[Federal Register Volume 63, Number 84 (Friday, May 1, 1998)]
[Rules and Regulations]
[Pages 24097-24103]
From the Federal Register Online via the Government Publishing Office [www.gpo.gov]
[FR Doc No: 98-11451]



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Rules and Regulations
                                                Federal Register
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Federal Register / Vol. 63, No. 84 / Friday, May 1, 1998 / Rules and 
Regulations

[[Page 24097]]


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NATIONAL CREDIT UNION ADMINISTRATION

12 CFR Chapter VII


Investment Securities and End-User Derivatives; Interpretive 
Ruling and Policy Statement

AGENCY: National Credit Union Administration (NCUA).

ACTION: Final Interpretive Ruling and Policy Statement No. 98-2--
Supervisory Policy Statement on Investment Securities and End-User 
Derivatives Activities and Withdrawal of Interpretive Ruling and Policy 
Statement No. 92-1--Supervisory Policy Statement on Securities 
Activities.

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SUMMARY: The National Credit Union Administration (NCUA), the Board of 
Governors of the Federal Reserve System (FRB), the Federal Deposit 
Insurance Corporation (FDIC), the Office of the Comptroller of the 
Currency (OCC), and the Office of Thrift Supervision (OTS), 
(collectively referred to as the agencies) under the auspices of the 
Federal Financial Institutions Examination Council (FFIEC) have 
approved the Supervisory Policy Statement on Investment Securities and 
End-User Derivatives Activities (1998 Statement) which provides 
guidance on sound practices for managing the risks of investment 
activities. This statement replaces the Supervisory Policy Statement on 
Securities Activities published on February 3, 1992 (1992 Statement). 
NCUA adopted the 1992 Statement as Interpretive Ruling and Policy 
Statement No. 92-1 (IRPS No. 92-1). Many elements of the prior 
statement are retained in the 1998 Statement, while other elements have 
been revised or eliminated. In adopting the 1998 Statement, the 
agencies are removing the specific constraints in the 1992 Statement 
concerning investments by insured depository institutions in ``high 
risk'' mortgage derivative products. The agencies believe that it is a 
sound practice for institutions to understand the risks related to all 
their investment holdings. Accordingly, the 1998 Statement substitutes 
broader guidance than the specific pass/fail requirements contained in 
the 1992 Statement. Other than for the supervisory guidance contained 
in the 1992 Statement, the 1998 Statement does not supersede any other 
requirements of the agencies' statutory rules, regulations, policies, 
or supervisory guidance. Because the 1998 Statement does not retain the 
elements of the 1992 Statement addressing the reporting of securities 
activities (Section II of the 1992 Statement), the agencies intend to 
separately issue supervisory guidance on the reporting of investment 
securities and end-user derivatives activities. Each agency may issue 
additional guidance to assist institutions in the implementation of 
this statement.

DATES: The Interpretive Ruling and Policy Statement is effective 
October 1, 1998.

ADDRESSES: National Credit Union Administration, 1775 Duke Street, 
Alexandria, Virginia 22314-3428.

FOR FURTHER INFORMATION CONTACT: Daniel Gordon, Senior Investment 
Officer, Office of Investment Services, (703) 518-6620 or Kim Iverson, 
Program Officer, Office of Examination and Insurance (703) 518-6360, or 
at the above address.

SUPPLEMENTARY INFORMATION: In 1992, the agencies implemented the 
FFIEC's Supervisory Policy Statement on Securities Activities (57 FR 
4028, February 3, 1992). The 1992 Statement addressed: (1) selection of 
securities dealers, (2) portfolio policy and strategies (including 
unsuitable investment practices), and (3) residential mortgage 
derivative products (MDPs).
    The final section of the 1992 Statement directed institutions to 
subject MDPs to supervisory tests to determine the degree of risk and 
the investment portfolio eligibility of these instruments. At that 
time, the agencies believed that many institutions had demonstrated an 
insufficient understanding of the risks associated with investments in 
MDPs. This occurred, in part, because most MDPs were issued or backed 
by collateral guaranteed by government sponsored enterprises. The 
agencies were concerned that the absence of significant credit risk on 
most MDPs had allowed institutions to overlook the significant interest 
rate risk present in certain structures of these instruments. In an 
effort to enhance the investment decision making process at financial 
institutions, and to emphasize the interest rate risk of highly price 
sensitive instruments, the agencies implemented supervisory tests 
designed to identify those MDPs with price and average life risks 
greater than a newly issued residential mortgage pass-through security.
    These supervisory tests provided a discipline that helped 
institutions to better understand the risks of MDPs prior to purchase. 
The 1992 Statement generally provided that institutions should not hold 
high risk MDPs in their investment portfolios.\1\ A high risk MDP was 
defined as a mortgage derivative security that failed any of three 
supervisory tests. The three tests included: an average life test, an 
average life sensitivity test, and a price sensitivity test.\2\
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    \1\ The only exceptions granted were for those high risk 
securities that either reduced interest rate risk or were placed in 
a trading account. Federal credit unions were not permitted these 
exceptions.
    \2\ Average Life: Weighted average life of no more than 10 
years; Average Life Sensitivity: (a) weighted average life extends 
by not more than 4 years (300 basis point parallel shift in rates), 
(b) weighted average life shortens by no more than 6 years (300 
basis point parallel shift in rates); Price Sensitivity: price does 
not change by more than 17 percent (increase or decrease) for a 300 
basis point parallel shift in rates.
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    These supervisory tests, commonly referred to as the ``high risk 
tests,'' successfully protected institutions from significant losses in 
MDPs. By requiring a pre-purchase price sensitivity analysis that 
helped institutions to better understand the interest rate risk of 
MDPs, the high risk tests effectively precluded institutions from 
investing in many types of MDPs that resulted in large losses for other 
investors. However, the high risk tests may have created unintended 
distortions of the investment decision making process. Many 
institutions eliminated all MDPs from their investment choices, 
regardless of the risk versus return merits of such instruments. These 
reactions were due, in part, to concerns about regulatory burden, such 
as higher than normal examiner review of MDPs.

[[Page 24098]]

By focusing only on MDPs, the test and its accompanying burden 
indirectly provided incentives for institutions to acquire other types 
of securities with complex cash flows, often with price sensitivities 
similar to high risk MDPs. The emergence of the structured note market 
is just one example. The test may have also created the impression that 
supervisors were more concerned with the type of instrument involved 
(i.e., residential mortgage products), rather than the risk 
characteristics of the instrument, since only MDPs were subject to the 
high risk test. The specification of tests on individual securities may 
have removed the incentive for some institutions to apply more 
comprehensive analytical techniques at the portfolio and institutional 
level.
    As a result, the agencies no longer believe that the pass/fail 
criteria of the high risk tests as applied to specific instruments 
constitutes effective supervision of investment activities. The 
agencies believe that an effective risk management program, through 
which an institution identifies, measures, monitors, and controls the 
risks of investment activities, provides a better framework. Hence, the 
agencies are eliminating the high risk tests as binding constraints on 
MDP purchases in the 1998 Statement.
    Effective risk management addresses risks across all types of 
instruments on an investment portfolio basis and ideally, across the 
entire institution. The complexity of many financial products, both on 
and off the balance sheet, has increased the need for a more 
comprehensive approach to the risk management of investment activities.
    The rescission of the high risk tests as a constraint on an 
institution's investment activities does not signal that MDPs with high 
levels of price risk are either appropriate or inappropriate 
investments for an institution. Whether a security, MDP or otherwise, 
is an appropriate investment depends upon a variety of factors, 
including the institution's capital level, the security's impact on the 
aggregate risk of the portfolio, and management's ability to measure 
and manage risk. The agencies continue to believe that the stress 
testing of MDP investments, as well as other investments, has 
significant value for risk management purposes. Institutions should 
employ valuation methodologies that take into account all of the risk 
elements necessary to price these investments. The 1998 Statement 
states that the agencies believe, as a matter of sound practice, 
institutions should know the value and price sensitivity of their 
investments prior to purchase and on an ongoing basis.

Summary of Comments

    The 1998 Statement was published by the FFIEC for comment in the 
Federal Register of October 3, 1997 (62 FR 51862). The FFIEC received 
twenty-one comment letters from a variety of insured depository 
institutions, trade associations, Federal Reserve Banks, and financial 
services organizations. Overall, the comments were supportive of the 
1998 Statement. The comments generally approved of: (i) The rescission 
of the high risk test as a constraint on investment choices in the 1992 
Statement; (ii) the establishment by institutions of programs to manage 
market, credit, liquidity, legal, operational, and other risks of 
investment securities and end-user derivatives activities; (iii) the 
implementation of sound risk management programs that would include 
certain board and senior management oversight and a comprehensive risk 
management process that effectively identifies, measures, monitors, and 
controls risks; and (iv) the evaluation of investment decisions at the 
portfolio or institution level, instead of the focus of the 1992 
Statement on limiting an institution's investment decisions concerning 
specific securities instruments.
    The following discussion provides a summary of significant concerns 
or requests for clarifications that were presented in the 
aforementioned comments.

1. Scope

    The guidance covers a broad range of instruments including all 
securities in held-to-maturity and available-for-sale accounts as 
defined in the Statement of Financial Accounting Standards No. 115 (FAS 
115), certificates of deposit held for investment purposes, and end-
user derivative contracts not held in trading accounts.
    Some comments focused on the 1998 Statement's coverage of ``end-
user derivative contracts not held in trading accounts.'' According to 
these comments, the 1998 Statement appears to cover derivative 
contracts not traditionally viewed as investments including: (i) swap 
contracts entered into when the depository institution makes a fixed 
rate loan but intends to change the income stream from a fixed to 
floating rate, (ii) swap contracts that convert the interest rates on 
certificates of deposit from fixed to floating rates of interest, and 
(iii) swap contracts used for other asset-liability management 
purposes. Those commenters objected to the necessity of additional 
guidance for end-user derivatives contracts given current regulatory 
guidance issued by the agencies with respect to derivative contracts.
    The guidance contained in the 1998 Statement is consistent with 
existing agency guidance. The agencies believe that institutions should 
have programs to manage the market, credit, liquidity, legal, 
operational, and other risks of both investment securities and end-user 
derivative activities. Given the similarity of the risks in those 
activities and the similarity of the programs needed to manage those 
risks, especially when end-user derivatives are used as investment 
vehicles, the agencies believe that covering both activities within the 
scope of the 1998 Statement is appropriate.

2. Board Oversight

    Some commenters stated that the 1998 Statement places excessive 
obligations on the board of directors. Specifically, comments indicated 
that it is unnecessary for an institution's board of directors to: (i) 
Set limits on the amounts and types of transactions authorized for each 
securities firm with whom the institution deals, or (ii) review and 
reconfirm the institution's list of authorized dealers, investment 
bankers, and brokers at least annually. These commenters suggested that 
it may be unnecessary for the board--particularly for larger 
institutions--to review and specifically authorize each dealer. They 
indicated that it should be sufficient for senior management to ensure 
that the selection of securities firms is consistent with board 
approved policies, and that establishment of limits for each dealer is 
a credit decision that should be issued pursuant to credit policies.
    The agencies believe that the board of directors is responsible for 
supervision and oversight of investment portfolio and end-user 
derivatives activities, including the approval and periodic review of 
policies that govern relationships with securities dealers. Especially 
with respect to the management of the credit risk of securities 
settlements, the agencies encourage the board of directors or a 
subcommittee chaired by a director to actively participate in the 
credit decision process. The agencies understand that institutions will 
have various approaches to the credit decision process, and therefore 
that the board of directors may delegate the authority for selecting 
dealers and establishing dealer limits to senior management. The text 
of the 1998

[[Page 24099]]

Statement has been amended to clarify the obligation of the board of 
directors.

3. Pre-Purchase Analysis

    The majority of the commenters were in full support of eliminating 
the specific constraints on investing in ``high risk'' MDPs. Some 
commenters expressed opposition with respect to the 1998 Statement's 
guidance concerning pre-purchase analysis by institutions of their 
investment securities. Those commenters felt that neither pre-
acquisition stress testing nor any specific stress testing methodology 
should be required for individual investment decisions. Some commenters 
involved in the use of securities for collateral purposes emphasized 
the benefits of pre- and post-purchase stress testing of individual 
securities.
    The agencies wish to stress that institutions should have policies 
designed to meet the business needs of the institution. These policies 
should specify the types of market risk analyses that should be 
conducted for various types of instruments, including that conducted 
prior to their acquisition and on an ongoing basis. In addition, 
policies should specify any required documentation needed to verify the 
analysis. Such analyses will vary with the type of investment 
instrument.
    As stated in Section V of the 1998 Statement, not all investment 
instruments need to be subjected to a pre-purchase analysis. Relatively 
simple or standardized instruments, the risks of which are well known 
to the institution, would likely require no or significantly less 
analysis than would more volatile, complex instruments. For relatively 
more complex instruments, less familiar instruments, and potentially 
volatile instruments, institutions should fully address pre-purchase 
analysis in their policies. In valuing such investments, institutions 
should ensure that the pricing methodologies used appropriately 
consider all risks (for example, caps and floors in adjustable-rate 
instruments). Moreover, the agencies do not believe that an institution 
should be prohibited from making an investment based solely on whether 
that instrument has a high price sensitivity.

4. Identification, Measurement, and Reporting of Risks

    Some commenters questioned whether proposed changes by the agencies 
concerning Schedule RC-B of the Consolidated Reports of Condition and 
Income (``Call Reports'') conflicted with the 1998 Statement's 
elimination of the high risk test for mortgage derivative products. The 
proposed changes to the Call Reports would require the disclosure of 
mortgage-backed and other securities whose price volatility in response 
to specific interest rate changes exceeds a specified threshold level. 
(See 62 FR 51715, October 2, 1997.)
    The banking agencies have addressed the concerns presented in these 
comments within the normal process for changing the Call Reports. For 
the 1998 Call report cycle, there will be no changes to the high risk 
test reporting requirement in the Call Reports. (The above discussion 
is not applicable for federal credit unions. Any changes to the Call 
Report for credit unions will be made through the normal process for 
changing Call Reports.)

5. Market Risk

    One commenter suggested that the agencies enhance the 1998 
Statement by discussing and endorsing the concept of total return. The 
agencies agree that the concept of total return can be a useful way to 
analyze the risk and return tradeoffs for an investment. This is 
because the analysis does not focus exclusively on the stated yield to 
maturity. Total return analysis, which includes income and price 
changes over a specified investment horizon, is similar to stress test 
analysis since both examine a security under various interest rate 
scenarios. The agencies' supervisory emphasis on stress testing 
securities has, in fact, implicitly considered total return. Therefore, 
the agencies endorse the use of total return analysis as a useful 
supplement to price sensitivity analysis for evaluating the returns for 
an individual security, the investment portfolio, or the entire 
institution.

6. Measurement System

    One respondent stated that the complexity and sophistication of the 
risk measurement system should not be a factor in determining whether 
pre-and post-acquisition measurement of interest rate risk should be 
performed at the individual investment level or on an institutional or 
portfolio basis. The agencies agree that this statement may be 
confusing and are amending the Market Risk section.

Regulatory Procedures

Regulatory Flexibility Act

    The Regulatory Flexibility Act requires NCUA to prepare an analysis 
to describe any significant economic impact any final regulation may 
have on a substantial number of small credit unions, defined as those 
having less than $1 million in assets. The NCUA Board has determined 
and certifies that the final rule will not have a significant economic 
impact on a substantial number of small credit unions.

Paperwork Reduction Act

    NCUA has determined that the final Interpretive Ruling and Policy 
Statement does not increase paperwork requirements under the Paperwork 
Reduction Act of 1995 and regulations of the Office of Management and 
Budget (OMB).

Executive Order 12612

    Executive Order 12612 requires NCUA to consider the effect of its 
actions on state interests. The final Interpretive Ruling and Policy 
Statement applies directly only to federal credit unions. NCUA has 
determined that the final Interpretive Ruling and Policy Statement does 
not constitute a ``significant regulatory action'' for purposes of the 
Executive Order.

Small Business Regulatory Enforcement Fairness Act

    The Small Business Regulatory Enforcement Fairness Act of 1996 
(Pub. L. 104-121) provides generally for Congressional review of agency 
rules. The reporting requirement is triggered in instances where NCUA 
issues a final rule as defined by Section 551 of the Administrative 
Procedure Act, 5 U.S.C. 551. NCUA is currently awaiting the Office of 
Management and Budget's (OMB) decision on whether this is a major rule.

    By the National Credit Union Administration Board on April 16, 
1998.
Becky Baker,
Secretary of the Board.

    Accordingly, Interpretive Ruling and Policy Statement No. 98-2 is 
issued as follows:

    1. Authority: 12 U.S.C. 1757(7), 1757(8), 1757(15).

    2. Interpretive Ruling and Policy Statement No. 92-1 (57 FR 22157, 
May 27, 1992) is withdrawn.
    3. Interpretive Ruling and Policy Statement No. 98-2 is issued to 
read as follows:

    Note: The text of the Interpretive Ruling and Policy Statement 
(IRPS 98-2) will not appear in the Code of Federal Regulations.

Interpretive Ruling and Policy Statement No. 98-2-Supervisory 
Policy Statement on Investment Securities and End-User Derivatives 
Activities

I. Purpose

    This policy statement (Statement) provides guidance to financial

[[Page 24100]]

institutions (institutions) on sound practices for managing the risks 
of investment securities and end-user derivatives activities.\1\ The 
FFIEC agencies--the Board of Governors of the Federal Reserve System, 
the Federal Deposit Insurance Corporation, the Office of the 
Comptroller of the Currency, the Office of Thrift Supervision, and the 
National Credit Union Administration--believe that effective management 
of the risks associated with securities and derivative instruments 
represents an essential component of safe and sound practices. This 
guidance describes the practices that a prudent manager normally would 
follow and is not intended to be a checklist. Management should 
establish practices and maintain documentation appropriate to the 
institution's individual circumstances, consistent with this Statement.
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    \1\ The FFIEC's 1998 Statement (63 FR 20191, April 23, 1998) 
does not supersede any other requirements of the respective 
agencies' statutory rules, regulations, policies, or supervisory 
guidance.
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II. Scope

    This guidance applies to all securities in held-to-maturity and 
available-for-sale accounts as defined in the Statement of Financial 
Accounting Standards No.115 (FAS 115), certificates of deposit held for 
investment purposes, and end-user derivative contracts not held in 
trading accounts. This guidance covers all securities used for 
investment purposes, including: money market instruments, fixed-rate 
and floating-rate notes and bonds, structured notes, mortgage pass-
through and other asset-backed securities, and mortgage-derivative 
products. Similarly, this guidance covers all end-user derivative 
instruments used for nontrading purposes, such as swaps, futures, and 
options.\2\ This Statement applies to all federally-insured commercial 
banks, savings banks, savings associations, and federally chartered 
credit unions.
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    \2\ Natural person federal credit unions are not permitted to 
purchase non-residential mortgage asset-backed securities and may 
participate in derivative programs only if authorized by the NCLA.
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    As a matter of sound practice, institutions should have programs to 
manage the market, credit, liquidity, legal, operational and other 
risks of investment securities and end-user derivatives activities 
(investment activities). While risk management programs will differ 
among institutions, there are certain elements that are fundamental to 
all sound risk management programs. These elements include board and 
senior management oversight and a comprehensive risk management process 
that effectively identifies, measures, monitors, and controls risk. 
This Statement describes sound principles and practices for managing 
and controlling the risks associated with investment activities.
    Institutions should fully understand and effectively manage the 
risks inherent in their investment activities. Failure to understand 
and adequately manage the risks in these areas constitutes an unsafe 
and unsound practice.

III. Board and Senior Management Oversight

    Board of director and senior management oversight is an integral 
part of an effective risk management program. The board of directors is 
responsible for approving major policies for conducting investment 
activities, including the establishment of risk limits. The board 
should ensure that management has the requisite skills to manage the 
risks associated with such activities. To properly discharge its 
oversight responsibilities, the board should review portfolio activity 
and risk levels, and require management to demonstrate compliance with 
approved risk limits. Boards should have an adequate understanding of 
investment activities. Boards that do not, should obtain professional 
advice to enhance its understanding of investment activity oversight, 
so as to enable it to meet its responsibilities under this Statement.
    Senior management is responsible for the daily management of an 
institution's investments. Management should establish and enforce 
policies and procedures for conducting investment activities. Senior 
management should have an understanding of the nature and level of 
various risks involved in the institution's investments and how such 
risks fit within the institution's overall business strategies. 
Management should ensure that the risk management process is 
commensurate with the size, scope, and complexity of the institution's 
holdings. Management should also ensure that the responsibilities for 
managing investment activities are properly segregated to maintain 
operational integrity. Institutions with significant investment 
activities should ensure that back-office, settlement, and transaction 
reconciliation responsibilities are conducted and managed by personnel 
who are independent of those initiating risk taking positions.

IV. Risk Management Process

    An effective risk management process for investment activities 
includes: (1) policies, procedures, and limits; (2) the identification, 
measurement, and reporting of risk exposures; and (3) a system of 
internal controls.

Policies, Procedures, and Limits

    Investment policies, procedures, and limits provide the structure 
to effectively manage investment activities. Policies should be 
consistent with the organization's broader business strategies, capital 
adequacy, technical expertise, and risk tolerance. Policies should 
identify relevant investment objectives, constraints, and guidelines 
for the acquisition and ongoing management of securities and derivative 
instruments. Potential investment objectives include: generating 
earnings, providing liquidity, hedging risk exposures, taking risk 
positions, modifying and managing risk profiles, managing tax 
liabilities, and meeting pledging requirements, if applicable. Policies 
should also identify the risk characteristics of permissible 
investments and should delineate clear lines of responsibility and 
authority for investment activities.
    An institution's management should understand the risks and 
cashflow characteristics of its investments. This is particularly 
important for products that have unusual, leveraged, or highly variable 
cashflows. An institution should not acquire a material position in an 
instrument until senior management and all relevant personnel 
understand and can manage the risks associated with the product.
    An institution's investment activities should be fully integrated 
into any institution-wide risk limits. In so doing, some institutions 
rely only on the institution-wide limits, while others may apply limits 
at the investment portfolio, sub-portfolio, or individual instrument 
level.
    The board and senior management should review, at least annually, 
the appropriateness of its investment strategies, policies, procedures, 
and limits.

Risk Identification, Measurement and Reporting

    Institutions should ensure that they identify and measure the risks 
associated with individual transactions prior to acquisition and 
periodically after purchase. This can be done at the institutional, 
portfolio, or individual instrument level. Prudent management of 
investment activities entails examination of the risk profile of a 
particular investment in light of its impact on the risk profile of the 
institution. To the extent practicable, institutions should measure 
exposures to each type of risk and these

[[Page 24101]]

measurements should be aggregated and integrated with similar exposures 
arising from other business activities to obtain the institution's 
overall risk profile.
    In measuring risks, institutions should conduct their own in-house 
pre-acquisition analyses, or to the extent possible, make use of 
specific third party analyses that are independent of the seller or 
counterparty. Irrespective of any responsibility, legal or otherwise, 
assumed by a dealer, counterparty, or financial advisor regarding a 
transaction, the acquiring institution is ultimately responsible for 
the appropriate personnel understanding and managing the risks of the 
transaction.
    Reports to the board of directors and senior management should 
summarize the risks related to the institution's investment activities 
and should address compliance with the investment policy's objectives, 
constraints, and legal requirements, including any exceptions to 
established policies, procedures, and limits. Reports to management 
should generally reflect more detail than reports to the board of the 
institution. Reporting should be frequent enough to provide timely and 
adequate information to judge the changing nature of the institution's 
risk profile and to evaluate compliance with stated policy objectives 
and constraints.

Internal Controls

    An institution's internal control structure is critical to the safe 
and sound functioning of the organization generally and the management 
of investment activities in particular. A system of internal controls 
promotes efficient operations, reliable financial and regulatory 
reporting, and compliance with relevant laws, regulations, and 
institutional policies. An effective system of internal controls 
includes enforcing official lines of authority, maintaining appropriate 
separation of duties, and conducting independent reviews of investment 
activities.
    For institutions with significant investment activities, internal 
and external audits are integral to the implementation of a risk 
management process to control risks in investment activities. An 
institution should conduct periodic independent reviews of its risk 
management program to ensure its integrity, accuracy, and 
reasonableness. Items that should be reviewed include:
    (1) Compliance with and the appropriateness of investment policies, 
procedures, and limits;
    (2) The appropriateness of the institution's risk measurement 
system given the nature, scope, and complexity of its activities;
    (3) The timeliness, integrity, and usefulness of reports to the 
board of directors and senior management.
    The review should note exceptions to policies, procedures, and 
limits and suggest corrective actions. The findings of such reviews 
should be reported to the board and corrective actions taken on a 
timely basis.
    The accounting systems and procedures used for public and 
regulatory reporting purposes are critically important to the 
evaluation of an organization's risk profile and the assessment of its 
financial condition and capital adequacy. Accordingly, an institution's 
policies should provide clear guidelines regarding the reporting 
treatment for all securities and derivatives holdings. This treatment 
should be consistent with the organization's business objectives, 
generally accepted accounting principles (GAAP), and regulatory 
reporting standards.

V. The Risks of Investment Activities

    The following discussion identifies particular sound practices for 
managing the specific risks involved in investment activities. In 
addition to these sound practices, institutions should follow any 
specific guidance or requirements from their primary supervisor related 
to these activities.

Market Risk

    Market risk is the risk to an institution's financial condition 
resulting from adverse changes in the value of its holdings arising 
from movements in interest rates, foreign exchange rates, equity 
prices, or commodity prices. An institution's exposure to market risk 
can be measured by assessing the effect of changing rates and prices on 
either the earnings or economic value of an individual instrument, a 
portfolio, or the entire institution. For most institutions, the most 
significant market risk of investment activities is interest rate risk.
    Investment activities may represent a significant component of an 
institution's overall interest rate risk profile. It is a sound 
practice for institutions to manage interest rate risk on an 
institution-wide basis. This sound practice includes monitoring the 
price sensitivity of the institution's investment portfolio (changes in 
the investment portfolio's value over different interest rate/yield 
curve scenarios). Consistent with agency guidance, institutions should 
specify institution-wide interest rate risk limits that appropriately 
account for these activities and the strength of the institution's 
capital position. These limits are generally established for economic 
value or earnings exposures. Institutions may find it useful to 
establish price sensitivity limits on their investment portfolio or on 
individual securities. These sub-institution limits, if established, 
should also be consistent with agency guidance.
    It is a sound practice for an institution's management to fully 
understand the market risks associated with investment securities and 
derivative instruments prior to acquisition and on an ongoing basis. 
Accordingly, institutions should have appropriate policies to ensure 
such understanding. In particular, institutions should have policies 
that specify the types of market risk analyses that should be conducted 
for various types or classes of instruments, including that conducted 
prior to their acquisition (pre-purchase analysis) and on an ongoing 
basis. Policies should also specify any required documentation needed 
to verify the analysis.
    It is expected that the substance and form of such analyses will 
vary with the type of instrument. Not all investment instruments may 
need to be subjected to a pre-purchase analysis. Relatively simple or 
standardized instruments, the risks of which are well known to the 
institution, would likely require no or significantly less analysis 
than would more volatile, complex instruments.\3\
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    \3\ Federal credit unions must comply with the investment 
monitoring requirements of 12 CFR 703.90. See 62 FR 32989 (June 18, 
1997).
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    For relatively more complex instruments, less familiar instruments, 
and potentially volatile instruments, institutions should fully address 
pre-purchase analyses in their policies. Price sensitivity analysis is 
an effective way to perform the pre-purchase analysis of individual 
instruments. For example, a pre-purchase analysis should show the 
impact of an immediate parallel shift in the yield curve of plus and 
minus 100, 200, and 300 basis points. Where appropriate, such analysis 
should encompass a wider range of scenarios, including non-parallel 
changes in the yield curve. A comprehensive analysis may also take into 
account other relevant factors, such as changes in interest rate 
volatility and changes in credit spreads.
    When the incremental effect of an investment position is likely to 
have a significant effect on the risk profile of the institution, it is 
a sound practice to analyze the effect of such a position on

[[Page 24102]]

the overall financial condition of the institution.
    Accurately measuring an institution's market risk requires timely 
information about the current carrying and market values of its 
investments. Accordingly, institutions should have market risk 
measurement systems commensurate with the size and nature of these 
investments. Institutions with significant holdings of highly complex 
instruments should ensure that they have the means to value their 
positions. Institutions employing internal models should have adequate 
procedures to validate the models and to periodically review all 
elements of the modeling process, including its assumptions and risk 
measurement techniques. Management relying on third parties for market 
risk measurement systems and analyses should ensure that they fully 
understand the assumptions and techniques used.
    Institutions should provide reports to their boards on the market 
risk exposures of their investments on a regular basis. To do so, the 
institution may report the market risk exposure of the whole 
institution. Alternatively, reports should contain evaluations that 
assess trends in aggregate market risk exposure and the performance of 
portfolios in terms of established objectives and risk constraints. 
They also should identify compliance with board approved limits and 
identify any exceptions to established standards. Institutions should 
have mechanisms to detect and adequately address exceptions to limits 
and guidelines. Management reports on market risk should appropriately 
address potential exposures to yield curve changes and other factors 
pertinent to the institution's holdings.

Credit Risk

    Broadly defined, credit risk is the risk that an issuer or 
counterparty will fail to perform on an obligation to the institution. 
For many financial institutions, credit risk in the investment 
portfolio may be low relative to other areas, such as lending. However, 
this risk, as with any other risk, should be effectively identified, 
measured, monitored, and controlled.
    An institution should not acquire investments or enter into 
derivative contracts without assessing the creditworthiness of the 
issuer or counterparty. The credit risk arising from these positions 
should be incorporated into the overall credit risk profile of the 
institution as comprehensively as practicable. Institutions are legally 
required to meet certain quality standards (i.e., investment grade) for 
security purchases. Many institutions maintain and update ratings 
reports from one of the major rating services. For non-rated 
securities, institutions should establish guidelines to ensure that the 
securities meet legal requirements and that the institution fully 
understands the risk involved. Institutions should establish limits on 
individual counterparty exposures. Policies should also provide credit 
risk and concentration limits. Such limits may define concentrations 
relating to a single or related issuer or counterparty, a geographical 
area, or obligations with similar characteristics.
    In managing credit risk, institutions should consider settlement 
and pre-settlement credit risk. These risks are the possibility that a 
counterparty will fail to honor its obligation at or before the time of 
settlement. The selection of dealers, investment bankers, and brokers 
is particularly important in effectively managing these risks. The 
approval process should include a review of each firm's financial 
statements and an evaluation of its ability to honor its commitments. 
An inquiry into the general reputation of the dealer is also 
appropriate. This includes review of information from state or federal 
securities regulators and industry self-regulatory organizations such 
as the National Association of Securities Dealers concerning any formal 
enforcement actions against the dealer, its affiliates, or associated 
personnel.
    The board of directors is responsible for supervision and oversight 
of investment portfolio and end-user derivatives activities, including 
the approval and periodic review of policies that govern relationships 
with securities dealers.
    Sound credit risk management requires that credit limits be 
developed by personnel who are as independent as practicable of the 
acquisition function. In authorizing issuer and counterparty credit 
lines, these personnel should use standards that are consistent with 
those used for other activities conducted within the institution and 
with the organization's over-all policies and consolidated exposures.

Liquidity Risk

    Liquidity risk is the risk that an institution cannot easily sell, 
unwind, or offset a particular position at a fair price because of 
inadequate market depth. In specifying permissible instruments for 
accomplishing established objectives, institutions should ensure that 
they take into account the liquidity of the market for those 
instruments and the effect that such characteristics have on achieving 
their objectives. The liquidity of certain types of instruments may 
make them inappropriate for certain objectives. Institutions should 
ensure that they consider the effects that market risk can have on the 
liquidity of different types of instruments under various scenarios. 
Accordingly, institutions should articulate clearly the liquidity 
characteristics of instruments to be used in accomplishing 
institutional objectives.
    Complex and illiquid instruments can often involve greater risk 
than actively traded, more liquid securities. Oftentimes, this higher 
potential risk arising from illiquidity is not captured by standardized 
financial modeling techniques. Such risk is particularly acute for 
instruments that are highly leveraged or that are designed to benefit 
from specific, narrowly defined market shifts. If market prices or 
rates do not move as expected, the demand for such instruments can 
evaporate, decreasing the market value of the instrument below the 
modeled value.

Operational (Transaction) Risk

    Operational (transaction) risk is the risk that deficiencies in 
information systems or internal controls will result in unexpected 
loss. Sources of operating risk include inadequate procedures, human 
error, system failure, or fraud. Inaccurately assessing or controlling 
operating risks is one of the more likely sources of problems facing 
institutions involved in investment activities.
    Effective internal controls are the first line of defense in 
controlling the operating risks involved in an institution's investment 
activities. Of particular importance are internal controls that ensure 
the separation of duties and supervision of persons executing 
transactions from those responsible for processing contracts, 
confirming transactions, controlling various clearing accounts, 
preparing or posting the accounting entries, approving the accounting 
methodology or entries, and performing revaluations.
    Consistent with the operational support of other activities within 
the financial institution, securities operations should be as 
independent as practicable from business units. Adequate resources 
should be devoted, such that systems and capacity are commensurate with 
the size and complexity of the institution's investment activities. 
Effective risk management should also include, at least, the following:
    Valuation. Procedures should ensure independent portfolio pricing. 
For thinly traded or illiquid securities,

[[Page 24103]]

completely independent pricing may be difficult to obtain. In such 
cases, operational units may need to use prices provided by the 
portfolio manager. For unique instruments where the pricing is being 
provided by a single source (e.g., the dealer providing the 
instrument), the institution should review and understand the 
assumptions used to price the instrument.
    Personnel. The increasingly complex nature of securities available 
in the marketplace makes it important that operational personnel have 
strong technical skills. This will enable them to better understand the 
complex financial structures of some investment instruments.
    Documentation. Institutions should clearly define documentation 
requirements for securities transactions, saving and safeguarding 
important documents, as well as maintaining possession and control of 
instruments purchased.
    An institution's policies should also provide guidelines for 
conflicts of interest for employees who are directly involved in 
purchasing and selling securities for the institution from securities 
dealers. These guidelines should ensure that all directors, officers, 
and employees act in the best interest of the institution. The board 
may wish to adopt policies prohibiting these employees from engaging in 
personal securities transactions with these same securities firms 
without specific prior board approval. The board may also wish to adopt 
a policy applicable to directors, officers, and employees restricting 
or prohibiting the receipt of gifts, gratuities, or travel expenses 
from approved securities dealer firms and their representatives.

Legal Risk

    Legal risk is the risk that contracts are not legally enforceable 
or documented correctly. Institutions should adequately evaluate the 
enforceability of its agreements before individual transactions are 
consummated. Institutions should also ensure that the counterparty has 
authority to enter into the transaction and that the terms of the 
agreement are legally enforceable. Institutions should further 
ascertain that netting agreements are adequately documented, executed 
properly, and are enforceable in all relevant jurisdictions. 
Institutions should have knowledge of relevant tax laws and 
interpretations governing the use of these instruments.

[FR Doc. 98-11451 Filed 4-30-98; 8:45 am]
BILLING CODE 7535-01-U