IN THE COURT OF CRIMINAL APPEALS OF TENNESSEE

AT NASHVILLE

Assigned on Briefs January 29, 2013

STATE OF TENNESSEE v. ROY L. MCALISTER

Appeal from the Circuit Court of Robertson County

No. 74CC3-2011-CR-310 John H. Gasaway III, Judge

No. M2012-01239-CCA-R3-CD - Filed February 11, 2013

Roy L. McAlister (“the Defendant”) pleaded guilty to three counts of aggravated statutory

rape and one count of sexual exploitation of a minor. Pursuant to the plea agreement, the

Defendant was sentenced as a Range I, standard offender to an effective sentence of three

years, to be suspended to supervised probation after service of 219 days in confinement.

Upon the filing of a probation violation warrant, the Defendant was taken into custody, and

a probation violation hearing was held. At the conclusion of the hearing, the trial court

revoked the Defendant’s probation and ordered him to serve the remainder of his sentence

in confinement. The Defendant appealed the trial court’s ruling. Based upon the record

before us, we are compelled to vacate the judgment of the trial court and remand this action

to the Robertson County Circuit Court for further findings consistent with this opinion.

Tenn. R. App. P. 3 Appeal as of Right; Judgment

of the Circuit Court Vacated and Remanded

JEFFREY S. BIVINS, J., delivered the opinion of the Court, in which ALAN E. GLENN and

ROGER A. PAGE, JJ., joined.

Garth Click (on appeal), and Anne Kroeger (at hearing), Assistant Public Defender,

Springfield, Tennessee, for the appellant, Roy L. McAlister.

Robert E. Cooper, Jr., Attorney General & Reporter; Brent C. Cherry, Senior Counsel; John

W. Carney, District Attorney General; and Jason White, Assistant District Attorney General,

for the appellee, State of Tennessee.
OPINION

Factual and Procedural Background

On September 16, 2011, the Defendant pleaded guilty to three counts of aggravated

statutory rape and one count of sexual exploitation of a minor. In accordance with the terms

of the plea agreement, the trial court sentenced the Defendant as a Range I, standard offender

to three years on each aggravated statutory rape conviction and to two years on the sexual

exploitation conviction, to be served concurrently, for an effective sentence of three years.

The trial court ordered the Defendant’s sentence to be suspended to supervised probation

after service of 219 days in the Robertson County Detention Center.

In January 2012, a probation violation warrant was filed. The trial court conducted

a hearing on March 23, 2012. At the end of the hearing, the trial court revoked the

Defendant’s probation, sentenced him “to time served[,] and reinstated [probation] on the

original terms.” Shortly thereafter, on March 30, 2012, a second probation violation warrant

was filed, which is the subject of this appeal, alleging the following violations:

Rule 1: I will obey the laws of the Unites States, or any State in which I may

be, as well as any municipal ordinances.

Violation: [Tennessee Code Annotated section] 40-39-211(a), offender

established a residence within 1000 feet of Madison Academy.

Rule 5: I will inform my Probation Officer before changing my residence or

employment. I will get permission from my Probation Officer before leaving

my county of residence or the state.

Violation: On or about March 27, 2012, this offender moved from Robertson

County to Davidson County without permission.

The trial court held a hearing on these alleged violations on May 4, 2012. Sebrina

Seaborne, a probation officer with the Board of Probation and Parole, testified that her job

responsibilities included monitoring enhanced offenders and sexual offenders. She

supervised the Defendant while he was released on probation in this case.

Seaborne testified that she also was involved in the Defendant’s first probation

violation hearing. She agreed that the first violation arose out of the Defendant’s residing

at an apartment on Cheyenne Boulevard in Davidson County, where the Defendant’s wife

lived. Seaborne testified thatshe previously visited that apartment and determined that it was

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located within 1,000 feet of property owned by a school, Madison Academy. Seaborne

testified that residing at that apartment is against the sex offender rules and conditions that

apply to the Defendant. Seaborne also testified that, in the rules and conditions that the

Defendant signed, he was required to get her permission before moving from Robertson

County to another county.

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Seaborne testified that the Defendant was released from jail on March 23, 2012, after

his first violation of probation hearing. The Defendant met with Seaborne on March 27,

2012, to discuss where the Defendant was living and to initiate a GPS tracking device. On

March 27th, the Defendant told Seaborne that he was “back at his home; in the apartments

on Cheyenne Boulevard.” Seaborne told the Defendant that living there was a violation of

his probation and that he already had been violated for living there. According to her, the

Defendant responded that “the Judge didn’t tell me I couldn’t go back there, and I don’t

know why it’s any of your concern where I live.” Seaborne responded, “[I]t is my concern;

the Judge did find you guilty of violating for living there[.]” Seaborne then asked the

Defendant to sign an agreement that he knew he could not use the Cheyenne Boulevard

address as his primary or secondary address. The Defendant did sign this agreement, and it

was entered as an exhibit at the hearing. She again reiterated to the Defendant that he did not

have permission to live at the apartment on Cheyenne Boulevard, and she further instructed

him not to return there.

At the meeting on March 27th, Seaborne also placed a GPS tracking device on the

Defendant. When the Defendant left this meeting, Seaborne believed that the Defendant was

going to go back to the Cheyenne Boulevard residence. She stated, “His argument was that

I really couldn’t tell him he couldn’t live there. So no matter how many times I had insisted

I could tell him where to live, my understanding when he left was he was . . . just going to

ignore my instruction.”

Seaborne testified that the following three days, March 28- 30, 2012, she checked the

GPS system to determine the Defendant’s whereabouts. On each of these days, the “tracking

maps” generated by the GPS system, which were entered as exhibits, showed that the

Defendant was at the apartment complex on Cheyenne Boulevard. According to the tracking

map for March 28th, the Defendant was at the apartment complex on Cheyenne Boulevard

from 09:03:35 until 13:02:26 (9:03 a.m. until 1:02 p.m.). The tracking map for March 29th

indicated that the Defendant was at the apartment complex on Cheyenne Boulevard from

09:03:50 until 13:02:22 (9:03 a.m. until 1:02 p.m.). The tracking map for March 30th

indicated that the Defendant was at the apartment complex on Cheyenne Boulevard from

 The transcript does not indicate that the terms and conditions of the Defendant’s probation were

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made an exhibit at his second hearing, and they are not included in the record on appeal.

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11:40:40 until 15:39:24 (11:40 a.m. until 3:39 p.m.). On March 30th, Seaborne filed a

second probation violation warrant.

On cross-examination, Seaborne agreed that the document the Defendant signed

prohibiting him from establishing a primary or secondary residence at the apartment on

Cheyenne Boulevard did not prohibit him from visiting that apartment. Seaborne stated that

she would define “a visit” as “less than 24 hours.” She agreed that she was basing her

position that he was establishing a residence at the apartment on Cheyenne Boulevard on “the

duration of time [the Defendant] was there and the number of days he was there.” Seaborne

then added that “on the TBI instructions it says that he cannot maintain a presence there.

Which doesn’t give you – it doesn’t give you a time frame, but it says that he cannot maintain

a presence.” She stated that “maintain[ing] any kind of presence within a thousand feet[] –

is – illegal” and that “it is a violation.” According to her, she also explained this fact to the

Defendant. However, the “TBI instructions” were not referenced in the probation violation

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warrant.

The Defendant testified that on March 23, 2012, at approximately 1:30 a.m., when he

was released from jail after his first probation violation hearing, he went to the apartment on

Cheyenne Boulevard with his wife. He added, “[W]e knew that I couldn’t live there, but

there was nothing saying that I couldn’t go back over there.” The Defendant also stated, “I

talked to the Madison Police Department down there, . . . and told them I would be in their

area[.]” He asked the officers when he could “go check in with [his] wife and [his]

stepdaughter and it’s like they told [him] as long as there was no school in progress, after

hours, they didn’t have a problem with [him] being over there.” Thus, the Defendant

testified, “I would stay gone up until 5:30 when the last bus . . . for Madison ran from

downtown Nashville. And I’d go over there, and I’d stay, and then I would leave at 5:00 in

the morning before school hours opened.”

The Defendant further testified that he informed Seaborne about this schedule. He

claimed,

[S]he told me I couldn’t even go over there, that I was in violation at that

point; and I told her I know I can’t live there; she said you can’t even be over

there. And I was like nobody told me I couldn’t go over there[.] [T]hey just

said I couldn’t live there. And she said no, you were well instructed that you

can’t be there. I was like – well, we had the little disagreement there. And I

The “TBI instructions” were not admitted as an exhibit during the probation violation hearing and,

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accordingly, are not in the record on appeal.

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told her, I was like I’m going to go over there and see my wife; I don’t see why

I can’t do that; I understand I can’t live there.

So she put the ankle monitor on and told me if I went back on the

property then I would be immediately in violation; that she [sic] was already

in violation for being over there to start with. And I informed her well, if I’m

in violation then I’m going to spend as much time as I can with what I’ve got,

because I’ve done lost everything in this world over this charge. And she said

well, you do what you’re going to do, because I – and I understand her

situation, but that’s the reason why I went back over there.

Defense counsel then asked, “[T]hat would explain March 29th and March 30th as

well; is that right?” The Defendant responded,

Yes. Because I figured I was already in violation. And if you look on

that GPS I didn’t move from that address; I didn’t go w[a]ndering around.

And she wants you to be in by 9:00 at night. I was already listed as homeless,

where could I – I mean, you got to be in; where am I supposed to be in at?

On cross-examination by the State, the Defendant admitted that on March 27, 2012,

Seaborne told him that he “[c]ouldn’t even step foot on the premises.” He also agreed that

he signed a paper stating he could not establish a primary or secondary residence there. He

further agreed that he went and “stayed . . . that night the 28th, 29th, 30th and so forth until

[his] warrant was served.” The State then asked, “[A]nd [you] stayed there the entire time

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. . . opposite of what you signed and what her instruction was, correct?” The Defendant

responded, “Yes.”

At the conclusion of the hearing, the trial court found by a preponderance of the

evidence that the Defendant had violated the terms and conditions of his probation “by

maintaining a presence at the Cheyenne Boulevard residence in Davison County” (emphasis

added) and that “[h]is presence there was something that he did in the face of a direct

instruction not to do so.” The trial court also stated, “Given his insistence that he’s not going

to do what he’s required to do on a release status there’s no reasonable expectation that he

will obey any future instructions.” Accordingly, the trial court revoked the Defendant’s

probation and ordered that he serve the remainder of his three-year sentence in the Tennessee

Department of Correction.

 According to the warrant, it was served on April 12, 2012. 

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Thereafter, the trial court issued a written order reflecting its findings. In the written

order, the trial court listed the following grounds as its basis for revoking the Defendant’s

probation:

[T]he court found beyond a preponderance of the evidence that the

[D]efendant violated the terms and conditions of his probation due to

establishing a presence at a residence within 1,000.00 [sic] feet of a school’s

property after being directly told not to by his probation officer. [emphasis

added].

This appeal followed.

Analysis

The Defendant asserts that the trial court erred in revoking his probation and that it

erred in ordering him to serve the remainder of his three-year sentence in confinement.

Tennessee Code Annotated section 40-35-311 provides that, upon a probation

revocation proceeding, the court “may enter judgment upon the question of the charges as

the trial judge may deem right and proper under the evidence adduced before the trial judge.”

Tenn. Code Ann. § 40-35-311(d) (Supp. 2011). And,

[i]f the trial judge finds that the defendant has violated the conditions

of probation and suspension by a preponderance of the evidence, the trial judge

shall have the right by order duly entered upon the minutes of the court to

revoke the probation and suspension of sentence, and:

(A) Cause the defendant to commence the execution of the judgment

as originally entered, or otherwise, in accordance with [section] 40-35-310; or

(B) Resentence the defendant for the remainder of the unexpired term

to any community-based alternative to incarceration authorized by chapter 36

of this title; provided, that the violation of probation and suspension is a

technical one and does not involve the commission of a new offense.

Id. § 40-35-311(e)(1). Thus, the State must prove that the defendant violated the terms of

his or her probation only by a preponderance of the evidence. Id. Once the State has met its

burden of proof, the subsequent decision regarding revocation lies within the sound

discretion of the trial judge. See, e.g., State v. Walker, 307 S.W.3d 260, 263 (Tenn. Crim.

App. 2009); State v. Mitchell, 810 S.W.2d 733, 735 (Tenn. Crim. App. 1991).

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Therefore, on appeal, we will not disturb the trial court’s decision to revoke probation

absent an abuse of discretion. State v. Farrar, 355 S.W.3d 582, 585 (Tenn. Crim. App. 2011);

see also State v. Shaffer, 45 S.W.3d 553, 554 (Tenn. 2001). Generally, “[a] trial court abuses

its discretion when it applies incorrect legal standards, reaches an illogical conclusion, bases

its ruling on a clearly erroneous assessment of the proof, or applies reasoning that causes an

injustice to the complaining party.” Farrar, 355 S.W.3d at 586 (quoting State v. Phelps, 329

S.W.3d 436, 443 (Tenn. 2010)).

We initially note that the trial court made no findings with respect to the second

alleged violation of probation listed in the warrant – that the Defendant “moved from

Robertson County to Davidson County without permission.” The record, however, does not

support a violation of probation on this ground because no proof was presented at the hearing

that the Defendant lived in Robertson County. Thus, the Defendant’s probation cannot be

revoked on this basis.

The trial court did find that the Defendant violated the terms and conditions of his

probation “by maintaining a presence” or “establishing a presence” at the apartment on

Cheyenne Boulevard. This language, based upon the testimony of Seaborne, appears to be

from the “TBI instructions” purportedly applicable to the Defendant. Unfortunately, the

“TBI instructions” are not listed as a ground for revocation in the warrant and do not appear

anywhere in the record. Under these circumstances, the “TBI instructions” cannot be the

basis of the revocation. Moreover, we cannot determine whether the trial court intended to

revoke the Defendant’s probation based upon a violation of the first ground listed in the

warrant, that the Defendant established a primary or secondary residence within 1,000 feet

of Madison Academy, or whether the trial court actually intended to revoke the Defendant’s

probation based solely upon a violation of the “TBI instructions.” Because the trial court’s

findings are ambiguous, we are unable to determine whether the trial court properly revoked

the Defendant’s probation based upon a ground alleged in the warrant. Consequently, we are

compelled to vacate the trial court’s judgment and remand the case for the trial court to

clarify and expound upon its findings and conclusions regarding whether the Defendant

established a primary or secondary residence within 1,000 feet of Madison Academy.

CONCLUSION

For the reasons set forth above, the judgment of the trial court is vacated, and this

matter is remanded to the trial court for further findings in accordance with this opinion.

_________________________________

JEFFREY S. BIVINS, JUDGE

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