NOT FOR PUBLICATION

UNITED STATES COURT OF APPEALS

FOR THE NINTH CIRCUIT

JESSICA PLOOF, 

Plaintiff-Appellant, 

 v. 

STATE OF ARIZONA; et al., 

Defendants-Appellees.

No. 22-15061 

D.C. No. 2:21-cv-00853-JJT 

MEMORANDUM*

Appeal from the United States District Court

for the District of Arizona

John Joseph Tuchi, District Judge, Presiding

Argued and Submitted March 9, 2023

Las Vegas, Nevada

Before: GRABER, BENNETT, and DESAI, Circuit Judges.

Partial Concurrence and Partial Dissent by Judge BENNETT.

Plaintiff Jessica Ploof appeals the dismissal of her 42 U.S.C. § 1983 claims 

under Federal Rule of Civil Procedure 12(b)(6) for failure to state a claim. We 

have jurisdiction under 28 U.S.C. § 1291, and we review the dismissal de novo. 

Bafford v. Northrop Grumman Corp., 994 F.3d 1020, 1025 (9th Cir. 2021). We 

* This disposition is not appropriate for publication and is not precedent 

except as provided by Ninth Circuit Rule 36-3.

FILED

APR 13 2023

MOLLY C. DWYER, CLERK

U.S. COURT OF APPEALS
2 22-15061 

affirm in part, reverse in part, and remand for further proceedings.1

The district court dismissed Plaintiff’s § 1983 claims as untimely. Rather 

than reviewing the allegations in the light most favorable to Plaintiff to decide 

whether her claims plausibly could have occurred within the statutory period, the 

district court ruled that the claims were untimely because the “last actual date 

referenced in the complaint” was outside the two-year statutory period. Tellingly, 

Defendants do not argue that the district court’s analysis was correct. Instead they 

assert that Plaintiff failed to argue before the district court that her claims were 

timely and, therefore, she waived or forfeited the issue. 

In her response to Defendants’ motion to dismiss, Plaintiff presented the 

district court with the following correct standard for deciding whether claims are

untimely:

“A motion to dismiss based on the running of the statute of 

limitations period may be granted only ‘if the assertions of the 

complaint, read with the required liberality, would not permit the 

plaintiff to prove the statute was tolled.’” Centaur Classic Convertible 

Arbitrage Fund Ltd. v. Countrywide Fin. Corp., 878 F. Supp. 2d 1009, 

1014 (C.D. Cal. 2011) (quoting Supermail Cargo, Inc. v. United States, 

68 F.3d 1204, 1206–07 (9th Cir. 1995)). The untimeliness must appear 

beyond doubt on the face of the complaint before a claim will be 

dismissed as time-barred. Id.

1 Amici assert arguments not raised by any party. We follow our general rule 

and decline to address those arguments not raised or adopted by the parties. See, 

e.g., Artichoke Joe’s Cal. Grand Casino v. Norton, 353 F.3d 712, 719 n.10 (9th 

Cir. 2003) (“In the absence of exceptional circumstances, which are not present 

here, we do not address issues raised only in an amicus brief.”).
3 22-15061 

Even if this passage did not suffice to preserve the argument that the claims 

are not time-barred,2 we have discretion to consider the issue. We may consider an

argument raised for the first time on appeal when “the issue presented is purely one 

of law and the opposing party will suffer no prejudice as a result of the failure to 

raise the issue in the trial court; or . . . plain error has occurred and injustice might 

otherwise result.” Kaass Law v. Wells Fargo Bank, N.A., 799 F.3d 1290, 1293 (9th 

Cir. 2015) (quoting United States v. Echavarria-Escobar, 270 F.3d 1265, 1267–68 

(9th Cir. 2001)). Both conditions are met here.

First, whether Plaintiff’s claims were untimely on the face of her complaint 

is an issue of law. See Harding v. Galceran, 889 F.2d 906, 907 (9th Cir. 1989). A

court may dismiss a claim as untimely under Rule 12(b)(6) “only when the running 

of the statute [of limitations] is apparent on the face of the complaint.” Von Saher 

v. Norton Simon Museum of Art at Pasadena, 592 F.3d 954, 969 (9th Cir. 2010) 

(citation and internal quotation marks omitted). Plaintiffs generally need not “plead 

around affirmative defenses.” U.S. Commodity Futures Trading Comm’n v. Monex 

Credit Co., 931 F.3d 966, 972 (9th Cir. 2019). Further, Defendants have not 

claimed, nor have they suffered, any prejudice. They had an opportunity to brief 

the merits of Plaintiff’s timeliness argument on appeal, but declined to do so. See 

Emmert Indus. Corp. v. Artisan Assocs. Inc., 497 F.3d 982, 986 (9th Cir. 2007) 

2 Plaintiff argued in the district court that the statute of limitations was tolled.
4 22-15061 

(“[W]hen, as here, an appellee has a full and fair opportunity to address an issue 

raised for the first time on appeal in its appellate briefing, there is no prejudice.”).

Second, the district court’s failure to apply the proper standards was plain 

error. The district court did not construe the facts in the light most favorable to 

Plaintiff.3 Plaintiff was also not given a chance to amend the complaint, contrary to 

the usual practice, and amendment might not be futile. See Supermail Cargo, Inc. 

v. United States, 68 F.3d 1204, 1207 (9th Cir. 1995) (“[A] complaint cannot be 

dismissed unless it appears beyond doubt that the plaintiff can prove no set of facts 

that would establish the timeliness of the claim.”). Further, the threat of injustice is 

evident here because the district court’s failure to apply the proper standards 

resulted in its ruling that Plaintiff’s claims are time-barred. See Flores Castro v. 

Hernandez Renteria, 971 F.3d 882, 890 n.11 (9th Cir. 2020) (holding that the 

failure to consider the petitioner’s argument might result in an injustice because of 

the “potentially dispositive nature” of the argument). 

Read in the light most favorable to Plaintiff, the last date expressly pled in 

the complaint was not the last act alleged in the complaint that plausibly could give 

rise to liability. Claims four through nine allege undated events that may have 

3 Both the district court and the dissent shift the burden to Plaintiff to establish the 

timeliness of her claims. This reasoning is at odds with the 12(b)(6) standard and 

our precedent disfavoring motions to dismiss. E.g., Williams v. Gorton, 529 F.2d 

668, 672 (9th Cir. 1976).
5 22-15061 

occurred within the statutory period. And because the facts alleged do not establish 

when Plaintiff knew of each alleged injury, accrual cannot be evaluated based on 

the face of the complaint.

4 We reverse the dismissal of claims four, five, six, seven, 

eight, and nine and remand for further proceedings.5

But drawing all reasonable inferences in favor of Plaintiff, claim two is timebarred. Plaintiff knew or had reason to know of her injury—the seizure of her 

child—at the time of the removal. We thus affirm the dismissal of claim two. 

AFFIRMED in part, REVERSED in part, and REMANDED. Each party 

will bear its own costs on appeal. 

4 The complaint alleges Plaintiff was uninformed about the progress and 

consequences of her child’s removal. Accrual of Plaintiff’s claims depends on 

when she knew or should have known of each injury. Flynt v. Shimazu, 940 F.3d 

457, 462 (9th Cir. 2019). Thus, when viewing the non-date-specific allegations of 

the complaint in the light most favorable to Plaintiff, we conclude that the 

pleadings are ambiguous as to when Plaintiff knew or should have known of the 

alleged injuries underlying claims four through nine.

5 We do not consider claims one, three, ten, eleven, twelve, thirteen, and 

fourteen. As to claim one, Plaintiff did not seek reversal of the district court’s 

ruling that the claim was claim precluded. Similarly, as to claims three and 

fourteen, Plaintiff did not seek reversal of the court’s ruling that that the claims are 

time-barred. And as to claims ten through thirteen, Plaintiff did not appeal the 

court’s decision to decline to exercise supplemental jurisdiction over those statelaw claims. 
1 

Ploof v. State of Arizona, No. 22-15061

BENNETT, Circuit Judge, concurring in part and dissenting in part: 

 I concur that claim two was correctly dismissed as untimely. Mem. Disp. at 

5. However, I do not think Ploof sufficiently raised the argument that her other 

§ 1983 claims could be construed as timely from the face of the complaint. 

Because I would not exercise our discretion to overlook this waiver, I respectfully 

dissent with respect to those claims. 

“As a general rule, ‘a federal appellate court does not consider an issue not 

passed upon below.’” United States v. Gilbert, 807 F.3d 1197, 1201 (9th Cir. 

2015) (quoting Dodd v. Hood River County., 59 F.3d 852, 863 (9th Cir. 1995)). 

But this rule is “discretionary, not jurisdictional.” In re Mercury Interactive Corp.

Secs. Litig., 618 F.3d 988, 992 (9th Cir. 2010) (citation omitted). 

Before the district court, Ploof defended the timeliness of her § 1983 claims 

only by arguing that, under Arizona law, the statute of limitations was tolled

because of her mental health disorders. See Ariz. Rev. Stat. § 12-502. Ploof told 

the district court: 

A motion to dismiss based on the running of the statute of limitations 

period may be granted only ‘if the assertions of the complaint, read with 

the required liberality, would not permit the plaintiff to prove the statute 

was tolled.’” Centaur Classic Convertible Arbitrage Fund Ltd. v. 

Countrywide Fin. Corp., 878 F. Supp. 2d 1009, 1014 (C.D. Cal. 2011) 

(quoting Supermail Cargo, Inc. v. United States, 68 F.3d 1204, 1206–

07 (9th Cir.1995)[)].

FILED

APR 13 2023

MOLLY C. DWYER, CLERK

U.S. COURT OF APPEALS
2

It is clear in context of the remainder of her filing that this was Ploof’s only

timeliness argument—i.e., that her complaint was timely because her disability 

tolled the statute of limitations. 

Ploof cited the Arizona disability tolling provision several times in her 

opposition to Defendants’ motion to dismiss. Ariz. Rev. Stat. § 12-502. The 

tolling provision states that “[i]f a person entitled to bring an action . . . is at the 

time the cause of action accrues either under eighteen years of age or of unsound 

mind, the period of such disability shall not be deemed a portion of the period 

limited for commencement of the action.” Id. After quoting this language, Ploof

closed her very brief discussion of the statute of limitations by arguing that, “[d]ue 

to Plaintiff’s mental disability, she is of ‘unsound’ mind. Thus, the statute of 

limitations for all her claims . . . never started to run, and, of course, . . . never 

expired. Thus, none of her claims are time barred.” 

Nowhere did Ploof advance an argument that her claims were timely

because the alleged § 1983 violations occurred within the limitations period. 

Rather, she argued only that the motion to dismiss her § 1983 claims on timeliness 

grounds failed ab initio, because the statute never began to run given her disability.

Against this backdrop, the district court understandably saw no reason to

consider whether the complaint could be read as alleging violations within the 

limitations period, as Ploof now argues on appeal. Instead, the district court 
3

provided a thorough explanation for its conclusion that the only statute of 

limitations argument that Ploof actually made failed—i.e., that Ploof’s disability

was not sufficient to toll the statute of limitations under Arizona law.1 After 

finding that the statute was not tolled, the district court explained in a footnote that:

Defendants proffer that June 18, 2020 is the day that the statute of 

limitations expired because it is the ‘latest actual date referenced in the 

complaint.’ . . . Plaintiff does not suggest any alternate date. The court 

finds this proposed date supportable and correct based on the facts 

available on the face of the complaint. 

The district court did not expressly adopt the “latest actual date referenced in the 

complaint” rule suggested by Defendants. Rather, the court accepted Defendants’ 

proposed date because Ploof did not suggest an alternative, and instead rested on 

her argument that the statute couldn’t have expired because, as a result of her 

disability, it never even started to run. Accordingly, I would find that Ploof waived 

any argument that her § 1983 claims were timely independent of her disability. 

See Yamada v. Nobel Biocare Holding AG, 825 F.3d 536, 543 (9th Cir. 2016) 

(“The [waiver] standard is that the argument must be raised sufficiently for the trial 

court to rule on it.” (internal quotation marks and citation omitted)). 

And I would not apply any of the four discretionary exceptions to waiver. 

We may consider an argument raised for the first time on appeal if: 

(1) there are exceptional circumstances why the issue was not raised in 

the trial court; (2) new issues have become relevant while the appeal 

1 Ploof does not challenge that determination on appeal.
4

was pending because of [a] change in the law; (3) the issue presented is 

purely one of law and the opposing party will suffer no prejudice as a 

result of the failure to raise the issue in the trial court; or (4) plain error

has occurred and injustice might otherwise result. 

Kaass Law v. Wells Fargo Bank, N.A., 799 F.3d 1290, 1293 (9th Cir. 2015) 

(quoting United States v. Echavarria-Escobar, 270 F.3d 1265, 1267–68 (9th Cir. 

2001) (alteration in original)).

The first two exceptions plainly do not apply because Ploof points to neither

“exceptional circumstances” explaining her failure to raise the timeliness argument 

in the district court nor a relevant intervening change in law. Id. at 1293. And 

while timeliness is a question of law, Defendants may well be prejudiced by 

continued litigation on the § 1983 claims reinstated by the majority. See AMA 

Multimedia, LLC v. Wanat, 970 F.3d 1201, 1214–15 (9th Cir. 2020) (declining to 

review an issue raised for the first time on appeal in part because opposing party 

would be prejudiced by continued litigation on remand).

2

 In any event, we have 

2 Contrary to the majority’s assertion, Defendants did not have a “full and fair 

opportunity to address” Ploof’s timeliness argument raised for the first time on 

appeal. Mem. Disp. at 4 (quoting Emmert Indus. Corp. v. Artisan Assocs. Inc., 497 

F.3d 982, 986 (9th Cir. 2007)). We have suggested that the question of law 

exception applies only when the question “does not depend on the factual record, 

or the record has been fully developed.” In re America West Airlines, Inc., 217 

F.3d 1161, 1165 (9th Cir. 2000). Here, Defendants could have contested Ploof’s 

factual assertion on appeal that her complaint alleged § 1983 violations within the 

limitations period.
5

declined to exercise our discretion to review an issue raised for the first time on 

appeal even where there is no obvious prejudice to the opposing party. See, e.g., 

Raich v. Gonzales, 500 F.3d 850, 868 (9th Cir. 2007) (“Even if a case falls within 

one of the exceptions to waiver . . ., we must still decide whether the particular 

circumstances of the case overcome our presumption against hearing new 

arguments.” (internal quotation marks and citation omitted)). Here, there are no 

“particular circumstances” justifying consideration of Ploof’s waived argument. 

See G and G Productions LLC v. Rusic, 902 F.3d 940, 950 (“A party’s unexplained 

failure to raise an argument that was indisputably available below is perhaps the 

least ‘exceptional’ circumstance warranting our exercise of” discretion to overlook 

a waived issue).

With respect to the fourth exception, I see no “manifest injustice” here.3

 

Reviewing the complaint even in the light most favorable to Ploof, I find no 

injustice in ending the litigation at this stage of the proceedings. See Alexopulos by 

Alexopulos v. Riles, 784 F.2d 1408, 1411 (9th Cir. 1986) (finding “no ‘manifest 

injustice’ in refusing to review an issue newly presented on appeal, because . . . the 

appellants did not provide reasons for their failure to raise the issue before the 

district court”). In my view, it is not unjust to hold Ploof to her concession below 

3 As the majority notes, we can exercise discretion to reach an issue raised for the 

first time on appeal if “plain error has occurred and injustice might otherwise 

result.” Mem. Disp. at 3 (quoting Kaass Law, 799 F.3d at 1293). 
6

that, absent tolling for her disability, the statute of limitations had run, as she 

provides no reason for her failure to present the timeliness argument below. See 

id. 

For these reasons, I would affirm the district court in full. Therefore, I 

respectfully concur in part and dissent in part.