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Filed 10/18/21 In re S.S. CA3

NOT TO BE PUBLISHED

California Rules of Court, rule 8.1115(a), prohibits courts and parties from citing or relying on opinions not certified for 

publication or ordered published, except as specified by rule 8.1115(b). This opinion has not been certified for publication 

or ordered published for purposes of rule 8.1115.

IN THE COURT OF APPEAL OF THE STATE OF CALIFORNIA

THIRD APPELLATE DISTRICT

(Yuba)

----

In re S.S. et al., Persons Coming Under the Juvenile 

Court Law.

C093504

YUBA COUNTY HEALTH AND HUMAN 

SERVICES DEPARTMENT,

Plaintiff and Respondent,

v.

C.V.,

Defendant and Appellant.

(Super. Ct. Nos. 

JVSQ1900083, 

JVSQ1900084)

Appellant C.V., mother of the minors, appeals from the juvenile court’s orders

terminating parental rights. (Welf. & Inst. Code, §§ 366.26, 395.)1 Mother contends 

(1) the matter must be remanded for further compliance and findings in accordance with 

the Indian Child Welfare Act (ICWA) (25 U.S.C. § 1901 et seq.), and (2) reversal and a 

1 Undesignated statutory references are to the Welfare and Institutions Code.
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new hearing is required because she did not receive proper notice of the section 366.26 

hearing. Respondent Yuba County Health and Human Services Department (Yuba 

Department) filed a letter in response stating it acknowledges further ICWA inquiry and 

notice is required and that a limited remand for ICWA compliance is appropriate. 

We disagree with mother that a noticing error requires a new section 366.26 

hearing. But we agree with the parties that the matter must be conditionally reversed and 

remanded for further ICWA compliance.

BACKGROUND

We limit our recitation of the background to those facts relevant to ICWA inquiry 

and noticing requirements and add additional facts in our discussion of the issues as 

necessary.

On May 6, 2019, Butte County Department of Employment and Social Services 

(Butte Department) filed a section 300 petition on behalf of then three-year-old D.S. and 

then 23-month-old S.S., based on mother’s failure to provide adequate shelter and having 

left the minors without care upon her arrest for possession of controlled substances and 

paraphernalia. (§ 300, subds. (b)(1) & (g).) The minors had been detained from mother 

on May 2, 2019, and their alleged father was in custody in Alaska. They had been 

previously removed from mother’s custody in connection with an earlier dependency 

case. D.S. had been removed from mother’s custody in September 2016 and S.S. had 

been removed in June 2017, and they had been returned to mother on June 28, 2018 --

only a year before these proceedings were instituted.

Mother was present and was appointed counsel at the May 2019 detention hearing. 

Mother reported that “[her] family is Native American, registered. A federally 

recognized tribe, my sister and my brothers.” She indicated they had provided 

enrollment information to the social worker. She further reported her ancestry was 

through the Karuk tribe and the Shasta Nation. Her Native American ancestry was from 

her paternal family and she provided her father’s name and stated he would be attending 
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the next hearing. She also provided the names of her adult siblings and of her father’s 

adult siblings. She further reported that she believed the minors’ father had Native 

American Ancestry through the Choctaw tribe, noting he was not registered but had been 

working on getting registered in the past. Mother’s maternal cousin was also present at 

the hearing. The juvenile court found there was reason to believe the minors may be 

Indian children and ordered notice pursuant to law.

Mother’s parental notification of Indian status form and Indian ancestry 

questionnaire, filed May 20, 2019, reflected that mother claimed ancestry through the

Cherokee, Shasta Nation, Greenville Rancheria, Karuk, and Cook Inlet Tribal Council --

CITC. The maternal aunt was reported to have roll numbers with the Karuk tribe and the 

Shasta tribe. An Indian ancestry questionnaire completed by a paralegal on behalf of the 

father with information from the paternal uncle was also filed regarding father’s 

Cherokee heritage.

Butte Department sent ICWA notice of the jurisdiction hearing to 20 tribes. The 

notice stated that the maternal aunt had been interviewed for the information on mother’s 

side, and father and paternal uncle were both interviewed for the information on father’s 

side. The notice did not include any information relating to the minors’ greatgrandparents on either side.

The juvenile court took jurisdiction over the minors in June 2019. Butte 

Department filed the responses from three of the noticed tribes -- each had indicated the 

minors were not Indian children. The dependency matter was transferred to Yuba County 

where mother was residing.

Yuba Department sent ICWA notice of the disposition hearing on July 11, 2019. 

Two tribes responded the minors were not Indian children. An amended petition was 

filed, setting forth further allegations of unsanitary living conditions, mother’s substance 

abuse, and prior child protective services history. The court continued disposition to 

October 24, 2019. Mother did not appear at the October 24, 2019 disposition hearing. 
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The juvenile court adjudged the minors dependents, ordered them removed from parental 

custody and provided mother with reunification services.2

On April 3, 2020, a status review report was filed recommending termination of

reunification services and setting a section 366.26 hearing. Mother was present at the 

April 8, 2020 hearing. The court continued the hearing because mother had not had 

adequate time to review the report. On April 22, 2020, the juvenile court ordered 

mother’s visitation suspended pending the next hearing and set the matter for a contested 

six-month review hearing on May 14, 2020.

Mother did not attend the contested hearing. The juvenile court terminated 

reunification services and set a section 366.26 hearing for September 10, 2020. 

Mother’s visits were terminated. The court sent mother her writ advisements.

Mother was provided notice of the September 10, 2020 hearing by certified mail. 

At the Yuba Department’s request, the hearing was continued to November 4, 2020. 

On October 21, 2020, the social worker requested a continuance of the section 366.26 

hearing to January 6, 2021. The juvenile court granted that request, ordered the section 

366.26 hearing for January 6, 2021, and confirmed November 4, 2020, for a status 

review. Additional ICWA notices were sent out on October 30, 2020.

Mother was provided notice of the November 4, 2020 status review but did not 

attend. The court found the minors may be Indian children and that notice had been 

provided to the tribes. The section 366.26 hearing was confirmed for January 6, 2021.

The section 366.26 hearing took place on January 6, 2021. Yuba Department 

reported it still had not received responses from eight tribes: the Chickaloon Native 

Village, Kenaitze Indian tribe, Native Village of Eklutna, Native Village of Salamatoff, 

2 The court subsequently ordered reunification services be provided to father, as well. 

Father has not appealed and we do not further discuss the facts or procedure as they relate 

to him.
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Jena Band-Choctaw, the Karuk tribe, Greenville Rancheria, and Confederated

tribes/Grand Ronde tribe. Mother did not appear at the hearing. Yuba Department had 

provided mother notice of the hearing via certified mail, return receipt requested, but did 

not file a return receipt signed by mother. Mother’s counsel objected to proceeding based 

on lack of proper notice to mother. The juvenile court found notice had been provided by 

law, found the minors adoptable and terminated parental rights.

DISCUSSION

I

Mother claims that although she was served with notice of the January 6, 2021 

section 366.26 hearing via certified mail, the Yuba Department did not file a returned 

receipt signed by her, as required to perfect service under section 294. Thus, she 

contends, the orders entered at the section 366.26 hearing must be reversed due to lack of 

proper notice. We disagree that reversal is required. 

“Unless there is no attempt to serve notice on a parent, in which case the error has 

been held to be reversible per se [citations], errors in notice do not automatically require 

reversal but are subject to the harmless beyond a reasonable doubt standard of prejudice. 

[Citations.]” (In re J.H. (2007) 158 Cal.App.4th 174, 183.) Although the failure to 

obtain a return receipt signed by mother renders the notice deficient under section 294,3

reversal is not required because the error was harmless.

3 The manner of notice to a parent of the section 366.26 hearing is provided for in

section 294, subdivision (f), as follows: “(f) Notice to the parents may be given in any 

one of the following manners: [¶] (1) If the parent is present at the hearing at which the 

court schedules a hearing pursuant to Section 366.26, the court shall advise the parent of 

the date, time, and place of the proceedings, their right to counsel, the nature of the 

proceedings, and the requirement that at the proceedings the court shall select and 

implement a plan of adoption, legal guardianship, placement with a fit and willing 

relative, or another planned permanent living arrangement, as appropriate, for the child. 

The court shall direct the parent to appear for the proceedings and then direct that the 

parent be notified thereafter only by first-class mail to the parent’s usual place of 
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“[T]he sole purpose of the section 366.26 hearing is to select and implement one 

of the listed permanent plans.” (In re Marilyn H. (1993) 5 Cal.4th 295, 304.) The issues 

before the juvenile court at a section 366.26 hearing are: (1) whether the minor is 

adoptable; and (2) whether any exceptions to adoption apply. (§ 366.26; In re 

Christopher M. (2003) 113 Cal.App.4th 155, 160.) Mother does not dispute that the 

minors are adoptable, which is “[t]he primary issue in a section 366.26 hearing.” (In re 

Angela C. (2002) 99 Cal.App.4th 389, 395.) Indeed, the minors were placed with 

caretakers who are committed to adopting them and there were no impediments to 

adoption. Nor does mother make any colorable assertion that any of the exceptions to 

adoption may apply in this case. The young minors have spent the majority of their lives 

removed from mother’s custody, visits had not gone well, and visitation had been 

terminated back in April 2020.

The only alleged prejudice mother asserts is that she “could have addressed the 

discrepancy in the ICWA notices and requested a finding of whether the ICWA applied 

to the case.” But she asserts the issue on appeal and a limited reversal for further ICWA 

compliance will be sufficient to address any prejudice.

II

ICWA protects the interests of Indian children and promotes the stability and 

security of Indian tribes by establishing minimum standards for removal of Indian 

children from their families, and by permitting tribal participation in dependency 

proceedings. (See 25 U.S.C. § 1902; In re Levi U. (2000) 78 Cal.App.4th 191, 195-196.) 

residence or business, or by electronic service pursuant to Section 212.5. [¶] (2) 

Certified mail, return receipt requested, to the parent's last known mailing address. This 

notice shall be sufficient if the child welfare agency receives a return receipt signed by 

the parent. [¶] (3) Personal service to the parent named in the notice. [¶] (4) Delivery 

to a competent person who is at least 18 years of age at the parent’s usual place of 

residence or business, and thereafter served on the parent named in the notice by firstclass mail at the place where the notice was delivered or by electronic service pursuant to

Section 212.5.” (§ 394, subd. (f), italics added.) 
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A major purpose of ICWA is to protect “Indian children who are members of or are 

eligible for membership in an Indian tribe.” (25 U.S.C. § 1901(3).) ICWA defines 

“Indian child” as a child who “is either (a) a member of an Indian tribe or (b) is eligible 

for membership in an Indian tribe and is the biological child of a member of an Indian 

tribe.” (25 U.S.C. § 1903(4); see id., 1901(3), 1902; In re A.W. (2019) 38 Cal.App.5th 

655, 662.) The juvenile court and the other persons and entities charged with inquiry 

under ICWA have an affirmative and continuing duty, beginning at initial contact, to 

inquire whether a child who is subject to the proceedings is, or may be, an Indian child. 

(Cal. Rules of Court, rule 5.481(a); § 224.2, subd. (a).)

Section 224.2, subdivision (e) provides: “If the court, social worker, or probation 

officer has reason to believe that an Indian child is involved in a proceeding, . . . the 

court, social worker, or probation officer shall make further inquiry regarding the 

possible Indian status of the child, and shall make that inquiry as soon as practicable.” 

Further inquiry “includes, but is not limited to, all of the following: [¶] (A) Interviewing 

the parents, Indian custodian, and extended family members to gather the information 

required in paragraph (5) of subdivision (a) of Section 224.3[4][¶] (B) Contacting the 

Bureau of Indian Affairs and the State Department of Social Services for assistance in 

identifying the names and contact information of the tribes in which the child may be a 

member, or eligible for membership in, and contacting the tribes and any other person 

that may reasonably be expected to have information regarding the child’s membership 

status or eligibility[;] [¶] (C) Contacting the tribe or tribes and any other person that may 

reasonably be expected to have information regarding the child’s membership, 

4

 Section 224.3, subdivision (a)(5) requires the name, birth date and birthplace of the

Indian child, if known; the name of the Indian tribe; and the names and other identifying 

information of the Indian child’s biological parents, grandparents, and greatgrandparents, if known.
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citizenship status, or eligibility. Contact with a tribe shall, at a minimum, include 

telephone, facsimile, or electronic mail contact to each tribe’s designated agent for 

receipt of notices under the federal Indian Child Welfare Act of 1978 (25 U.S.C. [§] 1901 

et seq.). Contact with a tribe shall include sharing information identified by the tribe 

as necessary for the tribe to make a membership or eligibility determination, as well 

as information on the current status of the child and the case.” (§ 224.2, subd. (e)(2)(A)-

(C).)

“[S]ection 224.2 creates three distinct duties regarding ICWA in dependency 

proceedings. First, from the Agency’s initial contact with a minor and his [or her] family, 

the statute imposes a duty of inquiry to ask all involved persons whether the child may be 

an Indian child. (§ 224.2, subds. (a), (b).) Second, if that initial inquiry creates a ‘reason 

to believe’ the child is an Indian child, then the Agency ‘shall make further inquiry 

regarding the possible Indian status of the child, and shall make that inquiry as soon as 

practicable.’ (Id., subd. (e), [original italics].) Third, if that further inquiry results in a 

reason to know the child is an Indian child, then the formal notice requirements of section 

224.3 apply. (See § 224.2, subd. (c) [court is obligated to inquire at the first appearance 

whether anyone ‘knows or has reason to know that the child is an Indian child’]; id.,

subd. (d) [defining circumstances that establish a ‘reason to know’ a child is an Indian 

child]; § 224.3 [ICWA notice is required if there is a ‘reason to know’ a child is an Indian 

child as defined under § 224.2, subd. (d)].)” (In re D.S. (2020) 46 Cal.App.5th 1041, 

1052.)

Here, the record establishes, and the juvenile court found, there was reason to 

believe the minors may be Indian children and, therefore, further inquiry was required. 

But, contrary to mother’s assertion, there was no reason to know the minors are Indian 
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children.5 Providing the name of a tribe does not, in and of itself, provide the court with 

reason to know. (§ 224.2, subd. (d).) Mother now claims she indicated she was a 

registered Native American with the Shasta Nation and the Karuk tribe, but she does not 

provide a record citation to support the claim. Instead, the citations she provides in her 

brief support only that she claimed her relatives were registered.

Mother further asserts the departments should have used informal communication 

rather than formal notice to inquire further of the BIA and the tribes. But under 

section 224.2, while informal communication is sufficient, nothing in the statute prevents 

the Agency from communicating with the tribes in a formal manner.

Nevertheless, we agree with the parties that the inquiry was insufficient. 

When there is reason to believe a minor may be an Indian child, inquiry must include 

interviewing the parents, Indian custodian, and extended family members to gather the 

information about tribal affiliations and ancestral identifying information required for 

formal notice under section 224.3. (§§ 224.2, subd. (e)(1); 224.3, subd. (a)(5).)

Here, the notice did not include information relating to the minors’ greatgrandparents. In addition, dates and places of birth and death were missing. It does not 

appear that the departments attempted to contact other relatives who might have ancestry 

information, such as the maternal grandfather from whom mother stated her Native 

5 “Reason to know” exists under any of the following circumstances: “(1) A person 

having an interest in the child, including the child, an officer of the court, a tribe, an 

Indian organization, a public or private agency, or a member of the child’s extended 

family informs the court that the child is an Indian child; [¶] (2) The residence or 

domicile of the child, the child’s parents, or Indian custodian is on a reservation or in an 

Alaska Native village; [¶] (3) Any participant in the proceeding, officer of the court, 

Indian tribe, Indian organization, or agency informs the court that it has discovered 

information indicating that the child is an Indian child; [¶] (4) The child who is the 

subject of the proceeding gives the court reason to know [he or she] is an Indian child; 

[¶] (5) The court is informed that the child is or has been a ward of a tribal court; [and] 

[¶] (6) The court is informed that either parent or the child possess an identification card 

indicating membership or citizenship in an Indian tribe.” (§ 224.2, subd. (d).)
10

American ancestry flowed. The maternal grandfather appears from the record to not only 

be alive, but have been accessible to the social workers, as he had, at one point, requested 

placement of the minors. There is also no suggestion in the record that mother’s siblings, 

or the maternal grandfather’s siblings, were asked about the missing Native American 

ancestry information. Father also has siblings that may, or may not, have been contacted 

for ancestry information.

Although formal notice was not yet required, and the tribes that were contacted did 

not identify any additional information as necessary for making a membership or 

eligibility determination, we cannot know if any of the accessible, but unquestioned, 

relatives would have responded with ancestry information that would have assisted the 

tribes in determining whether the minors are members or eligible for membership. It is 

possible the relatives could have provided information about familial tribal enrollment or 

membership with the identified or another federally recognized tribe.

We conclude the departments should have made additional efforts to contact 

relatives and that remand is necessary for the Yuba Department to make further inquiry --

including, but not limited to, making further efforts to contact known relatives and, if 

successful, to provide any appropriate information to the BIA and any relevant tribe.

The juvenile court should also make a finding as to whether ICWA applies in this 

case prior to terminating parental rights. The record must reflect that the juvenile court 

considered the issue and decided, either expressly or impliedly, whether ICWA applies. 

(In re Jennifer A. (2002) 103 Cal.App.4th 692, 705; In re Levi U., supra, 78 Cal.App.4th 

at p. 199.) 

DISPOSITION

The orders terminating parental rights are conditionally reversed and the matter is 

remanded for compliance with the inquiry and notice provisions of ICWA and a finding 

on whether ICWA applies to these proceedings. If, after further inquiry and notice, the 

juvenile court concludes that proper inquiry and notice has occurred and the minors are 
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not Indian children, the orders terminating parental rights shall be reinstated. If, after 

proper notice to the tribes, the juvenile court determines ICWA applies because the 

minors are Indian children, the juvenile court shall conduct a new section 366.26 hearing 

and proceed in accordance with ICWA, including considering any petition filed to 

invalidate prior orders. (25 U.S.C. § 1914; § 224, subd. (e).)

 /S/

MAURO, Acting P. J.

We concur:

 /S/

MURRAY, J.

 /S/

HOCH, J.