# U ni te d S ta te s Co ur t of A pp ea ls

For the Eig hth Circu it

__ __ __ __ __ __ __ __ __ __ __ __ __ _

No. 1 5- 35 81

__ __ __ __ __ __ __ __ __ __ __ __ __ _

All an Hin sh aw

ll ll ll ll ll ll ll ll ll ll l Pla in ti

ff - App el la nt

v.

Sh eri ff Kei th Mo or e; Depu ty Mich ael Bo rd ers

ll ll ll ll ll ll ll ll ll ll l Defe nd

an ts - App el le es

Ja il er Do e

ll ll ll ll ll ll ll ll ll ll l Defe nd

an t

Geral d Do ug la s

ll ll ll ll ll ll ll ll ll ll l Defe nd

an t - Ap pe ll ee

__ __ __ __ __ __
App eal fro m

Uni te d S ta te s Di st ric t Co ur t fo r th e Eas te rn Dis tri ct of M is so ur i - C ap e Gir ard eau

__ __ __ __ __ __

Su bm it te d: Sep te m

be r 21 , 20 16
Fil ed : No ve m

be r 14 , 20 16 [Un pu bl is he d]

__ __ __ __ __ __

Befo re RI LEY, Chi ef J ud ge , MURPHY an d S MITH, Ci rcu it Ju dg es

.

__ __ __ __ __ __ PER CURI AM.All an Hin sh aw br ou gh t th is act io n ag ai ns t th ree la w en fo rcem en t of fic ers

al le gi ng vi ol at io ns o f h i s co ns ti tu ti on al rig ht s an d Mi ss ou ri st at e la w. The di st ric t

c ou rt gr an te d su m

m ary jud gm en t to th e la w en fo rcem en t of fic ers on th e b a s i s o f 1

qu al ifi ed im m

un it y , and Hin sh aw ap pe al s. We affir m

.

I.

All en Hin sh aw own s ap pr ox im at el y fif ty acre s of real es ta te in Mi s s i ss ip pi

Co un ty, Mi ss ou ri. Hin sh aw's pr op ert y is bo un de d on th e no rth by a le ve e a n d on

m uc h of th e wes te rn , so ut he rn , an d eas te rn si de s by pr op ert y co m m on ly kn own as th e

Ri le y Est at e. W es t o f th e Ri le y Est at e is th e Tom era p ro pe rty and th e Dor en a Hun t

Cl ub

. Co un ty Ro ad 50 9 is no rth eas t of Hin sh aw's pr op ert y

. A pa th way c o n n e c ts

Co un ty Ro ad 50 9 to th e Ri le y Est at e an d ru ns th ro ug h Hin sh aw's pr op ert y

. The

pa th way da te s ba ck to 19 65

. Fo r at le as t th e pa st twen ty y ears th e pa th way ha s be en

us ed by v ari ou s th ird pa rti es to tra ve l to ei th er t h e R i le y Est at e or th e Dor en a Hun t

Cl ub

. The re are no writ te n ag reem en ts co nc ern in g th e us e of th is pa th way , ho wev er.

On t he m or ni ng of Oc to be r 20 , 2 01 2 Ro y Ru ss el l, Keit h Arn ol d, an d Dak ot a

Arn ol d (th e hu nt ers ) us ed th e pa th way to go b ow hu nt in g on th e Tom era pr op ert y

. Ro y Ru ss el l ha d be en us in g th e pa th way si nc e 19 65

. Keit h Arn ol d, Ru ss el l's so n in

la w, ha d us ed th e pa th way to hu nt on th e Tom era pr op ert y fo r si xt een y ears

. Dak ot a

Arn ol d is Keit h's da ug ht er an d was fift een y ears ol d at the ti m e. The re was no th in g
bl oc ki ng th e pa th way whe n th e hu n t e r s us ed it to acce ss th e Tom era pr op ert y th at

m or ni ng

.

Th e Hon or ab le Abb ie Cri te s- Leo ni

, Uni te d St at es Mag is tra te Ju dg e fo r th e 1

East ern Dis tri ct of M is so ur i, t o wh om th e cas e was refe rred for fin al di sp os it io n b y

co ns en t o f th e p art ie s p ur su an t t o 2 8 U.S.C. § 63 6( c).

-2

-Afte r Hin sh aw n o t i c ed ti re tra ck s on th e pa th way th at m or ni ng , he pu t up

ba rb ed wire acro ss a we s t e r n po rti on of th e pa th way an d pa rk ed hi s tra ct or in th e

m id dl e of it . Lat er t ha t m or ni ng th e h un te rs att em pt ed to ret ur n u si ng th e pa th way , bu t fo un d th at it ha d be en bl oc ke d. Ru ss el l as ke d Hin sh aw if he was go in g to le t th e
hu nt ers pa ss

. Hin sh aw to ld th em th at th ey sh ou ld go aro un d a tre e to th ei r rig ht

, bu t

Ru ss el l de cl in ed be cau se he di d n ot want to tre sp as s on Hin sh aw's pr op ert y

. Keit h

th en as ke d Hin sh aw to m ov e hi s tra ct or

. Hin sh aw refu se d, cl ai m in g th at th e hu nt ers '

us e o f th e p at hwa y

co ns ti tu te d t res pa ss in g.

Ru ss el l th en cal le d Sh eri ff Keit h Mo or e. Mo or e was fam il ia r wit h th e pa th way
be cau se he ha d be en us in g it to acce ss th e Dor en a Hun ti ng Cl ub si nc e th e earl y

19 90 s. Mo or e to ld Ru ss el l to te ll Hin sh aw th at he wou ld be arre st ed if he d i d n o t

m o v e th e tra ct or

. Hin sh aw res po nd ed by sh ru gg in g hi s sh ou ld ers an d sa y in g "s o."

Afte r ov erh eari ng Hin sh aw's res po ns e, M o o r e co nt act ed de pu ty sh eri ff Mi ch ael

Bo rd ers

. Bo rd e r s t e s t i f

ie d at hi s de po si ti on th at Mo or e to ld hi m th at Hin sh aw was
bl oc ki ng th e hu nt ers fro m pa ss in g "t hr ou gh th e ro ad th at th ey 'd be en us in g fo r se ve ral

y ears ." Mo or e th en di rect ed Bo rd ers to tra ve l t o t he sce ne of t he co nf ro nt at io n a nd

at te m pt to ge t Hi ns ha w to m ov e th e tr act or

.

Befo re tra ve li ng to Hin sh aw's pr o p e r t y Bo rd ers co nt act ed Darre n Can n, th e

pr os ecu ti n g at to rn ey fo r Mi ss is si pp i Co un ty. Can n ad vi se d Bo rd ers th at he co ul d

ch arg e Hin sh aw wit h fal se im pr is on m en t an d pe ace di st ur ba nc e if Hin sh aw refu se d

to m ov e th e tra ct or

. Bo rd ers th en tra ve le d to Hin sh aw's pr op ert y an d a s k e d h i m to

m ov e th e tra ct or

. Hin sh aw refu se d, an d Bo rd ers arre st ed hi m

. Bo rd ers th en rem ov ed

th e b arb ed wire fen ci ng an d a ll owe d t he hu nt ers to pa ss

.

Bo rd ers tra ns po rte d Hin sh aw to th e Mi ss is si pp i Co un ty Sh eri ff's Dep art m en t.

Geral d Dou gl as , a co rrec ti on s of fic er, bo ok ed Hin sh aw in to th e jail

. Afte r Hin sh aw

was bo ok ed

, Dou gl a s c o n d u c t e d a st rip se arch

. Bo rd ers la te r pr ep ared a pr ob ab le

-3

-cau se affi da vi t th at req ue st ed ch arg es fo r fal se im pr is on m en t an d pe ace di st ur ba nc e.
The ch arg es were u lt im at el y di sm is se d.

Hin sh aw fil ed th is act io n ag ai ns t Mo or e, Bo rd ers , an d Dou gl as

. Hin sh aw

al le ge d un de r 42 U.S.C. § 19 83 th at th e of fic ers h ad en te red in to a co ns pi racy to

arre st hi m in vi ol at io n of hi s F o u r t h a n d Fi fth Am en dm en t rig ht s. Hin sh aw al so

a l l e ge d un de r § 19 83 th at Bo rd ers vi ol at ed hi s Fo ur th an d Fo ur te en th Am en d men t rig ht s. Fi na ll y , Hin sh aw al le ge d th at Dou gl as vi ol at ed Mi ss ou ri law by co nd uc ti ng

a st rip sea rch aft er b oo ki ng hi m in to jail

.

Mo or e, Bo rd ers , an d Dou gl as fil ed a m ot io n fo r su m m ary jud gm en t, whi ch th e
di st ric t co ur t gr an te d. The co ur t co nc lu de d th at qu al ifi ed im m un it y ba rred th e § 19 83

cl ai m s ag ai ns t th em an d de cl in ed to ex erci se su pp le m en ta l juri sd ic ti on ov er th e st at e

la w cla im . Hin sh aw ap pe al s.

II.

W e fir st ad dr es s Hin sh aw's arg um en t th at th e di st ric t co ur t erre d in gr an ti ng

su m m ary jud gm en t to Bo rd ers on hi s § 19 83 c l a i m th at Bo rd ers ' arre st of Hin sh aw
vi ol at ed hi s co ns ti tu ti on al rig ht s. W e rev ie w a d i s t r i c t co ur t's gr an t of su m m ary jud gm en t ba se d on qu al ifi ed im m un it y de no vo

. Mo un ta in Pu re, LLC v. Ro be rts

, 81 4

F.3 d 92 8, 93 2 (8 th Ci r. 20 16 ). Sect io n 19 83 pr ov id es a cau se of act io n to an y pe rs on

in jure d as a res ul t of be in g de pr iv ed of "an y rig ht s, pr iv il eg es , or im m un it ie s se cu red
by th e Co ns ti tu ti on " by a pe rs on act in g un de r "co lo r of st at e la w." 42 U.S.C. § 19 83

.

If a go vern m en t of

fi ci al ' s co nduc t "do es no t vi ol at e cl earl y es ta bl is he d st at ut or y

or co ns ti tu ti on al rig ht s of whi ch a reas on ab le pe rs on wou ld ha ve kn own ," th en su ch

co nd uc t is pr ot ect ed by qu al ifi ed im m un it y

. Mo un ta in Pu re, 81 4 F.3 d at 93 2 (q uo ti ng

Co at es v. Po well

, 63 9 F.3 d 47 1, 47 6 (8 th Ci r. 20 11 )). Alt ho ug h we vi ew th e fact s "i n

th e li gh t m os t fav or ab le to " th e p l a i n ti ff, "q ua li fie d im m un it y is an affi rm at iv e

-4

-de fen se " an d "t he bu rd en is on th e pl ai nt iff to

. . . pr es en t ev i d e n c e fro m whi ch a

reas o n a b le jury co ul d fin d th at th e de fen da nt of fic er ha s vi ol at ed th e pl ai nt iff 's

co ns ti tu ti on al rig ht s." Mo or e v . Ind eh ar, 5 14 F.3d 75 6, 7 64 (8t h C ir. 2 00 8)

.

A po li ce of

fic er is e n t i tl ed to qu al ifi ed im m un it y fo r a warra nt le ss arre st "i f

th ere is at le as t arg ua bl e pr ob ab le cau se ." Bo rg m an v. Ked le y , 64 6 F.3 d 51 8, 52 2– 23
(8 th Ci r. 20 11 ) (in te rn al qu ot at io n m ark s om it te d)

. The re is pr ob ab le cau se to arre st

"wh en th e to ta li ty of th e ci rcu m st an ces at th e ti m e of th e arre st are su ffi ci en t to le ad

a reas on ab le pe rs on to be li ev e th at th e de fen da nt ha s co m m it te d or is co m

m it ti ng an

of fen se ." Id . at 5 23 (in te rn al qu ot at io n m ark s o m it te d)

.

Bo rd ers a r r es te d Hin sh aw fo r fal se im pr is on m en t an d pe ace di st ur ba nc e. In

Miss ou ri a pe rs on co m

m it s th e cri m e of fal se im

pr is on m en t if he "k no win gl y res tra in s

an ot he r un la w f

u l l y a nd wit ho ut co ns en t so as to in te rfer e su bs ta nt ia ll y wit h hi s

li be rty." Mo

. Rev

. St at

. § 56 5.1 30

. Hin sh aw arg ue s th at he di d no t un la wfu ll y

res tra in th e hu nt ers ' li be rty be cau se he ha s a rig h t t o e x c lu de ot he rs fro m hi s la nd

. Mo or e to ld Bo rd ers , ho wev er, tha t Hins ha w was bl oc ki ng th e hu nt ers fro m pa ss in g

"t hr ou gh th e ro ad th at th ey 'd be en us in g fo r se ve ral y ear s ." Mo reo ve r, Bo rd ers '

pr ob ab le cau se st at em en t la be le d th e pa th way "an acce ss ro ad ." It is at le as t arg ua bl e

th at a reas on ab le pe rs on co ul d ha ve co nc lu de d ba se d on th is ev id en ce th at Hin sh aw
di d n ot ha ve a ri gh t t o b lo ck th e p at hwa y

.

Hin sh aw al so arg ue s Bo rd ers di d no t ha ve pr ob ab le cau se to arre st hi m fo r

fal se im pr is on m en t be cau se he di d no t th reat en fo rce ag ai ns t th e hu nt ers

. Hin sh aw's

argum en t rel ie s on th e Mi ss ou ri App ro ve d In st ru ct io ns fo r Cri m in al Tria ls (MAI- CR)

whi ch req ui re th e st at e to pr ov e th at th e " r es tra in t was by m ean s of fo rci bl e

co m pu ls io n." MAI-C R 3d § 31 9.2 8. The in st ru ct io n th en de fin e s " f o r c ib le

co m pu ls io n" to m ean ei th er: "(a ) [p ]hy si cal fo rce th at ov erco m es reas on ab le

res is ta nc e; or (b ) [a] th reat

, ex pr es s or im pl ie d, th at pl aces a pe rs on in reas on ab le fear

-5

-o f d e at h, se rio us ph y si cal in jury or ki dn ap pi ng of su ch pe rs on or an ot he r pe rs on

. "

See i d.; Mo . Rev . Sta t. § 55 6.0 61 (1 2)

.

Eve n if we as su m e th at Bo rd ers was req ui red to ha ve kn owl ed ge of th e MAIC R

, w e co nc lu de th at th e di st ric t co ur t di d no t err whe n it de te rm in e d t h a t a

reas on ab le pe rs on co ul d ha ve co ns tru ed Hin sh aw's co nd uc t as an im pl ie d th reat

. W he n th e hu nt ers at te m

pt ed to ret ur n th ey fo un d Hin sh aw bl oc ki ng th ei r pa th wit h

ba rb ed wire an d hi s tra ct or

. H i n s h aw refu se d to al lo w th em to ex it th e pr op ert y
th ro u g h t h e p a t h way

. Bo rd ers th us ha d at le as t arg ua bl e pr ob ab le cau se to arre st

Hin sh aw fo r fal se im

pr is on m en t.

Hin sh aw al so arg ue s th at Bo rd ers di d no t ha ve pr ob ab le cau se to arre st hi m fo r
di st ur bi ng th e pe ace. A p ers on co m m it s th e c r i me o f p eace di st ur ba nc e if he "i s in

a pu bl ic pl ace or on pr iv at e pr op ert y of an ot he r wit ho ut co ns en t an d pu rp os el y cau se s

in co nv en ie nc e to an ot he r pe rs on or pe rs on s by un reas on a b l y a nd ph y si cal ly

ob st ru ct in g

. . . [t]he free in gr es s or eg res s to or fro m a pu bl ic or pr iv at e pl ace." Mo

. Rev

. St at

. § 57 4.0 10 (2 )(b ). Hin sh aw arg ue s th at Bo rd ers co ul d no t ha ve reas on ab ly

co nc lu de d t ha t he was in a p ub li c p la ce o r pr iv at e p ro pe rty of an ot he r whe n h e was
bl oc ki ng th e pa th way . Bor de rs arg ua bl y ha d p ro ba bl e cau se , ho wev er, becau se th e

p a t h w a y ha d be en us ed to acce ss th e Tom era pr op ert y fo r at le as t th e pa st twen t y

y ears

. Mo reo ve r, Bo rd ers ch arac te riz ed th e pa th wa y a s " a n a cces s ro ad " in hi s

pr ob ab le cau se st at em en t.

The co nc lu si on th at qu al ifi ed im m un it y pr ot ect s Bo rd ers ' co nd uc t is su pp or te d
by th e fact th at he co ns ul te d th e co un ty p r o s e c u t o r pr io r to arre st in g Hin sh aw.

"Al th ou gh fo ll owi ng an at to rn ey 's ad vi ce do es no t au to m at ic al ly cl oa k [o ffi cers ] wit h

qu al i f i ed im m un it y , it can sh ow th e reas on ab le ne ss of th e act io n ta ke n." Frye v.

Kan sa s Ci ty Mo

. Po li ce Dep 't, 37 5 F.3 d 78 5, 79 2 (8 th Ci r. 20 04 ) (in te rn al qu ot at io n

m ark s om it te d) (al te rat io n in Frye). Here, Bo rd ers fo ll owe d th e co un ty pr os ecu to r's

ad vi ce th at he co ul d ch arg e Hin sh aw wit h fal se im pr is on m en t an d pe ace di st ur ba nc e

-6

-if Hin sh aw refu se d to m ov e th e tra ct or

. W e th us co nc lu de th at Bo rd ers arg ua bl y ha d

pr ob ab le cau se to arre st Hin sh aw fo r fal se im pr is on m en t an d p eace di st ur ba nc e.

III.

Hin sh aw al so arg ue s th at th e di st ric t co ur t e r red in gr an ti ng th e of fic ers

s u m m ary jud gm en t on hi s § 19 83 co ns pi racy cl ai m

. To pr ov e su ch a c l a i m " a pl ai nt iff m

us t sh ow: ( 1 ) t h a t th e de fen da nt co ns pi red wit h ot he rs to de pr iv e hi m of

co ns ti tu ti on al rig ht s; (2 ) th at at le as t on e of th e al le ge d co -co ns pi rat or s en ga ge d in an

ov ert act in fu rth eran ce of th e co ns pi racy; an d (3 ) th at th e ov ert a c t i n ju r e d th e pl ai nt iff ." W hi te v. Mc Kin le y , 51 9 F .3d 80 6, 8 14 (8t h C ir. 20 08 ). A pl ai nt iff m us t

al so "p ro ve a de pr iv at io n of a co ns ti tu ti on al rig ht or pr iv il eg e in or de r to pre va il on

a § 19 8 3 ci vi l co ns pi racy cl ai m ." Id

. Si nc e Bo rd ers ha d pr ob ab le cau se to arre st

Hin sh aw, he can no t p ro ve a de pr iv at io n o f a co ns ti tu ti on al rig ht . The dis tri ct co ur t

th us pr op erl y gr an te d th e of fic ers su m

m ary jud gm en t on Hin sh aw's co ns pi racy cl ai m

.

IV.

Hin sh aw fin al ly arg ue s th at we sh ou ld va cat e an d rem an d th e di st ric t co ur t's

de ci si on to de cl in e to ex erci se su pp le m en ta l juri sd ic ti on ov er Hin sh aw's rem ai ni ng

st at e la w cla im . A di st ric t co ur t " m ay de cl in e to ex erci se su pp le m en ta l ju ris di ct io n

ov er a cl ai m " if t h e " c o u r t ha s di sm is se d al l cl ai m s ov er whi ch it ha s or ig in al
juri sd ic ti on ." 28 U.S.C. § 13 67 (c)( 3)

. Nor m al ly we rev ie w su ch a de ci si on fo r ab us e

of di sc ret io n, Carl s b a d Te c h

. , In c. v. HIF Bi o, In c., 55 6 U.S. 63 5, 64 0 (2 00 9)

, bu t

whe re "re so lu ti on of th e rem ai ni ng cl ai m s de pe nd s so le ly on a de te rm in at io n of st at e

la w, th e [d is tri ct co ur t] sh ou ld de cl in e to ex erci se juri sd ic ti on ," G lo rv ig en v. Cirru s

Des ig n Co rp ., 58 1 F.3 d 73 7, 74 9 (8 th Ci r. 20 09 ) (q uo ti ng Farr is v. Exo ti c Ru bb er &

Pl as ti cs of Mi nn ., In c., 16 5 F. Su pp

. 2d 91 6, 91 9 (D. Mi nn

. 20 01 )). Si nc e Hin sh aw's

-7

-on ly rem ai ni ng cl ai m de pe nd s so le ly on st at e la w, th e di st ric t co ur t di d no t ab us e it s

di sc ret io n b y

refu si ng to ex te nd su pp le m en ta l ju ris di ct io n o ve r th at cla im

.

V.

Fo r th es e rea so ns , we affi rm th e jud gm en t o f th e d is tri ct co ur t.

__ __ __ __ __ __ __ __ __ __ __ __ __ __ __

-8

-