Release date: September 2021

Revised date: December 2022

All

buildings

One 

floor

Two 

floors

Three 

floors

Four to 

nine 

floors

Ten or 

more 

floors

All

buildings One floor

Two 

floors

Three 

floors

Four to 

nine 

floors

Ten or 

more 

floors

All buildings 5,918 4,106 1,286 370 142 16 96,423 43,576 23,300 10,516 13,031 6,000

Building floorspace (square feet)

1,001 to 5,000 2,833 2,227 476 117 Q N 8,025 6,107 1,518 370 Q N

5,001 to 10,000 1,359 998 297 55 Q N 10,204 7,414 2,297 432 Q N

10,001 to 25,000 981 581 300 80 20 N 15,838 9,371 4,794 1,306 368 N

25,001 to 50,000 386 172 122 67 25 N 13,957 6,163 4,357 2,477 960 N

50,001 to 100,000 218 87 57 35 37 Q 15,302 6,052 3,902 2,472 2,723 Q

100,001 to 200,000 93 28 26 10 24 4 13,003 4,027 3,541 1,348 3,404 682

200,001 to 500,000 40 11 7 5 11 6 11,776 3,168 1,884 1,420 3,384 1,920

Over 500,000 9 2 1 1 2 3 8,317 1,274 1,006 691 2,102 3,244

Principal building activity

Education 437 278 111 26 23 Q 13,623 4,930 4,333 2,000 2,282 Q

Food sales 163 149 Q Q Q N 1,006 832 Q Q Q N

Food service 286 217 47 Q Q N 1,385 963 292 Q Q N

Health care 137 80 36 13 8 1 4,018 683 598 423 1,711 602

Inpatient 9 Q Q Q 3 1 2,259 Q Q 168 1,307 537

Outpatient 129 78 35 11 4 Q 1,760 570 465 255 404 Q

Lodging 207 62 85 29 28 4 6,976 908 1,399 1,145 2,100 1,424

Mercantile 517 406 79 32 Q N 10,781 8,287 1,734 705 Q N

Retail (other than mall) 350 267 53 30 Q N 5,193 4,027 769 361 Q N

Enclosed and strip malls 167 139 26 Q Q N 5,588 4,261 965 Q Q N

Office 970 544 273 105 38 9 16,662 3,334 3,684 2,223 3,877 3,544

Public assembly 488 307 116 47 18 Q 7,192 2,847 1,923 1,125 1,273 Q

Public order and safety 81 58 Q Q 2 1 1,538 549 Q Q 280 197

Religious worship 439 213 182 37 Q N 5,471 1,990 2,296 989 Q N

Service 867 708 144 Q Q N 6,240 4,686 1,308 Q Q N

Warehouse and storage 1,004 846 137 19 Q N 17,483 12,093 4,098 845 Q N

Other 113 85 16 Q Q Q 2,435 726 755 Q 543 Q

Vacant 208 153 38 Q 3 Q 1,612 747 429 Q 208 Q

Year constructed

Before 1920 329 77 142 88 21 Q 3,600 374 997 1,188 828 Q

1920 to 1945 379 182 102 76 18 2 5,646 1,197 1,189 1,087 1,335 839

1946 to 1959 517 348 117 40 12 Q 6,937 3,348 1,502 1,168 766 154

1960 to 1969 685 484 154 32 15 1 10,360 4,306 2,957 1,108 1,428 561

1970 to 1979 831 610 184 24 12 2 13,061 5,674 3,814 1,217 1,534 821

1980 to 1989 794 590 153 33 14 4 13,465 6,380 2,912 1,110 1,382 1,681

1990 to 1999 921 696 176 30 17 1 15,535 8,074 3,772 1,334 1,824 532

2000 to 2009 924 719 155 26 22 2 17,500 9,188 3,989 1,385 2,203 735

2010 to 2018 537 400 103 20 12 1 10,319 5,036 2,169 920 1,730 464

Census region

Northeast 793 365 258 117 47 7 15,951 4,478 4,001 2,409 3,313 1,751

Midwest 1,719 1,145 419 121 33 2 25,932 11,650 6,929 3,505 2,649 1,199

South 2,143 1,636 375 90 37 5 34,907 17,683 7,821 3,188 4,427 1,787

West 1,264 959 234 42 25 3 19,633 9,765 4,549 1,414 2,642 1,262

Number of buildings (thousand) Total floorspace (million square feet)

Table B10. Number of floors, number of buildings and floorspace, 2018
All

buildings

One 

floor

Two 

floors

Three 

floors

Four to 

nine 

floors

Ten or 

more 

floors

All

buildings One floor

Two 

floors

Three 

floors

Four to 

nine 

floors

Ten or 

more 

floors

All buildings 5,918 4,106 1,286 370 142 16 96,423 43,576 23,300 10,516 13,031 6,000

Number of buildings (thousand) Total floorspace (million square feet)

Table B10. Number of floors, number of buildings and floorspace, 2018

Climate zonea

Cold or very cold 539 346 146 38 8 1 7,044 3,109 2,242 1,006 515 173

Cool 1,727 1,076 455 141 51 4 26,768 11,169 6,704 3,641 3,695 1,559

Mixed mild 1,216 748 300 113 47 8 25,096 8,450 6,184 2,845 4,779 2,839

Warm 1,606 1,261 256 62 24 2 25,085 13,741 5,552 2,321 2,629 843

Hot or very hot 831 675 128 16 11 1 12,429 7,108 2,618 703 1,413 586

Elevators and escalators 

(more than one may apply)

Any elevators 503 N 228 150 109 16 36,501 N 10,138 7,965 12,398 6,000

1 elevator 366 N 207 112 47 Q 14,215 N 7,803 4,178 2,154 Q

2 to 5 elevators 121 N 21 37 56 7 13,316 N 2,051 2,988 7,059 1,217

6 or more elevators 16 N 1 2 6 8 8,970 N 284 798 3,185 4,703

Any escalators 14 N Q 3 2 2 3,753 N 464 640 841 1,808

Number of workers (main shift)

Fewer than 5 3,270 2,491 608 155 15 Q 21,065 13,689 4,932 1,871 552 Q

5 to 9 1,116 769 246 76 25 Q 10,323 5,978 2,589 1,003 697 Q

10 to 19 713 443 200 50 20 Q 11,348 5,520 3,632 1,316 765 Q

20 to 49 492 272 149 46 24 1 16,132 7,826 4,480 1,966 1,600 259

50 to 99 201 99 55 26 20 1 12,961 5,372 3,752 1,665 1,907 265

100 to 249 90 29 24 13 20 3 12,442 4,453 2,788 1,762 2,761 678

250 or more 37 2 4 5 17 9 12,152 737 1,125 933 4,749 4,607

Weekly operating hours

Fewer than 40 1,370 964 308 79 17 Q 10,766 5,836 3,093 1,058 655 Q

40 to 48 1,483 1,068 298 95 21 1 18,826 10,265 5,095 1,993 1,218 255

49 to 60 1,250 815 316 84 30 4 22,845 10,212 5,847 2,447 2,877 1,461

61 to 84 645 450 142 34 18 2 14,736 6,526 3,582 1,667 2,072 889

85 to 167 465 361 63 28 12 1 10,038 5,082 2,372 1,149 1,295 140

Open continuously 705 447 158 49 43 7 19,213 5,654 3,312 2,202 4,914 3,130

Ownership and occupancy

Nongovernment owned 4,982 3,428 1,132 292 116 13 74,728 35,603 17,831 7,246 9,082 4,965

Owner occupied 3,249 2,184 745 224 88 7 45,355 19,481 11,293 5,458 6,089 3,035

Leased to tenant or tenants 1,581 1,124 364 60 26 6 28,382 15,632 6,275 1,685 2,875 1,915

Unoccupied 152 120 Q Q Q Q 990 491 Q Q Q Q

Government owned 937 678 154 77 25 2 21,695 7,973 5,468 3,270 3,949 1,035

Federal 70 55 9 Q 1 Q 1,946 605 426 Q 366 442

State 256 184 26 32 13 1 6,888 2,272 1,263 1,233 1,882 238

Local 610 439 119 41 11 1 12,861 5,096 3,779 1,930 1,700 355

Party responsible for operation

of energy systems

Building owner 4,872 3,310 1,089 328 130 14 79,282 32,677 19,729 9,512 11,836 5,529

Business owner or tenant 831 662 142 24 3 Q 12,842 9,114 2,670 451 539 Q

Property management 97 67 22 Q 3 1 1,994 762 397 Q 313 295

Other 118 67 Q Q 5 0 2,306 1,024 504 Q 343 108

Provider of direct input on energyrelated equipment purchases

Building owner 5,127 3,508 1,146 325 133 15 82,862 35,192 20,593 9,470 11,990 5,617

Business owner or tenant 483 389 77 15 2 Q 7,585 5,654 1,307 275 298 Q

Property management 49 40 Q Q 1 Q 1,072 425 Q Q 143 Q

Other 260 169 56 28 6 1 4,904 2,306 1,104 674 600 220
All

buildings

One 

floor

Two 

floors

Three 

floors

Four to 

nine 

floors

Ten or 

more 

floors

All

buildings One floor

Two 

floors

Three 

floors

Four to 

nine 

floors

Ten or 

more 

floors

All buildings 5,918 4,106 1,286 370 142 16 96,423 43,576 23,300 10,516 13,031 6,000

Number of buildings (thousand) Total floorspace (million square feet)

Table B10. Number of floors, number of buildings and floorspace, 2018

Number of establishments

1 4,719 3,350 1,008 258 96 7 65,391 31,181 17,005 7,231 7,913 2,062

2 to 5 811 513 197 72 27 2 16,431 7,154 3,918 1,830 2,517 1,013

6 to 10 135 72 35 19 7 2 5,539 2,397 911 567 988 677

11 to 20 63 32 20 2 7 2 3,894 1,440 794 193 763 705

More than 20 19 6 Q 5 3 3 3,999 855 393 515 715 1,521

Currently unoccupied 170 133 Q Q Q Q 1,168 549 Q Q Q Q

Campus or complex activity

Not part of a campus or complex 3,622 2,461 834 240 76 11 56,609 25,712 14,703 6,413 6,115 3,665

Primary or secondary school 247 190 44 6 Q N 5,106 2,634 1,496 411 566 N

College or university 103 39 30 13 20 1 3,761 469 591 698 1,793 211

Office complex 141 77 38 13 11 1 3,823 692 742 349 1,176 864

Retail complex 250 206 41 Q Q Q 4,573 3,266 1,002 Q Q Q

Storage complex 418 365 41 Q Q N 5,684 4,261 1,087 Q Q N

Religious campus or complex 253 131 91 24 Q Q 3,209 1,202 1,221 566 Q Q

Health care complex 60 36 12 5 7 1 2,838 409 280 177 1,409 563

Lodging or resort complex 102 52 34 Q 5 Q 1,575 303 381 Q 297 Q

Transportation complex 36 33 Q Q Q Q 774 227 Q Q Q Q

Government complex 124 101 14 Q 2 Q 1,706 738 297 Q 333 Q

Other 563 416 104 36 5 Q 6,765 3,664 1,371 668 797 Q

Predominant exterior wall material

Brick, stone, or stucco 2,490 1,519 638 239 88 7 46,134 16,704 12,117 6,911 8,040 2,362

Concrete (block or poured) 935 688 193 34 17 4 19,357 10,083 4,527 1,522 2,101 1,124

Concrete panels 137 85 33 11 5 2 8,331 3,666 2,048 733 1,039 846

Siding or shingles 948 607 253 70 17 Q 5,992 3,182 1,880 670 230 Q

Metal panels 1,250 1,098 140 Q 1 Q 12,198 9,118 2,199 Q 273 Q

Window glass 19 Q Q Q 5 2 2,192 Q Q Q 862 950

Other 139 103 24 Q Q 1 2,219 720 361 Q 486 546

Predominant roof material

Metal surfacing 2,198 1,818 333 38 8 Q 20,936 15,013 4,339 1,024 412 Q

Synthetic or rubber 940 565 222 95 51 7 31,563 11,146 7,731 4,342 5,763 2,581

Built-up 708 477 142 52 31 6 19,308 6,900 4,410 2,001 3,699 2,299

Slate or tile shingles 376 234 93 35 13 Q 3,997 1,647 1,020 613 694 Q

Wooden materials (including

shingles) 166 96 49 Q Q N 1,568 763 457 Q Q N

Asphalt, fiberglass, or 

other shingles 1,311 773 394 119 24 1 14,058 6,416 4,321 1,858 1,168 296

Concrete 83 43 26 Q 5 1 1,968 396 400 Q 609 365

Other 136 99 25 9 3 1 3,026 1,294 622 292 528 289

Roof tilt

Flat 1,914 1,265 413 140 82 15 54,253 20,108 12,146 6,418 9,824 5,756

Shallow pitch 2,313 1,765 433 92 23 1 27,609 16,847 6,842 2,031 1,720 169

Steeper pitch 1,691 1,077 440 138 37 Q 14,561 6,621 4,311 2,067 1,487 Q
All

buildings

One 

floor

Two 

floors

Three 

floors

Four to 

nine 

floors

Ten or 

more 

floors

All

buildings One floor

Two 

floors

Three 

floors

Four to 

nine 

floors

Ten or 

more 

floors

All buildings 5,918 4,106 1,286 370 142 16 96,423 43,576 23,300 10,516 13,031 6,000

Number of buildings (thousand) Total floorspace (million square feet)

Table B10. Number of floors, number of buildings and floorspace, 2018

Cool roof characteristics (more than one 

may apply)

White or reflective coating or paint 1,285 914 253 67 45 5 32,799 14,294 7,533 3,209 5,552 2,211

White or reflective tiles or shingles 140 91 38 7 5 Q 2,713 1,140 615 404 382 Q

Aluminum coating 528 433 76 10 8 Q 6,149 3,922 1,331 372 436 Q

Ballasted roof system 114 62 28 13 9 2 6,277 1,535 1,245 823 1,319 1,355

Other cool roof property 35 Q Q Q 1 2 1,603 Q Q Q 324 683

Renovations since 2000 

(more than one may apply)

Any type of renovation 2,032 1,210 559 181 72 10 45,165 15,810 11,510 5,519 7,908 4,418

Addition or annex 327 196 89 33 8 1 10,854 3,558 3,176 1,619 1,866 635

Reduction in floorspace 35 15 13 Q 1 1 1,784 393 351 Q 355 398

Roof replacement 847 468 260 80 33 5 20,862 6,426 5,490 2,584 3,816 2,546

Interior wall reconfiguration 709 388 211 73 31 7 21,283 5,561 5,003 2,856 4,465 3,398

Window replacement 484 248 142 68 23 2 10,977 2,816 2,665 1,719 2,116 1,662

HVAC equipment upgrade 1,006 563 292 99 45 8 27,575 8,139 6,773 3,460 5,491 3,713

Lighting upgrade 1,012 547 310 100 47 9 29,098 8,490 6,813 3,853 5,976 3,966

Electrical upgrade 565 295 171 69 24 5 15,761 4,146 3,354 2,093 3,492 2,677

Plumbing system upgrade 584 293 193 62 30 6 15,537 3,633 3,622 1,877 3,548 2,857

Insulation upgrade 307 175 91 27 12 3 7,980 2,186 1,886 772 1,364 1,772

Fire, safety, or security upgrade 570 269 189 70 35 7 19,985 4,765 5,070 2,649 4,208 3,293

Structural upgrade 147 81 38 21 6 2 4,203 894 1,058 442 711 1,098

Other 43 22 Q Q Q Q 1,168 827 Q Q Q Q

No renovations 3,530 2,621 671 172 61 5 43,832 23,874 10,361 4,333 3,882 1,382

Buildings constructed 2013 or later 357 275 56 16 9 Q 7,426 3,892 1,429 664 1,241 Q

Energy sources

(more than one may apply)

Electricity 5,613 3,822 1,270 364 142 16 94,844 42,188 23,152 10,480 13,027 5,998

Natural gas 2,974 1,850 761 248 104 11 67,722 27,344 17,201 8,169 10,438 4,570

Fuel oil 583 322 157 54 41 9 21,185 4,910 3,743 2,396 6,080 4,055

District heat 86 22 23 12 25 4 6,745 320 579 770 3,052 2,023

District chilled water 55 22 7 9 16 1 4,288 298 311 622 2,401 657

Propane 676 430 200 35 11 1 10,157 4,557 3,265 850 1,000 Q

Solar 99 66 20 7 Q Q 3,820 1,361 882 405 827 Q

Wood, coal, and other 180 134 37 Q Q Q 2,113 1,168 437 Q Q Q

Space-heating energy sources 

(more than one may apply)

Electricity 2,563 1,793 560 146 57 8 45,603 20,387 11,063 5,085 5,848 3,221

Natural gas 2,587 1,604 675 221 79 8 58,042 25,147 15,118 7,056 7,598 3,123

Fuel oil 266 127 96 31 11 Q 4,134 1,098 1,049 599 937 452

District heat 83 19 23 12 25 4 6,547 285 579 765 2,917 2,001

Propane 431 264 138 26 Q Q 3,896 1,914 1,281 348 Q Q

Other sourcesb 127 103 Q Q Q Q 927 686 Q Q Q Q

Primary space-heating 

energy source

Electricity 1,856 1,361 368 88 34 5 27,618 13,083 6,527 2,798 3,395 1,814

Natural gas 2,344 1,458 605 205 69 6 50,060 22,025 13,291 6,232 6,209 2,303

Fuel oil 222 103 88 24 6 Q 2,223 695 869 275 342 Q

District heat 78 Q 22 10 24 4 6,090 Q 543 685 2,795 1,824

Propane 338 216 101 Q Q N 2,290 1,373 712 Q Q N

Other sourcesb 63 53 Q Q Q N 380 329 Q Q Q N
All

buildings

One 

floor

Two 

floors

Three 

floors

Four to 

nine 

floors

Ten or 

more 

floors

All

buildings One floor

Two 

floors

Three 

floors

Four to 

nine 

floors

Ten or 

more 

floors

All buildings 5,918 4,106 1,286 370 142 16 96,423 43,576 23,300 10,516 13,031 6,000

Number of buildings (thousand) Total floorspace (million square feet)

Table B10. Number of floors, number of buildings and floorspace, 2018

Cooling energy sources

(more than one may apply)

Electricity 4,584 2,980 1,148 321 120 15 84,526 36,342 22,086 9,417 11,073 5,607

Natural gas 4 Q Q Q Q Q 400 Q Q Q Q Q

District chilled water 55 22 7 9 16 1 4,288 298 311 622 2,401 657

Water-heating energy sources

(more than one may apply)

Electricity 2,785 1,903 671 161 43 7 47,125 23,843 11,064 4,916 4,657 2,646

Natural gas 1,885 1,096 530 171 80 7 46,652 17,892 12,477 5,805 7,777 2,702

Fuel oil 72 26 Q 17 5 Q 1,807 305 385 353 436 Q

District heat 38 Q Q 7 14 3 4,206 Q Q 435 1,908 1,562

Propane 145 86 43 Q Q N 1,947 971 629 Q Q N

Cooking energy sources

(more than one may apply)

Electricity 1,216 701 359 104 45 6 30,509 11,386 7,677 3,356 5,052 3,038

Natural gas 727 450 164 69 38 6 27,705 9,335 6,140 3,688 5,431 3,111

Propane 159 94 43 12 9 Q 3,101 1,093 990 317 587 Q

Energy end uses

(more than one may apply)

Buildings with space heating 4,901 3,210 1,194 347 134 16 88,661 37,749 21,981 10,188 12,759 5,984

Buildings with cooling 4,631 3,001 1,155 327 131 16 87,506 36,588 22,356 9,838 12,727 5,998

Buildings with water heating 4,595 2,912 1,192 340 135 16 87,717 36,755 22,126 10,041 12,818 5,976

Buildings with cooking 1,738 1,014 485 156 73 9 43,580 15,087 10,696 5,543 7,753 4,501

Buildings with manufacturing 322 239 67 13 2 Q 6,871 3,679 2,061 526 348 Q

Buildings with electricity

generation 706 436 164 48 48 9 29,457 8,457 6,132 3,224 7,351 4,292

Buildings with lighting 5,503 3,728 1,255 364 141 16 94,103 41,656 22,978 10,480 12,991 5,998

Percentage of floorspace heated

Not heated 1,017 896 92 22 7 Q 7,762 5,828 1,319 329 271 Q

1 to 50% 693 477 173 33 9 0 10,620 6,083 2,905 702 800 130

51 to 99% 905 553 188 116 43 6 20,174 7,565 3,971 2,625 3,545 2,468

100% 3,303 2,179 832 199 83 10 57,867 24,100 15,105 6,860 8,415 3,386

Percentage of floorspace cooled

Not cooled 1,288 1,104 131 42 Q Q 8,917 6,988 944 679 Q Q

1 to 50% 1,111 712 328 46 24 Q 19,722 11,046 5,963 1,162 1,460 Q

51 to 99% 998 552 250 136 52 7 26,277 8,818 5,927 3,627 4,822 3,083

100% 2,522 1,737 576 145 55 8 41,507 16,723 10,466 5,049 6,445 2,824

Percentage lit when open

0% Q Q Q N N N Q Q Q N N N

1 to 50% 1,280 763 377 105 34 1 14,172 7,100 4,224 1,539 1,091 218

51 to 99% 1,784 1,126 435 151 65 8 38,847 14,961 9,540 4,879 6,300 3,168

100% 2,272 1,709 415 100 40 7 39,877 18,925 8,967 3,917 5,477 2,590

Building never open or electricity

not used 513 442 55 Q Q Q 2,998 2,197 434 Q Q Q
All

buildings

One 

floor

Two 

floors

Three 

floors

Four to 

nine 

floors

Ten or 

more 

floors

All

buildings One floor

Two 

floors

Three 

floors

Four to 

nine 

floors

Ten or 

more 

floors

All buildings 5,918 4,106 1,286 370 142 16 96,423 43,576 23,300 10,516 13,031 6,000

Number of buildings (thousand) Total floorspace (million square feet)

Table B10. Number of floors, number of buildings and floorspace, 2018

Percentage lit during off hours

0% 2,062 1,551 411 81 20 Q 15,578 10,539 3,673 912 450 Q

1 to 50% 3,246 2,059 809 262 104 13 69,800 28,549 17,923 8,350 10,142 4,836

51 to 100% 240 167 43 16 12 2 7,243 2,471 1,339 797 1,721 915

Building always open with 

no off hours 64 46 Q Q 6 1 2,223 629 Q 421 714 243

Electricity not used 305 284 Q Q Q Q 1,579 1,389 Q Q Q Q

Heating equipment 

(more than one may apply)

Packaged heating units 2,187 1,558 454 124 47 4 48,064 24,319 11,653 5,275 4,786 2,031

Furnaces 1,621 984 503 124 10 Q 17,272 9,491 5,327 1,748 635 Q

Individual space heaters 1,246 835 308 69 33 2 21,122 9,346 6,042 2,301 2,232 1,200

Boilers 703 280 231 118 65 8 28,831 6,244 7,809 4,922 6,919 2,937

Heat pumps 673 440 153 56 21 4 15,110 6,296 3,419 1,914 1,988 1,494

District heat 83 19 23 12 25 4 6,547 285 579 765 2,917 2,001

Duct reheat 134 83 28 10 11 3 7,418 1,979 1,130 975 1,981 1,353

Other 17 10 Q Q Q Q 821 522 Q Q Q Q

Cooling equipment 

(more than one may apply)

Packaged air-conditioning units 2,565 1,780 557 153 69 6 56,290 26,941 14,371 6,292 6,301 2,384

Residential-type central air

conditioners 1,309 742 424 116 26 2 18,270 7,566 5,531 2,139 2,258 776

Individual air conditioners 735 402 209 80 41 3 13,619 4,358 3,611 2,063 2,752 836

Central chillers 202 72 55 34 31 10 17,926 2,468 3,860 2,599 4,979 4,020

Heat pumps 492 311 127 32 19 4 11,098 3,648 2,610 1,243 2,101 1,497

District chilled water 55 22 7 9 16 1 4,288 298 311 622 2,401 657

Swamp coolers 85 63 15 Q 3 1 2,070 868 411 Q 375 210

Other Q Q Q Q Q Q Q Q Q Q Q Q

HVAC features 

(more than one may apply)

Economizer cycle 747 415 193 73 57 9 34,087 9,517 7,840 4,304 7,992 4,435

Variable air volume (VAV) system 698 411 164 64 50 9 29,268 6,668 6,507 4,150 7,494 4,449

Dedicated outside air system (DOAS) 249 152 55 18 20 3 9,027 2,166 1,593 1,170 2,569 1,529

Demand controlled ventilation (DCV) 349 213 94 21 17 3 10,474 3,575 2,548 1,259 1,857 1,234

Regular HVAC maintenance 3,554 2,273 889 251 125 16 78,015 31,706 18,790 9,133 12,412 5,973

Building automation system (BAS) 

controls heating or cooling 933 529 239 82 72 12 40,462 11,827 9,049 5,158 9,237 5,191

Internet-connected or smart 

thermostat 325 206 92 21 6 Q 5,966 2,545 1,812 604 647 Q

Programmable thermostat 1,545 1,002 434 88 20 Q 20,882 11,483 6,327 1,935 1,008 Q

Main equipment replaced since 

2000 (more than one may apply)

Heating 1,937 1,251 469 170 41 6 32,451 14,144 8,666 4,258 3,666 1,718

Cooling 1,269 668 424 131 40 6 23,013 6,923 6,851 2,954 3,748 2,537

Water-heating equipment

Centralized system 3,538 2,161 990 269 107 10 59,280 24,094 16,317 6,862 8,500 3,508

Distributed system 782 597 134 38 11 2 14,307 8,279 2,787 1,296 1,167 778

Combination of centralized and

distributed systems 274 154 68 33 16 4 14,129 4,382 3,022 1,883 3,151 1,691
All

buildings

One 

floor

Two 

floors

Three 

floors

Four to 

nine 

floors

Ten or 

more 

floors

All

buildings One floor

Two 

floors

Three 

floors

Four to 

nine 

floors

Ten or 

more 

floors

All buildings 5,918 4,106 1,286 370 142 16 96,423 43,576 23,300 10,516 13,031 6,000

Number of buildings (thousand) Total floorspace (million square feet)

Table B10. Number of floors, number of buildings and floorspace, 2018

Generation technologies 

(more than one may apply)

Reciprocating engine generators 580 355 137 40 40 9 25,163 6,761 5,023 2,811 6,472 4,096

Solar panels 94 61 19 7 Q Q 3,750 1,340 860 402 814 Q

Other generation technology 43 22 10 Q Q Q 2,055 608 485 Q 607 190

Lighting equipment types

(more than one may apply)

Incandescent 1,100 593 347 115 40 4 21,081 7,327 5,443 3,070 3,382 1,858

Standard fluorescent 4,012 2,661 961 268 110 11 72,912 31,558 17,924 8,186 10,497 4,747

Compact fluorescent 1,130 595 334 125 67 9 33,691 10,378 7,519 4,671 7,238 3,884

High-intensity discharge (HID) 238 155 52 15 14 2 11,356 3,909 2,091 1,317 2,488 1,551

Halogen 552 318 169 47 14 3 15,012 5,949 3,475 1,608 2,383 1,597

LED 2,593 1,565 695 213 107 14 61,849 22,832 14,898 7,835 10,672 5,612

Other Q Q Q Q N Q Q Q Q Q N Q

Refrigeration equipment

(more than one may apply)

Any refrigeration 3,850 2,474 968 273 120 14 77,589 31,681 19,684 8,752 11,847 5,624

Walk-in units 706 486 120 55 38 6 29,384 10,281 5,562 3,698 6,115 3,728

Cases or cabinets 837 562 151 77 40 7 28,517 10,675 5,608 3,355 5,521 3,358

Large cold storage areas 69 46 8 9 5 0 3,592 1,210 686 522 573 601

Commercial ice makers 872 536 202 77 49 8 34,672 11,126 7,845 4,559 7,066 4,076

Residential-type or compact units 3,321 2,094 881 233 102 12 64,735 25,861 16,819 7,360 9,901 4,795

Vending machines 800 469 195 69 57 9 42,071 14,822 9,533 4,914 8,387 4,414

No refrigeration 2,068 1,632 317 96 21 2 18,834 11,895 3,615 1,764 1,184 376

Office equipment

(more than one may apply)

Desktop computers 3,804 2,426 947 294 122 15 82,012 34,252 20,333 9,358 12,330 5,739

With multiple monitors 1,504 801 489 123 78 13 50,844 17,534 12,709 5,531 9,674 5,397

Laptop computers 2,786 1,625 800 234 113 14 69,375 26,350 17,705 8,456 11,269 5,594

Dedicated servers 1,400 802 389 120 75 13 51,595 17,761 12,546 6,161 9,720 5,406

Tablets charged in building 1,556 871 456 145 73 11 48,778 17,272 12,500 5,689 8,764 4,554

Large floor-standing office devicesc 1,456 809 411 136 89 12 54,088 18,291 13,580 6,605 10,343 5,269

Smaller desktop office devicesc 3,560 2,259 888 282 118 13 74,467 31,099 17,982 8,652 11,266 5,468

Interactive whiteboards 262 152 53 23 30 3 16,939 4,342 4,188 2,236 3,991 2,182

Televisions or video displays 2,451 1,485 652 197 103 13 63,618 24,192 15,598 7,633 10,678 5,517

Point-of-sale devices or cash 

registers 1,420 978 290 104 41 7 33,606 13,933 6,977 3,582 5,498 3,616

Food preparation or serving areas 

in non-food service buildings

(more than one may apply)

Snack bar, concession stand, or coffee 

shop 144 98 19 13 11 4 10,361 2,133 1,745 1,420 2,539 2,524

Fast food or small restaurant 160 108 18 18 13 3 9,759 3,751 1,117 1,029 1,793 2,068

Cafeteria or large restaurant 129 50 42 18 16 4 14,531 3,006 3,243 1,990 3,655 2,636

Commercial kitchen or

food preparation area 284 148 73 36 24 3 17,698 5,763 3,268 2,629 3,832 2,206

Small kitchen area 1,018 530 346 98 39 5 20,519 5,721 5,963 2,837 3,562 2,435
All

buildings

One 

floor

Two 

floors

Three 

floors

Four to 

nine 

floors

Ten or 

more 

floors

All

buildings One floor

Two 

floors

Three 

floors

Four to 

nine 

floors

Ten or 

more 

floors

All buildings 5,918 4,106 1,286 370 142 16 96,423 43,576 23,300 10,516 13,031 6,000

Number of buildings (thousand) Total floorspace (million square feet)

Table B10. Number of floors, number of buildings and floorspace, 2018

Separate computer areas

(more than one may apply)

Server closet 1,237 708 339 105 73 12 48,722 16,626 11,724 6,037 9,409 4,927

Data center 116 65 16 11 20 5 11,383 2,229 1,704 1,221 3,431 2,797

Computer-based training room 228 127 53 24 21 3 16,556 4,838 3,722 2,174 3,771 2,052

Student or public computer center 236 124 64 26 19 2 12,527 3,428 3,309 1,843 2,876 1,071

Window and interior lighting 

features (more than one may

apply)

Multipaned windows 3,527 2,236 893 273 112 13 72,694 29,467 18,242 8,710 11,131 5,144

Tinted window glass 1,679 1,115 403 107 45 10 44,363 18,442 10,326 4,911 6,573 4,111

Reflective window glass 497 311 109 47 27 3 17,929 6,616 3,495 1,992 3,810 2,015

External overhangs or awnings 1,513 1,054 339 88 29 3 28,718 13,896 6,971 2,914 3,232 1,706

Skylights or atriums 509 284 165 35 22 3 19,815 6,678 4,827 2,667 3,668 1,976

Light scheduling 910 540 226 82 52 9 33,552 11,527 7,181 4,121 6,423 4,301

Occupancy sensors 1,025 610 246 83 74 12 44,304 14,613 10,217 5,261 9,051 5,163

Multilevel lighting or dimming 332 163 100 41 24 5 14,424 3,671 2,994 2,088 3,056 2,615

Daylight harvesting 138 86 35 4 9 3 7,244 1,900 1,290 517 1,750 1,787

Plug-load control 58 30 17 7 3 1 1,961 388 429 294 591 259

Demand responsive lighting 98 60 31 Q 3 1 2,045 643 321 Q 486 261

Building automation system (BAS) for 

lighting 317 209 65 20 18 5 16,645 6,112 3,158 1,759 3,124 2,492

Electric vehicle (EV) charging

Charging stations associated with the 

building 132 70 32 11 16 3 10,165 2,924 1,752 754 2,627 2,108

Data source: U.S. Energy Information Administration, Form EIA-871A of the 2018 Commercial Buildings Energy Consumption Survey 

Notes: Because of rounding, data may not sum to totals. The Guide to the 2018 CBECS Tables and CBECS Terminology contain definitions of terms used in these tables and 

comparisons between previous CBECS tables. You can access both references from http://www.eia.gov/consumption/commercial/data/2018/. 

Data are sample survey estimates with relative standard errors published in a tab on the Excel worksheet for this table. 

a

Climate zones are based on ASHRAE Standard 169-2021; see https://www.eia.gov/consumption/commercial/maps.php#defined. b

Other sources includes wood, coal, solar, and all other energy sources.

c

Office devices refers to any combination of printers, copiers, scanners, or FAX machines. 

Q = Data withheld either because the relative standard error was greater than 50% or the reporting sample had fewer than 20 buildings. 

N = No buildings in reporting sample.
RSE

Release date: September 2021

Revised date: December 2022

All

buildings

One 

floor

Two 

floors

Three 

floors

Four to 

nine 

floors

Ten or 

more 

floors

All

buildings One floor

Two 

floors

Three 

floors

Four to 

nine 

floors

Ten or 

more 

floors

All buildings 3.9 4.3 5.8 10.5 9.4 9.8 3.1 4.5 4.4 7.6 6.3 11.0

Building floorspace (square feet)

1,001 to 5,000 4.9 5.0 9.7 17.7 41.8 0.0 5.3 5.4 10.1 18.9 37.5 0.0

5,001 to 10,000 5.9 6.9 12.1 24.0 31.0 0.0 5.8 6.8 12.2 23.8 33.2 0.0

10,001 to 25,000 5.6 7.0 9.3 13.9 45.2 0.0 6.1 7.7 10.2 14.2 47.6 0.0

25,001 to 50,000 5.6 8.3 11.5 12.9 16.5 0.0 5.6 8.7 11.4 13.2 15.8 0.0

50,001 to 100,000 5.3 7.6 8.1 14.6 9.7 25.6 5.3 7.7 8.0 14.2 9.6 22.6

100,001 to 200,000 5.6 11.4 10.2 13.5 10.7 17.3 5.5 11.1 10.4 14.0 10.1 17.0

200,001 to 500,000 5.0 10.0 10.9 11.9 9.1 11.9 5.0 10.3 10.9 12.7 8.4 11.4

Over 500,000 7.8 23.3 19.5 25.6 11.5 11.2 8.6 23.1 19.0 24.9 12.4 15.5

Principal building activity

Education 7.8 11.8 15.4 15.0 24.3 30.8 5.3 9.8 8.8 12.6 14.4 41.4

Food sales 14.3 15.0 47.1 62.6 50.1 0.0 17.0 20.2 38.1 42.3 50.1 0.0

Food service 7.7 9.4 18.8 30.4 44.7 0.0 8.5 10.4 19.9 33.7 45.2 0.0

Health care 9.8 12.6 19.4 22.7 15.7 24.2 5.5 12.2 18.3 16.1 8.6 13.4

Inpatient 19.4 38.7 38.7 51.3 18.0 15.3 7.2 30.2 50.2 27.7 10.2 13.7

Outpatient 10.3 12.9 19.5 24.9 25.7 53.4 8.0 13.4 16.3 21.2 17.5 39.2

Lodging 9.4 23.9 20.1 22.6 16.8 20.2 8.3 21.0 15.6 20.7 11.9 26.9

Mercantile 7.3 8.5 17.2 27.3 47.9 0.0 6.0 6.7 15.2 20.7 53.5 0.0

Retail (other than mall) 10.1 12.4 20.2 28.6 51.6 0.0 8.6 9.5 19.7 29.2 57.7 0.0

Enclosed and strip malls 7.6 9.9 34.0 39.0 49.1 0.0 7.6 9.1 20.0 32.4 49.1 0.0

Office 7.2 9.9 12.2 17.1 12.0 10.7 5.5 9.1 9.8 14.0 9.4 13.1

Public assembly 9.1 10.5 12.3 26.2 34.0 60.8 5.8 10.2 11.1 20.4 16.3 60.8

Public order and safety 20.2 25.9 38.2 53.0 39.2 39.4 15.9 28.0 29.1 45.8 39.2 33.5

Religious worship 9.5 13.6 13.2 22.3 51.0 0.0 9.3 13.0 12.6 21.5 35.5 0.0

Service 7.4 8.0 13.1 33.3 52.6 0.0 8.1 9.3 15.5 37.4 76.0 0.0

Warehouse and storage 7.4 7.7 16.8 30.0 39.9 0.0 7.2 8.4 11.3 25.8 38.6 0.0

Other 17.1 19.7 34.6 42.9 56.0 55.9 15.1 20.6 28.8 33.5 27.1 55.9

Vacant 17.2 22.2 36.0 44.1 45.7 79.2 14.1 22.7 31.3 42.3 26.6 76.4

Year constructed

Before 1920 12.8 23.5 18.9 21.2 22.6 62.8 10.8 26.5 18.9 19.3 19.7 51.9

1920 to 1945 10.7 13.6 21.2 28.5 23.0 27.7 8.8 14.5 19.0 23.8 15.3 31.7

1946 to 1959 8.1 10.8 14.6 17.0 23.9 52.0 7.6 11.5 12.1 18.0 19.8 33.0

1960 to 1969 6.4 8.0 12.6 28.3 27.3 21.6 5.2 8.5 10.8 18.4 18.6 17.2

1970 to 1979 7.4 9.2 12.3 20.9 19.3 26.2 6.0 9.1 10.2 18.4 13.3 20.2

1980 to 1989 7.0 9.0 11.1 22.3 19.1 16.2 5.9 8.9 8.7 17.6 13.4 22.5

1990 to 1999 7.5 8.4 13.2 26.1 24.5 29.8 6.6 8.7 11.6 17.0 11.8 19.7

2000 to 2009 8.0 9.1 12.4 21.0 38.4 25.6 6.3 8.2 10.6 15.0 12.0 22.4

2010 to 2018 11.0 12.4 19.5 23.1 16.7 29.7 7.6 10.1 13.6 16.9 18.8 34.4

Census region

Northeast 9.9 11.6 12.3 13.5 18.7 16.5 7.2 9.7 9.6 16.7 10.9 12.2

Midwest 10.9 10.7 13.4 25.6 23.8 19.7 7.4 9.5 10.3 14.3 12.4 25.1

South 7.7 8.7 10.2 20.1 15.3 17.7 6.1 8.8 8.1 15.1 13.0 22.5

West 8.1 8.6 13.3 26.6 16.3 17.9 7.1 8.1 8.8 19.4 13.3 30.1

Relative Standard Errors (RSEs) for Table B10. Number of floors, number of buildings and floorspace, 2018

RSEs for number of buildings RSEs for total floorspace 
RSE

All

buildings

One 

floor

Two 

floors

Three 

floors

Four to 

nine 

floors

Ten or 

more 

floors

All

buildings One floor

Two 

floors

Three 

floors

Four to 

nine 

floors

Ten or 

more 

floors

All buildings 3.9 4.3 5.8 10.5 9.4 9.8 3.1 4.5 4.4 7.6 6.3 11.0

Relative Standard Errors (RSEs) for Table B10. Number of floors, number of buildings and floorspace, 2018

RSEs for number of buildings RSEs for total floorspace 

Climate zonea

Cold or very cold 18.8 18.6 21.9 29.6 24.9 45.3 17.0 15.8 21.6 26.6 23.3 20.9

Cool 11.8 13.7 11.8 18.8 21.2 23.5 8.3 11.1 10.4 13.6 12.0 22.1

Mixed mild 15.1 18.2 15.6 15.0 16.2 15.9 10.5 14.9 12.3 15.9 14.5 19.8

Warm 11.4 12.0 12.6 26.3 21.9 18.3 10.0 11.6 10.9 18.0 19.1 17.4

Hot or very hot 18.8 20.8 18.7 29.3 17.4 33.8 14.1 18.5 14.9 27.9 11.8 21.3

Elevators and escalators 

(more than one may apply)

Any elevators 6.5 0.0 8.4 10.7 11.1 9.8 4.5 0.0 5.6 8.1 6.6 11.0

1 elevator 7.7 0.0 9.0 13.5 21.5 74.0 6.0 0.0 6.0 11.5 15.4 74.0

2 to 5 elevators 6.7 0.0 14.0 13.4 8.2 11.6 5.2 0.0 11.0 10.0 7.2 11.7

6 or more elevators 7.8 0.0 30.3 24.1 8.8 11.2 8.4 0.0 33.8 21.0 9.3 12.6

Any escalators 28.9 0.0 55.6 38.3 33.1 21.7 13.7 0.0 18.5 23.4 14.0 25.1

Number of workers (main shift)

Fewer than 5 5.5 5.5 8.8 15.4 29.5 85.4 5.9 6.1 9.2 17.3 20.4 83.1

5 to 9 6.1 7.4 10.9 21.6 26.2 53.7 6.9 8.9 11.2 20.8 23.5 54.6

10 to 19 6.5 7.9 11.7 16.3 21.7 48.9 7.4 8.2 11.9 16.1 17.4 53.0

20 to 49 6.3 8.3 12.4 14.5 18.9 40.0 4.8 7.7 8.8 12.9 12.5 30.2

50 to 99 6.7 10.2 10.3 17.3 16.9 31.6 5.9 8.0 9.2 15.4 14.7 33.6

100 to 249 7.1 10.0 14.2 12.4 12.5 18.5 5.6 9.8 10.1 10.1 9.7 21.5

250 or more 7.2 26.8 20.9 27.4 9.5 10.5 6.4 20.0 15.9 16.6 7.9 12.7

Weekly operating hours

Fewer than 40 6.1 6.9 13.0 18.5 28.5 50.0 6.6 8.3 12.6 20.1 17.5 37.5

40 to 48 6.2 7.2 9.3 21.2 29.5 29.5 5.1 7.0 7.9 12.9 17.2 28.1

49 to 60 5.2 7.0 9.4 13.2 12.5 16.4 4.3 7.3 8.1 14.0 10.0 18.8

61 to 84 7.6 9.7 12.6 18.6 20.0 20.7 5.3 7.7 8.5 16.8 16.8 17.3

85 to 167 8.6 9.9 15.9 18.8 21.0 43.4 6.2 8.2 12.4 13.3 15.4 27.3

Open continuously 8.1 12.3 14.1 16.7 14.5 14.4 5.0 9.1 8.7 14.5 8.3 15.1

Ownership and occupancy

Nongovernment owned 3.8 4.3 6.2 8.8 10.8 12.0 3.3 4.6 5.0 7.6 7.0 11.2

Owner occupied 4.3 5.0 5.9 9.1 12.8 14.8 3.3 4.8 5.4 8.8 7.5 15.4

Leased to tenant or tenants 5.5 6.5 11.0 18.4 15.6 13.1 4.8 6.8 8.8 13.3 12.8 12.6

Unoccupied 20.3 24.1 53.9 47.5 47.1 49.4 19.2 25.2 47.7 61.8 41.2 49.4

Government owned 9.5 9.4 12.9 27.4 18.6 23.0 6.0 8.3 7.4 14.6 12.8 22.2

Federal 26.0 32.4 37.7 55.4 37.1 53.6 16.1 24.5 29.9 58.7 23.8 44.3

State 12.9 13.5 23.6 47.6 32.9 41.1 11.8 15.3 15.4 28.1 24.4 37.4

Local 10.1 11.6 15.2 24.4 17.8 29.4 6.0 9.0 9.6 13.5 12.6 27.1

Party responsible for operation

of energy systems

Building owner 4.4 4.8 6.0 9.8 9.7 10.3 3.2 5.0 4.7 7.8 6.4 11.7

Business owner or tenant 6.5 7.2 14.5 28.3 41.4 48.0 7.2 8.5 11.9 24.7 34.7 50.3

Property management 20.7 26.9 35.7 49.9 30.0 31.7 11.7 20.6 28.9 37.0 22.9 21.2

Other 18.8 23.1 56.1 48.3 39.0 32.5 11.1 16.7 28.3 35.4 22.9 30.1

Provider of direct input on energyrelated equipment purchases

Building owner 4.4 4.8 6.1 9.8 9.6 10.2 3.1 4.7 4.8 7.7 6.4 11.7

Business owner or tenant 8.9 10.6 22.0 33.7 35.3 60.3 8.8 11.0 15.1 26.6 30.5 57.8

Property management 25.5 30.5 45.5 51.8 47.5 34.2 16.2 25.7 33.7 39.9 32.6 33.8

Other 10.5 12.6 37.6 31.0 31.5 44.3 8.1 12.3 18.3 24.7 26.8 35.2
RSE

All

buildings

One 

floor

Two 

floors

Three 

floors

Four to 

nine 

floors

Ten or 

more 

floors

All

buildings One floor

Two 

floors

Three 

floors

Four to 

nine 

floors

Ten or 

more 

floors

All buildings 3.9 4.3 5.8 10.5 9.4 9.8 3.1 4.5 4.4 7.6 6.3 11.0

Relative Standard Errors (RSEs) for Table B10. Number of floors, number of buildings and floorspace, 2018

RSEs for number of buildings RSEs for total floorspace 

Number of establishments

1 4.6 5.0 6.1 13.9 11.1 16.7 3.6 5.1 4.8 10.0 8.3 16.4

2 to 5 6.0 7.6 12.8 16.4 16.2 19.3 5.5 6.8 10.7 12.8 11.3 33.0

6 to 10 11.5 16.1 23.6 24.9 20.0 28.0 7.9 11.6 16.4 19.4 14.2 24.2

11 to 20 18.0 19.5 44.9 44.5 21.7 23.6 8.9 13.7 25.3 33.2 18.4 20.1

More than 20 18.6 25.1 53.9 42.7 18.9 14.4 10.1 18.4 23.4 30.5 15.7 15.4

Currently unoccupied 18.7 22.4 52.5 44.9 43.7 85.4 16.5 23.1 45.0 44.9 36.4 83.1

Campus or complex activity

Not part of a campus or complex 4.3 5.1 6.1 10.7 11.9 11.5 3.7 5.2 5.2 8.6 9.2 13.8

Primary or secondary school 12.1 14.0 24.9 30.1 70.0 0.0 9.4 14.6 14.3 21.0 24.9 0.0

College or university 21.8 35.9 49.3 25.6 21.2 36.0 15.9 35.4 21.6 26.6 19.4 33.3

Office complex 12.7 18.9 26.0 28.5 33.9 17.9 10.0 20.5 19.7 20.6 18.6 22.7

Retail complex 13.2 14.5 26.4 52.1 60.3 5.5 9.2 11.0 19.5 36.5 55.5 5.5

Storage complex 14.4 15.3 31.9 79.5 55.5 0.0 11.0 13.2 22.2 63.1 47.2 0.0

Religious campus or complex 11.5 17.5 16.9 22.8 52.6 99.6 12.0 17.6 15.4 25.0 31.2 99.6

Health care complex 18.0 26.8 33.6 39.8 30.8 24.4 8.2 21.8 34.2 30.6 11.8 14.0

Lodging or resort complex 15.1 28.5 29.1 40.7 32.7 62.8 13.7 33.1 24.4 44.8 30.6 22.7

Transportation complex 34.3 36.6 49.3 54.3 37.5 96.7 33.2 30.4 53.5 51.6 38.1 96.7

Government complex 18.1 19.8 33.3 50.2 40.9 40.7 17.0 18.2 22.8 53.2 30.4 39.0

Other 9.2 9.5 18.3 31.0 22.8 35.5 7.4 11.5 14.4 20.6 23.0 40.7

Predominant exterior wall material

Brick, stone, or stucco 5.3 6.8 8.2 14.2 9.5 10.8 3.9 6.1 5.6 9.7 8.3 17.2

Concrete (block or poured) 5.3 6.8 12.6 18.8 13.6 20.5 4.8 6.0 9.9 15.3 12.2 23.2

Concrete panels 12.1 17.6 24.1 30.3 17.6 20.7 8.4 14.8 12.7 19.2 15.1 24.0

Siding or shingles 7.3 8.6 11.1 17.1 39.8 46.4 9.3 11.8 13.3 18.9 34.7 57.5

Metal panels 7.6 8.1 13.8 38.5 34.1 43.4 6.0 7.2 10.8 36.7 35.0 38.7

Window glass 21.3 59.1 30.9 59.1 24.5 13.2 11.4 54.3 29.4 40.4 19.5 14.3

Other 14.7 15.8 31.5 58.3 62.1 48.3 13.7 20.5 26.1 39.9 28.1 32.2

Predominant roof material

Metal surfacing 6.2 6.5 10.2 23.6 41.4 57.0 5.6 6.6 9.6 21.6 21.9 39.3

Synthetic or rubber 6.0 8.1 10.0 13.5 11.9 13.9 4.1 6.1 6.0 10.5 8.2 10.5

Built-up 7.7 9.3 14.8 23.9 13.1 13.9 4.8 9.0 9.6 13.5 9.9 17.8

Slate or tile shingles 10.1 12.7 15.8 29.9 27.6 51.8 10.1 13.3 15.4 22.6 22.4 52.3

Wooden materials (including

shingles) 12.9 17.9 22.4 26.0 79.1 0.0 17.8 23.7 27.8 27.7 66.3 0.0

Asphalt, fiberglass, or 

other shingles 6.2 7.2 9.7 15.6 21.6 21.5 5.6 7.8 9.2 16.1 15.4 24.3

Concrete 20.6 25.2 43.7 54.8 21.9 26.3 11.9 22.4 38.7 30.4 15.1 23.6

Other 15.6 19.8 29.0 33.9 26.0 21.3 9.8 16.9 18.7 31.0 20.1 29.0

Roof tilt

Flat 4.9 6.0 7.7 16.5 9.1 10.5 3.3 5.7 4.9 9.2 6.5 11.6

Shallow pitch 5.0 5.1 9.3 15.4 16.3 34.9 4.8 5.5 8.2 15.9 15.3 28.1

Steeper pitch 7.5 8.8 10.3 12.3 21.3 36.9 5.7 8.3 9.3 9.5 12.8 45.2
RSE

All

buildings

One 

floor

Two 

floors

Three 

floors

Four to 

nine 

floors

Ten or 

more 

floors

All

buildings One floor

Two 

floors

Three 

floors

Four to 

nine 

floors

Ten or 

more 

floors

All buildings 3.9 4.3 5.8 10.5 9.4 9.8 3.1 4.5 4.4 7.6 6.3 11.0

Relative Standard Errors (RSEs) for Table B10. Number of floors, number of buildings and floorspace, 2018

RSEs for number of buildings RSEs for total floorspace 

Cool roof characteristics (more than one 

may apply)

White or reflective coating or paint 5.8 8.0 10.5 15.2 11.2 14.8 4.4 6.7 6.0 10.7 8.5 16.9

White or reflective tiles or shingles 15.4 21.2 23.8 37.7 37.7 57.9 10.4 16.2 20.1 27.0 22.7 45.6

Aluminum coating 8.8 10.2 21.5 44.6 40.5 81.5 9.2 12.2 17.6 32.7 21.0 44.2

Ballasted roof system 14.8 21.2 28.7 41.4 17.7 18.8 9.5 16.9 16.6 21.9 11.7 24.2

Other cool roof property 29.3 37.6 65.7 79.7 33.8 35.0 19.2 32.8 56.6 43.7 31.7 30.2

Renovations since 2000 

(more than one may apply)

Any type of renovation 5.0 6.1 8.3 11.6 10.3 10.7 3.4 6.2 6.1 8.4 7.1 11.0

Addition or annex 9.4 12.0 17.3 20.9 24.8 19.4 6.0 9.9 11.3 14.6 12.1 17.4

Reduction in floorspace 22.2 28.1 47.5 43.0 33.3 36.1 13.2 30.1 28.7 32.0 24.6 33.6

Roof replacement 6.8 10.0 10.2 13.7 17.7 15.5 4.3 9.7 7.2 9.4 8.7 14.4

Interior wall reconfiguration 6.0 8.0 12.8 11.8 13.4 11.5 4.2 8.6 9.5 10.1 8.7 13.3

Window replacement 9.5 11.9 19.3 15.9 14.0 19.8 5.8 10.3 11.7 12.4 11.7 24.6

HVAC equipment upgrade 7.0 9.3 10.5 12.4 12.0 11.0 4.2 8.5 6.9 9.6 7.7 11.8

Lighting upgrade 5.9 7.6 9.5 12.1 10.9 11.1 3.9 7.8 6.2 10.8 8.1 11.4

Electrical upgrade 7.1 9.1 14.1 14.8 15.3 17.2 5.6 10.9 9.5 11.6 10.0 16.1

Plumbing system upgrade 7.8 9.9 14.0 16.9 13.3 12.8 5.2 8.9 9.1 12.7 8.9 15.7

Insulation upgrade 9.2 12.8 18.3 18.2 21.8 27.0 7.8 11.3 13.5 16.8 15.8 24.2

Fire, safety, or security upgrade 6.2 9.2 12.7 14.5 12.6 15.0 4.4 9.2 7.7 11.4 8.1 14.8

Structural upgrade 13.9 21.5 25.0 31.2 30.8 29.8 10.2 17.6 15.2 24.9 15.6 33.1

Other 29.5 44.0 43.2 58.7 43.4 43.4 14.9 18.9 34.9 64.5 32.4 23.8

No renovations 4.3 4.9 6.7 13.8 16.5 14.1 3.9 5.2 5.3 10.8 9.2 19.7

Buildings constructed 2013 or later 11.9 12.7 29.8 29.3 18.4 43.9 8.3 10.4 17.7 20.9 19.2 35.6

Energy sources

(more than one may apply)

Electricity 3.9 4.2 5.8 10.6 9.4 9.8 3.0 4.4 4.4 7.6 6.3 11.0

Natural gas 4.8 5.4 7.2 11.9 10.0 11.7 3.4 4.9 5.4 7.7 6.4 12.9

Fuel oil 9.7 13.5 14.7 16.7 12.4 12.0 5.4 9.3 9.4 10.1 7.6 14.7

District heat 14.7 34.6 32.5 27.7 22.2 12.1 11.4 25.4 20.5 22.6 16.8 16.3

District chilled water 20.1 32.6 34.7 34.6 22.3 20.5 13.7 28.3 25.9 29.6 16.8 14.7

Propane 10.0 11.7 13.6 15.9 21.6 44.9 7.6 9.6 10.7 18.2 21.6 58.4

Solar 15.5 19.2 24.7 47.6 54.1 45.2 11.5 13.7 18.2 30.9 20.8 37.2

Wood, coal, and other 17.3 20.6 29.8 41.0 66.2 47.7 14.0 16.3 23.5 65.1 41.7 59.4

Space-heating energy sources 

(more than one may apply)

Electricity 4.7 5.9 7.2 12.8 13.5 12.9 3.7 6.1 5.7 10.0 8.9 14.6

Natural gas 5.2 5.8 7.9 12.2 12.5 13.3 3.6 5.1 5.9 8.2 6.9 15.6

Fuel oil 13.9 18.8 21.7 21.8 34.4 51.0 11.6 20.2 18.9 16.6 20.2 38.1

District heat 15.4 40.5 32.5 28.0 22.5 12.2 11.6 28.3 20.5 22.6 17.4 16.4

Propane 13.5 16.1 17.1 20.1 53.3 70.8 13.1 15.5 17.1 27.5 33.7 104.0

Other sourcesb 21.3 24.8 35.7 48.4 110.2 91.4 19.6 24.0 33.1 43.3 69.0 81.5

Primary space-heating 

energy source

Electricity 6.4 7.9 8.4 17.2 14.5 16.6 5.5 8.7 7.9 14.6 11.0 16.0

Natural gas 5.5 6.0 8.8 12.1 13.9 11.9 4.1 5.5 6.7 8.8 7.2 17.5

Fuel oil 16.1 22.3 23.1 26.5 37.3 84.5 15.3 20.0 24.2 22.6 35.9 67.9

District heat 15.8 42.0 33.0 27.6 22.3 12.7 12.6 30.1 21.6 23.2 17.5 18.1

Propane 17.5 20.0 19.9 23.9 95.8 0.0 16.9 18.7 22.8 43.6 88.7 0.0

Other sourcesb 22.4 24.9 48.6 50.4 49.5 0.0 30.3 34.6 55.8 50.4 49.5 0.0
RSE

All

buildings

One 

floor

Two 

floors

Three 

floors

Four to 

nine 

floors

Ten or 

more 

floors

All

buildings One floor

Two 

floors

Three 

floors

Four to 

nine 

floors

Ten or 

more 

floors

All buildings 3.9 4.3 5.8 10.5 9.4 9.8 3.1 4.5 4.4 7.6 6.3 11.0

Relative Standard Errors (RSEs) for Table B10. Number of floors, number of buildings and floorspace, 2018

RSEs for number of buildings RSEs for total floorspace 

Cooling energy sources

(more than one may apply)

Electricity 3.9 4.7 5.6 10.8 9.9 10.0 3.0 4.7 4.5 7.5 6.6 11.4

Natural gas 37.3 70.7 54.2 58.5 49.3 53.2 24.2 70.7 50.3 42.5 47.8 50.7

District chilled water 20.1 32.6 34.7 34.6 22.3 20.5 13.7 28.3 25.9 29.6 16.8 14.7

Water-heating energy sources

(more than one may apply)

Electricity 4.0 5.1 7.0 12.1 13.0 13.0 3.6 5.8 5.8 10.4 8.7 13.1

Natural gas 5.5 6.5 8.5 13.5 10.5 12.6 3.7 5.4 6.7 7.3 6.6 16.0

Fuel oil 24.0 29.2 50.8 25.9 46.5 64.3 15.4 23.8 40.7 20.8 26.2 52.0

District heat 17.4 39.6 49.9 34.1 25.1 14.7 12.8 37.9 32.3 27.4 15.8 21.4

Propane 15.8 21.1 28.5 33.0 43.9 0.0 14.7 20.6 25.3 38.0 41.6 0.0

Cooking energy sources

(more than one may apply)

Electricity 5.7 6.8 9.6 13.7 13.5 12.5 3.9 6.4 7.2 10.9 7.0 15.0

Natural gas 5.4 7.1 10.7 13.6 12.7 13.7 3.4 6.0 7.6 9.1 6.8 14.6

Propane 14.8 18.6 23.8 36.6 24.4 94.4 11.7 17.7 21.3 32.0 21.7 66.3

Energy end uses

(more than one may apply)

Buildings with space heating 4.1 4.4 6.1 10.4 9.3 9.8 3.0 4.4 4.7 7.7 6.5 11.1

Buildings with cooling 3.9 4.7 5.6 10.7 9.4 9.8 3.0 4.7 4.4 7.7 6.4 11.0

Buildings with water heating 3.9 4.6 6.1 10.7 9.2 9.8 2.9 4.5 4.3 7.5 6.4 11.1

Buildings with cooking 5.0 6.1 7.7 11.8 9.0 11.3 3.1 5.4 5.8 8.5 5.9 12.4

Buildings with manufacturing 11.3 14.4 19.3 34.8 34.0 43.3 7.9 11.6 13.8 21.9 27.7 44.6

Buildings with electricity

generation 7.4 9.8 11.0 18.2 12.2 11.0 4.4 7.0 7.5 9.0 6.9 13.9

Buildings with lighting 3.9 4.3 5.8 10.6 9.4 9.8 3.0 4.4 4.3 7.6 6.3 11.0

Percentage of floorspace heated

Not heated 8.2 8.5 18.1 34.7 44.4 30.7 10.0 11.3 18.8 29.3 29.8 64.2

1 to 50% 8.5 10.0 14.1 24.6 25.3 37.4 7.1 9.6 10.8 21.2 19.3 27.8

51 to 99% 6.7 8.6 11.6 17.2 17.4 13.7 5.3 8.1 10.1 12.5 12.5 15.1

100% 4.1 4.5 6.5 10.9 10.3 11.1 3.2 4.6 5.1 8.6 6.5 12.4

Percentage of floorspace cooled

Not cooled 7.1 6.9 17.6 31.4 35.8 51.7 8.0 8.4 16.8 27.4 28.2 51.7

1 to 50% 5.9 8.3 8.3 16.7 20.3 69.8 5.2 7.6 8.5 13.1 17.0 60.8

51 to 99% 6.6 8.3 12.3 16.2 14.3 12.7 5.1 7.5 9.3 10.5 9.6 13.8

100% 4.3 5.1 7.8 11.9 11.6 10.6 3.5 5.1 5.7 9.8 7.5 13.0

Percentage lit when open

0% 35.1 36.0 109.7 0.0 0.0 0.0 38.5 35.2 102.6 0.0 0.0 0.0

1 to 50% 6.7 8.4 11.0 18.8 24.7 33.9 6.0 9.0 10.6 20.4 19.6 33.0

51 to 99% 4.8 6.1 8.0 15.4 11.3 12.8 3.6 5.6 6.2 9.8 8.6 16.4

100% 4.7 5.3 7.6 11.1 10.1 12.2 3.8 5.7 5.6 9.7 7.9 11.1

Building never open or electricity

not used 11.6 12.4 30.5 44.9 50.1 79.2 12.1 13.9 31.3 44.9 33.1 76.4
RSE

All

buildings

One 

floor

Two 

floors

Three 

floors

Four to 

nine 

floors

Ten or 

more 

floors

All

buildings One floor

Two 

floors

Three 

floors

Four to 

nine 

floors

Ten or 

more 

floors

All buildings 3.9 4.3 5.8 10.5 9.4 9.8 3.1 4.5 4.4 7.6 6.3 11.0

Relative Standard Errors (RSEs) for Table B10. Number of floors, number of buildings and floorspace, 2018

RSEs for number of buildings RSEs for total floorspace 

Percentage lit during off hours

0% 6.5 6.8 9.1 30.5 35.1 49.6 6.7 8.2 11.2 25.6 28.0 49.6

1 to 50% 3.8 4.4 6.8 9.3 9.3 10.9 3.0 4.6 4.7 7.3 7.5 13.0

51 to 100% 10.6 15.3 21.1 32.8 18.2 17.0 6.7 12.6 16.2 18.9 12.0 14.3

Building always open with 

no off hours 15.2 19.6 30.3 51.7 24.3 46.6 11.6 21.2 27.4 34.5 20.6 26.1

Electricity not used 16.0 16.8 57.3 61.7 50.1 51.7 17.6 18.7 52.9 55.9 50.1 51.7

Heating equipment 

(more than one may apply)

Packaged heating units 4.0 5.1 8.4 11.1 12.2 15.0 3.6 5.1 5.9 9.0 8.6 22.0

Furnaces 7.2 7.7 9.5 18.6 25.5 38.5 5.7 6.4 8.4 14.6 24.4 43.4

Individual space heaters 5.9 7.3 10.4 17.5 21.8 17.6 4.8 6.6 8.3 13.6 11.6 26.1

Boilers 6.2 9.9 10.0 11.1 12.4 14.6 4.0 8.5 7.6 7.6 6.7 15.6

Heat pumps 7.7 9.5 15.6 15.1 19.2 19.0 5.4 9.2 10.0 11.7 12.3 26.2

District heat 15.4 40.5 32.5 28.0 22.5 12.2 11.6 28.3 20.5 22.6 17.4 16.4

Duct reheat 12.6 17.4 27.5 24.9 16.0 17.1 7.0 14.5 16.3 19.5 11.1 15.7

Other 46.4 43.0 84.3 90.0 41.2 98.5 24.1 28.0 43.7 47.2 42.4 98.5

Cooling equipment 

(more than one may apply)

Packaged air-conditioning units 4.3 5.5 7.0 9.5 13.7 13.4 3.4 5.2 5.5 8.3 7.8 12.2

Residential-type central air

conditioners 7.6 9.0 9.8 19.6 17.8 19.7 5.2 7.9 8.4 12.9 11.5 17.2

Individual air conditioners 6.6 8.0 10.3 16.8 15.7 25.3 5.3 8.5 9.7 13.4 11.0 16.0

Central chillers 9.0 19.2 13.5 14.5 12.7 12.6 5.0 11.5 9.2 10.8 8.7 12.1

Heat pumps 11.0 14.6 19.5 17.6 22.1 19.7 6.8 11.8 13.1 15.6 12.0 25.4

District chilled water 20.1 32.6 34.7 34.6 22.3 20.5 13.7 28.3 25.9 29.6 16.8 14.7

Swamp coolers 12.8 17.2 34.2 48.6 29.6 30.4 13.1 22.0 19.5 42.2 26.2 26.1

Other 53.2 75.8 107.6 99.6 56.7 90.2 36.4 59.7 84.1 99.6 62.5 90.4

HVAC features 

(more than one may apply)

Economizer cycle 5.6 8.4 9.1 12.9 12.6 9.2 3.9 6.2 6.2 8.8 7.4 12.6

Variable air volume (VAV) system 8.4 11.8 12.1 11.9 14.4 9.9 4.9 9.8 6.6 9.4 8.4 12.9

Dedicated outside air system (DOAS) 11.0 15.3 25.2 18.7 22.9 18.6 7.8 12.2 14.7 15.6 13.0 25.4

Demand controlled ventilation (DCV) 8.8 13.0 14.6 23.3 22.5 15.5 5.5 10.6 10.8 14.4 10.5 16.8

Regular HVAC maintenance 4.2 5.3 6.4 11.1 9.7 9.8 3.2 5.0 4.7 8.1 6.5 11.1

Building automation system (BAS) 

controls heating or cooling 6.4 8.0 10.8 12.0 14.4 9.6 3.7 6.4 6.7 8.1 6.8 11.0

Internet-connected or smart

thermostat 12.2 17.2 19.7 29.8 25.5 48.7 10.5 15.7 16.3 23.0 25.7 64.0

Programmable thermostat 4.7 6.3 8.6 13.5 17.1 42.7 5.4 7.3 8.7 13.6 16.2 32.2

Main equipment replaced since 

2000 (more than one may apply)

Heating 4.9 6.1 7.7 12.0 12.9 19.3 3.8 5.8 7.0 10.9 8.9 14.1

Cooling 4.8 6.1 8.9 14.1 13.1 16.8 4.3 5.9 7.4 11.4 8.8 18.1

Water-heating equipment

Centralized system 4.4 4.9 6.9 12.1 11.9 13.5 3.4 4.7 5.0 8.8 8.1 16.5

Distributed system 8.9 10.1 14.0 24.0 23.1 26.6 6.4 8.5 9.2 19.7 13.5 17.4

Combination of centralized and

distributed systems 8.8 14.3 16.1 20.3 12.3 14.8 5.2 9.8 10.6 11.9 9.6 12.5
RSE

All

buildings

One 

floor

Two 

floors

Three 

floors

Four to 

nine 

floors

Ten or 

more 

floors

All

buildings One floor

Two 

floors

Three 

floors

Four to 

nine 

floors

Ten or 

more 

floors

All buildings 3.9 4.3 5.8 10.5 9.4 9.8 3.1 4.5 4.4 7.6 6.3 11.0

Relative Standard Errors (RSEs) for Table B10. Number of floors, number of buildings and floorspace, 2018

RSEs for number of buildings RSEs for total floorspace 

Generation technologies 

(more than one may apply)

Reciprocating engine generators 8.8 12.2 12.7 18.5 10.0 11.5 4.8 8.0 8.3 9.3 6.9 14.4

Solar panels 15.4 19.7 25.2 47.7 54.6 48.2 11.5 14.0 18.0 31.2 21.1 38.2

Other generation technology 21.4 28.6 45.6 56.3 56.3 50.0 14.4 25.8 28.9 30.1 23.8 32.2

Lighting equipment types

(more than one may apply)

Incandescent 7.8 10.5 10.6 14.3 14.0 12.7 4.5 6.9 7.7 13.3 8.8 18.0

Standard fluorescent 4.2 4.9 6.4 13.0 11.2 10.6 3.4 4.8 4.9 8.8 7.0 11.4

Compact fluorescent 5.2 7.5 9.0 14.7 10.6 9.8 4.2 6.0 6.0 10.8 7.7 13.2

High-intensity discharge (HID) 9.8 12.8 22.2 21.4 12.1 15.0 7.1 10.6 13.2 15.3 10.9 22.7

Halogen 8.0 10.3 10.6 17.6 13.2 16.9 4.2 7.7 7.4 9.4 9.9 20.1

LED 3.6 4.3 7.3 9.7 11.4 9.8 2.9 4.7 4.6 7.8 6.6 11.3

Other 57.3 85.7 99.1 101.0 0.0 70.9 24.1 64.1 81.5 101.0 0.0 70.9

Refrigeration equipment

(more than one may apply)

Any refrigeration 4.1 4.9 6.4 9.9 10.2 10.2 3.0 4.9 4.6 7.6 6.8 11.5

Walk-in units 5.4 7.0 10.0 15.3 10.0 13.1 3.4 6.1 7.8 9.3 6.9 14.7

Cases or cabinets 5.8 7.2 13.1 15.0 12.7 12.6 3.7 6.0 7.5 9.8 7.5 14.3

Large cold storage areas 17.2 23.4 21.9 39.9 44.6 30.2 11.3 15.1 17.8 23.9 26.4 46.8

Commercial ice makers 5.5 7.9 8.5 14.0 10.6 12.6 3.5 6.2 6.2 9.0 7.8 13.6

Residential-type or compact units 4.3 5.1 6.7 10.9 12.3 11.4 3.2 5.2 4.9 8.1 7.3 12.6

Vending machines 6.1 7.8 10.4 12.1 10.3 10.4 3.8 6.1 6.1 8.4 7.9 13.0

No refrigeration 5.3 5.9 10.1 19.6 21.2 35.4 5.3 6.5 11.0 17.3 14.2 13.0

Office equipment

(more than one may apply)

Desktop computers 4.0 4.8 6.3 10.9 8.9 9.8 2.9 4.8 4.4 7.6 6.4 11.4

With multiple monitors 5.0 6.8 8.3 15.3 10.4 10.5 3.5 5.8 5.4 9.0 7.3 11.7

Laptop computers 4.0 4.9 6.3 10.9 11.2 10.2 3.0 5.0 4.6 7.6 6.9 11.3

Dedicated servers 4.9 6.3 8.0 9.8 9.6 10.1 3.3 5.3 5.5 7.6 6.7 11.8

Tablets charged in building 4.4 6.2 7.3 10.6 10.5 9.7 3.3 5.3 5.1 8.0 7.9 12.8

Large floor-standing office devicesc 4.4 6.0 7.0 8.7 9.8 9.8 3.0 5.5 5.0 7.9 6.7 12.5

Smaller desktop office devicesc 4.1 4.8 6.4 10.4 10.4 10.6 3.1 4.8 4.6 7.9 6.9 12.1

Interactive whiteboards 8.7 13.1 12.0 12.0 28.6 13.9 4.5 9.0 9.0 9.9 9.4 18.9

Televisions or video displays 3.8 4.9 7.7 10.0 10.3 10.6 3.0 4.7 5.1 8.0 7.0 11.8

Point-of-sale devices or cash 

registers 5.2 6.4 8.5 15.9 10.9 13.2 3.4 5.4 6.5 10.4 6.5 14.9

Food preparation or serving areas 

in non-food service buildings

(more than one may apply)

Snack bar, concession stand, or coffee 

shop 11.0 15.1 15.4 20.1 12.4 16.2 6.7 11.4 12.7 13.7 9.6 19.3

Fast food or small restaurant 9.4 13.0 22.0 25.7 24.7 13.0 5.9 8.4 14.9 17.1 11.7 18.0

Cafeteria or large restaurant 7.7 15.1 18.7 17.0 11.5 15.5 4.6 10.3 9.2 11.9 7.9 17.7

Commercial kitchen or

food preparation area 8.5 11.9 16.8 17.0 17.0 16.3 4.4 8.3 11.1 11.1 7.9 20.3

Small kitchen area 6.5 8.5 9.9 13.5 17.3 14.7 4.7 8.2 7.3 10.5 7.9 18.4
RSE

All

buildings

One 

floor

Two 

floors

Three 

floors

Four to 

nine 

floors

Ten or 

more 

floors

All

buildings One floor

Two 

floors

Three 

floors

Four to 

nine 

floors

Ten or 

more 

floors

All buildings 3.9 4.3 5.8 10.5 9.4 9.8 3.1 4.5 4.4 7.6 6.3 11.0

Relative Standard Errors (RSEs) for Table B10. Number of floors, number of buildings and floorspace, 2018

RSEs for number of buildings RSEs for total floorspace 

Separate computer areas

(more than one may apply)

Server closet 5.3 6.5 9.7 9.6 7.7 10.8 3.4 5.6 6.1 7.0 6.4 11.8

Data center 13.1 23.2 16.5 20.2 20.1 20.5 6.7 15.6 10.9 13.7 8.9 19.0

Computer-based training room 8.4 12.8 12.6 12.7 12.3 16.0 4.6 7.8 7.6 10.1 8.1 19.5

Student or public computer center 8.0 11.8 20.1 12.8 12.8 27.1 4.6 8.7 8.1 11.2 10.0 29.1

Window and interior lighting 

features (more than one may

apply)

Multipaned windows 4.2 5.0 6.6 11.2 10.4 9.6 3.2 4.9 4.8 7.9 6.5 12.1

Tinted window glass 4.2 6.4 7.4 11.9 9.7 12.9 3.4 5.9 5.5 8.0 6.7 12.9

Reflective window glass 7.0 9.4 12.8 16.3 17.9 14.1 5.6 8.7 8.8 11.7 11.9 20.3

External overhangs or awnings 5.0 6.3 8.9 14.4 16.6 19.8 4.5 6.3 6.6 10.3 9.0 19.9

Skylights or atriums 7.1 10.2 10.0 18.4 17.3 13.6 4.5 8.1 7.0 13.2 9.3 18.7

Light scheduling 5.2 7.1 11.5 14.0 11.5 11.5 4.1 5.6 7.0 10.4 8.7 13.4

Occupancy sensors 6.5 8.4 9.5 11.1 13.4 10.9 3.8 5.9 5.5 9.4 7.4 11.8

Multilevel lighting or dimming 10.0 13.5 17.0 17.6 17.2 13.3 6.6 8.0 11.1 15.3 11.0 18.1

Daylight harvesting 12.0 18.0 23.2 34.8 13.3 18.5 6.3 10.0 12.4 20.8 12.7 14.1

Plug-load control 18.4 27.4 37.9 41.7 25.5 28.7 12.2 26.4 24.2 31.7 25.4 20.6

Demand responsive lighting 30.7 35.9 42.1 62.3 33.2 30.9 15.2 27.1 25.5 40.1 28.3 24.9

Building automation system (BAS) for 

lighting 9.3 12.3 17.7 24.6 15.7 15.5 5.2 8.0 10.6 12.3 11.0 17.7

Electric vehicle (EV) charging

Charging stations associated with the 

building 11.5 18.8 18.6 31.0 24.6 17.3 7.2 12.7 11.4 20.0 12.1 22.1

Data source: U.S. Energy Information Administration, Forms EIA-871A of the 2018 Commercial Buildings Energy Consumption Survey 

Note: RSE is a measure of the reliability or precision of a survey statistic. Variability occurs in survey statistics because the different samples that could be drawn would each 

produce different values for the survey statistics. Estimation of Standard Errors and What is a Relative Standard Error (RSE)? contain more information on how RSEs are 

estimated and used. Both references can be accessed from https://www.eia.gov/consumption/commercial/survey-background-technical-information.php

a

Climate zones are based on ASHRAE Standard 169-2021; see https://www.eia.gov/consumption/commercial/maps.php#defined. b

Other sources includes wood, coal, solar, and all other energy sources.

c

Office devices refers to any combination of printers, copiers, scanners, or FAX machines.