DA 12-0648

IN THE SUPREME COURT OF THE STATE OF MONTANA

2013 MT 191

IN THE MATTER OF:

D.A. and M.A.,

 Youths in Need of Care.

APPEAL FROM: District Court of the Eighth Judicial District,

In and For the County of Cascade, Cause Nos. CDN 10-064 and 10-065

Honorable Kenneth R. Neill, Presiding Judge

COUNSEL OF RECORD:

For Appellant:

Elizabeth Thomas, Attorney at Law; Missoula, Montana

For Appellee:

Timothy C. Fox, Montana Attorney General, Pamela P. Collins, Assistant 

Attorney General; Helena, Montana

Theresa L. Diekhans, Assistant Attorney General, Child Protection Unit; 

Great Falls, Montana

Submitted on Briefs: March 6, 2013

 Decided: July 16, 2013 

Filed:

__________________________________________

Clerk

July 16 2013
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Justice Brian Morris delivered the Opinion of the Court.

¶1 The Eighth Judicial District Court, Cascade County terminated T.A.’s (Mother’s) 

parental rights to her two daughters D.A and M.A. (collectively “Children”). Mother claims 

that the Department of Health and Human Services (Department) failed to comply with the 

provisions of the Indian Child Welfare Act (ICWA) and various other federal and state 

requirements. We affirm. 

¶2 We address the following issues on appeal: 

¶3 Whether the Department made sufficient active efforts to reunify Mother and the 

Children to satisfy ICWA?

¶4 Whether the Department provided sufficient evidence that reunification of Children 

with Mother would cause serious physical or emotional damage to the Children?

¶5 Whether the District Court properly determined that Mother had stipulated to the 

treatment plan?

¶6 Whether all stipulations in ICWA involuntary termination proceedings must be 

reduced to writing? 

FACTS

¶7 T.A. is the natural mother of M.A. and D.A. M.A. is nine years old and D.A. is seven 

years old. The Children and Mother are enrolled members of the Chippewa Cree Tribe. 

¶8 Mother has a long history of illegal drug use that includes methamphetamine, 

marijuana, and benzodiazepine. Mother tested positive for methamphetamine in August

2005 when she was six months pregnant with D.A. The Department removed M.A. from 

Mother’s care the day after Mother’s positive methamphetamine test. 

¶9 The District Court, in an earlier proceeding, had adjudicated M.A. a youth in need of 
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care and granted temporary legal custody (TLC) of M.A. to the Department. The 

Department removed D.A. from Mother’s care at birth in November 2005 due to Mother’s 

methamphetamine use while pregnant with D.A. The Department restored custody of M.A. 

and D.A. to Mother in 2007 after Mother successfully completed a treatment plan. 

¶10 Mother also has a long history with the Department. Child Protective Services(CPS) 

has received at least twelve referrals regarding Mother since 2004. CPS undertook eight 

child investigative reports during that period. These referrals involved Mother’s other child 

too. The Department required Mother to attend treatment after Mother had left her daughter, 

A.A., at a daycare in October 2008. A.A. was around five months old at the time. The 

Department agreed to A.A.’s placement with her birth father with whom she still resides. 

¶11 The Children’s maternal aunt and uncle agreed to care for the Children so that Mother 

could attend treatment after the incident with A.A. Mother walked away from that treatment 

program after two days. She chose instead to live at a rescue home without the Children. 

The Children remained with the aunt and uncle until April 2010 when the uncle informed the 

Department that the aunt and uncle no longer could care for the Children. 

¶12 The Department placed the Children into protective custody on April 23, 2010. The 

Department filed a petition for emergency protective services, adjudication as youths in need 

of care, and TLC for the youths on April 28, 2010. The Department originally assigned 

Amanda Scott (Scott), a child protective specialist, to the case. Scott tried unsuccessfully to 

contact Mother through Mother’s sister, Mother’s probation officer, M.A.’s grandmother, 

and M.A.’s father. Scott finally contacted Mother in June 2010. 
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¶13 The District Court held a show cause hearing and adjudicatory hearing on the 

Department’s petition on May 25, 2010. The Department notified the Chippewa Cree Tribe

of the proceeding. The Tribe did not respond. Mother appeared through counsel as she was 

in custody. 

¶14 The Department by this point had placed M.A. with a grandparent and D.A. with a 

maternal aunt. Mother’s counsel stipulated to the Department having temporary 

investigative authority (TIA) due to Mother’s satisfaction with the Children’s placement. 

Counsel contested TLC because of Mother’s absence. The Department agreed to limit its 

petition, for the time being, to TIA. The court inquired whether the Department needed to 

present the testimony of an ICWA expert before the court could grant TIA. The Department 

argued that Mother could waive the need for the ICWA expert. Mother’s counsel stipulated 

to waive the expert’s testimony. The court approved the Children’s current placements and 

granted the Department temporary investigative authority for 90 days. 

¶15 The court held a show cause and adjudicatory hearing on the Department’s petition to 

convert the TIA to TLC on July 13, 2010. Mother appeared by telephone and was 

represented by counsel. The court informed Mother that she would have to undergo a 

treatment plan to regain custody of the Children if she agreed to the Department’s TLC. 

Mother agreed. 

¶16 The Department had not yet completed Mother’s treatment plan. The Department

represented that it would have Mother’s treatment plan ready within 20 days. Mother’s 

counsel again stipulated to waive ICWA expert testimony. Mother’s counsel also agreed to 
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treat this hearing as a dispositional hearing, on the condition that Mother could object to the

contents of the treatment plan once the Department completed it. The Department agreed to 

allow Mother 10 days to object to the treatment plan once the Department filed the treatment 

plan with the court. 

¶17 The court ordered the Children adjudicated youths in need of care on July 23, 2010. 

The court found that “[t]he treatment plan for the Mother, [T.A.], is reasonable and 

appropriate.” The District Court also stated that Mother had “reviewed the proposed 

treatment plan and she had signed the treatment plan and has already begun to complete the 

requirements of the treatment plan.”

¶18 The Department’s completion of Mother’s treatment plan took longer than the 20 days 

that the Department had represented. The Department finally submitted Mother’s treatment 

plan to the District Court on November 1, 2010. By this time, Mother had been transferred 

from the Cascade County Detention Center to Passages in Billings, and finally to Butte’s 

Pre-Release Center. Mother filed no objection to the content of the treatment plan. 

¶19 Mother remained in the Butte Pre-Release Center for almost a year. Throughout this 

period, Mother maintained contact with the Children, the Department, and her parole officer. 

Mother also completed a psychological evaluation, attended parenting classes, and remained 

employed as required by her treatment plan. 

¶20 Dr. Susan Day, a licensed clinical psychologist, performed Mother’s psychological 

evaluation. Dr. Day recommended that Mother demonstrate for six months that she could

maintain her sobriety outside a monitored setting. Mother would need to be discharged from 
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Pre-Release in order to meet this recommendation. Dr. Day also recommended that Mother 

be required to establish a stable home, sobriety, and work for six continuous months in order 

to demonstrate that Mother was sufficiently stable to parent the Children. Mother never 

completed these goals.

¶21 Mother discharged from Pre-Release in Butte on November 22, 2011. She moved

into the Pre-Release’s Alternative Reporting Component (ARC). ARC operates as a 

transitional living program that “provides a continuum of care” for those offenders who 

transition from Pre-Release back into the community. ARC afforded Mother the opportunity 

to establish a residence of her own. Mother still had to comply with certain rules and 

conditions of release, including those in her treatment plan. 

¶22 The Department transferred D.A. from a foster home in Great Falls to a foster home in 

Butte in October 2011. The Department intended that D.A. would transition into Mother’s 

home while Mother completed ARC and met her release conditions. Scott worked with 

Joslin Swartz (Swartz), a Department child protection specialist in Butte, to facilitate D.A.’s 

transfer.

¶23 Swartz met with Mother on numerous occasions while Mother lived in Butte. Swartz

met with Mother both at Swartz’s office and at Mother’s home. Swartz learned during one 

home visit that Mother had a live-in boyfriend. Mother falsely told Swartz the boyfriend was

at a funeral in Washington. The boyfriend actually was in jail in Spokane, Washington.

¶24 Department policy prevented D.A.’s placement in Mother’s home until the 

Department had investigated the boyfriend’s background. Swartz informed Mother that the 
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boyfriend needed to provide fingerprints and to execute a release that would allow the 

Department to investigate his background. Swartz gave Mother the information release and 

fingerprint forms. The boyfriend submitted fingerprints, but he refused to sign the release. 

The boyfriend continued to live with Mother. 

¶25 Mother and boyfriend went drinking on New Year’s Eve 2011. The boyfriend 

physically assaulted Mother that night and he was arrested for partner family member 

assault. The Department of Corrections (DOC) placed Mother in the Enhanced Supervision 

Program on January 25, 2012, for 90 days due to Mother’s violation of the terms of both her 

parole and her parenting plan. 

¶26 The Department filed a petition for permanent legal custody and termination of 

parental rights on February 3, 2012. Mother absconded from her parole in March 2012. 

Mother remained on the lam until June when she was arrested and detained for having 

absconded.

¶27 M.A. lived with her paternal grandmother throughout most of these proceedings. The 

guardian ad litem continually has reported to the court that M.A. remains “well taken care 

of” by her grandmother. D.A. has been moved a number of times. Various relatives have 

cared for her and the Department has placed her in foster homes in Box Elder, Great Falls, 

and Butte. The Department returned D.A. to the foster home in Great Falls after the effort to 

reunite D.A. with Mother in Butte failed.

¶28 The District Court held a permanent legal custody and termination of parental rights 

hearing on August 29, 2012. Mother appeared with counsel. Dr. Day, Scott, Swartz, Tricia 
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Jory (Mother’s parole and probation officer in Butte), and Anna Fischer (an ICWA expert) 

testified for the Department. 

¶29 The District Court granted the Department’s petition to terminate Mother’s parental 

rights on September 28, 2012. The District Court determined beyond a reasonable doubt that 

Mother had failed to comply with the treatment plan or show any indicia that she could begin 

to comport with the treatment plan within a reasonable period. The District Court 

determined beyond a reasonable doubt that Mother’s continued custody of the Children 

likely would result in serious emotional or physical damage to the Children. Mother appeals. 

STANDARD OF REVIEW

¶30 We review for abuse of discretion a district court’s termination of parental rights. In 

re B.M., 2010 MT 114, ¶ 14, 356 Mont. 327, 233 P.3d 338. We determine whether a district 

court’s findings of fact are clearly erroneous and whether its conclusions of law are correct. 

In re B.M., ¶ 14. Where ICWA applies, we will uphold a district court’s termination of 

parental rights if a reasonable fact finder could conclude beyond a reasonable doubt that 

continued custody of the child by the parent likely would result in serious emotional or 

physical damage to the child. In re I.B., 2011 MT 82, ¶ 18, 360 Mont. 132, 255 P.3d 56. 

DISCUSSION 

¶31 Whether the Department made sufficient active efforts to reunify Mother and the 

Children to satisfy ICWA?

¶32 The District Court terminated Mother’s parental rights pursuant to § 41-3-609(1)(f), 
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MCA. The parties have stipulated that ICWA applies to Mother’s termination proceedings. 

See 25 U.S.C. § 1903(4) (2006). ICWA requires the Department to make active efforts 

toward reunification. 25 U.S.C. § 1912; In re I.B., ¶ 25. 

¶33 Mother points to the lack of visitations with the Children as evidence of lack of active 

efforts by the Department for reunification. Mother contends that the Department should 

have provided more in-home services and worked more actively with Mother to attain 

reunification after Mother had re-engaged with the Department in June 2012. Mother also 

argues the Department’s documents contain insufficient use of the term “active efforts.” 

¶34 Mother fails to acknowledge the impact that her incarceration and her own actions had 

on the availability of visitations with the Children. These proceedings extended from April 

23, 2010, through the termination hearing on August 29, 2012. Mother wasincarcerated, or 

otherwise under supervision and monitoring, throughout these 28 months with the exception 

of the two separate occasions when she absconded from her parole. Consequentially, we 

must consider Mother’s incarceration, her supervised status, and her absences while on the 

lam when we evaluate whether the Department undertook active efforts to reunify Mother 

with the Children. See A.A. v. Dept. of Fam. and Youth Servs., 982 P.2d 256, 261 (Alaska 

1999). 

¶35 Mother’s detours through the various levels of incarceration and supervision placed 

significant roadblocks in the Department’s ability to reunite Mother and the Children. The

Department filed a petition for emergency protective services for the Children in April 2010. 

Mother had left the Children with their aunt and uncle almost two years earlier. Mother had 
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absconded from her parole. Department personnel finally found Mother in June 2010 at the 

Cascade County Detention Center. Authorities soon transferred Mother to Passages in 

Billings. Authorities transferred Mother from Passages to Pre-Release in Butte in September 

or October 2010. Mother received parenting classes at both Passages and Pre-Release. 

¶36 The Department scheduled visitations between Mother and D.A when they lived in 

the same city. In fact, the Department moved D.A. to a foster family in Butte while Mother 

was at the Butte Pre-Release Center and later ARC. Swartz helped Mother receive services 

in Butte and monitored D.A. in foster care in Butte. 

¶37 Swartz met with Mother to devise a plan to return D.A. to Mother’s care. Swartz

visited Mother’s ARC program home. Swartz learned of Mother’s live-in boyfriend during 

one of these visits. Mother failed to return the boyfriend’s background check release. 

Mother knew that the Department policy would prevent home visits between Mother and 

D.A. until the Department had received the release. Swartz tried unsuccessfully to set up a 

meeting with the boyfriend.

¶38 Swartz tried to help Mother address her transportation problems. Mother needed a 

valid driver’s license so that she could get D.A. to school, daycare, and therapy. Mother

missed some of her visits with D.A. due, in part, to Mother’s lack of a valid driver’s license. 

Swartz helped Mother gather the proper paperwork to obtain a license. Swartz also helped 

Mother with daycare referrals so that Mother’s reunification with D.A. would not require 

Mother to stop working. Mother never obtained the driver’s license or followed up on the 

daycare referrals. 
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¶39 Swartz discussed with Mother the opportunity for Mother and the Children to be 

reunited through the “Michel’s House” program in Billings. Michel’s House would have 

offered Mother added support with parenting and attaining sobriety. Mother was “adamant” 

in her opposition to attending Michel’s House.

¶40 Swartz also supervised visits between Mother and D.A both at Swartz’s office and at 

Mother’s home. Swartz testified that Mother was “unsure how to interact with [D.A.]” and 

“had to be prompted on a lot of things.” Swartz also discussed with Mother the 

Intermountain program. Intermountain could have provided in home therapy sessions to 

Mother and D.A. Intermountain requires parent child reunification in order to enroll.

Mother never achieved reunification. 

¶41 D.A.’s return to Great Falls halted visits between Mother and D.A in Butte. Swartz

testified that D.A. had exhibited behavior problems at her foster home in Butte. Specifically, 

Swartz testified that D.A. had started to exhibit sexual behaviors, was hitting other children, 

almost killed a kitten, and was yelling and screaming. These actions led D.A.’s Butte foster 

parents to fear that D.A.’s behavioral problems put at risk an infant who was in their home. 

No other foster homes were available in Butte. 

¶42 Mother’s treatment plan required random urinalysis testing. Swartz tried to help 

Mother set up random urinalysis testing when Mother was placed in the ARC program. 

Mother never complied.

¶43 The Department attempted to arrange a meeting with Mother after Mother returned to 

supervised status in June 2012. The Department wanted to assess Mother’s plans for 
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complying with her treatment plan. Department personnel called to verify Mother would 

attend. Mother’s phone line had been disconnected. Mother failed to show up for the 

meeting.

¶44 The record establishes beyond a reasonable doubt that the Department undertook 

active efforts to reunite Mother and the Children as required under ICWA. The Department 

attempted to work around Mother’s incarceration, her supervision, and her chemical 

dependency problems. The Department’s active efforts matched the Department’s wordsin 

its desire to facilitate reunification. 

¶45 Whether the Department provided sufficient evidence that reunification of Children 

with Mother would cause serious physical or emotional damage to the Children?

¶46 ICWA requires the “testimony of qualified expert witnesses, that the continued 

custody of the child by the parent or Indian custodian is likely to result in serious emotional 

or physical damage to the child.” 25 U.S.C. § 1912(f) (emphasis added); see also § 41-3-

609(5), MCA. Nothing in 25 U.S.C. § 1912(f) requires a court to make this determination 

solely from the testimony of the ICWA expert. In Montana, at minimum, evidence in the 

record of serious physical or emotional damage must include an ICWA expert’s opinion that 

serious emotional or physical damage to the child would result if the child is left in the 

parent’s custody. In re K.B. and T.B., 2013 MT 133, ¶ 30, 370 Mont. 254, 301 P.3d 836. 

The court may review the evidence to supplement the expert’s conclusion regarding likely 

emotional or physical damage. See 25 U.S.C. § 1912(f). 

¶47 Fisher qualifies as an ICWA expert. Fisher met with Mother. Fisher spoke with Scott 
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about the case. Fisher testified that she had “all the information necessary” to evaluate 

whether reunification posed a risk to the Children. Fisher opined that continued custody by 

Mother likely would result in serious emotional and physical damage to the Children. Fisher 

testified that it is not “within the norms of [an] Indian family for a mother to work this long 

and not get it together and be able to then parent her children.” 

¶48 Fisher noted that Mother has not had her children for a single weekend since the 

Department became involved with the Children’s custody matter. No social worker has been 

able to observe Mother actually parenting the Children except in a highly supervised setting. 

This lack of observation prevented the Department from achieving one of the goals stated in 

Mother’s treatment plan—to provide the Department the opportunity to assess the strengths, 

needs, and concerns of the family. 

¶49 The parties submitted this case before our recent decision in K.B. and T.B. ¶¶ 29-30. 

The ICWA expert there testified only that the children would be “at risk” if placed in 

Mother’s custody and asserted that termination would be “in the best interest of the 

children.” K.B. and T.B., ¶ 29. The Department failed to ask the ICWA expert “whether 

Mother’s continued custody would likely result in serious emotional or physical damage.” 

K.B. and T.B., ¶ 29. We determined that the ICWA expert’s testimony failed to comply with 

the requirements of ICWA, when read in conjunction with Montana’s Parent-Child 

Relationship Termination Act of 1981. K.B. and T.B., ¶¶ 26-30. 

¶50 Here the ICWA expert expressly affirmed that “continued custody by [Mother] would 

likely result in serious emotional or physical damage to the children.” The ICWA expert 
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further provided the basis for her opinion in that Mother’s inability to shake her addiction 

leaves her unprepared to care for the Children. Mother failed to provide safe and secure 

housing for the Children. Mother proved to be an unreliable caregiver for the Children as 

she absconded from her parole on several occasions. Fisher’s testimony satisfied the 

minimum requirements for an ICWA expert’s testimony in a termination proceeding in 

Montana. K.B. and T.B., ¶ 30. 

¶51 Ample other evidence in the record further supported the District Court’s 

determination that the Children’s continued custody by Mother likely would result in serious 

emotional or physical damage to the Children. Mother’s drug use and her inability to beat 

her drug addictions despite multiple treatment programs constituted the primary source of 

concern. Evidence in the record shows a pattern of Mother relapsing when stressful 

situations emerge. Most recently, in 2012, Mother absconded from her probation, restarted 

drinking and drug use, and associated with a known felon after she learned that the 

Department intended to file a petition to terminate Mother’s parental rights. Treatment 

programs repeatedly have proven to be ineffective to prevent Mother from relapsing into 

alcohol and drug abuse.

¶52 Mother began her conditional release on November 21, 2011. Jory testified that 

Mother violated both the terms of her parole and her probation by drinking less than a month

later. Mother absconded from her conditional release on March 17, 2012. Mother contacted 

Jory while on the lam. Mother admitted to the use of drugs and alcohol. Mother admitted to 

Jory that she was with a known felon. Mother promised to return. Mother failed to return.
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¶53 Mother has demonstrated an inability to maintain compliance with her treatment 

program as her level of supervision decreases. Mother transitioned from the Passages 

program, to Butte’s Pre-Release program, to the ARC program. Mother’s level of

supervision decreased at each new stage. Mother’s progress towards reunification with D.A. 

and M.A. decreased as her level of supervision decreased. The evidence in the record 

supports the District Court’s determination that Mother’s custody of the Children would pose 

a likelihood of physical and emotional harm to the Children. 

¶54 Whether the District Court properly determined that Mother had stipulated to the 

treatment plan?

¶55 Mother argues that the “circumstances surrounding the adoption of [her] treatment 

plan undermine a determination that the plan was appropriate.” The District Court issued an 

order that stated that Mother had stipulated to a treatment plan three months before any 

treatment plan had been presented to Mother. The District Court’s order further determined 

the treatment plan to be reasonable and appropriate without having seen the completed 

treatment plan.

¶56 Mother argues that § 41-3-443(2)(e), MCA, requires Mother’s signature in order for 

the treatment plan to be valid. Mother misapprehends the language of the statue. Section 

41-3-443(2)(e), MCA, requires that a treatment plan contains a signature of the parent

“unless the [treatment] plan is ordered by the court” (emphasis added). See also In re R.F., 

2001 MT 199, ¶ 31, 306 Mont. 270, 32 P.3d 1257. The District Court ordered Mother’s 
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treatment plan.

¶57 Under these circumstances, we look to the treatment plan itself to determine whether 

the treatment plan is reasonable and appropriate. Mother makes no argument that the 

treatment plan contains unreasonable or inappropriate provisions. Mother made no objection 

in the District Court to any specific term of the treatment plan. Mother agreed at the show 

cause hearing on July 13, 2010, that she had 10 days after the Department filed the plan with 

the District Court to raise any objections. Mother stipulated at the show cause hearing that 

she would abide by the treatment plan unless she raised an objection to the plan. Mother 

made no objections to the treatment plan at any time before the Department filed its notice to 

terminate Mother’s parental rights. The District Court correctly determined that Mother had 

stipulated to the terms of the treatment plan.

¶58 Whether all stipulations in ICWA involuntary termination proceedings must be 

reduced to writing? 

¶59 Mother urges this Court to reconsider its decision in In re J.M., 2009 MT 332, 353 

Mont. 64, 218 P.3d 1213. ICWA’s § 1913(a) requires that a parent’s “voluntary consent” to 

terminate parental rights be reduced to writing in voluntary ICWA termination proceedings. 

See 25 U.S.C. § 1913(a). We determined In re J.M. that the writing requirement in § 1913(a) 

has no applicability to non-voluntary termination proceedings. In re J.M., ¶ 19. We decline 

Mother’s request to reconsider our holding in In re J.M.. ICWA’s 25 U.S.C. § 1913(a) 

applies only to a “voluntary consent” to terminate. See 25 U.S.C. § 1913(a); In re J.M., ¶ 19; 

In re Welfare of M.G., 201 P.3d 354 (Wash. App. 2009). 
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¶60 Affirmed.

/S/ BRIAN MORRIS

We concur: 

/S/ MIKE McGRATH

/S/ MICHAEL E WHEAT

/S/ JIM RICE

/S/ PATRICIA COTTER