FILED U.S. COURT OF A P P E A LS E LE V EN T HC IR C U IT J ANUARY 27 , 2006 THOMAS K. KAH

N CLERK [ DO NO T P UB L I S H] I N THE UN I TE D STATE S C OU RT OF APPE ALS F O R T H E E L E V E N T H C IR C U IT

________________________ N o. 05- 13010 N on -A rgum entC al endar

________________________ D . C . D o c k e tN o . 9 9 - 0 0 0 1 1 - C R - 1 - MMP U N I T E D S T A T E S O F A M E R I C A , P la in tif f - A p p e lle e , v ersu s C O R E Y J A V O N E H U N T , D e f e n d a n t- A p p e lla n t.

________________________ A pp ea l fr om the U ni t ed S t at es D i stri ctC ou rt f orthe N or the r n D i s tr i c tof F l or i da

_________________________ ( Jan u ar y 27, 2006) B efo re M A R C U S , W IL S O N an d P R Y O R , C i rcu i tJu d g es. P E R C U R I A M: C orey Ja vo ne H un tappeal s hi s s ent ence for vi ol at i on of hi s s up er vi se d2

r e le a s e . S e e 1 8 U .S .C . § 3 5 8 3 ( d ) . H u n t a r g u e s th a t th e d is tr ic t c o u r t ( 1 ) a b u s e d its di s c r e t i on w he n i tf

ound tha tH untvi ol a t e d the t e r m s of hi s s upe r vi s e d r e l e a s e a nd ( 2) pl a i nl y e r r e d w he n i tde l e ga t e d a c ondi t i on of hi s s upe r vi s e d r e l e a s e t o a p r o b a tio n o f

f ic e r . W e a f

f ir m in p a r t, v a c a te in p a r t, a n d r e m a n d . I . B AC KG RO UN D I n 1999, H untpl e a de d gui l ty t o pos s e s s i on w i th i nt e ntt o di s tr i but e c oc a i ne base and w as se nt ence d t o 7 2 m on ths of i m pri sonm entand fi ve ye ar s of s up er vi se d r e l e a s e . T he c ondi t i ons of H unt ’ s s upe r vi s e d r e l e a s e r e qui r e d H untt o r e f r a i n f r om ( 1) e xc e s s i ve us e of

a l c ohol , ( 2) vi ol a t i ng f

e de r a l , s t a t e , orl oc a l l a w s , a nd ( 3) the p o ssessi o n o f an y co n tro l l ed su b st an ce. H u n tb eg an h i s t erm o f su p erv i sed rel ease o n J u ly 2 4 , 2 0 0 4 . O n the m or ni ng of

O c t obe r22, 2004, S onj a G r i m e s , R uby R uc ke r , a nd H unt w en tt o a l o cal cl u b at1 : 3 0 a. m . W h en th e cl u b cl o sed at2 : 0 0 a. m . , G ri m es, R uc ke r , a nd H untl e f

ti n a truc k. W hi l e the y w e r e l e a vi ng, the y pul l e d up be hi nd O ff i ce r E ri c R ee se , w ho re cogn i ze d H un tfr om thei r pre vi ou s m ee t i ng s. R ee se had a bri ef conv er sa t i on w i th H un t , w ho w as i n t he dri ver’ s s ea t , before the truck p r o c e e d e d w e s tb o u n d a lo n g W e s t S ta te R o a d 4 0 . S ho rt l y a ft erthe encoun t erw i th R ee se , the truck w as i nv ol ved i n an a c c i de nt . A s the truc k w a s tr a ve l i ng a t106 m i l e s pe rhour , i ts ki dde d a c r os s the3

w e s tb o u n d la n e , th e g r a s s m e d ia n , a n d th e e a s tb o u n d la n e . I t e v e n tu a lly h it a bu i l di ng and tum bl ed on S ou thw es t16 th A venu e bef ore i tl anded o n i t s pas se ng er si de agai nsta s ec on d b ui l di ng . T he col l i si on w i th t he fi rs tbu i l di ng ca used s i gni f i c a ntda m a ge t o the dr i ve rs i de of the truc k, a nd G r i m e s di e d a s a r e s ul tof the ac ci dent . R ucker w as pu l l ed fr om the pass enger s ea tof the w re ckage, bu tH un tl ef t th e s c e n e . R u c k e rs u s ta in e d in ju r ie s to h e rle f

t e a r , le f t a r m , le f t le g , a n d b a c k . H unts us t a i ne d c ut s t o hi s r i ghta r m , r i ghtl e g, a nd l ow e rba c k. H unt ’ s pr oba t i on of

f i c e rc ha r ge d H untw i th thr e e c ount s of us i ng a c ontr ol l e d s ubs t a nc e , one c ountof us i ng a l c ohol i n e xc e s s , a nd f ourc ount s of vi ol at i ng fe dera l , st at e, or l ocal l aw s— vehi cul arho m i ci de, l ea vi ng the sc ene of an a c c i de nt , dr i vi ng on a r e s tr i c t e d l i c e ns e , a nd i ntr oduc i ng c ontr a ba nd i nt o a de t e nt i on f

a c i l i ty . A tthe r e voc a t i on he a r i ng, H unta dm i t t e d t o the thr e e c ount s of us i ng a c ontr ol l e d s ubs t a nc e a nd one c ountof us i ng a l c ohol i n e xc e s s , buthe deni ed the vi ol at i on s of f eder al , st at e, or l ocal l aw . T he go vernm entpres ent ed evi dence on t he charges of vehi cul arho m i ci de and l ea vi ng the sc ene of an a c c id e n t. R e e s e , R uc ke r , a nd O f

f i c e rW i l l i a m W oods , w ho c onduc t e d the i nv es t i gat i on of the ac ci dent , t es t i fi ed. O ff i ce r W oo ds i nt er vi ew ed se vera l w i tne s s e s , thr e e of

w hom s t a t e d tha tH untw a s dr i vi ng the truc k a tthe t i m e of the4

ac ci dent . W oo ds al so t es t i fi ed thatH un tadm i t t ed thathe coul d n otre m em ber event s f rom the previ ou s e veni ng beca use he w as i nt ox i ca t ed. W oo ds pres ent ed bl ood t e s t s of

R uc ke rtha ts how e d the r e w a s no a l c ohol i n he rs y s t e m on the ni ght of the ac ci dent . B as ed on hi s i nv es t i gat i on , W oo ds concl ud ed thatH un tw as d r iv in g th e tru c k . R ee se and R ucker al so t es t i fi ed thatH un tdrov e the truck. R ee se t es t i fi ed tha the s a w H unti n the dr i ve r ’ s s e a tw he n the truc k pul l e d up be hi nd hi m a tthe n ig h tc lu b . H e a ls o s ta te d th a t h e s a w th e tru c k le a v e in th e d ir e c tio n o f W e s t S ta te R oa d 40. R uc ke rt e s t i f

i e d tha tH untha d dr i ve n the truc k t o a nd a w a y f r om the ni ght c l ub. S he s t a t e d tha tw he n H untl os tc ontr ol , he pul l e d a the rha i ra nd e a r r i ng w hi c h pa r t l y c a us e d the i nj ur i e s t o the l e f ts i de of he rhe a d. A tthe t i m e of the c ol l i s i on w i th the f

i r s tbui l di ng, R uc ke rt e s t i f i e d tha ts he s a w H unton the fl oo rboard i n frontof her. S he al so sa w H un tl ea ve the sc ene of the ac ci dentaf t er th e tru c k la n d e d o n th e p a s s e n g e rs id e . H u n t p r e s e n te d te s tim o n y f r o m s e v e r a l w itn e s s e s in c lu d in g J a m e s I p s e r , a ph ys i cs profes sor a tthe U ni vers i ty of F l ori da atG ai nesvi l l e. Ipse r r ec on struct ed the a c c i de nta nd r e a s one d tha tthe dr i ve ri n the a c c i de ntw oul d ha ve s uf f e r e d a strong i m pactt o h i s l ef

tsi de. H e c on cl ud ed thatR ucker w as m ostl i kel y the dri ver of the truc k be c a us e of

he ri nj ur i e s . I ps e ra l s o s t a t e d tha tone of the w i tne s s e s w ho5

i de nt i f i e d H unta s the dr i ve ronl y ha d tw o- t e nths of a s e c ond t o vi e w the dr i ve rof the truc k. H unt ’ s othe rw i tne s s e s t e s t i f i e d tha tR uc ke rha d gi ve n a n i nc ons i s t e nt a c c ountof

the a c c i de nt , R uc ke rha d be e n dr i nki ng on the ni ghtof the a c c i de nt , a nd H u n t h a d s u s ta in e d c u ts to h is r ig h t a r m a n d r ig h t le g . T he di stri ctcourtfoun d t hatH un thad b ee n t he dri ver of the truck and l ef t the sc ene of the ac ci dent . T he di stri ctcourtcr edi t ed the t es t i m on y of R ee se , R u ck er , an d a w itn es s a t th e s ce n e o f a cc id en t w h o id en ti fied H u n t i n th e d riv er ’s s e a t . T he c our tr e voke d H unt ’ s s upe r vi s e d r e l e a s e a nd s e nt e nc e d hi m t o 24 m onths o f im p r is o n m e n t a n d f

iv e y e a r s o f

s u p e r v is e d r e le a s e . A s a s p e c ia l te r m o f h is s upe r vi s e d r e l e a s e , the di s tr i c tc our tor de r e d tha tH unt“ pa r t i c i pa t e i n a pr ogr a m of m ent al heal th cou nsel i ng as deem ed neces sa ry by the prob at i on offi ce r. ” I I . STA N D A R D O F R EVI EW W e r e v ie w th e r e v o c a tio n o f s u p e r v is e d r e le a s e f

o ra b u s e o f

d is c r e tio n . U n i t e d St a t e s v . Fr a z i e r , 2 6 F. 3 d 1 1 0 , 1 1 2 ( 1 1 th Ci r . 1 9 9 4 ) . W e r e v i e w th e t e r ms o f a s u p e r v is e d r e le a s e f

o ra b u s e o f

d is c r e tio n , b u t w h e r e th e d e f e n d a n t f a ils to obj e c ta tthe di s tr i c tc our t , w e r e ve r s e onl y f orpl a i n e r r or . U ni t e d S t a t e s v. Z i nn, 3 2 1 F .3 d 1 0 8 4 , 1 0 8 8 ( 1 1 th C ir . 2 0 0 3 ) .6 I I I . DI S CUS S I ON H unta r gue s tha tthe di s tr i c tc our ta bus e d i t s di s c r e t i on w he n i the l d tha the had v i ol at ed the t er m s of hi s s up er vi se d rel ea se . H un tal so ar gu es thatthe di stri ct courtpl ai nl y e rr ed w hen i ti m po se d a cond i t i on of supervi se d rel ea se thatdel egat ed a u th o r ity to th e p r o b a tio n o f f ic e r . W e a d d r e s s e a c h a r g u m e n t in tu r n . A . T he D istri ct

C ou rt D i d N otA bu se It

s D isc re t i on by H

oldi ngtha t

H un t V i ol at ed the T er m s of His Sup er vise d R el ease . H un tcont ends thatthe di stri ctcourtabused i t s di sc re t i on w hen i thel d t hat he vi ol a t e d the t e r m s of hi s s upe r vi s e d r e l e a s e be c a us e the r e i s i ns uf f i c i e nt ev id en ce th at h e w as th e d riv er o f th e tru ck . A co u rt m ay re v o k e a d ef en d an t’ s t er m of supervi se d rel ea se i f the court“ fi nd s by a prepon dera nce of the evi dence th a t th e d e f

e n d a n t v io la te d a c o n d itio n o f s u p e r v is e d r e le a s e .” 1 8 U .S .C . § 3 5 8 3 ( e ) ( 3 ) . O n e c o n d itio n o f s u p e r v is e d r e le a s e is th a t th e d e f e n d a n t “n o t c o m m it [ a ] F e d e r a l, S ta te , o rlo c a l c r im e d u r in g th e te r m o f s u p e r v is io n .” I d . § 3 5 8 3 ( d ) . U n d e rF lo r id a la w , “‘V e h ic u la rh o m ic id e ’ is th e k illin g o f a h u m a n b e in g . . . c a u s e d b y th e o p e r a tio n o f a m o to rv e h ic le b y a n o th e rin a r e c k le s s m a n n e rlik e ly t o cause the death o f . . . anot her. ” F l a. S t at . A nn . § 7 82 . 07 1. A defe nd antdri ves r e c k le s s ly if

h e “d r iv e s a n y v e h ic le in a w illf u l o rw a n to n d is r e g a r d f o rth e s a f e ty of pers on s or property. ” I d. § 3 16 . 19 2(1). S uf f i c i e nte vi de nc e s uppor t s the f i ndi ng of the di s tr i c tc our ttha tH unt7

com m i t t ed vehi cul arho m i ci de. T he part i es do no tdi sput e thatthe truck w as trav el i n g at1 0 6 m i l es p er h o u r w h en i tcro ssed th e m ed i an an d G ri m es d i ed as a r e s u lt o f th e a c c id e n t. R e c k le s s n e s s is n o t in d o u b t; th e o n ly is s u e w a s th e id e n tity o f th e d r iv e r . T here w as m ore than suffi ci entevi dence thatH un tw as the dri ver. R ucker t e s t i f i e d tha tH untdr ove the truc k t o the ni ght c l ub, a nd R e e s e t e s t i f i e d tha tH unt drov e the truck aw ay fr om the ni gh t cl ub . A n eye w i tness t es t i fi ed thatshe s aw H u n td ri v i n g atth e t i m e o f th e acciden t . H u n th as n o tp resen t ed an y eyew i tn ess te s tim o n y th a t h e w a s n o t th e d r iv e r . A lth o u g h H u n t a r g u e s th a t I p s e rf o u n d it m or e l i ke l y tha tR uc ke rw a s the dr i ve r , the gove r nm e ntof f e r e d c om pe t i ng te s tim o n y th a t H u n t w a s th e d r iv e r . B e c a u s e th e c r e d ib ility o f a w itn e s s is w ith in the pr ovi nc e of

the di s tr i c tc our t , w e do notr e vi e w a c r e di bi l i ty de t e r m i na t i on of the di s tr i c tc our t . U ni t e d S t a t e s v. C ope l a nd, 20 F . 3d 412, 413 ( 11th C i r . 1994) ( c ita tio n s o m itte d ) . S uf f i c i e nte vi de nc e a l s o s uppor t s the f i ndi ng of the di s tr i c tc our ttha tH unt l ef tthe sc ene of the ac ci dent . U nd erF l ori da l aw , the dri ver of a vehi cl e i nv ol ved i n a n a c c i de nttha tr e s ul t e d i n de a th ha s a duty t o r e m a i n a tthe s c e ne t o a s s i s tthe in ju r e d a n d th e in v e s tig a to r s . F la . S ta t. A n n . § 3 1 6 .0 2 7 ( b ) ; s e e id . § 3 1 6 .0 6 2 . R ucker provi ded t es t i m on y thatH un tl ef tthe sc ene a ft erthe ac ci dent . H un tw as8

no tpres entw hen o ff

i ce rs and p ar am edi cs ar ri ved o n t he sc ene. T he di stri ctcourt di d nota bus e i t s di s c r e t i on w he n i tf ound tha tH untvi ol a t e d F l or i da l a w by c o m m ittin g v e h ic u la rh o m ic id e a n d le a v in g th e s c e n e o f th e a c c id e n t. B . T he D istri ct

C ou rt P lai nl y E rr ed by D el egat i ngA utho ri t y to a P roba t i on O

f f i ce r fo ra C o n d itio n o

f H u n t’s S u p e r v is e d R e le a s e . H unta r gue s tha tthe di s tr i c tc our tpl a i nl y e r r e d w he n i tor de r e d pa r t i c i pa t i on i n m e nt a l he a l th c ouns e l i ng a tthe di s c r e t i on of a pr oba t i on of

f i c e r . B e c a us e H unt di d notobj e c tt o the c ondi t i ons of hi s s upe r vi s e d r e l e a s e a tthe r e voc a t i on he a r i ng, w e r e ve r s e onl y f

orpl a i n e r r or . Z i nn, 321 F . 3d a t1088. “ T o f i nd r e ve r s i bl e e r r or unde rthe pl a i n e r r ors t a nda r d, w e m us tc onc l ude tha t( 1) a n e r r oroc c ur r e d, ( 2) the er ror w as pl ai n, and (3) t he er ror a ff ec t ed subst ant i al ri gh t s. ” I d. If these three cri t eri a are m et , w e m ay rev erse fo r p l ai n erro r i f i t“ seri o u sl y affect[s] th e fai rn ess, i nt e gr i ty , orpubl i c r e put a t i on of j udi c i a l pr oc e e di ngs . ” U ni t e d S t a t e s v. O l a no, 5 0 7 U .S . 7 2 5 , 7 3 0

– 3 2 , 1 1 3 S . C t. 1 7 7 0 , 1 7 7 6 ( 1 9 9 3 ) . W e ha ve he l d tha t“ de l e ga t i ng t o the pr oba t i on of f i c e the a uthor i ty t o de c i de w h e th e ra d e f

e n d a n t w ill p a r tic ip a te in a tr e a tm e n t p r o g r a m is a v io la tio n o f A r tic le I I I ” th a t c o n s titu te s p la in e r r o r . U n ite d S ta te s v . H e a th , 4 1 9 F .3 d 1 3 1 2 , 1 3 1 5 ( 1 1 th C ir . 2 0 0 5 ) . B e c a u s e H u n t’s s e n te n c e w o u ld h a v e b e e n d if f e r e n t b u t f

o rth e e r r o r , it af fe ct ed H un t ’ s s ub st ant i al ri gh t s. S ee i d. at13 15 –1 6. W e have al so st at ed that

“ [ a ] vi ol a t i on of

A r t i c l e I I I thr ough the i m pr ope rde l e ga t i on of a j udi c i a l f

unc t i on”9

“ se ri ou sl y a ff

ec t [s ] the fa i rnes s, i nt egri ty, or pu bl i c r eput at i on of j ud i ci al proceedi ng s. ” I d. at13 16 . B ec ause the di stri ctcourtpl ai nl y e rr ed w hen i tordered thatH un t“ part i ci pat e i n a prog ra m of m ent al heal th cou nsel i ng as deem ed n ecessary b y th e p ro b at i o n o ffi cer, ” w e v acat e th i s t erm o f h i s su p erv i sed rel ease a n d r e m a n d f

o rp r o c e e d in g s c o n s is te n t w ith th is o p in io n .

I V . CONCL US I ON W e a ff i rm H un t ’ s s ent ence for 24 m on ths of i m pri sonm entand t hree ye ar s of s upe r vi s e d r e l e a s e . W e va c a t e a nd r e m a nd f orf ur the rpr oc e e di ngs the c ondi t i on o f H u n t’s s u p e r v is e d r e le a s e th a t r e q u ir e d h im to a tte n d m e n ta l h e a lth c o u n s e lin g . AF F I RME D I N P AR T , V AC AT E D I N P AR T , AN D R E MAND E D.