting unfitness or a disability retirement. ” J.A. 1056. Mr. Doyonresponded to that advisory opinion and submitted a responsive report from Dr. Greenzang. J.A

. 1803

– 12; J.A

. 1815

– 20. On November 20, 2018, t he BCNR denied Mr. Doyon’s petition. J.A

. 1049

– 51

. T he BCNR “substantially concurred” with the advisory opinion, concluding that the evidentiary record did not warrant a change to Mr. Doyon’s military record

. J.A

. 1050. As to Dr. Greenzang’s opinion and Mr. Doyon’s recent VA ratings for his PTSD condition, the BCNR found that “these findings were made too distant in time from 1968 to be probative of [ Mr. Doyon’s ] fitness for continued n aval service in 1968” and there was “more than enough evidence [in Mr. Doyon’s military record] of behavior con sistent with a personality disorder to support the diagnosis made in 1968.” Id. Case: 21-2095 Document: 63 Page: 10 Filed: 01/25/2023DOYON v. US 11

IV

. Claims Court Proceeding On December 27, 2019, Mr. Doyon initiated a military pay action before the Claims Court, challenging the BCNR’s denial of his request to correct his military records to reflect that he was unfit for duty and medically retired for psychosis or psychoneuroses associated with PTSD. Doyon v. United States , No. 19

- 1964C, 2021 WL 120923,
at *1 (Fed. Cl. Jan. 13, 2021) . As relief, Mr. Doyon sought (i) a n order that his military records be corrected, (ii) military disability retirement pay, and (iii) other pay. Id. The
g overnment moved to dismiss Mr. Doyon’s complaint for lack of subject

- matter jurisdiction and for failure to state a claim upon which relief can be granted. Id

. The parties also filed cross

- motions for judgment upon the administrative record

. Id

. Mr. Doyon argue d that the BCNR erred by failing to rev iew his application with liberal consideration pursuant to 10 U.S.C. § 1552(h) and the Kurta Memo

. J.A

. 2134

– 35; J.A

. 2304

– 05 ; J.A. 2326

. The government argued that the Kurta Memo does not mandate liberal consideration under the circumstance s because the memo is limited to misconduct

- based upgrades or modifications to a service member’s characterization of service (characterization upgrades)

— e.g., changing a service member ’s discharge from dishonorable or less

- than

- honorable to honorable . J.A

. 2212. The government did not substantively respond to Mr. Doyon’s § 1552(h) arguments. See J.A

. 2214

. In its decision, t he Claims Court concluded that the Kurta Memo is not limited to misconduct

- based discharge upgrades or modifications but instead requires the BCNR to also afford liberal consideration to requests seeking to correct the narrative reason for a service member ’s discharge

. See Doyon , 2021 WL 120923, at *10. The court found , however, that the BCNR did not err by not applying liberal consideration to Mr. Doyon’s case because he sought “a determination regarding his fitness for duty in 1968

, ” which is a necessary finding for military disability Case: 21-2095 Document: 63 Page: 11 Filed: 01/25/2023DOYON v. US 12

retirement, rather than “challeng[ing] the narrative reason for his discharge” from the Navy for unsuitabil ity based on a personality disorder

. Id. ; see also 10 U.S.C. § 1201(a)

. Mr. Doyon timely appealed to this court. We have jurisdiction over an appeal from a final decision of the Claims Court pursuant to 28 U.S.C. § 1295(a)(3).

D ISCUSSION
I. Standard of Review

Service members who are dissatisfied with the decision of the BCNR may seek judicial review

, Mitchell v. United States , 930 F.2d 893, 896 (Fed. Cir. 1991)

, b ut a court may only set aside the BCNR’s decision if it was “arbitrary or capri cious, unsupported by substantial evidence, or otherwise not in accordance with law”

— i.e., “essentially the standard under which administrative agency decisions are reviewed, ” Fisher , 402 F.3d at 1180 . “ We review a decision of the Court of Federal Claims granting or denying a motion for judgment on the administrative record without deference.” Barnick v. United States , 591 F.3d 1372, 1377 (Fed. Cir. 2010) (citing Chambers , 417 F.3d at 1227)

. We therefore appl y “the same standard of review as the trial court” and will not disturb the BCNR’s decision unless it is “arbitrary, capricious, contrary to law, or unsupported by substantial evidence.” Id

. II

. Liberal Consideration Mr. Doyon’s application asked the BCNR to change the narrative reason for his discharge indicated on his DD

- 214 form from unsuitability due to personality disorder to a PTSD

- related physical disability so that he would be eligible for disability retirement payments

. Appellant’s Br. 40

– 41; J.A

. 1068; J.A

. 1073, 1094 . The only dispute is whether the BCNR was required to apply a “liberal consideration” standard to Mr. Doyon’s application pursuant to either the Kurta Memo or 10 U.S.C. § 1552(h). We consider each theory separately. Case: 21-2095 Document: 63 Page: 12 Filed: 01/25/2023DOYON v. US 13

A. Kurta Memo Mr. Doyon argues that the BCNR should have givenliberal consideration, in view of the Kurta Memo, to his application to correct the narrative reason on his DD

- 214 form . Appellant’s Br. 39

– 49

. The government again argues that the Kurta Memo is limited to characterization upgrades and does not encompass changing a narrativereason for discharge to medical disability retirement. Appellee’s Br

. 32

– 35. W e agree with the Claims Court thatthe Kurta Memo is not limited to characterization upgrades but “requires that the BCNR give ‘liberal consideration’ to applications seeking discharge relief that challenge the narrative reason for a military discharge.” Doyon

, 2021 WL 120923, at *10. However, we disagree with the Claims Court ’s finding that Mr. Doyon is not challenging the reason f or his discharge

. Mr. Doyon requested the BCNR change the narrative reason on his DD

- 214 form to reflect that he was discharged due to physical disability (i.e., PTSD) rather than personality disorder. Mr. Doyon thus challenge d his narrative reason for d ischarge, and such challenge is entitled to liberal consideration under the Kurta Memo

. To ensure “greater uniformity amongst the review boards,” the Kurta Memo instructs that liberal consideration (1) “will be given” to a veteran’s application for discha rge relief “based in whole or in part on matters relating to mental health conditions, including PTSD ”; and (2) is not limited to characterization upgrades (e.g., from Under Other Than Honorable Condition to Honorable Discharge ) but “appl[ies] to any petition seeking discharge relief including requests to change the narrative reason , re

- enlistmentcodes, and upgrades from General to Honorable characterizations.” J.A. 1940 ; J.A. 19 41 ¶ 3; J.A. 1943 ¶ 24 (emphasis added); see also J.A. 1943 ¶ 20 (defining “discharge” as including “the characterization, narrative reason , separation code, and re

- enlistment code” (emphasis added)). In other words, the narrative reason for discharge is a Case: 21-2095 Document: 63 Page: 13 Filed: 01/25/2023DOYON v. US 14

distinct , recognized basis for correction, separate and apart f rom upgrading or modifying a service member’s characterization of service , and is entitled to liberal consideration. S ee also LaBonte v. United States , 43 F.4th 1357 , 1374 (Fed. Cir. 2022) (noting that “[t]he Kurta Memo .

. . make[s] clear that this liber al consideration applies not only to upgrades to the character of a discharge, but also to requests for changes to the narrative reason for separation on a veteran’s DD

- 214”).
Moreover, t he Kurta M emo expressly authorizes the BCNR to analyze evidence related to the correctness of the narrativ e reason for dischar ge : “E vidence that may reasonabl y support more than one diagnosis or a change in diagnosis, particularly where the diagnosis is listed as the narrative reason for discharge , will be liberally construed

as warranting a change in narrative reason to ‘Secretarial Authority,’ ‘Condition not a disability, ’ or another appropriate basis .” J.A

. 1942

– 43 ¶ 17 (emphasis added); see also J.A

. 1942 ¶¶ 13

– 14 (explaining that “[a] diagnosis made by a licensed psychiatrist or psychologist that the condition existed during military service will receive li beral consideration” and that a determination made by the VA should be considered “persuasive evidence” that PTSD existed during military service ). The memo further explain s that “liberal consideration” is the appropriate evidentiary burden under these ci rcumstances because “[i]t is unreasonable to expect the same level of proof for injustices committed years ago when” PTSD was “far less understood than [it is] today.” J.A

. 1943 ¶ 26

. In sum , a veteran’s challenge to the recorded narrative reason for discharge necessarily encompasses the factual determinations necessary to correct or maintain the narrative reason. Here, Mr. Doyon contends that the narrative reason for his discharge, as represented in his DD

- 214 form, should be corrected from the “BUPERSMAN Art. C

- 10310, 265” separation code (i.e., unsuitability due to personality disorder) to the “BUPERSMAN C

- 10305” separation code (i.e., Case: 21-2095 Document: 63 Page: 14 Filed: 01/25/2023DOYON v. US 15

separation due to physical disability). Appellant’s Br

. 40

– 41; J.A

. 1001 ( Appellant’s complai nt to the Claims Court); see also J.A

. 1068 (Appellant’s application to the BCNR ); J.A

. 1073, 1094 (Appellant’s briefing to the BCNR ); J.A

. 1969 (Appellant’s DD

- 214 form ); J.A

. 1830 (description for BUPERSMAN C

- 10305)

. Regardless of whether an unfitness d etermination is necessary for an ultimate determination of whether Mr. Doyon was entitled to military disability retirement, see Doyon , 2021 WL 120923, at *10, Mr. Doyon’s application to the BCNR is nonetheless a challenge to the accuracy of the narrative reason listed on his DD

- 214 form . As such, the Kurta Memo require s that the BCNR review Mr. Doyon’s application with liberal consideration.

Because the Claim s Court mischaracterized Mr. Doyon’s claim as not challeng ing the narrative reason for his discharge and

, thus

, determined that liberal consideration was not required, vacatur is warranted

. W e offer no opinion as to whether liberal consideration would ent itle Mr. Doyon to a correction of his DD

- 214 form or to disability retirement. See discussion infra § III

. The BCNR legally erred by reviewing the merits of Mr. Doyon’s application without giving it liberal consideration

. B. 10 U.S.C. § 1552( H )

Mr. Doyon separately argues that 10 U.S.C. § 1552(h) requires that the BCNR give liberal consideration to his correction request because his application is a “claim under [§ 1552] for review of a discharge,” “based in whole or in part on matters related to [PTSD],” and his service

- connected PTSD “contributed to the circumstances resulting in [his] discharge.” Appellant’s Br. 32

– 33 (quoting § 1552(h) (1), (2)(B))

. The government disagrees

, arguing that § 1552( h) cannot be retroactively applied to his applicatio n and that it is substantively inapplicable to the same

. Case: 21-2095 Document: 63 Page: 15 Filed: 01/25/2023DOYON v. US 16

We disagree with the government and address each objection separately. 4

1 The government argues that Mr. Doyon failed to demonstrate that § 155 2(h), which was enacted after Mr. Doyon filed his appl ication to the B C NR, retroactively applied to his application. Appellee’s Br. 20. Although the government ’s argument was not present ed to the Claims

4 The government als o asserts that Mr. Doyon did not preserve his § 1552(h)

- based arguments by failing to present it to the BCNR. Appellant’s Br. 18

– 20. Even if that were the case, the government did not object below when Mr. Doyon repeatedly argued to the Claims Court that § 1552(h)(2)(B) required the BCNR to review his application with liberal consideration. J.A. 2134

– 35; J.A

. 2304

– 05; J.A. 2326 & n.1. Accordingly, the government forfeited its preservation argument. See In re Google Tech. Holdings LLC , 980 F.3d 858, 862 (Fed. Cir. 2020). Moreover , we exercise our discretion to consider the interpretation of § 155 2(h) because Mr. Doyon pressed his § 155 2(h)

- based argument to the Claims Court and the parties’ cross

- motions for judgment based on the administrative record s uggest that the factual record needs no further development. See Singleton v. Wulff , 428 U.S. 106, 121 (1976) (“The matter of what questions may be taken up and resolved for the first time on appeal is one left primarily to the discretion of the courts of appeals, to be exercised on the facts of individual cases.”) ; see also White v. U.S. Dep ’ t of the Army , 720 F.2d 209, 211 (D.C. Cir. 1983) (“Exercise of that discretion is particularly appropriate where .

. . the question is a purely legal one, the resolu tion of which would not be aided by any further factual development.

. . . [and the agency] has fully stated its position and reasoning on this issue.”). Case: 21-2095 Document: 63 Page: 16 Filed: 01/25/2023DOYON v. US 17

Court

— despite argument by Mr. Doyon regarding § 155 2(h)

— we nonetheless conclude that § 155 2(h) applie s to the BCNR’s decision on Mr. Doyon’s application.

“A statute does not operate ‘ retrospectively ’ merely because it is applied in a case arising from conduct antedating the statute ’ s enactment .” Landgraf v. USI Film Prod s. , 511 U.S. 244, 265, 269 (1994). T o determine whether a “statute should be applied to a case that originated before the statute was passed”

— i.e., whether applying the statute would have improper “retroactive effect”

— the question is “whether the new provision attaches new legal c onsequences to events completed before its enactment.” Rodriguez v. Peake , 511 F.3d 1147, 1152

– 53 (Fed. Cir. 2008) ( citing Landgraf , 511 U.S. at 269

– 70 ).

We typically examine three factors to determine whether a statute would have retroactive effect :

“ (1) whether it would impair rights possessed by a party when he acted, (2) whether it would increase a party’s liability for past conduct, or (3) whether it would impose new duties with respect to already completed transact ions.” I d.
at 1153

. Here, 10 U.S.C. § 1552(h) prescribes the circumstances in which the BCNR must apply liberal consideration. It does not impair Mr. Doyon’s rights, increase h is liability for past conduct , or impose any new duties on him. Likewise, § 1552(h) does not impair the rights of, increase the liability of, or impose new legal consequences on the government because the Kurta Memo already required the BCNR to review “ an y petition seeking discharge relief ” with liberal consideration

. See Rodriguez v. Peake , 511 F.3d at 1152

– 53 ; see also J.A

. 1943. As such, the BCNRwas obligated to “apply the law in effect at the time it renders its decision, unless doing so would result in manifestinjustice or there is statutory direction or legislative history to the contrary .” See Bradley v. Sch

. Bd. of Richmond

, 416 U.S. 696, 711 (1974); see also Landgraf , 511 U.S. at 278 (explaining that Bradley is “consistent with a presumpt ion against statutory retroactivity”). And although the Claims Case: 21-2095 Document: 63 Page: 17 Filed: 01/25/2023DOYON v. US 18

Court recognized that Congress codified the liberal consideration standard with respect to reviewing “the circumstances resulting in the discharge,” Doyon , 2021 WL 120923, at *3 (quoting 10 U. S.C. § 1552(h)(2)(B)), the court did not apply § 1552(h), which was “ in effect at the time it render[ed] its decision ,” nor explain its decision not to apply § 1552(h), cf. Bradley , 416 U.S. at 711

. We therefore hold that the BCNR and Claims Court erred b y fail ing to consider the effect of § 1552(h) on Mr. Doyon’s application.

2

The government also argues that the plain meaning of “review of a discharge or dismissal” in 10 U.S.C. § 1552(h)does not include review of an honorable discharge for reasons other than misconduct. Appellee’s Br. 21. We disagree. Section 1552(h) codified the liberal consideration standard prescribed by the Kurta Memo. Section 1552(h) states in full: (h)(1) This subsection applies to a former member of the armed forces whose claim under this section for review of a discharge or dismissal is based in whole or in part on matters relating to post

- traumatic stress disorder or traumatic brain injury as supporting rationale, or as justification for priority consideration, and whose post

- traumatic stress disorder or traumatic brain injury is related to combat or military sexual trauma , as determined by the Secretary concerned. (2) In the case of a claimant described in paragraph (1), a board established under subsection (a)(1) shall —(A) review medical evidence of the Secretary of Veterans Affairs or a civilian health care provider that is presented by the claimant; and Case: 21-2095 Document: 63 Page: 18 Filed: 01/25/2023DOYON v. US 19

(B) review the claim with liberal consideration to the claimant that post

- traumatic stress disorder or traumatic brain injury potentially contributed to the circumstances resulting in the discharge or dismissal or to the original characterization of the claimant’s discharge o r dismissal.

10 U.S.C. § 1552(h) (emphases added). In short

, § 1552(h) applies to all “former member[s] of the armed forces whoseclaim under this section for review of a discharge or dismissal is based in whole or in part on matters relating to post

trau matic stress disorder.” Id. § 1552(h)(1). And t he BCNR must review such claims “with liberal consideration to the claimant that post

- traumatic stress disorder ” (1 ) “ potentially contributed to the circumstances resulting in the discharge or dismissal” or (2 ) potentially contributed to the “original characterization of the claimant’s discharge or dismissal.” Id. § 1552(h)(2)(B).

There appears to be no dispute that Mr. Doyon is a “former member of the armed forces.” See id. § 1552(h)(1). Nor that his claim is “ based in whole or in part on matters relating to post

- traumatic stress disorder ” that is “related to combat.” Id. § 1552(h)(1); see also Doyon , 2021 WL 120923, at *13 (Claims Court noting that Mr. Doyon’s “PTSD diagnosis is not in dispute”). Instead

, the parties dispute whether Mr. Doyon’s application seeks a “ review of a discharge or dismissal ” that is entitled to liberal consideration. See Appellant’s Br. 33

– 38; Appellee’s Br. 21

– 23.The government argues that liberal consideration under § 1552(h) i s limit ed only to upgrading or modifying a service member’s characterization of service

. S ee A ppellee’s Br. 23 . However, nothing in the text of § 1552(h) limits liberal consideration for PTSD

- related claims to characterization upgrades or any other subset of misconduct

- related discharge relief regularly provided by the BCNR. Although not defined within the statute, the word Case: 21-2095 Document: 63 Page: 19 Filed: 01/25/2023DOYON v. US 20

“discharge” in § 1552(h)(1)’s “review of a discharge or dismissal” language plainly refers to “severance from military service.” See Gumpenberger v. Wilkie , 973 F.3d 1379, 1382 (Fed. Cir. 2020) (“A court interpreting the statu te ‘presume[s] that Congress intended to give those words theirplain and ordinary meanings.’” (alteration in original) (citation omitted)); s ee also Discharge

, Black’s Law Dictionary (11th ed. 2019) (“ 8. T he dismissal of a member of the armed services fro m military service.”); DoD Instruction 1332.14, Encl

. 6, at 54 ( defining “discharge as “[c] omplete severancefrom all military status gained through enlistment or induction ”). Even if “discharge” may refer to characterization of service when the term is accompanied by a preceding characterization modifier, 5 such as “honorable discharge,” for example, the unmodified “discharge” recited in § 1552(h)(1) is not limited to any particular characterization , honorable or otherwise . Moreover, th e government’sblanket, unsupported assertion that “discharge” has a settled meaning that is limited to a service member’s characterization of service

, s ee Appellant’s Br

. 32

– 33, is undermined by the Kurta Memo’s definition of “ discharge ”

as encompass ing “ narrative reason, separation code, and

re

- enlistment code ” in addition to “characterization

, ” see J.A. 1943 ¶ 20

. Furthermore, the express language of the statute makes clear that “review of discharge or dismissal” is not limited to just upgrading or modifying characterization of service. The statute does state, as one basis for providing liberal consideration, a cla im that PTSD potentially contributed to “the original characterization of the claimant’s

5 See Discharge

, Black’s Law Dictionary (11th ed. 2019) (providing characterization

- specific definitions for “administrative discharge,” “bad

- conduct discharge,” “dishonorable discharge,” “general discharge,” “honorable discharge,” and “undesirable discharge”). Case: 21-2095 Document: 63 Page: 20 Filed: 01/25/2023DOYON v. US 21

discharge or dismissal.” 10 U.S.C. § 1552(h)(2)(B). But the statute also states a second

, broader basis for liberal consideration: whether PTSD “potentially contributed to the circumstances resulting in the discharge or dismissal.” Id. Had Congress intended to limit liberal consideration only
to upgrading or modifying a service member’s characterization of service , the statute would not include the alterative “cir cumstances resulting in the discharge” clause as an additional, separate ground for liberal consideration

. See id. The government’s overly narrow reading would render the “ circumstances resulting in the discharge or dismissal ” clause superfluous and violate the “‘cardinal principle of statutory construction’ that ‘a statute ought, upon the whole, to be so construed that, if it can be prevented, noclause, sentence, or word shall be superfluous, void, or insignificant.’” See Gumpenberger , 973 F.3d at 1382 (citation omitted); see also

, e.g. , Lowe v. SEC , 472 U.S. 181, 207 n.53 (1985); Antonin Scalia & Bryan A. Garner, Reading Law: The Interpretation of Legal Texts 174

– 79 (2012). Moreover, whether the reason for Mr. Doyon’s discharge from the Navy was based on a misdiagnosis of personality disorder instead of PSTD is a question that falls within the plain meaning of the “circumstances resulting in the discharge

, ” to which § 1552(h)(2)(B) affords “liberal consideration.” Contrary to t he government’s arguments, t hat similar “liberal consideration” language is found in 10 U.S.C. § 1553 (d) does not control or limit 10 U.S.C. § 155 2(h)

. See Appellee’s Br. 23. Section 15 5 3 establishes discharge review boards (D R Bs) , which have the limited authority to “change a discharge or dismissal, or issue a new discharge.” 10 U.S.C. § 1553(b)(1); see also 32 C.F.R. § 724.205(a)(9) ( “The [D R B] shall have no authority to

. . . [c]hange the reason for discharge from or to a physical disability .” (emphasis added)). The BCNR’s authority is broader; it may “correct any military record” when “necessary to correct an error or remove an injustice.” 10 U.S.C. § 1552(a)(1) (emphasis added). So unlike the BCNR, the scope of liberal Case: 21-2095 Document: 63 Page: 21 Filed: 01/25/2023DOYON v. US 22

consideration at the D RB is circumscribed by the jurisdiction of the DRB, not by the language in § 1553 (d). Accordingly, 10 U.S.C. § 1552(h)(1)’s “ review of a discharge ” refers to the BCNR’s power to review and correct records related to a former service member’s “severance f rom military service.” 6 Mr. Doyon’s DD

- 214 form, titled “Report of T ransfer or Discharge,” includes a field indicating the narrative reason for his discharge

— i.e., the “Reason and Authority.” J.A

. 1102. Mr. Doyon seeks to correct this field. J.A

. 1068 ; see also J.A

. 1094. Whether Mr. Doyon’s discharge was misattributed to unsuitability based

on a personality disorder instead of unfit ness based on PTSD

- related disability plainly falls with in 10 U.S.C. § 1552(h) ’s requirement that the BCNR shall apply liberal consideration when review ing whether PTSD “potentiallycontributed to the circumstances resulting in the discharge .” Thus, the B C NR erred by not reviewing Mr.

6 After oral arguments, the government filed a letter
pursua nt to Rule 28(j) of the Federal Rules of AppellateProcedure, arguing that “disability retirement is not a ‘discharge’ because it is not a complete severance from all military status.” See Appellee’s Letter, No. 21

- 2095 (July 6, 2022), ECF No. 61. Althou gh the government purports to offer this argument “in response to Mr. Doyon’s argument that his request for a disability retirement is encompassed by a ‘review of a discharge or dismissal’” under 10 U.S.C. § 1552(h) or the Kurta Memo, id.

, the government never raised this argument to the Claims Court. See discussion
supra note 4 (discussing the government’s forfeiture)

. Notwithstanding forfeiture, Mr. Doyon was in fact dischargedfrom the Navy, and it is the recorded reason for that discharge for which he seeks review and correction, regardless of whether disability retirement is a complete separation from the military. Case: 21-2095 Document: 63 Page: 22 Filed: 01/25/2023DOYON v. US 23

Doyon’s application to correct his DD

- 214 form with liberal consideration. 7

III

. Military Disability Retirement Although this case is narrowly about correcting Mr. Doyon’s military records to reflect a discharge due to PTSD instead of a personality disorder, there is a larger underlying dispute about whether Mr. Doyon was unfit, rath er than unsuitable, for service at the time of his dischargefrom the Navy. Mr. Doyon argues that once the BCNR determines that PTSD, rather than a personality disorder, was the basis of his discharge from the Navy, he is automatically entitled to a new separation code reflecting unfitness due to physical disability , and that entitles him to medical retirement. See Appellant’s Br. 5 7– 60; Appellant’s Reply Br. 28

– 29; J.A. 1068. The government disagrees, arguing that a determination that Mr. Doyon was discharged due to PTSD does not automatically mean that he was alsounfit for service, which is a separate determination necessary for him to receive medical retirement. See Appellee’s Br. 51

– 53. This unfitness dispute between the parties is not properl y before us at this stage and can be addressed

, if necessary, on remand. Accordingly, this case is remanded to the Claims Court
to instruct the BCNR to consider whether the record evidence indicates, under the “liberal consideration”

7 Mr. Doyon also argues that the BCNR’s decision,even without liberal consideration, is not supported by substantial evidence. Appellant’s Br. 48

– 57. Because we decide today that the BCNR applied the wrong legal standard in assessing Mr. Doyon’s petition, we think the better

cours e is to have the BCNR apply the liberal consideration standard in the first instance rather than our court review fact findings that had been made using an incorrect legal standard. Case: 21-2095 Document: 63 Page: 23 Filed: 01/25/2023DOYON v. US 24

standard, that PTSD

- related psychoses or psychoneuroses “contributed to the circumstances resulting in [Mr. Doyon’s] discharge,” see 10 U.S.C. § 1552(h)(2), and “warrant[s] a change in [the] narrative reason” for Mr. Doyon’s discharge from the Navy

, see, e.g. , J.A. 1942

– 43.

C ONCLUSION For the foregoing reasons, the Claims Court’s decision is vacated . The case is remanded to the court for further proceedings consistent with this opinion.

VACATED AND REMANDED

COSTS Costs to Appellant. Case: 21-2095 Document: 63 Page: 24 Filed: 01/25/2023