Total U.S.a

Before 

1950

1950 to 

1959

1960 to 

1969

1970 to 

1979

1980 to 

1989

1990 to 

1999

2000 to 

2009

2010 to 

2015

2016 to 

2020

All homes 123.53 20.26 12.48 12.76 18.34 16.30 17.16 16.16 5.53 4.56

Ranges (units with both an oven and a 

cooktop)

Have a range 110.32 18.88 11.27 11.01 16.61 14.75 15.13 14.11 4.78 3.78

1 108.00 18.28 10.97 10.69 16.37 14.50 14.82 13.89 4.73 3.75

2 or more 2.32 0.60 0.30 0.32 0.25 0.24 0.31 0.22 0.06 Q

Does not have a range 13.21 1.38 1.21 1.75 1.73 1.55 2.03 2.05 0.74 0.78

Most-used range fuel

Electricity 65.56 7.95 5.52 6.07 11.27 10.38 9.87 9.17 3.05 2.29

Natural gas 34.68 8.89 4.67 3.93 4.14 3.15 3.85 3.66 1.34 1.06

Propane 4.82 0.72 0.39 0.36 0.64 0.53 0.93 0.73 0.25 0.28

Dual-fuel 5.26 1.32 0.70 0.65 0.57 0.69 0.48 0.55 0.15 0.15

Does not have a range 13.21 1.38 1.21 1.75 1.73 1.55 2.03 2.05 0.74 0.78

Most-used range usage: cooktop 

part

0 times per week 7.04 1.17 0.94 0.81 1.11 0.95 0.83 0.68 0.30 0.25

1 to 3 times per week 15.12 2.53 1.73 1.56 2.23 1.92 1.94 2.05 0.67 0.49

4 to 7 times per week 49.49 7.95 4.94 4.69 7.47 6.79 6.97 6.60 2.29 1.80

8 to 14 times per week 26.49 4.91 2.63 2.74 3.87 3.48 3.63 3.29 1.08 0.85

15 or more times per week 12.18 2.30 1.03 1.20 1.93 1.61 1.76 1.50 0.45 0.40

Does not have a range 13.21 1.38 1.21 1.75 1.73 1.55 2.03 2.05 0.74 0.78

Most-used range usage: oven part

0 times per week 15.60 2.84 1.74 1.66 2.64 2.14 1.76 1.62 0.67 0.52

1 to 3 times per week 53.94 8.87 5.61 5.32 7.97 7.18 7.64 7.12 2.31 1.92

4 to 7 times per week 34.25 5.91 3.26 3.35 5.04 4.65 4.89 4.53 1.49 1.13

8 to 14 times per week 5.43 1.09 0.54 0.58 0.77 0.60 0.71 0.71 0.26 0.17

15 or more times per week 1.11 0.17 0.12 0.11 0.18 0.17 0.13 0.14 Q Q

Does not have a range 13.21 1.38 1.21 1.75 1.73 1.55 2.03 2.05 0.74 0.78

Separate cooktops

Have a separate cooktop 17.52 2.03 1.74 2.45 2.40 2.06 2.52 2.54 0.87 0.92

1 17.10 1.97 1.71 2.36 2.33 2.04 2.47 2.47 0.85 0.90

2 or more 0.42 0.06 Q 0.09 0.07 Q Q 0.07 Q Q

Does not have a separate cooktop 106.01 18.23 10.74 10.31 15.94 14.24 14.64 13.62 4.66 3.64

Most-used separate cooktop fuel

Electricity 8.81 0.90 0.95 1.34 1.42 1.37 1.32 0.93 0.29 0.27

Natural gas 7.67 1.02 0.74 1.02 0.89 0.55 0.98 1.37 0.51 0.58

Propane 1.04 0.11 Q 0.08 0.09 0.14 0.22 0.24 0.06 0.06

Does not have a separate cooktop 106.01 18.23 10.74 10.31 15.94 14.24 14.64 13.62 4.66 3.64

Most-used separate cooktop usage

0 times per week 1.24 0.14 0.14 0.22 0.20 0.14 0.15 0.12 0.07 Q

1 to 3 times per week 1.94 0.20 0.24 0.31 0.28 0.23 0.27 0.22 0.07 0.12

4 to 7 times per week 7.75 0.91 0.75 1.01 0.99 0.88 1.13 1.19 0.44 0.43

8 to 14 times per week 4.34 0.49 0.38 0.59 0.66 0.57 0.64 0.63 0.17 0.22

15 or more times per week 2.25 0.29 0.22 0.31 0.27 0.24 0.33 0.37 0.12 0.10

Does not have a separate cooktop 106.01 18.23 10.74 10.31 15.94 14.24 14.64 13.62 4.66 3.64

Table HC3.3 Appliances in U.S. homes, by year of construction, 2020

Number of housing units (million)

Year of construction

Preliminary data release date: March 2022

Final data release date: March 2023
Total U.S.a

Before 

1950

1950 to 

1959

1960 to 

1969

1970 to 

1979

1980 to 

1989

1990 to 

1999

2000 to 

2009

2010 to 

2015

2016 to 

2020

All homes 123.53 20.26 12.48 12.76 18.34 16.30 17.16 16.16 5.53 4.56

Table HC3.3 Appliances in U.S. homes, by year of construction, 2020

Number of housing units (million)

Year of construction

Preliminary data release date: March 2022

Final data release date: March 2023

Separate wall ovens

Have a separate wall oven 19.40 2.07 1.80 2.47 2.56 2.52 2.74 3.11 1.05 1.08

1 14.74 1.67 1.52 1.99 2.04 1.93 2.02 2.11 0.67 0.79

2 or more 4.66 0.39 0.28 0.49 0.52 0.59 0.72 1.00 0.38 0.30

Does not have a separate wall oven 104.13 18.19 10.68 10.28 15.78 13.78 14.41 13.05 4.48 3.47

Most-used separate wall oven fuel

Electricity 16.42 1.67 1.44 1.95 2.11 2.32 2.43 2.75 0.84 0.92

Natural gas 2.84 0.37 0.35 0.51 0.42 0.18 0.28 0.35 0.21 0.17

Propane 0.14 Q Q Q Q Q Q Q N Q

Does not have a separate wall oven 104.13 18.19 10.68 10.28 15.78 13.78 14.41 13.05 4.48 3.47

Most-used separate wall oven 

usage

0 times per week 2.05 0.30 0.28 0.27 0.33 0.31 0.18 0.21 0.12 0.04

1 to 3 times per week 8.50 0.85 0.90 1.18 1.12 1.01 1.18 1.41 0.37 0.48

4 to 7 times per week 6.92 0.70 0.51 0.78 0.85 0.92 1.13 1.18 0.41 0.44

8 to 14 times per week 1.59 0.16 0.09 0.18 0.21 0.22 0.21 0.29 0.11 0.12

15 or more times per week 0.35 Q Q Q Q Q Q Q Q Q

Does not have a separate wall oven 104.13 18.19 10.68 10.28 15.78 13.78 14.41 13.05 4.48 3.47

Frequency of hot meals cooked

No hot meals cooked 0.92 0.14 0.17 0.08 0.10 0.17 0.12 Q Q Q

Less than once a week 2.47 0.38 0.30 0.28 0.46 0.27 0.31 0.32 0.07 0.09

About once a week 2.58 0.37 0.26 0.18 0.36 0.39 0.31 0.42 0.16 0.14

A few times each week 19.65 2.90 2.19 2.22 3.06 2.63 2.58 2.45 0.91 0.71

Once a day 30.23 5.00 3.04 3.06 4.59 4.21 4.14 3.92 1.33 0.94

2 times a day 44.71 7.35 4.41 4.57 6.51 5.54 6.63 5.93 1.93 1.82

3 or more times a day 22.98 4.12 2.10 2.36 3.26 3.10 3.08 3.04 1.10 0.82

Microwave ovens

Have a microwave oven 118.65 18.85 11.88 12.11 17.63 15.67 16.80 15.79 5.44 4.47

1 113.18 17.79 11.40 11.52 16.99 15.05 15.99 14.90 5.20 4.34

2 or more 5.47 1.06 0.48 0.59 0.64 0.62 0.81 0.90 0.23 0.14

Does not have a microwave oven 4.88 1.40 0.60 0.65 0.71 0.63 0.35 0.37 0.09 0.08

Microwave oven usage

0 times per week 1.41 0.31 0.14 0.14 0.20 0.21 0.19 0.11 Q 0.07

1 to 3 times per week 9.05 1.74 0.98 0.96 1.27 1.41 1.00 0.97 0.40 0.33

4 to 7 times per week 38.95 5.83 4.13 4.06 5.82 4.87 5.35 5.34 1.97 1.60

8 to 14 times per week 31.10 5.02 3.11 3.01 4.59 4.27 4.50 4.02 1.41 1.17

15 or more times per week 38.14 5.95 3.51 3.94 5.76 4.91 5.77 5.36 1.62 1.31

Does not have a microwave oven 4.88 1.40 0.60 0.65 0.71 0.63 0.35 0.37 0.09 0.08

Outdoor grills and fuel

Use an outdoor grill 69.52 10.68 7.39 7.14 9.95 8.39 10.65 9.69 3.00 2.62

Natural gas 4.71 0.62 0.47 0.43 0.65 0.45 0.72 0.79 0.30 0.28

Propane 42.09 6.18 4.35 4.10 6.03 5.25 6.84 5.87 1.88 1.58

Charcoal 22.72 3.88 2.57 2.61 3.27 2.69 3.09 3.03 0.82 0.75

Does not use an outdoor grill 54.01 9.57 5.09 5.61 8.39 7.90 6.51 6.47 2.53 1.94
Total U.S.a

Before 

1950

1950 to 

1959

1960 to 

1969

1970 to 

1979

1980 to 

1989

1990 to 

1999

2000 to 

2009

2010 to 

2015

2016 to 

2020

All homes 123.53 20.26 12.48 12.76 18.34 16.30 17.16 16.16 5.53 4.56

Table HC3.3 Appliances in U.S. homes, by year of construction, 2020

Number of housing units (million)

Year of construction

Preliminary data release date: March 2022

Final data release date: March 2023

Small kitchen appliances used at least 

once each week (more than one may 

apply)

Toaster 76.14 12.27 7.80 7.71 11.31 9.72 11.08 10.17 3.29 2.79

Toaster oven 34.26 5.60 3.44 3.59 4.72 4.79 4.85 4.69 1.47 1.10

Coffee maker 92.49 14.38 9.30 9.49 13.79 11.99 13.39 12.45 4.16 3.54

Slow cooker 34.21 4.97 3.51 3.49 5.28 4.50 4.92 4.80 1.49 1.24

Instant pot 19.86 2.90 1.72 1.94 2.78 2.23 3.08 3.01 1.25 0.95

Rice cooker 16.55 2.30 1.53 1.63 2.41 2.25 2.24 2.63 0.82 0.74

Blender or juicer 37.67 6.05 3.57 3.53 5.17 4.89 5.43 5.48 1.91 1.64

Some other small kitchen applianceb 14.90 2.51 1.30 1.59 2.10 1.96 2.21 1.91 0.67 0.66

Refrigerators

Use a refrigerator 122.86 20.09 12.40 12.69 18.22 16.25 17.12 16.06 5.52 4.52

1 80.33 13.97 8.14 8.28 12.49 11.03 9.99 9.76 3.53 3.14

2 or more 42.53 6.12 4.26 4.41 5.73 5.22 7.14 6.30 1.99 1.38

Does not use a refrigerator 0.66 0.16 Q Q 0.12 Q Q 0.10 Q Q

Most-used refrigerator size

Half-size or compact 1.16 0.27 0.12 0.07 0.16 0.18 0.16 0.11 Q Q

Small (less than 17.6 cubic feet) 6.06 1.37 0.76 0.82 0.98 0.82 0.55 0.44 0.18 0.13

Medium (17.6 to 22.5 cubic feet) 57.01 10.25 6.38 6.38 9.03 7.68 7.27 6.23 2.15 1.64

Large (22.6 to 29.5 cubic feet) 56.34 7.85 4.99 5.26 7.76 7.23 8.77 8.87 3.01 2.59

Very large (more than 29.5 cubic 

feet) 2.30 0.35 0.15 0.16 0.27 0.34 0.37 0.41 0.13 0.11

Does not use a refrigerator 0.66 0.16 Q Q 0.12 Q Q 0.10 Q Q

Most-used refrigerator type

Half-size or compact 1.16 0.27 0.12 0.07 0.16 0.18 0.16 0.11 Q Q

1 door 11.66 2.39 1.32 1.53 1.99 1.42 1.34 1.04 0.38 0.25

2 doors, top freezer 42.06 8.56 4.65 4.70 6.81 5.88 5.04 3.90 1.53 0.99

2 doors, bottom freezer 26.49 3.98 2.31 2.62 3.71 3.33 3.88 3.87 1.45 1.36

2 doors, side-by-side 35.31 4.18 3.47 3.26 4.91 4.76 5.59 5.95 1.70 1.49

3 or more doors 6.18 0.70 0.54 0.51 0.63 0.68 1.11 1.19 0.42 0.39

Does not use a refrigerator 0.66 0.16 Q Q 0.12 Q Q 0.10 Q Q

Most-used refrigerator age

Less than 2 years old 18.69 2.56 1.66 2.01 2.75 2.53 2.75 2.42 0.59 1.43

2 to 4 years old 29.23 4.31 2.70 2.91 4.21 4.02 4.11 3.54 1.07 2.36

5 to 9 years old 39.83 6.71 4.02 4.01 6.15 5.52 5.24 4.61 3.02 0.55

10 to 14 years old 20.81 3.83 2.26 2.38 2.88 2.60 2.64 3.36 0.74 0.12

15 to 19 years old 8.82 1.56 1.16 0.77 1.37 0.99 1.20 1.66 0.08 Q

20 or more years old 5.49 1.13 0.61 0.61 0.85 0.59 1.18 0.47 Q Q

Does not use a refrigerator 0.66 0.16 Q Q 0.12 Q Q 0.10 Q Q

Most-used refrigerator through-thedoor ice service

Yes 48.15 5.17 4.03 4.01 6.35 6.32 7.87 8.67 3.12 2.62

No 74.72 14.93 8.37 8.68 11.87 9.93 9.25 7.40 2.40 1.90

Does not use a refrigerator 0.66 0.16 Q Q 0.12 Q Q 0.10 Q Q
Total U.S.a

Before 

1950

1950 to 

1959

1960 to 

1969

1970 to 

1979

1980 to 

1989

1990 to 

1999

2000 to 

2009

2010 to 

2015

2016 to 

2020

All homes 123.53 20.26 12.48 12.76 18.34 16.30 17.16 16.16 5.53 4.56

Table HC3.3 Appliances in U.S. homes, by year of construction, 2020

Number of housing units (million)

Year of construction

Preliminary data release date: March 2022

Final data release date: March 2023

Second refrigerator

Use a second refrigerator 42.53 6.12 4.26 4.41 5.73 5.22 7.14 6.30 1.99 1.38

Does not use a second refrigerator 80.99 14.14 8.22 8.35 12.61 11.08 10.02 9.86 3.54 3.18

Second refrigerator size

Half-size or compact 10.09 1.71 1.09 0.97 1.26 1.17 1.52 1.45 0.51 0.39

Small (less than 17.6 cubic feet) 7.17 1.18 0.84 0.68 1.02 0.88 1.24 0.85 0.26 0.24

Medium (17.6 to 22.5 cubic feet) 17.14 2.23 1.65 1.93 2.52 2.15 2.86 2.56 0.74 0.51

Large (22.6 to 29.5 cubic feet) 7.86 0.97 0.65 0.81 0.89 0.99 1.46 1.42 0.44 0.23

Very large (more than 29.5 cubic 

feet) 0.27 Q Q Q Q Q Q Q Q Q

Does not use a second refrigerator 80.99 14.14 8.22 8.35 12.61 11.08 10.02 9.86 3.54 3.18

Second refrigerator type

Half-size or compact 10.09 1.71 1.09 0.97 1.26 1.17 1.52 1.45 0.51 0.39

1 door 7.51 1.18 0.82 0.81 1.10 0.92 1.26 0.93 0.24 0.25

2 doors, top freezer 15.53 2.35 1.68 1.64 2.31 1.83 2.60 2.13 0.60 0.40

2 doors, bottom freezer 2.08 0.22 0.20 0.28 0.24 0.26 0.25 0.31 0.21 0.12

2 doors, side-by-side 7.00 0.63 0.45 0.70 0.79 0.99 1.45 1.40 0.40 0.18

3 or more doors 0.34 Q Q Q Q Q Q 0.07 Q Q

Does not use a second refrigerator 80.99 14.14 8.22 8.35 12.61 11.08 10.02 9.86 3.54 3.18

Second refrigerator age

Less than 2 years old 4.82 0.64 0.40 0.56 0.69 0.54 0.65 0.68 0.29 0.36

2 to 4 years old 6.27 0.86 0.58 0.52 0.77 0.80 1.06 0.89 0.35 0.44

5 to 9 years old 11.05 1.66 1.17 1.17 1.56 1.34 1.78 1.45 0.66 0.26

10 to 14 years old 10.68 1.60 1.12 1.13 1.35 1.37 1.76 1.71 0.41 0.23

15 to 19 years old 5.13 0.76 0.60 0.54 0.71 0.59 0.88 0.84 0.17 Q

20 or more years old 4.59 0.60 0.40 0.49 0.65 0.59 1.01 0.72 0.10 0.04

Does not use a second refrigerator 80.99 14.14 8.22 8.35 12.61 11.08 10.02 9.86 3.54 3.18

Second refrigerator location

Basement 9.68 2.39 1.48 1.09 1.13 0.85 1.26 1.02 0.31 0.16

Garage 16.25 0.57 1.02 1.52 2.30 2.27 3.30 3.43 1.09 0.76

Outside 2.94 0.50 0.38 0.30 0.44 0.32 0.55 0.29 Q 0.10

Main living area 13.23 2.60 1.33 1.45 1.82 1.73 1.98 1.48 0.50 0.34

Some other location 0.43 Q Q Q Q Q Q 0.08 Q Q

Does not use a second refrigerator 80.99 14.14 8.22 8.35 12.61 11.08 10.02 9.86 3.54 3.18

Wine chiller

Yes 5.69 0.66 0.34 0.47 0.62 0.77 0.95 1.07 0.45 0.36

No 117.84 19.59 12.14 12.28 17.72 15.52 16.21 15.09 5.08 4.20

Separate freezers

Use a separate freezer 41.14 6.41 4.34 4.34 6.38 5.13 6.37 5.46 1.49 1.22

1 36.37 5.58 3.97 3.95 5.60 4.54 5.50 4.78 1.31 1.13

2 or more 4.78 0.84 0.37 0.39 0.78 0.59 0.87 0.67 0.18 0.09

Does not use a separate freezer 82.38 13.84 8.14 8.42 11.95 11.17 10.78 10.70 4.04 3.34
Total U.S.a

Before 

1950

1950 to 

1959

1960 to 

1969

1970 to 

1979

1980 to 

1989

1990 to 

1999

2000 to 

2009

2010 to 

2015

2016 to 

2020

All homes 123.53 20.26 12.48 12.76 18.34 16.30 17.16 16.16 5.53 4.56

Table HC3.3 Appliances in U.S. homes, by year of construction, 2020

Number of housing units (million)

Year of construction

Preliminary data release date: March 2022

Final data release date: March 2023

Most-used separate freezer size

Half-size or compact 4.47 0.69 0.46 0.49 0.62 0.58 0.72 0.63 0.13 0.15

Small (less than 17.6 cubic feet) 12.27 1.83 1.42 1.38 1.85 1.49 1.87 1.57 0.46 0.40

Medium (17.6 to 22.5 cubic feet) 15.80 2.52 1.66 1.61 2.40 2.03 2.43 2.14 0.57 0.44

Large (22.6 to 29.5 cubic feet) 7.88 1.29 0.73 0.83 1.35 0.92 1.23 1.03 0.31 0.19

Very large (more than 29.5 cubic 

feet) 0.72 0.08 0.07 Q 0.16 0.11 0.12 0.08 Q Q

Does not use a separate freezer 82.38 13.84 8.14 8.42 11.95 11.17 10.78 10.70 4.04 3.34

Most-used separate freezer type

Upright 19.49 2.84 1.88 2.19 3.12 2.55 3.15 2.48 0.76 0.53

Chest 21.65 3.57 2.46 2.15 3.27 2.58 3.23 2.97 0.73 0.69

Does not use a separate freezer 82.38 13.84 8.14 8.42 11.95 11.17 10.78 10.70 4.04 3.34

Most-used separate freezer age

Less than 2 years old 5.67 0.77 0.53 0.60 0.79 0.73 0.82 0.79 0.31 0.33

2 to 4 years old 6.58 0.75 0.71 0.76 1.09 0.93 0.97 0.83 0.25 0.30

5 to 9 years old 11.64 1.87 1.22 0.98 1.86 1.35 1.91 1.64 0.48 0.33

10 to 14 years old 8.44 1.44 0.90 1.04 1.24 1.08 1.29 1.07 0.21 0.18

15 to 19 years old 4.20 0.80 0.44 0.42 0.56 0.47 0.68 0.65 0.13 0.06

20 or more years old 4.61 0.78 0.55 0.54 0.86 0.57 0.71 0.47 0.10 Q

Does not use a separate freezer 82.38 13.84 8.14 8.42 11.95 11.17 10.78 10.70 4.04 3.34

Most-used separate freezer 

defrosting

Manual 21.90 3.68 2.38 2.39 3.32 2.82 3.33 2.68 0.73 0.55

Automatic 19.25 2.74 1.96 1.94 3.06 2.30 3.04 2.77 0.76 0.67

Does not use a separate freezer 82.38 13.84 8.14 8.42 11.95 11.17 10.78 10.70 4.04 3.34

Dishwashers and usage

Have a dishwasher 89.79 11.06 7.20 7.88 12.71 12.27 14.43 14.86 5.06 4.31

Used 0 times per week 17.11 1.51 1.41 1.59 2.77 2.97 2.54 2.83 0.84 0.63

Used 1 time per week 13.86 1.76 1.20 1.26 2.00 2.02 1.95 2.27 0.85 0.55

Used 2 to 3 times per week 26.32 3.11 2.13 2.22 3.76 3.36 4.72 4.18 1.47 1.37

Used 4 to 6 times per week 19.34 2.55 1.53 1.71 2.50 2.48 3.15 3.09 1.22 1.11

Used 7 or more times per week 13.17 2.13 0.92 1.10 1.68 1.45 2.08 2.48 0.68 0.65

Does not have a dishwasher 33.74 9.19 5.28 4.88 5.63 4.02 2.72 1.30 0.46 0.25

Dishwasher age

Less than 2 years old 13.86 1.76 0.87 1.23 1.97 1.85 2.03 2.21 0.55 1.40

2 to 4 years old 21.09 2.40 1.68 1.85 2.72 2.68 3.38 3.03 0.95 2.39

5 to 9 years old 28.29 3.55 2.23 2.52 4.12 4.08 4.52 3.93 2.91 0.45

10 to 14 years old 15.19 1.90 1.37 1.28 2.19 2.18 2.15 3.47 0.58 Q

15 to 19 years old 6.51 0.77 0.57 0.60 0.92 0.79 0.98 1.81 Q Q

20 or more years old 4.84 0.67 0.48 0.40 0.79 0.69 1.39 0.41 Q N

Does not have a dishwasher 33.74 9.19 5.28 4.88 5.63 4.02 2.72 1.30 0.46 0.25
Total U.S.a

Before 

1950

1950 to 

1959

1960 to 

1969

1970 to 

1979

1980 to 

1989

1990 to 

1999

2000 to 

2009

2010 to 

2015

2016 to 

2020

All homes 123.53 20.26 12.48 12.76 18.34 16.30 17.16 16.16 5.53 4.56

Table HC3.3 Appliances in U.S. homes, by year of construction, 2020

Number of housing units (million)

Year of construction

Preliminary data release date: March 2022

Final data release date: March 2023

Most-used dishwasher cycle type

Normal or default cycle without 

heated dry 13.22 1.68 1.05 1.03 1.81 1.92 2.28 2.22 0.66 0.57

Normal or default cycle with heated 

dry 46.03 6.06 3.62 4.07 6.02 5.68 7.37 7.83 2.85 2.54

Heavy or pots and pans cycle 5.49 0.64 0.45 0.43 0.89 0.69 0.91 0.83 0.36 0.31

Light or delicate cycle 1.23 0.18 0.10 0.11 0.14 0.26 0.19 0.15 0.04 Q

Energy saver 4.85 0.69 0.41 0.48 0.83 0.58 0.80 0.66 0.25 0.16

Quick cycle 1.85 0.30 0.15 0.17 0.25 0.18 0.35 0.34 0.07 0.05

Does not have or use a dishwasher 50.85 10.71 6.70 6.47 8.40 6.99 5.26 4.13 1.31 0.88

Clothes washers

Have a clothes washer at home 103.96 15.92 10.56 9.84 14.40 13.41 15.45 14.94 5.11 4.32

Top-loading 74.82 11.42 7.97 7.31 10.70 9.99 11.33 10.23 3.21 2.67

Front-loading 29.14 4.50 2.59 2.54 3.70 3.42 4.12 4.72 1.90 1.66

Does not have a clothes washer at 

home 19.57 4.34 1.92 2.91 3.94 2.89 1.71 1.22 0.41 0.24

Clothes washer age

Less than 2 years old 17.32 2.61 1.69 1.53 2.41 2.19 2.47 2.43 0.77 1.22

2 to 4 years old 26.15 3.77 2.49 2.44 3.25 3.39 3.90 3.69 1.23 1.99

5 to 9 years old 34.70 5.01 3.44 3.29 5.12 4.38 5.35 4.87 2.36 0.89

10 to 14 years old 16.15 2.64 1.91 1.66 2.27 2.10 2.23 2.52 0.66 0.17

15 to 19 years old 5.80 0.93 0.71 0.53 0.80 0.89 0.77 1.06 0.08 Q

20 or more years old 3.83 0.97 0.32 0.38 0.55 0.45 0.74 0.38 Q Q

Does not have a clothes washer at 

home 19.57 4.34 1.92 2.91 3.94 2.89 1.71 1.22 0.41 0.24

Clothes washer usage

0 loads per week 1.19 0.31 0.14 0.13 0.16 0.11 0.18 0.12 Q Q

1 to 4 loads per week 70.32 10.60 7.42 6.77 9.86 9.47 10.01 9.88 3.36 2.95

5 to 9 loads per week 25.67 4.00 2.40 2.29 3.43 2.96 4.25 3.94 1.37 1.05

10 to 15 loads per week 5.90 0.94 0.54 0.57 0.80 0.73 0.88 0.88 0.30 0.25

More than 15 loads per week 0.88 0.07 Q 0.08 0.15 0.14 0.12 0.12 0.07 Q

Does not have a clothes washer at 

home 19.57 4.34 1.92 2.91 3.94 2.89 1.71 1.22 0.41 0.24

Usual water temperature setting for 

the wash cycle

Hot 8.72 1.49 0.85 0.83 1.20 1.10 1.11 1.17 0.47 0.50

Warm 53.11 7.94 5.42 5.08 7.14 6.91 8.05 7.84 2.63 2.09

Cold 42.13 6.50 4.28 3.93 6.07 5.40 6.30 5.93 2.01 1.72

Does not have or use a clothes 

washer at home 19.57 4.34 1.92 2.91 3.94 2.89 1.71 1.22 0.41 0.24

Clothes dryer and fuel

Have a clothes dryer at home 102.32 15.31 10.28 9.67 14.25 13.30 15.25 14.92 5.10 4.25

Electricity 82.21 10.95 7.45 7.52 11.73 11.25 12.58 12.57 4.42 3.73

Natural gas 18.89 4.14 2.74 2.06 2.37 1.91 2.40 2.13 0.64 0.50

Propane 1.22 0.22 0.08 0.09 0.15 0.14 0.27 0.22 0.04 Q

Does not have a clothes dryer at home 21.20 4.95 2.20 3.09 4.09 3.00 1.91 1.24 0.43 0.30
Total U.S.a

Before 

1950

1950 to 

1959

1960 to 

1969

1970 to 

1979

1980 to 

1989

1990 to 

1999

2000 to 

2009

2010 to 

2015

2016 to 

2020

All homes 123.53 20.26 12.48 12.76 18.34 16.30 17.16 16.16 5.53 4.56

Table HC3.3 Appliances in U.S. homes, by year of construction, 2020

Number of housing units (million)

Year of construction

Preliminary data release date: March 2022

Final data release date: March 2023

Clothes dryer age

Less than 2 years old 15.02 2.12 1.51 1.30 2.18 1.75 2.13 2.12 0.72 1.19

2 to 4 years old 23.44 3.14 1.98 2.04 3.18 3.08 3.56 3.35 1.18 1.94

5 to 9 years old 34.26 4.91 3.55 3.37 4.82 4.44 5.07 4.81 2.42 0.87

10 to 14 years old 17.68 2.87 2.01 1.73 2.29 2.37 2.64 2.90 0.69 0.18

15 to 19 years old 7.03 1.21 0.76 0.74 1.02 1.04 0.82 1.32 0.08 0.04

20 or more years old 4.89 1.05 0.47 0.49 0.76 0.62 1.03 0.43 Q Q

Does not have a clothes dryer at 

home 21.20 4.95 2.20 3.09 4.09 3.00 1.91 1.24 0.43 0.30

Clothes dryer usage

0 loads per week 1.92 0.49 0.17 0.18 0.25 0.27 0.25 0.21 Q Q

1 to 4 loads per week 67.48 9.91 7.11 6.54 9.60 8.96 9.57 9.65 3.31 2.83

5 to 9 loads per week 25.93 3.85 2.39 2.27 3.39 3.15 4.41 4.01 1.37 1.09

10 to 15 loads per week 6.06 0.96 0.54 0.59 0.85 0.75 0.92 0.91 0.33 0.20

More than 15 loads per week 0.93 0.10 0.07 0.09 0.16 0.16 0.09 0.14 0.06 0.06

Does not have a clothes dryer at 

home 21.20 4.95 2.20 3.09 4.09 3.00 1.91 1.24 0.43 0.30

Data source: U.S. Energy Information Administration, Office of Energy Demand and Integrated Statistics, Form EIA-457A of the 2020 Residential Energy Consumption Survey

Notes: Because of rounding, data may not sum to totals. See RECS Terminology for definition of terms used in these tables.

a Total U.S. includes all primary occupied housing units in the 50 states and the District of Columbia. Vacant housing units, seasonal units, second homes, military houses, and 

group quarters are excluded.

b Some other small kitchen appliance includes food processors, air fryers, stand mixers, bread makers, waffle makers, electric can openers, sandwich makers, coffee grinders, 

and many other reported appliances.

Q = Data withheld because either the relative standard error (RSE) was greater than 50% or fewer than 10 households in reporting sample.

N = No households in reporting sample.
Total U.S.a

Before 

1950

1950 to 

1959

1960 to 

1969

1970 to 

1979

1980 to 

1989

1990 to 

1999

2000 to 

2009

2010 to 

2015

2016 to 

2020

All homes 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 2.84 3.44

Ranges (units with both an oven and a 

cooktop)

Have a range 0.30 0.62 0.73 1.16 0.66 0.74 0.81 0.79 2.95 3.82

1 0.32 0.73 0.79 1.33 0.69 0.81 0.89 0.91 2.90 3.74

2 or more 5.29 11.75 16.49 15.33 13.91 18.54 14.08 16.17 35.09 49.32

Does not have a range 2.54 8.45 6.78 7.29 6.35 7.00 6.02 5.48 9.53 8.13

Most-used range fuel

Electricity 0.70 2.58 3.03 2.89 1.53 1.56 2.00 1.64 3.97 5.18

Natural gas 1.15 2.17 3.62 3.42 3.50 5.08 4.14 3.92 7.31 7.04

Propane 3.78 10.91 11.24 17.60 9.14 11.54 9.13 9.26 13.35 16.91

Dual-fuel 3.47 8.74 12.74 13.21 13.06 10.97 13.38 11.66 22.31 22.39

Does not have a range 2.54 8.45 6.78 7.29 6.35 7.00 6.02 5.48 9.53 8.13

Most-used range usage: cooktop 

part

0 times per week 3.97 10.64 10.75 11.38 8.33 9.48 9.76 10.84 15.20 18.18

1 to 3 times per week 2.43 6.45 6.90 6.41 6.36 7.39 6.36 5.70 10.08 12.19

4 to 7 times per week 1.01 2.71 3.23 3.39 2.51 3.27 2.88 2.48 5.08 6.52

8 to 14 times per week 1.41 3.42 5.27 5.32 4.18 3.99 4.21 4.00 7.46 9.46

15 or more times per week 2.84 5.92 8.05 8.08 7.16 8.03 7.46 7.11 12.85 14.34

Does not have a range 2.54 8.45 6.78 7.29 6.35 7.00 6.02 5.48 9.53 8.13

Most-used range usage: oven part

0 times per week 2.41 5.25 7.41 9.52 5.05 6.71 6.54 7.14 11.68 13.91

1 to 3 times per week 0.93 2.54 2.65 3.17 2.46 2.68 2.10 2.30 4.96 6.37

4 to 7 times per week 1.23 2.86 4.32 4.12 3.48 3.55 3.21 3.21 6.06 6.70

8 to 14 times per week 4.39 9.80 12.38 11.72 9.53 10.88 11.02 10.85 14.89 23.37

15 or more times per week 8.88 23.61 25.73 25.72 20.41 24.66 24.78 19.07 40.85 40.05

Does not have a range 2.54 8.45 6.78 7.29 6.35 7.00 6.02 5.48 9.53 8.13

Separate cooktops

Have a separate cooktop 1.98 6.71 5.92 6.02 4.95 6.02 4.82 4.97 8.08 7.85

1 2.00 6.88 6.03 6.19 5.12 6.02 4.80 4.94 8.36 7.85

2 or more 13.39 41.49 45.41 31.46 31.29 49.15 33.97 29.91 70.39 54.11

Does not have a separate cooktop 0.33 0.75 0.96 1.43 0.75 0.87 0.83 0.93 2.88 3.87

Most-used separate cooktop fuel

Electricity 3.04 9.57 8.21 7.06 7.98 6.78 6.26 8.13 14.12 13.18

Natural gas 2.93 10.04 10.18 7.83 8.95 11.03 8.69 7.12 10.72 10.26

Propane 7.96 27.95 43.49 36.04 23.58 22.06 19.60 14.83 36.98 24.32

Does not have a separate cooktop 0.33 0.75 0.96 1.43 0.75 0.87 0.83 0.93 2.88 3.87

Most-used separate cooktop usage

0 times per week 8.05 29.04 24.66 19.58 23.37 26.89 24.30 22.86 30.50 40.80

1 to 3 times per week 5.70 20.03 18.17 16.11 17.34 17.03 17.44 17.04 29.37 22.11

4 to 7 times per week 3.84 9.94 10.31 10.02 9.18 10.98 9.06 7.52 11.77 11.67

8 to 14 times per week 3.73 11.14 15.14 12.06 10.96 10.10 10.35 9.75 22.38 15.48

15 or more times per week 5.16 16.41 19.99 15.12 16.09 15.71 15.33 14.10 21.46 23.60

Does not have a separate cooktop 0.33 0.75 0.96 1.43 0.75 0.87 0.83 0.93 2.88 3.87

Relative standard errors (RSEs) for Table HC3.3 Appliances in U.S. homes, by year of construction, 2020

RSEs for number of housing units

Year of construction

Preliminary data release date: March 2022

Final data release date: March 2023
Total U.S.a

Before 

1950

1950 to 

1959

1960 to 

1969

1970 to 

1979

1980 to 

1989

1990 to 

1999

2000 to 

2009

2010 to 

2015

2016 to 

2020

All homes 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 2.84 3.44

Relative standard errors (RSEs) for Table HC3.3 Appliances in U.S. homes, by year of construction, 2020

RSEs for number of housing units

Year of construction

Preliminary data release date: March 2022

Final data release date: March 2023

Separate wall ovens

Have a separate wall oven 2.24 6.95 5.42 6.14 5.29 6.32 5.27 4.33 7.78 8.06

1 2.46 8.18 5.62 6.53 6.03 6.88 5.75 6.02 10.71 10.14

2 or more 5.70 13.93 19.98 13.29 11.81 10.77 12.54 7.86 13.38 13.61

Does not have a separate wall oven 0.42 0.79 0.91 1.48 0.86 1.16 1.00 1.03 2.95 3.85

Most-used separate wall oven fuel

Electricity 2.27 7.44 6.85 7.29 6.12 6.58 5.35 4.31 7.94 8.37

Natural gas 4.96 17.90 13.73 12.98 13.10 23.32 19.05 14.30 18.20 21.77

Propane 24.84 57.51 72.54 100.21 49.39 66.01 50.02 82.42 0.00 100.94

Does not have a separate wall oven 0.42 0.79 0.91 1.48 0.86 1.16 1.00 1.03 2.95 3.85

Most-used separate wall oven 

usage

0 times per week 6.88 18.15 16.15 17.09 14.11 18.91 23.29 20.20 25.61 32.44

1 to 3 times per week 3.14 10.81 9.42 7.76 7.40 10.59 8.48 6.80 12.97 12.25

4 to 7 times per week 3.19 9.70 10.77 9.85 9.33 8.28 8.63 8.15 13.41 10.73

8 to 14 times per week 7.16 23.10 25.57 18.20 16.30 17.26 19.21 16.71 29.99 28.69

15 or more times per week 15.91 44.30 70.44 35.51 38.55 45.31 52.18 53.32 35.19 100.60

Does not have a separate wall oven 0.42 0.79 0.91 1.48 0.86 1.16 1.00 1.03 2.95 3.85

Frequency of hot meals cooked

No hot meals cooked 11.24 29.08 26.84 30.57 31.59 25.40 30.51 39.10 67.64 46.62

Less than once a week 6.88 16.86 20.76 15.42 14.74 20.48 17.61 15.14 30.72 29.87

About once a week 6.73 17.97 21.96 18.93 12.97 14.53 18.17 15.53 20.37 25.92

A few times each week 1.68 5.21 6.46 4.81 4.72 4.93 4.97 4.86 8.55 8.62

Once a day 1.47 3.47 5.26 4.50 3.54 4.66 3.77 4.06 7.65 8.64

2 times a day 1.18 3.29 3.92 3.18 2.87 3.30 2.42 2.91 6.00 6.25

3 or more times a day 1.94 4.33 6.30 5.49 5.80 5.08 4.74 4.98 8.19 10.35

Microwave ovens

Have a microwave oven 0.20 0.60 0.70 0.62 0.48 0.55 0.25 0.37 2.84 3.55

1 0.26 0.81 0.89 0.87 0.59 0.77 0.52 0.65 2.93 3.72

2 or more 3.28 9.52 13.87 10.94 10.96 11.40 8.93 8.29 16.67 21.12

Does not have a microwave oven 4.85 8.11 13.86 11.63 11.92 13.60 11.85 16.19 29.68 36.33

Microwave oven usage

0 times per week 8.23 20.59 26.64 35.96 22.65 18.29 21.89 25.05 43.59 34.95

1 to 3 times per week 3.27 8.38 9.72 10.28 6.75 7.87 8.75 8.90 14.09 15.51

4 to 7 times per week 0.96 2.88 3.41 3.83 2.63 3.50 3.16 3.36 5.66 6.87

8 to 14 times per week 1.53 3.65 4.72 5.09 3.30 4.53 3.95 3.77 6.26 7.13

15 or more times per week 1.25 3.62 4.11 3.57 2.89 3.38 3.30 3.34 5.83 7.28

Does not have a microwave oven 4.85 8.11 13.86 11.63 11.92 13.60 11.85 16.19 29.68 36.33

Outdoor grills and fuel

Use an outdoor grill 0.70 1.80 2.67 2.47 1.84 2.20 1.81 1.94 4.00 4.65

Natural gas 3.76 12.05 13.27 13.89 10.25 12.68 10.33 9.39 13.21 16.62

Propane 1.10 2.79 3.77 4.18 3.01 2.97 2.81 2.93 5.40 6.34

Charcoal 1.66 4.05 5.44 5.50 5.13 4.79 4.38 4.28 7.62 8.62

Does not use an outdoor grill 0.90 2.00 3.87 3.15 2.18 2.34 2.96 2.90 4.47 5.68
Total U.S.a

Before 

1950

1950 to 

1959

1960 to 

1969

1970 to 

1979

1980 to 

1989

1990 to 

1999

2000 to 

2009

2010 to 

2015

2016 to 

2020

All homes 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 2.84 3.44

Relative standard errors (RSEs) for Table HC3.3 Appliances in U.S. homes, by year of construction, 2020

RSEs for number of housing units

Year of construction

Preliminary data release date: March 2022

Final data release date: March 2023

Small kitchen appliances used at least 

once each week (more than one may 

apply)

Toaster 0.64 1.78 2.36 2.35 1.57 2.07 1.55 1.69 4.11 5.30

Toaster oven 1.27 3.09 3.67 4.44 3.37 3.62 3.12 3.10 6.94 8.51

Coffee maker 0.49 1.51 1.67 1.60 1.31 1.44 1.32 1.19 3.97 4.50

Slow cooker 1.26 3.95 3.99 3.94 3.37 3.50 3.69 3.46 6.98 7.59

Instant pot 1.92 5.25 6.91 7.20 4.39 5.47 4.89 4.48 7.42 8.74

Rice cooker 1.85 5.92 8.85 6.09 5.30 5.24 5.38 4.91 9.22 9.76

Blender or juicer 1.29 3.81 4.94 3.96 3.41 3.27 3.88 3.02 5.89 6.78

Some other small kitchen applianceb 2.49 6.51 7.61 7.97 6.53 7.94 6.73 6.38 8.61 10.02

Refrigerators

Use a refrigerator 0.06 0.21 0.27 0.18 0.19 0.10 0.12 0.19 2.85 3.59

1 0.45 1.35 1.84 1.98 1.31 1.70 1.63 1.73 3.84 4.57

2 or more 0.80 3.05 3.55 3.79 2.84 3.51 2.28 2.73 5.73 6.85

Does not use a refrigerator 11.04 25.45 43.45 33.50 27.58 32.28 55.91 31.80 83.23 57.83

Most-used refrigerator size

Half-size or compact 9.93 22.30 31.48 36.60 23.78 23.34 27.19 28.41 52.18 49.55

Small (less than 17.6 cubic feet) 3.63 8.40 11.59 10.73 8.30 12.68 13.88 14.93 20.40 25.79

Medium (17.6 to 22.5 cubic feet) 0.82 2.09 2.94 2.51 2.32 2.48 2.99 2.90 5.15 6.75

Large (22.6 to 29.5 cubic feet) 0.87 2.56 3.29 2.90 2.68 2.31 2.56 2.05 4.11 4.99

Very large (more than 29.5 cubic 

feet) 5.85 17.14 25.23 22.12 18.29 14.83 16.06 12.75 23.45 27.74

Does not use a refrigerator 11.04 25.45 43.45 33.50 27.58 32.28 55.91 31.80 83.23 57.83

Most-used refrigerator type

Half-size or compact 9.93 22.30 31.48 36.60 23.78 23.34 27.19 28.41 52.18 49.55

1 door 2.73 5.67 7.47 6.79 6.77 8.23 8.62 9.48 14.95 17.08

2 doors, top freezer 1.01 2.12 4.59 3.93 2.63 3.22 4.69 4.25 7.18 9.55

2 doors, bottom freezer 1.57 3.72 5.56 5.56 4.10 4.04 4.85 3.59 6.14 6.81

2 doors, side-by-side 1.37 4.47 4.48 4.44 3.44 3.32 3.39 2.82 5.44 6.96

3 or more doors 3.43 9.67 12.50 11.44 10.62 9.97 8.59 7.04 11.57 15.03

Does not use a refrigerator 11.04 25.45 43.45 33.50 27.58 32.28 55.91 31.80 83.23 57.83

Most-used refrigerator age

Less than 2 years old 2.29 6.49 7.14 5.94 5.08 5.93 6.45 4.75 10.36 6.61

2 to 4 years old 1.63 3.92 4.50 4.69 3.86 4.58 3.91 4.00 8.12 5.71

5 to 9 years old 1.25 3.25 3.76 3.88 2.97 3.21 3.71 3.67 4.51 12.87

10 to 14 years old 1.86 4.13 5.96 5.86 5.34 5.87 5.27 3.99 8.87 25.09

15 to 19 years old 2.94 9.03 6.87 10.71 9.05 9.34 8.64 6.19 32.01 41.31

20 or more years old 3.64 10.25 10.97 10.29 8.74 13.50 8.86 14.05 45.41 64.73

Does not use a refrigerator 11.04 25.45 43.45 33.50 27.58 32.28 55.91 31.80 83.23 57.83

Most-used refrigerator through-thedoor ice service

Yes 0.93 3.74 4.38 4.07 2.93 2.40 2.66 1.96 4.07 5.23

No 0.59 1.35 2.16 1.82 1.52 1.51 2.29 2.24 5.06 6.48

Does not use a refrigerator 11.04 25.45 43.45 33.50 27.58 32.28 55.91 31.80 83.23 57.83
Total U.S.a

Before 

1950

1950 to 

1959

1960 to 

1969

1970 to 

1979

1980 to 

1989

1990 to 

1999

2000 to 

2009

2010 to 

2015

2016 to 

2020

All homes 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 2.84 3.44

Relative standard errors (RSEs) for Table HC3.3 Appliances in U.S. homes, by year of construction, 2020

RSEs for number of housing units

Year of construction

Preliminary data release date: March 2022

Final data release date: March 2023

Second refrigerator

Use a second refrigerator 0.80 3.05 3.55 3.79 2.84 3.51 2.28 2.73 5.73 6.85

Does not use a second refrigerator 0.42 1.32 1.84 2.01 1.29 1.66 1.62 1.75 3.79 4.38

Second refrigerator size

Half-size or compact 2.46 5.93 7.84 9.65 7.23 7.66 6.72 7.54 11.60 15.58

Small (less than 17.6 cubic feet) 3.09 8.28 10.03 9.64 7.38 8.78 8.01 7.49 16.55 16.74

Medium (17.6 to 22.5 cubic feet) 1.51 5.65 6.10 6.36 4.98 5.95 4.09 4.75 8.36 11.02

Large (22.6 to 29.5 cubic feet) 2.84 10.80 10.60 10.45 8.67 8.29 6.83 6.16 11.33 15.52

Very large (more than 29.5 cubic 

feet) 19.90 51.89 57.72 48.53 41.84 51.07 47.99 41.91 42.50 84.56

Does not use a second refrigerator 0.42 1.32 1.84 2.01 1.29 1.66 1.62 1.75 3.79 4.38

Second refrigerator type

Half-size or compact 2.46 5.93 7.84 9.65 7.23 7.66 6.72 7.54 11.60 15.58

1 door 3.11 8.70 10.55 8.77 7.97 9.09 9.21 8.50 16.20 14.56

2 doors, top freezer 1.73 6.47 6.63 5.95 4.84 5.46 5.45 4.82 9.87 12.30

2 doors, bottom freezer 6.47 18.71 20.41 16.53 16.41 16.29 18.72 16.33 20.65 26.68

2 doors, side-by-side 3.05 9.90 11.89 12.39 10.80 9.30 6.76 7.17 14.13 18.95

3 or more doors 13.40 47.49 55.09 81.09 45.99 39.87 35.83 27.31 48.38 40.90

Does not use a second refrigerator 0.42 1.32 1.84 2.01 1.29 1.66 1.62 1.75 3.79 4.38

Second refrigerator age

Less than 2 years old 4.61 12.39 12.52 12.63 11.90 13.08 11.71 10.54 16.54 14.95

2 to 4 years old 3.38 11.47 12.40 14.26 9.59 11.49 7.32 8.47 14.58 13.76

5 to 9 years old 2.20 6.18 8.18 7.79 7.50 6.49 6.60 6.94 9.81 13.75

10 to 14 years old 2.97 8.95 9.06 9.32 6.05 7.05 5.29 6.08 11.08 14.57

15 to 19 years old 3.52 8.52 11.34 11.19 9.05 10.47 7.91 6.73 21.61 43.90

20 or more years old 3.68 9.67 14.31 10.81 11.18 9.94 8.18 10.10 26.30 32.09

Does not use a second refrigerator 0.42 1.32 1.84 2.01 1.29 1.66 1.62 1.75 3.79 4.38

Second refrigerator location

Basement 2.51 5.92 6.97 6.67 7.43 7.83 7.02 7.38 11.62 14.21

Garage 1.74 11.37 8.39 8.11 5.09 5.87 3.57 4.67 7.15 9.58

Outside 4.81 14.36 14.20 16.48 14.07 13.74 13.16 19.67 34.81 28.16

Main living area 2.34 5.33 7.13 7.65 6.47 7.41 6.32 7.21 12.90 15.46

Some other location 12.09 36.81 39.98 44.48 57.53 40.34 40.65 29.59 58.25 57.98

Does not use a second refrigerator 0.42 1.32 1.84 2.01 1.29 1.66 1.62 1.75 3.79 4.38

Wine chiller

Yes 4.15 11.33 15.02 16.21 12.41 9.97 10.00 9.77 13.88 13.72

No 0.20 0.38 0.42 0.62 0.43 0.50 0.59 0.69 2.90 3.51

Separate freezers

Use a separate freezer 1.18 2.73 3.18 3.78 2.53 3.78 3.27 2.77 7.16 6.78

1 1.30 3.00 3.22 4.12 3.00 4.12 3.68 3.37 7.40 7.35

2 or more 4.21 10.73 13.53 11.34 7.57 9.13 10.47 10.77 16.41 34.82

Does not use a separate freezer 0.59 1.27 1.70 1.95 1.35 1.73 1.93 1.41 3.91 4.29
Total U.S.a

Before 

1950

1950 to 

1959

1960 to 

1969

1970 to 

1979

1980 to 

1989

1990 to 

1999

2000 to 

2009

2010 to 

2015

2016 to 

2020

All homes 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 2.84 3.44

Relative standard errors (RSEs) for Table HC3.3 Appliances in U.S. homes, by year of construction, 2020

RSEs for number of housing units

Year of construction

Preliminary data release date: March 2022

Final data release date: March 2023

Most-used separate freezer size

Half-size or compact 3.80 11.67 14.59 12.44 11.52 12.64 10.37 9.79 19.85 20.50

Small (less than 17.6 cubic feet) 2.60 7.13 6.70 6.55 6.04 7.79 6.30 6.17 12.23 11.74

Medium (17.6 to 22.5 cubic feet) 2.05 4.76 5.27 7.92 4.94 5.82 6.06 5.35 12.11 11.24

Large (22.6 to 29.5 cubic feet) 2.94 7.18 9.49 8.38 6.81 8.81 7.58 6.97 16.24 17.49

Very large (more than 29.5 cubic 

feet) 8.77 29.55 35.39 50.28 23.96 25.83 27.80 31.39 53.30 50.59

Does not use a separate freezer 0.59 1.27 1.70 1.95 1.35 1.73 1.93 1.41 3.91 4.29

Most-used separate freezer type

Upright 1.81 4.35 5.78 5.12 4.74 5.89 4.55 4.35 9.78 10.42

Chest 1.44 3.86 4.78 5.79 4.91 5.08 4.68 4.17 11.00 9.60

Does not use a separate freezer 0.59 1.27 1.70 1.95 1.35 1.73 1.93 1.41 3.91 4.29

Most-used separate freezer age

Less than 2 years old 4.13 12.11 13.14 11.29 11.33 12.19 9.89 8.99 14.07 12.71

2 to 4 years old 3.75 9.07 11.83 9.99 7.09 9.37 9.36 8.85 15.70 13.21

5 to 9 years old 2.58 7.20 8.20 8.91 6.83 7.96 5.66 6.15 12.05 12.73

10 to 14 years old 2.89 6.20 8.36 9.60 6.80 7.60 8.39 8.22 14.50 21.26

15 to 19 years old 3.88 9.96 14.16 12.89 10.31 13.24 10.58 11.12 21.81 30.05

20 or more years old 3.73 10.02 12.59 11.58 8.97 11.46 9.84 9.95 21.58 42.92

Does not use a separate freezer 0.59 1.27 1.70 1.95 1.35 1.73 1.93 1.41 3.91 4.29

Most-used separate freezer 

defrosting

Manual 1.66 4.08 5.22 5.78 3.91 5.02 4.42 4.39 9.19 9.16

Automatic 1.67 4.01 5.91 6.09 4.02 5.39 5.00 5.23 9.49 9.13

Does not use a separate freezer 0.59 1.27 1.70 1.95 1.35 1.73 1.93 1.41 3.91 4.29

Dishwashers and usage

Have a dishwasher 0.42 1.87 2.74 2.13 1.57 1.33 1.02 0.71 3.04 3.60

Used 0 times per week 1.79 8.61 6.32 7.79 5.84 4.53 4.79 4.09 10.38 12.45

Used 1 time per week 2.42 7.31 8.89 8.13 6.49 6.47 7.52 5.99 9.03 11.37

Used 2 to 3 times per week 1.52 4.08 5.30 5.52 4.45 4.55 3.46 3.84 5.60 6.27

Used 4 to 6 times per week 1.87 4.56 6.25 5.98 5.75 4.59 5.50 3.92 6.93 7.46

Used 7 or more times per week 2.15 6.67 9.70 8.25 6.29 7.29 4.97 4.96 10.60 9.13

Does not have a dishwasher 1.12 2.25 3.74 3.45 3.56 4.07 5.40 8.07 14.07 16.56

Dishwasher age

Less than 2 years old 2.31 7.13 10.08 6.91 6.85 6.27 5.22 5.26 12.02 6.49

2 to 4 years old 1.79 5.65 6.51 6.04 5.52 5.77 4.60 4.83 8.72 5.55

5 to 9 years old 1.26 4.36 5.23 5.22 4.10 3.97 3.68 3.52 4.64 13.47

10 to 14 years old 2.04 6.27 7.22 7.09 5.88 5.74 6.03 4.00 7.06 40.40

15 to 19 years old 4.12 11.12 12.06 10.53 9.70 10.43 9.87 6.49 37.54 59.87

20 or more years old 4.28 12.26 12.75 17.72 10.00 9.78 7.73 15.14 48.17 0.00

Does not have a dishwasher 1.12 2.25 3.74 3.45 3.56 4.07 5.40 8.07 14.07 16.56
Total U.S.a

Before 

1950

1950 to 

1959

1960 to 

1969

1970 to 

1979

1980 to 

1989

1990 to 

1999

2000 to 

2009

2010 to 

2015

2016 to 

2020

All homes 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 2.84 3.44

Relative standard errors (RSEs) for Table HC3.3 Appliances in U.S. homes, by year of construction, 2020

RSEs for number of housing units

Year of construction

Preliminary data release date: March 2022

Final data release date: March 2023

Most-used dishwasher cycle type

Normal or default cycle without 

heated dry 2.61 6.50 9.54 7.57 5.88 6.45 7.33 5.08 10.74 11.31

Normal or default cycle with heated 

dry 0.98 3.26 4.67 3.69 3.37 3.45 2.75 2.04 4.17 4.97

Heavy or pots and pans cycle 3.54 10.45 14.10 13.94 8.33 12.89 8.52 7.86 13.39 14.97

Light or delicate cycle 8.12 23.29 25.10 25.08 20.79 17.36 21.37 20.86 35.93 33.78

Energy saver 3.71 11.82 14.35 12.21 9.70 9.97 8.70 9.00 16.13 19.77

Quick cycle 6.24 16.21 24.42 20.33 15.49 17.34 15.15 12.69 31.00 30.98

Does not have or use a dishwasher 0.91 1.92 3.12 2.64 2.25 2.75 3.70 3.41 7.37 9.92

Clothes washers

Have a clothes washer at home 0.30 1.11 1.42 1.55 1.22 1.03 0.78 0.85 3.03 3.87

Top-loading 0.58 1.86 2.00 2.17 1.70 1.94 1.76 1.30 4.45 4.99

Front-loading 1.53 3.90 5.14 6.27 3.74 4.72 4.44 2.81 6.70 6.61

Does not have a clothes washer at 

home 1.57 4.07 7.82 5.23 4.45 4.80 7.03 10.45 14.16 19.25

Clothes washer age

Less than 2 years old 1.94 5.52 7.80 7.06 5.42 6.81 5.59 5.04 9.39 8.94

2 to 4 years old 1.50 4.27 5.98 4.92 4.89 4.76 4.53 4.78 8.52 6.05

5 to 9 years old 1.29 3.85 5.04 4.47 3.49 4.05 3.68 3.14 5.03 8.18

10 to 14 years old 1.95 5.81 6.18 5.17 4.78 4.77 5.93 5.04 10.08 21.03

15 to 19 years old 3.61 10.34 11.03 12.05 9.43 9.41 9.65 8.81 29.11 44.20

20 or more years old 4.62 11.55 13.26 13.89 10.76 11.74 9.64 14.52 100.53 47.93

Does not have a clothes washer at 

home 1.57 4.07 7.82 5.23 4.45 4.80 7.03 10.45 14.16 19.25

Clothes washer usage

0 loads per week 7.56 18.83 25.77 26.58 23.53 25.77 25.32 24.37 76.83 45.79

1 to 4 loads per week 0.66 2.02 2.75 2.72 2.00 1.60 2.00 1.78 3.60 5.35

5 to 9 loads per week 1.38 3.86 6.09 5.15 4.35 4.81 3.27 3.10 7.66 7.58

10 to 15 loads per week 2.91 9.55 11.92 11.58 8.94 10.30 9.47 9.56 15.70 20.07

More than 15 loads per week 9.41 34.34 37.74 32.38 23.45 24.56 27.86 26.26 30.82 45.15

Does not have a clothes washer at 

home 1.57 4.07 7.82 5.23 4.45 4.80 7.03 10.45 14.16 19.25

Usual water temperature setting for 

the wash cycle

Hot 3.44 7.86 9.71 9.63 8.24 8.95 9.10 6.62 11.52 13.84

Warm 0.93 2.94 2.67 3.31 2.58 2.57 2.49 2.37 4.79 5.66

Cold 1.11 3.06 3.42 3.44 3.15 3.06 3.36 3.12 5.24 6.71

Does not have or use a clothes 

washer at home 1.57 4.07 7.82 5.23 4.45 4.80 7.03 10.45 14.16 19.25

Clothes dryer and fuel

Have a clothes dryer at home 0.30 1.13 1.45 1.51 1.24 1.05 0.84 0.83 3.07 3.95

Electricity 0.51 1.70 2.18 2.02 1.63 1.47 1.30 1.23 3.40 4.21

Natural gas 1.44 4.12 4.96 5.62 5.59 5.97 5.57 5.20 9.95 10.48

Propane 8.40 18.86 28.90 34.06 21.04 22.95 18.63 16.82 37.07 43.07

Does not have a clothes dryer at home 1.47 3.48 6.78 4.72 4.31 4.67 6.66 10.04 13.36 17.56
Total U.S.a

Before 

1950

1950 to 

1959

1960 to 

1969

1970 to 

1979

1980 to 

1989

1990 to 

1999

2000 to 

2009

2010 to 

2015

2016 to 

2020

All homes 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 2.84 3.44

Relative standard errors (RSEs) for Table HC3.3 Appliances in U.S. homes, by year of construction, 2020

RSEs for number of housing units

Year of construction

Preliminary data release date: March 2022

Final data release date: March 2023

Clothes dryer age

Less than 2 years old 2.01 5.76 7.61 5.95 5.27 7.76 5.91 5.93 11.72 8.19

2 to 4 years old 1.65 5.25 6.81 5.43 5.76 5.14 5.30 4.29 7.87 6.23

5 to 9 years old 1.18 3.43 4.36 3.31 3.39 3.93 3.61 3.25 5.33 8.80

10 to 14 years old 1.85 5.93 5.69 5.35 4.76 5.01 5.38 4.40 9.70 22.61

15 to 19 years old 3.19 8.81 10.99 7.91 9.39 8.97 10.67 7.81 27.71 34.38

20 or more years old 3.15 8.61 12.41 11.01 8.74 9.52 8.60 10.58 58.04 47.93

Does not have a clothes dryer at 

home 1.47 3.48 6.78 4.72 4.31 4.67 6.66 10.04 13.36 17.56

Clothes dryer usage

0 loads per week 6.35 15.15 23.93 17.18 17.90 16.13 21.42 20.83 42.66 42.66

1 to 4 loads per week 0.72 2.28 2.92 2.90 2.07 1.59 2.16 1.78 3.57 5.25

5 to 9 loads per week 1.58 4.25 6.18 5.47 4.94 5.10 3.36 3.17 7.46 6.83

10 to 15 loads per week 2.92 10.11 13.11 11.78 8.64 10.02 8.99 9.08 15.08 23.16

More than 15 loads per week 9.83 28.65 35.99 31.16 22.62 22.53 32.89 23.60 32.42 35.79

Does not have a clothes dryer at 

home 1.47 3.48 6.78 4.72 4.31 4.67 6.66 10.04 13.36 17.56

Data source: U.S. Energy Information Administration, Office of Energy Demand and Integrated Statistics, Form EIA-457A of the 2020 Residential Energy Consumption Survey

Notes: See RECS Terminology for definition of terms used in these tables.

a Total U.S. includes all primary occupied housing units in the 50 states and the District of Columbia. Vacant housing units, seasonal units, second homes, military houses, and 

group quarters are excluded.

b Some other small kitchen appliance includes food processors, air fryers, stand mixers, bread makers, waffle makers, electric can openers, sandwich makers, coffee grinders, 

and many other reported appliances.