NO. 07-03-0068-CV

IN THE COURT OF APPEALS

FOR THE SEVENTH DISTRICT OF TEXAS

AT AMARILLO

PANEL B

FEBRUARY 6, 2004

______________________________

JEREMY HAWA, 

Appellant

v.

METROPOLITAN LIFE INSURANCE COMPANY, 

Appellee

_________________________________

FROM THE 136TH DISTRICT COURT OF JEFFERSON COUNTY;

NO. D-167,221; HON. MILTON SHUFFIELD, PRESIDING

_______________________________

Memorandum Opinion

_______________________________

Before JOHNSON, C.J., and QUINN and CAMPBELL, JJ.

Jeremy Hawa (Hawa) appeals from a summary judgment denying him relief against

Metropolitan Life Insurance Company (Metropolitan). Hawa had sued to recover unearned

premiums on a life insurance policy he purchased. Through two issues, he contends that

the trial court erred in granting Metropolitan’s motion for summary judgment. We affirm.

Background

Hawa commenced this lawsuit to recover damages resulting from his purchase of

a yearly renewable life insurance policy. He contended that Metropolitan either breached
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The annual premium was $255. However, per the terms of the insurance policy, Hawa was allowed

to pay the amount in monthly or quarterly installments. He selected the latter method. 

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His claim approximated $11.

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its contract with him or unjustly enriched itself. It allegedly did so by charging him for

coverage when none was in effect. 

According to the insurance agreement before us, Metropolitan issued the policy to

Hawa on March 18, 2002. The policy date of the insurance agreement differed, however.

It was March 21, 2002. The latter represented the date on which the first premium was

due. It also established the date from which “[p]olicy years, months and anniversaries

[were] all measured.” Thus, the policy would “be renewed automatically for successive

periods of one year” from March 21st. Also included in the contract was a provision upon

which the claims of breached contract and unjust enrichment were founded. It stated that

“[t]he Policy will not be in force until the first full premium is paid.” 

Here, the undisputed evidence of record illustrates that though the initial premium

was due on March 21, 2002, Hawa did not pay it until April 2, 2002.1

 So, he had no

coverage for the 11-day period between March 21st and April 2nd. And, because he did

not and because those 11 days did not extend the anniversary or renewal date of the

policy, he sued under the theories mentioned above to recover an amount equal to the

purportedly unearned premium.2

Metropolitan moved for summary judgment contending that it could disprove, as a

matter of law, at least one element of the breached contract claim. So too did it aver that

Hawa could not recover under the theory of unjust enrichment because the terms of the
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contract itself addressed the situation. The trial court undoubtedly agreed with Metropolitan

since it granted the motion.

Argument

Authority

The standard of review applicable when considering orders granting summary

judgment is well known and need not be repeated. We find it sufficient to merely refer the

litigants to Science Spectrum, Inc. v. Martinez, 941 S.W.2d 910 (Tex. 1997) and Nixon v.

Mr. Property Management Co. Inc., 690 S.W.2d 546 (Tex. 1985) for its explanation.

Additionally, since resolution of the dispute before us concerns the interpretation of

a contract, it is important to recall several applicable rules regarding the subject. The first

mandates that construing an unambiguous contract involves a question of law. Cross

Timbers Oil Co. v. Exxon Corp., 22 S.W.3d 24, 26 (Tex. App.--Amarillo 2000, no pet.);

Borders v. KRLB, Inc., 727 S.W.2d 357, 359 (Tex. App.--Amarillo 1987, writ ref’d n.r.e.).

Thus, we need not defer to any interpretation afforded by the trial court. Cross Timbers Oil

Co. v. Exxon Corp., 22 S.W.3d at 26. Second, when interpreting the document, we strive

to give effect to the intent of its parties. Id. Furthermore, that intent is garnered from the

language of the contract itself, which language is considered in its entirety. Id. In other

words, we peruse the complete document to understand, harmonize, and effectuate all its

provisions. Id.; Questa Energy Corp. v. Vantage Point Energy, Inc., 887 S.W.2d 217, 221

(Tex. App.--Amarillo 1994, writ denied). So too must we afford the words contained in the

agreement their plain, ordinary, and generally accepted meaning, unless the instrument

requires otherwise. Sun Operating Ltd. Partnership v. Holt, 984 S.W.2d 277, 285 (Tex.
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App.--Amarillo 1998, pet. denied); Phillips Petroleum Co. v. Gillman, 593 S.W.2d 152, 154

(Tex. Civ. App.--Amarillo 1980, writ ref’d n.r.e.). 

Next, and most importantly, we may not rewrite the agreement to mean something

it does not. Cross Timbers Oil Co. v. Exxon Corp., 22 S.W.3d at 26; Borders v. KRLB, Inc.,

727 S.W.2d at 359. Authority prohibits us from altering the accord merely because we or

one of the parties dislikes its provisions or thinks that something else is needed in it. HECI

Explor. Co. v. Neel, 982 S.W.2d 881, 888-89 (Tex. 1998); Cross Timbers Oil Co. v. Exxon

Corp., 22 S.W.3d at 26. For a court to change the parties’ agreement merely because it

did not like the accord, or because one of the parties subsequently found it distasteful,

would be to undermine not only the sanctity afforded contracts but also the expectations

of those who created and relied upon it. Cross Timbers Oil Co. v. Exxon Corp., 22 S.W.3d

at 26-27.

Finally, that the contract is one of insurance does not allow us to deviate from the

foregoing rules. Policies of insurance are contracts. Hernandez v. Gulf Group Lloyds, 875

S.W.2d 691, 692 (Tex. 1994). So, the terms contained in them, like those in every contract,

not only represent the agreement between its parties, see Ruiz v. Government Empl. Ins.

Co., 4 S.W.3d 838, 841 (Tex. App.--El Paso 1999, no pet.) (stating that an insurance policy

is a contract entered into between the parties whereby each party becomes bound by the

terms of the agreement), but also should be enforced as written. Application of Authority

Here, the terms of the policy to which the parties agreed were that: 1) Hawa would

pay a specific premium for the insurance coverage; 2) the first premium was due on March

21, 2002; 3) until the first payment in the specified amount was paid, the policy would not

be in force; and 4) the policy would renew on the anniversary date or one year from March
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21, 2003. Nothing is or was expressly said about providing 365 days of coverage during

the first term of the policy. Nothing was said about starting the annual renewal period from

the day on which the first premium was paid; indeed, the parties expressly agreed

otherwise given the provision stating that the policy would renew one year from March 21,

2002. Nor did the parties in any way agree to prorate the first premium due if it were paid

late. Rather, Hawa expressly agreed not only that he would pay a specific premium by

March 21, 2002, for a policy of insurance that would automatically renew on March 21,

2003, but also that he would have no coverage until the first premium was paid. Given

these terms, affording them their plain meaning, and construing them in the context

provided for in the policy, we cannot but read them as evincing an intent to allow

Metropolitan to receive the same specified premium for the first year of coverage

irrespective of when coverage actually becomes effective. In other words, the insured (or

Hawa in this case) expressly agreed that for the first year of the policy he would pay the full

premium to secure coverage despite the possibility that the actual period of coverage could

shrink due to his delay in paying the same premium. Thus, it did not matter whether the

entire premium was earned since the insured nonetheless agreed to pay it.

Moreover, whether Hawa encountered the supposed injustice about which he

complains (i.e. having to pay the full premium though he may receive less than a full year’s

coverage) was actually dependent upon his own conduct. If he paid the premium when it

was due, i.e. March 21, 2002, he would have received a full year’s coverage. If he did not,

then he would receive less than a full year’s coverage. So, his own delay, if any, in timely

complying with the terms of the contract determined the extent of coverage he would

receive in exchange for the unalterable premium he agreed to pay. Moreover, had he
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thought this outcome unacceptable, the policy itself afforded him relief. Included in it was

another provision granting him “10 days after [he] received [the] Policy . . . to review it.”

And, within “those 10 days,” he was entitled to “return the Policy . . . for any reason . . . .”

And, if he did so, “any premiums [he] paid [would have] then [been] refunded . . . and the

Policy . . . cancelled from the start.” Yet, this means of relief was not pursued by Hawa

despite the clear meaning of the policy’s terms.

Furthermore, the outcome derived here comports with Supreme Court precedent.

For instance, in Life Ins. Co v. Overstreet, 603 S.W.2d 780 (Tex. 1980), the court held that

an insurance contract is enforceable as written notwithstanding the fact that the first

premium may be paid late, that is, after it is "’due’ and ‘payable.’" Id. at 783. Additionally,

when the policy designates an annual renewal or anniversary date, delay in paying the

premium will not extend that date, even if it results in “the insured obtain[ing] less than a

full year's coverage for the first year's premium.” Id. That is not only what the contract

provided for but also what occurred here. So, as a matter of law, there was no breached

contract. 

Finally, because the contract addressed the dispute at bar, Hawa could not invoke

the equitable theory of quantum meruit to obtain recovery. See Iron Mountain Bison

Ranch, Inc. v. Easley Trailer Manufacturing, Inc., 42 S.W.3d 149, 160 (Tex. App.--Amarillo

2000, no pet.) (holding that when a contract governs the question, one cannot invoke the

equitable theory of quantum meruit). So, as contended by Metropolitan below, it proved,

as a matter of law, its entitlement to summary judgment. 

We overrule both issues asserted by Hawa and affirm the summary judgment.
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Brian Quinn

 Justice