# Patent

## Title
Grapevine leafroll virus (type 2) proteins and their uses

## Abstract

The present invention relates to isolated proteins or polypeptides of grapevine leafroll virus (type 2). The encoding DNA molecules either alone in isolated form or in an expression system, a host cell, or a transgenic grape plant are also disclosed. Other aspects of the present invention relates to a method of imparting grapevine leafroll resistance, to grape and tobacco plants by transforming them with the DNA molecules of the present invention, a method of imparting beet yellows virus resistance to a beet plant, a method of imparting tristeza virus resistance to a citrus plant, and a method of detecting the presence of a grapevine leafroll virus, such as GRLaV-2, in a sample.

## Background
This application is Continuation of a U.S. application Ser. No. 09/080,983, filed May 19, 1998 now U.S. Pat. No. 6,197,948, which claims the benefit of U.S. Provisional Patent Application Ser. No. 60/047,194, filed May 20, 1997.


This work was supported by the U.S. Department of Agriculture Cooperative Grant No. 58-2349-9-01. The U.S. Government may have certain rights in the invention.


FIELD OF THE INVENTION
The present invention relates to grapevine leafroll virus (type 2) proteins, DNA molecules encoding these proteins, and their uses.
BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION
The world's most widely grown fruit crop, the grape (Vitis sp.), is cultivated on all continents except Antarctica. However, major grape production centers are in European countries (including Italy, Spain, and France), which constitute about 70% of the world grape production (Mullins et al., Biology of the Grapevine, Cambridge, U.K.:University Press (1992)). The United States, with 300,000 hectares of grapevines, is the eighth largest grape grower in the world. Although grapes have many uses, a major portion of grape production ( ̃80%) is used for wine production. Unlike cereal crops, most of the world's vineyards are planted with traditional grapevine cultivars, which have been perpetuated for centuries by vegetative propagation. Several important grapevine virus and virus-like diseases, such as grapevine leafroll, corky bark, and Rupestris stem pitting, are transmitted and spread through the use of infected vegetatively propagated materials. Thus, propagation of certified, virus-free materials is one of the most important disease control measures. Traditional breeding for disease resistance is difficult due to the highly heterozygous nature and outcrossing behavior of grapevines, and due to polygenic patterns of inheritance. Moreover, introduction of a new cultivar may be prohibited by custom or law. Recent biotechnology developments have made possible the introduction of special traits, such as disease resistance, into an established cultivar without altering its horticultural characteristics.
Many plant pathogens, such as fungi, bacteria, phytoplasmas, viruses, and nematodes can infect grapes, and the resultant diseases can cause substantial losses in production (Pearson et al., Compendium of Grape Diseases, American Phytopathological Society Press (1988)). Among these, viral diseases constitute a major hindrance to profitable growing of grapevines. About 34 viruses have been isolated and characterized from grapevines. The major virus diseases are grouped into: (1) the grapevine degeneration caused by the fanleaf nepovirus, other European nepoviruses, and American nepoviruses, (2) the leafroll complex, and (3) rugose wood complex (Martelli, ed., Graft Transmissible Diseases of Grapevines, Handbook for Detection and Diagnosis, FAO, UN, Rome, Italy (1993)).
Of the major virus diseases, the grapevine leafroll complex is the most widely distributed throughout the world. According to Goheen (“Grape Leafroll, ” in Frazier et al., eds., Virus Diseases of Small Fruits and Grapevines (A Handbook), University of California, Division of Agricultural Sciences, Berkeley, Calif., USA, pp. 209-212 (1970) (“Goheen (1970)”), grapevine leafroll-like disease was described as early as the 1850s in German and French literature. However, the vital nature of the disease was first demonstrated by Scheu (Scheu, “Die Rollkrankheit des Rebstockes (Leafroll of grapevine),” D. D. Weinbau 14:222-358 (1935) (“Scheu (1935)”)). In 1946, Harmon and Snyder (Harmon et al., “Investigations on the Occurrence, Transmission, Spread and Effect of ‘White’ Fruit Colour in the Emperor Grape, ” Proc. Am. Soc. Hort. Sci. 74:190-194 (1946)) determined the viral nature of White Emperor disease in California. It was later proven by Goheen et al. (Goheen et al., “Leafroll (White Emperor Disease) of Grapes in California, Phytopathology, 48:51-54(1958), (“Goheen (1958)”)) that both leafroll and “White Emperor” diseases were the same, and only the name leafroll was retained.
Leafroll is a serious viral disease of grapes and occurs wherever grapes are grown. This wide distribution of the disease has come about through the propagation of diseased vines. It affects almost all cultivated and rootstock varieties of Vitis. Although the disease is not lethal, it causes yield losses and reduction of sugar content. Scheu estimated in 1936 that 80 per cent of all grapevines planted in Germany were infected (Scheu, Mein Winzerbuch, Berlin:Reichsnahrstand-Verlags (1936). In many California wine grape vineyards, the incidence of leafroll (based on a survey of field symptoms conducted in 1959) agrees with Scheu's initial observation in German vineyards (Goheen et al., “Studies of Grape Leafroll in California,” Amer. J. Enol. Vitic., 10:78-84 (1959)). The current situation on leafroll disease does not seem to be any better (Goheen, “Diseases Caused by Viruses and Viruslike Agents,” The American Phytopathological Society, St. Paul, Minn.:APS press, 1:47-54 (1988) (“Goheen (1988)”). Goheen also estimated that the disease causes an annual loss of about 5-20 per cent of the total grape production (Goheen (1970) and Goheen (1988)). The amount of sugar in individual berries of infected vines is only about 1⁄2 to 2⁄3 that of berries from noninfected vines (Goheen (1958)).
Symptoms of leafroll disease vary considerably depending upon the cultivar, environment, and time of the year. On red or dark-colored fruit varieties, the typical downward rolling and interveinal reddening of basal, mature leaves is the most prevalent in autumn; but not in spring or early summer. On light-colored fruit varieties however, symptoms are less conspicuous, usually downward rolling accompanied by interveinal chlorosis. Moreover, many infected rootstock cultivars do not develop symptoms. In these cases, the disease is usually diagnosed with a woody indicator indexing assay using Vitis vivifera cv. Carbernet Franc (Goheen (1988)).
Ever since Scheu demonstrated that leafroll was graft transmissible, a virus etiology has been suspected (Scheu (1935)). Several virus particle types have been isolated from leafroll diseased vines. These include potyvirus-like (Tanne et al., “Purification and Characterization of a Virus Associated with the Grapevine Leafroll Disease,” Phytopathology, 67:442-447 (1977)), isometric virus-like (Castellano et al., “Virus-like Particles and Ultrastructural Modifications in the Phloem of Leafroll-affected Grapevines,” Vitis, 2:23-39 (1983) (Castellano (1983)”) and Namba et al., A Small Spherical Virus Associated with the Ajinashika Disease of Koshu Grapevine, Ann. Phytopathol. Soc. Japan, 45:-70-73 (1979)), and closterovirus-like (Namba, “Grapevine Leafroll Virus, a Possible Member of Closteroviruses, Ann. Phytopathol, Soc. Japan, 45.497-502 (1979)) particles. In recent years, however, long flexuous closteroviruses ranging from 1,400 to 2,200 nm have been most consistently associated with leafroll disease (FIG. 1) (Castellano (1983), Faoro et al., “Association of a Possible Closterovirus with Grapevine Leafroll in Northern Italy,” Riv. Patol. Veg. Ser IV, 17:183-189 (1981), Gugerli et al., “L'enroulement de la vigne; mise en évidence de particules virales et développement d'une méthode immuno-enzymatique pour le diagnostic rapide (Grapevine Leafroll: Presence of Virus Particles and Development of an Immuno-enzyme method for Diagnosis and Detection),” Rev. Suisse Viticult. Arboricult, Hort., 16:299-304 (1984) (“Gugerli (1984)”), Hu et al., “Characterization of Closterovirus-like Particles Associated with Grapevine Leafroll Disease,” J. Phytopathol., 128:1-14(1990) (“Hu (1990)”), Milne et al., “Closterovirus-like Particles of Two Types Associated with Diseased Grapevines,” Phytopathol, Z., 110:360-368(1984), Zee et al., “Cytopathology of Leafroll-diseased Grapevines and the Purification and Serology of Associated Closterovirus like Particles,” Phytopathology, 77:1427-1434(1987) (“Zee (1987)”), and Zimmerman et al., “Characterization and Serological Detection of Four Closterovirus-like Particles Associated with Leafroll Disease on Grapevine,” J. Phyopathol., 130:205-218 (1990) (“Zimmermann (1990)”)). These closteroviruses are referred to as grapevine leafroll associated viruses (“GLRaV”). At least six serologically distinct types of GLRaV's (GLRaV-1 to -6) have been detected from leafroll diseased vines (Table 1) (Boscia et al., “Nomenclature of Grapevine Leafroll-associated Putative Closteroviruses, Vitis, 34:171-175 (1995) (“Boscia (1995)”) and (Martelli, “Leafroll,” pp. 37-44 in Martelli, ed., Graft Transmissible Diseases of Grapevines, Handbook for Detection and Diagnosis, FAO, Rome Italy, (1993) (“Martelli I”)). The first five of these were confirmed in the 10th Meeting of the International Council for the Study of Virus and Virus Diseases of the Grapevine (“ICVG”) (Volos, Greece, 1990).










TABLE 1







Coat




Particle length
protein Mr


Type
(nm)
(×103)
Reference







GLRaV-1
1,400-2,200
39
Gugerli (1984)


GLRaV-2
1,400-1,800
26
Gugerli (1984)





Zimmermann (1990)


GLRaV-3
1,400-2,200
43
Zee (1987)


GLRaV-4
1,400-2,200
36
Hu (1990)


GLRaV-5
1,400-2,200
36
Zimmermann (1990)


GLRaV-6
1,400-2,200
36
Gugerli (1993)









Through the use of monoclonal antibodies, however, the original GLRaV II described in Gugerli (1984) has been shown to be an apparent mixture of at least two components, IIa and IIb (Gugerli et al., “Grapevine Leafroll Associated Virus II Analyzed by Monoclonal Antibodies,” 11th Meeting of the International Council for the Study of Viruses and Virus Diseases of the Grapevine, Montreux, Switzerland, pp. 23-24 (1993) (“Gugerli (1993)”)). Recent investigation with comparative serological assays (Boscia (1995)) demonstrated that the IIb component of cv. Chasselas 8/22 is the same as the GLRaV-2 isolate from France (Zimmermann (1990)) which also include the isolates of grapevine corky bark associated closteroviruses from Italy (GCBaV-BA) (Boscia (1995)) and from the United States (GCBaV-NY) (Namba et al., “Purification and Properties of Closterovirus-like Particles Associated with Grapevine Corky Bark Disease,” Phytopathology, 81:964-970 (1991) (“Namba (1991)”)). The IIa component of cv. Chasselas 8/22 was given the provisional name of grapevine leafroll associated virus 6 (GLRaV-6). Furthermore, the antiserum to the CA-5 isolate of GLRaV-2 produced by Boscia et al. (Boscia et al., “Characterization of Grape Leafroll Associated Closterovirus (GLRaV) Serotype II and Comparison with GLRaV Serotype III, “Phytopathology, 80:117 (1990)) was show to contain antibodies to both GLRaV-2 and GLRaV-1, with a prevalence of the latter (Boscia (1995)).

Virions of GLRaV-2 are flexuous, filamentous particles about 1,400-1,800 nm in length (Gugerli et al., “L'enroulement de la Vigne: Mise en Evidence de Particles Virales et Development d'une Methode Immuno-enzymatique Pour le Diagnostic Rapide (Grapevine Leafroll: Presence of Virus Particles and Development of an Immuno-enzyme Method for Diagnosis and Detection),” Rev. Suisse Viticult, Arboricult, Horticult. 16:299-304 (1984)). A double-stranded RNA (dsRNA) of about 15 kb was consistently isolated from GLRaV-2 infected tissues (Goszczynski et al., Detection of Two Strains of Grapevine Leafroll-Associated Virus 2,” Vitis 35:133-35 (1996)). The coat protein of GLRaV-2 is ca 22 ̃26 kDa (Zimmermann et al., Characterization and Serological Detection of Four Closterovirus-like Particles Associated with Leafroll Disease on Grapevine,” J. Phytopathology 130:205-18 (1990); Gugerli and Ramel, Extended abstracts: “Grapevine Leafroll Associated Virus II Analyzed by Monoclonal Antibodies,” 11th ICVG at Montreux, Switzerland, Gugerli, ed., Federal Agricultural Research Station of Changins, CH-1260 Nyon, Switzerland, p 23-24 (1993); Boscia et al., “Nomenclature of Grapevine Leafroll-Associated Putative Closteroviruses,” Vitis 34-171-75 (1995)), which is considerably smaller than other GLRaVs (35 ̃43 kDa) (Zee et al., “Cytopathology of Leafroll-Diseased Grapevines and the Purification and Serology of Associated Closterovirus Like Particles,” Phytopathology 77:1427-34 (1987); Hu et al., “Characterization of Closterovirus-Like Particles Associated with Grapevine Leafroll Disease,” J. of Phytopathology 128:1-14(1990); Ling et al., “The Coat Protein Gene of Grapevine Leafroll Associated Closterovirus-3Cloning, Nucleotide Sequencing and Expression in Transgenic Plants,” Arch. of Virology 142:1101-16(1997)). Although GLRaV-2 has been classified as a member of the genus Closterovirus based on particle morphology and cytopathology (Martelli, Circular of ICTV-Plant Virus Subcommittee Study Group on Closterolike Viruses” (1996)), its molecular and biochemical properties are not well characterized.
In the closterovirus group, several viruses have recently been sequences. The partial or complete genome sequences of beet yellows virus (BYV) (Agranovsky et al. “Nucleotide Sequence of the 3′-Terminal Half of Beet Yellows Closterovirus RNA Genome Unique Arrangement of Eight Virus Genes,” J. General Virology 72:15-24 (1991), Agranovsky et al., “Beet Yellows Closterovirus: Complete Genome Structure and Identification of a Papain-like Thiol Protease,” Virology 198:311-24 (1994)), beet yellow stunt virus (BYSV) (Karasev et al., “Organization of the 3′-Terminal Half of Beet Yellow Stunt Virus Genome and Implications for the Evolution of Closteroviruses,” Virology 221:199-207 (1996)), citrus tristeza virus (CTV) (Pappu et al., “Nucleotide Sequence and Organization of Eight 3′ Open Reading Frames of the Citrus Tristeza Closterovirus Genome,” Virology 199:35-46 (1994); Karasev et al., “Complete Sequence of the Citrus Tristeza Virus RNA Genome,” Virology 208:511-20 (1995)), lettuce infectious yellows virus (LIYV) (Klaassen et al., “Partial Characterization of the Lettuce Infectious Yellows Virus Genomic RNAs, Identification of the Coat Protein Gene and Comparison of its Amino Acid Sequence With Those of Other Filamentous RNA Plant Viruses,” J. General Virology 75:1525-33 (1994); Klaassen et al., “Genome Structure and Phylogenetic Analysis of Lettuce Infectious Yellows Virus, a Whitefly-Transmitted, Bipartite Closterovirus,” Virology 208:99-110 (1995)), little cherry virus (LChV) (Keim and Jelkmann, “Genome Analysis of the 3′-Terminal Part of the Little Cherry Disease Associated dsRNA Reveals a Monopartite Clostero-Like Virus,” Arch. Virology 141:1437-51 (1996); Jelkmann et al., “Complete Genome Structure and Phylogenetic Analysis of Little Cherry Virus, a Mealybug-Transmissible Closterovirus,” J. General Virology 78:2067-71 (1997)), and GLRaV-3 (Ling et al., “Nucleotide Sequence of the 3′ Terminal Two-Thirds of the Grapevine Leafroll Associated Virus-3-Genome Reveals a Typical Monopartite Closterovirus,” J. Gen. Virology 79(5):1289-1301 (1998)) revealed several common features of the closteroviruses, including the presence of HSP70 chaperone heat shock protein and a duplicate of the coat protein gene (Agranovsky “Principles of Molecular Organization, Expression, and Evolution of Closteroviruses: Over the Barriers,” Adv. in Virus Res. 47:119-218 (1996); Dolja et al. “Molecular Biology and Evolution of Closteroviruses: Sophisticated Build-up of Large RNA Genomes,” Annual Rev. Photopathology 32:261-85 (1994); Boyko et al., “Coat Protein Gene Duplication in a Filamentous RNA Virus of Plants,” Proc. Nat. Acad. Sci. USA 89:9156-60 (1992)). Characterization of the genome organization of GLRaVs would provide molecular information on the serologically distinct closteroviruses that cause similar leafroll symptoms in grapevine.
Several shorter closteroviruses (particle length 800 nm long) have also been isolated from grapevines. One of these, called grapevine virus A (“GVA”) has also been found associated, though inconsistently, with the leafroll disease (Agran et al., “Occurrence of Grapevine Virus A (GVA) and Other Closteroviruses in Tunisian Grapevines Affected by Leafroll Disease,” Vitis, 29:43-48 (1990), Conti, et al., “Closterovirus Associated with Leafroll and Stem Pitting in Grapevine,” Phytopathol. Mediterr., 24:110-113 (1985), and Conti et al., “A Closterovirus from a Stem-pitting-diseased Grapevine,” Phytopathology, 70:394-399 (1980)). The etiology of GVA is not really known; however, it appears to be more consistently associated with rugose wood serau lato (Rosciglione at al., “Maladies de l'enroulement et du bois strié de la vigne: analyse microscopique et sérologique Leafroll and Stem Pitting of Grapevine: Microscopical and Serological Analysis),” Rev. Suisse Vitic Arboric. Hortic., 18:207-211 (1986) (“Rosciglione (1986)”), and Zimmermann (1990)). Moreover, another short closterovirus (800 nm long) named grapevine virus B (“GVB”) has been isolated and characterized from corky bark-affected vines (Boscia et al., “Properties of a Filamentous Virus Isolated from Grapevines Affected by Corky Bark,” Arch. Virol., 130:109-120(1993) and Namba(1991)).
As suggested by Martelli I, leafroll symptoms may be induced by more than one virus or they may be simply a general plant physiological response to invasion by an array of phloem-inhabiting viruses. Evidence accumulated in the last 15 years strongly favors the idea that grapevine leafroll is induced by one (or a complex) of long closteroviruses (particle length 1,400 to 2,200 nm).
Grapevine leafroll is transmitted primarily by contaminated scions and rootstocks. However, under field conditions, several species of mealybugs have been shown to be the vector of leafroll (Engelbrecht et al., “Transmission of Grapevine Leafroll Disease and Associated Closteroviruses by the Vine Mealybug Planococcus-ficus,” Phytophylactica, 22:341-346 (1990), Rosciglione, et al., “Transmission of Grapevine Leafroll Disease and an Associated Closterovirus to Healthy Grapevine by the Mealybug Planococcus ficus,” (Abstract), Phytoparasitica, 17:63-63 (1989), and Tanne, “Evidence for the Transmission by Mealybugs to Healthy Grapevines of a Closter-like Particle Associated with Grapevine Leafroll Disease,” Phytoparasitica, 16:288 (1988)). Natural spread of leafroll by insect vectors is rapid in various parts of the world. In New Zealand, observations of three vineyards showed that the number of infected vines nearly doubled in a single year (Jordan et al., “Spread of Grapevine Leafroll and its Associated Virus in New Zealand Vineyards,” 11th Meeting of the International Council for the Study of Viruses and Virus Diseases of the Grapevine, Montreux, Switzerland, pp. 113-114 (1993)). One vineyard became 90% infected 5 years after GLRaV-3 was first observed. Prevalence of leafroll worldwide may increase as chemical control of mealybugs becomes more difficult due to the unavailability of effective insecticides.
In view of the serious risk grapevine leafroll virus poses to vineyards and the absence of an effective treatment of it, the need to prevent this affliction continues to exist. The present invention is directed to overcoming this deficiency in the art.
SUMMARY OF INVENTION
The present invention relates to an isolated protein or polypeptide, corresponding to a protein or polypeptide of a grapevine leafroll virus (type 2). The encoding RNA and DNA molecules, in either isolated form or incorporated in an expression system, a host cell, a transgenic Vitis or citrus scion or rootstock cultivar, or a transgenic Nicotiana plant or beet plant are also disclosed.
Another aspect of the present invention relates to a method of imparting grapevine leafroll virus (type 2) resistance to Vitis scion or rootstock cultivars or Nicotiana plants by transforming them with a DNA molecule encoding the protein or polypeptide corresponding to a protein or polypeptide of a grapevine leafroll virus (type 2). Other aspects of the present invention relate to a method of imparting beet yellows virus resistance to beet plants and a method of imparting tristeza virus resistance to citrus scion or rootstock cultivars, both by transforming the plants or cultivars with a DNA molecule encoding the protein or polypeptide corresponding to a protein or polypeptide of a grapevine leafroll virus (type 2).
The present invention also relates to an antibody or binding portion thereof or probe which recognizes the protein or polypeptide.
Grapevine leafroll virus resistant transgenic variants of the current commercial grape cultivars and rootstocks allows for more complete control of the virus, while retaining the varietal characteristics of specific cultivars. Furthermore, these variants permit control of GLRaV-2 transmitted either by contaminated scions or rootstocks or by a presently uncharacterized insect vector. With respect to the latter mode of transmission, the present invention circumvents increased restriction of pesticide use which has made chemical control of insect infestation increasingly difficult. In this manner, the interests of the environment and the economics of grape cultivation and wine making are all furthered by the present invention.



BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS
FIGS. 1A and 1B are a comparison of a double-stranded RNA (dsRNA) profile (FIG. 1A) of GLRaV-2 and its Northern hybridization analysis (FIG. 1B). In FIG. 1A: lane M, lambda HindIII DNA marker; and lane 1, dsRNA pattern in 1% agarose gel stained with ethidium bromide. FIG. 1B is a northern hybridization of isolated high molecular weight dsRNA of GLRaV-2 with a probe prepared with 32P [α-dATP] labeled cDNA insert from GLRaV-2 specific cDNA clone TC-1. Lane 1, high molecular weight dsRNA of GLRaV-2. Lane 2, total RNA extracted from healthy grapevine.
FIG. 2 displays the genome organization of GLRaV-2 and its sequencing strategy. Boxes represent ORFs encoded by deduced amino acid sequences of GLRaV-2, numbered lines represent nucleotide coordinates, beginning from 5′-terminal of RNA in kilobases (kb). The lines below GLRaV-2 RNA genome represent the cDNA clones used to determine the nucleotide sequences.
FIG. 3A-3D are comparisons between ORF1a/ORF1b of GLRaV-2 and BYV. FIG. 3A-3D show the conserved domains of two papain-like proteases (P-PRO), methyltransferase (MT/MTR), helicase (HEL), and RNA-dependent RNA polymerase (RdRP), respectively (SEQ ID NOS: 3, 5, and 24-27). Exclamation marks indicate the predicted catalytic residues of the leader papain-like protease; slashes indicate the predicted cleavage sites. The conserved motifs of the MT, HEL, and RdRP domains are highlighted with overlines marked with respective letters. The alignment is constructed using the MegAlign program in DNASTAR.
FIGS. 4A and 4B are alignments of the nucleotide (FIG. 4A) and deduced amino acid (FIG. 4B) sequences of ORF1a/ORF1b overlapping region of GLRaV-2, BYV, BYSV, and CTV (SEQ ID NOS: 28-35). Identical nucleotides and amino acids are shown in consensus. GLRaV-2 putative+1 frameshift site (TAGC) and its corresponding sites of BYV (TAGC) and BYSV (TAGC) and CTV (CGGC) at nucleotide and amino acid sequences are highlighted with underlines.
FIG. 5 is an alignment of the amino acid sequence of HSP70 protein of GLRaV-2 and BYV (SEQ ID NOS: 9 and 36). The conserved motifs (A to H) are indicated with overlines and marked with respective letters. The alignment was conducted with the MegAlign program of DNASTAR.
FIG. 6A is a comparison of the coat protein (CP) and coat protein duplicate (CPd) of GLRaV-2 with other closteroviruses (SEQ ID NOS: 13, 15, and 37-42). The amino acid sequence of the GLRaV-2 CP and CPd are aligned with the CP and CPd of BYV, BYSV, and CTV. The conserved amino acid residues are in bold and the consensus sequences are indicated. Sequence alignment and phylogenetic tree were constructed by Clustal Method in the MegAlign Program of DNASTAR. FIG. 6B is a tentative phylogenetic tree of the CP and CPd of GLRaV-2 with BYV, BYSV, CTV, LIYV, LChV, and GLRaV-3. To facilitate the alignment, only the C-terminal 250 amino acids of CP and CPd of LIYV, LChV, and GLRaV-3 were used. The scale beneath the phylogenetic tree represents the distance between sequences. Units indicate the number of substitution events.
FIG. 7 is a comparison of the genome organization of GLRaV-2, BYV, BYSV, CTV, LIYV, LChV, and GLRaV-3. P-PRO, papain-like protease; MT/MTR, methyltransferase; HEL, helicase; RdRP, RNA-dependent RNA polymerase; HSP70, heat shock protein 70; CP, coat protein; CPd, coat protein duplicate.
FIG. 8 is a tentative phylogenetic tree showing the relationship of RdRP of GLRaV-2 with respect to BYV, BYSV, CTV, and LIYV. The phylogenetic tree was constructed using the Clustal method with the MegAlign program in DNASTAR.
FIG. 9 is an alignment of the amino acid sequence of HSP90 protein of GLRaV-2 with respect to other closteroviruses, BYS, BYSV, and CTV (SEQ ID NOS: 11 and 43-45). The most conserved motifs (I to II) are indicated with the highlighted lines and marked with respective letters.
FIG. 10 is an alignment of the nucleotide sequence of 3′-terminal untranslated region of GLRaV-2 with respect to the closteroviruses BYV (Agranovsky et al., “Beet Yellows Closterovirus: Complete Genome Structure and Identification of a Papain-like Thiol Protease,” Virology 198:311-24 (1994), which is hereby incorporated by reference), BYSV (Karasev et al., Organization of the 3′-Terminal Half of Beet Yellow Stunt Virus Genome and Implications for the Evolution of Closteroviruses,” Virology 221:199-207 (1996), which is hereby incorporated by reference), and CTV (Karasev et al., “Complete Sequence of the Citrus Tristeza Virus RNA Genome,” Virology 208:511-20 (1995), which is hereby incorporated by reference) (SEQ ID NOS: 1 and 46-48). The consensus sequences are shown, and the distance to the 3′-end is indicated. A complementary region capable of forming a “hair-pin” structure is underlined.
FIGS. 11B and 11B are genetic maps of the transformation vectors pGA482GG/EPT8CP-GLRaV-2 and pGA482G/EPT8CP-GLRaV-2, respectively As shown in FIGS. 11A and 11B, the plant expression cassette (EPT8CP-GLRaV-2), which consists of a double cauliflower mosaic virus (CaMV) 35S-enhancer, a CaMV 35S-promoter, an alfalfa mosaic virus (ALMV) RNA4 5′ leader sequence, a coat protein gene of GLRaV-2 (CP-GLRaV-2), and a CaMV 35S 3′ untranslated region as a terminator, was cloned into the transformation vector by EcoRI restriction site. The CP of GLRaV-2 was cloned into the plant expression vector by NcoI restriction site.
FIG. 12 is a PCR analysis of DNA molecules extracted from the leaves of putative transgenic plants using both the CP gene of GLRaV-2 and NPT II gene specific primers. An ethidium bromide-stained gel shows a 720 bp amplified DNA fragment for NPT II gene, and a 653 bp DNA fragment for the entire coding sequence of the CP gene. Lane 1, Φ174/Hae III DNA Marker; lanes 2-6, transgenic plants from different lines; lane 7, the cp gene of GLRaV-2 of positive control; and lane 8, NPT II gene of positive control.
FIG. 13 is a comparison of resistant (right side 3 plants) and susceptible (left side 3 plants) transgenic Nicotiana benthamiana plants. Plants are shown 48 days after inoculation with GLRaV-2.
FIG. 14 is a northern blot analysis of transgenic Nicotiana benthamiana plants. An aliquot of 10 g of total RNA extracted from putative transgenic plants was denatured and loaded onto 1% agarose gel containing formaldehyde. The separated RNAs were transferred to Gene Screen Plus membrane and hybridized with a 32P-labeled DNA probe containing the 3′ one third CP gene sequence. Lanes 1, 3, and 4 represent nontransformed control plants without RNA expression. The remaining lanes represent transgenic plants from different lines: lanes 2, 14-17, and 22-27 represent plants with high RNA expression level which are susceptible to GLRaV-2; all other lanes represent plants with undetectable or low RNA expression level which are resistant to GLRaV-2.



DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE INVENTION
The present invention relates to isolated DNA molecules encoding for the proteins or polypeptides of a grapevine leafroll virus (type 2). A substantial portion of the grapevine leafroll virus (type-2) (“GLRaV-2”) genome has been sequenced. Within the genome are a plurality of open reading frames (“ORFs”) and a 3′ untranscribed region (“UTR”), each containing DNA molecules in accordance with the present invention. The DNA molecule which constitutes a substantial portion of the GLRaV-2 genome comprises the nucleotide sequence corresponding to SEQ. ID. No. 1 as follows:









TAAACATTGC GAGAGAACCC CATTAGCGTC TCCGGGGTGA ACTTGGGAAG GTCTGCCGCC
   60



GCTCAGGTTA TTTATTTCGG CAGTTTCACG CAGCCCTTCG CGTTGTATCC GCGCCAAGAG
  120


AGCGCGATCG TAAAAACGCA ACTTCCACCG GTCAGTGTAG TGAAGGTGGA GTGCGTAGCT
  180


GCGGAGGTAG CTCCCGACAG GGGCGTGGTC GACAAGAAAC CTACGTCTGT TGGCGTTCCC
  240


CCGCAGCGCG GTGTGCTTTC TTTTCCGACG GTGGTTCGGA ACCGCGGCGA CGTGATAATC
  300


ACAGGGGTGG TGCATGAAGC CCTGAAGAAA ATTAAAGACG GGCTCTTACG CTTCCGCGTA
  360


GGCGGTGACA TGCGTTTTTC GAGATTTTTC TCATCGAACT ACGGCTGCAG ATTCGTCGCG
  420


AGCGTGCGTA CGAACACTAC AGTTTGGCTA AATTGCACGA AAGCGAGTGG TGAGAAATTC
  480


TCACTCGCCG CCGCGTGCAC GGCGGATTAC GTGGCGATGC TGCGTTATGT GTGTGGCGGG
  540


AAATTTCCAC TCGTCCTCAT GAGTAGAGTT ATTTACCCGG ATGGGCGCTG TTACTTGGCC
  600


CATATGAGGT ATTTGTGCGC CTTTTACTGT CGCCCGTTTA GAGAGTCGGA TTATGCCCTC
  660


GGAATGTGGC CTACGGTGGC GCGTCTCAGG GCATGCGTTG AGAAGAACTT CGGTGTCGAA
  720


GCTTGTGGCA TAGCTCTTCG TGGCTATTAC ACCTCTCGCA ATGTTTATCA CTGTGATTAT
  780


GACTCTGCTT ATGTAAAATA TTTTAGAAAC CTTTCCGGCC GCATTGGCGG TGGTTCGTTC
  840


GATCCGACAT CTTTAACCTC CGTAATAACG GTGAAGATTA GCGGTCTTCC AGGTGGTCTT
  900


CCTAAAAATA TAGCGTTTGG TGCCTTCCTG TGCGATATAC GTTACGTCGA ACCGGTAGAC
  960


TCGGGCGGCA TTCAATCGAG CGTTAAGACG AAACGTGAAG ATGCGCACCG AACCGTAGAG
 1020


GAACGGGCGG CCGGCGGATC CGTCGAGCAA CCGCGACAAA AGAGGATAGA TGAGAAAGGT
 1080


TGCGGCAGAG TTCCTAGTGG AGGTTTTTCG CATCTCCTGG TCGGCAACCT TAACGAAGTT
 1140


AGGAGGAAGG TAGCTGCCGG ACTTCTACGC TTTCGCGTTG GCGGTGATAT GGATTTTCAT
 1200


CGCTCGTTCT CCACCCAAGC GGGCCACCGC TTGCTGGTGT GGCGCCGCTC GAGCCGGAGC
 1260


GTGTGCCTTG AACTTTACTC ACCATCTAAA AACTTTTTGC GTTACGATGT CTTGCCCTGT
 1320


TCTGGAGACT ATGCAGCGAT GTTTTCTTTC GCGGCGGGCG GCCGTTTCCC TTTAGTTTTG
 1380


ATGACTAGAA TTAGATACCC GAACGGGTTT TGTTACTTGG CTCACTGCCG GTACGCGTGC
 1440


GCGTTTCTCT TAAGGGGTTT TGATCCGAAG CGTTTCGACA TCGGTGCTTT CCCCACCGCG
 1500


GCCAAGCTCA GAAACCGTAT GGTTTCGGAG CTTGGTGAAA GAAGTTTAGG TTTGAACTTG
 1560


TACGGCGCAT ATACGTCACG CGGCGTCTTT CACTGCGATT ATGACGCTAA GTTTATAAAG
 1620


GATTTGCGTC TTATGTCAGC AGTTATAGCT GGAAAGGACG GGGTGGAAGA GGTGGTACCT
 1680


TCTGACATAA CTCCTGCCAT GAAGCAGAAA ACGATCGAAG CCGTGTATGA TAGATTATAT
 1740


GGCGGCACTG ACTCGTTGCT GAAACTGAGC ATCGAGAAAG ACTTAATCGA TTTCAAAAAT
 1800


GACGTGCAGA GTTTGAAGAA AGATCGGCCG ATTGTCAAAG TGCCCTTTTA CATGTCGGAA
 1860


GCAACACAGA ATTCGCTGAC GCGTTTCTAC CCTCAGTTCG AACTTAAGTT TTCGCACTCC
 1920


TCGCATTCAG ATCATCCCGC CGCCGCCGCT TCTAGACTGC TGGAAAATGA AACGTTAGTG
 1980


CGCTTATGTG GTAATAGCGT TTCAGATATT GGAGGTTGTC CTCTTTTCCA TTTGCATTCC
 2040


AAGACGCAAA GACGGGTTCA CGTATGTAGG CCTGTGTTGG ATGGCAAGGA TGCGCAGCGT
 2100


CGCGTGGTGC GTGATTTGCA GTATTCCAAC GTGCGTTTGG GAGACGATGA TAAAATTTTG
 2160


GAAGGGCCAC GCAATATCGA CATTTGCCAC TATCCTCTGG GCGCGTGTGA CCACGAAAGT
 2220


AGTGCTATGA TGATGGTGCA GGTGTATGAC GCGTCCCTTT ATGAGATATG TGGCGCCATG
 2280


ATCAAGAAGA AAAGCCGCAT AACGTACTTA ACCATGGTCA CGCCCGGCGA GTTTCTTGAC
 2340


GGACGCGAAT GCGTCTACAT GGAGTCGTTA GACTGTGAGA TTGAAGTTGA TGTGCACGCG
 2400


GACGTCGTAA TGTACAAATT CGGTAGTTCT TGCTATTCGC ACAAGCTTTC AATCATCAAG
 2460


GACATCATGA CCACTCCGTA CTTGACACTA GGTGGTTTTC TATTCAGCGT GGAGATGTAT
 2520


GAGGTGCGTA TGGGCGTGAA TTACTTCAAG ATTACGAAGT CCGAAGTATC GCCTAGCATT
 2580


AGCTGCACCA AGCTCCTGAG ATACCGAAGA GCTAATAGTG ACGTGGTTAA AGTTAAACTT
 2640


CCACGTTTCG ATAAGAAACG TCGCATGTGT CTGCCTGGGT ATGACACCAT ATACCTAGAT
 2700


TCGAAGTTTG TGAGTCGCGT TTTCGATTAT GTCGTGTGTA ATTGCTCTGC CGTGAACTCA
 2760


AAAACTTTCG AGTGGGTGTG GAGTTTCATT AAGTCTAGTA AGTCGAGGGT GATTATTAGC
 2820


GGTAAAATAA TTCACAAGGA TGTCAATTTG GACCTCAAGT ACGTCGAGAG TTTCGCCGCG
 2880


GTTATGTTGG CCTCTGGCGT GCGCAGTAGA CTAGCGTCCG AGTACCTTGC TAAGAACCTT
 2940


AGTCATTTTT CGGGAGATTG CTCCTTTATT GAAGGGAGGT CTTTCGTGTT GCGTGAGAAA
 3000


ATCAGAAACA TGACTCTGAA TTTTAACGAA AGACTTTTAC AGTTAGTGAA GCGCGTTGCC
 3060


TTTGCGACCT TGGACGTGAG TTTTCTAGAT TTAGATTCAA CTCTTGAATC AATAACTGAT
 3120


TTTGCCGAGT GTAAGGTAGC GATTGAACTC GACGAGTTGG GTTGCTTGAG AGCGGAGGCC
 3180


GAGAATGAAA AAATCAGGAA TCTGGCGGGA GATTCGATTG CGGCTAAACT CGCGAGCGAG
 3240


ATAGTGGTCG ATATTGACTC TAAGCCTTCA CCGAAGCAGG TGGGTAATTC GTCATCCGAA
 3300


AACGCCGATA AGCGGGAAGT TCAGAGGCCC GGTTTGCGTG GTGGTTCTAG AAACGGGGTT
 3360


GTTGGGGAGT TCCTTCACTT CGTCGTGGAT TCTGCCTTGC GTCTTTTCAA ATACGCGACG
 3420


GATCAACAAC GGATCAAGTC TTACGTGCGT TTCTTGGACT CGGCGGTCTC ATTCTTGGAT
 3480


TACAACTACG ATAATCTATC GTTTATACTG CGAGTGCTTT CGGAAGGTTA TTCGTGTATG
 3540


TTCGCGTTTT TGGCGAATCG CGGCGACTTA TCTAGTCGTG TCCGTAGCGC GGTGTGTGCT
 3600


GTGAAAGAAG TTGCTACCTC ATGCGCGAAC GCGAGCGTTT CTAAAGCCAA GGTTATGATT
 3660


ACCTTCGCAG CGGCCGTGTG TGCTATGATG TTTAATAGCT GCGGTTTTTC AGGCGACGGT
 3720


CGGGAGTATA AATCGTATAT ACATCGTTAC ACGCAAGTAT TGTTTGACAC TATCTTTTTT
 3780


GAGGACAGCA GTTACCTACC CATAGAAGTT CTGAGTTCGG CGATATGCGG TGCTATCGTC
 3840


ACACTTTTCT CCTCGGGCTC GTCCATAAGT TTAAACGCCT TCTTACTTCA AATTACCAAA
 3900


GGATTCTCCC TAGAGGTTGT CGTCCGGAAT GTTGTGCGAG TCACGCATGG TTTGAGCACC
 3960


ACAGCGACCG ACGGCGTCAT ACGTGGGGTT TTCTCCCAAA TTGTGTCTCA CTTACTTGTT
 4020


GGAAATACGG GTAATGTGGC TTACCAGTCA GCTTTCATTG CCGGGGTGGT GCCTCTTTTA
 4080


GTTAAAAAGT GTGTGAGCTT AATCTTCATC TTGCGTGAAG ATACTTATTC CGGTTTTATT
 4140


AAGCACGGAA TCAGTGAATT CTCTTTCCTT AGTAGTATTC TGAAGTTCTT GAAGGGTAAG
 4200


CTTGTGGACG AGTTGAAATC GATTATTCAA GGGGTTTTTG ATTCCAACAA GCACGTGTTT
 4260


AAAGAAGCTA CTCAGGAAGC GATTCGTACG ACGGTCATGC AAGTGCCTGT CGCTGTAGTG
 4320


GATGCCCTTA AGAGCGCCGC GGGAAAAATT TATAACAATT TTACTAGTCG ACGTACCTTT
 4380


GGTAAGGATG AAGGCTCCTC TAGCGACGGC GCATGTGAAG AGTATTTCTC ATGCGACGAA
 4440


GGTGAAGGTC CGGGTCTGAA AGGGGGTTCC AGCTATGGCT TCTCAATTTT AGCGTTCTTT
 4500


TCACGCATTA TGTGGGGAGC TCGTCGGCTT ATTGTTAAGG TGAAGCATGA GTGTTTTGGG
 4560


AAACTTTTTG AATTTCTATC GCTCAAGCTT CACGAATTCA GGACTCGCGT TTTTGGGAAG
 4620


AATAGAACGG ACGTGGGAGT TTACGATTTT TTGCCCACGG GCATCGTGGA AACGCTCTCA
 4680


TCGATAGAAG AGTGCGACCA AATTGAAGAA CTTCTCGGCG ACGACCTGAA AGGTGACAAG
 4740


GATGCTTCGT TGACCGATAT GAATTACTTT GAGTTCTCAG AAGACTTCTT AGCCTCTATC
 4800


GAGGAGCCGC CTTTCGCTGG ATTGCGAGGA GGTAGCAAGA ACATCGCGAT TTTGGCGATT
 4860


TTGGAATACG CGCATAATTT GTTTCGCATT GTCGCAAGCA AGTGTTCGAA ACGACCTTTA
 4920


TTTCTTGCTT TCGCCGAACT CTCAAGCGCC CTTATCGAGA AATTTAAGGA GGTTTTCCCT
 4980


CGTAAGAGCC AGCTCGTCGC TATCGTGCGC GAGTATACTC AGAGATTCCT CCGAAGTCGC
 5040


ATGCGTGCGT TGGGTTTGAA TAACGAGTTC GTGGTAAAAT CTTTCGCCGA TTTGCTACCC
 5100


GCATTAATGA AGCGGAAGGT TTCAGGTTCG TTCTTAGCTA GTGTTTATCG CCCACTTAGA
 5160


GGTTTCTCAT ATATGTGTGT TTCAGCGGAG CGACGTGAAA AGTTTTTTGC TCTCGTGTGT
 5220


TTAATCGGGT TAAGTCTCCC TTTCTTCGTG CGCATCGTAG GAGCGAAAGC GTGCGAAGAA
 5280


CTCGTGTCCT CAGCGCGTCG CTTTTATGAG CGTATTAAAA TTTTTCTAAG GCAGAAGTAT
 5340


GTCTCTCTTT CTAATTTCTT TTGTCACTTG TTTAGCTCTG ACGTTGATGA CAGTTCCGCA
 5400


TCTGCAGGGT TGAAAGGTGG TGCGTCGCGA ATGACGCTCT TCCACCTTCT GGTTCGCCTT
 5460


GCTAGTGCCC TCCTATCGTT AGGGTGGGAA GGGTTAAAGC TACTCTTATC GCACCACAAC
 5520


TTGTTATTTT TGTGTTTTGC ATTGGTTGAC GATGTGAACG TCCTTATCAA AGTTCTTGGG
 5580


GGTCTTTCTT TCTTTGTGCA ACCAATCTTT TCCTTGTTTG CGGCGATGCT TCTACAACCG
 5640


GACAGGTTTG TGGAGTATTC CGAGAAACTT GTTACAGCGT TTGAATTTTT CTTAAAATGT
 5700


TCGCCTCGCG CGCCTGCACT ACTCAAAGGG TTTTTTGAGT GCGTGGCGAA CAGCACTGTG
 5760


TCAAAAACCG TTCGAAGACT TCTTCGCTGT TTCGTGAAGA TGCTCAAACT TCGAAAAGGG
 5820


CGAGGGTTGC GTGCGGATGG TAGGGGTCTC CATCGGCAGA AAGCCGTACC CGTCATACCT
 5880


TCTAATCGGG TCGTGACCGA CGGGGTTGAA AGACTTTCGG TAAAGATGCA AGGAGTTGAA
 5940


GCGTTGCGTA CCGAATTGAG AATCTTAGAA GATTTAGATT CTGCCGTGAT CGAAAAACTC
 6000


AATAGACGCA GAAATCGTGA CACTAATGAC GACGAATTTA CGCGCCCTGC TCATGAGCAG
 6060


ATGCAAGAAG TCACCACTTT CTGTTCGAAA GCCAACTCTG CTGGTTTGGC CCTGGAAAGG
 6120


GCAGTGCTTG TGGAAGACGC TATAAAGTCG GAGAAACTTT CTAAGACGGT TAATGAGATG
 6180


GTGAGGAAAG GGAGTACCAC CAGCGAAGAA GTGGCCGTCG CTTTGTCGGA CGATGAAGCC
 6240


GTGGAAGAAA TCTCTGTTGC TGACGAGCGA GACGATTCGC CTAAGACAGT CAGGATAAGC
 6300


GAATACCTAA ATAGGTTAAA CTCAAGCTTC GAATTCCCGA AGCCTATTGT TGTGGACGAC
 6360


AACAAGGATA CCGGGGGTCT AACGAACGCC GTGAGGGAGT TTTATTATAT GCAAGAACTT
 6420


GCTCTTTTCG AAATCCACAG CAAACTGTGC ACCTACTACG ATCAACTGCG CATAGTCAAC
 6480


TTCGATCGTT CCGTAGCACC ATGCAGCGAA GATGCTCAGC TGTACGTACG GAAGAACGGC
 6540


TCAACGATAG TGCAGGGTAA AGAGGTACGT TTGCACATTA AGGATTTCCA CGATCACGAT
 6600


TTCCTGTTTG ACGGAAAAAT TTCTATTAAC AAGCGGCGGC GAGGCGGAAA TGTTTTATAT
 6660


CACGACAACC TCGCGTTCTT GGCGAGTAAT TTGTTCTTAG CCGGCTACCC CTTTTCAAGG
 6720


AGCTTCGTCT TCACGAATTC GTCGGTCGAT ATTCTCCTCT ACGAAGCTCC ACCCGGAGGT
 6780


GGTAAGACGA CGACGCTGAT TGACTCGTTC TTGAAGGTCT TCAAGAAAGG TGAGGTTTCC
 6840


ACCATGATCT TAACCGCCAA CAAAAGTTCG CAGGTTGAGA TCCTAAAGAA AGTGGACAAG
 6900


GAAGTGTCTA ACATTGAATG CCAGAAACGT AAAGACAAAA GATCTCCGAA AAAGAGCATT
 6960


TACACCATCG ACGCTTATTT AATGCATCAC CGTGGTTGTG ATGCAGACGT TCTTTTCATC
 7020


GATGAGTGTT TCATGGTTCA TGCGGGTAGC GTACTAGCTT GCATTGAGTT CACGAGGTGT
 7080


CATAAAGTAA TGATCTTCGG GGATAGCCGG CAGATTCACT ACATTGAAAG GAACGAATTG
 7140


GACAAGTGTT TGTATGGGGA TCTCGACAGG TTCGTGGACC TGCAGTGTCG GGTTTATGGT
 7200


AATATTTCGT ACCGTTGTCC ATGGGATGTG TGCGCTTGGT TAAGCACAGT GTATGGCAAC
 7260


CTAATCGCCA CCGTGAAGGG TGAAAGCGAA GGTAAGAGCA GCATGCGCAT TAACGAAATT
 7320


AATTCAGTCG ACGATTTAGT CCCCGACGTG GGTTCCACGT TTCTGTGTAT GCTTCAGTCG
 7380


GAGAAGTTGG AAATCAGCAA GCACTTTATT CGCAAGGGTT TGACTAAACT TAACGTTCTA
 7440


ACGGTGCATG AGGCGCAAGG TGAGACGTAT GCGCGTGTGA ACCTTGTGCG ACTTAAGTTT
 7500


CAGGAGGATG AACCCTTTAA ATCTATCAGG CACATAACCG TCGCTCTTTC TCGTCACACC
 7560


GACAGCTTAA CTTATAACGT CTTAGCTGCT CGTCGAGGTG ACGCCACTTG CGATGCCATC
 7620


CAGAAGGCTG CGGAATTGGT GAACAAGTTT CGCGTTTTTC CTACATCTTT TGGTGGTAGT
 7680


GTTATCAATC TCAACGTGAA GAAGGACGTG GAAGATAACA GTAGGTGCAA GGCTTCGTCG
 7740


GCACCATTGA GCGTAATCAA CGACTTTTTG AACGAAGTTA ATCCCGGTAC TGCGGTGATT
 7800


GATTTTGGTG ATTTGTCCGC GGACTTCAGT ACTGGGCCTT TTGAGTGCGG TGCCAGCGGT
 7860


ATTGTGGTGC GGGACAACAT CTCCTCCAGC AACATCACTG ATCACGATAA GCAGCGTGTT
 7920


TAGCGTAGTT CGGTCGCAGG CGATTCCGCG TAGAAAACCT TCTCTACAAG AAAATTTGTA
 7980


TTCGTTTGAA GCGCGGAATT ATAACTTCTC GACTTGCGAC CGTAACACAT CTGCTTCAAT
 8040


GTTCGGAGAG GCTATGGCGA TGAACTGTCT TCGTCGTTGC TTCGACCTAG ATGCCTTTTC
 8100


GTCCCTGCGT GATGATGTGA TTAGTATCAC ACGTTCAGGC ATCGAACAAT GGCTGGAGAA
 8160


ACGTACTCCT AGTCAGATTA AAGCATTAAT GAAGGATGTT GAATCGCCTT TGGAAATTGA
 8220


CGATGAAATT TGTCGTTTTA AGTTGATGGT GAAGCGTGAC GCTAAGGTGA AGTTAGACTC
 8280


TTCTTGTTTA ACTAAACACA GCGCCGCTCA AAATATCATG TTTCATCGCA AGAGCATTAA
 8340


TGCTATCTTC TCTCCTATCT TTAATGAGGT GAAAAACCGA ATAATGTGCT GTCTTAAGCC
 8400


TAACATAAAG TTTTTTACGG AGATGACTAA CAGGGATTTT GCTTCTGTTG TCAGCAACAT
 8460


GCTTGGTGAC GACGATGTGT ACCATATAGG TGAAGTTGAT TTCTCAAAGT ACGACAAGTC
 8520


TCAAGATGCT TTCGTGAAGG CTTTTGAAGA AGTAATGTAT AAGGAACTCG GTGTTGATGA
 8580


AGAGTTGCTG GCTATCTGGA TGTGCGGCGA GCGGTTATCG ATAGCTAACA CTCTCGATGG
 8640


TCAGTTGTCC TTCACGATCG AGAATCAAAG GAAGTCGGGA GCTTCGAACA CTTGGATTGG
 8700


TAACTCTCTC GTCACTTTGG GTATTTTAAG TCTTTACTAC GACGTTAGAA ATTTCGAGGC
 8760


GTTGTACATC TCGGGCGATG ATTCTTTAAT TTTTTCTCGC AGCGAGATTT CGAATTATGC
 8820


CGACGACATA TGCACTGACA TGGGTTTTGA GACAAAATTT ATGTCCCCAA GTGTCCCGTA
 8880


CTTTTGTTCT AAATTTGTTG TTATGTGTGG TCATAAGACG TTTTTTGTTC CCGACCCGTA
 8940


CAAGCTTTTT GTCAAGTTGG GAGCAGTCAA AGAGGATGTT TCAATGGATT TCCTTTTCGA
 9000


GACTTTTACC TCCTTTAAAG ACTTAACCTC CGATTTTAAC GACGAGCGCT TAATTCAAAA
 9060


GCTCGCTGAA CTTGTGGCTT TAAAATATGA GGTTCAAACC GGCAACACCA CCTTGGCGTT
 9120


AAGTGTGATA CATTGTTTGC GTTCGAATTT CCTCTCGTTT AGCAAGTTAT ATCCTCGCGT
 9180


GAAGGGATGG CAGGTTTTTT ACACGTCGGT TAAGAAAGCG CTTCTCAAGA GTGGGTGTTC
 9240


TCTCTTCGAC AGTTTCATGA CCCCTTTTGG TCAGGCTGTC ATGGTTTGGG ATGATGAGTA
 9300


GCGCTAACTT GTGCGCAGTT TCTTTGTTCG TGACATACAC CTTGTGTGTC ACCGTGCGTT
 9360


TATAATGAAT CAGGTTTTGC AGTTTGAATG TTTGTTTCTG CTGAATCTCG CGGTTTTTGC
 9420


TGTGACTTTC ATTTTCATTC TTCTGGTCTT CCGCGTGATT AAGTCTTTTC GCCAGAAGGG
 9480


TCACGAAGCA CCTGTTCCCG TTGTTCGTGG CGGGGGTTTT TCAACCGTAG TGTAGTCAAA
 9540


AGACGCGCAT ATGGTAGTTT TCGGTTTGGA CTTTGGCACC ACATTCTCTA CGGTGTGTGT
 9600


GTACAAGGAT GGACGAGTTT TTTCATTCAA GCAGAATAAT TCGGCGTACA TCCCCACTTA
 9660


CCTCTATCTC TTCTCCGATT CTAACCACAT GACTTTTGGT TACGAGGCCG AATCACTGAT
 9720


GAGTAATCTG AAAGTTAAAG GTTCGTTTTA TAGAGATTTA AAACGTTGGG TGGGTTGCGA
 9780


TTCGAGTAAC CTCGACGCGT ACCTTGACCG TTTAAAACCT CATTACTCGG TCCGCTTGGT
 9840


TAAGATCGGC TCTGGCTTGA ACGAAACTGT TTCAATTGGA AACTTCGGGG GCACTGTTAA
 9900


GTCTGAGGCT CATCTGCCAG GGTTGATAGC TCTCTTTATT AAGGCTGTCA TTAGTTGCGC
 9960


GGAGGGCGCG TTTGCGTGCA CTTGCACCGG GGTTATTTGT TCAGTACCTG CCAATTATGA
10020


TAGCGTTCAA AGGAATTTCA CTGATCAGTG TGTTTCACTC AGCGGTTATC AGTGCGTATA
10080


TATGATCAAT GAACCTTCAG CGGCTGCGCT ATCTGCGTGT AATTCGATTG GAAAGAAGTC
10140


CGCAAATTTG GCTGTTTACG ATTTCGGTGG TGGGACCTTC GACGTGTCTA TCATTTCATA
10200


CCGCAACAAT ACTTTTGTTG TGCGAGCTTC TGGAGGCGAT CTAAATCTCG GTGGAAGGGA
10260


TGTTGATCGT GCGTTTCTCA CGCACCTCTT CTCTTTAACA TCGCTGGAAC CTGACCTCAC
10320


TTTGGATATC TCGAATCTGA AAGAATCTTT ATCAAAAACG GACGCAGAGA TAGTTTACAC
10380


TTTGAGAGGT GTCGATGGAA GAAAAGAAGA CGTTAGAGTA AACAAAAACA TTCTTACGTC
10440


GGTGATGCTC CCCTACGTGA ACAGAACGCT TAAGATATTA GAGTCAACCT TAAAATCGTA
10500


TGCTAAGAGT ATGAATGAGA GTGCGCGAGT TAAGTGCGAT TTAGTGCTGA TAGGAGGATC
10560


TTCATATCTT CCTGGCCTGG CAGACGTACT AACGAAGCAT CAGAGCGTTG ATCGTATCTT
10620


AAGAGTTTCG GATCCTCGGG CTGCCGTGGC CGTCGGTTGC GCATTATATT CTTCATGCCT
10680


CTCAGGATCT GGGGGGTTGC TACTGATCGA CTGTGCAGCT CACACTGTCG CTATAGCGGA
10740


CAGAAGTTGT CATCAAATCA TTTGCGCTCC AGCGGGGGCA CCGATCCCCT TTTCAGGAAG
10800


CATGCCTTTG TACTTAGCCA GGGTCAACAA GAACTCGCAG CGTGAAGTCG CCGTGTTTGA
10860


AGGGGAGTAC GTTAAGTGCC CTAAGAACAG AAAGATCTGT GGAGCAAATA TAAGATTTTT
10920


TGATATAGGA GTGACGGGTG ATTCGTACGC ACCCGTTACC TTCTATATGG ATTTCTCCAT
10980


TTCAAGCGTA GGAGCCGTTT CATTCGTGGT GAGAGGTCCT GAGGGTAAGC AAGTGTCACT
11040


CACTGGAACT CCAGCGTATA ACTTTTCGTC TGTGGCTCTC GGATCACGCA GTGTCCGAGA
11100


ATTGCATATT AGTTTAAATA ATAAAGTTTT TCTCGGTTTG CTTCTACATA GAAAGGCGGA
11160


TCGACGAATA CTTTTCACTA AGGATGAAGC GATTCGATAC GCCGATTCAA TTGATATCGC
11220


GGATGTGCTA AAGGAATATA AAAGTTACGC GGCCAGTGCC TTACCACCAG ACGAGGATGT
11280


CGAATTACTC CTGGGAAAGT CTGTTCAAAA AGTTTTACGG GGAAGCAGAC TGGAAGAAAT
11340


ACCTCTCTAG GAGCATAGCA GCACACTCAA GTGAAATTAA AACTCTACCA GACATTCGAT
11400


TGTACGGCGG TAGGGTTGTA AAGAAGTCCG AATTCGAATC AGCACTTCCT AATTCTTTTG
11460


AACAGGAATT AGGACTGTTC ATACTGAGCG AACGGGAAGT GGGATGGAGC AAATTATGCG
11520


GAATAACGGT GGAAGAAGCA GCATACGATC TTACGAATCC CAAGGCTTAT AAATTCACTG
11580


CCGAGACATG TAGCCCGGAT GTAAAAGGTG AAGGACAAAA ATACTCTATG GAAGACGTGA
11640


TGAATTTCAT GCGTTTATCA AATCTGGATG TTAACGACAA GATGCTGACG GAACAGTGTT
11700


GGTCGCTGTC CAATTCATGC GGTGAATTGA TCAACCCAGA CGACAAAGGG CGATTCGTGG
11760


CTCTCACCTT TAAGGACAGA GACACAGCTG ATGACACGGG TGCCGCCAAC GTGGAATGTC
11820


GCGTGGGCGA CTATCTAGTT TACGCTATGT CCCTGTTTGA GCAGAGGACC CAAAAATCGC
11880


AGTCTGGCAA CATCTCTCTG TACGAAAAGT ACTGTGAATA CATCAGGACC TACTTAGGGA
11940


GTACAGACCT GTTCTTCACA GCGCCGGACA GGATTCCGTT ACTTACGGGC ATCCTATACG
12000


ATTTTTGTAA GGAATACAAC GTTTTCTACT CGTCATATAA GAGAAACGTC GATAATTTCA
12060


GATTCTTCTT GGCGAATTAT ATGCCTTTGA TATCTGACGT CTTTGTCTTC CAGTGGGTAA
12120


AACCCGCGCC GGATGTTCGG CTGCTTTTTG AGTTAAGTGC AGCGGAACTA ACGCTGGAGG
12180


TTCCCACACT GAGTTTGATA GATTCTCAAG TTGTGGTAGG TCATATCTTA AGATACGTAG
12240


AATCCTACAC ATCAGATCCA GCCATCGACG CGTTAGAAGA CAAACTGGAA GCGATACTGA
12300


AAAGTAGCAA TCCCCGTCTA TCGACAGCGC AACTATGGGT TGGTTTCTTT TGTTACTATG
12360


GTGAGTTTCG TACGGCTCAA AGTAGAGTAG TGCAAAGACC AGGCGTATAC AAAACACCTG
12420


ACTCAGTGGG TGGATTTGAA ATAAACATGA AAGATGTTGA GAAATTCTTC GATAAACTTC
12480


AGAGAGAATT GCCTAATGTA TCTTTGCGGC GTCAGTTTAA CGGAGCTAGA GCGCATGAGG
12540


CTTTCAAAAT ATTTAAAAAC GGAAATATAA GTTTCAGACC TATATCGCGT TTAAACGTGC
12600


CTAGAGAGTT CTGGTATCTG AACATAGACT ACTTCAGGCA CGCGAATAGG TCCGGGTTAA
12660


CCGAAGAAGA AATACTCATC CTAAACAACA TAAGCGTTGA TGTTAGGAAG TTATGCGCTG
12720


AGAGAGCGTG CAATACCCTA CCTAGCGCGA AGCGCTTTAG TAAAAATCAT AAGAGTAATA
12780


TACAATCATC ACGCCAAGAG CGGAGGATTA AAGACCCATT GGTAGTCCTG AAAGACACTT
12840


TATATGAGTT CCAACACAAG CGTGCCGGTT GGGGGTCTCG AAGCACTCGA GACCTCGGGA
12900


GTCGTGCTGA CCACGCGAAA GGAAGCGGTT GATAAGTTTT TTAATGAACT AAAAAACGAA
12960


AATTACTCAT CAGTTGACAG CAGCCGATTA AGCGATTCGG AAGTAAAAGA AGTGTTAGAG
13020


AAAAGTAAAG AAAGTTTCAA AAGCGAACTG GCCTCCACTG ACGAGCACTT CGTCTACCAC
13080


ATTATATTTT TCTTAATCCG ATGTGCTAAG ATATCGACAA GTGAAAAGGT GAAGTACGTT
13140


GGTAGTCATA CGTACGTGGT CGACGGAAAA ACGTACACCG TTCTTGACGC TTGGGTATTC
13200


AACATGATGA AAAGTCTCAC GAAGAAGTAC AAACGAGTGA ATGGTCTGCG TGCGTTCTGT
13260


TGCGCGTGCG AAGATCTATA TCTAACCGTC GCACCAATAA TGTCAGAACG CTTTAAGACT
13320


AAAGCCGTAG GGATGAAAGG TTTGCCTGTT GGAAAGGAAT ACTTAGGCGC CGACTTTCTT
13380


TCGGGAACTA GCAAACTGAT GAGCGATCAC GACAGGGCGG TCTCCATCGT TGCAGCGAAA
13440


AACGCTGTCG ATCGTAGCGC TTTCACGGGT GGGGAGAGAA AGATAGTTAG TTTGTATGAT
13500


CTAGGGAGGT ACTAAGCACG GTGTGCTATA GTGCGTGCTA TAATAATAAA CACTAGTGCT
13560


TAAGTCGCGC AGAAGAAAAC GCTATGGAGT TGATGTCCGA CAGCAACCTT AGCAACCTGG
13620


TGATAACCGA CGCCTCTAGT CTAAATGGTG TCGACAAGAA GCTTTTATCT GCTGAAGTTG
13680


AAAAAATGTT GGTGCAGAAA GGGGCTCCTA ACGAGGGTAT AGAAGTGGTG TTCGGTCTAC
13740


TCCTTTACGC ACTCGCGGCA AGAACCACGT CTCCTAAGGT TCAGCGCGCA GATTCAGACG
13800


TTATATTTTC AAATAGTTTC GGAGAGAGGA ATGTGGTAGT AACAGAGGGT GACCTTAAGA
13860


AGGTACTCGA CGGGTGTGCG CCTCTCACTA GGTTCACTAA TAAACTTAGA ACGTTCGGTC
13920


GTACTTTCAC TGAGGCTTAC GTTGACTTTT GTATCGCGTA TAAGCACAAA TTACCCCAAC
13980


TCAACGCCGC GGCGGAATTG GGGATTCCAG CTGAAGATTC GTACTTAGCT GCAGATTTTC
14040


TGGGTACTTG CCCGAAGCTC TCTGAATTAC AGCAAAGTAG GAAGATGTTC GCGAGTATGT
14100


ACGCTCTAAA AACTGAAGGT GGAGTGGTAA ATACACCAGT GAGCAATCTG CGTCAGCTAG
14160


GTAGAAGGGA AGTTATGTAA TGGAAGATTA CGAAGAAAAA TCCGAATCGC TCATACTGCT
14220


ACGCACGAAT CTGAACACTA TGCTTTTAGT GGTCAAGTCC GATGCTAGTG TAGAGCTGCC
14280


TAAACTACTA ATTTGCGGTT ACTTACGAGT GTCAGGACGT GGGGAGGTGA CGTGTTGCAA
14340


CCGTGAGGAA TTAACAAGAG ATTTTGAGGG CAATCATCAT ACGGTGATCC GTTCTAGAAT
14400


CATACAATAT GACAGCGAGT CTGCTTTTGA GGAATTCAAC AACTCTGATT GCGTAGTGAA
14460


GTTTTTCCTA GAGACTGGTA GTGTCTTTTG GTTTTTCCTT CGAAGTGAAA CCAAAGGTAG
14520


AGCGGTGCGA CATTTGCGCA CCTTCTTCGA AGCTAACAAT TTCTTCTTTG GATCGCATTG
14580


CGGTACCATG GAGTATTGTT TGAAGCAGGT ACTAACTGAA ACTGAATCTA TAATCGATTC
14640


TTTTTGCGAA GAAAGAAATC GTTAAGATGA GGGTTATAGT GTCTCCTTAT GAAGCTGAAG
14700


ACATTCTGAA AAGATCGACT GACATGTTAC GAAACATAGA CAGTGGGGTC TTGAGCACTA
14760


AAGAATGTAT CAAGGCATTC TCGACGATAA CGCGAGACCT ACATTGTGCG AAGGCTTCCT
14820


ACCAGTGGGG TGTTGACACT GGGTTATATC AGCGTAATTG CGCTGAAAAA CGTTTAATTG
14880


ACACGGTGGA GTCAAACATA CGGTTGGCTC AACCTCTCGT GCGTGAAAAA GTGGCGGTTC
14940


ATTTTTGTAA GGATGAACCA AAAGAGCTAG TAGCATTCAT CACGCGAAAG TACGTGGAAC
15000


TCACGGGCGT GGGAGTGAGA GAAGCGGTGA AGAGGGAAAT GCGCTCTCTT ACCAAAACAG
15060


TTTTAAATAA AATGTCTTTG GAAATGGCGT TTTACATGTC ACCACGAGCG TGGAAAAACG
15120


CTGAATGGTT AGAACTAAAA TTTTCACCTG TGAAAATCTT TAGAGATCTG CTATTAGACG
15180


TGGAAACGCT CAACGAATTG TGCGCCGAAG ATGATGTTCA CGTCGACAAA GTAAATGAGA
15240


ATGGGGACGA AAATCACGAC CTCGAACTCC AAGAGGAATG TTAAACATTG GTTAAGTTTA
15300


ACGAAAATGA TTAGTAAATA ATAAATCGAA CGTGGGTGTA TCTACCTGAC GTATCAACTT
15360


AAGCTGTTAC TGAGTAATTA AACCAACAAG TGTTGGTGTA ATGTGTATGT TGATGTAGAG
15420


AAAAATCCGT TTGTAGAACG GTGTTTTTCT CTTCTTTATT TTTAAAAAAA AAATAAAAAA
15480


AAAAAAAAAA AAGCGGCCGC
15500






Another DNA molecule of the present invention (GLRaV-2 ORF1a) includes nucleotides 4-7923 of SEQ. ID. No. 1 and is believed to code for a large, grapevine leafroll virus polyprotein containing the conserved domains characteristic of two papain-like proteases, a methyltransferase, and a helicase. This DNA molecule comprises the nucleotide sequence corresponding to SEQ. ID. No. 2 as follows:









ACATTGCGAG AGAACCCCAT TAGCGTCTCC GGGGTGAACT TGGGAAGGTC TGCCGCCGCT
  60



CAGGTTATTT ATTTCGGCAG TTTCACGCAG CCCTTCGCGT TGTATCCGCG CCAAGAGAGC
 120


GCGATCGTAA AAACGCAACT TCCACCGGTC AGTGTAGTGA AGGTGGAGTG CGTAGCTGCG
 180


GAGGTAGCTC CCGACAGGGG CGTGGTCGAC AAGAAACCTA CGTCTGTTGG CGTTCCCCCG
 240


CAGCGCGGTG TGCTTTCTTT TCCGACGGTG GTTCGGAACC GCGGCGACGT GATAATCACA
 300


GGGGTGGTGC ATGAAGCCCT GAAGAAAATT AAAGACGGGC TCTTACGCTT CCGCGTAGGC
 360


GGTGACATGC GTTTTTCGAG ATTTTTCTCA TCGAACTACG GCTGCAGATT CGTCGCGAGC
 420


GTGCGTACGA ACACTACAGT TTGGCTAAAT TGCACGAAAG CGAGTGGTGA GAAATTCTCA
 480


CTCGCCGCCG CGTGCACGGC GGATTACGTG GCGATGCTGC GTTATGTGTG TGGCGGGAAA
 540


TTTCCACTCG TCCTCATGAG TAGAGTTATT TACCCGGATG GGCGCTGTTA CTTGGCCCAT
 600


ATGAGGTATT TGTGCGCCTT TTACTGTCGC CCGTTTAGAG AGTCGGATTA TGCCCTCGGA
 660


ATGTGGCCTA CGGTGGCGCG TCTCAGGGCA TGCGTTGAGA AGAACTTCGG TGTCGAAGCT
 720


TGTGGCATAG CTCTTCGTGG CTATTACACC TCTCGCAATG TTTATCACTG TGATTATGAC
 780


TCTGCTTATG TAAAATATTT TAGAAACCTT TCCGGCCGCA TTGGCGGTGG TTCGTTCGAT
 840


CCGACATCTT TAACCTCCGT AATAACGGTG AAGATTAGCG GTCTTCCAGG TGGTCTTCCT
 900


AAAAATATAG CGTTTGGTGC CTTCCTGTGC GATATACGTT ACGTCGAACC GGTAGACTCG
 960


GGCGGCATTC AATCGAGCGT TAAGACGAAA CGTGAAGATG CGCACCGAAC CGTAGAGGAA
1020


CGGGCGGCCG GCGGATCCGT CGAGCAACCG CGACAAAAGA GGATAGATGA GAAAGGTTGC
1080


GGCAGAGTTC CTAGTGGAGG TTTTTCGCAT CTCCTGGTCG GCAACCTTAA CGAAGTTAGG
1140


AGGAAGGTAG CTGCCGGACT TCTACGCTTT CGCGTTGGCG GTGATATGGA TTTTCATCGC
1200


TCGTTCTCCA CCCAAGCGGG CCACCGCTTG CTGGTGTGGC GCCCCTCGAG CCGGAGCGTG
1260


TGCCTTGAAC TTTACTCACC ATCTAAAAAC TTTTTGCGTT ACGATGTCTT GCCCTGTTCT
1320


GGAGACTATG CAGCGATGTT TTCTTTCGCG GCGGGCGGCC GTTTCCCTTT AGTTTTGATG
1380


ACTAGAATTA GATACCCGAA CGGGTTTTGT TACTTGGCTC ACTGCCGGTA CGCGTGCGCG
1440


TTTCTCTTAA GGGGTTTTGA TCCGAAGCGT TTCGACATCG GTGCTTTCCC CACCGCGGCC
1500


AAGCTCAGAA ACCGTATGGT TTCGGAGCTT GGTGAAAGAA GTTTAGGTTT GAACTTGTAC
1560


GGCGCATATA CGTCACGCGG CGTCTTTCAC TGCGATTATG ACGCTAAGTT TATAAAGGAT
1620


TTGCGTCTTA TGTCAGCAGT TATAGCTGGA AAGGACGGGG TGGAAGAGGT GGTACCTTCT
1680


GACATAACTC CTGCCATGAA GCAGAAAACG ATCGAAGCCG TGTATGATAG ATTATATGGC
1740


GGCACTGACT CGTTGCTGAA ACTGAGCATC GAGAAAGACT TAATCGATTT CAAAAATGAC
1800


GTGCAGAGTT TGAAGAAAGA TCGGCCGATT GTCAAAGTGC CCTTTTACAT GTCGGAAGCA
1860


ACACAGAATT CGCTGACGCG TTTCTACCCT CAGTTCGAAC TTAAGTTTTC GCACTCCTCG
1920


CATTCAGATC ATCCCGCCGC CGCCGCTTCT AGACTGCTGG AAAATGAAAC GTTAGTGCGC
1980


TTATGTGGTA ATAGCGTTTC AGATATTGGA GGTTGTCCTC TTTTCCATTT GCATTCCAAG
2040


ACGCAAAGAC GGGTTCACGT ATGTAGGCCT GTGTTGGATG GCAAGGATGC GCAGCGTCGC
2100


GTGGTGCGTG ATTTGCAGTA TTCCAACGTG CGTTTGGGAG ACGATGATAA AATTTTGGAA
2160


GGGCCACGCA ATATCGACAT TTGCCACTAT CCTCTGGGCG CGTGTGACCA CGAAAGTAGT
2220


GCTATGATGA TGGTGCAGGT GTATGACGCG TCCCTTTATG AGATATGTGG CGCCATGATC
2280


AAGAAGAAAA GCCGCATAAC GTACTTAACC ATGGTCACGC CCGGCGAGTT TCTTGACGGA
2340


CGCGAATGCG TCTACATGGA GTCGTTAGAC TGTGAGATTG AAGTTGATGT GCACGCGGAC
2400


GTCGTAATGT ACAAATTCGG TAGTTCTTGC TATTCGCACA AGCTTTCAAT CATCAAGGAC
2460


ATCATGACCA CTCCGTACTT GACACTAGGT GGTTTTCTAT TCAGCGTGGA GATGTATGAG
2520


GTGCGTATGG GCGTGAATTA CTTCAAGATT ACGAAGTCCG AAGTATCGCC TAGCATTAGC
2580


TGCACCAAGC TCCTGAGATA CCGAAGAGCT AATAGTGACG TGGTTAAAGT TAAACTTCCA
2640


CGTTTCGATA AGAAACGTCG CATGTGTCTG CCTGGGTATG ACACCATATA CCTAGATTCG
2700


AAGTTTGTGA GTCGCGTTTT CGATTATGTC GTGTGTAATT GCTCTGCCGT GAACTCAAAA
2760


ACTTTCGAGT GGGTGTGGAG TTTCATTAAG TCTAGTAAGT CGAGGGTGAT TATTAGCGGT
2820


AAAATAATTC ACAAGGATGT GAATTTGGAC CTCAAGTACG TCGAGAGTTT CGCCGCGGTT
2880


ATGTTGGCCT CTGGCGTGCG CAGTAGACTA GCGTCCGAGT ACCTTGCTAA GAACCTTAGT
2940


CATTTTTCGG GAGATTGCTC CTTTATTGAA GCCACGTCTT TCGTGTTGCG TGAGAAAATC
3000


AGAAACATGA CTCTGAATTT TAACGAAAGA CTTTTACAGT TAGTGAAGCG CGTTGCCTTT
3060


GCGACCTTGG ACGTGAGTTT TCTAGATTTA GATTCAACTC TTGAATCAAT AACTGATTTT
3120


GCCGAGTGTA AGGTAGCGAT TGAACTCGAC GAGTTGGGTT GCTTGAGAGC GGAGGCCGAG
3180


AATGAAAAAA TCAGGAATCT GGCGGGAGAT TCGATTGCGG CTAAACTCGC GAGCGAGATA
3240


GTGGTCGATA TTGACTCTAA GCCTTCACCG AAGCAGGTGG GTAATTCGTC ATCCGAAAAC
3300


GCCGATAAGC GGGAAGTTCA GAGGCCCGGT TTGCGTGGTG GTTCTAGAAA CGGGGTTGTT
3360


GGGGAGTTCC TTCACTTCGT CGTGGATTCT GCCTTGCGTC TTTTCAAATA CGCGACGGAT
3420


CAACAACGGA TCAAGTCTTA CGTGCGTTTC TTGGACTCGG CGGTCTCATT CTTGGATTAC
3480


AACTACGATA ATCTATCGTT TATACTGCGA GTGCTTTCGG AAGGTTATTC GTGTATGTTC
3540


GCGTTTTTGG CCAATCCCGG CCACTTATCT AGTCGTGTCC GTAGCGCGGT GTGTGCTGTG
3600


AAAGAAGTTG CTACCTCATG CGCGAACGCG AGCGTTTCTA AAGCCAAGGT TATGATTACC
3660


TTCGCAGCGG CCGTGTGTGC TATGATGTTT AATAGCTGCG GTTTTTCAGG CGACGGTCGG
3720


GAGTATAAAT CGTATATACA TCGTTACACG CAAGTATTGT TTGACACTAT CTTTTTTGAG
3780


GACAGCAGTT ACCTACCCAT AGAAGTTCTG AGTTCGGCGA TATGCGGTGC TATCGTCACA
3840


CTTTTCTCCT CGGGCTCGTC CATAAGTTTA AACGCCTTCT TACTTCAAAT TACCAAAGGA
3900


TTCTCCCTAG AGGTTGTCGT CCGGAATGTT GTGCGAGTCA CGCATGGTTT GAGCACCACA
3960


GCGACCGACG GCGTCATACG TGGGGTTTTC TCCCAAATTG TGTCTCACTT ACTTGTTGGA
4020


AATACGGGTA ATGTGGCTTA CCAGTCAGCT TTCATTGCCG GGGTGGTGCC TCTTTTAGTT
4080


AAAAAGTGTG TGAGCTTAAT CTTCATCTTG CGTGAAGATA CTTATTCCGG TTTTATTAAG
4140


CACGGAATCA GTGAATTCTC TTTCCTTAGT AGTATTCTGA AGTTCTTGAA GGGTAAGCTT
4200


GTGGACGAGT TGAAATCGAT TATTCAAGGG GTTTTTGATT CCAACAAGCA CGTGTTTAAA
4260


GAAGCTACTC AGGAAGCGAT TCGTACGACG GTCATGCAAG TGCCTGTCGC TGTAGTGGAT
4320


GCCCTTAAGA GCGCCGCGGG AAAAATTTAT AACAATTTTA CTAGTCGACG TACCTTTGGT
4380


AAGGATGAAG GCTCCTCTAG CGACGGCGCA TGTGAAGAGT ATTTCTCATG CGACGAAGGT
4440


GAAGGTCCGG GTCTGAAAGG GGGTTCCAGC TATGGCTTCT CAATTTTAGC GTTCTTTTCA
4500


CGCATTATGT GGGGAGCTCG TCGGCTTATT GTTAAGGTGA AGCATGAGTG TTTTGGGAAA
4560


CTTTTTGAAT TTCTATCGCT CAAGCTTCAC GAATTCAGGA CTCGCGTTTT TGGGAAGAAT
4620


AGAACGGACG TGGGAGTTTA CGATTTTTTG CCCACGGGCA TCGTGGAAAC GCTCTCATCG
4680


ATAGAAGAGT GCGACCAAAT TGAAGAACTT CTCGGCGACG ACCTGAAAGG TGACAAGGAT
4740


GCTTCGTTGA CCGATATGAA TTACTTTGAG TTCTCAGAAG ACTTCTTAGC CTCTATCGAG
4800


GAGCCGCCTT TCGCTGGATT GCGAGGAGGT AGCAAGAACA TCGCGATTTT GGCGATTTTG
4860


GAATACGCGC ATAATTTGTT TCGCATTGTC GCAAGCAAGT GTTCGAAACG ACCTTTATTT
4920


CTTGCTTTCG CCGAACTCTC AAGCGCCCTT ATCGAGAAAT TTAAGGAGGT TTTCCCTCGT
4980


AAGAGCCAGC TCGTCGCTAT CGTGCGCGAG TATACTCAGA GATTCCTCCG AAGTCGCATG
5040


CGTGCGTTGG GTTTGAATAA CGAGTTCGTG GTAAAATCTT TCGCCGATTT GCTACCCGCA
5100


TTAATGAAGC GGAAGGTTTC AGGTTCGTTC TTAGCTAGTG TTTATCGCCC ACTTAGAGGT
5160


TTCTCATATA TGTGTGTTTC AGCGGAGCGA CGTGAAAAGT TTTTTGCTCT CGTGTCTTTA
5220


ATCGGGTTAA GTCTCCCTTT CTTCGTGCGC ATCGTAGGAG CGAAAGCGTG CGAAGAACTC
5280


GTGTCCTCAG CGCGTCGCTT TTATGAGCGT ATTAAAATTT TTCTAAGGCA GAAGTATGTC
5340


TCTCTTTCTA ATTTCTTTTG TCACTTGTTT AGCTCTGACG TTGATGACAG TTCCGCATCT
5400


GCAGGGTTGA AAGGTGGTGC GTCGCGAATG ACGCTCTTCC ACCTTCTGGT TCGCCTTGCT
5460


AGTGCCCTCC TATCGTTAGG GTGGGAAGGG TTAAAGCTAC TCTTATCGCA CCACAACTTG
5520


TTATTTTTGT GTTTTGCATT GGTTGACGAT GTGAACGTCC TTATCAAAGT TCTTGGGGGT
5580


CTTTCTTTCT TTGTGCAACC AATCTTTTCC TTGTTTGCGG CGATGCTTCT ACAACCGGAC
5640


AGGTTTGTGG AGTATTCCGA GAAACTTGTT ACAGCGTTTG AATTTTTCTT AAAATGTTCG
5700


CCTCGCGCGC CTGCACTACT CAAAGGGTTT TTTGAGTGCG TGGCGAACAG CACTGTGTCA
5760


AAAACCGTTC GAAGACTTCT TCGCTGTTTC GTGAAGATGC TCAAACTTCG AAAAGGGCGA
5820


GGGTTGCGTG CGGATGGTAG GGGTCTCCAT CGGCAGAAAG CCGTACCCGT CATACCTTCT
5880


AATCGGGTCG TGACCGACGG GGTTGAAAGA CTTTCGGTAA AGATGCAAGG AGTTGAAGCG
5940


TTGCGTACCG AATTGAGAAT CTTAGAAGAT TTAGATTCTG CCGTGATCGA AAAACTCAAT
6000


AGACGCAGAA ATCGTGACAC TAATGACGAC GAATTTACGC GCCCTGCTCA TGAGCAGATG
6060


CAAGAAGTCA CCACTTTCTG TTCGAAAGCC AACTCTGCTG GTTTGGCCCT GGAAAGGGCA
6120


GTGCTTGTGG AAGACGCTAT AAAGTCGGAG AAACTTTCTA AGACGGTTAA TGAGATGGTG
6180


AGGAAAGGGA GTACCACCAG CGAAGAAGTG GCCGTCGCTT TGTCGGACGA TGAAGCCGTG
6240


GAAGAAATCT CTGTTGCTGA CGAGCGAGAC GATTCGCCTA AGACAGTCAG GATAAGCGAA
6300


TACCTAAATA GGTTAAACTC AAGCTTCGAA TTCCCGAAGC CTATTGTTGT GGACGACAAC
6360


AAGGATACCG GGGGTCTAAC GAACGCCGTG AGGGAGTTTT ATTATATGCA AGAACTTGCT
6420


CTTTTCGAAA TCCACAGCAA ACTGTGCACC TACTACGATC AACTGCGCAT AGTCAACTTC
6480


GATCGTTCCG TAGCACCATG CAGCGAAGAT GCTCAGCTGT ACGTACGGAA GAACGGCTCA
6540


ACGATAGTGC AGGGTAAAGA GGTACGTTTG CACATTAAGG ATTTCCACGA TCACGATTTC
6600


CTGTTTGACG GAAAAATTTC TATTAACAAG CGGCGGCGAG GCGGAAATGT TTTATATCAC
6660


GACAACCTCG CGTTCTTGGC GAGTAATTTG TTCTTAGCCG GCTACCCCTT TTCAAGGAGC
6720


TTCGTCTTCA CGAATTCGTC GGTCGATATT CTCCTCTACG AAGCTCCACC CGGAGGTGGT
6780


AAGACGACGA CGCTGATTGA CTCGTTCTTG AAGGTCTTCA AGAAAGGTGA GGTTTCCACC
6840


ATGATCTTAA CCGCCAACAA AAGTTCGCAG GTTGAGATCC TAAAGAAAGT GGAGAAGGAA
6900


GTGTCTAACA TTGAATGCCA GAAACGTAAA GACAAAAGAT CTCCGAAAAA GAGCATTTAC
6960


ACCATCGACG CTTATTTAAT GCATCACCGT GGTTGTGATG CAGACGTTCT TTTCATCGAT
7020


GAGTGTTTCA TGGTTCATGC GGGTAGCGTA CTAGCTTGCA TTGAGTTCAC GAGGTGTCAT
7080


AAAGTAATGA TCTTCGGGGA TAGCCGGCAG ATTCACTACA TTGAAAGGAA CGAATTGGAC
7140


AAGTGTTTGT ATGGGGATCT CGACAGGTTC GTGGACCTGC AGTGTCGGGT TTATGGTAAT
7200


ATTTCGTACC GTTGTCCATG GGATGTGTGC GCTTGGTTAA GCACAGTGTA TGGCAACCTA
7260


ATCGCCACCG TGAAGGGTGA AAGCGAAGGT AAGAGCAGCA TGCGCATTAA CGAAATTAAT
7320


TCAGTCGACG ATTTAGTCCC CGACGTGGGT TCCACGTTTC TGTGTATGCT TCAGTCGGAG
7380


AAGTTGGAAA TCAGCAAGCA CTTTATTCGC AAGGGTTTGA CTAAACTTAA CGTTCTAACG
7440


GTGCATGAGG CGCAAGGTGA GACGTATGCG CGTGTGAACC TTGTGCGACT TAAGTTTCAG
7500


GAGGATGAAC CCTTTAAATC TATCAGGCAC ATAACCGTCG CTCTTTCTCG TCACACCGAC
7560


AGCTTAACTT ATAACGTCTT AGCTGCTCGT CGAGGTGACG CCACTTGCGA TGCCATCCAG
7620


AAGGCTGCGG AATTGGTGAA CAAGTTTCGC GTTTTTCCTA CATCTTTTGG TGGTAGTGTT
7680


ATCAATCTCA ACGTGAAGAA GGACGTGGAA GATAACAGTA GGTGCAAGGC TTCGTCGGCA
7740


CCATTGAGCG TAATCAACGA CTTTTTGAAC GAAGTTAATC CCGGTACTGC GGTGATTGAT
7800


TTTGGTGATT TGTCCGCGGA CTTCAGTACT GGGCCTTTTG AGTGCGGTGC CAGCGGTATT
7860


GTGGTGCGGG ACAACATCTC CTCCAGCAAC ATCACTGATC ACGATAAGCA GCGTGTTTAG
7920






The large polyprotein (papain-like proteases, methyltransferase, and helicase) has an amino acid sequence corresponding to SEQ. ID. No. 3 as follows:









Thr Leu Arg Glu Asn Pro Ile Ser Val Ser Gly Val Asn Leu Gly Arg



1               5                   10                  15


Ser Ala Ala Ala Gln Val Ile Tyr Phe Gly Ser Phe Thr Gln Pro Phe


            20                  25                  30


Ala Leu Tyr Pro Arg Gln Glu Ser Ala Ile Val Lys Thr Gln Leu Pro


        35                  40                  45


Pro Val Ser Val Val Lys Val Glu Cys Val Ala Ala Glu Val Ala Pro


    50                  55                  60


Asp Arg Gly Val Val Asp Lys Lys Pro Thr Ser Val Gly Val Pro Pro


65                  70                  75                  80


Gln Arg Gly Val Leu Ser Phe Pro Thr Val Val Arg Asn Arg Gly Asp


                85                  90                  95


Val Ile Ile Thr Gly Val Val His Glu Ala Leu Lys Lys Ile Lys Asp


            100                 105                 110


Gly Leu Leu Arg Phe Arg Val Gly Gly Asp Met Arg Phe Ser Arg Phe


        115                 120                 125


Phe Ser Ser Asn Tyr Gly Cys Arg Phe Val Ala Ser Val Arg Thr Asn


    130                 135                 140


Thr Thr Val Trp Leu Asn Cys Thr Lys Ala Ser Gly Glu Lys Phe Ser


145                 150                 155                 160


Leu Ala Ala Ala Cys Thr Ala Asp Tyr Val Ala Met Leu Arg Tyr Val


                165                 170                 175


Cys Gly Gly Lys Phe Pro Leu Val Leu Met Ser Arg Val Ile Tyr Pro


            180                 185                 190


Asp Gly Arg Cys Tyr Leu Ala His Met Arg Tyr Leu Cys Ala Phe Tyr


        195                 200                 205


Cys Arg Pro Phe Arg Glu Ser Asp Tyr Ala Leu Gly Met Trp Pro Thr


    210                 215                 220


Val Ala Arg Leu Arg Ala Cys Val Glu Lys Asn Phe Gly Val Glu Ala


225                 230                 235                 240


Cys Gly Ile Ala Leu Arg Gly Tyr Tyr Thr Ser Arg Asn Val Tyr His


                245                 250                 255


Cys Asp Tyr Asp Ser Ala Tyr Val Lys Tyr Phe Arg Asn Leu Ser Gly


            260                 265                 270


Arg Ile Gly Gly Gly Ser Phe Asp Pro Thr Ser Leu Thr Ser Val Ile


        275                 280                 285


Thr Val Lys Ile Ser Gly Leu Pro Gly Gly Leu Pro Lys Asn Ile Ala


    290                 295                 300


Phe Gly Ala Phe Leu Cys Asp Ile Arg Tyr Val Glu Pro Val Asp Ser


305                 310                 315                 320


Gly Gly Ile Gln Ser Ser Val Lys Thr Lys Arg Glu Asp Ala His Arg


                325                 330                 335


Thr Val Glu Glu Arg Ala Ala Gly Gly Ser Val Glu Gln Pro Arg Gln


            340                 345                 350


Lys Arg Ile Asp Glu Lys Gly Cys Gly Arg Val Pro Ser Gly Gly Phe


        355                 360                 365


Ser His Leu Leu Val Gly Asn Leu Asn Glu Val Arg Arg Lys Val Ala


    370                 375                 380


Ala Gly Leu Leu Arg Phe Arg Val Gly Gly Asp Met Asp Phe His Arg


385                 390                 395                 400


Ser Phe Ser Thr Gln Ala Gly His Arg Leu Leu Val Trp Arg Arg Ser


                405                 410                 415


Ser Arg Ser Val Cys Leu Glu Leu Tyr Ser Pro Ser Lys Asn Phe Leu


            420                 425                 430


Arg Tyr Asp Val Leu Pro Cys Ser Gly Asp Tyr Ala Ala Met Phe Ser


        435                 440                 445


Phe Ala Ala Gly Gly Arg Phe Pro Leu Val Leu Met Thr Arg Ile Arg


    450                 455                 460


Tyr Pro Asn Gly Phe Cys Tyr Leu Ala His Cys Arg Tyr Ala Cys Ala


465                 470                 475                 480


Phe Leu Leu Arg Gly Phe Asp Pro Lys Arg Phe Asp Ile Gly Ala Phe


                485                 490                 495


Pro Thr Ala Ala Lys Leu Arg Asn Arg Met Val Ser Glu Leu Gly Glu


            500                 505                 510


Arg Ser Leu Gly Leu Asn Leu Tyr Gly Ala Tyr Thr Ser Arg Gly Val


        515                 520                 525


Phe His Cys Asp Tyr Asp Ala Lys Phe Ile Lys Asp Leu Arg Leu Met


    530                 535                 540


Ser Ala Val Ile Ala Gly Lys Asp Gly Val Glu Glu Val Val Pro Ser


545                 550                 555                 560


Asp Ile Thr Pro Ala Met Lys Gln Lys Thr Ile Glu Ala Val Tyr Asp


                565                 570                 575


Arg Leu Tyr Gly Gly Thr Asp Ser Leu Leu Lys Leu Ser Ile Glu Lys


            580                 585                 590


Asp Leu Ile Asp Phe Lys Asn Asp Val Gln Ser Leu Lys Lys Asp Arg


        595                 600                 605


Pro Ile Val Lys Val Pro Phe Tyr Met Ser Glu Ala Thr Gln Asn Ser


    610                 615                 620


Leu Thr Arg Phe Tyr Pro Gln Phe Glu Leu Lys Phe Ser His Ser Ser


625                 630                 635                 640


His Ser Asp His Pro Ala Ala Ala Ala Ser Arg Leu Leu Glu Asn Glu


                645                 650                 655


Thr Leu Val Arg Leu Cys Gly Asn Ser Val Ser Asp Ile Gly Gly Cys


            660                 665                 670


Pro Leu Phe His Leu His Ser Lys Thr Gln Arg Arg Val His Val Cys


        675                 680                 685


Arg Pro Val Leu Asp Gly Lys Asp Ala Gln Arg Arg Val Val Arg Asp


    690                 695                 700


Leu Gln Tyr Ser Asn Val Arg Leu Gly Asp Asp Asp Lys Ile Leu Glu


705                 710                 715                 720


Gly Pro Arg Asn Ile Asp Ile Cys His Tyr Pro Leu Gly Ala Cys Asp


                725                 730                 735


His Glu Ser Ser Ala Met Met Met Val Gln Val Tyr Asp Ala Ser Leu


            740                 745                 750


Tyr Glu Ile Cys Gly Ala Met Ile Lys Lys Lys Ser Arg Ile Thr Tyr


        755                 760                 765


Leu Thr Met Val Thr Pro Gly Glu Phe Leu Asp Gly Arg Glu Cys Val


    770                 775                 780


Tyr Met Glu Ser Leu Asp Cys Glu Ile Glu Val Asp Val His Ala Asp


785                 790                 795                 800


Val Val Met Tyr Lys Phe Gly Ser Ser Cys Tyr Ser His Lys Leu Ser


                805                 810                 815


Ile Ile Lys Asp Ile Met Thr Thr Pro Tyr Leu Thr Leu Gly Gly Phe


            820                 825                 830


Leu Phe Ser Val Glu Met Tyr Glu Val Arg Met Gly Val Asn Tyr Phe


        835                 840                 845


Lys Ile Thr Lys Ser Glu Val Ser Pro Ser Ile Ser Cys Thr Lys Leu


    850                 855                 860


Leu Arg Tyr Arg Arg Ala Asn Ser Asp Val Val Lys Val Lys Leu Pro


865                 870                 875                 880


Arg Phe Asp Lys Lys Arg Arg Met Cys Leu Pro Gly Tyr Asp Thr Ile


                885                 890                 895


Tyr Leu Asp Ser Lys Phe Val Ser Arg Val Phe Asp Tyr Val Val Cys


            900                 905                 910


Asn Cys Ser Ala Val Asn Ser Lys Thr Phe Glu Trp Val Trp Ser Phe


        915                 920                 925


Ile Lys Ser Ser Lys Ser Arg Val Ile Ile Ser Gly Lys Ile Ile His


    930                 935                 940


Lys Asp Val Asn Leu Asp Leu Lys Tyr Val Glu Ser Phe Ala Ala Val


945                 950                 955                 960


Met Leu Ala Ser Gly Val Arg Ser Arg Leu Ala Ser Glu Tyr Leu Ala


                965                 970                 975


Lys Asn Leu Ser His Phe Ser Gly Asp Cys Ser Phe Ile Glu Ala Thr


            980                 985                 990


Ser Phe Val Leu Arg Glu Lys Ile Arg Asn Met Thr Leu Asn Phe Asn


        995                 1000                1005


Glu Arg Leu Leu Gln Leu Val Lys Arg Val Ala Phe Ala Thr Leu Asp


    1010                1015                1020


Val Ser Phe Leu Asp Leu Asp Ser Thr Leu Glu Ser Ile Thr Asp Phe


1025                1030                1035                1040


Ala Glu Cys Lys Val Ala Ile Glu Leu Asp Glu Leu Gly Cys Leu Arg


                1045                1050                1055


Ala Glu Ala Glu Asn Glu Lys Ile Arg Asn Leu Ala Gly Asp Ser Ile


            1060                1065                1070


Ala Ala Lys Leu Ala Ser Glu Ile Val Val Asp Ile Asp Ser Lys Pro


        1075                1080                1085


Ser Pro Lys Gln Val Gly Asn Ser Ser Ser Glu Asn Ala Asp Lys Arg


    1090                1095                1100


Glu Val Gln Arg Pro Gly Leu Arg Gly Gly Ser Arg Asn Gly Val Val


1105                1110                1115                1120


Gly Glu Phe Leu His Phe Val Val Asp Ser Ala Leu Arg Leu Phe Lys


                1125                1130                1135


Tyr Ala Thr Asp Gln Gln Arg Ile Lys Ser Tyr Val Arg Phe Leu Asp


            1140                1145                1150


Ser Ala Val Ser Phe Leu Asp Tyr Asn Tyr Asp Asn Leu Ser Phe Ile


        1155                1160                1165


Leu Arg Val Leu Ser Glu Gly Tyr Ser Cys Met Phe Ala Phe Leu Ala


    1170                1175                1180


Asn Arg Gly Asp Leu Ser Ser Arg Val Arg Ser Ala Val Cys Ala Val


1185                1190                1195                1200


Lys Glu Val Ala Thr Ser Cys Ala Asn Ala Ser Val Ser Lys Ala Lys


                1205                1210                1215


Val Met Ile Thr Phe Ala Ala Ala Val Cys Ala Met Met Phe Asn Ser


            1220                1225                1230


Cys Gly Phe Ser Gly Asp Gly Arg Glu Tyr Lys Ser Tyr Ile His Arg


        1235                1240                1245


Tyr Thr Gln Val Leu Phe Asp Thr Ile Phe Phe Glu Asp Ser Ser Tyr


    1250                1255                1260


Leu Pro Ile Glu Val Leu Ser Ser Ala Ile Cys Gly Ala Ile Val Thr


1265                1270                1275                1280


Leu Phe Ser Ser Gly Ser Ser Ile Ser Leu Asn Ala Phe Leu Leu Gln


                1285                1290                1295


Ile Thr Lys Gly Phe Ser Leu Glu Val Val Val Arg Asn Val Val Arg


            1300                1305                1310


Val Thr His Gly Leu Ser Thr Thr Ala Thr Asp Gly Val Ile Arg Gly


        1315                1320                1325


Val Phe Ser Gln Ile Val Ser His Leu Leu Val Gly Asn Thr Gly Asn


    1330                1335                1340


Val Ala Tyr Gln Ser Ala Phe Ile Ala Gly Val Val Pro Leu Leu Val


1345                1350                1355                1360


Lys Lys Cys Val Ser Leu Ile Phe Ile Leu Arg Glu Asp Thr Tyr Ser


                1365                1370                1375


Gly Phe Ile Lys His Gly Ile Ser Glu Phe Ser Phe Leu Ser Ser Ile


            1380                1385                1390


Leu Lys Phe Leu Lys Gly Lys Leu Val Asp Glu Leu Lys Ser Ile Ile


        1395                1400                1405


Gln Gly Val Phe Asp Ser Asn Lys His Val Phe Lys Glu Ala Thr Gln


    1410                1415                1420


Glu Ala Ile Arg Thr Thr Val Met Gln Val Pro Val Ala Val Val Asp


1425                1430                1435                1440


Ala Leu Lys Ser Ala Ala Gly Lys Ile Tyr Asn Asn Phe Thr Ser Arg


                1445                1450                1455


Arg Thr Phe Gly Lys Asp Glu Gly Ser Ser Ser Asp Gly Ala Cys Glu


            1460                1465                1470


Glu Tyr Phe Ser Cys Asp Glu Gly Glu Gly Pro Gly Leu Lys Gly Gly


        1475                1480                1485


Ser Ser Tyr Gly Phe Ser Ile Leu Ala Phe Phe Ser Arg Ile Met Trp


    1490                1495                1500


Gly Ala Arg Arg Leu Ile Val Lys Val Lys His Glu Cys Phe Gly Lys


1505                1510                1515                1520


Leu Phe Glu Phe Leu Ser Leu Lys Leu His Glu Phe Arg Thr Arg Val


                1525                1530                1535


Phe Gly Lys Asn Arg Thr Asp Val Gly Val Tyr Asp Phe Leu Pro Thr


            1540                1545                1550


Gly Ile Val Glu Thr Leu Ser Ser Ile Glu Glu Cys Asp Gln Ile Glu


        1555                1560                1565


Glu Leu Leu Gly Asp Asp Leu Lys Gly Asp Lys Asp Ala Ser Leu Thr


    1570                1575                1590


Asp Met Asn Tyr Phe Glu Phe Ser Glu Asp Phe Leu Ala Ser Ile Glu


1585                1580                1595                1600


Glu Pro Pro Phe Ala Gly Leu Arg Gly Gly Ser Lys Asn Ile Ala Ile


                1605                1610                1615


Leu Ala Ile Leu Glu Tyr Ala His Asn Leu Phe Arg Ile Val Ala Ser


            1620                1625                1630


Lys Cys Ser Lys Arg Pro Leu Phe Leu Ala Phe Ala Glu Leu Ser Ser


        1635                1640                1645


Ala Leu Ile Glu Lys Phe Lys Glu Val Phe Pro Arg Lys Ser Gln Leu


    1650                1655                1660


Val Ala Ile Val Arg Glu Tyr Thr Gln Arg Phe Leu Arg Ser Arg Met


1665                1670                1675                1680


Arg Ala Leu Gly Leu Asn Asn Glu Phe Val Val Lys Ser Phe Ala Asp


                1685                1690                1695


Leu Leu Pro Ala Leu Met Lys Arg Lys Val Ser Gly Ser Phe Leu Ala


            1700                1705                1710


Ser Val Tyr Arg Pro Leu Arg Gly Phe Ser Tyr Met Cys Val Ser Ala


        1715                1720                1725


Glu Arg Arg Glu Lys Phe Phe Ala Leu Val Cys Leu Ile Gly Leu Ser


    1730                1735                1740


Leu Pro Phe Phe Val Arg Ile Val Gly Ala Lys Ala Cys Glu Glu Leu


1745                1750                1755                1760


Val Ser Ser Ala Arg Arg Phe Tyr Glu Arg Ile Lys Ile Phe Leu Arg


                1765                1770                1775


Gln Lys Tyr Val Ser Leu Ser Asn Phe Phe Cys His Leu Phe Ser Ser


            1780                1785                1790


Asp Val Asp Asp Ser Ser Ala Ser Ala Gly Leu Lys Gly Gly Ala Ser


        1795                1800                1805


Arg Met Thr Leu Phe His Leu Leu Val Arg Leu Ala Ser Ala Leu Leu


    1810                1815                1820


Ser Leu Gly Trp Glu Gly Leu Lys Leu Leu Leu Ser His His Asn Leu


1825                1830                1835                1840


Leu Phe Leu Cys Phe Ala Leu Val Asp Asp Val Asn Val Leu Ile Lys


                1845                1850                1855


Val Leu Gly Gly Leu Ser Phe Phe Val Gln Pro Ile Phe Ser Leu Phe


            1660                1865                1870


Ala Ala Met Leu Leu Gln Pro Asp Arg Phe Val Glu Tyr Ser Glu Lys


        1875                1880                1885


Leu Val Thr Ala Phe Glu Phe Phe Leu Lys Cys Ser Pro Arg Ala Pro


    1890                1895                1900


Ala Leu Leu Lys Gly Phe Phe Glu Cys Val Ala Asn Ser Thr Val Ser


1905                1910                1915                1920


Lys Thr Val Arg Arg Leu Leu Arg Cys Phe Val Lys Met Leu Lys Leu


                1925                1930                1935


Arg Lys Gly Arg Gly Leu Arg Ala Asp Gly Arg Gly Leu His Arg Gln


            1940                1945                1950


Lys Ala Val Pro Val Ile Pro Ser Asn Arg Val Val Thr Asp Gly Val


        1955                1960                1965


Glu Arg Leu Ser Val Lys Met Gln Gly Val Glu Ala Leu Arg Thr Glu


    1970                1975                1980


Leu Arg Ile Leu Glu Asp Leu Asp Ser Ala Val Ile Glu Lys Leu Asn


1985                1990                1995                2000


Arg Arg Arg Asn Arg Asp Thr Asn Asp Asp Glu Phe Thr Arg Pro Ala


                2005                2010                2015


His Glu Gln Met Gln Glu Val Thr Thr Phe Cys Ser Lys Ala Asn Ser


            2020                2025                2030


Ala Gly Leu Ala Leu Glu Arg Ala Val Leu Val Glu Asp Ala Ile Lys


        2035                2040                2045


Ser Glu Lys Leu Ser Lys Thr Val Asn Glu Met Val Arg Lys Gly Ser


    2050                2055                2060


Thr Thr Ser Glu Glu Val Ala Val Ala Leu Ser Asp Asp Glu Ala Val


2065                2070                2075                2080


Glu Glu Ile Ser Val Ala Asp Glu Arg Asp Asp Ser Pro Lys Thr Val


                2085                2090                2095


Arg Ile Ser Glu Tyr Leu Asn Arg Leu Asn Ser Ser Phe Glu Phe Pro


            2100                2105                2110


Lys Pro IIe Val Val Asp Asp Asn Lys Asp Thr Gly Gly Leu Thr Asn


        2115                2120                2125


Ala Val Arg Glu Phe Tyr Tyr Met Gln Glu Leu Ala Leu Phe Glu Ile


    2130                2135                2140


His Ser Lys Leu Cys Thr Tyr Tyr Asp Gln Leu Arg Ile Val Asn Phe


2145                2150                2155                2160


Asp Arg Ser Val Ala Pro Cys Ser Glu Asp Ala Gln Leu Tyr Val Arg


                2165                2170                2175


Lys Asn Gly Ser Thr Ile Val Gln Gly Lys Glu Val Arg Leu His Ile


            2180                2185                2190


Lys Asp Phe His Asp His Asp Phe Leu Phe Asp Gly Lys Ile Ser Ile


        2195                2200                2205


Asn Lys Arg Arg Arg Gly Gly Asn Val Leu Tyr His Asp Asn Leu Ala


    2210                2215                2220


Phe Leu Ala Ser Asn Leu Phe Leu Ala Gly Tyr Pro Phe Ser Arg Ser


2225                2230                2235                2240


Phe Val Phe Thr Asn Ser Ser Val Asp Ile Leu Leu Tyr Glu Ala Pro


                2245                2250                2255


Pro Gly Gly Gly Lys Thr Thr Thr Leu Ile Asp Ser Phe Leu Lys Val


            2260                2265                2270


Phe Lys Lys Gly Glu Val Ser Thr Met Ile Leu Thr Ala Asn Lys Ser


        2275                2280                2285


Ser Gln Val Glu Ile Leu Lys Lys Val Glu Lys Glu Val Ser Asn Ile


    2290                2295                2300


Glu Cys Gln Lys Arg Lys Asp Lys Arg Ser Pro Lys Lys Ser Ile Tyr


2305                2310                2315                2320


Thr Ile Asp Ala Tyr Leu Met His His Arg Gly Cys Asp Ala Asp Val


                2325                2330                2335


Leu Phe Ile Asp Glu Cys Phe Met Val His Ala Gly Ser Val Leu Ala


            2340                2345                2350


Cys IIe Glu Phe Thr Arg Cys His Lys Val Met Ile Phe Gly Asp Ser


        2355                2360                2365


Arg Gln Ile His Tyr Ile Glu Arg Asn Glu Leu Asp Lys Cys Leu Tyr


    2370                2375                2380


Gly Asp Leu Asp Arg Phe Val Asp Leu Gln Cys Arg Val Tyr Gly Asn


2385                2390                2395                2400


Ile Ser Tyr Arg Cys Pro Trp Asp Val Cys Ala Trp Leu Ser Thr Val


                2405                2410                2415


Tyr Gly Asn Leu Ile Ala Thr Val Lys Gly Glu Ser Glu Gly Lys Ser


            2420                2425                2430


Ser Met Arg Ile Asn Glu Ile Asn Ser Val Asp Asp Leu Val Pro Asp


        2435                2440                2445


Val Gly Ser Thr Phe Leu Cys Met Leu Gln Ser Glu Lys Leu Glu Ile


    2450                2455                2460


Ser Lys His Phe Ile Arg Lys Gly Leu Thr Lys Leu Asn Val Leu Thr


2465                2470                2475                2480


Val His Glu Ala Gln Gly Glu Thr Tyr Ala Arg Val Asn Leu Val Arg


                2485                2490                2495


Leu Lys Phe Gln Glu Asp Glu Pro Phe Lys Ser Ile Arg His Ile Thr


            2500                2505                2510


Val Ala Leu Ser Arg His Thr Asp Ser Leu Thr Tyr Asn Val Leu Ala


        2515                2520                2525


Ala Arg Arg Gly Asp Ala Thr Cys Asp Ala Ile Gln Lys Ala Ala Glu


    2530                2535                2540


Leu Val Asn Lys Phe Arg Val Phe Pro Thr Ser Phe Gly Gly Ser Val


2545                2550                2555                2560


Ile Asn Leu Asn Val Lys Lys Asp Val Glu Asp Asn Ser Arg Cys Lys


                2565                2570                2575


Ala Ser Ser Ala Pro Leu Ser Val Ile Asn Asp Phe Leu Asn Glu Val


            2580                2585                2590


Asn Pro Gly Thr Ala Val Ile Asp Phe Gly Asp Leu Ser Ala Asp Phe


        2595                2600                2605


Ser Thr Gly Pro Phe Glu Cys Gly Ala Ser Gly Ile Val Val Arg Asp


    2610                2615                2620


Asn Ile Ser Ser Ser Asn Ile Thr Asp His Asp Lys Gln Arg Val


2625                2630                2635






and has a molecular weight of about 290 to 300 kDa, preferably 294 kDa.

Another such DNA molecule (GLRaV-2 ORF1b) includes nucleotides 7922-9301 of SEQ. ID. No. 1 and codes for a grapevine leafroll virus RNA-dependent RNA polymerase (RdRP). This DNA molecule comprises the nucleotide sequence corresponding to SEQ. ID. No. 4 as follows:









AGCGTAGTTC GGTCGCAGGC GATTCCGCGT AGAAAACCTT CTCTACAAGA AAATTTGTAT
  60



TCGTTTGAAG CGCGGAATTA TAACTTCTCG ACTTGCGACC GTAACACATC TGCTTCAATG
 120


TTCGGAGAGG CTATGGCGAT GAACTGTCTT CGTCGTTGCT TCGACCTAGA TGCCTTTTCG
 180


TCCCTGCGTG ATGATGTGAT TAGTATCACA CGTTCAGGCA TCGAACAATG GCTGGAGAAA
 240


CGTACTCCTA GTCAGATTAA AGCATTAATG AAGGATGTTG AATCGCCTTT GGAAATTGAC
 300


GATGAAATTT GTCGTTTTAA GTTGATGGTG AAGCGTGACG CTAAGGTGAA GTTAGACTCT
 360


TCTTGTTTAA CTAAACACAG CGCCGCTCAA AATATCATGT TTCATCGCAA GAGCATTAAT
 420


GCTATCTTCT CTCCTATCTT TAATGAGGTG AAAAACCGAA TAATGTGCTG TCTTAAGCCT
 480


AACATAAAGT TTTTTACGGA GATGACTAAC AGGGATTTTG CTTCTGTTGT CAGCAACATG
 540


CTTGGTGACG ACGATGTGTA CCATATAGGT GAAGTTGATT TCTCAAAGTA CGACAAGTCT
 600


CAAGATGCTT TCGTGAAGGC TTTTGAAGAA GTAATGTATA AGGAACTCGG TGTTGATGAA
 660


GAGTTGCTGG CTATCTGGAT GTGCGGCGAG CGGTTATCGA TAGCTAACAC TCTCGATGGT
 720


CAGTTGTCCT TCACGATCGA GAATCAAAGG AAGTCGGGAG CTTCGAACAC TTGGATTGGT
 780


AACTCTCTCG TCACTTTGGG TATTTTAAGT CTTTACTACG ACGTTAGAAA TTTCGAGGCG
 840


TTGTACATCT CGGGCGATGA TTCTTTAATT TTTTCTCGCA GCGAGATTTC GAATTATGCC
 900


GACGACATAT GCACTGACAT GGGTTTTGAG ACAAAATTTA TGTCCCCAAG TGTCCCGTAC
 960


TTTTGTTCTA AATTTGTTGT TATGTGTGGT CATAAGACGT TTTTTGTTCC CGACCCGTAC
1020


AAGCTTTTTG TCAAGTTGGG AGCAGTCAAA GAGGATGTTT CAATGGATTT CCTTTTCGAG
1080


ACTTTTACCT CCTTTAAAGA CTTAACCTCC GATTTTAACG ACGAGCGCTT AATTCAAAAG
1140


CTCGCTGAAC TTGTGGCTTT AAAATATGAG GTTCAAACCG GCAACACCAC CTTGGCGTTA
1200


AGTGTGATAC ATTGTTTGCG TTCGAATTTC CTCTCGTTTA GCAAGTTATA TCCTCGCGTG
1260


AAGGGATGGC AGGTTTTTTA CACGTCGGTT AAGAAAGCGC TTCTCAAGAG TGGGTGTTCT
1320


CTCTTCGACA GTTTCATGAC CCCTTTTGGT CAGGCTGTCA TGGTTTGGGA TGATGAGTAG
1380






The RNA-dependent RNA polymerase has an amino acid sequence corresponding to SEQ. ID. No. 5 as follows:









Ser Val Val Arg Ser Gln Ala Ile Pro Arg Arg Lys Pro Ser Leu Gln



1               5                   10                  15


Glu Asn Leu Tyr Ser Phe Glu Ala Arg Asn Tyr Asn Phe Ser Thr Cys


            20                  25                  30


Asp Arg Asn Thr Ser Ala Ser Met Phe Gly Glu Ala Met Ala Met Asn


        35                  40                  45


Cys Leu Arg Arg Cys Phe Asp Leu Asp Ala Phe Ser Ser Leu Arg Asp


    50                  55                  60


Asp Val Ile Ser Ile Thr Arg Ser Gly Ile Glu Gln Trp Leu Glu Lys


65                  70                  75                  80


Arg Thr Pro Ser Gln Ile Lys Ala Leu Met Lys Asp Val Glu Ser Pro


                85                  90                  95


Leu Glu Ile Asp Asp Glu Ile Cys Arg Phe Lys Leu Met Val Lys Arg


            100                 105                 110


Asp Ala Lys Val Lys Leu Asp Ser Ser Cys Leu Thr Lys His Ser Ala


        115                 120                 125


Ala Gln Asn Ile Met Phe His Arg Lys Ser Ile Asn Ala Ile Phe Ser


    130                 135                 140


Pro Ile Phe Asn Glu Val Lys Asn Arg Ile Met Cys Cys Leu Lys Pro


145                 150                 155                 160


Asn Ile Lys Phe Phe Thr Glu Met Thr Asn Arg Asp Phe Ala Ser Val


                165                 170                 175


Val Ser Asn Met Leu Gly Asp Asp Asp Val Tyr His Ile Gly Glu Val


            180                 185                 190


Asp Phe Ser Lys Tyr Asp Lys Ser Gln Asp Ala Phe Val Lys Ala Phe


        195                 200                 205


Glu Glu Val Met Tyr Lys Glu Leu Gly Val Asp Glu Glu Leu Leu Ala


    210                 215                 220


Ile Trp Met Cys Gly Glu Arg Leu Ser Ile Ala Asn Thr Leu Asp Gly


225                 230                 235                 240


Gln Leu Ser Phe Thr Ile Glu Asn Gln Arg Lys Ser Gly Ala Ser Asn


                245                 250                 255


Thr Trp Ile Gly Asn Ser Leu Val Thr Leu Gly Ile Leu Ser Leu Tyr


            260                 265                 270


Tyr Asp Val Arg Asn Phe Glu Ala Leu Tyr Ile Ser Gly Asp Asp Ser


        275                 280                 285


Leu Ile Phe Ser Arg Ser Glu Ile Ser Asn Tyr Ala Asp Asp Ile Cys


    290                 295                 300


Thr Asp Met Gly Phe Glu Thr Lys Phe Met Ser Pro Ser Val Pro Tyr


305                 310                 315                 320


Phe Cys Ser Lys Phe Val Val Met Cys Gly His Lys Thr Phe Phe Val


                325                 330                 335


Pro Asp Pro Tyr Lys Leu Phe Val Lys Leu Gly Ala Val Lys Glu Asp


            340                 345                 350


Val Ser Met Asp Phe Leu Phe Glu Thr Phe Thr Ser Phe Lys Asp Leu


        355                 360                 365


Thr Ser Asp Phe Asn Asp Glu Arg Leu Ile Gln Lys Leu Ala Glu Leu


    370                 375                 380


Val Ala Leu Lys Tyr Glu Val Gln Thr Gly Asn Thr Thr Leu Ala Leu


385                 390                 395                 400


Ser Val Ile His Cys Leu Arg Ser Asn Phe Leu Ser Phe Ser Lys Leu


                405                 410                 415


Tyr Pro Arg Val Lys Gly Trp Gln Val Phe Tyr Thr Ser Val Lys Lys


            420                 425                 430


Ala Leu Leu Lys Ser Gly Cys Ser Leu Phe Asp Ser Phe Met Thr Pro


        435                 440                 445


Phe Gly Gln Ala Val Met Val Trp Asp Asp Glu


    450                 455






and a molecular weight from about 50 to about 54 kDa, preferably about 52 kDa.

Another such DNA molecule (GLRaV-2 ORF2) includes nucleotides 9365-9535 of SEQ. ID. No. 1 and codes for a small, grapevine leafroll virus hydrophobic protein or polypeptide. This DNA molecule comprises the nucleotide sequence corresponding to SEQ. ID. No. 6 as follows:









ATGAATCAGG TTTTGCAGTT TGAATGTTTG TTTCTGCTGA ATCTCGCGGT TTTTGCTGTG
 60



ACTTTCATTT TCATTCTTCT GGTCTTCCGC GTGATTAAGT CTTTTCGCCA GAAGGGTCAC
120


GAAGCACCTG TTCCCGTTGT TCGTGGCGGG GGTTTTTCAA CCGTAGTGTA G
171






The small hydrophobic protein or polypeptide has an amino acid sequence corresponding to SEQ. ID. No. 7 as follows:









Met Asn Gln Val Leu Gln Phe Glu Cys Leu Phe Leu Leu Asn Leu Ala



1               5                   10                  15


Val Phe Ala Val Thr Phe Ile Phe Ile Leu Leu Val Phe Arg Val Ile


            20                  25                  30


Lys Ser Phe Arg Gln Lys Gly His Glu Ala Pro Val Pro Val Val Arg


        35                  40                  45


Gly Gly Gly Phe Ser Thr Val Val


    50                  55






and a molecular weight from about 5 to about 7 kDa, preferably about 6 kDa.

Another such DNA molecule (GLRaV-2 ORF3) includes nucleotides 9551-11350 of SEQ. ID. No. 1 and encodes for a grapevine leafroll virus heat shock 70 protein. This DNA molecule comprises the nucleotide sequence corresponding to SEQ. ID. No. 8 as follows:









ATGGTAGTTT TCGGTTTGGA CTTTGGCACC ACATTCTCTA CGGTGTGTGT GTACAAGGAT
  60



GGACGAGTTT TTTCATTCAA GCAGAATAAT TCGGCGTACA TCCCCACTTA CCTCTATCTC
 120


TTCTCCGATT CTAACCACAT GACTTTTGGT TACGAGGCCG AATCACTGAT GAGTAATCTG
 180


AAAGTTAAAG GTTCGTTTTA TAGAGATTTA AAACGTTGGG TGGGTTGCGA TTCGAGTAAC
 240


CTCGACGCGT ACCTTGACCG TTTAAAACCT CATTACTCGG TCCGCTTGGT TAAGATCGGC
 300


TCTGGCTTGA ACGAAACTGT TTCAATTGGA AACTTCGGGG GCACTGTTAA GTCTGAGGCT
 360


CATCTGCCAG GGTTGATAGC TCTCTTTATT AAGGCTGTCA TTAGTTGCGC GGAGGGCGCG
 420


TTTGCGTGCA CTTGCACCGG GGTTATTTGT TCAGTACCTG CCAATTATGA TAGCGTTCAA
 480


AGGAATTTCA CTGATCAGTG TGTTTCACTC AGCGGTTATC AGTGCGTATA TATGATCAAT
 540


GAACCTTCAG CGGCTGCGCT ATCTGCGTGT AATTCGATTG GAAAGAAGTC CGCAAATTTG
 600


GCTGTTTACG ATTTCGGTGG TGGGACCTTC GACGTGTCTA TCATTTCATA CCGCAACAAT
 660


ACTTTTGTTG TGCGAGCTTC TGGAGGCGAT CTAAATCTCG GTGGAAGGGA TGTTGATCGT
 720


GCGTTTCTCA CGCACCTCTT CTCTTTAACA TCGCTGGAAC CTGACCTCAC TTTGGATATC
 780


TCGAATCTGA AAGAATCTTT ATCAAAAACG GACGCAGAGA TAGTTTACAC TTTGAGAGGT
 840


GTCGATGGAA GAAAAGAAGA CGTTAGAGTA AACAAAAACA TTCTTACGTC GGTGATGCTC
 900


CCCTACGTGA ACAGAACGCT TAAGATATTA GAGTCAACCT TAAAATCGTA TGCTAAGAGT
 960


ATGAATGAGA GTGCGCGAGT TAAGTGCGAT TTAGTGCTGA TAGGAGGATC TTCATATCTT
1020


CCTGGCCTGG CAGACGTACT AACGAAGCAT CAGAGCGTTG ATCGTATCTT AAGAGTTTCG
1080


GATCCTCGGG CTGCCGTGGC CGTCGGTTGC GCATTATATT CTTCATGCCT CTCAGGATCT
1140


GGGGGGTTGC TACTGATCGA CTGTGCAGCT CACACTGTCG CTATAGCGGA CAGAAGTTGT
1200


CATCAAATCA TTTGCGCTCC AGCGGGGGCA CCGATCCCCT TTTCAGGAAG CATGCCTTTG
1260


TACTTAGCCA GGGTCAACAA GAACTCGCAG CGTGAAGTCG CCGTGTTTGA AGGGGAGTAC
1320


GTTAAGTGCC CTAAGAACAG AAAGATCTGT GGAGCAAATA TAAGATTTTT TGATATAGGA
1380


GTGACGGGTG ATTCGTACGC ACCCGTTACC TTCTATATGG ATTTCTCCAT TTCAAGCGTA
1440


GGAGCCGTTT CATTCGTGGT GAGAGGTCCT GAGGGTAAGC AAGTGTCACT CACTGGAACT
1500


CCAGCGTATA ACTTTTCGTC TGTGGCTCTC GGATCACGCA GTGTCCGAGA ATTGCATATT
1560


AGTTTAAATA ATAAAGTTTT TCTCGGTTTG CTTCTACATA GAAAGGCGGA TCGACGAATA
1620


CTTTTCACTA AGGATGAAGC GATTCGATAC GCCGATTCAA TTGATATCGC GGATGTGCTA
1680


AAGGAATATA AAAGTTACGC GGCCAGTGCC TTACCACCAG ACGAGGATGT CGAATTACTC
1740


CTGGGAAAGT CTGTTCAAAA AGTTTTACGG GGAAGCAGAC TGGAAGAAAT ACCTCTCTAG
1800






The heat shock 70 protein is believed to function as a chaperone protein and has an amino acid sequence corresponding to SEQ. ID. No. 9 as follows:









Met Val Val Phe Gly Leu Asp Phe Gly Thr Thr Phe Ser Thr Val Cys



1               5                   10                  15


Val Tyr Lys Asp Gly Arg Val Phe Ser Phe Lys Gln Asn Asn Ser Ala


            20                  25                  30


Tyr Ile Pro Thr Tyr Leu Tyr Leu Phe Ser Asp Ser Asn His Met Thr


        35                  40                  45


Phe Gly Tyr Glu Ala Glu Ser Leu Met Ser Asn Leu Lys Val Lys Gly


    50                  55                  60


Ser Phe Tyr Arg Asp Leu Lys Arg Trp Val Gly Cys Asp Ser Ser Asn


65                  70                  75                  80


Leu Asp Ala Tyr Leu Asp Arg Leu Lys Pro His Tyr Ser Val Arg Leu


                85                  90                  95


Val Lys Ile Gly Ser Gly Leu Asn Glu Thr Val Ser Ile Gly Asn Phe


            100                 105                 110


Gly Gly Thr Val Lys Ser Glu Ala His Leu Pro Gly Leu Ile Ala Leu


        115                 120                 125


Phe Ile Lys Ala Val Ile Ser Cys Ala Glu Gly Ala Phe Ala Cys Thr


    130                 135                 140


Cys Thr Gly Val Ile Cys Ser Val Pro Ala Asn Tyr Asp Ser Val Gln


145                 150                 155                 160


Arg Asn Phe Thr Asp Gln Cys Val Ser Leu Ser Gly Tyr Gln Cys Val


                165                 170                 175


Tyr Met Ile Asn Glu Pro Ser Ala Ala Ala Leu Ser Ala Cys Asn Ser


            180                 185                 190


Ile Gly Lys Lys Ser Ala Asn Leu Ala Val Tyr Asp Phe Gly Gly Gly


        195                 200                 205


Thr Phe Asp Val Ser Ile Ile Ser Tyr Arg Asn Asn Thr Phe Val Val


    210                 215                 220


Arg Ala Ser Gly Gly Asp Leu Asn Leu Gly Gly Arg Asp Val Asp Arg


225                 230                 235                 240


Ala Phe Leu Thr His Leu Phe Ser Leu Thr Ser Leu Glu Pro Asp Leu


                245                 250                 255


Thr Leu Asp Ile Ser Asn Leu Lys Glu Ser Leu Ser Lys Thr Asp Ala


            260                 265                 270


Glu Ile Val Tyr Thr Leu Arg Gly Val Asp Gly Arg Lys Glu Asp Val


        275                 280                 285


Arg Val Asn Lys Asn Ile Leu Thr Ser Val Met Leu Pro Tyr Val Asn


    290                 295                 300


Arg Thr Leu Lys Ile Leu Glu Ser Thr Leu Lys Ser Tyr Ala Lys Ser


305                 310                 315                 320


Met Asn Glu Ser Ala Arg Val Lys Cys Asp Leu Val Leu Ile Gly Gly


                325                 330                 335


Ser Ser Tyr Leu Pro Gly Leu Ala Asp Val Leu Thr Lys His Gln Ser


            340                 345                 350


Val Asp Arg Ile Leu Arg Val Ser Asp Pro Arg Ala Ala Val Ala Val


        355                 360                 365


Gly Cys Ala Leu Tyr Ser Ser Cys Leu Ser Gly Ser Gly Gly Leu Leu


    370                 375                 380


Leu Ile Asp Cys Ala Ala His Thr Val Ala Ile Ala Asp Arg Ser Cys


385                 390                 395                 400


His Gln Ile Ile Cys Ala Pro Ala Gly Ala Pro Ile Pro Phe Ser Gly


                405                 410                 415


Ser Met Pro Leu Tyr Leu Ala Arg Val Asn Lys Asn Ser Gln Arg Glu


            420                 425                 430


Val Ala Val Phe Glu Gly Glu Tyr Val Lys Cys Pro Lys Asn Arg Lys


        435                 440                 445


Ile Cys Gly Ala Asn Ile Arg Phe Phe Asp Ile Gly Val Thr Gly Asp


    450                 455                 460


Ser Tyr Ala Pro Val Thr Phe Tyr Met Asp Phe Ser Ile Ser Ser Val


465                 470                 475                 480


Gly Ala Val Ser Phe Val Val Arg Gly Pro Glu Gly Lys Gln Val Ser


                465                 490                 495


Leu Thr Gly Thr Pro Ala Tyr Asn Phe Ser Ser Val Ala Leu Gly Ser


            500                 505                 510


Arg Ser Val Arg Glu Leu His Ile Ser Leu Asn Asn Lys Val Phe Leu


        515                 520                 525


Gly Leu Leu Leu His Arg Lys Ala Asp Arg Arg Ile Leu Phe Thr Lys


    530                 535                 540


Asp Glu Ala Ile Arg Tyr Ala Asp Ser Ile Asp Ile Ala Asp Val Leu


545                 550                 555                 560


Lys Glu Tyr Lys Ser Tyr Ala Ala Ser Ala Leu Pro Pro Asp Glu Asp


                565                 570                 575


Val Glu Leu Leu Leu Gly Lys Ser Val Gln Lys Val Leu Arg Gly Ser


            580                 585                 590


Arg Leu Glu Glu Ile Pro Leu


        595






and a molecular weight from about 63 to about 67 kDa, preferably about 65 kDa.

Another such DNA molecule (GLRaV-2 ORF4) includes nucleotides 11277-12932 of SEQ. ID. No. 1 and codes for a putative grapevine leafroll virus heat shock 90 protein. This DNA molecule comprises a nucleotide sequence corresponding to SEQ. ID. No. 10 as follows:









ATGTCGAATT ACTCCTGGGA AAGTCTGTTC AAAAAGTTTT ACGGGGAAGC AGACTGGAAG
  60



AAATACCTCT CTAGGAGCAT AGCAGCACAC TCAAGTGAAA TTAAAACTCT ACCAGACATT
 120


CGATTGTACG GCGGTAGGGT TGTAAAGAAG TCCGAATTCG AATCAGCACT TCCTAATTCT
 180


TTTGAACAGG AATTAGGACT GTTCATACTG AGCGAACGGG AAGTGGGATG GAGCAAATTA
 240


TGCGGAATAA CGGTGGAAGA AGCAGCATAC GATCTTACGA ATCCCAAGGC TTATAAATTC
 300


ACTGCCGAGA CATGTAGCCC GGATGTAAAA GGTGAAGGAC AAAAATACTC TATGGAAGAC
 360


GTGATGAATT TCATGCGTTT ATCAAATCTG GATGTTAACG ACAAGATGCT GACGGAACAG
 420


TGTTGGTCGC TGTCCAATTC ATGCGGTGAA TTGATCAACC CAGACGACAA AGGGCGATTC
 480


GTGGCTCTCA CCTTTAAGGA CAGAGACACA GCTGATGACA CGGGTGCCGC CAACGTGGAA
 540


TGTCGCGTGG GCGACTATCT AGTTTACGCT ATGTCCCTGT TTGAGCAGAG GACCCAAAAA
 600


TCGCAGTCTG GCAACATCTC TCTGTACGAA AAGTACTGTG AATACATCAG GACCTACTTA
 660


GGGAGTACAG ACCTGTTCTT CACAGCGCCG GACAGGATTC CGTTACTTAC GGGCATCCTA
 720


TACGATTTTT GTAAGGAATA CAACGTTTTC TACTCGTCAT ATAAGAGAAA CGTCGATAAT
 780


TTCAGATTCT TCTTGGCGAA TTATATGCCT TTGATATCTG ACGTCTTTGT CTTCCAGTGG
 840


GTAAAACCCG CGCCGGATGT TCGGCTGCTT TTTGAGTTAA GTGCAGCGGA ACTAACGCTG
 900


GAGGTTCCCA CACTGAGTTT GATAGATTCT CAAGTTGTGG TAGGTCATAT CTTAAGATAC
 960


GTAGAATCCT ACACATCAGA TCCAGCCATC GACGCGTTAG AAGACAAACT GGAAGCGATA
1020


CTGAAAAGTA GCAATCCCCG TCTATCGACA GCGCAACTAT GGGTTGGTTT CTTTTGTTAC
1080


TATGGTGAGT TTCGTACGGC TCAAAGTAGA GTAGTGCAAA GACCAGGCGT ATACAAAACA
1140


CCTGACTCAG TGGGTGGATT TGAAATAAAC ATGAAAGATG TTGAGAAATT CTTCGATAAA
1200


CTTCAGAGAG AATTGCCTAA TGTATCTTTG CGGCGTCAGT TTAACGGAGC TAGAGCGCAT
1260


GAGGCTTTCA AAATATTTAA AAACGGAAAT ATAAGTTTCA GACCTATATC GCGTTTAAAC
1320


GTGCCTAGAG AGTTCTGGTA TCTGAACATA GACTACTTCA GGCACGCGAA TAGGTCCGGG
1380


TTAACCGAAG AAGAAATACT CATCCTAAAC AACATAAGCG TTGATGTTAG GAAGTTATGC
1440


GCTGAGAGAG CGTGCAATAC CCTACCTAGC GCGAAGCGCT TTAGTAAAAA TCATAAGAGT
1500


AATATACAAT CATCACGCCA AGAGCGGAGG ATTAAAGACC CATTGGTAGT CCTGAAAGAC
1560


ACTTTATATG AGTTCCAACA CAAGCGTGCC GGTTGGGGGT CTCGAAGCAC TCGAGACCTC
1620


GGGAGTCGTG CTGACCACGC GAAAGGAAGC GGTTGA
1656






The heat shock 90 protein has an amino acid sequence corresponding to SEQ. ID. No. 11 as follows:









Met Ser Asn Tyr Ser Trp Glu Ser Leu Phe Lys Lys Phe Tyr Gly Glu



1               5                   10                  15


Ala Asp Trp Lys Lys Tyr Leu Ser Arg Ser Ile Ala Ala His Ser Ser


            20                  25                  30


Glu Ile Lys Thr Leu Pro Asp Ile Arg Leu Tyr Gly Gly Arg Val Val


        35                  40                  45


Lys Lys Ser Glu Phe Glu Ser Ala Leu Pro Asn Ser Phe Glu Gln Glu


    50                  55                  60


Leu Gly Leu Phe Ile Leu Ser Glu Arg Glu Val Gly Trp Ser Lys Leu


65                  70                  75                  80


Cys Gly Ile Thr Val Glu Glu Ala Ala Tyr Asp Leu Thr Asn Pro Lys


                85                  90                  95


Ala Tyr Lys Phe Thr Ala Glu Thr Cys Ser Pro Asp Val Lys Gly Glu


            100                 105                 110


Gly Gln Lys Tyr Ser Met Glu Asp Val Met Asn Phe Met Arg Leu Ser


        115                 120                 125


Asn Leu Asp Val Asn Asp Lys Met Leu Thr Glu Gln Cys Trp Ser Leu


    130                 135                 140


Ser Asn Ser Cys Gly Glu Leu Ile Asn Pro Asp Asp Lys Gly Arg Phe


145                 150                 155                 160


Val Ala Leu Thr Phe Lys Asp Arg Asp Thr Ala Asp Asp Thr Gly Ala


                165                 170                 175


Ala Asn Val Glu Cys Arg Val Gly Asp Tyr Leu Val Tyr Ala Met Ser


            180                 185                 190


Leu Phe Glu Gln Arg Thr Gln Lys Ser Gln Ser Gly Asn Ile Ser Leu


        195                 200                 205


Tyr Glu Lys Tyr Cys Glu Tyr Ile Arg Thr Tyr Leu Gly Ser Thr Asp


    210                 215                 220


Leu Phe Phe Thr Ala Pro Asp Arg Ile Pro Leu Leu Thr Gly Ile Leu


225                 230                 235                 240


Tyr Asp Phe Cys Lys Glu Tyr Asn Val Phe Tyr Ser Ser Tyr Lys Arg


                245                 250                 255


Asn Val Asp Asn Phe Arg Phe Phe Leu Ala Asn Tyr Met Pro Leu Ile


            260                 265                 270


Ser Asp Val Phe Val Phe Gln Trp Val Lys Pro Ala Pro Asp Val Arg


        275                 280                 285


Leu Leu Phe Glu Leu Ser Ala Ala Glu Leu Thr Leu Glu Val Pro Thr


    290                 295                 300


Leu Ser Leu Ile Asp Ser Gln Val Val Val Gly His Ile Leu Arg Tyr


305                 310                 315                 320


Val Glu Ser Tyr Thr Ser Asp Pro Ala Ile Asp Ala Leu Glu Asp Lys


                325                 330                 335


Leu Glu Ala Ile Leu Lys Ser Ser Asn Pro Arg Leu Ser Thr Ala Gln


            340                 345                 350


Leu Trp Val Gly Phe Phe Cys Tyr Tyr Gly Glu Phe Arg Thr Ala Gln


        355                 360                 365


Ser Arg Val Val Gln Arg Pro Gly Val Tyr Lys Thr Pro Asp Ser Val


    370                 375                 380


Gly Gly Phe Glu Ile Asn Met Lys Asp Val Glu Lys Phe Phe Asp Lys


385                 390                 395                 400


Leu Gln Arg Glu Leu Prc Asn Val Ser Leu Arg Arg Gln Phe Asn Gly


                405                 410                 415


Ala Arg Ala His Glu Ala Phe Lys Ile Phe Lys Asn Gly Asn Ile Ser


            420                 425                 430


Phe Arg Pro Ile Ser Arg Leu Asn Val Pro Arg Glu Phe Trp Tyr Leu


        435                 440                 445


Asn Ile Asp Tyr Phe Arg His Ala Asn Arg Ser Gly Leu Thr Glu Glu


    450                 455                 460


Glu Ile Leu Ile Leu Asn Asn Ile Ser Val Asp Val Arg Lys Leu Cys


465                 470                 475                 480


Ala Glu Arg Ala Cys Asn Thr Leu Pro Ser Ala Lys Arg Phe Ser Lys


                485                 490                 495


Asn His Lys Ser Asn Ile Gln Ser Ser Arg Gln Glu Arg Arg Ile Lys


            500                 505                 510


Asp Pro Leu Val Val Leu Lys Asp Thr Leu Tyr Glu Phe Gln His Lys


        515                 520                 525


Arg Ala Gly Trp Gly Ser Arg Ser Thr Arg Asp Leu Gly Ser Arg Ala


    530                 535                 540


Asp His Ala Lys Gly Ser Gly


545                 550






and a molecular weight from about 61 to about 65 kDa, preferably about 63 kDa.

Yet another DNA molecule of the present invention (GLRaV-2 ORF5) includes nucleotides 12844-13515 of SEQ. ID. No. 1 and codes for a diverged coat protein. This DNA molecule comprises a nucleotide sequence corresponding to SEQ. ID. No. 12 as follows:









ATGAGTTCCA ACACAAGCGT GCCGGTTGGG GGTCTCGAAG CACTCGAGAC CTCGGGAGTC
 60



GTGCTGACCA CGCGAAAGGA AGCGGTTGAT AAGTTTTTTA ATGAACTAAA AAACGAAAAT
120


TACTCATCAG TTGACAGCAG CCGATTAAGC GATTCGGAAG TAAAAGAAGT GTTAGAGAAA
180


AGTAAAGAAA GTTTCAAAAG CGAACTGGCC TCCACTGACG AGCACTTCGT CTACCACATT
240


ATATTTTTCT TAATCCGATG TGCTAAGATA TCGACAAGTG AAAAGGTGAA GTACGTTGGT
300


AGTCATACGT ACGTGGTCGA CGGAAAAACG TACACCGTTC TTGACGCTTG GGTATTCAAC
360


ATGATGAAAA GTCTCACGAA GAAGTACAAA CGAGTGAATG GTCTGCGTGC GTTCTGTTGC
420


GCGTGCGAAG ATCTATATCT AACCGTCGCA CCAATAATGT CAGAACGCTT TAAGACTAAA
480


GCCGTAGGGA TGAAAGGTTT GCCTGTTGGA AAGGAATACT TAGGCGCCGA CTTTCTTTCG
540


GGAACTAGCA AACTGATGAG CGATCACGAC AGGGCGGTCT CCATCGTTGC AGCGAAAAAC
600


GCTGTCGATC GTAGCGCTTT CACGGGTGGG GAGAGAAAGA TAGTTAGTTT GTATGATCTA
660


GGGAGGTACT AA
672






The diverged coat protein has an amino acid sequence corresponding to SEQ. ID. No. 13 as follows:









Met Ser Ser Asn Thr Ser Val Pro Val Gly Gly Leu Glu Ala Leu Glu



1               5                   10                  15


Thr Ser Gly Val Val Leu Thr Thr Arg Lys Glu Ala Val Asp Lys Phe


            20                  25                  30


Phe Asn Glu Leu Lys Asn Glu Asn Tyr Ser Ser Val Asp Ser Ser Arg


        35                  40                  45


Leu Ser Asp Ser Glu Val Lys Glu Val Leu Glu Lys Ser Lys Glu Ser


    50                  55                  60


Phe Lys Ser Glu Leu Ala Ser Thr Asp Glu His Phe Val Tyr His Ile


65                  70                  75                  80


Ile Phe Phe Leu Ile Arg Cys Ala Lys Ile Ser Thr Ser Glu Lys Val


                85                  90                  95


Lys Tyr Val Gly Ser His Thr Tyr Val Val Asp Gly Lys Thr Tyr Thr


            100                 105                 110


Val Leu Asp Ala Trp Val Phe Asn Met Met Lys Ser Leu Thr Lys Lys


        115                 120                 125


Tyr Lys Arg Val Asn Gly Leu Arg Ala Phe Cys Cys Ala Cys Glu Asp


    130                 135                 140


Leu Tyr Leu Thr Val Ala Pro Ile Met Ser Glu Arg Phe Lys Thr Lys


145                 150                 155                 160


Ala Val Gly Met Lys Gly Leu Pro Val Gly Lys Glu Tyr Leu Gly Ala


                165                 170                 175


Asp Phe Leu Ser Gly Thr Ser Lys Leu Met Ser Asp His Asp Arg Ala


            180                 185                 190


Val Ser Ile Val Ala Ala Lys Asn Ala Val Asp Arg Ser Ala Phe Thr


        195                 200                 205


Gly Gly Glu Arg Lys Ile Val Ser Leu Tyr Asp Leu Gly Arg Tyr


    210                 215                 220






and a molecular weight from about 23 to about 27 kDa, preferably about 25 kDa.

Another such DNA molecule (GLRaV-2 ORF6) includes nucleotides 13584-14180 of SEQ. ID. No. 1 and codes for a grapevine leafroll virus coat protein. This DNA molecule comprises a nucleotide sequence corresponding to SEQ. ID. No.14 as follows:









ATGGAGTTGA TGTCCGACAG CAACCTTAGC AACCTGGTGA TAACCGACGC CTCTAGTCTA
 60



AATGGTGTCG ACAAGAAGCT TTTATCTGCT GAAGTTGAAA AAATGTTGGT GCAGAAAGGG
120


GCTCCTAACG AGGGTATAGA AGTGGTGTTC GGTCTACTCC TTTACGCACT CGCGGCAAGA
180


ACCACGTCTC CTAAGGTTCA GCGCGCAGAT TCAGACGTTA TATTTTCAAA TAGTTTCGGA
240


GAGAGGAATG TGGTAGTAAC AGAGGGTGAC CTTAAGAAGG TACTCGACGG GTGTGCGCCT
300


CTCACTAGGT TCACTAATAA ACTTAGAACG TTCGGTCGTA CTTTCACTGA GGCTTACGTT
360


GACTTTTGTA TCGCGTATAA GCACAAATTA CCCCAACTCA ACGCCGCGGC GGAATTGGGG
420


ATTCCAGCTG AAGATTCGTA CTTAGCTGCA GATTTTCTGG GTACTTGCCC GAAGCTCTCT
480


GAATTACAGC AAAGTAGGAA GATGTTCGCG AGTATGTACG CTCTAAAAAC TGAAGGTGGA
540


GTGGTAAATA CACCAGTGAG CAATCTGCGT CAGCTAGGTA GAAGGGAAGT TATGTAA
597






The coat protein has an amino acid sequence corresponding to SEQ. ID. No. 15 as follows:









Met Glu Leu Met Ser Asp Ser Asn Leu Ser Asn Leu Val Ile Thr Asp



1               5                   10                  15


Ala Ser Ser Leu Asn Gly Val Asp Lys Lys Leu Leu Ser Ala Glu Val


            20                  25                  30


Glu Lys Met Leu Val Gln Lys Gly Ala Pro Asn Glu Gly Ile Glu Val


        35                  40                  45


Val Phe Gly Leu Leu Leu Tyr Ala Leu Ala Ala Arg Thr Thr Ser Pro


    50                  55                  60


Lys Val Gln Arg Ala Asp Ser Asp Val Ile Phe Ser Asn Ser Phe Gly


65                  70                  75                  80


Glu Arg Asn Val Val Val Thr Glu Gly Asp Leu Lys Lys Val Leu Asp


                85                  90                  95


Gly Cys Ala Pro Leu Thr Arg Phe Thr Asn Lys Leu Arg Thr Phe Gly


            100                 105                 110


Arg Thr Phe Thr Glu Ala Tyr Val Asp Fhe Cys Ile Ala Tyr Lys His


        115                 120                 125


Lys Leu Pro Gln Leu Asn Ala Ala Ala Glu Leu Gly Ile Pro Ala Glu


    130                 135                 140


Asp Ser Tyr Leu Ala Ala Asp Phe Leu Gly Thr Cys Pro Lys Leu Ser


145                 150                 155                 160


Glu Leu Gln Gln Ser Arg Lys Met Phe Ala Ser Met Tyr Ala Leu Lys


                165                 170                 175


Thr Glu Gly Gly Val Val Asn Thr Pro Val Ser Asn Leu Arg Gln Leu


            180                 185                 190


Gly Arg Arg Glu Val Met


        195






and a molecular weight from about 20 to about 24 kDa, preferably about 22 kDa.

Another such DNA molecule (GLRaV-2 ORF7) includes nucleotides 14180-14665 of SEQ. ID. No. 1 and codes for a second undefined grapevine leafroll virus protein or polypeptide. This DNA molecule comprises a nucleotide sequence corresponding to SEQ. ID. No. 16 as follows:









ATGGAAGATT ACGAAGAAAA ATCCGAATCG CTCATACTGC TACGCACGAA TCTGAACACT
 60



ATGCTTTTAG TGGTCAAGTC CGATGCTAGT GTAGAGCTGC CTAAACTACT AATTTGCGGT
120


TACTTACGAG TGTCAGGACG TGGGGAGGTG ACGTGTTGCA ACCGTGAGGA ATTAACAAGA
180


GATTTTGAGG GCAATCATCA TACGGTGATC CGTTCTAGAA TCATACAATA TGACAGCGAG
240


TCTGCTTTTG AGGAATTCAA CAACTCTGAT TGCGTAGTGA AGTTTTTCCT AGAGACTGGT
300


AGTGTCTTTT GGTTTTTCCT TCGAAGTGAA ACCAAAGGTA GAGCGGTGCG ACATTTGCGC
360


ACCTTCTTCG AAGCTAACAA TTTCTTCTTT GGATCGCATT GCGGTACCAT GGAGTATTGT
420


TTGAAGCAGG TACTAACTGA AACTGAATCT ATAATCGATT CTTTTTGCGA AGAAAGAAAT
480


CGTTAA
486






The second undefined grapevine leafroll virus protein or polypeptide has a deduced amino acid sequence corresponding to SEQ. ID. No. 17 as follows:









Met Glu Asp Tyr Glu Glu Lys Ser Glu Ser Leu Ile Leu Leu Arg Thr



1               5                   10                  15


Asn Leu Asn Thr Met Leu Leu Val Val Lys Ser Asp Ala Ser Val Glu


            20                  25                  30


Leu Pro Lys Leu Leu Ile Cys Gly Tyr Leu Arg Val Ser Gly Arg Gly


        35                  40                  45


Glu Val Thr Cys Cys Asn Arg Glu Glu Leu Thr Arg Asp Phe Glu Gly


    50                  55                  60


Asn His His Thr Val Ile Arg Ser Arg Ile Ile Gln Tyr Asp Ser Glu


65                  70                  75                  80


Ser Ala Phe Glu Glu Phe Asn Asn Ser Asp Cys Val Val Lys Phe Phe


                85                  90                  95


Leu Glu Thr Gly Ser Val Phe Trp Phe Phe Leu Arg Ser Glu Thr Lys


            100                 105                 110


Gly Arg Ala Val Arg His Leu Arg Thr Phe Phe Glu Ala Asn Asn Phe


        115                 120                 125


Phe Phe Gly Ser His Cys Gly Thr Mat Glu Tyr Cys Leu Lys Gln Val


    130                 135                 140


Leu Thr Glu Thr Glu Ser Ile Ile Asp Ser Phe Cys Glu Glu Arg Asn


145                 150                 155                 160


Arg






and a molecular weight from about 17 to about 21 kDa, preferably about 19 kDa.

Yet another such DNA molecule (GLRaV-2 ORF8) includes nucleotides 14667-15284 of SEQ. ID. No. 1 and codes for a third undefined grapevine leafroll virus protein or polypeptide. This DNA molecule comprises a nucleotide sequence corresponding to SEQ. ID. No. 18 as follows:









ATGAGGGTTA TAGTGTCTCC TTATGAAGCT GAAGACATTC TGAAAAGATC GACTGACATG
 60



TTACGAAACA TAGACAGTGG GGTCTTGAGC ACTAAAGAAT GTATCAAGGC ATTCTCGACG
120


ATAACGCGAG ACCTACATTG TGCGAAGGCT TCCTACCAGT GGGGTGTTGA CACTGGGTTA
180


TATCAGCGTA ATTGCGCTGA AAAACGTTTA ATTGACACGG TGGAGTCAAA CATACGGTTG
240


GCTCAACCTC TCGTGCGTGA AAAAGTGGCG GTTCATTTTT GTAAGGATGA ACCAAAAGAG
300


CTAGTAGCAT TCATCACGCG AAAGTACGTG GAACTCACGG GCGTGGGAGT GAGAGAAGCG
360


GTGAAGAGGG AAATGCGCTC TCTTACCAAA ACAGTTTTAA ATAAAATGTC TTTGGAAATG
420


GCGTTTTACA TGTCACCACG AGCGTGGAAA AACGCTGAAT GGTTAGAACT AAAATTTTCA
480


CCTGTGAAAA TCTTTAGAGA TCTGCTATTA GACGTGGAAA CGCTCAACGA ATTGTGCGCC
540


GAAGATGATG TTCACGTCGA CAAAGTAAAT GAGAATGGGG ACGAAAATCA CGACCTCGAA
600


CTCCAAGACG AATGTTAA
618






The third undefined protein or polypeptide has a deduced amino acid sequence corresponding to SEQ. ED. No. 19 as follows:









Met Arg Val Ile Val Ser Pro Tyr Glu Ala Glu Asp Ile Leu Lys Arg



1               5                   10                  15


Ser Thr Asp Met Leu Arg Asn Ile Asp Ser Gly Val Leu Ser Thr Lys


            20                  25                  30


Glu Cys Ile Lys Ala Phe Ser Thr Ile Thr Arg Asp Leu His Cys Ala


        35                  40                  45


Lys Ala Ser Tyr Gln Trp Gly Val Asp Thr Gly Leu Tyr Gln Arg Asn


    50                  55                  60


Cys Ala Glu Lys Arg Leu Ile Asp Thr Val Glu Ser Asn Ile Arg Leu


65                  70                  75                  80


Ala Gln Pro Leu Val Arg Glu Lys Val Ala Val His Phe Cys Lys Asp


                85                  90                  95


Glu Pro Lys Glu Leu Val Ala Phe Ile Thr Arg Lys Tyr Val Glu Leu


            100                 105                 110


Thr Gly Val Gly Val Arg Glu Ala Val Lys Arg Glu Met Arg Ser Leu


        115                 120                 125


Thr Lys Thr Val Leu Asn Lys Met Ser Leu Glu Met Ala Phe Tyr Met


    130                 135                 140


Ser Pro Arg Ala Trp Lys Asn Ala Glu Trp Leu Glu Leu Lys Phe Ser


145                 150                 155                 160


Pro Val Lys Ile Phe Arg Asp Leu Leu Leu Asp Val Glu Thr Leu Asn


                165                 170                 175


Glu Leu Cys Ala Glu Asp Asp Val His Val Asp Lys Val Asn Glu Asn


            180                 185                 190


Gly Asp Glu Asn His Asp Leu Glu Leu Gln Asp Glu Cys


        195                 200                 205






and a molecular weight from about 22 to about 26 kDa, preferably about 24 kDa.

Another DNA molecule of the present invention (GLRaV-2 3′ UTR) includes nucleotides 15285-15500 of SEQ. ID. No. 1 and comprises a nucleotide sequence corresponding to SEQ. ID. No. 23 as follows:









ACATTGGTTA AGTTTAACGA AAATGATTAG TAAATAATAA ATCGAACGTG GGTGTATCTA
 60



CCTGACGTAT CAACTTAAGC TGTTACTGAG TAATTAAACC AACAAGTGTT GGTGTAATGT
120


GTATGTTGAT GTAGAGAAAA ATCCGTTTGT AGAACGGTGT TTTTCTCTTC TTTATTTTTA
180


AAAAAAAAAT AAAAAAAAAA AAAAAAAAGC GGCCGC
216






Also encompassed by the present invention are fragments of the DNA molecules of the present invention. Suitable fragments capable of imparting grapevine leafroll resistance to grape plants are constructed by using appropriate restriction sites, revealed by inspection of the DNA molecule's sequence, to: (i) insert an interposon (Felley et al., “Interposon Mutagenesis of Soil and Water Bacteria: a Family of DNA Fragments Designed for in vitro Insertion Mutagenesis of Gram-negative Bacteria,” Gene, 52:147-15 (1987), which is hereby incorporated by reference) such that truncated forms of the grapevine leafroll virus coat polypeptide or protein, that lack various amounts of the C-terminus, can be produced or (ii) delete various internal portions of the protein. Alternatively, the sequence can be used to amplify any portion of the coding region, such that it can be cloned into a vector supplying both transcription and translation start signals.
Suitable DNA molecules are those that hybridize to a DNA molecule comprising a nucleotide sequence of at least 15 continuous bases of SEQ. ID. No. 1 under stringent conditions characterized by a hybridization buffer comprising 0.9M sodium citrate (“SSC”) buffer at a temperature of 37° C. and remaining bound when subject to washing with SSC buffer at 37° C.; and preferably in a hybridization buffer comprising 20% formamide in 0.9M saline/0.9M SSC buffer at a temperature of 42° C. and remaining bound when subject to washing at 42° C. with 0.2×SSC buffer at 42° C.
Variants may also (or alternatively) be modified by, for example, the deletion or addition of nucleotides that have minimal influence on the properties, secondary structure and hydropathic nature of the encoded polypeptide. For example, the nucleotides encoding a polypeptide may be conjugated to a signal (or leader) sequence at the N-terminal end of the protein which co-translationally or post-translationally directs transfer of the protein. The nucleotide sequence may also be altered so that the encoded polypeptide is conjugated to a linker or other sequence for ease of synthesis, purification, or identification of the polypeptide.
The protein or polypeptide of the present invention is preferably produced in purified form preferably at least about 80%, more preferably 90%, pure, )by conventional techniques. Typically, the protein or polypeptide of the present invention is isolated by lysing and sonication. After washing, the lysate pellet is resuspended in buffer containing, Tris-HCl. During dialysis, a precipitate forms from this protein solution. The solution is centrifuged, and the pellet is washed and resuspended in the buffer containing, Tris-HCl. Proteins are resolved by electrophoresis through an SDS 12% polyacrylamide gel.
The DNA molecule encoding the grapevine leafroll virus (type 2) protein or polypeptide of the present invention can be incorporated in cells using conventional recombinant DNA technology. Generally, this involves inserting the DNA molecule into an expression system to which the DNA molecule is heterologous (i.e. not normally present). The heterologous DNA molecule is inserted into the expression system or vector in proper sense orientation and correct reading frame. The vector contains the necessary elements for the transcription and translation of the inserted protein-coding sequences.
U.S. Pat. No. 4,237,224 to Cohen and Boyer, which is hereby incorporated by reference, describes the production of expression systems in the form of recombinant plasmids using restriction enzyme cleavage and ligation with DNA ligase. These recombinant plasmids are then introduced by means of transformation and replicated in unicellular cultures including procaryotic organisms and eucaryotic cells grown in tissue culture.
Recombinant genes may also be introduced into viruses, such as vaccinia virus. Recombinant viruses can be generated by transfection of plasmids into cells infected with virus.
Suitable vectors include, but are not limited to, the following viral vectors such as lambda vector system gt11, gt WES.tB, Charon 4, and plasmid vectors such as pBR322, pBR325, pACYC177, pACYC184, pUC8, pUC9, pUC18, pUC19, pLG339, pR290, pKC37, pKC101, SV 40, pBluescript II SK+/− or KS+/− (see “Stratagene Cloning Systems” Catalog (1993) from Stratagene, La Jolla. Calif., which is hereby incorporated by reference), pQE, pIH21, pGEX, pET series (see Studier et. al., “Use of T7 RNA Polymerase to Direct Expression of Cloned Genes,” Gene Expression Technology, Vol. 185 (1990), which is hereby incorporated by reference), and any derivatives thereof. Recombinant molecules can be introduced into cells via transformation, transduction, conjugation, mobilization, or electroporation. The DNA sequences are cloned into the vector using standard cloning procedures in the art, as described by Maniatis et al., Molecular Cloning: A Laboratory Manual, Cold Springs Laboratory, Cold Springs Harbor, N.Y. (1982), which is hereby incorporated by reference.
A variety of host vector systems may be utilized to express the protein-encoding sequence(s). Primarily, the vector system must be compatible with the host cell used. Host-vector systems include but are not limited to the following: bacteria transformed with bacteriophage DNA, plasmid DNA, or cosmid DNA; microorganisms, such as yeast containing yeast vectors; mammalian cell systems infected with virus (e.g., vaccinia virus, adenovirus, etc.); insect cell systems infected with virus (e.g., baculovirus); and plant cells infected by bacteria or transformed via particle bombardment (i.e. biolistics). The expression elements of these vectors vary in their strength and specificities. Depending upon the host-vector system utilized, any one of a number of suitable transcription and translation elements can be used.
Different genetic signals sand processing events control many levels of gene expression (e.g., DNA transcription and messenger RNA (“mRNA”) translation).
Transcription of DNA is dependent upon the presence of a promoter which is a DNA sequence that directs the binding of RNA polymerase and thereby promotes mRNA synthesis. The DNA sequences of eucaryotic promoters differ from those of procaryotic promoters. Furthermore, eucaryotic promoters and accompanying genetic signals may not be recognized in or may not function in a procaryotic system, and, further, procaryotic promoters are not recognized and do not function in eucaryotic cells.
Similarly, translation of mRNA in procaryotes depends upon the presence of the proper procaryotic signals which differ from those of eucaryotes. Efficient translation of mRNA in procaryotes requires a ribosome binding site called the Shine-Dalgarno (“SD”) sequence on the mRNA. This sequence is a short nucleotide sequence of mRNA that is located before the start codon, usually AUG, which encodes tie amino-terminal methionine of the protein. The SD sequences are complementary to the 3′-end of the 16S rRNA (ribosomal RNA) and probably promote binding of mRNA to ribosomes by duplexing with the rRNA to allow correct positioning of the ribosome. For a review on maximizing gene expression, see Roberts and Lauer, Methods in Enzymology, 68-473 (1979), which is hereby incorporated by reference.
Promoters vary in their “strength” (i.e. their ability to promote transcription). For the purposes of expressing a cloned gene, it is desirable to use strong promoters in order to obtain a high level transcription and, hence, expression of the gene. Depending upon the host cell system utilized, any one of a number of suitable promoters maybe used. For instance, when cloning in E. coli, its bacteriophages, or plasmids, promoters such as the T7 phage promoter, lac promoter, trp promoter, recA promoter, ribosomal RNA promoter, the PR and PL promoters of coliphage lambda and others, including but not limited, to lacUV5, ompF, bla, lpp, and the like, may be used to direct high levels of transcription of adjacent DNA segments. Additionally, a hybrid trp-lacUV5 (tac) promoter other E. coli promoter produced by recombinant DNA or other synthetic DNA techniques may be used to provide for transcription of the inserted gene.
Bacterial host cell strains and expression vectors may be chosen which inhibit the action of the promoter unless specifically induced. In certain operons, the addition of specific inducers is necessary for efficient transcription of the inserted DNA.
For example, the lac operon is induced by the addition of lactose or IPTG (isopropylthiobeta-D-galactoside). A variety of other operons, such trp, pro, etc., are under different controls.
Specific initiation signals are also required for efficient gene transcription and translation in procaryotic cells. These transcription and translation initiation signals may vary in “strength” as measured by the quantity of gene specific messenger RNA and protein synthesized, respectively. The DNA expression vector, which contains a promoter, may also contain any combination of various “strong” transcription and/or translation initiation signals. For instance, efficient translation in E. coli requires a Shine-Dalgarno (“SD”) sequence about 7-9 bases 5′ to the initiation codon (“ATG”) to provide a ribosome binding site. Thus, any SD-ATG combination that can be utilized by host cell ribosomes may be employed. Such combinations include but are not limited to the SD-ATG combination from the cro gene or the N gene of coliphage lambda, or from the E. coli tryptophan E, D, C, B or A genes. Additionally, any SD-ATG combination produced by recombinant DNA or other techniques involving incorporation of synthetic nucleotides may be used.
Once the isolated DNA molecules encoding the various grapevine leafroll virus (type 2) proteins or polypeptides, as described above, have been cloned into an expression system, they are ready to be incorporated into a host cell. Such incorporation can be carried out by the various forms of transformation noted above, depending upon the vector/host cell system. Suitable host cells include, but are not limited to, bacteria, virus, yeast, mammalian cells, insect, plant, and the like.
The present invention also relates to RNA molecules which encode the various grapevine leafroll virus (type 2) proteins or polypeptides described above. The transcripts can be synthesized using the host cells of the present invention by any of the conventional techniques. The mRNA can be translated either in vitro or in vivo. Cell-free systems typically include wheat-germ or reticulocyte extracts. In vivo translation can be effected, for example, by microinjection into frog oocytes.
One aspect of the present invention involves using one or more of the above DNA molecules encoding the various proteins or polypeptides of a grapevine leafroll virus (type 2) to transform grape plants in order to impart grapevine leafroll resistance to the plants. The mechanism by which resistance is imparted is not known. In one hypothetical mechanism, the transformed plant can express a protein or polypeptide of grapevine leafroll virus (type 2), and, when the transformed plant is inoculated by a grapevine leafroll virus, such as GLRaV-1, GLRaV-2, GLRaV-3, GLRaV-4, GLRaV-5, or GLRaV-6, or combinations of these, the expressed protein or polypeptide prevents translation of the viral DNA.
In this aspect of the present invention the subject DNA molecule incorporated in the plant can be constitutively expressed. Alternatively, expression can be regulated by a promoter which is activated by the presence of grapevine leafroll virus. Suitable promoters for these purposes include those from genes expressed in response to grapevine leafroll virus infiltration.
The isolated DNA molecules of the present invention can be utilized to impart grapevine leafroll virus resistance for a wide variety of grapevine plants. The DNA molecules are particularly well suited to imparting resistance to Vitis scion or rootstock cultivars. Scion cultivars which can be protected include those commonly referred to as Table or Raisin Grapes, such as Alden, Almeria, Anab-E-Shahi, Autumn Black, Beauty Seedless, Black Corinth, Black Damascus, Black Malvoisie, Black Prince, Blackrose, Bronx Seedless, Burgrave, Calmeria, Campbell Early, Canner, Cardinal, Catawba, Christmas, Concord, Dattier, Delight, Diamond, Dizmar, Duchess, Early, Muscat, Emerald Seedless, Emperor, Exotic, Ferdinand de Lesseps, Fiesta, Flame seedless, Flame Tokay, Gasconade, Gold, Himrod, Hunisa, Hussiene, Isabella, Italia, July Muscat, Khandahar, Katta, Kourgane, Kishmishi, Loose Perlette, Malaga, Monukka, Muscat of Alexandria, Muscat Flame, Muscat Hamburg, New York Muscat, Niabell, Niagara, Olivette blanche, Ontario, Pierce, Queen, Red Malaga, Ribier, Rish Baba, Romulus, Ruby Seedless, Schuyler, Seneca, Suavis (IP 365), Thompson seedless, land Thomuscat. They also include those used in wine production, such as Aleatico, Alicante Bouschet, Aligote, Alvarelhao, Aramon, Baco blanc (22A), Burger, Cabernet franc, Cabernet, Sauvignon, Calzin, Carignane, Charbono, Chardonnay, Chasselas dore, Chenin blanc, Clairette blanche, Early Burgundy, Emerald Riesling, Feher Szagos, Fernao Pires, Flora, French Colombard, Fresia, Furmint, Gamay, Gewurztraminer, Grand noir, Gray Riesling, Green Hungarian, Green Veltliner, Grenache, Grillo, Helena, Inzolia, Lalgrein, Lambrusco de Salamino, Malbec, Malvasia bianca, Mataro, Melon, Merlot, Meunier, Mission, Montua de Pilas, Muscadelle du Bordelais, Muscat blanc, Muscat Ottonel, Muscat Saint-Vallier, Nebbiolo, Nebbiolo fino, Nebbiolo Lampia, Orange Muscat, Palomino, Pedro Ximenes, Petit Bouschet, Petite Sirah, Peverella, Pinot noir, Pinot Saint-George, Primitivo di Gioa, Red Veltliner, Refosco, Rkatsiteli, Royalty, Rubired, Ruby Cabernet, Saint-Emilion, Saint Macaire, Salvador, Sangiovese, Sauvignon blanc, Sauvignon gris, Sauvignon vert, Scarlet, Seibel 5279, Seibel 9110, Seibel 13053, Semillon, Servant, Shiraz, Souzao, Sultana Crimson, Sylvaner, Tannat, Teroldico, Tinta Madeira, Tinto cao, Touriga, Traminer, Trebbiano Toscano, Trousseau, Valdepen as, Viognier, Walschriesling, White Riesling, and Zinfandel. Rootstock cultivars which can be protected include Couderc 1202, Couderc 1613, Couderc 1616, Couderc 3309, Dog Ridge, Foex 33 EM, Freedom, Ganzin 1 (A×R #1), Harmony, Kober 5BB, LN33, Millardet & de Grasset 41 B, Millardet & de Grasset 420A, Millardet & de Grasset 101-14, Oppenheim 4 (SO4), Paulsen 775, Paulsen 1045, Paulsen 1103, Richter 99, Richter 110, Riparia Gloire, Ruggeri 225, Saint-George, Salt Creek, Teleki 5A, Vitis rupestris Constantia, Vitis california, and Vitis girdiana. 
There exists an extensive similarity in the hsp70-related sequence regions of GLRaV-2 and other closteroviruses, such as tristeza virus and beet yellows virus. Consequently, the GLRaV-2 hsp70-related gene can also be used to produce transgenic plants or cultivars other than grape, such as citrus or sugar beet, which are resistant to closteroviruses other than grapevine leafroll, such as tristeza virus and beet yellows virus.
Suitable citrus cultivars include lemon, lime, orange, grapefruit, pineapple, tangerine, and the like, such as Joppa, Maltaise Ovale, Parson (Parson Brown), Pera, Pineapple, Queen, Shamouti, Valencia, Tenerife, Imperial Doblefina, Washington Sanguine, Moro, Sanguinello Moscato, Spanish Sanguinelli, Tarocco, Atwood, Australian, Bahia, Baiana, Cram, Dalmau, Eddy, Fisher, Frost Washington, Gillette, LengNavelina, Washington, Satsuma Mandarin, Dancy, Robinson, Ponkan, Duncan, Marsh, Pink Marsh, Ruby Red, Red Seedless, Smooth Seville, Orlando Tangelo, Eureka, Lisbon, Meyer Lemon, Rough Lemon, Sour Orange, Persian Lime, West Indian Lime, Bearss, Sweet Lime, Troyer Citrange, and Citrus Trifoliata. Each of these citrus cultivars is suitable for producing transgenic citrus plants resistant to tristeza virus.
The economically important species of sugar beet is Beta vulgaris L., which has four important cultivar types: sugar beet, table beet, fodder beet, and Swiss chard. Each of these beet cultivars is suitable for producing transgenic beet plants resistant to beet yellows virus, as described above.
Because GLRaV-2 has been known to infect tobacco plants (e.g., Nicotiana benthamiana), it is also desirable to produce transgenic tobacco plants which are resistant to grapevine leafroll viruses, such as GLRaV-2.
Plant tissue suitable for transformation include leaf tissue, root tissue, meristems, zygotic and somatic embryos, and anthers. It is particularly preferred to utilize embryos obtained from anther cultures.
The expression system of the present invention can be used to transform virtually any plant tissue under suitable conditions. Tissue cells transformed in accordance with the present invention can be grown in vitro in a suitable medium to impart grapevine leafroll virus resistance. Transformed cells can be regenerated into whole plants such that the protein or polypeptide imparts resistance to grapevine leafroll virus in the intact transgenic plants. In either case, the plant cells transformed with the recombinant DNA expression system of the present invention are grown and caused to express that DNA molecule to produce one of the above-described grapevine leafroll virus proteins or polypeptides and, thus, to impart grapevine leafroll virus resistance.
In producing transgenic plants, the DNA construct in a vector described above can be microinjected directly into plant cells by use of micropipettes to transfer mechanically the recombinant DNA. Crossway, Mol. Gen. Genetics, 202:179-85 (1985), which is hereby incorporated by reference. The genetic material may also be transferred into the plant cell using polyethylene glycol. Krens, et al., Nature, 296:72-74 (1982), which is hereby incorporated by reference.
One technique of transforming plants with the DNA molecules in accordance with the present invention is by contacting the tissue of such plants with an inoculum of a bacteria transformed with a vector comprising a gene in accordance with the present invention which imparts grapevine leafroll resistance. Generally, this procedure involves inoculating the plant tissue with a suspension of bacteria and incubating the tissue for 48 to 72 hours on regeneration medium without antibiotics at 25-28° C.
Bacteria from the genus Agrobacterium can be utilized to transform plant cells. Suitable species of such bacterium include Agrobacterium tumefaciens and Agrobacterium rhizogenes. Agrobacterium tumefaciens (e.g., strains C58, LBA4404, or EHA105) is particularly useful due to its well-known ability to transform plants.
Heterologous genetic sequences can be introduced into appropriate plant cells, by means of the Ti plasmid of A. tumefaciens or the Ri plasmid of A. rhizogenes. The Ti or Ri plasmid is transmitted to plant cells on infection by Agrobacterium and is stably integrated into the plant genome. J. Schell, Science, 237:1176-83 (1987), which is hereby incorporated by reference.
After transformation, the transformed plant cells must be regenerated.
Plant regeneration from cultured protoplasts is described in Evans eat al., Handbook of Plant Cell Cultures, Vol. 1: (MacMillan Publishing Co., New York, 1983); and Vasil I. R. (ed.), Cell Culture and Somatic Cell Genetics of Plants, Acad. Press, Orlando, Vol. I, 1984, and Vol. III (1986), which are hereby incorporated by reference.
It is known that practically all plants can be regenerated from cultured cells or tissues, including but not limited to, all major species of sugarcane, sugar beets, cotton, fruit trees, and legumes.
Means for regeneration vary from species to species of plants, but generally suspension of transformed protoplasts or a petri plate containing explants is first provided. Callus tissue is formed and shoots may be induced from callus and subsequently rooted. Alternatively, embryo formation can be induced in the callus tissue. These embryos germinate as natural embryos to form plants. The culture media will generally contain various amino acids and hormones, such as auxin and cytokinins. It is also advantageous to add glutamic acid and proline to the medium. Efficient regeneration will depend on the medium, on the genotype, and on the history of the culture. If these three variables are controlled, then regeneration is usually reproducible and repeatable.
After the expression cassette is stably incorporated in transgenic plants, it can be transferred to other plants by sexual crossing. Any of a number of standard breeding techniques can be used, depending upon the species to be crossed.
Once transgenic plants of this type are produced, the plants themselves can be cultivated in accordance with conventional procedure so that the DNA construct is present in the resulting plants. Alternatively, transgenic seeds are recovered from the transgenic plants. These seeds can then be planted in the soil and cultivated using conventional procedures to produce transgenic plants.
Another approach to transforming plant cells with a gene which imparts resistance to pathogens is particle bombardment (also known as biolistic transformation) of the host cell. This can be accomplished in one of several ways. The first involves propelling inert or biologically active particles at cells. This technique is disclosed in U.S. Pat. Nos. 4,945,050, 5,036,006, and 5,100,792, all to Sanford et al., and in Emerschad et al., “Somatic Embryogenesis and Plant Development from Immature Zygotic Embryos of Seedless Grapes (Vitis vinifera),” Plant Cell Reports, 14:6-12 (1995) (“Emerschad (1995)”), which are hereby incorporated by reference. Generally, this procedure involves propelling inert or biologically active particles at the cells under conditions effective to penetrate the outer surface of the cell and to be incorporated within the interior thereof. When inert particles are utilized, the vector can be introduced into the cell by coating the particles with the vector containing the heterologous DNA. Alternatively, the target cell can be surrounded by the vector so that the vector is carried into the cell by the wake of the particle. Biologically active particles (e.g., dried bacterial cells containing the vector and heterologous DNA) can also be propelled into plant, cells.
Once a grape plant tissue, citrus plant tissue, beet plant tissue, or tobacco plant tissue is transformed in accordance with the present invention, the transformed tissue is regenerated to form a transgenic plant. Generally, regeneration is accomplished by culturing transformed tissue on medium containing the appropriate growth regulators and nutrients to allow for the initiation of shoot meristems. Appropriate antibiotics are added to the regeneration medium to inhibit the growth of Agrobacterium and to select for the development of transformed cells. Following shoot initiation, shoots are allowed to develop tissue culture and are screened for marker gene activity.
The DNA molecules of the present invention can be made capable of transcription to a messenger RNA, which, although encoding for a grapevine leafroll virus (type 2) protein or polypeptide, does not translate to the protein. This is known as RNA-mediated resistance. When a Vitis scion or rootstock cultivar, or a citrus, beet, or tobacco cultivar, is transformed with such a DNA molecule, the DNA molecule can be transcribed under conditions effective to maintain the messenger RNA in the plant cell at low level density readings. Density readings of between 15 and 50 using a Hewlet ScanJet and Image Analysis Program are preferred.
A portion of one or more DNA molecules of the present invention as well as other DNA molecules can be used in a transgenic grape plant, citrus plant, beet plant, or tobacco plant in accordance with U.S. patent application Ser. No. 09/025,635, which is hereby incorporated herein by reference.
The grapevine leafroll virus (type 2) protein or polypeptide of the present invention can also be used to raise antibodies or binding portions thereof or probes. The antibodies can be monoclonal or polyclonal.
Monoclonal antibody production may be effected by techniques which are well-known in the art. Basically, the process involves first obtaining immune cells (lymphocytes) from the spleen of a mammal (e.g., mouse) which has been previously immunized with the antigen of interest either in vivo or in vitro. The antibody-secreting lymphocytes are then fused with (mouse) myeloma cells or transformed cells, which are capable of replicating indefinitely in cell culture, thereby producing an-immortal, immunoglobulin-secreting cell line. The resulting fused cells, or hybridomas, are cultured, and the resulting colonies screened for the production of the desired monoclonal antibodies. Colonies producing such antibodies are cloned, and grown either in vivo or in vitro to produce large quantities of antibody. A description of the theoretical basis and practical methodology of fusing such cells is set forth in Kohler and Milstein, Nature, 256:495 (1975), which is hereby incorporated by reference.
Mammalian lymphocytes are immunized by in vivo immunization of the animal (e.g., a mouse) with the protein or polypeptide of the present invention. Such immunizations are repeated as necessary at intervals of up to several weeks to obtain a sufficient titer of antibodies. Following the last antigen boost, the animals are sacrificed and spleen cells removed.
Fusion with mammalian myeloma cells or other fusion partners capable of replicating indefinitely in cell culture is effected by standard and well-known techniques, for example, by using polyethylene glycol (“PEG”) or other fusing agents. (See Milstein and Kohler, Eur. J. Immunol., 6:511 (1976), which is hereby incorporated by reference.) This immortal cell line, which is preferably murine, but may also be derived from cells of other mammalian species, including but not limited to rats and humans, is selected to be deficient in enzymes necessary for the utilization of certain nutrients, to be capable of rapid growth, and to have good fusion capability. Many such cell lines are known,to those skilled in the art, and others are regularly described.
Procedures for raising polyclonal antibodies are also well known. Typically, such antibodies can be raised by administering the protein or polypeptide of the present invention subcutaneously to New Zealand white rabbits which have first been bled to obtain pre-immune serum. The antigens can be injected at a total volume of 100 μl per site at six different sites. Each injected material will contain synthetic surfactant adjuvant pluronic polyols, or pulverized acrylamide gel containing the protein or polypeptide after SDS-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis. The rabbits are then bled two weeks after the first injection and periodically boosted with the same antigen three times every six weeks. A sample of serum is then collected 10 days after each boost. Polyclonal antibodies are then recovered from the serum by affinity chromatography using the corresponding antigen to capture the antibody. Ultimately, the rabbits are euthenized with pentobarbital 150 mg/Kg IV. This and other procedures for raising polyclonal antibodies are disclosed in Harlow et. al., editors, Antibodies: A Laboratory Manual (1988), which is hereby incorporated by reference.
In addition to utilizing whole antibodies, binding portions of such antibodies can be used. Such binding portions include Fab fragments, F(ab′)2 fragments, and Fv fragments. These antibody fragments can be made by conventional procedures, such as proteolytic fragmentation procedures, as described in Goding, Monoclonal Antibodies: Principles and Practice, New York: Academic Press, pp. 98-118 (1983), which is hereby incorporated by reference.
The present invention also relates to probes found either in nature or prepared synthetically by recombinant DNA procedures or other biological procedures. Suitable probes are molecules which bind to grapevine leafroll (type 2) viral antigens identified by the monoclonal antibodies of the present invention. Such probes can be, for example, proteins, peptides, lectins, or nucleic acid probes.
The antibodies or binding portions thereof or probes can be administered to grapevine leafroll virus infected scion cultivars or rootstock cultivars. Alternatively, at least the binding portions of these antibodies can be sequenced, and the encoding DNA synthesized. The encoding DNA molecule can be used to transform plants together with a promoter which causes expression of the encoded antibody when the plant is infected by grapevine leafroll virus. In either case, the antibody or binding portion thereof or probe will bind to the virus and help prevent the usual leafroll response.
Antibodies raised against the GLRaV-2 proteins or polypeptides of the present invention or binding portions of these antibodies can be utilized in a method for detection of grapevine leafroll virus in a sample of tissue, such as tissue (e.g., scion or rootstock) from a grape plant or tobacco plant. Antibodies or binding portions thereof suitable for use in the detection method include those raised against a helicase, a methyltransferase, a papain-like protease, an RNA-dependent RNA polymerase, a heat shock 70 protein, a heat shock 90 protein, a coat protein, a diverged coat protein, or other proteins or polypeptides in accordance with the present invention. Any reaction of the sample with the antibody is detected using an assay system which indicates the presence of grapevine leafroll virus in the sample. A variety of assay systems can be employed, such as enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays, radioimmunoassays, gel diffusion precipitin reaction assays, immunodiffusion assays, agglutination assays, fluorescent immunoassays, protein A immunoassays, or immunoelectrophoresis assays.
Alternatively, grapevine leafroll virus can be detected in such a sample using a nucleotide sequence of the DNA molecule, or a fragment thereof, encoding for a protein or polypeptide of the present invention. The nucleotide sequence is provided as a probe in a nucleic acid hybridization assay or a gene amplification detection procedure (e.g., using a polymerase chain reaction procedure). The nucleic acid probes of the present invention may be used in any nucleic acid hybridization assay system known in the art, including, but not limited to, Southern blots (Southern, E. M., “Detection of Specific Sequences Among DNA Fragments Separated by Gel Electrophoresis,” J. Mol. Biol., 98:503-17 (1975), which is hereby incorporated by reference), Northern blots (Thomas, P. S., “Hybridization of Denatured RNA and Small DNA Fragments Transferred to Nitrocellulose,” Proc. Nat'l Acad. Sci. USA, 77:5201-05 (1980), which is hereby incorporated by reference), and Colony blots (Grunstein, M., et al., “Colony Hybridization: A Method for the Isolation of Cloned cDNAs that Contain a Specific Gene,” Proc. Nat'l Acad. Sci. USA, 72:3961-65 (1975), which is hereby incorporated by reference). Alternatively, the probes can be used in a gene amplification detection procedure (e.g., a polymerase chain reaction). Erlich, H. A., et. al., “Recent Advances in the Polymerase Chain Reaction,” Science 252:1643-51 (1991), which is hereby incorporated by reference. Any reaction with the probe is detected so that the presence of a grapevine leafroll virus in the sample is indicated. Such detection is facilitated by providing the probe of the present invention with a label. Suitable labels include a radioactive compound, a fluorescent compound, a chemiluminescent compound, an enzymatic compound, or other equivalent nucleic acid labels.
Depending upon the desired scope of detection, it is possible to utilize probes having nucleotide sequences that correspond with conserved or variable regions of the ORF or UTR. For example, to distinguish a grapevine leafroll virus from other related viruses (e.g., other closteroviruses), it is desirable to use probes which contain nucleotide sequences that correspond to sequences more highly conserved among all grapevine leafroll viruses. Also, to distinguish between different grapevine leafroll viruses (i.e., GLRaV-2 from GLRaV-1, GLRaV-3, GLRaV-4, GLRaV-5, and GLRaV-6), it is desirable to utilize probes containing nucleotide sequences that correspond to sequences less highly conserve among the different grapevine leafroll viruses.
Nucleic acid (DNA or RNA) probes of the present invention will hybridize to complementary GLRaV-2 nucleic acid under stringent conditions. Generally, stringent conditions are selected to be about 50° C. lower than the thermal melting point (Tm) for the specific sequence at a defined ionic strength and pH. The Tm is the temperature (under defined ionic strength and pH) at which 50% of the target sequence hybridizes to a perfectly matched probe. The Tm is dependent upon the solution conditions and the base composition of the probe, and may be calculated using the following equation: 



  
    
      
        
          
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Nonspecific binding may also be controlled using any one of a number of known techniques such as, for example, blocking the membrane with protein-containing solutions, addition of heterologous RNA, DNA, and SDS to the hybridization buffer, and treatment with, RNase. Wash conditions are typically performed at or below stringency. Generally, suitable stringent conditions for nucleic acid hybridization assays or gene amplification detection procedures are as set forth above. More or less stringent conditions may also be selected.

EXAMPLES
The following examples are provided to illustrate embodiments of the present invention but are by no means intended to limit its scope.
Example 1
Northern Hybridization
Specificity of the selected clones was confirmed by Northern hybridization. Northern hybridization was performed after electrophoresis of the dsRNA of GLRaV-2 in 1% agarose non-denaturing condition gel. The agarose gel was denatured by soaking in 50 mM NaOH containing 0.4 M NaCl for 30 min, and then neutralized with 0.1 M Tris-HCl (PH7.5) containing 0.5 M NaCl for another 30 min. RNA was sandwich blotted overnight onto GenescreenTM plus membrane (Dupont NEN Research Product) in 10×SSC buffer and hybridized as described by the manufacturer's instructions (DuPont, NEN).
Example 2
Sequencing and Computer Assisted Nucleotide and Amino Acid Sequence Analysis
DNA inserts were sequenced in pBluescript SK+ by using T3 and T7 universal primers for the terminal region sequence and additional oligonucleotide primers designed according to the known sequence for the internal region sequence. Purification of plasmid DNA was performed by a modified mini alkaline-lysis/PEG precipitation procedure described by the manufacturer (Applied Biosystems, Inc.). Nucleotide sequencing was performed on both strands of cDNA by using ABI TaqDyeDeoxy Terminator Cycle Sequencing Kit (Applied Biosystems, Inc.). Automatic sequencing was performed on an ABI373 Automated Sequencer (Applied Biosystems, Inc.) at Cornell University, Geneva, N.Y.
The nucleotide sequences of GLRaV-2 were assembled and analyzed with the programs of EditSeq and SeqMan, respectively, of DNASTAR package (Madison, Wis.). Amino acid sequences deduced from nucleotide sequences and its encoding open reading frames were conducted using the MapDraw program. Multiple alignments of amino acid sequences, identification of consensus amino acid sequences, and generation of phylogenetic trees were performed using the Clustal method in the MegAlign program. The nucleotide and amino acid sequences of other closteroviruses were obtained with the Entrez Program; and sequence comparisons with nonredundant databases were searched with the Blast Program from the National Center for Biotechnology Information.
Example 3
Isolation of dsRNA
Several vines of GLRaV-2 infected Vitis vinifera cv Pinot Noir that originated from a central New York vineyard served as the source for dsRNA isolation and cDNA cloning. dsRNA was extracted from phloem tissue of infected grapevines according to the method described by Hu et al., “Characterization of Closterovirus-Like Particles Associated with Grapevine Leafroll Disease,” J. Phytopathology 128:1-14 (1990), which is hereby incorporated by reference. Purification of the high molecular weight dsRNA (ca 15 kb) was carried out by electrophoretic separation of the total dsRNA on a 0.7% low melting point agarose gel and extraction by phenol/chloroform following the method described by Sambrook et al., Molecular Cloning: A Laboratory Manual, 2nd ed., Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press, New York (1989), which is hereby incorporated by reference. Concentration of dsRNA was estimated with UV fluorescent density of an ethidium bromide stained dsRNA band in comparison with a known concentration of DNA marker.
Example 4
cDNA Synthesis and Cloning
cDNA synthesis was performed following the method initially described by Jelkmann et al., “Cloning of Four Plant Viruses From Small Quantities of Double-Stranded RNA,” Phytopathology 79:1250-53 (1989) and modified by Ling et al., “The Coat Protein Gene of Grapevine Leafroll Associated Closterovirus-3: Cloning, Nucleotide Sequencing and Expression in Transgenic Plants,” Arch. Virology 142:1101-16 (1997), both of which are hereby incorporated by reference. About 100 ng of high molecular weight dsRNA purified from low melting agarose gel was denatured in 20 mM methylmercuric hydroxide and incubated at room temperature for 10 min with 350 ng of random primers. First strand cDNA was synthesized by using avian myeloblastosis virus (AMV) reverse transcriptase. Second strand cDNA was obtained by using RNase H and E.coli DNA polymerase I. Double-stranded cDNA was blunt ended with T4 DNA polymerase and ligated with EcoRI adapters. The cDNA, which had EcoRI adapters at the ends, was activated by kinase reaction and ligated into Lambda ZAPII/EcoRI prepared arms following the manufacturer's instruction (Stratagene). The recombinant DNA was then packaged in vitro to Gigapack® II packaging extract (Stratagene). The packaged phage particles were amplified and titered according to the manufacturer's instruction.
Two kinds of probes were used to identify GLRaV-2 specific clones from the library. One type was prepared from the synthesized cDNA that was amplified by, PCR after ligation to the specific EcoRI Uni-AmpTM adapters (Clontech); and the other type was DNA inserts or PCR products from already sequenced clones. Clones from the cDNA library were selected by colony-lifting hybridization onto the colony/plaque Screen membrane (NEN Research Product) with the probe described above. The probe was prepared by labeling with 32P [α-dATP] using Klenow fragment of E. coli DNA polymerase I. Prehybridization, hybridization, and washing steps were carried out at 65° C. according to the manufacturer's instruction (Dupont, NEN Research Product). Selected plaques were converted to recombinant pBluescript by in vivo excision method according to the manufacturer's instruction (Stratagene).
To obtain clones representing the extreme 3′-terminus of GLRaV-2, dsRNA was polyadenylated by yeast poly(A) polymerase. Using poly(A)-tailed dsRNA as template, cDNA was amplified by RT-PCR with oligo(dT)18 and a specific primer, CP-1/T7R, which is derived from the clone CP-1 and has a nucleotide sequence according to SEQ. ID. No. 20 as follows:

    TGCTGGAGCT TGAGGTTCTG C 21

The resulting PCR product (3′-PCR) was cloned into a TA vector (Invitrogen) and sequenced.



As shown in FIG. 1A, a high molecular weight dsRNA of ca. 15 kb was consistently identified from GLRaV-2 infected grapevines, but not from healthy vines. In addition, several low molecular weight dsRNAs were also detected from infected tissue. The yield of dsRNA of GLRaV-2 was estimated between 5-10 ng/15 g phloem tissue, which was much lower than that of GLRaV-3 (Hu et al., “Characterization of Closterovirus-Like Particles Associated with Grapevine Leafroll Disease,” J. Phytopathology 128:1-14 (1990), which is hereby incorporated by reference). Only the high molecular weight dsRNA that was purified from low melting point agarose gel was used for cDNA synthesis, cloning and establishment of the Lambda/ZAPII cDNA library.
Two kinds of probes were used for screening the cDNA library. The initial clones were identified by hybridization with Uni-AmpTM PCR-amplified cDNA as probes. The specificity of these clones (e.g., TC-1) ranging from 200 to 1,800 bp in size was confirmed by Northern hybridization to dsRNA of GLRaV-2 as shown in FIG. 1B. Additionally, over 40 different clones ranging form 800 to 7,500 bp in size were identified following hybridization with the probes generated from GLRaV-2 specific cDNA clones or from PCR products. Over 40 clones were then sequenced on the both strands (FIG. 2).
Example 5
Expression of the Coat Protein in E. coli and Immunoblotting
To determine that ORF6 was the coat protein gene of GLRaV-2, the complete ORF6 DNA molecule was subcloned from a PCR product and inserted into the fusion protein expression vector pMAL-C2 (New England Biolabs, Inc.). The specific primers used for the PCR reaction were CP-96F and CP-96R, in which an EcoRI or BamHI site was included to facilitate cloning. CP-96F was designed to include the start codon of the CP and comprises a nucleotide sequence according to SEQ. ID. NO. 21 as follows:

    CGGAATTCAC CATGGAGTTG ATGTCCGACA G 31

CP-96R was 66 nucleotides downstream of the stop codon of the CP and comprises the nucleotide sequence corresponding to SEQ. ID. No. 22 as follows:

    AGCGGATCCA TGGCAGATTC GTGCGTAGCA GTA 33

The coat protein was expressed as a fusion protein with maltose binding protein (MBP) of E. coli under the control of a “tac” promoter and suppressed by the “lac” repressor. The MBP-CP fusion protein was induced by adding 0.3 mM isopropyl-β-D-thio-galoactopyranoside (IPTG) and purified by a one step affinity column according to the manufacturer's instruction (New England, Biolabs, Inc). The MBP-CP fusion protein or the coat protein cleaved from the fusion protein was tested to react with specific antiserum of GLRaV-2 (kindly provided by Dr. Charles Greif of INRA, Colmar, France) on Western blot according to the method described by Hu et al., “Characterization of Closterovirus-Like Particles Associated with Grapevine Leafroll Disease,” J. Phytopathology 128:1-14 (1990), which is hereby incorporated by reference. In contrast, the non-recombinant plasmids or uninduced cells did not react to the antiserum of GLRaV-2.



Example 6
Sequence Analysis and Genome Organization of GLRaV-2
A total of 15,500 bp of the RNA genome of GLRaV-2 was sequenced and deposited in GenBank (accession number AF039204). About 85% of the total RNA genome was revealed from at least two different clones. The sequence in the coat protein gene region was determined and confirmed from several different overlapping clones. The genome organization of GLRaV-2, shown in FIG. 2, includes nine open reading frames (e.g., ORF1a, 1b-8).
ORF1a and ORF1b: Analysis of the amino acid sequence of the N-terminal portion of GLRaV-2 ORF1a encoded product revealed two putative papain-like protease domains, which showed significant similarity to the papain-like leader protease of BYV (Agranovsky et al., “Beet Yellows Closterovirus: Complete Genome Structure and Identification of a Papain-like Thiol Protease,” Virology 198:311-24 (1994), which is hereby incorporated by reference). Thus, it allowed prediction of the catalytic cysteine and histidine residues for the putative GLRaV-2 protease. Upon alignment of the sequence of the papain-like protease of BYV with that of GLRaV-2, the cleavage site at residues Gly-Gly (amino acid 588-589) of BYV aligned with the corresponding alanine-glycine (Ala-Gly) and Gly-Gly dipeptide of GLRaV-2 (FIG. 3A). Cleavage at this site would result in a leader protein and a 234 kDa (2090 amino acid) C-terminal fragment consisting of MT and HEL domains. However, the region upstream of the papain-like protease domain in GLRaV-2 did not show similarity to the corresponding region of BYV. In addition, variability in the residues located at the scissible bond (Gly in the BYV and Ala in the GLRaV-2) was present. Similar variability of the cleavage site residue in the P-PRO domain has been described ink LChV (Jelkmann et al., “Complete Genome Structure and Phylogenetic Analysis of Little Cherry Virus, a Mealybug-Transmissible Closterovirus. J. General Virology 78:2067-71 (1997), which is hereby incorporated by reference).
Database searching with the deduced amino acid sequence of the ORF1a/1b encoded protein revealed a significant similarity to the MT, HEL and RdRP domains of the other closteroviruses. The region downstream of the P-PRO cleavage site showed a significant similarity (57.4% identity in a 266-residues alignment) to the putative methyltransferase domain of BYV and contained all the conserved motifs typical of positive-strand RNA viral type I MTs (FIG. 3B). The C-terminal portion of the ORF1a was identified as a helicase domain, the sequence of which showed a high similarity (57.1% identity in a 315-residues alignment) to the helicase domain of BYV and contained the seven conserved motifs characteristic of the Superfamily I helicase of positive-strand RNA viruses (FIG. 3C) (Hodgman, “A New Superfamily of Replicative Proteins,” Nature 333,:22-23 (1988); Koonin and Dolja, “Evolution and Taxonomy of Positive-strand RNA Viruses: Implications of Comparative Analysis of Amino Acid Sequences,” Crit. Rev. in Biochem. and Mol. Biol. 28:375-430 (1993), both of which are hereby incorporated by reference).
ORF1b encoded a 460 amino acid polypeptide with a molecular mass of 52,486 Da, counting from the frameshifting site. Database searching with the RdRP showed a significant similarity to the RdRP domains of positive strand RNA viruses. Comparison of the RdRP domains of GLRaV-2 and BYV showed the presence of the eight conserved motifs of RdRP (FIG. 3D).
As shown in FIG. 8, a tentative phylogenetic tree of the RdRP of GLRaV-2 with respect to other closteroviruses shows that it is closely related to the monopartite closteroviruses BYV, BYSV, and CTV.
In closteroviruses, a +1 ribosomal frameshift mechanism has been suggested to be involved in the expression of ORF1b as a large fusion protein with ORF1a (Agranovsky et al., “Beet Yellows Closterovirus: Complete Genome Structure and Identification of a Papain-like Thiol Protease,” Virology 198:311-24 (1994); Karasev et al., “Complete Sequence of the Citrus Tristeza Virus RNA Genome,” Virology 208:511-20 (1995); Klaassen et al., “Genome Structure and Phylogenetic Analysis of Lettuce Infectious Yellows Virus, a Whitefly-Transmitted, Bipartite Closterovirus,” Virology 208:99-110 (1995); Karasev et al., “Organization of the 3′-Terminal Half of Beet Yellow Stunt Virus Genome and Implications for the Evolution of Closteroviruses,” Virology 221:199-207 (1996); Jelkmann et al., “Complete Genome Structure and Phylogenetic Analysis of Little Cherry Virus, a Mealybug-Transmissible Closterovirus,” J. General Virology 78:2067-71 (1997), all of which are hereby incorporated by reference). In the overlapping ORF1a/1b region of BYV, the slippery sequence of GGGUUUA and two hairpins structure (stem-loop and pseudoknot) ate believed to result in a +1 frameshift (Agranovsky et al., “Beet Yellows Closterovirus: Complete Genome Structure and Identification of a Papain-like Thiol Protease,” Virology 198:311-24 (1994), which is hereby incorporated by reference). None of these features are conserved in CTV and BYSV (Karasev et al., “Complete Sequence of the Citrus Tristeza Virus RNA Genome,” Virology 208:511-20 (1995); Karasev et al., “Organization of the 3′-Terminal Half of Beet Yellow Stunt Virus Genome and Implications for the Evolution of Closteroviruses,” Virology 221:199-207 (1996), both of which are hereby incorporated by reference), in which a ribosomal pausing at a terminator or at a rare codon was suggested to perform the same function. Comparisons of the nucleotide sequence of the C-terminal region of the helicase and the N-terminal region of RdRP of GLRaV-2 with the same region of other closteroviruses revealed a significant similarity to BYV, BYSV, and CTV. As shown in FIG. 4, the terminator UAG at the end of C′-terminal helicase of GLRaV-2 aligned with the terminator UAG of BYV and BYSV, and arginine CGG codon of CTV.
ORF2 encodes a small protein consisting of 171 bp (57 amino acid) with a molecular mass of 6,297 Da. As predicted, the deduced amino acid sequence includes a stretch of nonpolar amino acids, which is presumed to form a transmembrane helix. A small hydrophobic analogous protein is also present in BYV, BYSV, CTV, LIYV, and LChV (Agranovsky et al. “Nucleotide Sequence of the 3′-Terminal Half of Beet Yellows, Closterovirus RNA Genome Unique Arrangement of Eight Virus Genes,” J. General Virology 72:15-24 (1991); Karasev et al., “Organization of the 3′-Terminal Half of Beet Yellow Stunt Virus Genome and Implications for the Evolution of Closteroviruses,” Virology 221:199-207 (1996); Pappu et al., “Nucleotide Sequence and Organization of Eight 3′ Open Reading Frames of the Citrus Tristeza Closterovirus Genome,” Virology 199:35-46 (1994); Klaassen et al., “Partial Characterization of the Lettuce Infectious Yellows Virus Genomic RNAs, Identification of the Coat Protein Gene and Comparison of its Amino Acid Sequence With Those of Other Filamentous RNA Plant Viruses,” J. General Virology 75:152,5-33 (1994); Jelkmann et al., “Complete Genome Structure and Phylogenetic Analysis of Little Cherry Virus, a Mealybug-Transmissible Closterovirus,” J. General Virology 78:2067-71 (1997), all of which are hereby incorporated by reference).
ORF3 encodes a 600 amino acid polypeptide with a molecular mass of 65,111 Da, which is homologous to the HSP70 cellular heat shock protein. HSP70 is highly conserved among closteroviruses and is probably involved in ATPase activity and, the protein to protein interaction for chaperone activity (Agranovsky et al. “The Beet Yellows Closterovirus p65 Homologue of HSP70 Chaperones has ATPase Activity Associated with its Conserved N-terminal Domain but Interact with Unfolded Protein Chains,” J. General Virology 78:535-42 (1997); Agranovsky et al., “Bacterial Expression and Some Properties of the p65, a Homologue of Cell Heat Shock Protein HSP70 Encoded in RNA Genome of Beet Yellows Closterovirus,” Doklady Akademii Nauk. 340:416-18 (1995); Karasev et al., “HSP70-Related 65-kDa Protein of Beet Yellows Closterovirus is a Microtubule-Binding Protein,” FEBS Letters 304:12-14 (1992), all of which are hereby incorporated by reference). As shown in FIG. 5, alignment of the complete ORF3 of GLRaV-2 with HSP70 homolog of BYV revealed the presence of the eight conserved motifs. The percentage similarity of the HSP70 between GLRaV-2 and that of BYV, BYSV, CTV, LIYV, and LChV is 47.8%, 47.2%, 38.6%, 20.9%, and 17.7%, respectively.
ORF4 encodes a 551 amino acid protein with a molecular mass of 63,349 Da. Database searching with the ORF4 protein product did not identify similar proteins except those of its counterparts in closteroviruses, BYV (P64), BYSV (P61), CTV (P61), LIYV (P59), and LChV (P61). This protein is believed to be a putative heat shock 90 protein. As shown in FIG. 9, two conserved motifs which were present in BYV (Agranovsky et al. “Nucleotide Sequence of the 3′-Terminal Half of Beet Yellows Closterovirus RNA Genome Unique Arrangement of Eight Virus Genes,” J. General Virology 72:15-24 (1991), which is hereby incorporated by reference) and CTV (Pappu et al., “Nucleotide Sequence and Organization of Eight 3′ Open Reading Frames of the Citrus Tristeza Closterovirus Genome,” Virology 199:35-46 (1994), which is hereby incorporated by reference) were also identified in the ORF4 of GLRaV-2.
ORF5 and ORF6 encode polypeptides with molecular mass of 24,803 Da and 21,661 Da, respectively. The start codon for both ORFs is in a favorable context for translation. ORF6 was identified as the coat protein gene of GLRaV-2 based on the sequence comparison with other closteroviruses. The calculated molecular mass of the protein product of ORF6 (21,662 Da) is in good agreement with the previously estimated 22 ̃26 kDa based on SDS-PAGE (Zimmermann et al., “Characterization and Serological Detection of Four Closterovirus-like Particles Associated with Leafroll Disease on Grapevine,” J. Phytopathology 130:205-18 (1990); Boscia et al., “Nomenclature of Grapevine Leafroll-Associated Putative Closteroviruses,” Vitis 34:171-75 (1995), both of which are hereby incorporated by reference).
Database searching with the deduced amino acid sequence of the ORF6 of GLRaV-2 showed a similarity with the coat proteins of closteroviruses, BYV, BYSV, CTV, LIYV, LChV, and GLRaV-3. At the nucleotide level, the highest percentage similarity was with the coat protein of BYSV (34.8%); at the amino acid level, the highest percentage similarity was with the coat proteins of BYV (32.7%) and BYSV (32.7%). As shown in FIG. 6A, alignment of the amino acid sequence of the coat protein and coat protein duplicate of GLRaV-2 with respect to other closteroviruses revealed that the invariant amino acid residues (N. R. G. D.) were present in both ORF5 and ORF6 of GLRaV-2. Two of these amino acid residues (R and D) are believed to be involved in stabilization of molecules by salt bridge formation and proper folding in the most conserved core region of coat proteins of all filamentous plant viruses (Dolja et al., “Phylogeny of Capsid Proteins of Rod-Shaped and Filamentous RNA Plant Viruses Two Families With Distinct Patterns of Sequence and Probably Structure Conservation,” Virology 184:79-86 (1991), which is hereby incorporated by reference).
Identification of ORF6 as the coat protein gene was further confirmed by Western blot following expression of a fusion protein, consisting of a 22 kDa of ORF6 CP and a 42 kDa of maltose binding protein, produced by transformed E. coli as described in Example 5 supra. As shown in FIG. 6B, the putative phylogenetic tree of the coat protein and coat protein duplicate of GLRaV-2 with those of other closteroviruses showed that GLRaV-2 is more closely related to aphid transmissible closteroviruses (BYV, BYSV, and CTV) (Candresse, “Closteroviruses and Clostero-like Elongated Plant Viruses,” in Encyclopedia of Virology, pp. 242-48, Webster and Granoff, eds., Academic Press, New York (1994), which is hereby incorporated by reference) than to whitefly (LIYV) or mealybug transmissible closteroviruses (LChV and GLRaV-3) (Raine et al., “Transmission of the Agent Causing Little Cherry Disease by the Apple Mealybug Phenacoccus aceris and the Dodder Cuscuta Lupuliformis,” Canadian J. Plant Pathology 8:6-11 (1986); Jelkmann et al., “Complete Genome Structure and Phylogenetic Analysis of Little Cherry Virus, a Mealybug-Transmissible Closterovirus,” J. General Virology 78:2067-71 (1997); Rosciglione and Gugerli, “Transmission of Grapevine Leafroll Disease and an Associated Closterovirus to Healthy Grapevine by the Mealybug Planococcus ficus,” Phytoparasitica 17:63 (1989); Engelbrecht and Kasdorf, “Transmission of Grapevine Leafroll Disease and Associated Closteroviruses by the Vine Mealybug planococcus-ficus,” Phytophlactica, 22:34)1-46 (1990); Cabaleiro and Segura, 1997; Petersen and Charles, “Transmission of Grapevine Leafroll-Associated Closteroviruses by Pseudococcus longispinus and P. calceolariae. Plant Pathology 46:509-15 (1997), all of which are hereby incorporated by reference).
ORF7 and ORF8 encode polypeptides of 162 amino acid with a molecular mass of 18,800 Da and of 206 amino acid with a molecular mass of 23,659 Da, respectively. Database searching with the ORF7 and ORF8 showed no significant similarity with any other proteins. Nevertheless, these genes were of similar in size and location as those observed in the sequence of other closteroviruses, BYV (P20, P21), BYSV (P18, P22), and LChV (P21, P27) (FIG. 7). However, conserved regions were not observed between the ORF7 or ORF8 and its counterparts in BYV, BYSV, and LChV.
The 3′ terminal untranslated region (3′-UTR) consists of 216 nucleotides. Nucleotide sequence analysis revealed a long oligo(A) tract close to the end of the GLRaV-2 genome which is similar to that observed in the genome of BYV and BYSV (Agranovsky et al. “Nucleotide Sequence of the 3′-Terminal Half of Beet Yellows Closterovirus RNA Genome Unique Arrangement of Eight Virus Genes,” J. General Virology 72:15-24 (1991); Karasev et al., “Organization of the 3′-Terminal Half of Beet Yellow Stunt Virus Genome and Implications for the Evolution of Closteroviruses,” Virology 221:199-207 (1996), both of which are hereby incorporated by reference). The genome of BYV ends in CCC, BYSV, and CTV ends in CC with an additional G or A in the double-stranded replicative form of BYSV (Karasev et al., “Organization of the 3′-Terminal Half of Beet Yellow Stunt Virus Genome and Implications for the Evolution of Closteroviruses,” Virology 221:199-207 (1996), which is hereby incorporated by reference) and CTV (Karasev et al., “Complete Sequence of the Citrus Tristeza Virus RNA Genome,” Virology 208:511-20 (1995), which is hereby incorporated by reference), respectively . GLRaV-2 had CGC at the 3′ terminus of the genome. Recently, a conserved 60 nt cis-element was identified in the 3′-UTR of three monopartite closteroviruses, which included a prominent conserved stem and loop structure (Karasev et al., 1996). As shown in FIG. 10, alignment of the 3′-UTR sequence of GLRaV-2 with the same regions of BYV, BYSV, and CTV showed the presence of the same conserved 60 nt stretch. Besides this cis-element, conserved sequences were not found in the 3′ UTRs of GLRaV-2, BYV, BYSV, and CTV.
The closteroviruses studied so far (e.g., BYV, BYSV, CTV, LIYV, LChV, and GLRaV-3) have apparent similarities in genome organization, which include replication associated genes that consist of MT, HEL, and RdRP conserved domains and a five-gene array unique for closteroviruses (Dolja et al. “Molecular Biology and Evolution of Closteroviruses: Sophisticated Build-up of Large RNA Genomes,” Annual Rev. Photopathology 32:261-85 (1994); Agranovsky “Principles of Molecular Organization, Expression, and Evolution of Closteroviruses: Over the Barriers,” Adv. in Virus Res. 47:119-218 (1996); Jelkmann et al., “Complete Genome Structure and Phylogenetic Analysis of Little Cherry Virus, a Mealybug-Transmissible Closterovirus,” J. General Virology 78:2067-71 (1997); Ling et al., “Nucleotide Sequence of the 3′ Terminal Two-Thirds of the Grapevine Leafroll Associated Virus-3 Genome Reveals a Typical Monopartite Closterovirus,” J. General Virology 79(5):1289-1301 (1998), all of which are hereby incorporated by reference).
The above data clearly shows that GLRaV-2 is a closterovirus. In the genome of GLRaV-2, two putative papain-like proteases were identified and an autoproteolytic cleavage process was predicted. The replication associated proteins consisting of MT, HEL, and RdRP conserved motifs were also identified, which were phylogenetically closely related to the replication associated proteins of other closteroviruses. A unique gene array including a small hydrophobic transmembrane protein, HSP70 homolog, HSP90 homolog, diverged CP and CP was also preserved in GLRaV-2. In addition, the calculated molecular mass (21,661 Da) of the coat protein (ORF6) of GLRaV-2 is in good agreement with that of the other closteroviruses (22 to 28 kDa) (Martelli and Bar-Joseph, “Closteroviruses: Classification and Nomenclature of Viruses,” Fifth Report of the International Committee on Taxonomy of Viruses, Francki et al., eds., Springer-Verlag Wein, New York, p. 345-47 (1991); Candresse and Martelli, “Genus Closterovirus,” in Virus Taxonomy, Report of the International Committee on Taxonomy of Viruses, Murphy et al., eds., Springer-Verlag., NY, p. 461-63 (1995), both of which are hereby incorporated by reference). Two ORFs downstream of the CP are of similar, in size and location, to those observed in the genome of BYV. Furthermore, lack of a poly(A) tail at the 3′ end of GLRaV-2 is also in good agreement with other closteroviruses. Like all other closteroviruses, the expression of ORF1b is suspected to occur via a +1 ribosomal frameshift and the 3′ proximal ORFs are probably expressed via formation of a nested set of subgenomic RNAs. Since the slippery sequence, stem-loop and pseudoknot structure involved in the frameshift of BYV were absent in GLRaV-2, the +1 frameshift of GLRaV-2 might be the same as proposed for CTV (Karasev et al., “Complete Sequence of the Citrus Tristeza Virus RNA Genome,” Virology 208:511-20 (1995), which is hereby incorporated by reference) and BYSV (Karasev et al., “Organization of the 3′-Terminal Half of Beet Yellow Stunt Virus Genome and Implications for the Evolution of Closteroviruses,” Virology 221:199-207 (1996), which is hereby incorporated by reference).
Overall, GLRaV-2 is more closely related to monopartite closteroviruses BYV, BYSV, and CTV than to GLRaV-3 (FIG. 7) (Ling et al., “Nucleotide Sequence of the 3′ Terminal Two-Thirds of the Grapevine Leafroll Associated Virus-3 Genome Reveals a Typical Monopartite Closterovirus,” J. General Virology 79(5):1289-1301 (1998), which is hereby incorporated by reference), even though the latter causes similar leafroll symptoms in grapevine (Rosciglione and Gugerli, “Maladies de l'Enroulement et du Bois Strie de la Vigne: Analyse Microscopique et Serologique (Leafroll and Stem Pitting of Grapevine: Microscopical and Serological Analysis),” Rev Suisse Viticult Arboricult Horticulture 18:207-11 (1986); Hu et al., “Characterization of Closterovirus-Like Particles Associated with Grapevine Leafroll Disease,” J. Phytopathology 128:1-14 (1990), both of which are hereby incorporated by reference).
Closteroviruses are a diverse group with complex and heterogeneous genome organizations. So far, GLRaV-2 is the only closterovirus that matches with the genome organization of BYV, the type member of the genus Closterovirus. In addition, the genomic RNA of GLRaV-2 is about the same size as that of BYV; however, the transmission vector of GLRaV-2 is unknown. The genome organization of GLRaV-2 is more closely related to the aphid transmissible closteroviruses (BYV and CTV) than to whitefly (LIYV) or mealybug transmissible closteroviruses (LChV and GLRaV-3). Thus, it is possible that GLRaV-2 is transmitted by aphids. Aphid transmission experiments with GLRaV-2 should provide information that might help develop methods for further control of GLRaV-2.
A total of 15,500 nucleotides or over 95% of the estimated GLRaV-2 genome has been cloned and sequenced. GLRaV-2 and GLRaV-3 (Ling et al., “Nucleotide Sequence of the 3′ Terminal Two-Thirds of the Grapevine Leafroll Associated Virus-3 Genome Reveals a Typical Monopartite Closterovirus,” J. General Virology 79(5):1289-1301 (1998), which is hereby incorporated by reference) are the first grapevine leafroll associated closteroviruses that have been almost completely sequenced. The above data clearly justify the inclusion of GLRaV-2 into the genus Closterovirus. In addition, the information regarding the genome of GLRaV-2 would provide a better understanding of this and related GLRaVs, and add fundamental knowledge to the group of closteroviruses. 
Example 7
Construction of the CP Gene of GLRaV-2 in Plant Expression Vector
GLRaV-2 infected Vitis vinifera, cv Pinot Noir grapevines originated from a vineyard in central New York was used as the virus isolate, from which the cp gene of GLRaV-2 was identified. Based on the sequence information, two oligonucleotide primers have been designed. The sense primer CP-96F (SEQ. ID. No. 21) starts from the ATG initiation codon of the coat protein gene and the complementary primer CP-96R (SEQ. ID. No. 22) starts from 56 nucleotides downstream of the stop codon of the CP gene. A NcoI restriction site (11 bp in SEQ. ID. No. 21 and 13 bp in SEQ. ID. No. 22) is introduced in the beginning of both primers to facilitate the cloning. The coat protein gene of GLRaV-2 was amplified from dsRNA extracted from GLRaV-2 infected grapevine using reverse transcriptase polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR). The PCR-amplified CP product was purified from low melting temperature agarose gel, digested with NcoI and cloned into the same enzyme digested plant expression vector pEPT8 (shown at FIG. 11). After screening, the orientation of recombinant construct was checked by using the internal restriction site of the CP gene and directly sequencing the CP gene. The recombinant construct with translatable (sense) full length coat protein gene, pEPT8CP-GLRaV2, was going through for the further cloning. The plant expression cassette, which consisted of a double cauliflower mosaic virus (CaMV) 35S-enhancer, a CaMV 35S-promoter, an alfalfa mosaic virus (ALMV) RNA4 5′ leader sequence, a coat protein gene of GLRaV-2 (CP-GLRaV-2), and a CaMV 35S 3′ untranslated region as a terminator, was cut using the EcoRI restriction enzyme, isolated from low melting point temperature agarose gel, and cloned into the same restriction enzyme treated binary vector pGA482GG or pGA482G (a derivative of pGA482 (An et al., “Binary Vectors,” in Plant Molecular Biology Manual, pp. A3:1-19, Gelvin and Schilperoot, eds., Kinwer Academic Publishers, Dordrecht, Netherlands (1988), which is hereby incorporated by reference). The resulting recombinants constructs are pGA482GG/EPT8CP-GLRaV2 (shown at FIG. 11A), which contain both neomycin phosphotransferase (npt II) and β-glucuronidase (GUS) at the internal region of the T-DNA, and pGA482G/EPT8CP-GLRaV2 (shown at FIG. 11B) without GUS. These recombinants constructs were separately introduced by electroporation into disarmed avirulent Agrobacterium tumefaciens strain C58Z707. The Agrobacterium tumefaciens containing the vector was used to infect Nicotiana benthamiana wounded leaf disks according to the procedure essentially described by Horsch et al., “A Simple and General Method for Transferring Genes into Plants,” Science 277:1229-1231 (1985), which is incorporated herein by reference.
Example 8
Analysis of Transgenic Nicotiana benthamiana Plants with the CP Gene of GLRaV-2
NPT II-ELISA: Double-antibody sandwich enzyme linked immunosorbent assay (DAS-ELISA) was used to detect the npt II enzyme with an NPT II-ELISA kit (5′ prime to 3′ prime, Inc., Boulder, Colo.).
Indirect ELISA: Polyclonal antibodies to GLRaV-2, which were prepared from the coat protein expressed in E. coli, were used. Plates were coated with homogenized samples in extraction buffer (1:10, w/v) (phosphate buffered saline containing 0.05% Tween 20 and 2% polyvinyl pyrrolidone) and incubated overnight at 4° C. After washing with phosphate buffered saline containing 0.05% Tween 20 (PBST), the plates were blocked with blocking buffer (phosphate buffered saline containing 2% BSA) and incubated at room temperature for 1 hr. The anti-GLRaV-2 IgG was added at 2 μg/ml after washing with PBST. After incubation at 30 C for 4 hr, the plates were washed with PBST, and the goat anti-rabbit IgG conjugate of alkaline phosphotase (Sigma) was added at 1:10,000 dilution. The absorbance was measured at 405 nm with a MicroELISA AutoReader. In addition, Western blot was also performed according to the method described by Hu et al., “Characterization of Closterovirus-like Particle Associated Grapevine Leafroll Disease,” J. Phytophathology 128:1-14, (1990), which is incorporated herein by reference.
PCR analysis: Genomic DNA was extracted from leaves of putative transgenic and non-transgenic plants according to the method described by Cheung et al., “A Simple and Rapid DNA Microextraction Method for Plants, Animal, and Insect Suitable for RAPD and other PCR analysis,” PCR Methods and Applications 3:69 (1996), which is incorporated herein by reference. The extracted total DNA served as the template for PCR reaction. The primers CP-96F and CP-96R (SEQ. ID. Nos. 21 and 22, respectively,) for the CP gene of GLRaV-2, as well as npt II 5′- and 3′-primers were used for PCR analysis. PCR reaction was performed at the 94° C.×3 min for one cycle, followed by 30 cycles of 94° C.×1 min, 50° C.×1 min, and 72° C.×2:30 min with an additional extension at 72° C. for 10 min. The PCR product was analyzed on agarose gel.
After transformation, a total of 42 kanamycin resistant Nicotiana benthamiana lines (R0) were obtained, of which the leaf samples were tested by NPT II enzyme activity. Among them, 37 lines were NPT II positive by ELISA, which took about 88.0% of total transformants. However, some of NPT II negative plants were obtained among these selected kanamycin resistant plants. All of the transgenic plants were self-pollinated in a greenhouse, and the seeds from these transgenic lines were germinated for further analysis.
The production of GLRaV-2 CP in transgenic plants was detected by indirect ELISA prior to inoculation, and the results showed that GLRaV-2 CP gene expression was not detectable in all transgenic plants tested. This result was further confirmed with Western blot. Using the antibody to GLRaV-2, the production of the CP was not detected in the transgenic and nontransgenic control plants. However, a protein of expected size ( ̃22 kDa) was detected in GLRaV-2 infected positive control plants. This result was consistent with the ELISA result. The presence of the CP gene of GLRaV-2 in transgenic plants was detected from total genomic DNA extracted from plants tissue by PCR analysis (FIG. 12). The DNA product of expected size (653 bp) was amplified from twenty tested transgenic lines, but not in non-transgenic plants. The result indicated that the CP gene of GLRaV-2 was present at these transgenic lines, which was also confirmed by Northern blot analysis.
Example 9
R1 and R2 transgenic Nicotiana benthamiana Plants Are Resistant to GLRaV-2
Inoculation of transgenic plants: GLRaV-2 isolate 94/970, which was originally identified and transmitted from grapevine to Nicotiana benthamiana in South Africa (Goszczynski et al., “Detection of Two Strains of Grapevine Leafroll-Associated Virus 2,” Vitis 35:133-35 (1996), which is incorporated herein by reference), was used as inoculum. The CP gene of isolate 94/970 was sequenced; and it is identical to the CP gene used in construction. Nicotiana benthamiana is an experimental host of GLRaV-2. The infection on it produces chlorotic and occasional necrotic lesions followed by systemic vein clearing. The vein clearing results in vein necrosis. Eventually the infected plants died, starting from the top to the bottom.
At five to seven leaf stage, two youngest apical leaves were challenged with GLRaV-2 isolate 94/970. Inoculum was prepared by grinding 1.0 g GLRaV-2 infected Nicotiana benthamiana leaf tissue in 5 ml of phosphate buffer (0.01 M K2HPO4, PH7.0). The tested plants were dusted with carborundum and rubbed with the prepared inocululm. Non-transformed plants were simultaneously inoculated as above. The plants were observed for symptom development every other day for 60 days after inoculation. Resistant R1 transgenic plants were carried on to R2 generation for further evaluation.
Transgenic progenies from 20 R0 lines were initially screened for the resistance to GLRaV-2 followed by inoculation with GLRaV-2 isolate 94/970. The seedlings of the transgenic plants (NPT II positive), and nontransformed control plants were inoculated with GLRaV-2. After inoculation, the reaction of tested plants were divided into three types: highly susceptible (i.e. typical symptoms were observed two to four weeks postinoculation); tolerant (i.e. no symptom was developed in the early stage and typical symptoms was shown four to eight weeks postinoculation); and resistant (i.e. the plants remained asymptomatic eight weeks postinoculation). Based on the plant reaction, the resistant plants were obtained from fourteen different lines (listed in Table 1 below). In each of these fourteen lines, there was no virus detected within these plants by ELISA at 6 weeks postinoculation. In contrast, GLRaV-2 was detected in symptomatic plants by indirect ELISA. In the other six lines, although there were a few plants with some kind of delay in symptom development, all the inoculated transgenic plants died at three to eight weeks postinoculation. Based o(n the initial screening results, five representative lines consisting of three resistant lines (1, 4, and 19) and two susceptible lines (12 and 13) were selected for the further analysis.









TABLE 1









Reaction of Tested Plants













No. Line
No.
HS
T
HR

















line 1
39
14
3
22



line 2
36
7
6
23



line 3
38
11
4
23



line 4
31
4
5
22



line 5
33
6
13
14



line 6
36
4
16
16



line 7
32
5
9
18



line 8
37
22
9
6



line 9
36
9
12
15



line 10
14
13
1
0



line 11
13
11
2
0



line 12
17
16
1
0



line 13
16
14
0
0



line 14
17
17
0
0



line 15
32
30
2
0



line 16
33
6
13
14



line 17
12
0
1
11



line 19
15
0
0
15



line 20
19
3
0
16



line 21
14
1
3
10



control
15
15
0
0







No. Line: include transgenic lines and nontransformed control; 



No.: the number of transgenic and nontransformed plants; 



HS: highly susceptible, typical symptoms were observed two to four weeks after inoculation; 



T: tolerant, the symptoms were observed five to eight weeks after inoculation; and 



HR: plants remain without asymptoms after eight weeks inoculation. 






Table 2 below shows the symptom development in transgenic plants relative to non-transgenic control plants in the five selected lines in separate experiments. Non-transgenic control plants were all infected two to four weeks after inoculation, which showed typical GLRaV-2 symptoms on Nicotiana benthamiana, including chlorotic and local lesions followed by systemic vein clearing and vein necrosis on the leaves. Three of the tested lines (1, 4, and 19) showed some resistance that was manifested by either an absence or a delay in symptom development. Two other lines, 12 and 13, developed symptoms at nearly the same time as the non-transformed control plants. From top to bottom, the leaves of infected plants gradually became yellow, wilted, and dried, and, eventually, the whole plants died. No matter when infection occurred, the eventual result was the same. Six weeks after inoculation, all non-transgenic plants and the susceptible plants were dead. Some tolerant plants started to die. In contrast, the asymptomatic plants were flowering normally and pollinating as the non-inoculated healthy control plants (FIG. 13).









TABLE 2









Reaction of Tested Plants













No. Line
No.
HS
T
HR

















line 1
19
5
6
8



line 4
15
9
1
5



line 12
16
14
2
0



line 13
18
13
5
0



line 19
13
10
0
3



non-transgenic
24
23
1
0







No. Line: include transgenic lines and nontransformed control; 



No.: Number of transgenic and nontransformed plants tested; 



HS: highly susceptible; typical symptoms were observed two to four weeks after inoculation; 



T: tolerant, the symptoms were observed five to eight weeks postinoculation; and 



HR: plants remain without asymptoms after eight weeks inoculation. 






ELISA was performed at 6 weeks postinoculation to test the GLRaV-2 replication in the plants. Presumably, the increased level of CP reflected virus replication. The result showed that the absorbance value in symptomatic plants reached (OD) 0.7 to 3.2, compared to (OD) 0.10-0.13 prior to inoculation. In contrast, GLRaV-2 was not detected in asymptomatic plants, of which the absorbance value was the same or nearly the same as that of healthy nontransformed control plants. The data confirmed that virus replicated in symptomatic plants, but not in asymptomatic plants. The replication of GLRaV-2 was suppressed in asymptomatic plants. This result implicated that another mechanism other than the CP-mediated resistance was probably involved.
Three 2 progenies derived from transgenic resistant plants of lines 1, 4, and 19 were generated and utilized to examine the stable transmission and whether resistance was maintained in R2 generation. These results are shown in Table 3 below. NPT II analysis revealed that R2 progeny were still segregating. The CP expression in R2 progeny was still undetectable. After inoculation, all the nontransgenic plants were infected and showed GLRaV-2 symptoms on the leaves after 24 days postinoculation. In contrast, the inoculated transgenic R2 progeny showed different levels of resistance from those highly susceptible to highly resistant. The tolerant and resistant plants were manifested by a delay in symptom development and absence of symptoms, respectively. At 6 weeks postinoculation, GLRaV-2 was detected in the tolerant symptomatic infected plants by indirect ELISA; but not in asymptomatic plants. This result indicated that virus replication was suppressed in these resistant plants, which was confirmed by Western blot. These resistant plants remained asymptomatic eight weeks postinoculation, and they were flowering normally and pollinating.










TABLE 3









NPT II




positive/
Reaction of Tested Plants












No. Line
No. Plants
negative
HS
T
HR















line 1/22
12
12/20
3
3
6


line 1/30
11
8/3
7
2
2


line 1/31
11
10/1 
6
3
2


line 1/35
10
10/0 
4
6
0


line 1/41
8
7/1
2
2
4


line 4/139
12
11/1 
4
4
3


line 4/149
10
7/3
4
5
1


line 4/152
10
8/2
9
0
1


line 4/174
9
8/1
4
0
4


line 19/650
11
10/1 
7
0
2


line 19/657
12
12/0 
6
2
4


line 19/659
12
8/4
5
2
5


line 19/660
10
8/2
3
6
1


non-transformed
12
 0/12
12
0
0


CK





HS: highly susceptible, typical symptoms were observed two to four weeks after inoculation; 


T: tolerant, the symptoms were observed five to eight weeks postinoculation; and 


HR: plants remain asymptomatic at eight weeks postinoculation. 






Example 10
Evidence for RNA-mediated Protection in Transgenic Plants
Northern blot analysis: Total RNA was extracted from leaves prior to inoculation following the method described by Napoli et al., Plant Cell 2:279-89 (1990), which is hereby incorporated by reference. The concentration of the extracted RNA was measured by spectrophotometer at OD 260. About 10 g of total RNA was used for each sample. The probe used was the 3′ one third of GLRaV-2 CP gene, which was randomly labeled with 32P (α-dATP) using Klenow fragment of DNA polymerase I.
Using a DNA corresponding to the 3′ one third CP gene sequence as probe, a single band was detected in the RNA extracted from susceptible plants from R1 progeny of lines 5, 12, and 13 by Northern hybridization. There was little or no signal detected in the transgenic plants from R1 progeny of line 1, 4, and 19. This RNA is not present in nontransformed control plants. The size of the hybridization signal was estimated to an approximately 0.9 kb nucleic acid, which was about the same as estimated (FIG. 14). In lines of 1, 4, and 19, the steady state level of RNA expression was also low in R2 progeny. This data showed that susceptible plants from lines 12 and 13 had high mRNA level and all transgenic plants from lines 1, 4, and 19 had low mRNA level.
Example 11
Transformation and Analysis of Transgenic Grapevines with the CP Gene of GLRaV-2
Plant materials: The rootstock cultivars Couderc 3309 (3309C) (V. riparia×V. rupestris), Vitis riparia ‘Gloire de Montpellier’ (Gloire), Teleki 5C (5C) (V. berlandieri×V. riparia), Millardet et De Grasset 101-14 (101-14 MGT) (V. riparia×V. rupestris), and Richter 110 (110R) (V. rupestris×V. berlandieri) were utilized. Initial embryogenic calli of Gloire were provided by Mozsar and Süle (Plant Protection Institute, Hungarian Academy of Science, Budapest). All other plant materials came from a vineyard at the New York State Agricultural Experiment Station, Geneva, N.Y. Buds were removed from the clusters and surface sterilized in 70% ethanol for 1-2 min. The buds (from the greenhouse and the field) were transferred to 1% sodium hypochlorite for 15 min, then rinsed three times in sterile, double-distilled water. Anthers were excised aseptically from flower buds with the aid of a stereo microscope. The pollen was crushed on a microscope slide under a coverslip with a drop of acetocarmine to observe the cytological stage. This was done to determine which stage was most favorable for callus induction.
Somatic embryogenesis and regeneration: Anthers were plated under aseptic conditions at a density of 40 to 50 per 9 cm diameter Petri dish containing MSE. Plates were cultured at 28° C. in the dark. Callus was initiated, and, after 60 days, embryos were induced and were transferred to hormone-free HMG medium for differentiation. Torpedo stage embryos were then transferred from HMG to MGC medium to promote embryo germination. Cultures were maintained in the dark at 26-28° C. and transferred to fresh medium at 34 week intervals. Elongated embryos were transferred to rooting medium in baby food jars (5-8 embryos per jar). The embryos were grown in a tissue culture room at 25° C. with a daily 16 h photoperiod (76:mol. s) to induce shoot and root formation. After plants developed roots, they were transplanted to soil in the greenhouse.
Transformation: The protocols used for transformation were modified from those described by Scorza et. al., “Transformation of Grape (Vitis vinifera L.) Zygotic-derived Somatic Embryos and Regeneration of Transgenic Plants,” Plant Cell Rpt. 14:589-92 (1995), which is hereby incorporated by reference. Overnight cultures of Agrobacterium strain C58Z707 or LBA4404 were grown in LB medium at 28° C. in a shaking incubator. Bacteria were centrifuged for 5 min at 3000-5000 rpm and resuspended in MS liquid medium (OD 1.0 at A600 nm ). Calli with embryos were immersed in the bacterial suspension for 15-30 min, blotted dry, and transferred to HMG medium with or without acetosyringone (100 μM). Embryogenic calli were co-cultivated with the bacteria for 48 h in the dark at 28° C. Then, the plant material was washed in MS liquid plus cefotaxime (300 mg/ml) and carbenicillin (200 mg/ml) 2-3 times. To select transgenic embryos, the material was transferred to HMG medium containing either 20 or 40 mg/L kanamycin, 300 mg/L cefotaxime, and 200 mg/L carbenicillin. Alternatively, after co-cultivation, embryogenic calli were transferred to initiation MSE medium containing 25 mg/l kanamycin plus the same antibiotics listed above. All plant materials were incubated in continuous dark at 28° C. After growth on selection medium for 3 months, embryos were transferred to HMG or MGC without kanamycin to promote elongation of embryos. They were then transferred to rooting medium Without antibiotics. Nontransformed calli were grown on the same media with and without kanamycin to verify the efficiency of the kanamycin selection process.
Although the invention has been described in detail for the purpose of illustration, it is understood that such detail is solely for that purpose, and variations can be made therein by those skilled in the art without departing from the spirit and scope of the invention which is defined by the following claims.

## Claims

1. An expression system comprising a DNA molecule in a vector heterologous to said DNA molecule, wherein said DNA molecule encodes a protein or polypeptide comprising the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO:15.

2. A host cell transformed with a heterologous DNA molecule, wherein said DNA molecule encodes a protein or polypeptide comprising the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO:15.

3. The host cell according to claim 2, wherein the host cell is selected from the group consisting of Agrobacterium vitis and Agrobacterium tumefaciens.

4. The host cell according to claim 2, wherein the host cell is selected from a group consisting of a grape cell, a citrus cell, a beet cell, and a tobacco cell.

5. The expression system of claim 1, wherein said DNA molecule comprises the nucleic acid sequence of SEQ ID NO:14.

6. The host cell of claim 2, wherein said DNA molecule comprises the nucleic acid sequence of SEQ ID NO:14.