52Scott v. MitchellNos. 98-4272/4321III.CONCLUSIONBecause we conclude that there was no manifestmiscarriage of justice in Scott’s trial or sentencing that wouldauthorize us to issue a federal writ of habeas corpuscountermanding the judgment of the Ohio courts, weREVERSE the order of the district court granting Scott’spetition for a writ of habeas corpus; we AFFIRM thejudgment of the district court in all other respects.1RECOMMENDED FOR FULL-TEXT PUBLICATIONPursuant to Sixth Circuit Rule 206ELECTRONIC CITATION: 2000 FED App. 0138P (6th Cir.)File Name: 00a0138p.06UNITED STATES COURT OF APPEALSFOR THE SIXTH CIRCUIT_________________JAYD.SCOTT,Petitioner-Appellee/Cross-Appellant,v.BETTYMITCHELL, Warden,Respondent-Appellant/Cross-Appellee.;>1Nos. 98-4272/4321Appeal from the United States District Courtfor the Northern District of Ohio at Cleveland.No. 95-02037—Kathleen McDonald O’Malley, DistrictJudge.Argued: January 24, 2000Decided and Filed: April 19, 2000Before: BOGGS, SILER, and BATCHELDER, CircuitJudges._________________COUNSELARGUED:Stuart A. Cole, OFFICE OF THE ATTORNEYGENERAL OF OHIO, CAPITAL CRIMES SECTION,Columbus, Ohio, for Appellant. Timothy F. Sweeney, LAW2Scott v. MitchellNos. 98-4272/4321OFFICE OF TIMOTHY FARRELL SWEENEY, Cleveland,Ohio, for Appellee.ON BRIEF:Stuart A. Cole, Jonathan R.Fulkerson, OFFICE OF THE ATTORNEY GENERAL OFOHIO, CAPITAL CRIMES SECTION, Columbus, Ohio, forAppellant. Timothy F. Sweeney, LAW OFFICE OFTIMOTHY FARRELL SWEENEY, Cleveland, Ohio, John S.Pyle, GOLD, SCHWARTZ & CO., Cleveland, Ohio, forAppellee._________________OPINION_________________ALICE M. BATCHELDER, Circuit Judge. RespondentBetty Mitchell (“the Warden”) appeals the district court’sgrant of a writ of habeas corpus under 28 U.S.C. § 2254 toOhio death row inmate Jay D. Scott. The district courtgranted the writ on the basis of only one of the grounds raisedin his petition, finding all of the other grounds either defaultedor meritless. Scott cross-appeals the court’s rejection of hisremaining arguments. After having the benefit of lengthy oralargument, and having given the careful consideration to therecord and the parties’ arguments that the gravity of thequestion before us demands, we are convinced that the districtcourt erred in holding that the ground on which it granted thewrit was not procedurally barred. Because we conclude thatthe district court correctly held that the other grounds raisedby Scott’s petition were either defaulted or without merit, wewill reverse the issuance of the writ.I. FACTUAL ANDPROCEDURALBACKGROUNDA. Factual HistoryThe facts of the underlying crime are not in significantdispute, except to the extent that Scott challenges thesufficiency of the evidence presented at trial to prove thesefacts. The following summary is largely taken from thedistrict court’s Order, which in turn quoted it from theopinion of the Ohio Supreme Court.Nos. 98-4272/4321Scott v. Mitchell51prosecution, any rational trier of fact could have found theessential elements of the crime beyond a reasonable doubt.This familiar standard [views evidence] in the light mostfavorable to the prosecution[, and] thus impinges upon jurydiscretion only to the extent necessary to guarantee thefundamental protection of due process of law.”Jackson v.Virginia, 443 U.S. 307, 319 (1979) (internal quotations,citations and footnotes omitted). This claim is notprocedurally defaulted.Scott argues that the evidence adduced at trial wasinsufficient to prove that he committed or attempted tocommit aggravated robbery. If true, this would invalidate hisdeath sentence, as the only specification that made him deatheligible was “caus[ing] the death of another . . . whilecommitting or attempting to commit, or while fleeingimmediately after committing or attempting to commitAggravated Robbery.” To support his argument, Scott notesthat nothing was taken from the V&E Delicatessen, that heentered the store with money, and that O’Neal testified thatthere had been no discussion of robbery before arriving at thestore.We agree with the district court and Ohio Supreme Courtthat ample evidence was presented to allow a rational jury tofind Scott guilty of the specification:[U]nder R.C. § 2911.01, [...] an attempt to commit armedtheft constitutes aggravated robbery. [...] This feloniousobjective is evidenced by the secretive manner in whichJones parked his car around the corner after dropping off[Scott] and O’Neal. Of further relevance is the fact that[Scott] was aware of a pending robbery charge againsthim upon his apprehension.State v. Scott, 497 N.E.2d at 64. There is no ground here forhabeas relief.50Scott v. MitchellNos. 98-4272/432110In Ohio, the “principal offender” is the one who actually caused thedeath. See Byrd, No. 96-3209, slip op. at 5 n.2 (citingState v. Penix, 513N.E.2d 744, 746 (Ohio 1987)).constitutionally required narrowing process, and so the factthat the aggravating circumstance duplicated one of theelements of the crime does not make this sentenceconstitutionally infirm.”Id.at 246. Similarly, the OhioLegislature “narrow[ed] the class of felony murders subject tothe death penalty by excluding those who commit [murder inthe course of an] arson, robbery, burglary or escape, unlessthey are charged with a different aggravating circumstance.”State v. Buell, 489 N.E.2d 795, 807 (Ohio 1986);see alsoOhio Rev. Code § 2929.04(A) (1996) (“Imposition of thedeath penalty for aggravated murder is precluded, unless oneor more of the following is specified in the indictment . . . andproved beyond a reasonable doubt:”). Scott fell within thenarrowed category of death-eligible felony murderers becausehe committed or attempted to commit aggravated robbery.SeeOhio Rev. Code § 2929.04(A)(7) (1996).Moreover, even if an overlap were problematic, there isnone here. Pursuant to Ohio Rev. Code § 2929.04(A)(7),Scott’s indictment for aggravated murder added that “either[he] was the principal offender in the commission of theAggravated Murder or, if not the principal offender,committed the Aggravated Murder with prior calculation ordesign.” The Ohio Supreme Court has held that this languageis distinct from the definition of felony murder, because inaddition to causing a death during a felony, the defendantmust also be proved to have caused the death personally anddirectly10or in a premeditated manner.See State v. Jenkins,473 N.E.2d 264, 280 n.17 (Ohio 1984);State v. Barnes, 495N.E.2d 922, 925 (Ohio 1986) (per curiam).F. Sufficiency of the Evidence Used to Convict ScottAn habeas court reviews claims that the evidence at trialwas insufficient for a conviction by asking “whether, afterviewing the evidence in the light most favorable to theNos. 98-4272/4321Scott v. Mitchell3On May 6, 1983, Vinnie Prince, owner and operator of theV&E Delicatessen at East 86th Street and Quincy Avenue inCleveland, was shot and killed during an attempted robberyof her shop. An autopsy revealed that Prince died from agunshot wound to the chest.Octavia Hickman, who lived near the delicatessen, testifiedthat on the day of the shooting, while walking back to herhome after shopping at the nearby Sav-More Market, shenoticed a greenish-blue Cadillac without a rear license platepull up across from her house. She observed two black malesinside the car, one behind the wheel and the other in the backseat. She later observed another black male come over anearby fence and dive through the open window of theCadillac. The car then drove away.Another witness near the deli when the incident occurredwas Clifford Roberson. Roberson was heading toward thestore with a female companion when they heard a shot firedinside the store. He immediately grabbed his friend andpushed her up against the wall of the building, in an effort toprotect her. When he heard a screen door slam, he turnedaround and saw two black males running from the store.Roberson testified that the taller man was about 5’11” tall,wearing “some type of rag around his head,” and holding along-barreled pistol. Upon opening the store’s door,Roberson observed Prince lying “almost to the door as if shewas trying to chase them or something.” Roberson flaggeddown a nearby police car and informed the officers of thesituation.Solomon Smith, another witness to this incident, testifiedthat he saw “two men run across the street, and run down tothe corner of Mr. Cooper’s house, and turn through the alley,and jump the fence.” He described the assailants as two blackmales, one 5’10 1⁄2” tall, the other “a little shorter.” Smith didnot observe anything in the fleeing men’s hands.Sometime after this incident, Detective Robert Moorereceived a telephone call from Ricky Tramble, and arrangedto meet with him. Tramble testified that, at this meeting, he4Scott v. MitchellNos. 98-4272/4321informed Officer Moore that on the day Prince was killed,Tramble was with Edward O’Neal, Michael Streeter, DannyJones, and Scott; they were all at O’Neal’s girlfriend’s house“to get high.” Tramble said he overheard Scott say, “Well Idid what I had to do. She shouldn’t have made me move likethat. F__k it. It’s over with.” Tramble testified that, laterthat day, Scott told Tramble, “[t]hese niggers don’t knowwhat they’re doing. [T]hey get to crying about this and cryingabout that. This is what I do.” Scott professed to Tramblethat he was “a stick-up man.” Tramble related further that thenext day O’Neal informed him that Scott and O’Neal wereinvolved in the V&E Deli incident, including the shooting ofPrince.On the basis of this information, the police apprehendedand arrested Danny Jones and confiscated Jones’s automobile,an older model, blue, turquoise-bottom Cadillac with a whitetop, bearing a thirty-day tag but no license plate. Jones signeda typewritten statement stating that he and O’Neal, Streeter,and Scott had been driving around looking for a place to rob.After selecting the V&E Deli as a target, Scott requested“front money” in order to fabricate a purchase, and asked forsomeone to go into the store with him. O’Neal finally agreedto accompany Scott into the store. At this time, Jonesobserved that Scott was armed with a .38-caliber pistol thatlooked like a police revolver, and O’Neal was carrying a .25-caliber automatic handgun. Jones pulled his car around thecorner from the V&E Deli, and O’Neal and Scott got out ofthe car while Jones and Streeter waited for them. Shortlythereafter, Scott and O’Neal came running through a yard andclimbed over a fence. O’Neal ran to the car and got in andScott dived into the car through a window. Jones was told to“pull off.” Later, Jones asked O’Neal what happened andO’Neal replied “that J.D. [Scott] shot her [...] cause she wentfor her [gun].” When Jones asked Scott if he had killed her,Scott replied, “naw she was still standing up when we ran outthe door.” At trial, Jones repudiated the part of histypewritten statement in which he acknowledged their intentto rob the V&E Deli, contending instead that Scott andO’Neal had gone into the store to get cold beer.Nos. 98-4272/4321Scott v. Mitchell49definition to not violate due process. We recently did thesame inByrd, No. 96-3209, slip op. at 65-66. Scott providesno reason to ignore this precedent.E. Alleged Unconstitutionality of Ohio’s Death-PenaltyScheme Facially and As AppliedScott raised before the district court a number of reasonswhy the death penalty in general and in Ohio isunconstitutional. He focuses his argument on appeal only ontwo: that the fact that felony murder is used both as anelement of the offense and a ground for capital sentencingfails to narrow the class of persons eligible for the deathpenalty, and that electrocution is cruel and unusualpunishment. The rest are incorporated by reference in afootnote. The great majority of these incorporated issues, andthe electrocution issue, were mentioned and rejectedsummarily inByrd.SeeNo. 96-3209, slip op. at 66-67. Wewill do the same, for substantially the same reasons expressedin the district court’s Order. AlthoughByrdalso rejected theclaim that Ohio fails to narrow the class of death-eligibleconvicts, it did not explicitly address Scott’s ground for thisargument. Hence, it merits brief discussion here.The Warden has not argued that Scott’s argument on theoverlap of felony murder between the underlying crime andaggravating circumstance is procedurally defaulted, and thedistrict court dismissed it on the merits. Even if Scott wereright that the same act was the basis of his conviction andaggravating circumstance, this alone would not justify habeasrelief.See Lowenfield v. Phelps, 484 U.S. 231, 244-46(1988). There, the Supreme Court instructed that aggravatingcircumstances are not ends unto themselves, but simply onemeans by which a state may perform the narrowing function.See id. at 244.Lowenfieldupheld the Texas death-penaltyscheme, in which the narrowing function was performed bythe legislature when it circumscribed the range of offenseseligible for the death penalty.See id.at 245-46. “The factthat the sentencing jury is also required to find the existenceof an aggravating circumstance in addition is no part of the48Scott v. MitchellNos. 98-4272/4321accomplice instruction that required the jury to look foradditional corroboration, just not in the language he proposed.There is no error here, much less one justifying a writ.2. Definition of Reasonable DoubtThe trial judge read Ohio’s statutory definition ofreasonable doubt to the jury, which included the phrase“firmly convinced,” and added some concluding remarks thatessentially repeated the same language:Now, the Legislature of Ohio has specificallyestablished the legal meaning of the term “reasonabledoubt,” and I will read that definition to you:“Reasonable doubt is present when, the jurors, after theyhave carefully considered and compared all evidence,cannot say they are firmly convinced of the truth of thecharge. It is a doubt based upon reason and commonsense. Reasonable doubt is not mere possible doubt,because everything relating to human affairs ordependent upon moral evidence is open to some possibleor imaginary doubt.“Proof beyond a reasonable doubt is proof of suchcharacter that an ordinary person would be willing to relyand act upon it in the most important of his affairs.”All of the evidence should be examined carefully andconscientiously by you, and, if after a full and impartialconsideration of all the evidence, you are firmlyconvinced beyond a reasonable doubt of the truth of thecharge or charges, then the State has proved its case andyou must find the defendant guilty.If you are not firmly convinced of the truth of thecharge, then the State has not proved its case and youmust find the defendant not guilty.Scott claims that this definition unconstitutionally conflatesthe reasonable doubt standard with the less demanding “clearand convincing” standard.The district court correctly relied onThomas v. Arn, 704F.2d 865, 867-69 (6th Cir. 1983), which held this preciseNos. 98-4272/4321Scott v. Mitchell5The police also apprehended O’Neal, who also gave thema typewritten statement. O’Neal stated that he, Jones, Streeterand Scott were driving around in Jones’s Cadillac. Theystopped in front of the V&E Deli because Scott told them hewanted to get some bologna and crackers. O’Neal followedScott into the store. Scott asked for bologna and crackers and,when the old woman minding the store turned to obtain them,Scott pulled out a pistol. Scott told the woman to “freeze”and when the woman began to “holler” and “yell,” Scott fireda single shot at the woman, striking her. O’Neal related thathe was momentarily stunned by this occurrence and it was notuntil Scott grabbed him and pulled him out of the store that hebegan to run. They jumped the fence and ran to the car.O’Neal stated that he did not see the old woman in the storereach for a weapon.At trial, O’Neal’s testimony differed somewhat from thiswritten statement in that he testified it was he—rather thanScott—who ordered the bologna and crackers in the store.O’Neal further testified that he was unarmed throughout thisordeal and that it was Michael Streeter who had the .25-caliber weapon in his possession while waiting in the car.O’Neal confirmed that he had talked with Tramble about whathappened at the V&E Deli.Barbara Campbell, a trace-evidence analyst with theCuyahoga County Coroner’s Office, testified that the resultsof a “Walker Nitrate Test” revealed that the muzzle of the gunwhich killed Prince was approximately 12 inches from herbody when it was fired. Campbell further testified that a tracemetal test conducted on the victim’s hands indicated thatPrince did not handle or fire a weapon prior to her death.Detective David Hicks, however, testified that Prince had afully loaded .38-caliber revolver on her person when she wasfound.On May 17, 1983, the grand jury returned its indictments.Scott was apprehended six months later in Philadelphia byDetective James Svekric of the Cleveland Police Department.During the trip back to Cleveland, Scott inquired who was6Scott v. MitchellNos. 98-4272/43211O’Neal, Jones, and Streeter each pled guilty to robbery offenses andreceived shock probation and/or suspended sentences.2This section provides a death-penalty-qualifying specification ifThe offense was committed while the offender was committing,attempting to commit, or fleeing immediately after committingor attempting to commit kidnapping, rape, aggravated arson,aggravated robbery, or aggravated burglary, and either theoffender was the principal offender in the commission of theaggravated murder or, if not the principal offender, committedthe aggravated murder with prior calculation and design.Ohio Rev. Code § 2929.04(A)(7) (1996).using his name in connection with a homicideand robbery.Up to that point, the arresting officers had informed Scottonly that he was wanted in connection with a homicide; theyhad made no mention that Scott was also charged withaggravated robbery. Scott maintained that he had been inReading, Pennsylvania, when the incident occurred.B. Procedural HistoryScott and his three accomplices1were indicted by theCuyahoga County Grand Jury on two counts: (1) aggravatedrobbery in violation of Ohio Rev. Code § 2911.01, and (2)aggravated murder in violation of Ohio Rev. Code § 2903.01.The grand jury added two specifications to the murder count:(1) a death-penalty specification for violation of Ohio Rev.Code § 2929.04(A)(7),2and (2) a firearm specification forviolating Ohio Rev. Code § 2941.141.Scott pled not guilty, proceeded to trial, and was convicted.The trial court then held a sentencing hearing as prescribed byOhio Rev. Code §§ 2929.022(A) and 2929.03, and the juryrecommended the death penalty. The trial judge adopted therecommendation and sentenced Scott to death for his murderconviction. Scott was also sentenced to 7-25 years ofimprisonment for his aggravated robbery conviction and 3years of imprisonment for the firearm specification.Nos. 98-4272/4321Scott v. Mitchell47defense significant enough to be cognizable on postconviction review.Nor did the court err in refusing Scott’s accompliceinstruction. InUnited States v. Carr, 5 F.3d 986 (6th Cir.1993), an appellant challenged the trial court’s refusal to giveanything more than a general instruction on judging witnesscredibility. In dismissing the argument, we saidThe court's instruction adequately informed the juryregarding the credibility of witness testimony, and so weare not troubled simply because the court chose not toexplicitly highlight the credibility problems inhering inaccomplice testimony. The instructions alerted the juryto the various considerations that it should take intoaccount in weighing testimony, and it had an ample basisfor rejecting the testimony of the accomplice witnesses ifit had chosen to do so. In short, because the instructionsgiven by the court substantially covered the samematerial as the instruction requested by the defendant,there was no reversible error.Id.at 992. We have since followedCarrin not requiringaccomplice instructions as a general matter, a rule that issignificantly less favorable to defendants than the approachesof some of our sister circuits.See,e.g.,United States v. Hill,627 F.2d 1052 (10th Cir.1980) (finding reversible plain errorwhen no accomplice instruction was given and no otherevidence corroborated the accomplice testimony);UnitedStates v. Davis, 439 F.2d 1105 (9th Cir.1971) (same);Tilleryv. United States, 411 F.2d 644 (5th Cir.1969) (same);UnitedStates v. McCabe, 720 F.2d 951, 956 (7th Cir. 1983) (holdinglack of accomplice instruction to be error when corroboratingevidence was insufficient “to overcome the inherentunreliability of accomplice testimony”);United States v. Lee,506 F.2d 111, 120 (D.C. Cir.1974) (holding failure to giveinstruction harmless because accomplice's testimony was"materially corroborated");United States v. Williams, 463F.2d 393, 396 (10th Cir.1972) ("considerable evidence"corroborated the accomplice's testimony). Scott received an46Scott v. MitchellNos. 98-4272/4321an abnormal fear of imprisonment since he was alreadyincarcerated at the time. The Ohio Supreme Court also reliedonHowardin rejecting Scott’s appeal.See State v. Scott, 497N.E.2d 55, 63 (Ohio 1986). We have never directly followedor contradictedHoward, although we have acted consistentlywith it by dismissing a claim of error for failure to produceany evidence that the witnesses were addicted at trial.SeeUnited States v. Freeman, Nos. 91-1011, 91-1012, 1991 WL203088, at **3 (6th Cir. Oct. 4, 1991) (unpublished). Instead,in an unpublished opinion, when an appellant challenged therefusal to give a similar instruction for a witness who was anaddict-informer but not addicted at trial, we relied on ourauthority governing addict-informer instructions.See UnitedStates v. Anderson, Nos. 97-5352, 97-5382, 1998 WL833701, at **4 (6th Cir. Nov. 20, 1998). "This court has longrecognized the importance of an addict-informant instructionin appropriate cases."United States v. Brown, 946 F.2d 1191,1195 (6th Cir.1991). However, there is no per se rulerequiring such instructions to be given in all cases involvingaddict testimony; instead, "the need for such an instructiondepends on the circumstances of each case."Id.(internalquotation omitted). The district court errs by failing to givea requested instruction only when the requested instruction iscorrect, not substantially covered by the actual jury charge,and when not giving the instruction would substantiallyimpair defendant's defense.See United States v. Sassak, 881F.2d 276, 279 (6th Cir.1989).We agree with the district court, and adopt the reasoning ofHoward. It is certainly consistent with our handful ofunpublished decisions on the issue, none of which has beenreceptive to requiring the addict instruction, and it is sensible;there is no reason to believe that Tramble’s former drug useimpaired his testimony at trial. But Scott’s argument islacking even under our prior case law. The requestedinstruction is correct, as it is remarkably similar to the SixthCircuit pattern instruction for addict-informers. But the trialcourt’s instruction to consider the witnesses’ motives shouldhave been sufficient, and there was no impairment to Scott’sNos. 98-4272/4321Scott v. Mitchell7Scott timely appealed his convictions and death sentence.Both were affirmed by the Ohio Court of Appeals and theOhio Supreme Court. The United States Supreme Courtdenied Scott a writ of certiorari, though Justices Marshall andBrennan filed a dissenting opinion.See Scott v. Ohio, 480U.S. 923, 923 (1987).Scott then secured a stay of execution and petitioned theCuyahoga County Common Pleas Court for post-convictionrelief pursuant to Ohio Rev. Code § 2953.21. The Wardensuccessfully moved to dismiss, but the Ohio Court of Appealsreversed the dismissal in part and remanded for a hearing onthe issue of whether Scott was denied effective assistance ofcounsel at the mitigation phase of the sentencing hearing.Both parties unsuccessfully appealed this ruling to the OhioSupreme Court, and the case was returned to the commonpleas court for the hearing. At the conclusion of the hearing,at which Scott’s family members and trial counsel testified,the trial court issued findings of fact and conclusions of lawto the effect that Scott had not been denied effectiveassistance in the mitigation phase of his sentencing.Specifically, the court found that trial counsel’s testimonywas more credible than that of Scott’s family members, thatScott and his family were primarily to blame for their failureto provide mitigating evidence, and that the “residual doubt”strategy pursued in the mitigation hearing was in Scott’s bestinterest. Scott unsuccessfully appealed, and was denied a writof certiorari on the ineffective assistance of counsel issue bythe United States Supreme Court.In addition to these post-conviction proceedings, Scott alsopursued post-conviction relief pursuant toState v. Murnahan,584 N.E.2d 1204, 1209 (Ohio 1992), which allows appellantsclaiming denial of effective assistance of appellate counsel toseek relief by applying for delayed reconsideration in theCourt of Appeals, or by filing a delayed appeal directly withthe Ohio Supreme Court. Scott first filed a motion to reopenhis appeal in the Ohio Court of Appeals, which was denied.The Ohio Supreme Court affirmed, denied rehearing, and theUnited States Supreme Court denied certiorari. Scott also8Scott v. MitchellNos. 98-4272/43213In its Order, the district court felt “compelled to mention” thatCleveland attorneys Timothy F. Sweeney and John S. Pyle, servingpursuant to the Criminal Justice Act, have done an exceptional jobdefending Scott. They have also performed commendably on appeal.filed a delayed direct appeal with the Ohio Supreme Court,which was refused.The Ohio Supreme Court, on the Warden’s motion, setOctober 25, 1995, as the date for Scott’s execution. OnSeptember 20, 1995, Scott filed a notice of intent to file ahabeas petition with the federal district court. The districtcourt granted an indefinite stay of execution while Scottpursued his federal habeas relief, and appointed Scott’scurrent counsel.Scott’s petition presented twenty-one grounds for relief,divided into three categories: (1) constitutional violationstainting the entire course of the state court proceedings(Grounds 1-6); (2) constitutional violations prejudicing Scottduring specific stages of the proceedings (Grounds 7-19); and(3) constitutional violations relating generally to the Ohiodeath-penalty scheme (Grounds 20-21). Scott requested leaveto conduct discovery and an evidentiary hearing, but bothwere denied for failure to show good cause. The court alsomade clear that because Scott filed his petition before theeffective date of the Anti-Terrorism and Effective DeathPenalty Act of 1996 (AEDPA), it would not apply thedemanding standards of review mandated by that statute.The court heard lengthy oral arguments from both partiesand received post-hearing briefs on certain issues. OnSeptember 30, 1998, the court issued its opinion denyinghabeas relief on all grounds except one: Ground 18, whichchallenged the trial court’s penalty-phase jury instructionregarding unanimity of the sentencing recommendation.3Scott was granted a certificate of appealability to cross-appealthe denial of the remaining grounds, and both sides filedtimely notices of appeal.Nos. 98-4272/4321Scott v. Mitchell459Scott cites an Eighth Circuit case for the proposition thatBrecht’sharmless-error test does not apply if the state courts did not conduct aChapmanharmless error test, butGilliamsquarely rejects this contention.substantial and injurious effect or influence on the verdict,and are subject to harmless-error analysis.9See Gilliam v.Mitchell, 179 F.3d 990, 994-95 (6th Cir. 1999) (citingBrechtv. Abrahamson, 507 U.S. 619, 638 (1993)).Also as with the challenge to the unanimity instruction, theState claims that both of these claims are defaulted becausethey were not objected to contemporaneously. Scott has madeno response. The district court reached the merits of the firstinstruction challenged here, relating to witness credibility,without discussing its potential default. Regardless ofwhether this claim was defaulted, it is easily disposed of onthe merits. The court also correctly held the second ground,regarding the definition of reasonable doubt, not to be waived,because the Ohio Supreme Court itself said so in a lateropinion that discussed Scott’s case.See State v. Van Gundy,594 N.E.2d 604, 607 (Ohio 1992).1. Instruction on Credibility of Addicts and AccomplicesTramble admitted being an addict when he gave hisinformation to the police, and Jones and O’Neal also testifiedagainst Scott as accomplices. Scott proposed specificinstructions on the particular unreliability of accomplices, andthat the testimony of drug addicts should be “considered withgreat care” because of their constant need of drug money andabnormal fear of imprisonment. Instead, the court gavegeneral instructions on the jury’s duty to determine witnessmotivation and credibility, and instructed that accomplicetestimony must be corroborated “by other credible, believableevidence.”The district court, relying onUnited States v. Howard, 590F.2d 564, 570 (4th Cir. 1979), found no error in rejecting theaddict instruction because there was no evidence that Tramblewas still addicted at the time of trial, and could not have had44Scott v. MitchellNos. 98-4272/4321appropriate case could be . . . the result of a tactical, informeddecision by counsel, completely consonant with his duties torepresent the accused effectively”). Without effectiveresearch into the available mitigating testimony, of course, itwould be impossible for the lawyers to have made aninformed decision either way, even if residual doubt was aviable option in retrospect. If we were to hold Scott’s lawyersto be ineffective, then, it would have to be on the grounds oftheir failure to research mitigating evidence, not their failureto present it. Otherwise, there would be merit to the districtcourt’s concern in this case that to condone the lawyers’performance would be to create a post-hoc exception forfaulty lawyering. Regardless, the Constitution guaranteescompetent counsel and a fair trial, not perfection. In light ofthe finding of the state common pleas court’s evidentiaryhearing that the lawyers’ testimony is more credible than thatof Scott’s family, and that Scott’s criminal history would havebeen known to the attorneys even without further research, webelieve that the decision of Scott’s attorneys to pursue aresidual-doubt strategy in this case was not objectivelyunreasonable, because it was adequately (if not ideally)informed and was quite arguably the best course of actionavailable.D. Cumulative Error From Two Allegedly ErroneousGuilt-Phase Jury InstructionsAs noted above, to warrant habeas relief, jury instructionsmust not only have been erroneous, but also, taken as a whole,so infirm that they rendered the entire trial fundamentallyunfair.See Coe, 161 F.3d at 329. This burden is even greaterthan that required to demonstrate plain error on direct appeal.SeeFrady, 456 U.S. at 166;Henderson, 431 U.S. at 154(“The question in such a collateral proceeding is whether theailing instruction by itself so infected the entire trial that theresulting conviction violates due process, not merely whetherthe instruction by itself is undesirable, erroneous, or evenuniversally condemned” (citations and internal quotationsomitted)). Allegations of “trial error” raised in challenges tojury instructions are reviewed for whether they had aNos. 98-4272/4321Scott v. Mitchell9Before this court, Scott defends the district court’sreasoning that the unanimity instruction could have had theimpermissible effect of causing one or more jurors to believethat unanimity was required not only as to the net weight ofthe mitigating factors versus the aggravating factors, but alsoas to the existence of each mitigating factor. The Warden, onthe other hand, maintains that Scott’s challenge to thisinstruction is procedurally barred from habeas review forfailure to lodge a contemporaneous objection to theinstruction in the trial court, and that, in any case, theinstruction had no such effect on the finding of mitigatingfactors. Scott’s cross-appeal further argues that (1) two otherpenalty-phase instructions, namely those telling the jury toignore considerations of mercy in reaching its decision andadvising that its recommendation of death would not bebinding on the court, were unconstitutional; (2) Scott wasprejudiced by comments made by the trial judge to the juryvenire regarding media coverage of Prince’s shooting andScott’s involvement in it; (3) Scott’s trial counsel wereineffective in the penalty phase for failing to interview orpresent witnesses in mitigation and instead pursuing aresidual doubt strategy; (4) the cumulative effect of twoallegedly erroneous jury instructions violated Scott’s dueprocess rights; and (5) Ohio’s death penalty isunconstitutional on its face and as applied to Scott for avariety of reasons. We will address each of these issues inturn.II.ANALYSISWhen reviewing a district court’s disposition of a petitionfor a writ of habeas corpus filed before AEDPA’s effectivedate, we presume primary, or historical, factual findings bythe state courts to be correct, rebuttable only by clear andconvincing evidence under one of the eight conditions listedin the pre-AEDPA version of 28 U.S.C. § 2254(d)(1-8).SeeByrd v. Collins, No. 96-3209, slip op. at 35 (6th Cir. Apr. 6,2000) (citingMcQueen v. Scroggy, 99 F.3d 1302, 1310 (6thCir. 1996)). We review de novo determinations involvingmatters of law or mixed questions of law and fact.See Mapes10Scott v. MitchellNos. 98-4272/43214TheMaupintest is essentially a group of enumerated factors that isidentical to the approach subsequently endorsed byColeman: that thecause and prejudice/actual innocence test is to be applied in all federalhabeas cases where the state court decision is based on an independentand adequate state ground.See Coleman, 501 U.S. at 750. Although wehave remained faithful to the analysis endorsed byMaupin, our morerecent decisions have not always employed a “Maupintest” per se.See,e.g.,Byrd, No. 96-3209, slip.op. at 53-54 (articulating the factors fromMaupinand related cases differently but analogously);Jones v. Toombs,125 F.3d 945, 946 (6th Cir. 1997) (applying theColemanformulationwithout mentioningMaupin, although reaching the same result). In thiscase, however, we find it useful to followMaupin’s enumerated factors.v. Coyle, 171 F.3d 408, 413 (6th Cir. 1999). We afford“complete deference to evidence-supported state courtfindings of fact. [...] But the more substantive standard bywhich ourde novoreview is conducted is the determinationwhether the trial errors asserted by the petitioner resulted ina trial so devoid of fairness as to have amounted to a denial ofthe due process guaranteed by the fourteenth amendment.”Lundy v. Campbell, 888 F.2d 467, 469 (6th Cir. 1989) (citingSumner v. Mata, 455 U.S. 591 (1982) (per curiam)).A. The Trial Court’s Penalty-Phase Jury InstructionsBecause the state claimed that nearly half of Scott’s claims,including his challenges to the penalty-phase jury instructions,had been procedurally defaulted, the district court began itslegal analysis with a discussion of the law of proceduraldefault, including a discussion ofWainwright v. Sykes, 433U.S. 72 (1977),Coleman v. Thompson, 501 U.S. 722 (1991),andMaupin v. Smith, 785 F.2d 135 (6th Cir.1986), thiscircuit’s seminal case applying the law of procedural defaultin federal habeas cases in which the state argues that anhabeas claim is barred by the petitioner’s failure to observe astate procedural rule.Maupinlaid out a 4-part test that, as thedistrict court correctly noted, we have consistently applied4since its issuance:When a state argues that a habeas claim is precluded bythe petitioner’s failure to observe a state procedural rule,Nos. 98-4272/4321Scott v. Mitchell43It was their responsibility to present Scott’s defense, notScott’s family’s or even Scott’s. InGlenn v. Tate, 71 F.3d1204, 1207-08 (6th Cir. 1995), we held lawyers’ conduct tobe objectively unreasonable when they waited until after theverdict to prepare for the sentencing phase, failed to interviewany family members or friends, and conducted no research atall into mitigation except to prepare one inadmissiblevideotape. We followedGlenninAustinv. Bell, 126 F.3d843, 848-49 (6th Cir. 1997), to find a lawyer ineffective whenhe failed to investigate or present any mitigating evidencedespite the availability and willingness of several relativesand friends. We characterized counsel’s performance there asnot a “strategic decision, but rather an abdication ofadvocacy.”Id.at 849;see also Byrd, No. 96-3209, slip op. at63 (followingAustinandGlenn));O’Guinn v. Dutton, 88F.3d 1409, 1424 (en banc) (Merritt, C.J., concurring) (findingattorneys’ near-complete failure to investigate or presentmitigating evidence, because each attorney thought the otherwas preparing it, to go beyond ineffectiveness into totalincompetence). InMapes, we remanded for a hearing on theeffectiveness of appellate counsel, in part because he failed toraise the fact that the sentencing phase counsel conducted noresearch into mitigating factors.Scott’s penalty-phase attorneys would certainly have beenwell-advised to conduct more research into mitigating factorsthan they did. Unlike inAustinandO’Guinn, however, theselawyers had a credible reason for not presenting testimony:a desire to keep Scott’s extensive criminal history from thejury.See also Byrd, No. 96-3209, slip op. at 63-64 (same).The state trial and appeals courts found this strategy to be inScott’s best interest, given his claim of actual innocencethroughout trial and sentencing and the magnitude of hiscriminal past. Moreover, both the Ohio and United StatesSupreme Courts have endorsed a residual doubt strategy whenwarranted by the circumstances.See Lockhart v. McCree,476 U.S. 162, 181 (1986) (recognizing the strategy as “anextremely effective argument for defendants in capital cases”(citation omitted));State v. Johnson, 494 N.E.2d 1061, 1065(Ohio 1986) (“omission of [mitigating] evidence in an42Scott v. MitchellNos. 98-4272/4321could not come close to rebutting with clear and convincingevidence. Moreover, while acknowledging the questionableamount of research done by counsel, the court decided thatthe secondStricklandprong could not be met because Scottcould not show a “reasonable probability” that the sentencewould have been different otherwise.Strickland, 466 U.S. at694. The court ended its discussion, however, with afootnote, noting that this too was a close call since one jurormight always have been persuaded, and that the question wasultimately mooted by the court’s grant of the writ on anotherground.The district court was correct to focus on the secondStricklandprong. It is clear that, in its words, the “mitigatingcircumstances Scott wishes his counsel had presented . . . arelargely, even overwhelmingly, negated by evidence that hisbackground includes commission of robbery, assault,kidnaping, and other violent acts upon innocent citizens,” andthat prosecutors would have elicited such information fromany family members who testified for Scott. The mitigatingevidence would have revealed Scott’s personal loyalty to hissiblings, girlfriend, and children, and an exceedingly violentenvironment throughout his upbringing. As the district courtsaid, it is impossible to say for certain that one juror wouldnot have been swayed by this evidence, but certainty is notrequired here; we must ask only whether Scott has met hisburden of demonstrating a reasonable probability that thiswould happen. None of the proffered mitigating evidencereduces Scott’s culpability for the Prince murder or the stringof violence that preceded it. Scott can only offer ahypothetical juror, not a reasonable probability, and hencecannot show prejudice.As to the firstStricklandprong, were we to reach it, it is notclear that the lawyers’ performances fell below the objectivestandard. The state court fact findings that we are bound byindicate that neither Scott nor any proposed witness made anyattempt to assist the attorneys in finding mitigating evidence,and that this made the job more difficult. This difficulty, ofcourse, does not excuse a lack of attempt on the lawyers’ part.Nos. 98-4272/4321Scott v. Mitchell11the federal court must go through a complicated analysis.First, the court must determine that there is a stateprocedural rule that is applicable to the petitioner’s claimand that the petitioner failed to comply with the rule. [...]Second, the court must decide whether the state courtsactually enforced the state procedural sanction. [...]Third, the court must decide whether the state proceduralforfeiture is an “adequate and independent” state groundon which the state can rely to foreclose review of afederal constitutional claim. [...] This question generallywill involve an examination of the legitimate stateinterests behind the procedural rule in light of the federalinterest in considering federal claims. [Fourth], thepetitioner must demonstrate underSykesthat there was“cause” for him to not follow the procedural rule and thathe was actually prejudiced by the alleged constitutionalerror.Id.at 138 (citations omitted). For purposes of the proceduraldefault analysis, the district court grouped Scott’s eighteenthground for relief—the claim that the penalty-phase juryinstruction on unanimity is unconstitutional—with hischallenges to two other penalty-phase jury instructions—thatthe jury’s recommendation of death was not binding on thetrial court (Ground 14) and that the jury was to disregardemotions of mercy or sympathy (Ground 16)—because nocontemporaneous objection to any of the three instructionshad been raised. The district court noted that Scott had raisedthese three arguments for the first time on direct appeal. TheOhio Court of Appeals noted the default and plain errorstandard of review, but went on to address the merits of theclaims.See Scott, 1985 WL 9047 at *8. The Ohio SupremeCourt more explicitly relied on the procedural default, butnonetheless allowed for the possibility that Scott could proveplain error. The Ohio Supreme Court conducted a lengthyreview of the record for plain error as to Ground 14, and ashorter review as to Ground 16. As to the unanimityinstruction claim, however, the Ohio Supreme Court said onlythis:12Scott v. MitchellNos. 98-4272/4321Appellant next argues that the requirement ofunanimity in recommending a life sentence denies acapital defendant his right to a fair trial and freedom fromcruel and unusual punishment.Again, appellant neglected to object to the trial court’sinstruction in this regard and has accordingly waived anyobjections with regard to this alleged error.State v.Fanning,supra. More importantly, inState v. Jenkins,[...], this court ruled that a jury’s recommendation of alife sentence under R.C. 2929.03(D)(2) must beunanimous.State v. Scott, 497 N.E.2d 55, 69 (Ohio 1986).The district court concluded that none of these three claimshad been procedurally defaulted. The court first noted that inexamining Scott’s fourteenth and sixteenth grounds and“arguably in examining Scott’s eighteenth ground, as well,”the Ohio Supreme Court had not simply relied on Ohio’scontemporaneous-objection rule, but had conducted a plainerror analysis; hence, the Ohio Supreme Court “did notwholly overlook Scott’s procedural default.” Relying on anunpublished decision of this circuit,Knuckles v. Rogers, No.92-3208, 1993 WL 11874 (6th Cir. Jan 21, 1993) (percuriam), the district court further concluded that in any event,Ohio’s contemporaneous-objection rule is not an adequateand independent state ground on which the state could rely toforeclose review of these claims because that rule is notindependent of federal law.1. The Trial Court’s Penalty-Phase Instruction on JuryUnanimityWith regard to Scott’s challenge to the penalty-phaseunanimity instruction—the only ground on which the districtcourt granted the writ—we hold that the district court erred.It is undisputed here that the firstMaupinprong has beenestablished; Scott does not question the applicability ofOhio’s contemporaneous-objection rule and he does not claimto have made such an objection. Scott does not address inthis appeal the fourthMaupinprong, the cause and prejudiceNos. 98-4272/4321Scott v. Mitchell418Scott had the right under Ohio law to testify under oath or make anunsworn statement to the jury, and he chose the latter. Scott used thisopportunity to continue to deny his guilt (“I feel insulted, and that’s whatI wanted to reflect to you. Insult when you charged me.”), and explicitlytold the jury that he was not going to tell them any reasons that theyshould show him mercy since he was not guilty and that was all theyneeded to know (“I don’t have to sit here and say ‘Give me mercy.’ WhatI mean, I don’t want no mercy . . . I don’t care what they say out of they[sic] mouths, and I’m telling you, it is me now talking for me . . . . Ididn’t care that you found me guilty, but it was up to you. I felt youcouldn’t because the truth has got to rise, but . . . you did, and it don’tscare me when they say you are going to give me the death penalty.”).The district court found all but one of the several groundsfor ineffectiveness of his trial counsel that Scott raised beforeit to be procedurally barred, and Scott does not pursue thosedefaulted allegations on appeal. The sole remaining argumentis that Scott’s sentencing-phase counsel were ineffectivebecause they failed to research possible mitigating factors,and also failed to interview Scott’s several family memberswho often attended the trial. Scott’s attorneys did not presentany mitigating evidence other than Scott’s own unswornstatement to the jury.8They pursued a “residual doubt”strategy, in which the defendant appeals to the jury’s lingeringdoubt regarding the conviction in an attempt to dissuade themfrom imposing the death penalty. The state trial court held apost-conviction evidentiary hearing on this issue, anddetermined that: (1) trial counsel’s testimony was morereliable than that of the family members; (2) the intransigenceof Scott and his family was responsible for his counsel’sfailure to identify and obtain mitigating evidence from thefamily members; (3) the family members made no attempt tooffer assistance until after Scott’s conviction; and (4) hadScott chosen to have a pre-sentence investigation reportprepared or had the family members testified, the jury wouldhave learned of Scott’s extensive criminal history. The courtalso made two other mixed findings of law and fact, namelythat the family’s testimony was unreliable and unhelpful andthat Scott’s lawyers acted in his best interest. The districtcourt appropriately acknowledged its deference to thehearing’s findings on the primary, historical facts, which Scott40Scott v. MitchellNos. 98-4272/4321unless there is an “overwhelming probability” that they wereignored.Richardson v. Marsh, 481 U.S. 200, 208 (1987).Scott’s scenario of jury bias is not nearly tenable enough toovercome these presumptions. Scott and Justice MarshallcitedQuercia v. United States, 289 U.S. 466 (1933), for theproposition that the judge’s comments warped the jury’sperception beyond all hope of repair. The extremity of thatcase’s facts, however, provide a perfect foil to demonstratethe mildness of the instant case. InQuercia, the trial judgeinstructed the jury that he believed every word the defendantsaid to be a lie because the defendant had wiped his handswhile on the stand.See id. at 468-69. Here, we have onlyScott’s inference that the court’s facially innocuous statementmay have been understood as a “frank, unguarded admission”of the judge’s opinion, which would then have a prejudicialeffect on a juror’s verdict. All we know for certain is that thecourt communicated the existence of pretrial publicity, whichPattonheld not to be an indelible influence on a juror’s mind.See also United States v. Peters, 754 F.2d 753, 762-63 (7thCir. 1985) (recounting several studies demonstrating capitaljurors’ ability to put media reports out of their minds and voteexclusively on the evidence). This alone does not destroyfundamental fairness.C. Ineffective Assistance of Trial Counsel During thePenalty PhaseWe apply to this claim the same de novo standard listedabove. For Scott’s counsel to have deprived him of his SixthAmendment right to effective assistance, the counsel’sperformance must have “so undermined the properfunctioning of the adversarial process that the trial cannot berelied on as having produced a just result.”Strickland v.Washington, 466 U.S. 668, 686 (1984). It is Scott’s burdento show his attorneys’ performance fell below an objectivestandard of reasonableness and that Scott was therebyprejudiced.See id. at 687-88. Counsel’s performance isstrongly presumed to be effective.See id. at 690;Kimmelmanv. Morrison, 477 U.S. 365, 381 (1986).Nos. 98-4272/4321Scott v. Mitchell13test, although the district court did address that issue. Rather,Scott focuses on the second and thirdMaupinprongs, arguingthat the Ohio courts did not actually enforce the statecontemporaneous-objection rule and that the rule is neither anadequate nor an independent state ground.(a). The SecondMaupinProng – Application of the RuleThe determination of whether a state court decision wasbased on a state procedural rule is a legal question that wereview de novo.See Couch v. Jabe, 951 F.2d 94, 96 (6th Cir.1991) (per curiam). Scott argued to the district court that byconducting a plain-error review, the Ohio Supreme Court hadexcused the procedural default and hence had not enforced thestate procedural sanction. The district court did not entirelyagree: “It is questionable whether the Ohio Supreme Courttruly overlooked Scott’s procedural defaults and examined themerits of Scott’s three grounds regarding jury instructions.[...] A plain error analysis is not tantamount to a review onthe merits, so the Ohio Supreme Court did not whollyoverlook Scott’s procedural default.”On appeal, Scott cites the Supreme Court’s holding inHarris v. Reed, 489 U.S. 255, 257 (1989), that federal habeascourts are to apply the “plain statement rule” ofMichigan v.Longto determine whether a state court decision was basedon a state law ground, and that any ambiguity as to whetherthe holding was based on or intertwined with federal lawrequires the application of theLongrule. Scott urges us tofind that the Ohio Supreme Court decided his challenge to thejury unanimity instruction on its merits, not on the basis of theprocedural bar, citing as evidence the fact that in its threesentence disposition of this claim, the Ohio Supreme Courtbegan the last sentence with the words “More importantly.”Scott’s argument is meritless. The issued addressed inHarris, as we explain below in relation to the thirdMaupinfactor, is whether the state court decision actually relies on astate procedural ground that is both adequate and independentfrom federal law;Harrisdoes not preclude a finding that thestate procedural rule was actually enforced where the state14Scott v. MitchellNos. 98-4272/4321court decision also relies on an alternative ground. Scott’sonly arguable basis for asserting that the Ohio Supreme Courtdid not enforce the contemporaneous-objection rule is its“More importantly” sentence. The district court viewed thissentence as only “arguably”amounting to a plain error review,and did not accept Scott’s argument that this was the primaryholding. We conclude that the Ohio Supreme Court’sadversion to Ohio’s substantive law regarding jury unanimitywith regard to the recommendation of a life sentence was noteven arguably a plain error review, but was simply asupplement to its holding that Scott had waived any objectionto the jury instruction by failing to object at the time theinstruction was given.(b). The ThirdMaupinProng – Adequate andIndependent State GroundScott claims not only that the Ohio Supreme Court did notenforce the contemporaneous-objection rule and hold hischallenge to the unanimity instruction barred; he claims thatbecause the contemporaneous-objection rule does notpreclude the state appellate courts from performing a plainerror review, the rule itself is dependent on federal law and istherefore not an “independent and adequate state ground”underMaupin. Here the district court agreed. For support, itturned to our unpublished decision inKnuckles v. Rogers, No.92-3208, 1993 WL 11874, at **2-3 (6th Cir. Jan. 21, 1993)(per curiam):[I]t is clear that Ohio has a contemporaneous objectionrule, and that the Ohio courts treat the failure to object toa claimed error as a procedural default. Ohio R. Crim. P.52;State v. Williams, 304 N.E.2d 1364 (Ohio 1977).Since Knuckles failed to object contemporaneously to theallegedly improper remarks, he violated Ohio'scontemporaneous objection rule and committed aprocedural default. However, the procedural default didnot foreclose all consideration by the Ohio appellatecourt; the Ohio court examined the record to determineif the allegedly improper remarks were "plain error."Nos. 98-4272/4321Scott v. Mitchell39in response to evidence presented at trial. In this context, wehave saidIt is the duty of the trial judge to conduct an orderly trialwith the goal of eliciting the truth and attaining justicebetween the parties. In charging the jury, the trial judgeis not limited to instructions of an abstract sort. It iswithin his province, whenever he thinks it necessary, toassist the jury in arriving at a just conclusion byexplaining and commenting upon the evidence, bydrawing their attention to the parts of it which he thinksimportant; and he may express his opinion upon thefacts, provided he makes it clear to the jury that allmatters of fact are submitted to their determination. Thedistrict judge may not assume the role of a witness. Heor she may, however, analyze and dissect the evidence,as long as the district judge does not distort or add to it.When commenting on the evidence, the trial judge musttake great care to avoid undue prejudice of the jury.United States v. Blakeney, 942 F.2d 1001, 1013 (6th Cir.1991) (citations, quotations and alterations omitted). Hence,the judge did not exceed his authority merely by pointing outthe existence of the article and discussing its contents as abasis to judge juror impartiality.Allegations of jury bias must be viewed with skepticismwhen the challenged influence occurred before the jurors tooktheir oath to be impartial. Holding that pretrial publicity didnot bias a juror inPatton v. Yount, 467 U.S. 1025, 1036(1984), the Court said that the partiality of a juror “is plainlya question of historical fact: did a juror swear that he could setaside any opinion he might hold and decide the case on theevidence, and should the juror's protestation of impartialityhave been believed.” Accordingly, the Court held that sucha determination by a state court was entitled to a presumptionof correctness on habeas review under 28 U.S.C. § 2254(d).This is especially so in light of the two curative instructionsthe court gave, which we must presume to have been effective38Scott v. MitchellNos. 98-4272/4321B. The Trial Judge’s Comments to the Jury VenireWe examine this claim de novo, with deference to factsfound in state court, for denial of fundamental fairness. It isnot procedurally barred.Scott challenges a remark made by the trial judge which heclaims communicated to the jury the court’s belief that Scottparticipated in the crime. During voir dire, the judgeexplained to the jury that the court knew there was notorietysurrounding the case because he had seen a newspaper articleon it. The judge mentioned some details of the crime, thencontinued, “Not only was Mr. Scott – at least from thenewspaper reports that I think I had read – was involved inthis, there were three other--. . . .” At that point, the defenseobjected, and received a sidebar. The Court gave a curativeinstruction explaining the court’s lack of knowledge on thecase beyond the article. Scott moved for a mistrial, which theprosecution reluctantly joined. Denying the motion, the Courtgave another instruction reiterating its neutrality and thejury’s duty to decide based solely on the evidence.Dissenting from Scott’s denial of certiorari, JusticesMarshall and Brennan lambasted the Ohio courts forupholding such an “extraordinary error” that “overwhelmedthe presumption of innocence.”Scott v. Ohio, 480 U.S. at925. They also pointed out that empaneling another jurywould have been easy at the voir dire stage. For this reasonand because the prosecutor joined the mistrial motion, thedistrict court found this issue a “close call.” Nonetheless, thecourt found no fundamental unfairness. It viewed thecomments as reporting to the jury the media’s conclusion, andthe fact that even the judge had seen the coverage, in anattempt to determine the jury’s ability to be impartial. Itconcluded by noting that the verdict would likely have beenupheld under Supreme Court precedent even if the jurythemselves had read the article.We find no error in the district court’s conclusion. Thethreat of prejudicial comments from the court usually arisesNos. 98-4272/4321Scott v. Mitchell15The basic inquiry in the plain error analysis in Ohio iswhether the defendant has been denied a "fair trial."Whether a person is denied a fair trial is a question to beresolved by applying principles of federal constitutionallaw. Therefore, we conclude that the Ohio appellatecourt's decision was not independent of federal law.(footnote omitted). The district court concluded that “[g]iventhe reasoning inKnuckles, this court must conclude thatOhio’s application of its contemporaneous objection rule inthis case was not independent of federal law.” For the reasonsthat follow, we hold that the district court erred in holdingthat the Ohio Supreme Court’s dismissal of this claim doesnot rest on an adequate and independent state ground.In the recent published opinion inCoe v. Bell, 161 F.3d 320(6th Cir. 1998), this circuit addressed the issue of whether afederal habeas court is required to disregard a state court’sfinding of procedural bar because the state court also issuedan alternative holding. We explained inCoethat, in contrastto the state court’s statements inHarristhat the state had a“well-settled” principle of law that issues which could havebeen raised on direct appeal but were not are consideredwaived, and that petitioner’s claim “could have been raised in[his] direct appeal,”id.at 330 (quotingHarris, 489 U.S. at258 (alteration in original)), the state court inCoe“tookthings one step further, . . . and explicitly and clearly said thatCoe had no cognizable claim. There was, therefore, asufficiently clear and express statement here.”Id.at 330-31.It isCoethat governs our analysis here.Knuckles, on the other hand, is an unpublished opinion, andtherefore is not binding upon subsequent panels of the court.See6 Cir. R. 206 (1998). And, in any event, inKnuckleswedid not hold that Ohio’s contemporaneous-objection rule orthe Ohio court’s application of that rule was not independentof federal law; rather, we held that in that case the Ohiocourt’s decision that there was no plain error was notindependent of federal law.16Scott v. MitchellNos. 98-4272/43215The court alleviated this concern by finding that the Warden alsofailed the fourthMaupinprong, the cause and prejudice test. Thatconclusion was also erroneous, as we will address below.Here, the district court itself acknowledged that its“adequate and independent state ground” analysis was “moretenuous” with regard to the unanimity instruction than theother two claims, because “the Ohio Supreme Court did notclearly apply a plain error analysis to Scott’s eighteenthground . . .”5As we have indicated, however, the concludingsentence in the relevant Ohio Supreme Court passage simplydid not amount to any type of review, much less onedependent on or intertwined with federal law.More importantly—and we use that term advisedly—Harrisspecifically instructed state courts that theyneed not fear reaching the merits of a federal claim in analternativeholding. By its very definition, the adequateand independent state ground doctrine requires thefederal court to honor a state holding that is a sufficientbasis for the state court's judgment, even when the statecourt also relies on federal law. Thus, by applying thisdoctrine to habeas cases,Sykescurtails reconsideration ofthe federal issue on federal habeas as long as the statecourt explicitly invokes a state procedural bar rule as aseparate basis for decision. In this way, a state court mayreach a federal question without sacrificing its interestsin finality, federalism, and comity.Harris, 489 U.S. at 264 n. 10 (citations omitted). Further, theSupreme Court instructed inColemanthat “[a] predicate tothe application of theHarrispresumption is that the decisionof the last state court to which the petitioner presented hisfederal claims must fairly appear to rest primarily on federallaw or to be interwoven with federal law.”Coleman, 501U.S. at 735. AsColemanmakes very clear, to applyHarrisany more broadly would eviscerate the very foundations ofthe adequate and independent state ground doctrine, which areNos. 98-4272/4321Scott v. Mitchell37duty, your efforts must be to arrive at a just verdict.Consider all the evidence and make your finding withintelligence and impartiality, without bias, sympathy orprejudice, so that the State of Ohio and the defendant willfeel that their case was fairly and impartially tried.We rejected a challenge to the substance of this instruction inMapesas well:Third, an instruction to a death-sentence jury that it maydisregard the statutory criteria for imposing a deathsentence may be constitutionally impermissible in lightof the probability that such an instruction would result inarbitrary and unpredictable results.See California v.Brown, 479 U.S. 538, 541, 107 S.Ct. 837, 93 L.Ed.2d934 (1987). According to the Court, "sentencers may notbe given unbridled discretion in determining the fates ofthose charged with capital offenses."Id. Thus, aninstruction that the jury should not be swayed by "meresentiment, conjecture, sympathy, passion, prejudice,public opinion or public feeling" was not onlyunobjectionable inBrown, it "serve[d] the useful purposeof confining the jury's imposition of the death sentenceby cautioning it against reliance on [irrelevant,]extraneous emotional factors."Id.at 542, 543, 107 S.Ct.837. Thus, there is no merit whatsoever to Mapes'sclaimed entitlement to a "merciful discretion" instruction,in light of the likely tendency of such an instruction tolead to arbitrary differences in whom is selected to besentenced to death.171 F.3d at 415-16 (emphasis omitted, alterations in original).The district court also correctly relied onBrown, reasoningthat the instruction followed that decision by warning againstall emotional responses, both in favor of and against Scott.There was no error as to this instruction either.36Scott v. MitchellNos. 98-4272/43211982), any error was waived. As was the case inCoe, thestate court’s statement could have been clearer and moreexpress, but the test is not whether the state court could havesaid it better. It is enough that the court specifically held thatthe claims were waived; the court’s alternative holding thatthere was no plain error “does not require us to disregard thestate court’s finding of procedural bar.”Coe, 161 F.3d at 330.We further conclude, however, that the district courtcorrectly determined that neither of these claims had merit.The trial judge instructed the jury that its recommendation ofdeath would be “just that – a recommendation,” while arecommendation of life imprisonment “is binding upon theCourt, and I, the Judge, must impose the specific life sentencewhich you recommend.” Scott claims that this violates theprinciple established inCaldwell v. Mississippi, 472 U.S. 320(1985), that courts must not mislead the jury into believing ithas less responsibility than it actually does for choosing thedeath sentence.We recently rejected this precise claim inMapes v. Coyle,171 F.3d 408, 414-15 (6th Cir. 1999). Moreover, as thedistrict court correctly held,Caldwellis limited to situationsin which the jury is misled as to its role “in a way that allows[it] to feel less responsible than it should for the sentencingdecision. Thus, to establish aCaldwellviolation, a defendantnecessarily must show that the remarks to the jury improperlydescribed the role assigned to the jury by local law.”Romanov. Oklahoma, 512 U.S. 1, 9 (1994) (citations and alterationsomitted);see also Dugger, 489 U.S. at 407;Kordenbrock,919 F.2d at 1101. AsMapespoints out, this instructionaccurately describes Ohio law. There is no error with regardto this instruction.The trial court also instructed the jury:You must not be influenced by any consideration ofsympathy or prejudice. It is your duty to carefully weighthe evidence to decide all disputed questions of fact, toapply the instructions of the Court to your findings, andto render your verdict accordingly. In fulfilling yourNos. 98-4272/4321Scott v. Mitchell17federalism, finality and comity.See id.at 730-32, 738-39,749.The state court decision in the case before us here reliedmore obviously on adequate and independent state proceduralgrounds than did the state court decision inColemanitself.There, the Virginia Supreme Court granted the state’s motionthat requested summary dismissal purely on state proceduralgrounds, although the court’s use of the phrase “[u]ponconsideration whereof [referring to the parties’ briefs]”suggested that the court may have considered the merits of thefilings as well.Coleman, 501 U.S. at 728. The SupremeCourt refused to read this ambiguity as “overriding the court’sexplicit grant of a dismissal motion based solely onprocedural grounds. Those grounds are independent offederal law.”Id.at 744.Nothing in the Ohio Supreme Court’s analysis with regardto the unanimity instruction suggests that the court relied onfederal law. That court explicitly said that Scott had waivedthe error by failing to object at trial, and that it had previouslyinterpreted a state statute to require unanimity anyway. Thereis no mention of a plain-error analysis, and not even a hintthat federal law played a role in dismissing this claim. Andthe Ohio Supreme Court’s concluding sentence in ruling onthe unanimity instruction, even if it could be viewed as relatedto federal law, was in addition to and separate from itsexplicit holding on state procedural grounds.Finally, inEngle v. Isaac, 456 U.S. 107, 124-29 (1982), theSupreme Court specifically found that default imposed forfailure to object contemporaneously as required by Ohio’sRule 30 is an adequate and independent state ground to barfederal habeas review absent a showing of cause andprejudice. In so holding, the Court specifically rejectedScott’s argument:Relying uponState v. Long, [...] respondents argue thatthe Ohio Supreme Court has recognized its power, underOhio's plain-error rule, to excuse Rule 30 defaults.Long,however, does not persuade us that the Ohio courts18Scott v. MitchellNos. 98-4272/4321would have excused respondents' defaults. First, theLongcourt stressed that the plain-error rule applies onlyin "exceptional circumstances," such as where, "but forthe error, the outcome of the trial clearly would havebeen otherwise." [...] Second, theLongdecision itselfrefused to invoke the plain-error rule for a defendant whopresented a constitutional claim identical to the onepressed by respondents.See id.at 125 n. 27. InColeman, the Court also very stronglyimplied its continued disapproval of the rule the district courthere ascribes toKnuckles. As a preamble to its discussion ofindependent state grounds, the Court acknowledged that it hadpreviously held that Oklahoma’s review for “fundamentaltrial error” before applying state procedural defaults “was notindependent of federal law so as to bar direct review becausethe State had made application of the procedural bar dependon an antecedent ruling on federal law.”Coleman, 501 U.S.at 741 (citingAke v. Oklahoma, 470 U.S. 68 (1985))(quotations and alterations omitted). TheColemanCourt thendistinguished that holding by observing simply that “Akewasa direct review case. We have never applied its rule regardingindependent state grounds in federal habeas. But even ifAkeapplies here, it does Coleman no good because the VirginiaSupreme Court relied on an independent state proceduralrule.”Id.The Supreme Court, then, does not find the merereservation of discretion to review for plain error inexceptional circumstances sufficient to constitute anapplication of federal law. Neither Scott norKnucklespointsto any change in Ohio law that could distinguishEngleorColemanfrom the present case, and as in Ohio’sLongcasethatEnglecites, the Ohio Court here did not invoke its plainerror review for this claim.We issued a similar ruling inPaprocki v. Foltz, 869 F.2d281, 284-85 (6th Cir. 1989). There we enforced a default forfailure to object contemporaneously in a Michigan court,although the state courts reserved the right to excuse thedefault for “manifest injustice.” We noted thatNos. 98-4272/4321Scott v. Mitchell35on that jury,id.at 1040, its requirement of an explicitinstruction that “a solitary juror may prevent a death penaltyrecommendation” was prospective only;Brooksdid not holdthat all instructions requiring unanimous recommendations oflife or death in previously decided Ohio death-penalty caseswere unconstitutional.See id.at 1042. There is nothing intheBrooksopinion to cast doubt on the Ohio SupremeCourt’s previous approval of Scott’s sentence (or, for thatmatter, Mapes’s). As we have explained, ourCoedecision,which well precededMapes, explicitly held that unanimityinstructions like those in this case do not violateMills. TheMapesdicta cannot preclude us from followingCoein thiscase.We further note that the district court was clearly incorrectin finding error in the trial court’s failure to advise the jury inits unanimity instruction as to the consequences of deadlock.The Supreme Court has chastised such instructions asencouraging deadlock and undermining the stronggovernmental interest in unanimous verdicts.See Jonesv.United States, 119 S.Ct. 2090, 2099-2100 (1999). We did thesame inCoe, 161 F.3d at 339-40.2. The Trial Court’s Penalty-Phase InstructionsRegarding Considerations of Mercy and Effect ofRecommendation of DeathAs with the challenge to the unanimity instruction, the Stateclaims that Scott’s challenges to these two jury instructionsare defaulted because Scott made no contemporaneousobjection. The district court held that these claims had notbeen procedurally defaulted because the Ohio Supreme Courthad performed a plain-error review of each of them. Thedistrict court determined, however, that the claims werewithout merit.We think that the district court erred in holding that theseclaims were not procedurally defaulted. As to each of them,the Ohio Supreme Court explicitly stated that Scott had failedto raise any contemporaneous objection, and under itsprecedent ofState v. Fanning, 437 N.E.2d 583, 585 (Ohio34Scott v. MitchellNos. 98-4272/4321mitigating factors.” This instruction pertains only to theweighing process, and not to the existence of individualmitigatingoraggravating factors. Indeed, the instructionreferences these factors in the past tense, which suggests thatthe jurors were to have formed their opinions on the factors’existence before attempting to reach unanimity on their netweight. As inCoe, “[n]othing in this language couldreasonably be taken to require unanimity as to the presence ofa mitigating factor.” 161 F.3d at 338. Whether or not thedistrict court was correct that the instruction violated Ohiolaw by not conforming with the Ohio Supreme Court’ssubsequent decision inBrooks(which we find doubtful, giventhat court’s approval of Scott’s sentence), it does not violateScott’s federal constitutional rights underMillsand thereforecannot justify habeas relief.Our conclusion is not altered by the portion of the opinioninMapes v. Coyle, 171 F.3d 408 (6th Cir. 1999), whichsuggests that such unanimity instructions are erroneous. Inthat Ohio capital case, we reviewed a similar challenge to avirtually identical unanimity instruction.See Mapes, 171F.3d at 416 (“[Y]ou must unanimously find that the State hasfailed to prove beyond a reasonable doubt that the aggravatingcircumstances of which the defendant was found guilty ofcommitting outweigh the mitigating factors.”). We stated indicta that this instruction was erroneous becauseBrookshadfound such instructions to violate the Eighth and FourteenthAmendments, but we declined to issue a writ on this groundbecause the petitioner had procedurally defaulted that claim.See id. at 416-17, 419. The only reliance on federalconstitutional law inBrooks, however, is its citation toMillsin explaining why it would thenceforth require that Ohiojurors be explicitly instructed that “a solitary juror mayprevent a death penalty recommendation by finding that theaggravating circumstances in the case do not outweigh themitigating factors.”Brooks, 661 N.E.2d at 1042. AlthoughtheBrookscase was remanded for resentencing because theOhio Supreme Court could not be sure of the effect that theinstruction to “determine unanimously that the death penaltyis inappropriate before you can consider a life sentence” hadNos. 98-4272/4321Scott v. Mitchell19[w]e would be loath to adopt an exception to the "causeand prejudice" rule that would discourage state appellatecourts from undertaking the sort of inquiry conducted bythe Michigan court, and we do not believe that the statecourt's explanation of why the jury instructions resultedin no manifest injustice can fairly be said to haveconstituted a waiver of the procedural default.Id.at 285. Although this statement appears addressed moretowards the determination of whether the state courts actuallyenforced the bar (Maupin’s second prong) instead of itsindependence from federal law, the reasoning is equallyapplicable to this discussion.All in all, we think it is clear thatKnuckles, an unpublisheddecision of this court, cannot provide persuasive authority tosupport a finding that the Ohio Supreme Court did not rely onan independent state procedural ground in disposing ofScott’s challenge to the trial court’s penalty-phase instructionon jury unanimity.In addition to his claim that Ohio’s contemporaneousobjection rule is not independent of federal law, Scott alsoargues that it is not “adequate” because it is not consistentlyenforced. The Supreme Court has held that an independentstate rule must be firmly established and regularly followed inorder to be adequate.See Ford v. Georgia, 498 U.S. 411,423-24 (1991);Byrdv. Collins, No. 96-3209, slip op. at 53(6th Cir. Apr. 6, 2000) (followingFord). Scott claims thatthe Ohio Supreme Court has retained “unfettered discretion”to waive the rule and has been “remarkably inconsistent” inapplying it. He points to cases where the court ignoredpotential defaults and dismissed on the merits. InState v.Zuern, 512 N.E.2d 585, 592 (Ohio 1987), the capitaldefendant raised his nine constitutional challenges to thestate’s death penalty statute by a general oral objection ratherthan by a specific motion. The Ohio Supreme Court held thatalthough this technically constituted waiver under Ohio law,“because of the nature of the case and the exacting reviewnecessary where the death penalty is involved, [it] reserve[d]20Scott v. MitchellNos. 98-4272/4321the right to consider the constitutional challenges in particularcases.”Id.This somewhat relaxed approach to reviewing aclaim that was raised, but in an incorrect manner, is a separatematter entirely from Scott’s complete failure to objectcontemporaneously. InState v. Hamblin, 524 N.E.2d 476,479 (Ohio 1988), the capital defendant raised in the appellatecourt two grounds for ineffective assistance of counsel, andadded three new grounds in the Supreme Court. Although thenew grounds were technically waived, the court said that“[b]ecause this is a capital case, we will review all fivearguments relating to the claim of ineffective assistance ofcounsel.”Id.As was the case inZuern,Hamblindid notinvolve a completely forfeited issue. InState v. Williams, 528N.E.2d 910, 914 (Ohio 1988), the Court observed that“[b]ecause of the gravity of the sentence that has beenimposed on appellant, we have reviewed the record with carefor any errors that may not have been brought to our attention.In addition, we have considered any pertinent legal argumentswhich were not briefed or argued by the parties.” Despite thisobservation, the court affirmed the sentence and did notdiscuss any specific error that the parties had not raised.None of these cases involved the contemporaneous-objectionrule. Finally, inState v. Coleman, 544 N.E.2d 622, 627 (Ohio1989), the court did apparently waive the default resultingfrom the defendant’s failure to object contemporaneously toa jury instruction: “However, since this is a capital case wehave reviewed the jury instructions and find not only thatthere was a correct statement of the law but also that the trialcourt additionally instructed the jury it could not convict thedefendant of aggravated murder unless it found [specificintent to kill].”These cases do indicate that the Ohio Supreme Courtemploys an abundance of caution in capital cases, and, onoccasion, has relaxed its enforcement of default. They do not,however, indicate that Ohio reserves so much leeway incapital cases that we are justified here in ignoring itssovereign decision founded upon its own procedural rule. Incases where state procedural grounds have not been enforcedby federal courts because they were not firmly established andNos. 98-4272/4321Scott v. Mitchell33or more mitigating circumstances, the sentence shallbe life imprisonment.For both the death verdict and the life imprisonmentverdict, the jury was told that its verdict must beunanimous.Id.at 337 (alterations in original). As in this case, the districtcourt inCoefound this instruction to be unacceptable under,inter alia,Mills, “because there was a reasonable probabilitythat the jurors believed that they could consider only thosemitigating circumstances that they unanimously agreed werepresent.”Id.Coeupheld the instruction because requiringunanimity only as to the results of the weighing process “is afar different matter than requiring unanimity as to thepresenceof a mitigating factor . . . . The instructions sayclearly and correctly that in order to obtain aunanimousverdict, each juror must conclude that the mitigators do notoutweigh the aggravators.”Id.at 338 (emphasis in original).In this regard,Coespecifically distinguished that instructionfrom those at issue inMills, 486 U.S. at 387 (reviewing averdict form that read “Based upon the evidence weunanimously find that each of the following mitigatingcircumstances which is marked 'yes' has been proven to existby a preponderance of the evidence and each mitigatingcircumstance marked 'no' has not been proven by apreponderance of the evidence” (emphasis omitted)), andKubat, 867 F.2d at 369 (“If . . . you unanimously concludethat there is a sufficiently mitigating factor or factors topreclude imposition of the death sentence, you should sign theverdict form which so indicates.”), which much more clearlyrequired unanimity in the finding of mitigating factors.Similarly, Scott’s jury was instructed to recommend deathif it unanimously found “that the aggravating circumstanceswhich Jay Scott was found guilty of committing outweigh themitigating factors,” and to choose an appropriate life sentenceif it was unanimous in finding “that the State of Ohio failedto prove that the aggravating circumstances which thedefendant . . . was found guilty of committing, outweigh the32Scott v. MitchellNos. 98-4272/4321condemned byMills v. Maryland, 486 U.S. 367 (1988). Thedistrict court saw the fact that a minority of this Court hadfollowedKubat, and the majority had merely distinguished itfactually, inKordenbrock v. Scroggy, 919 F.2d 1091 (6th Cir.1990) (en banc), as evidence that we would followKubathere. Therefore, the court found a substantial possibility thatthe “faulty jury instruction which created this mis-impressionviolated Scott's Fourteenth Amendment right to be free fromdeprivation of life without due process of law.”We think that the court’s likening of the instruction givenhere to those at issue inMillsandKubatwas incorrect. Thoseinstructions required the jury to be unanimous in its findingof each mitigating factor, whereas this instruction plainlyapplies only to the overall weighing of mitigating andaggravating factors. In this regard, Scott’s argument isindistinguishable from the one we recently rejected inCoe v.Bell, 161 F.3d 320, 336-39 (6th Cir. 1998). In that case,The jury was then given the form its verdict should take:(1) We, the Jury, unanimously find the following listedstatutory aggravating circumstance or circumstances;. . . . .(2) We, the Jury, unanimously find that there are nomitigating circumstances sufficiently substantial tooutweigh the [aggravating circumstances] so listedabove.(3) Therefore, we, the Jury, unanimously find that thepunishment shall be death.The alternate result was then provided for and explained:If you unanimously determine that no statutoryaggravating circumstance has been proved by theState beyond a reasonable doubt; or if the Juryunanimously determine that [aggravatingcircumstances] have been proved by the Statebeyond a reasonable doubt; but that said[aggravating circumstances] are outweighed by oneNos. 98-4272/4321Scott v. Mitchell21regularly applied, the facts have been much more extremethan these isolated examples of discretion.See,e.g,Ford,498 U.S. at 423-24 (finding state rule governing timing ofBatsonchallenges to racial makeup of jury not even remotelyclose to being “firmly established and regularly followed”because it was a novel rule applied retroactively);Barr v. Cityof Columbia, 378 U.S. 146, 149 (1964) (rejecting state court’sexplanation that petition was worded too generally to haveraised an issue because that court had recently accepted anidentically worded appeal);Warner v. United States, 975 F.2d1207, 1213-14 (6th Cir. 1992) (rejecting Ohio SupremeCourt’s reliance on failure to raise ineffective assistance ondirect appeal as reason for default because there was no suchrequirement at the time). Rather, this case is more like thosein which some minor inconsistency in applying the rule hasbeen noted but held not to be severe enough to override thefederalism, finality and comity interests served by enforcingthe bar.See,e.g.,Coleman, 501 U.S. at 758 (White, J.,concurring) (“Petitioner argues that the Virginia court does infact waive the rule on occasion, but I am not now convincedthat there is a practice of waiving the rule when constitutionalissues are at stake, even fundamental ones. The evidence istoo scanty to permit a conclusion that the rule is no longer anadequate and independent state ground”);Dugger v. Adams,489 U.S. 401, 410 n. 6 (1989) (“respondent asserts . . . thatthe Florida Supreme Court has failed to apply its proceduralrule consistently and regularly because it has addressed themerits in several cases raisingCaldwellclaims onpostconviction review. In the vast majority of cases,however, the [court] has faithfully applied its rule that claimsnot raised on direct appeal cannot be raised on postconvictionreview”);Byrd, No. 96-3209, slip op. at 53-54 (followingDuggerin holding that four examples of waiver of default byOhio courts are not enough to overcome the vast majority ofcases enforcing the default);Coe, 161 F.3d at 331 (“The few[cases that are not adverse or too old to be relevant] areisolated and unpublished, and so are . . . insufficient to defeatan otherwise ‘strict and regular’ practice”);Shepard v. Foltz,771 F.2d 962, 966 (6th Cir. 1985) (“we [recently] questionedour prior determination whether Michigan enforces a22Scott v. MitchellNos. 98-4272/4321contemporaneous objection rule with respect toSandstromviolations, and, in any event, we held that a federal habeaspetitioner must meet theSykestest if the Michigan courts infact applied such a rule”).Application of the adequate and independent state grounddoctrine in this case also requires an assessment of thespecific state interest served by enforcing thecontemporaneous-objection rule.See Wesselman v. Seabold,834 F.2d 99, 101 (6th Cir. 1987) (noting that resolution of thisprong “turns on the substantiality of the state interestinvolved”);Maupin, 785 F.2d at 138 (same). Thisconsideration reinforces the need to enforce the proceduraldefault here, because the contemporaneous-objection rule hasbeen lauded as few other procedural requirements have been.Not only did the Court expressly endorse Ohio’s Rule 30 inEngle, but the sweeping language of cases such asUnitedStates v. Frady, 456 U.S. 152 (1982) (raising the issue underthe Federal Rules), suggests that the Court places highimportance on the contemporaneous-objection rule regardlessof jurisdiction:Orderly procedure requires that the respectiveadversaries’ views as to how the jury should beinstructed be presented to the trial judge in time to enablehim to deliver an accurate charge and to minimize therisk of committing reversible error. It is the rare case inwhich an improper instruction will justify reversal of acriminal conviction when no objection has been made inthe trial court.Id.at 165-66 (quotingHenderson v. Kibbe, 431 U.S. 145, 154(1977)). Perhaps nowhere, however, has this conviction beenstated more strongly than inSykes:The contemporaneous-objection rule itself is by nomeans peculiar to Florida, and deserves greater respectthanFaygives it, both for the fact that it is employed bya coordinate jurisdiction within the federal system andforthe many interests which it serves in its own right. Acontemporaneous objection enables the record to beNos. 98-4272/4321Scott v. Mitchell31open court.”Id.This rule was available to Scott’s trial court. Evenwithout this rule, moreover, theJenkinscourt found that any potentialambiguity in the unanimity instruction was resolved by the“well-recognized [rule] that when statutes allow a jury in a criminalproceeding to influence punishment, such as the recommendation of lifeimprisonment in place of death, and the statute fails to expressly authorizea nonunanimous vote, the jury cannot secure the lesser punishment absentunanimity.”Id.State v. Springer, 586 N.E.2d 96, 97 (Ohio 1992) (syllabus),the court held that when the jury became hopelesslydeadlocked as to sentence, the court is required to impose alife sentence. InState v. Brooks, 661 N.E.2d 1030 (Ohio1996), the court reviewed a sentencing instruction that thejury must unanimously agree that the death penalty isinappropriate before recommending a life sentence. The courtfound this contrary to § 2929.03(D)(2).See id.at 1040-41.Brookspurported to “harmonize” theJenkinsandSpringerholdings by requiring an instruction to be given thenceforththat a solitary juror could prevent the imposition of the deathpenalty.See id.at 1041-42. The district court found it“notable” thatSpringerandBrookswere decided after Scott’ssentence was imposed, but decided thatBrookshad simplyclarified, not altered, Ohio law on the subject. It thus foundthe trial court’s instruction requiring unanimity on life to beinconsistent with Ohio law.Since “the fact that the instruction was allegedly incorrectunder state law is not a basis for habeas relief,”see Estelle v.McGuire, 502 U.S. 62, 71-72 (1991), the district court wenton to observe that the “instructions left no room for the juryto believe the court could accept anything other than aunanimous recommendation, and gave no direction to the juryas to the effect a jury split would have on the jury’s priordetermination of guilt, or on the sentence the trial court couldor would then impose on Scott.” The court then followedKubat v. Thieret, 867 F.2d 351 (7th Cir. 1989), which founda similar instruction to create the impermissible possibilitythat individual jurors would believe that unanimity wasrequired as to the existence of mitigating factors, the result30Scott v. MitchellNos. 98-4272/43217The district court suggested in its Order that theJenkinsdecisionwas available to the trial court when it sentenced Scott, but we think thisis clearly wrong. Scott’s sentencing-phase jury recommended the deathpenalty on March 28, 1984, and the court adopted the recommendation onApril 4, 1984, butJenkinswas not released until December 17, 1984.Nevertheless, the Ohio Supreme Court approved of the unanimityinstruction inJenkinswith such sweeping language as to suggest that thequestion was well-settled under Ohio law.See Jenkins, 473 N.E.2d at307. The Court relied almost exclusively on Ohio Crim. R. 31(A), whichprovided: “The verdict shall be unanimous. It shall be in writing, signedby all jurors concurring therein, and returned by the jury to the judge inAfter you have retired, first, select a foreman orforelady and when all 12 of you – I repeat – all 12 of youagree upon a verdict, you will sign the verdict in ink, andadvise the Court of this fact.You will remain in the juryroom until summoned back into the courtroom. Whenyou return to the courtroom, your verdict will be returnedto me, as you did before, and I will read it for you.(emphasis added by district court). This was based on thefollowing provision of Ohio law:If the trial jury unanimously finds, by proof beyond areasonable doubt, that the aggravating circumstances theoffender was found guilty of committing outweigh themitigating factors, the trial jury shall recommend to thecourt that the sentence of death be imposed on theoffender.Absent such a finding, the jury shallrecommend that the offender be sentenced to [one of thefollowing life imprisonment terms].Ohio Rev. Code § 2929.03(D)(2) (emphasis added by districtcourt). It was clear to the district court that the statute did notrequire unanimity in recommending a life sentence, but rathermandated life imprisonment if the jury reached anything butunanimity on death. The court also reviewed three decisionsof the Ohio Supreme Court interpreting § 2929.03(D)(2). Thefirst,State v. Jenkins, 473 N.E.2d 264, 270 (Ohio 1984)(syllabus ¶ 10), held that a jury’s recommendation of lifeimprisonment under that section must be unanimous.7InNos. 98-4272/4321Scott v. Mitchell23made with respect to the constitutional claim when therecollections of witnesses are freshest, not years later ina federal habeas proceeding. It enables the judge whoobserved the demeanor of those witnesses to make thefactual determinations necessary for properly decidingthe federal constitutional question.While the 1966amendment to § 2254 requires deference to be given tosuch determinations made by state courts, thedeterminations themselves are less apt to be made in thefirst instance if there is no contemporaneous objection tothe admission of the evidence on federal constitutionalgrounds.A contemporaneous-objection rule may lead to theexclusion of the evidence objected to, thereby making amajor contribution to finality in criminal litigation.Without the evidence claimed to be vulnerable on federalconstitutional grounds, the jury may acquit the defendant,and that will be the end of the case; or it may nonethelessconvict the defendant, and he will have one less federalconstitutional claim to assert in his federal habeaspetition. If the state trial judge admits the evidence inquestion after a full hearing, the federal habeas courtpursuant to the 1966 amendment to § 2254 will gainsignificant guidance from the state ruling in this regard.Subtler considerations as well militate in favor ofhonoring a state contemporaneous-objection rule. Anobjection on the spot may force the prosecution to take ahard look at its hole card, and even if the prosecutorthinks that the state trial judge will admit the evidence hemust contemplate the possibility of reversal by the stateappellate courts or the ultimate issuance of a federal writof habeas corpus based on the impropriety of the statecourt's rejection of the federal constitutional claim.We think that the rule ofFay v. Noia, broadly stated,may encourage "sandbagging" on the part of defenselawyers, who may take their chances on a verdict of notguilty in a state trial court with the intent to raise theirconstitutional claims in a federal habeas court if theirinitial gamble does not pay off.The refusal of federalhabeas courts to honor contemporaneous-objection rules24Scott v. MitchellNos. 98-4272/4321may also make state courts themselves less stringent intheir enforcement.Under the rule ofFay v. Noia, stateappellate courts know that a federal constitutional issueraised for the first time in the proceeding before themmay well be decided in any event by a federal habeastribunal. Thus, their choice is between addressing theissue notwithstanding the petitioner's failure to timelyobject, or else face the prospect that the federal habeascourt will decide the question without the benefit of theirviews.The failure of the federal habeas courts generally torequire compliance with a contemporaneous-objectionrule tends to detract from the perception of the trial of acriminal case in state court as a decisive and portentousevent.A defendant has been accused of a serious crime,and this is the time and place set for him to be tried by ajury of his peers and found either guilty or not guilty bythat jury. To the greatest extent possible all issues whichbear on this charge should be determined in thisproceeding: the accused is in the court-room, the jury isin the box, the judge is on the bench, and the witnesses,having been subpoenaed and duly sworn, await their turnto testify. Society's resources have been concentrated atthat time and place in order to decide, within the limits ofhuman fallibility, the question of guilt or innocence ofone of its citizens.Any procedural rule whichencourages the result that those proceedings be as freeof error as possible is thoroughly desirable, and thecontemporaneous-objection rule surely falls within thisclassification.We believe the adoption of theFrancisrule in thissituation will have the salutary effect of making the statetrial on the merits the "main event," so to speak, ratherthan a "tryout on the road" for what will later be thedeterminative federal habeas hearing. There is nothingin the Constitution or in the language of § 2254 whichrequires that the state trial on the issue of guilt orinnocence be devoted largely to the testimony of factwitnesses directed to the elements of the state crime,while only later will there occur in a federal habeasNos. 98-4272/4321Scott v. Mitchell29On the other hand, if after considering all of therelevant evidence raised at trial, the testimony, otherevidence, the statement of Jay Scott, and the argumentsof counsel, you find that the State of Ohio failed to provethat the aggravating circumstances which the defendant,Jay Scott, was found guilty of committing, outweigh themitigating factors, then you will return your verdictreflecting your decision.In this event, you will then proceed to determine whichof two possible life imprisonment sentences torecommend to the Court. [...]Now, ladies and gentlemen, let me, first of all, beforewe continue, before I read to you what your verdict is,you see it is almost identical, and when I say “It is almostidentical,” to the forms that you have received before. Itsays, and I just picked them up the way they were,“Sentencing Proceeding” on the top, and it identifies thecase, the case number, and then it says, “Verdict: We, thejury in this case being duly empaneled and sworn, do findbeyond a reasonable doubt that the aggravatingcircumstances which the defendant, Jay Scott, was foundguilty of committing, are sufficient to outweigh themitigating factors presented in this case.“We, the jury, recommend that the sentence of deathbe imposed upon the defendant, Jay Scott,”and, again,signed by the foreman or forelady and all 12 of you mustsign.The second form is: “We, the jury in this case beingduly empaneled and sworn, do find that the aggravatingcircumstances which the defendant, Jay Scott, was foundguilty of committing, are not sufficient to outweigh themitigating factors present in this case.“We, the jury, recommend that the defendant, JayScott, be sentenced to life imprisonment with paroleeligibility after sentencing,” and then there’s a blank withan asterisk which refers down and says, “insert years ofimprisonment,”and again, the signatures, and the firstline is reserved for the foreman or forelady, and theremainder of the eleven of you must sign that verdictform. It must be unanimous.[...]28Scott v. MitchellNos. 98-4272/4321sentencing phase of a capital trial.See id. The Courtobserved that although it would not attempt to define “whatit means to be ‘actually innocent’ of a death sentence,”id., itcould not find such extraordinary injustice under the facts ofthat case, where the mitigating and aggravating factors hadbeen found to be equal.See id. Scott has made no attempt todemonstrate this kind of fundamental miscarriage of justice,and we are confident that he cannot do so.Accordingly, we hold that the district court erred inconcluding that Scott’s claim of constitutional error withregard to the penalty-phase unanimity instruction was notprocedurally defaulted, and in further concluding that even ifthe claim were defaulted, Scott demonstrated cause andprejudice to excuse the procedural default. We further holdthat the Ohio Supreme Court relied on Ohio’scontemporaneous-objection rule—an adequate andindependent state ground—in holding that this claim had beendefaulted; that Scott failed to demonstrate cause and prejudiceto excuse the default, and that the district court erred inreaching the merits of this claim. We therefore REVERSEthe district court’s issuance of a writ of habeas corpus.(d). The Merits of Scott’s Challenge to the UnanimityInstructionNevertheless, out of an abundance of caution and in orderto clarify our precedents governing sentencing-phaseinstructions on jury unanimity, we will consider in thealternative the merits of Scott’s challenge. The unanimityinstruction given to Scott’s jury read:If all 12 members of the jury find, by proof beyond areasonable doubt, that the aggravating circumstanceswhich Jay Scott was found guilty of committingoutweigh the mitigating factors, then you must returnsuch a finding to the Court. I instruct you as a matter oflaw that if you make such a finding, then you have nochoice and must recommend to the Court that thesentence of death be imposed upon the defendant, JayScott. [...]Nos. 98-4272/4321Scott v. Mitchell25hearing a full airing of the federal constitutional claimswhich were not raised in the state proceedings.If acriminal defendant thinks that an action of the state trialcourt is about to deprive him of a federal constitutionalright there is every reason for his following stateprocedure in making known his objection.Sykes, 433 U.S. at 88-90 (footnote omitted, emphasis added).Certainly, Ohio’s rule passes the thirdMaupinprong in thiscase.(c). The FourthMaupinProng – The Cause andPrejudice TestThe district court’s primary rationale for excusingprocedural default as to the unanimity instruction claim wasthat Scott had shown cause and prejudice to excuse his failureto object. The court’s only explanation of cause is that “Scottreasonably believed a contemporaneous objection would befutile” because, as demonstrated in the Ohio Supreme Court’sthree-sentence disposition of this claim, that court’s precedentat the time required jury verdicts as to both guilt and lifesentences to be unanimous. The United States SupremeCourt, however, has explicitly rejected this idea:the futility of presenting an objection to the state courtscannot alone constitute cause for a failure to object attrial. If a defendant perceives a constitutional claim andbelieves it may find favor in the federal courts, he maynot bypass the state courts simply because he thinks theywill be unsympathetic to the claim. Even a state courtthat has previously rejected a constitutional argumentmay decide, upon reflection, that the contention is valid.Allowing criminal defendants to deprive the state courtsof this opportunity would contradict the principlessupportingSykes.26Scott v. MitchellNos. 98-4272/43216Instead, Scott argues that even if we find procedural default, weshould at least review his claim for plain error. The Supreme Courtrejected precisely this contention inFrady, 456 U.S. at 164-65, noting thatto apply the same “plain-error” review to a habeas petition that wouldapply on direct appeal destroys any respect for the finality of the statecourt judgment and allows the petition to function as a second appeal.The Court was very clear that the cause and prejudice test must be usedinstead.Engle, 456 U.S. at 130 (footnotes omitted). Scott does notaddress cause and prejudice on appeal,6and even if he did hewould be hard-pressed to distinguish this holding; it wasmade in the context of Ohio’s contemporaneous-objectionrule, and the Court has said “that the standard for causeshould not vary depending on the timing of a proceduraldefault or on the strength of an uncertain and difficultassessment of the relative magnitude of the benefitsattributable to the state procedural rules [involved].”Murrayv. Carrier, 477 U.S. 478, 491 (1986).The district court’s finding of prejudice was based on themerits of Scott’s claim, and on its conclusion that thesentencing proceedings might reasonably have come to adifferent result absent the instruction of which Scottcomplains. Of course, evaluating the merits to determine theapplicability of procedural default is circular and underminesthe federalism concerns behind the doctrine. Moreover, whileSykesleft open the definition of “prejudice,”Frady“eliminate[d] any doubt about its meaning for a defendantwho has failed to object to jury instructions at trial,”Frady,456 U.S. at 168:[Henderson] summarized the degree of prejudice wehave required a prisoner to show before obtainingcollateral relief for errors in the jury charge as "whetherthe ailing instruction by itself so infected the entire trialthat the resulting conviction violates due process, notmerely whether the instruction is undesirable, erroneous,or even universally condemned." We reaffirm thisformulation, which requires that the degree of prejudiceNos. 98-4272/4321Scott v. Mitchell27resulting from instruction error be evaluated in the totalcontext of the events at trial. As we have oftenemphasized[,] a single instruction to a jury may not bejudged in artificial isolation, but must be viewed in thecontext of the overall charge. Moreover, a judgment ofconviction is commonly the culmination of a trial whichincludes testimony of witnesses, argument of counsel,receipt of exhibits in evidence, and instruction of the juryby the judge. Thus not only is the challenged instructionbut one of many such instructions, but the process ofinstruction itself is but one of several components of thetrial which may result in the judgment of conviction.Id.at 169 (internal quotations, citations, and alterationsomitted). Presumably, this same approach applies to juryinstructions in the sentencing phase as well. Our review ofthe briefs and record leaves us convinced that there is no suchprejudice here. Scott offers no help in making thatassessment, however, and, in any event, we find that Scottcannot show cause for his default.Although neither the district court nor Scott mentions it, itis worth noting that an exception to the requirement that afederal habeas petitioner demonstrate cause and prejudice inorder to obtain review of his defaulted claims may be madewhen the petitioner is able to demonstrate that failure toconsider those claims will result in a “fundamentalmiscarriage of justice.”Coleman, 501 U.S. at 750;Engle,456 U.S. at 135. The Court has explained that although,ordinarily, petitioners who can show a fundamentalmiscarriage of justice will also be able to meet the cause andprejudice requirement, in extraordinary cases, “where aconstitutional violation has probably resulted in theconviction of one who is actually innocent, a federal habeascourt may grant the writ even in the absence of a showing ofcause for the procedural default.”Carrier, 477 U.S. at 496;Dugger, 489 U.S. at 410 n. 6. InDugger, the Court noted thatthis exception will apply to death sentences only inextraordinary cases, given the difficulty of translating theconcept of actual innocence from the guilt phase to the