6-i CHAPTER 6. ENERGY USE CHARACTERIZATION

TABLE OF CONTENTS

6.1 INTRODUCTION .............................................................................................................. 6-1

6.2 LAMP AND BALLAST SYSTEM OPERATING HOURS .............................................. 6-1

6.3 RESULTS OF THE ENERG Y USE CHARACTERIZATION ......................................... 6-3

REFERENCES ............................................................................................................................ 6-5

LIST OF TABLES

Table 6.2.1 Average Annual Lamp- and

- Ballast System Operating Hours by Sector ................. 6-2

Table 6.2.2 Two- and Four- Lamp 4 -Foot MBP PS Product Classes (F32T8 Baseline) – Adjusted Average Annual Operating Hours for Commercial Sector .................. 6-3 Table 6.3.1 Input Power Ratings and Average Annual Energy Use for Ballasts ........................ 6-46-1 CHAPTER 6. ENERGY USE CHARACTERIZATION

6.1 INTRODUCTION

This chapter presents the methodology the U.S. Department of Energy (DOE) follow ed to estimate the annual energy consumption of the fluorescent lamp

- and

- ballast system designs DOE

consider ed in its analys es for the notice of proposed rulemaking (NOPR). Because fluorescent lamp ballasts are designed to operate fluorescent lamps, DOE ch ose the most common fluorescent lamp used with each ballast to develop representative lamp -and- ballast systems

. Fluorescent lamps will not be regulated under the proposed ballast rulemaking; however, the energy use analysis considered the input power of the entire lamp

- and

- ballast system

. The results of this analysis, which represent typical energy consumption in the field, were critical inputs to

the life -cycle cost (LCC) and payback period (PBP) analyses ( NOPR technical support document [ TSD ] c hapter 8) and the national impact analysis (NIA ; NOPR TSD c hapter 10) . DOE required information on annual energy consumption to determine the potential energy and operating cost savings to consumers from the use of more efficient equipment.

DOE determine d the annual energy consumption of the lamp

- and

- ballast systems using

information on their rated input power ( i.e. , the rate of energy they consume) and the way consumers use them ( i.e. , operating hours per year). The engineering analysis ( NOPR TSD

c hapter 5) discusses the power ratings of lamp

- and

- ballast systems . The following sections discuss the inputs and calculations DOE used to develop annual operating hours and annual energy consumption for the products considered in this analysis.

6.2 LAMP AND BALLAST SYSTEM OPERATING HOURS

To characterize the country’s average use of lamp

- and

- ballast system s f or a typical year,

DOE develop ed annual operating hour s by sector . For the LCC, DOE account ed for variability in operating hours by developing a distribution of operating hours for the LCC spreadsheet. This

distribution capture d variation across nine census divisions (New England, Middle Atlantic, East North Central, West North Central, South Atlantic, East South Central, West South Central, Mountain, and Pacific) and large s tates (California, Florida, New York, and Texas), building

types

, and lamp

- and

- ballast system s for three sectors (residential, commercial, and industrial)

.

DOE ’s analysis relied on a combination of data from the U.S. Lighting Market

Characterization ( LMC ) Volume 1 1 and data from the Energy Information Administration ’s (EIA ’s) 2003 Commercial Building Energy Survey ( CBECS ), 2 2005 Residential Energy Consumption Survey (RECS), 3 and 2006 Manufacturer Energy Consumption Survey (MECS ). 4
The EIA studies provide information on the distribution of U.S. buildings by building type and census division. The LMC, which is based on thousands of building audits and surveys, provides

national- level data on annual operating hours by building type and lamp type for all sectors. For the commercial and industrial sectors, t hese operating hours are divided by application (assembly, athletic, bathroom, boarding, class, dining, display, exit, ext erior

- architect u ral

, exter ior- park ing , exit -sign, exterior, food preparation, hall, healthcare, office, ship/rec, shop, storage, task, unknown, and utility). For the residential sector, these operating hours are divided6-2 by room type (bathroom, bedroom, closet, dining room, family room, garage, hall, kitchen, living room, office, outdoor, utility room, and other).

DOE associate d LMC operating hour data by building type with EIA data by building type and census division to derive annual operating hours by census division and large s ta tes

. This allow ed DOE to correlate the electricity price distribution ( NOPR TSD c hapter 8) and sales tax distribution ( NOPR TSD c hapter 7) with the operating hour distribution by census division and large s tates in the LCC spreadsheet. The following paragr aphs describe data sources DOE used to develop annual operating hours by sector.

For the residential sector, DOE used RECS building data and LMC residential sector operating hour data to develop a distribution of annual operating hours for fluorescent lamp

- and

ballast systems . The 2005 RECS data indicates the probability that a certain building type resides

within a census division. The LMC indicates the occurrence of certain room types within a given building type and the operating hour characteristics in these rooms. DOE used aggregated data from the LMC to associate average annual operating hours per building type. DOE chose to aggregate operating hour data to the building rather than at the room level because DOE believes it more closely represents t he impact on an individual consumer. However, DOE used operating

hour data at the room level to generate uncertainty results for the NOPR analyses

.

DOE used a similar approach to develop a distribution of annual operating hours in the

commercial sector

. Ho wever, instead of room type, DOE aggregated LMC annual operating hour

data by application to develop average annual operating hours by building type. The 2003 CBECS data indicates the probability that a certain building type exists within in a certain census division. Once the LCC model selects a building, DOE associates the aggregated LMC annual operating hour average with the building type selected. Like the residential sector, DOE chose to aggregate LMC operating hour data to the buildin g level for the commercial and industrial sectors because it more closely represents the impact on consumer s.

To develop a distribution of annual operating hours in the industrial sector, DOE used an approach consistent with that used for the commercial se ctor. The 2006 MECS data indicates the probability that a certain building type exists. DOE aggregated LMC annual operating hour data by industrial application to develop average annual operating hours by building type. Once the

model selected a building, DOE associate d the aggregated LMC operating hour average with the building type selected. Because MECS does not provide the location of industrial sector buildings, DOE used 2009 U.S. Census Bureau population information to establish the probability that a certain industrial building exists in a certain census division or large s tate

. Table 6.2.1 summarizes the weighted average annual operating hours pe r sector.

Table 6.2.1 Average Annual Lamp -and- Ballast System Operating Hours by Sector

Sector Average Annual Operating Hours hr/yr

Residential 789

Commercial 3, 886

Industrial 4, 7 47

In the case of programmed

- start (PS) ballasts operating two

- lamp and four- lamp 4-foot MBP F32T8 lamps, DOE assume d that these lamp

- and

- ballast systems are operated on6-3 occupancy sensors in the commercial sector. Occupancy sensors detect the presence or absence of people within their coverage area and turn lights on and off accordingly, thereby reducing operating time and energy consumption. DOE examined a range of estimates for energy savings from occupancy sensors compiled in E Source 5 and other sources 6 and , based on th ese estimate s, assumed energy savings of 30 percent for operating lamp and ballast systems on occupancy

sensors in the commercial sector. To account for these energy savings, DOE reduced average operating hours for affected lamp

- and

- ballast systems by 30 p ercent. Table 6.2.2 presents the adjusted average annual operating hours for PS lamp- and

- ballast systems operating on occupancy sensors in the commercial sector.

Table 6.2.2 Two - and Four

- Lamp 4

- Foot MBP PS Product Classes (F32T8 Baseline)

– Adjusted Average Annual Operating Hours for Commercial Sector

Sector Average Annual Operating Hours hr/yr

Commercial 2, 720

6.3 RESULTS OF THE ENERGY USE CH ARACTERIZATION

This section presents the annual energy use estimates for fluorescent lamp

- and

- ballast

system designs . DOE calculate d the annual energy consumption using annual operating hours and input power rating estimates. DOE used the annual energy consumption results in the LCC and PBP analys e s and the NIA to calculate the operating cost of systems and estimate the potential energy savings of considered efficiency level s.

Using annual operating hour s and system rated input power ratings , DOE calculate d the annual energy consumption of the entire lamp

- and

- ballast system. The engineering analysis ( NOPR TSD c hapter 5) references both measured system input power and normalized system input power, with the latter used to normalize input power between baseline and standards- case systems to maintain the same approximate light output

.

Table 6.3.1 detail s (1) the measured and normalized input power ratings for all the lamp

and

- ballast systems DOE assesse d in the LCC and PBP analysis for each product class ; and (2) average annual energy use per lamp

- and

- ballast system based on measured and normalized input power, using the U .S. weighted average of annual operating hours in each sector. The

average annual operating hours for the U.S. residential, commercial

, and industrial sectors are 789, 3,886, and 4,747, respectively.6-4 Table 6.3.1 Input Power Ratings and Average Annual Energy Use for Ballasts

Efficiency Level Input Power

W Annual Energy Consumption

kWh Product Class and Ballast Type Measured Normalized Measured Normalized

1

- IS and RS ballasts that operate:

Two 4

- foot MBP lamps (commercial) Baseline (T12) 60.7 60.7 236.0 236.0

Baseline (T8)/1 61.1 53.4 237.5 207.6

2 58.1 50.8 225.8 197.5

3 52.8 49.7 205.0 193.2

Two 4

- foot MBP lamps (residential) Baseline (T12) 62.6 62.6 49.4 49.4

Baseline (T8)/1 53.8 53.4 42.5 42.1

3 54.7 51.0 43.2 40.2

Four 4

- foot MBP lamps Baseline/2 112.0 112.0 435.3 435.3

3 109.3 110.4 424.6 428.9

Two 8

- foot slimline lamps Baseline (T12) /1 113.5 113.5 441.1 441.1

Baseline (T8) /2 109.1 111.2 424.1 432.0

3 105.4 109.3 409.4 424.8

2

- PS ballasts that operate:

Two 4

- foot MBP lamps Baseline 63.1 63.1 171.7 171.7

2 58.6 58.5 159.3 159.2

3 57.7 57.8 157.0 157.2

Four 4

- foot MBP lamps Baseline 118.2 118.2 321.5 321.5

1 116.8 107.2 317.8 291.6

3 113.6 104.5 309.0 284.2

Two 4

- foot MiniBP SO lamps Baseline 67.3 67.3 261.5 261.5

1 63.2 63.2 245.4 245.4

2 60.1 62.5 233.7 242.9

3 64.9 60.7 252.1 236.0

Two 4

- foot MiniBP HO lamps Baseline 122.3 122.3 580.7 580.7

1 113.0 113.0 536.6 536.6

2 111.2 112.0 527.7 531.7

3 110.1 110.8 522.8 526.1

3

- Ballasts that operate:

Two 8

- foot HO lamps Baseline (T12) 201.7 201.7 957.5 957.5

1 176.0 183.9 835.4 872.9 Baseline (T8)/2 147.0 184.7 698.0 876.9

3 144.5 182.8 685.9 867.8

5

- Ballasts that operate:

Four 8

- foot HO lamps in cold temperature outdoor signs Baseline 390.3 390.3 1,516.6 1,516.6

1 276.5 323.5 1,074.6 1,257.06-5 REFERENCES

1. U.S. Department of Energy– Office of Energy Efficiency and Renewable Energy. Energy Conservation Program for Consumer Products: Final Report: U.S. Lighting Market Characterization, Volume I: National Lighting Inventory and Energy Consumption Estimate. September 2002.

< http://apps1.eere.energy.gov/buildings/publications/pdfs/ssl/lmc_vol1_final.pdf >

2. U.S. Department of Energy–Energy Information Administration. Commercial Building Energy Consumption Survey: Micro- level Data, File 2 Building Activities, Special Measures of Size, and Multi- building Facilities . 2003. (Last accessed February 27, 20011.)

< www.eia.doe.gov/emeu/cbecs/public_use.html >

3 U.S. Department of Energy –Energy Information Administration. Residential Energy Consumption Survey: File 1: Housing Unit Characteristic . 2006. (Last accessed February 27, 2011.) < www.eia.doe.gov/emeu /recs/recspubuse05/pubuse05.html >

4. U.S. Department of Energy–Energy Information Administration. Manufacturing Energy Consumption Survey, Table 1.4: Number of Establishments by First Use of Energy for All Purpose . 2006. (Last accessed February 27, 2011.)

< www.eia.doe.gov/emeu/mecs/mecs2006/2006tables.html >

5. E Source. Purchasing Advisor Web Page – Lighting: Occupancy Sensors . 2009. (Last

Accessed May 5, 2009 .) < www.esource.com/BEA/demo/BEA_esource/PA_10.html >

6. Hakkarainen, P. Personal communication

. Lutron Electronics Co., Inc. , Coopersburg, PA

. Email to Robert Lingard, Pacific Northwest Nati onal Laboratory. April 27, 2010.