DOE/EIA-0482

Energy Information Administration

Residential energy 

Consumption Survey:

Trends in Consumption and Expenditures, 

1978-1984

L
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Addresses and telephone numbers appear below.

National Energy Information Center, El-231 

Energy Information Administration 

Forrestal Building 

Room 1F-048 

Washington, DC 20585 

(202) 586-8800

Superintendent of Documents 

U.S. Government Printing Office 

Washington, DC 20402 

(202) 783-3238

Released for Printing June 25, 1987
DOE/EIA-0482

Dist. Category UC-98

Residential Energy Consumption Survey:

Trends in

Consumption and Expenditures, 

1978-1984

Energy Information Administration

Office of Energy Markets and End Use

U.S. Department of Energy

Washington, DC 20585

This report was prepared by the Energy Information Administration, the independent statistical and 

analytical agency within the Department of Energy. The information contained herein should not be 

construed as advocating or necessarily reflecting any policy position of the Department of Energy 

or any other organization.
Contacts

General Information about Energy Information Administration data on energy 

consumption may be obtained from Lynda T. Carlson, Director, Energy End Use 

Division (202-586-1112).

Specific information regarding the contents of this publication may be obtained, 

from Nancy L. Leach, Chief of the Residential and Commercial Branch 

(202-586-1114). Gerald Peabody (202-586-1617) was the principal author. Wendel 

Thompson (202-586-1119) may be contacted about the Residential Energy Consumption 

Survey and information in the tables. Robert Latta (202-586-1385) may be 

contacted about the design of the survey sample and the calculation of sampling 

errors.

RECS: Trends in Consumption and Expenditures 1978-1984 

Energy Information Administration
Contents

 Page 

Executive Summary ................................................. ix

1. Introduction ................................................. 1

Statistical Confidence Intervals ........................... 2

Comparing Data from Different REGS ......................... 3

Panel Surveys .............................................. 5

2. Consumption of and Expenditures for Major Energy Sources ..... 7

3. Consumption of and Expenditures for Individual Energy

Sources ...................................................... 29

Electricity ................................................ 29

Natural Gas ................................................ 43

Fuel Oil/Kerosene .......................................... 57

Liquefied Petroleum Gas .................................... 71

4. Distribution of Consumption and Expenditures ................. 85

Nation ..................................................... 85

Northeast .................................................. 88

North Central .............................................. 91

South ...................................................... 96

West ....................................................... 100

5. Detailed Statistics .......................................... 105

Appendices

A. Quality of the Data .......................................... 199

B. U.S. Census Regions .......................................... 229

C. U.S. Weather Zones ........................................... 233

D. Related Publications on Energy Consumption ................... 237

Glossary .......................................................... 243

REGS: Trends in Consumption and Expenditures 1978-1984 

Energy Information Administration
Contents

Tables Page

1. Average Consumption per Household of the Major Fuels (Site 

Electricity) for the United States and by Region, 1978-1982 

and 1984 ................................................................ 9

2. Average Expenditures per Household for the Major Fuels (Site 

Electricity) for the United States and by Region, 1978-1982 

and 1984 ................................................................ 20

3. Average Consumption per household for Site Electricity for the

United States and by Region, 1978-1982 and 1984 ......................... 31

4. Average Expenditures per Household for Electricity for the United

States and by Region, 1978-1982 and 1984 ................................ 37

5. Percentage of Households Using Electricity for Selected Purposes

by Census Region, 1978 and 1984................... ...................... 42

6. Average Consumption per Household of Natural Gas for the

United States and by Region, 1978-1982 and 1984 ......................... 45

7. Average Expenditures per Household for Natural Gas for the

United States and by Region, 1978-1982 and 1984 ......................... 5:

8. Percentage of Households Using Natural Gas for Selected

Purposes by Census Region, 1978 and 1984 ................................ 56

9. Average Consumption per Household of Fuel Oil and Kerosene

for the United States and by Region, 1978-1982 and 1984 ................. 59

10. Average Expenditures per Household for Fuel Oil and Kerosene

for the United States and by Region, 1978-1982 and 1984 ................. 65

11. Percentage of Households that Use Fuel Oil and Kerosene for

Selected Purposes by Region, 1978 and 1984 .............................. 70

12. Average Consumption per Household of Liquefied Petroleum Gas

for the United States and by Region, 1978-1982 and 1984 ................. 73

13. Average Expenditures per Household for Liquefied Petroleum Gas

for the United States and by Region, 1978-1982 and 1984 ................. 78

14. Percentage of Households that Use Liquefied Petroleum Gas

for Selected Purposes by Region, 1978 and 1984 .......................... 83

15. Average Residential Consumption for Major Fuels, 1978

Through 1984 ............................................................ 106

RECS: Trends in Consumption and Expenditures 1978-1984 

Energy Information Administration
Contents

Tables Page

16. Average Residential Expenditures for all Major Fuels, 1978

Through 1984 ............................................................ 112

17. Counts of U.S. Households Using Any Major Fuel, 1978 Through

1984 .................................................................... 118

18. Average Residential Consumption for Site Electricity, 1978

Through 1984 ............................................................. 124

19. Average Residential Prices and Expenditures for Site Electricity,

1978 Through 1984 ....................................................... 130

20. Counts of U.S. Households Using Electricity,

1978 Through 1984......................................................... 136

21. Average Residential Consumption for Natural Gas, 1978

Through 1984 ............................................................ 142

22. Average Residential Prices and Expenditures for Natural Gas,

1978 through 1984 ....................................................... 148

23. Counts of U.S. Households Using Natural Gas,

1978 Through 1984........................................................ 154

24. Average Residential Consumption for Fuel Oil/Kerosene, 1978

Through 1984 ............................................................ 160

25. Average Residential Prices and Expenditures for Fuel Oil/

Kerosene, 1978 Through 1984 ............................................. 166

26. Counts of U.S. Households Using Fuel Oil/Kerosene,

1978 Through 1984 ....................................................... 172

27. Average Residential Consumption for Liquefied Petroleum

Gas, 1978 Through 1984................................................... 178

28. Average Residential Prices and Expenditures for Liquefied

Petroleum Gas, 1978 Through 1984 ........................................ 184

29. Counts of U.S. Households Using Liquefied Petroleum Gas, 1978

Through 1984 ............................................................ 190

Al. Size of Sample and Increase in Universe Size for the Six

Residential Energy Consumption Surveys .................................. 201

A2. Response Rates for Residential Energy Consumption Surveys................ 202

RECS: Trends in Consumption and Expenditures 1978-1984 v 

Energy Information Administration
Contents

Tables Page

A3. Relative Standard Errors for Table 15 Row for Year of

Construction: After 1974 ................................................ 213

A4. Relative Standard Errors for Table 16 Row for Year of

Construction: After 1974 ................................................ 213

A5. Relative Standard Errors for Tables 17, 20, 23, 26, and 29 Row

for Year of Construction: After 1974 .................................... 214

A6. Relative Standard Errors for Tables 18, 21, 24, and 27 Row

for Year of Construction: After 1974 .................................... 215

A7. Relative Standard Errors for Tables 19, 22, 25, and 28 Row

for Year of Construction: After 1974 .................................... 216

A8. Dependent and Independent Sample Estimates of Standard Errors for 

Changes in Percent of Households in American Institute of 

Architects Weather Zone 2 ............................................... 219

A9. Dependent and Independent Sample Estimates of Standard Errors for

Changes in Percent of Households that Use Natural Gas as Their Main

Space Heating Fuel ...................................................... 220

A10. Dependent Sample Estimates of Standard Errors for Changes in

Percentage of Households with Natural Gas Main Space Heating ............ 221

All. Comparison of Independent Samples Standard Errors and Dependent 

Samples Standard Errors for Changes in Consumption Between The 

1982 REGS and The 1984 RECS.............................................. 2.22

A12. Comparison of Independent Samples Standard Errors and.

Dependent Samples Standard Errors for Changes in Consumption

Between The 1980 RECS and The 1984 RECS.................................. 223

A13. Comparison of Independent Samples Standard Errors and Dependent 

Samples Standard Errors for Changes in Consumption Between The 

1980 RECS and The 1982 RECS.............................................. 224

RECS: Trends in Consumption and Expenditures 1978-1984 

vi Energy Information Administration
Contents

Figures Page

1. Average Total Consumption per Household of Major Fuels (Site

Electricity) by Region, 1978, 1980, 1982, and 1984 ...................... 8

2. Prices of Major Fuels Sold to Residences in the United

States, 1978, 1980, 1982, and 1984 ..................................... 15

3. Average Total Consumption per Household of Major Fuels

(Adjusted Electricity) by Region, 1978, 1980, 1982 and 1984 ............ 17

4. Average Total Expenditures per Household for Major Fuels by

Region, 1978, 1980, 1982, and 1984 ..................................... 18

5. Annual Heating and Cooling Degree-Days by Region, 1978, 1980,

1982, and 1984 ......................................................... 26

6. Electricity: Average Consumption, Expenditures, and Prices by

Region, 1978, 1980, 1982, and 1984 ..................................... 30

7. Natural Gas: Average Consumption, Expenditures, and Prices by

Region, 1978, 1980, 1982, and 1984 ..................................... 44

8. Fuel Oil/Kerosene: Average Consumption, Expenditures, and

Prices by Region, 1978, 1980, 1982, and 1984 ........................... 58

9. Liquefied Petroleum Gas: Average Consumption, Expenditures,

and Prices by Region, 1978, 1980, 1982, and 1984 ....................... 72

10. The U.S.: Distribution of Households by Main Space Heating

Fuels, 1978 and 1984 ................................................... 86

11. The U.S.: Consumption and Expenditures for Specific Fuels

as a Percentage of all Fuels, 1978 and 1984 ............................. 87

12. The U.S.: Expenditures for Major Fuels by Main Space

Heating Fuel, 1978, 1980, 1982, and 1984 ............................... 89

13. The Northeast: Distribution of Households by Main Space

Heating Fuels, 1978 and 1984 ........................................... 90

14. The Northeast: Consumption of and Expenditures for Specific

Fuels as a Percentage of all Fuels, 1978 and 1984 ...................... 92

15. The Northeast: Expenditures for Major Fuels by Main

Space Heating Fuel, 1978, 1980, 1982, and 1984 ......................... 93

16. The North Central: Distribution of Households by Main Space

Heating Fuels, 1978 and 1984 ........................................... 94

RECS: Trends in Consumption and Expenditures 1978-1984 

Energy Information Administration
Contents

Figures Page

17. The North Central: Consumption of and Expenditures for Specific

Fuels as a Percentage of all Fuels, 1978 and 1984 ....................... 95

18. The North Central: Expenditures for Major Fuels by Main Space

Heating Fuel, 1978, 1980, 1982, and 1984 ................................ 97

19. The South: Distribution of Households by Main Space Heating Fuels,

1978 and 1984 ........................................................... 98

20. The South: Consumption and Expenditures for Specific Fuels as a

Percentage of all Fuels, 1978 and 1984 ................................... 99

21. The South: Expenditures for Major Fuels by Main Space Heating

Fuel, 1978, 1980, 1982, and 1984 ........................................ 101

22. The West: Distribution of Households by Main Space Heating

Fuels, 1978 and 1984 .................................................... 102

23. The West: Consumption and Expenditures for Specific Fuels

as a Percentage of all Fuels, 1978 and 1984 ............................. 103

24. The West: Expenditures for Major Fuels by Main Space

Heating Fuel, 1978, 1980, 1982, and 1984 ................................ 104

Al. Use of RSE Row and Column Factors ....................................... 213

RECS: Trends in Consumption and Expenditures 1978-1984 

viii Energy Information Administration
Executive Summary

This report Is one of a series based on the Residential Energy Consumption Surveys 

(REGS) conducted by the Energy Information Administration (EIA) since 1978. This 

report is unique iin that it provides an overview of the trends in energy 

consumption and expenditures per household measured by these surveys. The 

surveys, conducted in 1978 throu0l. 1982 and in 1984, provide an opportunity to 

examine how individual household consumption of energy has changed over this time 

period. The data in this report are by Census region and by four major energy 

sources: electricity, natural gas, fuel oil/kerosene, and liquefied 

petroleum gas (LPG).

The major findings of the report are:

 Energy consumption per household for the Nation has declined from 137.9

( 5.8) million Btu in 1978 to 104.7 ( 3.0) in 1984; an overall decline of 

33.2 ( 6.5) million Btu.

 The largest declines in consumption for the average household across the 

Nation occurred from 1978 to 1979, 1979 to 1980, and 1981 to 1982. These 

declines were all statistically significant at the 95-percent 

confidence level, while changes for the other time intervals were 

not statistically significant.

 Average consumption for each fuel declined, though the decline for average 

electricity consumption was barely significant.

 Among the four major fuels considered in the report (natural gas,

electricity, fuel oil/kerosene, and LPG), electricity increased its share of 

average consumption per household, while the share for fuel oil/kerosene 

declined. The shares for natural gas and for LPG did not change 

significantly from 1978 to 1984.

 Among the four Census regions, the largest drop in average consumption per 

household occurred in the regions with the largest average consumption, the 

North Central and Northeast regions.

 Price increases for each fuel more than offset the declines in consumption, 

so in each RECS there was a statistically significant increase in 

expenditures per household compared with the previous RECS. Average 

expenditures per household for all fuels increased from $724 ( 26) in 1978 to 

$1,123 ( 27) in 1984 for the Nation.

 For most fuels, average expenditures per household generally increased each 

year. The major exception was fuel oil/kerosene for which expenditures 

peaked near 1980 (the precise year varied with the Census region) and then 

declined.

The numbers in parentheses are data for the 95-percent confidence level. A 

discussion of the use this interval and tests for statistical significance are 

given in the text and in Appendix A.

RECS: Trends in Consumption and Expenditures 1978-1984

Energy Information Administration lx
Executive Summary

This report also provides a detailed statistical discussion in Appendix A on the 

differences in the design and procedures followed in conducting the various REGS, 

It describes the appropriate statistical procedures to be followed in comparing 

data obtained in one survey year with data from another year. This discussion 

explains the differences in the appropriate standard errors to be used in 

comparing different survey years depending on whether the sample design for the 

two surveys was the same or different.

REGS: Trends in Consumption and Expenditures 1978-1984 

Energy Information Administration
1. Introduction

This report contains data from the series of Residential Energy Consumption 

Surveys (REGS) that have been conducted from 1978 through 1984. This report 

examines the changes that have occurred in residential energy consumption and 

expenditures during this period. Since the REGS is used to collect data on 

energy consumption at the household level, the data are a rich source on 

differences in consumption by households of varying characteristics. 

Consequently, this report focuses on energy consumption and expenditures per 

household. These data are by Census region and by major energy sources. 

The four sources considered are natural gas, electricity, fuel 

oil/kerosene, and liquefied petroleum gas (LPG).

Households are not interested in energy for its own sake. Rather, energy is 

desired for the services it provides. Trends in energy consumption, therefore, 

reflect underlying changes in the demand for the services that energy provides, 

such as space heating, air-conditioning, water heating, cooking, and appliance 

usage. A number of factors may be responsible for the changes in consumption. 

Some factors are availability of different fuel types and their cost, while 

other factors maybe unrelated to fuel prices.

Changes in the price of energy sources obviously have an impact upon household 

consumption. From 1978 to 1984, the prices of most energy products increased. 

This increase in the cost of energy exerted a downward pressure on consumption, 

since households, without a corresponding increase in income, would try to 

absorb some of the increased cost of energy by using less of it.

Other reasons for changes in consumption may be unrelated to the cost of energy. 

For example, if the number of members in a household changes, the energy 

consumption may change because the demand for some services provided by energy 

depends on the number of family members. The introduction of a new appliance may 

occur because of the convenience of the appliance, such as the speed of cooking in 

a microwave oven, without much consideration for the resulting change in energy 

consumption.

Data on two important factors that influence energy consumption are reported here: 

energy prices and weather. Weather conditions affect the amount of energy 

required for space conditioning and to a minor degree, other appliance usage. 

Regions with colder winters must consume more energy to maintain a given house at 

a given indoor temperature than if the house were located in a region with warmer 

winters. Similarly, very hot summers increase the demand for energy used for air 

conditioning. Although data on price and temperature are presented in this 

report, they are not necessarily the only, or even the most important, factors 

associated with consumption changes. Other factors which affect energy 

consumption are included as variables in Chapter 5, which contains detailed 

statistical datai

This report is intended for both the general and technical reader who is 

interested in recent trends in residential energy consumption and expenditures. 

Chapter 2 presents a detailed discussion of trends in average total consumption 

and expenditures per household for the four major energy sources. National and 

regional data are given for 1978 through. 1984. Chapter 3 focuses on the trends 

for specific energy sources and their regional variations for 1978 through 1984. 

Chapter 4 examines the changes that occurred between 1978 and 1984 in the

REGS: Trends in Consumption and Expenditures 1978-1984 

Energy Information Administration
Introduction

relative importance of each fuel to a household's total consumption and 

expenditures. This chapter presents data on the percentage of households using 

each fuel as the main heating fuel, the consumption of and expenditures for each 

fuel as a percentage of total consumption and expenditures per household, and 

the average expenditures per household for all fuels by main heating fuel. 

Chapter 5 presents detailed statistical data from the REGS for 1978, 1980, 1982. 

and 1984.

Additional background material is given in the appendices. Appendix A, Quality 

of the Data, focuses on the statistical considerations involved in making 

comparisons between different REGS. Appendices B and C provide maps of the U.S. 

Census regions and weather zones. Finally, related energy consumption 

publications are listed and a glossary of terms used in the text is given.

Statistical Confidence Intervals

The RECS data are obtained from surveys which are samples of the population 

rather than a census of the entire population. There is an inherent uncertainty 

with which any sample can represent the entire population due to the wide range 

of characteristics in the total population. If another sample were drawn, the 

results obtained would most likely be different from those obtained from the 

first survey.

Since a sample survey can only represent the population with a certain degree of 

accuracy, this imprecision must be taken into account in drawing conclusions 

from the data. This is particularly so in comparing results from surveys that 

have different sample designs. A brief discussion of the appropriate procedures 

to be followed in analyzing data from the various RECS is provided here. The 

reader who is interested in a more detailed and comprehensive discussion of the 

statistical procedures to be followed in studying trends in the RECS data is 

referred to Appendix A.

The degree to which the mean for a statistic measured from the sample comes 

close to the mean for the total population depends on the survey design, 

including the size of the sample population, and other factors. The sample 

variance or its square root, the standard error, measures the variability of the 

sample mean relative to the population mean for a given statistic. Using this 

standard error, a confidence interval can be calculated that provides information 

about the value that would be obtained from a complete and accurate census of the 

population.

In this report, information on the sample variance is provided in the text by 

giving the value for 95-percent confidence interval. The 95-percent confidence

2 The variance data provided here reflect uncertainties due to sample design

but may not reflect other sources of uncertainty.

The 95-percent confidence interval is constructed by adding and subtracting 

1.96 x (Standard Error) from the sample statistic.

RECS: Trends in Consumption and Expenditures 1978-1984 

Energy Information Administration
Introduction

interval has tKe following interpretations if the survey were repeated with every 

possible sample* the true mean value of the statistic in question should fall 

within this cottfifierige interval, calculated for each survey, for 95 percent of the 

surveys. The Interval is given by citing the mean value of the statistic, 

followed by a value (in parentheses) which when added and subtracted from the mean 

gives the 95-perCent confidence interval. For example, if it is stated that the 

average consumption perhousehold for a specific fuel is 100 ( 10) million Btu, 

the 95-percent: gctnlidence interval would be the range from 90 to 110 million Btu.

This report frequently discusses the differences between the average values for 

a statistic estimated in two different surveys. For example, it might be stated 

that average consumption in one survey was 100 ( 5) million Btu and 120 ( 6) 

million Btu in the second, for a difference of 20 ( 8) million Btu. For this 

report, a difference will be considered statistically significant if the 

95-percent ccJiSfideijce interval for the difference does not overlap 0. In this 

example, the; cdnf teiice interval is 12 to 28 million Btu, which does not include 

0, so the diffefeiiee would be presumed to have statistical significance.

In several cases in this report, several statistics are compared at the same 

time. This dcSUrs> for example, when the Census regions are ranked with respect 

to their enei^g^ ccps/jjlption or expenditures. To account for the simultaneous 

inference in ||tese cases, it is necessary to use a larger confidence interval. 

As discussed iti Appendix A, a 99.167-percent confidence interval has been used , 

whenever the four Census regions or the four major energy sources are compared. 

A particular Census region will be noted as having the largest consumption, for 

example, if all t^pel 99.167-percent confidence intervals for the differences 

between the consumption for the region in question and for the other three 

regions all lie ai ove zero.

Comparing Data from Different RECS

The first two REGS, conducted in 1978 and 1979, were based on a survey sample 

design for a general ptirpose survey of households. RECS was fielded using this 

sample design until a design could be prepared that incorporated population 

characteristics iffipoctant to energy: information on main heating fuel and 

outdoor temperltu^e. A sample design incorporating these energy-related 

parameters ^as^igp|4metfted in the 1980 survey. This design was not changed for 

the 1981 and 19S2 "surveys. For the 1984 survey, data from the 1980 Census were 

incorporated irato the design to improve 'the precision of the survey. This 

resulted in a itoiiiest change in the survey design.

Comparing the tlata: froffi these various survey years involves some interesting 

statistical considerations because of these sample design changes. The 

difficulty in comparing statistics obtained from one survey with those from 

another is that tfie appropriate standard error for comparing a given statistic 

measured in the two surveys depends on whether or not the sample designs used

The 99.167-percent confidence interval is constructed by adding and subtracting 

2.64 x (Standard Error) from the sample statistic.

RECS: Trends in Consumption and Expenditures 1978-1984 

Energy Information Administration
Introduction

for the two surveys were the same. If the surveys have a common sample design, 

the standard error will be different, generally lower for REGS, than when the 

designs are different. To understand why the standard errors differ in the two 

cases, it is useful to discuss briefly how the sampling is carried out.

The RECS sample design incorporates what is termed a multistage area probability 

sampling technique. First, the United States is divided into a number of 

geographical areas, and some of these areas called primary sampling units 

(PSU's) are chosen to be areas within which further sampling is carried out. 

Next, each PSU is divided into a number of secondary sampling units (SSU's) and 

one SSU is selected from each PSU. Finally, each SSU is divided into smaller 

units called segments, and from these segments the final units to be interviewed 

are selected.

For RECS, when the sample design is changed, a new set of PSU's is selected. When 

the design remains unchanged, the PSU's and SSU's remain the same. Some housing 

units are selected from different segments and some are selected from the same 

segments. There may also be housing units in common from the previous surveys. 

Because the segments within a SSU are in a relatively homogeneous area, the 

household characteristics, weather, availability and price of energy sources are 

not all that different from those selected in the previous survey. Consequently, 

the standard error involved in estimating changes from one RECS to another with a 

common sample design is relatively low, particularly when the two surveys are 

close together in time.

When the sample design is changed, all the PSU's are changed except for the large 

ones. Within a PSU, weather conditions along with energy prices and availability 

are likely to be similar. However, differences in housing stock and household 

characteristics will result in variations in energy consumption and expenditures 

within each PSU. The variability in weather conditions and energy prices will 

lead to additional variation in consumption and expenditures across PSU's. 

Consquently, the standard error that is involved in making comparisons between 

RECS based on different sample designs is generally much larger than the standard 

error between RECS with a common sample design.

A detailed description of the procedures to be followed for calculating standard 

errors for comparing surveys with a common sample design is given in Appendix A. 

In this report, these standard errors are called the dependent samples standard. 

error. These standard errors are given in the tabular data provided in Chapters 

2 and 3 on trends in consumption and expenditures per household. When the 

sample designs are different, the standard error for comparing results from the 

two surveys is called the independent samples standard error. This standard 

error is calculated from the formula:

2

(Independent Samples Standard Error , ) a, D

2 2 

= (Standard Error ) + (Standard Error )

3. D

where 'a' and 'b 1 denote the two surveys being compared.

RECS: Trends in Consumption and Expenditures 1978-1984 

Energy Information Administration
Introduction

The 1978 and 1979 surveys have one design, and the 1980 through 1984 surveys have 

another design. Consequently, the standard error for any statistic measured in 

1978 or 1979 that is compared with its value measured in another year will have a 

relatively high standard error. It is useful to keep in mind that the standard 

error measures the limit to which a change could be measured. If there was a 

real, but small (i.e., smaller than width of the confidence interval) change 

between the 2 years, the RECS could not be used to provide an accurate estimate of 

the change.

Panel Surveys

Panel surveys, in which the same units are interviewed in successive surveys, are 

the most statistically reliable type of survey for measuring change. Since the 

same units are reinterviewed, the changes observed from the first survey will be 

changes that occurred for a common set of units. Changes that would be introduced 

by changing the sampled units will not be added to the survey results.

The design for the RECS introduced in 1980 includes a panel sample of households. 

One-half of the sample interviewed in one survey was reinterviewed in the survey 

two years later, with the other half of the new survey comprised of new housing 

units. This panel sample provides an opportunity to study change in more detail 

in the RECS. However, since only one-half the sample was reinterviewed for the 

panel survey, the inherent variance in the panel sample is larger than it would 

have been if the full sample had been reinterviewed. Consequently, whether or not 

the panel sample is the best vehicle for studying a specific change may depend on 

what statistic is being examined. These considerations are discussed in more 

detail in Appendix A. The tables in Chapters 2 and 3 provide the average 

consumption and expenditures for the panel samples for the two time periods over 

which households were reinterviewed: 1980 to 1982, and 1982 to 1984.

RECS: Trends in Consumption and Expenditures 1978-1984 

Energy Information Administration

2. Consumption of and Expenditures for 

Major Energy Sources

This chapter examines the average total consumption and expenditures for the 

major energy sources, and in particular, their trends and regional variations 

over the 7-year period from 1978 through 1984.

For the United States and each of the four Census regions, results from the REGS 

indicate that there has been a general decline in the average household 

consumption of major energy sources from 1978 through 1984. During this period, 

the level of average consumption was persistently highest in the North Central 

and the Northeast regions (Figure 1). The West and the South had much lower 

levels of consumption.

The size of these declines were directly correlated with the levels of 

consumption in 1978: the larger the consumption of a region, the more 

consumption there declined. However, the ranking of the regions remained 

unchanged. The 7-year change in consumption ranged from a decline of 50.2 

( 14.0) million Btu in the North Central region to 13.7 ( 11.2) in the South 

(Table 1). For the Nation as a whole, average consumption per household 

declined by 33.2 ( 6.5) million Btu.

For the Nation, declines in consumption occurred in 1979, 1980, and 1982 (Table 

1). Average consumption per household remained relatively fixed in 1981 and 

1984 compared with the previous survey. The overall decline from 1978 to 1984 

in total consumption per household of 33.2 ( 6.5) million Btu is clearly 

statistically significant. Also, for the Nation, the consumption declines from 

1978 to 1979, 1979 to 1980, and 1981 to 1982 are also statistically 

significant at the 95-percent confidence level. The nominal changes for 

1980 to 1981 and 1982 to 1984 are not statistically significant.

Average consumption per household for the major energy sources and the 

corresponding standard error for each survey year are given in Table 1. The 

change in consumption from one survey to the next is also given along with the 

appropriate standard error. The changes in consumption in 1979, 1980, and 1982 

were statistically significant. Average consumption data for the two different 

panel surveys are also given along with the dependent sample standard errors.

The pattern of consumption changes was slightly more complex when individual 

regions are considered (Table 1). The Northeast region, for example, had the 

same pattern as did the Nation: apparent decreases from 1978 to 1979, from 1979 

to 1980, and from 1981 to 1982; no change from 1980 to 1981; and a nominal 

increase from 1982 to 1984. However, the decrease from 1979 to 1980 and the 

increase from 1982 to 1984 were not statistically significant.

The consumption figures shown in Figure 1 include electricity consumed at the 

home (site) but not energy input to the electricity production. This 

distinction is discussed later in this Chapter.

Generally, the trends information from the panel data agree with the data 

from the full sample for the survey. Consequently, most of the discussion of 

trends to follow will be based on the full sample information.

RECS: Trends in Consumption and Expenditures 1978-1984 

Energy Information Administration
Consumption of and Expenditures for Major Energy Sources

Figure 1. Average Total Consumption per Household of Major Fuels 

(Site Electricity) by Region, 1978,1980,1982, and 1984

O

-C 

CD

CD

CL

00

c:

o

200-

180-j

16O14O12O -

1OO8O1978 198O 1982 1984

Region

^ u.s.

 < Northeast__ 

o North_Central 

i--- South ___ 

« West

Note: The major fuels are electricity, natural gas, fuel oil/kerosene, and liquefied petroleum gas. 

Source: Energy Information Administration, Office of Energy Markets and End Use, Energy End Use 

Division, Residential Energy Consumption Surveys, 1978, 198O, 1982 and 1984.

RECS: Trends in Consumption and Expenditures 1978-1984 

Energy Information Administration
Consumption of and Expenditures for Major Energy Sources

Table 1. Average Consumption per Household of the Major 

Fuels (Site Electricity) for the United States and 

by Region, 1978-1982 and 1984 

(Million Btu)

1978

Full Sample

Average

Standard 

Error ........... 3.0

Change in , 

Consumption .... 

Dependent Sample 

Standard Error ..

1979

125.7

2.7

-12.2 

1.7

1980

Total

114.2

1.7

-11.5

1981

U.S.

114.4

1.9

0.3 

1.4

1982

102.9

1.6

-11.5 

1.4

1984

104.7

1.5

1.8 

1.1

Independent Sample

Standard Error .. - - 3.2

Panel 1980-1982

Average

Consumption ..... - - 114.9 - 102.4 

Standard

Error ........... - - 2.2 - 2.0

Change in 2

Consumption .... - - - - -12.5 

Dependent Sample

Standard Error .. - - - - 1.3 -

Panel 1982-1984

Average

Consumption ..... - - - - 103.5 105.1 

Standard

Error ........... - - - - 1.8 2.1

Change in ,

Consumption .... - - - - - 1.6 

Dependent Sample

Standard Error .. - - - - - 1.1

See footnotes at end of table.

RECS: Trends in Consumption and Expenditures 1978-1984 

Energy Information Administration
Consumption of and Expenditures for Major Energy Sources

Table 1. Average Consumption per Household of the Major 

Fuels (Site Electricity) for the United States and 

by Region, 1978-1982 and 1984 (Continued)

_____(Million Btu)___________________

1978 1979 1980 1981 1982 1984

Northeast 

Full Sample

Average

Consumption ..... 166.3 144.8 137.7 137.7 121.7 125.2 

Standard

Error ........... 7.0 8.7 3.4 4.9 3.6 3.1

Change in .

Consumption .... - -21.5 -7.1 0.0 -26.0 3.6 

Dependent Sample

Standard Error .. 3.5 - 2.7 2.5 2.8 

Independent Sample

Standard Error .. - - 9.4 -

Panel 1980-1982

Average

Consumption ..... - - 140.0 - 118.4 

Standard

Error ........... - - 3.9 - 4.4

Change in 

Consumption .... - - - - -12.5 

Dependent Sample

Standard Error .. - - - - 1.9 -

Panel 1982-1984

Average

Consumption ..... - - - - 124.8 122.8 

Standard

Error .......... - - - - 4.1 5.3

Change in _

Consumption .... - - - - -1.9 

Dependent Sample

Standard Error .. - - - - 2.9

See footnotes at end of table.

1f. RECS: Trends in Consumption and Expenditures 1978-1984

Energy Information Administration
Consumption of and Expenditures for Major Energy Sources

Table 1. Average Consumption per Household of the Major 

Fuels (Site Electricity) for the United States and 

by Region, 1978-1982 and 1984 (Continued)

_____(Million Btu)____________________

1978 1979 1980 1981 1982 1984

North Central 

Full Sample

Average

Consumption ..... 179.5 167.9 138.7 146.7 121.9 129.4 

Standard

Error ........... 6.6 5.6 3.2 4.3 3.0 2.7

Change in .

Consumption .... - -11.7 -29.2 8.0 -24.8 7.5 

Dependent Sample

Standard Error .. - 4.2 - 4.7 4.4 3.0 

Independent Sample

Standard Error .. - - 6.4

Panel 1980-1982

Average

Consumption ..... - - 135.1 - 119.9 

Standard

Error ........... - - 5.4 - 4.8

Change in 2

Consumption .... - - - - -15.3 

Dependent Sample

Standard Error .. - - - - 3.1

Panel 1982-1984

Average

Consumption ..... - - - - 123.9 132.7 

Standard

Error ........... - - - - 3.7 3.6

Change in 

Consumption .... - - - - - 8.8 

Dependent Sample

Standard Error .. - - - - 2.4

See footnotes at end of table.

RECS: Trends in Consumption and Expenditures 1978-1984 -| ^ 

Energy Information Administration
Consumption of and Expenditures for Major Energy Sources

Table 1. Average Consumption per Household of the Major 

Fuels (Site Electricity) for the United States and 

by Region, 1978-1982 and 1984 (Continued)

_____(Million Btu)________________ _____

1978 1979 1980 1981 1982 1984

South 

Full Sample

Average

Consumption ..... 98.9 92.4 96.0 89.0 87.8 85.1 

Standard

Error ........... 4.7 3.3 3.4 3.7 3.5 3.3

Change in ,

Consumption .... - -6.5 3.6 -7.1 -1.1 -2.7 

Dependent Sample

Standard Error .. - 2.5 - 1.6 1.9 2.0 

Independent Sample

Standard Error .. - 4.7 -

Panel 1980-1982

Average

Consumption ...... - 98.5 - 88.3

Standard

Error ........... - - 4.0 - 4.0

Change in -

Consumption .... - - - - -10,2 - 

Dependent Sample

Standard Error .. - - - 2.2

Panel 1982-1984

Average

Consumption ...... - - - 87,4 86.3

Standard

Error ........... - - - - 3.7 4.2

Change in ,

Consumption .... - - - - -1.1 

Dependent Sample

Standard Error .. - - - - - 1.6

See footnotes at end of table.

RECS: Trends in Consumption and Expenditures 1978-1984 

Energy Information Administration
Consumption of and Expenditures for Major Energy Sources

Table 1. Average Consumption per Household of the Major 

Fuels (Site Electricity) for the United States and 

by Region, 1978-1982 and 1984 (Continued)

_____(Million Btu)_______________________

________;_________1978____1979 1980 1981 1982 1984

West 

Full Sample

Average

Consumption ..... 109.8 100.1 86.3 90.1 83.7 85.0 

Standard

Error ........... 5.6 4.0 1.9 2.3 2.1 2.3

Change in 1

Consumption .... - 9.7 13.8 3.8 -6.4 1.3 

Dependent Sample

Standard Error .. - 3.6 - 1.9 1.7 1.9 

Independent Sample 

Standard Error .. - - 4.4

Panel 1980-1982

Average

Consumption ..... - - 88.8 - 86.0 

Standard

Error ........... - 2.8 2.7

Change in

Consumption .... - - - - -2.7 

Dependent Sample

Standard Error .. - - - - 1.3

Panel 1982-1984

Average

Consumption ..... - - - - 81.6 83.1 

Standard

Error ........... - - - 3.5 3.5

Change in 

Consumption ....- - - - - 1.5 

Dependent Sample

Standard Error .. - - - - - 1.5

The change in consumption is from the preceding survey year to the 

year in the column. The change is for a 1-year interval for all years 

except for 1984 where the change is for the 2-year interval from 1982 to 

1984.

2

The change in consumption is for the 2-year period for the panel

sample only.

Note: Numbers may not add to totals because of independent rounding.

Source: Energy Information Administration, Office of Energy Markets 

and End Use, Energy End Use Division, Residential Energy Consumption 

Surveys, 1978, 1979, 1980, 1982, and 1984.

RECS: Trends in Consumption and Expenditures 1978-1984 

Energy Information Administration
Consumption of and Expenditures for Major Energy Sources

The North Central region had a similar pattern of apparent changes in 

consumption, but differed somewhat in whether or not the observed changes were 

statistically significant. Here, all of the observed declines were significant, 

and the increase from 1982 to 1984 was also significant.

In the South, the overall decline from 1978 to 1984 of 13.7 ( 11.2) million Btu 

was barely significant statistically. Declines in consumption from 1978 to 1979 

and from 1980 to 1981 were statistically significant, but none of the changes 

for the other years were significant.

In the West, the consumption declines from 1978 to 1979, 1979 to 1980, and 1981 

to 1982 were all statistically significant, while the apparent changes for the 

other years were not. The overall decline from 1978 to 1984 was 24.8 ( 6.0) 

million Btu in the West.

Associated with the decline in consumption was an increase in the price of the 

major energy sources used in the home (Figure 2). Averaged over all households 

that used each source, prices increased steadily from 1978 to 1984 for every 

energy source except for fuel oil/kerosene. The price of fuel oil/kerosene 

increased each year through 1981, declined slightly in 1982 and fell further in 

1984. Despite these price declines, the overall price of fuel oil/kerosene had 

a net increase from 1978 through 1984. This increase was, in percentage terms, 

between the increase for natural gas and that for electricity. The prices for 

fuel oil/kerosene and LPG increased by around 95 percent from 1978 through 1984, 

while electricity prices increased about 80 percent and natural gas prices by 

almost 120 percent.

Comparing the price or consumption of various fuels assumes that the quantities 

of different fuels consumed are comparable. That is, that 1 Btu of electricity 

is the equivalent of 1 Btu of natural gas, for example. Such an assumption has 

implicitly been made in combining the consumption of each fuel to get total 

consumption (Figure 1 and Table 1).

Since households are primarily interested in the services provided by energy, 

the most useful measure of a fuel is how much of a fuel is needed to provide a 

given level of service for example, the amount of fuel required to maintain a 

home at a given temperature for a particular outdoor temperature. For space 

heating, the type of equipment that is used to provide the heat will determine 

how much of the fuel will be used to heat the home. If an electric resistance 

heater is used for home heating, 1 Btu of electricity consumed will provide very 

close to 1 Btu of heat energy for heating the home. If an electrical heat pump 

is used, 1 Btu of electricity consumed will produce more than 1 Btu of energy 

for home heating. However, fossil fuels must be burned in a furnace in which 

there is always some heat loss. Therefore, 1 Btu of fuel consumed will produce 

less than 1 Btu of heating energy for the home.

Electricity can be used so effectively in the home because it has been 

converted into a more efficient form at the site of generation. Electricity is 

unique in that it is a derived source of energy obtained by converting another 

source of energy to a more useful form. When fossil fuels are consumed by 

utilities to generate electricity, it takes close to 3 Btu of fossil fuel to

RECS: Trends in Consumption and Expenditures 1978-1984 

Energy Information Administration
Consumption of and Expenditures for Major Energy Sources

Figure 2. Prices of Major Fuels Sold to Residences in the United States, 

197^1080,1982, and 1984

20-

151

CO

C 

0

u »-

(D

a

CO

0

a

Fuel

Electricity (Site)_

ElectricrtyJAdjusted)

Natural J5as

Fuel Oil/Kerosene_

LPG

1978 1980 1982 1984

Note: Th¥"adjusted price of electricity incorporates the approximate Btu values of the fuels used to produce the electricity. Unadjusted price is divided by 3.

Source: Energy information Administration, Office of Energy Markets and End Use, Energy End Use Division, Residential Energy Consumption Surveys, 1978,1980,1982, and 1984.

RECS: Trends in Consumption and Expenditures 1978-1984 

Energy Information Administration 15
Consumption of and Expenditures for Major Energy Sources

provide one Btu of electricity consumed in the home. This is one reason why the 

price per Btu of electricity is higher than the price per Btu of other fuels.

Because of this inherent difference between electricity consumed in the home and 

other fuels purchased for consumption at the site, some energy analysts prefer to 

incorporate the total embodied energy that constitutes a given amount of 

electricity when converting site consumption from kilowatthours (kWh) to Btu. 

This is done by multiplying the quantity of electricity consumed in the home by 

a factor of 3 when converting to Btu. In this report, when the electricity has 

been adjusted in this manner, the resulting electricity consumption is termed 

"adjusted electricity." When the consumption is a strict conversion of kWh into 

Btu, the consumption is called "site electricity." The detailed statistics 

tables in Chapter 5 provide data on total fuel consumption for both 

site-electricity consumption and adjusted-electricity consumption.

The fi differences in the nature of the fuels are reflected, in their price (Figure 

2). The average price for site electricity paid by residential consumers is 

two to three times as high as the price for the other fuels, on the common basis 

of dollars per Btu. This higher price reflects the cost of the fuels that were 

consumed to produce electricity. LPG was the next most expensive fuel, followed 

by fuel oil/kerosene and by natural gas, the least expensive fuel over the 

period. (The price of adjusted electricity is between the price of natural gas 

and fuel oil/kerosene.)

When adjusted-electricity values are included in total energy consumed by the 

household, the average total values are higher than when site-electricity values 

are used (Figure 3). The magnitude of the effect of converting to adjusted 

electricity varies from one region to another, depending on what proportion of 

the energy consumed in the region was electricity.

The South had the highest consumption of electricity per household from 1978 

through 1984, while the Northeast was the least dependent on this energy source. 

Because of the regional differences in the use of electricity, the differences 

among the regions in average total consumption for the major fuels is less 

pronounced when adjusted-electricity consumption is included in the total. In 

1978, the North Central and Northeast regions had an average consumption that 

was statistically significantly larger than that in the South and West. 

However, in 1984, consumption in the four regions was similar enough that there 

was not a statistically significant ranking among them.

Because prices increased more than consumption declined, average expenditures 

for all fuels increased steadily in each region (Figure 4). Regional patterns

Annual Energy Review, 1985 Energy Information Administration, 

DOg/EIA-0384(85).

The price and expenditures data presented in this report are in current 

dollars. They have not been converted to constant dollars by adjusting for 

inflation.

RECS: Trends in Consumption and Expenditures 1978-1984 

Energy Information Administration
Consumption of and Expenditures for Major Energy Sources

Figure 3. Average Total Consumption per Household of Major Fuels 

(Adjusted Electricity) by Region, 1978,1980,1982, and 1984

O

O

260

24O22O2OO180

00

§ 160 H

14O120-

,-

-Q

1978 198O 1982 1984

Region

A U.S.

x Northeast_ 

o North_Centr_al

n South _____ 

« West

Note: Adjusted Electricity is site electricity times 3. See Glossary.

Source: Energy Information Administration, Office of Energy Markets and End Use, Energy 

End Use Division, Residential Energy Consumption Surveys, 1978, 198O, 1982, and 1984.

RECS: Trends in Consumption and Expenditures 1978-1984 

Energy Information Administration

17
Consumption of and Expenditures for Major Energy Sources

Figure 4. Average Total Expenditures per Household for Major Fuels by Region, 

1978,1980,1982, and 1984

1,500-

,X

1,250-'

1,000 ^

0

L 

0

w

3 

0 

I

u

<D 

Q

wu 

ffl

0 

Q

750-

500 \

250-

1978 1980 1982 1984

Region

A U.S.

X Northeast _ 

0 North Central

I West

Source: Energy Information Administration, Office of Energy Markets and End Use, Energy 

End Use Division, Residential Energy Consumption Surveys, 1978,1980,1982, and 1984.

18 RECS: Trends in Consumption and Expenditures 1978-1984 

Energy Information Administration
Consumption of and Expenditures for SVfa]or Energy Sources

for expenditures differed from those for consumption because (1) the mix of fuels 

used varied by region and (2) households in the different regions paid different 

prices for their fuels. The highest average level of expenditures among the four 

regions was in the Northeast.

The North Central and South regions had intermediate levels of expenditures. 

Because of a smaller increase in prices in the early 1980's in the North 

Central region, average expenditures in the North Central and the South 

approached each other in the mid-part of the 1978 through 1984 period. 

However, they diverged again by 1984. The West had by far the lowest level of 

expenditures of all the regions.

One significant influence on the average expenditures for the major fuels 

within a region is the price of the fuels used in the region. Households in 

the Northeast paid the highest prices for almost all the fuels they used. That 

region is also heavily dependent on fuel oil a relatively expensive fuel for 

many of the years from 1978 through 1984 for space heating. Households in the 

West, on the other hand, paid the lowest prices among the regions for the 

fuels electricity and natural gas that were used most heavily in the region.

For the Nation from 1978 to 1984, average expenditures per household for major 

energy sources increased by $399 ( 38), from $724 ( 26) to $1,123 ( 27) (Table 

2). Expenditures increased every year over the 7-jear period. The largest 

increase, $106 ( 20), occurred from 1980 to 1981, a period in which consumption 

remained essentially constant. The smallest increase, $26 ( 25), occurred from 

1981 to 1982, when consumption showed a large decline. The panel data confirm 

the increases in expenditures.

The pattern of changes in expenditures within each region is generally the same 

as for the Nation, although there are some differences. For example, in the 

Northeast, the large decline in consumption from 1981 to 1982 led to a decline 

in average expenditures of $57 ( 55) which was barely significant statistically. 

By 1984, however, expenditures had risen above their 1981 levels. For the North 

Central region, the nominal decline in expenditures from 1979 to 1980 was not 

statistically signifcant. The South experienced steady increases in 

expenditures, as did the West. The apparent increases from 1982 to 1984 for the 

South and for 1981 to 1982 in the West were not statistically significant.

One important influence on the consumption levels of the different regions is 

the amount of energy consumed for space conditioning for heating the house in 

the winter and cooling (air conditioning) it in the summer. The amount of 

energy required for space conditioning the home depends on the climate of the 

region.

Warmer winters as indicated by a decrease in heating degree-days (HDD) mean 

less need for home-heating fuels. Cooler summers as indicated by a decrease 

in cooling degree-days (CDD) mean less need for air conditioning. Although 

the need for air conditioning is affected by humidity as well as by 

temperature, CDD are used as the most readily available measurement for 

assessing air conditioning requirements. When summers are warmer, air

RECS: Trends in Consumption and Expenditures 1978-1984 19 

Energy Information Administration
Consumption of and Expenditures for Major Energy Sources

Table 2. Average Expenditures per Household for the

Major Fuels (Site Electricity) for the United States

and by Region, 1978-1982 and 1984

(Dollars)

1978

Full Sample

Average

Expenditures .... 724

Standard

Error ........... 13

Change in

Expenditures ... -

Dependent Sample

Standard Error . .

Independent Sample

Standard Error . .

Panel 1980-1982

Average

Expenditures .... -

Standard

Error ...........

Change in 

Expenditures ...

Dependent Sample

Standard Error . . -

Panel 1982-1984

Average

Expenditures .... -

Standard

Error ...........

1979 1980 1981 1982

Total U.S.

815 916 1022 1048

18 12 13 14

91 101 106 26

11 - 10 13

22 -

919 - 1043

16 - 19

123

13

- - - 1053

16

1984

1123

14

76

11

-

-

_

-

-

1132

20

Change in 

Expenditures ... - - - - - 79 

Dependent Sample

Standard Error .. - - - - - n

See footnotes at end of table.

REGS: Trends in Consumption and Expenditures 1978-1984 

20 Energy Information Administration
Consumption of and Expenditures for Major Energy Sources

Table 2. Average Expenditures per Household for the

Major Fuels (Site Electricity) for the United States 

and by Region, 1978-1982 and 1984 (Continued) 

(Dollars)

1978 1979 1980 1981 1982 1984

Northeast

Full ! Sample

Average 

Expenditures .... 887 

Standard 

Error ........... 31

1033 1268 

57 28

1426 1369 

34 32

1443 

32

Change in ,

' Expenditures ... - 146 235 159 -57 74 

Dependent Sample

Standard Error .. - 33 - 27 28 25 

Independent Sample

Standard Error .. - - 65 -

Panel 1980-1982

Average

Expenditures .... - - 1269 - 1325 

Standard

Error ............ - 33 - 41

Change in ,

Expenditures ... - - - - 56 

Dependent Sample

Standard Error .. - - - - 25

Panel 1982-1984

Average 

Expenditures ... - - - - 1411 1455 

Standard

Error ............ - - - 33 43

Change in

Expenditures .... - - - - - 79 

Dependent Sample

Standard Error .. - - - - - 33

See footnotes at end of table.

RECS: Trends in Consumption and Expenditures 1978-1984 ~. 

Energy Information Administration
Consumption of and Expenditures for Major Energy Sources

Table 2. Average Expenditures per Household for the

Major Fuels (Site Electricity) for the United States 

and by Region, 1978-1982 and 1984 (Continued) 

(Dollars)

itures ....

n 1 itures

t Sample 

rd Error . .

821 

29

924 

40

103 

18

910 

19

-14

1042 

30

132 

24

1060 

28

18

31

1160 

29

100 

24

_______________1978____1979 1980 1981 1982 1984

North Central 

Full Sample

Average

Expend 

Standard

Error

Change in

Independent Sample

Standard Error .. - - 44 -

Panel 1980-1982

Average

Expenditures .... - - 896 - 1066 

Standard

Error ........... - - 25 - 35

Change in

Expenditures ... - - - - 170 

Dependent Sample

Standard Error .. - - - - 29

Panel 1982-1984

Average

Expenditures .... - - - - 1054 1191 

Standard

Error ........... - - - - 35 37

Change in ,

Expenditures ... - - - - - 137 

Dependent Sample 

Standard Error .. - - - 19

See footnotes at end of table.

RECS: Trends in Consumption and Expenditures 1978-1984 

22 Energy Information Administration
Consumption of and Expenditures for Major Energy Sources

Table 2. Average Expenditures per Household for the

Major Fuels (Site Electricity) for the United States 

and by Region, 1978-1982 and 1984 (Continued) 

(Dollars)

1978

Full Sample

Average 

Expenditures .... 674 

Standard 

Error ........... 23

Change in 1 

Expenditures ... - 

Dependent Sample 

Standard Error . .

Independent Sample 

Standard Error . .

Panel 1980-1982

Average 

Expenditures .... 

Standard 

Error ...........

Change in 

Expenditures ... 

Dependent Sample 

Standard Error . .

Panel 1982-1984

Average 

Expenditures .... 

Standard

Change in 

Expenditures ... - 

Dependent Sample 

Standard Error . .

1979 1980 1981 1982 1984

South

744 876 922 1019 1055 

20 29 25 33 28

70 132 46 97 36 

16 - 17 21 24

36

891 - 1020 

39 - 43 -

129 

28

- - 1018 1061 

- - 29 41

43 

20

See footnotes at end of table.

RECS: Trends in Consumption and Expenditures 1978-1984 23 

Energy Information Administration
Consumption of and Expenditures for Major Energy Sources

Table 2. Average Expenditures per Household for the

Major Fuels (Site Electricity) for the United States 

and by Region, 1978-1982 and 1984 (Continued) 

(Dollars)

1978

Full Sample

Average

Expenditures .... 469

Standard

Error ........... 20

Change in .

Expenditures ...

Dependent Sample

Standard Error . .

Independent Sample

Standard Error . .

Panel 1980-1982

Average

Expenditures .... -

Standard

Error ...........

Change in

Expenditures ...

Dependent Sample

Standard Error . .

Panel 1982-1984

Average

Expenditures .... -

Standard

Error ...........

Change in 

Expenditures ... -

Dependent Sample

Standard Error . .

1979 1980 1981 1982 1984

West

527 603 72C 731 852

22 15 21 16 23

58 76 117 11 121

20 - 15 13 18

27

617 - 741

- 23 - 21 -

- 124 -

- - 10

- - 722 832

- - - 30 34

110

_ _ j4

The change in expenditures is from the preceding survey year to the 

year in the column. The change is for a 1-year Interval for all years 

except for 1984 where the change is" for the 2-year interval from 1982 to 

1984.

2 The change in expenditures is for the 2-year period for the panel

sample only.

Note: Numbers may not add to totals because of independent rounding.

Source: Energy Information Administration, Office of Energy Markets 

and End Use, Energy End Use Division, Residential Energy Consumption 

Surveys, 1978, 1979, 1980, 1982, and 1984.

„ RECS: Trends in Consumption and Expenditures 1978-1984

Energy Information Administration
Consumption of and Expenditures for Major Energy Sources

conditioning is used more, with an attendant inevitable increase in the use of 

electricity (the primary source of energy for cooling).

During the 7 years covered by this report, a slight winter warming trend 

occurred in all regions except the South, where heating has been less important 

than air conditioning (Figure 5). In the South, increasingly temperate summers 

reduced the need to use electricity to air-condition homes. Consequently, 

weather changes lowered the demand for space conditioning in the later years of 

the period. The more temperate weather contributed to the decline in energy 

consumption between 1978 and 1984.

The North Central region had the most severe winters from 1978 through 1984, which 

is consistent with its position as the region with the highest average consumption 

of energy (Figure 5). The West, on the other hand, had both mild winters and mild 

summers, so it required less energy for space conditioning than the other three 

regions. The Northeast had winters almost as severe as the North Central region 

did; the South had the hottest summers. More energy was required for heating in 

the Northeast than for cooling in the South, so the Northeast region had the 

second highest level of energy consumption.

Although this report does not attempt to account for the changes in energy 

consumption described here, it is useful to note the relative influence of two 

important factors that have been discussed in this chapter. An increase in 

energy prices will induce consumers to lower their consumption because of the 

increased budget burden of the higher expenditures resulting from the higher 

prices. The larger the price increase, the larger the pressure on households to 

lower their consumption. The fact that the prices essentially doubled from 1978 

through 1984 means that the price increases put a severe pressure on households 

to lower their consumption.

On the other hand, changes in weather will have a similar effect. A colder 

winter will increase the amount of energy needed to maintain a constant 

temperature, which will increase expenditures for energy. This increase in 

expenditures will put pressure on households to lower their thermostat settings

9 The number of HDD depends on the outdoor temperature as well as the

thermostat setting in the house, which is related to the reference 

temperature. The HDD data presented here are based on a fixed reference 

temperature of 65 degrees Fahrenheit, so the only reason for a change in 

HDD would be a change in outdoor temperature. However, households might 

lower their thermostat settings either in response to an increase in the 

price of the heating fuel or because of unusually cold weather. If 

thermostat settings are lowered, a revised reference temperature should 

be used to determine the number of HDD. In the early REGS, the data 

collected were insufficient to determine whether or not changes in 

thermostat settings were significant. Because of the possible change in 

HDD caused by changed thermostat settings, data on HDD that are based on 

a fixed reference temperature are not uniquely related to energy 

requirements for space heating.

RECS: Trends in Consumption and Expenditures 1978-1984 25 

Energy Information Administration
Consumption of and Expenditures for Major Energy Sources

Figure 5. Annual Heating and Cooling Degree-Days by Region, 

1978,1980,1982, and 1984

Heating Degree-Days Cooling Degree-Days

8,000- 2,500 -

7,000 -J

6,000-

5,000

4,000

3,000 H

2,000-

1,000

Region

A U.S.

2,000-

1,500-

1,000

X Northeast_ 500 

0 North Central 

3 South

I West 0

1978 1980 1982 1984 1978 1980 1982 1984

Source: Energy Information Administration, Office of Energy Markets and End Use, Energy End Use Division, 

Residential Energy Consumption Surveys, 1978,1980,1982, and 1984.

26

RECS: Trends in Consumption and Expenditures 1978-1984 

Energy Information Administration
Consumption of and Expenditures for Major Energy Sources

to reduce the extra consumption caused by the colder winters. Similarly, warmer 

winter temperatures would require less energy for heating (and might induce a 

slight increase in thermostat settings if they had been set at a low level).

Both the increase in prices and the more moderate winter temperatures from 1978 

through 1984 contributed to households consuming less energy. However, the 

change in temperature was only modest, while the change in prices was quite 

substantial. Therefore, it is expected that the price change was the more 

important factor contributing to the reduction in energy consumption.

RECS: Trends in Consumption and Expenditures 1978-1984 07 

Energy Information Administration

3. Consumption of and Expenditures for 

Individual Energy Sources

This chapter examines average consumption and expenditures, prices, and usage 

patterns for specific fuels. The fuels considered are electricity, natural 

gas, fuel oil (and kerosene), and LPG. Consumption and expenditures are 

averaged over only those households that use each specific energy source. This 

average gives typical consumption and expenditures for households that use a 

particular energy source.

Electricity

The data for site-electricity consumption per household for each of the four 

Census regions from 1978 through 1984 show that the South had the..highest level 

of average consumption per household over this period (Figure 6). The 

Northeast region had the lowest average consumption from 1978 through 1980; 

consumption in this region was nominally lower, but not statistically 

significantly lower, than that in the North Central for later years. (The 

averages for consumption and expenditures are only for households that used 

electricity,)

Nationally, there were apparent slight declines in average electricity consumption 

for each survey from 1978 through 1984. While none of these changes were 

statistically significant, the overall decline of 3.5 ( 2.4) million Btu was 

statistically significant (Table 3). Further, an examination of the panel data 

for the 1980 through 1982 period shows that the decline of 1.2 ( 1.1) million Btu 

is just significant.

The Northeast region had small alternating increases and decreases in 

electricity consumption, which resulted in average consumption in this region 

being virtually unchanged from 1978 through 1984 (Table 1). The other regions 

showed nominal declines in consumption, but the changes were either marginally 

significant or not significant. For the North Central, the total decline was 

3.7 ( 4.6) million Btu; the South, 4.5 ( 4.5); and the West, 6.8 ( 7.0).

One important determinant of consumption patterns in the different regions is 

the consumers' cost for energy in each region. The pattern of electricity 

prices by region for residential consumers for the 7-year period shows that the 

Northeast, which had the lowest consumption, faced the highest prices among the 

four regions (Figure 6). The West and the South, which had relatively high 

levels of consumption', enjoyed the lowest prices.

Prices consistently increased over the period in each of the four regions and 

for the Nation. The largest increase occurred in the West where prices 

increased by almost 130 percent. The smallest increase was about 60 percent in 

the North Central. Nationally, prices increased on average by about 80 

percent.

All electricity Btu values and prices quoted in this section are 

"site-values;" they do not have the factor of three that adjusts for the fuels 

used to generate the electricity.

Values for consumption declines or other changes cited in the text have been 

calculated from unrounded numbers and may not be numerically identical to values 

calculated from the rounded numbers in the tables.

RECS: Trends in Consumption and Expenditures 1978-1984 29 

Energy Information Administration
Figure 6.

80

TJ 

o

D 

0 

I

0 40

3

4->

03

n 20-

1,000-

T3

r 750

03 

M

D 

0

,_ 500 -j

Q)

a

250 -] o ; Q

Consumption of and Expenditures for 

Individual Energy Sources

Electricity: Average Consumption, Expenditures, and Prices by Region, 

1978,1980,1982, and 1984

Consumption

Price

30-

~i. 

^

1978 1980 1982 1984

Expenditures

o -

1978 1980 1982 1984

3

 H

CO

c 

0

20-

10 H

X Np_[thea_s]_

C North Central

C South _

I West

1978 1980 1982 1984

30

Source: Energy Information Administration, Office of Energy Markets and End Use, Energy 

End Use Division, Residential Energy Consumption Surveys, 1978,1980,1982, and 1984.

RECS: Trends in Consumption and Expenditures 1978-1984 

Energy Information Administration
Consumption of and Expenditures for 

individual Energy Sources

Table 3. Average Consumption per Household for Site 

Electricity for the United States and by 

Reg ion,1978-1982 and 1984 

(Million Btu)

1978

Pull Sample

Average

Consumption ..... 32.2

Standard

Error ........... 1.1

Change in ,

Consumption .... -

Dependent Sample

Standard Error... -

1979

31.2

1.0

-1.0

0.5

1980

Total

30.1

0.6

-1.1

-

1981

U.S.

29.8

0.6

-0.3

0.5

1982

28.9

0.7

-0.9

0.5

1984

28.8

0.5

-0.2

0.5

Indpendent Sample

Standard Error .. - - 1.5

Panel 1980-1982

Average

Consumption ..... - - 30.4 - 29.1 

Standard

Error ........... - - 0.8 - 1.0

Change in ~

Consumption .... - - - - -1.2 

Dependent Sample

Standard Error .. - - - - 0.6

Panel 1982-1984

Average

Consumption ..... - - - - 28.8 29.1 

Standard

Error ........... - - - - 0.7 0.7

Change in -

Consumption .... - - - - - 0.3 

Dependent Sample

Standard Error .. - - - - - 0.4

See footnotes at end of table.

RECS: Trends in Consumption and Expenditures 1978-1984 ,,-) 

Energy Information Administration
Consumption of and Expenditures for 

Individual Energy Sources

Table 3. Average Consumption per Household for Site 

Electricity for the United States and by 

Region, 1978-1982 and 1984 (Continued) 

(Million Btu)

1978

Full Sample

Average

Standard 

Error ........... 1.4

1979 1980 1981

Northeast

22.7 22.2 23.4

1.5 0.9 0.9

1982 1984

21.2 22.3

0.9 0.9

Change in

Consumption .... - 0.2 -0.6 1.2 -2.2 1.1 

Dependent Sample

Standard Error .. - 0.8 - 0.7 0.7 0.6 

Independent Sample

Standard Error .. - 1,8

Panel 1980-1982

Average

Consumption ..... - - 20.9 - 20.2 

Standard

Error ........... - - 1.2 - 1.0

Change in ,,

Consumption^ .... - - - - -0.7 

Dependent Sample

Standard Error .. - - - 0.9

Panel 1982-1984

Average

Consumption ..... - - - - 22.2 23.3 

Standard

Error ........... - - - - 1.1 1.2

Change ill

Consumption .... - - - - - 1.1 

Dependent Sample 

Standard Error .. - - - - - 0.6

See footnotes at end of table.

RECS: Trends in Consumption and Expenditures 1978-1984 

Energy information Administration
Consumption of and Expenditures for 

Individual Energy Sources

Table 3. Average Consumption per Household for Site 

Electricity for the United States and by 

Region,1978-1982 and 1984 (Continued) 

(Million Btu)

I______________1978____1979 1980 1981 1982 1984

North Central 

Full Sample

Average

Consumption ..... 28.9 28.7 28.4 27.0 27.0 25.2 

Standard

Error ........... 2.0 2.3 1.1 1.2 1.5 1.2

Change in ,

Consumption .... - -0.3 -0.2 -1.5 0.0 -1.8 

Dependent Sample

Standard Error .. - 0.7 - 0.8 1.1 0.9 

Independent Sample

Standard Error .. - - 2.5

Panel 1980-1982

Average

Consumption ..... - - 29.8 - 28.8 

Standard

Error ........... - - 1.7 - 2.2

Change in _

Consumption .... - - - - -1.0 

Dependent Sample 

1 : Standard Error .. - - - - 1.2

Panel 1982-1984

Average

Consumption ..... - - - - 25.2 25.6 

Standard

Error ........... - - - - 1.1 1.3

Change in 

Consumption .... - - - - - 0.5 

Dependent Sample

Standard Error .. - - - - 0.8

See footnotes at end of table.

RECS: Trends in Consumption and Expenditures 1978-1984 33 

Energy Information Administration
Consumption of and Expenditures for 

Individual Energy Sources

Table 3. Average Consumption per Household for Site 

Electricity for the United States and by 

Region, 1978-1982 and 1984 (Continued) 

(Million Btu)

1978

Full Sample

Average

Standard 

Error ........... 2.0

Change In . 

Consumption .... 

Dependent Sample 

Standard Error . . 

Independent Sample 

Standard Error . . -

Panel 1980-1982

Average

Standard

Change in , 

Consumption .... 

Dependent Sample 

Standard Error . . 

Panel 1982-1984

Average

Standard

Change in , 

Consumption .... 

Dependent Sample 

Standard Error . .

1979 1980 1981 1982 1984

South

38.9 39.3 37.1 37.4 36.3

1.4 1.1 1.1 1.3 1.1

-1.9 0.3 -2.1 0.3 -1.1 

0.9 - 1.2 1.3 1.1 

1.8

39.5 - 36.9

1.6 - 1.9

- -2.6 

0.9

37.9 36.3

1.2 1.3

- - - -1.7 

1.0

See footnotes at end of table.

RECS: Trends in Consumption and Expenditures 1978-1984 

34 Energy Information Administration
Consumption of and Expenditures for 

Individual Energy Sources

Table 3. Average Consumption per Household for Site 

Electricity for the United States and by 

Region,1978-1982 and 1984 (Continued)

_____(Million Btu)___________________

_________________1978____1979 1980 1981 1982 1984

West 

Full Sample

Average

Consumption ..... 34.2 31.7 25.9 28.3 25.5 27.4 

Standard

Error ........... 3.4 2.5 1.0 1.2 1.1 0.9

Change in .

Consumption .... - -2.5 -5.8 2.5 

Dependent Sample

Standard Error .. 1.9 - 0.9 

Independent Sample

Standard Error .. - - 2.7

Panel 1980-1982

Average

Consumption ..... - - 26.4 - 25.9 

Standard

Error ........... - - 1.1 - 1.3

Change in ?

Consumption .... - - - --0.5 

Dependent Sample

Standard Error .. - - - - 0.9

Banel 1982-1984

Average

Consumption ..... - - - - 25.2 27.3 

Standard

Error ........... - - - - 1.3 1.4

Change in ,.,

Consumption .... - - - - - 2.2 

Dependent Sample

Standard Error .. - - - - 0.8

The change in consumption is from the preceding survey year to the 

year in the column. The change is for a 1-year interval for all years 

except for 1984 where the change is for the 2-year interval from 1982 to 

1984.

The change in consumption is for the 2-year period for the panel 

sample only.

Note: Numbers may not add to totals because of independent rounding.

Source: Energy Information Administration, Office of Energy Markets 

and End Use, Energy End Use Division, Residential Energy Consumption 

Surveys, 1978, 1979, 1980, 1982, and 1984.

HECS: Trends in Consumption and Expenditures 1978-1984 

Energy Information Administration
Consumption of and Expenditures for 

Individual Energy Sources

For the Nation, the persistent increase in prices coupled with minor declines in 

consumption led to statistically significant increases in expenditures for 

electricity per household each year (Table 4). Expenditures rose from $390 in 

1978 to $632 in 1984, a total increase of $243 ( 15). The same picture holds for 

each of the regions; expenditures increased in most years and the increases were 

usually statistically significant. For the few cases where there was a nominal 

decline in expenditures, it was not statistically signficant.

The South had the highest level of average expenditures per household for 

electricity (Figure 6). Although prices in the South were the second lowest 

among the regions, the South's high consumption led to its having the highest 

average expenditures. In 1978, households in the Northeast had expenditures 

nominally below those in the North Central (but the difference was not 

statistically significant). However, the large price rise in the Northeast 

resulted in this region having an average expenditure level in 1984 that was 

not statistically different from that in the South. The West had the lowest 

level of average expenditures, though the difference between its consumption 

and that in the North Central was not significant after 1980.

The purposes for which electricity is used in the various regions affect the 

relative levels of consumption in the regions. Historically, the availability 

of cheaper electricity in some areas of the country particularly the Tennessee 

Valley area in the South and the Pacific Northwest area of the West led to 

more applications of electricity to home needs in these areas.

In 1984, the South had more homes that were "all-electric" than any other 

region: 26 ( 5) percent of homes in this region used electricity for the main 

space heating fuel, for water heating fuel and for cooking (Table 5). The 

region ranking next in all-electric homes was the West, 15 ( 4) percent, while 

in the Northeast and North Central regions, fewer than 10 percent of the homes 

were all-electric.

The South and West led the two other regions in the percentage of its 

households that used electricity for heating the home. The South had the 

largest percentage of homes that used., electricity for water heating , and 

for space cooling (air conditioning). The much warmer summer weather 

in the South (with about twice the number of CDD as the other regions) 

made the use of electricity for air conditioning particularly important 

to the South's pattern of energy use.

12The data in Table 5 for air conditioning include refrigerator-type

coolers only. They do not include evaporative coolers sometimes called 

swamp coolers which are used in dry areas of the West: 17 percent of all 

homes in the West used this form of space cooling. Since evaporative 

coolers use far less electricity than refrigeration units, the data in 

Table 5 still give a reasonably valid perspective on the potential 

consumption of electricity based on stocks of appliances.

REGS: Trends in Consumption and Expenditures 1978-1984 

Energy Information Administration
Consumption of and Expenditures for 

Individual Energy Sources

Table 4. Average Expenditures per Household for Electricity 

for the United States and by Region, 1978-1982 

and 1984 

(Dollars)

"'..'.,:... 1978

Full Sample

Average 

Expenditures .... 390 

Standard 

Error ........... 9

1979 1980 1981 1982

Total U.S.

420 492 552 578 

9 9 9 13

1984

632

12

Change in .

"Expenditures 1 ... - 30 72 60 26 53 

Dependent Sample

Standard Error .. - 6 - 7 10 9 

Independent Sample

Standard Error .. - - 13 - - -

Panel 1980-1982

Average

Expenditures .... - - 494 - 579 

Standard

Error ..;......... - - 13 - 18

Change in 

Expenditures ... - - - - 85 

Dependent Sample

Standard Error .. - - - - 11

Panel 1982-1984

Average

Expenditures .... - - - - 577 638 

Standard

Error ........... - - - - 12 15

Change in 

Expenditures ... - - - - - 61 

Dependent Sample 

: Standard Error .. - - - - - 8

See footnotes at end of table.

RECS: Trends in Consumption and Expenditures 1978-1984 37 

Energy Information Administration
Consumption of and Expenditures for 

Individual Energy Sources

Table 4. Average Expenditures per Household for Electricity 

for the United States and by Region, 1978-1982 

and 1984 (Continued) 

(Dollars)

1978

Full Sample

Average 

Expenditures .... 345 

Standard 

Error ........... 15

Change in 

Expenditures ... - 

Dependent Sample 

Standard Error . .

Independent Sample 

Standard Error . .

Panel 1980-1982

Average 

Expenditures .... - 

Standard 

Error ...........

1979 1980 1981 1982

Northeast

391 487 589 582 

14 14 17 24

46 96 102 -7 

11 - 12 16

20

466 - 557 

20 - 29

1984

665 

29

83

15

-

-

Change in 7

Expenditures'" ... - - - - 90 

Dependent Sample

Standard Error .. - - - 18

Panel 1982-1984

Average

Expenditures .... - - - - 606 696 

Standard

Error ........... - - - - 27 33

Change in 

Expenditures ... - - - - 90 

Dependent Sample

Standard Error .. - - - - 21

See footnotes at end of table.

RECS: Trends in Consumption and Expenditures 1978-1984 

Energy Information Administration
Consumption of and Expenditures for 

Individual Energy Sources

Table 4. Average Expenditures per Household for Electricity 

for the United States and by Region, 1978-1982 

and 1984 (Continued) 

(Dollars)

1978 1979 1980 1981 1982 1984

North Central

Full Sample

Average

Expenditures .... 394

Standard

Error ........... 21

Change in .

Expenditures ... -

Dependent Sample

Standard Error . .

Independent Sample

Standard Error . . -

425

26

30

11

-

458

12

33

-

28

484

16

25

13

-

527

21

44

19

-

546

21

19

16

-

Panel 1980-1982

Average

Expenditures .. 

Standard

Error .........

476

16

Change in 

Expenditures

Dependent Sample 

Standard Error ..

Panel 1982-1984

Average

Expenditures .... 

Standard

Error ...........

Change in 2 

Expenditures

Dependent Sample 

Standard Error ..

558

30

82

23

497

22

559

29

63

15

See footnotes at end of table.

RECS: Trends in Consumption and Expenditures 1978-1984 

Energy Information Administration

39
Consumption of and Expenditures for 

Individual Energy Sources

Table 4. Average Expenditures per Household for Electricity 

for the United States and by Region, 1978-1982 

and 1984 (Continued) 

(Dollars)

1978

Full Sample

Average 

Expenditures .... 480 

Standard 

Error ........... 20

Change in 

Expenditures ... 

Dependent Sample 

Standard Error . .

1979

508 

16

28 

12

1980

South

593 

20

85

1981

640

17

47 

17

1982

700 

24

61 

22

1984

740 

24

40 

23

Independent Sample

Standard Error .. - - 26 -

Panel 1980-1982

Average

Expenditures .... - - 598 - 693 

Standard

Error ........... - - 31 - 36

Change in

Expenditures ... - - - - 95 

Dependent Sample

Standard Error .. - - - - 22

Panel 1982-1984

Average

Expenditures .... - - - - 708 736 

Standard

Error ........... - - - - 21 28

Change in 

Expenditures ... - - - - - 28 

Dependent Sample

Standard Error .. - - - - - 18

See footnotes at end of table.

RECS: Trends in Consumption and Expenditures 1978-1984 

Energy Information Administration
Consumption of and Expenditures for 

Individual Energy Sources

Table 4. Average Expenditures per Household for Electricity 

for the United States and by Region, 1978-1982 

and 1984 (Continued) 

(Dollars) _____________________

" -_______________1978 1979 I960 1981 1982 198A

West 

Pull Sample

Average

Expenditures .... 283

Standard

Error ........... 12

Change in

Expenditures ...

Dependent Sample

Standard Error . .

Independen t Samp 1 e

Standard Error . .

298

10

15

14

-

371

13

73

-

16

453

14

82

11

-

431

17

-21

15

-

518

19

87

23

-

Panel 1980-1982

Average

Expenditures .... - - 379 - 434 

Standard

Error ........... - - 17 - 19

Change in 

Expenditures ... - - - - 55 

Dependent Sample

Standard Error .. - - - - 16

Panel 1982-1984

Average

Expenditures .... - - - - 429 506 

Standard

Error ........... - - - - 25 29

Change in _

Expenditures ... - - - - - 77 

Dependent Sample

Standard Error - - - - - 14

The change in expenditures is from the preceding survey year to the 

year in the column. The change is for a 1-year interval for all years 

except for 1984 where the change is for the 2-year interval from 1982 to 

1984.

2 The change in expenditures is for the 2-year period for the panel

sample only.

Note: Numbers may not add to totals because of independent rounding.

Source: Energy Information Administration, Office of Energy Markets 

and End Use, Energy End Use Division, Residential Energy Consumption 

Surveys, 1978, 1979, 1980, 1982, and 1984.

RECS: Trends in Consumption and Expenditures 1978-1984 

Energy Information Administration
Consumption of and Expenditures for 

Individual Energy Sources

Table 5. Percentage of Households Using Electricity for 

Selected Purposes by Census Region, 1978 and 

_____1984______________________________

End Use or Northeast North Central South West 

Appliance_____1978 1984 1978 1984 1978 1984 1978 1984

All-Electric

Home ............ 7.4 6.9 4.5 5.9 22.8 26.0 19.0 15.4

Standard Error .... (3.0) (1.5) (1.5) (1.3) (3.2) (2.4) (4.2) (1.8)

Heating Fuel ...... 14.0 17.9 16.4 16.6 35.6 43.4 32.0 36.4

Standard Error .... (2.7) (1.9) (2.4) (1.5) (5.7) (2.7) (4.9) (2.1)

Main

Heating .......

Standard Error . .

Secondary

Only ..........

Standard Error . .

Heat Pump .......

Standard Error . .

Have AirConditioning ....

Standard Error ....

7.9

(3.0)

6.3

(1.4)

0.6

(0.3)

44.4

(5.0)

7

(1

10

(1

1

(0

50

(2

.5

.5)

.4

.2)

.1

.4)

.8

.7)

5

(1

11

(1

57

(3

.3

.5)

.1

.4)

Q

.4

.4)

6.2

(1.4)

10.4

(1.4)

1.6

(0.8)

59.6

(3.6)

26.8

(3.6)

8.8

(1.1)

3.6

(0.8)

73.2

(2.6)

28.

(2.

14.

(1.

9.

(1.

76.

(1.

7

9)

6

2)

2

5)

0

7)

20.1

(4.4)

11.9

(2.5)

Q

27.1

(6.1)

1 Q Q iy *o

(2.1)

6.6

(1.1)

3.3

(1.1)

37.5

(3.2)

Have Central

Unit .......... 8.0 10.8 22.5 27.0 35.6 46.2 10.6 21.9

Standard Error .. (1.9) (1.4) (2.6) (2.9) (2.4) (2,6) (2.8) (3.0)

Have Window/Wall

Unit Only ..... 36.4 39.9 34.9 32.6 37.7 29.8 16.7 15.7 

Standard Error .. (4.1) (2.4) (3.1) (2.7) (2.9) (1.9) (4.5) (2.2)

Main WaterHeating Fuel .... 

Standard Error ....

Most-Used 

Refrigerator 

is Frost Free . . . 

Standard Error ....

Freezer*

Standard Error .... 

Clothes Dryer .....

Standard Error .... 

Cooking Fuel ......

Standard Error ....

Standard Error ....

Standard Error ....

20.4 

(3.9)

49.5 

(3.3)

23.0

(2.4) 

35.8

(3.6) 

46.1

(4.4) 

36.6

(4.4) 

32.6

(4.5)

21.9 

(2.3)

51.9 

(2.1)

29.0

(1.3) 

41.5

(1.9) 

55.4

(2.4) 

41.9

(1.8) 

35.2

(1.9)

20 

(4

56 

(3

47

(2 

44

(3 

58

(3

47

(4

30

(2

.3

.0)

.7 

.1)

9

.5)

?

.5)

7

.2) 

6

.4) 

9

.2)

23.1 

(1.8)

59.0 

(2.2)

42.4

(2.0) 

44.2

(2.3) 

71.2

(2.2) 

51.6

(3.1) 

30.6

(2.4)

51.6 

(4.1)

53.5 

(3.0)

39.8

(2.5) 

51.4

(2.9) 

69.2

(2.7)

64.1

(3.1) 

33 5

(2.8)

52 

(2

67 

(2

39

(1

 in

(i

73

(2 

6?

(2

39

(2

,5 

.1)

.4 

.1)

P,

.9) 

3

.8) 

,0

.1) 

?

.2)

7

.1)

32 

(3

50 

(3

32

(3 

46

(3 

68

(4 

62

(5

44

(3

.9 

.6)

.0 

.3)

.7

.3)

.6

.4) 

.?

.9) 

.7

.4)

.1

.9)

26.3 

(2.7)

69.3 

(1.6)

32.5

(2.1) 

44.8

(2.6) 

73.9

(2.3) 

55.3

(3.0) 

46.2

(2.5)

Q - Data withheld because of large variance (1.96 x Standard Error > Value). 

NA: This information was not obtained in the 1978 survey.

Source: Energy Information Administration, Office of Energy Markets and End Use, 

Energy End Use Division, Residential Energy Consumption Surveys, 1978 and 1984.

RECS: Trends in Consumption and Expenditures 1978-1984 

Energy Information Administration
Consumption of and Expenditures for 

Individual Energy Sources

The distribution of households using electricity for various end uses showed only 

modest changes from 1978 through 1984, as might be expected given the small 

changes in consumption (Table 5). For the most part, the changes in the 

percentage of households using electricity for various end uses and appliances 

were not statistically significant. All regions showed a nominal increase in 

the percentage of households using electricity as a heating fuel, but for no 

region was the increase statistically significant. One noteworthy change, 

though, was the statistically significant increase in the number of households 

that used heat pumps, particularly in the South and West. The percentage more 

than doubled in the South from 1978 to 1984, with an additional 5.6 ( 3.3) 

percent of households using heat pumps. There was also a sizeable increase in 

the West, where 3.3 ( 2.2) percent of the households used them in 1984. The 

increased use of heat pumps, an efficient appliance for space heating, contributed 

to a decline in average electricity consumption per household.

There was an increase in the percentage of households with air-conditioning 

equipment in all regions, and the increase was statistically significant in all 

regions except the North Central. More important for energy consumption was 

the shift from households that had only window or wall units to households that 

had a central air- conditioning unit. Households with central units increased 

by 10.6 ( 6.9) percentage points in the South and by 11.3 ( 8.0) percentage 

points in the West, the two regions with the most cooling degree days in 1984. 

If households did not otherwise change their behavior (by, for example, raising 

the temperature to which they cool their house), this shift to more central 

units would be expected to lead to higher average electricity consumption.

For other appliances, the data suggest a slight increase in the percentage of 

households using them (Table 5). However, in many cases the changes are not 

statistically significant. Further, the impact on electricity consumption is 

not easy to determine since a new appliance is likely to be more efficient than 

an older one, and the gain in efficiency might more than offset the increased 

use of appliances. Overall, the changes in the number of households using 

electrical appliances for various end uses has not changed enough that it 

provides an obvious influence on the level of electricity consumption per 

household.

Natural Gas

Households in the North Central region were by far the most intensive consumers 

of natural gas among residential consumers across the Nation (Figure 7). 

However, because that region also had the largest decline in consumption, the 

difference in consumption between the North Central and the remaining regions 

narrowed by 1984. The Northeast appeared to have had the next largest average 

consumption per household from 1978 through 1984, but the differences between 

it and the other two regions were not statistically significant.

Nationally, consumption per household of natural gas declined by 24.4 ( 6.9) 

million Btu from 1978 to 1984, or by about one-fifth (Table 6). Significant 

declines occurred in 1979, 1980, and 1982, with a small (statistically 

significant) increase occurring in 1981 and essentially no change in 1984.

RECS: Trends in Consumption and Expenditures 1978-1984 43 

Energy Information Administration
Consumption of and Expenditures 

for Individual Energy Sources

Figure 7. Natural Gas: Average Consumption, Expenditures, and Prices by Region, 

1978,1980,1982, and 1984

Consumption

0

r

0

I

3

03

C 

0

Region

A U.S.

X Northeast _

0 North Central

C South_ _

I West

1978 1980 1982 1984

1,000-

750

500-

33

0

£ 

Q) 

W

D 

0 

I

Si 

a

w

^ 250

0

Q

Expenditures

1978 1980 1982 1984

15-

CD

C 

0 10

(D

a 

w

o 

Q

0

Price

1978 1980 1982 1984

44

Source: Energy Information Administration, Office of Energy Markets and End Use, Energy 

End Use Division, Residential Energy Consumption Surveys, 1978,1980,1982, and 1984.

REGS: Trends in Consumption and Expenditures 1973-1984 

Energy Information Administration
Consumption of and Expenditures 

for individual Energy Sources

Table 6. Average Consumption per Household of Natural 

Gas for the United States and by Region, 

1978-1982 and 1984

_____(Million Btu)___________________

_________._________1978____1979 1980 1981 1982 1984

Total U.S. 

Full Sample

Average

Consumption ..... 114.3 107.0 95.7 100.9 88.1 89.9 

Standard

Error ........... 3.2 2.7 1.6 1.8 1.5 1.5

Change in

Consumption .... - -7.3 -11.3 5.2 -12.8 1.8 

Dependent Sample

Standard Error .. - 2.0 - 1.8 2.1 1.4 

Independent Sample

Standard Error .. - - 3.2

Panel 1980-1982

Average

Consumption ..... - - 95.9 - 87.5 

Standard

Error ........... - - 2.3 - 2.3

Change in 

Consumption .... - - - - -8.3 

Dependent Sample

Standard Error .. - - - - 1.7

Panel 1982-1984

Average

Consumption ..... - - - - 88.7 91.2 

Standard

Error ........... - - - - 2.1 1.8

Change in 

Consumption ....- - - - - 2.5 

Dependent Sample

Standard Error .. - - - - - 2.8

See footnotes at end of table.

RECS: Trends in Consumption and Expenditures 1978-1984 

Energy Information Administration
Consumption of and Expenditures for 

Individual Energy Sources

Table 6. Average Consumption per Household of Natural 

Gas for the United States and by Region, 

1978-1982 and 1984 (Continued)

_____(Million Btu)______________________

_________________1978 1979 1980 1981 1982 1984

Northeast 

Full Sample

Average

Consumption ..... 98.1 91.2 84.8 93.1 85.0 79.2 

Standard

Error ........... 8.2 5.8 5.3 4.9 4.4 3.8

Change in

Consumption .... - -6.9 -6.4 8.3 -8.1 -5.9 

Dependent Sample

Standard Error .. - 4.3 - 4.2 5.2 4.2 

Independent Sample

Standard Error ,. - 7.8 -

Panel 1980-1982

Average

Consumption ..... - - 83.5 - 81.2 

Standard

Error ........... - - 6.2 - 6.1

Change in

Consumption .... - - - - -2.3 

Dependent Sample

Standard Error .. - - - - 4.2

Panel 1982-1984

Average

Consumption ..... - - - - 88.8 80.7 

Standard

Error ........... - - - - 7.3 4.3

Change in

Consumption .... - - - - - -8.1

Dependent Sample

Standard Error .. - - - - - 5.6

See footnotes at end of table.

RECS: Trends in Consumption and Expenditures 1978-1984 

Energy Information Administration
Consumption of and Expenditures for 

Individual Energy Sources

Table 6. Average Consumption per Household of Natural 

Gas for the United States and by Region, 

1978-1982 and 1984 (Continued) 

(Million Btu)

1978

Full Sample

Average 

Consumption .... 156.7 

Standard 

Error ........... 4.2

Change in . 

Consumption .... 

Dependent Sample 

Standard Error . . 

Independent Sample 

Standard Error . .

Panel 1980-1982

Average

Standard 

Error ...........

Change in , 

Consumption .... - 

Dependent Sample 

Standard Error . .

Panel 1982-1984

Average

Standard

Change in ,, 

Consumption .... 

Dependent Sample 

Standard Error . .

1979 1980 1981 1982 1984

North Central

147.6 129.8 139.3 110.2 118.0 

5.7 2.8 4.0 2.6 3.0

-9.1 -17.8 9.6 -29.1 7.8 

4.0 - 4.3 4.9 3.1 

6.3

129.3 - 110.8

4.8 - 4.5

- -18.5 

3.9

- - - 109.6 122.0

3.5 3.9

- 12.4 

2.2

See footnotes at end of table.

BECS: Trends in Consumption and Expenditures 1978-1984 

Energy Information Administration
Consumption of and Expenditures for 

Individual Energy Sources

Table 6. Average Consumption per Household of Natural 

Gas for the United States and by Region, 

1978-1982 and 1984 (Continued) 

(Million Btu)

1978

Full Sample

Average

Standard 

Error ........... 4.5

Change In ,

Dependent Sample 

Standard Error . .

1979

83.3

3.6

-4.3

2.7

1980 1981

South

83.8 81.5

3.0 3.0

0.4 -2.2

2.5

1982

77.7

3.1

-3.9

2.8

1984

80.3

3.7

2.7

2.5

Independent Sample 

Standard Error ..

Panel 1980-1982

Average

Consumption 

Standard

Error ......

4.7

87.0 

3.5

Change in .

Consumption 

Dependent Sample 

Standard Error ..

Panel 1982-1984

Average

Consumption 

Standard

Error ......

Change in 

Consumption

Dependent Sample 

Standard Error

77.1 

3.3

-9.9 

3.1

78.3 

4.1

79.3 

3.8

1.0 

1.9

See footnotes at end of table.

48 RECS: Trends in Consumption and Expenditures 1978-1984 

Energy Information Administration
Consumption of and Expenditures for 

Individual Energy Sources

Table 6. Average Consumption per Household of Natural 

Gas for the United States and by Region, 

1978-1982 and 1984 (Continued) 

(Million Btu)

,--- -:-,:. 1978 1979 1980 1981 1982 1984

West 

jjample

Average

IConsumption ..... 94.3 84.1 74.6 79.4 74.4 73.2 

Standard

Error ........... 6.7 3.8 1.7 2,9 2.0 2.6

Change In

Consumption .... - 10.2 -9.5 4.8 -4.9 -1.3 

Dependent Sample

Standard Error . . 3.8 - 2.3 2.5 1.9 

Independent Sample

Standard Error .. - - 4.1 -

Panel 1980-1982

Average

^Consumption ..... - - 75.8 - 75.7 

Standard

Error ........... 2.4 2.0

Change in 2

r Consumption .... - - 0.0 - 

Dependent Sample

Standard Error . . - - -1.5

Panel 1982--1984

Average

.Consumption ..... - 73.2 72.4 

Standard 

- -,:-. Error ........... - - - - 3.2 3.8

Change in 

Consumption .... - - - - - -0.7

Dependent Sample

Standard Error .. - - - - - 2.1

The change in consumption is from the preceding survey year to the 

yeai in the column. The change is for a 1-year interval for all years 

except for 1984 where the change Is for the 2-year interval from 1982 to 

1984.

The change in consumption is for the 2-year period for the panel 

sample only.

Note: Numbers may not add to totals because of independent rounding.

Source; Energy Information Administration, Office of Energy Markets 

and End Use, Energy End Use Division, Rasidential Energy Consumption 

Surveys, 1978, 1979, 1980, 1982, and 1984.

RECS: Trends in Consumption and Expenditures 1978-1984 

Energy Information Administration
Consumption of and Expenditures for 

Individual Energy Sources

The two coldest regions, the Northeast and the North Central, showed patterns 

similar to the Nation, although the increase from 1982 to 1984 in the North 

Central was statistically significant. From 1978 to 1984, consumption declined 

38.7 ( 10.2) million Btu in the North Central and 18.9 ( 17.8) in the 

Northeast. The West also experienced a substantial decline, 21.1 ( 14.1) 

million Btu, while consumption in the South remained relatively unchanged.

Residential consumers in the Northeast paid the highest price for natural gas 

(Figure 7). Prices in the South, North Central, and West followed and were 

similar. All regions faced similar price increases from 1978 through 1984. On 

the average, prices more than doubled for residential consumers, with increase;3 

ranging from about 100 percent in the South, to about 140 percent in the 

Northeast.

Users of natural gas in the North Central region had the highest average 

expenditures of all the regions in 1978 and 1984, although the Northeast had 

nominally higher expenditures in 1982 (Figure 6). Average expenditures in the 

West and South were significally lower than those in the two colder regions 

from 1978 through 1984.

Nationally, natural gas expenditures increased by an average of $224 ( 23), or 

by about 70 percent from 1978 to 1984 (Table 7). Expenditures increased each 

year, and the increases were statistically significant for each yearly change. 

The same pattern occurred in the regions for the most part. In some years, 

consumption declines were enough to offset the price increase so that average 

expenditures declined somewhat, but in no case was the apparent decline 

statistically significant. The increases in expenditures from 1978 to 1984 were 

$258 ( 57) in the North Central region, $253 ( 57) in the Northeast, $216 ( 43) 

in the South and $189 ( 39) in the West. In percentage terms the North Central 

had an increase of about 65 percent, the Northeast about 75 percent, and the 

West and South about 85 percent.

Three factors influence the level of consumption of natural gas: whether or not 

it is available, the mix of purposes for which it is used, and the proportion of 

households using it. Delivered by underground pipelines, natural gas is not 

universally available unlike electricity, which is available in almost all 

areas of the country. Although the number of households that have gas available 

and use it affects the total gas consumption within a region, it has 4-e.ss 

influence on the average consumption per household within the region.

The relative levels of consumption of natural gas per household are determined by 

what purposes the households in the different regions use it for. Natural gas., 

unlike electricity, has a limited set of end uses, but some of these are

13There is a strong association between availability of natural gas and

the year in which houses were built. According to 1984 RECS data, about 75 

percent of the homes built before 1970 had gas available } while slightly more 

than 50 percent of those built after 1970 had gas available.

_- RECS: Trends in Consumption and Expenditures 1978-1984

Energy Information Administration
Consumption of and Expenditures for 

Individual Energy Sources

Table 7. Average Expenditures per Household for 

Natural Gas for the United States and by 

Region, 1978-1982 and 1984

____(Dollars)______________________

_ ' : ______________1978____1979 1980 1981 1982 1984

Total U.S. 

Full Sample

Average

Expenditures .... 314 360 374 459 500 537 

Standard

Error ........... 8 8 7 8 9 9

Change in ,

Expenditures ... - 46 14 85 41 38 

Dependent Sample

Standard Error .. - 6 - 7 11 9 

Independent Sample

Standard Error .. - - 11 - -

Panel 1980-1982

Average

Expenditures .... - - 374 - 493 

Standard

Error ........... - 9 - 12

Change in 2

Expenditures ... - - - - 119 

Dependent Sample

Standard Error .. - - - - 10

Panel 1982-1984

Average

Expenditures .... - - - - 506 546 

Standard

Error ............ - - - 16 22

Change in 

Expenditures ... - - - - - 40 

Dependent Sample

Standard Error .. - - - - - 16

See footnotes at end of tatle.

RECS: Trends in Consumption and Expenditures 1978-1984 

Energy Information Administration
Consumption of and Expenditures for 

Individual Energy Sources

Table 7. Average Expenditures per Household for 

Natural Gas for the United States and by 

Region, 1978-1982 and 1984 (Continued) 

(Dollars)

1978 1979 1980 1981 1982 1984

Northeast

Full Sample

Average 

Expenditures .... 335 

Standard 

Error ........... 23

Change in 

Expenditures ... - 

Dependent Sample 

Standard Error . .

379 

20

44 

13

436

14

57

538

14

102 

20

619 

29

81 

34

588 

18

-31 

28

Independent Sample

Standard Error .. - - 24

Panel 1980-1982

Average

Expenditures ... - - 427 - 586 

Standard

Error .......... - - 21 - 39

Change in

Expenditures ... - - - - 159 

Dependent Sample

Standard Error .. - - - - 28 -

Panel 1982-1984

Average

Expenditures .... - - - - 650 604 

Standard

Error ............ - - - 49 25

Change in

Expenditures ... - - - - - -47

Dependent Sample

Standard Error .. - - - - - 40

See footnotes at end of table.

52 RECS: Trends in Consumption and Expenditures 1978-1984

Energy Information Administration
Consumption of and Expenditures for 

Individual Energy Sources

Table?. Average Expenditures per Household for 

Natural Gas for the United States and by 

Region, 1978-1982 and 1984 (Continued) 

(Dollars)

1978

Full Sample

Average 

Expenditures .... 402 

Standard 

Error ........... 10

1979 1980

North

464 461 

17 14

1981 1982

Central

580 574 

19 16

1984

660 

19

1

Change in

Expenditures'1 

Dependent Sample

Standard Error .. 

Independent Sample

Standard Error ..

Panel 1980-1982

Average

Expenditures 

Standard

Error ...........

62

13

-3 

22

460

19

119

17

Change in 

Expenditures

Dependent Sample 

Standard Error ..

Panel 1982-1984

Average

Expenditures .... 

Standard

Error ...........

Change in 2 

Expenditures

Dependent Sample 

Standard Error ..

 6 

22

578

24

118

22

570

16

86

19

684

22

114

16

See footnotes at end of table.

RECS: Trends in Consumption and Expenditures 1978-1984 

Energy Information Administration

53
Consumption of and Expenditures for 

Individual Energy Sources

Table 7. Average Expenditures per Household for 

Natural Gas for the United States and by 

Region, 1978-1982 and 1984 (Continued) 

(Dollars)

_________________1978____1979 1980 1981 1982 1984

South 

Full Sample

Average

Expenditures .... 250 287 322 374 436 466 

Standard

Error ........... 11 12 12 16 17 19

Change in .

Expenditures ... - 37 35 53 62 30 

Dependent Sample

Standard Error .. - 9 10 15 14 

Independent Sample

Standard Error .. - - 17

Panel 1980-1982

Average

Expenditures .... - - 333 - 433 

Standard

Error ........... - - 9 - 11

Change in -

Expenditures ... - - - - 100 

Dependent Sample

Standard Error ,. - - - - 7

Panel 1982-1984

Average

Expenditures .... - - - - 440 461 

Standard

Error ........... - - - - 27 22

Change in j,

Expenditures ... - - - - - 21 

Dependent Sample

Standard Error .. - - - - - 12

See footnotes at end of table.

_ RECS: Trends in Consumption and Expenditures 1978-1 984

Energy Information Administration
Consumption of and Expenditures for 

Individual Energy Sources

Table 7. Average Expenditures per Household for 

Natural Gas for the United States and by 

Region, 1978-1982 and 1984 (Continued)

_ ____ (Dollars) _________________

________________ 1978 ____ 1979 1980 1981 1982 1984

West 

Full Sample

Average

Expend 

Standard

Error

Change in

Independent Sample

Standard Error .. - - 13

Panel 1980-1982

Average

Expenditures ...... - 266 - 364

Standard

Error ............ - 9 - 11

Change in 

Expenditures ... - - - - 99 

Dependent Sample

Standard Error . . - - - - 7

Panel 1982-1984

Average

Expenditures .... - - - - 358 402 

Standard

Error ............ - - - 16 22

Change in 

Expenditures ... - - - - - 44 

Dependent Sample

Standard Error - - - - - 16

itures .... 216

........... 12

n 1 itures ...

t Sample

rd Error . .

246

9

30

14

261

6

14

-

318

12

58

11

361

9

43

11

406

16

45

15

The change in expenditures is from the preceding survey year to the 

year in the column. The change is for a 1 year interval for all years 

except for 1984 where the change is for the 2-year interval from 1982 to 

1984.

2

The change in expenditures is for the 2-year period for the panel 

sample only.

Note: Numbers may not add to totals because of independent rounding.

Source: Energy Information Administration, Office of Energy Markets 

and End Use, Energy End Use Division, Residential Energy Consumption 

Surveys, 1978, 1979, 1980, 1982, and 1984.

RECS: Trends in Consumption and Expenditures 1978-1984 55 

Energy Information Administration
Consumption of and Expenditures for 

Individual Energy Sources

the most energy intensive: space heating and water heating. Gas is also used for 

cooking and in some homes, for clothes drying. Consumption of natural gas for 

other uses represents only a small portion of the natural gas consumed in the 

residential sector.

More than 95 percent of the households in the North Central region that used 

natural gas used it as the main space heating fuel (Table 8). This intensive use 

of gas for space heating, coupled with the severe winters in the North Central 

region, accounted for its having the highest average consumption among the 

regions.

Table 8. Percentage of Households Using Natural Gas for Selected Purposes by 

Census Region, 1978 and 1984

End Use or 

Appliance

Northeast

1978 1984

North

1978

Central

1984 1978

South

1984 1978

West

1984

All Households

in Region that

Use Gas ......... 67.4 64.2 78.6 78.0 44.7 48.9 71.9 73.0

Standard Error .... (4.2) (3.8) (4.9) (2.0) (5.3) (2.9) (4.1) (2.6)

Use Gas for:

Heating Fuel ...... 42.3 40.6 75.0 77.0 42.1 46.0 69.9 67.8

Standard Error .... (3.6) (3.9) (5.1) (2.0) (5.5) (3.1) (4.7) (2.8)

Main Space

Heating ....... 40.1 39.2 74.2 75.8 40.7 44.7 68.2 65.3

Standard Error .. (3.6) (3.9) (5.0) (2.0) (5.5) (3.0) (4.5) (2.7)

Secondary

Heating Only .. 2.2 1.3 0.8 1.2 1.3 1.3 

Standard Error .. (0.7) (0.3) (0.4) (0.3) (0.4) (0.4)

2.5 

(0.9)

Main WaterHeating Fuel 

Standard Error

46.5 46.2

(3.8) (4.0)

74.5 

(5.1)

70.4 

(2.1)

38.6 

(4.5)

39.8 

(2.9)

65.5 

(3.9)

67.5 

(3.0)

Cooking ........... 58.3 51.8 51.4 42.8 26.1 28.9 37.0 41,4

Standard Error .... (4.2) (2.6) (5.5) (2.8) (2.8) (2.2) (5.4) (2.6)

Clothes Dryer ..... 15.8 15.9 24.9 19.5 4.3 9.3 11.0 15.9 

Standard Error .... (2.1) (1.4) (3.1) (1.2) (1.2) (1.4) (2.0) (1.5)

Q - Data withheld because of large variance (1.96 x Standard Error is*Value). 

Source: Energy Information Administration, Office of Energy Markets and End Use, 

Energy End Use Division, Residential Energy Consumption Survey, 1978 and 1984.

56 RECS: Trends in Consumption and Expenditures 1978-1984 

Energy Information Administration
Consumption of and Expenditures for 

Individual Energy Sources

Approximately 60 percent of the households in the Northeast that used gas made it 

their main heating fuel. This was the lowest percentage of all the regions; in 

the other three regions, about 90 percent or more of the households that used gas 

made it the main heating fuel. The Northeast also had the lowest percentage of 

homes using gas for water heating about 70 percent in 1984, compared with about 

80 percent in the South and about 90 percent in the West and North Central 

regions. In addition, the Northeast had a significant group of households 

(about 20 percent) that used natural gas only for cooking.

Offsetting these factors that would lower the average consumption in the 

Northeast was the winter weather there, which was almost as severe as in the 

North Central region and was much colder than in either the South or the West. 

This colder weather is an important factor in understanding the relatively high 

level of natural gas consumption reported by households in the Northeast. There 

were no important distinctions between the South and West in either weather or 

patterns of end uses for gas. This is consistent with the small differences 

between the average levels of consumption for the two regions.

Little of the decline in average consumption of gas shown in Figure 7 can be 

explained by the changes in end-use patterns for natural gas shown in Table 8. 

Among all households that used gas between 1978 and 1984, there were generally 

only small, statistically insignificant changes in the percentage that used it 

for the different end uses. Natural gas was not used much as a secondary 

heating fuel. In the North Central region, there was a decline in the 

percentage of households that used gas for end uses other than space heating, 

with the declines for cooking and clothes drying being statistically 

significant. These reductions in the end-use pattern of natural gas may have 

contributed to the sizeable decline in consumption for this region. Studies of 

the 1978, 1980, and 1981 RECS data suggest that an important factor in the 

decline in household consumption of/natural gas was a drop in the average amount 

of gas consumed for space heating.

Fuel Oil/Kerosene

Households using fuel oil and kerosene experienced dramatic changes in

consumption, expenditures, and price from 1978 through 1984 (Figure 8).

Consumption of fuel oil/kerosene showed the most dramatic decline of all

fuels for the 7-year period. A substantial proportion of the decline in

consumption occurred from 1978 through 1980, when prices doubled. After

1981, prices reversed and began to decline while consumption continued to decline

in most regions, although the changes were not always statistically significant.

For the Nation, consumption in 1984 had declined by 55.4 ( 9.1) million Btu from 

the average consumption level of 127.3 ( 7.8) in 1978 (Table 9). Consumption 

declined in each year of the survey, although for 1980 and 1984, the changes 

were not statistically significant.

14Residential Energy Consumption and Expenditures by End Use for 1978, 1980,

and 1981; December 1984.

RECS: Trends in Consumption and Expenditures 1978-1984 57 

Energy Information Administration
Consumption of and Expenditures for 

individual Energy Sources

Figure 8. Fuel Oil/Kerosene: Average Consumption, Expenditures, and Prices by 

Region, 1978,1980,1982, and 1984

180-

2 160

0

0 140

CO

D

120 J

100

CQ 60

C

0 40 H

20- 

0-

Consumption

Region

A as^_.__

X Northeast _

C North Central

L South_

I West

1978 1980 1982 1984

1.000-

750-

500-

0

r

0)

w

D 

0 

I

<D

a 

w

(0

= 250-

0

Q

Expenditures Price

151

CQ

C 

0 10

i_

0 I

a 

£ 5-

o ; 

Q

58

1978 1980 1982 1984 1978 1980 1982 1984

Source: Energy Information Administration, Office of Energy Markets and End Use, Energy 

End Use Division, Residential Energy Consumption Surveys, 1978,1980,1982, and 1984.

RECS: Trends in Consumption and Expenditures 1978-1984 

Energy Information Administration
Consumption of and Expenditures for 

Individual Energy Sources

Table 9. Average Consumption per Household of Fuel 

Oil and Kerosene for the United States and 

by Region, 1978-1982 and 1984

_____(Million Btu)______________________

_________________1978 1979 1980 1981 1982 1984

Total U.S. 

Full Sample

Average

Consumption ..... 127.3 107.2 100.8 91.2 73.4 71.9 

Standard

Error ........... 4.0 4.3 2.5 2.8 2.4 2.4

Change in

Consumption .... - -20.1 -6.4 -9.6 -17.8 -1.5 

Dependent Sample

Standard Error .. 3.9 - 2.0 2.2 2.7 

Independent Sample

Standard Error .. - - 5.0

Panel 1980-1982

Average

Consumption ..... - - 101.5 - 72.0 

Standard

Error ........... - - 2.9 - 2.3

Change in -

Consumption .... - - - - -29.6 

Dependent Sample

Standard Error .. - - - - 2.6

Panel 1982-1984

Average

Consumption ..... - - - - 74.8 71.4 

Standard

Error ........... - - - - 3.8 4.3

Change in 2

Consumption .... - - - - - -3.4

Dependent Sample

Standard Error .. - - - - - 3.9

See footnotes at end of table.

RECS: Trends in Consumption and Expenditures 1978-1984 59 

Energy Information Administration
Consumption of and Expenditures for 

Individual Energy Sources

Table 9. Average Consumption per Household of Fuel 

Oil and Kerosene for the United States and 

by Region, 1978-1982 and 1984 (Continued) 

(Million Btu)

1978

Full Sample

Average

Standard 

Error ........... 5.0

Change in . 

Consumption .... 

Dependent Sample 

Standard Error . .

1979

130.8

6.4

-18.4 

5.9

1980 1981

Northeast

118.7 108.0

3.6 4.4

-12.1 -10.7 

2.4

1982

89.7

3.3

-18.3 

2.7

1984

97.3

2.0

7.6 

3.8

Independent Sample

Standard Error .. - - 7.3

Panel 1980-1982

Average

Consumption ..... - - 120.2 - 88.2 

Standard

Error ........... - - 4.1 - 3.4

Change in -

Consumption .... - - - - -32.0 

Dependent Sample

Standard Error .. - - - - 2.7

Panel 1982-1984

Average

Consumption ..... - - - - 91.2 93.9 

Standard

Error ........... - - - - 4.6 4.0

Change in 

Consumption .... - - - - - 2.7 

dependent Sample

Standard Error .. - - - - 3.7

See footnotes at end of table.

RECS: Trends in Consumption and Expenditures 1978-1984 

Energy Information Administration
Consumption of and Expenditures for 

Individual Energy Sources

Table 9. Average Consumption per Household of Fuel 

Oil and Kerosene for the United States and 

by Region, 1978-1982 and 1984 (Continued) 

(Million Btu)_______________________

___________________1978____1979 1980 1981 1982 1984

North Central 

Full Sample

Average

Consumption..... 146.1 112.8 77.0 75.0 64.3 49.1 

Standard

Error ........... 12.5 6.1 4.3 4.1 5.1 3.9

Change in

Consumption 1 .... - -33.2 -35.8 -2.1 -10.7 -15.2 

Dependent Sample

Standard Error .. - 11.9 - 4.3 7.0 7.2 

Independent Sample

Standard Error .. - - 7.5

Panel 1980-1982

Average

Consumption ..... - - 68.1 - 59.8 

Standard

Error ........... - - 5.6 - 7.0

Change in _

Consumption .... - - - - -8.3 

Dependent Sample

Standard Error .. - - - - 2.7

ganel 1982-1984

Average

Consumption ..... - - - - 67.5 56.7 

Standard

Error ........... - - - - 8.1 6.6

Change in 

Consumption .... - - - - - -10.8

Dependent Sample

Standard Error .. - - - - - 11.0

See footnotes at end of table.

RECS: Trends in Consumption and Expenditures 1978-1984 Q-] 

Energy Information Administration
Consumption of and Expenditures for 

Individual Energy Sources

Table 9. Average Consumption per Household of Fuel 

Oil and Kerosene for the United States and 

by Region, 1978-1982 and 1984 (Continued) 

(Million Btu)__________

________________1978____1979 1980 1981 1982 1984

South 

Full Sample

Average

Consumption ..... 73.8 65.6 74.7 56.6 45.0 35.0 

Standard

Error ........... 6.7 4.4 6.1 6.7 4.2 4.5

Change in

Consumption .... - -8.1 9.0 -18.1 -11.6 -10.0 

Dependent Sample

Standard Error .. - 3.6 - 4.8 5.6 3.2 

Independent Sample

Standard Error .. - - 7.5

Panel 1980-1982

Average

Consumption ..... - - 76.1 - 45.1 - 

Standard

Error ........... - - 7.0 - 4.4

Change in 

Consumption .... - - - - -31.0 

Dependent Sample

Standard Error .. - - - - 5.4 -

Panel 1982-1984

Average

Consumption ...... - - - 44.9 36.4

Standard

Error ........... - - - - 5.7 6.5

Change in ?

Consumption .... - - - - - -8.4

Dependent Sample

Standard Error .. - - - - 4.6

See footnotes at end of table.

RECS: Trends in Consumption and Expenditures 1978-1984 

Energy Information Administration
Consumption of and Expenditures for 

individual Energy

Table 9. Average Consumption per Household of Fuel 

Oil and Kerosene for the United States and 

by Region, 1978-1982 and 1984 (Continued) 

(Million Btu)

.. ' i-iri ....:_•__________1978____1979 1980 1981 1982 1984

West: 

Pull Sample

Average

Consumption ..... 101.3 82.3 63.5 62.5 47.6 56.3 

 Standard

Error ........... 6.5 9.2 5.0 8.8 4.9 8.2

Change in

Consumption .... - -19.0 -18.9 -0.9 -15.0 8.8 

Dependent Sample

Standard Error .. - 8.6 - 10.2 9.2 6.5 

Independent Sample

Standard Error .. - - 10.5

Panel 1980-1982

Average

Consumption ..... - - 57.9 - 49.7 

Standard

Error ........... - - 6.0 - 7.6

Change in 

Consumption .... - - - - -8.2 

Dependent Sample

Standard Error .. - - - - 9.0

Panel 1962-1984

Average

Consumption ..... - - - - 46.4 69.0 

Standard

Error ........... - - - - 5.7 7.5

Change in

Consumption3 .... - - - - - 22.6 

Dependent Sample

Standard Error .. - - - - 7.9

The change in consumption is from the preceding survey year to the 

year in the column. The change is for a 1-year interval for all years 

except for 1984 where the change is for the 2-year interval from 1982 to 

1984.

2 The change in consumption is for the 2-year period for the panel

sample only. 30

Note: Numbers may not add to totals because of independent rounding.

Source: Energy Information Administration, Office of Energy Markets 

and End Ose, Energy End Use Division, Residential Energy Consumption 

Surveys, 1978, 1979, 1980, 1982, and 1984.

RECS: Trends in Consumption and Expenditures 1978-1984 g3 

Energy Information Administration
Consumption of and Expenditures for 

Individual Energy Sources

Households in the Northeast, who were the most dependent on fuel oil/kerosene for 

space heating, lowered their average consumption by 51.9 ( 10.5) million Btu, 

which was about 35 percent of the 1978 consumption level. In percentage terms, 

this was the smallest decrease of all the regions. The largest decrease took 

place in the North Central region, where average consumption declined from 1978 to 

1984 by 97.0 ( 25.7) million Btu, slightly more than 65 percent of the 1978 

consumption level. The North Central region went from a consumption level that 

was statistically indistinguishable from that in the North- east, to one that was 

in the same range as consumption in the South and West.

The steep price rise that occurred from 1978 to 1980 was one of the largest 

price changes for a specific fuel faced by households from 1978 to 1984 (Figure 

8). The REGS data indicate that all regions experienced dramatic increases in 

price between 1978 and 1980. In 1981, there was another small increase, 

followed in 1982 by a slight decline and a further decline in 1984. Fuel 

oil/kerosene is the only energy source considered in this report for which there 

was no significant variation across the regions in the price residential consumers 

paid, except for a small spread in 1984.

Although prices declined after 1981, consumption continued to fall in all

regions except the West, though the changes were not all statistically

significant. An interesting divergence occurs in testing the statistical

signficance of the decrease in consumption from 1982 to 1984 for the North Central

and South regions, depending on whether the full sample or panel sample is used

for the test. In both regions, the significance test based on the

full sample is positive, while the panel data would indicate the decline

was not signficant (Table 9). (This difference may be a result of the larger

variance for the panel sample because of its smaller size.) In the West, the

changes in consumption after 1980 were not statistically significant.

Expenditures for fuel oil/kerosene increased substantially from 1978 to 1980. 

However, the combination of falling prices and declining consumption led to 

declines in expenditures by 1984 (Figure 8). This rise and then fall in 

expenditures, giving rise to the inverse V-shaped pattern for expenditures 

(Figure 8), is in contrast to the generally rising pattern of expenditures for 

all fuels (Figure 4), electricity (Figure 6), and natural gas (Figure 7).

Nationally, expenditures for fuel oil/kerosene increased by $310 ( 49) from the 

average level of $501 ( 31) in 1978 to an average level of 811 (+37) in 1980, 

and then fell to $550 ( 35) in 1984 (Table 10). The difference of $49 ( 47) 

from 1978 to 1984 is just barely statistically significant.

For the regions, there was a wide variation in the pattern of increases and 

decreases in expenditures. Expenditures in the Northeast increased by $369 

( 45) over the 1978 value at their peak, and in 1984, they were still $140 ( 25) 

more than they had been in 1978. Expenditures in the North Central region 

increased less, by $153 ( 96) and then fell to a value in 1984 that was $182 

( 55) lower than the 1978 figure. For the South, expenditures increased by $315 

( 54), and then fell to a level statistically indistinguishable from the 1978 

figure. The West showed a more mixed pattern of increases and decreases with

RECS: Trends in Consumption and Expenditures 1978-1984 

Energy Information Administration
Consumption of and Expenditures for 

individual Energy Sources

Table 10. Average Expenditures per Household for

Fuel Oil and Kerosene for the United States 

and by Region, 1978-1982 and 1984 

(Dollars)

 :.-.' _________1978______1979 1980 1981 1982 1984

Total U.S. 

Full Sample

Average

Expenditures ..... 501 674 811 811 619 550 

Standard

Error ....,.,,.,., 16 27 19 25 21 18

Change in .

.' :..' Expenditures .... - 173 137 0 -192 -69 

Dependent Sample

Standard Error .. - 23 - 18 20 20 

Independent Sample

Standard Error .. - - 33

Panel 1980-1982

Average

Expenditures .... - - 816 - 608 

Standard

Error ........... - - 23 - 19

Change in 

\ Expenditures ... - - - - -208 

Dependent Sample

Standard Error .. - - - - 21 -

Panel 1982-1984

Average

Expenditures .... - - - - 628 547 

Standard

Error ........... - - - - 32 34

Change in .

Expenditures ... - - - - - -81

Dependent Sample

Standard Error .. - - - - - 28

See footnotes at end of table.

RECS: Trends in Consumption and Expenditures 1978-1984 65 

Energy Information Administration
Consumption of and Expenditures for 

Individual Energy Sources

Table 10. Average Expenditures per Household for

Fuel Oil and Kerosene for the United States 

and by Region, 1978-1982 and 1984 

(Continued) 

(Dollars)

1978 1979 1980 1981 1982 1984

Northeast

Full Sample

Average 

Expenditures .... 594 

Standard 

Error ........... 20

820 955 

40 29

963 756 

40 28

734 

15

Change in ,

Expenditures ... - 226 135 8 -207 -22 

Dependent Sample

Standard Error .. - 36 - 22 24 30 

Independent Sample

Standard Error .. - - 50

Panel 1980-1982

Average

Expenditures .... - - 966 - 743 

Standard

Error ........... - - 33 - 29

Change in

Expenditures ... - - - - -223 - 

Dependent Sample

Standard Error .. - - - - 22 -

Panel 1982-1984

Average

Expenditures .... - - - - 768 713 

Standard

Error ........... - - - - 40 34

Change in

Expenditures ... - - - - - -56

Dependent Sample

Standard Error .. - - - - - 27

See footnotes at end of table.

55 RECS: Trends in Consumption and Expenditures 1978-1984

Energy Information Administration
Consumption of and Expenditures for 

Individual Energy Sources

Table 10. Average Expenditures per Household for

Fuel Oil and Kerosene for the United States 

and by Region, 1978-1982 and 1984 

(Continued) 

(Dollars)

1978 1979 1980 1981 1982 1984

North Central

Full Sample

Average

Expenditures .... 559

Standard

Error ........... 45

Change in

Expenditures ...

Dependent Sample

Standard Error . .

Independent Sample

Standard Error . .

712

39

153

49

-

610

33

-101

51

653

35

43

36

-

532

41

-121

57

-

377

31

-156

56

-

Panel 1980-1982

Average

Expenditures 

Standard

Error .......

538

47

Change in - 

Expenditures

Dependent Sample 

Standard Error

Panel 19B2-1984

Average

Expenditures .. 

Standard 

: Error .........

Change in _ 

" Expenditures 

Dependent Sample 

Standard Error

503

62

-35

48

553

59

432

52

-121 

76

See footnotes at end of table.

RECS: Trends in Consumption and Expenditures 1978-1984 

Energy Information Administration

67
Consumption of and Expenditures for 

Individual Energy Sources

Table 10. Average Expenditures per Household for

Fuel Oil and Kerosene for the United States 

and by Region, 1978-1982 and 1984 

(Continued) 

(Dollars)

_________________1978 1979 1980 1981 1982 1984

South 

Full Sample

Average

Expend 

Standard

Error

Change in

Independent Sample

Standard Error .. - - 55

Panel 1980-1982

Average

Expenditures .... - - 617 - 387 

Standard

Error ............ - 56 - 38

Change in ,

Expenditures ... - - - - -230 

Dependent Sample

Standard Error .. - - - - 44 -

Panel 1982-1984

Average

Expenditures .... - - - - 378 291 

Standard

Error ............ - - - 47 49

Change in „

Expenditures ... - - - - - -87

Dependent Sample

Standard Error .. - - - - - 40

itures .... 291 

........... 26

n 1 itures ...

t Sample 

rd Error . .

417 

27

126 

16

606 

48

189

505 

56

-101 

42

383 

36

-122 

47

285 

33

-98 

25

See footnotes at end of table.

go RECS: Trends in Consumption and Expenditures 1978-1984

Energy Information Administration
Consumption of and Expenditures for 

Individual Energy Sources

Table 10. Average Expenditures per Household for

Fuel Oil and Kerosene for the United States 

and by Region, 1978-1982 and 1984 

(Continued) 

(Dollars)

'_,__ __'____________1978____1979 1980 1981 1982 1984

West 

;;FuIl : ; Simple

Average

Expenditures .... 382

Standard

Error ........... 23

Change in

Expenditures ...

Dependent Sample

Standard Error . .

Independent Sample

Standard Error ..

514

55

132

46

-

499

40

-16

-

68

548

78

49

86

-

408

40

-139

78

-

443

62

34

51

-

Panel 1980-1982

Average

Expenditures .... - - 453 - 423 

Standard

Error ........... - - 48 - 61

Change in 

 Expenditures ... - - - - -30 

Dependent Sample

Standard Error .. - - - - 76

Panel 1982-1984

Average

Expenditures .... - - - - 400 545 

Standard

Error ........... - 49 62

Change in -

" Expenditures .... - - - - - 145 

Dependent Sample

Standard Error - - - - - 68

The change In expenditures is from the preceding survey year to the 

year in the column. The change is for a 1-year interval for all years 

except for 1984 where the change is for the 2-year interval from 1982 to 

1984.

2. : 

The ;change in expenditures is for the 2-year period for the panel

sauipie only.

Note: Numbers may not add to totals because of independent rounding.

Source: Energy Information Administration, Office of Energy Markets 

and End Use, Energy End Use Division, Residential Energy Consumption 

Surveys, 1978, 1979, 1980, 1982, and 1984.

RECS: Trends in Consumption and Expenditures 1978-1984 

Energy Information Administration
Consumption of and Expenditures for 

Individual Energy Sources

only the increase in 1979 being statistically significant. Average expenditures 

in 1984 were nominally higher than in 1978, but the difference was not significant 

statistically.

Fuel oil and kerosene had the most limited set of applications among the various 

energy sources for use in the home. These fuels are used mainly for space 

heating, with a limited number of households, principally in the Northeast, also 

using them for water heating (Table 11). The Northeast had the highest 

proportion of householders using fuel oil/kerosene, with slightly more than 

one-half the households using them. In the other regions, less than 20 percent 

of households used them. The bulk of householders in the Northeast also used 

fuel oil and kerosene for their main heating fuel, making this region very 

dependent on these fuels,

Table 11. Percentage of Households that Use Fuel Oil and Kerosene for 

Selected Purposes by Region, 1978 and 1984

End Use

Northeast 

1978 1984"

North Central

1978 1984

South

1978 1984

West

1978 1984

Use Fuel Oil/

Kerosene ........51.1 52.0 15.4 12.1 17.6 15.8 6.0 4.0

Standard Error ....(4.5) (3.0) (3.7) (1.3) (2.4) (1.9) (1.3) (0.8)

Heat with Fuel

Oil/Kerosene .. 

Standard Error ..

Main Heating ., 

Standard Error

Secondary

Heating Only 

Standard Error

.51.1 

,(4.5)

51.5 

(3.0)

.50.8 44.7 

,(4.6) (2.2)

6.8 

(1.3)

15.4 

(3.7)

15.1 

(3.7)

11.4 

(1.3)

5.4 

(0.9)

5.9 

(1.0)

17.6 

(2.4)

17.0 

(2.4)

0.5 

(0.2)

14.8 

(1.9)

8.1 

(1.4)

6.6

(0.9)

6.0 

(1.3)

5.6 

(1.3)

0.4 

(0.2)

3.8 

(0.8)

2.7 

(0.7)

1.1 

(0.3)

Main Water

Heating .........29.8 27.9

Standard Error ....(4.0) (2.0)

1.6 

(0.4)

0.7 

(0.3)

Q - Data withheld because of large variance (1.96 x Standard Error > Value). 

Source: Energy Information Administration, Office of Energy Markets and End Use, 

Energy End Use Division, Residential Energy Consumption Surveys, 1978 and 1984.

The pattern of relative consumption levels of fuel oil/kerosene among the regions 

is explained by (1) the relative proportions of households that used the fuels as 

the primary heating fuel and (2) the relative weather conditions. Although 

winters in the Northeast were not quite as cold as those in the North Central, in

70 RECS: Trends in Consumption and Expenditures 1978-1984 

Energy Information Administration
Consumption of and Expenditures for 

Individual Energy Sources

the Northeast a higher proportion of housing units used fuel oil/kerosene as the 

main heating fuel. This more intense use of these fuels for space heating 

contributed to the Northeast region having a consumption level comparable to that 

in the North Central region.

An important factor underlying the decline in the average consumption of fuel 

oil/kerosene is the movement away from the use of these fuels as the main 

heating fuel and an increase in the percentage using them as secondary fuels. 

All regions except the Northeast, where the decline was statistically 

insignificant, had substantial proportions of households that used fuel oil stop 

using it as the main heating fuel. In the North Central region, which had the 

largest decline in consumption, the percentage of households using these fuels 

as the main heating fuel dropped from 15.1 ( 7.3) percent to 5.4 ( 1.8) percent. 

A similar number of households began using these fuels as a secondary heat 

source, which resulted in a statistically insignificant decline in the 

percentage of households using these fuels for heating. In the South and West, 

the percentage of households using fuel oil/kerosene as the main heating fuel 

was cut in half from 1978 to 1984.

Liquefied Petroleum Gas

The trend in consumption for liquefied petroleum gas (LPG) generally shows a 

small decline overall from 1978 to 1984 (Figure 9). Nationally, average 

consumption fell by 7.1 ( 4.6) million Btu. However, none of the annual 

declines are statistically significant (Table 12). Each region shows nominal 

declines in consumption, with occasional increases, but these changes were not 

statistically significant. The West showed the largest apparent decline of 27.1 

( 37.5) million Btu, but this change is not statistically significant.

Prices in each region rose persistently, with the national average price almost 

doubling (Figure 9). The largest price increase occurred in the West, where 

prices increased by about 150 percent, and the smallest increase was in the 

Northeast, where prices increased by about 65 percent.

The steep increase in prices coupled with the slight decline in consumption gave 

rise to an increase in expenditures nationally and in each region (Figure 9). 

Nationally, expenditures for LPG increased by $157 ( 46) from 1978 to 1984 over 

the 1978 level of $241 ( 31) (Table 13).

Statistically significant increases in expenditures for the Nation occurred in 

1979 and 1980, with expenditures remaining relatively unchanged over the rest of 

the period. The Northeast region had the smallest increase in expenditures of 

$89 ( 89), which was only marginally significant. For the other regions, the 

increases in expenditures for LPG from 1978 through 1984 were statistically 

significant, but annual changes were not significant except in the South. The 

largest overall increase in expenditures appeared to take place in the North 

Central region, $247 ( 150). However, because of the large variance associated 

with this change, it is not statistically significantly different from the 

increases in the West, $139 ( 53) and the South, $122 ( 63).

RECS: Trends in Consumption and Expenditures 1978-1984 

Energy Information Administration
Figure 9.

180-

3? 160- 

0

0 140 

«

n 120

u 100- 

<D

3

m 60- 

.9 40-

1 20

0

Consumption of and Expenditures for 

Individual Energy Sources

Liquefied Petroleum Gas: Average Consumption, Expenditures, and Prices 

by Region, 1978,1980,1982, and 1984

Consumption

Region

X Northeast _ 

0 North Central 

3 South_____ 

I West

1978 1980 1982 1984

1,000-

Expenditures

15-

Price

r 750 

<D

CO 

D 

0 

I 

L 500-

a

CO

u

(D

= 250 

0

Q

3

 H

00

c

0 10

tt) 

a

CO

L.

JO 

0

Q

5-

0 -

72

1978 1980 1982 1984 1978 1980 1982 1984

Source: Energy Information Administration, Office of Energy Markets and End Use, Energy 

End Use Division, Residential Energy Consumption Surveys, 1978,1980,1982, and 1984.

RECS: Trends in Consumption and Expenditures 1978-1984 

Energy Information Administration
Consumption of and Expenditures for 

Individual Energy Sources

Table 12. Average Consumption per Household of

Liquefied Petroleum Gas for the United States 

and by Region, 1978-1982 and 1984

______(Million Btu)_____________________

__________1978____1979 1980 1981 1982 1984

Total U.S. 

Full Sample

Average

Consumption ..... 47.2 43,8 47.6 42.6 39.4 40.1 

Standard

Error ........... 4.0 4.1 2.5 2.5 2.3 2.3

Change in ,

Consumption .... - -3.4 3.8 -5.0 -3.2 0.7 

Dependent Sample

Standard Error 3.0 - 3.3 3.4 2.6 

Independent Sample

Standard Error .. - - 4.5 -

Panel 1980-1982

Average

Consumption ..... - - 44.5 - 39.6 

Standard

Error ........... - - 3.0 - 2.9

Change in „

Consumption .... — — - - —4.9 - 

Dependent Sample

Standard Error .. - - - - 1.9

Panel 1982-1984

Average

Consumption ..... - - - - 39.3 40.6 

Standard

Error ........... - - - - 3.1 3.7

Change in „

Consumption ....- — - — - 1.3 

Dependent Sample

Standard Error .. - - - - 3.0

See footnotes at end of table.

RECS: Trends in Consumption and Expenditures 1978-1984 73 

Energy Information Administration
Consumption of and Expenditures for 

Individual Energy Sources

Table 12. Average Consumption per Household of

Liquefied Petroleum Gas for the United States 

and by Region, 1978-1982 and 1984 (Continued) 

(Million Btu)

_________________1978_____1979 1980 1981 1982 1984

Northeast 

Full Sample

Average

Consumption ..... 22.1 22.2 21.3 23.9 20.5 20.1 

Standard

Error ........... 5.4 5.4 5.4 8.0 3.0 3.0

Change in .

Consumption .... - 0.2 -0.9 2.6 -3.4 -0.4 

Dependent Sample

Standard Error .. 8.6 - 5.7 7.0 2.6 

Independent Sample

Standard Error ,. - - 7.6 - -

Panel 1980-1982

Average

Consumption ..... - - 21.1 - 17.3 

Standard

Error ........... - - 6.1 - 4.1

Change in „

Consumption .... - - - - -3.8

Dependent Sample

Standard Error .. - - - 3.9

Panel 1982-1984

Average

Consumption ...... - - - 24.1 22.5

Standard

Error ........... - - - - 6.4 4.2

Change in „

Consumption .... - - - - - -1.6

Dependent Sample

Standard Error .. - - - - - 5.6

See footnotes at end of table.

74 RECS: Trends in Consumption and Expenditures 1978-1984

Energy Information Administration
Consumption of and Expenditures for 

Individual Energy Sources

Table 12. Average Consumption per Household of

Liquefied Petroleum Gas for the United States 

and by Region, 1978-1982 and 1984 (Continued) 

(Million Btu)

_____;____________1978____1979 1980 1981 1982 1984

North Central 

Full Sample

Average

Consumption ..... 79.6 74.1 73.3 60.9 60.4 69.7 

Standard

Error ........... 16.1 13.4 5.6 8.6 5.4 4.2

Change in .

Consumption .... - -5.5 -0.8 -12.3 -0.5 9.2 

Dependent Sample

Standard Error .. - 10.2 - 9.7 11.3 7.8 

Independent Sample

Standard Error .. - - 6.7 -

Panel 1980-1982

Average

Consumption ..... - - 65.1 - 60.6 

Standard

Error ........... - - 7.1 - 8.7

Change in „

Consumption .... - - - - -4.5 

Dependent Sample

Standard Error .. - - - - 3.9

Panel 1982-1984

Average

Consumption ...... - - - 60.2 69.9

Standard

Error ........... - - - - 6.7 5.7

Change in 2

Consumption ....- - - - - 9.7 

Dependent Sample

Standard Error - - - - - 8.1

See footnotes at end of table.

RECS: Trends in Consumption and Expenditures 1978-1984 75 

Energy Information Administration
Consumption of and Expenditures for 

Individual Energy Sources

Table 12. Average Consumption per Household of

Liquefied Petroleum Gas for the United States 

and by Region, 1978-1982 and 1984 (Continued) 

(Million Btu)

_________________1978 1979 1980 1981 1982 1984

South 

Full Sample

Average

Consumption ..... 40.9 36.8 41.6 35.6 34.0 32.1 

Standard

Error ........... 3.5 2.9 2.9 2.3 2.9 3.5

Change in .

Consumption .... - -4.0 4.7 -6.0 -1.6 -1.9 

Dependent Sample

Standard Error .. - 2.9 - 3.0 3.4 3.5 

Independent Sample

Standard Error .. - - 4.1

Panel 1980-1982

Average

Consumption ..... - - 40.6 - 34.7 

Standard

Error ........... - - 4.7 - 4.4

Change in ,,

Consumption .... - - - - -5.9 - 

Dependent Sample

Standard Error .. - - - - 3.5

Panel 1982-1984

Average

Consumption ..... - - - - 33.3 35.9 

Standard

Error ........... - - - - 3.6 6.6

Change in „

Consumption .... - - - - - 2.7 

Dependent Sample

Standard Error .. - - - - - 3.9

See footnotes at end of table.

RECS: Trends in Consumption and Expenditures 1978-1984 

Energy Information Administration
Consumption of and Expenditures for 

Individual Energy Sources

Table 12, Average Consumption per Household of

Liquefied Petroleum Gas for the United States 

and by Region, 1978-1982 and 1984 (Continued) 

(Million Btu)

_________________1978____1979 J980 1981 1982 1984

West 

Full Sample

Average

Consumption ..... 66.5 76.4 49.4 53.8 42.7 39.4 

Standard

Error ........... 18.9 16.7 3.9 8.0 4.3 3.1

Change in ,

Consumption .... - 9.9 -27.0 4.5 -11.1 -3.3 

Dependent Sample

Standard Error .. - 14.8 - 8.3 7.5 4.6 

Independent: Sample

Standard Error .. - - 17.1 -

Panel 1980-1982

Average

Consumption ..... - - 50.6 - 49.6 

Standard

Error ........... - - 5.6 - 4.2

Change in

Consumption .... - - - - -1.0 

Dependent Sample

Standard Error .. - - - - 4.6

Panel 1982-1984

Average

Consumption ...... - - - 35.4 38.5

Standard

Error ........... - - 5.6 5.1

Change in „

Consumption ....- - - - - 3.1 

Dependent Sample

Standard Error .. - - - - - 7.1

The change in consumption is from the preceding survey year to the 

year in the column. The change is for a 1-year interval for all years 

except for 1984 where the change is for the 2-year interval from 1982 to 

1984.

o The change in consumption is for the 2-year period for the panel

sample only.

Note: Numbers may not add to totals because of independent rounding.

Source: Energy Information Administration, Office of Energy Markets 

and End Use, Energy End Use Division, Residential Energy Consumption 

Surveys, 1978, 1979, 1980, 1982, and 1984.

RECS: Trends in Consumption and Expenditures 1978-1984 77 

Energy Information Administration
Consumption of and Expenditures for 

Individual Energy Sources

Table 13. Average Expenditures per Household for

Liquefied Petroleum Gas for the United States 

and by Region, 1978-1982 and 1984 

(Dollars)

Full Sample

Average 

Expenditures . . , 

Standard 

Error ..........

1978 1979 1980 1981 1982

Total U.S.

241 294 377 373 372 

.16 22 18 21 18

1984

398

17

Change in

Expenditures ... - 53 83 -4 -1 26 

Dependent Sample

Standard Error .. - 18 - 24 28 20 

Independent Sample

Standard Error .. - - 28

Panel 1980-1982

Average

Expenditures .... - - 351 - 372 

Standard

Error ........... - - 22 - 24

Change in

Expenditures ... - - - - 21 

Dependent Sample

Standard Error .. - - - 16

Panel 1982-1984

Average

Expenditures .... - - - - 371 400 

Standard

Error ........... - - - - 24 28

Change in

Expenditures ... - - - - - 29 

Dependent Sample

Standard Error .. - - - - - 23

See footnotes at end of table.

REGS: Trends in Consumption and Expenditures 1978-1984 

° Energy Information Administration
Consumption of and Expenditures for 

Individual Energy Sources

Table 13. Average Expenditures per Household for

Liquefied Petroleum Gas for the United States 

and by Region, 1978-1982 and 1984 (Continued)

_____(Dollars)______________________

__________________1978____1979 1980 1981 1982 1984

Northeast 

Full Sample

Average

Expenditures .... 175 200 212 252 237 264 

Standard

Error ........... 33 34 45 71 31 31

Change in .

Expenditures 1 ... - 25 12 39 -15 27 

Dependent Sample

Standard Error .. 56 - 53 60 42 

Independent Sample

Standard Error .. - - 56 -

Panel 1980-1982

Average

Expenditures .... - - 206 - 214 

Standard

Error ........... - - 49 - 44

Change in „

Expenditures ... - - - - 8 - 

Dependent Sample

Standard Error .. - - - - 34

Panel 1982-1984

Average

Expenditures .... - - - - 262 283 

Standard

Error ........... - - - - 55 38

Change in „

Expenditures ... - - - - - 22 

Dependent Sample

Standard Error - - - - - 45

See footnotes at end of table.

REGS: Trends in Consumption and Expenditures 1978-1984 79 

Energy Information Administration
Consumption of and Expenditures for 

Individual Energy Sources

Table 13. Average Expenditures per Household for

Liquefied Petroleum Gas for the United States 

and by Region, 1978-1982 and 1984 (Continued)

_____(Dollars)______________________

_________________1978____1979 1980 1981 1982 1984

North Central 

Full Sample

Average

Expend 

Standard

Error

Change in

Independent Sample

Standard Error .. - - 82

Panel 1980-19B2

Average

Expenditures ..... - - 480 - 512 

Standard

Error ............ - 48 - 72

Change in ,

Expenditures ... - - - - 32 

Dependent Sample

Standard Error .. - - - - 37

Panel 1982-1984

Average

Expenditures .... - - - - 508 610 

Standard

Error ............ - - - 56 57

Change in ,

Expenditures ... - - - - - 102 

Dependent Sample

Standard Error .. - - - - - 61

itures ....

" 1 Itures

t Sample

rd Error . .

362

70

-

450

72

88

50

541

40

91

-

487

65

-54

70

510

47

23

92

604

31

94

62

See footnotes at end of table.

RECS: Trends in Consumption and Expenditures 1978-1984 

Energy Information Administration
Consumption of and Expenditures for 

Individual Energy Sources

Table 13. Average Expenditures per Household for

Liquefied Petroleum Gas for the United States 

and by Region, 1978-1982 and 1984 (Continued) 

(Dollars)

1978 1979 1980 1981 1982 1984

Full Sample

Panel 1980-1982

Average

Expenditures 

Standard

Error .......

Change in » 

Expenditures

Dependent Sample 

Standard Error

_Panel 1962-1984

Average

Expenditures .. 

Standard

Error .........

Change in _

Expenditures 

Dependent Sample 

Standard Error

South

Average

Expenditures .... 211

Standard

Error ........... 14

Change in ,

Expenditures ...

Dependent Sample

Standard Error . .

Independent Sample

Standard Error . .

251

17

40

14

-

337

19

86

-

19

327

20

-10

24

-

334

23

7

28

-

333

29

— 1

28

-

327

36

340

38

13

29

329

25

362

49

33

31

See footnotes at end of table.

RECS: Trends in Consumption and Expenditures 1978-1984 

Energy Information Administration 81
Consumption of and Expenditures for 

Individual Energy Sources

Table 13. Average Expenditures per Household for

Liquefied Petroleum Gas for the United States 

and by Region, 1978-1982 and 1984 (Continued) 

(Dollars)__________ ________

_________________1978 1979 1980 1981 1982 1984

Wjll

Full Sample

Average

Expenditures .... 278 470 391 458 413 417 

Standard

Error ........... 51 93 26 64 27 17

Change in .

Expenditures ... - 192 -79 67 -44 3

Dependent Sample

Standard Error .. - 80 - 64 63 35 

Independent Sample

Standard Error .. - - 97 -

Panel 1980-1982

Average

Expenditures .... - - 394 - 458 

Standard

Error ............ - 34 - 37

Change in ,

Expenditures ... - - - - 65 

Dependent Sample

Standard Error .. - - - - 36

Panel 1962-1934

Average

Expenditures .... - - - - 366 386 

Standard

Error ............. - - - 47 40

Change in „

Expenditures ... - - - - - 20 

Dependent Sample

Standard Error .. - - - - - 60

The change in expenditures is from the preceding survey year to the 

year in the column. The change is for a 1-year interval for all years 

except for 1984 where the change is for the 2-year interval from 1982 to 

1984.

2 The change in expenditures is for the 2-year period for the panel

sample only.

Note: Numbers may not add to totals because of independent rounding.

Source: Energy Information Administration, Office of Energy Markets 

and End Use, Energy End Use Division, Residential Energy Consumption 

Surveys, 1978, 1979, 1980, 1982, and 1984.

RECS: Trends in Consumption and Expenditures 1978-1984 

Energy Information Administration
Consumption of and Expenditures for 

Individual Energy Sources

Of all the fuels considered in this report, LPG was the one least frequently used 

(Table 14). Like natural gas, it can be used for cooking and clothes drying as 

well as for space and water heating. However, it is principally used in rural 

areas and by a small minority of households. The largest concentration of users 

was in the South, where 12.5 (-3.7) percent of the households used it in 1984, and 

in the North Central region, where about 8.9 (±2.4) percent used it.

In 1984, more than one-half of the households in the North Central and South 

regions using LPG used it as the main heating fuel. However, the mild winters 

in the South limited the amount of LPG that had to be used for heating, which 

contributed to the relatively low average consumption in this region. The 

extremely cold winters in the North Central region were coupled with the high 

proportion of houses using LPG as the main heating fuel were undoubtedly 

important reasons for this region having a high average consumption. The 

Northeast also had severe winters. However, very few homes used LPG as the main 

heating fuel in the Northeast, which was an important factor behind the low 

average consumption in this region. The dominant use of LPG in the Northeast 

was for cooking, which uses a relatively small amount of energy.

Table 14. Percentage of Households that Use LPG for Selected Purposes by 

Region, 1978 and 1984

Northeast North Central South ____West 

End Use or 

Appliance 1978 1984 1978 1984 1978 1984 1978 1984

Use LPG .......... 7.5 7.4 7.2 8.9 15.0 12.5 3.1 5.2

Standard Error ...(1.4) (1.5) (1.8) (1.2) (2.9) (1.9) (1.2) (1.0)

Heating Fuel ..... 0.7 1.5 4.4 7.5 9.9 8.9 2.2 3.0 

Standard Error ...(0.3) (0.6) (1.0) (1.1) (2.2) (1.6) (0.8) (0.7)

Main Heating ... 0.5 0.9 3.8 5.8 8.1 7.0 Q 2.4 

Standard Error .(0.2) (0.3) (0.8) (0.8) (1.8) (1.3) (0.8)

Secondary 

Heating Only 

Standard Error

Water Heating 

Standard Error . .

Cooking .........

Standard Error

Clothes Dryer. . . 

Standard Error '-.-.

. 0.2 

.(0.1)

.3.2 

.(1.1)

. 6.8

.(1.8)

. 0.8

.(0.4)

0.6 

Q

2.9 

(0.8)

6.3

(1.6)

1.0 

(0.3)

0 

(0

4 

(1

4

(1

1 

(0

.6 

.3)

.0 

.3)

.6

.2)

.1 

.4)

1.7 

(0.6)

5.4 

(0.9)

-/ 5* 4*T

(0.9)

1.8 

(0.7)

1.8 

(0.7)

6.2 

(1.7)

11.2

(2.4)

0.7 

(0.2)

1. 

(0.

5. 

(1.

8.

(1.

1. 

(0.

8

5)

4 

3)

3

5)

1 

3)

Q

Q 

Q

Q

0 

(0

3

(0

3

(1

1 

(0

.6

.2)

.9 

.8)

.7

.1)

.3 

.6)

Q - Data withheld because of large variance (1.96 x Standard Error >• Value). 

Source: Energy Information Administration, Office of Energy Markets and End Use, 

Energy End Use Division, Residential Energy Consumption Surveys, 1978 and 1984.

REGS: Trends in Consumption and Expenditures 1978-1984 gg 

Energy Information Administration

4. Distribution of Consumption and Expenditures

This chapter examines the relative importance of specific energy sources for the 

Nation and each region. The number of households that use a specific energy 

source as the main heating fuel will be considered, along with the relative 

contribution of each energy source to total consumption and expenditures. Total 

expenditures per household by main heating fuel will also be discussed. In this 

chapter, all consumption values for electricity, when total consumption is 

considered, are adjusted electricity.

The following discussion is based on averages for consumption and expenditures 

for all households, whether or not they use the fuel. This contrasts with the 

preceding chapters where the discussion was based on averages only over 

households that used each energy source. The average over all households 

discussed in this chapter determines how the typical household's energy budget 

and consumption levels are allocated among the various energy sources. The 

average consumption or expenditure for each source has been divided by the 

average total consumption or expenditures for the major energy sources. Thus, 

the average consumption and expenditures for each energy source are expressed in 

terms of a percentage of the total consumption and expenditures for the average 

household.

Nation

Natural gas was the fuel preferred as main heating fuel by households across the 

Nation. Fifty-five percent (±3 in 1984) of the households used gas as the main 

heating fuel, and this percentage remained very stable from 1978 to 1984 (Figure 

10). In 1978, fuel oil/kerosene were the fuels next most likely to be used as 

the main heating fuel; 22 (±3) percent of housing units used it as the primary 

heating fuel in 1978. Electricity came next, followed by LPG and other fuels, 

principally wood.

Two important shifts in fuels used as the main heating fuel occurred during the 

period from 1978 to 1984. There was an 8 (±3) percentage point decline in the 

proportion of homes with fuel oil/kerosene as the main heating fuel. As a 

result of this decline, the difference between the percentage of households 

heating with electricity and those heating with fuel oil/kerosene in 1984 was 

not statistically significant. The second important change was a 6 (±2) 

percentage point increase in the proportion of households using other fuels, 

which were principally wood, as the main heating fuel—from 3.5 (±1.1) percent 

in 1978 to 9.1 (^1.3) percent in 1984. The changes in the percentage of homes 

heated with LEG or electricity were small and not significant statistically.

Adjusted-electricity consumption accounted for about one-half the energy 

consumed in households across the Nation (Figure 11). Electricity consumption 

(as a percent of itotal consumption) increased by 5.4 (±2.9) percentage points,

As discussed in (Chapter 2, there are difficulties in using either 

site-electricity values or adjusted-electricity values for estimating total 

energy consumption. Therefore, the choice of adjusted electricity is somewhat 

arbitrary. The reader can use the data in Chapter 5 to duplicate any of this 

discussion with site-electricity values.

RECS: Trends in Consumption and Expenditures 1978-1984 ,_ 

Energy Information Administration
Distribution of Consumption and Expenditures

Figure 10. The U.S.: Distribution of Households by Main Space Heating Fuels 

1978 and 1984

100 ^

90-

- 80- 

0

3 

U.

0)

£ 70-

 H

(D

0

I

E 60

D

0

(0

D

 H

c 

0

0

L.0

CL

50

40-

30

20-

10

Main Space 

Heating Fuel

Other or None 

LPG

Electricity 

3 Natural Gas 

Fuel Oil/Kerosene

Source: Energy Information Administration, Office of Energy Markets and End Use, Energy End Use Division, 

Residential Energy Consumption Surveys, 1978 and 1984.

86 RECS: Trends in Consumption and Expenditures 1978-1984 

Energy Information Administration
Distribution of Consumption and Expenditures

Figure 11.

78

c 

0 

£60

E

3 

Hi

c

0 45 

0 &

>

CD

u,

o

UJ 30

0 w

+*

c

9

0

£ 

The U.S.: Consumption and Expenditures for Specific Fuels as a 

Percentage of All Fuels, 1978 and 1984

Adjusted Natural Gas Fuel Oil/ 

Electricity Kerosene

LPG

0

0

60-

(0

o

•0 45-

c

ffl

a

x

UJ

- 3<H

C 

IS 

0

l« 

CD a.

7777!

Year

u 1978 

E21984

Electricity Natural Gas Fuel Oil/

Kerosene

LPG

Note: Adjusted Electricity is site electricity times 3. See Glossary. 

Source: Energy Information Administration, Office of Energy Markets and End Use, 

Energy End Use Division, Residential Energy Consumption Surveys, 1978 and 1984.

RECS: Trends in Consumption and Expenditures 1978-1984 

Energy Information Administration

87
Distribution of Consumption and Expenditures

from 47.8 (±2.5) percent in 1978 to 53.2 (±1.5) percent in 1984. Natural gas 

share remained fixed at 36 percent (±3.3 in 1978). Most of the gain for 

electricity was at the expense of fuel oil/kerosene, whose share fell to 5.1 

(±2.3) percent in 1984 from 14.1 (±2.2) percent in 1978. LPG remained fixed at 

about 2 percent of total consumption. (These figures for consumption do not 

include wood, because the difficulty involved in converting quantities of wood 

burned into useful Btu.)

The picture for expenditures is similar to that for consumption, with the share of 

expenditures for electricity rising and those for fuel oil/kerosene falling 

(Figure 11). However, the decline in expenditures for fuel oil/kerosene of 5.6 

(±2.9) percentage points (from 15.5 (±2.2) percent in 1978) was offset by an 

increase in expenditures for natural gas of 3.1 (±3.1) percentage points as well 

as for electricity, 2.3 (±2.2) percentage points. These increases were just 

marginally statistically significant. In 1984, electricity accounted for 56.2 

(±1.3) percent of household expenditures for energy, while natural gas totaled 

30.7 (±1.7) percent. Expenditures for LPG were about 3 percent of total 

expenditures.

Households that used fuel oil/kerosene as the main heating fuel had the highest 

average expenditures for all home energy among the major energy sources used for 

heating, excluding wood (Figure 12). Expenditures for these households 

increased by $463 (±67) from 1978 to 1984, although they had essentially 

stabilized by 1980. Households that heated with LPG had the next highest level 

of expenditures for home fuels. In 1978, home energy expenditures for these 

households averaged $765 (±96), which was $194 (±106) less than average 

expenditures in that year for households heating with fuel oil/kerosene. 

Households that heated with natural gas or electricity apparently had the lowest 

average total expenditures. However, the differences in expenditures between 

these households and LPG-heated households is not statistically significant.

Northeast

In colder sections of the country, such as the Northeast, the major use for 

energy is heating the home. Therefore, the mix of fuels used for the main space 

heating fuel will strongly influence the relative proportion of fuels consumed 

in the region. In 1978, slightly more than half (51 (±9) percent) of the 

households in the Northeast used fuel oil/kerosene as their main heating fuel 

(Figure 13). In 1984, the proportion of homes heated by fuel oil/kerosene 

appeared to have fallen some (by 6 (±10) percentage points), but the difference 

was not statistically significant. Use of natural gas, the fuel used next most 

intensively as the main heating fuel in the region, remained fairly stable in 

the neighborhood of 40 (±7 in 1978) percent. Electricity was the main heating 

fuel of a small, but also fairly stable 8 (±6 in 1978) percent of households. The 

most dramatic change in the pattern of fuel use for space heating was the 

increased use of "other" fuels, principally wood. Used in a statistically 

insignificant number of homes in 1978, by 1984 the use of wood and other fuels 

rose to 6 (±3) percent of all households.

RECS: Trends in Consumption and Expenditures 1978-1984 

88 Energy Information Administration
of Consumption and Expenditures

Figure .§.: Expenditures for Major Fuels by Main Space Heating Fuel, 

t, 1980, 1982, and 1984

1.5OO-,

1.26O-

"53 i.ooo- <a

<D

a.

to 76O6OO-

//

Main Space 

Heating Fuel

Fuel Oil/Kerosene 

Natural Gas

Ejectrjcity 

LPG

1978 198O 1982 1984

,.; ; Energy Information Administration, Office of Energy Markets and End Use, Energy 

End Use Division, Residential Energy Consumption Surveys, 1978, 198O, 1982, and 1984.

RECS: Trends in Consumption and Expenditures 1978-1984 

Energy Information Administration

89
Distribution of Consumption and Expenditures

Figure 13. The Northeast: Distribution of Households by Main Space Heating Fuels, 

1978 and 1984

<D

D 

LL

0)

C

 H

(D 

0 

I

CO 

CD

T3 

0) 

CO

D

+Jc 0

0

L.

0) 

0.

0-

Main Space 

Heating Fuel

TJ Other or None 

 LPG 

d Electricity 

;'~] Natural Gas 

ZZl Fuel Oil/Kerosene

Source: Energy Information Administration, Office of Energy Markets and End Use, Energy End Use Division, 

Residential Energy Consumption Surveys, 1978 and 1984.

90 RECS: Trends in Consumption and Expenditures 1978-1984 

Energy Information Administration
Distribution of Consumption and Expenditures

Fuel oil/kerosene, with the largest proportion of households using it for space 

heating, appeared to have the largest share of consumption, 36.1 (±6.2) percent, 

in 1978 (Figure 14). However, the difference between the share for fuel 

oil/kerosene and that for adjusted electricity, 31.9 (±4.2) percent, and natural 

gas, 31.2 (±51) was not statistically significant. LPG had a minuscule share of 

around 1 percent. By 1984, however, the shifts in relative consumption levels 

left the adjusted electricity category with the highest proportion of energy 

consumption, 39.4 (±2.9) percent. This share was statistically significantly 

larger than both fuel oil/kerosene, 26.5 (±2.7) percent, and natural gas, 26.1 

(±3.9), which were statistically indistinguishable.

Electricity and fuel oil/kerosene each accounted for more than 35 percent of 

average total expenditures for energy by Northeast households in 1978 (Figure 14. 

Natural gas was about 25 percent of the total, and LPG was about 2 percent. By 

1984, relative expenditures for electricity had grown, so that it accounted for 

almost one-half, 46.1 (±2.5) percent, of total expenditures. The shares for fuel 

oil/kerosene and natural gas were indistinguishable, and significantly lower than 

for electricity, at slightly more than one-fourth the total.

Households that heated their homes with fuel oil/kerosene had by far the largest 

average expenditures for major energy sources in 1978, $1,008 (±59) (Figure 15). 

Households that heated with natural gas or electricity had statistically 

significant lower expenditures in 1978. Expenditures for households heating 

with fuel oil/kerosene flattened out after 1980, while those for natural gas and 

electrically-heated homes continued to grow. By 1984, there were no 

statistically significant differences in total-expenditure for major energy 

sources among households with the different heating fuels.

North Central

Natural gas was clearly the fuel of preference for home heating among households 

in the North Central region (Figure 16). About 75 percent of the households 

used gas for heating and this figure remained fairly stable from 1978 to 1984. 

Fuel oil/kerosene was used by 15 (±7) percent in 1978, but fell by 10 (±4) 

percentage points by 1984. Electricity and LPG were used by about 5 percent of 

the households, with no statistically significant change over the period. By 

1984, the number of households heating with these fuels was statistically 

indistinguishable from the number heating with fuel oil/kerosene. The use of 

wood and other fuels showed a sizeable increase in this region, increasing by 5 

(±1) percentage points from 1 percent of the households to 6 (±1) percent. In 

1984, wood was used by about the same percentage of households as the other 

fuels except for natural gas.

Given the intensive use of natural gas as the main space heating fuel in the 

region with the coldest weather, it is not surprising to find this fuel 

accounting for the largest share of consumption in the North Central region. 

Natural gas persistently accounted for slightly more than one-half of average 

total energy consumption (51.2 (±2.9) percent in 1984) (Figure 17). 

Adjusted-electricity consumption was next at 42.1 (±2.9) percent in 1984, which 

was an increase of 5.6 (±5.0) percentage points over the 1978 portion. The 

share of consumption for fuel oil fell by 6.2 (±4.4) percentage points to 3.3 

(±.8) percent in 1984, while LPG remained fairly stable at a few percent.

RECS: Trends in Consumption and Expenditures 1978-1984 .. 

Energy Information Administration
Distribution of Consumption and Expenditures

Figure 14. The Northeast: Consumption and Expenditures for Specific Fuels as a 

Percentage of All Fuels, 1978 and 1984

751

c 

0

V

a 

E

3

C 

0

u

0) 

ID

60

3(H

C 

0 

0

Adjusted Natural Gas Fuel Oil/ 

Electricity Kerosene

LPG

£ 75

0 

Q

60-

Year

E1978

E1984

Electricity Natural Gas Fuel Oil/

Kerosene

LPG

Note: Adjusted Electricity is site electricity times 3. See Glossary. 

Source: Energy Information Administration, Office of Energy Markets and End Use, 

Energy End Use Division, Residential Energy Consumption Surveys, 1978 and 1984.

92 RECS: Trends in Consumption and Expenditures 1978-1984 

Energy Information Administration
Distribution of Consumption and Expenditures

Figure 15. The Northeast: Expenditures for Major Fuels by Main Space Heating Fuel, 

1978,1980,1982, and 1984

1.5OO2 1.26OO

0) <a

O

_ 1,000 

o>

CL

co 

^ "o

Q 760

6OO1978 198O 1982 1984

Main Space 

Heating Fuel

Fuel Oil/Kerosene 

Natural _G_as_ _ _

Electrjcity _ _ _

Note: Data for LPG-heated homes withheld due to large varianceSource: Energy Information Administration, Office of Energy Markets and End Use, Energy 

End Use Division. Residential Energy Consumption Surveys, 1978, 198O, 1982, and 1984.

RECS: Trends in Consumption and Expenditures 1978-1984 

Energy Information Administration 93
Distribution of Consumption and Expenditures

Figure 16. The North Central: Distribution of Households by Main Space Heating 

Fuels, 1978 and 1984

100-

90

0 

(0

T3 

0

c

0

0

u.

(D 

Q.

LL 

0)

£ 70-

 H

(D 

Q)

I

.E 60

50-

40-

30 ^

20-

10-

Main Space 

Heating Fuel

D Other or None 

 LPG 

O Electricity 

HI Natural Gas 

ZZI Fuel Oil/Kerosene

1978 1984

Source: Energy Information Administration, Office of Energy Markets and End Use, Energy End Use Division, 

Residential Energy Consumption Surveys, 1978 and 1984.

94 RECS: Trends in Consumption and Expenditures 1978-1984 

Energy Information Administration
Distribution of Consumption and Expenditures

Figure 17. The North Central: Consumption and Expenditures for Specific Fuels as a 

Percentage of All Fuels, 1978 and 1984

Adjusted 

Electricity

Natural Gas Fuel Oil/ 

Kerosene

LPG

« 75 

<o

0

0

60

TJ 45

c

8

a 

x ui

30

16-1 Year

Z21978 

ID 1984

Electricity Natural Gas Fuel Oil/ 

Kerosene

LPG

Note: Adjusted electricity is site electricity times 3. See Glossary. 

Source: Energy Information Administration,0ffice of Energy Markets and End Use, 

Energy End Use Division, Residential Energy Consumption Surveys, 1978 and 1984,

RECS: Trends in Consumption and Expenditures 1978-1984 

Energy Information Administration 95
Distribution of Consumption and Expenditures

As the more expensive fuel, electricity accounted for a large share of average 

total expenditures for energy in the North Central region. Its share remained 

fairly stable at slightly less than one-half of total expenditures, 47.1 (±2.9) 

percent in 1984 (Figure 17). Natural gas also had a sizeable share of 

expenditures that was not statistically significantly lower than that of 

electricity.

Households that heated with fuel oil/kerosene, LPG, and electricity had the 

highest average total expenditures for major energy sources in the North Central 

region in 1978 (Figure 18). Xhe differences in average expenditures among these 

households were not statistically significant. Households that heated with 

natural gas, though, did have significantly lower expenditures in 1978, $781 

(±34), than did the other households. Households heating with natural gas 

experienced a large increase in total expenditures, $373 (±68), which raised their 

expenditures to $1,154 (±59) in 1984. In 1984, there were no statistically 

significant differences in average total expenditures among households heating 

with the major energy sources.

South

Natural gas was the fuel used as the main heating fuel by the largest number of 

households in the South (Figure 19). In 1984, 44.7 (±5.9) percent of the 

households used it, which was a slight, but statistically insignificant, 

increase over the proportion in 1978. Electricity followed, used by 28.7 (±5.7) 

percent of households in 1984. This relatively high proportion of households 

using electricity as the main space heating fuel contributed to the high level of 

consumption for this fuel in the South (Chapter 3). Fuel oil/kerosene came next 

in 1978, but a decline in the number of households using them (8.9 (± 5.5) 

percentage points), coupled with a 4.6 (±3.6) percentage point increase in the 

proportion of households using wood or other fuels, led to these fuels being 

grouped with LPG as having about the same number of users for main space heating 

fuel in 1984.

Consumption of adjusted electricity dominated energy consumption in the South, 

accounting for 69.0 (±3.2) percent of average total consumption in this region 

in 1984 (Figure 20). Natural gas came next, comprising 24.9 (±3.8) percent of 

consumption in 1984. The small increases in the proportions of consumption for 

both of these fuels from 1978 to 1984 were not statistically significant. The 

only statistically significant change, albeit a relative small one, was a 

decline of 3.7 (±2.9) percentage points in the fraction of consumption accounted 

for by fuel oil/kerosene. In 1984, consumption of fuel oil/kerosene was 3.5 

(±1.2) percent of the total, not significantly different from the value for LPG.

The distribution of expenditures by fuel type of total expenditures was similar 

to that for consumption. Electricity dominated, accounting for 70.1 (±3.2) 

percent of total expenditures in 1984 (Figure 20). Natural gas followed at 21.6 

(±3.4) percent in 1984. The changes in percentages for both these fuels from 

1978 to 1984 were not statistically significant. Fuel oil/kerosene and LPG each 

accounted for about 4 percent of total expenditures in 1984, fuel oil/kerosene 

having dropped a small, but statistically significant 3.3 (±2.9) percentage 

points from its 1978 proportion.

RECS: Trends in Consumption and Expenditures 1978-1984 

Energy Information Administration
Distribution of Consumption and Expenditures

Figure 18. The North Central: Expenditures for Major Fuels by Main Space Heating 

Fuel, 1978,1980,1982, and 1984

1.6OO-,

1.26O-

" 1.OOO

CO 

O

CD

O.

5 7BOO 

Q

600-

1978 198O 1982 1984

Main Space 

Heating Fuel

Fuel Oil/Kerosene

Natural Gas

Electricity _ 

LPG

Source: Energy Information Administration, Office of Energy Markets and End Use, Energy 

End Use Division, Residential Energy Consumption Surveys, 1978, 198O, 1982, and 1984.

RECS: Trends in Consumption and Expenditures 1978-1984 

Energy Information Administration

97
Distribution of Consumption and Expenditures

Figure 19. The South: Distribution of Households by Main Space Heating Fuels, 

1978 and 1984

Main Space 

Heating Fuel

D Other or None 

 LPG 

E3 Electricity 

Q Natural Gas 

Z2 Fuel Oil/Kerosene

Source: Energy Information Administration, Office of Energy Markets and End Use, Energy End Use Division, 

Residential Energy Consumption Surveys, 1978 and 1984.

98

RECS: Trends in Consumption and Expenditures 1978-1984 

Energy Information Administration
Distribution of Consumption and Expenditures

Figure 20. The South: Consumption and Expenditures for Specific Fueis as a 

Percentage of All Fuels, 1978 and 1984

75 

CD

$0-

c

0 45 

0 5

30-

£

16-

c

ffl 

0

I 0

ZZL

Adjusted 

Electricity

Natural Gas Fuel Oil/ 

Kerosene

LPG

£ 75-]

0 

Q

 0

c

<D

a

X

UJ

45

Year

31978

3 1984

Electricity Natural Gas Fuel Oil/ LPG

Kerosene

Note: Adjusted Electricity is site electricity times 3. See Glossary. 

Source: Energy Information Administration, Office of Energy Markets and End Use, 

Energy End Use Division, Residential Energy Consumption Surveys, 1978 and 1984.

REGS: Trends in Consumption and Expenditures 1978-1984 

Energy Information Administration 99
Distribution of Consumption and Expenditures

The few households that did use fuel oil/kerosene as the main space heating fuel 

appeared to have the highest level of average total expenditures for major energy 

sources fuels among householders in the South (Figure 21). However, both in 1978 

and in 1984 there were no statistically significant differences in expenditures 

among households heating with different energy sources.

West

The energy situation in the West region was similar to that in the South; 

natural gas and electricity were the principal fuels used, while LPG and fuel 

oil/kerosene were fairly unimportant. In 1984, natural gas was used as the main 

heating fuel by 65.3 (±5.2) percent of the households, and electricity was used by 

19.8 (±4.2) percent (Figure 22). The changes from 1978 to 1984 in the proportion 

of households using these energy sources as the main heating fuel were small and 

statistically insignificant. As with the other regions, there was a significant 

increase of 5.6 (±3.6) percentage points in the proportion of households using 

wood or other fuels as the main heating fuel. By 1984, wood and other fuels were 

used by 9.8 (±2.4) percent of the households, more than either fuel oil/kerosene 

or LPG.

Adjusted-electricity consumption accounted for more than one-half of the average 

household's energy consumption, 58.6 (±2.6) percent of the total in 1984 (Figure 

23). Natural gas accounted for the bulk of the remaining consumption, 38.3 

(±3.2) percent. Changes in the distribution of consumption by fuel type between 

1978 and 1984 were statistically insignificant. For expenditures, the picture 

was virtually the same as for consumption. Electricity accounted for 60.6 

(±2.6) percent of total expenditures and natural gas accounted for 34.8 (±3.1) 

percent in 1984. There was essentially no change in the distribution of 

expenditures by fuel type between 1978 and 1984.

The few households heating with fuel oil/kerosene or LPG apparently spent much 

more for their total fuel bill than did those households heating with 

electricity or natural gas in 1978 (Figure 24). Households heating with fuel 

oil/kerosene spent a total of $1,124 (±106) in 1984 for major energy sources, 

which was statistically significantly higher than for households with electricity 

or natural gas. The differences in expenditures between households heating with 

LPG and other fuels were not statistically significant because of the high 

variance associated with expenditures for households heating with LPG.

RECS: Trends in Consumption and Expenditures 1978-1984 

'" Energy Information Administration
Distribution of Consumption and Expenditures

Figure 21. The South: Expenditures for Major Fuels by Main Space Heating Fuel, 

1978,1980,1982, and 1984

1.5OO-,

1.26O33 

O

05 1.OOO 

<a

O

OT 75O5OO1978 198O 1982 1984

Main Space 

Heating Fuel

Fuel Oil/Kerosene

Electricity 

LPG

Source: Energy Information Administration, Office of Energy Markets and End Use, Energy 

End Use Division, Residential Energy Consumption Surveys 1978, 198O, 1982 and 1984.

RECS: Trends in Consumption and Expenditures 1978-1984 

Energy Information Administration 101
Distribution of Consumption and Expenditures

Figure 22. The West: Distribution of Households by Main Space Heating Fuels, 

1978 and 1984

100-

CO 

CO

T5 

0 

w

D

4->

c

(D

0

L.

0) 

Q.

90

« 8(H

3 

LL

0)

.E 70 4->

(0 

0

I

.E 60

(D

50 H

40-

30^

20

10

Main Space 

Heating Fuel

n Other or None 

 LPG 

Q Electricity 

Q Natural Gas 

ffl Fuel Oil/Kerosene

1978 1984

Source: Energy Information Administration, Office of Energy Markets and End Use, Energy End Use Division, 

Residential Energy Consumption Surveys, 1978 and 1984.

102 RECS: Trends in Consumption and Expenditures 1978-1984 

Energy Information Administration
Distribution of Consumption and Expenditures

Figure 23. The West: Consumption and Expenditures for Specific Fuels as a 

Percentage of All Fuels, 1978 and 1984

75

60-

CD 

i

c

0

+rf a 

E

3 

W 

C 

0

o

>

a

SJ -|

UJ 30-|

c

ID 

0

2

__:Z77V/I r————--1777771___..

Adjusted Natural Gas Fuel Oil/ 

Electricity Kerosene

LPG

Electricity Natural Gas

i——-T J777771

Year

EJ 1978 

C/21984

Fuel Oil/ 

Kerosene

LPG

Note: Adjusted Electricity is site electricity times 3. See Glossary. 

Source: Energy Information Administration, Office of Energy Markets and End Use, 

Energy End Use Division, Residential Energy Consumption Surveys, 1978 and 1984.

RECS: Trends in Consumption and Expenditures 1978-1984 

Energy Information Administration 103
Distribution of Consumption and Expenditures

Figure 24. The West: Expenditures for Major Fuels by Main Space Heating Fuel, 

1978,1980,1982, and 1984

1,250

1.OOOo

_c o>

o

o

50O

25OMain Space 

Heating Fuel

Fuel Oil/Kerosene 

NaturaM3as_ _ _

Electrjcity _ _ _ 

LPG

1978 198O 1982 1984

Source: Energy Information Administration, Office of Energy Markets and End Use, Energy 

End Use Division, Resdiential Energy Consumption Surveys, 1978, 198O, 1982, and 1984.

104

RECS: Trends in Consumption and Expenditures 1978-1984 

Energy Information Administration
5. Detailed Statistics

This chapter, .provides.,, a detailed set of statistics on energy use per household for 

the RECS conducted in 1978, 1980, 1982, and 1984. Data on average consumption per 

household for all fuels, average expenditures for all fuels and household counts 

are tabulated by a variety of household characteristics. The first set of tables 

are followed by a corresponding set of tables for each of the four major fuels 

considered in this report: natural gas, electricity, fuel oil/kerosene, and LPG.

Each of these tables gives the average value for the statistic in question. 

Estimates are attso provided for the variance associated with each statistic for 

*:hat year by giving relative standard error (RSE) row and column factors in each 

^able. The RS1 for a particular statistic is calculated by taking the product of 

the appropriate column factor and row factor. The estimated standard error for a 

statistic is the product of the statistic and the estimated RSE divided by 100. 

The procedures for making these estimates of the standard error are described in 

Appendix A. This appendix also discusses the statistical issues involved 

in making year-to-year comparisons.

RECS: Trends in Consumption and Expenditures 1978-1984 

Energy Information Administration
Detailed Statistics

Table 15. Average Residential Consumption for Major Fuels, 

1978 Through 1984

United States

Million Btu per Household

Household Characteristics 1978

RSE Column Factor: 1

All Households .............................................................. 137.9

Weather Zone

Fewer than 2,000 ODD and-- 

More than 7,000 HDD .............................................. 162.3

5,500 to 7,000 HDD ................................................. 167.4

4,000 to 5,499 HDD ................................................. 157.9

Fewer than 4,000 HDD ............................................ 98.8

More than 2,000 CDD and 

Fewer than 4,000 HDD ............................................... 91.3

Year of Construction

Before 1950 .................................................................. 154.2

1950 to 1974 ................................................................ 127.4

After 1974 ..................................................................... 113.4

Main Space Heating Fuel

Natural Gas .................................................................. 150.8

LPG ................................................................................ 1 13.3

Wood ............................................................................. 54.8

Measured Heated Area of Residence 

(square feet)

1,000 to 1,999 ..............................................................

2,000 or More ...............................................................

Air Conditioning

Yes................................................................................. 143.9

No .................................................................................. 130.3

Main Water Heating Fuel

Electricity ....................................................................... 108.2

Natural Gas .................................................................. 150.8

Fuel Oil/Kerosene ....................................................... 189.5

LPG ................................................................................ 122.6

Ownership Status

Own ............................................................................... 152.3

Rent ............................................................................... 109.2

Annual Family Income

Under $10,000 ............................................................. 117.5

$10,000 to $19,999 ..................................................... 130.6

$20,000 to $29,999 ..................................................... 156.6

$30,000 or More .......................................................... 184.2

Number of People in Household

2 to 4 People ............................................................... 139.7

Age of Household Head

Less than 25 Years ..................................................... 105.7

25 to 59 Years ............................................................. 146.0

60 Years or Older ........................................................ 129.5

1980

0.94

114.2

125.3 

140.7 

122.5 

89.5

84.7

128.8 

112.0 

82.1

60.3 

130.9 

144.9 

105.2 

54.8 

39.1

85.6 

115.8 

153.9

116.1 

111.5

79.7 

130.2 

154.8 

101.0 

50.3

124.9 

92.8

101.4 

106.6 

124.1 

137.1

86.3 

116.2 

144.0

85.4 

118.4 

112.5

1982

1.11

102.9

112.4 

122.8 

109.1 

85.3

80.1

113.5 

101.3 

82.9

61.7 

118.3 

125.0 

85.9 

52.8 

37.2

75.7 

104.1 

146.8

106.0 

98.7

75.1 

118.0 

128.6 

87.5 

41.7

112.7 

85.3

88.2 

96.3 

105.5 

124.7

80.2 

105.8 

130.0

75.7 

106.7 

101.3

1984

0.99

104.7

113.8 

134.7 

111.0 

82.5

72.7

121.3 

99.5 

82.8

55.3 

123.5 

126.2 

88.6 

59.9 

37.3

76.5 

106.9 

149.9

106.3 

102.3

75.3 

122.7 

131.2 

88.3 

44.3

115.8 

84.9

93.1 

95.2 

102.6 

124.3

84.3 

106.7 

133.8

79.7 

107.9 

103.8

Adjusted Million Btu per Household

1978 1980

1 .26 | 0.72

I

202.3 174.4

224.1 181.9 

225.1 192.2 

219.1 181.7 

168.8 148.3

167.5 166.8

202.8 173.7 

201.0 177.0 

209.3 167.4

215.2 171.1 

197.2 178.2 

224.5 193.3 

179.6 160.3 

124.2 124.6 

7B.O 88.0

127.1 

180.4 

234.6

217.2 186.2 

183.5 158.7

216.7 173.8 

194.5 175.9 

224.4 188.4 

173.8 151.2 

84.6 92.1

227.3 194.5 

152.5 134.6

162.3 145.6 

196.3 163.4 

232.9 193.4 

280.4 219.8

136.0 124.4 

207.0 178.6 

269.7 225.9

150.0 132.0 

218.1 184.4 

182.9 163.1

1982

0.89

160.8

163.4 

174.4 

165.4 

142.2

157.3

156.7 

163.4 

162.3

170.9 

163.4 

172.8 

140.2 

120.9 

89.7

117.9 

166.6 

222.0

174.6 

141.7

164.9 

161.8 

162.2 

132.3 

93.0

178.1 

129.4

130.3 

149.9 

168.2 

201.0

116.5 

167.4 

208.1

118.0 

170.5 

149.9

1984

0.83

162.2

163.4 

185.5 

166.9 

141.2

147.4

165.4 

161.2 

158.2

158.3 

169.9 

171.5 

143.1 

125.5 

84.2

116.3 

171.5 

224.5

172.6 

146.9

163.0 

166.2 

163.7 

129.2 

92.1

182.4 

126.3

135.7 

144.9 

161.7 

200.3

119.6 

168.8 

210.3

125.9 

170.6 

153.1

RSE 

Row 

Factor

1.55

5.25 

2.12 

3.04 

2.66

5.92

1.155 

1.135

D

3.73 

1.50 

2.08 

4.35 

3.87 

8.23

1.87 

1 .B4 

2.01

1.86 

2.12

2.69 

1.57 

2.66 

4.88 

14.16

1.63 

2.10

2.43 

1.85 

2.02 

2.31

2.36 

1.62 

2.53

3.39 

1.67 

2.00

See footnotes at end of table.

106 REGS: Trends in Consumption and Expenditures 1978-1984 

Energy Information Administration
Detailed Statistics

Table 15. Average Residential Consumption for Major Fuels, 

1978 Through 1984 (Continued)

Northeast

Household Characteristics

HSE Column Factor:

Million Biu per Household r - - T "

! 1978 1980

| 

j 1 .45 0.94

1982

1.11

1984

0.99

Adjusted Million

1978

1.26

1980

0.72

Btu per Household

j 1982

0.89

i

| 

._j__

1984

0.83

RSE 

Row 

Factor

All Households 166.3 137.7 121.7 125.2 211.3 182.0 164.1 169.9 2.59

Census Division

Weather Zone

Fewer than 2,000 COD and-- 

More than 7,000 HDD .....................................

5,500 to 7,000 HOD ........................................

4,000 to 5,499 HDD ........................................

Year of Construction

1950 to 1974 .......................................................

After 1974 .................................. ...........J..... .........

Main Space Heating Fuel

Fuel Oil/Kerosene ..............................................

LPG .......................................................................

Wood ....................................................................

Measured Heated Area of Residence 

(square feet)

1,000 to 1,999 .....................................................

Air Conditioning

Yes........................................................................

No ....................................................:.....................

Main Water Heating Fuel

LPG.......................................................................

Ownership Status

Annual Family Income

Under $10,000 .....................................................

$10,000 to $19,999 .............................................

$20,000 to $29,999 .............................................

Number of People in Household

Age of Household Head

25 to 59 Years .....................................................

Q

179.2

166.9

........ 175.3

........ 165.3

........ 90.3

59.0

........ 167.3

........ 184.0

........ Q

........ Q

Q

183.7

151.8

122.3

171.4

....... 188.0

........ 169.4

186.8

136.8

150.5

156.5

179.0

....... 210.0

126.7

....... 166.2

219.4

....... 131.2

....... 175.3

153.9

132.3

139.4

112.4

137.1

143.6

146.8

136.5

79.5

56.8

146.2

157.6

100.6

61.0

52.9

117.9

133.9

165.3

139.4

136.0

91.5

149.2

157.8

92.0

60.4

149.1

118.3

134.7

126.4

140.7

161.4

113.5

140.1

161.3

113.5

136.0

146.5

120.1

122.1

90.4

121.1

128.3

126.3

119.8

101.9

50.9

134.2

134.7

78.3

59.2

38.3

93.3

124.4

153.3

124.5

118.6

88.6

133.4

130.0

100.1

47.1

134.3

100.4

104.8

117.3

121.3

143.7

96.5

127.3

143.0

87.5

124.2

122.5

127.6

124.5

105.9

133.7

121.4

134.4

119.7

91.9

58.0

136.0

137.2

96.3

74.1

50.0

94.0

128.7

156.1

130.2

120.1

91.2

140.8

131.3

104.1

48.9

137.1

102.1

107.1

121.7

116.5

146.0

98.9

129.0

153.9

88.2

127.6

126.5

Q

227.3

206.2

211.1

221.8

153.1

168.0

205.1

224.3

Q

Q

Q

232.4

193.7

210.4

206.9

219.1

206.9

240.2

169.6

179.4

201.7

232.0

282.7

1KO -*

212.2

286.0

165.2

225.1

190.3

177.0

183.6

172.4

184.3

181.8

181.4

188.2

156.4

166.2

181.2

193.7

137.7

132.8

104.3

144.6

180.1

227.3

187.3

176.8

173.3

184.0

189.1

133.3

135.2

203.4

145.7

163.4

166.9

195 1

225.1

139.1

185.6

227.5

143.2

186.0

179.4

165.1

163.7

139.2

168.2

165.0

161.1

167.4

166.8

145.8

169.0

173.3

104.6

119.8

85.7

122.0

169.0

209.6

171.8

155.6

165.5

167.2

161.8

133.0

111.6

183.1

132.0

135.2

155.7

165.4

201.0

123 1

171.9

204.9

117.5

172.2

156.2

172.9

169.0

159.6

181.8

160.7

169.7

172.2

162.1

164.3

173.1

175.4

132.7

138.4

102.8

121.7

176 9

215.3

180.1

159.3

171.8

176.7

163.0

139.0

98.9

190.0

131.0

139.8

157.6

163.3

203.6

127.0

175.0

221.9

119.4

176.7

165.0

3.59

3.01

7.29

3.53

3.07

2.85

2.98

D

8.64

2.90

2.23

15.04

20.45

2.99

2.75

3.91

2.86

3.47

6.13

2.64

2.71

13.01

25.28

2.76

3.51

4.24

3.39

3.25

4.80

4 7Q

2.74

4.19

6.63

2.84

3.04

See footnotes at end of table.

RECS: Trends in Consumption and Expenditures 1978-1984 

Energy Information Administration

107
Detailed Statistics

Table 15. Average Residential Consumption for Major Fuels, 

1978 Through 1984 (Continued)

North Central

Household Characteristics

RSE Column Factor:

All Households ..............................................................

Census Division

East North Central .......................................................

West North Central ......................................................

Million Btu per Household

1978

1.45

1980

0.94

1982

1.11

1984

0.99

Adjusted Million Btu per Household

1978

1.26

1980

0.72

1982

0.89

1984

0.83

179.6 138.7 121.9 129.4 237.4 195.6 175.8 179.8

140.7 121.0 129.8 — 195.3 172.6 177.8 

134.0 124.0 128.6 — 196.3 183.5 184.6

RSE 

Row 

Factor

2.43

3.04 

3.55

Weather Zone

Fewer than 2,000 CDD and-- 

More than 7,000 HDD .....................................

5,500 to 7,000 HDD ........................................

4,000 to 5,499 HDD ........................................

Year of Construction

Before 1950 .........................................................

1950 to 1974 .......................................................

After 1974 ............................................................

Main Space Heating Fuel

LPG .......................................................................

Wood ....................................................................

Measured Heated Area of Residence 

(square feet)

1,000 to 1,999 .....................................................

Air Conditioning

Yes.........................................................................

No ..........................................................................

Main Water Heating Fuel

LPG .......................................................................

Ownership Status

Rent .......................................................................

Annual Family Income

Under $10,000 ....................................................

$10,000 to $19,999 .............................................

$20,000 to $29,999 .............................................

$30,000 or More ..................................................

Number of People in Household

Age of Household Head

25 to 59 Years .....................................................

........ 199.3

........ 182.0

........ 169.4

........ 185.8

........ 172.1

........ 182.3

109.0

........ 184.6

........ 196.4

........ 163.2

Q

Q

185.1

....... 171.4

162.5

........ 185.2

Q

........ 155.8

Q

....... 191.0

145.8

........ 151.9

169.6

....... 202.8

229.7

130.4

181.5

........ 218.5

149.4

....... 192.7

161.7

128.0

146.9

129.4

150.7

136.9

97.7

66.5

155.9

132.1

138.6

62.9

41.9

100.6

142.6

171.0

141.2

135.3

98.3

155.2

140.9

121.4

75.9

150.9

112.2

125.4

124.8

152.1

170.6

106.8

138.6

174.5

99.6

148.0

130.3

115.3

126.7

117.5

134.2

116.3

99.9

73.4

133.1

128.3

121.1

55.8

Q

89.4

121.9

156.9

123.1

120.3

94.0

133.4

Q

119.2

Q

131.9

101.3

109.3

111.5

124.6

147.0

97.2

124.5

149.0

QO O

125.7

121.4

112.9

138.6

125.5

145.3

120.4

108.2

70.8

141.6

123.6

119.0

61.4

Q

97.2

136.0

162.4

133.3

123.7

101.9

141.0

Q

102.9

67.7

139.5

109.8

123.7

113.6

127.9

153.3

109.2

132.2

166.3

QQ T

134.3

126.6

250.1

239.2

230.6

234.5

235.8

273.1

281.2

230.9

266.3

234.3

Q

0

247.3

222.7

267.5

230.5

Q

210.4

67.4

256.6

180.2

190.6

225.9

270.5

318.5

158.8

240.1

301.1

188.2

259 5

206.8

185.8

199.7

196.5

197.8

197.0

180.4

190.9

200.8

201.9

195.3

132.7

116.1

138.1

200.5

245.5

204.3

183.4

191.1

199.4

177.5

176.3

112.9

215.6

151.9

165.6

179.9

216.2

249.8

141.4

195.3

256.2

1 TQ 1

212.0

176.5

168.1

179.0

177.3

176.9

173.8

178.7

203.2

174.5

191.3

180.4

123.5

Q

126.4

179.1

225.0

185.9

162.1

183.2

174.2

Q

176.3

Q

192.2

142.2

145.8

163.7

187.2

216.2

128.2

181.5

225.0

iqo c

185.0

167.0

160.3

187.6

183.3

190.5

171.3

171.0

204.2

183.4

176.9

177.4

123.8

Q

132.2

189.4

229.1

188.8

166.5

184.2

181.5

Q

147.5

125.4

198.4

143.5

159.3

156.0

182.0

225.3

136.7

189.5

237.2

134.8

1 Q1 ft

6.48

2.82

5.11

2.40

3.01

D

7.23

2.15

5.81

7.18

10.57

56.39

3.49

2.82

2.91

2.83

3.91

5.19

2.21

9.30

8.31

30.19

2.49

4.09

3.94

3.25

3.61

2.88

3.99

2.71

3.35

E QO

2.63

3.05

See footnotes at end of table.

108 REGS: Trends in Consumption and Expenditures 1978-1984 

Energy Information Administration
Detailed Statistics

Table 15. Average Residential Consumption for Major Fuels, 

1978 Through 1984 (Continued)

South

) Million Btu per Household

Household Characteristics 1978

RSE Column Factor: . , c 1.45

All Households .............................................................. 98.9

Census Division

East South Central .......................................................

West South Central .....................................................

Weather Zone

Fewer than 2,000 ODD and5,500 to 7,000 HDD ................................................. Q

4,000 to 5,499 HDD ................................................. 132.2

Fewer than 4,000 HDD ............................................ 97.7

More than 2,000 ODD and 

Fewer than 4,000 HDD ............................................... 91 .1

Year of Construction

Before 1950 .................................................................. 109.1

1950 to 1974 ................................................................ 96.1

After 1974 ..................................................................... 84.1

Main Space Heating Fuel

Electricity ....................................................................... 66.9

Natural Gas .................................................................. 122.6

Fuel Oil/Kerosene ....................................................... 118.8

LPG ................................................................................ 90.5

Wood ............................................................................. 52.1

Other or None .............................................................. 29.6

Measured Heated Area of Residence 

(square feet)

1,000 to 1,999 ..............................................................

Air Conditioning

Yes................................................................................. 102.7

No .................................................................................. 87.7

Main Water Heating Fuel

Natural Gas .................................................................. 115.7

Fuel Oil/Kerosene ....................................................... 182.5

LPG................................................................................ 90.4

Ownership Status

Own ............................................................................... 108.9

Rent ............................................................................... 75.5

Annual Family Income

Under $10,000 ............................................................. 84.3

$10,000 to $19,999 ..................................................... 96.2

$20,000 to $29,999 ..................................................... 1 13.4

$30,000 or More ................;......................................... 141.4

Number of People In Household

2 to 4 People ............................................................... 100.0

Age of Household Head

Less than 25 Years ..................................................... 71.1

25 to 59 Years ............................................................. 103.4

I960

0.94

96.0

91.6 

91.7 

106.8

107.2 

98.7

87.5

103.4 

99.4 

74.1

61.9 

122.4 

123.5 

87.4 

45.5 

32.6

72.0 

100.0 

136.6

99.8 

85.3

72.7 

121.9 

137.3 

98.0 

50.6

104.7 

76.3

80.8 

91.7 

105.0 

122.8

71.4 

98.5 

121.8

72.5 

101.3 

91.9

1982

1.11

87.8

80.0 

83.3 

103.8

94.4 

89.0

83.1

89.0 

90.8 

76.0

61.4 

112.2 

98.2 

71.3 

47.7 

Q

65.9 

90.1 

135.5

93.4 

70.4

67.2 

112.0 

130.0 

74.4 

38.4

94.4

75.1

71.8 

81.2 

94.6 

110.8

67.2 

90.1 

113.3

63.7 

92.6 

83.0

1984

0.99

85.1

79.9 

82.5 

95.8

101.5 

87.8

74.1

94.0 

85.9 

70.1

53.1 

115.4 

90.4 

72.0 

54.6 

Q

62.4 

89.6 

128.9

87.2 

78.1

64.5 

114.4 

129.4 

82.3 

31.1

93.4 

70.3

71.8 

80.1 

82.5 

104.6

67.3 

86.6 

108.4

65.3 

88.4 

83.1

Adjusted Million Btu per Household

1978

1.26

180.6

a

205.1 

190.0

167.0

170.6 

183.9 

189.8

191.6 

184.2 

196.7 

156.0 

116.5 

69.0

194.7 

139.1

191.5 

172.6 

257.8 

147.9 

89.5

199.4 

136.5

139.5 

180.6 

220.2 

271.9

120.6 

185.2 

232.0

127.4 

194.1 

165.1

1980

0.72

174.5

165.6 

185.1 

183.4

175.6 

177.4

171.2

161.4 

180.8 

175.5

175.9 

186.6 

188.8 

144.9 

115.3 

92.7

126.2 

183.6 

253.3

188.3 

135.0

170.9 

184.0 

188.3 

150.9 

77.6

192.7 

133.4

137.1 

166.2 

197.5 

235.5

121.7 

180.6 

224.2

128.4 

188.0 

158.9

1982

0.89

162.6

149.0 

171.9 

178.7

163.1 

163.2

161.8

143.5 

168.7 

173.6

173.5 

174.2 

160.3 

127.3 

118.9 

Q

121.7 

169.4 

243.5

177.2 

117.0

160.4 

172.9 

186.2 

118.4 

79.4

177.0 

134.8

123.5 

151.4 

174.8 

217.0

116.5 

169.5 

209.3

113.4 

175.3 

145.9

1984

0.83

157.7

147.4 

170.3 

166.7

166.5 

161.2

150.0

148.7 

160.7 

161.8

153.9 

176.1 

151.5 

127.7 

122.1 

Q

113.1 

170.9 

228.8

168.0 

122.9

154.0 

170.5 

178.5 

125.4 

68.5

175.7 

125.3

122.8 

144.4 

162.4 

202.3

111.3 

165.1 

197.4

123.0 

166.9 

146.3

RSE 

Row 

Factor

3.37

5.30 

4.90 

5.56

Q 

8.72 

3.98

6.25

4.66 

3.74 

D

5.30 

3.48 

4.92 

5.39 

6.34 

13.81

3.78 

3.10 

4.19

3.42 

5.10

3.95 

4.05 

12.24 

7.78 

22.85

3.37 

4.49

4.35 

3.83 

4.31 

3.54

4.92 

3.46 

4.68

5.69 

3.29 

4.68

See footnotes at end of table.

RECS: Trends in Consumption and Expenditures 1978-1984 

Energy Information Administration

109
Detailed Statistics

Table 15. Average Residential Consumption for Major Fuels, 

1978 Through 1984 (Continued)

West

Mi

Household Characteristics 1978

RSE Column Factor: 1 4g

All Households .............................................................. 109.8

Census Division

Weather Zone

Fewer than 2,000 CDD and-- 

More than 7,000 HDD .............................................. Q

5,500 to 7,000 HDD ................................................. 124.6

4,000 to 5,499 HDD ................................................. 104.6

Fewer than 4,000 HDD ............................................ 100.5

More than 2,000 CDD and 

Fewer than 4,000 HDD ............................................... Q

Year of Construction

Before 1950 .................................................................. 112.8

1950 to 1974 ................................................................ 107.9

After 1974 ..................................................................... 108.3

Main Space Heating Fuel

Electricity ....................................................................... 95.1

Natural Gas .................................................................. 114.2

Fuel Oil/Kerosene ....................................................... 140.5

LPG ................................................................................ 131.8

Wood ............................................................................. 56.5

Measured Heated Area of Residence 

(square feet)

1,000 to 1,999 ..............................................................

Air Conditioning

Yes................................................................................. 128.5

No .................................................................................. 101 .6

Main Water Heating Fuel

Electricity ....................................................................... 107.6

Natural Gas .................................................................. 111.4

LPG ................................................................................ Q

Ownership Status

Own ............................................................................... 127.4

Rent ............................................................................... 85.8

Annual Family Income

Under $10,000 ............................................................. 95.5

$10,000 to 319,999 ..................................................... 105.9

$20,000 to $29,999 ..................................................... 1 18.3

$30,000 or More .......................................................... 140.0

Number of People in Household

2 to 4 People ............................................................... 116.4

5 or More People ......................................................... 149.3

lion Btu per Household Adjusted Million Btu per Household

1980 1982 1984 1978 1980 1982 1984

0.94 1.11 0.99 1.26 , 0.72 0.89 0.83

86.3 83.7 85.0 178.0 138.1 134.7 139.S

105.2 98.2 103.4 — 158.7 154.6 157.1

79.8 78.6 78.4 — 130.9 127.6 133.2

130.6 126.8 125.3 Q 179.0 172.9 177.8

109.8 102.7 113.0 197.0 174.3 172.3 188.0

86.2 75.3 82.8 242.9 173.5 154.3 161.0

79.2 81.1 76.3 137.3 115.8 118.3 118.1

55.3 54.5 57.8 Q 122.0 119.3 120.4

86.0 85.4 88.4 167.5 126.9 127.5 131.3

87.2 88.6 89.5 178.6 140.2 138.6 143.6

84.2 71.1 72.7 229.4 148.6 134.1 140.6

53.1 59.2 53.7 270.0 145.9 154.0 148.8

97.1 94.2 98.6 151.0 137.0 131.5 140.6

110.8 98.6 121.2 209.1 188.7 169.5 190.2

94.5 88.5 76.9 201.2 139.7 134.1 120.8

59.3 56.7 57.7 142.5 126.5 124.5 123.4

38.3 35.9 34.0 89.0 74.8 70.1 64.0

62.3 61.6 60.4 — 101.7 100.0 98.8

93.2 89.7 90.1 — 149.1 144.6 149.8

123.6 127.6 141.3 — 193.4 201.8 226.2

84.5 85.9 85.5 199.1 139.0 145.3 146.6

87.4 82.6 84.7 168.8 137.6 129.0 135.1

66.5 63.2 68.4 244.7 160.6 154.7 162.2

94.6 92.9 93.8 146.0 132.7 129.5 134.1

94.3 74.2 Q -- 138.1 110.5 Q

73.7 68.5 62.5 Q 114.5 105.8 96.3

28.7 44.0 51.9 Q 76.2 109.2 109.4

98.4 94.4 98.6 214.8 157.7 154.1 162.9

65.6 67.9 65.4 127.8 104.2 105.8 105.8

74.7 72.2 73.9 147.8 115.9 116.1 120.6

81.1 78.4 75.3 174.1 131.0 121.1 120.8

94.2 83.0 78.5 194.9 153.8 138.3 131.5

101.0 100.0 103.1 233.6 161.4 161.3 170.4

60.4 61.8 57.9 118.8 96.0 95.3 98.9

90.1 86.8 87.4 190.3 144.3 141.1 143.0

1 1 1 ? 1 n "3 1 10 ft y1-*? £, 1 7fl n iff? ft 1 Q-t Q

RSE

Row 

Factor

2.86

3 43

3.47

5.76

7.02

6.75

3.97

6.80

4.90

3.83

D

5.76

3.22

4.86

10.47

8.36

12.46

3.94

2.52

4.82

5.13

3.80

4.19

3.49

33.35

7.59

23.49

2.98

4.31

4.73

3.99

3.61

4.70

4.30

2.81

5.95

See footnotes at end of table.

110 RECS: Trends in Consumption and Expenditures 1978-1984 

Energy Information Administration
Detailed Statistics

Table 15. Average Residential Consumption for Major Fuels, 

1978 Through 1984 (Continued)

West

Age

Le 

25 

60

Household Characteristics

RSE Column Factor:

of Household Head

Million Btu per Household

| 1978

1 1.45

.......... 81.9

.......... 118.2

.......... 101.5

1980

0.94

1982 I

1.11 I

69.9 64.7 

89.6 88.3 

82.7 78.6

1984

0.99

Adjusted Million Btu per Household

1978

1.26

1980

0.72

75.5 123.2 120.6 

89.5 192.8 142.9 

76.8 165.4 130.5

1982

0.89

105.8 

142.2 

125.5

|

I i I

1984

0.83

125.0 

145.5 

129.2

RSE 

Row 

Factor

6.56 

3.00 

4.34

— Data not applicable or not available

D The RSEs calculated using the row and column factors are unreliable. Reliable RSE estimates for each cell are found in Appendix A.

° Data withheld due to large yariarice (1,96 * standard error > value).

Note: Million Btu per Household includes site electricity, natural gas, fuel oil/kerosene, and LPG. 

Adjusted Million Btu per Household includes adjusted electricity, natural gas, fuel oil/kerosene, and LPG. 

To obtain a Relative Standard Error Percent (RSE) for any table cell, multiply the celfs corresponding column and row factors. 

See Glossary for definition of terms used in this report. 

Data may not sum to totals because of rounding.

Source: Energy Information Administration, Office of Energy Markets and End Use, Energy End Use Division, Residential Energy Consumption Surveys, 

1978, 1980, 1982, and 1984.

RECS: Trends in Consumption and Expenditures 1978-1984 

Energy Information Administration

111
Detailed Statistics

Table 16. Average Residential Expenditures for All Major Fuels, 

1978 Through 1984

United States

Household Characteristics

RSE Column Factor

Dollars per Household

1978

1.32

1980

0.87

All Households....... ................................

Weather Zone

Fewer than 2,000 CDD and--

More than 7,000 HDD .........................

5,500 to 7,000 HDD ............................

4,000 to 5,499 HDD ............................

Fewer than 4,000 HDD .......................

More than 2,000 CDD and

Fewer than 4,000 HDD ..........................

Year of Construction

Before 1950 .............................................

1950 to 1974 ...........................................

After 1974 ................................................

Main Space Heating Fuel

Electricity..................................................

Natural Gas .............................................

Fuel Oil/Kerosene ..................................

LPG ...........................................................

Wood ........................................................

Other or None .........................................

Measured Heated Area of Residence 

(square feet)

Less than 1,000 ......................................

1,000 to 1,999 .........................................

2,000 or More..........................................

Air Conditioning

Yes............................................................

No .............................................................

Main Water Heating Fuel

Electricity..................................................

Natural Gas .............................................

Fuel Oil/Kerosene ..................................

LPG ...........................................................

Other or None .........................................

Ownership Status

Own ...........................................................

Rent ...........................................................

Annual Family Income

Under $10,000 ........................................

$10,000 to $19,999 ................................

$20,000 to $29,999 ................................

$30,000 or More .....................................

Number of People in Household

Single Person ..........................................

2 to 4 People ..........................................

5 or More People ....................................

Age of Household Head

Less than 25 Years ................................

25 to 59 Years ........................................

60 Years or Older....................................

$724

778

781

815

584

632

738

717

694

662

664

959

765

437

323

793

637

751

669

1,011

791

332

805

564

581

708

827

996

489

741

959

558

782

644

$916

951

987

1,052

707

860

961

904

840

797

815

1,458

1,041

663

645

707

924

1,214

969

846

893

824

1,555

1,024

622

1,004

742

783

866

985

1,147

686

932

1,171

669

963

877

1982

0.95

$1,048

1,038

1,138

1,165

829

1,037

1,070

1,049

991

976

1,011

1,433

1,072

775

693

792

1,068

1,439

1,137

924

1,013

1,022

1,472

1,067

718

1,151

861

864

982

1,074

1,306

783

1,083

1,350

746

1,101

1,004

1984

0.91

$1,123

1,067

1,283

1,212

905

1,081

1,186

1,106

1,035

1,026

1,119

1,422

1,170

866

725

819

1,167

1,572

1,194

1,019

1,092

1,119

1,437

1,105

711

1,265

870

938

997

1,115

1,398

821

1,170

1,465

840

1,178

1,075

RSE

Row

Factor

1.56

4.39

2.56

3.70

2.93

4.65

1.93

1.93

D

3.68

1.49

2.30

3.99

4.38

7.69

1.85

1.75

1.97

1.72

2.26

2.74

1.57

2.72

4.56

12.73

1.61

2.01

2.11

1.93

1.89

2.40

2.44

1.59

2.58

3.50

1.72

1.95

See footnotes at end of table.

112 RECS: Trends in Consumption and Expenditures 1978-1984 

Energy Information Administration
Detailed Statistics

Table 16. Average Residential Expenditures for All Major Fuels, 

1978 tlifougli 1984 (Continued)

Northeast

Household Characteristics

RSE Column Factor:

Dollars per Household

1978

1.32

All Households .........................................

Census Division

New England ...........................................

Middle Atlantic.......................................;.

Weather Zone

Fewer than 2,000 CDD andMore than 7,000 HDD ..........................

5,500 to 7,000 HDD ...................,..;......

4,000 to 5,499 HDD ....................^....,

Year of Construction

Before 1950.......................................;.....

1950 to 1974 ...........................................

After 1974 ................................................

Main Space Heating Fuel

Electricity...................................................

Natural Gas ....................................v. (......

Fuel Oil/Kerosene ............................;......

LPG ...........................................................

Wood .......................................................

Other or None .........................................

Measured Heated Area of Residence 

(square feet)

Less than 1,000 ......................................

1,000 tO 1,999 ..............,................;.;.;....:;

2,000 or More...........................................

Air Conditioning

Yes .............................................................

No ......................................................I,;......

Main Water Heating Fuel

Electricity...................................................

Natural Gas ...................................,..,>,..,..

Fuel Oil/Kerosene ...................................

LPG ................................................;:.i.......

Other or None ............................„.;;,,;,....,

Ownership Status Own ...................................,:....,...,..„,„;.....

Rent ...................................i....'..;.....;.!-;......

Annual Family Income

Under $10,000 ..............:..........,.......„.„...

$10,000 to $19,999 ..........................;;.....

$20,000 to $29,999 ......................;.;.;......

$30,000 or More .....................................

Number of People in Household

Single Person .........................;......•..;;......

2 to 4 People ..........,..............,.......;..;......

5 or More People ......„........,...........;.,......

Age of Household Head

Less than 25 Years .................................

25 to 59 Years ..............,..:.............^.,.....

60 Years or Older....................................

$887

Q 

911 

919

894

925

609

602

795

1,008

Q

Q

Q

996

797

830

830

998

1,038

1,009

712

743

856

981

1,177

629

890

1,219

683

950

789

1980

0.87

$1,268

1,311

1,254

1,179

1,172

1,379

1,279

1,306

999

991

1,026

1,580

1,137

828

738

1,100

1,213

1,532

1,338

1,199

1,135

1,091

1,580

1,059

949

1,379

1,080

1,184

1,168

1,299

1,565

1,020

1,275

1,594

984

1,284

1,282

1982

0.95

$1,369

1,395

1,361

1,115

1,298

1,488

1,359

1,388

1,344

1,112

1,331

1,549

961

941

720

1,084

1,386

1,702

1,463

1,267

1,315

1,343

1,486

1,177

890

1,504

1,142

1,128

1,308

1,366

1,682

1,030

1,429

1,733

983

1,432

1,313

1984

0.91

$1,443

1,471

1,435

1,264

1,446

1,481

1,459

1,450

1,327

1,387

1,421

1,535

1,298

1,139

941

1,036

1,494

1,839

1,558

1,325

1,414

1,479

1,445

1,298

833

1,617

1,106

1,146

1,297

1,396

1,782

1,040

1,489

1,948

1,014

1,514

1,378

RSE 

Row 

Factor

2.49

3.26

2.89

7.27

4.42

2.95

2.63

3.12

D

10.43

4.16

2.36

15.42

9.09

19.48

2.76

2.93

3.71

3.22

2.75

6.34

3.86

2.69

10.40

24.03

2.54

3.09

3.15

2.83

3.34

4.50

4.29

2.70

4.04

7.08

2.95

3.08

See footnotes at end of table.

RECS: Trends in Consumption and Expenditures 1978-1984 

Energy Information Administration

113
Detailed Statistics

Table 16. Average Residential Expenditures for All Major Fuels, 

1978 Through 1984 (Continued)

North Central

Household Characteristics

RSE Column Factor:

1978

1.32

All Households .........................................

Census Division

East North Central ..................................

West North Central.................................

Weather Zone

Fewer than 2,000 CDD and-- 

More than 7,000 HDD .........................

5,500 to 7,000 HDD ............................

4,000 to 5,499 HDD ............................

Year of Construction

Before 1950 .............................................

1950 to 1974 ...........................................

After 1974 ................................................

Main Space Heating Fuel

Electricity ..................................................

Natural Gas .............................................

Fuel Oil/Kerosene ..................................

LPG ...........................................................

Wood ........................................................

Other or None .........................................

Measured Heated Area of Residence 

(square feet)

Less than 1,000 ......................................

1,000 to 1,999 .........................................

2,000 or More ..........................................

Air Conditioning

Yes............................................................

No .............................................................

Main Water Heating Fuel

Electricity ..................................................

Natural Gas .............................................

Fuel Oil/Kerosene ..................................

LPG...........................................................

Other or None .........................................

Ownership Status

Own ..........................................................

Rent ..........................................................

Annual Family Income

Under $10,000 ........................................

$10,000 to $19,999 ................................

$20,000 to $29,999 ................................

$30,000 or More .....................................

Number of People in Household

Single Person ..........................................

2 to 4 People ..........................................

5 or More People ....................................

Age of Household Head

Less than 25 Years ................................

25 to 59 Years ........................................

60 Years or Older...................................

$821

890

838

773

817

808

937

975

751

1,082

1,033

Q

Q

839

794

1,016

758

Q

943 

319

886

625

661

791

921

1,093

560

830

1,028

657

900

706

Dollars per Household 

1980 1962

0.87

$910

921

883

944

904

681

919

910

872

854

861

1,309

1,278

752

642

661

931

1,126

915

902

985

859

1,259

1,146

752

998

718

778

845

983

1,163

671

908

1,180

654

982

829

0.95

51,060

1,056

1,068

1,056

1,065

1,049

1,071

1,056

1,034

1,090

1,024

1,404

1,350

803

0

765

1,087

1,342

1,104

999

1,110 

1,031

Q 

1,295

Q

,159

855

893

992

1,129

1,279

784

1,087

1,369

806

1,109

1,018

1984

0.91

$1,160

1,170

1,134

1,050

1,213

1,153

1,229

1,125

1,058

1,180

1,154

1,298

1,417

883

Q

862

1,219

1,468

1,194

1,109

1,205

1,146

Q

1,188 

882

1,280

925

1,042

1,019

1,168

1,427

878

1,228

1,507

873

1,232

1,083

RSE 

Row 

Factor

2.42

3.12

3.03

5.36

3.12

2.95

2.97

2.72

D

7.40

2.13

6.06

7.18

10.74

53.75

3.37

2.24

2.90

2.53

3.63

5.04

2.26

7.18

7.92

20.82

2.11

4.16

3.69

3.22

3.35

3.06

3.90

2.58

3.08

6.60

2.56

3.02

See footnotes at end of table.

114 RECS: Trends in Consumption and Expenditures 1978-1984 

Energy Information Administration
Detailed Statistics

Table 16. Average Residential Expenditures for All Major Fuels, 

1978 Through 1984 (Continued)

South

Household Characteristics

RSE Column Factor:

1978

1.32

Dollars per Household 

1980 ! 1982

0.87 0.95

1984

0.91

RSE 

Row 

Factor

All Households ............,..............:.............

Census Division

South Atlantic ..........................................

East South Central .................................

West South Central ................................

Weather Zone

Fewer than 2,000 CDD and-- 

5,500 to 7,000 HDD ............................

4,000 to 5,499 HDD ............................

Fewer than 4,000 HDD .......................

More than 2,000 CDD and

Fewer than 4,000 HOD ..........................

Year of Construction

Before 1950.............................................

1950 to 1974 ...........................................

After 1974 ................................................

Main Space Heating Fuel

Electricity..................................................

Natural Gas .............................................

Fuel Oil/Kerosene ..................................

LPG ...........................................................

Wood ........................................................

Other or None .........................................

Measured Heated Area of Residence 

(square feet)

Less than 1,000 ......................................

1,000 to 1,999 .........................................

2,000 or More..........................................

Air Conditioning

Yes.............................................................

No .............................................................

Main Water Heating Fuel

Electricity „.,.,„.,.,.,....„,..,.,.,......-......„.......

Natural Gas ..............................f...^..........

Fuel Oil/Kerosene ..................................

LPG...........................................................

Other or None .........................................

Ownership Status

Own .............................................„;...:.......

Rent................................................:..........

Annual Family Income

Under $10,000 ........................................

$10,000 to $19,999 ...............................

$20,000 to $29,999 ................................

$30,000 or More .....................................

Number of People in Household

Single Person ..........................................

2 to 4 People ..........................................

5 or More People .....„...,.,„.,,......,...........

Age of Household Head

Less than 25 Years ................................

25 to 59 Years ........................................

60 Years or Older...................................

S674

Q

864 

690

632

613

699

695

699

642

820

657

454

316

727

518

725

609

1,083

649

349

738

524

516

676

828

1,008

458

693

841

517

716

620

$876

942

778

823

966

838

863

845

886

895

861

827

1,303

921

570

456

668

912

1,228

929

725

882

832

1,444

1,007

464

955

699

718

837

952

1,166

647

904

1,087

655

936

815

$1,019

1,007

908

1,112

1,071

949

1,054

935

1,047

1,062

1,039

1,054

1,190

973

739

Q

795

1,046

1,494

1,096

775

985

1,060

1,501

961

636

1,096

870

809

955

1,051

1,347

772

1,055

1,272

719

1,086

940

$1,055

1,074

930

1,105

1,099

990

1,088

1,017

1.068

1.069

1,031

1,121

1,155

1,050

815

Q

792

1,129

1,488

1,115

850

1,033

1,098

1,457

1,067

567

1,171

846

836

981

1,059

1,339

767

1,099

1,312

819

1,107

1,000

3.12

4.43

4.54

5.86

Q

10.34 

3.31

4.93

4.26

3.40

D

4.71

3.47

5.04

4.73

5.10

12.05

3.43

3.42

3.44

2.98

4.91

3.60

3.91

10.96

7.62

20.47

3.20

3.85

3.97

3.32

3,38

3.16

4.50

2.96

4.34

5.13

3.13

3.96

See footnotes at end of table.

RECS: Trends in Consumption and Expenditures 1978-1984 

Energy Information Administration

115
Detailed Statistics

Table 16. Average Residential Expenditures for All Major Fuels, 

1978 Through 1984 (Continued)

West

Household Characteristics

RSE Column Factor:

All Households .........................................

Census Division

Mountain ..................................................

Pacific .......................................................

Weather Zone

Fewer than 2,000 CDD andMore than 7,000 HDD .........................

5,500 to 7,000 HDD ............................

4,000 to 5,499 HDD ............................

Fewer than 4,000 HDD .......................

More than 2,000 CDD and

Fewer than 4,000 HDD ..........................

Year of Construction

Before 1950 .............................................

1950 to 1974 ...........................................

After 1974 ................................................

Main Space Heating Fuel

Electricity..................................................

Natural Gas .............................................

Fuel Oil/Kerosene ..................................

LPG ...........................................................

Wood ........................................................

Other or None .........................................

Measured Heated Area of Residence 

(square feet)

Less than 1,000 ......................................

1,000 to 1,999 .........................................

2,000 or More..........................................

Air Conditioning

Yes............................................................

No .............................................................

Main Water Heating Fuel

Electricity ..................................................

Natural Gas .............................................

Fuel Oil/Kerosene ..................................

LPG...........................................................

Other or None .........................................

Ownership Status

Own ...........................................................

Rent ...........................................................

Annual Family Income

Under $10,000 ........................................

$10,000 to $19,999 .................................

$20,000 to $29,999 .................................

$30,000 or More .....................................

Number of People in Household

Single Person ..........................................

2 to 4 People ..........................................

5 or More People .....................................

1978

1.32

Dollars per Household 

1980 1982

0.87

$469

Q

508 

504 

428

450

481

470

484

453

662

719

297

261

571

425

520

443

Q 

Q

534

380

404

447

499

631

337

621

$603

704

568

706

645

578

562

829

545

618

647

474

613

892

872

543

739

453

649

829

661

571

564

602

1,006

815

639

693

449

490

568

668

736

416

631

781

0.95

$731

880

678

876

847

648

694

895

683

756

731

707

725

926

1,022

660

764

559

771

1,091

827

680

712

722

1,157

946

803

838

572

631

657

738

887

526

763

990

1984

0.91

$852

944

819

907

997

815

808

1,008

778

893

853

805

873

1,124

971

708

690

623

898

1,377

953

788

884

839

Q

884 

788

1,000

639

746

724

790

1,054

597

871

1,193

RSE 

Row 

Factor

2.88

2.77

3.79

6.12

5.95

8.27

4.23

5.79

5.48

4.09

D

6.60

3.31

6.50

10.25

12.77

11.56

3.78

2.99

5.11

4.15

3.54

4.42

3.55

26.93

6.35

18.37

3.13

4.44

4.32

3.89

3.59

4.91

4.83

3.03

6.39

See footnotes at end of table.

116 RECS: Trends in Consumption and Expenditures 1978-1984 

Energy Information Administration
Detailed Statistics

Table 16. Average Residential Expenditures for All Major Fuels, 

1978 Through 1984 (Continued)

West

Household Characteristics ,„,„ ISI/o

RSE Column Factor: j 

1.32

Age of Household Head

25 to 59 Years ............................................................. 504

60 Years or Older ........................................................ 429

Dollars per

1980

0.87

494

628

571

Household

1982

0.95

541

770

696

1984

0.91

722

892

794

RSE

Factor

6.66

3.17

3.39

— Data not applicable or not available.

D The RSEs calculated using the row and column factors are unreliable. Reliable RSE estimates for each cell are found in Appendix A.

Q Data withheld due to large variance (1.96 * standard error > value).

Note: To obtain a Relative Standard Error Percent (RSE) for any table cell, multiply the ceirs corresponding column and row factors. 

See Glossary for definition of terms used in this report. 

Data may not sum to totals because of rounding.

Source: Energy Information Administration, Office of Energy Markets and End Use, Energy End Use Division, Residential Energy Consumption Surveys, 

1978, 1980, 1982, and 1984.

RECS: Trends in Consumption and Expenditures 1978-1984 

Energy Information Administration

117
Detailed Statistics

Table 17. Counts of U.S. Households Using Any Major Fuel, 

1978 Through 1984

United States

Household Characteristics

RSE Column Factor:

All Households ......................................................

Weather Zone

Fewer than 2,000 CDD and-- 

More than 7,000 HDD ......................................

5,500 to 7,000 HDD ..........................................

4,000 to 5,499 HDD ..........................................

Fewer than 4,000 HDD ........................................

More than 2,000 CDD and 

Fewer than 4,000 HDD ........................................

Year of Construction

1950 to 1974 .........................................................

After 1974 ..............................................................

Main Space Heating Fuel

LPG .........................................................................

Wood ......................................................................

Measured Heated Area of Residence 

(square feet)

1,000 to 1,999 .......................................................

Air Conditioning

Yes ..........................................................................

No ...........................................................................

Main Water Heating Fuel

LPG .........................................................................

Ownership Status

Rent ........................................................................

*

1978

1.33

76.6

6.3

21.6

20.3

16.8

11.6

32.7

38.7

5.2

12.1

41.8

16.9

3.1

1.9

.8

42.8

33.8

25.0

42.1

5.8

3 1

.6

51.0

25.6

/Illlions of

1980

0.87

81.6

8.5

20.9

21.1

19.0

12.1

30.8

39.5

11.3

14.3

44.6

13.4

3.7

4.7

1.0

28.5

34.0

19.1

46.7

34.9

26.1

44.1

7.1

3.6

.8

54.3

27.3

household

1982

0.98

83.8

8.5

21.0

22.1

19.6

12.6

30.6

40.2

12.9

13.4

47.5

12.0

3.8

5.6

1.5

30.3

35.6

17.9

48.7

35.1

26.6

47.1

5.7

3.5

1.0

53.9

29.8

s

1984

0.89

86.3

9.0

21.5

22.5

20.0

13.3

32.2

39.0

15.2

14.5

47.8

12.2

3.9

6.5

1.4

31.8

36.4

18.1

51.5

34.9

28.9

46.9

5.4

3.8

1.3

55.3

31.0

1978

1.33

100.0%

8.2

28.2

26.5

21.9

15.1

42.7

50.5

6.8

15.8

54.6

22.1

2.5

1.0

55.8

44.2

32.7

55.0

7.5

4.0

.7

66.6

33.4

Percent of

1980

0.87

100.0%

10.4

25.7

25.9

23.3

14.8

37.7

13.9

17.5

54.6

16.4

4.5

5.8

1.2

35.0

41.6

23.4

57.2

42.8

31.9

54.1

8.7

4.4

1.0

66.5

33.5

Households

1982 !

0.98

100.0%

10.2

25.1

26.4

23.3

15.0

36.6

48.0

15.4

16.0

56.7

14.4

4.5

6.7

1.7

36.2

42.5

21.3

58.1

41.9

31.8

56.2

6.7

4.1

1.2

64.4

35.6

1984

0.89

100.0%

10.4

24.9

26.1

23.1

15.4

37.3

45.2

17.6

16.8

55.4

14.1

4.5

7.5

1.6

36.9

42.2

20.9

59.6

40.4

33.5

54.3

6.3

4.5

1.5

64.1

35.9

HSE;

Row 

Factor

0.00

19.98

7.72

9.24

8.47

8.22

3.44

3.10

0

7 V3

3.42

5.69

11.97

13.14

24 93

3.17

2.45

4.02

2.71

3.(>9

4.H9 3.:n

7 c)9

12.26

17.90

1.91

3.f>1

Annual Family Income

Under $10,000 .............

$10,000 to $19,999 .....

$20,000 to $29,999 .....

$30,000 or More ..........

Number of People In Household

Single Person .................................

2 to 4 People .................................

5 or More People ...........................

25.7

26.2

15.6

9.1

14.4 

S1.6 

10.6

24.2

25.7

17.3

14.4

15.7

55.0

10.9

23.1

22.2

18.2

20.2

19.3

54.1

10.4

21.9

22.1

16.9

25.5

20.4

55.6

10.4

33.5

34.3

20.4

11.9

18.8

67.4

13.8

29.7

31.5

21.2

17.7

19.3

67.4

13.3

27.6

26.5

21.7

24.2

23.0

64.6

12.5

25.3

25.6

19.5

29.5

23.6

64.4

12.1

3.65

2.87

3.90

4.80

3.63

1.19

4.65

Age of Household Head

25 to 59 Years .........................................

................... 6.8

................... 48.7

................... 21.1

6.6

CO O

91 R

6.0

53.4

24.4

6.1

54.6

25.6

8.9

63.6

27.6

8.1

65.2

26.7

7.1

63.7

29.1

7.1

63.3

29.6

7.14

1.55

3.64

See footnotes at end of table.

118 RECS: Trends in Consumption and Expenditures 1978-1984 

Energy Information Administration
Detailed Statistics

Table 17. Counts of U.S. Households Using Any Major Fuel, 

1978 Through 1984 (Continued)

Northeast

., .. *

Household Characteristics 1978

RSE Column Factor 1 33

AH Households .............................................................. 17.4

Census Division

Middle Atlantic .............................................................. —

Weather Zone

Fewer than 2,000 CDD andMore than 7,000 HDD ..... ....%.................................... Q

5,500 to 7,000 HDD .„-........-.;„...........„..'................... 6.1

4,000 to 5,499 HDD ................................................. 8.4

Year of Construction

Before 1950 .................................................................. 10.0

1950 to 1974 ................................................................ 6.3

After 1974 ..............................i...................................... Q

Main Space Heating Fuel

Electricity ...................................................................... 1 .4

Natural Gas .................................................................. 7.0

LPG................................................................................ .1

Wood .......................................................................... Q

Measured Heated Area of Residence 

(square feet)

Less than 1,000 ...........................................................

1,000 to 1,999 ........................:..................................... —

Air Conditioning

Yes................................................................................. 7.9

No ...........................................ii..................................... 9.5

Main Water Heating Fuel

Electricity.............................. __ ................................. 3.6

LPG................................................................................ .6

Ownership Status

Own ............................................................................ 1 0.2

Rent ..........................,.........v...,ii.,.....:.,.,........................ 7.1

Annual Family Income

Under $10,000 ............................................................. 5.7

$10,000 to $19,999 ................................................... 5.6

$20,000 to $29,999 .............,..,i................................... 3.8

$30,000 or More „.......;....,„.,.;;....;...........,................... 2.2

Number of People In Household

Single Person ............................................................. 3.4

2 tO 4 People ....,..,..;,......,....,;;:;„.,.......,.......,................ 1 1 .4

Age of Household Head

Less than 25 Years .................................................... 1 .4

25 to 59 Years ..................,.....;.................................... 1 1 .4

60 Years or Older ..........;.....,.„;„..„..,..,..,.................... 4.6

Millions of Households F

1980 1982 1984 1978

0.87 0.98 0.89 1.33

17.7 18.0 18.3 100.0%

4.3 4.2 4.3

13.4 13.7 14.0

Q Q 1.9 Q

7.8 8.0 8.1 35.3

8.1 8.3 8.4 48.5

9.6 9.4 10.1 57.5

6.7 7.1 6.4 36.2

1.4 1.5 1.7 Q

1.6 1.3 1.4 8.3

6.6 7.5 7.2 40.1

8,2 7.6 8.2 50.8

Q Q .2 .5

1.0 1.0 1.1 Q

.1 .3 .3 Q

5.9 6.0 6.1

6.6 7.1 6.8

5.1 4.8 5.4

8.7 9.4 9.3 45.4

9.0 8.6 9.0 54.6

3.9 3.7 4.0 20.4

7.2 8.7 8.5 46.5

6.1 5.0 5.1 29.8

.3 .4 .5 3.2

o o o

11.1 11.3 12.1 59.0

6.6 6.7 6.2 41.0

4.7 4.7 4.1 33.1

6.0 4.6 4.1 32.4

4.0 4.0 4.0 21.7

2.9 4.6 6.0 12.8

3.5 4.4 4.1 19.7

11.7 11.2 11.9 65.5

2.4 2.3 2.3 14.8

.9 1.0 .9 7.8

12.0 11.1 11.3 65.9

4.7 5.9 6.0 26.3

'ercent of Households

1980 1982 I 1984

0.87 0.98 0.89

100.0% 100.0% 100.0%

24.2 23.5 23.3

75.8 76.5 76.7

Q Q 10.1

44.4 44.7 44.1

45.8 46.3 45.8

54.5 52.1 55.4

37.7 39.5 35.2

7.8 8.4 9.4

8.9 7.3 7.5

37.5 42.0 39.2

46.4 42.1 44.7

Q Q .9

5.4 5.6 6.0

.8 1.9 1.6

33.3 33.5 33.3

37.6 39.8 37.2

29.0 26.7 29.5

49.2 52.1 50.8

50.8 47.9 49.2

21 8 20 5 21 9

40.8 48.3 46.2

34 5 28 1 27 9

1.9 2.1 2.9

.9 1.0 1.1

62.9 62.8 66.0 07 -i 07 p fiA n

26.9 26.2 22.6

33.8 25.9 22.6

oo fl oo Q oo n

16.5 25.6 32.8

20.1 24.7 22.7

66.3 62.6 65.0

n 7 197 19T

5.2 5.3 5.1

68.0 62.0 61 .9

26.8 32.7 33.0

RSE

Row 

Factor

0.00

7.95

2.46

55.36

14.96

10.31

6.01

8.39

D

25.44

11.01

6.36

47.03

45.16

40.31

5.57

6.26

7.45

6.80

6.64

14.29

9.55

7.72

33.65

43.16,

3.34

5.62

6.32

5 98

8.35

8.15

7.16

2.38

Q CO

14.99

o o/i

7.21

See footnotes at end of table.

RECS: Trends in Consumption and Expenditures 1978-1984 

Energy Information Administration

119
Detailed Statistics

Table 17. Counts of U.S. Households Using Any Major Fuel, 

1978 Through 1984 (Continued)

North Central

Millions of Households

Household Characteristics : 1978 1980 1982 1984

RSE Column Factor: ^ , Q87 Q g8 Q89

All Households .............................................................. 20.6 21.1 21.3 21.6

Census Division East North Central ....................................................... — 14.8 15.0 15.2

West North Central ...................................................... — 6.3 6.3 6.4

Weather Zone

Fewer than 2,000 CDD and-- 

More than 7,000 HDD .............................................. 2.8 5.3 5.5 5.5

5,500 to 7,000 HDD ................................................. 10.1 11.7 11.5 11.7

4000 to 5,499 HDD ................................................. 7.7 4.1 4.3 4.5

Year ol Construction

Before 1950 .................................................................. 10.4 9.3 9.3 9.7

1950 to 1974 ................................................................ 9.0 9.5 9.2 8.2

After 1974 ..................................................................... 1.3 2.3 2.9 3.8

Main Space Heating Fuel

Electricity ....................................................................... 1.1 2.1 2.1 1.3

Natural Gas .................................................................. 15.3 15.0 15.5 16.4

Fuel Oil/Kerosene ....................................................... 3.1 1.5 1.6 1.2

LPG .......................................................................... .8 1.2 1.0 1.3

Wood ............................................................................. Q 1.1 1.1 1.4

Other or None .............................................................. Q .1 Q Q

Measured Heated Area of Residence 

(square feet)

Less than 1,000 ........................................................... — 6.3 6.8 7.8

1,000 to 1,999 .............................................................. — 8.4 8.1 7.8

2,000 or More............................................................... — 6.4 6.3 6.0

Air Conditioning Yes............................................................................... 12.3 12.3 12.3 12.9

No ............................................................................. 8.3 8.8 9.0 8.7

Main Water Heating Fuel

Electricity ....................................................................... 4.2 5.2 5.5 5.0

Natural Gas .................................................................. 15.4 14.4 14.7 15.2

Fuel Oil/Kerosene ....................................................... Q .2 O Q

LPG ................................................................................ .8 1.2 .9 1.2

Ownership Status

Rent ............................................................................... 5.2 6.6 7.0 7.3

Annual Family Income Under $10,000 ............................................................. 6.2 6.1 5.9 6.0

$10,000 to $19,999 ..................................................... 7.1 6.8 5.9 5.5

$20,000 to $29,999 ..................................................... 4.6 4.7 4.5 4.7

$30,000 or More .......................................................... 2.7 3.5 4.9 5.4

Number of People in Household

Single Person ............................................................... 3.2 3.5 4.7 6.1

2 to 4 People ............................................................... 14.1 14.4 13.6 13.2

5 or More People......................................................... 3.3 3.2 3.0 2.3

Age of Household Head Less than 25 Years ..................................................... 1.8 1.9 1.7 1.5

25 to 59 Years ............................................................. 12.6 13.3 13.5 13.3

Percent of Household

1978 1980 1982

1.33 0.87 0.98

100.0% 100.0% 100.0%

70.3 70.4

29.7 29.6

13.3 25.1 25.8

49.2 55.4 53.8

37.5 19.5 20.4

50.4 44.0 43.5

43.5 45.2 43.1

6.1 10.8 13.4

5.3 10.1 9.9

74.2 71.1 72.7

15.1 7.3 7.4

3.8 5.7 4.5

O 5.4 5.2

Q .4 Q

29.8 32.1

39.7 38.2

30.5 29.7

59.7 58.3 57.6

40.3 41.7 42.4

20.3 24.8 25.8

74.5 68.2 68.9

Q .9 Q

4.0 5.9 4.1

.3 .3 .6

74.9 68.6 67.3

25.1 31.4 32.7

30.1 28.7 27.9

34.4 32.2 27.7

22.4 22.5 21.3

13.1 16.6 23.1

15.3 16.6 22.1

68.6 68.3 63.8

16.1 15.1 14.1

8.6 9.0 7.8

81.1 63.2 63.4

s

1984

0.89

100.0%

70.3

29.7

25.2

54.0

20.8

44.7

37.8

17.5

6.2

75.8

5.4

5.8

6.3

Q

36.1

36.0

28.0

59.8

40.2

23.1

70.4

Q

5.4

.6

66.2

33.8

27.9

25.4

21.9

24.9

28.1

61.2

10.7

7.1

61.6

01 o

RSE

Row 

Factor

^...

0.00

2.85

6.74

22.80

9.07

23.12

7.34

6.95

D

24.26

4.36

16.20

15.54

32.72

60.96

6.65

5.151

5.91

6.13

8.77

10.96

4.40

60.25

21.14

34.51

3.45

7.80

7.79

5.66

6.78

11.06

7.48

2.57

7.S1

13 97

2.85

See footnotes at end of table.

120 RECS: Trends in Consumption and Expenditures 1978-1984 

Energy Information Administration
Detailed Statistics

Table 17. Counts of U.S. Households Using Any Major Fuel, 

1978 through 1984 (Continued)

South

Household Characteristics

RSE Column Factor:

Millions of Households

1978

1.33

1980

0.87

1982 j 1984

0.98 0.89

Percent of Households

1978

1.33

1980 1982

0.87 | 0.98

i

1984

0.89

RSE 

Row 

Factor

See footnotes at end of table.

24.6 27.0 28.1 29.3 100.0% 100.0% 100.0% 100.0% 0.00

Census Division

South Atlantic ......................................................

East South Central ..............................................

West South Central .............................................

Weather Zone

Fewer than 2,000 COD and5,500 to 7,000 HDD .........................................

4,000 to 5,499 HDD .........................................

Fewer than 4,000 HDD .......................................

More than 2,000 CDD and 

Fewer than 4,000 HDD .......................................

Year of Construction

1950 to 1974 ........................................................

After 1 974 .............................................................

Main Space Heating Fuel

Natural Gas ..........................................................

LPG ........ ........................................;.......................

Wood ..............................................................

Measured Heated Area of Residence 

(square feet)

1,000 to 1,999 ......................................................

2,000 or More .......................................................

Air Conditioning

Yes.........................................................................

No ..........................................................................

Main Water Heating Fuel

LPG.. ......................................................................

Ownership Status

Rent .......................................................................

Annual Family Income

Under $10,000 .....................................................

$10,000 to $19,999 .............................................

$20,000 to $29,999 .............................................

Number at People In Household

2 to 4 People .......................................................

Age of Household Head

25 to 59 Years .....................................................

Q

....... 2.1

10.0

....... 11.5

........ 7.1

....... 15.6

1.9

6.7

10.0

4.2

2.0

1.2

....... .4

18.3

6.3

12.7

9.5

....... .4

........ 1.5

.5

17.2

....... 7.4

9.0

....... 9.2

....... 2.3

4.0

....... 17.4

3.1

2.3

....... 16.2

....... 6.1

14.0

5.2

7.7

5.9

10.0

11.0

7.5

14.7

4.8

7.7

11.8

3.1

2.0

2.0

.3

10.0

12.3

4.7

20.0

7.0

13.2

11.3

.8

1-3

.4

18.7

8.3

9.0

8.1

5.1

4.7

5.3

18.4

3.3

2.5

17.1

7.3

13.9

5.7

8.5

6.4

10.4

11.3

7.7

15.6

4.7

6.8

13.3

2.5

2.3

2.6

Q

10.6

13.2

4.2

21.3

6.8

13.2

12.4

.4

1.5

.5

18.5

9.6

8.4

7.5

5.8

6.3

6.1

18.6

3.3

2.0

18.1

7.9

14.8

5.8

8.8

6.4

10.7

12,2

7.8

16.1

5.4

8.4

13.1

2.4

2.1

2.8

Q

11.0

14.1

4.3

22.6

6.7

15.4

11.7

.2

1.5

.5

18.8

10.5

8.4

7.9

4.6

8.4

6.1

19.9

3.4

2.2

18.8

8.3

Q

8.5

40.8

46.8

28.9

63.3

7.8

27.3

40.7

17.0

8.1

5.0

1.8

74 5

25.5

51.6

38.6

1.6

6.2

1 9

70.1

29.9

36.7

37.4

16.8

9.2

16.4

70.8

12.8

9 5

65.7

24.8

52.1

19.2

28.7

22.0

37.2

40.9

27.8

54.4

17.8

28.7

43.9

11.6

7.4

7.3

1.1

36.9

45.7

17.3

74.0

26.0

48.9

41.9

2.8

4.9

1 5

69 3

30.7

33.5

30.2

18.8

17.5

195

68.2

12.3

9.4

63.3

27.3

49.6

20.2

30.2

22.8

37.0

40.2

27.5

55.7

16.8

24.3

47.5

8.9

8.1

9.3

Q

37.7

47.2

15.1

75.8

24.2

47.1

44.2

1.5

5.4

1.8

65.9

34.1

30.1

26.7

20.8

22.5

O-l Q

66.4

11.8

7.2

64.7

28.1

50.4

19.7

29.9

22.0

36.5

41.5

26.6

54.9

18.4

28.7

44.7

8.1

7.0

9.7

Q

37.4

48.1

14 5

77.2

22.8

52.5

39.8

.7

5.1

1.8

64.2

35.8

28.5

27.1

15.7

28.7

20.7

67.8

11.5

7.6

64.1

28.3

3.59

6.63

4.85

0

24.06

14.24

8.76

7.31

4.06

D

11.05

8.08

15.03

18.42

17.57

56.55

6.23

4.26

8.49

2.78

8.52

6.27

7.85

37.37

23.43

27.81

3.28

6.78

6.86

4.98

7.32

8.89

7.53

1.94

8.35

11.77

2.97

6.69

RECS: Trends in Consumption and Expenditures 1978-1984 

Energy Information Administration

121
Detailed Statistics

Table 17. Counts of U.S. Households Using Any Major Fuel, 

1978 Through 1984 (Continued)

West

A

Household Characteristics i 1978

RSE Column Factor: ! H „,,

1 ,JO

All Households .............................................................. 14.0

Census Division

Weather Zone

Fewer than 2,000 COD andMore than 7,000 HDD .............................................. Q

5,500 to 7,000 HDD ................................................. 4.4

4,000 to 5,499 HDD ................................................. Q

Fewer than 4,000 HDD ............................................... 6.8

More than 2,000 CDD and 

Fewer than 4,000 HDD ............................................... Q

Year of Construction

Before 1950 .................................................................. 5.2

1950 to 1974 ................................................................ 7.8

After 1974 ..................................................................... 1.0

Main Space Heating Fuel

Electricity....................................................................... 2.8

Natural Gas .................................................................. 9.6

LPG ................................................................................ Q

Wood ............................................................................. Q

Measured Heated Area of Residence 

(square feet)

1,000 to 1,999 ..............................................................

Air Conditioning

Yes................................................................................. 4.2

No .................................................................................. 9.8

Main Water Heating Fuel

Natural Gas .................................................................. 9.2

LPG ................................................................................ Q

Ownership Status

Own ............................................................................... 8.1

Annual Family Income

Under $10,000 ............................................................. 4.7

$10,000 to $19,999 ..................................................... 4.3

$20,000 to $29,999 ..................................................... 3.1

Number of People In Household

2 to 4 People ............................................................... 8.7

Millions of Household

1980 1982

0.87 0.98

16.0 16.5

4.1 4.3

11.8 12.2

1.4 1.4

1.4 1.5

3.0 3.0

9,0 9.2

1.1 1.3

4.4 4.3

8.7 8.4

2.9 3.8

2.9 3.1

11.1 11.1

.5 .4

.4 .4

.7 .9

.5 .5

6.4 6.9

6.6 7.1

2.9 2.5

5.8 5.7

10.2 10.7

3.8 4.2

11.3 11.3

.0 .1

.7 .7

.2 .2

10.1 9.9

5.9 6.6

4.4 4.1

4.8 4.2

3.4 3.8

3.3 4.4

3.4 4.0

10.5 10.6

2.0 1.9

3 Percent of Household

1984 1978 1980 1982

I 

0.89 1.33 ', 0.87 0.98

17.1 100.0% 100.0% 100.0%

4.5 — 25.7 26.2

12.6 — 74.3 73.8

1.7 Q 9.1 8.3

1.8 31.2 8.9 9.4

3.2 Q 18.9 18.5

9.3 48.3 56.3 55.7

1.1 Q 6.8 8.1

4.6 37.2 27.5 26.2

8.3 55.9 54.5 50.7

4.3 6.8 18.1 23.1

3.4 20.1 17.9 19.1

11.2 68.2 69.8 67.6

.5 5.6 3.1 2.6

.4 Q 2.3 2.3

1.1 Q 4.1 5.6

.5 1.4 2.8 2.9

7.0 — 40.2 41.7

7.7 - 41.5 43.1

2.4 — 18.3 15.2

6.6 30.3 36.1 34.9

10.5 69.7 63.9 65.1

4.5 32.9 23.9 25.6

11.5 65.5 70.7 68.8

Q .2 .4

.6 Q 4.2 4.1

.4 Q 1.0 1.1

10.1 57.7 63.3 59.8

7.0 42.3 36.7 40.2

3.3 33.5 27.5 24.6

4.5 30.9 30.1 25.3

3.5 22.1 21.6 23.2

5.7 13.6 20.9 26.9

41 269 215 24 2

10.6 62.0 66.1 64.5

2.5 11.1 12.4 11.3

s

1984

0.89

100.0%

26.4

73.6

10.0

10.5

18.6

54.2

6.7

26.7

48.3

25.0

19.8

65.3

2.7

2.4

6.7

3.1

40.8

45.3

13.8

38.7

61.3

26.3

67.5

Q

3.7

2.4

59 1

40.9

19.6

26.5

20.4

oo c

23 9

£*J -J

14.4

RSE

Row 

Factor

0.00

5.67

2.00

14 95

22.80

28.72

7.44

22.74

7.61

5.95

D

14.32

5.07

24.94

31.32

22.87

20.62

5.67

4.33

10.27

11.49

6.17

11.99

A QQ

48.35

23.90

38.54

A Art

6.64

7 T1

C QA

7 1 Q

8.69

C QQ

O CO

11.91

See footnotes at end of table.

122 RECS: Trends in Consumption and Expenditures 1978-1984 

Energy Information Administration
Detailed Statistics

Table 17. Counts of U.S. Households Using Any Major Fuel, 

1978 through 1984 (Continued)

West

Household Characteristics '^ 

RSE Column Factor:

Millions of Households

1978

1.33

1980

0.87

1982

0.98

1984

0.89

Percent of Households

1978

1.33

1980 | 1982

I 

0.87 j 0.98

i

1984

0.89

RSE 

Row 

Factor

Age of Household Head

Less than 25 Years ...................................

25 to 59 Years ..........................................

60 Years or Older '........,...........-.......„.........

................... 1.3

................... 8.5

................... 4.2

1.3

10.8

3.9

1.3

10.6

4.5

1.4

11.2

4.5

9.5

60.6

29.9

8.2

67.7

24.2

8.1

64.5

27.4

! 

8.2

65.7 !

26.2 I

14.74

3.38

7.37

— Data not applicable or not available.

° The RSEs calculated using the row and column factors are unreliabte. Reliable RSE estimates for each eel! are found in Appendix A.

0 Data withheld due to large variance (1.96 * standard error > value).

Note: To obtain a Relative Standard Error Percent (RSE) for any table cell, multiply the celFs corresponding column and row factors. 

See Glossary for definition pi terms used in this report. 

Data may not sum (o totals because of rounding. 

Percentages are calculated on unrounded numbers.

Source: Energy Information Administration, Office of Energy Markets and End Use, Energy End Use Division, Residential Energy Consumption Surveys, 

1978, 1980, 1982, and 1984.

RECS: Trends in Consumption and Expenditures 1978-1984 

Energy Information Administration

123
Detailed Statistics

Table 18. Average Residential Consumption for Site Electricity, 1978 Through 1984

United States

Household Characteristics

RSE Column Factor:

1978

1.41

Million Btu per Household 

1980 1982

0.86 0.95

1984

0.87

RSE 

Row 

Factor

All Households .........................................

Weather Zone

Fewer than 2,000 CDD andMore than 7,000 HDD .........................

5,500 to 7,000 HDD ............................

4,000 to 5,499 HDD ............................

Fewer than 4,000 HDD .......................

More than 2,000 GDD and

Fewer than 4,000 HDD ..........................

Year of Construction

Before 1950 .............................................

1950 to 1974 ...........................................

After 1974 ................................................

Main Space Heating Fuel

Electricity ..................................................

Natural Gas .............................................

Fuel Oil/Kerosene ..................................

LPG ...........................................................

Wood ........................................................

Other or None .........................................

Measured Heated Area of Residence 

(square feet)

Less than 1,000 ......................................

1,000 to 1,999 .........................................

2,000 or More..........................................

Air Conditioning

Yes ............................................................

No ..............................................................

Main Water Heating Fuel

Electricity...................................................

Natural Gas .............................................

Fuel Oil/Kerosene ...................................

LPG...........................................................

Other or None .........................................

Ownership Status

Own ...........................................................

Rent ...........................................................

Annual Family income

Under $10,000 ........................................

$10,000 to $19,999 .................................

$20,000 to $29,999 .................................

$30,000 or More ......................................

Number of People in Household

Single Person ...........................................

2 to 4 People ...........................................

5 or More People .....................................

Age of Household Head

Less than 25 Years .................................

25 to 59 Years .........................................

60 Years or Older....................................

32.2

30.9

28.9

30.7

35.0

38.1

24.3

36.8

48.3

69.4

23.2

28.2

33.2

35.4

19.9

36.7

26.7

54.2

21.9

17.5

25.9

19.0

37.5

21.7

22.4

32.8

38.1

48.1

18.2

33.7

44.3

22.2

36.1

26.7

30.1

28.3

25.8

29.6

29.4

41.1

22.5

32.5

42.6

55.4

23.6

24.2

27.6

35.1

24.5

20.8

32.3

40.4

35.0

23.6

47.1

22.8

16.8

25.1

21.7

34.8

20.9

22.1

28.4

34.6

41.3

19.0

31.2

41.0

23.3

33.0

25.3

28.9

25.5

25.8

28.2

28.4

38.7

21.6

31.1

39.7

54.6

22.6

23.9

27.1

34.3

26.2

21.1

31.2

37.6

34.3

21.5

44:9 

21.9 

16.8 

22.6 

26.0

32.7

22.1

21.1

26.8

31.3

38.1

18.2

30.8

39.1

21.1

31.9

24.3

28.8

24.9

25.4

28.0

29.4

37.4

22.1

30.9

37.7

51.5

23.2

22.7

27.3

33.0

23.7

19.9

32.3

37.4

33.2

22.3

43.8

21.7

16.2

20.6

24.4

33.3

20.7

21.3

24.9

29.6

38.1

17.7

31.1

38.3

23.1

31.4

24.7

2.33

6.09 

6.2H

4.51

4.64

2.78

2.69

D

3.87 

2.5^ 

3.96 

5.57 

4.91 

12.40

3.1G 

2.49 

3.23

2.43

3.78

2.57

2.41

5.76

5.55

15.97

2.37

3.34

3.46

2.80

3.23

3.35

3.90

2.34

3.87

5.04

2.66

3.24

See footnotes at end of table.

124 RECS: Trends in Consumption and Expenditures 1978-1984 

Energy Information Administration
Detailed Statistics

Table 18. Average Residential Consumption for Site Electricity, 

1978 Through 1984 (Continued)

Northeast

Household Characteristics

RSE Column Factor:

Million Btu per Household

1978

1.41

1980

0.86

1982 1984

0.95 0.87

All Households .........................................

Census Division

New England ............................................

Middle Atlantic.........................................

Weather Zone

Fewer than 2,000 COD and-- 

More than 7,000 HDD .........................

5,500 to 7,000 HDD ............................

4,000 to 5,499 HDD ............................

Year of Construction

Before 1950.............................................

1950 to 1974 ...........................................

After 1974 ................................................

Main Space Heating Fuel

Electricity...................................................

Natural Gas .............................................

Fuel Oil/Kerosene ..................................

LPG ...........................................................

Wood ........................................................

Other or None .........................................

Measured Heated Area of Residence 

(square feet)

Less than 1,000 ......................................

1,000 to 1,999 .........................................

2,000 or More ..........................................

Air Conditioning

Yes.............................................................

No .............................................................

Main Water Heating Fuel

Electricity...................................................

Natural Gas ..............................................

Fuel Oil/Kerosene ...................................

LPG ...........................................................

Other or None .........................................

Ownership Status

Own ...........................................................

Rent...........................................................

Annual Family Income

Under $10,000 .........................................

$10,000 to $19,999 .................................

$20,000 to $29,999 .................................

$30,000 or More ......................................

Number of People In Household

Single Person ...........................................

2 to 4 People ...........................................

5 or More People.....................................

Age of Household Head

Less than 25 Years .................................

25 to 59 Years .........................................

60 Years or Older....................................

22.5

Q

24.1 

19.6

17.9

28.2

31.4

54.5

18.9

20.1

Q

Q

Q

24.4

20.9

44.1

17.7

15.5

18.7

26.7

16.4

14.4

22.6

26.5

36.3

12.7

23.0

33.3

17.0

24.9

18.2

22.2

22.3

22.1

30.0

23.6

19.1

17.3

25.8

38.4

54.7

17.5

18.1

18.5

35.9

25.7

13.4

23.1

31.0

24.0

20.4

40.9

17.4

15.7

20.7

37.4

27.2

13.7

14.4

20.2

27.2

31.8

12.8

22.7

33.1

14.8

25.0

16.4

21.2

22.5

20.8

24.4

23.5

18.3

17.4

23.8

32.4

47.5

17.4

19.3

13.1

30.3

23.7

14.3

22.3

28.2

23.7

18.5

38.5

16.9

15.9

16.4

32.2

24.4

15.8

15.2

19.2

22.1

28.6

13.3

22.3

31.0

15.0

24.0

16.8

22.3

22.6

22.2

26.8

24.0

19.7

17.7

26.2

35.1

53.1

18.5

19.1

18.2

32.2

26.4

13.9

24.1

29.6

24.9

19.6

40.3

18.0

15.9

17.5

25.0

26.4

14.4

16.3

17.9

23.4

28.8

14.1

23.0

34.0

15.6

24.5

19.3

RSE 

Row 

Factor

4.50

5.19

5.88

9.74

6.27

9.17

5.41

4.89

D

8.74

4.86

5.11

34.84

8.72

18.66

7.45

6.11

5.32

4.89

6.85

4.83

4.36,

5.91

16.42

19.77

3.96

8.72

7.71

7.35

5.51

6.05

11.04

4.70

6.77

14.42

4.57

7.30

See footnotes at end of table.

RECS: Trends in Consumption and Expenditures 1978-1984 

Energy Information Administration

125
Detailed Statistics

Table 18. Average Residential Consumption for Site Electricity, 

1978 Through 1984 (Continued)

North Central

Household Characteristics

RSE Column Factor:

1978

1.41

Million Btu per Household 

1980 1962

0.86

All Households .........................................

Census Division

East North Central..................................

West North Central.................................

Weather Zone

Fewer than 2,000 CDD and-- 

More than 7,000 HDD .........................

5,500 to 7,000 HDD ............................

4,000 to 5,499 HDD ............................

Year of Construction

Before 1950 .............................................

195010 1974 ...........................................

After 1974 ................................................

Main Space Heating Fuel

Electricity..................................................

Natural Gas .............................................

Fuel Oil/Kerosene ..................................

LPG ...........................................................

Wood ........................................................

Other or None .........................................

Measured Heated Area of Residence 

(square feet)

Less than 1,000 ......................................

1,000 to 1,999 .........................................

2,000 or More..........................................

Air Conditioning

Yes ............................................................

No .............................................................

Main Water Heating Fuel

Electricity..................................................

Natural Gas .............................................

Fuel Oil/Kerosene ..................................

LPG...........................................................

Other or None .........................................

Ownership Status

Own ...........................................................

Rent ...........................................................

Annual Family Income

Under $10,000 ........................................

$10,000 to $19,999 ................................

$20,000 to $29,999 ................................

$30,000 or More .....................................

Number of People in Household

Single Person ..........................................

2 to 4 People ..........................................

5 or More People ....................................

Age of Household Head

Less than 25 Years .................................

25 to 59 Years .........................................

60 Years or Older....................................

28.9

25.4

28.6

30.6

24.4

31.8

45.4

86.1

23.1

34.9

35.5

Q

Q

31.1

25.7

52.5 

22.6

Q 

27.3

Q

32.8

17.2

19.4

28.1

33.9

44.4

14.2

29.3

41.3

19.4

33.4

22.6

28.4

27.3

31.1

28.9

26.4

33.5

23.6

30.1

41.4

62.2 

22.4 

34.9 

28.4 

34.9 

Q

18.8

28.9

37.2

31.5

24.1

46.4

22.1

18.3

27.4

18.5

32.3

19.9

20.1

27.5

32.1

39.6

17.3

28.4

40.9

19.7

32.0

23.1

0.95

27.0

25.8

29.8

26.4

26.2

29.9

21.3

28.8

39.4

64.9 

20.7 

31.5 

29.7 

33.9 

Q

18.5

28.6

34.0

31.4

20.9

44.6 

20.4

Q 

28.5

Q

30.2

20.4

18.2

26.1

31.3

34.6

15.5

28.5

38.0

20.6

29.6

22.8

1984

0.87

25.2

24.0

28.0

23.7

24.5

28.9

22.6

25.5

31.4

66.7

20.9

26.6

29.2

31.2

0

17.5

26.7

33.4

27.8

21.4

41.2

20.2

Q

22.3 

28.9

29.5

16.9

17.8

21.2

27.0

36.0

13.8

28.6

35.5

17.8

28.7

20.0

RSE 

Row 

Factor

5.56

8.18

4.35

7.17

9.50

7.06

4.28

6.19

D

9.14

2.88

9.14

9.62

11.66

Q

6.31

6.12

6.89

6.10

6.63

8.18

3.12

27.87

10.13

28.63

5.29

7.43

4.89

7.07

6.67

7.18

6.56

5.70

7.95

11.19

6.42

6.01

See footnotes at end of table.

126 RECS: Trends in Consumption and Expenditures 1978-1984 

Energy Information Administration
Detailed Statistics

Table 18. Average Residential Consumption lor Site Electricity, 

1978 Through 1984 (Continued)

South

Million Btu per Household

Household Characteristics

RSE Column Factor.

1978

1.41

1980 1982

0.86 0.95

1984

0.87

All Households ............................;..........

Census Division

South Atlantic .........................................

East South Central ................................

West South Central ................................

Weather Zone Fewer than 2,000 CDD and- 5,500 to 7,000 HDD .....;.....;..;„...........

4,000 to 5,499 HDD ............................

Fewer than 4,000 HDD .......................

More than 2,000 CDD and

Fewer than 4,000 HDD ..........................

Year of Construction

Before 1950 .............................................

1950 to 1974 ............................................

After 1974 ................................................

Main Space Heating Fuel

Electricity .................................................

Natural Gas ..................................;......,...

Fuel Oil/Kerosene ...................................

LPG ...........................................;.............. wood ...........................................;......,.....

Other or None .........................................

Measured Heated Area of Residence 

(square feet) Less than 1,000 ......................................

1,000 to 1,999 ........................................

2,000 or More .........................................

Air Conditioning

Yes.............................................................

No ...............................................;;...,.........

Main Water Heating Fuel

Electricity...................................................

Natural Gas .............................................

Fuel Oil/Kerosene ...................................

LPG ...........................................................

Other or None .........................................

Ownership Status

Own ...........................................................

Rent...........................................................

Annual Family Income

Under $10.000 .........................................

$10,000 to $19,999 .................................

$20,000 to $29,999 .................................

$30,000 or More ......................................

Number of People In Household

Single Person ...............................;...........

2 to 4 People ...........................................

5 or More People .....,..'........'...f.~.:....~......

Age of Household Head

Less than 25 Years .................................

25 to 59 Years .........................................

60 Years or Older....................................

40.8

Q

36.5 

46.2

38.0

30.8

43.9

52.8

62.3

30.8

39.0

32.8

32.2

19.7

46.0

25.7

52.4

28.4

37.6

28.7

20.4

45.2

30.5

27.6

42.2

53.4

65.2

23.9

42.6

52.7

28.2

45.3

33.7

39.3

37.0

46.9

38.3

34.2

39.3

41.9

29.0

40.8

50.7

57.0

32.1

32.6

28.7

35.2

30.0

27.1

41.8

58.3

44.3

24.9

49.1

31.0

25.5

26.5

14.2

44.0

28.6

28.2

37.2

46.3

56.4

25.2

41.1

51.4

27.9

43.4

33.5

37.4

34.5

44.4

37.4

34.3

37.1

39.4

27.3

38.9

48.8

56.1

31.0

31.1

28.0

35.8

Q

27.9

39.6

54.0

41.9

23.3

46.6

30.4

28.1

22.0

21.1

41.3

29.9

25.9

35.1

40.1

53.1

24.6

39.7

48.2

24.9

41.4

31.5

36.3

33.8

43.9

35.4

32.5

36.7

38.0

27.4

37.4

45.9

50.4 

30.4 

30.6 

27.9 

33.9 

Q

25.3

40.7

50.0

40.4

22.4

44.8

28.0

24.6

21.7

18.7

41.2

27.5

25.5

32.2

40.0

48.9

22.0

39.2

44.6

28.8

39.3

31.6

RSE 

Row 

Factor

3.44

4.00

5.55

8.59

Q

6.97 

5.33

5.66

5.73

3.91

D

5.74

5.42

4.96

7.48

7.24

17.69

5.01

3.28

5.15

3.22

6.07

3.62 

5.4$

16.13 

8.03

24.39

3.64

5.07

5.74

4.00

4.83

4.18

5.90

3.36

5.55

7.01

3.73

4.72

See footnotes at end of table.

RECS: Trends in Consumption and Expenditures 1978-1984 

Energy Information Administration

127
Detailed Statistics

Table 18. Average Residential Consumption for Site Electricity, 

1978 Through 1984 (Continued)

West

Household Characteristics

RSE Column Factor:

1978

1.41

All Households .........................................

Census Division

Mountain ..................................................

Pacific .......................................................

Weather Zone

Fewer than 2,000 CDD and--

More than 7,000 HDD .........................

5,500 to 7,000 HDD ............................

4,000 to 5,499 HDD ............................

Fewer than 4,000 HDD .......................

More than 2,000 CDD and

Fewer than 4,000 HDD ..........................

Year of Construction

Before 1950 .............................................

1950 to 1974 ...........................................

After 1974 ................................................

Main Space Heating Fuel

Electricity..................................................

Natural Gas .............................................

Fuel Oil/Kerosene ..................................

LPG ...........................................................

Wood ........................................................

Other or None .........................................

Measured Heated Area of Residence 

(square feet)

Less than 1,000 ......................................

1,000 to 1,999 .........................................

2,000 or More..........................................

Air Conditioning

Yes ............................................................

No .............................................................

Main Water Heating Fuel

Electricity..................................................

Natural Gas .............................................

Fuel Oil/Kerosene ..................................

LPG...........................................................

Other or None .........................................

Ownership Status

Own ...........................................................

Rent ...........................................................

Annual Family Income

Under $10,000 ........................................

$10,000 to $19,999 .................................

$20,000 to $29,999 .................................

$30,000 or More ......................................

Number of People in Household

Single Person ...........................................

2 to 4 People ...........................................

5 or More People ....................................

Million Btu per Household 

1980 1982

0.86 0.95

1984

0.87

34.2

Q

36.2 

70.4 

18.4

Q

27.3

35.4

62.9

87.4

18.4

34.3

34.7

47.4

14.8

35.3

33.7

68.6

17.3

Q 

Q

43.9

21.0

26.4

34.1

38.3

46.8

20.4

37.1

51.6

25.9

26.8

25.6

24.2

32.5

43.7

18.3

33.3

20.5

26.5

32.2

46.4

20.0

38.9

22.6

34.2

18.3

19.7

27.9

34.9

27.2

25.1

47.0

19.1

21.9

20.4

25.6

29.7

19.3

20.6

24.9

29.8

30.2

17.8

27.1

33.4

25.5

28.4

24.5

23.0

35.4

39.5

18.6

32.4

21.2

25.0

31.5

47.4

18.7

35.4

22.8

34.9

17.1

19.3

27.4

37.1

29.7

23.3

45.7

18.3

18.2

19.5

32.6

29.9

19.0

22.0

21.4

27.8

30.7

16.8

27.2

34.9

27.4

27.0

27.5

26.5

37.9

39.1

21.0

31.3

21.6

27.1

34.1

47.6

21.0

34.5

21.9

34.0

15.4

19.3

29.9

42.7

30.6

25.3

46.9

20.2

Q

17.7 

30.7

32.3

20.3

23.4

22.8

26.5

33.8

20.6

27.9

36.1

RSE 

Row 

Factor

4.75

7.55

4.80

7.25

16.80

12.77

4.71

11.39

7.6S

5.72

D

5.33 

3.1S 

6.38

13.94 

8.93

16.92

6.58

4.63

6.43

7.07

7.26

5.06

3.41

34.17

9.52

27.22

5.22

5.94

6.69

6.85

7.16

6.37

7.65

5.28

8.60

See footnotes at end of table.

128 RECS: Trends in Consumption and Expenditures 1978-1984 

Energy Information Administration
Detailed Statistics

Table 18. Average Residential Consumption for Site Electricity, 

19*8 Through 1984 (Continued)

West

Household Characteristics

RSE Column Factor

Age of Household Head

25 to 59 Years .............................................................

60 Years or Older ........................................................

1978

1.41

20.6 

37.4 

31.9

Million Btu per Household

1980

0.86

1982

0.95

25.3 20.5 

26.7 27.0 

23.9 23.5

1984

0.87

24.7 

28.1 

26.3

RSE 

Row 

Factor

11.91 

5.18 

7.65

— Data not applicable or not available.

0 The RSEs calculated using the row and column factors are unreliable. Reliable RSE estimates for each cell are found in Appendix A.

Q Data withheld due to large variance (1.96 * standard error > value).

Note: To obtain a Relative Standard Error Percent (RSE) for any table cell, multiply the celfs corresponding column and row factors. 

See Glossary for definition of terms used in this report. 

Data may not sum to totals because of rounding.

Source: Energy Information Administration, Office of Energy Markets and End Use, Energy End Use Division, Residential Energy Consumption Surveys, 

1978, 1980, 1982, and 1984.

REGS: Trends in Consumption and Expenditures 1978-1984 

Energy Information Administration

129
Detailed Statistics

Table 19. Average Residential Prices and Expenditures for Site Electricity, 

1978 Through 1984

United States

Household Characteristics

RSE Column Factor:

Fuel Price (Dollars per Million Btu)

1978

1.09

1980

0.86

1982

0.72

1984

0.69

Expenditures (Dollars per Household)

1978

1.51

1980

1.04

1982

1.16

1984

1.18

RSE 

Row 

Factor

All Households ................................................... $12.10 $16.32 $19.98 $21.94 S390 $492 $578 $632 1.76

Weather Zone

Fewer than 2,000 ODD and-- 

More than 7,000 HDD ................................

5,500 to 7,000 HDD ....................................

4,000 to 5,499 HDD ....................................

Fewer than 4,000 HDD...............................

More than 2,000 CDD and 

Fewer than 4,000 HDD .................................

Year of Construction

Before 1950 ....................................................

1950 to 1974 ..................................................

After 1974

Main Space Heating Fuel

LPG ..................................................................

Wood ...............................................................

Measured Heated Area of Residence 

(square feet)

Less than 1,000 .............................................

1,000 to 1,999 ................................................

Air Conditioning

Yes ...................................................................

No .....................................................................

Main Water Heating Fuel

LPG ..................................................................

Ownership Status

Rent .................................................................

Annual Family Income

Under $10,000 ................................................

$10,000 to $19,999 ........................................

$20,000 to $29,999 ........................................

Number of People in Household

Age of Household Head

25 to 59 Years ...............................................

10.84

12.39

12.64

11.48

12.34

13.05

11.88

10.37

9.22

13.86

13.89

11.99

10.21

12.18

12.50

11.41

10.16

14.29

17.41

13.15

12.53

11.87

12.92

12.40

12.00

12.09

11.93

12.48

12.05

12.10

12.85

12.04

12.12

15.84

17.31

16.63

15.43

16.06

17.58

16.02

15.28

13.91

17.09

19.94

16.33

14.95

21.91

17.01

16.03

16.18

16.29

16.36

14.32

17.50

25.50

17.41

20.31

16.06

17.17

16.46

16.32

15.87

16.62

16.84

16.23

16.28

15.84

16.34

16.36

19.04

20.99

20.74

18.38

20.12

21.35

19.92

18.35

17.06

21.14

23.76

20.25

18.30

22.27

20.54

19.55

20.15

20.01

19.89

17.48

21.76

30.24

21.41

22.83

19.76

20.57

20.37

1 Q ft1

19.50

20.21

20.76

19.78

20.10

19.56

1Q ft9

20.52

20.16

23.34

22.74

19.75

22.75

23.75

21.68

20.21

19.34

22.76

26.76

22.02

19.87

25.49

22.54

21.27

22.52

21.91

21.99

19.58

23.58

34.33

23.85

23.99

21.83

22.24

22.00

P1 7Q

21.53

22.20

22.39

21.78

22.22

21.18

21.81

22.45

335

357

388

401

470

317

438

501

640

321

392

398

361

242

458

304

551

312

304

341

238

446

280

278

394

461

574

227

406

536

285

434

324

449

446

493

453

661

395

521

652

771

404

482

450

525

536

353

517

653

571

386

674

400

429

438

441

559

359

364

464

550

687

320

506

667

369

539

414

485

542

584

523

778

462

618

728

931

478

568

550

627

584

434

610

758

686

428

785

476

508

484

593

647

454

429

CO-1

611

771

377

610

787

414

633

499

502

593

636

580

850

524

669

763

996

527

606

600

656

605

449

687

84?

727

491

859

513

558

493

586

727

461

469

542

637

845

395

677

850

489

684

554

4.80

4.39

4.61

3.21

3.72

1.98

2.03

D

3.43

1.69

2.90

3.85

4.56

9.54

2.03

2.11

2.11

1.85

2.72

2.58

1.63

3.34

3.93

8.85

1.87

2.14

2.33

2.07

2.16

2.45

2.67

1.78

2.59

3.20

1.89

2.36

See footnotes at end of table.

130 RECS: Trends in Consumption and Expenditures 1978-1984 

Energy Information Administration
Detailed Statistics

Table 19. Average Residential Prices and Expenditures for Site Electricity, 

1978 Through 1984 (Continued)

Northeast

Household Characteristics

RSE Column Factor:

Fuel Price (Dollars per Million Btu)

1978

1.09

1980

0.86

1982

0.72

1984

0.69

Expenditures (Dollars per Household)

1978

1.51

1980

1.04

1982

1.16

1984

1.18

RSE 

Row 

Factor

All Households ................................................... $15.34 $21.99 $27.46 $29.77 $345 $487 $582 $665 2.98

Census Division

Middle Atlantic .............................................

Weather Zone

Fewer than 2,000 ODD andMore than 7,000 HDD ....;.....,„..........,........

5,500 to 7,000 HDD ....................................

4,000 to 5,499 HDD ....................................

Year of Construction

Before 1 950 ....................................................

1950 to 1974 ..................................................

After 1 974 .......................................................

Main Space Heating Fuel

Electricity .........................................................

LPG ..................................................................

Wood ...............................................................

Measured Heated Area of Residence 

(square feet)

1,000 to 1,999 ................................................

Air Conditioning

Yes ...................................................................

No .....................................................................

Main Water Heating Fuel

LPG ..................................................................

Ownership Status

Own..................................................................

Rent .................................................................

Annual Family Income

Under $10,000 ................................................

$10,000 to $19,999........................................

$20,000 to $29,999 ........................................

$30,000 or More .............................................

Number of People in Household

2 to 4 People ..................................................

Age of Household Head

Less than 25 Years .......................................

25 to 59 Years ...............................................

60 Years or Older ..........................................

Q

14.81

17.36

16.41

14.85

12.36

10.71

16.74

16.37

Q

Q

Q

16.17

14.54

11.90

17.34

18.32

16.36

15.26

15 54

16.36

15.15

15.36

14.57

15.71

15.14

15.75

14.55

15.35

15.54

21.83

22.04

17.30

20.06

25.88

22.90

22.08

18.87

17.83

23.04

24.73

21.88

17.27

20.85

25.64

21.29

20.87

23.16

20.67

18.36

23.05

26.85

20.17

20.13

21.02

25.26

23.70

22.03

20.47

22.49

23.77

21.68

22.02

22.88

21.77

22.70

24.99

28.28

22.11

24.21

32.87

28.30

27.57

24.26

22.81

29.48

28.80

24.34

22.78

24.90

29.98

26.79

26.63

28,43

26.11

23.39

29.47

31.59

23.20

23.34

26.80

29.16

27.74

27.29

27.26

27.56

27.59

27.41

27.52

26.45

27.25

28.16

28.03

30.31

23.75

27.02

34.83

31.71

29.11

25.87

25.23

31.37

31.86

26.14

24.80

27.21

31.55

29.18

29.45

30.50

28.82

25.00

31.99

35.48

29.29

24.91

29.20

31.80

28,19

29.60

28.75

31.03

pq qo

29 75

30.21

29.77

29.95

29.36

Q

356

341

294

419

388

584

317

330

Q

Q

Q

394

305

524

308

285

306

408

255

236

342

407

530

Of\A

348

525

247

382

283

487

487

520

473

494

396

571

725

975

403

447

405

620

536

343

492

647

555

421

750

400

421

417

753

571

346

340

446

557

716

304

493

729

339

544

373

562

588

540

569

603

493

655

787

1,082

513

556

320

690

591

430

598

750

673

483

900

499

502

381

752

654

461

421

524

601

789

368

612

852

397

655

474

635

674

638

649

686

561

764

908

1,340

582

609

476

797

718

438

703

872

761

566

1,008

575

562

512

623

771

458

461

531

671

893

412

684

1,028

464

734

565

2.95

3.65

7.11

4.93

5.05

3.17

3.66

D

7.19

4.67

3.25

19.81

8.84

11.57

4.34

4.03

3.59

3 40

3.99

4.80

O QC

3.41

10.27

11.33

2.90

4.79

4.31

4.47

4.00

3.89

C on

3.15

4.00

8.08

3.08

4.60

See footnotes at end of table.

RECS: Trends in Consumption and Expenditures 1978-1 984 

Energy Information Administration

131
Detailed Statistics

Table 19. Average Residential Prices and Expenditures for Site Electricity, 

1978 Through 1984 (Continued)

North Central

Household Characteristics

RSE Column Factor:

Census Division

West North Central .......................................

Weather Zone

Fewer than 2,000 CDD and-- 

More than 7,000 HDD ...............................

5,500 to 7,000 HDD ...................................

4,000 to 5,499 HDD ...................................

Year of Construction

1950 to 1974 .................................................

After 1974 ......................................................

Main Space Heating Fuel

LPG .................................................................

Wood ..............................................................

Measured Heated Area of Residence 

(square feet)

1,000 to 1,999 ...............................................

Air Conditioning

Yes ..................................................................

No ....................................................................

Main Water Heating Fuel

LPG .................................................................

Ownership Status

Rent ................................................................

Annual Family Income

Under $10,000 ...............................................

$10,000 to $19,999 .......................................

$20,000 to $29,999 .......................................

Number of People in Household

Age of Household Head

25 to 59 Years ..............................................

Fuel

1978

1.09

... $13.64

13.68

13.74

13.50

14.18

13.43

12.28

10.57

'4.61

13.16

13.62

13.45

Q

13.57

13.76

•1.97

14.66 

Q

13.80 

'8.41

13.40 

'5.01

14.75

13.63

13.50

12.72 

15.51

13.64

13.04

14.60 

13.43

14.02

Price (Dollars per Million Btu)

1980

i 

0.86

$16.12

16.38 

15.57

15.87 

16.63 

15.24

16.91 

15.96 

14.76

13.33 

17.24 

15.62 

16.75 

15.94 

16.43

17.27 

15.99 

15.67

15.70 

16.87

14.41 

17.37 

15.11 

16.61 

17.49

15.84 

17.10

16.76 

16.12 

15.73 

15.97

17.23 

16.13 

15.55

16.55 

16.01 

16.33

1982

0.72

$19.55

19.91 

18.80

18.62 

20.22 

19.03

20.58 

19.75 

17.27

15.81 

21.21 

19.30 

20.19 

18.75 

Q

20.08 

19.31 

19.49

19.18 

20.30

17.11 

21.57 

Q 

19.22 

Q

19.39 

20.02

20.79 

19.13 

19.19 

19.44

20.48 

19.33 

19.68

19.90 

19.34 

20.04

1984

0.69

$21.64

22.18 

20.55

19.45 

22.77 

21.34

22.72 

21.69 

19.58

17.25 

22.91 

21.10 

22.13 

20.52 

Q

22.00 

21.29 

21.77

21.46 

21.99

19.07 

23.28 

0 

22.73 

22.62

21.34 

22.66

23.01 

22.25 

21.11 

20.87

23.21 

21.39 

21.20

21.63 

21.25 

22.74

Expenditures (Dollars

1978

1.51

$394

347 

393 

413

346 

428 

558

910 

338 

460 

484 

Q 

Q

422 

353

628 

332 

Q 

376 

232

440 

258

286 

383 

457 

565

220 

399 

539

283 

449 

316

1980

i 

1.04 i

S458

447 

485

459 

439

511

398 

480

611

829 

387 

545 

475 

556 

Q

324 

463 

583

495 

406

669 

384 

276 

456 

324

512 

340

337 

444 

504 

633

298 

458 

635

326 

513 

377

per Household)

1982

1.16

$527

514 

560

492 

529 

568

439 

569 

680

1,026 

439 

608 

599 

635 

Q

372 

552 

663

603 

425

763 

440 

Q 

548 

Q

585 

409

378 

499 

601 

673

317 

551 

748

410 

573 

457

1984

1.18

$546

533 

575

461 

558 

617

513 

552 

614

1,151 

478 

562 

646 

639 

O

384 

568 

726

596

471

785 

471 

O 

507 

653

629 

382

410 

471 

571 

752

320 

613 

752

384 

611 

455

RSE 

Row 

Factoi

3.32

5.04 

3.50

4.74 

5.53 

4.53

3.06 

3.42

D

6.92 

2.20 

5.95 

5.51 

7.62 

20.05

3.98 

3.78 

4.13

3.50 

3.99

5.04 

2.27 

16.91 

6.22 

19.77

3. 1 7 

4.46

3.63 

3.95 

3.92 

4.57

4.42 

3.46 

4.51

5.82 

3.77 

3.70

See footnotes at end of table.

132 RECS: Trends in Consumption and Expenditures 1978-1984 

Energy Information Administration
Detailed Statistics

Table 19. Average Residential Prices and Expenditures for Site Electricity, 

1978 Through 1984 (Continued)

South

Household Characteristics

RSE Column Factor:

All Households ..................................................

Census Division

South Atlantic ........,.................................:.........

West South Central .........................................

Weather Zone

Fewer than 2,000 CDD and5,500 to 7,000 HDD ....„.,.„...,..„.,.....,..,..,„....

4,000 to 5,499 HDD .......................................

Fewer than 4,000 HDD ........:.................,.......

More than 2,000 CDD and

Year of Construction

1950 to 1974 ...........,.....:....;„...........................

After 1 974 ..............................;......................,....

Main Space Heating Fuel

LPG .....................................................................

Wood ..................................................................

Measured Heated Area of Residence 

(square feet)

1,000 to 1,999 ...................................................

Air Conditioning 

Yes .........................................„.:„.„..............,..... NO..........................................;.;...........................

Main Water Heating Fuel

Natural Gas .................................:........,.............

LPG .....................................................................

Ownership Status

Rent ..................................................................

Annual Family Income

Under $10,000 ...................................................

$20,000 to $29,999...........................................

Number of People In Household

2 to 4 People .....................................................

Age of Household Head

25 to 59 Years .................................................

60 Years or Older .............................................

Fuel Price (Dollars per Million BUi) j

1973 I 1980 | 1982

| I 

1.09 | 0.86 ! 0.72

$11.75 $15.10 $18.73

16.33 19.44 

12.62 15.44 

14.95 20.26

Q — — : 

13.24 16.01 18.84 

10.99 13.98 17.31

12.39 15.65 19.90

11.97 15.63 19.06 

11.75 14.86 18.75 

11.33 15.19 18,36

10.93 14.63 17.91 

12.43 15.06 19.36 

12.73 17.43 19.65 

11.55 15.97 20,14 

11.45 14.22 17.88 

12.18 14.14 Q

1 5.62 1 9.39 

15.07 18.51

14.64 18.37

11.68 14.92 18.62 

12.15 16.01 19.34

11.30 14.66 17.73 

12.74 15.36 19.88 

13.43 20.86 22.25 

11.96 16.95 21.40 

12.34 17.10 23.59

11.59 14.95 18.50 

12.33 15.60 19.33

11.98 15.35 19.23 

11.71 15.02 18.72 

11.69 14.61 18.05 

11.57 15.38 18.89

12.30 15.75 19.60 

11.76 15.05 18.60 

11.40 14.77 18.48

12.64 15.39 19.27 

11.58 15.04 18.58 

12.11 15.19 19.06

1984

0.69 !

$20.39

21.66 

16.19 

21.79

19.44 

18,39

22.52

20.93 

20.39 

19.92

20.00 

20.74 

21.22 

22.09 

19.10 

Q

21.42 

20.07 

19.93

20.26 

21.18

19.69 

21.41 

23.68 

23.05 

25.13

20.23 

20.82

20.57 

20.83 

19.70 

20.34

21.30 

20.21 

20.51

20.84 

20.20 

20.82

Expenditures (Dollars

1978

1.51

S480

Q 

483 

507

471

368 

516 

599

681 

383 

496 

378 

368 

240

537 

312

592 

362 

505 

344 

252

524 

376

330 

494 

625 

755

294 

501 

601

356 

525 

408

1980

1.04

S593

604 

592 

572

548 

550

656

453 

606 

771

834 

483 

569 

458 

501 

425

424 

630 

854

661 

398

720 

477 

533 

448 

242

657 

446

433 

559 

676 

867

397 

619 

759

430 

653 

509

per Household)

1982

1.16

$700

671 

686 

759

647 

643

784

521 

730 

896

1,004 

600 

610 

564 

639 

Q

542 

734 

991

780

451

827 

605 

625 

471 

497

764 

577

497 

657 

723 

1,002

483 

738 

890

479 

769 

600

1984

1.18

$740

732 

710 

773

632 

675

855

573 

763 

914

1,008 

631 

649 

616 

646 

Q

542 

817 

996

818 

474

881 

600 

582 

499 

470

833 

573

525 

671 

787 

994

469 

793 

915

601 

793 

657

RSE 

Row 

Factor

2.79

4.63 

4.63 

4.45

Q 

8.08 

3.76

3.98

3.73 

3.01 

D

4.04 

3.49 

4.36 

5.05 

4.98 

14.39

3.29 

3.31 

4.07

2.67 

4.69

3.27 

3.51 

9.1.3 

6.15 

13.34

3.02 

3.37

3.83 

2.96 

3.37 

3.44

3.74 

2.71 

3.97

4.21 

2.84 

3.67

See footnotes at end of table.

RECS: Trends in Consumption and Expenditures 1978-1984 

Energy Information Administration

133
Detailed Statistics

Table 19. Average Residential Prices and Expenditures for Site Electricity, 

1978 Through 1984 (Continued)

West

Household Characteristics

RSE Column Factor:

All Households ............................................

Census Division

Weather Zone

Fewer than 2,000 CDD and-- 

More than 7,000 HDD ............................

5,500 to 7,000 HDD ................................

4,000 to 5,499 HDD ................................

Fewer than 4,000 HDD...........................

More than 2,000 CDD and 

Fewer than 4,000 HDD .............................

Year of Construction

1950 to 1974 ..............................................

After 1974 ...................................................

Main Space Heating Fuel

LPG ..............................................................

Wood ...........................................................

Measured Heated Area of Residence 

(square feet)

1,000 to 1,999 ............................................

Air Conditioning

Yes ................................................................

No ..................................................................

Main Water Heating Fuel

LPG ..............................................................

Ownership Status

Rent ..............................................................

Annual Family Income

Under $10,000 ............................................

$10,000 to $19,999.....................................

$20,000 to $29,999.....................................

Number of People in Household

Fuel

1978

1.09

$8.28

Q

8.01

5.46

13.29

Q

8.51

8.72

5.61

5.32

12.69

7.56

9.71

Q

10.06

9.71

7.63

5.67

13.37

Q

Q

7.67

10.01

8.30

7.84

8.23

9.04

9.12

8.13

8.07

Price (Dollars per Million Btu)

1980

0.86

$14.34

15.50 

13.92

13.54 

10.82 

8.19 

18.90

21.33

14.04 

14.59 

14.03

9.59

17.22 

8.52 

15.06 

11.81 

32.68

14.35 

14.43 

14.17

16.40 

13.08

9.41 

17.93 

19.31 

19.20 

26.25

14.45 

14.06

13.73 

14.19 

14.07 

15.35

13.68 

14.43 

14.58

1982

0.72

$16.91

18.33 

16.33

17.14 

13.97 

10.70 

20.80

22.33

15.89 

17.35 

16.91

13.62 

19.31 

10.79 

20.07 

14.57 

32.94

17.40 

16.70 

16.64

18.28 

15.97

12.81 

19.98 

35.43 

24.96 

22.59

16.95 

16.80

16.78 

16.72 

16.63

17.34

17.65 

16.79 

16.67

1984

0.69

$18.94

19.95 

18.58

18.22 

15.15 

13.74 

22.51

25.70

17.65 

19.54 

18.88

16.13 

21.10 

12.94 

19.79 

16.45 

34.64

19.76 

18.65 

18.49

20.31 

17.88

15.56 

21.53 

Q 

24.37 

23.07

19.04 

18.70

19.15 

18.04 

18.40 

19.59

18.44 

19.00 

19.18

Expenditures (Dollars per Household)

1978

1.51

$283

Q 

290 

384 

245

Q

233 

308 

353

465 

233 

259 

337 

268 

149

342 

257

389 

231

0 

Q

337 

210

219 

267 

315 

423

186 

301

416

1980

1.04

$371

416 

356

327 

352 

358 

345

711

288 

387 

452

445 

344 

332 

340 

404 

597

283

403 

494

447 

329

443 

342 

423 

392 

671

429 

272

283 

354 

419 

463

243 

391 

487

1982

1.16

$431

520 

400

395 

495 

423 

387

724

337 

434 

533

646 

360 

382 

458 

509 

563

336 

458 

617

543 

372

586 

365 

644 

487 

736

508 

319

370 

357 

462 

532

296 

456 

582

1984

1.18

$518

539 

511

483 

575 

537 

472

804

381 

529 

643

768

444 

447 

434 

559 

534

382

557 

790

621

453

729 

434 

Q 

431 

708

614 

379

449 

412 

487 

661

379 

531 

692

RSE 

Flow 

Factor

3.80

5.91 

4.01

7.52 

1 1 .27 

9.92 

3.27

6.50

6.29 

4.89 

D

6.62 

2.83 

8.03 

1 1 .97 

12.53 

12.63

4.46 

3.85 

5.77

5.41 

4.90

5.52 

2.76 

32.62 

8.41 

17.00

4.24 

4.73

5.11 

4.86 

5.27 

5.4-1

6.32 

4.19 

6.87

See footnotes at end of table.

134 RECS: Trends in Consumption and Expenditures 1978-1984 

Energy Information Administration
Detailed Statistics

Table 19. Average Residential Prices and Expenditures for Site Electricity, 

1978 Through 1984 (Continued)

West

Household Characteristics

RSE Column Factor:

Age of Household Head

25 to 59 Years ..................................................

Fuel Price (Dollars per Million Btu)

1978

1.09

1980

0.86

1982

0.72

1984

0.69

Expenditures (Dollars per Household)

1978

1.51

1980 1982

I 

1.04 | 1.16

i

1984

1.18

9.71 13.09 16.05 17.86 200 331 330 442 

8.27 14.53 16.80 19.07 310 388 453 536 

8.00 14.19 17.42 18.89 256 339 410 496

RSE 

Row 

Factor

8.33 

4.00 

5.75

— Data not applicable or not available.

D The RSEs calculated using the row and column factors are unreliable. Reliable RSE estimates for each cell are found in Appendix A.

0 Data withheld due to large variance (1.96 ' standard error > value).

Note: To obtain a Relative Standard Error Percent (RSE) for any table cell, multiply the celfs corresponding column and row factors. 

See Glossary for definition of terms used in this report. 

Data may not sum to totals because of rounding.

Source: Energy Information Administration, Office of Energy Markets and End Use, Energy End Use Division, Residential Energy Consumption Surveys, 

1978, 1980, 1982, and 1984.

RECS: Trends in Consumption and Expenditures 1978-1984 

Energy Information Administration

135
Detailed Statistics

Table 20. Counts of U.S. Households Using Electricity, 

1978 Through 1984

United States

II

Household Characteristics 1978

RSE Column Factor: 1 33

All Households .............................................................. 76.6

Weather Zone

Fewer than 2,000 ODD and-- 

More than 7,000 HDD .............................................. 6.3

5,500 to 7,000 HDD ................................................. 21.6

4,000 to 5,499 HDD ................................................. 20.3

Fewer than 4,000 HDD ............................................ 16.8

More than 2,000 CDD and 

Fewer than 4,000 HDD ............................................... 11.6

Year of Construction

Before 1950 .................................................................. 32.7

1950 to 1974 ................................................................ 38.7

After 1974 ..................................................................... 5.2

Main Space Heating Fuel

Electricity 121

Natural Gas .................................................................. 41.8

Fuel Oil/Kerosene ....................................................... 16.9

LPG ................................................................................ 3.1

Wood ............................................................................. 1.8

Measured Heated Area of Residence 

(square feet)

1 ,000 to 1,999 ..............................................................

Air Conditioning

Yes ................................................................................. 42.8

No .................................................................................. 33.8

Main Water Heating Fuel

Electricity ....................................................................... 25.0

Natural Gas .................................................................. 42.1

LPG................................................................................ 3.1

Ownership Status

Rent ............................................................................... 25.6

Annual Family Income

Under $10,000 ............................................................. 25.6

$10,000 to $19,999 ..................................................... 26.2

$20,000 to $29,999 ..................................................... 15.6

$30,000 or More .......................................................... 9.1

Number of People in Household

2 to 4 People ............................................................... 51.6

Age of Household Head

Less than 25 Years ..................................................... 6.8

25 to 59 Years ............................................................. 48.7

Millions of Households Percent of Households

1980 1982 1984 1978 1980 1982 1984

0.87 0.98 0.89 1.33 0.87 0.98 0.89

i

81.6 83.7 86.3 100.0% 100.0% 100.0% 100.0%

8.5 8.5 9.0 8.2 10.4 10.2 10.4

20.9 21.0 21.5 28.2 25.7 25.1 24.9

21.1 22.1 22.5 26.5 25.9 26.4 26.1

19.0 19.6 19.9 22.0 23.3 23.4 23.1

12.1 12.6 13.3 15.2 14.8 15.0 15.4

30.8 30.6 32.2 42.7 37.7 36.5 37.3

39.5 40.2 39.0 50.5 48.4 48.1 45.2

11.3 12.9 15.1 6.8 13.9 15.4 17.5

14.3 13.4 14.5 15.8 17.5 16.0 16.8

44.6 47.5 47.8 54.6 54.6 56.7 55.5

13.4 12.0 12.2 22.1 16.4 14.4 14.1

3.7 3.8 3.9 4.1 4.5 4.5 4.5

4.7 5.6 6.4 2.4 5.8 6.7 7.4

1.0 1.5 1.4 1.0 1.2 1.7 1.6

23.5 30.3 31.8 — 34.9 36.1 36.9

34.0 35.6 36.4 — 41.6 42.5 42.2

19.1 17.9 18.0 — 23.4 21.3 20.9

46.7 48.7 51.5 55.9 57.2 58.1 59.7

34.9 35.1 34.8 44.1 42.8 41.9 40.3

26.1 26.6 28.9 32.7 32.0 31.8 33.5

44.1 47.1 46.9 55.0 54.1 56.2 54.3

7.1 5.7 5.4 7.5 8.7 6.8 6.3

3.6 3.4 3.8 4.0 4.4 4.1 4.4

.8 1.0 1.2 .7 .9 1.2 1.4

54.3 53.9 55.3 66.6 66.6 64.4 64.1

27.3 29.8 31.0 33.4 33.4 35.6 35.9

24.2 23.1 21.9 33.5 29.6 27.6 25.3

25.7 22.2 22.1 34.3 31.5 26.5 25.6

17.3 18.2 16.9 20.4 21.2 21.7 19.5

14.4 20.2 25.5 11.9 17.7 24.2 29.5

15.7 19.2 20.3 18.8 19.3 23.0 23.6

55.0 54.1 55.5 67.4 67.4 64.6 64.4

10.9 10.4 10.4 13.8 13.3 12.4 12.1

6.6 6.0 6.1 8.9 8.1 7.1 7.1

53.2 53.4 54.6 63.6 65.1 63.7 63.3

21.8 24.4 25.6 27.6 26.7 29.1 29.6

RSE

Row 

Factor

A

19.98

7.72

9.23

8.47

8.23

3 45

3.10

D

7.73

3.42

5.69

11.98

13.15

25.03

3.19

2 45

4.02

2.71

3.70

4.90

3.31

7.99

12.39

18.32

1.9"

3.6"

3.66

2.87

3.90

4 80

3.63

1.19

4.66

7.14

1.55

3.64

See footnotes at end of table.

136 RECS: Trends in Consumption and Expenditures 1978-1984 

Energy Information Administration
Detailed Statistics

Table 20. Counts of U.S. Households Using Electricity, 

1978 Through 1984 (Continued)

Northeast

p

Household Characteristics 1978

RSE Column Factor: , ,„ 1.33

All Households .............................................................. 17.4

Census Division

Middle Atlantic ..............................................................

Weather Zone

Fewer than 2,000 CDD andMore than 7,000 HDD ....=......................................... Q

5,500 to 7,000 HDD ................................................. 6.1

4,000 to 5,499 HDD ................................................. 8.4

Year of Construction

Before 1950 .................................................................. 10.0

1950 to 1974 ................................................................ 6.3

After 1974 ..................................................................... Q

Main Space Heating Fuel

Fuel Oil/Kerosene ....................................................... 8.8

LPG ................................................................................ .1

Wood ............................................................................. Q

Measured Heated Area of Residence 

(square feet)

1,000 to 1,999 .............................................................. —

2,000 or More ...............................................................

Air Conditioning

Yes................................................................................. 7.9

No .................................................................................. 9.5

Main Water Heating Fuel

Natural Gas .................................................................. 8.1

Fuel Oil/Kerosene ....................................................... 5.2

LPG................................................................................ .6

Ownership Status

Own ............................................................................... 10.2

Rent .............................................................................. 7.1

Annual Family Income

Under $10,000 ............................................................. 5.7

$,10,000 to $19,999 ..................................................... 5.6

$20,000 to $29,999 ..................................................... 3.8

$30,000 or More .......................................................... 2.2

Number of People In Household

2 to 4 People ............................................................... 11.4

Age of Household Head

25 to 59 Years ............................................................. 1 1 .4

Millions of Households F

1980 1982 1984 1978

0.87 0.98 0.89 1.33

17.7 18.0 18.3 100.0%

4.3 4.2 4.3

13.4 13.7 14.0

Q Q 1.9 Q

7.8 8.0 8.1 35.3

8.1 8.3 8.4 48.5

9.6 9.4 10.1 57.5

6.7 7.1 6.4 36.2

1.4 1.5 1.7 Q

1.6 1.3 1.4 8.3

6.6 7.5 7.2 40.1

8.2 7.6 8.2 50.8

Q Q .2 .5

1.0 1.0 1.1 Q

.1 .3 .3 Q

5.9 6.0 6.1

6.6 7.1 6.8

5.1 4.8 5.4 —

8.7 9.4 9.3 45.4

9.0 8.6 9.0 54.6

3.9 3.7 4.0 20.4

7.2 8.7 8.5 46.5

6.1 5.0 5.1 29.8

.3 .4 .5 3.2

.2 .2 .2

11.1 11.3 12.1 59.0

6.6 6.7 6.2 41.0

4.7 4.7 4.1 33.1

6.0 4.6 4.1 32.4

4.0 4.0 4.0 21.7

2.9 4.6 6.0 12.8

3.5 4.4 4.1 19.7

11.7 11.2 11.9 65.5

2.4 2.3 2.3 14.8

9 1 n Q 7 ft

12.0 11.1 11.3 65.9

4.7 5.9 6.0 26.3

'ercent of Households

1980 1982 1984

0.87 0.98 | 0.89

I

100.0% 100.0% 100.0%

24.2 23.5 23.3

75.8 76.5 76.7

Q Q 10.1

44.4 44.7 44.1

45.8 46.3 45.8

54.5 52.1 55.4

37.7 39.5 35.2

7.8 8.4 9.4

8.9 7.3 7.5

37.5 42.0 39.2

46.4 42.1 44.7

Q Q .9

5.4 5.6 6.0

.8 1.9 1.6

33.3 33.5 33.3

37.6 39.8 37.2

29.0 26.7 29.5

49.2 52.1 50.8

50.8 47.9 49.2

21.8 20.5 21.9

40.8 48.3 46.2

34.5 28.1 27.9

1.9 2.1 2.9

.9 1.0 1.1

62.9 62.8 66.0

37.1 37.2 34.0

26.9 26.2 22.6

33.8 25.9 22.6

22.8 22.3 22.0

16.5 25.6 32.8

20.1 24.7 22.7

66.3 62.6 65.0

13.7 12.7 12.3

5.2 5.3 5.1

68.0 62.0 61.9

26.8 32.7 33.0

RSE

Row 

Factor

A

7.94

2.46

55.36

14.96

10.31

6.01

8.39

D

25.44

11.01

6.36

47.03

45.16

40.31

5.57

6.26

7.45

6.80

6.64

14.29

9.55

7.72

33.65,

40 -i q

3.34

5.62

6.32

5.98

8.35

8.15

7.16

O *3P

8.53

14.99

3.30

7.21

See footnotes at end of table.

RECS: Trends in Consumption and Expenditures 1978-1984 

Energy Information Administration

137
Detailed Statistics

Table 20. Counts of U.S. Households Using Electricity, 

1978 Through 1984 (Continued)

North Central

L •

Household Characteristics 1978 i

RSE Column Factor: 1 33

All Households .............................................................. 20.6

Census Division

East North Central .......................................................

West North Central ......................................................

Weather Zone

Fewer than 2,000 CDD andMore than 7,000 HDD .............................................. 2.8

5,500 to 7,000 HDD ................................................. 10.1

4,000 to 5,499 HDD ................................................. 7.7

Year of Construction

Before 1950 .................................................................. 10.4

1950 to 1974 ................................................................ 9.0

After 1974 ..................................................................... 1.3

Main Space Heating Fuel

Electricity....................................................................... 1.1

Natural Gas .................................................................. 15.3

LPG ................................................................................ .8

Wood ............................................................................. Q

Measured Heated Area of Residence 

(square feet)

1,000 to 1,999 ..............................................................

Air Conditioning

Yes................................................................................. 12.3

No .................................................................................. 8.3

Main Water Heating Fuel

Electricity....................................................................... 4.2

LPG................................................................................ .8

Ownership Status

Own ............................................................................... 15.4

Rent ............................................................................... 5.2

Annual Family Income

Under $10,000 ............................................................. 6.2

$10,000 to $19,999 ..................................................... 7.1

$20,000 to $29,999 ..................................................... 4.6

$30,000 or More .......................................................... 2.7

Number of People In Household

Single Person ............................................................... 3.2

2 to 4 People ............................................................... 14.1

5 or More People ......................................................... 3.3

Age of Household Head

Less than 25 Years ..................................................... 1.8

25 to 59 Years ............................................................. 12.6

Millions of

1980

0.87

21.1

14.8

6.3

5.3

11.7

4.1

9.3

9.5

2.3

2.1

15.0

1.5

1.2

1.1

.1

6.3

8.4

6.4

12.3

8.8

5.2

14.4

.2

1.2

.1

14.4

6.6

6.1

6.8

4.7

3.5

3.5

14.4

3.2

1.9

13.3

5.9

Household

1982

0.98

21.3

15.0

6.3

5.5

11.5

4.3

9.3

9.2

2.9

2.1

15.5

1.6

1.0

1.1

Q

6.8

8.1

6.3

12.3

9.0

5.5

14.7

Q

.9

.1

14.3

7.0

5.9

5.9

4.5

4.9

4.7

13.6

3.0

1.7

13.5

6.1

s

1984

0.89

21.6

15.2

6.4

5.5

11.7

4.5

9.7

8.2

3.8

1.3

16.4

1.2

1.3

1.4

Q

7.8

7.8

6.0

12.9

8.7

5.0

15.2

Q

1.2

.1

14.3

7.3

6.0

5.5

4.7

5.4

6.1

13.2

2.3

1.5

13.3

6.8

F

1978

1.33

100.0%

13.3

49.2

37.5

50.4

43.5

6.1

5.3

74.2

15.1

3.8

Q

Q

59.7

40.3

20.3

74.5

Q

4.0

.3

74.9

25.1

30.1

34.4

22.4

13.1

15.3

68.6

16.1

8.6

61.1

on q

'ercent of

1980

0.87

100.0%

70.3

29.7

25.1

55.4

19.5

44.0

45.2

10.8

10.1

71.1

7.3

5.7

5.4

.4

29.8

39.7

30.5

58.3

41.7

24.8

68.2

.9

5.9

.3

68.6

31.4

28.7

32.2

22.5

16.6

16.6

68.3

15.1

9.0

63.2

27.8

Household

1982

0.98

100.0%

70.4

29.6

25.8

53.8

20.4

43.5

43.1

13.4

9.9

72.7

7.4

4.5

5.2

Q

32.1

38.2

29.7

57.6

42.4

25.8

68.9

Q

4.1

.6

67.3

32.7

27.9

27.7

21.3

23.1

22.1

63.8

14.1

7.8

63.4

OB a

s

1984

0.89

100.0%

70.3

29.7

25.2

54.0

20.8

44.7

37.8

17.5

6.2

75.8

5.4

5.8

6.3

Q

36.1

36.0

28.0

59.8

40.2

23.1

70.4

0

5.4

.6

66.2

33.8

27.9

25.4

21.9

24.9

28.1

61.2

10.7

7.1

61.6

O-l 0

RSE

Row 

Factor

A

2.84

6.74

22.80

9.07

23.12

7.34

6.95

D

24.26

4.36

16.20

15.54

32.72

6C.96

6.55

5.51

5.90

6.13

8.77

10.96

4.40

60.25

21.14

34.51

3.45

7.BO

7.79

5.66

6.78

11.06

7.48

2.57

791

13.97

2.85

6.96

See footnotes at end of table.

138 RECS: Trends in Consumption and Expenditures 1978-1984 

Energy Information Administration
Detailed Statistics

Table 20. Counts of U.S. Households Using Electricity, 1978 through 1984 (Continued)

South

.-"-..-.-...- II

Household Characteristics 1978

RSE Column Factor: 1 3g

All Households ............................................................ 24.6

Census Division

South Atlantic ...............................................................

East South Central ......................................................

West South Central .....................................................

Weather Zone

Fewer than 2,000 ODD .and--. 

5,500 to 7,000 HOD ....;............................................ Q

4,000 to 5,499 HOD ............................................... 2.1

Fewer than 4,000 HDDV;..wv...;..'...........:................... 10.0

More than 2,000 COB and 

Fewer than 4,000 HDD ............................................... 1 1 .5

Year of Construction :

Before 1950 ....,.,..........,.....,..„:,...,........;.;.....,................ 7.1

1950 to 1974 ..................„;.,..„.;........................,.......... 15.6

After 1974 ..................................................................... 1.9

Main Space Heating Fuel

Natural Gas ...........,........,.„...;„.....,......;...;....,.............. 10.0

LPG .................................. .;„.......„..„..'..;;„.:.................. 2.0

Wood ............................................................................ 1 .2

Measured Heated Area of Residence 

(square feet)

Less than 1,000 ........................................................... —

1,000 to 1,999 .................:.....;..............;....:..................

2,000 or More............................................................... —

Air Conditioning Yes ............ ....................V....... . ..... ........ .. 183

No .....................................;„..;;.................,................... 6.3

Main Water Heating Fuel

Electricity...............^...;.......;.,;.;..;,.................................. 12.7

Fuel Oil/Kerosene ....................................................... .4

LPG ............................,.,....,^...t.................................... 1 .5

Ownership Status

Own .............................„....;..„.,..................................... 1 7.2

Rent ............................................................................... 7.4

Annual Family Income

Under $10,000 ......,........,.w;........,................................. 9.0

$10,000 to $19,999 ......,....„;;...................................... 9.2

$20,000 to $29,999 .„.........,.;..,......„.„.„.,.,................. 4.1

$30,000 or More ............„;,.:;;...................................... 2.3

Number of People in Household

Single Person .....,.,....,.,M,..;i:;,...,........,..;.................. 4.0

2 to 4 People ............;...:;..;.:„;.,..........„....................... 17.4

Age of Household Head

Less than 25 Years ..................................................... 2.3

25 to 59 Years ............................................................. 16.2

60 Years or Older ........................................................ 6.1

Kllllons of Households F

1980 1982 1984 1978

0.87 0.98 0.89 1.33

26.9 28.0 29.3 100.0%

14.0 13.9 14.8

5.1 5.7 5.8

7.7 8.5 8.8

_ Q

5.9 6.4 6.4 8.5

10.0 10.4 10.7 40.8

11.0 11.3 12.2 46.8

7.5 7.7 7.8 28.9

14.6 15.6 16.1 63.3

4.8 4.7 5.4 7.8

7.7 6.8 8.4 27.3

11.8 13.3 13.1 40.7

3.1 2.5 2.4 17.0

2.0 2.3 2.1 8.1

1.9 2.6 2.8 5.0

.3 Q Q 1.8

9.9 10.6 11.0

12.3 13.2 14.1

4.7 4.2 4.3

20.0 21.3 22.6 74.5

7.0 6.8 6.7 25.5

13.2 13.2 15.4 51.6

11.3 12.4 11.7 38.6

.8 .4 .2 1.6

1.3 1.5 1.5 6.2

.4 .5 .5 1.9

-to "7 4QK 1OCI *7n "1

8.3 9.5 10.5 29.9

8.1 7.5 7.9 37.4

5.1 5.8 4.6 16.8

4.7 6.3 8.4 9.2

5.3 6.1 6.1 16.4

18.4 18.6 19.9 70.8

3.3 3.3 3.4 12.8

OK Of} op OK

17.1 18.1 18.8 65.7

7.3 7.9 8.3 24.8

ercent of Households

1980 1982 1984

0.87 0.98 0.89

100.0% 100.0% 100.0%

52.1 49.6 50.4

19,1 20.2 19.7

28.8 30.2 29.9

22.0 22.8 22.0

37.'2 37.0 36.5

40.8 40.1 41.5

27.8 27.5 26.6

54.4 55.7 55.0

17.8 16.8 18.4

28.7 24.3 28.7

43.9 47.5 44.8

11.6 8.9 8.1

7.4 8.1 7.0

7.2 9.2 9.7

1.1 Q Q

36.9 37.6 37.4

45.8 47.2 48.1

17.3 15.1 14.5

74.1 75.9 77.2

25.9 24.1 22.8

48.9 47.1 52.5

41.9 44.2 39.8

2.8 1.5 .7

4.9 5.4 5.1

1.4 1.7 1.8

69.4 66.0 64.2

30.6 34.0 35.8

33.5 30.1 28.5

30.2 26.7 27.1

18.8 20.8 15.7

17.5 22.5 28.7

19.6 21.8 20.7

68.2 66.5 67.8

12.2 11.7 11.5

9.4 7.2 7.6

63.3 64.7 64.1

27.3 28.1 28.3

RSE

Row 

Factor

A

3.59

6.60

4.85

Q

24.06

14.24

8.76

7.31

4.06

D

11.05

8.07

15.03

18.42

17.50

56.55

6.25

4.26

8.48

2.78

8.54

6.27

7.84

37.37

23.38

28.27

Q no

6.81

4.98

7.32

8.89

7.53

1.94

8.37

11.77

2.97

6.70

See footnotes at end of table.

RECS: Trends in Consumption and Expenditures 1978-1984 

Energy Information Administration

139
Detailed Statistics

Table 20. Counts of U.S. Households Using Electricity, 

1978 Through 1984 (Continued)

West

1

Household Characteristics 1978

RSE Column Factor: .. „„

All Households .............................................................. 14.0

Census Division

Weather Zone

Fewer than 2,000 CDD andMore than 7,000 HDD .............................................. Q

5,500 to 7,000 HDD ................................................. 4.4

4,000 to 5,499 HDD ................................................. Q

Fewer than 4,000 HDD ............................................ 6.8

More than 2,000 CDD and 

Fewer than 4,000 HDD ............................................... Q

Year of Construction

Before 1950 .................................................................. 5.2

1950 to 1974 ................................................................ 7.8

After 1974 ..................................................................... .9

Main Space Heating Fuel

Electricity....................................................................... 2.8

LPG ................................................................................ Q

Wood ............................................................................. .4

Measured Heated Area of Residence 

(square feet)

Less than 1,000 ...........................................................

1,000 to 1,999 ..............................................................

Air Conditioning

Yes................................................................................. 4.2

No .................................................................................. 9.7

Main Water Heating Fuel

Fuel Oil/Kerosene ....................................................... —

LPG................................................................................ Q

Ownership Status

Rent ............................................................................... 5.9

Annual Family Income

Under $10,000 ............................................................. 4.7

$10,000 to $19,999 ..................................................... 4.3

$20,000 to $29,999 ..................................................... 3.1

$30,000 or More .......................................................... 1.9

Number of People In Household

Single Person ............................................................... 3.8

2 to 4 People ............................................................... 8.7

Millions of Household

1980 1982

0.87 0.98

15.9 16.4

4.1 4.3

11.8 12.2

1.4 1.4

1.4 1.5

3.0 3.0

9.0 9.2

1.1 1.3

4.4 4.3

8.7 8.4

2.9 3.8

2.9 3.1

11.1 11.1

.5 .4

.4 .4

.6 .9

.5 .5

6.4 6.8

6.6 7.1

2.9 2.5

5.8 5.7

10.2 10.7

3.8 4.2

11.3 11.3

.0 .1

.7 .6

.1 .2

10.1 9.8

5.9 6.6

4.4 4.0

4.8 4.2

3.4 3.8

3.3 4.4

3.4 4.0

10.5 10.6

2.0 1.8

5 F

1984 1978

0.89 1 .33

17.0 100.0%

4.5

12.5

1.7 Q

1.8 31.3

3.2 Q

9.3 48.4

1.1 Q

4.5 37.3

8.2 56.1

4.2 6.6

3.4 20.2

11.2 68.4

.5 5.6

.4 Q

1.1 2.5

.5 1.4

6.9 —

•J -J __

2.3 —

6.6 30.4

10.4 69.6

4.5 33.0

11.5 65.6

Q -

.6 Q

.4 Q

10.1 57.6

7.0 42.4

3.3 33.3

4.5 31.0

3.5 22.1

5.7 13.6

4.1 27.0

10.5 61.9

2.5 11.1

ercent of Households

1980 1982 1984

0.87 0.98 0.89

100.0% 100.0% 100.0%

25.7 26.1 26.4

74.3 73.9 73.6

9.1 8.4 9.9

8.9 9.2 10.4

18.9 18.5 18.7

56.4 55.8 54.3

6.8 8.1 6.7

27.4 26.1 26.6

54.5 50.8 48.4

18.1 23.1 24.9

17.9 19.1 19.9

69.8 67.7 65.5

3.1 2.6 2.7

2.3 2.3 2.5

4.1 5.4 6.5

2.8 2.9 3.0

40.2 41.6 40.7

41.5 43.2 45.5

18.3 15.2 13.8

36.2 35.0 38.9

63.8 65.0 61.1

24.0 25.7 26.3

70.7 69.0 67.7

.2 .4 Q

4.2 3.9 3.6

.9 1.1 2.3

63.3 59.7 59.1

36.7 40.3 40.9

27.5 24.6 19.6

30.1 25.4 26.5

21.6 23.1 20.5

20.9 26.9 33.4

21 .5 24.2 23.9

66.1 64.6 61.7

12.4 11.2 14.4

RSE

Row 

Factor

A

5.76

2.02

14.81

23.13

28.70

7.40

22.75

7.62

5.94

D

14.34

5.05

24.92

31.34

23.48

20.96

5.65

4.32

10.33

11.48

6.18

12.02

4.97

48.33

25.73

39.24

4.42

6.63

7.34

5.95

7.22

8.71

7.00

2 52

1 1 Q 1}

See footnotes at end of table.

140 RECS: Trends in Consumption and Expenditures 1978-1984 

Energy Information Administration
Detailed Statistics

Table 20. Counts of U.S. Households Using Electricity, 

1978 through 1984 (Continued)

West

Household Characteristics

HSE Column Factor:

Age of Household Head

25 to 59 Years .............................................................

Millions of Households

1978

1.33

1980

0.87

1982

0.98

1984

0.89

Percent of Households

1978

1.33

1980

0.87

1982

0.98

1984

0.89

1.3 1.3 1.3 1.4 9.5 8.2 8.1 8.2 

8.5 10.8 10.6 11.2 60.5 67.6 64.5 65.6 

4.2 3.9 4.5 4.5 30.0 24.2 27.4 26.2

RSE 

Row 

Factor

14.73 

3.38 

7.37

— Data not applicable or not available.

* The RSEs for Percent of Households values given in this row are 0.0. The RSEs for Millions of Households values will be positive but close to 0.0, 

because virtually all households use electricity.

° The RSEs calculated using the row and column factors are unreliable. Reliable RSE estimates for each cell are found in Appendix A.

Q Data withheld due to large variance (1.96 * standard error > value).

Note: To obtain a Relative Standard Error Percent (RSE) for any table cell, multiply the ceirs corresponding column and row factors. 

See Glossary for definitionofterms used in this report. 

Data may not sum to totals because of founding. 

Percentages are calculated on unrounded numbers.

Source: Energy Information Administration, Office of Energy Markets and End Use, Energy End Use Division, Residential Energy Consumption Surveys, 

1978, 1980, 1982, and 1984.

RECS: Trends in Consumption and Expenditures 1978-1984 

Energy Information Administration

141
Detailed Statistics

Table 21. Average Residential Consumption for Natural Gas, 

1978 Through 1984

United States

Household Characteristics

RSE Column Factor:

1978

1.24

Million Btu per Household 

1980 1982

0.88 0.96

1984

0.95

All Households .........................................

Weather Zone

Fewer than 2,000 CDD andMore than 7,000 HDD .........................

5,500 to 7,000 HDD ............................

4,000 to 5,499 HDD ............................

Fewer than 4,000 HDD .......................

More than 2,000 CDD and

Fewer than 4,000 HDD ..........................

Year of Construction

Before 1950 .............................................

1950to 1974 ...........................................

After 1974 ................................................

Main Space Heating Fuel

Electricity ..................................................

Natural Gas .............................................

Fuel Oil/Kerosene ..................................

Wood ........................................................

Other or None .........................................

Measured Heated Area of Residence 

(square feet)

Less than 1,000 ......................................

1,000 to 1,999 .........................................

2,000 or More..........................................

Air Conditioning

Yes ............................................................

No .............................................................

Main Water Heating Fuel

Electricity..................................................

Natural Gas .............................................

Fuel Oil/Kerosene ..................................

LPG ...........................................................

Other or None .........................................

Ownership Status

Own ..........................................................

Rent ..........................................................

Annual Family Income

Under $10,000 ........................................

$10,000 to $19,999 ................................

$20,000 to $29,999 ................................

$30,000 or More .....................................

Number of People in Household

Single Person ..........................................

2 to 4 People ..........................................

5 or More People ....................................

Age of Household Head

Less than 25 Years ................................

25 to 59 Years ........................................

60 Years or Older ...................................

113.8

146.8

144.1

108.2

86.8

77.3

113.3

113.3

124.6

57.8

127.6

26.1

73.3

45.1

117.8

108.5

106.5 

122.8

13.2 

Q

54.0

132.7

83.2

96.4

107.6

130.2

155.0

78.2

117.1

149.8

87.0

120.2

108.2

95.7

120.8

125.3

88.0

73.5

69.6

99.6

94.2

84.0

30.3

107.0

18.8

50.8

41.3

66.3

100.1

133.5

95.3

96.3

76.1

104.0

12.6

85.0

108.3

73.4

83.4

88.6

107.8

114.6

67.2

98.8

123.3

78.0

100.4

89.5

106.8

106.9

85.6

74.0

66.9

91.0

87.0

82.0

51.9 

95.4 

27.8 

55.3 

Q

62.2

89.6

128.7

88.9

87.1

80.1

92.7

20.8

O

99.4

70.3

74.9

84.4

88.0

107.1

65.7

91.9

114.0

63.4

92.5

85.2

89.9

108.5

117.0

83.6

70.0

63.3

96.6

85.7

82.0

33.0

99.9

18.5

54.6

30.5

64.7

93.5

123.7

91.1

88.2

76.8

96.4

9.6

64.8

101.7

71.3

86.2

80.8

83.1

104.8

73.9

90.7

117.7

71.3

91.5

91.2

RSE

Row

Factor

2.00

4.89

2.74

5.30

3.46

5.99

2.86

2.85

D

13.50

1.78

6.86

9.42

22.82

3.01

2.30

2.66

2.38

2.99

5.82

1.76

8.98

Q

25.10

1.86

3.45

3.71

2.87

2.91

3.24

3.77

2.20

3.65

4.58

2.13

3.04

See footnotes at end of table.

142 RECS: Trends in Consumption and Expenditures 1978-1984 

Energy Information Administration
Detailed Statistics

Table 21. Average Residential Consumption for Natural Gas, 

1978 Through 1984 (Continued)

Northeast

Household Characteristics

RSE Column Factor.

Million Btu per Household

1978

1.24

1980 1982

0.96

1984

0.95

All Households ............................................................ 97.7

Census Division

New England ................................................................ —

Middle Atlantic........................,..;.....,............................ —

Weather Zone Fewer than 2,000 COD and- More than 7,000 HD0;:....^.^;..............,.,............... Q

5,500 to 7,000 HDD .........;..;.;j................................. 137.0

4,000 to 5,499 HDD ...........;;^.:................................ 66.5

Year of Construction

Before 1950 ................................................................ 85.2

1950 to 1974 ................................................................ 122.2

After 1974 ..............................w.:L.,.,,..,,,.,.,.,.,.,.,...,..... 92.3

Main Space Heating Fuel

Electricity ...................................................................... Q

Natural Gas ...............................;....,............................. 148.2

Fuel Oil/Kerosene ....................................................... 22.7

Wood .................................,„.,..,;,,......,..........................

Other or None ............................................................

Measured Heated Area of Residence 

(square feet)

Less than 1,000 .....................„;.....,.....,.......................

1,000 to 1,999 ..............................................................

2,000 or More ...............................................................

Air Conditioning

Yes..............................:.................................................. 99.9

No .......................................,....^,.................................. 95.5

Main Water Heating Fuel

Electricity ...............................,;.i................................. 123.1

Natural Gas ................................................................. 131.9

Fuel Oil/Kerosene ....................................................... 11.8

LPG ..........................;.;;...........TM... v ........................... Q

Other or None ..............................................................

Ownership Status

Own .............................................................................. 130.2

Rent ......................„,.........-...........,...;.,........................... 62.1

Annual Family Income

Under $10,000 ............................................................ 80.5

$10,000 to $19,999 ..................................................... 83.6

$20,000 to $29,999 ............;..„;:...,...,...,...................... 117.2

$30,000 or More .......................................................... 158.5

Number of People In Household

Single Person .......,.................^..............,....,..,,......... 66.7

2 to 4 People ............................................................... 100.5

5 or More People...................................................... 127.3

Age of Household Head

Less than 25 Years ................................................... 64.9

25 to 59 Years ............................................................ 102.6

60 Years or Older........................................................ 94.0

84.8

76.3

86.5

84.5

105.0

69.3

78.3

96.5

91.8

Q

128.1

17.0

Q

Q

51.3

96.6

126.6

84.1

85.5

84.4

117.5

13.0

Q

105.6

59.5

64.7

77.9

100.5

122.4

51.7

92.6

104.9

74.2

90.8

72.9

85.0

79.2

86.3

105.7

93.6

77.9

75.3

95.8

139.9

Q

115.9 

27.3 

55.3

Q

52.1

91.3

124.8

89.1

80.2

121.7

101.7

20.9

101.6

61.9

64.8

75.4

86.5

116.8

57.9

92.2

107.6

48.4

94.6

74.8

79.2

80.3

78.9

Q

101.7 

59.5

75.4

86.7

85.3

Q

117.4 

16.9 

58.6

Q

46.2

88.0

110.1

83,0

74.6

68.6

102.7

9.3

Q

95.5

54.2

63.6

69.5

66.4

104.2

58.6

81.3

110.1

50.8

81.0

80.1

RSE 

Row 

Factor

5.78

8.67

6.32

30.39

5.76

9.01

7.62

8.36

D

Q

2.99

7.63

24.83

Q

9.89

6.68

6.47

6.20

8.03

18.33

3.55

7.93

Q

Q

5.28

9.01

10.11

8.81

7.85

7.93

11.88

6.38

6.40

14.15

5.27

9.50

See footnotes at end of table.

RECS: Trends in Consumption and Expenditures 1978-1984 

Energy Information Administration

143
Detailed Statistics

Table 21. Average Residential Consumption for Natural Gas, 

1978 Through 1984 (Continued)

North Central

Household Characteristics

RSE Column Factor:

1978

1.24

All Households .............................................................. 155.8

Census Division

East North Central.......................................................

West North Central......................................................

Weather Zone

Fewer than 2,000 CDD and-- 

More than 7,000 HDD .............................................. 159.8

5,500 to 7,000 HDD ................................................. 157.3

4,000 to 5,499 HDD ................................................. 152.5

Year of Construction

Before 1950 .................................................................. 157.4

1950 to 1974 ................................................................ 152.8

After 1974 ..................................................................... 164.2

Main Space Heating Fuel

Electricity....................................................................... 141.1

Natural Gas .................................................................. 161.5

Fuel Oil/Kerosene ....................................................... 44.4

Wood ............................................................................. Q

Other or None ..............................................................

Measured Heated Area of Residence 

(square feet)

Less than 1,000 ...........................................................

1,000 to 1,999 ..............................................................

2,000 or More ...............................................................

Air Conditioning

Yes................................................................................. 156.5

No .................................................................................. 154.5

Main Water Heating Fuel

Electricity....................................................................... 164.4

Natural Gas .................................................................. 155.5

Fuel Oil/Kerosene ....................................................... Q

Other or None .............................................................. Q

Ownership Status

Own ............................................................................... 165.9

Rent ............................................................................... 129.8

Annual Family Income

Under $10,000 ............................................................. 139.4

$10,000 to $19,999 ..................................................... 149.4

$20,000 to $29,999 ..................................................... 166.0

$30,000 or More .......................................................... 192.7

Number of People in Household

Single Person ............................................................... 112.6

2 to 4 People .............................................................. 156.2

5 or More People ......................................................... 200.0

Age of Household Head

Less than 25 Years ..................................................... 131.5

25 to 59 Years ............................................................. 165.2

60 Years or Older........................................................ 144.2

Million Btu per Household 

1980 1982

0.88

129.8

134.8

117.8

122.2

135.8

117.7

138.6

125.1

98.7

23.1 

133.3

48.2 

Q 

Q

93.4

135.0

161.0

127.0

134.4

100.5

132.2

142.4

105.1

120.3

118.4

137.9

156.3

99.3

129.8

168.0

96.9

138.0

121.5

0.96

110.2

111.4

107.4

103.1

114.1

106,6

119.5

102.6

98.4

38.8

112.3

41.0

60.3

81.8

109.1

144.1

109.3

111.5

92.1

111.9

120.9

91.5

98.6

105.9

111.6

127.8

86.5

113.5

138.0

86.7

113.5

109.7

1984

0.95

118.0

121.0

110.9

104.6

124.7

112.1

133.4

106.5

98.0

47.9

120.1

36.4

46.2

88.5

127.3

144.0

117.3

119.4

102.7

119.6

129.2

99.2

117.9

104.9

113.5

135.0

99.5

120.5

155.9

84.4

122.4

118.2

RSE 

Row 

Factor

2.54

3.32

3.97

6.52

3.60

4.33

2.38

3.64

D

26.55

2.35

22.64

21.19

Q

4.17

3.45

2.95

3.25

3.57

8.35

2.51

Q

Q

2.05

4.98

4.97

3.68

3.98

3.48

5.35

2.83

3.52

6.46

2.40

4.14

See footnotes at end of table.

144 RECS: Trends in Consumption and Expenditures 1978-1984 

Energy Information Administration
Detailed Statistics

Table 21. Average Residential Consumption for Natural Gas, 

through 1984 (Continued)

South

Household Characteristics

RSE Column Factor:

Million Btu per Household

1978

1.24

1980 1982

All Households ............................................................. 87.3

Census Division

South Atlantic ...,....:.............,..„............,.,.................,...

East South Central ......................................................

West South Central .................................................... —

Weather Zone

Fewer than 2,000 ODD anfe : 

5,500 to 7,000 HDD ............................................... Q

4,000 to 5,499 HDD ...........,.;......,............................ 124.0

Fewer than 4,000 HDD ............................................ 91.6

More than 2,000 CDD and

Fewer than 4,000 HDD .....;,..;,;....,.....,..................-... 77.3

Year of Construction

Before 1950...........:.......,........................,..................,.. 91.9

1950 to 1974 .........................:;..:.................................. 84.3

After 1974 ................................................................... 80.4

Main Space Heating Fuel

Electricity..........................,.......,;,.,.............,.......-.-..-.... 37.8

Natural Gas .....................,......:;;..:...,............................ 91.8

Fuel Oil/Kerosene .„,......:......;.„.....,............................ Q

Wood .........................................;................................... 70.5

Other or None ................................................................ Q

Measured Heated Area of Residence 

(square feet)

Less than 1,000 ........................................................... 1,000 to 1,999 ......,............;...„;.......;.......................-... —

2,000 or More......................,......;.................................

Air Conditioning

Yes................................................................................. 87.2

No .................................................................................. 87.6

Main Water Heating Fuel

Electricity....................................................................... 81.3

Natural Gas .................................................................. 89.0

Fuel Oil/Kerosene .......................................................

Other or None .............................................................. 53.4

Ownership Status

Own ............................................................................... 96.9

Rent ............................................................................. 69.2

Annual Family Income

Under $10,000 ............................................................. 75.1

$10,000 to $19,999 ..................................................... 84.6

$20,000 to $29,999 ..................................................... 104.1

$30,000 or More .......................................................... 140.1

Number of People in Household

Single Person .....................,.„.;.................................... 64.7

2 to 4 People ............................................................... 88.7

5 or More People......................................................... 109.4

Age of Household Head

Less than 25 Years ..................................................... 59.4

25 to 59 Years ............................................................. 92.1

60 Years or Older ........................................................ 85,6

0,88

83.8

85.4

84.6

82.1

100.6

90.0

71.3

88.2

83.0

71.0

32.1

90.2

27.8

44.7

61.1

88.1

119.0

83.2

85.7

62.4

88.3

Q

100.9

92.5

64.4

70.8

78.8

96.2

102.4

61.0

86.0

108.0

66.1

88.3

78.9

0.96

1984

0.95

77.7

77.2

74.6

79.2

87.4

83.3

68.5

78.5

78.8

69.2

48.5

80.8

26.6

53.7

56.5

80.4

116.7

78.7

73.5

65.5

80.3

Q

85.0

64.8

63.9

80.0

79.1

92.1

58.3

80.5

98.3

52.5

80.7

77.5

80.3

84.8

79.6

76.7

104.1

83.9

64.3

85.2

78.5

75.9

30.8 

84.0 

33.2 

64.2 

Q

62.4

81.7

109.6

79.7

82.8

62.8

84.3

Q

Q

86.3

69.9

71.7

76.2

72.4

95.2

67.3

80.3

102.8

67.0

81.1

82.0

...4...._..

RSE 

Row 

Factor

4.50

8.61

9.75

6.26

Q

7.86 

6.84

6.00

5.99

5.33

D

22.84

4.47

19.40

25.11

Q

4.90

4.76

7.16

4.61

8.23

7.22

4.73

Q

27.83

5.02

5.97

5.69

5.61

5.72

7.41

6.12

4.91

7.08

9.58

4.67

6.50

See footnotes at end of table.

REGS: Trends in Consumption and Expenditures 1978-1984 

Energy Informaliort Administration

145
Detailed Statistics

Table 21. Average Residential Consumption for Natural Gas, 

1978 Through 1984 (Continued)

West

Household Characteristics

RSE Column Factor:

1978

1.24

Million Btu per Household 

1980 1982

0.88 0.96

1984

0.95

All Households .............................................................. 93.9

Census Division

Mountain ....................................................................... —

Pacific............................................................................ —

Weather Zone

Fewer than 2,000 CDD andMore than 7,000 HDD .............................................. Q

5,500 to 7,000 HDD ................................................. 118.6

4,000 to 5,499 HDD ................................................. Q

Fewer than 4,000 HDD ............................................ 84.4

More than 2,000 CDD and

Fewer than 4,000 HDD ............................................... —

Year of Construction

Before 1950 .................................................................. 99.1

1950 to 1974 ................................................................ 89.0

After 1974 ..................................................................... 125.8

Main Space Heating Fuel

Electricity....................................................................... 60.1

Natural Gas .................................................................. 95.8

Fuel Oil/Kerosene ....................................................... —

Wood ............................................................................. Q

Other or None .............................................................. 53.3

Measured Heated Area of Residence 

(square feet)

Less than 1,000 ........................................................... —

1,000 to 1,999 .............................................................. —

2,000 or More ............................................................... —

Air Conditioning

Yes................................................................................. 101.9

No .................................................................................. 89.6

Main Water Heating Fuel

Electricity....................................................................... 91.9

Natural Gas .................................................................. 94.1

Fuel Oil/Kerosene ....................................................... —

Other or None .............................................................. —

Ownership Status

Own ............................................................................... 111.2

Rent ............................................................................... 74.9

Annual Family Income

Under $10,000 ................................................... ........ 84.7

$10,000 to $19,999 ..................................................... 90.1

$20,000 to $29,999 ..................................................... 102.2

$30,000 or More .......................................................... 109.1

Number of People in Household

Single Person ............................................................... 66.8

2 to 4 People ............................................................... 99.5

5 or More People ......................................................... 136.6

74.6

98.0

66.8

121.6

116.8

84.8

64.2

45.3

74.4

72.9

81.8

31.7

77.1

Q

57.1 

53.5

57.3

76.6

101.2

68.7

78.2

63.9

75.2

83.2

59.1

68.0

70.5

81.3

81.7

54.2

77.0

94.3

74.4

91.9

68.7

118.8

106.0

68.0

68.2

46.4

75.4

75.4

69.4

64.8 

75.5

Q 

53.6

Q

55.5

78.4

111.5

72.8

75.3

70.1

74.7

85.0

60.0

64.4

69.0

73.0

89.8

55.4

77.2

104.1

73.2

95.2

65.0

115.5

115.5

77.5

61.2

50.7

74.3

74.7

66.8

30.6 

77.5 

26.5 

50.5 

Q

53.1

77.2

114.0

70.9

74.6

75.4

73.5

Q

46.1

86.9

54.7

69.5

65.1

64.4

85.9

48.8

75.1

100.0

RSE 

Row 

Factor

3.63

3.01

4.16

3.99

8.55

7.97

4.12

12.70

5.81

4.44

D

17.16

3.53

48.63

20.48

27.11

4.81

3.07

5.03

6.43

4.49

9.60

3.97

Q

24.43

3.63

5.38

6.40

5.45

4.53

5.87

4.87

3.51

8.62

See footnotes at end of table.

146 RECS: Trends in Consumption and Expenditures 1978-1984 

Energy Information Administration
Detailed Statistics

Table 21. Average Residential Consumption for Natural Gas, 

1978 Through 1984 (Continued)

West

Household Characteristics

HSE Column Factor:

Age of Household Head

25 to 59 Years .............................................................

60 Years or Older ........................................................

Mlffion Btu per Household

1978

1.24

1980

0.88

1982

0.96

1984

0.95

68.4 65.6 56.3 70.4 

102.3 76.0 77.7 74.3 

85.9 73.2 72.3 70.7

RSE 

Row 

Factor

8.64 

3.99 

4.58

— Data not applicable or not available.

D The RSEs calculated using the row and column factors are unreliable. Reliable RSE estimates for each cell are found in Appendix A.

Q Data withheld due to large variance (1.96 * standard error > value).

Note: To obtain a Relative Standard Error Percent (RSE) for any table cell, multiply the celfs corresponding column and row factors. 

See Glossary for definition of terms used in this report. 

Data may not sum to totals because of rounding.

Source: Energy Information Administration, Office of Energy Markets and End Use, Energy End Use Division, Residential Energy Consumption Surveys, 

1978, 1980, 1982, and 1984.

RECS: Trends in Consumption and Expenditures 1978-1984 

Energy Information Administration

147
Detailed Statistics

Table 22. Average Residential Prices and Expenditures for Natural Gas, 

1978 Through 1984

United States

Household Characteristics

RSE Column Factor:

Fuel Price (Dollars per Million Btu)

1978

0.89

1980

0.75

1982

0.72

1984

0.66

Expenditures (Dollars per Household)

1978

All Households ................................................... $2.74 $3.90 $5.67 $5.97

Weather Zone

Fewer than 2,000 CDD and-- 

More than 7,000 HDD ................................... 2.91 3.73 5.31 5.55

5,500 to 7,000 HDD ....................................... 2.74 3.79 5.56 5.87

4,000 to 5,499 HDD ....................................... 2.85 4.53 6.53 6.57

Fewer than 4,000 HDD.................................. 2.49 3.50 4.95 5.68

More than 2,000 CDD and

Fewer than 4,000 HDD .................................... 2.69 3.89 5.76 5.91

Year of Construction

Before 1950 ....................................................... 2.80 4.02 5.85 6.16

1950 to 1974 ..................................................... 2.68 3.82 5.56 5.90

After 1974 .......................................................... 2.76 3.75 5.39 5.45

Main Space Heating Fuel

Electricity ............................................................ 2.89 4.30 5.64 6.40

Natural Gas........................................................ 2.69 3.82 5.57 5.89

Fuel Oil/Kerosene............................................. 4.79 8.11 9.22 10.07

Wood .................................................................. 2.50 4.23 6.10 6.23

Other or None ................................................... 2.82 4.16 Q 6.78

Measured Heated Area of Residence 

(square feet)

Less than 1,000 ................................................ — 4.10 5.81 5.97

1,000 to 1,999 ................................................... — 3.86 5.60 5.92

2,000 or More .................................................... — 3.81 5.65 6.06

Air Conditioning

Yes ...................................................................... 2.74 3.90 5.74 5.97

No........................................................................ 2.74 3.91 5.57 5.98

Main Water Heating Fuel

Electricity ............................................................ 2.91 4.24 6.08 6.19

Natural Gas........................................................ 2.70 3.82 5.57 5.92

Fuel Oil/Kerosene............................................. 6.43 10.43 10.46 12.66

LPG ..................................................................... — —

Other or None ................................................... 2.90 3.94 Q 5.44

Ownership Status

Own ..................................................................... 2.69 3.82 5.60 5.96

Rent .................................................................... 2.88 4.13 5.82 6.00

Annual Family Income

Under $10,000 ................................................... 2.74 3.97 5.70 5.85

$10,000 to $19,999 ........................................... 2.77 3.95 5.67 5.89

$20,000 to $29,999........................................... 2.72 3.85 5.65 6.03

$30,000 or More................................................ 2.73 3.82 5.65 6.07

Number of People in Household

Single Person .................................................... 2.80 4.04 5.78 5.86

2 to 4 People..................................................... 2.75 3.89 5.67 6.00

5 or More People .............................................. 2.69 3.85 5.55 6.01

Age of Household Head

Less than 25 Years .......................................... 2.86 3.80 5.47 5.81

25 to 59 Years .................................................. 2.75 3.91 5.65 5.99

60 Years or Older ............................................. 2.71 3.91 5.74 5.97

1.59

$312

428

395

309

217

208

317

304

344

167

343

125

184

127

1980

1.15

1982

1.32

1984

1.31

323

298

310

331

85

Q

157

357

240

265

298

354

423

219

322

403

249

330

293

S374

451

474

399

258

271

400

360

315

130

409

153

215

172

272

387

508

371

377

323

397

131

335

413

303

331

350

416

438

272

384

475

296

393

350

$500

567

594

556

366

385

532

484

442

293 

531 

256 

338 

Q

361

502

727

510

485

487

517

218

Q

557

409

427

479

497

605

380

521

633

347

523

489

$537

602

687

549

398

374

595

506

447

211

588

187

340

207

386

554

749

544

527

476

571

122

353

607

428

505

476

501

637

434

545

707

414

548

544

RSE 

Row 

Factor

1.48

3.30

2.15

3.73

3.44

4.87

1.99

1.95

D

7.69

1.45

3.69

6.59

13.40

2.07

1.81

1.94

1.83

1.86

3.80

1.41

5.03

Q

14.65

1.64

1.89

2.22

2.03

2.04

2.52

2.35

1.56

2.43

3.02

1.51

2.22

See footnotes at end of table.

148 RECS: Trends in Consumption and Expenditures 1978-1984 

Energy Information Administration
Detailed Statistics

Table 22. Average Residential Prices and Expenditures for Natural Gas, 

1978 Through 1984 (Continued)

Northeast

FuelP

Household Characteristics 1978

RSE Column Factor: 0 „„

All Households ...,....,...,.,.,....:............................. $3.42

Census Division

Middle Atlantic ...................................................

Weather Zone

Fewer than 2,000 COD and-- 

More than 7,000 HDD ................................... Q

5,500 to 7,000 HDD ....................................... 3.24

4,000 to 5,499 HDD ....................................... 3.70

Year of Construction

Before 1950 ....................................................... 3.47

1950 to 1974 .....................I....;.......................... 3.33

After 1974 .......................................................... 3.60

Main Space Heating Fuel

Natural Gas ........................................................ 3.22

rice (Dollars per Million Btu)

1980 1982 1984

I 

0.75 0.72 0.66

$5.14 $7.28 $7.43

5.96 8.46 7.81 

4.99 7.04 7.35

5.60 7.69 6.70 

4.58 6.76 6.72 

5.78 7.74 8.44

5.16 7.45 7.66 

5.10 7.01 7.06 

5.14 7.63 6.74

Q Q Q 

4.83 7.00 7.15

Expenditures (Dollars per Household)

1978

1.59

$334

Q 

444 

246

296 

407 

332

Q 

478

1980

1.15

$436

455 

432

473 

481 

400

404 

492 

472

Q 

618

1982

1.32

$619

670 

608

813 

633 

603

561 

672 

1,067

Q 

811

1984

1.31

$588

626 

580

Q 

684 

502

578 

612 

575

Q 

839

RSE 

Row 

Factor

3.57

3.93 

4.09

12.21 

4.40 

4.50

4.23 

5.37 

D

Q 

3.59

Fuel Oil/Kerosene. 

Wood ......................

Other or None .......

5.28

Measured Heated Area of Residence 

(square feet)

Less than 1,000 ......................................

1,000 to 1,999 .........................................

2,000 or More ..........................................

Air Conditioning

Yes......................

No........................

Main Water Heating Fuel

Electricity ...........................

Natural Gas .......................

Fuel Oil/Kerosene ............

LPG ....................................

Other or None ..................

Ownership Status

Own.......................

Rent ......................

Annual Family Income

Under $10,000 ..............

$10,000 to $19,999......

$20,000 to $29,999......

$30,000 or More...........

3.45

3.39

3.31

3.30

6.87

3.39

3.49

3.35

3.46

3.47

3.40

8.86 

Q 

Q

5.81

4.95

4.87

5.33

4.93

4.66

4.89

10.39

Q

4.91

5.62

5.31

5.24

4.95

5.01

9.58

7.30 

Q

7.99

7.13

7.00

7.42

7.08

7.37

7.07

10.57

Q

7.10

7.67

7.26

7.40

7.16

7.29

10.63

7.34

Q

7.71

7.34

7.36

7.45

7.39

7.03

7.28

12.89

Q

7.33

7.68

7.35

7.19

7.74

7.45

120

344

324

408

435

81

Q

441

217

269

289

406

539

151 

Q 

Q

298

478

616

449

422

393

575

135

Q

519

334

344

408

497

614

262

404

Q

416

651

873

662

567

897

719

221

135

721

475

471

558

619

851

179

430

Q

357

646

810

619

551

483

748

119

875

700

416

468

500

514

776

4.04

13.68

Q

5.67

4.63

4.68

3.99

4.82

11.74

3.27

4.50

Q

Q

3.74

5.15

5.88

5.11

5.08

4.88

Number of People in Household

Age of Household Head

25 to 59 Years ............................................

3.38

3.44

3.39

3.46

3.42

3.40

c 4-1

5.06

c pq

4 95

5.16

5.11

7 *?Q

7 3**i

7.27

7 CQ

7.22

"7 Q(S

7 *3fl

7.47

7 *5Q

7.43

7.44

7.41

99*\

345

431

224

OKI

Qon

97Q

469

549

469 070

428

668

7QO

683

551

428

607

OHO

077

Cf\O

RQ1

6.52

4.06

O QC

Q ftfl

o c-t

5.10

See footnotes at end of table.

RECS: Trends in Consumption and Expenditures 1978-1984 

Energy Information Administration 149
Detailed Statistics

Table 22. Average Residential Prices and Expenditures for Natural Gas, 

1978 Through 1984 (Continued)

North Central

Household Characteristics

RSE Column Factor:

Fuel Price (Dollars per Million Btu)

1978

0.89

1980

_JL 0.75

1982

0.72

1984

0.66

Expenditures (Dollars per Household)

1978

1.59

1980

1.15

1982

1.32

1984

1.31

All Households ................................................... $2.57 $3.55 $5.21 $5.59 $400

Census Division

East North Central ............................................ — 3.67 5.27 5.75

West North Central ........................................... — 3.23 5.04 5.17

Weather Zone

Fewer than 2,000 CDD and-- 

More than 7,000 HDD ................................... 2.75 3.87 5.59 6.08 440

5,500 to 7,000 HDD....................................... 2.65 3.54 5.10 5.58 416

4,000 to 5,499 HDD....................................... 2.39 3.24 5.13 5.16 365

Year of Construction

Before 1950 ....................................................... 2.62 3.53 5.18 5.58 412

1950 to 1974 ..................................................... 2.50 3.56 5.25 5.64 381

Alter 1974 .......................................................... 2.63 3.74 5.14 5.50 432

Main Space Heating Fuel

Electricity ............................................................ 2.24 5.10 5.74 5.84 317

Natural Gas........................................................ 2.56 3.54 5.20 5.58 413

Fuel Oil/Kerosene............................................. 3.38 4.29 5.90 6.74 150

Wood .................................................................. Q Q 5.57 6.54 Q

Other or None ................................................... -- Q — —

Measured Heated Area of Residence 

(square feet)

Less than 1,000 ................................................ — 3.63 5.26 5.64

1,000to 1,999 ................................................... — 3.56 5.22 5.61

2,000 or More.................................................... — 3.50 5.16 5.53

Air Conditioning

Yes ...................................................................... 2.52 3.48 5.15 5.46 394

No........................................................................ 2.65 3.67 5.28 5.80 410

Main Water Heating Fuel

Electricity ............................................................ 2.60 3.88 5.33 5.82 427

Natural Gas ........................................................ 2.56 3.53 5.20 5.57 399

Fuel Oil/Kerosene............................................. Q — — — Q

Other or None ................................................... Q — — Q Q

Ownership Status

Own..................................................................... 2.52 3.50 5.15 5.55 419

Rent .................................................................... 2.71 3.70 5.33 5.68 351

Annual Family Income

Under $10,000................................................... 2.57 3.60 5.19 5.57 359

$10,000 to $19,999........................................... 2.61 3.55 5.34 5.58 389

$20,000 to $29,999........................................... 2.50 3.52 5.24 5.65 415

$30,000 or More................................................ 2.58 3.53 5.08 5.57 497

Number of People in Household

Single Person .................................................... 2.67 3.58 5.30 5.57 301

2 to 4 People..................................................... 2.58 3.57 5.19 5.59 402

5 or More People .............................................. 2.47 3.49 5.17 5.64 493

Age of Household Head

Less than 25 Years .......................................... 2.70 3.69 5.32 5.77 355

25 to 59 Years .................................................. 2.56 3.56 5.21 5.64 423

60 Years or Older ............................................. 2.55 3.51 5.17 5.46 367

$461

495

381

473

481

381

489

446

369

118

472

207

Q

Q

339

480

564

441

494

389

467

498

388

434

420

486

552

356

463

586

357

491

426

$574

588

542

576

582

547

619

539

505

223

584

242

335

430

569

744

563

589

491

581

623

488

512

565

585

649

458

589

713

461

591

567

$660

696

574

635

696

578

745

600

538

280

671

246

302

499

714

796

641

693

598

666

717

563

657

585

641

752

554

673

879

487

690

645

RSE 

Row

Factor

2.1S

1.98

5.98

3.08 

2.47 

'3.10

2.62

2.21

D

16.61 

2.10

12.36

9.25

Q

3.36 

3.95 

2.3B

.2.66 

2.3V.

5.23

2.13 

Q 

Q

2.20

2.90

3.4S 

2.80 

2.83 

2.64

3.64

2.25

2.80

3.98

1.96

3.34

See footnotes at end of table.

150 RECS: Trends in Consumption and Expenditures 1978-1984 

Energy Information Administration
Detailed Statistics

Table 22. Average Residential Prices and Expenditures for Natural Gas, 

1978 Through 1984 (Continued)

South

Household Characteristics

RSE Column Factor:

Fuel Price (Dollars per Million Btu)

1978

0.89

1980

0.75

1982

0.72

1984

0.66

Expenditures (Dollars per Household)

1978

1.59

1980

1.15

1982

1.32

1984

1.31

All Households . $2.85

Census Division

South Atlantic .............

East South Central.....

West South Central....

Weather Zone

Fewer than 2,000 CDD and5,500 to 7,000 HDD ..............

4,000 to 5,499 HDD ..............

Fewer than 4,000 HDD.........

More than 2,000 CDD and 

Fewer than 4,000 HDD ...........

Year of Construction

Before 1950 ...............

1950 to 1974 .............

After 1974 ..................

Main Space Heating Fuel.

Electricity ............................

Natural Gas ........................

Fuel Oil/Kerosene.............

Wood ..................................

Other or None ...................

Q

3.77

3.01

2.69

2.79

2.91

2.70

3.69 

2.82

Q 

2.85

Q

Measured Heated Area of Residence 

(square feet)

Less than 1,000 ......................................

1,000 to 1,999 .........................................

2,000 or More..........................................

Air Conditioning

Yes ......................

No........................

Main Water Heating Fuel

Electricity ...........................

Natural Gas.......................

Fuel Oil/Kerosene............

Other or None ..................

Ownership Status

Own .......................

Rent .......................

Annual Family Income

Under $10,000..............

$10,000 to $19,999......

$20,000 to $29,999......

$30,000 or More...........

Number of People In Household

Single Person .................................

2 to 4 People ..................................

5 or More People ...........................

Age of Household Head

Less than 25 Years .........

25 to 59 Years ................

60 Years or Older ...........

2.90

2.70

3.11

2.81

3.00

2.81

2.94

2.69

2.90

2.98

3.02

2.84

2.83

2.93

3.02

2.87

2.76

$3.84

4.48

3.57

3.41

4.20

3.58

3.88

4.00

3.73

3.98

4.39

3.80

5.80

4.41

3.96

3.86

3.67

3.86

3.76

4.26

3.78

Q

3.97

3.80

3.96

3.98

3.85

3.84

3.66

4.08

3.80

3.79

3.56

3.83

3.94

$5.62

6.48

5.32

5.06

6.28

5.07

5.75

5.78

5.54

5.62

6.13

5.58

7.66

6.12

5.84

5.47

5.67

5.63

5.59

6.19

5.54

Q

5.56

5.77

5.92

5.45

5.52

5.57

5.93

5.61

5.35

5.34

5.61

5.71

$5.81

6.68

5.13

5.22

6.23

5.43

5.86

5.86

5.83

5.38

7.10 

5.75 

8.24 

6.25 

Q

5.83

5.70

5.97

5.86

5.62

6.34

5.72

Q

Q

5.81

5.79

5.71

5.76

5.84

5.89

5.74

5.83

5.75

5.52

5.85

5.77

$249

Q

467 

275

208

257

246

217

139 

259

Q 

201

Q

253

237

253

250

160

273

203

202

245

310

423

183

251

321

180

264

236

$322

383

302

280

422

322

277

353

310

283

141

342

161

197

242

340

437

321

322

266

334

Q

401

352

255

282

303

370

374

249

327

409

235

338

311

$436

501

397

401

549

423

394

454

437

388

298

451

204

329

330

440

661

443

411

405

445

175

472

373

378

436

436

513

345

452

526

280

453

443

$466

567

409

400

648

455

377

499

458

408

219 

483 

274 

401 

Q

364

466

654

467

465

398

482

Q

Q

502

405

409

439

423

561

387

469

591

370

474

473

RSE 

Row 

Factor

3.59

4.24

6.25

5.88

Q

4.21 

6.16

5.04

3.83

4.28

D

11.47 

3.60 

9.12

12.50 

Q

3.60

3.85

5.26

3.45

6.31

4.87

3.91

52.85

16.93

4.01

3.82

3.99

4.26

4.56

5.89

5.09

3.56

4.82

6.79

3.64

4.86

See footnotes at end of table.

151
Detailed Statistics

Table 22. Average Residential Prices and Expenditures for Natural Gas, 

1978 Through 1984 (Continued)

West

Fuel Price (Dollars per Million Btu) Expenditures (Dollars per Household)

, | Household Characteristics 1978 ! 19

RSE Column Factor: _ „ _ u.oy u./

All Households ................................................... $2.30 $3

Census Division

Pacific ................................................................. — 3

Weather Zone

Fewer than 2,000 ODD and-- 

More than 7,000 HDD ................................... Q 3.

5,500 to 7,000 HDD....................................... 2.30 3.

4,000 to 5,499 HDD ....................................... Q 4.

Fewer than 4,000 HDD.................................. 2.22 3.

More than 2,000 CDD and

Year of Construction

Before 1950 ....................................................... 2.31 3.

195010 1974 ..................................................... 2.27 3.

After 1974 .......................................................... 2.53 3.

Main Space Heating Fuel

Natural Gas ........................................................ 2.30 3.

Wood .................................................................. Q 3.

Measured Heated Area of Residence 

(square feet)

Less than 1 ,000 ................................................ — 3.

1,000 to 1,999 ................................................... — 3.

Air Conditioning

Yes ...................................................................... 2.32 3.

No ........................................................................ 2.28 3.

Main Water Heating Fuel

Electricity ............................................................ 2.78 4.

Natural Gas ........................................................ 2.25 3.

Ownership Status

Own ..................................................................... 2.14 3.

Annual Family Income

Under $10,000 ................................................... 2.48 3.

$10,000 to $19,999 ........................................... 2.33 3.

$20,000 to $29,999........................................... 2.18 3.

$30,000 or More................................................ 2.09 3.

Number of People in Household

Single Person .................................................... 2.50 3.

2 to 4 People ..................................................... 2.29 3.

JO 1982 1984 1978 1980

5 0.72 0.66 1.59 1.15

50 $4.85 $5.55 S215 $261

31 4.79 5.08 -- 324 

59 4.88 5.80 — 240

20 4.26 4.08 Q 389 

00 4.53 5.24 273 351 

51 5.73 6.08 Q 382 

44 4.85 5.91 188 221

12 6.03 6.67 — 187

57 5.01 5.64 228 265 

50 4.85 5.63 202 255 

36 4.57 5.10 319 275

71 5.03 5.75 131 118 

49 4.83 5.54 220 269 

Q Q 5.59 -- Q 

88 5.78 5.64 Q 221 

33 Q 5.58 135 178

53 4.84 5.50 — 202 

48 4.83 5.46 — 267 

49 4.92 5.78 — 353

48 4.92 5.82 237 239 

51 4.82 5.38 204 274

93 6.20 6.34 256 315 

43 4.78 5.50 212 258

Q

Q Q 4.93 — Q

49 4.83 5.56 238 290 

52 4.89 5.51 190 208

53 4.90 5.51 210 240 

47 4.80 5.53 210 245 

47 4.82 5.53 223 282 

52 4.88 5.57 228 288

58 4.90 5.49 167 194 

50 4.85 5.47 228 269 

43 4.80 5.81 277 323

1982

1.32

$361

440 

335

507 

480 

390 

331

280

377 

366 

317

326 

365 

Q 

310

Q

269 

378 

548

359 

363

435 

357

Q

411 

293

316 

331 

352 

438

271 

374 

499

1984 RSE

Flow 

1 .31 Factor

$406 2.17

483 2.3H 

377 2.21

471 3.10 

605 6.40 

471 12.14 

361 2.19

339 5.39

419 Q 

421 2.73 

341 [)

176 3.68 

429 2.1S 

148 35.37 

285 1 1 .87 

Q 13.53

292 2.60 

421 1.9E 

659 3.62

412 3.39 

402 2.72

478 7.42 

405 2.16

Q I 0 

227 | 10.54

483 2.49 

301 2.86

383 3.40 

360 3.25 

356 3.01 

479 3.62

268 3.23 

41 1 2. 20 

581 4.79

See footnotes at end of table.

152 REGS: Trends in Consumption and Expenditures 1978-1984 

Energy Information Administration
Detailed Statistics

Table 22. Average Residential Prices and Expenditures for Natural Gas, 

1978 Through 1984 (Continued)

West

Household Characteristics

RSE Column Factor:

Fuel Price (Dollars per Million Btu)

1978

0.89

1980

0.75

1982

0.72

1984

0.66

Expenditures (Dollars per Household)

1978

1.59

1980 1982

1.15 1.32

1984

1.31

RSE 

Row 

Factor

Age of Household Head

25 to 59 Years ....................................

............. 2.70

............. 2.25

............. 2.29

3.47

3.48

3.55

4.68

4.85

4.91

5.46

5.55

5.56

185

230

197

228

265

260

264

376

355

384

412

393

4.56

2.53

2.93

— Data not applicable or not available.

0 The RSEs calculated using the row and column factors are unreliable. Reliable RSE estimates for each cell are found in Appendix A.

Q Data withheld due to large variance (1.96 * standard error > value).

Note: To obtain a Relative Standard Error Percent (RSE) for any table cell, multiply the ceirs corresponding column and row factors. 

See Glossary for definition of terms used in this report. 

Data may not sum to totals because of founding.

Source: Energy Information Administration, Office of Energy Markets and End Use, Energy End Use Division, Residential Energy Consumption Surveys, 

1978, 1980, 1982, and 1984.

RECS: Trends in Consumption and Expenditures 1978-1984 

Energy Information Administration

153
Detailed Statistics

Table 23. Counts of U.S. Households Using Natural Gas, 

1978 Through 1984

United States

1

Household Characteristics 1978

RSE Column Factor: „

All Households .............................................................. 49.0

Weather Zone

Fewer than 2,000 CDD andMore than 7,000 HDD .............................................. 3.2

5,500 to 7,000 HDD ................................................. 15.7

4,000 to 5,499 HDD ................................................. 13.6

Fewer than 4,000 HDD ............................................ 9.8

More than 2,000 CDD and 

Fewer than 4,000 HDD ............................................... 6.6

Year of Construction

Before 1950 .................................................................. 24.2

1950 to 1974 ................................................................ 22.6

After 1 974 2 2

Main Space Heating Fuel

Natural Gas .................................................................. 41.8

Wood ............................................................................. .2

Measured Heated Area of Residence 

(square feet)

1,000 to 1,999 ..............................................................

Air Conditioning

Yes................................................................................. 27.9

No .................................................................................. 21.1

Main Water Heating Fuel

Electricity....................................................................... 3.8

Natural Gas .................................................................. 41.6

LPG ................................................................................ Q

Ownership Status

Own ............................................................................... 30.3

Annual Family Income

Under $10,000 ............................................................. 17.1

$10,000 to $19,999 ..................................................... 16.1

$20,000 to $29,999 ..................................................... 10.3

$30,000 or More .......................................................... 5.5

Number of People in Household

2 to 4 People ............................................................... 32.2

Age of Household Head

Less than 25 Years ..................................................... 4.4

25 to 59 Years ............................................................. 30.8

60 Years or Older ........................................................ 13.8

Millions of Households f

1980 1982 1984 1978

1.01 1.09 0.97 1.16

51.6 54.2 55.4 100.0%

4.4 4.7 5.2 6.5

15.0 15.2 16.0 32.1

12.8 14.0 14.6 27.8

13.1 13.4 13.3 20.0

6.4 6.9 6.4 13.5

22.1 22.1 23.9 49.4

25.5 26.7 25.0 46.2

4.0 5.3 6.5 4.4

1.7 1.5 1.2 2.5

44.6 47.5 47.8 85.4

4.8 4.3 4.8 11.3

.5 .7 1.2 .3

.2 .1 .3 .5

18.4 19.9 20.3

21.5 22.4 22.4

11.8 11.9 12.8

30.0 31.6 33.2 57.0

21.6 22.6 22.2 43.0

3.9 4.4 5.4 7.8

44.1 47.1 46.9 85.0

3.5 2.7 2.8 6.8

Q

.1 Q .3 .3

33.0 33.2 34.0 61.8

18.6 21.0 21.4 38.2

15.6 15.4 13.0 35.0

16.0 13.2 14.3 32.8

10.9 12.2 11.0 20.9

9.2 13.4 17.1 11.3

10.3 13.3 13.6 20.2

34.5 34.3 35.0 65.7

6.8 6.5 6.8 14.0

4.0 4.1 4.0 9.0

33.7 34.3 35.6 62.8

14.0 15.7 15.8 28.2

'ercent of Households

1980 1982 1984

0.79 0.87 0.80

100.0% 100.0% 100.0%

8.6 8.6 9.3

29.0 28.1 28.9

24.7 25.8 26.3

25.3 24.7 23.9

12.3 12.7 11.6

42.9 40.9 43.1

49.3 49.2 45.1

7.8 9.9 11.7

3.2 2.7 2.2

86.3 87.7 86.3

9.2 8.0 8.7

.9 1.3 2.2

.3 .3 .6

35.6 36.7 36.6

41.6 41.4 40.4

22.9 21.9 23.0

58.1 58.3 59.9

41.9 41.7 40.1

7.6 8.1 9.8

85.5 86.9 84.6

6.7 4.9 5.1

.2 Q .5

64.0 61.2 61.3

36.0 38.8 38.7

30.2 28.4 23.5

31.0 24.4 25.8

21.0 22.5 19.9

17.9 24.7 30.9

20.0 24.6 24.6

66.8 63.3 63.1

132 121 123

7.7 7.6 7.2

65.2 63.3 64.3

RSE

Row 

Factor

B

16.85

7.92

9.48

7.81

10.85

4.43

4.50

D

17.41

2.05

9.35

20.72

34.23

4.18

3.43

5.06

3.41

4.60

10.39

2.06

12.54

Q

38.68

3 21

4.36

4 83

4.38

4.84

5.71

4.88

2,21

6.25

8.63

2.51

4.66

See footnotes at end of table.

154 RECS: Trends in Consumption and Expenditures 1978-1984 

Energy Information Administration
Detailed Statistics

Table 23. Counts of U.S. Households Using Natural Gas, 

1978 Through 1984 (Continued)

Northeast

-;, ; 1

Household Characteristics 1978

RSE Column Factor: 1 48

All Households .............................................................. 11.7

Census Division

Middle Atlantic .............................................................

Weather Zone

Fewer than 3,000 CDD andMore than 7,000 HDD .............................................. Q

5,500 to 7,000 HDD ................................................. 4.3

4,000 to 5,499 HDD ................................................. 6.4

Year of Construction

Before 1950 .................................................................. 7.5

1950 to 1974 ................................................................ 3.9

After 1974 .................................................................... Q

Main Space Heating Fuel

Electricity ....................................................................... Q

Natural Gas .................................................................. 7.0

Fuel Oil/Kerosene ....................................................... 4.7

Wood ............................................................................

Measured Heated Area of Residence 

(square feet)

1,000 to 1,999 ..............................................................

Air Conditioning

Yes......................................................:.......................... 5.7

No .................................................................................. 6.0

Main Water Heating Fuel

Electricity....................................................................... Q

Natural Gas .................................................................. 7.9

LPG ................................................................................ Q

Ownership Status

Own ............................................................................... 6.1

Rent ..................................;..................,......................... 5.6

Annual Family income

Under $10,000 ............................................................. 4.3

$10,000 to $19,999 ................:.................................... 3.6

$20,000 to $29,999 ..................................................... 2.6

$30,000 or More .......................................................... 1.2

Number of People In Household

2 to 4 People ............................................................... 7.5

Age of Household Head

Less than 25 Years ..................................................... .8

25 to 59 Years ............................................................. 7.8

60 Years or Older ........................................................ 3.1

Millions of Households F

1980 1982 1984 1978

1.01 1.09 0.97 1.16

I .

10.9 11.6 11.7 100.0%

1.9 2.0 2.0

9.0 9.6 9.7

.1 .2 Q Q

4.7 5.0 5.0 36.4

6.1 6.5 6.4 55.0

6.9 7.0 7.8 63.7

3.7 4.3 3.6 33.0

.3 .4 .4 Q

Q Q Q Q

6.6 7.5 7.2 59.5

4.2 3.8 4.3 40.0

Q .1 .1 —

Q Q .1 —

4.5 4.3 4.2 —

3.9 4.6 4.3 —

2.5 2.8 3.2 —

5.6 6.3 6.4 49.1

5.3 5.3 5.4 50.9

.4 .5 .5 Q

7.2 8.7 8.5 67.6

3.3 2.5 2.8 28.0

— - _ Q

Q Q Q —

6.0 6.8 7.1 52.2

4.9 4.9 4.6 47.8

3.4 3.2 2.6 36.4

3.7 3.0 2.8 31.1

2.3 2.7 2.4 22.2

1.5 2.8 3.9 10.3

2.5 3.0 2.7 20.4

7.0 7.3 7.8 64.4

1.4 1.3 1.2 15.2

.6 .7 .6 7.2

7.2 6.9 7.2 66.5

3.1 4.1 4.0 26.3

'ercent of Households

1980 1982 1984

0.79 0.87 0.80

100.0% 100.0% 100.0%

17.0 17.6 17.2

83.0 82.4 82.8

1.3 1.3 Q

42.8 43.3 42.5

55.9 55.4 54.6

63.6 59.7 66.0

33.6 36.9 30.2

2.8 3.4 3.7

Q Q Q

60.9 64.8 61.1

38.1 32.7 36.7

Q 1.1 1.2

Q Q .7

41.4 36.7 35.6

35.4 39.1 37.0

23.2 24.2 27.4

51.5 54.5 54.4

48.5 45.5 45.6

3.6 4.0 4.3

66.3 74.5 72.0

30.1 21,4 23.6

Q Q Q

54.8 58.3 60.5

45.2 41.7 39.5

31.1 27.3 22.0

34.0 25.4 24.1

20.8 23.2 20.5

14.1 24.0 33.4

23.0 25.9 22.9

63.9 62.9 66.4

13.1 11.3 10.6

5.4 5.8 5.1

66.0 59.4 61.1

28.6 34.8 33.9

RSE

Row 

Factor

B

15.45

5.70

46.93

17.10

10.37

6.96

11.94

D

Q

8.82

10.70

53.06

53.14

7.71

9.01

11.93

7.30

7.92

31.20

6.95

12.44

Q

Q

6.96

7.43

9.02

8.44

10.71

11.67

10.66

5.15

10.25

20.75

5.43

9.14

See footnotes at end of table.

RECS: Trends in Consumption and Expenditures 1978-1984 

Energy Information Administration 155
Detailed Statistics

Table 23. Counts of U.S. Households Using Natural Gas, 

1978 Through 1984 (Continued)

North Central

1

Household Characteristics 1978

RSE Column Factor: 1 4g

All Households .............................................................. 16.2

Census Division

East North Central .......................................................

West North Central ......................................................

Weather Zone

Fewer than 2,000 CDD and-- 

More than 7,000 HDD .............................................. 2.0

5,500 to 7,000 HDD ................................................. 8.0

4,000 to 5,499 HDD ................................................. 6.2

Year of Construction

Before 1950 .................................................................. 8.3

1950 to 1974 ................................................................ 7.0

After 1974 ..................................................................... .9

Main Space Heating Fuel

Natural Gas .................................................................. 15.3

Fuel Oil/Kerosene ....................................................... .7

Wood ............................................................................. Q

Measured Heated Area of Residence 

(square feet)

Less than 1,000 ...........................................................

1,000 to 1,999 ..............................................................

Air Conditioning

Yes................................................................................. 10.5

No .................................................................................. 5.7

Main Water Heating Fuel

Natural Gas .................................................................. 15.4

Ownership Status

Own ............................................................................... 11.7

Rent ............................................................................... 4.5

Annual Family Income

Under $10,000 ............................................................. 4.8

$10,000 to $19,999 ..................................................... 5.5

$20,000 to $29,999 ..................................................... 3.8

Number of People in Household

2 to 4 People ............................................................... 1 1.3

Age of Household Head

25 to 59 Years ............................................................. 9.8

Millions of Household

1980 1982

1.01 1.09

15.5 16.0

10.9 11.1

4.6 4.8

3.1 3.4

9.6 9.4

2.8 3.2

7.3 7.6

7.2 7.0

1.0 1.4

.3 Q

15.0 15.5

.1 .2

Q .2

Q

4.8 5.4

6.1 5.9

4.6 4.7

9.7 9.2

5.9 6.8

1.2 1.3

14.4 14.7

10.3 10.2

5.3 5.8

4.5 4.7

4.8 4.1

3.7 3.3

2.5 3.9

2.7 3.9

10.7 10.0

2.2 2.1

1.4 1.3

9.8 10.1

4.3 4.6

s ' Percent of

1984 1978 1980

0.97 1.16 0.79

16.9 100.0% 100.0%

1 1 .9 - 70.4

5.0 — 29.6

3.4 12.6 20.2

10.0 49.3 61.5

3.4 38.1 18.2

8.0 50.9 47.1

6.3 43.3 46.4

2.5 5.7 6.4

.1 .8 2.0

16.4 94.4 96.5

.1 4.5 .6

.3 Q Q

_ — Q

6.1 — 31.2

5.8 — 39.1

4.9 — 29.7

10.7 65.0 62.2

6.2 35.0 37.8

1.6 5.0 7.5

15.2 94.7 92.5

Q

Q Q —

10.6 72.0 66.2

6.3 28.0 33.8

4.6 29.8 29.2

4.2 34.0 30.8

3.7 23.7 23.6

4.3 12.5 16.3

5.1 15.8 17.5

9.9 69.5 68.6

1.9 14.8 13.9

1 .3 9.2 9.0

10.4 60.7 63.4

5.1 30.1 27.6

Households

1982 1984

0.87 0.80

100.0% 100.0%

69.7 70.3

30.3 29.7

21 .4 20.4

58.7 59.3

19.9 20.3

47.4 47.7

43.9 37.2

8.7 15.1

Q .5

96.9 97.3

1.1 .7

.9 1.6

33.8 36.4

36.7 34.3

29.6 29.3

57.7 63.2

42.3 36.8

8.2 9.5

91.8 90.3

Q

63.7 62.9

36.3 37.1

29.7 27.6

25.6 24.8

20.4 22.2

24.3 25.4

24.1 30.4

62.7 58.6

13.2 11.0

8.0 8.0

63.1 61.5

28 9 30 5

RSE

Row 

Factor

B

4.25

9.70

19.31

9.04

22.13

8.65

8.74

D

43.46

1.97

36.72

45.23

Q

7.40

6.20

7.73

5.56

8.66

14.76

2.26

Q

Q

5.02

8.30

8.85

7.47

7.!>3

11.24

8.89

4.14

10.95

15.37

4.00

8.55

See footnotes at end of table.

156 RECS: Trends in Consumption and Expenditures 1978-1984 

Energy Information Administration
Detailed Statistics

Table 23. Counts of U.S. Households Using Natural Gas, 

1978 through 1984 (Continued)

South —————————————— . — , ———————— ————— .......... , t

Household Characteristics 1978

RSE Column Factor: 1 4g

All Households ......:............,.......................................... 1 1 .0

Census Division

South Atlantic ...............................................................

East South Central ,...............................;....,................

West South Central .....................................................

Weather Zone

Fewer than 2,000 CDD and-- 

5,500 to 7,000 HDD ................................................. Q

4,000 to 5,499 HDD .....„.;....,.....................„............ .6

Fewer than 4,000 HDD ............................................ 3.2

More than 2,000 CDD and 

Fewer than 4,000 HDD .....;......................................... 6.6

Year of Construction

Before 1950 ........................:.„..;.............,..................... 4.6

1950 to 1974 ...;..................;;..;,.................................... 5.8

After 1974 .......;.............:.....::.„.;.,................................. .6

Main Space Heating Fuel

Natural Gas .......................,...;..;.,................................. 10.0

wood ...................................;;..............:......................... .1

Measured Heated Area of Residence (square feet) Less than 1,000 ....... _ ...,.::..;;.„„............:„................

1 ,000 to 1,999 .........................;...................................

Air Conditioning

Yes.............................................:................................... 8.1

No ............................,...........;....^.......,...,..................... 2.9

Main Water Heating Fuel

Natural Gas .........................:..„;..,.............:.;................ 9.2

Ownership Status

Annual Family Income

Under $10,000 ............................................................. 4.8

$10,000 to $19,999 ..................;.................................. 3.9

$20,000 to $29,999 .......,......,^,...............:................. 1.5

$30,000 or More ..:.........i.,..:...;J;i..li.:.........;................. .8

Number of People In Household

2 to 4 People ....................;.;...;^:................................ 7.3

Age of Household Head

25 to 59 Years ............................................................. 7.1

60 Years or Older .-.;.....,.-.,.......„..,„..;..„,...„;................ 2.9

Millions of Household

1980 1982

1.01 1.09

13.3 14.5

4.9 5.3

2.3 2.6

6.1 6.6

2.6 3.1

4.7 5.1

5.9 6.4

4.4 4.3

7.9 8.7

1.0 1.6

.8 .6

11.8 13.3

.5 .3

.2 .2

4.7 5.4

6.3 6.7

2.3 2.5

10.2 11.8

3.1 2.8

1.8 2.0

11.3 12.4

Q Q

•1

9.2 9.3

4.1 5.3

4.4 4.5

4.0 3.1

2.5 3.5

2.5 3.5

2.7 3.4

8.9 9.3

1.7 1.9

1.1 1.1

8.4 9.5

3.8 3.9

——————— ! ————————— __ 

5 Percent of Households

1984 1978 j 1980 1982 1984

0.97 1.16 0.79 0.87 0.80

14.3 100.0% 100.0% 100.0% 100.0%

5.6 — 36.7 36.5 38.8

2.4 — 17.6 18.1 16.9

6.3 — 45.7 45.4 44.3

Q

3.2 5.1 19.8 21.0 22.5

5.2 29.4 35.7 35.0 36.1

5.9 60.2 44.5 44.0 41.4

4.5 42.3 32.7 29.5 31.1

8.6 52.6 59.5 59.5 60.3

1.2 5.1 7.7 10.9 8.6

.5 6.4 6.1 4.4 3.6

13.1 91.2 89.0 91.6 91.5

.3 Q 3.6 2.4 2.2

.4 Q 1.3 1.6 2.5

Q Q Q

5.0 — 35.6 37.3 34.8

6.6 — 47.2 45.8 46.0

2.7 — 17.2 16.9 19.1

11.4 73.9 76.9 80.8 79.2

3.0 26.1 23.1 19.2 20.8

2.6 14.9 13.2 13.6 18.0

11.7 83.7 84.9 85.3 81.4

Q - Q Q Q

Q 1.4 .5 - Q

9.1 65.5 68.8 63.7 63.6

5.2 34.5 31.2 36.3 36.4

3.6 43.4 33.1 31.0 25.2

4.0 35.1 29.8 21.3 28.1

2.3 14.1 18.5 23.9 15.8

4.4 7.4 18.6 23.8 30.9

3.0 18.4 20.3 23.1 21.0

9.6 66.8 66.8 64.1 66.7

1.8 14.8 12.9 12.8 12.3

1.0 9.2 8.5 7.9 7.3

9.5 64.4 63.2 65.5 66.2

3.8 26.4 28.3 26.6 26.5

RSE

Row 

Factor

B

10.08

13.02

6.06

Q

22.52

17.32

11.23

10.00

7.38

D

26.37

3.99

24.97

41.53

Q

8.50

7.06

12.59

5.50

14.85

16.97

4.90

(3

43.06

7.07

10.34

9.90

8.33

12.42

12.65

11.06

4.46

12.06

17.45

5.28

9.40

See footnotes at end of table.

RECS: Trends in Consumption and Expenditures 1978-1984 

Energy Information Administration

157
Detailed Statistics

Table 23. Counts of U.S. Households Using Natural Gas, 

1978 Through 1984 (Continued)

West

1

Household Characteristics 1978

RSE Column Factor: 1 4g

All Households ............................................................. 10.1

Census Division

Weather Zone

Fewer than 2,000 CDD and-- 

More than 7,000 HDD .............................................. Q

5,500 to 7,000 HDD ................................................. 2.9

4,000 to 5,499 HDD ................................................. Q

Fewer than 4,000 HDD ............................................ 6.6

More than 2,000 CDD and 

Fewer than 4,000 HDD ...............................................

Year of Construction

Before 1950 .................................................................. 3.8

1950 to 1974 ................................................................ 6.0

After 1974 ..................................................................... Q

Main Space Heating Fuel

Electricity....................................................................... Q

Natural Gas .................................................................. 9.6

Wood ............................................................................. Q

Measured Heated Area of Residence 

(square feet)

1,000 to 1,999 ..............................................................

Air Conditioning

Yes................................................................................. 3.5

No .................................................................................. 6.6

Main Water Heating Fuel

Natural Gas .................................................................. 9.2

Ownership Status

Rent ............................................................................... 4.8

Annual Family Income

Under $10,000 ............................................................. 3.3

$10,000 to $19,999 ..................................................... 3.1

$20,000 to $29,999 ..................................................... 2.3

Number of People In Household

Millions of Household

1980 1982

1.01 1.09

11.9 12.0

3.0 2.9

8.9 9.0

1.2 1.1

.8 .8

1.2 1.3

8.3 8.3

.4 .5

3.5 3.3

6.7 6.7

1.7 2.0

.5 .6

11.1 11.1

Q Q

.2 .2

.1 Q

4.3 4.8

5.3 5.4

2.4 1.9

4.5 4.3

7.4 7.7

.6 .6

11.3 11.3

Q Q

7.6 6.9

4.3 5.1

3.2 2.9

3.5 3.1

2.5 2.7

2.7 3.2

2.4 3.1

8.0 7.6

1.5 1.3

3 Percent of

1984 1978 1980

0.97 1.16 0.79

12.5 100.0% 100.0%

3.4 — 24.9

9.1 — 75.1

1.4 Q 9.7

1.0 28.8 6.5

1.5 Q 10.1

8.1 65.1 70.0

.5 — 3.6

3.6 38.0 29.7

6.6 59.2 56.1

2.3 Q 14.2

.6 Q 4.2

11.2 94.9 93.4

.1 — Q

.4 Q 1.3

.2 1.7 .7

4.9 — 35.9

5.7 — 44.1

1.9 — 20.0

4.8 34.9 37.9

7.7 65.1 62.1

.7 8.9 5.3

11.5 91.1 94.6

Q — —

.2 — Q

7.2 52.4 64.1

5.3 47.6 35.9

n n no o 07 n

3.2 30.4 29.6

2.6 22.5 20.7

4.5 14.8 22.5

2.8 29.2 20.1

7.7 60.1 67.1

2.0 10.7 12.8

Households

1982 1984

0.87 0.80

100.0% 100.0%

24.5 26.9

75.5 73.1

9.1 11.1

6.7 8.1

10.9 12.1

69.1 64.7

4.2 3.9

27.7 29.2

55.8 52.5

16.5 18.3

4.6 4.9

92.9 89.4

Q .4

1.8 3.6

Q 1.6

39.8 39.6

44 7 45 4

15.5 15.0

35.7 38.4

64.3 61.6

5.2 5.9

94.6 92.4

Q

Q 1.6

57.7 57.3

42.3 42.7

? A c 1 7 q

25.5 25.9

22.9 20.9

27.1 35.8

25.7 22.4

63.8 61.9

10.6 15.8

RSE

Row 

Factor

B

9.27

4.20

15.61

13.91

45.35

6.48

11.01

8.52

7.42

D

27.32

2.88

68.56

36.55

43.65

7.73

5.89

12.63

12.58

7.82

20.82

2.39

Q

77.03

6.14

7.73

9.31

8.38

8.12

10.66

8.12

4.07

13.89

See footnotes at end of table.

158 RECS: Trends in Consumption and Expenditures 1978-1984 

Energy Information Administration
Detailed Statistics

Table 23. Counts of U.S. Households Using Natural Gas, 

1978 through 1984 (Continued)

West

Millions of Households

Household Characteristics | 1978

. . | — - RSE Column Factor: | 1 4g

i _ ......

Age of Household Head

25 to 59 Years ............................................................. 6.1

60 Years or Older ........................................................ 2.9

1980

1.01

1982

1.09

1984

0.97

Percent of Households

1978

1.16

1980

0.79

1982

0.87

1984

0.80

0.8 1.0 1.0 10.6 7.1 8.5 8.0 

8.2 7.8 8.6 60.2 69.2 64.8 68.8 

2.8 3.2 2.9 29.2 23.7 26.7 23.3

RSE 

Row 

Factor

17.90 

4.70 

9.00

— Data not applicable or not available.

8 The RSEs for Percent of Households values given in this row are 0.0. The RSE Row Factor for Millions of Households values is 2.57 for United 

States totals, 6.10 for Northeast Census Region totals, 3.64 for North Central Census Region totals, 6.22 for South Census Region totals and 4.11 for 

West Census Region totals.

0 The RSEs calculated using the row and column factors are unreliable. Reliable RSE estimates for each cell are found in Appendix A.

Q DatawHhheW due to large variance (1.96 * standard error > value).

Note: To obtain a Relative Stapdard Error Percent (RSE) for any table cell, multiply the celfs corresponding column and row factors. 

See Glossary for definition of terfns used in this report. 

Data may not sum to totals because of rounding. 

Percentages are calculated on unrounded numbers.

Source: Energy Information Administration, Office of Energy Markets and End Use, Energy End Use Division, Residential Energy Consumption Surveys, 

1978, 1980, 1982, and 1984.

RECS: Trends in Consumption and Expenditures 1978-1984 

Energy Information Administration 159
Detailed Statistics

Table 24. Average Residential Consumption for Fuel Oil/Kerosene, 

1978 Through 1984

United States

Household Characteristics

RSE Column Factor:

1978

0.98

All Households .........................................

Weather Zone

Fewer than 2,000 CDD and--

More than 7,000 HDD .........................

5,500 to 7,000 HDD ............................

4,000 to 5,499 HDD ............................

Fewer than 4,000 HDD .......................

More than 2,000 CDD and

Fewer than 4,000 HDD ..........................

Year of Construction

Before 1950 .............................................

1950to 1974 ...........................................

After 1974 ................................................

Main Space Heating Fuel

Electricity..................................................

Natural Gas .............................................

Fuel Oil/Kerosene ..................................

LPG ...........................................................

Wood ........................................................

Other or None .........................................

Measured Heated Area of Residence 

(square feet)

Less than 1,000 ......................................

1,000 to 1,999 .........................................

2,000 or More..........................................

Air Conditioning

Yes............................................................

No .............................................................

Main Water Heating Fuel

Electricity ..................................................

Natural Gas .............................................

Fuel Oil/Kerosene ..................................

LPG ...........................................................

Other or None .........................................

Ownership Status

Own ..........................................................

Rent ..........................................................

Annual Family Income

Under $10,000 ........................................

$10,000 to $19,999 ................................

$20,000 to $29,999 ................................

,$30,000 or More .....................................

Number of People In Household

Single Person ..........................................

2 to 4 People ..........................................

5 or More People ....................................

Age of Household Head

Less than 25 Years ................................

25 to 59 Years ........................................

60 Years or Older...................................

127.3

162.0

142.3

136.1

75.6

33.6

142.3

107.1

114.9

Q

Q

129.0

Q

126.4

128.2

98.3

139.7

163.6

133.6

56.2

127.9

125.9

117.9

121.1

136.6

153.0

116.9

125.4

149.8

115.8

130.8

122.5

Million Btu per Household 

1980 1982

0.82

100.8

86.3

113.3

106.8

75.8

45.7

108.1

95.7

66.4

19.2

19.1

112.4

Q

25.5 

39.3

92.5

94.8

119.7

103.0

98.8

73.4

86.1

131.2

61.2

58.6

101.0

100.5

102.4

93.0

98.9

116.9

104.0

98.3

109.4

94.2

96.6

110.1

1.08

73.4

73.9

87.2

76.6

39.3

16.0

85.8

60.9

57.9

10.1

12.4

89.7

Q

26.7 

19.6

64.9

73.3

83.6

68.2

78.9

53.9

64.1

101.6

63.8

58.6

73.0

74.5

77.8

73.2

67.3

74.7

82.2

72.1

66.8

66.8

67.5

85.0

1984

1.14

71.9

80.5

85.3

80.2

26.7

17.4

88.0

58.7

46.7

6.6

11.4

94.7

Q

39.1 

21.4

62.1

67.6

92.7

63.9

80.7

51.0

61.6

109.2

71.3

25.6

73.5

68.5

73.7

68.5

72.7

72.9

76.6

69.9

75.4

64.7

66.0

84.9

RSE

Row

Factor

2.82

7.16

4.73

4.16

11.3ii

16.09

3.3H

4.7H

D

27.14

19.8!i 2.5"

Q

12.1- 

30.57

4.04

3.65

5.21

4.01

3.57

4.84

7.38

2.75

17.0S

29.92

3.42

4.26

5.03

4.62

5.45

6.18

5.61

3.38

7.13

10.62

3.92

3.58

See footnotes at end of table.

160 RECS: Trends in Consumption and Expenditures 1978-1984 

Energy Information Administration
Detailed Statistics

Table 24. Average Residential Consumption for Fuel Oil/Kerosene, 

1978 Through 1984 (Continued)

Northeast

Household Characteristics

RSE Column Factor:

Million Btu per Household

1978

0.98

All Households ........................s.................................... 149.2

Census Division

New England ............................................................ —

Middle Atlantic ....................,..,v.»...................................

Weather Zone

Fewer than 2,000 ODD andMore than 7,000 HDD _„.......,................................ Q

5,500 to 7,000 HDD ........;:,^.,,....,............................ 154.1

4,000 to 5,499 HDD ........';..MTM.....,......................... 145.2

Year of Construction

Before 1950 ...............;.................................................. 151.7

1950 to 1974 ................................................................ 147.3

After 1974 ...........................;...v..................................... Q

Main Space Heating Fuel

Electricity...............................TM.................................... Q

Natural Gas .................................................................. Q

Fuel Oil/Kerosene ....................................................... 149.8

LPG ................................................................................

Wood ............................................................................

Other or None ..............................................................

Measured Heated Area of Residence 

(square feet)

Less than 1,000 ...........................................................

1,000 to 1,999 ................................................................

2,000 or More............................................................... —

Air Conditioning

Yes................................................................................. 156.5

No .................................................................................. 142.4

Main Water Heating Fuel

Electricity....................................................................... 121.2

Natural Gas .................................................................. 132.1

Fuel Oil/Kerosene ....................................................... 164.5

LPG ................................................................................ 137.9

Other or None ............................................................. —

Ownership Status

Own .............................................................................. 155.1

Rent ..........................................;.;.................................. 140.5

Annual Family Income

Under $10,000 ............................................................. 139.7

$10,000 to $19,999 ..................................................... 146.6

$20,000 to $29,999 .................................................... 149.9

$30,000 or More .......................................................... 182.9

Number of People in Household

Single Person ............................................................... 131.3

2 to 4 People ............................................................... 149.9

5 or More People......................................................... 167.0

Age of Household Head

Less than 25 Years ..................................................... 145.3

25 to 59 Years ............................................................. 152.2

60 Years or Older........................................................ 142.6

1980

0.82

1982

1.08

1984

1.14

118.7

118.2

118.9

99.7

121.2

121.9

122.7

116.5

76.3

Q

13.8 

129.9

31.3

53.4

109.3

112.5

138.5

120.1

117.4

91.3

91.0

134.6

56.0

39.8

122.7

112.1

123.1

108.9

117.4

133.2

117.0

117.0

130.1

117.0

114.0

127.9

89.7

96.5

87.0

75.6

95.3

89.0

95.9

80.1

89.3

12.3

14.4

100.7

Q

37.3 

17.0

79.7

92.8

97.7

85.4

94.0

68.0

75.9

103.4

82.9

Q

93.1

83.4

90.5

87.4

85.4

95.6

92.0

89.4

87.3

78.3

84.4

100.6

97.3

108.8

93.2

90.3

105.1

93.3

107.6

86.1

73.7

11.5

3.0

107.9

36.8

54.5

Q

82.8

94.3

119.5

95.8

98.7

71.1

99.8

109.6

83.6

Q

103.0

86.7

89.6

97.3

97.1

103.7

90.5

99.5

97.7

75.8

95.7

103.7

RSE 

Row 

Factor

2.67

3.08

3.21

8.98

5.02

3.52

3.85

4.89

D

36.23

27.72

2.38

21.30

16.81

35.83

3.34

3.26

5.42

3.54

3.91

7.07

7.52

2.85

23.54

34.53

3.44

3.83

5.81

4.56

5.00

6.16

6.07

2.89

7.22

8.44

3.39

4.20

See footnotes at end of table.

RECS: Trends in Consumption and Expenditures 1978-1984 

Energy Information Administration

161
Detailed Statistics

Table 24. Average Residential Consumption for Fuel Oil/Kerosene, 

1978 Through 1984 (Continued)

North Central

Household Characteristics

RSE Column Factor:

Million Btu per Household

1978

0.98

1980

0.82

All Households .............................................................. 146.1

Census Division

East North Central .......................................................

West North Central......................................................

Weather Zone

Fewer than 2,000 CDD andMore than 7,000 HDD .............................................. 182.1

5,500 to 7,000 HDD ................................................ 142.5

4,000 to 5,499 HDD ................................................. 117.4

Year of Construction

Before 1950 .................................................................. 152.5

1950 to 1974 ................................................................ 130.6

After 1974 ..................................................................... Q

Main Space Heating Fuel

Electricity....................................................................... Q

Natural Gas ..................................................................

Fuel Oil/Kerosene ....................................................... 147.6

LPG ................................................................................

Wood ............................................................................. Q

Other or None ..............................................................

Measured Heated Area of Residence 

(square feet)

Less than 1,000 ...........................................................

1,000 to 1,999 .............................................................. —

2,000 or More ...............................................................

Air Conditioning

Yes................................................................................. 146.3

No .................................................................................. 146.0

Main Water Heating Fuel

Electricity....................................................................... 136.2

Natural Gas .................................................................. 158.2

Fuel Oil/Kerosene ....................................................... Q

LPG................................................................................ Q

Other or None .............................................................. —

Ownership Status

Own ............................................................................... 152.1

Rent ............................................................................... 116.0

Annual Family Income

Under $10,000 ............................................................. 130.5

$10,000 to $19,999 ..................................................... 133.4

$20,000 to $29,999 ..................................................... 160.0

$30,000 or More .......................................................... 173.8

Number of People In Household

Single Person ............................................................... 118.6

2 to 4 People ............................................................... 149.6

5 or More People ......................................................... 159.6

Age of Household Head

Less than 25 Years ..................................................... 131.6

25 to 59 Years ............................................................. 159.2

60 Years or Older........................................................ 126.5

77.0

77.1

76.9

73.0

84.5

Q

82.9

66.8

79.8

Q

26.4 

92.1

Q 

27.1

Q

66.7

76.9

83.0

81.9

74.4

74.3

62.1

122.4

62.7

Q

73.1

93.2

81.0

67.1

69.9

103.1

85.2

77.2

69.9

Q

73.1 

86.6

1982

1.08

64.3

69.4

45.6

72.8

58.6

Q

79.9

44.6

53.4

13.8 

4.6

89.7 

Q 

Q

54.9

64.0

70.2

57.5

69.3

68.7

41.7

Q

Q

Q

63.4

68.9

78.0

65.6

49.0

67.8

80.1

64.8

40.8

51.5

58.8

73.7

1984

1.14

49.1

49.0

49.5

70.7

36.3

33.6

53.5

42.5

47.7

6.6

10.7

92.7

Q

24.4

45.6

55.4

42.7

35.5

64.8

62.5

18.6

Q

a

Q

46.7

55.9

66.8

41.2

55.6

38.5

61.7

46.1

34.6

81.2

34.4

76.3

RSE

Row

Factor

7.86

9.5V 

13.3R

12.26

13.48

19.07

10.75

10.56

D

21.50

31.54

6.22

Q 

31.26

Q

15.21

10.31

15.26

10.03

9.61

9.33

21.40,

11.81

50.71

Q

10.33

14.94

9.46

13.49

12.25

14.96

11.69

10.81

20.37

29.14

11.58

8.99

See footnotes at end of table.

162 RECS: Trends in Consumption and Expenditures 1978-1984 

Energy Information Administration
Detailed Statistics

Table 24. Average Residential Consumption for Fuel Oil/Kerosene, 

1978 Through 1984 (Continued)

South

Household Characteristics

RSE Column Factor.

Million Btu per Household

1978

0.98

1980

0.82

1982

1.08

1984

All Households..........,.............;...........................,......... 73.8

Census Division

South Atlantic...............................................................

East South Central......................................................

West South Central .....................................................

Weather Zone

Fewer than 2,000 CDD and5,500 to 7,000 HDD ......;.......................................... Q

4,000 to 5,499 HDD ................................................. 110.4

Fewer than 4,000 HDD ............................................ 75.6

More than 2,000 CDD and

Fewer than 4,000 HDD ............................................... 33.3

Year of Construction

Before 1950.................................................................. 90.0

1950 to 1974 ................................................................ 68.2

After 1974 ..................................................................... 79.4

Main Space Heating Fuel

Electricity.........,.........................;..........................,........ Q

Natural Gas .................................................................. Q

Fuel Oil/Kerosene ....................................................... 75.7

LPG................................................................................ -

Wood ............................................................................. Q

Other or None .............................................................. —

Measured Heated Area of Residence 

(square feet)

Less than 1,000 ........................................................... —

1,000 to 1,999 .............................................................. —

2,000 or More............................................................... —

Air Conditioning

Yes................................................................................. 75.9

No .................................................................................. 68.6

Main Water Heating Fuel

Electricity....................................................................... 65.3

Natural Gas .................................................................. Q

Fuel Oil/Kerosene ....................................................... 140.3

LPG................................................................................ 80.9

Other or None .............................................................. 54.0

Ownership Status

Own ............................................................................... 75.2

Rent............................................................................... 64.9

Annual Family Income

Under $10,000 ............................................................. 61.7

$10,000 to $19,999 ..................................................... 71.9

$20,000 to $29,999 ..................................................... 88.4

$30,000 or More .......................................................... 88.9

Number of People In Household

Single Person ............................................................... 76.4

2 to 4 People ............................................................... 71.8

5 or More People......................................................... 85.6

Age of Household Head

Less than 25 Years ..................................................... 53.2

25 to 59 Years ............................................................. 71.4

60 Years or Older........................................................ 85.0

74.7

76.3

41.1

Q

79.8

75.8

46.5

81.2

74.3

52.1

23.5 

Q

83.5

Q

8.6

62.7

72.3

102.6

78.4

68.2

62.9

84.7

108.9

62.7

Q

74.3

75.3

73.7

69.0

73.4

90.2

81.2

71.3

87.8

Q

70.1 

83.1

45.0

49.0

21.4

Q

57.1

39.3

14.9

63.4

38.1

15.6

6.5 

Q

61.0 

Q

13.7 

Q

35.7

45.5

57.4

42.9

48.9

36.0

41.0

92.9

Q

Q

42.6

51.7

49.1

49.4

39.0

39.6

57.0

43.4

37.4

Q

39.1 

56.5

1.14

35.0

38.7

19.9

Q

55.2

26.3

17.4

53.0

27.2

13.1

3.4 

Q

53.4 

Q 

Q 

Q

29.4

36.0

45.5

29.0

46.2

28.6 

33.3 

96.4 

Q 

15.8

36.0

33.0

53.1

30.5

17.0

27.5

55.4

30.5

27.3

37.4

26.0

53.1

RSE 

Row 

Factor

9.44

9.82

24.35

Q

Q

14.89 

11.51

17.15

10.56

13.53

D

27.45 

Q

7.53 

Q

44.80 

Q

14.46

11.80

14.37

10.32

12.42

8.40

22.51

15.56

31.40

29.49

9.76

17.24

12.46

14.54

20.48

17.38

17.85

10.75

19.78

38.90

11.27

9.89

See footnotes at end of table.

RECS: Trends in Consumption and Expenditures 1978-1984 

Energy Information Administration

163
Detailed Statistics

Table 24. Average Residential Consumption for Fuel Oil/Kerosene, 

1978 Through 1984 (Continued)

West

Household Characteristics

RSE Column Factor:

1978

0.98

Million Btu per Household 

1980 1982

All Households .........................................

Census Division

Mountain ..................................................

Pacific .......................................................

Weather Zone

Fewer than 2,000 ODD and~

More than 7,000 HDD .........................

5,500 to 7,000 HDD ............................

4,000 to 5,499 HDD ............................

Fewer than 4,000 HDD .......................

More than 2,000 CDD and

Fewer than 4,000 HDD ..........................

Year of Construction

Before 1950 .............................................

1950 to 1974 ...........................................

After 1974 ................................................

Main Space Heating Fuel

Electricity..................................................

Natural Gas .............................................

Fuel Oil/Kerosene ..................................

LPG ...........................................................

Wood ........................................................

Other or None .........................................

Measured Heated Area of Residence 

(square feet)

Less than 1,000 ......................................

1,000 to 1,999 .........................................

2,000 or More ..........................................

Air Conditioning

Yes............................................................

No .............................................................

Main Water Heating Fuel

Electricity ..................................................

Natural Gas .............................................

Fuel Oil/Kerosene ..................................

LPG ...........................................................

Other or None .........................................

Ownership Status 

Own ...........................................................

Rent ...........................................................

Annual Family Income

Under $10,000 .........................................

$10,000 to $19,999 .................................

$20,000 to $29,999 .................................

$30,000 or More ......................................

Number of People in Household

Single Person ...........................................

2 to 4 People ...........................................

5 or More People .....................................

101.3

0

88.1

0

103.6

96.4

105.6

119.4

97.2

100.6

Q 

Q

109.7

77.1

114.6

96.7

86.2

82.3

98.3

102.8

93.7

0.82

63.5

Q 

63.2

Q

65.5 

60.2

Q

Q

60.8

66.3

Q 

Q

69.2 

Q 

Q 

Q

39.8

75.3

63.7

64.0

63.3

59.8 

Q

72.1 

Q

64.1

61.3

53.2

64.2

53.2

81.5

70.3

62.4

59.7

1.08

47.6

50.5

46.5

Q 

Q

45.3 

Q

26.7

49.1

47.6

Q

Q 

Q

61.5 

Q

20.8 

26.7

44.3

40.0

65.0

46.5

47.9

50.2 

Q

49.0 

Q

46.5

51.9

62.6

50.4

41.4

42.4

52.6

49.4

35.0

1984

1.14

56.3

Q 

61.7

Q

53.6 

61.5

Q

82.6

39.5

O

Q

O

80.2

O 

O

39.9

49.4

77.6

56.9

56.2

72.0 

Q 

Q 

Q 

Q

52.5

69.8

77.7

75.5

51.2

34.2

73.5

59.7

Q

RSE 

Row 

Factor

8.90

44.79

9.99

Q

24.04 

9.88

Q

43.57

10.95

13.13

D

Q 

Q

7.21 

Q

43.97 

43.57

20.80

17.16

15.70

20.07

9.81

8.44 

Q

38.15 

Q 

Q

11.54

20.07

18.77

14.72

12.81

19.30

15.57

9.69

26.42

See footnotes at end of table.

164

REGS: Trends in Consumption and Expenditures 1978-1984 

Energy Information Administration
Detailed Statistics

Table 24. Average Residential Consumption for Fuel Oil/Kerosene, 

1978 Through 1984 (Continued)

West

Million Btu per Household

Household Characteristics

RSE Column Factor:

Age of Household Head

25 to 59 Years ..................................................

! 1978

| __________

0.98

.......... Q

.......... 95.9

.......... 110.5

1980

0.82

Q 

65.4 

63.0

1982

1.08

Q 

43.8 

54.5

1984

1.14

Q 

55.3 

62.7

RSE 

Row 

Factor

Q 

10.88 

11.01

— Data not applicable or not available.

0 The RSEs calculated using the row and column factors are unreliable. Reliable RSE estimates for each cell are found in Appendix A.

Q Data withheld due to large variance (1.96 * standard error > value).

Note: To obtain a Relative Standard Error Percent (RSE) for any table cell, multiply the ceirs corresponding column and row factors. 

See Glossary for definition of terms used in this report. 

Data may not sum to totals because of rounding.

Source: Energy Information Administration, Office of Energy Markets and End Use, Energy End Use Division, Residential Energy Consumption Surveys, 

1978, 1980, 1982, and 1984.

RECS: Trends in Consumption and Expenditures 1978-1984 

Energy Information Administration 165
Detailed Statistics

Table 25. Average Residential Prices and Expenditures for Fuel Oil/Kerosene, 

1978 Through 1984

United States

Household Characteristics

RSE Column Factor:

All Households

Weather Zone

Fewer than 2,000 CDD andMore than 7,000 HDD .........

5,500 to 7,000 HDD .............

4,000 to 5,499 HDD .............

Fewer than 4,000 HDD........

More than 2,000 CDD and 

Fewer than 4,000 HDD ..........

Year of Construction

Before 1950 ...............

1950to 1974 ..............

After 1974 ..................

Main Space Heating Fuel

Electricity ...........................

Natural Gas .......................

Fuel Oil/Kerosene............

LPG ....................................

Wood .................................

Other or None ..................

1978

0.33

$3.93

3.85

3.91

3.97

3.84

4.30

3.93

3.94

3.91

4.09

Q

3.93

Q

el Price (Dollars per Million Btu)

—

1980

0.23

1982

0.27

1984

0.61

Expenditures (Dollars per Household) 

1978

Measured Heated Area of Residence 

(square feet)

Less than 1,000 ......................................

1,000 to 1,999 .........................................

2,000 or More ..........................................

Air Conditioning

Yes ......................

No ........................

Main Water Heating Fuel

Electricity ...........................

Natural Gas .......................

Fuel Oil/Kerosene............

LPG ....................................

Other or None ..................

Ownership Status

Own.......................

Rent ......................

Annual Family Income

Under $10,000 ..............

$10,000 to $19,999......

$20,000 to $29,999 ......

$30,000 or More...........

Number of People In Household

Single Person .................................

2 to 4 People ..................................

5 or More People ...........................

Age of Household Head

Less than 25 Years ........

25 to 59 Years ................

60 Years or Older ...........

3.95

3.92

3.89

3.90

3.98

3.97

3.77

3.93

3.94

3.92

3.94

3.95

3.93

3.91

3.94

3.95

3.95

3.95

3.90

$8.04

7.99

8.02

8.04

8.16

8.39

8.04

8.03

8.05

7.97

7.93

8.05

Q

7.84 

7.91

8.06

8.06

8.01

8.05

8.03

8.04

8.07

8.03

8.05

8.11

8.04

8.04

8.05

8.02

8.07

8.05

8.07

8.03

8.05

8.00

8.04

8.04

$8.42

8.32

8.42

8.44

8.53

8.66

8.41

8.44

8.42

8.61

8.53

8.42

Q

8.55 

8.42

8.45

8.46

8.35

8.41

8.44

8.44

8.42

8.42

8.42

8.08

8.42

8.43

8.43

8.44

8.39

8.43

8.43

8.41

8.49

8.46

8.42

8.42

$7.64

7.76

7.82

7.38

8.46

8.71

7.68

7.59

7.55

9.29

7.30

7.62

8.52

7.92

8.25

7.23

7.78

7.86

7.67

7.62

7.95

7.76

7.37

7.84

8.40

7.84

7.20

7.61

7.56

7.71

7.69

7.46

7.69

7.76

7.51

7.64

7.66

2.83

S501

624

557

541

291

144

560

422

450

Q

Q

508

Q

1980

2.49

1982

3.26

1984

3.43

499

503

382

546

651

530

212

503

496

462

478

539

601

457

494

591

458

517

478

$811

689

908

860

619

384

869

769

534

153

152

905

Q

200 

311

745

764

959

829

794

590

695

1,054

492

476

812

808

824

745

797

941

839

789

881

754

777

886

$619

615

734

647

335

139

721

514

488

87

106

754

Q

228 

165

548

620

698

574

666

455

539

856

537

473

615

627

656

618

565

629

693

606

567

565

569

716

$550

624

667

592

226

151

676

446

353

62

83

722

Q

310 

176

449

525

729

491

615

405

478

806

559

216

577

493

561

518

560

561

571

537

585

486

504

650

RSE 

Row 

Factor

0.97

3.06

1.58

1.21

2.91

4.91

1.16

1.37

0

7.44

4.5S

.92

12.25

3.47

5.26

1.2S 

1.08 

1.6C

1.23

1.21

1.15C 

2.3C 

1.01

5.72

8.13

1.12

1.15

1.61 

1.39 

1.71 

1.R2

1.82

1.07

2.22

2.73

1.22

1.33

See footnotes at end of table.

166 RECS: Trends in Consumption and Expenditures 1978-1984 

Energy Information Administration
Detailed Statistics

Table 25. Average Residential Prices and Expenditures for Fuel Oil/Kerosene,

1984 (Continued)

Northeast

Household Characteristics

RSE Column Factor:

Fuel Price (Dollars per Million Btu} Expenditures (Dollars per Household)

1978 1980

0.33 0.23

1982

0.27

1984 1978

0.61 2.83

1980

2.49

1982

3.26

1984

3.43

RSE 

Row 

Factor

All Households ......,.....,., ..........,,..;........... ...... $3.98 $8.04 $8.43 $7.54 $594 $955 $756

Census Division

New England ..................................................... — 8.07 8.47 7.87 — 954 818

Middle Atlantic................................................... — 8.03 8.41 7.41 — 955 731

Weather Zone

Fewer than 2,000 COD andMore than 7,000 HDD ..!................„.............. Q 8.07 8.50 7.98 Q 804 643

5,500 to 7,000 HDD.;......,.,.......;;................... 3.97 8.03 8,42 7.80 611 973 802

4,000 to 5,499 HDD....................................... 3.99 8.05 8.42 7.25 580 981 749

Year of Construction

Before 1950 ......................„...,:.,.,„..............,..... 3.98 8.05 8.41 7.57 604 988 806

1950 to 1974 .....,.,.....,.L...,........^................... 3.99 8.03 8.47 7.47 588 935 679

After 1974 ...................„....,....,..,.„;.„....;............ Q 8.08 8.38 7.67 Q 616 749

Main Space Heating Fuel

Electricity............................................................ Q Q 8.46 9.36 Q Q 104

Natural Gas........................................................ Q 7.85 8.57 8.87 Q 108 123

Fuel Oil/Kerosene.............;.,.,........................... 3.98 8.05 8.42 7.52 597 1,045 848

LPG .............................,.....;...,...,....„...,.........,..... — — Q 8.18 — — Q

Wood ............................................;.,.,....„..,........ — 8.01 8.47 7.78 — 251 316

Other or None ................................................... — 7.94 8.41 Q — 424 143

Measured Heated Area of Residence 

(square feet)

Less than 1,000 ...................i............................ — 8.05 8.43 7.05 — 879 671

1,000 to 1,999 ................................................... — 8.05 8.44 7.70 — 906 784

2,000 or More.................................................... — 8.03 8.40 7.82 — 1,113 821

Air Conditioning

Yes ...................................................................... 3.99 8.04 8.41 7.59 624 966 719

No...............................;..-.;........,....-...•.,....,,..,.......... 3.98 8.05 8.44 7.50 566 945 793

Main Water Heating Fuel

Electricity ............................................................ 3.96 8.08 8.48 7.89 480 738 576

Natural Gas........................................................ 3.94 8.08 8.43 7.80 520 735 640

Fuel Oil/Kerosene .......I..................................... 3.99 8.03 8.41 7.37 657 1,081 870

LPG ..................................................................... 4.04 8.02 8.54 7.48 557 449 708

Other or None ............,.........,.......;...,............,... — 8.22 8.34 Q — 327 Q

Ownership Status

Own ..................................................................... 3.99 8.05 8.43 7.77 619 987 785

Rent .................................................................... 3.97 8.03 8.41 7.03 557 900 702

Annual Family Income

Under $10,000................................................... 3.96 8.04 8.40 7.47 553 989 760

$10,000 to $19,999........................................... 3.97 8.03 8.45 7.40 582 874 739

$20,000 to $29,999........................................... 4.02 8.07 8.41 7.64 603 948 718

$30,000 or More...........;....,..,.......,.................... 4.00 8.06 8.44 7.63 731 1,073 807

Number of People In Household

Single Person ................................................... 3.95 8.05 8.40 7.31 519 942 773

2 to 4 People....................,.....,......:.,.........,....... 3.99 8.03 8.42 7.58 598 939 753

5 or More People .....'..„....,..'„....„,..,..,....,......... 3.99 8.10 8.49 7.72 667 1,054 741

Age of Household Head

Less than 25 Years ..........;.,...,........,.............,.. 3.97 8.01 8.44 7.27 577 937 661

25 to 59 Years .................................................. 4.00 8.05 8.44 7.54 608 917 712

60 Years or Older ............................................. 3.95 8.05 8.40 7.58 563 1,029 845

——————————— 

$734 I 0.98

856

690

720

820

677

814

643

565

107

26

811

301

424

Q

583

726

935

727

740

561 

779 

808 

626 

Q

800

610

669

720

742

791

662

754

754

551

721

786

1.18

1.19

2.82

1.81

1.20

1.30

1.35

D

9.11

5.80

.94

9.93

4.85

7.49

1.05

1.06

1.75

1.13

1.35

2.01

2.46

1.05

7.13

8.78

1.22 

.95

1.73

1.45

1.77

1.99

1.92

.96

2.51

2.40

1.15

1.42

See footnotes at end of table.

RECS: Trends in Consumption and Expenditures 1978-1984 

Energy Information Administration 167
Detailed Statistics

Table 25. Average Residential Prices and Expenditures for Fuel Oil/Kerosene, 

1978 Through 1984 (Continued)

North Central

Household Characteristics

RSE Column Factor:

Fuel Price (Dollars per Million Btu) 

1978

All Households ....

0.33

S3.82

1980

0.23

1982

0.27

1984

0.61

Expenditures (Dollars per Household)

1978

Census Division

East North Central ., 

West North Central

Weather Zone

Fewer than 2,000 CDD and-- 

More than 7,000 HDD ..........

5,500 to 7,000 HDD ..............

4,000 to 5,499 HDD ..............

Year of Construction

Before 1950 ...............

1950 to 1974 .............

After 1974 ..................

Main Space Heating Fuel

Electricity ............................

Natural Gas........................

Fuel Oil/Kerosene.............

LPG .....................................

Wood ..................................

Other or None ...................

3.75

3.86

3.84

3.84

3.79

Q

3.82

Measured Heated Area of Residence 

(square feet)

Less than 1,000 ......................................

1,000 to 1,999 .........................................

2,000 or More ..........................................

Air Conditioning

Yes ......................

No........................

Main Water Heating Fuel

Electricity ...........................

Natural Gas.......................

Fuel Oil/Kerosene............

LPG ....................................

Other or None ..................

Ownership Status

Own ........................

Rent .......................

Annual Family Income

Under $10,000 ..............

$10,000 to $19,999 ......

$20,000 to $29,999 ......

$30,000 or More...........

Number of People in Household

Single Person .................................

2 to 4 People ..................................

5 or More People ...........................

Age of Household Head

Less than 25 Years ........

25 to 59 Years ................

60 Years or Older ...........

3.82

3.83

3.82

3.83 

Q 

Q

3.83

3.76

3.81

3.86

3.80

3.82

3.79 

3.84 

3.8C

3.88

3.83

3.79

$7.92

7.99

7.72

7.87

7.99

Q

7.95

7.87

7.95

Q

8.07 

7.95

Q 

7.57

Q

8.07

7.93

7.84

7.88

7.95

7.88 

8.20 

8.01 

7.79 

Q

7.91

7.95

7.90

7.92

7.97

7.91

8.09

7.91

7.82

Q

7.92 

7.94

$8.28

8.31

8.08

8.15

8.47

Q

8.25

8.23

8.51

8.72

8.63

8.25

Q

Q

8.31

8.42

8.07

8.26

8.29

8.29 

8.16

Q 

8.04

Q

8.26

8.34

8.34

8.32

8.30

8.09

8.41

8.21

8.51

8.38

8.20

8.37

$7.67

7.69

7.62

7.44

7.98

7.83

7.86

7.80

7.10

9.25 

7.76 

7.60 

Q 

8.23

7.34

7.69

7.98

7.37

7.86

7.80

7.79

Q

Q

Q

7.87

7.19

7.56

7.56

7.91

7.76

7.33

7.81

8.06

7.80

7.90

7.42

2.83

$559

1980

2.49

1982

3.26

1984

3.43

683

550

451

585

495

Q

Q 

564

Q

559

559

520

606

Q 

Q

583

437

497

515

609

665

450

574

607

511

611

480

S610

616

594

575

676

Q

659

526

634

Q

213 

732

Q 

205

Q

538

610

651

645

591

586 

509 

980 

488 

Q

579

741

640

531

558

816

689

610

546

Q

579 

688

$532

577

368

594

496

Q

659

367

454

120 

40

740 

Q 

Q

457

539

567

475

575

569

341

Q

Q

Q

524

575

650

546

406

548

674

531

347

432

482

617

$376

376

377

526

290

263

420

331

339

61 

83

704 

Q

201

335

427

341

261

509

487

145

Q

Q

Q

368

401

505

312

440

299

452

360

279

634

272

566

RSE 

Row 

Factor

2.80

3.29

4.85

4.87

3.75

7.46

3.39

3.40

D

7.38 

6.49 

2.62

O 

8.43

Q

5.86

3.34

4.87

3.68

2.97

2.85

7.09

3.84

19.96

G

3.03

4.79

4.29

4.44

3.92

4.52

4.78

3.43

6.03

5.82

3.63

4.01

See footnotes at end of table.

168 RECS: Trends in Consumption and Expenditures 1978-1984 

Energy Information Administration
Detailed Statistics

Table 25. Average Residential Prices and Expenditures for Fuel Oil/Kerosene, 

1978 Through 1984 (Continued)

South

Household Characteristics

RSE Column Factor:

Fuel Price (Dollars per Million Btu)

1978

0.33

1980

0.23

1982

0.27

1984

0.61

Expenditures (Dollars per Household)

1978

2.83

1980 | 1982 ! 1984

2.49 I 3.26 3.43

RSE 

Row 

Factor

All Households $3.94

Census Division

South Atlantic ..........

East South Central.. 

West South Central.

Weather Zone

Fewer than 2,000 COD and-- 

5,500 to 7,000 HDD ..............

4,000 to 5,499 HDD .,........,..,

Fewer than 4,000 HDD.........

More than 2,000 COD and 

Fewer than 4,000 HDD ...........

Year of Construction

Before 1950 ................

1950 to 1974 ..............

After 1974 ...................

Main Space Heating Fuel

Electricity ............................

Natural Gas........................

Fuel Oil/Kerosene.............

LPG .....................................

Wood ..................................

Other or None ...................

Q

3.95 

3.84

4.31

3.90

3.96

3.87

Q

Q

3.94

Q

Measured Heated Area of Residence 

(square feet)

Less than 1,000 ......................................

1,000 to 1,999 .........................................

2,000 or More ..........................................

Air Conditioning

Yes ......................

No ........................

Main Water Heating Fuel

Electricity ...........................

Natural Gas.......................

Fuel Oil/Kerosene............

LPG ....................................

Other or None ..................

Ownership Status

Own ........................

Rent .......................

3.94

3.93

3.95 

Q

3.87 

3.97 

3.79

3.94

3.92

$8.12

8.12

8.09

Q

8.05

8.17

8.40

8.10

8.14

8.07

Q 

Q 

Q 

Q 

7.69

8.12

8.16

8.05

8.14

8.07

8.16 

8.02 

8.06 

8.20 

Q

8.13

8.10

$8.51

8.52

8.42

Q

8.50

8.52

8.71

8.56

8.46

8.51

8.64 

8.44 

8.51

Q 

8.66

Q

8.58

8.56

8.38

8.47

8.59

8.53 

8.56 

8.53 

8.61 

Q

8.50

8.53

$8.14

8.12

8.32

8.66

7.87

8.45

8.71

8.21

8.02

8.27

9.34 

6.81 

8.24

Q 

8.07

Q

8.07

8.14

8.23

8.21

8.05

8.27

7.47

8.19

8.23

9.02

8.19

8.02

$291

Q

436 

291

144

351

270

307

Q

Q

298

299

270

258 

Q

542 

321 

205

296

255

$606

620

332

Q

643

619

390

658

605

421

186 

Q

678

Q

66

509

590

826

639

551

514 

680 

878 

514 

Q

604

610

$383

417

180

Q

485

335

130

543

322

133

56 

Q

519 

Q

118 

Q

306

389

481

364

420

307

351

792

Q

Q

362

441

$285

315

166

Q

434

222

151

435

218

108

31

104

440

Q

Q

Q

237

293

375

238

372

237 

249 

790 

Q 

143

294

265

2.56

2.66

8.26

12.73

Q

3.57 

2.94

5.21

2.73

3.74

D

5.20 

9.17 

2.16

Q 

12.05

Q

4.64

2.86

3.60

2.97

3.07

2.59

5.19

4.58

8.43

3.40

2.64

4.65

Annual Family Income

Under $10,000 ............................................

$10,000 to $19,999....................................

$20,000 to $29,999 .....................................

Number of People In Household

Age of Household Head

25 to 59 Years ...........................................

60 Years or Older ......................................

3.91

3.96

3 97

3.90

3 89

3.95

3.95

3.98

3.94

3.93

8.16

8.05

8.14

8.12

8.15

8

-j O

8.06

Q

8.13

ft 1 1

8.62

8 49

Q oe

8.50

Q cn

8.50

0 A 0

8.56

8.47

8.56

7.94

8.46

Q OO

8 1 7

8.04

Q -t Q

8.07

8.07

8.13

8.16

241

285

ncji

047

007

OQQ

338

211

281

334

602

556

598

7Oq

GR1

C~JO

7f\Q

Q

569

674

423

419

one

007

490

OCQ

O-1 C

439

331

A OQ

422

OCD

142

225

446

250

220

qrjo

212

433

f\ QQ

r> 70

C CO

4.63

4.05

c 07

1 1 96

3.24

Q Cf)

See footnotes at end of table.

RECS: Trends in Consumption and Expenditures 1978-1984 

Energy Information Administration

169
Detailed Statistics

Table 25. Average Residential Prices and Expenditures for Fuel Oil/Kerosene, 

1978 Through 1984 (Continued)

West

Fuel Price (Dollars per Million Btu) Expenditures (Dollars per Household)

|

Household Characteristics 1978 1980 1982 1984 1978 1980 1982 1984

RSE Column Factor: Q33 Q23 Q 2? Q61 2 83 24g 3 26 g_ 43

All Households ................................................... $3.77 $7.86 $8.58 $7.85 $382 $499 $408 $443

Census Division

Mountain............................................................. — Q 8.26 7.77 — Q 417 369

Pacific ................................................................. — 7.91 8.71 7.89 — 499 405 487

Weather Zone

Fewer than 2,000 CDD and-- 

More than 7,000 HDD ................................... Q Q 8.59 Q Q Q Q Q

5,500 to 7,000 HDD ....................................... 3.74 7.66 Q 7.74 330 502 Q 415

4,000 to 5,499 HDD ....................................... Q 7.87 8.67 7.76 Q 474 393 477

Fewer than 4,000 HDD.................................. — Q Q Q Q Q Q

More than 2,000 CDD and 

Fewer than 4.000 HDD .................................... Q Q Q — Q Q 225

RSE

Row 

Factor

3.;>2

1 1 .65

3.30

16.87

8.43

3.39

Q

14.49

Year of Construction

Before 1950 ...............

1950 to 1974 ..............

After 1974 ...................

Main Space Heating Fuel

Electricity ............................

Natural Gas .......................

Fuel Oil/Kerosene............

LPG .....................................

Wood .................................

Other or None ..................

3.77

3.78

3.77

Measured Heated Area of Residence 

(square feet)

Less than 1,000 ......................................

1,000 to 1,999 .........................................

2,000 or More ..........................................

Air Conditioning

Yes ......................

No........................

Main Water Heating Fuel

Electricity ...........................

Natural Gas .......................

Fuel Oil/Kerosene............

LPG ....................................

Other or None ..................

Ownership Status

Own .......................

Rent ......................

Annual Family Income

Under $10,000 ..............

$10,000 to $19,999......

$20,000 to $29,999 ......

$30,000 or More...........

Number of People In Household

Single Person .................................

2 to 4 People ..................................

5 or More People ...........................

3.79

3.77

3.77

Q 

Q

3.76

3.82

3.80

3.81

3.66

3.64

3.77

3.79

3.56

7.84

7.88

Q

Q 

7.87

Q 

7.46

Q

7.87

7.99

7.68

7.57

7.92

7.81 

Q

8.03 

Q

7.85

7.87

7.83

7.77

7.90

7.91

8.00

7.85

7.63

8.64

8.48

8.67

Q

Q 

8.56

Q 

8.93

Q

8.66

8.54

8.53

8.28

8.65

0.58 

Q

8.61 

Q

8.62

8.44

8.52

8.47

8.52

8.77

8.51

8.59

8.63

7.86

7.78

Q

Q

Q

7.83

7.86 

Q

8.23

7.80

7.78

8.02

7.80

7.79 

Q 

Q

7.96 

Q

7.84

7.90

7.89

7.92

7.79

7.77

7.91

7.82

Q

390

365

Q

398 

Q

452

366

379

Q 

Q

413

294

436

368

315

300

371

389

334

477

522

Q 

Q

545 

Q 

Q 

Q

313

601

490

484

502

467 

Q

579 

Q

503

482

417

499

420

645

562

490

456

424

404

Q

Q 

Q

526 

Q

186 

225

384

342

554

385

414

430 

Q

422 

Q

401

438

534

427

353

372

448

424

303

650

307

Q

Q

Q

628

Q 

Q

328

386

603

457

438

561 

Q 

Q 

Q 

Q

412

552

613

598

399

266

581

467

205

3.150

Q 

Q

2.99 

Q

17.139 

14.49

5.25

5.70

5.24

7.78

3.37

3.25 

Q

11.25 

26.134

0

4.14

4.152

5.137

4.95

4.134

6.131

4.!58 

3.156

See footnotes at end of table.

170 RECS: Trends in Consumption and Expenditures 1978-1984 

Energy Information Administration
Detailed Statistics

Table 25. Average Residential Prices and Expenditures for Fuel Oil/Kerosene, 

1978 through 1984 (Continued)

West

Household Characteristics

RSE Column Factor:

Age of Household Head

25 to 59 Years ..................................................

Fuel Price (Dollars per Million Btu)

1978

0.33

1980

0.23

1982

0.27

1984

0.61

Expenditures (Dollars per Household)

1978

2.83

1980

2.49

O Q Q Q Q Q 

3.80 7.80 8.59 7.90 364 510 

3.74 7.99 8.57 7.74 414 504

1982

3.26

1984

3.43

Q Q 

377 436 

467 485

RSE 

Row 

Factor

Q 

3.92 

4.56

— Data not applicable or not available.

0 The HSEs calpulatejdl usjng >he row and column factors are unreliable. Reliable RSE estimates for each cell are found in Appendix A.

Q Data withheld due tB:large-variande (1.96 * standard error > value).

Note: To obtain a flelatiyie Standard!Error Percent (RSE) for any table cell, multiply the ceirs corresponding column and row factors. 

See Glossary for defimttbn'pf termsused in this report. 

Data may not sum to totalsjbecause of rounding.

Source: Energy Inforrnatfoh Admnistration, Office of Energy Markets and End Use, Energy End Use Division, Residential Energy Consumption Surveys, 

1978, 1980, 1982, and 1984.

RECS: Trends in Consumption and Expenditures 1978-1984 

Energy Information Administration 171
Detailed Statistics

Table 26. Counts of U.S. Households Using Fuel Oil/Kerosene, 

1978 Through 1984

United States

r

Household Characteristics 1978

RSE Column Factor: , . , 1 .44

All Households .............................................................. 17.2

Weather Zone

Fewer than 2,000 CDD and-- 

More than 7,000 HDD .............................................. 2.0

5,500 to 7,000 HDD ................................................. 4.7

4,000 to 5,499 HDD ................................................. 7.6

Fewer than 4,000 HDD ............................................ 1.9

More than 2,000 CDD and 

Fewer than 4,000 HDD ............................................... 1.1

Year of Construction

Before 1950 .................................................................. 9.8

1950 to 1974 ................................................................ 7.0

After 1974 ..................................................................... .4

Main Space Heating Fuel

LPG ................................................................................

Wood ............................................................................. .1

Measured Heated Area of Residence 

(square feet)

Less than 1,000 ...........................................................

1,000 to 1,999 ..............................................................

Air Conditioning

Yes................................................................................. 8.8

No .................................................................................. 8.4

Main Water Heating Fuel

Natural Gas .................................................................. 2.3

Fuel Oil/Kerosene ....................................................... 5.8

LPG................................................................................ .9

Ownership Status

Own ............................................................................... 12.3

Rent ............................................................................... 4.9

Annual Family Income

Under $10,000 ............................................................. 5.6

$10,000 to $19,999 ..................................................... 5.9

$20,000 to $29,999 ..................................................... 3.4

Number of People In Household

2 to 4 People ............................................................... 11.9

Age of Household Head

25 to 59 Years ............................................................. 11.0

Millions of Household

1980 1982

1.15 1.05

15.4 15.5

2.5 2.4

4.0 4.1

7.1 7.1

1.3 1.6

.4 .5

8.6 8.0

5.9 6.3

.9 1.2

.3 .9

.5 1.0

13.4 12.0

Q Q

1.1 1.2

.1 .3

5.3 4.9

5.9 6.3

4.2 4.3

7.5 8.0

7.9 7.5

5.9 6.5

1.7 2.5

7.1 5.7

.6 .7

.1 .2

10.2 10.9

5.2 4.6

5.0 3.9

5.0 4.6

3.1 3.3

2.3 3.7

3.0 3.2

10.4 10.1

2.0 2.1

.8 .8

9.7 9.4

5.0 5.3

B Percent of Households

1984 1978 1980 1982 1984

0.98 0.99 0.88 0.86 0.78

17.5 100.0% 100.0% 100.0% 100.0%

2.1 11.4 16.2 15.3 12.1

4.9 27.0 26.0 26.2 28.3

7.4 44.0 46.4 45.5 42.3

2.0 11.0 8.7 10.1 11.6

1.0 6.6 2.7 2.9 5.7

8.7 56.8 55.7 51.5 49.9

6.7 40.7 38.3 40.5 38.2

2.1 2.5 6.0 8.0 11.9

1.2 .8 1.9 5.5 6.8

2.0 Q 3.1 6.2 11.3

12.2 98.3 86.8 77.7 69.8

.3 — Q Q 2.0

1.6 .6 7.4 7.7 9.1

.2 — .5 1.8 .9

6.0 — 34.3 31.7 34.3

7.1 — 38.3 40.8 40.9

4.3 — 27.4 27.5 24.8

9.2 51.2 48.6 51.4 52.6

8.3 48.8 51.4 48.6 47.4

7.5 47.4 38.4 41.9 43.2

34 132 112 162 197

5.4 33.5 45.9 36.5 31.1

.8 5.4 3.6 4.3 4.8

.2 .5 .8 1.1 1.2

11.8 71.4 66.1 70.4 67.7

5.6 28.6 33.9 29.6 32.3

4 ^ 1? ft T9 A 9^ fi 9t\ 7

46 34 2 32 5 30 0 26 3

3.5 19.9 19.9 21.4 20.1

4.9 13.1 15.1 23.6 27.8

3.7 17.2 19.7 20.7 21.3

11.8 68.9 67.5 65.4 67.6

H ft 1 O G 1 9 ft 1QD 111

.8 7.5 5.1 5.1 4.7

11.1 63.7 62.7 60.9 63.8

5.5 28.8 32.2 33.9 31.5

RSE

Row 

Factor

B

29.76

12.95

10.80

23.86

30.74

15.48

IJ.02

D

26. 13

24.86

2.98

513.72

22.2S

34.31

I5.8S

15.91

7.71

6.29

6.90

7.78

1 2.48

7 ^3

23.05

33.74

4.63

8 29

-7 qa

7.15

"' fiO

10.05

C) -7Q

't 73

9.34

19.06

4.25

See footnotes at end of table.

172 RECS: Trends in Consumption and Expenditures 1978-1984 

Energy Information Administration
Detailed Statistics

Table 26. Counts of U.S. Households Using Fuel Oil/Kerosene, 

1978 through 1984 (Continued)

Northeast

Millions of Households

Household Characteristics

flSE Column Factor:

1978

1.44

1980

1.15

1982

1.05

1984

0.98

Percent of Households

1978

0.99

1980

0.88

1982

0.86

1984

0.78

All Households.............................................................. 8.9 9.2 8.8 9.5

Census Division

New England................................................................ — 2.7 2.5 2.5

Middle Atlantic.............................................................. — 6.5 6.3 7.0

Weather Zone

Fewer than 2,000 CDD andMore than 7,000 HDD.............................................. Q Q Q 1.1

5,500 to 7,000 HDD ................................................. 2.3 3.2 3.2 3.5

4,000 to 5,499 HDD ................................................. 5.5 4.8 4.6 5.0

Year of Construction

Before 1950.................................................................. 6.1 5.7 5.0 5.4

1950 to 1974 ................................................................ 2.5 3.2 3.2 3.3

After 1974 ..................................................................... Q .4 .5 .8

Main Space Heating Fuel

Electricity....................................................................... Q Q Q .4

Natural Gas .................................................................. Q .3 .4 .2

Fuel Oil/Kerosene ....................................................... 8.8 8.2 7.6 8.2

LPG................................................................................ — Q Q

Wood ............................................................................. — .6 .5 .6

Other or None.............................................................. — .0 .2 .1

Measured Heated Area of Residence 

(square feet)

Less than 1,000........................................................... — 3.4 3.0 3.4

1,000 to 1,999.............................................................. — 3.2 3.3 3.4

2,000 or More............................................................... — 2.6 2.5 2.7

Air Conditioning

Yes................................................................................. 4.3 4.4 4.4 4.6

No .................................................................................. 4.6 4.8 4.4 4.9

Main Water Heating Fuel

Electricity....................................................................... 1.7 1.6 1.8 2.3

Natural Gas .................................................................. 1.5 1.1 1.7 1.7

Fuel Oil/Kerosene ....................................................... 5.2 6.1 5.0 5.1

LPG................................................................................ .5 .2 .2 .4

Other or None.............................................................. — .1 .1 Q

Ownership Status

Own ............................................................................... 5.3 5.8 5.7 6.2

Rent ............................................................................... 3.6 3.4 3.1 3.3

Annual Family Income

Under $10,000 ............................................................. 3.1 2.8 2.3 2.2

$10,000 to $19,999 ..................................................... 2.9 3.1 2.6 2.3

$20,000 to $29,999 ..................................................... 1.8 1.9 1.9 2.2

$30,000 or More .......................................................... 1.1 1.4 2.1 2.8

Number of People in Household

Sindle Person ............................................................... 1.7 1.9 2.0 2.1

2 to 4 People ............................................................... 5.7 6.1 5.5 6.1

5 or More People......................................................... 1.5 1.2 1.2 1.3

Age of Household Head

Less than 25 Years..................................................... .7 .4 .5 .5

25 to 59 Years ............................................................. 5.9 5.8 5.3 6.0

60 Years or Older........................................................ 2.3 3.0 3.1 3.1

100.0% 100.0% 100.0% 100.0%

Q

26.0 

62.1

68.4

28.6

Q

Q

Q

99.5

48.3

51.7

19.6

16.8

58.3

5.2

59.7

40.3

35.0

33.1

20.1

11.9

19.4

63.9

16.7

7.7

66.6

25.7

29.3

70.7

13.2

34.9

51.9

61.5

34.5

4.0

Q

3.2

89.2

6.1 

.5

37.0

34.5

28.4

47.7

52.3

17.9

12.4

66.4

2.4

.9

62.6

37.4

30.8

33.4

20.6

15.2

20.9

65.9

13.1

4.2

63.0

32.8

28.3

71.7

11.9

36.0

52.1

57.2

36.6

6.2

Q

4.8

85.7

Q 

5.8 

1.8

34.3

37.4

28.3

49.8

50.2

20.1

19.2

57.2

2.5

Q

65.1

34.9

25.6

29.4

21.4

23.6

23.2

62.6

14.2

5.2

60.0

34.8

26.3

73.7

11.1

36.4

52.4

56.8

34.8

8.4

3.7 

2.1 

86.0 

Q 

6.8 

1.1

35.9

35.8

28.3

48.3

51.7

23.7

17.9

53.7

3.9

Q

65.0

35.0

23.4

24.6

22.7

29.2

21.8

64.5

13.7

4.8

63.0

32.2

RSE

Row

Factor

9.38

5.00

52.01

16.71

11.40

8.14

12.26

D

63.48

40.59

3.06

Q

32.53 

33.37

8.22

7.98

9.84

8.29

9.04

12.68

15.43

6.02

33.03

50.91

6.91

9.50

9.32

9.78

10.89

14.50

12.02

4.88

12.51

21.42

5.74

9.26

See footnotes at end of table.

RECS: Trends in Consumption and Expenditures 1978-1984 

Energy Information Administration

173
Detailed Statistics

Table 26. Counts of U.S. Households Using Fuel Oil/Kerosene, 

1978 Through 1984 (Continued)

North Central

Household Characteristics

RSE Column Factor:

Millions of Households

1978

1.44

1980 1982

All Households .............................................................. 3.2

Census Division

East North Central .......................................................

West North Central......................................................

Weather Zone

Fewer than 2,000 CDD and-- 

More than 7,000 HDD .............................................. Q

5,500 to 7,000 HDD ................................................. 1.9

4,000 to 5,499 HDD ................................................. .6

Year of Construction

Before 1950 .................................................................. 2.1

1950 to 1974 ................................................................ 1.0

After 1974 ..................................................................... Q

Main Space Heating Fuel

Electricity....................................................................... Q

Natural Gas ..................................................................

Fuel Oil/Kerosene ....................................................... 3.1

LPG ................................................................................

Wood ............................................................................. Q

Other or None ..............................................................

Measured Heated Area of Residence 

(square feet)

Less than 1,000 ...........................................................

1,000 to 1,999 ..............................................................

2,000 or More ...............................................................

Air Conditioning

Yes................................................................................. 1.3

No .................................................................................. 1.8

Main Water Heating Fuel

Electricity....................................................................... 2.0

Natural Gas .................................................................. .7

Fuel Oil/Kerosene ....................................................... Q

LPG ................................................................................ Q

Other or None ..............................................................

Ownership Status

Own ............................................................................... 2.6

Rent ............................................................................... .5

Annual Family Income

Under $10,000 ............................................................. .8

$10,000 to $19,999 ..................................................... 1.0

$20,000 to $29,999 ..................................................... .8

$30,000 or More .......................................................... .5

Number of People In Household

Single Person ............................................................... .5

2 to 4 People ............................................................... 2.2

5 or More People ......................................................... .4

Age of Household Head

Less than 25 Years ..................................................... .2

25 to 59 Years ............................................................. 1.9

60 Years or Older........................................................ 1.1

1.15

2.0

1.5 

.5

1.3 

.7 

Q

1.2 

.7 

.2

Q

.1 

1.5

Q 

.3

Q

.4

1.0

.7

.7 

1.3

1.5 

.2 

.2 

.1 

Q

1.6

.4

.7 

.7 

.4 

.3

.3

1.3

.4

.1

1.2 

.7

1.05

1984

2.4

1.3 

.8 

Q

1.2 

.8 

.3

.3 

.3 

1.6 

Q 

Q

.5 

1.1

1.0 

1.4

1.6 

.4 

Q 

Q 

Q

2.0 

.4

.6 

.7 

.7

.4

.4

1.6

.3

Q

1.4

.9

Percent of Households

0.98

1978

0.99

1980

0.88

1982

0.86

1984

Row 

0.78 Factor

2.6

2.0 

.6

1.0

1.3

.4

1.3 

.7 

.6

.2 

.9 

1.2 

Q 

.3

.7

1.1

.7

1.4 

1.2

1.5 

.9 

Q 

Q 

Q

1.9 

.7

.6 

.9 

.4 

.7

.7

1.7

.2

.1 

1.7

100.0% 100.0% 100.0% 100.0%

Q

59.0 

Q

65.1

32.6

Q

Q

98.3 

Q

41.8

58.2

63.5

21.6

Q

8.5

83.4

16.6

26.0

32.4

24.6

17.0

15.7

70.3

13.9

6.6

58.8

34.6

75.1

24.9

61.9

33.8

Q

57.3

35.1

7.7

Q

Q 

76.5

Q 

14.9

Q

18.4

48.2

33.5

35.2

64.8

73.6

10.3

8.9

6.5

Q

80.4

19.6

32.6

32.3

21.8

13.4

16.0

64.5

19.5

6.0

57.6

36.3

78.5

21.5

54.0

33.0

Q

52.3

33.6

14.1

10.8

11.2

66.8

Q

Q

19.1

48.3

32.6

42.5

57.5

68.2

17.1

Q

Q

Q

83.1

16.9

23.9

30.8

27.8

17.5

18.0

68.6

13.4

Q

58.6 

38.4

75.7

24.3

38.2

48.4

13.4

48.7

27.4

23.9

7.5

33.5

45.0

Q

11.9

28.6

43.7

27.8

53.6

46.4

58.8

34.3

Q

Q

Q

74.0

26.0

24.1

32.6

16.9

26.4

25.3

66.2

8.5

4.6

65.4

29.9

10.67

24.09

27.59

23.11

53.68

14.54

16.49

D

50.53

26.49

9.30

O 

55.67

Q

20.29

15.62

15.26

16.22

14.42

12.28 

24.47 

59.49 

47.85 

O

8.18

24.65

22.60

18.57

19.81

23.62

22.12

10.84

28.45

45.10

12.11

16.42

See footnotes at end of table.

174 RECS: Trends in Consumption and Expenditures 1978-1984 

Energy Information Administration
Detailed Statistics

Table 26. Counts of U.S. Households Using Fuel Oil/Kerosene, 

1978 Through 1984 (Continued)

South

Millions of Households

Household Characteristics

RSE Column Factor:

1978

1.44

1980

1.15

1982 1984

1.05

All Households.............................................................. 4.3 3.6 3.7

Census Division

South Atlantic............................................................... — 3.5 3.2

East South Central ...................................................... — .1 .4

West South Central ..................................................... — Q Q

Weather Zone

Fewer than 2,000 ODD and-- 

5,500 to 7,000 HDD ................................................. Q

4,000 to 5,499 HDD ................................................. 1.1 1.9 1.8

Fewer than 4,000 HDD ............................................ 1.9 1.3 1.5

More than 2,000 COD and

Fewer than 4,000 HDD ............................................... 1.1 .4 .4

Year of Construction

Before 1950.................................................................. 1.1 1.5 1.3

1950 to 1974....................:........................................... 3.2 1.7 2.0

After 1974 ..................................................................... .1 .4 .4

Main Space Heating Fuel

Electricity....................................................................... Q Q .4

Natural Gas .................................................................. Q Q .2

Fuel Oil/Kerosene ....................................................... 4.2 3.1 2.5

LPG................................................................................ — Q Q

Wood ..................................;.......................................... Q .2 .4

Other or None .............................................................. — — Q

Measured Heated Area of Residence 

(square feet)

Less than 1,000 ........................................................... — 1.4 1.2

1,000 to 1,999 .............................................................. — 1.5 1.6

2,000 or More............................................................... — .7 .8

Air Conditioning

Yes................................................................................. 3.0 2.3 2.4

No .................................................................................. 1.3 1.3 1.3

Main Water Heating Fuel

Electricity............:.......................................................... 3.6 2.3 2.6

Natural Gas .......................;...,.......................,.............. Q .3 .4

Fuel Oil/Kerosene...................................................... .4 .8 .4

LPG................................................................................ .2 .2 .2

Other or None .............................................................. .1 Q Q

Ownership Status

Own ............................................................................... 3.7 2.3 2.7

Rent ............................................................................... .6 1.3 1.0

Annual Family Income

Under $10,000 ............................................................. 1.4 1.4 .9

$10,000 to $19,999 .............:...,....,.............................. 1.6 1.1 1.1

$20,000 to $29,999 ...........TM...................................... .7 .5 .6

$30,000 or More .......................................................... .6 .5 1.0

Number of People In Household

Single Person ............................................................... .5 .7 .6

2 to 4 People .....................:.;.......,............................... 3.4 2.6 2.6

5 or More People......................................................... .4 .3 .5

Age of Household Head

Less than 25 Years..................................................... .4 Q .3

25 to 59 Years ............................................................. 2.7 2.3 2.4

60 Years or Older........................................................ 1.2 1.0 1.1

0.98

Percent of Households

1978 1980

0.99 0.88

1982

0.86

1984

0.78

RSE

Row

Factor

4.6

3.9 

.5 

.2

1.7 

1.9

1.0

1.7 

2.3

.6 

.8 

2.4 

Q 

.5 

Q

1.7

2.3

.7

3.0 

1.6

3.3 

.7 

.2

3.2 

1.5

1.5 

1.2

1.2

.9

3.5

.3

.2 

3.0

1.4

100.0% 100.0% 100.0% 100.0%

Q

25.9 

43.7

26.0

24.5

73.3

2.1

Q

Q

96.9

Q

70.4

29.6

82.9 

Q 

8.9 

4.1 

1.9

86.3

13.7

31.6

37.9

16.9

13.6

12.5

77.5

10.0

8.1

63.6

28.3

95.3 

4.0 

Q

52.5

36.3

11.2

40.7

48.3

11.0

Q 

Q

86.5 

Q 

6.9

38.4

41.7

19.9

63.1

36.9

63.4 

9.4

20.9 

5.7 

Q

64.9

35.1

39.9

30.9

14.6

14.6

19.3

71.8

8.9

7.2

64.2

28.5

87.1

10.3

Q

47.3

41.5

11.2

35.6

54.9

9.5

11.1

6.6

67.2

Q 

11.0

Q

32.9

44.1

23.0

65.9

34.1

70.4

10.3

11.5

6.6

Q

73.4

26.6

25.7

31.1

17.1

26.1

17.1

70.0

12.9

6.8

64.1

29.1

84.0

11.7

4.3

36.8

41.7

37.3

50.0

12.8

13.2 

17.4 

51.3

Q 

11.5

Q

36.4

48.8

14.8

65.0

35.0

70.5

15.8

4.3

7.8

1.7

68.1

31.9

33.0

25.8

16.2

25.0

19.0

74.5

6.6

4.8

64.1

31.2

6.47

29.26

55.33

Q

28.21 

23.86

31.45

11.52

10.52

D

37.38

50.65

8.23

Q 

35.26

Q

17.00

13.41

17.95

10.79

15.79

10.34

34.42

35.43

35.18

61.28

8.84

20.66

16.48

14.19

16.76

18.58

18.92

7.30

19.51

41.69

8.79

14.20

See footnotes at end of table.

RECS: Trends in Consumption and Expenditures 1978-1984 

Energy Information Administration 175
Detailed Statistics

Table 26. Counts of U.S. Households Using Fuel Oil/Kerosene, 

1978 Through 1984 (Continued)

West

Millions of Households

Household Characteristics

RSE Column Factor:

1978

1.44

1980

1.15

1982

1.05

1984

0.98

All Households.............................................................. 0.8 0.6 0.6 0.7

Census Division

Mountain ....................................................................... — Q Q .3

Pacific............................................................................ — .5 .5 .4

Weather Zone

Fewer than 2,000 CDD and-- 

More than 7,000 HDD.............................................. Q Q Q Q

5,500 to 7,000 HDD ................................................. .3 Q Q Q

4,000 to 5,499 HDD ................................................. Q .4 .4 .3

Fewer than 4,000 HDD ............................................ — Q Q .1

More than 2,000 CDD and

Fewer than 4,000 HDD ............................................... Q Q .0 —

Year of Construction

Before 1950.................................................................. .6 .3 .4 .3

1950 to 1974 ................................................................ .3 .3 .2 .3

After 1974 ..................................................................... — .0 Q

Main Space Heating Fuel

Electricity....................................................................... Q Q Q Q

Natural Gas .................................................................. — Q Q .1

Fuel Oil/Kerosene ....................................................... .8 .5 .4 .5

LPG................................................................................ - Q Q —

Wood ............................................................................. Q .0 .1 .1

Other or None .............................................................. — Q .0 Q

Measured Heated Area of Residence 

(square feet)

Less than 1,000 ........................................................... — .1 .2 .1

1,000 to 1,999 .............................................................. — .2 .3 .3

2,000 or More............................................................... — .2 .2 .2

Air Conditioning

Yes................................................................................. Q .1 .1 .2

No .................................................................................. .7 .5 .5 .5

Main Water Heating Fuel

Electricity....................................................................... .8 .5 .5 .5

Natural Gas .................................................................. Q Q Q

Fuel Oil/Kerosene ....................................................... — .0 .1 Q

LPG................................................................................ Q Q Q .0

Other or None .............................................................. Q — — Q

Ownership Status

Own ............................................................................... .6 .4 .5 .5

Rent ............................................................................... .2 .1 .1 .2

Annual Family Income

Under $10,000 ............................................................. .4 .1 .1 .1

$10,000 to $19,999 ..................................................... .3 .2 .2 .2

$20,000 to $29,999 ..................................................... .1 .2 .2 .2

$30,000 or More .......................................................... .1 .1 .2 .2

Number of People in Household

Single Person ............................................................... .2 .1 .1 .1

2 to 4 People ............................................................... .6 .4 .4 .5

5 or More People......................................................... .0 .0 .1 .1

Percent of Households

1978

0.99

1980

0.88

Q

33.7 

Q

68.2

31.8

Q

93.0 

Q

18.4

81.6

96.8

Q 

Q

74.3

25.7

42.3

33.2

15.8

Q

24.4

71.0

4.6

1982

0.86

1984

0.78

100.0% 100.0% 100.0% 100.0%

Q 

82.6

Q 

Q

67.0 

Q

Q

51.8

48.2

Q 

Q

86.6 

Q 

7.0 

Q

21.3

41.7

37.0

18.3

81.7

86.1 

Q 

6.2 

Q

78.3

21.7

10.4

30.6

34.7

24.3

15.9

75.6

8.5

27.0

73.0

Q 

Q

64.0 

0

6.5

61.2

36.3

2.5

Q 

Q

67.6 

Q

15.0 

6.5

35.6

40.2

24.2

20.6

79.4

81.5 

Q

10.4 

Q

79.6

20.4

15.7

28.1

23.9

32.2

17.7

65.9

16.5

37.7

62.3

Q

31.4 

48.3 

12.5

45.3

46.6

Q

Q

Q

66.2

15.6

Q

21.0

47.2

31.7

23.9

76.1

68.6

Q

Q

6.4

Q

77.9

22.1

15.0

28.8

21.9

34.4

14.1

70.5

15.4

RSE

Row

Factor

54.95

16.55

Q

60.50 

24.75 

78.64

M.74

'.8.50 

20.25

n

a

74.70

13.36

Q

39.81 

59.60

26.31 

24.34 

!!7.60

34.93

11.86

13.03 

Q

46.92

90.28

Q

'3.71 

33.17

26.28

26.90

24.56

25.32

26.29

12.28

23.87

See footnotes at end of table.

176 RECS: Trends in Consumption and Expenditures 1978-1984 

Energy Information Administration
Detailed Statistics

Table 26. Counts of U.S. Households Using Fuel Oil/Kerosene, 

1976 through 1984 (Continued)

West

Millions of Households

Household Characteristics 1978 1980

RSE Column Factor: j 1 44 , 15

Age of Household Head Less than 25 Years ..................................................... Q Q

25 to 59 Years ............................................................. 0.4 0.4

60 Years or Older ....................................................... .3 .2

1982

1.05

Q 

0.4 

.2

1984

0.98

Q 

0.5 

.2

Percent of Households

1978

0.99

1980 1982

0.88 0.86

1984

0.78

5.8 Q Q Q 

52.9 66.7 63.5 65.9 

41.3 30.9 34.3 30.7

RSE 

Row 

Factor

74.51 

15.46 

23.96

— Data not applicable or not available.

B The RSEs for Percent of Households values given in this row are 0.0. The RSE Row Factor for Millions of Households values is 4.72 for United 

States totals, 5.95 for Northeast Census Region totals, 11.88 for North Central Census Region totals, 10.84 for South Census Region totals and 17.69 for 

West Census Region totals.

0 The RSEs calculated using the row and column factors are unreliable. Reliable RSE estimates for each cell are found in Appendix A.

Q Data withheld due to large variance (1.96 * standard error > value).

Note: To obtain a Relative Standard Error Percent (RSE) for any table cell, multiply the cell's corresponding column and row factors. 

See Glossary for definition of terrns used in this report. 

Data may not sum to totals because of founding. 

Percentages are calculated on Unrounded numbers.

Source: Energy InformationAdministration, Office of Energy Markets and End Use, Energy End Use Division, Residential Energy Consumption Surveys, 

1978, 1980, 1982, and 1984.

RECS: Trends in Consumption and Expenditures 1978-1984 

Energy Information Administration 177
Detailed Statistics

Table 27. Average Residential Consumption for Liquefied Petroleum Gas, 

1978 Through 1984

United States

Household Characteristics

RSE Column Factor:

1978

1.29

Million Btu per Household

1980 1982

0.88

All Households .........................................

Weather Zone

Fewer than 2,000 CDD and--

More than 7,000 HDD .........................

5,500 to 7,000 HDD ............................

4,000 to 5,499 HDD ............................

Fewer than 4,000 HDD .......................

More than 2,000 CDD and

Fewer than 4,000 HDD ..........................

Year of Construction

Before 1950 .............................................

1950 to 1974 ...........................................

After 1974 ................................................

Main Space Heating Fuel

Electricity ..................................................

Natural Gas .............................................

Fuel Oil/Kerosene ..................................

LPG ...........................................................

Wood ........................................................

Other or None .........................................

Measured Heated Area of Residence 

(square feet)

Less than 1,000 ......................................

1,000 to 1,999 .........................................

2,000 or More..........................................

Air Conditioning

Yes............................................................

No .............................................................

Main Water Heating Fuel

Electricity ..................................................

Natural Gas .............................................

Fuel Oil/Kerosene ..................................

LPG...........................................................

Other or None .........................................

Ownership Status

Own ..........................................................

Rent...........................................................

Annual Family Income

Under $10,000 ........................................

$10,000 to $19,999 ................................

$20,000 to $29,999 ................................

$30,000 or More .....................................

Number of People in Household

Single Person ..........................................

2 to 4 People ..........................................

5 or More People ....................................

Age of Household Head

Less than 25 Years ................................

25 to 59 Years ........................................

60 Years or Older...................................

47.2

Q

44.7 

46.7 

43.8

44.8

47.2

45.4

69.3

23.4 

Q

16.9

80.1

30.3

Q

51.9

42.4

44.7 

Q

11.0

56.9

Q

50.3

37.4

39.4

51.9

48.0

77.5

44.5

44.4

65.3

39.4

52.8

38.1

47.6

51.3

52.3

47.9

44.7

43.2

46.5

48.8

46.5

27.1 

Q

12.1 

76.8 

28.5 

20.2

42.5

47.6

59.1

46.5

48.5

34.8

Q

8.9

66.2

35.3

48.4

44.7

40.1

46.4

60.8

56.7

42.3

45.7

63.8

50.4

48.8

44.5

0.95

39.4

46.8

45.8

37.4

38.7

31.1

38.5

37.8

48.1

Q 

Q

12.1 

58.5 

23.6 

17.1

32.2

42.0

50.6

41.9

37.5

30.8

Q

7.1

52.8

14.5

39.8

38.2

38.5

37.5

46.0

38.9

36.8

36.9

54.2

26.9

40.4

39.6

19S4

0.94

40.1

48.0

51.6

37.8

43.2

25.7

42.4

36.7

45.7

14.1 

Q

13.6 

60.4 

27.0 

23.9

32.5

45.7

51.7

40.3

40.0

31.4 

Q

14.8 

52.1 

11.9

40.4

39.3

42.1

36.7

42.8

39.3

38.8

39.4

46.7

30.2

40.0

41.5

RSE

Row

Factor

5.92

17.55

17.40

17.13

10.35

12.11

10.27

8.39

D

28.75) 

0

10.87 

5.80 

9.94

18.91

7.74

7.44

13.76

8.76

8.32

9.15

Q

25.10

6.31 

37.68

6.35

10.54

8.57

8.37

13.41

17.70

14.10

6.62

14.09

20.00

7.78

9.39

See footnotes at end of table.

178 RECS: Trends in Consumption and Expenditures 1978-1984 

Energy Information Administration
Detailed Statistics

Table 27. Average Residential Consumption for Liquefied Petroleum Gas, 

Through 1984 (Continued)

Northeast

Household Characteristics

RSE Cofumn Factor:

Million Btu per Household

1978

1.29

All Households......,..................;..,.........,..

Census Division

New England ................,.......:..,.;;:..........,

Middle Atlantic ...........,.„,......:.,:.;;............

Weather Zone

Fewer than 2,000 GOD ahdMore than 7,000 HDD L....TM./........,....

5,500 to 7,000 HDD ...^.M;.,.,,.,......

4,000 to 5,499 HDD .,.,.........;.;...._....

Year of Construction

Before 1950 ...........................;.„;,............

1950 to 1974 .............:......,-.....;;;„...........,

After 1974 ..................,...........,..;,;............

Main Space Heating Fuel

Electricity ................;..,...;.,..,„.;..„,.............

Natural Gas ......................,....;..................

Fuel Oil/Kerosene ,.......,.......'....'..............

LPG ........................................,;TMw........... wood ............................,..,„.,.....;;.........,..,

Other or None .........................................

Measured Heated Area of Residence 

(square feet)

Less than 1,000 ......................................

1,000 to 1,999 ........................„.;;„..........

2,000 or More....,........................:............

Air Conditioning

Yes............................................a..............

No .............................................£:......„......

Main Water Heating Fuel

Electricity.........,.,.,...,.......,...,.;..,TM............

Natural Gas ..........................;..................

Fuel Oil/Kerosene ;._...,..........;„............. LPG ..........................................'..7.L...........

Other or None .........................................

Ownership Status

Own ....................,...,....,„„„....;„£............,

Rent ...........................................................

Annual Family Income

Under $10,000 ......................;.................

$10,000 to $19,999 ........,.....;..................

$20,000 to $29,999 ..,..„.......,.„;;;............

$30,000 or More ...,.........,..,....TM.............

Number of People In Household

Single Person ................„.„..£.;;;............,

2 to 4 People ............................:..............

5 or More People ..............,...^.,............

Age of Household Head

Less than 25 Years ......I..........................

25 to 59 Years .......................................

60 Years or Older ..................;i................

22.1

Q

Q

21.1

21.7

23.3

Q

Q 

Q

15.5 

Q 

Q 

Q

23.4

21.2

15.5 

Q 

Q

35.0

22.0

22.2

9.7

38.8

15.9

Q

Q

22.2 

Q

9.2

27.5

12.6

1980

0.88

1982

0.95

1984

0.94

21.3

19.3

22.8

Q

21.4 

23.6

16.9

30.4

6.3

Q 

Q

10.6 

82.1 

19.4

31.1

16.4

17.5

16.0

23.4

21.6

Q

9.2

34.2 

Q

17.1

41.4

16.4

23.0

23.9

Q

Q

22.0 

24.2

Q

24.3 

10.9

20.5

18.5

21.9

24.4

16.6

Q

20.2

21.3

Q

Q 

Q

12.7

63.3

11.8

Q

27.9

18.4

13.2

Q 

22.7

18.9

Q

5.4

34.7

Q

16.3

39.2

27.8

19.4

17.5

12.6

19.7

18.4

29.4

Q

19.3 

23.6

20.1

27.6

15.9

21.8

21.3

Q

26.3

15.8

Q

Q

14.2

69.6

10.8

23.9

18.2

24.2

19.2

15.7

22.5

16.2

15.6

27.5

Q

21.3

16.4

26.2

13.8

21.1

17.5

Q

18.1 

26.2

18.3

16.7

27.0

RSE

Row

Factor

20.27

27.22

29.99

32.81

32.42

66.98

18.98

36.23

D

Q 

Q

15.73 

17.42 

23.23 

66.65

26.18

36.83

28.65

36.55

21.93

26.38 

Q

24.87

22.57

Q

22.56

32.32

29.94

26.86

27.40

44.40

55.46

21.70

42.97

30.79

24.02

28.76

See footnotes at end of table.

RECS: Trends in Consumption and Expenditures 1978-1984 

Energy Information Administration

179
Detailed Statistics

Table 27. Average Residential Consumption for Liquefied Petroleum Gas, 

1978 Through 1984 (Continued)

North Central

Household Characteristics

RSE Column Factor:

1978

1.29

Million Btu per Household

1980 1982

0.88

All Households .............................................................. 79.6

Census Division

East North Central.......................................................

West North Central......................................................

Weather Zone

Fewer than 2,000 CDD and-- 

More than 7,000 HDD .............................................. Q

5,500 to 7,000 HDD ................................................. Q

4,000 to 5,499 HDD ................................................. 76.7

Year of Construction

Before 1950 .................................................................. 81.8

1950 to 1974 ................................................................ 73.1

After 1974 ..................................................................... Q

Main Space Heating Fuel

Electricity....................................................................... Q

Natural Gas ..................................................................

Fuel Oil/Kerosene ....................................................... 23.9

LPG ................................................................................ 127.6

Wood ............................................................................. Q

Other or None .............................................................. Q

Measured Heated Area of Residence 

(square feet)

Less than 1,000 ...........................................................

1,000 to 1,999 ..............................................................

2,000 or More...............................................................

Air Conditioning

Yes................................................................................. 100.1

No .................................................................................. 68.4

Main Water Heating Fuel

Electricity....................................................................... 94.0

Natural Gas ..................................................................

Fuel Oil/Kerosene ....................................................... Q

LPG ................................................................................ 76.1

Other or None .............................................................. Q

Ownership Status

Own ............................................................................... 81.6

Rent ............................................................................... Q

Annual Family Income

Under $10,000 ............................................................. 65.2

$10,000 to $19,999 ..................................................... 77.3

$20,000 to $29,999 ..................................................... Q

$30,000 or More .......................................................... Q

Number of People in Household

Single Person ............................................................... Q

2 to 4 People ............................................................... 70.9

5 or More People ......................................................... 103.1

Age of Household Head

Less than 25 Years .................................................... Q

25 to 59 Years ............................................................. 92.4

60 Years or Older........................................................ 59.9

73.3

74.6

71.5

67.0

78.3

75.3

68.8

82.8

61.9

Q

10.5

108.8

34.9

Q

59.2

65.8

98.2

78.6

70.1

53.6

Q

87.2 

59.3

75.4

62.9

56.4

61.5

111.8

100.0

62.8

69.0

98.3

67.8

78.4

64.6

0.95

60.4

55.8

66.8

56.8

73.6

53.2

54.0

64.0

69.9

Q

10.7

91.3

25.7

40.6

60.6

75.7

68.1

53.0

44.6

77.4 

Q

61.5

46.5

63.9

37.0

94.3

66.3

81.7

53.8

81.0

Q

60.1 

67.8

1984

0.94

69.7

67.7

72.4

62.2

92.6

64.4

64.3

73.1

70.9

Q

Q

5.5

89.0

42.0

59.7

65.6

97.5

88.0

58.5

57.5 

Q

77.6

68.7

75.4

71.4

61.8

69.3

80.0

65.5

73.8

44.8

61.1

66.8

74.8

RSE

Row

FactOi'

9.56

9.91

11.82

18.00

15.14

16.93

16.46

13.73

D

Q 

Q

33.42 

6.59

20.51 

Q

16.63

10.49

15.25

12.81

11.77

16.89

Q

Q

9.47

46.15

9.53

24.34

13.54

15.02

17.23

19.15

23.11

12.82

21.30

36.86

14.02

13.63

See footnotes at end of table.

180 RECS: Trends in Consumption and Expenditures 1978-1984 

Energy Information Administration
Detailed Statistics

Table 27. Average Residential Consumption for Liquefied Petroleum Gas, 

1978 Trtrough 1984 (Continued)

South

Household Characteristics

RSE Column Factor:

Million Btu per Household

1978

1.29

1980 1982

0.88

All Households ...................,..;..,...............

Census Division

South Atlantic .........................................

East South Central .......,...,.>,.....,..,.........

West South Central ...............................

Weather Zone

Fewer than 2,000 ODD and5,500 to 7,000 HDD .„...;.;;..,.;;.,...........

4,000 to 5,499 HDD ,....„.,....,;.........,...,

Fewer than 4,000 HOD .........:,.............

More than 2,000 CDD and

Fewer than 4,000 HDD ......,.;.;.,...„.......,,

Year of Construction

Before 1950 ..............................................

1950 to 1974 ...........................^..........,

After 1974 .............................;...„„...........

Main Space Heating Fuel

Electricity...................................................

Natural Gas .............................................

Fuel Oil/Kerosene ...................................

LPG .........................................................

Wood .....................................;..,.„„..........

Other or None ........................................

Measured Heated Area ol Residence 

(square feet)

Less than 1,000 ......................................

1,000 to 1,999 ...........................,U...........

2,000 or More ........................;................„

Air Conditioning

Yes.............................................................

No .....................................;_..;;..;;..........;..

Main Water Heating Fuel

Electricity....................,..........,;.........;..,..;..

Natural Gas ..............................................

Fuel Oil/Kerosene ......,.,........,......;...„....

LPG ........................................;..................,

Other or None .........................................

Ownership Status

Own ........................................i.;.;.;........'...

Rent ...........................................................

Annual Family Income

•Under $10,000 .........................;.TM.........

$10,000 to $19,999 ................................

$20,000 to $29,999 ...................S...........

$30,000 or More ....................................

Number of People in Household

Single Person ......................~...................

2 to 4 People ........................;...,;.............

5 or More People.....................................

Age of Household Head

Less than 25 Years ....................................

25 to 59 Years ..............................i...!..TM

60 Years or Older....................................

40.9

Q

23.2 

44.1

43.3

36.0

42.3

Q

16.6 

Q

14.5

57.7

33.2

Q

42.8

37.4

34.3

28.9

52.3

Q

44.2

31.5

37,5

43.5

45.8

Q

41.2

39.8

48.0

36.6

43.5

37.9

41.6

36.9

50.5

51.8

24.8

45.8

44.5

45.5

39.2

41.1

29.3 

Q

14.7

58.1

23.6

Q

38.8

44.0

46.1

39.1

44.8

30.4 

Q 

Q

61.8 

Q

42.6

38.5

36.5

48.3

48.0

34.2

39.3

40.3

53.2

46.8

40.3

42.3

0.95

34.0

29.0

34.8

47.5

27.8

39.4

31.9

38.4

29.8

37.2

10.3

11.9

43.2

25.8

Q

30.1

38.3

34.7

33.8

34.4

26.8

Q

44.9 

Q

33.0

36.2

34.7

37.8

31.1

22.8

36.7

32.4

39.2

30.5

33.5

35.4

1984

0.94

32.1

24.7

35.7

50.8

23.3

44.4

25.2

38.3

22.5

47.1

14.9 

Q

12.7

43.4

23.0

Q

24.7

41.4

21.2

29.7

36.0

25.0 

Q 

Q

44.8 

Q

31.2

34.6

32.7

30.1

38.3

29.4

29.1

28.5

56.6

Q

33.6 

29.5

RSE 

Row 

Factor

8.86

12.17

17.08

19.38

Q

25.41 

11.93

13.48

10.38

9.80

D

31.65 

Q

14.55 

8.70

13.84 

Q

11.94

13.41

34.49

11.36

11.27

12.10 

Q

37.35

11.04

Q

11.13

12.91

11.08

11.18

18.27

31.41

20.04

9.55

20.20

27.30

8.19

15.27

See footnotes at end of table.

RECS: Trends in Consumption and Expenditures 1978-1984 

Energy Information Administration

181
Detailed Statistics

Table 27. Average Residential Consumption for Liquefied Petroleum Gas, 

1978 Through 1984 (Continued)

West

Household Characteristics

RSE Column Factor:

1978

1.29

Million Btu per Household

1980 19132

0.88

All Households .............................................................. 66.5

Census Division

Mountain .......................................................................

Pacific ............................................................................

Weather Zone

Fewer than 2,000 CDD andMore than 7,000 HDD ..............................................

5,500 to 7,000 HDD ................................................. 95.1

4,000 to 5,499 HDD ................................................. Q

Fewer than 4,000 HDD ............................................ Q

More than 2,000 CDD and

Fewer than 4,000 HDD ............................................... Q

Year of Construction

Before 1950 .................................................................. Q

1950 to 1974 ................................................................ 55.9

After 1974 ..................................................................... Q

Main Space Heating Fuel

Electricity....................................................................... Q

Natural Gas .................................................................. —

Fuel Oil/Kerosene ....................................................... Q

LPG................................................................................ 97.2

Wood ............................................................................. Q

Other or None .............................................................. —

Measured Heated Area of Residence 

(square feet)

Less than 1,000 ...........................................................

1,000 to 1,999 ..............................................................

2,000 or More...............................................................

Air Conditioning

Yes................................................................................. 122.6

No .................................................................................. 36.9

Main Water Heating Fuel

Electricity....................................................................... 60.1

Natural Gas .................................................................. —

Fuel Oil/Kerosene .......................................................

LPG ................................................................................ Q

Other or None .............................................................. —

Ownership Status

Own ............................................................................... 70.9

Rent ............................................................................... Q

Annual Family Income

Under $10,000 ............................................................. 43.2

$10,000 to $19,999 ..................................................... Q

$20,000 to $29,999 ..................................................... Q

$30,000 or More .......................................................... Q

Number of People in Household

Single Person ............................................................... Q

2 to 4 People ............................................................... 72.6

5 or More People ......................................................... Q

49.4

67.5

34.1

67.9

64.9

48.6

38.7

29.2

39.3

48.8

58.2

29.8 

Q 

0

71.8 

34.9 

29.9

43.8

69.2

43.0

49.9

49.1

38.3 

Q 

Q

52.1

51.9

43.0

44.8

41.3

67.0

54.7

49.2

48.2

53.3

0.95

42.7

58.4

29.2

70.5

50.7

34.8

34.4

24.7

30.3

48.5

48.2

Q

65.2 

29.0 

21.8

35.7

45.4

58.8

51.8

41.5

32.0

16.4

48.4

Q

43.8

41.0

32.0

55.2

Q

35.5

26.0

42.2

57.7

1984

0.94

39.4

48.9

35.2

52.3

49.2

24.8

38.9

29.6

41.9

35.1

43.4

Q 

Q 

Q

55.0 

25.4 

26.7

38.1

43.7

Q

42.3

37.7

35.7 

Q

42.8 

Q

35.8

46.7

44.4

41.0

32.8

36.8

Q

34.6 

46.9

RSE 

Row 

Factor

10.04

9.I32 

16.08

14.37

16.57

45.74

20.04

17.05

16.95

22.48

D

33.13 

Q 

Q

11.42 

15.57 

19.'9

14.00

21.67

42.80

22.30

12.71

20.14 

Q

30.51

9.11

Q

14.84

17.30

23.21

18.42

23.64

27.20

21.56

11.91

13,84

See footnotes at end of table.

182 RECS: Trends in Consumption and Expenditures 1978-1984 

Energy Information Administration
Detailed Statistics

Table 27. Average Residential Consumption for Liquefied Petroleum Gas, 

1978 Through 1984 (Continued)

West

Household Characteristics

RSE Column Factor

1978

1,29

Million Btu p

1980

0.88

;r Household

1982

0.95

1984

0.94

RSE

Row 

Factor

Age of Household Head

Less than 25 Years .....................................

25 to 59 Years .............................................

............... Q

............... 67.5

............... Q

Q

51.2

Q

d.7 t-i

32.9

Q

41.4

34.4

Q

11.79

18.60

— Data not applicable or not available.

0 The RSEs calculated using the row and column factors are unreliable. Reliable RSE estimates for each cell are found in Appendix A.

Q Data withheld doe tp large variance (1.96 * standard error > value).

Note: To obtain a Relative Standard Error Percent (RSE) for any table cell, multiply the celfs corresponding column and row factors. 

See Glossary for definition of terms used in this report. 

Data may not sum to totals because of rounding.

Source: Energy Information Administration, Office of Energy Markets and End Use, Energy End Use Division, Residential Energy Consumption Surveys, 

1978, 1980, 1982, and 1984.

RECS: Trends in Consumption and Expenditures 1978-1984 

Energy Information Administration

183
Detailed Statistics

Table 28. Average Residential Prices and Expenditures for Liquefied Petroleum Gas, 

1978 Through 1984

United States

Household Characteristics 1

RSE Column Factor: 0

All Households ................................................... S

Weather Zone

Fewer than 2,000 CDD and-- 

Morethan 7,000 HDD ...................................

5,500 to 7,000 HDD .......................................

4,000 to 5,499 HDD .......................................

Fewer than 4,000 HDD ..................................

More than 2,000 CDD and 

Fewer than 4.000 HDD ....................................

Fuel Price (Dollars per Million Btu)

978 1980 1982

.91 0.42 0.56

........ 

5.09 $7.92 $9.42

Q 7.74 9.17 

5.43 7.88 8.91 

4.97 7.83 9.35 

5.03 7.95 9.43

4.97 8.23 10.35

1984

0.64

Expenditures (Dollars per Household)

1978 1980

2.04 1.51

$9.91 S241 S377

9.43 Q 397 

9.55 243 412 

9.91 232 375 

9.84 220 355

11.17 223 355

1982

1.62

$372

429 

408 

350 

365

321

1984

1.46

$398

453 

493 

374 

425

287

RSE 

Row 

Factor

2.88

8.36 

8.22 

8.16 

4.77

6.25

Year of Construction

Before 1950 ................

1950 to 1974 ..............

After 1974 ...................

Main Space Heating Fuel

Electricity ...........................

Natural Gas .......................

Fuel Oil/Kerosene............

LPG ....................................

Wood .................................

Other or None ..................

5.21

5.17

3.92

5.83 

Q

7.81

4.58

4.98

Q

Measured Heated Area of Residence 

(square feet)

Less than 1,000 ......................................

1,000 to 1,999 .........................................

2,000 or More ..........................................

Air Conditioning

Yes ......................

No........................

Main Water Heating Fuel 

Electricity ...........................

Natural Gas .......................

Fuel Oil/Kerosene............

LPG ....................................

Other or None ..................

Ownership Status

Own .......................

Rent ......................

Annual Family Income

Under $10,000 ..............

$10,000 to $19,999......

$20,000 to $29,999 ......

$30,000 or More...........

Number of People in Household

Single Person .................................

2 to 4 People ..................................

5 or More People ...........................

4.88

5.38

4.83 

Q

9.38

5.19

Q

5.07

5.21

5.29

5.20

4.93

4.19

A93 

5.18 

4.91

7.89

7.99

7.77

8.20 

Q

10.39 

7.61 

8.29

11.45

8.17

7.80

7.71

7.81

8.01

8.24 

Q

11.44 

7.69 

8.20

7.86

8.16

7.99

8.12

7.72

7.60

8.11

7.91

7.84

9.52

9.46

9.07

9.75

Q

12.90

8.89 

10.04 

16.26

10.07

9.30

8.69

9.07

9.73

9.71

Q

14.35

9.17 

10.73

9.26

9.93

9.63

9.52

9.04

9.23

9.84

9.36

9.22

9.97

10.06

9.34

13.08 

Q

14.23

9.30

10.25

13.36

10.68

9.47

9.28

9.76

10.05

10.44 

Q

13.97

9.48

12.91

9.93

9.82

9.96

10.17

9.62

9.66

9.91

9.91

9.86

246

235

271

137 

Q

132

367

151

Q

253

228

216 

Q

103

295

Q

255

195

208

270

237

325

220

230

321

367

390

362

223 

Q

126 

585 

236 

231

347

371

455

364

388

286 

Q

102 

509 

290

381

365

320

377

470

431

343

361

500

366

358

437

305 

Q

156 

521 

237 

278

324

390

440

380

365

299 

Q

102 

484 

156

369

380

371

357

416

360

362

345

500

423

370

427

185 

Q

194 

562 

277 

320

347

433

479

393

402

328 

Q

207 

494 

154

402

386

419

374

412

380

384

390

461

5.03

3.82

D

14.67 

Q

6.07 

2.81 

5.16

14.22

4.06

2.99

6.23

3.71

4.02

4.15

O

1 2.89

3.15 

18.52

i.14 

i.10

6.03

8.31

6.91

3.14

6.24

Age of Household Head

25 to 59 Years ....................................

60 Years or Older ...............................

............. 5.12

............. 5.09

............. 5.10

7.75

7.94

7.93

9.76

9.34

9.54

11.04

9.72

10.14

202

269

194

390

388

353

262

377

378

333

388

421

8.81

4.85

See footnotes at end of table.

184 REGS: Trends in Consumption and Expenditures 1978-1984 

Energy Information Administration
Detailed Statistics

Table 28. Average Residential Prices and Expenditures for Liquefied Petroleum Gas, 

1978 Through 1984 (Continued)

Northeast

Fuel Price (Dollars per Million Btu) Expenditures (Dollars per Household)

Household Characteristics i 1978 i 1980 1982 1984 1978 1980

RSE Column Factor: | Qgl QM 056 064 2Q4 , 51

! I

All Households .................................................. $7.93 $9.96 $11.52 $13.11 $175 $212

Census Division

New England ..................................................... — 10.28 11.50 11.97 — 199

Middle Atlantic................................................... — 9.75 11.53 14.23 — 223

Weather Zone

Fewer than 2,000 CDD and-. 

More than 7,000 HDD ................................... Q 10.40 11.63 11.93 Q 210

5,500 to 7,000 HOD ....................................... Q 9.67 12.09 13.76 Q 207

4,000 to 5,499 HOD ....................................... 7.53 9.88 9.33 14.39 159 234

Year of Construction

Before 1950 ..........,..................:......................... 8.18 10.76 12.44 13.15 177 182

1950 to 1974 ..................................................... 7.65 9.32 10.64 12.90 179 283

After 1974 .......................................................... Q 10.94 Q 14.77 Q 68

Main Space Heating Fuel

Electricity ............................................................ Q Q Q Q Q Q

Natural Gas ........................................................ Q Q Q — Q Q

Fuel Oil/Kerosene............................................. 8.96 11.38 13.69 14.70 139 121

LPG ..................................................................... Q 8.91 9.83 10.81 Q 732

Wood ................................................................... Q 10.30 12.75 14.75 Q 200

Other or None ................................................... Q — Q 14.97 Q

Measured Heated Area of Residence 

(square feet)

Less than 1,000 ................................................ — 9.71 11.01 13.30 — 302

1,000 to 1,999 .................................................. 9.89 11.18 11.81 162

2,000 or More .................................................... 10.46 13.64 14.60 — 183

Air Conditioning

Yes...................................................................... 7.88 11.09 10.99 14.46 185 178

No........................................................................ 7.97 9.65 11.64 12.60 169 226

Main Water Heating Fuel Electricity ............................................................ 8.11 9.46 11.74 13.77 126 205 Natural Gas ........................................................ Q Q Q — Q Q

Fuel Oil/Kerosene ............................................. Q 11.34 15.24 13.72 Q 104

LPG ..................................................................... 7.55 10.05 10.88 12.51 264 344

Other or None ................................................... Q Q 15.33 Q

Ownership Status

Own..................................................................... 8.16 10.56 12.13 13.28 180 181

Rent .................................................................... 7.20 8.77 10.41 12.43 160 363

Annual Family Income

Under $10,000 ................................................... 10.37 10.53 10.37 11.69 101 173

$10,000 to $19,999 ........................................... 6.99 10.15 12.53 15.22 271 233

$20,000 to $29,999 ........................................... 8.73 9.22 11.94 13.25 139 221

$30,000 or More................................................ Q 9.90 13.11 14.11 Q 197

Number of People In Household

Single Person .................................................... 7.81 10.58 10.87 11.91 Q Q

2 to 4 People ..................................................... 7.96 9.88 12.26 13.24 176 217

5 or More People ........................................... Q 9.96 10.65 14.18 Q 241

Age of Household Head

Less than 25 Years .......................................... 9.53 Q Q 13.56 88 Q

25 to 59 Years .................................................. 7.74 9.83 11.50 13.84 213 239

60 Years or Older ............................................. 8.62 11.88 11.53 12.18 109 130

1982 1984

1.62 1.46

$237 $264

213 330 

253 226

283 260 

200 293 

Q Q

252 345 

226 204 

193 110

Q Q 

Q 

1 74 209 

622 752 

151 159 

Q 358

307 242 

206 286 

180 280

158 227 

264 284

222 223 

Q 

83 214 

377 344 

Q 100

198 283 

408 204

288 307 

243 210 

209 279 

166 247

214 257 

226 240 

314 371

Q 248 

222 232 

272 329

RSE 

Row 

Factor

10.02

13.49 

14.02

15.11 

16.19 

30.48

8.71 

18.25 

0

Q 

Q 

7.24 

11.40 

11.63 

29.83

12.36 

19.41 

12.68

16.62 

11.12

13.56 

Q 

13.04 

11.01 

1.34

10.76 

15.96

13.22 

12.80 

14.56 

17.96

29.20 

9.49 

19.28

14.35 

10.88 

15.56

See footnotes at end of table.

RECS: Trends in Consumption and Expenditures 1978-1984 

Energy Information Administration

185
Detailed Statistics

Table 28. Average Residential Prices and Expenditures for Liquefied Petroleum Gas, 

1978 Through 1984 (Continued)

North Central

Household Characteristics

RSE Column Factor:

Fuel Price (Dollars per Million Btu)

All Households .

1978

0.91

$4.55

1980

0.42

1982

0.56

1984

0.64

Expenditures (Dollars per Household)

Census Division

East North Central .... 

West North Central ...

Weather Zone

Fewer than 2,000 CDD and-- 

More than 7,000 HDD ..........

5,500 to 7,000 HDD ..............

4,000 to 5,499 HDD ..............

Year of Construction

Before 1950 ...............

1950 to 1974 .............

After 1974 ..................

Main Space Heating Fuel

Electricity ...........................

Natural Gas .......................

Fuel Oil/Kerosene............

LPG ....................................

Wood .................................

Other or None ..................

Q

Q

4.25

4.61

4.55

Q

Q

6.21

4.30

Q

Q

Measured Heated Area of Residence 

(square feet)

Less than 1,000 ......................................

1,000 to 1,999 .........................................

2,000 or More ..........................................

Air Conditioning

Yes ......................

No ........................

Main Water Heating Fuel

Electricity ...........................

Natural Gas .......................

Fuel Oil/Kerosene............

LPG ....................................

Other or None ..................

Ownership Status

Own .......................

Rent ......................

Annual Family Income

Under $10,000 ..............

$10,000 to $19,999 ......

$20,000 to $29,999......

$30,000 or More ...........

Number of People In Household

Single Person .................................

2 to 4 People ..................................

5 or More People ...........................

Age of Household Head

Less than 25 Years ........

25 to 59 Years ................

60 Years or Older ...........

4.33

4.72

4.27

Q

4.78 

Q

4.53

4.62

4.55

4.94

Q

Q

3.96

4.74

4.55

Q

4.66 

4.31

$7.38

7.63

7.02

7.40

7.50

7.24

7.24

7.54

7.27

Q

9.17

7.28

7.68

Q

7.55

7.33

7.31

7.16

7.52

7.56

Q

7.31 

6.83

7.36

7.50

7.44

7.51

7.41

7.07

7.45

7.43

7.19

7.49

7.39

7.33

$8.44

8.93

7.86

8.68

8.18

8.40

8.40

8.46

8.47

11.29

8.21

9.01

8.80

8.64

8.07

8.21

8.72

8.72

8.27 

Q

8.42

8.77

8.73

8.65

8.09

8.32

8.56

8.37

8.51

Q

8.41 

8.46

$8.67

9.09

8.13

8.98

8.23

8.69

8.60

8.74

8.54

Q 

Q

12.17 

8.59 

8.86

9.21

8.64

8.07

8.38

8.95

9.13 

Q

8.45

8.76

8.21

9.18

8.67

8.39

8.02

8.82

8.62

8.83

9.20

8.42

9.03

1978

2.04

$362

1980

1.51

19B2

1.62

1984

1.46

Q

Q

326

377

333

Q

Q

148

548

Q

Q

433

323

402

Q

364 

Q

370 

Q

297

382

Q

Q

Q

336 

469

Q

430 

258

$540

569

502

495

588

545

498

624

451

Q

97

793

268

Q

447

482

718

562

528

405

Q

638 

405

555

472

420

461

828

707

468

512

706

507

579

473

$510

498

526

493

602

447

453

541

592

O

121

750

232

357

523

611

559

462

389

640

Q

518

408

557

320

762

552

528

450

689

Q

505 

574

$604

615

589

559

762

560

553

639

605

Q

Q

67

765

372

550

567

787

737

523

525 

Q

656

602

619

655

536

582

642

578

636

396

563

563

675

RSE 

Row 

Factor

4.19

3.78

5.12

8.28

6.91

7.78

6.16

6.25

D

Q 

Q

16.65

3.38

8.44

Q

6.88

4.40

5.80

5.95

5.40

6.73 

Q 

Q

4.21 

14.81

4.35

10.46

6.42

6.49

10.26

7.34

9.64

5.59

824

10.89

5.35

6.76

See footnotes at end of table.

186 RECS: Trends in Consumption and Expenditures 1978- 

Energy Information Administration
Detailed Statistics

Table 28. Average Residential Prices and Expenditures for Liquefied Petroleum Gas, 

1978 through 1984 (Continued)

South

Household Characteristics

RSE Column Factor:

All Households ..................................................

Census Division

South Atlantic ....................................................

East South Central ............................................

West South Central ...........................................

Fuel Price (Dollars per Million Btu)

1978

0.91

1980

0.42

1982

0.56

1984

0.64

Expenditures (Dollars per Household)

1978

2.04

1980 1982

1.51 1.62

1984

1.46

$5.16 $8.12 $9.82 $10.38 $211 $337 $334 $334

8.44 10.51 11.59 — 311 305 287 

7.70 9.29 9.75 — 389 323 348 

— 7.59 8.92 8.99 — 393 423 457

RSE 

Row 

Factor

4.12

5.70 

5.17 

8.09

Weather Zone

Fewer than 2,000 COD and5,500 to 7,000 HDD ..............

4,000 to 5,499 HDD ..............

Fewer than 4,000 HDD.........

More than 2,000 CDD and 

Fewer than 4,000 HDD ...........

Year of Construction

Before 1950 ................

195010 1974 ..............

After 1974 ...................

Main Space Heating Fuel

Electricity ............................

Natural Gas........................

Fuel Oil/Kerosene.............

LPG ....................................

Wood .................................

Other or None ...................

Q

6.23 

5.04

5.11

5.14

5.23

Q

5.69 

Q

7.65

4.83

4.86

Q

9.34

7.93

8.02

8.09

8.22

7.79

8.16 

Q

9.91

7.88

8.74

Q

10.85

9.50

9.80

9.72

10.07

9.29

11.93

13.39

9.45

10.54

Q

11.91

9.58

11.01

10.14

11.51

9.25

13.19 

Q

14.81 

9.87

10.74 

Q

Q

145 

222

221

185

221

Q

94

Q

111

279

161

Q

231

363

357

368

322

320

239 

Q

146

458

206

0

302

374

313

374

300

346

122

160

409

272

Q

278

426

278

388

259

436

196

Q

187

429

247

Q

Q

9.06

5.24

6.49

5.47

4.41

D

16.85

Q

8.29

3.90

7.04

Q

Measured Heated Area of Residence 

(square feet)

1,000 to 1,999 .................................................

2,000 or More ..................................................

Air Conditioning

Yes....................................................................

No..................................................... ................

Main Water Heating Fuel

Electricity ..........................................................

Natural Gas ......................................................

LPG ...................................................................

Ownership Status

Own...................................................................

Rent .................................................................

Annual Family Income

Under $1 0,000 .................................................

$10,000 to $19,999 ............,....;.......................

$20,000 to $29,999 .........................................

$30,000 or More ....:...............,.........................

Number of People In Household

2 to 4 People .........................,.;.....................,.

Age of Household Head

25 to 59 Years ................................................

60 Years or Older ...........................................

5.04

5.39

5.11

7.86

5.13

Q

5.08

5 44

5.51

4.95

4.73

Q

5.12

5.17

5.14

5.60

5.03

5.22

8.21

8.10

7.84

8.05

8.19

8.54

Q

Q

7.76

8.40

8.07

8 29

8.20

8.17

7.80

8.10

8.51

8.04

8.11

7.89

8.11

8.22

10.07

9.64

9.59

9.74

9.93

10.25

Q

9.49

Q

9.74

9.99

9.88

9.68

9.99

9.87

10.39

9.64

9.69

9.89

9.80

9.85

11.32

9.70

11.29

10.44

10.30

11.03

Q

Q

9.81

Q

10.40

10.33

10.33

10.72

9.86

10.34

10.78

10.72

9.11

Q

10.19

10.73

216

201

175

227

268

Q

225

171

206

215

217

Q

211

206

246

205

219

198

319

356

362

314

367

259

Q

Q

479

283

343

319

300

395

374

277

335

324

432

369

326

348

303

369

333

329

341

274

Q

426

Q

322

362

342

366

311

225

381

312

380

301

328

348

280

402

240

310

371

276

Q

Q

439

Q

324

357

338

323

378

304

314

305

516

0

343

317

5.97

6.17

15.97

4.64

5.86

5.64

Q

10.31

5.41

27.94

4.93

7.15

5.43

5.44

8.36

13.53

8.95

4.41

9.14

11.80

3.83

7.16

See footnotes at end of table.

RECS: Trends in Consumption and Expenditures 1978-1984 

Energy Information Administration

187
Detailed Statistics

Table 28. Average Residential Prices and Expenditures for Liquefied Petroleum Gas,, 

1978 Through 1984 (Continued)

West

Household Characteristics

RSE Column Factor:

Fuel Price (Dollars per Million Btu)

1978

0.91

1980

0.42

1982

0.56

19B4

0.64

Expenditures (Dollars per Household)

1978

2.04

1980

1,1

1982

1.62

1984 RSE

| Row 

1 .46 | Factor

All Households ..

Census Division

Mountain ............

Pacific ................

$4.18

Weather Zone

Fewer than 2,000 CDD and--

More than 7,000 HDD .........

5,500 to 7,000 HDD .............

4,000 to 5,499 HDD .............

Fewer than 4,000 HDD........

More than 2,000 CDD and 

Fewer than 4,000 HDD ..........

Year of Construction

Before 1950 ...............

1950 to 1974 .............

After 1974 ..................

Main Space Heating Fuel

Electricity ............................

Natural Gas ........................

Fuel Oil/Kerosene.............

LPG ....................................

Wood ..................................

Other or None ...................

3.93 

Q 

Q

Q

4.26 

Q

Q

3.94 

Q

Measured Heated Area of Residence 

(square feet)

Less than 1,000 ......................................

1,000 to 1,999 .........................................

2,000 or More ..........................................

Air Conditioning

Yes ......................

No........................

Main Water Heating Fuel

Electricity ...........................

Natural Gas .......................

Fuel Oil/Kerosene............

LPG ....................................

Other or None ..................

3.56

5.27

4.24

Ownership Status

Own ........................

Rent .......................

Annual Family Income

Under $10,000 ..............

$10,000 to $19,999......

$20,000 to $29,999 ......

$30,000 or More...........

Number of People in Household

Single Person .................................

2 to 4 People ..................................

5 or More People ...........................

4.31 

Q

4.34

4.03

Q

Q

Q

4.14 

Q

$7.91

7.21

9.09

7.04

7.48

7.24

8.10

11.56

8.23

7.63

8.28

8.03 

Q 

0

7.39

7.72

11.32

8.22

7.28

8.08

8.02

7.86

7.79 

Q 

Q

7.93

7.67

8.64

7.76

8.25

7.61

8.30

7.63

7.68

8.96

$9.68

8.63

11.49

8.35

8.88

9.11

8.99

15.80

10.06

9.58

9.56

Q

8.59

9.25

16.38

10.81

9.01

8.51

9.06

9.78

8.96

12.96

9.68

Q

9.49

10.02

10.28

9.19

8.89

10.67

9.85

9.62

9.76

$10.56

9.26

11.36

8.99

9.80

10.16

10.84

12.41

10.21

11.42

9.90

Q 

Q 

Q

9.76 

12.22 

12.75

11.02

9.93

10.49

10.36

10.71

10.38 

Q

10.50 

Q

10.98

9.93

10.02

10.97

10.79

10.48

Q

11.16 

10.34

S278

374 

Q 

Q

Q

238 

Q

Q

Q

3B3 

Q

Q 

194

255 

Q

305 

Q

188 

Q 

0 

Q

Q

301 

Q

$391

487

310

477

486

352

314

338

323

372

482

239

Q

Q

531

269

338

360

504

348

400

386

298 

Q 

Q

413

$413

504

335

589

450

316

309

391

305

465

461

Q 

561 

268 

356

386

409

500

469

406

287

213

468

Q

$417

453

400

470

482

251

422

367

428

401

429

Q 

Q 

Q

536 

310 

341

419

434

347

438

404

370 

Q

449 

Q

398

371

348

341

509

454

375

370

478

415

410

329

508

402

379

256

406

563

393

464

445

450

353

386

Q

386

485

5.95

4.36

10.81

7.14

6.35

23.73

11.84

10.07

11.20

14.56

D

11.91 

Q 

Q

6.30

8.42

11.48

10.09

10.78

18.39

11.46

7.48

9.77

Q

16.40

5.96 

Q

8.83

8.98

13.79

7.66

12.99

16.03

8.13

6.48

11.39

See footnotes at end of table.

188 RECS: Trends in Consumption and Expenditures 1978-1984 

Energy Information Administration
Detailed Statistics

Table 28. Average Residential Prices and Expenditures for Liquefied Petroleum Gas, 

1978 Through 1984 (Continued)

West

| Fuel Price (Dollars per Million Btu)

Household Characteristics 197B

RSE Column Factor: . ,

u.y i

Age of Household Head

25 to 59 Years .................................................. 4.26

1980

0.42

Q 

7.99 

7.76

I 

1982 i 1984

0.56 0.64

Q Q 

9.63 10.19 

9.78 1 1 .79

Expenditures (Dollars per Household)

1978

2.04

Q 

287 

Q

1980 | 1982

i 

1.51 1.62

Q Q 

409 458 

345 322

1984

1.46

Q 

422 

405

RSE 

Row 

Factor

Q 

6.92 

9.55

— Data not applicable or not available,

0 The RSEs calculated using the row and column factors are unreliable. Reliable RSE estimates for each cell are found in Appendix A.

Q Data withheld due to large Variance (1.96 * standard error > value).

Note: To obtain a Relative Standard Error Percent (RSE) for any table celt, multiply the celts corresponding column and row factors. 

See Glossary for definition of terms used in this report. 

Data may not sum to totals because of rounding.

Source: Energy Information Administration, Office of Energy Markets and End Use, Energy End Use Division, Residential Energy Consumption Surveys, 

1978, 1980, 1982, and 1984.

RECS: Trends in Consumption and Expenditures 1978-1984 

Energy Information Administration

189
Detailed Statistics

Table 29. Counts of U.S. Households Using Liquefied Petroleum Gas, 

1978 Through 1984

United States

Millions of Households

Household Characteristics

RSE Column Factor:

1978

1.49

1980

1.03

1982

1.16

1984

1.02

All Households .............................................................. 6.9 7.7 7.3 7.8

Weather Zone

Fewer than 2,000 CDD and-- 

More than 7,000 HDD .............................................. Q 1.3 1.4 1.5

5,500 to 7,000 HDD ................................................. 1.4 1.4 1.3 1.1

4,000 to 5,499 HDD ................................................. 1.7 1.6 1.3 1.6

Fewer than 4,000 HDD ............................................ 1.8 1.8 1.6 1.8

More than 2,000 CDD and

Fewer than 4,000 HDD ............................................... 1.5 1.5 1.7 1.8

Year of Construction

Before 1950.................................................................. 2.5 3.0 3.1 2.8

195010 1974 ................................................................ 4.0 3.6 3.3 3.8

After 1974 ..................................................................... .3 1.0 1.0 1.2

Main Space Heating Fuel

Electricity....................................................................... .3 .5 .3 .5

Natural Gas .................................................................. Q Q Q Q

Fuel Oil/Kerosene ....................................................... 2.4 1.8 1.5 1.3

LPG ................................................................................ 3.1 3.7 3.8 3.9

Wood ............................................................................. .8 1.4 1.5 1.7

Other or None .............................................................. Q .2 .3 .3

Measured Heated Area of Residence 

(square feet)

Less than 1,000 ........................................................... — 3.4 3.0 3.7

1,000 to 1,999 .............................................................. — 2.8 3.0 3.1

2,000 or More............................................................... — 1.5 1.3 1.0

Air Conditioning

Yes................................................................................. 3.5 3.4 3.2 3.8

No .................................................................................. 3.4 4.3 4.1 4.1

Main Water Heating Fuel

Electricity ....................................................................... 3.2 3.3 3.3 3.4

Natural Gas .................................................................. Q Q Q Q

Fuel Oil/Kerosene ....................................................... .4 .5 .4 .3

LPG................................................................................ 3.1 3.6 3.5 3.8

Other or None .............................................................. .2 Q .2 .2

Ownership Status

Own ............................................................................... 5.3 6.0 5.5 5.9

Rent ............................................................................... 1.7 1.7 1.8 1.9

Annual Family Income

Under $10,000 ............................................................. 3.1 2.8 2.7 2.8

$10,000 to $19,999 ..................................................... 2.4 2.7 2.3 2.4

$20,000 to $29,999 ..................................................... 1.0 1.2 1.2 1.4

$30,000 or More .......................................................... .4 .9 1.1 1.3

Number of People in Household

Single Person ............................................................... 1.1 1.2 1.5 1.7

2 to 4 People ............................................................... 4.8 5.5 4.7 5.2

5 or More People......................................................... .9 1.0 1.1 1.0

Age of Household Head

Less than 25 Years..................................................... .8 .6 .4 .3

25 to 59 Years ............................................................. 4.2 4.8 4.6 4.8

60 Years or Older........................................................ 1.9 2.3 2.3 2.7

Percent of Households

1978

1.12

1980

0.75

1982

0.83

1984

0.79

100.0% 100.0% 100.0% 100.0%

Q

20.1 

24.8 

26.8

21.9

36.8

58.3

4.9

4.7 

Q

35.1

45.2

11.2

Q

51.3

48.7

46.4 

Q

5.8 

44.9

2.2

76.1

23.9

45.1

34.5

14.4

6.0

16.5

70.1

13.4

11.8

61.0

27.2

17.4

18.6

20.9

23.0

20.0

38.9

47.6

13.6

6.7 

Q

23.1 

48.3 

18.5

3.2

44.2

35.9

19.9

43.9

56.1

43.6 

Q

6.2 

46.5

3.2

78.4

21.6

36.9

34.9

15.8

12.4

15.1

71.2

13.7

7.7

62.2

30.1

19.0

17.6

18.3

21.6

23.5

41.8

45.1

13.0

4.5 

Q

20.1

51.7

19.9

3.6

41.7

40.3

18.0

44.2

55.8

44.5 

Q

4.8 

47.3

3.3

75.7

24.3

36.3

31.9

16.2

15.7

20.6

64.4

15.0

5.2

63.0

31.8

19.2

14.5

20.0

22.9

23.4

36.3

48.8

15.0

6.5 

Q

16.9 

49.7 

22.0

3.4

47.6

39.8

12.6

48.3

51.7

43.3 

Q

3.6 

49.0

2.5

75.2

24.8

35.4

30.3

17.5

16.8

21.8

65.9

12.3

3.8

61.8

34.4

RSE

Row

Factor

38.72

20.12

27.77

27.59

19.25

13.02

9.16

D

23.513 

Q

15.71

9.55

17.64

24.40

10.02

11.21

16.83

9.97 

9.5Ei

9.44

Q

28.16

9.18 

38.00

6.30

14.55

10.53

9.B4

13.35

17.93

14.42

6.65

14.98

26.48

7.03

10.73

See footnotes at end of table.

190 RECSr Trends in Consumption and Expenditures 1978-1984 

Energy Information Administration
Detailed Statistics

Table 29. Counts of U.S. Households Using Liquefied Petroleum Gas, 

1978 Through 1984 (Continued)

Northeast

Household Characteristics

RSE Column Factor:

Millions of Households

1978

1.49

1980

1.03

1982

1.16

1984

Percent of Households

1978

1.02 1.12

1980

0.75

1982

0.83

1984

0.79

All Households.............................................................. 1.3 1-3 1.1 1.4

Census Division

New England ................................................................ — .5 .5 .5

Middle Atlantic.............................................................. — .7 .7 .9

Weather Zone

Fewer than 2,000 COD andMore than 7,000 HDD ............................................. Q Q Q Q

5,500 to 7,000 HDD ................................................. Q .6 .5 .6

4,000 to 5,499 HDD ................................................. .5 .2 .1 .3

Year of Construction

Before 1950.................................................................. .7 .7 Q .6

1950 to 1974 ......................:......................................... .6 .5 .5 .6

After 1974 ..................................................................... Q .1 Q Q

Main Space Heating Fuel

Electricity....................................................................... Q Q Q Q

Natural Gas .................................................................. Q Q Q —

Fuel Oil/Kerosene....................................................... 1.1 .8 .6 .8

LPG................................................................................ .1 Q Q .2

Wood ............................................................................. Q .2 .3 Q

Other or None .............................................................. Q — .1 .1

Measured Heated Area of Residence 

(square feet)

Less than 1,000........................................................... — .4 .4 .6

1,000 to 1,999.............................................................. — .5 .4 .4

2,000 or More............................................................... — .4 .3 .3

Air Conditioning

Yes................................................................................. .5 .4 .3 .5

No .................................................................................. .8 .9 .8 ,9

Main Water Heating Fuel

Electricity....................................................................... .4 .6 .4 .5

Natural Gas .................................................................. Q Q Q —

Fuel Oil/Kerosene ....................................................... .3 .4 .3 .3

LPG................................................................................ .6 .3 .4 .5

Other or None.............................................................. — Q Q Q

Ownership Status

Own ............................................................................... 1.0 1.0 .9 1.0

Rent ............................................................................... .3 .2 .2 .3

Annual Family Income

Under $10,000 ............................................................. .4 .3 .4 .4

$10,000 to $19,999 ..................................................... .5 .5 Q .3

$20,000 to $29,999 ..................................................... Q .3 .2 .3

$30,000 or More.......................................................... Q .2 .2 .3

Number of People In Household

Single Person ......,.....................;.................................. .2 Q Q .3

2 to 4 People ............................................................... .9 .9 .6 .8

5 or More People......................................................... Q .2 .2 .2

Age of Household Head

Less than 25 Years..................................................... Q .1 Q .1

25 to 59 Years ............................................................. .8 .9 .7 .8

60 Years of Older........................................................ .4 .3 Q .4

100.0% 100.0% 100.0% 100.0%

Q

44.2 

Q

51.7

45.9

Q

Q 

Q

86.2 

Q 

Q 

Q

39.4

60.6

31.1 

Q

23.0 

42.3

76.6

23.4

33.9

37.2

20.9

8.0

17.8

70.2

Q

Q

64.7 

29.7

42.6

57.4

35.4

48.0

Q

51.7

39.6

8.7

4.6 

Q

62.9 

Q

19.5

31.2

37.0

31.8

27.9

72.1

44.0 

Q

27.7

26.1

Q

82.6

17.4

22.3

42.9

22.0

12.8

13.4

73.1

13.5

5.1

69.1

25.8

40.4

59.6

42.8

45.9

Q

48.7

45.1

Q

Q 

Q

49.0

17.1

25.1

5.0

37.3

35.8

27.0

25.9

74.1

39.2 

Q

23.6

33.5

Q

81.5

18.5

34.0

28.4

17.5

20.1

27.5

56.2

16.3

Q

60.3 

34.7

36.0

64.0

37.3

42.2

20.5

47.5

44.6

7.8

Q

57.8

11.9

Q

4.0

47.0

27.7

25.3

35.2

64.8

38.7

18.6

39.0

Q

76.0

24.0

31.2

23.0

20.9

24.9

22.3

62.3

15.4

10.2

58.4

31.4

RSE

Row

Factor

25.87

25.21

60.41

34.58

52.23

28.35

24.36

D

71.39 

Q

17.67 

43.39 

46.56 

41.77

23.90

24.92

27.65

23.85

19.27

26.79 

Q

31.02

25.78

Q

13.65

29.19

27.72

29.40

30.73

36.22

32.76

15.88

34.43

48.34

17.21

28.74

See footnotes at end of table.

RECS: Trends in Consumption and Expenditures 1978-1984 

Energy Information Administration

191
Detailed Statistics

Table 29. Counts of U.S. Households Using Liquefied Petroleum Gas, 

1978 Through 1984 (Continued)

North Central

Household Characteristics

RSE Column Factor:

Millions of Households

1978

1.49

1980

All Households .............................................................. 1.5

Census Division

East North Central.......................................................

West North Central......................................................

Weather Zone

Fewer than 2,000 ODD and-- 

More than 7,000 HDD .............................................. Q

5,500 to 7,000 HDD ................................................. Q

4,000 to 5,499 HDD ................................................. .7

Year of Construction

Before 1950 .................................................................. .8

1950 to 1974 ................................................................ .7

After 1974 ..................................................................... Q

Main Space Heating Fuel

Electricity....................................................................... Q

Natural Gas ..................................................................

Fuel Oil/Kerosene ....................................................... .5

LPG ................................................................................ .8

Wood ............................................................................. Q

Other or None .............................................................. Q

Measured Heated Area of Residence 

(square feet)

Less than 1,000 ...........................................................

1,000 to 1,999 ..............................................................

2,000 or More...............................................................

Air Conditioning

Yes................................................................................. .5

No .................................................................................. 1.0

Main Water Heating Fuel

Electricity....................................................................... .6

Natural Gas ..................................................................

Fuel Oil/Kerosene ....................................................... Q

LPG................................................................................ .8

Other or None .............................................................. Q

Ownership Status

Own ............................................................................... 1.2

Rent ............................................................................... .2

Annual Family Income

Under $10,000 ............................................................. .6

$10,000 to $19,999 ..................................................... .6

$20,000 to $29,999 ..................................................... .2

$30,000 or More .......................................................... .1

Number of People In Household

Single Person ............................................................... .3

2 to 4 People ............................................................... .8

5 or More People ......................................................... .4

Age of Household Head

Less than 25 Years ..................................................... Q

25 to 59 Years ............................................................. .9

60 Years or Older........................................................ .5

1.03

1982

2.1

1.2 

.9

.7 

.6 

Q

1.0 

.8 

.3

.3

1.2

.5

.0

1.3

Q

1.2

.0

1.7 

.4

.3 

.3

.2

1.5 

.4

.1

1.3 

.7

1.16

1984

1.8

1.0 

.7

.5 

Q

.8 

.7 

.3

.4

1.0

.4

.5 

.8 

.6

.9 

Q

1.7 

.1

.5 

.6 

.3 

.4

.3

1.2

.4

Q

1.2

.5

1.02

Percent of Households

1978

1.12

1980

0.75

1982

0.83

1984

0.79

RSE

Row

Factor

100.0% 100.0% 100.0% 100.0%l

1.1

.4 

.6

.7

1.1

.2

Q 

Q

.1 

1.3

.5

.8 

.8

.4

.7 

1.2

.7 

Q

1.2

1.7 

.3

.7 

.6 

.4 

.3

.4

1.4

.2

.0

1.2

.7

Q 

Q

50.4

52.1

45.4

Q

Q

32.1

52.8

Q

Q

35.3

64.7

38.9

Q

55.8 

Q

83.9

16.1

41.8

38.6

10.3

9.3

18.1

57.0

24.9

Q

61.3 

31.5

57.5

42.5

35.5

30.4

34.2

47.1

39.0

13.9

Q

14.6

57.4

24.7

1.0

30.0

40.9

29.1

37.0

63.0

38.3

Q

59.4 

1.4

83.0

17.0

31.8

37.8

14.6

15.8

11.5

71.3

17.1

6.6

61.4

32.0

58.4

41.6

43.2

27.9

Q

44.5

40.5

15.0

Q

21.6

53.2

21.1

25.1

42.8

32.1

49.1

50.9

49.9

49.2 

Q

92.4 

7.6

25.9

34.0

16.7

23.4

15.6

64.5

19.9

6.2

68.1

25.7

58.1

41.9

46.3

22.2

31.5

37.2

54.9

7.8

Q

Q

6.6

64.7

26.5

39.3

40.7

20.1

37.9

62.1

38.4 

Q

60.8

85.4

14.6

34.8

28.7

20.3

16.3

21.5

70.4

8.1

2.2

60.8

37.0

19.34

22,32

52.24

35.30

44.54

18.92

22.48

D

Q 

Q

28.93 

12.30 

32.22 

38.13

22.92

13.08

25.89

22.86

17.38

14.15 

0 

Q

13.00 

63.08

7.37

24.31

19.17

16.16

24.31

29.56

23.32

11.21

22.93

45.74

12.36

20.92

See footnotes at end of table.

192 RECS: Trends in Consumption and Expenditures 1978-1984 

Energy Information Administration
Detailed Statistics

Table 29. Counts of U.S. Households Using Liquefied Petroleum Gas, 

1978 Through 1984 (Continued)

South

Millions of Households

Household Characteristics

RSE Column Factor:

1978

1.49

1980

1.03

1982

1.16

1984

All Households.............................................................. 3.7 3.5 3.5

Census Division

South Atlantic............................................................... — 2.4 2.2

East South Central ...................................................... — .5 .5

West South Central ..................................................... — .6 .8

Weather Zone

Fewer than 2,000 CDD and5,500 to 7,000 HDD ................................................. Q — —

4,000 to 5,499 HDD ................................................. .4 .6 Q

Fewer than 4,000 HDD............................................ 1.8 1.5 1.4

More than 2,000 CDD and :

Fewer than 4,000 HDD............................................... 1.4 1.4 1.5

Year of Construction

Before 1950.................................................................. 1.0 1.2 1.4

1950101974................................................................ 2.5 1.9 1.7

After 1974 .................................................................... .2 .4 .3

Main Space Heating Fuel

Electricity....................................................................... .2 .3 .2

Natural Gas .................................................................. Q Q —

Fuel Oil/Kerosene ....................................................... .8 .7 .5

LPG ................................................................................ 2.0 2.0 2.3

Wood ............................................................................. .5 .5 .5

Other or None ........:..................................................... Q Q Q

Measured Heated Area of Residence 

(square feet)

Less than 1,000 ........................................................... -- 1.8 1.7

1,000 to 1,999.............................................................. — 1.3 1.5

2,000 or More............................................................... -- .4 .3

Air Conditioning

Yes................................................................................. 2.4 2.0 2.0

No .................................................................................. 1.3 1.5 1.6

Main Water Heating Fuel

Electricity....................................................................... 2.0 1.9 1.6

Natural Gas .................................................................. — Q

Fuel Oil/Kerosene ....................................................... .1 Q Q

LPG................................................................................ 1.5 1.3 1.5

Other or None.............................................................. Q Q .2

Ownership Status

Own ............................................................................... 2.7 2.7 2.4

Rent ............................................................................... 1.0 .8 1.1

Annual Family Income

Under $10,000 ............................................................. 1.9 1.6 1.5

$10,000 to $19,999 ..................................................... 1.2 1.1 1.1

$20,000 to $29,999 ..................................................... .5 .5 .6

$30,000 or More.......................................................... .1 .4 .3

Number of People In Household

Single Person ..........................I.................................... .6 .5 .8

2 to 4 People ............................................................... 2.7 2.6 2.4

5 or More People......................................................... .4 .4 .4

Age of Household Head

Less than 25 Years..................................................... Q .3 .2

25 to 59 Years ............................................................. 2.1 2.1 2.1

60 Years or Older........................................................ 1.0 1.1 1.3

1.02

1978

Percent of Households 

1980

3.7

2.3

.5

.6

1.4

1.7

1.3

1.8

.6

.3 

Q 

.4 

2.1 

.8 

Q

1.8

1.7

.2

2.2 

1.4

1.9 

Q 

Q

1.5 

Q

2.6

1.0

1.4

1.2

.5

.5

.8

2.4

.5

.1

2.2 

1.3

1.12 0.75

100.0%

Q

Q

48.6

38.8

26.3

68.8

4.9

4.8 

Q

21.8

54.1

14.3

Q

63.9

36.1

53.5

Q

41.6 

3.2

73.8

26.2

50.6

33.0

13.3

3.1

16.6

73.5

9.9

15.6

57.1

27.3

39.8

33.8

53.7

12.4

8.6 

Q

18.6

56.7

13.2

Q

52.2

35.8

12.0

56.3

43.7

52.9 

Q 

Q

37.8 

Q

75.8

24.2

44.8

31.6

13.5

10.1

15.5

73.7

10.7

9.9

58.6

31.5

43.4

40.9

49.4

9.8

6.0

13.9

64.3

15.2

Q

48.7

43.5

7.8

55.6

44.4

50.7

Q

43.4 

4.3

68.5

31.5

43.9

30.9

16.8

8.5

22.0

67.4

10.6

4.9

58.6

36.5

45.0

34.5

48.4

17.1

9.2 

Q

10.2

56.3

21.2

Q

50.3

45.2

4.4

61.1

38.9

52.5 

Q 

Q

41.0 

3.3

71.6

28.4

39.1

33.1

13.8

14.0

21.8

65.7

12.5

2.8

61.0

36.2

20.59

19.98

12.42

D

31.70 

Q

31.71

12.81

25.37

Q

15.57

17.78

34.40

12.05

16.75

13.97 

Q

70.66 

18.39 

49.72

9.73

20.96

15.31

14.57

21.09

33.85

22.33

10.08

25.86

39.71

12.10

16.70

See footnotes at end ol table.

RECS: Trends in Consumption and Expenditures 1978-1984 

Energy Information Administration

193
Detailed Statistics

Table 29. Counts of U.S. Households Using Liquefied Petroleum Gas, 

1978 Through 1984 (Continued)

West

Household Characteristics

RSE Column Factor:

Millions of Households

1978

1.49

1980

All Households .............................................................. 0.4

Census Division

Mountain .......................................................................

Pacific ............................................................................

Weather Zone

Fewer than 2,000 CDD and-- 

More than 7,000 HDD .............................................. —

5,500 to 7,000 HDD ................................................. .2

4,000 to 5,499 HDD ................................................. Q

Fewer than 4,000 HDD ............................................ Q

More than 2,000 CDD and

Fewer than 4,000 HDD ............................................... Q

Year of Construction

Before 1950 .................................................................. Q

1950 to 1974 ................................................................ .2

After 1974 ..................................................................... Q

Main Space Heating Fuel

Electricity....................................................................... Q

Natural Gas .................................................................. —

Fuel Oil/Kerosene ....................................................... Q

L.PG ................................................................................ Q

Wood ............................................................................. Q

Other or None .............................................................. —

Measured Heated Area of Residence 

(square feet)

Less than 1,000 ........................................................... —

1,000 to 1,999 .............................................................. —

2,000 or More ...............................................................

Air Conditioning

Yes................................................................................. Q

No .................................................................................. .3

Main Water Heating Fuel

Electricity....................................................................... .3

Natural Gas .................................................................. —

Fuel Oil/Kerosene .......................................................

LPG................................................................................ Q

Other or None ..............................................................

Ownership Status

Own ............................................................................... .3

Rent ............................................................................... Q

Annual Family Income

Under $10,000 ............................................................. .2

$10,000 to $19,999 ..................................................... .1

$20,000 to $29,999 ..................................................... Q

$30,000 or More .......................................................... Q

Number of People in Household

Single Person ............................................................... Q

2 to 4 People ............................................................... .4

5 or More People......................................................... Q

1.03

1982

0.8

.4 

.4

.1 

.2 

Q 

.3

.1 

Q 

Q 

.4 

.2 

.1

.1 

Q 

Q 

.7

1.16

1984

0.9

.4 

.5

.1 

.3 

.1 

Q

Q 

.4 

.3 

.2

.0 

.7 

Q

1.02

Percent of Households

0.9

.3 

.6

Q 

.1 

.0 

.4

.1 

Q 

Q 

.4 

.2 

.2

.2 

Q

1978

1.12

1980

0.75

1982

0.83

1984

0.79

100.0% 100.0% 100.0% 100.0%

Q 

Q 

Q

0

50.1

21.2

Q

59.6 

Q

Q 

65.4

57.3

42.7

68.1 

Q

42.8

24.7

Q

Q

Q

85.0 

Q

45.7

54.3

18.4

23.1

Q

34.1

16.5

19.2

55.5

25.3

12.8 

Q 

Q

44.5 

23.6 

17.2

66.6

22.1

11.3

33.0

67.0

16.1 

Q 

Q

82.9

71.2

28.8

38.4

29.5

19.5

12.7

25.2

57.0

17.8

46.3

53.7

15.2

30.6

6.0

25.8

22.4

31.4

37.6

31.0

Q

43.2 

29.4 

21.3

53.0

28.3

18.6

11.5

88.5

14.8

3.3

76.7

Q

62.6

37.4

30.0

36.5

10.8

22.7

16.7

62.6

20.7

30.7

69.3

Q

15.5

5.4

46.8

20.3

24.4

43.0

32.6

7.2 

Q 

Q

47.2 

18.9 

20.3

55.6

33.8

10.6

38.4

61.6

23.2 

Q

71.6 

Q

66.7

33.3

27.7

33.4

21.5

17.4

21.7

62.3

16.0

RSE;

Row 

Factor

23.94

20.95

45.74

25.39

54.38

52.70

27.56

33.61

30.51

a

46.36 

Q 

0

25.40 

38.42 

19.63

21.54

32.92

42.39

32.47

16.44

27.74 

Q

62.10

13.73

O

21.87

35.21

29.71

24.48

34.58

34.51

39.03

13.72

27.82

See footnotes at end of table.

194 RECS: Trends in Consumption and Expenditures 1978-1984 

Energy Information Administration
Detailed Statistics

Table 29. Counts of U.S. Households Using Liquefied Petroleum Gas, 

1978 Through 1984 (Continued)

West

Household Characteristics

RSE Column Factor:

Age of Household Head

25 to 59 Years .............................................................

60 Years or Older ........................................................

Millions of Households

1978

1.49

1980

1.03

1982

1.16

Q Q Q 

0.4 0.6 0.6 

Q .2 .2

1984

1.02

Percent of Households

1978

1.12

1980 1982

I 

0.75 | 0.83

i

1984

0.79

Q Q Q Q Q 

0.6 82.0 69.1 73.6 72.4 

.2 Q 25.4 22.1 26.0

RSE 

Row 

Factor

Q 

13.63 

38.00

— Data not applicable or not available.

8 The RSEs for Percent of Households values given in this row are 0.0. The RSE Row Factor for Millions of Households values is 8.72 for United 

States totals, 22.54 for Northeast Census Region totals, 15.23 for North Central Census Region totals, 14.18 for South Census Region totals and 18.27 

for West Census Region totals.

D The RSEs calculated using the row and column factors are unreliable. Reliable RSE estimates for each cell are found in Appendix A.

Q Data withheld due to large variance {1.96 * standard error > value).

Note: To obtain a Relative Standard Error Percent (RSE) for any table cell, multiply the ceirs corresponding column and row factors. 

See Glossary for definition of terms used in this report. 

Data may not sum to totals because of founding. 

Percentages are calculated on unrounded numbers.

Source: Energy Information Administration, Office of Energy Markets and End Use, Energy End Use Division, Residential Energy Consumption Surveys, 

1978, 1980, 1982, and 1984.

RECS: Trends in Consumption and Expenditures 1978-1984 

Energy Information Administration 195

Appendix A

Quality of the 

Data

Appendix A 

Quality of the Data

Introduction

The data presented in this report are based on six national surveys of occupied 

residential housing -units and their fuel suppliers. These Residential Energy 

Consumption Surveys (REGS) were conducted in a similar fashion, and thus, it is 

meaningful to compare the results from the different surveys. Examining the six 

RECS as a series gives data on trends in residential use of energy during the 

7-year period ; 1978 through 1984. (A RECS was not fielded in 1983). Beginning 

in 1984, the survey is to be conducted every 3 years.

Data from each RECS are subject to many sources of sampling error, nonsampling 

error, and bias. Sampling error is a measure of the data variability that 

results from surveying a sample, rather than the entire population. Because 

each RECS used probability sampling techniques , sampling errors of the survey 

estimates can be estimated and used as a guide in making inferences from the 

sample estimates to the total population.

Nonsampling error and bias are measures of variability because of the conduct of 

the surveys. They Can include population undercoverage during sampling, 

response bias and variance, interviewer error, coding and/or keypunching error, 

and nonresponse bias. The wording and format of survey questionnaires; the 

procedures used to select and train interviewers; and the quality control built 

into the data collection, receipt, and processing operations were all designed 

to minimize thesei sources of error. In addition, response adjustments and ratio 

estimation techniques were incorporated into the survey estimation procedures to 

help reduce both sampling and nonsampling error.

The six surveys are listed below along with a reference for details on how each 

individual survey was run, including details of the procedures to control 

nonsampling error.

Survey 

Year ___ "Reference _____________

1978 RECS: Consumption and Expenditures, April 1978 Through March 1979; 

July: 1980, DOE/EIA-0207/5, GPO Stock No. 061-003-00189-1, $8.50.

1979 ^E€W: Consumption and Expenditures, Part 1; National Data

tancju:di.rig Conservation); April 1981, DOE/EIA-262/1, GPO Stock 

( m . ;D61-003-00191-2 , $ 6 . 50 .

1980 -ggjggj; Consumption and Expenditures, April 1980 Through March 1981, 

: gafl 1: National Data; September 1982, DOE/E1A-0321/1(80) , GPO 

Stock No. 061-003-00278-1, $7.50.

1981 REGS; Consumption and Expenditures, April 1981 Through March 1982, 

''•'^Pg^^LV'Tfetional Data; September 1983, DOE/EIA-0321/1(81) , GPO 

jJSi:ock No. 061-003-00340-1, $6.00.

1982 /RECSi Consumption and Expenditures, April 1982 Through March 1983, 

Faxi-J 1: National Data; November 1984, DOE/EIA-0321/1(82), GPO Stock 

No . 061-003-00411-3 , $7 . 00 .

1984 RgGS:; Consumption and Expenditures, April 1984 Through March 1985, 

Part; 1: National Data; March 1987, DOE/E1A-0321/K84), GPO Stock 

No. 061-003-00519-5, $9.50. ____________________________________

RECS: Trends in Consumption and Expenditures 1 978-1 984 

Energy Information Administration
Appendix A

This appendix summarizes the similarities and differences of the six Residential 

Energy Consumption Surveys with respect to survey design, data collection, and 

data processing. Additionally, a discussion of the effect; of the changes in the 

survey procedures on the estimates obtained from the survey data is presented. 

Finally, the method for obtaining estimates of sampling errors for the survey 

results and the impact of the similarities of the six survey designs on the 

sampling errors for estimates of change across surveys are described.

Survey Design

For all six surveys, the sample households were selected using a multiple-stage 

area-probability sampling design that was similar in nature, however, there were 

some differences. The 1978 and 1979 surveys used a sampling design that was a 

general purpose design. The 1980, 1981, 1982, and 1984 surveys used a sampling 

design especially created for the Residential Energy Consumption Surveys. This 

design was adjusted prior to the 1984 survey to reflect the results of the 1980 

Census and to reflect changes in EIA's requirements for precision.

Generally, the design for the surveys can be broken into two groups: Group 1 is 

composed of the 1978 and 1979 surveys and Group 2 is composed of the 1980, 1981,, 

1982, and 1984 surveys. For Group 2, the cluster size was smaller (4, rather 

than 10 for Group 1), more Primary Sampling Units (PSU) were used (131 in 1980,, 

1981, and 1982, and 129 in 1984, rather than 103 for Group 1), and greater 

stratification was used that incorporated information related to energy use 

(main heating fuel and weather). These procedures, along with a somewhat 

larger sample size, contributed to a reduced sampling error for Group 2.

Universe for Surveys

For all six surveys, the universe included all occupied residential housing 

units. Group housing units such as college dormitories, military barracks and 

hotels were not in the universe. Also excluded from the universe were 

unoccupied housing units, second homes, and units that are occupied fewer than 

6 months annually. For the 1978 and 1979 surveys, this universe was restricted 

to occupied residential housing units in the 48 contiguous States and the 

District of Columbia minus all housing units on military bases. The universe 

for the surveys was expanded in 1980. Occupied residential housing units in 

Alaska and Hawaii were added to the sample, as were occupied residential housing 

units (apart from barracks) on military bases in any of the 50 States and the 

District of Columbia.

By Census definition, the number of occupied residential housing units equals 

the number of households. Estimates of the total number of occupied residential 

housing units were derived from Current Population Survey (CPS) figures on the 

number of households by interpolating from March (the date of the CPS figures) 

to November (the date of the REGS). There was a discontinuous increase in these

The sample for the 1984 survey can be divided into two panels (incoming 

panel and longitudinal panel). There were 129 PSU's for the incoming panel and 

131 PSU's for the longitudinal panel.

REGS: Trends in Consumption and Expenditures 1978-1984 

Energy Information Administration
Appendix A

CPS figures when adjustments from the 1980 Census were incorporated into the 

estimating procedure. The number of households counted in the 1980 Census was 

larger than had been expected in the CPS estimates before the 1980 Census. 

Therefore, the total count of households in the series of RECS does not increase 

evenly (Table Al), The 1978 and 1979 population estimates have not been 

corrected to adjust for the underestimation of about 4 percent revealed by the 

1980 Census and by the change in the universe. The underestimates of the size of 

the universe for 1978 and 1979 affect aggregate consumption and expenditures data 

for these surveys, but these data are not included in this report. This report 

focuses on average consumption and expenditures per household. These data are 

affected little by the jump in population size. In this report, the household 

counts for 1978 and 1979 are included and the underestimation of these numbers has 

not been corrected. The following table lists the universe size and the sample 

size for each of the six surveys.

Table A1. Size of Sample and Increase in Universe Size for the Six Residential 

Energy Consumption Surveys

Survey

Year

Sample

Size

Universe Increase

Size Size of

in Estimated

Universe

(Percent Annual Increase)

1976

1979 :

1980

1981

1982

1984

4,081

4,033

6,051

6,269

4,724

5,682

76,608,000

77,524,000 1.2

81,645,000 5.3

83,141,000 1.8

83,788,000 0.8

86,328,000 1.5*

* ,,.,,'.— -.:. 

Calculated on an annual basis

Source: Energy;-Information Administration, Office of Energy Markets and End 

Use, Energy End; Use Division, The Residential Energy Consumption Surveys, 1978, 

1979, 1980, 1982, and 1984.

The housing units;included in the 1978, 1979, and 1981 surveys were sampled only 

once. The sample for the 1980, 1982, and 1984 surveys can each be divided into 

two panels. Any of the panels for these three surveys can be used as a full 

national sample ip itself, by adjusting the weights of the housing units. For 

each survey,^rj^ieiL-twq:;.panels can be denoted as the incoming panel and the 

longitudinal panel. The incoming panel for any survey and the longitudinal 

panel for the i;98|> survey contains only housing units that have never been 

sampled for a REGS before. The incoming panel for the 1980 survey becomes the 

longitudinal panel for the 1982 survey and the incoming panel for the 1982 

survey becomes; the longitudinal panel for the 1984 survey.

However, as with jnpst longitudinal surveys, the composition of the panels 

changes over1 Biffie^: The housing units in the incoming panel of the 1980 survey 

and the longitudinal panel of the 1982 survey are not exactly the same. The 

same applies to the incoming panel for the 1982 survey and the longitudinal

RECS: Trends in Consumption and Expenditures 1978-1984 201 

Energy Information Administration
Appendix A

panel for the 1984 survey. Some of the reasons for the differences are changes in 

the target sample size, nonresponse to either survey, procedural error, 

interviewer error, demolition, new construction, out-of-scope units changing to 

residential units and residential units changing to out-of-scope units. The 

longitudinal panel for the 1982 survey contains a total of 2,337 housing units. 

Of these units, there were 1,983 housing units that appeared in the 1980 

incoming panel. Of these 1,983 common housing units, 1,616 were occupied by the 

same family in both surveys and 367 were occupied by different families.

Similarly, the longitudinal panel for the 1984 survey contains a total of 2,724 

housing units, of which 1,780 housing units appeared in the incoming panel for 

the 1982 survey. Of these 1,780 common housing units, 1,358 were occupied by 

the same family in both surveys and 422 were occupied by different families. 

The presence of the same housing units, especially the same households, would 

have the effect of reducing the sampling error for comparisons (between 1980 and 

1982 and between 1982 and 1984) that are based on statistics covering categories 

that contain a large proportion of these longitudinal housing units. This effect 

will be discussed in more detail later in this appendix.

Data Collection

Personal interviews were conducted with adult residents of about 85 percent of 

the eligible units in each survey, with a further 5 percent responding to a 

mailed questionnaire containing a shorter version of the personal-interview 

questionnaire (Table A2). The drop in the mail questionnaire response rate for 

the 1984 survey was probably because of the discontinuation of the $2 

incentive for filling out the mail questionnaire.

Table A2. Response Rates for Residential Energy Consumption Surveys (Percent)

Survey

Year

1978

1979

1980

1981

1982

1984

Personal

Interview

Response Rate

85.2

85.5

87.5

86.8

84.9

81.1

Mail

Questionnaire

Response Rate

35.9

41.2

38.1

44.0

35.4

19.5

* 

Additional

Respondents Added

by Mail Questionnaire

5.3

5.1

3.7

4.8

4.7

3.0

Total

Response

Rate

90.5

90.6

91.2

91.6

89.6

84.2

*

The mail questionnaire was not sent to all nonrespondents to the personal 

interview.

Source: Energy Information Administration, Office of Energy Markets and End 

Use, Energy End Use Division, The Residential Energy Consumption Surveys, 1978, 

1979, 1980, 1982, and 1984.

Upon receiving written permission from the household, the household's fuel 

suppliers were asked to supply billing records for fuel purchases. For the 1980 

survey, usable records were received for 83 percent of households using

202 RECS: Trends in Consumption and Expenditures 1978-1984

Energy Information Administration
Appendix A

electricity, 75 percent of those using natural gas, 55 percent of those using fuel 

oil or kerosene, and 66 percent of those using LPG. These figures have not 

changed substantially throughout the surveys, except with respect to fuel oil 

and kerosene.

For the 1984 survey, the consumption of kerosene was not combined with the 

consumption of fuel oil as it was in all previous surveys. This change was made 

because of the increased use of portable kerosene heaters. Kerosene for these 

heaters was typically bought on a cash-and-carry basis. As a result, there was 

very little supplier data. The percentage of usable records for both fuel oil 

and kerosene decreased in 1984 from previous surveys. For the 1984 survey, data 

on kerosene consumption was based on supplier data for 10 percent of the 

households using kerosene, on household estimates for 50 percent, and was 

imputed for 40 percent. For the 1984 survey, data on fuel oil consumption was 

based on supplier data for 43 percent of the households using fuel oil, on 

household estimates for 1 percent, and was imputed for 56 percent. There was a 

decrease in the percentage of usable energy supplier data for other fuels as 

well, but the-decrease was not as large.

Records are not available for households whose fuel costs are included in the 

rent, and some records cannot be used because they represent an unknown portion 

of a year. These problems are particularly acute for fuel oil/kerosene data. 

The fuel oil/kerosene data (especially for apartments) are, therefore, of lower 

quality than data for the other fuels throughout the six surveys.

For all six surveys, the household interviews were conducted in the fall of the 

year. November has been taken as the midpoint of the survey period. The data 

on consumption arrd expenditures generally cover the period from the April before 

the autumn interview through March of the following year. The monthly billing 

records were adjusted to a full year, and regression procedures were used to 

impute data for households with few or no billing records. The regression 

equations were different for each survey. Questions were added to the survey 

when their need became apparent. In many cases, responses to these additional 

questions were used in the regression equations to improve the ability of the 

equations to predict energy consumption. In addition, the experience gained in 

estimating regression equations in the early surveys helped to improve these 

equations for later surveys.

Nonhousehold ; : flse: :of: Energy. To avoid double counting of energy used in 

nonsample households or for nonhousehold purposes (such as for a welding 

business or giliiES: drying), adjustments were made to the household's fuel bills. 

The adjustment was based on the respondents' description of the nonhousehold use 

and estimate of the proportion of energy used for the nonhousehold purposes. 

These adjustments were made to few households. In 1982, the adjustments were 

made to sample(households representing the following estimated totals.

RECS: Trends in Consumption and Expenditures 1978-1984 203 

Energy Information Administration
Appendix A

Millions 

Energy Source__________Households

Electricity .......... 2.0

Natural Gas .......... 0.6

Fuel Oil/Kerosene .... 0.2

LPG .................._____0.2

The adjustments were always in the direction of reducing consumption of and 

expenditures for the households affected.

The effect of the reduction of electricity consumption for the 1982 survey, when 

spread over all 83.7 million users of electricity, was a decrease of 0.4 million 

Btu of electricity per household. This represents a decrease of 1.3 percent 

from 29.3 million Btu to 28.9 million Btu.

The decrease in natural gas consumption when spread over all 54.2 million users 

of natural gas was 0.6 million Btu per household. This represents a decrease of 

0.7 percent from 88.7 million Btu per household to 88.1 million Btu.

The reduction of LPG was 2.1 million Btu per household averaged over the 7.3 

million households using LPG. This reduction represented a 5.0 percent decrease 

from 41.5 million Btu per household to 39.4 million Btu.

The reduction of fuel oil/kerosene was 0.5 million Btu per household averaged 

over the 15.5 million households using fuel oil/kerosene. This reduction 

represented a 0.6 percent decrease from 73.9 million Btu per household to 73.4 

million Btu.

Subtraction of nonhousehold energy use from the household's billing records was 

carried out for the 1980, 1981, and 1984 surveys, similar to what has been 

described for the 1982 survey. No adjustment was made for the 1979 survey 

because data on this topic was not collected in that survey. In 1978, households 

with nonhousehold use of fuels had their consumption imputed via a regression 

equation regardless of the availability of billing records from the utility 

company.

Master-Meter Apartments. Some apartments are master-metered, with one meter 

recording the energy used by a group of apartments. Under these conditions, 

billing data are not available from the utility company for individual apartments 

and the annual consumption for these apartments in the REGS sample must be 

imputed. The imputation procedure assumes that the regression equations developed 

from data for households with actual billing records can be used to predict the 

energy consumption for master-metered apartments. If this assumption is not 

valid, then the estimates of annual consumption and end-use consumption estimates 

will be biased.

For the 1981 and 1982 surveys, adjustments were made in the regression equations 

used in the imputation procedures for consumption of electricity and natural 

gas. These adjustments take into account some differences between patterns of 

energy consumption for households living in master-metered buildings and those

204 RECS: Trends in Consumption and Expenditures 1978-1984

Energy Information Administration
Appendix A

living in buildings with individual meters. The effect of these adjustments was 

to increase the imputed values of electricity for apartments where electricity was 

used for air conditioning and of natural gas for apartments where natural gas was 

used, but not used as the main space heating fuel. The regression equation used 

for imputations for the 1984 survey were designed to better handle differences 

caused by houslag type and household behavior. As a result, the adjustments were 

not used for the 1984 survey.

To assess the effect of these adjustments on consumption trends, a special 

effort was undertaken to study the adjustments made to the consumption data for 

the 1982 survey. In that year, the adjustment to the regression equation for 

electricity added: 0,077 quadrillion Btu to the consumption of 4.4 million 

apartments (the adjustment was to multiply the imputed electricity consumption 

by 1.84 for sampled apartments where electricity was used for air conditioning 

and where the electricity consumption was imputed). The adjustment for natural 

gas (consumption times 2.04) added 0.051 quadrillion Btu of natural gas to the 

consumption of 2.5 million apartments that used natural gas, but not as the main 

space heating fuel and where the natural gas consumption was imputed. (The 

adjustment factors were determined by a comparison of the regression estimates 

with a disaggtegation of the specially collected billing records for buildings 

containing staple units. The disaggregation provided an estimate for individual 

apartments by dividing the buildings consumption by the number of apartments in 

the building.)

The effect of these adjustments for electricity and natural gas was to increase 

the average electricity consumption over all apartments by 20.0 percent (from 

17.1 million Btu per household to 20.6) and the average natural gas consumption 

over all apartments by 5.0 percent (from 60.2 million Btu per household to 

63.2). Because of these uneven adjustments, which affect the year-to-year 

comparisons for apartments, data are not reported separately for apartments in 

this report.

Single-Person Household. The 1982 and 1984 surveys used an intermediate ratio 

adjustment to bring the RECS estimates of single-person households more in line 

with the Current Population Survey. The proportion of single-person households 

was 23.0 percent in the 1982 RECS, 19.3 percent in 1980, and averaged 19.1 

percent in the first four surveys.

The effect of this adjustment for the 1982 survey was to reduce the average 

consumption per household by about 1 percent (from 104.2 to 102.9 million Btu 

per household), since single-person households use less energy per unit than 

multi-person households.

The estimate, of the consumption without the adjustment was calculated by summing 

the cross products (0.190 x 80.2, 0.674 x 105.8, and 0.136 x 130.0). The first 

number in the cross product is the proportion of households with single-persons, 

2 to 4 people, and 5 or more people averaged over the 1978 and 1980 surveys 

(Table 17, CJiapter 5). The second number is the consumption of all fuels for 

1982 for households with 1 5 2 to 4, and 5 or more persons (Table 15, Chapter 5).

RECS: Trends in Consumption and Expenditures 1978-1984 205 

Energy Information Administration
Appendix A

Data Editing. Changes in data-editing procedures that have occurred since the 

first RECS, have a small effect on the average consumption and expenditures 

statistics. In particular, some household records contain a zero value for 

consumption or expenditures for a fuel that conflicts with other information on 

the record that indicates that the fuel is used. The 1978 RECS contained 0.221 

million households that have zero consumption of and expenditures for natural 

gas, but the record indicated they used natural gas as their main heating fuel. 

The 1979 survey contained 0.017 million households in this category. No such 

records exist in the 1980-1984 surveys for natural gas or for electricity for 

any year. Such records exist in each survey for fuel oil/kerosene and LPG 

(except 1979 for LPG), but these records may not indicate a data error because 

it is possible for a household to use a portion of its fuel supply during the 

course of a year without needing to have the fuel tank resupplied.

It is impossible to tell what effect the inclusion of the zero-value records for 

natural gas would have on consumption and expenditures statistics, because it is 

not clear how the conflicting cases would be resolved. In any case, the effect 

is likely to be very small } because so few cases were involved.

Tertiary Space Heating. The 1982 and 1984 RECS collected data on tertiary 

equipment used for space heating. None of the earlier surveys had done this, so 

some increase in the use of auxilary heating equipment in 1982 would result from 

the expanded data collection. About 5 percent of households use three or more 

types of heating equipment and, as such, may increase the proportion of 

households that used a particular equipment type for auxilary heating. 

Electricity space heaters, portable kerosene heaters, and wood burning equipment 

are the equipment types most affected.

All six surveys collected data on any auxiliary use (secondary or tertiary) of 

natural gas, LPG, fuel oil, kerosene, and electricity for space heating. The 

1982 and 1984 surveys also collected data on any auxiliary (secondary or 

tertiary) use of wood, coal, and solar for space heating. The four earlier 

surveys only collected data on the use of wood, coal, and solar as the primary 

or secondary source of space heating, but not as a tertiary source. Hence, any 

increase in the use of wood for auxiliary heating may be affected by this 

change.

Summary. The cumulative effect of all these differences (with one exception) is 

not thought to affect the general pattern of trends in consumption and 

expenditures significantly. The one exception is the shift of households into 

warmer climate zones in the West that occurred with the 1980 survey.

Geographic Shift. The revised sample design first used for the 1980 survey has 

some changes in the distribution of population characteristics. Some of these 

changes can probably be attributed to the revised stratification scheme. 

Incorporating information on main heating fuel to the stratification appears to 

be related to the 1980 drop in consumption in the North Central region, where a 

higher proportion of homes were heated by electricity or wood and a lower 

proportion were heated by natural gas in 1980 than 1978. Part of this shift in 

the distribution of households by main heating fuel may have been caused by the 

improved stratification.

„_- RECS: Trends in Consumption and Expenditures 1978-1984

Energy Information Administration
Appendix A

The stratification by weather conditions appears to have led to some shifts in 

the population distribution by weather zone. The reason for this is that in 

most cases, the households in a Primary Sampling Unit (first-level sampling 

among groups of counties) are located in the same weather zone, so when a 

Primary Sampling Unit is selected it adds a large increment to the weather zone 

it is located in. This effect is most pronounced in the West, the region with 

the widest range of climate conditions among the four Census regions. The 1980 

survey and subsequent surveys have a higher proportion of households in the West 

residing in warmer climate zones than the 1978 and 1979 surveys did. This shift 

may have been large enough to have noticeably affected the results presented in 

this report.

The possible effect of this shift was analyzed by first determining the relative 

proportion of the weighted observations that fall in each American Institute of 

Architects (AIA) weather zone by Census region for the 1978 and 1980 surveys. 

The proportion for the 1980 survey was determined after Alaska and Hawaii were 

dropped. (The effect of adding Alaska and Hawaii to the survey in 1980 is 

discussed below.) This verified the fact that the 1978 survey did have a higher 

proportion of households in colder areas in the West Census Region than the 1980 

survey. The shift in the other regions was a slight shift in the opposite 

direction. The weights for the 1978 survey were then ratio adjusted so that the 

proportions matched those for the 1980 survey. The average energy consumption 

for 1978 was then reestimated using these weights and compared with the original 

estimates. The results showed that reweighting lowered the estimated average 

natural gas consumption in the West Census region by 25 percent, but the 

estimated average electricity consumption increased by 5 percent. The 

consumption changes estimated for the national averages were a 0.7 percent 

increase for electricity, a 2 percent decrease for natural gas, a 12 percent 

increase for LPG, and a 6 percent increase for fuel oil/kerosene.

The only comparison that seems to be adversely effected by this shift is the 

comparison between the average natural gas consumption in the West Census region 

between the 1978 survey and the results for the 1980 survey and later surveys. 

About one-half of; the drop in natural gas consumption in the West Census region 

from the 1978 survey to the 1980 survey can possibly be attributed to the shift's 

in the distribution of households by weather zone.

Part of the reason for the change in the West was the addition of Alaska and 

Hawaii to the sample in 1980. Including Alaska added 0.1 million households to 

the coldest weather region in the West, and including Hawaii added 0.3 million 

•households in the warmest weather zone in the West. However, when the 1980 

sample for the West is compared to the 1979 sample, the change in population 

distribution by weather zone is far greater than could be explained by the 

addition of these two States to the West region.

The effect of not covering Alaska and Hawaii in the 1978 survey was examined by 

analyzing the results for the 1980, 1981, 1982, and 1984 surveys. The estimated 

average electricity consumption in the West Census region increased for all four 

surveys when Alaska and Hawaii were dropped. The increase ranged from 0.4 

percent to 0.5 percent. The change in the estimated average natural gas 

consumption ranged from a 1.2 percent decrease to a 0.7 percent decrease. The

RECS: Trends in Consumption and Expenditures 1978-1984 207 

Energy Information Administration
Appendix A

change in the estimated average LPG consumption ranged from a 5.5 percent increase 

to a 15 percent increase. The change in the estimated average fuel oil/kerosene 

consumption ranged from a 3 percent decrease to a 3 percent increase.

The effects of dropping Alaska and Hawaii on the national averages were similar 

in direction to the West Census region changes but were smaller. For all four 

surveys analyzed and all four fuels, the changes were less than 1.0 percent. In 

particular, the increase in the estimated average electricity consumption ranged 

from a 0.07 percent increase to a 0.15 percent increase. The decrease in the 

estimated average natural gas consumption ranged from a 0.1 percent decrease to 

a 0.2 percent decrease.

Sampling Errors

One component of total survey error that can be estimated is sampling error. 

Sampling error occurs because the different samples that could be drawn would 

each produce different values for the survey statistics. The magnitude of the 

sampling error is measured by the variance, which is the expected squared 

difference between (1) the estimate based on the sample and (2) the true value 

in the target population.

For some types of surveys, a convenient algebraic formula for computing 

variances can be obtained. However, each REGS used a multistage area sample 

design of such complexity that it is virtually impossible to construct an exact 

algebraic expression for estimating variances. Instead, the method used to 

estimate sampling variances for these surveys was balanced half-sample 

replication (National Center for Health Statistics 1966, 1969). This numerical 

method involves pairing primary sampling units (PSU's) in strata so that 

differences between the members of each pair can be used to build an estimate of 

sampling variance.

Half-sample replication involves repeatedly drawing pair members from each 

strata. Each replication is called a "half-sample" because only one member of 

the pair within each of the strata is selected. The sampling weights of housing 

units in any selected member are adjusted upward so that they represent not only 

themselves but all housing units in the stratum. In this way, each half-sample 

can produce unbiased survey statistics based on roughly one-half of the data.

For each survey, using different combinations of members from the pairs, it is 

possible to produce a total of over 1 billion unique half-samples. Although 

desirable for good variance estimation, a large number of half-samples would be 

computationally infeasible. However, the method of balanced half-sample 

replication allows a small number of half-samples (approximately equal to the 

number of strata) to produce estimates of variance that are identical to 

estimates based on all possible unique half-samples for linear survey 

statistics. With this balancing method, each half-sample is constructed by 

using an orthogonal matrix adapted from Plackett and Burman (1946) to control 

the selection of pair members from strata. The 1978 and 1979 surveys used 72 

half-samples, the 1980, 1981, and 1982 surveys used 32 half-samples, and the 

1984 survey used 128 half-samples.

208 REGS: Trends in Consumption and Expenditures 1978-1984

Energy Information Administration
Appendix A

The variances are estimated from the half-sample statistic in the following way. 

Let X' be a survey estimate of characteristic X for a certain category of 

buildings (for example, total consumption of natural gas in the West Census 

region). Then, the estimated variance of X' is given by:

NH

2 2 

S = (1 / NH) ^ (X 1 - X') , 

X' i

where X' . is the i-th half-sample estimate of X and NH is the number of 

half-samples. The standard error of X' is given by:

S 

X

2 

S 

X'

The relative standard error (percent) of X' is given by:

RSE(X') = (S / X') x 100. 

X'

Generalized Variances

For every estimate in this report, a relative standard error (RSE) was computed 

by the methods described above. Space limitations prevent publishing the 

complete set of RSE's with this document. Instead, a generalized variance 

technique is provided, by which the reader can compute an approximate RSE for 

each of the estimates in the tables in Chapter 5. For an estimate in the i-th 

row and j-th column of a particular table, the approximation RSEA(i,j) for the 

original half-sample estimate of RSE(i,j) is given by the simple formula:

RSEA(i,j) = R(i) C(j),

where R(i) is the RSE row factor given in the last column of row i, and C(j) is 

the RSE column factor given at the top of column j.

The use of the row and column RSE factors is illustrated in Figure Al, from a 

portion of the first page of Table 17. Using the row of the table, labeled 

"Main Space Heating Fuel: Natural Gas," and the column, labeled "Percent of 

Households: 1980," gives an estimate of 54.6 for the percentage. The RSE row 

factor is R(ll) = 3.42 . The RSE column factor is C(6) = 0.87. The approximate 

RSE for the estimate is, therefore:

RSEA(11,6) = (3.42X.87) = 2.98 percent.

RECS: Trends in Consumption and Expenditures 1978-1984 209 

Energy Information Administration
Appendix A

Figure A1. Use of RSE Row and Column Factors

United States

Millions of Households Percent of Households

Household Characteristics 1978 1980 1982 1984 1978 1980

RSE Column Factor: Vg3 ! n 8? „ 9fJ Q89 ^

All Households .............................................................. 76.6 81.6 83.8 86.3 100.0%

Weather Zone

Fewer than 2,000 CDD andMore than 7,000 HDD .............................................. 6.3 8.5 8.5 9.0 8.2

5,500 to 7,000 HDD ................................................. 21.6 20.9 21.0 21.5 28.2

4,000 to 5,499 HDD ................................................. 20.3 21.1 22.1 22.5 26.5

Fewer than 4,000 HDD ............................................... 16.8 19.0 19.6 20.0 21.9

More than 2,000 CDD and 

Fewer than 4,000 HDD ............................................... 11.6 12.1 12.6 13.3 15.1

Year of Construction

Before 1950 .................................................................. 32.7 30.8 30.6 32.2 42.7

1950 to 1974 ................................................................ 38.7 39.5 40.2 39.0 50.5

After 1974 ..................................................................... 5.2 11.3 12.9 15.2 6.8

Main Space Heating Fuel

Electricity....................................................................... 12.1 14.3 13.4 14.5 15.8

| Natural Gas .................................................................. 41.8 44.6 47.5 47.8 54.6

LPG ................................................................................ 3.1 3.7 3.8 3.9 4.1

Wood ............................................................................. 1.9 4.7 5.6 6.5 2.5

Other or None .............................................................. .8 1.0 1.5 1.4 1.0

0.87

100.0%

10.4 

25.7 

25.9 

23.3

14.8

37.7 

48.4 

13.9

17.5

54.6

16.4 

4.5 

5.8 

1.2

1982

0.98

100.0%

10.2 

25.1 

26.4 

23.3

15.0

36.6 

48.0 

15.4

16.0

56.7

14.4 

4.5 

6.7 

1.7

1984

0.89

100.0%

10.4 

24.9 

26.1 

23.1

15.4

37.3 

45.2 

17.6

16.8

55.4

14.1 

4.5 

7.5 

1.6

RSE 

Row 

Factor

0.00

19.98 

7.72 

9.24 

8.47

8.22

3.44 

3.10 

D

7.73

3.42

569 

11 97 

13.14 

24 93

f

<

\^

Percent of Households Using 

RSE < Natural Gas as the Main 

Space Heating Fuel

Standard Error

{

Percent of Households Using 

Natural Gas as the Main 

Space Heating Fuel

= (3.42)(0.87)

= 2.98

= (2. 98) (54.6)/100

= 1.63 ,.J

Source: Energy Information Administration, Office of Energy Markets 

and End Use, Energy End Use Division, Residential Energy Consumption 

Surveys, 1978, 1980, 1982, and 1984.

210 RECS: Trends in Consumption and Expenditures 1978-1984 

Energy Information Administration
Appendix A

This value for the RSE can be used to construct confidence intervals and to 

perform hypothesis tests. However, because the generalized variance procedure 

gives only approximate RSE's, such confidence intervals and statistical tests must 

also be regarded as only approximate.

The RSE is the ratio (standard error of the statistic divided by the value of the 

statistic) multiplied by 100:

RSE(X) = 100 * (SE(X)/X).

For the example above, the estimated percent of households using natural gas as 

their main space heating fuel is 54.6. Since the estimated RSE is 2.98 percent, 

the estimate for the standard error is:

SE(X) = (RSE(X) * X)/100 = (2.98)*(54.6)7(100) = 1.63

The 95-percent confidence interval is constructed by adding and subtracting the 

product 1.96*SE from the estimated value. For this example, the estimate for the 

95-percent confidence interval for the percent of households using natural gas as 

their main heating fuel is the interval from 51.4 to 57.8.

Notice that the column factors can be used to relate the efficiency of each 

survey. In particular, the column factors tend to follow the reverse order as the 

sample size. Major exceptions to this are Tables 24, 25, and 26, which deal with 

fuel oil/kerosene, consumption. The percent of households that are using fuel oil 

has declined, but the percentage of households using kerosene has increased. The 

households that have started to use kerosene tend to use it for portable space 

heaters. The kerosene consumption for these households tends to be considerably 

less than the fuel oil consumption of the households that use fuel oil. This may 

explain why the pattern for the column factors for these tables does not follow 

the pattern that they do for the other tables.

Derivation of Row and Column Factors

The row and column factors are determined from a two-factor analysis of the table 

of RSE's, on the basis of the model:

log RSEA(i,j) = m + a(i) + b(j). 

The least-squares estimates for this model are given (Cochran and Cox, 1 QC57) by:

m = (log RSE)

a(i) = (log RSE). - (log RSE)

b(j) = (log RSE) . - (log RSE), • 3

where

(log RSE) = mean of log RSE(i,j) over all rows and columns,

(log RSE). = mean over all columns for a particular row i, i.

RECS: Trends in Consumption and Expenditures 1978-1984 211 

Energy Information Administration
Appendix A

and

Clog RSE) . = mean over all rows for a particular column j.

The row and column RSE factors are then computed as:

R(i) = antilog (m +• a(i)) = antilog (log RSE).i.

C(j) = antilog b(j) = antilog ( Clog RSE) . - (log RSE) ). • J

The RSE row factor, R(i), is thus, the geometric mean of the RSE's in row i, and 

the RSE column factor, C(j), is an adjustment factor with geometric mean equal to 

1.0.

For a few table cells, there was no basis for computing an RSE because the RSE 

could not be calculated because of a very small sample size or were missing data 

on the 1978 survey. For example, the 1978 survey did not list the Census division 

that the housing unit was located (only the Census region). Additionally, during 

the 1978 survey the square footage was not measured (a respondent estimate was 

obtained). Consequently, there are no statistics for the 1978 survey based on 

Census division data or square footage data. Thus, some of the tables had a few 

missing values for the RSE's. In such cases, the formulas given above for row and 

column factors still apply, but only after appropriate estimates have been 

substituted for the missing values. The procedure used to compute these estimates 

is described in Cochran and Cox (1957, p. 110).

There is no listed row factor for any of the tables where the row is restricted to 

statistics concerning households built after 1974. For this row, the addition of 

new housing to the universe results in a much larger number of sample observations 

in this category for the later REGS than for the earlier REGS. This makes the 

assumptions behind the calculation of the row and column factors untenable. 

Hence, these rows were excluded from the calculation of the row and column factor. 

The tables below list the RSE's for these rows.

212 RECS: Trends in Consumption and Expenditures 1978-1984

Energy Information Administration
Appendix A

Table A3. Relative Standard Errors for Table 15 — Row for Year of

Construction: After 1974 

_____(Percent)_________________

Btu Per Household Adj Btu Per Household 

Region_______1978 1980 1982 1984 1978 1980 1982 1984

United States:

Northeast:

North Central:

South:

West:

8.8

35.8

.8.5

8.6

19.8

3.8

14.4

8.8

7.2

5.9

3.6

17.6

7.4

7.1

7.1

3

11

5

6

6

.1

.3

.3

.4

.1

6

22

8

4

11

.5

.3

.2

.7

.0

2.7

5.6

5.6

4.6

4.0

3.1

11.3

7.6

5.6

4.2

3

9

7

5

4

.0

.0

.0

.5

.3

Source: Energy Information Administration, Office of Energy Markets and End 

Use, Energy End Use Division, The Residential Energy Consumption Surveys, 1978, 

1980, 1982, and 1984.

Table A4. Relative Standard Errors for Table 16 — Row for Year of

Construction: After 1974 

_____(Percent) ________________________

Dollars per household 

Region_____ 1978______1980_____1982________1984

United States:

Northeast:

North Central:

South:

West:

6.2

18.6

9.1

4.7

.17.1

3.6

9.3

6.0

5.8

4.5

3.3

13.2

6.6

5.5

4.5

2.9

9.8

6.0

5.5

4.5

Source: Energy Information Administration, Office of Energy Markets and End 

Use, Energy End Use Division, The Residential Energy Consumption Surveys, 1978, 

1980, 1982, and 1984-

RECS: Trends in Consumption and Expenditures 1978-1984 213 

Energy Information Administration
Appendix A

Table AS. Relative Standard Errors for Tables 17, 20, 23, 26, and 29 — Row for 

Year of Construction: After 1974 

(Percent)

Table and 

RegioB

Millions of Households 

1978 1980 1982 1984

Percent of Households 

1978 1980 1982 1984

TABLE 17:

United States: 17.9 7.5 7.4 5.9 17.9 

Northeast: 68.9 20.1 13.5 14.3 68.9 

North Central: 27.0 15.9 19.6 13.5 27.0 

South: 13.0 9.3 11.1 10.4 13,0 

West: 36.0 11.4 9.6 7.4 36,0

TABLE 20:

United States: 17.9 7.5 7.4 5.9 

Northeast: 68.9 20.1 13.5 14.3 

North Central: 27.0 15.9 19.6 13.5 

South: 13.0 9.3 11.1 10.4 

West: 36.0 11.4 9.6 7.4

7.5

20.1

15.9

9.3

11.4

7.4

13.5

19.6

11.1

9.6

5.9

14.3

13.5

10.4

7.4

17.9

68.9

27.0

13.0

36.0

7.5

20 ,,1

15 ,,9

9.3

11.4

7.4

13.5

19.6

11.1

9.6

5.9

14.3

13.5

10.4

7.4

TABLE 23:

United States: 

Northeast: 

North Central: 

South: 

West:

21.1 11.8 11.9 8.8 21.7 12.4 11.5 8.2

54.7 36.1 36.2 35.3 58.4 31.8 34.2 32.8

31.8 23.7 25.1 15.7 32.3 23.6 24.3 15.4

37.7 17.8 18.6 20.0 37.8 17.0 17.5 18.2

61.4 18.9 17.8 11.1 62.3 18.4 16.6 10.1

TABLE 26:

United States: 

Northeast: 

North Central: 

South: 

West:

TABLE 29:

United States: 

Northeast: 

North Central: 

South: 

West:

40.0 

59.0 

74.7 

48.9 

NSC

20.6 

20.5 

41.2 

34.1 

NSC

18.0

28.3

42.9

32.4

31.0

12.2

20.0

22.6

23.1

61.5

31.6 19..5 21.0 21.2

98.2 37-7 58.4 53.2

70.3 28,1 31.0 26.7

48.8 31.8 37.4 34.0

50.4 30.7 29.0 40.1

43.1

64.7

80.4

46.9

NSC

29.2

96.3

86.6

44.0

27.9

18.4 

21.4 

34.1 

29.1 

NSC

15.0

38.3

21.0

24.2

23.7

18.3

29.5

42.9

30.6

37.3

20.9

87.6

25.8

41.4

28.5

12.2

20.0

19.9

23.4

65.0

19.0

44.8

27.5

27.8

38.1

NSC = No Sample Cases

Source: Energy Information Administration, Office of Energy Markets and End 

Use, Energy End Use Division, The Residential Energy Consumption Surveys, 1978, 

1980, 1982, and 1984,

214 RECS: Trends in Consumption and Expenditures 1978-1984 

Energy Information Administration
Appendix A

Table A6. Relative Standard Errors for Tables 18, 21, 24, and 27 

of Construction: After 1974 

(Percesvi)

Row for Year

Table and 

Region

Million Btu per Household 

1978 1980 1982 1984

TABLE 18:

United States: 

Northeast: 

North Central: 

South: 

West:

10.0

25.6

20.8

7.2

29.4

3.7

10.1

11.2

4.8

5.3

4.7

8.7

14.8

5.9

6.2

4.2

11.8

13.9

6.1

5.8

TABLE 21: : ;;: : 

United States: 

Northeast: 

North Central: 

South: 

West:

TABLE 24:

United States: 

Northeast: 

North Central: 

South: 

. West:

10.1

38.6

10.2

17.8

26.0

5.3

11.3

11.2

12.0

6.6

5.3

33.6

11.9

12.9

6.0

3.5

14.8

6.6

6.4

6.3

15.6

NC

22.7

26.0

NSC

11.8

13.5

28.8

31.8

NSC

12.1

8.3

39.7

43.7

74.7

14.4

10.4

34.8

29.5

58.2

TABLE 27:

United States:

Northeast :

North Central:

South:

West:

45.0

NC

NC

NC

NC

12.6

37.3

13.2

35.3

15.2

12.6

54.0

18,6

25.0

29.0

17.4

54.5

16.4

30.4

12.3

NC = Not Calculated

NSC = No Sample Cases

Source: Energy Information Administration, Office of Energy Markets and End 

Use, Energy End Use Division, The Residential Energy Consumption Surveys, 

1978, 1980, 1982, and 1984.

RECS: Trends in Consumption and Expenditures 1978-1984 

Energy Information Administration

215
Appendix A

Table A7. Relative Standard Errors for Tables 19, 22, 25, and 28 — Row for Year 

of Construction: After 1974 

(Percent)

Table and 

Region

TABLE 19:

United States:

Northeast:

North Central:

South:

West:

TABLE 22:

United States:

Northeast:

North Central:

South:

West:

TABLE 25:

United States:

Northeast:

North Central:

South:

West:

TABLE 28:

United States:

Northeast:

North Central:

South:

West:

(Fuel 

Dollars per 

1978 1980

7.7

12.2

6.7

1.9

43.9

4.9

16.5

2.3

7.2

41.4

0.5

NC

NC

1.9

NSC

11.5

NC

NC

NC

NC

2.9

5.3

6.8

4.6

5.5

2.5

15.2

4.2

6.2

2.3

0.5

0.6

1.9

0.8

NC

1.7

9.5

1.6

8.1

2.2

Price) 

Million Btu 

1982 1984

2.6

6.3

9.5

2.6

3.8

4.8

6.4

4.0

9.8

3.8

0.5

0.8

2.0

2.6

1.8

3.6

NC

2.5

6.1

15.4

2

3

6

2

4

1

7

2

4

3

2

1

10

5

4

15

3

10

3

.1

.7

.6

.5

.1

.7

.3

.0

.0

.2

.9

.0

.0

.8

NC

.7

.0

.5

.0

.6

(Expenditures) 

Dollars per household 

1978 1980 1982 1984

7.6

19.8

18.2

6.9

11.1

8.4

27.2

9.7

18.8

27.7

15.6

NC

NC

26.2

NSC

36.9

NC

NC

NC

NC

3

8

7

5

4

4

18

9

12

5

11

13

29

31

11

28

11

32

15

.5

.8

.9

.5

.4

.7

.8

.8

.6

.2

.7

.2

.0

.6

NC

.3

.6

.7

.4

.0

3.9

8.9

9.6

5.7

6.2

8.3

34.8

10.6

11.5

5.3

12.0

8.4

39.3

42.9

74.6

10.6

47.5

16.8

21.5

22.6

3

13

9

6

6

3

14

6

6

5

14

10

38

25

13

44

14

23

10

.8

.6

.1

.1

.0

.1

.8

.5

.8

.5

.6

.6

.6

.8

NC

.6

.7

.5

.0

.0

NC = Not Calculated

NSC = No Sample Cases

Source: Energy Information Administration, Office of Energy Markets and End 

Use, Energy End Use Division, The Residential Energy Consumption Surveys, 1978, 

1980, 1982, and 1984.

216

REGS: Trends in Consumption and Expenditures 1978-1984 

Energy Information Administration
Appendix A

Additionally, the rows giving the total number of households for each survey were 

not used in the row column calculations (for example, row 1 of Table 17). For 

each survey, the total number of households was a fixed number based on Census 

Bureau's CPS results. Any error in this number can be considered a bias and not a 

sampling error.

Simultaneous Inference

In Chapter 1, confidence intervals were introduced as a method of displaying the 

uncertainty in statistical estimates. In most parts of the text, 95-percent 

confidence intervals were used. The 95-percent confidence interval has the 

following Interpretation: if the survey were repeated with every possible sample, 

the true mean value of the statistic in question should fall within this 

confidence interval, calculated for each survey, for 95 percent of the surveys. 

The relation between confidence intervals and statistical significance was 

utilized in the text. In particular, a difference will be considered 

statistically significant from 0 if the 95-percent confidence interval for the 

difference does not overlap 0.

In Chapters 2 and 3 the regions with the largest and smallest consumption amounts 

were discussed. In Chapter 4 the relative rank of the four fuels was discussed. 

Confidence intervals were used to determine if one of the four regions had the 

largest (smallest) value or if one of the four fuels contributed the most (least) 

energy in a certain region.

To maintain an overall confidence level of 95 percent, simultaneous inference 

techniques need to be used. For example, to say that the North Central Census 

region has the highest energy consumption, three confidence intervals need to be 

examined. The probability that an individual 95-percent confidence interval will 

cover the true difference is 0.95. But the joint probability that all three 

95-percent confidence intervals will simultaneously cover the true differences is 

less than 0.95. In order for the joint probability to be at least 0.95, the size 

of the confidence intervals will have to be increased.

Since we also frequently identify which region that has the smallest value and 

which region that has the largest value, we decided to always use 6 (number of 

ways of comparing the four regions two at a time) as the number of simultaneous 

comparisons that were made. The Bonferroni Inequality (Miller, 1966) then implies 

that if we use 1 - 0.05/6 = 0,99167 as the level for each individual confidence 

interval, then the overall level of the 6 confidence intervals will be at least 

0.95. A 0.99167-level confidence interval can be constructed by adding and 

subtracting 2.64 times the standard error for the statistic to the estimated value 

of the statistic.

Standard Error Using Common Sample Design

The row column factors were based on RSE's calculated for the individual surveys. 

The 1978 and 1979 surveys used 72 half-samples; the 1980, 1981, and 1982 surveys 

used 32 half-samples; and the 1984 survey used 128 half-samples. These RSE's are 

designed to give the RSE's for individual statistics. When comparing statistics 

across surveys, these RSE's will, in many cases, overestimate the appropriate RSE.

RECS: Trends in Consumption and Expenditures 1978-1984 217 

Energy Information Administration
Appendix A

This is because the results of one survey may not be independent of the results 

for another survey. This happens because some of the surveys have Primary 

Sampling Units (PSU's) and Secondary Sampling Units (SSU's) in common. For all 

surveys, the PSU's are composed of individual or groups of counties and cities and 

the SSU's are composed of minor civil divisions. Within a sampled SSU, a Census; 

enumeration district (ED) is selected and within the sampled ED's a cluster of 

housing units is selected. The housing units selected for the surveys are 

selected from the cluster. The fact that housing units within the same PSU and 

SSU are similar in many ways that affect energy consumption is one cause of the 

dependencies between results of some of the surveys.

In addition, the presence of longitudinal households adds additional dependencies 

between results of the 1980 and 1982 surveys and the 1982 and 1984 surveys. If 

two surveys use the same PSU's and SSU's and/or have longitudinal housing units in 

common, then a better estimate of the RSE of a change can be obtained by using a 

common half-sample design for the two surveys and calculating the difference for 

each half-sample.

Let DX = X - X? where X 1 was a statistic obtained for one survey and X_ was the 

corresponding statistic obtained from another survey. If the results of the two 

surveys are independent, then the variance of DX equals the sum of the variances 

of X1 and X~. From the variance, the standard error and the RSE can be calculated 

using the usual relations. These are denoted as the "Independent Samples" 

variance, standard error, and RSE. If the two surveys are not independent (such 

as the 1980 survey and any of the 1981, 1982, and 1984 surveys), then the RSE may 

be substantially less than the Independent Samples RSE. One way to calculate a 

better estimate of the RSE is to use a common half-sample design for the two 

surveys and calculate the difference for each half-sample and use the half-sample 

variance estimation technique on the differences. These estimate are denoted as 

the "Dependent Samples" variance, standard error, and RSE.

The PSU's and SSU's for the 1978 and 1979 survey were the same. Also the 

half-sample matrix used for the RSE estimation was the same, hence, this common 

half-sample matrix can be used to calculate the "Dependent Samples" estimate for 

the RSE of statistics giving the change between the results of the 1978 and 1979 

surveys. Similarly the PSU's and SSU's for the 1980, 1981, and 1982 survey were 

the same. There were a few changes in the PSU's and SSU's for the 1984 survey, 

but a large majority of them were the same. The 128 half-sample matrix that was 

created to estimate the RSE for the 1984 survey can be used to estimate the RSE 

for any of the last four of the surveys (1980, 1981, 1982, and 1984). Using this 

128 half-sample design, it is also possible to estimate the "Dependent Samples" 

RSE of statistics giving the changes between any of the last four surveys. When 

examining differences between one of the first two surveys and one of the last 

four surveys, it is necessary to assume that the surveys were independent. Tables 

A8 and A9 give the estimated RSE assuming two independent surveys, the RSE using 

the dependencies between the surveys, and the percent drop in the RSE for a few 

statistics.

RECS: Trends in Consumption and Expenditures 1978-1984 

Energy Information Administration
Appendix A

Table A8. Dependent and Independent Sample Estimates of Standard Errors for 

Changes Sn Percent of Households in American Institute of Architects

_____Weather Zone 2____________

Survey Year 

1978 1979 1980 1981 1982 1984

Percent of Households 

in American Institute of 

Architects Weather Zone 2 

Standard Error of Percent

Change from 1978 to Survey Year 

Independent Sample Standard Error 

Dependent Sajftple Standard Error 

Drop in Standard:Error (percent)

28.2 

2.9

27.4 

2.6

25.6 

1.7

25.2 

1.8

25.1 

1.8

24.9 

1.5

0.0

NA

NA

NA

-.8

3.9

1.4

64.5

-2.5

3.4

NA

NA

-3.0

3.4

NA

NA

-3.1

3.4

NA

NA

-3.3

3.3

NA

NA

Change from 1980 to Survey Year

Independent Sample Standard Error

Dependent Sample Standard Error

Drop in Standard Error (percent)

2.5

3.4

NA

NA

1.7

3.1

NA

NA

0.0

NA

NA

NA

-.4

2.5

.4

82,6

-.6

2.4

.3

86.2

-.7

2.3

.8

64.0

NA = Not Applicable

Source: Energy Information Administration, Office of Energy Markets and End 

Use, Energy End Use Division, The Residential Energy Consumption Surveys, 1978, 

1979, 1980, 1981, 1982 , and 1984.

RECS: Trends in Consumption and Expenditures 1978-1984 

Energy Information Administration

219
Appendix A

Table A9. Dependent and Independent Sample Estimates of Standard Errors for 

Changes in Percent of Households that Use Natural Gas as their Main 

_____Space Heating Fuel_______________ _______

Survey Year 

1978 1979 1980 1981 1982 1984

Percent of Households 

Using Natural Gas as Their 

Main Space Heating Fuel 

Standard Error of Percent

54.6 

2.5

54.7 

2.4

54.6 

2.1

55.6

1.7

56.7 

1.9

55.4 

1.5

Change from 1978 to Survey Year 0.0

Independent Sample Standard Error NA

Dependent Sample Standard Error NA

Drop in Standard Error (percent) NA

0.1

3.5

.9

74.3

0.0

3.3

NA

NA

1.0

3.0

NA

NA

2.1

3.2

NA

NA

0.8

3.0

NA

NA

Change from 1980 to Survey Year

Independent Sample Standard Error

Dependent Sample Standard Error

Drop in Standard Error (percent)

0.0

3.3

NA

NA

0.1

3.2

NA

NA

0.0

NA

NA

NA

1.0

2.7

1.2

54.7

2.1

2.9

0.9

68.5

0.8

2.6

1.4

49.0

NA = Not Applicable

Source: Energy Information Administration, Office of Energy Markets and End 

Use, Energy End Use Division, The Residential Energy Consumption Surveys, 1978 S 

1979, 1980, 1981, 1982, and 1984.

Notice that the percentages for Weather Zone 2 are close to each other for the 

Group 1 survey. Similarly, they are close for the Group 2 surveys. But there 

appears to be a change from the Group 1 results to the Group 2 results. This 

change is not statistically significant. The reason why the results for the 

surveys in the same group are so similar is that the same design was used. Note 

that the dependent sample standard error for the weather zone case is much smaller 

than the independent sample standard deviation.

Additional precision on the changes may sometimes be obtained by comparing the 

incoming panel of the 1980 survey with the longitudinal panel for the 1982 survey 

or the incoming panel of the 1982 survey with with the longitudinal panel for the 

1984 survey. In these two cases, the overlap in the households is maximized. The 

table below lists the results for changes in the percentage of households using 

natural gas as the main heating fuel. Note that the estimate using a single panel 

is not necessarily the same as the estimate using an entire sample.

There is no significant difference between the standard error from the full sample 

comparison of the 1980 and 1982 surveys and the longitudinal panel comparison with 

respect to the percentage of households that use natural gas as the main heating 

fuel. Even though the longitudinal panel for 1982 contains a majority of housing 

units that were also in the 1980 incoming panel, the drop in the sample size from 

the full sample to a panel (drop equals approximately one-half) counteracts any

220 RECS: Trends in Consumption and Expenditures 1978-1984 

Energy Information Administration
Appendix A

gain in precision for this statistic. For other statistics, the full sample 

standard error may be smaller or larger than the longitudinal panel standard 

error. The gain in using a longitudinal panel can be seen in that the percentage 

drop from the "Independent Samples" to the "Dependent Samples" standard errors 

tends to be greater when the two surveys have a panel in common.

Table A10. Dependent SampEe Estimates of Standard Errors for Changes in

______Percentage of Households with Naturai Gas Main Space Heating

Survey Year and Panel

1980 1982 1982 

Incoming Longitudinal Incoming

1984 

Longitudinal

Percentage of Households

with Natural Gas Main Heat 55.7 57.2

Standard Error 2.2 2.5

Change from 1980 Survey

Incoming Panel 0.0 1.5

Dependent Sample Standard

Error NA ,9

56.2 

2.0

0.5

2.1

54.7 

1.8

-1.0 

2.1

Change from 1982 Survey

Incoming Panel

Dependent Sample Standard

Error

-0.5

2.1

1.0

2.3

0.0

NA

-1.4

0.9

NA = Not Applicable

Source: Energy Information Administration, Office of Energy Markets and End 

Use, Energy End Use Division, The Residential Energy Consumption Surveys, 1978, 

1980, 1982 and 1984.

The difference between the independent samples standard error and the dependent 

samples standard error is not constant. It varies by the statistic and the 

surveys involved. Tables All, A12, and A13 present the percentage drops from the 

independent samples standard error to the dependent samples standard error for 

several statistics involving average consumption. These tables can be used to 

approximate roughly the percentage drop for statistics where the independent 

samples standard error is available but the dependent samples standard error is 

not available* The independent samples standard error for many statistics can be 

estimated using the row column factors presented in the tables in Chapter 5. The 

dependent samples standard error is presented for only a limited number of 

statistics.

RECS: Trends in Consumption and Expenditures 1978-1984 

Energy Information Administration

221
Appendix A

Table A11. Comparison of Independent Samples Standard Errors and 

Dependent Samples Standard Errors for Changes in 

Consumption Between the 1982 RECS and the 1984 RECS

Average Consumption

Total Energy

Consumption

National

North East

North Central

South

West

Electricity

Consumption

National

North East

North Central

South

West

Natural Gas

Consumption

National

North East

North Central

South

West

Fuel Oil/Kerosene

Consumption

National

North East

North Central

South

West

LPG

Consumption

National

North East

North Central

South

West

1982

102.9

121.7

121.9

87.8

83.7

28.9

21.2

27.0

37.4

25.5

88.1

85.0

110.2

77.7

74.4

73.4

89.7

64.3

45.0

47.6

39.4

20.5

60.4

34.0

42.7

1984

104.7

125.2

129.4

85.1

85.0

28.8

22.3

25.2

36.3

27.4

89.9

79.2

118.0

80.3

73.2

71.9

97.3

49.1

35.0

56.3

40.1

20.1

69.7

32.1

39.4

Difference

1.7

3.6

7.5 -2.7

1.3

-0.2

1.1 -1.8

-1.1

1.8

1.8 -5.9

7.8

2.7 -1.3

-1.5

7.6

-15.2

-10.0

8.8

0.7 -0.4

9.2 -1.9

-3.3

Standard Error of Change

Independent 

Samples

2.2

4.8

4.1

4.9

3.1

0.9

1.3

1.9

1.7

1.4

2.1

5.8

4.0

4.8

3.2

3.4

3.8

6.4

6.1

10.0

3.3

4.3

6.8

4.8

5.3

Dependent 

Samples

1.1

2.8

3.0

2.0

1.9

0.5

0.6

0.9

1.1

0.8

1.4

4.2

3.1

2.5

1.9

2.7

3.8

7.2

3.2

6.5

2.6

3.9

7.8

3.5

4.6

Percentage 

Drop in

Standard 

Error

47.9

41.5

27.0

58.4

39.2

48.9

53.6

54.9

34.1

41.1

32.4

26.4

22.4

48.1

40.0

21.6

1.7

-12.3

47.6

32.2

21.3

8.2

-14.0

26.6

12.6

Source: Energy Information Administration, Office of Energy Markets and End Use, Energy End 

Use Division, The Residential Energy Consumption Surveys, 1982 and 1984.

222 RECS: Trends in Consumption and Expenditures 1978-1984 

Energy Information Administration
Appendix A

Table A12. Comparison of Independent Samples Standard Errors and 

Dependent Samples Standard Errors for Changes in 

Consumption Between the 1980 RECS and the 1984 RECS

Average Consumption

Total Energy

Consumption

National

North East

North Central

South

West

Electricity

Consumption

National

North East

North Central

South

West

Natural Gas

Consumption

National

North East

North Central

South

West

Fuel Oil/Kerosene

Consumption

National

North East

North Central

South

West

LPG

Consumption

National

North East

North Central

South

West

1980

114.2

137.7

138.7

96.0

86.3

30.1

22.2

28.4

39.3

25.9

95.7

84.8

129.8

83.8

74.6

100.8

118.7

77.0

74.7

63.5

47.6

21.3

73.3

41.6

49.4

1984

104.7

125.2

129.4

85.1

85.0

28.8

22.3

25.2

36.3

27.4

89.9

79.2

118.0

80.3

73.2

71.9

97.3

49.1

35.0

56.3

40.1

20.1

69.7

32.1

39.4

Difference

-9.5

-12.4 -9.3

-10.9 -1.3

-1.4

0.2 -3.2

-3.0

1.5

-5.8

-5.6

-11.7 -3.4

-1.4

-28.9

-21.4

-28.0

-39.6 -7.1

-7.5

-1.2

-3.6

-9.4

-9.9

Standard Error of Change

Independent 

Samples

2.3

4.6

4.1

4.7

3.0

0.8

1.3

1.6

1.5

1.3

2.2

6.5

4.1

4.7

3.1

3.4

4.1

5.8

7.5

9.6

3.4

6.2

7.0

4.8

5.0

Dependent 

Samples

1.7

3.4

4.4

2.4

2.8

0.4

0.9

0.9

1.0

0.9

1.8

3.5

4.7

2.2

2.6

3.4

4.6

6.3

5.2

8.5

3.2

6.4

6.6

4.7

4.5

Percentage 

Drop in 

Standard 

Error

25.2

26.2 -5.7

50.1

4.9

44.9

30.1

42.9

34.5

31.4

20.0

46.7

-13.3

53.0

16.3

0.6

-10.2 -8.2

31.5

12.1

6.3 -3.6

5.7

1.7

8.3

Source: Energy Information Administration, Office of Energy Markets and End Use, Energy End 

Use Division, The Residential Energy Consumption Surveys, 1980 and 1984.

RECS: Trends in Consumption and Expenditures 1978-1984 

Energy Information Administration

223
Appendix A

Table A13. Comparison of Independent Samples Standard Errors and 

Dependent Samples Standard Errors for Changes in 

Consumption Between the 1980 RECS and the 1982 RECS

Average Consumption

Total Energy

Consumption

National

North East

North Central

South

West

Electricity

Consumption

National

North East

North Central

South

West

Natural Gas

Consumption

National

North East

North Central

South

West

Fuel Oil/Kerosene

Consumption

National

North East

North Central

South

West

LPG

Consumption

National

North East

North Central

South

West

1980

114.2

137.7

138.7

96.0

86.3

30.1

22.2

28.4

39.3

25.9

95.7

84.8

129.8

83.8

74.6

100.8

118.7

77.0

74.7

63.5

47.6

21.3

73.3

41.6

49.4

1982

102.9

121.7

121.9

87.8

83.7

28.9

21.2

27.0

37.4

25.5

88.1

85.0

110.2

77.7

74.4

73.4

89.7

64.3

45.0

47.6

39.4

20.5

60.4

34.0

42.7

Difference

-11.2

-16.0

-16.8 -8.2

-2.6

-1.2

-1.0

-1.5

-1.9

-0.4

-7.6

0.2

-19.5 -7.1

-0.2

-27.0

-29.0

-12.7

-29.7

-15.9

-8.2

-0.8

-12.9 -7.5

-6.6

Standard Error of Change

Independent 

Samples

2.3

5.0

4.4

4.9

2.9

0.4

1.3

1.8

1.7

1.5

2.2

6.8

3.9

4.3

2.6

3.5

4.9

6.7

7.4

7.1

3.4

6.2

7.8

4.1

5.8

Dependent 

Samples

1.2

2.5

2.7

1.7

1.9

0.4

0.8

0.8

0.8

0.6

1.4

4.1

2.8

2.4

1.9

2.0

2.3

6.7

3.8

5.7

2.1

5.5

5.3

3.3

4.1

Percentage 

Drop in 

Standard 

Error

48.8

49.9

38.1

64.3

33.5

58.8

41.9

57.2

55.6

62.8

35.5

40.4

28.1

44.0

28.1

41.7

52.6 -0.2

48.5

19.0

37.9

12.0

31.6

19.2

29.1

Source: Energy Information Administration, Office of Energy Markets and End Use, Energy End 

Use Division, The Residential Energy Consumption Surveys, 1980 and 1982.

224

RECS: Trends in Consumption and Expenditures 1978-1984 

Energy Information Administration
Appendix A

The cases where the percentage drop is negative should be treated as a zero 

percentage drop. The estimates of the dependent and the independent samples 

standard errors are themselves random variables. Even if the actual dependent 

samples standard error is less than the actual independent samples standard error, 

there will be some cases where by chance the estimate for the dependent samples 

standard error is greater than the estimate for the independent samples standard 

error, which forces the percentage drop to be negative. The percentage drop could 

be negative if the two estimates are negatively correlated. For the consumption 

estimates from REGS it is reasonable to assume that the correlation is positive or 

zero but not negative.

References

Cochran, W.G., and Cox, G.M. 1957, Experimental Design (2nd ed.), New 

York: John Wiley & Sons, Inc.

Miller, R.G. 1966. Simultaneous Statistical Inference, New York: 

McGraw-Hill Book Co.

National Center for Health Statistics. April 1966. "Replication: An 

Approach to the Analysis of Data from Complex Survey." Vital and 

Health Statistics, Public Health Service Publication No. 79-1269, 

Series 2/Mo. 14, Washington, D.C.

National Center for Health Statistics. January 1969.

"Pseudoreplication: Futher Evaluation and Application of the 

Balanced Half-Sample Technique," Vital and Health Statistics, 

Public Health Service Publication No. 73-1270, Series 2/No. 31, 

Washington, D.C.

Plackett, R.L. and Burman, J.P. 1946. "The Design of Optimum 

Multifactorial Experiments," Biometrika 33, pp. 305-325.

RECS: Trends in Consumption and Expenditures 1978-1984 225 

Energy Information Administration

Appendix B

U.S. Census

Regions

B

U.S. and

li

jM$tne

?aew England

RECS: Trends in Consumption and Expenditures 1978-1984 

Energy information Administration 229

Appendix C

U.S. Weather 

Zones
Appendix C

U.S., Weather Zone Map

Weather Zones

fc^\\J Zone 1 is less than 2,000 CDD and greater than 7,000 HDD. 

I ~] Zone 2 is less than 2,000 CDD and 5,500-7,000 HDD. 

HID Zone 3 is less than 2,000 CDD and 4,000-5,499 HDD. 

PTini Zone 4 is less than 2,000 CDD and less than 4,000 HDD. 

|gyg} Zone 5 is greater than 2,000 CDD and less than 4,000 HDD.

232 RECS: Trends in Consumption and Expenditures 1978-1984 

Energy Information Administration
Appendix C

1978-1984

233

Appendix D

Related

Publications on 

Energy 

Consumption

Appendix D

Related Publications on Energy Consumption

Residential Sector

Housing Characteristics

Residential Energy Consumption Survey: Housing Characteristics 1984; October 1986, DOE/EIA-0314(84), GPO Stock 

No. 061-003-00499-7, $12.00.

Residential Energy Consumption Survey: Housing Characteristics, 1982; August 1984, DOE/EIA-0314(82), GPO Stock 

No. 061-003-00393-1, $7.00.

Residential Energy Consumption Survey: Housing Characteristics, 1981; August 1983, DOE/EIA-0314(81), GPO Stock 

No. 061-003-00330-3, $6:50.

Residential Energy Consumption Survey: Housing Characteristics, 1980; June 1982, DOE/EIA-0314, GPO Stock No. 

061-003-00256-1, $11.00.

Residential Energy Consumption Survey: Characteristics of the Housing Stock and Households, 1978; February 1980, 

DOE/EIA-0207/2, GPO Stock No. 061-003-00093-2, $4.25.

Residential Energy Consumption Survey: Conservation; February 1980, DOE/EIA-0207/3, GPO Stock No. 

061-003-00087-8, $6.00.

Preliminary Conservation Tables from the National Interim Energy Consumption Survey; August 1979, DOE/EIA-0193/P 

(no GPO Stock No.).

Characteristics of the Housing.Stock and Households: Preliminary Findings from the National Interim Energy Consumption 

Survey; October 1979, DOE/EIA-0199/P (no GPO Stock No.).

Consumption and Expenditures

Residential Energy Consumption Survey: Consumption and Expenditures, April 1984 Through March 1985, Part 1: 

National Data; March 1987, DOE/EIA-0321/1(84).

Residential Energy Consumption Survey: Consumption and Expenditures, April 1984 Through March 1985, Part 2: 

Regional Data ; May 1987, DOE/EIA-0321/2(84).

Residential Energy Consumption Survey: Consumption and Expenditures, April 1982 Through March 1983, Part 1: 

National Data; November 1984, DOE/EIA-0321/1(82), GPO Stock No. 061-003-00411-3, $7.00.

Residential Energy Consumption Survey: Consumption and Expenditures, April 1982 Through March 1983, Part 2: 

Regional Data; December 1984, DOE/EIA-0321/2(82), GPO Stock No. 061-003-00414-8, $9.50.

RECS: Trends in Consumption and Expenditures 1978-1984 „ 

Energy Information Administration
Appendix D

Residential Energy Consumption Survey: Consumption and Expenditures, April 1981 Through March 1982, Pan ,1.- 

National Data; September 1983, DOE/EIA-0321/1(81), GPO Stock No. 061-003-00340-1, $6.00.

Residential Energy Consumption Survey: Consumption and Expenditures, April 1981 Through March 1982, Pan 1: 

Regional Data; October 1983, DOE/EIA-0321/2(81), GPO Stock No. 061-003-00357-5, $8.00.

Residential Energy Consumption Survey: Consumption and Expenditures, April 1980 Through March 1981, Pan i; 

National Data; September 1982, DOE/EIA-0321/1(80), GPO Stock No. 061-003-00278-1, $7.50.

Residential Energy Consumption Survey: Consumption and Expenditures, April 1980 Through March 1981, Part 1: 

Regional Data; June 1983, DOE/EIA-0321/2(80), GPO Stock No. 061-003-00319-2, $7.00.

Residential Energy Consumption Survey: 1979-1980 Consumption and Expenditures, Part 1: National Data (Including 

Conservation); April 1981, DOE/EIA-0262/1, GPO Stock No. 061-003-00191-2, $6.50.

Residential Energy Consumption Survey: 1979-1980 Consumption and Expenditures, Part II: Regional Data; May 1981, 

DOE/EIA-0262/2, GPO Stock No. 061-003-00189-1, $8.50.

Residential Energy Consumption Survey: Consumption and Expenditures, April 1978 Through March 1979; July 1980, 

DOE/EIA-0207/5, GPO Stock No. 061-003-00131-9, $7.50.

Single-Family Households: Fuel Oil Inventories and Expenditures: National Interim Energy Consumption Survey 

December 1979, DOE/EIA-0207/1, GPO Stock No. 061-003-00075-4, $3.50.

Other Publications on the Residential Sector

Residential Energy Consumption Survey: Trends in Consumption and Expenditures 1978-1984 (Forthcoming). 

Residential Conservation Measures; July 1986, SR/EEUD/86/01 (no GPO Stock No.).

An Economic Evaluation of Energy Conservation and Renewable Energy Tax Credits; October 1985, Service Repon 

(no GPO Stock No.).

Residential Energy Consumption and Expenditures by End Use for 1978, 1980, and 1981; December 1984, DOE/ 

EIA-0458, GPO Stock No. 061-003-00415-6, $4.50.

Weatherization Program Evaluation, SR-EEUD-84-1; August 1984 (available from the Office of the Assistant Secretary 

for Conservation and Renewable Energy, Department of Energy).

Residential Energy Consumption Survey: Regression Analysis of Energy Consumption by End Use; October 1983. DOE./ 

EIA-0431, GPO Stock No. 061-003-00347-8, $5.00.

National Interim Energy Consumption Survey: Exploring the Variability In Energy Consumption; July 1981, DOE/ 

EIA-0272, GPO Stock No. 061-003-00205-6, $5.00.

National Interim Energy Consumption Survey: Exploring the Variability in Energy Consumption-A Supplement; October 

1981, DOE/EIA-0272/S, GPO Stock No. 061-003-00217-0, $4.50.

Energy Use by U.S. Households; November 1980, DOE/EIA-0248 (brochure, no GPO Stock No.).

RECS: Trends in Consumption and Expenditures 1978-1984 

238 Energy Information Administration
Appendix D

Residential Transportation Sector

Residential Transportation Energy Consumption Survey: Consumption Patterns of Household Vehicles 1985; April 1987 

DOE/EIA-0464(85), GPO Stock No. 061-003-00521-7, $8.50.

Residential Transportation Energy Consumption Survey: Consumption Patterns of Household Vehicles, 1983; January 

1985, DOE/EIA-0464(83), GPO Stock No. 061-003-00420-2, $4.50.

Residential Energy Consumption Survey: Consumption Patterns of Household Vehicles, Supplement: January 1981 to 

September 1981; February 1983, DOE/EIA-0328, GPO Stock No. 061-003-00297-8, $4.75.

Residential Energy Consumption Survey: Consumption Patterns of Household Vehicles, June 1979 to December 1980; 

April 1982, DOE/EIA-0319 (no GPO Stock No.).

Commercial Sector

Characteristics of Buildings

Nonresidential Buildings Energy Consumption Survey: Characteristics of Commercial Buildings, 1983; July 1985, 

DOE/EIA-0246(83), GPO Stock No. 061-003-00439-3, $7.50.

Nonresidential Buildings Energy Consumption Survey: Fuel Characteristics and Conservation Practices; June 1981, DOE/ 

EIA-0278, GPO Stock No. 061-003-00200-5, $9.00.

Nonresidential Buildings Energy Consumption Survey: Building Characteristics; March 1981, DOE/EIA-0246, GPO 

Stock No. 061-003-00171-8, $6.50.

Consumption and Expenditures

Nonresidential Building Energy Consumption Survey: Commercial Buildings, Consumption and Expenditures 1983; Oc 

tober 1986, DOE/EIA-0318(83), GPO Stock No. 061-003-00496-2, $13.00.

Nonresidential Buildings Energy Consumption Survey: 1979 Consumption and Expenditures, Part 1: Natural Gas and 

Electricity; March 1983, DOE/EIA-0318/1, GPO Stock No. 061-003-00298-6, $9.50.

Nonresidential Buildings Energy Consumption Survey: 1979 Consumption and Expenditures, Part 2: Steam, Coal, Fuel 

Oil, LPG, and Total Fuels; December 1983, DOE/EIA-0318(79)/2, GPO Stock No. 061-003-00366-4, $6.00.

REGS: Trends in Consumption and Expenditures 1978-1984 239 

Energy Information Administration
Appendix D

Industrial Sector

Report on the 1980 Manufacturing Industries' Energy Consumption Study and Survey of Large Combustors- February 

1983, DOE/EIA-0358, GPO Stock No. 061-003-00292-5, $5.00.

Industrial Energy Consumption, "Survey of Large Combustors: Report on Alternate Fuel-Burning Capabilities of La rye 

Boilers in 1979"; February 1982, DOE/EIA-0304, GPO Stock No. 061-003-0233-1, $2.50.

Methodological Report of the 1980 Manufacturing Industries Survey of Large Combustors (EIA-463); March 1982. DOE/ 

EIA-0306 (no GPO Stock No.).

Cross-Sector

Natural Gas: Use and Expenditures; April 1983, DOE/EIA-0382, GPO Stock No. 061-003-00307-9, $5.50.

Note: Prices are subject to change.

See inside front cover for information concerning copies of these publications.

REGS: Trends in Consumption and Expenditures 1978-1984 

240 Energy Information Administration
Glossary

Glossary

Adjusted Electricity; See Electricity.

Air Conditioning; ''Cooling of air by a refrigeration unit powered by electricity 

or gas. Thisdoes not include fans, blowers, or evaporative cooling systems or 

"swamp coolers" that are not connected to a refrigeration unit. Air-conditioning 

units that are not currently in working condition or are not used, but are in 

place in the housing unit, are included in the surveys.

All-Electric Home! A home in which electricity is the main source of energy for 

space heating, water heating, and cooking. Other fuels may be used for 

supplementary heating or for other purposes.

Annual Consumption Period; A 365-day period beginning as close as possible to 

April 1 of the' survey year. For natural gas and electricity, the actual 

beginning date for a household may have varied from April 1 in either direction 

by several weeks, depending on the household's billing cycle. For fuel oil or 

kerosene and IJPG,;ths beginning date was always April 1, but the amounts 

represent deliveries received by the household during the 365-day period, not 

gallons consiimed. ? (The expenditures for fuel oil or kerosene and LPG represent 

expenditures fdr the amount of fuel delivered to the home, not the amount of 

fuels consumed.) See Expenditures and Consumption.

Annual Family Income; See Family Income.

Appliance; A device or instrument designed for household use. "Appliances used" 

is defined in the surveys as those possessed and used by the household during the 

year. Appliances possessed by the household but not used are not counted, except 

that air-conditioned units are included whether or not they are used. Appliances 

loaned to the houisehold for its regular use are included. Appliances temporarily 

not in working^condition, but generally used by the household, are included only 

if a repair person has been called or the appliance has been taken to a repair 

shop. '"' ;; .

In the 1978 survey, the following appliances (if used in the home) were 

specifically included: refrigerator, cooking appliances (small electric appli 

ances as a single category, oven, range, or grill), washing machine, dishwasher, 

freezer, dryer, and outdoor gas light. In the 1979 survey, specific appliances 

were not listed;) -but questions were asked about fuels used for "cooking" and 

"other appliances*"

In the 1980 and 1981 surveys, the following appliances (if used in the home) were 

specifically included: swimming-pool heater, refrigerator, freezer, cooking 

appliances (oven, range, and small appliances), outdoor gas grill, clothes 

washer, dishwasher, clothes dryer, outdoor gaslight, dehumidifier, humidifier, 

evaporative cooler (swamp cooler), black-and-white television set and color 

television set. In the 1982 survey, "whole house" cooling fan and window or 

ceiling fan were added to the list of appliances covered in the two previous 

surveys. In :the 1984 survey, "electric blanket" and "water bed with heater" were 

added, the category "outdoor gas grill" was made into two categories, one for 

natural gas anxl one for LPG, and an open-ended question was added that asked for 

other appliaiices that used "a lot" of energy.

RECS: Trends in Consumption and Expenditures 1978-1984 243 

Energy Information Administration
Glossary

"Swimming-pool heater" applies only to swimming pools that are for exclusive use 

of the housing unit. Swimming pools in apartment buildings, condominiums, or 

cooperatives that are for the use of many residential households are not 

included. Ponds, or children's wading pools are not included. Hot tubs and 

Jacuzzis were not included in 1982 or earlier surveys but were included in 1984, 

"Oven" does not include toaster ovens. An "evaporative cooler" (swamp cooler) is 

a unit that moistens and cools air by saturating it with water vapor. A "freezer" 

is a freezing unit that is a separate appliance from the refrigerator. A 

"frost-free" freezer or refrigerator is one that does not require defrosting, 

because frost does not build up inside the freezing compartment. Refrigerators 

without freezer sections are included in the nonfrost-free category.

Availability of Natural Gas in the Neighborhood; Ability of a household to hook 

up to a gas line. Respondents who did not use natural gas answered "yes," "no," 

or "don't know" to the question, "Is gas from underground pipes available in this 

neighborhood?" Because respondents were not provided with a definition of 

"availability" or "neighborhood," some variation is expected in the concepts 

understood by each respondent. The intent of this question was to determine 

whether a household could hook up to a gas line. In the 1978 and 1979 survey, 

this question was not asked. In the 1980 survey, this question was asked only of 

households living in single-family or mobile homes. In post-1980 surveys, this 

question was asked of all households.

Btu (British Thermal Unit): A measure of the heat content of various fuels. An 

average Btu content of a fuel is a heat value per unit quantity of the fuel as 

determined from tests of fuel samples. A Btu is the amount of energy required to 

raise the temperature of 1 pound of water 1 degree Fahrenheit at or near 39.2 

degrees Fahrenheit and 1 atmosphere pressure. One Btu is equivalent to about 252 

calories, or approximately the amount of heat given off by a blue-tip match.

In this report, figures for household energy consumption combine different fuels 

on the basis of Btu content. The following Btu conversion factors have been used 

in the surveys summarized in this report:

Site Electricity .........3,412 Btu per kilowatthour (all REGS).

Adjusted Electricity .....10,236 Btu per kilowatthour (see Electricity).

Natural Gas ..............1,021 Btu per cubic foot (1978, 1979, and 1980 REGS).

1,027 Btu per cubic foot (1981 and 1982 REGS)

1,031 Btu per cubic foot (1984 REGS)

Fuel Oil .................135,000 Btu per gallon - Fuel Oil No.l

135,000 Btu per gallon - Kerosene 

138,690 Btu per gallon - Fuel Oil No.2 

(1980, 1981, 1982, and 1984 REGS) 

138,690 Btu per gallon (includes Kerosene) 

(1978 and 1979 RECS).

LPG (propane) .....91,330 Btu per gallon (1980, 1981, 1982, and 1984 RECS)

91,500 Btu per gallon (1978 and 1979 RECS)

RECS: Trends in Consumption and Expenditures 1978-1984 

*• Energy Information Administration
Glossary

Other conversion factors: 1 therm = 100,000 Btu

1 barrel = 42 gallons.

Because almost all LPG reported by fuel suppliers was propane, the LPG 

conversion factors used were those for propane.

CDD; See Cooling Degree-Days.

Census Division: An area consisting of various States selected by the U.S. 

Bureau of the Census according to the population, size, and physical location. 

The States are grouped into nine divisions and four regions: (See map in 

Appendix B. )

Region Division States

Northeast New England Connecticut, Maine, Massachusetts, New

Hampshire, Rhode Island, and Vermont

Northeast Middle Atlantic New Jersey, New York, and Pennsylvania

North Central East North Central Illinois, Indiana, Michigan, Ohio, and

Wisconsin

North Central West North Central Iowa, Kansas, Minnesota, Missouri, Nebraska,

North Dakota, and South Dakota

South South Atlantic Delaware, the District of Columbia, Florida,

Georgia, Maryland, North Carolina, South 

Carolina, Virginia, and West Virginia

South East South Central Alabama, Kentucky, Mississippi, and 

Tennessee

South West South Central Arkansas, Louisiana, Oklahoma, and Texas

West Mountain Arizona, Colorado, Idaho, Montana, Nevada, New

Mexico, Utah, and Wyoming

West Pacific Alaska, California, Hawaii, Oregon, and

Washington (the sample for 1978 and 1979 did 

not include Alaska or Hawaii.)

Census Region: See Census Division or the map in Appendix B.

Consumption; The amount of electricity or natural gas used by the household 

during the 365-day period covered by the survey. For fuel oil, kerosene, and 

LPG, consumption represents the quantity of fuel purchased, not fuel consumed. 

If the level of fuel in the household's fuel tank was the same at the beginning 

as at the end of the annual period, then the quantity consumed would be the same 

as the quantity purchased. (Measurements or reports of the level of fuel in the 

tank were not included in the data collection.) See Annual Consumption Period 

and Expenditures.

REGS: Trends in Consumption and Expenditures 1978-1984 -45 

Energy Information Administration
Glossary

Cooling Degree-Days (CDD): A quantity used to estimate the need for cooling 

systems in buildings. Normally, cooling is not required in a building when the 

outdoor average daily temperature is below 65 degrees. (The average daily 

temperature is the mean of the maximum and minimum temperatures for a 24-hour 

period.) Cooling degree-days are determined by substracting 65 from the average 

daily temperature. For example, a day with an average temperature of 85 degrees 

has 20 cooling degree-days (85 - 65 = 20), while a day with an average 

temperature of 65 degrees or lower has none. After being calculated for each 

day, the number of cooling degree-days can be summed over a larger unit of time 

(a month, a year).

Cooling degree-days can also be calculated using a base temperature other than 65 

degrees. The computation is performed in an analogous manner. The cooling 

degree-days based at temperatures higher than 65 degrees may be a more accurate 

measure of the demand for air conditioning. The appropriate base to use may vary 

from household to household depending on the ability of the structure to keep out 

the heat during the day, the amount of heat generated in the dwelling by 

appliances, and the desired indoor temperature. This report uses cooling 

degree-days based at 65 degrees because that is the base for which cooling 

degree-days are most commonly reported.

Cooling degree-days for REGS households in the 48 contiguous States and the 

District of Columbia were assigned according to the NOAA division in which each 

household was located. For households in Alaska and Hawaii, cooling degree-days 

were assigned by appropriate nearby weather stations. See NOAA Division, Weather 

Zone.

Electricity; Metered electric power supplied by a central utility company to a 

residence via underground or aboveground power lines. Electricity generated 

onsite for the exclusive use of the residence is not included (in this case, the 

fuel used for the generator would be reported).

In this report, a distinction is made between "site-electricity" and "adjusted 

electricity" in comparing the price or consumption of electricity with those of 

other fuels on the basis of Btu content. The Btu values and prices for 

"site-electricity" are based on the electricity consumption reported in the 

surveys in terms of actual kilowatthours metered at the site of consumption (the 

housing unit). However, electricity is a derived energy source, usually 

generated from energy produced by burning other fuels, and it takes several Btu 

of the "primary" fuel burned to produce 1 Btu of electricity at the site of 

consumption. Hence, electricity has a much higher price in dollars per Btu than 

other fuels, and a direct comparison of "site-electricity" consumption or prices 

with those for other fuels can be misleading. Therefore, for more realistic 

comparisons, "site-electricity" is converted to "adjusted electricity" by 

multiplying its Btu value by a factor of 3. This conversion factor of 3 is a 

rough approximation of the Btu content of fossil fuels used to generate 

electricity in a steam-generation power plant (See Energy Information 

Administration, Monthly Energy Review, "Conversion Factors," DOE/EIA). This 

conversion has the effect of reducing the price of "adjusted electricity" by a 

factor of 3. See Fuel.

„ RECS: Trends in Consumption and Expenditures 1978-1984

Energy Information Administration
Glossary

Expenditures: The amount paid for electricity or natural gas consumed during 

the 365-day: ;perldxt covered by the survey. For households on a budget plan, the 

expenditures"are; for actual consumption. Expenditures for fuel oil, kerosene, 

and LPG are for the amount of fuel purchased during the 365-day period, which 

may differ from the amount of fuel consumed. For households that do not pay 

their fuel suppli-ers directly, expenditures for fuels are estimated. 

Expenditures;^Include State and local taxes, but exclude merchandise, repairs, or 

special service charges. See Consumption and Annual Consumption Period.

Family Income: The total combined income during the calendar year preceding the 

survey year for all members of the family from all sources, before taxes and 

deductions. : ;This includes wages, salaries, tips, commissions, and income from 

Social Security, pensions, interest, dividends, rent, public assistance, and 

unemployment Insurance. The family income includes the total income for all 

family members who lived in the household during the year preceding the survey 

year, regardless of whether they were living there at the time of the survey 

interview.-'A"la.coBie-'of-.-nonfamily members of the household is not included. 

"Family" includes mother, father, sister, brother, son, daughter, father-in-law, 

uncle, aunt, niece, grandchild, foster child, and similar relationships.

For each survjeytyear except 1984, family income is reported in the dollars of 

the preceding year (for example, family incomes reported in the 1980 survey 

represent 1979 calendar year income in 1979 dollars). There is no overlap in 

any case between the period represented by family income and the period 

represented by consumption (for example, consumption reported in the 1980 survey 

is for April 1980 through March 1981, whereas family income reported in the same 

survey is for January 1979 through December 1979). The 1984 survey recorded 

income for the 12 months prior to the interview (November 1984 was the midpoint 

of interviewing)> so there is an overlap between April 1984 and the date of the 

interview for income and consumption.

Fuel: An energy source delivered to a residential site. The fuel may be 

consumed directly to produce energy, or it may be converted at the site into 

some other formv Electricity is included in this report as a fuel. See Btu and, 

Major Fuels. ;

"Electricity"; refers to metered electric power supplied by a central utility 

company to a; residence via underground or aboveground power lines. The Btu 

equivalent for electricity is the energy value of electricity as received by the 

household (site) (3,412 Btu per kilowatthour). To take into account the Btu 

cbntent of energy used to produce electricity, an adjusted-electricity value is 

also used in this report. The adjusted value is 3 times the site value of 

electricity. ;^See Electricity.

"Fuel oil" refers to No. 1, No. 2, or No. 4 grade fuel oil or residual oil that 

is burned for space or water heating. No. 1 distillate fuel oil is a form of 

heating oil used mostly as a blending stock to assure that heavier grades of fuel 

will flow in severe cold weather. No. 2 distillate collectively refers to No. 2 

heating oil and No. 2 diesel fuel. Although these products are not identical, 

they are interchangeable in most applications. No. 2 fuel oil is the most common 

form of heating oil. No. 4 distillate is a blend of No. 2 and No. 5 or No. 6

RECS: Trends in Consumption and Expenditures 1978-1984 247 

Energy Information Administration
Glossary

residual fuel oil used in large stationary diesel engines and boilers equipped 

with fuel-preheating equipment. "Residual fuel oil" refers to the heavier oils 

that remain after the distillate fuel oils and lighter hydrocarbons have been 

boiled off in refinery operations.

"Kerosene" refers to a distilled product of oil or coal with the generic name 

"kerosene." Kerosene is similar to No. 1 distillate fuel oil and is used for 

space heating or water heating or for lighting equipment using wicks. It is 

sometimes sold under the names "range oil," "stove oil," and "coal oil."

"LPG" or "liquefied petroleum gas" refers to any fuel gas supplied to a 

residence in liquid form. Almost all LPG reported by fuel suppliers is propane. 

It is usually delivered by tank truck and stored near the residence in a tank or 

cylinder until used. Household use of LPG solely for outdoor gas grills is not 

considered sufficient to mark the household as a user of the fuel.

"Natural gas" refers to utility gas supplied by underground pipeline from a 

central utility company to individual housing units. Gas from privately owned 

gas wells operated by the household is not included.

"Wood" refers to any amount of wood burned in a home fireplace, stove, or 

furnace to produce heat.

Fuel Oil; See Fuel.

HDD; See Heating Degree-Days.

Heat Pump: A year-round heating and air-conditioning system in which 

refrigeration equipment supplies both heating and cooling through ducts leading 

to individual rooms (also referred to as a "reverse cycle system"). It generally 

consists of a compressor, both indoor and outdoor coils, and a thermostat.

Heating Degree-Days (HDD); A quantity used to estimate the need for heating 

systems in buildings. Normally, heating is not required in a building when the 

outdoor average daily temperature is above 65 degrees. (The average daily 

temperature is the mean of the maximum and minimum temperature for a 24-hour 

period.) Heating degree-days are determined by subtracting the average daily 

temperature below 65 degrees from the base 65. For example, a day with an 

average temperature of 50 degrees has 15 heating degree-days (65 - 50 = 15), 

while one with an average temperature of 65 or higher has none.

Heating degree-days can also be calculated using a base temperature other than 65 

degrees. The computation is performed in an analogous manner. The heating 

degree-days based at temperatures lower than 65 degrees may be a more accurate 

measure of the demand for space heating. The appropriate base to use may vary 

from household to household depending on the ability of the structure to retain 

heat, the amount of heat generated in the dwelling by appliances, and the desired 

indoor temperature. This report uses heating degree-days based at 65 degrees 

because that is the base for which heating degree-days are most commonly 

reported.

„ RECS: Trends in Consumption and Expenditures 1978-1984

Energy Information Administration
Glossary

The heating <Hs|;r:Ie-<iays for REGS households in the 48 contiguous States and the 

District of G^3:uti|bia were assigned according to the NOAA division in which each 

household is jtocajfeed. Heating degree-days for households in Alaska and Hawaii 

were assigned ; by appropriate nearby weather stations. See NOAA Division and 

Weather Zone.

Household: A ; family, an individual, or a group of up to nine unrelated persons 

occupying the same housing unit. "Occupying" means that the housing unit was 

the individual's usual or permanent place of residence at the time of the first 

field contact*: %e household includes babies, lodgers, boarders, employed 

persons who live in the housing unit, and persons who usually live in the 

housing unit but are away traveling or in a hospital. The household does not 

include persons : ssfto are normally members of the household but who were away from 

home as college students or members of the armed forces at the time of the 

contact. Bgr Sefinition, the count of households is the same as the count of 

occupied hoitiii^p;iiinlts . See Housing Unit.

Household : lle;i|ii;; : :,^Th.e individual responding to the survey; if the respondent was 

married an4;];3i^i|(g; ..with his or her spouse, the male was considered to be the

household

Housing Structure ; One of four structure types used to categorize the building 

in which a ihjpijisJMg unit is located. See Housing Unit.

; housing unit" refers to a structure that provides living space for 

one housencii*SS?:o£; : "fafflily. The structure may be detached, attached on one side 

(semi-detactli«Bd:);,:or attached on two sides. An attached house is considered a 

single-family house as long as the house is not divided into more than one 

housing unit and has an independent, outside entrance. A single-family house is 

contained s^l^nft^alls that go from the basement (or the ground floor if there 

is no basement:) to the roof. (In the 1982 and 1984 surveys, a mobile home with 

one or more .rooms added was classified as a single-family home.)

"House or buIijldWg with two to four housing units" refers to a structure that is 

divided into living quarters for two, three, or four families or households. 

This category alfo includes houses originally intended for occupancy by one 

family or fjori-sonie :Other use that have since been converted to separate 

dwellings for two to four families. Typical arrangements in living quarters of 

this type dre separate apartments, downstairs and upstairs apartments, and one 

apartment oti;eacll of three or four floors.

"Building with five or more housing units" refers to a building containing 

living quarters for five or more separate households or families.

"Mobile home" or "trailer" refers to a structure that has all the facilities of 

a dwelling iiinitt but is built on a movable chassis. It may be placed on a 

permanent ptf !i;feefip0rary foundation and may contain one or more rooms. In the 

1978, 1979, 198^* atl<* 1981 surveys, a structure was still considered a mobile 

home even iSi:f6<5iin& had been added. This definition was changed in the 1982 and 

1984 surveys* so that a mobile home with one or more rooms added was classified 

as a single-family housing unit.

RECS: Trends in Consumption and Expenditures 1978-1984 249 

Energy Information Administration
Glossary

Housing Unit; A structure or part of a structure in which a household (family 

or individual) lives or could live. It is accessible directly from the outside 

of the building or through a common hall. Group quarters, such as prisons, 

hospitals, dormitories, nursing homes, fraternity houses, or convents, where 10 

or more unrelated persons live, are not included. Hotel rooms, motel rooms, and 

mobile homes or trailers are considered housing units when occupied by a 

household.

Kerosene: See Fuel.

Liquefied Petroleum Gas or LPG; See Fuel.

Main Space Heating Fuel; The fuel named by the respondent in answer to the 

question, "What is the main fuel used for heating your home?"

Main Water Heating Fuel; The fuel named by the respondent in answer to the 

survey question, "Which fuel is used most for heating water?" The phrase, 

"other than just for cooking purposes," was added to the 1982 and later surveys 

to make it clear that the question refers to hot water used for bathing and 

washing. Households that did not have running water in their homes were also 

asked this question.

Major Fuels; Electricity, natural gas, fuel oil or kerosene, and liquefied 

petroleum gas (LPG). Wood is not included as a major fuel, primarily because 

(1) the available data for wood-fuel consumption are not as high in quality as 

the data for the other fuels, (2) expenditure data are not available for wood, 

and (3) in the 1978 and 1979 surveys no data on wood-fuel consumption were 

collected. See Fuel.

Measured Heated Area of Residence; The floor area of the housing unit that is 

enclosed from the weather. Basements are included whether or not they contain 

finished space. Garages are included if they have a wall in common with the 

house. Attics that have finished space and attics that have some heated space 

are included. Crawl spaces are not included, even if they are enclosed from the 

weather. Sheds and other buildings that are not attached to the house are not 

included. "Measured" area means that the measurement of the dimensions of the 

home were not based on the respondent's reports, but was an actual measurement by 

the interviewer using a metallic, retractable, 50-foot tape measure. "Heated 

area" is that portion of the measured area that is heated during most of the 

season. Rooms that are shut off during the heating season to save on fuel use 

are not counted as heated area. Attached garages that are unheated and unheated 

areas in basements and attics are not counted as heated area. Housing units were 

not measured in the 1978 and 1979 surveys.

Natural Gas; See Fuel.

NOAA Division; One of the 344 weather divisions designated by the National 

Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA) encompassing the 48 contiguous 

States and the District of Columbia. These divisions usually follow county 

borders to encompass counties with similar weather conditions. The NOAA 

divisions do not follow county borders when weather conditions vary considerably

REGS: Trends in Consumption and Expenditures 1978-1984 

Energy Information Administration
Glossary

within a county, as is likely to happen when a county borders the ocean or 

contains high mountains. On the average, each State contains seven NOAA 

divisions, and each NOAA division includes nine counties.

Number of People in Household: See Household.

Occupied Housing Unit; A housing unit that was occupied by someone as his or 

her usual or permanent place of residence at the time of the first field contact 

in a given survey.

Ownership Status; The status of a household—as owner or renter—with regard to 

the housing structure occupied (not the land on which it is located). The 

household is classified as "renter" even if the rent is paid by someone outside 

the household or if the housing structure is occupied rent free, unless this 

status is shown as separately. "Rent free" means that the unit is not owned or 

being bought, and no money is being paid or contracted for rent. (Such units 

are usually provided in exchange for services rendered or as an allowance or 

favor from a relative or friend not living in the unit.) "Rent free" also 

includes occupants who pay only for utilities. The household is classified as 

"owner" if the owner or co-owner of the housing unit is a household member, even 

if the unit is mortgaged or not fully paid for.

Panel; Either of two subsets of sample clusters for the 1980 RECS, the 1982 

RECS or the 1984 REGS. The set of housing units in each subset is itself a 

national sample. For a given survey, the two panels are denoted as the 

longitudinal panel and the incoming panel. The longitudinal panel for the 1982 

RECS corresponds to the incoming panel for the 1980 RECS, and the longitudinal 

panel for the 1984 RECS corresponds to the incoming panel for the 1982 RECS. In 

general, a panel survey is one in which the sample unit is reinterviewed. In 

this report, the panel includes some housing units where only one interview 

occurred. This happened because housing units were constructed, rehabilitated, 

or torn dowa in between interviews and the occupants of some units responded to 

one survey, but not to the other.

Primary Sampling Unit (PSU); A sampling unit selected at the first stage in 

multistage area probability sampling. A PSU typically consists of one to 

several contiguous counties—for example, a metropolitan area with surrounding 

suburban counties. The approximately 3,100 counties and independent cities of 

the contiguous United States were grouped into about 1,800 PSU's by a procedure 

similar to the one used by the Census Bureau for its Current Population Survey. 

PSU's can be composed of one or more MSA's or can be composed of rural counties.

Residential; Refers to occupied housing units, including mobile homes, 

single-family housing units (attached and detached), and apartments. The 

definition ; of housing units used in this report and in the reports of the 

surveys summarized here is the same as that used by the Bureau of the 

Census. See Household, Housing Structure, and Housing Unit.

RSE or Relative Standard Error: A measure of the reliability or precision of 

the survey statistics we used. Variability occurs in survey statistics because 

the different samples that could be drawn would each produce different values

RECS: Trends in Consumption and Expenditures 1978-1984 251 

Energy Information Administration
Glossary

for the survey statistics. Relative Standard Error, or RSE is a measure of 

precision on a percentage scale. The RSE is defined as the standard error of a 

survey estimate, divided by the survey estimate and multiplied by 100. 

(Standard error is the square root of the variance.) For example, an RSE of 50 

percent means that the standard error is half as large as the survey estimate. 

(See Appendix A, "Quality of the Data," for a discussion of sampling errors.)

RSE Column Factor; An adjustment factor that appears with each column of the 

main tables used to compute RSE's. For a survey estimate in a particular row 

and column of a table (that is, a particular "cell"), the approximate RSE is 

obtained by multiplying the RSE row factor by the RSE column factor for that 

particular "cell." (See RSE, RSE Row Factor, and the section on Sampling Errors 

in Appendix A.)

RSE Row Factor; A factor used to compute RSE's. The row factor is equal to the 

geometric mean of the RSE's in a particular row of the main tables. For a survey 

estimate in a particular row and column of a table (that is, a particular 

"cell"), the approximate RSE is obtained by multiplying the RSE row factor by the 

RSE column factor for that particular "cell." (See RSE, RSE Column Factor, and 

the section on Sampling Errors in Appendix A.)

Site-Electricity; See Electricity.

Weather Zone; One of seven distinct areas, designated by the American Institute 

of Architects (AIA) for the U.S. Department of Energy and the U.S. Department of 

Housing and Urban Development, that are used to classify housing units or 

buildings by long-term weather conditions. The zones are defined by the annual 

sums of heating degree-days (HDD) and cooling degree-days (CDD) averaged over 4.5 

years, as follows;

Zone 1 has fewer than 2,000 CDD and more than 7,000 HDD. 

Zone 2 has fewer than 2,000 CDD and 5,500 to 7,000 HDD. 

Zone 3 has fewer than 2,000 CDD and 4,000 to 5,499 HDD. 

Zone 4 has fewer than 2,000 CDD and 2,000 to 3,999 HDD. 

Zone 5 has fewer than 2,000 CDD and fewer than 2,000 HDD. 

Zone 6 has more than 2,000 CDD and fewer than 2,000 HDD. 

Zone 7 has more than 2,000 CDD and 2,000 to 3,999 HDD.

Zones 4 and 5 and Zones 6 and 7 were combined for this report. A building was 

assigned to a weather zone on the basis of its geographic location. See Heating 

Degree-Days, Cooling Degree-Days, and NOAA Division.

Year of Construction; The year the original structure was completed or when any 

part of the structure was first occupied. Year of construction does not refer 

to the date of a later remodeling, addition, or conversion. For a mobile home, 

year of construction is the model year.

REGS: Trends in Consumption and Expenditures 1978-1984 

Energy Information Administration
THE PRESIDENT 

OESNT TAKE AN OATH

TO DEFEND THE

AMERICAN FLAG OR

THE STATUE OF LIBERTY.

The President takes an oath to defend something even more important 

than a majestic symbol of our country.

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The President takes an oath to defend the Constitution of the United 

States. A document that has been described as the greatest leap forward for 

freedom in human history. A document that is the foundation of our country. 

And the means by which we achieve the rule of law and protect our freedom.

As we commemorate the Bicentennial of the Constitution, there is 

no better way for you as an American to reaffirm the principles for which our 

country stands than to leam more about the Constitution.

The words we live by.

THE CONSTITUTION

The words we live by

To learn more about the Consthutior .tution. Washington Commission on the Bicentennial of The U.S. Constitution.
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