UNITED STATES DISTRICT COURT 

FOR THE DISTRICT OF COLUMBIA

ROBERT B. TRACY,

Plaintiff,

v.

U.S. DEPARTMENT OF JUSTICE,

Defendant.

 Civil Action No. 15-655 (RDM)

MEMORANDUM OPINION

Robert Tracy believes that he and his wife have been the subject of threats and extortion. 

He approached the Federal Bureau of Investigation (“FBI”) on several occasions to obtain its 

assistance and to ask if the FBI was involved. Dissatisfied with the FBI’s response, Tracy then 

filed a request under the Freedom of Information Act (“FOIA”), 5 U.S.C. § 552, and the Privacy 

Act, 5 U.S.C. § 552a, to obtain his FBI file. When the FBI failed to provide him with any 

records, he filed this suit in order to compel it to do so. Although the FBI eventually provided 

Tracy with four pages of responsive records, he remains unsatisfied and asks the Court to compel 

the FBI to conduct an additional search and to provide him with unredacted versions of the 

documents it did produce. The case is now before the Court on the parties’ cross-motions for 

summary judgment. For the following reasons, the Court will grant the FBI’s motion for 

summary judgment and deny Tracy’s motion for summary judgment.

I. BACKGROUND

Robert Tracy is an author who lives in Las Vegas, Nevada. Compl. ¶ 3. Beginning in 

mid-2014, Tracy and his wife Kimberly became concerned that they were the victims of some 
2

kind of conspiracy arising out of Kimberly’s political activity. See Dkt. 26 at 9–16.1

 Although

the details are not entirely clear from the record, it appears that Kimberly came to believe that 

some entity had altered or interfered with a bulk mailing she sent out to support her candidacy 

for a leadership position with a local union. Id. at 9. The Tracys asked the U.S. Postal 

Inspection Service to initiate an investigation into what they alleged was mail fraud, see id. at 90

(Pl.’s Suppl. Mot. Summ. J. (“SMSJ”), Ex. J), and shortly thereafter, they claim, they began to 

receive “thinly veiled threats from ‘third parties,’” id. at 9, regarding their efforts to seek 

recourse regarding the alleged fraudulent scheme. 

On June 13, 2014, Tracy went to the FBI’s Las Vegas field office to complain about the 

fraud and the threats. Id. at 9–10; see also id. at 73 (Pl.’s SMSJ, Ex. G). Tracy also states that 

he told the FBI that he was “fairly sure that his phone, as well as another household phone 

utilized by his spouse[,] were being monitored (tapped),” and also that “there was some type of 

unlawful intrusion into [their] home computers.” Id. at 10. Over the summer, Tracy says, he and 

his wife continued to receive death threats. Id. at 11–12.

2

 He made several phone calls to the 

 1 On June 9, 2016, the Court ordered several of the briefs and exhibits originally submitted by 

the parties in this matter to be sealed and replaced with redacted versions. June 9, 2016 Minute 

Order. This Opinion cites to the redacted briefs and exhibits filed later that day.

2

 Specifically, Tracy alleges:

“Third party” individuals . . . began to ratchet up the extortion and made it 

clear to the Plaintiff that his spouse better “back down” from any further pursuit 

of the mail/wire fraud investigation, and they were operating at the behest of the 

Defendant or that we would both face more repercussions. Plaintiff was then 

contacted by two corporations in mid-July, a large retailer and a large bank, and 

informed that financial fraud was occurring with Plaintiff’s credentials and was 

detected by their security departments. Both entities indicated that they had a lot 

of information and gave Plaintiff their internal report numbers and further 

instructed to file police reports, of which the Plaintiff complied.

Id. at 12.
3

FBI, but apparently did not receive a satisfactory response. Id. Sometime during this period, the 

Postal Inspection Service informed Tracy that it would not pursue his complaint. Id. at 90 (Pl.’s 

SMSJ, Ex. J); id. at 92 (Pl.’s SMSJ, Ex. K).

Tracy and Kimberly returned to the FBI’s Las Vegas field office in the fall to renew their 

complaints. Dkt. 26 at 13–14. It appears from the record that Kimberly visited the field office 

on October 2, 2014, and Kimberly and Tracy visited together on October 8, 2014. See id. at 73

(Pl.’s SMSJ, Ex. G). During the second of these visits, Tracy alleges, he told the FBI agent who 

met with him that “he was of the belief now that the surveillance, monitoring and computer 

intrusion was so severe and orchestrated that it was potentially occurring from the FBI itself.” 

Id. at 13. The agent, who “indicated that he had no previous knowledge” of Tracy or his wife, 

allegedly stated “that the surveillance, monitoring and computer intrusion may possibly be from 

another Federal Law Enforcement Agency or even a criminal gang of some type.” Id. The 

agent, according to Tracy, appeared to know details about Tracy and his wife that Tracy had not 

conveyed to him. Id. at 13–14. Tracy states that he visited the FBI field office once again in 

November, but he does not indicate what he said during that visit. Id. at 14.

Convinced that the FBI knew more about the fraud, extortion, and surveillance than it 

was willing to reveal, Tracy and his wife each filed FOIA requests with the U.S. Department of 

Justice in January 2015. Dkt. 24 at 24 (Def.’s Mot. Summ. J. (“MSJ”), Ex. A); Tracy v. U.S. 

Dep’t of Justice, 117 F. Supp. 3d 1, 2 (D.D.C. 2015). Tracy’s request sought his “full FBI file,” 

and indicated that he had visited the FBI’s Las Vegas field office on at least two occasions and 

had called the FBI at least once. Dkt. 24 at 24 (Def.’s MSJ, Ex. A). The FBI responded to 

Tracy’s request on January 27, 2015. Id. at 29 (Def.’s MSJ, Ex. C). It indicated that it had 

searched its Central Records System (“CRS”) and was “unable to identify main file records 
4

responsive to” Tracy’s request. Id. It did not respond to Kimberly’s request at all, and, on 

March 19, 2015, she filed suit to compel a response. Tracy, 117 F. Supp. 3d at 2.

Around the same time, Tracy appealed the FBI’s conclusion that no responsive records 

existed. Dkt. 24 at 33 (Def.’s MSJ, Ex. D). In his appeal, he provided additional details about 

his contacts with the FBI. Specifically, his appeal stated:

Any and all records concerning, regarding or related to myself (Robert B Tracy). 

Including records of communications, contacts and correspondence between 

Robert B Tracy and employees, officials, agents, contractors, and Informants of 

the DOJ, FBI & OHS. Victim interview FBI office Las Vegas, Nevada 6/23/14, 

10/08/14, & 11/20/2014. Interview pertained to being a victim of extortion 

threats/political corruption/lawyer tampering/unlawful surveillance & monitoring, 

call intercept, computer intrusion as well as home “bugging”. Indicated during 

multiple interviews that much of this activity was possibly emanating from the 

FBI or another government agency at the behest of high ranking government 

officials due to a political cover-up. Indicated that my parents as well as members 

of my immediate family seemed to be under duress and possible victims of 

extortion threats as well. I also expressed concerns of potential violations of my 

Constitutional and/or Civil rights as well as the same concerns relative to the Las 

Vegas Metropolitan Police Department.

Id. Tracy provided the dates and times of six phone calls he had made to the FBI, as well as the 

dates and times of what he described as “potential call intercepts”; provided the numbers of four 

police reports he had made to the Las Vegas Metropolitan Police; and provided several “search 

indices,” including the name of his wife, the surnames of various relatives, and several “related 

parties,” including the U.S. Postal Service, American Express, and Caesars Entertainment. Id.

The Department failed to respond within the 20-day period specified by FOIA, 5 U.S.C. 

§ 552(a)(6)(A)(ii), and Tracy filed this action, proceeding pro se. See Dkt. 1. On May 1, 2015, 

the Department’s Office of Information Policy (“OIP”) (which adjudicates FOIA appeals within 

the Department) affirmed the FBI’s conclusion that no responsive records existed. See Dkt. 24 at 

37 (Def.’s MSJ, Ex. F). Shortly thereafter, however, in connection with the FBI’s handling of 
5

Kimberly’s FOIA action, Tracy, 117 F. Supp. 3d at 2,3 the FBI identified two documents 

(totaling four pages in length) that appeared to memorialize Kimberly’s visit to the Las Vegas 

field office on October 2, 2014, and Tracy and Kimberly’s visit to the field office on October 8, 

2014. See Dkt. 26 at 71–74 (Pl.’s SMSJ, Ex. G). “[A]s a courtesy,” the FBI released those 

records to Tracy in July 2015. See Dkt. 24 at 47 (Def.’s Statement of Material Facts (“SMF”) 

¶ 14); id. at 40 (Def.’s MSJ, Ex. G). The FBI withheld portions of the records under Exemptions 

6, 7(C), and 7(E). Id.

The FBI has moved for summary judgment, arguing that it conducted a reasonable and 

adequate search and that its withholdings are appropriate under FOIA and the Privacy Act. Dkt. 

9. Tracy has cross-moved for summary judgment, arguing that the FBI’s search was inadequate 

and that its withholdings are unlawful. Dkts. 10, 17. Tracy has also moved for leave to file the 

phone carrier record of one of his calls to the FBI under seal. Dkt. 19.4

II. LEGAL STANDARD

The Freedom of Information Act is premised on the notion that an informed citizenry is 

“vital to the functioning of a democratic society, needed to check against corruption and to hold 

the governors accountable to the governed.” NLRB v. Robbins Tire & Rubber Co., 437 U.S. 214, 

242 (1978). The Act embodies a “general philosophy of full agency disclosure.” U.S. Dep’t of 

Def. v. FLRA, 510 U.S. 487, 494 (1994) (quoting Dep’t of Air Force v. Rose, 425 U.S. 352, 360

(1976)). It thus mandates that an agency disclose records on request, unless they fall within one 

 3

 Kimberly never challenged the adequacy of the FBI’s search for records or its justifications for 

withholding portions of those records, and so Judge Chutkan granted the FBI summary judgment 

in that matter in July 2015. Tracy, 117 F. Supp. 3d at 5.

4

 On April 4, 2016, Tracy also filed a second action against numerous defendants, including the 

FBI. See Tracy v. United States, No. 16-651 (D.D.C. filed Apr. 4, 2016). The merits of that suit 

are not before the Court in this Opinion.
6

of nine exemptions. “These exemptions are ‘explicitly made exclusive’ and must be ‘narrowly 

construed.’” Milner v. Dep’t of Navy, 562 U.S. 562, 565 (2011) (quoting EPA v. Mink, 410 U.S. 

73, 79 (1973), and FBI v. Abramson, 456 U.S. 615, 630 (1982)). As explained further below, the 

present dispute turns on the meaning and application of Exemptions 6 and 7. Exemption 6 

protects “personnel and medical files and similar files the disclosure of which would constitute a 

clearly unwarranted invasion of personal privacy.” 5 U.S.C. § 552(b)(6). Exemption 7 protects 

“records or information compiled for law enforcement purposes,” id. § 552(b)(7), but only if 

those records fall within one of the exemption’s five sub-parts, two of which are relevant here. 

The Privacy Act “safeguards the public from unwarranted collection, maintenance, use 

and dissemination of personal information contained in agency records . . . by allowing an 

individual to participate in ensuring that his records are accurate and properly used, and by 

imposing responsibilities on federal agencies to maintain their records accurately.” Mobley v. 

CIA, 806 F.3d 568, 585 (D.C. Cir. 2015) (quoting Bartel v. FAA, 725 F.2d 1403, 1407 (D.C. Cir. 

1984)). Under the Privacy Act, any agency that maintains a “system of records” must provide 

information about a person to that person upon request. 5 U.S.C. § 552a(d)(1). But an agency 

may promulgate regulations “to exempt any system of records within the agency” from such a 

request, provided that the system meets certain criteria. Id. § 552a(j)(2). This is because “[t]he 

Privacy Act—unlike [FOIA]—does not have disclosure as its primary goal.” See Henke v. U.S. 

Dep’t of Commerce, 83 F.3d 1453, 1456 (D.C. Cir. 1996).

FOIA cases are typically resolved on motions for summary judgment under Federal Rule 

of Civil Procedure 56. See, e.g., Beltranena v. U.S. Dep’t of State, 821 F. Supp. 2d 167, 175 

(D.D.C. 2011). To prevail on a summary judgment motion, the moving party must demonstrate 

that there are no genuine issues of material fact and that he or she is entitled to judgment as a 
7

matter of law. See Celotex Corp. v. Catrett, 477 U.S. 317, 325 (1986). In a FOIA action, the 

agency may meet its burden by submitting “relatively detailed and non-conclusory” affidavits or 

declarations, SafeCard Servs., Inc. v. SEC, 926 F.2d 1197, 1200 (D.C. Cir. 1991), and an index 

of the information withheld, Vaughn, 484 F.2d at 827–28; Summers v. Dep’t of Justice, 140 F.3d 

1077, 1080 (D.C. Cir. 1998). An agency “is entitled to summary judgment if no material facts 

are in dispute and if it demonstrates ‘that each document that falls within the class requested 

either has been produced . . . or is wholly exempt from the [FOIA’s] section requirements.” 

Students Against Genocide v. U.S. Dep’t of State, 257 F.3d 828, 833 (D.C. Cir. 2001) (quoting 

Goland v. CIA, 607 F.2d 339, 352 (D.C. Cir. 1978)). The Court reviews the agency’s decision 

de novo, and the agency bears the burden of sustaining its action. 5 U.S.C. § 552(a)(4)(B).

III. DISCUSSION

Tracy challenges (1) the adequacy of the FBI’s search for records responsive to his FOIA 

request and (2) the FBI’s decision to withhold portions of those records it did release pursuant to 

FOIA and the Privacy Act. The Court discusses each issue in turn.

A. Search

Tracy first argues that the FBI conducted an inadequate search in response to his FOIA 

request. An agency has an obligation under FOIA to conduct an adequate search for responsive 

records. “An agency fulfills its obligations . . . if it can demonstrate beyond material doubt that 

its search was ‘reasonably calculated to uncover all relevant documents.’” Valencia-Lucena v. 

U.S. Coast Guard, 180 F.3d 321, 325 (D.C. Cir. 1999) (quoting Truitt v. Dep’t of State, 897 F.2d 

540, 542 (D.C. Cir. 1990)). “In order to obtain summary judgment the agency must show that it 

made a good faith effort to conduct a search for the requested records, using methods which can 

be reasonably expected to produce the information requested.” Oglesby v. U.S. Department of 
8

Army, 920 F.2d 57, 68 (D.C. Cir. 1990). Although the agency “cannot limit its search to only 

one record system if there are others that are likely to turn up the information requested,” it need 

not “search every record system.” Id. The agency can show that it conducted an adequate search 

by relying on “[a] reasonably detailed affidavit [or declaration], setting forth the search terms 

and the type of search performed, and averring that all files likely to obtain responsive records (if 

such records exist) were searched.” Valencia-Lucena, 180 F.3d at 326.

The FBI supports its motion with the declaration of David Hardy, the section chief of the 

FBI division that processes FOIA requests. Dkt. 24 at 3–22 (Hardy Decl.). Hardy explains that 

the FBI searched its Central Records System (“CRS”) for records that might be responsive to 

Tracy’s request. Id. at 6, 10 (Hardy Decl. ¶¶ 13, 22). CRS is “an extensive system of records” 

that “spans the entire FBI organization,” including the FBI’s field offices. Id. at 6 (Hardy Decl. 

¶ 13) (emphasis added). CRS files are “indexed” in two ways. Id. at 7 (Hardy Decl. ¶ 15). Each 

file has a “main” entry, corresponding to “the main subject(s) of” the file. Id. A file may also 

contain a “cross-reference” entry, indicating that some other person, organization, or event is 

referenced in the file. Id. The FBI uses the Automated Case Support (“ACS”) system to 

organize CRS records. Id. at 7–8 (Hardy Decl. ¶ 17). ACS contains a Universal Index (“UNI”) 

tool that allows the FBI to search all CRS records indexed in ACS—“approximately 111 million 

searchable records.” Id. at 8 (Hardy Decl. ¶ 18). Since 2012, the FBI has also conducted FOIA 

searches in its advanced case management system, Sentinel. Id. at 9 (Hardy Decl. ¶ 19).

According to Hardy, when Tracy submitted his initial FOIA request, the FBI conducted 

searches in UNI and Sentinel for both “main” and “cross-reference” records using two variants 

on Tracy’s name (“Tracy, Robert B.” and “Tracy, Robert”). Id. at 10 (Hardy Decl. ¶ 22). Hardy 

states that the FBI “did not identify any main file indexed to [Tracy’s] name,” but did identify a 
9

cross-reference file indexed to Tracy’s name—that is, a file indexed primarily under someone 

else’s name that contained a reference to Tracy. Id. (emphasis added). The FBI did not provide 

this file to Tracy because it did not “pertain to any visit or telephone call” that Tracy had 

specifically listed in his initial FOIA request. Id. Hardy states that the FOIA analyst who 

processed Tracy’s request also called the FBI’s Las Vegas field office to determine whether any 

recording of the call that Tracy referred to in his original request existed, but was told that the 

field office does not record calls from complainants. Id. (Hardy Decl. ¶ 23).

As Hardy explains, however, the FBI eventually decided to produce the record indexed to 

Tracy’s name. Hardy says that when Tracy filed this suit, the FBI “conducted another search of 

the CRS index via [UNI] and Sentinel.” Id. at 11 (Hardy Decl. ¶ 24). That search did not reveal 

any additional records. Id. In the course of the search that the FBI conducted in Kimberly’s

case, however, it located a second record that is not indexed to Tracy’s name but that nonetheless 

refers to him. Id. Hardy states: “Although neither [file] pertains to either of the visits and/or the 

. . . call specifically listed by [Tracy] in his request letter, the FBI processed and released” both 

files to Tracy. Id.

Tracy identifies three reasons why the FBI’s search in this matter was inadequate.5

 First, 

he argues, the FBI construed his search too narrowly. Because Tracy requested only his “FBI 

file” in his original request, see id. at 24 (Def.’s MSJ, Ex. A), the FBI interpreted his request to 

seek only main files indexed to his name, not files that merely contained cross-references to his 

name. See id. at 58–59; id. at 9–10 (Hardy Decl. ¶¶ 20, 22) (describing the FBI’s policy of 

“search[ing] for and identify[ing] only ‘main’ files responsive to most [FOIA] requests at the 

 5

 Tracy in fact identifies “six reasons” why the FBI’s search was inadequate, see Dkt. 26 at 18, 

but the Court has endeavored to categorize similar reasons together, construing Tracy’s claims as 

liberally as is reasonable.
10

administrative stage”). Tracy argues that the FBI’s interpretation of his request was overly 

narrow, because his references to his visits the FBI’s Las Vegas field office (and the additional 

details he provided on appeal) made clear that he was seeking information that might not be 

available in his “main” file. See Dkt. 26 at 18. Indeed, Tracy argues, the FBI does not set out its 

reasons for interpreting his request for his “FBI file” to refer only to main references, to the 

exclusion of cross-references. Id.

The parties do not identify any caselaw that addresses whether it was reasonable for the 

FBI to have initially searched only for main files regarding Tracy, and the Court has found none. 

The FBI states that its standard policy is to “search for and identify only ‘main’ files responsive 

to most [FOIA] requests at the administrative stage.” Dkt. 24 at 9 (Hardy Decl. ¶ 20). But as a 

general matter, an agency is obligated “to construe a FOIA request liberally,” LaCedra v. Exec.

Office for U.S. Attorneys, 317 F.3d 345, 348 (D.C. Cir. 2003) (quoting Nation Magazine v. U.S. 

Customs Serv., 71 F.3d 885, 890 (D.C. Cir. 1995)), and it is far from clear to the Court that most 

FOIA requesters intend the FBI to search only for ‘main’ files when they request their “full FBI 

file.” Nonetheless, there is no reason for the Court to consider the question in any greater depth 

here, because the FBI did ultimately produce other records that were cross-referenced to Tracy’s 

name. See Dkt. 24 at 11 (Hardy Decl. ¶ 24). Whether or not its initial interpretation of Tracy’s 

request was overly narrow, that is, the FBI ultimately produced records that rest on a reasonable 

interpretation of that request.

6

 6

 The FBI maintains that its original interpretation of Tracy’s request was reasonable, and that 

“arguably none of the released pages are even responsive to [Tracy’s] request.” Dkt. 24 at 60. 

That contention is dubious. Tracy’s original FOIA request explicitly referenced his visits to the 

Las Vegas field office to file a report. And in his appeal, Tracy clarified that he sought “[a]ny 

and all records concerning, regarding, or relating to” himself, and he expressly sought records 

relating to the “[v]ictim interview” in Las Vegas that occurred on October 8, 2014, see id. at 33

(Def.’s MSJ, Ex. D), which is one of the visits that the second record produced by the FBI 
11

Second, Tracy argues, the FBI should have used more of the search terms that he 

suggested. Although Tracy initially requested his “FBI file,” on appeal he listed many additional 

“search indices” for the FBI to consider, including twelve dates on which he contacted the FBI in 

person or via phone, four Las Vegas Metropolitan Police report numbers, and the names of 

“possibly related parties” and several “possibly related” businesses. See Dkt. 24 at 33 (Def.’s 

MSJ, Ex. D). It is undisputed that the FBI never utilized any of these search terms. Nor does it 

appear from the record that the FBI conducted a search using Tracy’s date of birth or Social 

Security number, both of which Tracy provided in his original request. See id. at 25 (Def.’s 

MSJ, Ex. A). Tracy argues that it was “unreasonable” for the FBI not to have done so.

Although this, too, is a closer question than the FBI suggests, the Court agrees that it was 

reasonable for the FBI not to have utilized these additional search terms. As Hardy explains, the 

FBI indexes its records by individuals’ names, organizations’ names, and events. Id. at 7 (Hardy 

Decl. ¶ 16). Because Hardy’s request clearly sought “information pertaining to himself,” the FBI 

concentrated on those search terms most likely to produce information regarding Tracy 

himself—variants on his name. Id. at 11 (Hardy Decl. ¶ 25). Most of the search terms that 

Tracy suggested, by contrast, appear unlikely to lead the FBI to locate records about Tracy. It is 

hard to see how a search for “American Express” or “Caesars Entertainment,” for example,

would have led the FBI to locate any responsive records—unless, of course, the FBI were to also

limit those records by including Tracy’s name as a search term. To the extent Tracy suggests 

that the FBI should have “used conjunctive searches rather than simply searching for documents 

 

describes, see Dkt. 26 at 73 (Pl.’s MSJ, Ex. G). Thus even if the FBI might have reasonably 

concluded before Tracy appealed that the cross-referenced records were not responsive to his 

request, it was clear after he appealed that those records were. In its decision on Tracy’s appeal, 

moreover, OIP did not suggest that Tracy’s “clarification” actually constituted an expansion of 

the request. See Dkt. 24 at 37–38 (Def.’s MSJ, Ex. F).
12

containing [his name], such a search would have revealed fewer records than those the [FBI]

actually produced.” Soto v. U.S. Dep’t of State, 118 F. Supp. 3d 355, 363 (D.D.C. 2015).

Not all of the search terms Tracy suggested were this far afield. In particular, Tracy’s 

suggestion that the FBI search for his Social Security number, his date of birth, or the dates on 

which he visited the FBI’s Las Vegas office might seem more likely to have produced records 

responsive to his request. But agencies “have discretion in crafting a list of search terms that 

‘they believe[] to be reasonably tailored to uncover documents responsive to the FOIA request.’” 

Liberation Newspaper v. U.S. Dep’t of State, 80 F. Supp. 3d 137, 146 (D.D.C. 2015) (quoting 

Physicians for Human Rights v. U.S. Dep’t of Def., 675 F. Supp. 2d 149, 164 (D.D.C. 2009)). 

Tracy points to no basis to conclude that a search for these additional terms would have been 

likely to yield records that were not found by searching for his name. Especially in light of the 

fact that the FBI’s original search did produce records documenting two visits to the FBI’s Las 

Vegas field office, the Court finds that the FBI’s determination that the additional terms would 

not have produced additional results was a reasonable one under the circumstances. To the 

extent that Tracy seeks records relating to the various individuals and entities identified in his 

“search indices,” he is, of course, free to file a FOIA request for such records.

Third, and most emphatically, Tracy argues that the FBI’s search was inadequate because 

it did not result in the production of any records relating to either his first visit to the FBI, in June 

2014, or any of his phone calls.7

 See Dkt. 26 at 20–26. He argues, among other things, that the 

records the FBI did produce, as well as cell-phone records he attaches to his motion for summary 

judgment, demonstrate that he both visited the FBI in June 2014 and made numerous calls to FBI 

 7

 The Court assumes for purposes of this decision that Tracy made the phone calls he alleges. 

As a result, it need not rely upon the additional phone carrier records Tracy seeks to file under 

seal, and will thus deny Tracy’s motion for leave to file those records, Dkt. 19.
13

agents between June 2014 and February 2015. See id. at 73 (Pl.’s MSJ, Ex. G) (reference to a 

“complaint filed initially on June 23, 2014”); id. at 50–68 (Pl.’s MSJ, Exs. E, F) (cell-phone 

records). Tracy’s argument, in essence, is that because he can demonstrate that he contacted the 

FBI on these dates, that he completed a “questionnaire” at the field office, and that he provided 

the FBI with certain materials, Dkt. 26 at 6, the fact that the FBI has not produced any records of 

those contacts means that the FBI has failed to conduct a reasonable and adequate search of its 

files. See Dkt. 18 at 4 (“This case is about how you can have (3) in person victim interviews and 

nearly (75) minutes of victim calls to the Defendant and not have a single instance of follow up 

contact from the Defendant . . . .”).

In light of his repeated contacts with the FBI, Tracy’s argument is not an unreasonable 

one. The problem for Tracy is that, as the D.C. Circuit has held, “the adequacy of a FOIA search 

is generally determined not by the fruits of the search, but by the appropriateness of the methods 

used to carry out the search.” Iturralde v. Comptroller of Currency, 315 F.3d 311, 315 (D.C. 

Cir. 2003). To the extent that Tracy is simply dissatisfied with the results of the FBI’s search, 

his challenge to the FBI’s search must fail. See Steinberg v. U.S. Dep’t of Justice, 23 F.3d 548, 

552 (D.C. Cir. 1994) (“[M]ere speculation that as yet uncovered documents may exist does not 

undermine the finding that the agency conducted a reasonable search.” (internal quotation marks 

omitted)). Nor do Tracy’s broader complaints with the FBI have traction. For instance, Tracy 

argues at length that if the FBI’s Las Vegas field office in fact failed to make a record of his 

visits and phone calls in 2014 and 2015, it may have violated an FBI policy—or, failing that, that 

it may have acted contrary to common sense. E.g., Dkt. 26 at 26 (“It seems nothing short of 

preposterous . . . that the FBI Las Vegas field office does not record incoming phone calls.”). 
14

But FOIA does not require agencies to create records that do not exist, and it is not a tool for 

requesters to improve agencies’ internal practices and procedures.

In sum, the Court concludes that the FBI conducted a reasonable and adequate search in 

response to Tracy’s request for his FBI file.

B. Withholdings

Tracy submitted his request for records pursuant to both the Privacy Act and FOIA. See 

Dkt. 24 at 27 (Def.’s MSJ, Ex. B). Because the two statutes “state that access to records under 

each is available without regard to exemptions under the other,” in order to withhold records, an 

agency “must demonstrate that the documents fall within some exemption under each Act.” See 

Martin v. Office of Special Counsel, 819 F.2d 1181, 1184 (D.C. Cir. 1987). Here, the FBI 

maintains, and Tracy does not genuinely dispute, that all records responsive to his request were

properly withheld from disclosure under the Privacy Act. See Dkt. 24 at 61–62; see generally

Dkts. 25, 26. Accordingly, the Court will briefly discuss the FBI’s basis for withholding records 

under the Privacy Act, and then turn to the parties’ dispute about whether the FBI’s actions 

complied with FOIA.

1. Privacy Act

The Privacy Act “requires any agency that maintains a ‘system of records’ to provide 

information pertaining to a particular person to that person when he or she asks to access it.” 

Mobley, 806 F.3d at 585. But the Act also permits agencies to “exempt certain records within a 

system from disclosure.” Henke, 83 F.3d at 1457–58. One Privacy Act exemption, Exemption 

(j)(2), permits an agency to exempt a system of records if (a) the agency’s principal function is 

criminal law enforcement and (b) the system consists of one of three types of information, 

including, as relevant here, “information compiled for the purpose of a criminal investigation, 
15

including reports of informants and investigators, and associated with an identifiable individual.” 

5 U.S.C. § 552a(j)(2); see Mobley, 806 F.3d at 586. The Justice Department has promulgated a 

regulation exempting the FBI’s CRS system from the Privacy Act. Id.; see 28 C.F.R. § 16.96(a). 

Although the FBI has exempted its CRS system from the Privacy Act’s requirements, it 

has nonetheless qualified that exemption by providing that it applies only to information “subject 

to exemption” under the Act. 28 C.F.R. § 16.96(a). The D.C. Circuit has interpreted this proviso 

to require the FBI to prove “that the record [sought to be withheld] is a law enforcement record 

within the meaning of the Privacy Act.” Mobley, 806 F.3d at 586; see also Vymetalik v. FBI, 785 

F.2d 1090, 1095 (D.C. Cir. 1986). Under the Privacy Act (and under FOIA), a record qualifies 

as a “law enforcement” record if (1) “the agency’s investigatory activities that g[a]ve rise to the 

documents . . . were related to the enforcement of federal laws or to the maintenance of national 

security” and (2) “the nexus between the investigation and one of the agency’s law enforcement 

duties [is] based on information sufficient to support at least a colorable claim of its rationality.” 

Doe v. FBI, 936 F.2d 1346, 1353 (D.C. Cir. 1991) (quoting Pratt v. Webster, 673 F.2d 408, 420–

21 (D.C. Cir. 1982)).

It is plain that the records that the FBI released to Tracy are “law enforcement records” 

under the Privacy Act. Hardy states that the records “were specifically compiled in response to a 

complaint regarding potential violations of federal laws concerning public corruption,” a claim 

that Tracy does not dispute. See Dkt. 24 at 13 (Hardy Decl. ¶ 28); Dkt. 26 at 19 (asserting that 

Tracy is a “victim of extortion and Public corruption”). The records were thus compiled by the 

FBI in furtherance of its federal law enforcement mission. Accord Mobley, 806 F.3d at 586; 

Doe, 936 F.2d at 1354–55. Tracy does not appear to contest that the produced records qualify as 

“law enforcement records,” see Dkt. 26 at 30, nor, based on this record, could he reasonably do 
16

so. Accordingly, the FBI has established that the records that it released to Tracy (in a redacted 

form) were protected in full by the Privacy Act.

2. FOIA

Tracy does contest the propriety of the FBI’s decision to redact portions of the released 

documents under FOIA Exemptions 6, 7(C), and 7(E), as well as the FBI’s assertion that it has 

released all reasonably segregable material in these records. The Court takes each argument in 

turn.

a. Exemptions 6 and 7(C)

FOIA Exemptions 6 and 7(C) are privacy exemptions. Exemption 6 shields “personnel 

and medical files and similar files the disclosure of which would constitute a clearly unwarranted 

invasion of personal privacy.” 5 U.S.C. § 552(b)(6). Exemption 7(C) protects those “records or 

information compiled for law enforcement purposes” the disclosure of which “could reasonably 

be expected to constitute an unwarranted invasion of personal privacy.” Id. § 552(b)(7)(C). The 

two exemptions protect similar interests, but they differ in scope. Exemption 7(C) applies only 

to “records compiled for law enforcement purposes.” Id. “And because Exemption 7(C) permits 

withholding of such records if disclosure would constitute an ‘unwarranted’ invasion of personal 

privacy, while Exemption 6 requires a ‘clearly unwarranted’ invasion to justify nondisclosure, 

‘Exemption 7(C) is more protective of privacy than Exemption 6’ and thus establishes a lower 

bar for withholding material.” See ACLU v. U.S. Dep’t of Justice, 655 F.3d 1, 6 (D.C. Cir. 2011) 

(quoting U.S. Dep’t of Defense v. FLRA, 510 U.S. 487, 496 n.6 (1994)).

Here, the Court has already concluded that the records the FBI produced to Tracy were 

“law enforcement records” for the purposes of the Privacy Act. See supra p. 15. The records are 

also therefore “records compiled for law enforcement purposes” under FOIA. See Doe, 936 F.2d 
17

at 1354 (explaining that the two standards are the same). Accordingly, the Court will evaluate 

the FBI’s decision to withhold portions of these records only under Exemption 7(C), because “it 

provides broader privacy protection than Exemption 6.” See CREW v. U.S. Dep’t of Justice, 746 

F.3d 1082, 1091 n.2 (D.C. Cir. 2014). The FBI withheld three categories of information under 

Exemption 7(C): (i) the names of FBI employees, (ii) the names of several third parties “merely 

mentioned” in the record (that is, third parties not of investigative interest to the FBI), and (iii) 

the names of third parties of investigative interest to the FBI. See Dkt. 24 at 67–70; id. at 16–20 

(Hardy Decl. ¶¶ 37–41). The Court concludes that the FBI’s assertion of Exemption 7(C) was 

proper as to all three categories of information.

The D.C. Circuit and other judges of this Court have consistently allowed the FBI to 

withhold the names of FBI employees and third parties under Exemption 7(C). As the D.C. 

Circuit has explained, it has adopted “a categorical rule permitting an agency to withhold 

information identifying private citizens mentioned in law enforcement records, unless disclosure 

is ‘necessary in order to confirm or refute compelling evidence that the agency is engaged in 

illegal activity.’” See Schrecker v. U.S. Dep’t of Justice, 349 F.3d 657, 661–62 (D.C. Cir. 2003) 

(quoting SafeCard Servs., 926 F.2d at 1206). This protection has generally been afforded to the 

names of agency employees, as well, for similar if not identical reasons. See Lesar v. U.S. Dep’t 

of Justice, 636 F.2d 472, 487–88 (D.C. Cir. 1980) (concluding that Exemption 7(C) protects the 

names of FBI agents because the agents could face “public exposure or possible harassment”); 

see also Roth v. U.S. Dep’t of Justice, 642 F.3d 1161, 1174 (D.C. Cir. 2011); Schrecker, 349 

F.3d at 661. So it is clear that the FBI acted within the confines of FOIA in redacting the names 

of FBI employees and third parties in the records it released to Tracy.
18

Tracy levies several objections to this conclusion, but each misses the mark. Although

Tracy concedes that the records he seeks “might relate to ‘law enforcement purposes,’” Dkt. 26 

at 30, he appears to argue that the FBI has failed conclusively to establish that fact because it has 

not identified the specific investigation, by case or by case number, that the records were 

compiled in furtherance of, id. at 29. But the FBI is under no obligation to do so; it need only 

show that it compiled the records in furtherance of its mission to enforce federal laws, see Pratt, 

673 F.2d at 420–21. Tracy also argues that Exemption 7(C) does not apply here because he 

“does not seek ‘personal’ information regarding any particular individual” but rather 

“information concerning these individuals[’] . . . interactions with Plaintiff, the ‘authority’ with 

which they were acting[,] . . . and why Plaintiff was targeted and exposed to criminal conduct 

by” them. Dkt. 26 at 30. But even presuming the FBI withheld personal identifying information 

about any of the people that Tracy believes threatened or extorted him, the D.C. Circuit has made 

clear that the privacy interests of such persons outweigh any interest Tracy has in learning their 

identities. If Tracy believes the FBI has redacted information that would not identify these 

persons, moreover, he has provided no evidence with which to discredit Hardy’s assertion that 

the FBI withheld only names and identifying information pursuant to Exemption 7(C).8

Accordingly, the Court concludes that the FBI properly withheld information pursuant to 

Exemption 7(C).

 8

 Further, to the extent that Tracy’s complaint is that the FBI withheld other records that might 

contain relevant information, he is mistaken. As the FBI explained in its responses to his FOIA 

requests, the four pages that it provided Tracy were the only records it located that might have 

been responsive to his request. The FBI invoked Exemption 7(C) only to withhold parts of those 

four pages; it did not invoke it to withhold additional pages in full. 
19

b. Exemption 7(E)

The FBI also withheld the address of an internal FBI website on each of the records that 

it provided to Tracy pursuant to Exemption 7(E). See Dkt. 24 at 20–21 (Hardy Decl. ¶¶ 42–45). 

Exemption 7(E) shields “records or information compiled for law enforcement purposes” if the 

disclosure of that information “would disclose techniques and procedures for law enforcement 

investigations or prosecutions, or would disclose guidelines for law enforcement investigations 

or prosecutions if such disclosure could reasonably be expected to risk circumvention of the 

law.” 5 U.S.C. § 552(b)(7)(E). The D.C. Circuit has explained that “Exemption 7(E) sets a 

relatively low bar for the agency to justify withholding.” Blackwell v. FBI, 646 F.3d 37, 42 

(D.C. Cir. 2011). To clear that “relatively low bar,” an agency must show only that the release 

of a record might increase the risk “that a law will be violated or that past violators will escape 

legal consequences.” Mayer Brown LLP v. IRS, 562 F.3d 1190, 1193 (D.C. Cir. 2009).

The FBI argues that the disclosure of its internal website addresses would increase the 

risk of cyberattacks. See Dkt. 24 at 71–72; id. at 21 (Hardy Decl. ¶ 45). Specifically, the FBI 

explains that, armed with the FBI’s internal website addresses, “criminals capable of cyber 

attacks” would “know where to go in the FBI’s computer system to disrupt or undermine FBI 

counter-terrorism initiatives,” which in turn “could result in an increase in violence, crime, or the 

destruction of property by terrorists.” Id. at 21 (Hardy Decl. ¶ 45). The Court agrees with the 

other judges on this Court to have considered the question that this possibility clears the “low 

bar” established by Exemption 7(E). See, e.g., Shapiro v. U.S. Dep’t of Justice, 78 F. Supp. 3d 

508, 520 (D.D.C. 2015); Labow v. U.S. Dep’t of Justice, 66 F. Supp. 3d 104, 113 n.2 (D.D.C. 

2014). 
20

Tracy’s only arguments to the contrary are not on point. He argues again that the FBI has 

failed to pinpoint with sufficient specificity the investigation that the records it released were 

compiled in service of, Dkt. 26 at 31, but as the Court has explained, the FBI was not required to 

do so. Tracy’s contention that “Exemption 7(E) should not be a shield from litigation” in light of 

the fact that he has “potentially been under unlawful surveillance and monitoring, including 

surveillance of his residence for almost two years by [the FBI],” id. at 31–32, has no bearing on 

this FOIA suit, even if he could substantiate it with record evidence.

Accordingly, the Court concludes that the FBI properly withheld information pursuant to 

Exemption 7(E).

c. Segregability

Tracy finally gestures at a challenge to the FBI’s assertion that it released all reasonably 

segregable records in response to his request. FOIA requires that “[a]ny reasonably segregable 

portion of a record shall be provided to any person requesting such record after deletion of the 

portions [that] are exempt.” 5 U.S.C. § 552(b). Here, the FBI redacted the material from the 

four pages it released to Tracy that it believed was exempt under FOIA, and released the 

remainder of the pages. See Dkt. 24 at 21–22 (Hardy Decl. ¶ 46). Tracy argues that the FBI’s 

statement on segregability is “conclusory” and “boilerplate,” but his objection is not really that 

the FBI has failed to segregate exempt information from non-exempt information; it is that the 

FBI has not produced all of the records that he believes exist. See Dkt. 26 at 32 (arguing that the 

FBI “does not declare how many ‘total’ records were responsive” but instead “only states that 4 

pages could be released”). That is, Tracy’s argument goes not to the question whether the FBI 

has produced all reasonably segregable portions of the records it released, but the question
21

whether the FBI’s search for those records was adequate and reasonable. For the reasons the 

Court has already explained, see supra pp. 7–14, it was.

Whether or not Tracy raises a segregability challenge, however, the Court has a duty to 

“make specific findings of segregability regarding the documents to be withheld . . . even if the 

requester did not raise the issue of segregability before the court.” Sussman v. U.S. Marshals 

Serv., 494 F.3d 1106, 1116 (D.C. Cir. 2007). The Court has no trouble concluding that the FBI 

complied with FOIA’s segregability requirement. That requirement generally has teeth only 

where the agency has chosen to withhold pages or documents in full rather than trying to redact 

those parts of pages that contain exempt material. Here, the FBI redacted what was exempt and 

released the remainder of the records. FOIA requires no more. 

CONCLUSION

For these reasons, the Court will grant the FBI’s motion for summary judgment, deny 

Tracy’s motion for summary judgment, and deny Tracy’s motion for leave to file records under 

seal. A separate Order will issue.

/s/ Randolph D. Moss

RANDOLPH D. MOSS

United States District Judge

Date: June 10, 2016