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—-— 9 • < — 

FINAL REPORT TO THE U.S. ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION AGENCY 

CONTRACT NO. B44899 

WITH 

NEW YORK UNIVERSITY SCHOOL OF MEDICINE 

DEPARTMENT OF ENVIRONMENTAL MEDICINE 

P.2 

AN INTEGRATED METABOLIC MODEL FOR LEAD IN HUMANS OF ALL AGES 

PRINCIPAL INVESTIGATORS: Naomi H. Harley, Ph.D. 

Theodore H. Kneip, Ph.D. 

January, 1985 
P.3 

I 

AN INTEGRATED METABOLIC MODEL FOR LEAD IN HUMANS OF ALL AGES 

INTRODUCTION 

The model developed in this report utilizes measurements in 

the infant and juvenile baboon as well as data acquired in humans 

to predict human organ burdens under conditions of continuous 

exposure. Measurements of both stable lead and the naturally 

occurring radioactive species Pb-210 are available. By utilizing 

all data, a consistent, integrated metabolic model for lead is 

developed. Data necessary to completely validate such a model 

for humans of all ages is not available at the present time. 

However, a synthesis of the measurements in human and animal 

primates does allow some model validation. 

METABOLIC MODEL 

The model is shown in Figure 1. It is a first order kinetic 

model for all of the organs (compartments) considered. There are 

two studies which support this modeling approach. Johnson and 

Myers (1981) utilized this technique to calculate the bone and 

soft tissue quantities of the alkaline earths calcium, strontium, 

and radium. They found that this first order model fit the human 

measurements just as well as more complex models such as that 

presented in ICRP 20 (1972) which utilizes a mixed power and 

exponential function Support for a first order kinetic model 

was demonstrated by Mallon (1983) who measured liver and kidney 

organ burdens in the infant and juvenile baboon following 

prolonged lead feeding and showed that they were directly 

proportional to blood lead concentration. The concentration 

of lead present in bone was proportional to the product of blood 

lead concentration and time on lead feeding. These observations 

substantiate the use of a first order kinetic approach for lead 

metabo1 ism. 

It is well known that only about 1% of blood lead is 

associated with the plasma (the remainder being bound to red 

cells, DeSilva, 1981). The half time for removal to red cells is 

estimated as a few hours (Desilva 1981). While it is probably 

the plasma which provides the exchangeable fraction for the 

various organs, since cells and plasma remain in a constant 

ratio, blood is treated as a single compartment since no benefit 

is obtained by using two compartments. 

In all, there are four compartments which are known to 

contain over 95% of the lead in the total body, bone, liver, 

kidney and blood (Aub et al., 1926, Heard and Chamberlain, 1984). 

The model parameters are developed from measured data in humans 

and baboons for input and removal from each organ so that the 

model agrees with observed measurements for both steady state and 

single injections or ingestions. 

The equations which are used to calculate organ burdens are, 

r* 

l 
P.4 

- * 

dB/dt = P - C b g x B - Cb l x B - C b k x B + C g b x S + C l b x L + 

Ckb X K ~ C bu x B + F x C l g x L 

d S / d t cbs

 x B " Csb x S 

dL/dt = C b l x B - C l b x L - Cl x L 

dK/dt = C b k x B - Ck b x K 

Where P = daily input to blood in ug/day 

C 'bs 

'sb 

'bl 

'lb 

'bk 

'kb 

\bu 

'Ig 

= blood to skeleton removal rate (days ) 

= skeleton to blood removal rate " 

= blood to liver removal rate 

= liver to blood removal rate 

="•*• blood to kidney removal rate 

= kidney to blood removal rate 

= blood to urine removal rate 

= liver to gastrointestinal tract 

removal rate 

F = fractional uptake from gastrointestinal tract to 

blood 

B,S,L,K = total lead content in blood, skeleton, liver, kidney 

(ug) 

The organ burdens are calculated in an iterative manner using the 

expressions 

B(t+l)=B(t) + dB/dt 

S(t+l)=S(t) + dS/dt 

etc 
Model Parameters 

P.5 

4 •> 

Vahter (1982) has shown that strict quality control is 

necessary to insure the validity of reported data. Unfortunately, reported quality assurance is the exception rather than the 

rule and for this reason an attempt is made to utilize only the 

human and baboon studies in the model where quality control is 

evident. 

T 

quanti 

blood 

partic 

by the 

liver 

are kn 

organ 

level 

organs 

as cri 

he primary purpose of the model is to determine the 

ty of lead in blood resulting from continuous input to 

The organ contents of the liver and the kidney are not 

Stable Lead Data. 

Stable lead in human tissues is changing with time due to 

differences in dietary and inhalation intake. Values reported 

for tissues in the mid 1970's are summarized in Table 1. 

Lead-210 Data. 

Naturally occurring Pb-210 has been measured in excreta and 

diet in a controlled metabolic study at the Hines Veteran's 

Hospital (Spencer et. al. 1977). Bogen et al. (1976) measured 

stable lead and Pb-210 in diet and bone ash samples from New 

York. The Pb-210 is important for model validation in that Pb210 levels in the diet occur naturally and are not subject to 

changes over time. Differences in Pb-210 intake for different 

age groups are due to dietary consumption. 

The Pb-210 data are also summarized in Table 1. 
P.6 

Bone . 

It is well known that lead is associated with the mineral 

portion of the skeleton. For this reason, the removal half-time 

from bone most likely reflects bone modeling and remodeling 

rather than a specific removal rate of the nuclide from the 

skeleton. This was also the case for fallout Sr-90 which has 

been studied extensively in humans of all ages (Woodard and 

Harley (1965). Papworth and Vennart (1984) have fit a comparmental model to bone for all ages using measured Sr-90 in bone 

and the known daily intake in food. They indicate that although 

the turnover rate in trabecular bone is 4 times that of cortical 

bone, there was no difference in the measured concentrations, in 

pCi/g Ca, in both types of bone for continuous intake. Barry 

(1981) indicates that he felt his measured stable lead showed no 

distinction between bone type. A uniform distribution was also 

observed for radium and uranium in the skeleton present because 

of natural dietary intake. The bone removal half-times 

calculated by Papworth and Vennart from the Sr-90 data are 

smoothed somewhat for use in this model. The half-times reported 

by them are shown in Table 2 and the smoothed values used in this 

model are indicated as well. Papworth and Vennart (1984) did not 

report bone removal half-times for over age 20. Rabinowitz et 

al. (1973) estimated a bone removal rate in the adult of about 10 

years and Petrow (1966) estimated this same removal rate from his 

measurements of Pb-210 build up from radium-226 in former radium 

dial painters. 

Most of the reported data on stable lead are given in terms 

of wet bone weight. This is an ambiguous unit since it depends 

upon sample preparation. Also, the widely different specific 

gravities of various bones sometimes yield an apparent 

difference in lead content with bone type. Expressing lead 

content as a function of ash weight produces a more uniform 

distribution in bone. Gross et al. (1975) have showed this in 

their measurements of different bone type analyzing both wet and 

ashed samples. The calcium content of all bone ash is well 

established at 37 % by weight. Mitchell et al. (1945) determined 

the skeletal calcium at each age from birth to age 20. Thus, 

expressing lead on an ash weight basis also allows easy 

calculation of whole skeletal content. 

Stable lead and Pb-210 measurements are available for both 

children and the adult. At one year there is about 2900 ug lead 

in the skeleton and in the adult from 40000 to 100000 ug lead 

depending upon the study selected for calculation of bone 

content. Mean values indicate about 100000 ug is present in the 

adult skeleton. Holtzman (1963) has measured Pb-210 in surgical 

specimens for ages 3 to over 80 and in different bone type. The 

scatter in his data were large but there was no trend which could 

be seen with age and no difference with bone type. His average 

reported content was 0.13 pCi/g ash giving a value for the adult 

of about 400 pCi in the whole skeleton. 
Although lead in bone is not in steady state except in the 

adult, it is possible to estimate the removal half time from 

blood to bone for the adult. 

P.7 

adult skeleton dS/dt = C b s x B - C s b

 x s = ° 

Choosing values of 950 and 100000 ug in blood and bone 

respectively for the adult and the value of Csb of 0.0002 per day 

reported by Papworth and Vennart at age 19, a blood to bone 

removal half-time of 30 days is estimated. 

In an in vivo study of injected radioactive Pb-203, Heard 

and Chamberlain (1984) measured an accumulation of 20% of Pb-203 

in the skeleton 20 days post injection This value is important 

for the model validation. 

These estimates and all of the bone model parameters as a 

function of age are shown in Tables 2 to 4. Table 3 is included 

to show the skeletal calcium as a function of age, skeletal ash 

weight and the volume or weight of the compartments used in the 

model so that organ concentration may be calculated. 

Kidney 

The kidney as an organ is treated separately from urinary 

excretion. Lead within kidney cells is internal to the organ and 

has a different half-time from the lead which is filtered from 

plasma and excreted via the tubules. 

No human data for removal time from the kidney to blood 

exists. Strehlow (1971) and Cohen (1970) have determined the 

apparent removal half-time in the kidney for Pb-210 in the adult 

and juvenile baboon respectively. The value (10 days) was 

approximately the same for all ages and so no age difference is 

anticipated in humans. Mallon (1983) determined that a kidney to 

blood removal half-time of 10 days for infant and juvenile 

baboons provided a good fit to measured kidney burden in a longterm feeding experiment. 
P.8 

Howeve r 

Kidne y (t) : bk 

kb b 

{

 b ks . 

[e - e ] 

wher e Cb = overal l bloo d remova l half-tim e (da y ) 

B o _ initial total input to blood 

For any removal half-time for kidney shorter than that for 

overall removal from blood, the observed half-time in kidney will 

be identical with that for blood. Longer half-times than for 

blood will give apparent half-times which depend upon the 

relative removal times. 

Once the removal half-time from kidney to blood is selected 

the half-time for removal from blood to kidney can be estimated 

from the steady state conditions 

dK/dt = C b k x B - C k b x K = 0 

-

 Cbk = <Ckb x K > / B 

tl/2 = In 2/C bk 

In the model developed here a kidney to blood removal half-time 

of 10 days measured in the baboon is used for all ages as is the 

half-time of about 30 days for removal of lead from blood to 

kidney derived from the above expression. 

In the human, the overall blood half-time is longer than 

that of the baboon (16 vs. 6 days) (Mallon 1983) and a more 

appropriate kidney to blood removal half time could therefore be 

any value up to 16 days. There is no effect upon blood lead at 

steady state as discussed above, however, it would be of 

scientific interest to determine this value precisely. The 

values used in this model are shown in Table 4. 

Liver. 

The liver is similar to kidney in that it does not affect 

blood lead once steady state is achieved and this occurs quite 

rapidly. The liver to blood removal half-time observed in the 

adult and juvenile baboon was 23 days (Strehlow 1971, Cohen 

1970). Mallon (1983) was also able to fit the steady state liver 
P.9 

burden in juvenile baboons in a lead feeding experiment utilizing 

this half-time. Since no change in half-time was seen with age, 

it is assumed that liver to blood removal half-time is also 

constant with age in the human. 

The half-times used in this model for the liver including 

biliary excretion, as a function of age are shown in Table 4. 

Blood. 

An overall removal rate from blood has been 

established in the adult male in two studies. Chamberlain et al. 

(1975) gave r-adioactive Pb-203 by inhalation of engine exhaust. 

They determined a blood clearance half-time of 15.8 days. 

Rabinowitz et al. (1973) in a feeding experiment with stable Pb204 and Pb-207 determined the overall blood clearance half-time 

to be 18.7 days. The overall blood half-time following a single 

injection changes with time. This has been observed in the 

baboon studies, but the human studies have not been conducted for 

long enough intervals to establish the entire removal curve. 
P.10 

Urine 

Rabinowitz et. al. (1973) showed that 54% of the lead in 

blood cleared via urinary excretion. Heard and Chamberlain (1984) 

measured 30% urinary excretion 20 days after injection of 

radioactive Pb-203. These are a useful values since they can be 

used in the model under single injection conditions for model 

validation. 

Ziegler et al. (1978), measured urinary and fecal excretion 

in infants 14 days to 2 years old. The urinary excretion at 1 

year was about 11 ug/day (dietary intake measured as about 100 

ug/day). The urinary excretion for adults was measured by Legotte 

et al. (1980) and was found to be 17 ug/day on average (range 7-

31 ug/day) (dietary intake 80 ug/day). The urinary clearance 

half-time may be estimated from a knowledge of the whole blood 

content and the urinary excretion. 

Urine (ug/day) = C b u x B 

t one year the total blood content is about 140 ug (880 ml. x 

.16 ug/ml) yielding an excretion half-time of 9 days. For the 

dult the total blood content is about 950 ug (5600 ml x 0.17 

cr/ml* * TJ h -f r» H violrl a a 11 T* -f n a r* v romnwa l ha 1 f - t -i m a n -f AO rlatr a 

A 

0 

a< __ _a ___ „ _ 

ug/ml) which yields a urinary removal half-time of 40 days. 

Assuming that the urinary excretion is constant at about 15 

ug/day for ages between infancy and adulthood and utilizing the 

reported blood levels with age (NCHS 1982) additional excretion 

half-times may be estimated for a few age groups. The values 

used for urinary half-times as a function of age are shown in 

Table 4. 

Gastrointestinal Uptake. 

Uptake by the gastrointestinal tract is not a primary 

parameter in the model since ingestion is not considered in this 

model. Lead is introduced directly to blood. However, lead is 

removed from the liver via bile and recycled into blood by GI 

uptake. For this reason an estimate of GI uptake is necessary. 

Rabinowitz et al. (1973) measured a fractional uptake of 0.094 in 

a feeding study with Pb-204 and Pb-207 in the adult. Spencer 

et.al. (1977) measured Pb-210 in normal diet and urine and fecal 

excretion in a controlled metabolic study in patients at Hines VA 

Hospital. At steady state, the uptake from the GI tract is equal 

to that excreted in urine. 

dB/dt = P - C b u x B = 0 

Spencer et.al. (1977) measured 1.36 pCi Pb-210/day for the 

diet plus inhalation and 0.25 pCi Pb-210/day in urinary excretion. 

This yields a value of 0.25/1.36 = 0.18 for the fractional lead 

uptake. Legotte et al. (1980) measured 17 ug lead/day in urinary 

excretion in adults in New York City with a dietary intake of 80 

ug lead/day (Bogen et al., 1976). This yields a fractional 
P.11 

uptake of 0.20 for stable lead. This is somewhat higher than 

that reported by Rabinowitz et. al. (1973) of 0.094 or Kehoe 0.08 

(1961) for stable lead. It has been observed that lead uptake is 

a logarithmic function of the ingested quantity in the baboon 

(Mallon 1983). Lead-210 in the presence of normal low dietary 

lead is predictive of the highest uptake since there is small 

mass. This is a conservative estimate for the adult. Ziegler et 

al. (1978) also noted this effect in infants. Lead uptake 

appeared higher for low lead diets (30 ug/day) versus moderate 

lead diets (130 ug/day). 

Ziegler et al. (1978) were able to calculate a GI uptake 

factor of 40 % for infants from their measurements of lead in the 

diet and excreta, 

for the infant, 18 

intermediate ages, 

is reabsorbed with 

assumption is made 

For the present model, a value of 40 % is used 

% for the adult and smoothed values in 

It is not known whether lead excreted in bile 

the same uptake as dietary lead, however, this 

in the model as a best approximation. 

MODEL RESULTS AND VALIDATION 

The final selection of compartmental half-times is shown in 

Table 4. The organ contents, using an input to blood of 10 

ug/day, are calculated according to the method indicated and the 

results are shown in Table 5. Organ concentrations are then 

calculated utilizing the known organ weights as a function of 

age and these are shown in Table 6 for an input to blood of 10 

ug/day. Tables 7 to 34 are paired to show first the value of 

lead in the compartment, then the organ concentrations for 

increasing blood lead input in steps of 10 ug/day to a maximum of 

150 ug/day. 

The basic data used to develop the model parameters are 

scant, therefore, complete model validation is impossible. 

However, the model can be shown to be consistant with reported 

data. Ziegler et al. (1978) reported that infant uptake of 

dietary lead is about 40%. An average diet of about 100 ug/day 

would lead to an input to blood of 40 ug/day. The modeled values 

for 40 ug/day input are in reasonable agreement with actual 

reported blood lead values. The content of the adult skeleton 

for both stable lead and Pb-210 is well predicted by the model if 

it assumed that GI uptake of dietary lead is about 18%. For 

example, a dietary intake of about 100 ug and 1.0 pCi for stable 

lead and Pb-210 respectively, the adult skeleton as predicted by 

the model would contain 54 mg and 540 pCi. When the model is 

tested using a single input to adult blood, the blood half time 

is 16 days and the amount of lead excreted in urine is 30% in the 

first 100 days post input, in reasonable agreement with observed 

data. The amount accumulated in bone following a single input in 

this model is 20 %, which is in good agreement with the 

measurements of Heard and Chamberlain (1984). 

10 
P.12 

The model i£ readily adaptable to revision of the parameters 

for any of the compartments, pending improved information 

regarding the rate coefficients. It would be of great value, for 

example, if urinary lead as a function of age were available as 

this would allow better estimation of the urinary excretion halftime. The model is readily adaptable to the addition of 

compartments, such as lung, if it were desired to produce a 

complete metabolic model for input other than directly to blood. 

Acknowledgement. The authors would like to thank Dr. Helen 

Woodard for her comments and advice concerning the model, Gordon 

Cook for the illustrations and Aimee Miranda for preparation and 

typing of the text. 

11 
P.13 

REFERENCES 

Aub, JC , Fairhall, LI., Minot, AS., RezniKoff, P. Lead 

poisoning p. 21 Medicine Monographs Vol VII, Published by 

Williams and Wilkins, Co. 1926 

Barry, PSI. Concentrations of lead in the tissues of children. 

Brit. J. Ind. Med. 38,61:1981 

Bogen, DC , Welford, GA., Morse, RS. General population exposure 

of stable lead and Pb-210 to residents of New York City. 

Health Physics 30, 359, 1976 

Chamberlain, AC , Clough, WS., Heard, MJ., Newton, Stott, 

ANB.,Wells, AC. Uptake of lead by inhalation of motor exhaust. 

Proc. R. Soc. Lond. B. 192,77:1975 

Cohen, N. The Retention and Distribution of Pb-210 in the Adult 

Baboon. 

Doctoral Dissertation, New York University 1970 

Desilva, PE. Determination of lead in plasma and studies on its 

relationship to lead in erythrocytes. 

Brit. J. Ind. Med. 38,209:1981 

Duggan, MJ. The uptake and excretion of lead by young children 

Arch. Env Health 38, 246:1983 

Frost, HM. Tetracycline-based histological analysis of bone 

remodeling. 

Calc. Tiss. Res. 3,211:1969 

Gross, SB., Pfitzer, EA., Yeager, DW., Kehoe, RA. Lead in human 

tissues. 

Toxicology and Applied Pharmacology 32, 638:1975 

Heard, MJ, Chamberlain, AC. Uptake of Pb by human skeleton and 

comparative metabolism of Pb and alkaline earth elements. 

Health Physics 47, 857:1984 

Holtzman, RB. Measurement of the natural content of RaD and RaF 

in human bone. Estimate of whole body burdens. 

Health Physics 9, 385:1963 

Holtzman, RB., Ilcewitz, FH. Lead-210 and Po-210 in tissues of 

cigaarette smokers. 

Science 15 3,1259:1966 

ICRP 20, Alkaline earth metabolism in adult man. 

International Commission on radiological Protection, Pergamon 

Press, New York 1972 

12 
P.14 

Johnson, JR., Myers, RC. Alkaline earth metabolism: a model 

useful in calculating organ burdens, excretion rates and 

committed effective dose equivalent conversion factors. 

Radiation Protection Dosimetry 1, 87:1981 

Kehoe, RS. The metabolism of lead in man in health and disease. 

J. Roy. Inst. Pub. Health Hyg. 24, 1961 

Legotte, PA., Rosa, WC , Sutton, DC. Determination of cadmium and 

lead in urine and other biological samples by graphite-furnace 

atomic-absorption spectrometry. 

Talanta 27,39:1980 

Mallon RP. A metabolic model of lead kinetics based upon 

measured organic burdens during chronic exposure experiments with 

infant and juvenile baboons. 

Doctoral Dissertation, New York University 1983 

Mitchell, H.H., Hamilton, T.S., Steggerda, F.R., Bean, H.W. 

J. Biol. Chem 158, 625:1945 

NCHS. Blood lead levels for persons 6 months-74 years of age: 

United States, 1976-80 

Advance Data 79, 1982 

Papworth, DC , Vennart, J. The uptake and turnover of Sr-90 in 

the human skeleton. 

Phys. Med. Biol. 29,1045:1984 

Petrow, HG. A study of the distribution of Ra-226, Ra-228, Pb-" 

210 and Th-228 in bone and soft tissue of radon dial painters. 

Doctoral dissertation 1960 

Rabinowitz, MB., Wetherill, GW., Kopple, JD. Lead metabolism in 

the normal human:stable isotope studies. 

Science 182,725:1973 

Spector, W., (Ed.) Handbook of biological data. 

W. B. Saunders Company, Philadelphia 1956. 

Spencer, H., Holtzman, RB., Kramer, L., Ilcewitz, FH. Metabolic 

balances of Pb-210 and Po-210 at natural levels. 

Rad. Res. 69, 166 1977 

Strehlow, CD. The use of deciduous teeth as indicators of lead 

exposure. 

Doctoral dissertation, New York University 1969 

Vahter, M. Assessment of human exposure to lead and cadmium 

through biological monitoring. 

National Swedish Inst, of Environmental Medicine, Stockholm, 1982 

13 
P.15 

Woodard, HQ., Harley, JH, 

patients with sarcoma. 

Health Physics 11, 991, 1965 

Strontium-90 in the long bones of 

Ziegler, EE., Edwards, BB. Jensen, RL., Mahaffey, KR., Fomon, 

SJ. Absorption and retention of lead by infants. 

Pediatric Res. 12,29:1978 

14 
Table 1. Typical Stable Lead and Lead-210 in Human Tissues and Diet 

Age 

Group 

(1) 

Blood 

Mg/ml 

(Rib) 

Bone (2) (2) (2) 

(Tibia) (Calvaria) Liver Kidney 

•ug/gash (g wet) M_/_ 

(3) 

Urine 

(Mg/day) 

(4) 

Diet + Inhalation 

(pCi/day) 

Ph-?!*"* 

(5) 

Bone 

(4) 

Urine 

(pCi/day) 

0 - 1 year 

6 rao - 5 years 

6.0 (0.9) 5.5 ( 0.82) 4.1 ( 0.61) 0.41 0.21 

0.16 

11 

1 - 5 year 11 (2.6) 12 ( 2.8) 9.8 ( 3.1) 0.65 0.49 

6 - 9 year 8.5 (2.1) 11.7 ( 2.7) 12.1 ( 3.8) 0.74 0.46 

11 -

6 -

18 -

- 16 year 

- 17 year 

- 74 year 

0.13 

0.17 

8.5 (2.1) 11.5 ( 2.7) 12.8 ( 4.0) 0.57 0.46 

Adult men 37 (8.8) 98 (23) 64 (20) 

women 28 (6.8) 69 (16) 51 (16) 

1.03 0.64 17 

Range (7-31) 

1.36 400 ± 50 

(nonsmokers) 

0.25 

(1) National Center for Health Statistics 1976-1980 Blood Lead Levels 

(2) Barry PSI Brit. J. Ind Med 38, 61 (1981) 

(3) Ziegler et al Ped. Res. 12, 29 (1978); Legotte PA, Rosa WC, Sutton DC Talanta 27, 39 (1980) 

(4) Spencer et al 1977 

(5) Holtzman RB, Ilcewitz FH (1966) 
P.17 

1 

Table 2. Bone*Formation and Turnover Rates 

Age 

1 

2 

3 . 

4 

5 

6 

7 

8 

9 

10 

11 

12 

13 

14 

15 

16 

17 

18 

19 

20 

21 

22 

23 

24 

25 

26 

27 

28 

29 

30 

31 

32 

33 

34 

35 

36 

37 

38 

39 

40 

(D 

Removal 

Half Time 

(Days) 

1135 

784 

677 

659 

715 

888 

1320 

2580 

8730 

oo00 

36167 

6842 

3421 

2388 

2025 

1930 

1980 

2066 

2110 

2110 

_ 

' -

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

_. 

-

— 

-

-

-

-

— 

-

-

Model 

(Smoothed 

Values) 

Days 

1135 

1135 

1135 

1135 

1135 

1135 

1320 

2580 

2580 

2580 

2580 

2580 

3421 

3421 

3421 

3421 

3421 

3421 

3421 

3421 

3421 

3421 

3421 

3421 

3421 

3421 

3421 

3421 

3421 

3421 

3650 

3650 

3650 

3650 

3650 

3650 

3650 

3650 

3650 

3650 

(2) 

Bone 

Formation 

Rate 

(%/Year) 

85 

38 

38 

38 

38 

38 

38 

38 

38 

21 

21 

21 

21 

21 

21 

21 

21 

21 

21 

6.7 

6.7 

6.7 

6.7 ^ 

6.7 

6.7 

6.7 

6.7 

6.7 

6.7 

3.5 

3.5 

3.5 

3.5 

3.5 

3.5 

3.5 

3.5 

3.5 

3.5 

3.5 

(3) 

Blood to 

Bone HalfTime (Days) 

2.3 

5.2 

ti 

ti 

II 

ti 

ti 

it 

ti 

9.4 

9.4 

ti 

ti 

ii 

it 

n 

ti 

II 

it 

29.3 29(4) 

29.3 

II 

ti 

n 

II 

it 

it 

n 

ti 

56.1 

tt 

rr 

tr 

tl 

rt 

tt 

•t 

tt 

tt 

rr 

(1) Papworth DG, Vennart J Phys Med Biol 29, 1045 1984 

(2) Frost HM Calcified tissue Research 3, 211 (1969) 

(3) Age 1 from Mallon (1983) for infant - other values 

scaled from formation rates of frost (1969) 

(4) Calculated from adult data, see text 
P.18 

Table 3. Blood Volume and Organ Growth Patterns as a Function of Age 

Age 

1 

2 

3 

4 

5 

6 

7 

8 

9 

10 

11 

12 

13 

14 

15 

16 

17 

18 

19 

20 

(D 

Blood Volume 

(ml) 

880 

1140 

1340 

1480 

1600 

1850 

2060 

2320 

2570 

2810 

3090 

3340 

3730 

4230* 

4660 

5060 

5310 

5480 

5600 

5670 

(2) 

Organ Growth 

Fraction of Adult 

Weights 

0.16 

0.20 

0.24 

0.26 

0.28 

0.33 

0.36 

0.41 

0.45 

0.50 

0.54 

0.59 

0.66 

0.74 

0.82 

0.89 

0.93 

0.96 

0.98 

1.00 

(2) 

g Ca 

100 

150 

180 

200 

220 

240 

260 

300 

340 

400 

463 

539 

624 

714 

806 

894 

973 

1040 

1070 

1080 

Skeleton 

(3) 

g Ash 

270 

405 

480 

540 

590 

680 

710 

800 

920 

1070 

1250 

1460 

1690 

1930 

2180 

2420 

2630 

2800 

2900 

2910 

(1) From ICRP23 19 

(2) Mitchell (1945) 

(3) Calcium 37% of ash weight of all bone. 
Table 4. Half-Time in Days for the Compartments, 

|N i!. ?' ONE OUT LIVER IN • p QilT •<TnN£V IN KIDNEV OUT URINE OUT 

4.0 

5.0 

_.y 

O i'i 

io.y 

!S.O 

! 135 1 

1135 ! 

1 i 35 1 

1135 10 

1133 10, 

1135 10 

1320 10 

2530 10 

25S0 

2530 

2530 

342! 

3421 

342! 

342! 

3421 

342! 

"J7! 

10 

10 

!0 

10 

!0 

10 

J 0 

10 

10 

irt 

77 

77 

.•" i 

••)** ; 

77 

77 

77 

•j'.!. 

30 

30 

Tii 

30 

30 

7 rt 

1.! 

o 

0 

rt 

i l 

o 

I rt. 

il 

rt 

v 

o 

o 

ii 

ii 

•j 

o 

l i 

!>!' 

30 

•*.-. 

•. i i 

30 

30 *:.** 

y.() 

Tn 

0 

o 

A 

v 

• ; ) 

. 0 

o 

• 0 

ii 

n 

10 

10 

j .. 

_ V 

10 

! rt 

10 

irt 

10 

10 

if 

9 

9 

10, 

10 

irt 

10 

7rt 

40 

VE? 

3 

5 

^ 

5 

. TO (BUT 

rt 

rt 

rt 

rt 

SI li?"AKE 

0.40 

0.30 

0.30 

0.30 

10 

20 

40, 

40 

40 

40 

40 

40 

40 

40 

40 

0.30 

0.30 

0.18 

0.13 

0.18 

0.13 

CIS 

0.18 

o.ia 

0,13 

0.18 

0.18 

0.13 

0.18 

0.18 

0.18 
P.20 

20:41:21 01-29-1985 

Table 5 . Total Lead Organ Content in Micrograms for Males. 

Input to Blood 10 Micrograms per Day. 

AGE BLOOD BONE LIVER KIDNEY URINE FECES 

1 26.13 2398 6.9 8.7 2.01 0.96 

2 46.06 3863 18.9 15.3 3.55 0.46 

3 49.07 5182 20.1 16.3 3.78 0.49 

4 51.76 6363 21.2 17.2 3.99 0.52 

5 58.05 7574 40.4 19.3 4.47 0.98 

6 63.84 8792 68.2 21.2 4.43 1.65 

7 66.98 10167 97.6 22.3 4.64 0.92 

8 57.61 11871 84.0 19.2 3.99 0.80 

9 59.52 13494 86.8 19.8 4.13 0.82 

10 72.97 15558 106.3 24.3 5.06 1.01 

11 108.18 16826 157.8 36.0 3.75 1.49 

12 110.69 18075 161.4 36.9 3.84 1.53 

13 103.93 19480 151.6 34.6 3.60 1.44 

14 105.97 20828 154.6 35.3 3.67 1.46 

15 131.71 22691 218.6 43.9 4.56 2.07 

16 135.13 24554 224.3 45.0 2.34 2.12 

17 138.46 26372 229.9 46.1 -2.40 2.18 

18 141.71 28146 235.3 47.2 2.46 2.23 

19 144.89 29877 240.6 48.3 2.51 2.28 

20 147.99 31567 245.7 '-49.3 2.56 2.33 
P.21 

Table 6 . Organ Lead Concentration for Males as 

Input trj Blood 10 ug per day. 

a Function of Age. 

AGE 

- 4 

5 

6 

7 

8 

9 

10 

11 

12 

13 

14 

15 

16 

17 

18 

19 

20 

BLOOD ug/ml 

0.030 

0.040 

0. 037 

0. 035 

0.036 

0.035 

0.033 

0.025 

0.023 

0.026 

0.035 

0. 033 

0.028 

0.025 

0.028 

0.027 

0.026 

0.026 

0.026 

0.027 

BONE ug/g ash 

8.87 

9.53 

10.65 

11.77 

12.74 

13.55 

14.47 

14.64 

14.68 

14.39 

13.45 

12.41 

11.55 

10.79 

10.42 

10. 16 

10. 03 

10. 01 

10. 33 

10.81 

LIVER ug/g 

0.03 

0.06 

0.05 

0.05 

0.08 

0. 12 

0. 16 

0. 12 

0. 11 

0. 13 

0. 17 

0. 16 

0. 14 

0. 12 

0. 16 

0. 15 

0. 15 

0. 14 

0. 14 

0. 14 

KIDNEY ug/g 

0. 

0. 

0. 

0. 

0. 

0. 

0. 

0. 

0. 

0. 

0. 

0. 

0. 

0. 

0. 

0. 

0. 

0. 

0. 

0. 

18 

26 

23 

*y? 

23 

21 

21 

16 

15 

16 

v? 

21 

17 

16 

18 

17 

17 

16 

16 

16 
P.22 

Table 7 . Total Lead Organ Content in Micrograms for Males. 

Input to Blood 20 Micrograms per Day. 

3E 

1 

'7 

3 

4 

5 

6 

7 

8 

9 

10 

11 

12 

13 

14 

15 

16 

17 

18 

19 

20 

BLOOD 

W . C m .__.vJ 

92. 12 

98. 14 

103.53 

116.10 

127.69 

133.96 

115.22 

119.04 

145.95 

216.36 

221.38 

207.85 

211.93 

263.42 

270.25 

276.92 

283.43 

289.77 

295.97 

BONE 

4795 

7726 

10365 

12726 

15149 

17584 

20335 

23742 

26988 

31116 

33652 

36151 

38959 

41657 

45383 

49108 

52743 

56291 

59754 

63134 

LIVER 

13.9 

37.8 

40.3 

42.5 

80.8 

1 oo» o 

195. 1 

167.9 

173.5 

212.7 

315.5 

*_J___i.__. ra 7 

303. 2 

309. 2 

437.2 

448.6 

459.7 

470.6 

481. 1 

491.5 

KIDNEY 

17.3 

30.6 

32.6 

34.4 

38.6 

42.5 

44.6 

38.4 

39.6 

48.6 

72. 1 

73.7 

69.2 

70.6 

87.7 

90. 0 

/ *—. _» 

94.4 

96.5 

98.6 

URINE 

4.02 

7. 09 

7.56 

7.97 

8.94 

8.85 

9.29 

7.99 

8. X J 

10. 12 

7.50 

7.67 

7.20 

7.35 

9. 13 

4.68 

4. 80 

4.91 

5.02 

5. 13 

FECES 

1.92 

0. 92 

0.98 

1.03 

1.96 

3.31 

1.85 

1.59 

1.64 

2.01 

2.99 

3.06 

2.87 

2.93 

4. 14 

4.25 

4.36 

4.46 

4.56 

4.66 
P.23 

Table 8 . Organ Lead Concentration for Males 

Input to Blood 20 :ug per day. 

as a Function of Age. 

AGE BLOOD ug/ml BONE ug/g ash LIVER ug/g KIDNEY ug/g 

1 

2 

"7| 

4 

5 

6 

7 

8 

9 

10 

11 

12 

13 

14 

15 

16 

17 

18 

19 

20 

0.059 

0.081 

0.073 

0.070 

0.073 

0.069 

0.065 

0.050 

0.046 

0.052 

0.070 

0.066 

0. 056 

0. 050 

0. 057 

0. 053 

0. 052 

0. 052 

0.053 

0.054 

17.74 

19.06 

21.31 

23.54 

25.48 

27. 11 

28.94 

29.28 

29.37 

28.78 

26.89 

24.82 

23. 10 

21.59 

20.83 

20.32 

20.06 

20.03 

20.66 

21.63 

0. 05 

0» 11 

0. 10 

0. 10 

0. 17 

0.24 

0.32 

0.24 

0.23 

0.25 

0.34 

0.32 

0.27 

0.25 

0.31 

0. 30 

0.29 

0.29 

0.29 

0. 29 

0. 36 

0.51 

0.45 

0.44 

0.46 

0.43 

0.41 

0.31 

0.29 

0.32 

0.44 

0.42 

0.35 

0.32 

0.36 

0.34 

0.33 

0.33 

0.33 

0.33 
P.24 

Table 9 . Total Lead Organ Content in Micrograms for Males. 

Input to Blood 30 Micrograms per Day. 

AGE BLOOD BONE .IVER KIDNEY URINE FECES 

1 

2 C-4 

4 

5 

6 

7 

3 

9 

10 

11 

12 

13 

14 

15 

16 

17 

18 

19 

20 

78.38 

138.18 

147.21 

155.29 

174.16 

191.53 

200.94 

172.83 

178.56 

218.92 

324.55 

332.07 

311.78 

317.90 

395.13 

405.38 

415.38 

425.14 

434.66 

443.96 

*

— " ~ " **""•"" 

7193 

11589 

15547 

19089 

227'""'"^ 

A6O7 6 

30502 

35613 

40483 

46674 

50478 

54226 

58439 

62485 

68074 

73662 

79115 

84437 

89631 

94700 

20. 8 

56.7 

60.4 

63. 7 

121.2 

204.5 

292.7 

251.9 

260. 3 

319.0 

473.3 

484.3 

454.8 

463.8 

655.9 

672.9 

689.6 

705.8 

721.7 

737.2 

~> —. — •_.___. — 

26.0 

45.9 

49.0 

51.7 

57.9 

63. 7 

66.9 

57.5 

59.4 

72.9 

108. 1 

110.6 

103.8 

105.9 

131.6 

135. 0 

1 '-'8 • .z> 

141.6 

144.8 

147.9 

6 „ 04 

10. 64 

11. 34 

11.96 

13.41 

13.28 

13.93 

11.98 

12.38 

15. 17 

11.25 

11.51 

10.81 

11. 02 

13.69 

7. 02 

7.20 

7.37 

7.53 

7.69 

2.88 

1.38 

1.47 

1.55 

2.94 

4.96 

2.77 

*•> "TO 

2.47 

3.02 

4.48 

4.59 

4.31 

4.39 

6.21 

6.37 

6. 5o 

6.69 

6.84 

6.98 
P.25 

Table 10 . Organ Lead Concentration for Males as a Function of Age. 

Input to Blood 30 ug per day. 

AGE BLOOD ug/ml BONE ug/g ash LIVER ug/g KIDNEY ug/g 

1 

f 

3 

4 

5 

6 

7 

8 

9 

10 

11 

12 

13 

14 

15 

16 

17 

18 

19 

20 

0.089 

0. 121 

0.110 

0. 105 

0. 109 

0. 104 

0.098 

0.074 

0.069 

0.078 

0. 105 

0.099 

0.084 

0.075 

0.085 

0.080 

0.078 

0. 078 

0. 079 

0.081 

26.61 

28.59 

31.96 

T •*_ T 1 

38.22 

40.66 

43.41 

43.92 

44.05 

43. 17 

40.34 

37.22 

34.65 

T O T Q •_'.i. • O d 

31.25 

30.49 

30.08 

30.04 

30. 99 

32.44 

. , 0.08 

0. 17 

0. 15 

0. 14 

0.25 

0.36 

0.48 

0. 36 

0.34 

0. 38 

0.52 

0. 48 

0.41 

0.37 

0.47 

0.44 

0.44 

0. 43 

0.43 

0.43 

0.54 

0.77 

0.68 

0.66 

0.69 

0.64 

0.62 

0.47 

0.44 

0.49 

0.67 

0. 62 

0.52 

0.48 

0.53 

0.51 

0. 50 

0.49 

0.49 

0.49 
P.26 

Table 11 . Total Lead Organ Content in Micrograms for Males. 

Input to Blood 40 Micrograms per Day. 

AGE BLOOD BONE LIVER KIDNEY URINE FECES 

4 

5 

6 

7 

8 

9 

10 

11 

12 

13 

14 

15 

16 

17 

18 

19 

20 

104.51 

184.24 

196.28 

207.05 

232.21 

255.37 

267.92 

230.44 

238.07 

291.90 

432.73 

442.76 

415.70 

423.87 

526.84 

540.50 

553.84 

566.85 

579.55 

591.94 

9590 

15451 

20730 

25452 

30298 

35168 

40670 

47484 

53977 

62232 

67304 

72302 

77918 

83313 

90765 

98216 

105487 

112583 

119508 

126267 

27. 7 

75. 6 

80. 6 

85. 0 

161.6 

272. 7 

390. 3 

335. 9 

347. 1 

425. 3 

631 . 1 

645. 8 

606.4 

618. 3 

874. 5 

897. 3 

919. 5 

941 . 1 

962. 3 

982.9 

34.7 

61.3 

65. 3 

68.9 

77.3 

85.0 

89.2 

76.7 

79.3 

97.2 

144. 1 

147.5 

1 c>8. 5 

141.2 

175.4 

180.0 

184.5 

188.8 

193.0 

197.2 

8.05 

14. 19 

15. 12 

15.95 

17.88 

17.70 

18.57 

15.97 

16. 50 

Ol") ? "s 

•to. „' . +m S.' 

15. 00 

15.34 

14.41 

14.69 

18.26 

9.37 

9.60 

9.82 

10.04 

10. 26 

3.84 

1.83 

1.95 

2.06 

3.92 

6.62 

3.70 

3. IS 

T OO 

4.03 

5.98 

6.11. 

5.74 

5.86 

8.28 

8.50 

8.71 

8.92 

9. 12 

9.31 
P.27 

Table 12 . Organ Lead Concentration for Males as a Function of Age. 

Input to Blood 40 ug per day. 

GE 

1 

*? 

*•.' 

4 

5 

6 

7 

8 

9 

10 

11 

12 

13 

14 

15 

16 

17 

18 

19 

20 • 

BLOOD ug/ml 

0. 119 

0. 162 

0. 146 

0. 140 

0. 145 

0. 138 

0. 130 

0. 099 

0.093 

0. 104 

0. 140 

0. 133 

0.111 

0. 100 

0.113 

0. 107 

0. 104 

0. 103 

0. 105 

0. 108 

BONE ug/g a3h 

35.48 

38. 11 

42.61 

47.09 

50.96 

54.22 

57.88 

58.56 

58.74 

57.56 

53.79 

49.63 

46.20 

43. 17 

41.67 

40.65 

40. 11 

40.05 

' 41.33 

43.26 

LIVER ug/g 

0. 10 

0. 22 

0.20 

0. 19 

0.34 

0.49 

0.64 

0.48 

0.45 

0.50 

0.69 

0.64 

0.54 

0.49 

0. 63 

0.59 

0.58 

0. 58 

0.58 

0.58 

KIDNEY ug/g 

0. 72 

1. 02 

0.91 

0.88 

0.92 

0.86 

0.83 

0.62 

0. 59 

0.65 

0.89 

0.83 

0.70 

0. 64 

0.71 

0.67 

0.66 

0.66 

0.66 

0. 66 
Table 13 . Total Lead Organ Content in Micrograms for Males. 

Input to Blood 50 Micrograms per Day. 

AGE BLOOD BONE LIVER 

4 

5 

6 

7 

8 

9 

10 

11 

12 

13 

14 

15 

16 

17 

18 

19 

20 

130.63 

J-.N-'^_' » __. / 

245.35 

258.82 

290.26 

319.22 

334.89 

288.05 

297.59 

364.87 

540.91 

553.45 

519.63 

5^.9. So 

658.54 

675.63 

692.30 

708.56 

724.44 

739.93 

11988 

19314 

25912 

31815 

37872 

43960 

50837 

59355 

67471 

77790 

84130 

90377 

97398 

104141 

1134S7 

122770 

131858 

140729 

149385 

157834 

34.6 

94.5 

100.7 

106.2 

202. 1 

340.9 

487.8 

419.9 

433.8 

531.7 

. 788.9 

807.2 

758.0 

772.9 

1093.1 

1121.6 

1149.3 

1176.4 

1202.8 

1228.6 

KIDNEY 

"TJII O 

76.6 

81.6 

86. 1 

96.6 

106.2 

111.4 

95.9 

99. 1 

121.4 

180. 1 

184.3 

173. 1 

176.5 

219.3 

225. 0 

230.6 

236.0 

241.3 

246.5 

URINE 

10.06 

17.74 

18.90 

19.93 

22.35 

22. 13 

23.21 

19.97 

20.63 

25.29 

18.75 

19. 18 

18.01 

18.36 

OO PO 

11.71 

12.00 

12.28 

12.55 

12.82 

FECES 

4.80 

2.44 

2.58 

4.90 

8.27 

4.62 

3.98 

4. li 

5. 04 

7.47 

7.65 

7. 18 

7.32 

10. 35 

10.62 

10.89 

11. 14 

11.39 

11.64 
P.29 

Table 14 . Organ Lead Concentration for Males as a 

Input to Blood 50 ug per day. 

:unction of Age. 

AGE BLOOD ug/ml BONE ug/g ash LIVER ug/g KIDNEY ug/g 

1 

o 

-te. 3 

4 

5 

6 

7 

8 

9 

10 

11 

12 

13 

14 

15 

16 

17 

18 

19 

20 

0. 148 

0. 202 

0.183 

0. 175 

0. 181 

0. 173 

0. 163 

0. 124 

0. 116 

0. 130 

0. 175 

0. 166 

0. 139 

0. 125 

0. 141 

0. 134 

0. 130 

0. 129 

0. 132 

0. 135 

4.4.35 

47.64 

53.26 

58.86 

63.69 

67.77 

72.34 

73.20 

73.42 

71.96 

67.23 

62.04 

57.75 

53.97 

52.08 

50.81 

50. 14 

50.07 

51.66 

54.07 

0. 13 

0.28 

0.25 

0.24 

0.42 

0.61 

0.80 

0.60 

0.57 

0.63 

0.86 

0.80 

0.68 

0.61 

0.78 

0.74 

0.73 

0.72 

0. 72 

0.72 

0.90 

1.28 

1. 13 

1. 10 

1.15 

1.07 

1.03 

0. 78 

0.73 

0.81 

1.11 

1.04 

0.87 

0.79 

0.89 

0.84 

0.83 

0.82 

0.82 

0.82 
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1 o 1 z i m 

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P.31 

Table 16 . Organ Lead Concentration for Males as a 

Input to Blood 60 ug per day. 

•"unction of Age. 

AGE BLOOD ug/ml BONE ug/g ash LIVER ug/g KIDNEY ug/g 

1 

*9 

4 

5 

6 

7 

8 

9 

10 

11 

12 

13 

14 

15 

16 

17 

18 

19 

20 

0. 178 

0. 242 

0.220 

0.210 

0.218 

0.207 

0. 195 

0. 149 

0. 139 

0. 156 

0.210 

0. 199 

0. 167 

0. 150 

0. 170 

0. 160 

0. 156 

0. 155 

0. 158 

0. 161 

57. 17 

63.92 

70.63 

76.43 

81.33 

86.81 

87.84 

88. 11 

86.35 

80.68 

74.45 

69.30 

64.76 

62.50 

60.97 

60. 17 

60. 08 

61.99 

64.89 

0.15 

0. 33 

0.30 

0.29 

0.51 

0.73 

0.96 

0.72 

0.68 

0.75 

1.03 

0.97 

0.81 

0.74 

0.94 

0.89 

0.87 

0.87 

0.87 

0.87 

1.08 

1 S". 

X a w w 1.36 

1.32 

1.38 

1.29 

1.24 

0.94 

0.88 

0.97 

1. o. 

1.25 

1.05 

0.95 

1.07 

1.01 

0.99 

0.98 

0.98 

0.99 
P.32 

Table 17 . Total Lead Organ Content in Micrograms for Males. 

Input to Blood 70 Micrograms per Day. 

AGE BLOOD BONE LIVER 

*TM*TM'" 

1 

rA, 

04 

4 

5 

6 

7 

8 

9 

10 

11 

12 

13 

14 

15 

16 

17 

18 

19 

20 

182.89 

322.41 

343.49 

362.34 

406.37 

446.90 

468.85 

403.27 

416.63 

5.10.82 

757.27 

774.83 

727.48 

741.77 

921.96 

945.88 

969.21 

991.99 

1014.21 

1035.90 

—•«.__._• « 

16783 

27040 

36277 

44541 

53021 

61544 

71172 

83096 . 

94460 

108906 

117783 

126528 

136357 

145798 

158839 

171877 

184602 

197020 

209140 

220968 

48.5 

1 0_i . O 

141.0 

148.7 

282.9 

477.2 

682.9 

587.8 

607.4 

744.4 

1104.4 

1130.1 

1061.2 

1082.1 

1530.3 

1570.2 

1609.0 

1647.0 

1684.0 

1720.1 

KIDNEY 

60. 7 

107. 2 

114.3 

120.6 

135.2 

148.7 

156.0 

134.3 

138.7 

170.0 

o=;o o 

258. 1 

242.3 

247. 1 

307.0 

315.0 

322.8 

330. 4 

337.8 

345.0 

URINE 

14.09 

24.83 

26.45 

27.91 

31.30 

30. 98 

32.50 

27.95 

28.88 

35.41 

26.25 

26.85 

25.21 

25.71 

31.95 

16.39 

16. 80 

17. 19 

17.57 

17.95 

FECES 

6.72 

3.21 

3.42 

3.61 

6.86 

11.58 

6.47 

5.57 

5.75 

7.05 

10.46 

10.71 

10. 05 

10.25 

14.50 

14.87 

15.24 

15.60 

15.95 

16.29 
P.33 

Table 18 . Organ Lead Concentration for Males as a Function of Age. 

Input to Blood 70 ug per day. 

AGE BLOOD ug/ml BONE ug/g ash LIVER ug/g KIDNEY ug/g 

1 

'? 

••• ' 

4 

5 

6 

7 

8 

9 

10 

11 

12 

13 

14 

15 

16 

17 

18 

19 

20 

0.208 

0.283 

0. 256 

0.245 

0.254 

0.242 

0.228 

0. 174 

0. 162 

0. 182 

0.245 

0.232 

0. 195 

0. 175 

0. 198 

0. 187 

0. 183 

0. 181 

0. 184 

0. 188 

62. 10 

66.70 

74.57 

82.40 

89. 17 

94.88 

101.28 

102.49 

102.79 

100.74 

94. 12 

86.86 

80. 85 

75.55 

72.92 

71. 13 

70. 20 

70. 09 

72.32 

75.70 

0. 18 

0.39 

0.35 

0.34 

0.59 

0.85 

1. 12 

0.84 

0.79 

0. 88 

1.20 

1. 13 

0.95 

0.86 

1. 10 

1.04 

1.02 

1.01 

1.01 

1.01 

1.26 

1.79 

1.59 

1.55 

1.61 

1.50 

1.44 

1.09 

1.03 

1. 13 

1.56 

1.46 

1.22 

1. 11 

1.25 

1. 18 

1. 16 

1.15 

1.15 

1. 15 
P.34 

Table 19 . Total Lead Organ fcontent in Micrograms for Males. 

Input to Blood 80 Micrograms per Day. 

AGE BLOOD BONE LIVER 

1 

O C-4 

4 

5 

6 

7 

8 

9 

10 

11 

12 

13 

14 

15 

16 

17 

18 

19 

20 

209.02 

368.47 

392.56 

414.11 

464.42 

510.75 

535.83 

460.88 

476.15 

583.79 

865.46 

885.52 

831.40 

847.73 

1053.67 

1081.01 

1107.67 

1133.70 

1159.10 

1183.89 

19180 

30903 

41459 

50904 

60596 

70336 

81339 

94967 

107954 

124464 

134609 

144604 

155837 

166626 

181531 

196431 

210974 

225166 

239017 

252534 

55.4 

151.2 

161. 1 

170.0 

323.3 

545.4 

780.5 

671.8 

694. 1 

850.7 

1262.2 

1291.6 

1212.8 

1236.7 

1749.0 

1794.5 

1838.9 

1882.3 

1924.5 

1965.8 

KIDNEY 

69.4 

122.5 

130.6 

137.8 

154.5 

170.0 

178.3 

153.4 

158.5 

194.3 

288.2 

294.9 

276.9 

282.4 

350.9 

360. 0 

368.9 

377.6 

386. 1 

394.3 

URINE 

16. 10 

28.38 

30.23 

31.89 

35.77 

35.40 

37. 14 

31.95 

33.00 

40. 47 

29.99 

30. 69 

28.81 

29.38 

36.52 

18.73 

19. 19 

19.65 

20.09 

Of") R O ,__•>_' a w>_« 

FECES 

7.68 

3.67 

3.91 

4. 12 

7.84 

13. 23 

7.39 

6. 36 

6.58 

8.06 

11.96 

io 04 

11.49 

11.71 

16.57 

17.00 

17.42 

17.83 

18.23 

18.62 
P.35 

Table 20 . Organ Lead Concentration for Males as a Function of Age. 

Input to Blood 80 ug per day. 

AGE BLOOD ug/ml BONE ug/g ash 

1 

2 

3 

4 

5 

6 

7 

8 

9 

10 

11 

12 

13 

14 

15 

16 

17 

18 

19 

20 

0. 238 

0.323 

0.293 

0. 280 

0.290 

0.276 

0.260 

0. 199 

0. 185 

0.208 

0.280 

0.265 

0.223 

0. 200 

0.226 

0.214 

0.209 

0.207 

0.211 

0.215 

70.97 

76.23 

85.22 

94. 17 

101.91 

108.43 

115.75 

117.13 

117.48 

115.13 

107.57 

99.26 

92.40 

86 • 35 

83. 33 

81.30 

80.23 

80. 11 

82.65 

86.52 

LIVER ug/g 

0. 20 

0.44 

0.39 

0.38 

0.68 

0.97 

1.28 

0.96 

0.91 

1.00 

1.37 

1.29 

1.08 

0.98 

1.25 

19 

16 

15 

16 

KIDNEY ug/g 

1.44 

2.04 

81 

77 

84 

72 

65 

1. 16 

1.25 

1. 17 

1.30 

1.7B 

1.67 

1.40 

1.27 

1.43 

1 • o5 

1.32 

1.31 

1.31 

1.31 
P.36 

Table 21 . Total Lead Organ Content in;Micrograms for Males. 

Input to Blood 90 Micrograms per Day. 

AGE BLOOD BONE LIVER 

-

1 

o 

3 

4 

5 

6 

7 

8 

9 

10 

11 

12 

13 

14 . 

15 

16 

17 

18 

19 

20 

235.14 

414.53 

441.63 

465.87 

522.47 

574.59 

602.81 

518.49 

535.67 

656.76 

973.64 

996.21 

9•_*5. oo 

953.70 

1185.38 

1216.13 

1246.13 

1275.41 

1303.99 

1331.87 

21578 

34766 

46641 

57267 

68170 

79128 

91506 

106838 

121448 

140022 

151435 

162679 

175316 

187455 

204222 

220985 

237345 

253312 

268894 

284101 

6>-. o 

170. 1 

181.2 

191.2 

363.7 

61 o. u 

878. 1 

755.7 

780. 9 

957.0 

1420.0 

1453.0 

1364.4 

1391.3 

1967.6 

2018.8 

2068.8 

2117.5 

2165.1 

2211.6 

KIDNEY 

78. 0 

137.8 

146.9 

155.0 

173.8 

191.2 

200. 6 

172.6 

178.3 

218.6 

324.3 

331.8 

311.5 

317.7 

394.7 

405.0 

415.0 

424.8 

434.3 

443.6 

URINE 

18. 11 

31. 93 

34. 01 

o5 • 88 

40.24 

39.83 

41.78 

35.94 

37. 13 

45.52 

33.74 

34.53 

32.42 

33.05 

41.08 

21.07 

21.59 

22. 10 

22.60 

23.08 

FECES 

8.64 

4.13 

4. 40 

4.64 

8.82 

14.88 

8.32 

7. 16 

7.40 

9.07 

13.45 

13.76 

12.92 

13. 18 

18.64 

19. 12 

19.60 

20.06 

20.51 

20.95 
P.37 

Table 22 . Organ Lead Concentration for Males as a Function of Age. 

Input to Blood 90 ug per day. 

AGE BLOOD ug/ml BONE ug/g ash LIVER ug/g KIDNEY ug/g 

1 

**7 

"Tx 

4 

5 

6 

7 

8 

9 

10 

11 

12 

13 

14 

15 

16 

17 

18 

19 

20 

0.267 

0.364 

0.330 

0.315 

0. 327 

0.311 

0.293 

0.223 

0.208 

0.234 

0.315 

0.298 

0.251 

0.225 

0.254 

0.240 

0.235 

0. ZOO 

0.237 

0. 242 

79.84 

85.76 

95.87 

105.94 

114.65 

121.99 

130.22 

131.77 

132.16 

129.52 

121.02 

111.67 

103.95 

97.14 

93.75 

91.46 

90.25 

90. 12 

92.98 

97.33 

0. 23 

0.50 

0.44 

0.43 

0.76 

1.09 

1.43 

1.08 

1.02 

1. 13 

1.55 

1.45 

1 oo 

J. . Am*±. 1. U 

1.41 

1.33 

1.31 

1.30 

1.30 

1. 30 

1.63 

2.30 

2.04 

1.99 

2.07 

1.93 

1.86 

1.40 

1.32 

1.46 

2.00 

1.87 

1.57 

1.43 

1.60 

1.52 

1.49 

1.47 

1.48 

1.48 
Table 23 . Total Lead Organ Content in Micrograms for Males. 

Input to Blood 100 Micrograms per Day. 

AGE BLOOD BONE LIVER 

*"•"•*" 

1 

o 

o 

4 

5 

6 

7 

8 

9 

10 

11 

12 

13 

14 

15 

16 

17 

18 

19 

20 

261.27 

460.59 

490.70 

517.64 

580.52 

638.43 

669.79 

576.10 

595. 19 

729.74 

1081.82 

1106.90 

1039.26 

1059.67 

1317.09 

1351.26 

1384.59 

1417.13 

1448.87 

1479.86 

__-~«WB«H _ 

23975 

38628 

51824 

63630 

75745 

87920 

101674 

118709 

134942 

155580 

168261 

180755 

194796 

208283 

226914 

245539 

263717 

281457 

298771 

315668 

69.3 

189.0 

201.4 

212.5 

404. 1 

681.7 

975.6 

839.7 

867.7 

1063.4 

1577.7 

1614.5 

1516.0 

1545.8 

2186.2 

2243.1 

2298.6 

2352.8 

2405.7 

2457.3 

KIDNEY 

86.7 

153. 1 

163.2 

172.2 

193.2 

212.4 

ooo 9 

191.8 

198.2 

242.9 

360.3 

368.7 

346.2 

353. 0 

438.6 

450. 0 

461. 1 

472.0 

482.6 

492.9 

URINE 

20. 12 

35.47 

37.79 

39.87 

44.71 

44.25 

46.43 

39.93 

41.26 

50. 58 

37.49 

38.36 

36.02 

36.73 

45.65 

23.42 

23.99 

24.56 

25. 11 

25.64 

FECES 

9.60 

4.59 

4.89 

5. 15 

9.80 

16.54 

9.24 

7.95 

8.22 

10.07 

14.95 

15.29 

14.36 

14. 64 

20.71 

O 1 OCT 

JL. X M ._-w 

21.78 

22.

 7 9 

22.79 

23.28 
P.39 

Table 24 . Organ Lead Concentration for Males 

Input to Blood 100 ug per day. 

as a Function of Age. 

AGE BLOOD ug/ml BONE ug/g ash LIVER ug/g 

1 C-4 

4 

5 

6 

7 

8 

9 

10 

11 

12 

13 

14 

15 

16 

17 

18 

19 

20 

0.297 

0. 404 

0. 366 

0. 350 

0. 363 

0.345 

0.325 

0.248 

0.232 

0.260 

0. 350 

0.331 

0.279 

0.251 

0. 283 

0.267 

0.261 

0.259 

0.263 

0.269 

88.71 

95.28 

106.53 

117.72 

127.39 

135.54 

144.69 

146.41 

146.85 

143.91 

134.46 

124.08 

115.50 

107.93 

104.17 

101.62 

100.28 

100.13 

103.31 

108.15 

0. 25 

0. 56 

0. 49 

0.48 

0.85 

1.22 

1.59 

1. 20 

1. 13 

1.25 

1.72 

1.61 

1.35 

1.23 

1.57 

1.48 

1.45 

1.44 

1.44 

1.45 

KIDNEY ug/g 

1.81 

2.55 

2.27 

o 21 

2.30 

2. 15 

2.06 

1.56 

1.47 

1.62 

o oo 

08 

75 

59 

1.78 

69 

,65 

64 

1.64 

1.64 
P.40 

Table 25 . Total Lead Organ Content in Micrograms for Males. 

Input to Blood 110 Micrograms per Day. 

AGE BLOOD BONE LIVER 

1 

2 

o 

4 

5 

6 

7 

8 

9 

10 

11 

12 

13 

14 

15 

16 

17 

18 

19 

20 

_. _ 

287.40 

506.65 

539.77 

569.40 

638.57 

702.28 

736.77 

633.71 

654.70 

802.71 

1190.00 

1217.60 

1143.18 

1165.63 

1448.80 

1486.38 

1523.05 

1558.84 

1593.76 . 

1627.85 

26373 

42491 

57006 

69993 

83319 

96712 

111841 

130580 

148437 

171138 

185087 

198830 

214275 

229111 

249605 

270093 

290089 

309603 

328648 

347235 

76.2 

207.9 

221.5 

233.7 

444.5 

749.9 

1073.2 

923.7 

954.4 

1169.7 

1735.5 

1775.9 

1667.6 

1700.4 

2404.8 

2467.4 

2528.5 

2588.1 

2646.3 

2703.0 

KIDNEY 

95.4 

168.5 

179.5 

189.5 

212.5 

.^wO a / 

245.2 

211.0 

218.0 

267.2 

396.3 

405.5 

380. 8 

088 • o 

482.5 

495.0 

507.2 

519.2 

530.8 

542.2 

URINE 

22. 13 

39.02 

41.57 

43.85 

49. 18 

48.68 

51.07 

43.93 

45.38 

55.64 

41.24 

42.20 

39.62 

40. 40 

50.21 

25.76 

.i.6 • o 9 

27.01 

27.62 

28.21 

FECES 

10.56 

5.04 

5.37 

5.67 

10.78 

18. 19 

10. 17 

8.75 

9.04 

11. 08 

16.44 

16.82 

15.80 

16. 11 

22.78 

O_-•_'T T" . •_7 ' / 

23.95 

24.52 

25.07 

25.61 
P.41 

Table 26 . Organ Lead Concentration for Males as a Function of Age. 

Input to Blood 110 ug per day. 

AGE BLOOD ug/ml BONE ug/g ash LIVER ug/g KIDNEY ug/g 

1 

o 

o 

4 

5 

6 

7 

8 

9 

10 

11 

12 

13 

14 

15 

16 

17 

18 

19 

20 

0.327 

0.444 

0.403 

s_>uD 

399 

380 

358 

273 

0.255 

0.286 

0.385 

0.365 

0.306 

0.276 

0.311 

0.294 

0.287 

0.284 

0.290 

0.296 

97.58 

104.81 

117.18 

129.49 

140.13 

149.10 

159.16 

161.05 

161.53 

158.30 

147.91 

136.49 

127.05 

118.73 

114.58 

111.78 

110.31 

110.15 

113.64 

118.96 

0.28 

0.61 

0.54 

0.53 

0.93 

1.34 

1.75 

1.33 

1.25 

1.38 

1.89 

1.77 

,49 

i 35 

,73 

63 

,60 

59 

,59 

,59 

1, 

o 

2. 

2. 

o 

2, 

o 

._. i 

1. 

1. 

99 

81 

49 

43 

53 

36 

27 

72 

61 

1.78 

2.45 

O OQ 

_»._»/ 

1.92 

1.75 

1.96 

1.85 

1.82 

1.80 

1.81 

1.81 
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P.43 

Table 28 . Organ Lead Concentration for Males as a Function of Age. 

Input to Blood 120 ug per day. 

AGE BLOOD ug/ml BONE ug/g ash LIVER ug/g KIDNEY ug/g 

1 

o 

o 

4 

5 

6 

7 

8 

9 

10 

11 

12 

13 

14 

15 

16 

17 

18 

19 

20 

0. 356 

0.485 

0.439 

0.420 

0.435 

0.414 

0.390 

0. 298 

0.278 

0.312 

0.420 

0.398 

0.334 

0.301 

0.339 

0. 320 

0.313 

0.310 

0.316 

0.323 

106.45 

114.34 

127.83 

141.26 

152.87 

162.65 

173.63 

175.69 

176.22 

172.69 

161.36 

148.90 

138.60 

129.52 

125.00 

121.95 

120.34 

120.16 

123.98 

129.77 

0.31 

0,67 

0.59 

0. 58 

1.02 

1.46 

1.91 

1.45 

1.36 

1.50 

2.06 

1.93 

1.62 

1.47 

1.88 

1.78 

1.74 

1.73 

1.73 

1.73 

2.17 

3.06 

2.72 

2.65 

2.76 

2.58 

2.48 

1.87 

1.76 

1.94 

2.67 

2.50 

2. 10 

1.91 

2. 14 

2.02 

1.98 

1.97 

1.97 

1.97 
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P.45 

Table 30 . Organ Lead Concentration'for Males 

Input to Blood 130 ug per day. 

as a Function of Age. 

AGE BLOOD ug/ml BONE ug/g ash LIVER ug/g KIDNEY ug/g 

1 

o 

o 

4 

5 

6 

7 

8 

9 

10 

11 

12 

13 

14 

15 

16 

17 

18 

19 

20 

0.386 

0.525 

0.476 

0.455 

0.472 

0.449 

0.423 

0.323 

0.301 

0. 338 

0.455 

0.431 

0. 362 

0.326 

0.367 

0.347 

0.339 

0.336 

0.342 

0.350 

115.32 

123.87 

138.48 

153.03 

165.61 

176.21 

188.10 

190.33 

190.90 

187.09 

174.80 

161.30 

150.16 

140.31 

135.42 

132.11 

130.37 

130.17 

134.31 

140.59 

r"i T T 

0.72 

0.64 

0.62 

1. 10 

1.58 

2.07 

1.57 

1.47 

1.63 

O O T 

. _ . Xm Ami 

2.09 

1.76 

1.60 

2.04 

1.93 

1.89 

1.87 

1.88 

1.88 

2.35 

3.32 

2.95 

2.87 

2.99 

2.79 

2.68 

O ("lT 

1.91 

2. 11 

2.89 

2.71 

2. 27 

2.07 

2. 32 

2. 19 

2. 15 

2. 13 

2. 13 

2. 14 
ro 

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P.47 

Table 32 . Organ Lead Concentration for Males as a Function of Age. 

Input to Blood 140 ug per pay. 

AGE BLOOD ug/ml BONE ug/g ash LIVER ug/g KIDNEY ug/g 

1 0-4 3 

4 

5 

6 

7 

8 

9 

10 

11 

12 

13 

14 

15 

16 

17 

18 

19 

20 

0.416 

0. 566 

0.513' 

0. 490 

0.508 

0.483 

0.455 

0.348 

0.324 

0.364 

0.490 

0. 464 

0. 390 

0. 351 

0.396 

0.374 

0.365 

0.362 

0.369 

0.377 

124.19 

133.40 

149.14 

164.80 

178.34 

189.76 

202.57 

204.97 

205.59 

201.48 

188.25 

173.71 

161.71 

151.11 

145.83 

142.27 

140.40 

140.19 

144.64 

151.40 

0. 36 

0.78 

0.69 

0.67 

1. 19 

1.70 

O OT 

1.69 

1.59 

1.75 

2.41 

2.25 

1.89 

1.72 

2.20 

2.08 

2.04 

2. 02 

o or> 

O i")-3 

A . m v>*__ 

1 «;•* 

3.57 

3. 17 

3.09 

T oo 

V « 4___ 3.00 

2.89 

2. 18 

2.06 

O OT 

-._ . _ • / 

3.11 

O QO 

* . . r mm. 

2.45 

2.23 

2.50 

2.36 

2.31 

2.29 

2.30 

2.30 
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vj v| vj O O th 01 cn Ol cn 04 40 4-0 C-4 C-4 40 40 40 40 t04 40 o >o vi cn ro •- cn -fc 0- vo co or ^ co cn ji 40 0 j <i Ot OD ^ OI vj -0 o 04 O Ji vl vj Ji 00 -0 CD Ji <i O 

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c-4 04 C4 c-4 or o- oi oi oi oi vi o- cn o- th th cn cn cn 0-4 

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04 04 C4 04 C-4 C-4 40 40 40 40 >>-*• »-*• *-• <-- 40 i- i-* 

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vQ <-*- Ji th CD O -0 Cn -0 Ji *-- C-4 -0 00 CO v| vj 04 CO -fc 

40 CO 04 0- vj o- vj 4_ Ji j.j i- C-4 04 Ch *-- *- Ot C-4 CD O 

I 3> 

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H 

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cr 

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04 04 

1 o 

1 o 1 O 

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1 O 

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1 n 

1 o 

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1 < 

1 c 1 3*1 

1 n 

1 Z 

1 Pi 

1 Tl 

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i n 

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r+ a* 

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CD Oi 

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a -_ i d 

1-A fl) 

cn 3 

o 

n 

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JB H*• 

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3 

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P.49 

Table 34 . Organ Lead Concentration for Males as a 

Input to Blood 150 ug per day. 

runction of Age. 

AGE BLOOD ug/ml BONE ug/g ash LIVER ug/g KIDNEY ug/g 

1 

2 

"T 

4 

5 

6 

7 

8 

9 

10 

11 

12 

13 

14 

15 

16 

17 

18 

19 

20 

0.445 

0.606 

0. 549 

0.525 

0.544 

0.518 

0.488 

0.372 

0.347 

0.390 

0.525 

0.497 

0.418 

0.376 

0.424 

0.401 

0. 391 

0. 388 

0.395 

0.404 

133.06 

142.93 

159.79 

176.57 

191.08 

203.31 

217.03 

219.61 

220.27 

215.87 

201.69 

186.12 

173.26 

161.90 

156.25 

152.43 

150.42 

150.20 

154.97 

162.22 

0. 38 

0.83 

6.74 

0. 72 

1.27 

1.82 

2.39 

1.81 

1.70 

1.88 

2.58 

2.41 

2.03 

1.84 

2.35 

O "ZIO 

2. 18 

2. 16 

2. 17 

2. 17 

2.71 

3.83 

3.40 

o.oi 

3.45 

3. 22 

3.10 

2.34. 

•7 '"'fi 

•4- . mim V 

2.43 

3.34 

3.12 

2.62 

2.38 

2.67 

o =;T 

m- . o o 2.48 

2.46 

2.46 

2.46 
*_ 

H* 

C 

H 

fD 
P.51 

w-.f —•—v 

100 r 

O 

CD 

s 20 b 

O 

CD 

-S2 

S io 

cn 

JO 

"o 

CD 

TD 

i_-

CD 

CD 

CZ 

CD 

jg 

CD 

cr. 

ti/ 2 Overall Blood =16 days 

ti/ Blood to Kidney = 15days 

ti/2 Kidney to Blood =68 days 

.ti/ 2 = 22days 

L

ti/ Kidney to Blood = 6.8 days 

0 20 40 60 80 100 

Time Post Injection to Blood (Days) 

Figure 2