ROH

ACH, hr‐

10 Open windows /

1.26

0.45

Coffee table

(Professional

judgment, 90th

percentile)

(central)

(central)

0.5

(upper‐end)

Upper‐end

for 25 0.18

non‐user

Chest of

drawers (low‐end

(upper‐end)

0.5 36 9c

Window closed,

no exhaust fan/

0.18d

0.18

(upper‐end) Bathtub (low‐end) (low‐end) (low‐end

(maximum)

Brush‐on Exposure Scenarios in Workshop

Brush‐on Exposure Scenario in Bathroom

Chest: 12.5/ 30/25 min. per

application; process repeated

after completion of first

scraping. Scrapings removed

from house after last scraping.

4 and 5

Upper‐end

to bounding

for user and

non‐user

108 0.8695

Bathtub: 18‐min. application, 30‐

min. wait and 36‐min. scrape

per application; process

repeated after completion of

first scraping. Scrapings

removed from house after last

scraping.

492 (central) 

31 Central 0.25 (central)

108 0.8695

Coffee table: 5‐min. application,

30‐min. wait and 10‐min.

scrape per application; process

repeated after completion of

first scraping. Scrapings

removed from house after last

scraping.

54 (central) 492 (central)

2 Upper‐end for user

Weight

Fraction

Surface

Area

Treated,a

ft2

Application

Rate, g/ft2

Release

Fraction

Volume,

m

3

Ventilation/

ACH, 1/hr

Volume,

m

3

House

Case ID Scenario

NMP Released

Stripping Method

Room of Use
ROH

ACH, hr‐

Weight

Fraction

Surface

Area

Treated,a

ft2

Application

Rate, g/ft2

Release

Fraction

Volume,

m

3

Ventilation/

ACH, 1/hr

Volume,

m

3

House

Case ID Scenario

NMP Released

Stripping Method

Room of Use

Upper‐end

for user 0.53 10 Open windows / 1.26 0.45

(Lower spray

volatility) e (upper‐end) Coffee table

(Professional

judgment, 90th

percentile)

(central)

Upper‐end

for user (central)

(Upper spray

volatility) e

Upper‐end

for 0.53 25 0.18

non‐user (upper‐end) Chest of drawers (low‐end

(Lower spray

volatility) e (upper‐end)

Upper‐end

for

non‐user

(Upper spray

volatility) e

dBecause the user is working in close proximity to the target (bathtub) for an extended period, a third zone (“source cloud”) was created within the bathroom to represent t

vicinity of the tub; this is a virtual zone, with no physical boundaries. The airflow rate between the cloud and the rest of the bathroom was based on work by Matthews et a

information, see discussion in Appendix E under Inhalation Exposure Scenario Inputs (Airflow Rates and Volumes.)

eFor the first exponential, the Upper spray case assigns 10 times the mass of the Lower spray case. The theoretical total mass released is the same for the two cases.

See Estimation Procedures for Spray Application in Section E‐1 of Appendix E for a detailed description.

Spray‐on Exposure Scenarios in Workshop

aThe surface area values were selected so that the calculated amount of product applied (g) corresponds approximately to the Abt (1992) survey results for amount of paint bFor all scenarios, the user is in the treatment room during the application and scraping times and in the ROH after the last scraping.c1 m3 for the vicinity of the tub (source cloud) and 8 m3 for the rest of the bathroom.dBecause the user is working in close proximity to the target (bathtub) for an extended period, a third zone (“source cloud”) was created within the bathroom to represent t

6b

7a

Chest: 6.25/ 30/25 min. per

application; process repeated

after completion of first

scraping. Scrapings removed

from house after last scraping.

7b

6a

81 0.8695

Coffee table: 2.5‐min.

application, 30‐min. wait and

10‐min. scrape per application;

process repeated after

completion of first scraping.

Scrapings removed from house

after last scraping.

54 (central) 492 (central)
Page 1

NMP Residential Scenarios

Assumptions: 

Consumers and residential non-users exposed to NMP-based paint strippers based on the scenarios descriptions in Tab#1 (Table 2-5 of NMP risk assessment)

→→Dermal exposure to the NMP vapor is assumed to be on 4989 cm2 of skin (25% of the total surface area of an average woman) when the user is not applying or in contact with the product.

During spray application 1 cm2 is assumed to be wetted by liquid and the same areas are exposed to vapor as during brush application

Maternal blood AUC or Cmax of parent compound used as a surrogate for fetal dose metric 

Preferred dose metrics:

Acute risks were assumed to occur in consumer users and bystanders, but not chronic risks and thus only acute risks were evaluated

The endpoints of fetal skeletal malformations, resorptions and fetal mortality are biologically relevant to actue exposures 

Cmax (mg/L) is preferred for acute effects assuming that a single dose effect is need to induce these effects

Preferred benchmark MOE:

Margin of Exposures (MOEs) were compared to a benchmark MOE of 30 to determine whether risks were present for the different exposure scenarios.

The benchmark MOE of 30 consists of

 3X was used for interspecies variability. The PBPK model was used for interspecies extrapolation.

 10X was used to account for human variability. The PBPK model did not account for human toxicokinetic variability. The data used in the human PBPK model was based on healthy humans. 

 In addition, CYP2E1 is partly involved in the metabolism of NMP in humans. There are large variations in CYP2E1 activity in humans (Ligocka et al., 2003) which supported the retention of the 10X.

 See Ligocka et al., 2003 at http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/12734639. 

Dermal exposures to the liquid NMP product are assumed to be on 490 cm2 of skin for users without gloves. 

All of the exposure scenarios assumed vapor absorption through skin (i.e., arms, face)

During brush application and contact with the product if gloves are warn the hand are protected from vapor (area exposed to vapor is reduced by 890 cm2 to 4099 cm2) and it is assumed that 10% of the palm side of 

both hands (49 cm2) is exposed to liquid. When no gloves are used the palm side of both hands (490 cm2) is exposed to liquid and only the back side of both hands are exposed to vapor (area exposed to vapor is 

reduced by 490 cm2 to 4499 cm2).
Page 2

NMP Residential Scenarios

0 months pregnancy 8 months pregnancy

peak 

(Cmax, 

mg/L)

peak (Cmax, 

mg/L) MOE for Cmax MOE for Cmax

1 User User applying brush-on product to a coffee table without 

face mask but with gloves on

BMDL internal 1% increase in resorptions -- 

Inhalation and oral developmental studies 

(Saillenfait et al. 2002 & 2003)--Preferred 

metric: Cmax

0.25 1 0.10 0.08 2244 2613

1 User User applying brush-on product to a coffee table without 

gloves or face mask

BMDL internal 1% increase in resorptions -- 

Inhalation and oral developmental studies 

(Saillenfait et al. 2002 & 2003)--Preferred 

metric: Cmax

0.25 0 0.65 0.56 333 388

1 Non-user in the rest of 

the house (ROH)

Non-user exposed to NMP vapors resulting from brushon application to a coffee table in adjacent room

BMDL internal 1% increase in resorptions -- 

Inhalation and oral developmental studies 

(Saillenfait et al. 2002 & 2003)--Preferred 

metric: Cmax

NA NA 0.03 0.03 7725 7855

Benchmark MOE=30

Note: Underlined MOEs show risk,

MOE<benchmark MOE

 onths pregna months pregnan

Receptor Exposure Scenario Benchmark Dose Metric and Endpoints

Scenario# 

based on 

Table3-6 of 

RA/Tab#1

Dermal? 

1="yes"

Weight 

Fraction 

(WF)
Page 3

0 months pregnancy 8 months pregnancy

peak 

(Cmax, 

mg/L)

peak (Cmax, 

mg/L) MOE for Cmax MOE for Cmax

2 User User applying brush-on product to a coffee table without 

face mask but with gloves on

BMDL internal 1% increase in resorptions -- 

Inhalation and oral developmental studies 

(Saillenfait et al. 2002 & 2003)--Preferred 

metric: Cmax

0.5 1 0.26 0.24 836 912

2 User User applying brush-on product to a coffee table without 

gloves or face mask

BMDL internal 1% increase in resorptions -- 

Inhalation and oral developmental studies 

(Saillenfait et al. 2002 & 2003)--Preferred 

metric: Cmax

0.5 0 1.36 1.17 159 184

2 Non-user in the ROH Non-user exposed to NMP vapors resulting from brushon application to a coffee table in adjacent room

BMDL internal 1% increase in resorptions -- 

Inhalation and oral developmental studies 

(Saillenfait et al. 2002 & 2003)--Preferred 

metric: Cmax

NA NA 0.06 0.06 3862 3927

 months pregnan

Exposure Scenario Benchmark Dose Metric and Endpoints

Weight 

Fraction 

(WF)

Dermal? 

1="yes"

 onths pregna

Benchmark MOE=30 

Note: Underlined MOEs show risk, 

MOE<benchmark MOE

Scenario# 

based on 

Table3-6 of 

RA/Tab#1

Receptor
Page 4

0 months pregnancy 8 months pregnancy

peak 

(Cmax, 

mg/L)

peak (Cmax, 

mg/L) MOE for Cmax MOE for Cmax

3 User User applying brush-on product to a chest of drawers 

without face mask but with gloves on

BMDL internal 1% increase in resorptions -- 

Inhalation and oral developmental studies 

(Saillenfait et al. 2002 & 2003)--Preferred 

metric: Cmax

0.5 1 0.56 0.48 385 447

3 User User applying brush-on product to a chest of drawers 

without gloves or face mask

BMDL internal 1% increase in resorptions -- 

Inhalation and oral developmental studies 

(Saillenfait et al. 2002 & 2003)--Preferred 

metric: Cmax

0.5 0 2.55 2.15 85 101

3 Non-user in the ROH Non-user exposed to NMP vapors resulting from brushon application to a chest of drawers in adjacent room

BMDL internal 1% increase in resorptions -- 

Inhalation and oral developmental studies 

(Saillenfait et al. 2002 & 2003)--Preferred 

metric: Cmax

NA NA 0.19 0.19 1134 1141

Benchmark MOE=30 

Note: Underlined MOEs show risk, 

MOE<benchmark MOE

Scenario# 

based on 

Table3-6 of 

RA/Tab#1

Receptor Exposure Scenario Benchmark Dose Metric and Endpoints

Weight 

Fraction 

(WF)

Dermal? 

1="yes"

 onths pregna months pregnan
Page 5

0 months pregnancy 8 months pregnancy

peak 

(Cmax, 

mg/L)

peak (Cmax, 

mg/L) MOE for Cmax MOE for Cmax

4 User User applying brush-on product to a bathtub without 

face mask but with gloves on

BMDL internal 1% increase in resorptions -- 

Inhalation and oral developmental studies 

(Saillenfait et al. 2002 & 2003)--Preferred 

metric: Cmax

0.5 1 4.76 4.12 45.4 52.4

4 User User applying brush-on product to a bathtub without 

gloves or face mask

BMDL internal 1% increase in resorptions -- 

Inhalation and oral developmental studies 

(Saillenfait et al. 2002 & 2003)--Preferred 

metric: Cmax

0.5 0 7.32 6.28 29.5 34.4

4 Non-user in the ROH Non-user exposed to NMP vapors resulting from brushon application to a bathtub in adjacent room

BMDL internal 1% increase in resorptions -- 

Inhalation and oral developmental studies 

(Saillenfait et al. 2002 & 2003)--Preferred 

metric: Cmax

NA NA 0.62 0.61 350 352

Benchmark MOE=30 

Note: Underlined MOEs show risk, 

MOE<benchmark MOE

Scenario# 

based on 

Table3-6 of 

RA/Tab#1

Receptor Exposure Scenario Benchmark Dose Metric and Endpoints

Weight 

Fraction 

(WF)

Dermal? 

1="yes"

 onths pregna months pregnan
Page 6

0 months pregnancy 8 months pregnancy

peak 

(Cmax, 

mg/L)

peak (Cmax, 

mg/L) MOE for Cmax MOE for Cmax

5 User User applying brush-on product to a bathtub without 

face mask but with gloves on

BMDL internal 1% increase in resorptions -- 

Inhalation and oral developmental studies 

(Saillenfait et al. 2002 & 2003)--Preferred 

metric: Cmax

0.5 1 4.42 3.84 48.9 56.3

5 User User applying brush-on product to a bathtub without 

gloves or face mask

BMDL internal 1% increase in resorptions -- 

Inhalation and oral developmental studies 

(Saillenfait et al. 2002 & 2003)--Preferred 

metric: Cmax

0.5 0 6.98 5.99 30.9 36.1

5 Non-user in the ROH Non-user exposed to NMP vapors resulting from brushon application to a bathtub in adjacent room

BMDL internal 1% increase in resorptions -- 

Inhalation and oral developmental studies 

(Saillenfait et al. 2002 & 2003)--Preferred 

metric: Cmax

NA NA 0.62 0.61 350 352

Benchmark MOE=30 

Note: Underlined MOEs show risk, 

MOE<benchmark MOE

Scenario# 

based on 

Table3-6 of 

RA/Tab#1

Receptor Exposure Scenario Benchmark Dose Metric and Endpoints

Weight 

Fraction 

(WF)

Dermal? 

1="yes"

 onths pregna months pregnan
Page 7

0 months pregnancy 8 months pregnancy

peak 

(Cmax, 

mg/L)

peak (Cmax, 

mg/L) MOE for Cmax MOE for Cmax

6a User

User applying spray-on product to a coffee table without 

face mask but with gloves on and remaining in workshop 

during wait time

BMDL internal 1% increase in resorptions -- 

Inhalation and oral developmental studies 

(Saillenfait et al. 2002 & 2003)--Preferred 

metric: Cmax

0.53 1 0.17 0.16 1268.4 1354.8

6a User

User applying spray-on product to a coffee table without 

gloves or face mask and remaining in workshop during 

wait time without gloves or face mask

BMDL internal 1% increase in resorptions -- 

Inhalation and oral developmental studies 

(Saillenfait et al. 2002 & 2003)--Preferred 

metric: Cmax

0.53 0 0.18 0.17 1203.8 1295.1

6a Non-user in the ROH Non-user exposed to NMP vapors resulting from sprayon product to a coffee table in adjacent room

BMDL internal 1% increase in resorptions -- 

Inhalation and oral developmental studies 

(Saillenfait et al. 2002 & 2003)--Preferred 

metric: Cmax

NA NA 0.04 0.04 4882 4965

0 months pregnancy 8 months pregnancy

peak 

(Cmax, 

mg/L)

peak (Cmax, 

mg/L) MOE for Cmax MOE for Cmax

6b User

User applying spray-on product to a coffee table without 

face mask but with gloves on and remaining in workshop 

during wait time

BMDL internal 1% increase in resorptions -- 

Inhalation and oral developmental studies 

(Saillenfait et al. 2002 & 2003)--Preferred 

metric: Cmax

0.5 1 1.47 1.30 147.1 166.0

6b User

User applying spray-on product to a coffee table without 

gloves or face mask and remaining in workshop during 

wait time without gloves or face mask

BMDL internal 1% increase in resorptions -- 

Inhalation and oral developmental studies 

(Saillenfait et al. 2002 & 2003)--Preferred 

metric: Cmax

0.5 0 1.55 1.36 139.8 158.5

6a Non-user in the ROH Non-user exposed to NMP vapors resulting from sprayon product to a coffee table in adjacent room

BMDL internal 1% increase in resorptions -- 

Inhalation and oral developmental studies 

(Saillenfait et al. 2002 & 2003)--Preferred 

metric: Cmax

NA NA 0.35 0.34 619 630

0 months pregnancy 8 months pregnancy

peak 

(Cmax, 

mg/L)

peak (Cmax, 

mg/L) MOE for Cmax MOE for Cmax

7a User

User applying spray-on product to a chest of drawers 

without face mask but with gloves on and remaining in 

workshop during wait time

BMDL internal 1% increase in resorptions -- 

Inhalation and oral developmental studies 

(Saillenfait et al. 2002 & 2003)--Preferred 

metric: Cmax

0.5 1 0.23 0.21 944.6 1029.0

7a User

User applying spray-on product to a chest of drawers 

without gloves or face mask and remaining in workshop 

during wait time without gloves or face mask

BMDL internal 1% increase in resorptions -- 

Inhalation and oral developmental studies 

(Saillenfait et al. 2002 & 2003)--Preferred 

metric: Cmax

0.5 0 0.24 0.22 897.6 980.8

7a Non-user in the ROH Non-user exposed to NMP vapors resulting from sprayon product to a chest of drawers in adjacent room

BMDL internal 1% increase in resorptions -- 

Inhalation and oral developmental studies 

(Saillenfait et al. 2002 & 2003)--Preferred 

metric: Cmax

NA NA 0.12 0.12 1802 1832

Weight 

Fraction 

(WF)

Weight 

Fraction 

(WF)

Dermal? 

1="yes"

 onths pregna months pregnan

Scenario# 

based on 

Table3-6 of 

RA/Tab#1

Receptor Exposure Scenario Benchmark Dose Metric and Endpoints

Weight 

Fraction 

(WF)

Dermal? 

1="yes"

 onths pregna months pregnan

Scenario# 

based on 

Table3-6 of 

RA/Tab#1

Receptor Exposure Scenario Benchmark Dose Metric and Endpoints

Dermal? 

1="yes"

Scenario# onths pregna months pregnan

based on 

Table3-6 of 

RA/Tab#1

Receptor Exposure Scenario Benchmark Dose Metric and Endpoints
Page 8

0 months pregnancy 8 months pregnancy

peak 

(Cmax, 

mg/L)

peak (Cmax, 

mg/L) MOE for Cmax MOE for Cmax

7b User

User applying spray-on product to a chest of drawers 

without face mask but with gloves on and remaining in 

workshop during wait time

BMDL internal 1% increase in resorptions -- 

Inhalation and oral developmental studies 

(Saillenfait et al. 2002 & 2003)--Preferred 

metric: Cmax

0.5 1 1.38 1.30 156.4 166.5

7b User

User applying spray-on product to a chest of drawers 

without gloves or face mask and remaining in workshop 

during wait time without gloves or face mask

BMDL internal 1% increase in resorptions -- 

Inhalation and oral developmental studies 

(Saillenfait et al. 2002 & 2003)--Preferred 

metric: Cmax

0.5 0 1.45 1.36 149.2 159.4

7b Non-user in the ROH Non-user exposed to NMP vapors resulting from sprayon product to a chest of drawers in adjacent room

BMDL internal 1% increase in resorptions -- 

Inhalation and oral developmental studies 

(Saillenfait et al. 2002 & 2003)--Preferred 

metric: Cmax

NA NA 0.88 0.86 246 251

Rat internal metrics for resorptions after combined inhalation or oral exposures reported in Saillenfait et al. (2002 & 2003) 

BMDL values calculated with internal doses (Values used for MOE estimates)

BMCL01 

Cmax (mg/L) 216

BENCHMARK DOSE METRICS

Scenario# 

based on 

Table3-6 of 

RA/Tab#1

Receptor Exposure Scenario Benchmark Dose Metric and Endpoints

Weight 

Fraction 

(WF)

Dermal? 

1="yes"

 onths pregna months pregnan