1

Filed 9/9/13 In re T.T. CA4/2

NOT TO BE PUBLISHED IN OFFICIAL REPORTS

California Rules of Court, rule 8.1115(a), prohibits courts and parties from citing or relying on opinions not certified for 

publication or ordered published, except as specified by rule 8.1115(b). This opinion has not been certified for publication 

or ordered published for purposes of rule 8.1115.

IN THE COURT OF APPEAL OF THE STATE OF CALIFORNIA

FOURTH APPELLATE DISTRICT

DIVISION TWO

In re T. T., a Person Coming Under the 

Juvenile Court Law.

RIVERSIDE COUNTY DEPARTMENT 

OF PUBLIC SOCIAL SERVICES,

Plaintiff and Respondent,

v.

C. T.,

Defendant and Appellant.

E057720

(Super.Ct.No. SWJ1100174)

OPINION

APPEAL from the Superior Court of Riverside County. John M. Monterosso, 

Judge. Affirmed.

Rich Pfeiffer, under appointment by the Court of Appeal, for Defendant and 

Appellant.

Pamela J. Walls, County Counsel, and Julie Koons Jarvi, Deputy County Counsel, 

for Plaintiff and Respondent.
2

C. T. appeals an order terminating her parental rights and freeing her son, T. T., 

for adoption. She contends that the juvenile court abused its discretion by denying her a 

hearing on her petition for modification of the order terminating services, that she was 

denied due process at the hearing on termination of her parental rights, and that the court 

should have found that the beneficial parental relationship exception to the preference for 

adoption applies.

We will affirm the judgment.

FACTUAL AND PROCEDURAL HISTORY

On March 14, 2011, the Riverside County Department of Public Social Services 

(DPSS) received a referral concerning C. T.‟s six-year-old daughter, P. T. C. T. had been 

arrested on February 18, 2011, for criminal threats to a neighbor, and was apparently 

unable to locate P. T. upon her release from custody. C. T. had told the officer who 

arrested her that she wanted P. T. to go to the home of her cousin, who lived in the same 

apartment complex. However, the cousin gave the child to another relative, who gave her 

to another relative, who gave her to her alleged father, S. J. P. T. was eventually located 

at the home of her father‟s cousin in San Bernardino County. She was taken to a police 

department and was retrieved by DPSS. C. T. had taken two-year-old T. T. to his aunt 

and uncle‟s house the day before she was arrested. She had picked him up on March 11, 

2011.

The social worker went to C. T.‟s apartment on March 14 accompanied by two 

Hemet police officers. The home was in reasonably good condition and T. T. appeared 

well cared for. C. T. explained the basis for the criminal threats charge. She informed 
3

the social worker that she was on probation, apparently as a result of an arrest in 

September 2007 for attempted kidnapping, assault with a deadly weapon, great bodily 

injury, and “grand criminal threats.” She had told police that she had been involved in 

some domestic violence during her relationship with S. J.

C. T. told the social worker that she had been diagnosed with bipolar disorder 

when she was 23. She said she had graduated from Mental Health Court in January 2011. 

Upon being asked to show the social worker her medications, C. T. produced a bag from 

a “top shelf” in her bedroom. The bag contained numerous pills, “not in any sort of 

labeled, child proof container.” C. T. said she knew what each pill was, that she did not 

need all them, but kept them “in case someone else might need them.” In response to the 

social worker‟s concern that the pills were accessible to the children, C. T. stated that her 

children “are very smart and know better.” She also stated that she was unemployed and 

kept the children under constant supervision.

When C. T. dumped the contents of the bag onto the floor, the social worker and 

the police officers could see checks and an identification card that did not belong to C. T. 

C. T. said she did not know why they were in her bag or where they had come from. The 

officer verified that submission to searches was a term of C. T.‟s probation and searched 

the apartment. He discovered another check made out to someone other than C. T. or a 

relative and endorsed by someone other than C. T. or a relative. C. T. said that she and a 

family member found the check in an ATM machine in Ontario around Christmas. She 

said she thought the ATM machine was “talking to her,” and when she went to see if it 

was, she found the check. She took the check home to show everyone. She had forgotten 
4

that it was in the apartment. The police officer verified that the check was stolen and 

placed her under arrest.1

P. T. told the social worker that she was taught to hide if the police came to the 

house. She said that T. T. would get “whoopins” and would get “popped in the mouth” 

and hit with a belt with his pants down if he misbehaved. She said her mother had a lot 

of pills. P. T. described how to roll “weed” into a “blunt,” but attributed this knowledge 

to her observations at her father‟s house. P. T. said she took care of T. T. “all the time.”

On March 16, 2011, a Welfare and Institutions Code2section 300 petition was 

filed as to both children.3 The children were ordered detained on March 17, 2011, and 

were placed together in a foster home.

P. T. was in kindergarten, but because of sporadic school attendance, she was a 

year behind in reading and other skills. T. T. appeared to have a speech impediment or 

delay, but he was able to clearly articulate a variety of curse words. He attempted to lock 

the foster mother out of the house several times. He also attempted to bite his sister and 

other foster children.

 

1

 The officer verified that one checkbook and a debit card belonged to a cousin 

who knew that C. T. had them. Other checks and checkbooks found in the apartment 

might have belonged to relatives of C. T. That was undetermined as of the date of her 

arrest.

2

 All further statutory citations refer to the Welfare and Institutions Code.

3

 The children have different fathers. P. T. was ultimately returned to the custody 

of her father and the dependency was dismissed as to her. She is not a party to this 

appeal.
5

C. T. had mental health issues for which she took medication. She also had a 

significant problem with anger management. Her belligerence had resulted in conflicts 

with neighbors and several arrests and convictions, including assault with a deadly 

weapon, attempted kidnapping and vandalism. She was also belligerent and oppositional 

with DPSS staff, and her behavior often disrupted visits with the children. However, 

after several weeks of consistent visitation, C. T. became more cooperative and appeared 

to be “settling down.”

On May 24, 2011, the juvenile court found that P. T. came within section 300, 

subdivision (b), and that T. T. came within section 300, subdivisions (b) and (g).4 It was 

ascertained that the children are not Indian children, and the juvenile court found that the 

Indian Child Welfare Act does not apply. Reunification services were ordered for C. T., 

including parenting education, individual therapy, anger management and a 

psychological evaluation. The court authorized unsupervised visits for C. T. “upon 30 

days of positive behavior during visits.”

On October 25, 2011, both children were placed in the home of T. T.‟s paternal 

grandmother. The following day, P. T. was placed with her father.

In its report prepared for the six-month review hearing, DPSS recommended 

termination of C. T.‟s reunification services and setting a hearing on termination of 

parental rights as to T. T., pursuant to section 366.26. On October 11, 2011, C. T. had 

 

4

 The whereabouts of T. T.‟s father were unknown when the petition was filed. 

He was later located in federal prison in Lompoc. DPSS tried unsuccessfully to contact 

him concerning the dependency proceedings. Services were not provided to him.
6

pleaded guilty to felony vandalism and battery on a spouse or cohabitant and was placed 

on formal probation with the condition that she serve 540 days in local custody. Before 

being incarcerated, she had participated in some of her case plan services but had not 

completed any of them. At the hearing, however, the court ordered continued 

reunification services for C. T.

By the time of the 12-month review hearing, DPSS again recommended 

termination of services. T. T. was having serious behavioral problems and was in 

therapy. He had been diagnosed with attention deficit/hyperactivity disorder and had 

exhibited a “high frequency of intense aggressiveness, poor boundaries, impulsiveness, 

poor socialization, mood swings with violent acts[,] and nightmares.” In preschool, T. T. 

had trouble sitting, listening and following classroom rules. He was disruptive in class, 

and he would spit on staff members and attempt to bite them when he became angry. He 

did well when he received individual attention but became angry and wanted to leave 

when he was not receiving that attention. His teacher reported that his behavior became 

worse after a visit with his mother at the jail. He was also aggressive with other children.

While C. T. was in custody, visits with the children did not go well. The social 

worker observed that C. T. interacted with P. T. far more than with T. T. and that she 

treated P. T. more as a peer than as a child. P. T. made many rude comments which C. T. 

ignored and the two of them gossiped about family members. She made no effort to 

redirect either of the children when they behaved inappropriately. When the social 

worker discussed these interactions with C. T. after the children had left, C. T. said she 
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believed that her children should be able to talk to her about anything, without filters. 

After the visit the children fought with each other in the car.

C. T. was released from custody on April 27, 2012. The social worker had told 

her that she needed to contact DPSS after her release to schedule a visit because DPSS 

did not know where she would be residing and would be unable to contact her until she 

provided contact information. On May 1, C. T. contacted the social worker. They agreed 

to set up a visit during that week. The social worker told C. T. she would call her with 

the date and time and would mail her a bus pass. The social worker called C. T. back on 

May 1, May 3, May 7 and May 15, but each time C. T.‟s voicemail was full and she 

could not leave a message. She saw C. T. in court at a hearing to terminate P. T.‟s 

dependency, and they agreed to arrange a visit during the following week. It was 

difficult to make arrangements because T. T. was living in Altadena and C. T. was living 

in Hemet. The travel was difficult both for C. T. and T. T. C. T. failed to return calls 

about visits, or failed to appear at scheduled visits without prior notification. She did not 

call DPSS to attempt to arrange for visits. In fact, since her release, she participated in 

only one visit with the children, and the quality of the visit was poor. C. T. made few 

attempts to redirect the children, engaged in inappropriate conversation with P. T. and 

became upset when the social worker intervened. T. T. “began to express anger, agitation 

and aggression during and following” the visit.

T. T.‟s therapist recommended against returning him to C. T.‟s care because he 

believed doing so would sabotage the improvements in T. T.‟s behavior. T. T. was 

almost expelled from preschool because of his behavior following the last visit. C. T.‟s 
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therapist believed that she would be able to regain custody of her children, but that she 

needed more time to work on issues such as impulsivity and “black and white thinking.” 

T. T.‟s grandmother was willing to adopt him if reunification failed.

At the review hearing, the social worker testified that C. T. had done a “wonderful 

job” participating in her services. She had learned to control her aggressiveness. 

However, because she had not taken advantage of visitation as an opportunity to practice 

parenting techniques, DPSS could not determine whether C. T. had actually benefitted 

from the services she had received. If she had made the effort, she could have had 

15 visits since her release from custody.

Although the hearing was termed a 12-month review, in reality only a month 

remained in the maximum 18-month reunification period. The social worker testified 

that if they had an additional six months available for C. T. to demonstrate good 

parenting skills and to prepare T. T. for returning to her custody, reunification would be 

possible. A month, however, was simply not enough time. The social worker wanted to 

watch T. T. with his mother, see “what seems to trigger his behaviors with her, address it 

with his therapist, have his therapist address it with him in therapy, have grandma talk to 

him.” This was not something that could be accomplished in a one-month period of 

marathon visitation.

The court stated that if five or six months remained in the reunification period, it 

would have extended services. However, because there simply was not enough time 

remaining and T. T. could not safely be returned home, the court terminated services. It 
9

set a section 366.26 hearing. The court informed C. T. of her writ rights.5 The court left 

C. T.‟s visitation in place, as long as she confirmed that she would attend each visit.

C. T. filed a petition pursuant to section 388 for modification of the order 

terminating her parental rights. The court denied the petition without a hearing, finding 

that it did not state a prima facie case. C. T. did not object to DPSS‟s evidence in support 

of termination of her parental rights. She presented affirmative evidence directed solely 

toward the beneficial parental relationship exception to the statutory preference for 

adoption. The court found T. T. adoptable, that an adoptive home was available, and that 

adoption was in his best interest. It found the exception inapplicable. The court 

terminated parental rights and ordered T. T. placed for adoption.

C. T. filed a timely notice of appeal.

DISCUSSION

1.

THE COURT DID NOT ABUSE ITS DISCRETION WITH RESPECT TO THE 

SECTION 388 PETITION

C. T. filed a petition, pursuant to section 388, seeking reinstatement of 

reunification services. In support of her petition, she stated that she had completed her 

case plan and had visited T. T. regularly and that T. T. would benefit from reinstatement 

of reunification services because “[t]he child and mother are bonded and there is no risk 

to him if placed with her.”

 

5

 C. T. did not file a writ petition to challenge the order setting the section 366.26 

hearing.
10

On the date set for the section 366.26 hearing, C. T.‟s attorney asked the court to 

trail the section 388 petition for a day or two so that she could subpoena the social 

workers who had supervised visits with T. T. since the termination of her reunification 

services. The attorney told the court that the report for the section 366.26 hearing did not 

include descriptions of the visits in the delivered services log. She wanted to subpoena 

the workers and to have them and C. T. testify as to the “nature and quality of those 

visits.” She reminded the court that at the prior hearing, C. T. was “days away” from 

completing her anger management and parenting classes and that the major issue which 

resulted in termination of services was that C. T. did not visit regularly with T. T. 

Counsel stated that her client believed that with a continuance, she could produce 

evidence that her visits since the termination of services were “of such a quality that it 

would show it‟s in the child‟s best interest to grant the 388.” DPSS responded that 

mother had “missed the visit in September and the visit was canceled in November.”6 

The juvenile court denied the petition without holding an evidentiary hearing, stating that 

mother had failed to make a prima facie showing that reinstating reunification would be 

in T. T.‟s best interest. C. T. now contends that this was an abuse of discretion.

A juvenile court has discretion whether to provide a hearing on a petition alleging 

changed circumstances. However, the petition must be liberally construed in favor of its 

sufficiency, and if the parent makes a prima facie showing both that changed 

circumstances warrant modification and that the modification will be in the child‟s best 

 

6

 Services were terminated on August 15, 2012. The section 388 petition was 

denied on December 13, 2012.
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interest, the court must afford the petitioner a full hearing. “Indeed, to be entitled to a 

hearing on her petition, appellant needed only to show „probable cause‟; she was not 

required to establish a probability of prevailing on her petition. [Citations.]” (In re 

Aljamie D. (2000) 84 Cal.App.4th 424, 431-432.)

Here, the court did not abuse its discretion. The evidence at the prior hearing 

showed both that mother missed many visits with T. T. and that she did not develop her 

parenting skills during the reunification period sufficiently to progress to unsupervised or 

overnight visits, or even to visits outside the DPSS office. The social worker who 

observed visits since the prior reporting period testified that C. T. had great difficulty 

redirecting both children and that she was very passive with them. Moreover, C. T. was 

very passive about setting up visits with T. T. and did not actively seek to schedule visits. 

Since her release from custody, mother had attended only one visit with T. T. The social 

worker explained that frequent visitation was necessary because T. T. had serious 

emotional difficulties and because his behavior was negatively affected by visits with 

C. T. She wanted to watch him with his mother, see “what seems to trigger his behaviors 

with her, address it with his therapist, have his therapist address it with him in therapy, 

have grandma talk to him.” This was not something that could be accomplished without 

regular visitation. Because of the insufficient visitation, the social worker could not tell if 

C. T. had truly benefitted from the services she received. These were the major reasons 

that the court terminated services, finding that mother had not taken advantage of 

visitation sufficiently to practice and improve her parenting skills.
12

Nothing in her section 388 petition or in the offer of proof concerning the 

requested continuance constituted a prima facie showing that if a hearing were held, C. T. 

would be able to show that her subsequent participation in visitation had enabled her to 

improve her parenting to the extent that she was capable of unsupervised or overnight 

visits. The most she offered to show was that she had visited T. T. regularly since the 

order terminating her reunification services and had “good visits,” and that if she could 

subpoena the social workers who supervised her visits, they would dispute the statement 

in the current report that she spent an excessive amount of time on the phone during 

visits. The fact that the visits went better than the current report indicated is not 

sufficient to make a prima facie showing either that circumstances had changed or that 

reinstating reunification services would be in T. T.‟s best interest, and the vague offer of 

proof as to what the social workers could say if they were subpoenaed was also not 

sufficient to mandate a continuance. Moreover, as the court noted, C. T.‟s statement in 

the petition that she had a bond with T. T. and that he would not be at risk in her care is 

not sufficient to make a prima facie showing that resuming services would be in T. T.‟s 

best interest.

For these reasons, we conclude that the juvenile court did not abuse its discretion 

either by denying C. T. a hearing on her petition or by denying the requested continuance.
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2.

C. T. WAS NOT DENIED DUE PROCESS

C. T.‟s second argument bears the caption “Mother was denied due process at the 

section 366.26 hearing when the department failed to report favorable evidence or 

include favorable service logs in its report.” The argument itself is rambling and 

unfocussed and, contrary to the caption, it is not limited to discussion of the alleged 

denial of due process at the section 366.26 hearing.

We need not address arguments not germane to the issue stated in the caption. 

(See Cal. Rules of Court, rule 8.204(a)(1)(B).) With respect to the issue stated in the 

caption, however, we can readily conclude that DPSS‟s failure to include favorable 

information in its report did not deprive C. T. of due process. As C. T. notes in her 

opening brief, due process is satisfied if the parent has an opportunity to challenge the 

accuracy of the report, either by cross-examining the social worker who prepared the 

report or by presenting affirmative evidence. (See In re Malinda S. (1990) 51 Cal.3d 

368, 379, 382, superseded in part by statute as noted in In re Cindy L. (1997) 17 Cal.4th 

15, 22, fn. 3.) The social worker who prepared the report was present and could have 

been cross-examined. Or, C. T. could have presented affirmative evidence controverting 

the report. Instead, C. T. chose not to object to the report and not to cross-examine the 

social worker, and instead presented evidence limited to the applicability of the beneficial 

parental relationship exception to the statutory preference for adoption. (We discuss this 

exception in § 3, below.)
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C. T. also contends that the court‟s denial of her continuance request violated her 

right to due process because it deprived her of the opportunity to contest DPSS‟s 

evidence that her visitation was sporadic and not beneficial to T. T. She contends that 

because there is no proof of service on her or her attorney, the logical inference is that the 

report was provided to her and her attorney only on the hearing date. However, C. T.‟s 

attorney did not tell the court that she needed a continuance because she had only 

belatedly received the report. Rather, she merely asked for a continuance so she could 

subpoena witnesses she had been unable to contact “over the lunch hour.” When she 

renewed her request for a continuance, the only further explanation she offered was that 

C. T. misunderstood the nature of the hearing, i.e., termination of parental rights, and 

thought the purpose of the hearing was so that she could see if she could get increased 

visitation. She now wanted to subpoena the two social workers because they could 

provide information “that the visits [were] of such a quality that it would show it‟s in the 

child‟s best interest to grant the 388.” She did not offer any additional justification for 

the continuance for purposes of the section 366.26 hearing. Consequently, the court‟s 

denial of the continuance did not deprive C. T. of due process with respect to either the 

section 388 petition or the section 366.26 hearing.

C. T. also contends that the social worker‟s report was not admissible because it 

“appeared to not be reliable” because it was contrary to her testimony concerning the 

number and quality of the visits. However, at the hearing, her attorney expressly stated 

that she had no objection to the report. Consequently, any objection to its admissibility 

has been waived.
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3.

MOTHER DID NOT MEET HER BURDEN OF PROOF WITH RESPECT TO THE 

BENEFICIAL PARENTAL RELATIONSHIP EXCEPTION

“Adoption must be selected as the permanent plan for an adoptable child and 

parental rights terminated unless the court finds „a compelling reason for determining that 

termination would be detrimental to the child due to one or more of the following 

circumstances: [¶] (i) The parents have maintained regular visitation and contact with 

the child and the child would benefit from continuing the relationship. . . .‟ (§ 366.26, 

subd. (c)(1)(B).)” (In re Bailey J. (2010) 189 Cal.App.4th 1308, 1314 (Bailey J.).) 

Under these provisions, “the court must order adoption and its necessary consequence, 

termination of parental rights, unless one of the specified circumstances provides a 

compelling reason for finding that termination of parental rights would be detrimental to 

the child. The specified statutory circumstances . . . „must be considered in view of the 

legislative preference for adoption when reunification efforts have failed.‟” (In re 

Celine R. (2003) 31 Cal.4th 45, 53, italics added (Celine R.).) “„Adoption is the 

Legislature‟s first choice because it gives the child the best chance at [a full] emotional 

commitment from a responsible caretaker.‟” (Ibid.)

The parent has the burden of establishing by a preponderance of the evidence that 

a statutory exception to adoption applies. (Bailey J., supra, 189 Cal.App.4th at p. 1314.) 

To meet the burden of proving the section 366.26, subdivision (c)(1)(B)(i), exception the 

parent must show more than frequent and loving contact, an emotional bond with the 
16

child, or pleasant visits—the parent must show that he or she occupies a parental role in 

the life of the child. (In re I. W. (2009) 180 Cal.App.4th 1517, 1527.)

A juvenile court‟s finding that the beneficial parental relationship exception does 

not apply is reviewed under a hybrid substantial evidence/abuse of discretion standard. 

The factual finding, i.e., whether a beneficial parental relationship exists, is reviewed for 

substantial evidence, while the court‟s determination that the relationship does not 

constitute a “compelling reason” (Celine R., supra, 31 Cal.4th at p. 53) for determining 

that termination of parental rights would be detrimental is reviewed for abuse of 

discretion. (Bailey J., supra, 189 Cal.App.4th at pp. 1314-1315.)

Since the proponent of the exception bears the burden of producing evidence of 

the existence of a beneficial parental or sibling relationship, a challenge to a juvenile 

court‟s finding that there is no beneficial relationship amounts to a contention that the 

“undisputed facts lead to only one conclusion.” (In re I. W., supra, 180 Cal.App.4th at 

p. 1529.) Unless the undisputed facts established the existence of a beneficial 

relationship, a substantial evidence challenge to this component of the juvenile court‟s 

determination cannot succeed. (Bailey J., supra, 189 Cal.App.4th at p. 1314.)

Here, C. T. has utterly failed to show that the evidence compels the conclusion 

that T. T. would suffer great detriment from the termination of parental rights. Rather, 

she merely cites the evidence which shows that she had a loving relationship with T. T. 

and that she visited him and spoke to him frequently by telephone. She dismisses as 

irrelevant the evidence that she was never able to obtain unsupervised visits or adequately 

parent T. T. during her visits. However, that evidence supports the conclusion that C. T. 
17

did not occupy a parental role in T. T.‟s life. Because the evidence does not lead only to 

the conclusion that the exception applies, C. T. did not meet her burden, and the juvenile 

court did not abuse its discretion in finding the exception inapplicable. (In re I. W.,

supra, 180 Cal.App.4th at p. 1529.)

DISPOSITION

The judgment is affirmed.

NOT TO BE PUBLISHED IN OFFICIAL REPORTS

McKINSTER

Acting P.J.

We concur:

RICHLI

J.

KING

J.