COURT OF APPEALS OF VIRGINIA

Present: Judges Petty, Chafin and Senior Judge Annunziata

JAMES A. GUNNING

MEMORANDUM OPINION*

v. Record No. 1140-12-1 PER CURIAM

MAY 14, 2013

GAIL F. GUNNING

FROM THE CIRCUIT COURT OF MATHEWS COUNTY

R. Bruce Long, Judge

(Charles E. Haden, on brief), for appellant.

(Devin G. Hensley; Martin, Ingles & Hensley, Ltd., on brief), for 

appellee.

James A. Gunning (husband) appeals from an order holding him in contempt for failing to 

refinance or take responsibility for a loan encumbering the former marital residence. Husband 

argues the trial court erred by (1) apportioning to Gail F. Gunning (wife) twenty-five percent of the 

debt owed to husband’s brother for his loan against the former marital residence, even though wife 

received fifty percent of the equity in the former marital residence; and (2) finding husband in 

contempt of court and ordering him to reimburse wife for the $17,669.30 that was garnished from 

her bank account, in order to satisfy a judgment against her relating to the debt owed to husband’s 

brother. Upon reviewing the record and briefs of the parties, we conclude that this appeal is 

without merit. Accordingly, we summarily affirm the decision of the trial court. See Rule 

5A:27.

 * Pursuant to Code § 17.1-413, this opinion is not designated for publication.

UNPUBLISHED
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BACKGROUND

The parties married on October 23, 1968 and separated on January 24, 2008. Wife filed a 

complaint for divorce, to which husband filed an answer and cross-complaint. On December 2, 

2010, the trial court heard the parties’ evidence and argument regarding equitable distribution 

and spousal support. On January 12, 2011, the trial court entered a “Decree of Divorce, 

Equitable Distribution and Spousal Support.” The trial court found that husband’s brother 

loaned them $65,000 and that the loan was attached to the former marital residence. The trial 

court held that wife was responsible for twenty-five percent, or $16,250, of that loan. After 

considering the stipulated value of the former marital residence, the balances of the first and 

second mortgages, and wife’s responsibility of $16,250 for the loan to husband’s brother, the 

trial court held that wife’s net share of the equity in the former marital residence was $41,741.50. 

Furthermore, the trial court ordered husband to pay wife her portion of the equitable distribution 

award by March 1, 2011 and to refinance the loans on the former marital residence.

Husband’s brother obtained a default judgment against the parties for the $65,000 loan. 

In April 2012, husband’s brother garnished wife’s bank account in the amount of $17,699.30 in 

order to satisfy the judgment. On May 1, 2012, wife filed an “Affidavit and Motion for Rule to 

Show Cause” because husband failed to satisfy the $65,000 loan to his brother. The trial court 

entered the rule to show cause, and the parties appeared before the trial court on May 18, 2012.1

After hearing the parties’ arguments, the trial court ordered husband to satisfy the 

judgment against his brother and to reimburse wife $17,699.30. The trial court entered an order 

reflecting its rulings on May 29, 2012, and waived husband’s endorsement of the order pursuant 

to Rule 1:13.

 1 Husband appeared pro se at the May 18, 2012 hearing.
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On June 26, 2012, husband’s counsel filed a notice of appeal and a “Motion to 

Reconsider and Motion to Hold in Abeyance the Contempt of Court Finding and Provision 

Ordering Defendant to Pay Funds to Plaintiff within Sixty Days of May 18, 2012 and to Fully 

Satisfy Judgment of Brother within Sixty Days of May 18, 2012, pending Appeal of the Final 

Order Entered May 29, 2012.”2

 The trial court had not entered an order suspending, vacating, or 

setting aside the order of May 29, 2012.

On August 10, 2012, the parties appeared before the trial court on husband’s motion to 

reconsider. The trial court denied the motion and denied husband’s request to suspend execution 

of the May 29, 2012 order. The trial court entered an order reflecting its rulings on September 7, 

2012. Since the trial court did not suspend, vacate, or set aside the May 29, 2012 order, it did not 

have jurisdiction to consider, or rule on, husband’s motion to reconsider after June 19, 2012. See

Rule 1:1 (all orders are final after twenty-one days of entry). Husband did not file an appeal of 

the September 7, 2012 order. Therefore, we will not consider husband’s arguments in the motion 

to reconsider, his arguments at the August 10, 2012 hearing, nor his objections to the trial court’s 

September 7, 2012 order.

ANALYSIS

Equitable distribution award

Husband argues that the trial court erred by ordering that wife was responsible for only 

twenty-five percent of the loan to husband’s brother, even though she was awarded fifty percent 

of the equity in the home. He contends the trial court made this equitable distribution award to 

“punish” him for the dissolution of the marriage.

 2 The motion was filed more than twenty-one days after the entry of the May 29, 2012 

order. See Rule 1:1.
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The decree of divorce, which included the equitable distribution rulings, was entered on 

January 12, 2011. In his brief, husband contends the January 12, 2011 order was not “an 

appealable final order” because it contained the following language:

And this cause is continued on the docket of the court to monitor 

Husband’s cash payment of the equitable distribution award 

totaling $56,118.45 and payment of attorney’s fees as set forth 

hereinabove; and pending entry of a Military Pension Division 

Order and the appropriate Qualified Domestic Relations Order.

We disagree with husband and find that the January 12, 2011 order was a final order, and 

since husband did not appeal the January 12, 2011 order, he cannot argue now that the trial court 

erred in its equitable distribution award.

“The question of whether a particular order is a final judgment is a question of law that we 

review de novo.” Carrithers v. Harrah, 60 Va. App. 69, 73, 723 S.E.2d 638, 639 (2012) (citation 

omitted).

Generally speaking, a final order for purposes of Rule 1:1 “is one 

which disposes of the whole subject, gives all the relief 

contemplated, provides with reasonable completeness for giving 

effect to the sentence, and leaves nothing to be done in the cause 

save to superintend ministerially the execution of the order.”

James v. James, 263 Va. 474, 481, 562 S.E.2d 133, 137 (2002) (quoting Daniels v. Truck & 

Equipment Corp., 205 Va. 579, 585, 139 S.E.2d 31, 35 (1964) (citations and inner quotation marks 

omitted)).

“[W]hen a trial court enters an order, or decree, in which a

judgment is rendered for a party, unless that order expressly 

provides that the court retains jurisdiction to reconsider the 

judgment or to address other matters still pending in the action 

before it, the order renders a final judgment and the twenty-one 

day time period prescribed by Rule 1:1 begins to run.”

Johnson v. Woodard, 281 Va. 403, 409, 707 S.E.2d 325, 328 (2011) (quoting Super Fresh Food 

Markets of Va., Inc. v. Ruffin, 263 Va. 555, 561, 561 S.E.2d 734, 737 (2002)).
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In this case, the January 12, 2011 court order addressed all pending matters, including the 

grounds of divorce, equitable distribution, and spousal support. The trial court included language to 

“monitor” husband’s payments and for entry of orders dividing retirement; however, these actions 

were ministerial. Nothing remained to be done, so the January 12, 2011 order was an appealable 

final order.

Since husband did not file a timely notice of appeal, we will not consider his argument 

regarding the division of the former marital residence.

Finding of contempt3

Husband argues that the trial court erred in finding him in contempt because he previously

complied with the trial court’s equitable distribution order by paying wife $41,741.50 for her share 

of the former marital residence. He contends the trial court’s ruling that he reimburse wife for 

$17,699.30, which was garnished from her bank account, in effect makes him a “guarantor after the 

fact of a pre-existing default judgment debt.”

Husband failed to timely raise his argument to the trial court. “No ruling of the trial court 

. . . will be considered as a basis for reversal unless an objection was stated with reasonable 

certainty at the time of the ruling, except for good cause shown or to enable the Court of Appeals 

to attain the ends of justice.” Rule 5A:18. “The purpose of Rule 5A:18 is to allow the trial court 

to correct in the trial court any error that is called to its attention.” Lee v. Lee, 12 Va. App. 512, 

514, 404 S.E.2d 736, 737 (1991) (en banc).

 3 For the reasons stated above, we find that the May 29, 2012 order was a final order. 

Contrary to wife’s arguments, even though the order states that the case is continued on the 

docket “to monitor Defendant’s payment to Plaintiff and to satisfy the judgment obtained by his 

brother and attorney’s fees set forth hereinabove,” the order is a final order for purposes of Rule 

1:1. The trial court found husband guilty of contempt, and there was nothing further to be done 

in the case, other than to ensure that husband paid wife.
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Husband was pro se at the hearing on May 18, 2012.4

 He admitted that there was a $65,000 

loan to his brother, and explained that he “plan[ned] on deeding him [the brother] the house to cover 

anything so I [husband] can get the lien off of it.” He further stated that his brother obtained the 

judgment prior to the entry of the final decree. Husband never objected to the trial court’s contempt 

finding at the May 18, 2012 hearing, nor did he timely file any objections to the May 29, 2012 

order.

5

 As noted above, husband’s motion to reconsider was not timely filed, so the trial court did 

not have jurisdiction to consider the motion to reconsider.

The Court of Appeals will not consider a claim of trial court error as a ground for reversal 

“where no timely objection was made, except to attain the ends of justice.” Marshall v. 

Commonwealth, 26 Va. App. 627, 636, 496 S.E.2d 120, 125 (1998) (citing Rule 5A:18). “To be 

timely, an objection must be made when the occasion arises -- at the time the evidence is offered 

or the statement made.” Marlowe v. Commonwealth, 2 Va. App. 619, 621, 347 S.E.2d 167, 168 

(1986).

Since husband failed to note a timely objection to the trial court’s ruling, we will not 

consider his argument.

Attorney’s fees

Wife seeks an award of her appellate attorney’s fees and costs. See O’Loughlin v. 

O’Loughlin, 23 Va. App. 690, 695, 479 S.E.2d 98, 100 (1996). On consideration of the record 

before us, we decline to award wife’s attorney’s fees incurred on appeal.

 4 A pro se litigant appearing “is no less bound by the rules of procedure and substantive 

law than a defendant represented by counsel.” Townes v. Commonwealth, 234 Va. 307, 319, 

362 S.E.2d 650, 657 (1987).

5 The trial court waived husband’s endorsement of the order pursuant to Rule 1:13.
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CONCLUSION

For the foregoing reasons, the trial court’s ruling is summarily affirmed. Rule 5A:27.

Affirmed.