REVISED July 15, 2014

IN THE UNITED STATES COURT OF APPEALS

FOR THE FIFTH CIRCUIT

No. 12-40141

UNITED STATES OF AMERICA, 

 Plaintiff - Appellee

v.

CARMEN DE JESUS BOCHE-PEREZ,

 Defendant - Appellant

Appeal from the United States District Court

for the Southern District of Texas

Before DENNIS, CLEMENT, and SOUTHWICK, Circuit Judges.

EDITH BROWN CLEMENT, Circuit Judge:

Carmen De Jesus Boche-Perez (“Boche-Perez”) appeals from a criminal

conviction pursuant to a conditional plea agreement in which he pleaded guilty

to knowing possession of child pornography, but reserved the right to appeal the

denial of a motion to suppress a series of confessions given to border patrol

agents. For the following reasons, we AFFIRM the district court’s ruling on the

motion to suppress. 

United States Court of Appeals

Fifth Circuit

F I L E D

June 17, 2014

Lyle W. Cayce

Clerk

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FACTS AND PROCEEDINGS

Boche-Perez, a lawful permanent resident, was apprehended while

entering the United States at the Laredo, Texas, port of entry on Wednesday,

October 27, 2010. Customs and Border Patrol (“CBP”) agents initially detained

Boche-Perez for inspection at 9 a.m. after an ID check revealed that he was

flagged as a suspected narcotics smuggler. Because Boche-Perez had a criminal

history, border agents followed procedure and took Boche-Perez to the hard

secondary inspection room, where he sat handcuffed to a chair for officer safety. 

After questioning and holding Boche-Perez in custody, CBP agents determined

that Boche-Perez was eligible to enter the country. A final search of BochePerez’s luggage at approximately 12:40 p.m., though, turned up DVDs

containing child pornography. Boche-Perez does not contend that his

detainment or the searches leading up to this point were unconstitutional.

Once the CBP agents discovered the DVDs with child pornography, they

stopped questioning Boche-Perez and contacted Immigration and Customs

Enforcement (“ICE”). An ICE agent arrived at the port at about 1 p.m. At

approximately 1:50 p.m., the ICE agent read Boche-Perez his Miranda warnings

and began interviewing him regarding the DVDs. Boche-Perez waived his

Miranda rights and denied knowing thatthe DVDs contained child pornography. 

The interview ended shortly before 3 p.m., at which point the ICE agent

contacted an Assistant United States Attorney, who agreed to prosecute BochePerez at 3:22 p.m. 

The ICE agent then informed Boche-Perez that he was being arrested for

possession of child pornography and that he would be transported to the Webb

County jail. At that time, however, Boche-Perez still had to be processed for

admittance and paroled into the United States. Accordingly, at approximately

4 p.m., a CBP agent interviewed Boche-Perez to process him into the United

States. The CBP agent gave Boche-Perez his Miranda warnings again, and

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after he waived his rights, he confessed at approximately 4:15 p.m. In his

confession, Boche-Perez specifically admitted that he knew the DVDs contained

child pornography even before they were discovered in his luggage at the border.

After the 4:15 p.m. oral confession, the CBP officer began the preparation of a

written confession. The CBP officer took from approximately 4:20 p.m. to 5:10

p.m. to prepare the statement. Boche-Perez then reviewed the statement, and

signed the written confession at 6 p.m.

At 9 p.m. CBP informed ICE that Boche-Perez had confessed and was

ready to be transported to the Webb County Sheriff’s office. Before transporting

Boche-Perez to jail, however, the ICE agent who had arrested Boche-Perez

questioned him again. ICE’s second round of questioning elicited statements

from Boche-Perez regarding his possession of additional child pornography at his

home in Arkansas. The ICE agent gave this information to law enforcement

officers in Arkansas and asked them to obtain a search warrant for BochePerez’s residence. That search subsequently yielded evidence of further child

pornography offenses. 

Boche-Perez was booked into the Webb County jail at 11:40 p.m. The ICE

agent admitted at the suppression hearing that the federal building was less

than 15 minutes from the bridge where Boche-Perez was arrested, and that the

Government had agreed to prosecute Boche-Perez by 3:22 p.m. on October 27th. 

The ICE agent further admitted that at 3:22 p.m. he had the information needed

to prosecute, and that the criminal complaint would be only two-to-three pages. 

Nonetheless, Boche-Perez spent two nights in jail, and was presented to the

magistrate judge on the morning of Friday, October 29, 2010. According to the

ICE agent, the delay occurred because the United States Attorney’s office

requires the paperwork for an initial appearance to be submitted for approval

by 4 p.m. on the day before presentment to the magistrate, and the ICE Agent

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did not believe he had time to meet the 4 p.m. deadline after only getting the

agreement to prosecute at 3:22 p.m. 

In ruling on Boche-Perez’s motion to suppress,the district court found that

he was not presented to the magistrate judge within six hours, but that his

statements were voluntary and not a consequence of the delay. Finding that the

delay was not created for the purpose of extracting a confession, but rather

resulted from delays arising out of administrative processing and the need for

coordination across multiple law enforcement agencies, the district court denied

Boche-Perez’s motion to suppress his statements on the basis of a delay in

presentment. The district court also determined that his confessions were

voluntary, and that no Miranda violation had occurred. 

After the motion to suppress was denied, Boche-Perez entered a

conditional guilty plea to knowingly possessing child pornography. Boche-Perez

reserved the right to appeal the denial of the motion to suppress. The district

court sentenced him to 63 months in prison and to 5 years of supervised release. 

Boche-Perez timely appealed.

STANDARD OF REVIEW

In reviewing a motion to suppress, this court reviews the district court’s

legal determinations de novo and its factual findings for clear error. United

States v. Gonzalez, 121 F.3d 928, 938 (5th Cir. 1997). We look at the evidence

in the light most favorable to the prevailing party, United States v.

Lopez-Moreno, 420 F.3d 420, 429 (5th Cir. 2005), which here is the Government. 

A district court’s ruling on a motion to suppress may be affirmed on any basis

supported by the record. United States v. Ibarra-Sanchez, 199 F.3d 753, 758 (5th

Cir. 1999).

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DISCUSSION

Boche-Perez challenges (1) the district court’s denial of his motion to

suppress his three confessions on the basis of an unreasonable delay in

presentment, (2) the district court’s denial of his motion to suppress his three

confessions on the grounds that they were involuntary, and (3) the district

court’s denial of his motion to suppress his final confession on the basis of a

claimed Miranda violation. Boche-Perez’s arguments do not succeed. 

1) Delay in Presentment

Rule 5 of the Federal Rules of Criminal Procedure requires that “[a] person

making an arrest within the United States must take the defendant without

unnecessary delay before a magistrate judge.” Fed. R. Crim. P. 5(a)(l)(A). Rule

5 codifies the common-law rule of “prompt presentment,” which required that an

officer take an arrested person before a magistrate “as soon as he reasonably

could.” Corley v. United States, 556 U.S. 303, 306 (2009). In McNabb v. United

States, 318 U.S. 322 (1943) and Mallory v. United States, 354 U.S. 449 (1957),

the Supreme Court established a remedy for violations of the

prompt-presentment requirement: suppressionof any confessionobtained during

a period of unreasonable delay. Corley, 556 U.S. at 309.

In 1968, Congress modified the McNabb–Mallory framework by enacting

18 U.S.C. § 3501. Section 3501(c) provides that a court may not suppress a

confession made during a six-hour safe-harbor period solely due to a delay in

presentment if the confession was made voluntarily.

1 See Corley, 556 U.S. at

1

18 U.S.C. § 3501(c) provides that:

In any criminal prosecution by the United States or by the District of Columbia, a

confession made or given by a person who is a defendant therein, while such person

was under arrest or other detention in the custody of any law-enforcement officer or

law-enforcement agency, shall not be inadmissible solely because of delay in bringing

such person before a magistrate judge or other officer empowered to commit persons

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322. Section 3501(c) also permits for an extension of the six-hour safe harbor in

any case in which the delay in bringing such a person before a magistrate is

found by the trial judge to be reasonable considering the means of transportation

and the distance to be traveled to the nearest magistrate. Confessions provided

outside § 3501(c)’s safe-harbor, however, remain subject to the McNabb-Mallory

exclusionary rule. Id.; see also United States v. Cantu-Ramirez, 669 F.3d 619,

625 (5th Cir. 2012). 

Because this circuit has yet to address the viability of its pre-Corley case

law in cases involving presentment delays that fall outside of the safe harbor, we

must first address the implications of Corley.

(A) Effect of Corley on Existing Case Law 

This circuit abides by the rule of orderliness, under which a panel of the

court cannot overturn a prior panel decision “absent an intervening change in

the law, such as by a statutory amendment, or the Supreme Court or by our en

banc court.” Technical Automation Servs. Corp v. Liberty Surplus Ins. Corp., 673

F.3d 399, 405 (5th Cir. 2012) (internal quotation marks omitted). “[F]or a

Supreme Court decision to change our [c]ircuit’s law, it must be more than

merely illuminating with respect to the case before the court and must

unequivocally overrule prior precedent.” Id. at 405 (internal quotation marks

and alterations omitted). Our inquiry is whether Corley unequivocally overruled

our existing precedent concerning McNabb-Mallory. We hold that it did.

charged with offenses against the laws of the United States or of the District of

Columbia if such confession is found by the trial judge to have been made voluntarily

and if the weight to be given the confession is left to the jury and if such confession was

made or given by such person within six hours immediately following his arrest or

other detention: Provided, [t]hat the time limitation contained in this subsection shall

not apply in any case in which the delay in bringing such person before such magistrate

judge or other officer beyond such six-hour period is found by the trial judge to be

reasonable considering the means of transportation and the distance to be traveled to

the nearest available such magistrate judge or other officer.

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Before Corley we treated a delayed presentment as just one factor to be

considered as part of a totality-of-the-circumstances evaluation into whether a

confession was given voluntarily. See, e.g., United States v. Perez-Bustamante,

963 F.2d 48, 52-53 (5th Cir. 1992); United States v. Bustamante-Saenz, 894 F.2d

114, 120 (5th Cir. 1990). Delays longer than six hours “merely constitute[d]

another factor to be considered by the trial judge in determining voluntariness.”

United States v. Hathorn, 451 F.2d 1337, 1341 (5th Cir. 1971). Corley

unequivocally held that our prior approach was in error. 

Corley makes clear that even voluntary confessions should be suppressed

if they occurred during a period of unreasonable delay. “If the confession

occurred before presentment and beyond six hours,” the Supreme Court

instructed, “the court must decide whether delaying that long was unreasonable

or unnecessary under the McNabb-Mallory cases, and if it was, the confession

is to be suppressed.” 556 U.S. at 322. Accordingly, we take this opportunity to

confirm that, to the extent our previous cases have indicated that a greater-thansix-hour delay is only a component of a broader voluntariness examination, those

cases were overruled by the Supreme Court in Corley. Instead, when presented

with a delay outside of the safe harbor, a district court must apply the McNabbMallory doctrine to determine whether the delay in bringing a suspect before a

magistrate was reasonable. 

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B) Standard for Determining Violations of McNabb-Mallory2

Mallory provides the following guidance for determining whether a

confession happened after a period of unnecessary delay: 

The police may not arrest upon mere suspicion but only on ‘probable

cause.’ The next step in the proceeding is to arraign the arrested person

before a judicial officer as quickly as possible so that he may be advised of

his rights and so that the issue of probable cause may be promptly

determined. The arrested person may, of course, be ‘booked’ by the police. 

But he is not to be taken to police headquarters in order to carry out a

process of inquiry that lends itself, even if not so designed, to eliciting

damaging statements to support the arrest and ultimately his guilt. 

The duty enjoined upon arresting officers to arraign ‘without

unnecessary delay’ indicates that the command does not call for

mechanical or automatic obedience. Circumstances may justify a brief

delay between arrest and arraignment, as for instance, where the story

volunteered by the accused is susceptible of quick verification through

third parties. But the delay must not be of a nature to give opportunity

for the extraction of a confession. 

354 U.S. at 454-55. As noted by the Supreme Court, the doctrine proscribes only

unnecessary delays, and not delay itself. Accordingly, when applying McNabbMallory, a court cannot simply “watch[] the clock,” and treat the doctrine as “a

carpenter’s measuring stick to be used by merely laying it alongside the material

to be evaluated.” Muschette v. United States, 322 F.2d 989, 991 (D.C. Cir. 1963),

vacated on other grounds, 378 U.S. 569 (1964). A six-hour delay in presentment

should not be treated as a sort of talismanic formula that renders all confessions

made after the delay inadmissable: “[a] lapse of hours between arrest and

2 We highlight for the sake of clarity that the Government did not raise any argument

that Boche-Perez’s waiver of his Miranda rights also constituted a waiver of his McNabbMallory rights. Because any delays that occurred were reasonable and/or harmless, we do not

reach the question of whether such a rule exists in this circuit, or the effect, if any, Corley had

on such a rule. We do note, however, that some courts have come to the conclusion that a

Miranda waiver also constitutes a waiver of rights under McNabb-Mallory. See, e.g., Corley,

556 U.S. at 328-29 (Alito, J., dissenting) (citing cases); United States v. Guthrie, 265 F. App’x

478, 480-81 (9th Cir. 2008); see also Brown v. United States, 979 A.2d 630, 636-37 (D.C. 2009)

(considering effect of Corley on McNabb-Mallory waivers). 

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arraignment, standing alone, does not require the exclusion of a statement made

during the period.” United States v. Jaswal, 47 F.3d 539, 542 (2d Cir. 1995); see

also Muschette, 322 F.2d at 241. “The mere fact that a confession is made while

[the accused] is in custody of the police does not render it inadmissable,”

McNabb, 318 U.S. at 346, because “it is the need for the delay rather than its

length that is controlling.” 1 Charles Alan Wright & Andrew D. Leipold, Federal

Practice and Procedure: Criminal § 73, at 179 (4th ed. 2008).

Accordingly, aMcNabb-Mallory challenge requires a district courtto make

two determinations: 

Initially, the court must determine the length of the delay. The McNabbMallory clock starts to run from when the obligation to take the defendant before

the federal magistrate arises, see UnitedStates v. Alvarez-Sanchez, 511 U.S. 350,

359 (1996), to the point at which the confession was rendered, see, e.g., United

States v. Mitchell, 322 U.S. 65, 70 (1944); United States v. Brown, 459 F.2d 319,

324 (5th Cir. 1971).3 McNabb-Mallory concerns itself with “the time of

confession, not the time of first appearance.” 1 Wright & Leipold § 73, at 177. 

If that period is shorter than six-hours, or alternatively, any extension of the

safe harbor “considering the means of transportation and the distance to be

traveled to the nearest available such magistrate judge or other officer,” 18

U.S.C. § 3501(c), then the McNabb-Mallory inquiry is at an end. 

3 See also United States v. Elkins, 774 F.2d 530, 534-35 (1st Cir. 1985); United States

v. Leviton, 193 F.2d 848, 853 (2d Cir. 1951); Gov’t of V.I. v. Gereau, 502 F.2d 914, 924 (3d Cir.

1974), rev’d on other grounds, Corley, 556 U.S. at 312-13; United States v. Seohnlein, 423 F.2d

1051, 1053 (4th Cir. 1970); United States v. Long, 323 F.2d 468, 471 (6th Cir. 1963); United

States v. Davis, 532 F.2d 22, 25 (7th Cir. 1976); Bright v. United States, 274 F.2d 696, 697 (8th

Cir. 1960); United States v. Halbert, 436 F.2d 1226, 1237 (9th Cir. 1970), overruling on other

grounds recognized by United States v. Mendoza, 16 F. App’x 770, 772 (9th Cir. 2001);

Chapman v. United States, 397 F.2d 24, 26 (10th Cir. 1968); Mathies v. United States, 374 F.2d

312, 315 (D.C. Cir. 1967); Wayne R. LeFave et al., Criminal Procedure § 6.3 (Westlaw 3d ed.

2012).

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But if the length of the delay is determined to fall outside of the § 3501(c)

safe harbor, then the court needs to move on to the second step of the analysis

and examine whether the causes of the delay were justifiable under the McNabbMallory cases. The defendant has the burden of demonstrating a McNabbMallory violation. See, e.g., Brown, 459 F.2d at 324; Joseph v. United States, 239

F.2d 524, 527 (5th Cir. 1957); White v. United States, 200 F.2d 509, 512 (5th Cir.

1952).4

McNabb-Mallory case law rejects delays when those delays have either (1)

a non-existent or (2) an unacceptable justification. A non-existent explanation

(i.e., delay for delay’s sake) is unacceptable under McNabb-Mallory because a

delay for delay’s sake is, by definition, unnecessary to any legitimate law

enforcement purpose. See, e.g., United States v. Yong Bing-Gong, 594 F. Supp.

248, 254 (S.D.N.Y. 1984), aff’d sub nom., United States v. Bing-Nam, 788 F.2d

4 (2d Cir. 1986). Similarly, a delay for the purpose of interrogation “is the

epitome of [an] unnecessary delay.” Corley, 556 U.S. at 308; see also Rogers v.

United States, 330 F.2d 535, 538 (5th Cir. 1964). But beyond either unexplained

delays or purposeful delays for criminal interrogations, courts have been “careful

not to overextend McNabb-Mallory’s prophylactic rule in cases where there was

a reasonable delay unrelated to any prolonged interrogation of the arrestee.” 

United States v. Garcia-Hernandez, 569 F.3d 1100, 1106 (9th Cir. 2009). 

As a result, the McNabb-Mallory doctrine tolerates delays related to

legitimate law enforcement procedures, such as the administrative booking of

4 See also United States v. Van Poyck, 77 F.3d 285, 288 (9th Cir. 1996); Miller v. United

States, 396 F.2d 492, 496 (8th Cir. 1968); Tillotson v. United States, 231 F.2d 736, 738 (D.C.

Cir. 1956); United States v. Leviton, 193 F.2d 848, 854 (2d Cir. 1951). We do not address

whether there is a burden-shifting framework under McNabb-Mallory for delays in

presentment greater than a certain number of hours because Boche-Perez does not raise, and

therefore waived, any such argument. Cf. Cnty. of Riverside v. McLaughlin, 500 U.S. 44, 56-57

(1991) (articulating burden-shifting framework when the defendant is not given a probable

cause hearing within 48 hours).

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the arrestee; coordinating with multiple law enforcement agencies or with the

U.S. attorney’s office; or verifying alibis. See, e.g., Mallory, 354 U.S. at 454;

Davis, 532 F.2d at 25-26; United States v. Collins, 462 F.2d 792, 795 (2d Cir.

1972); Feguer v. United States, 302 F.2d 214, 251 (8th Cir. 1962); Haines v.

United States, 188 F.2d 546, 554-55 (9th Cir. 1951); cf. United States v. CorralMartinez, 592 F.2d 263, 268 (5th Cir. 1979). Delays so that the arrestee can

receive medical care and/or sober up have also long been sanctioned. See, e.g.,

United States v. Manuel, 706 F.2d 908, 914 (9th Cir. 1983); United States v.

Aman, 624 F.2d 911, 913 (9th Cir. 1980); United States v. Isom, 588 F.2d 858,

862 (2d Cir. 1978). 

Delays arising from a shortage of governmental personnel necessary for

the initial appearance and transportation thereto (such as attorneys, law

enforcement, and translators) also remain acceptable. See, e.g., GarciaHernandez, 569 F.3d at 1106. For the purposes of determining whether there

is a shortage of governmental personnel, McNabb-Mallory does not require law

enforcement officers to drop everything and rush to the magistrate when doing

so would imperil public safety. See, e.g., Carter, 484 F. App’x at 457-58; United

States v. Hensley, 374 F.2d 341, 349 (6th Cir. 1967). Moreover, under MalloryMcNabb, the police are not entirely “forbidden . . . to investigate crime.” United

States v. Vita, 294 F.2d 524, 530 (2d Cir. 1961) (internal quotation marks

omitted). As such, law enforcement personnel are permitted, within reasonable

limits, to investigate whether the crime occurred; search and secure a premises;

and secure, confiscate, or destroy contraband before taking an arrestee to a

magistrate. See, e.g., United States v. McDaniel, 441 F.2d 1160, 1161 (4th Cir.

1971); Williams v. United States, 419 F.2d 740, 743 n.6 (D.C. Cir. 1969); United

States v. Chadwick, 415 F.2d 167, 173 (10th Cir. 1969); O’Neal v. United States,

411 F.2d 131, 136 (5th Cir. 1969); United States v. Lovejoy, 364 F.2d 586, 589 (2d

Cir. 1966); United States v. Price, 345 F.2d 256, 261-62 (2d Cir. 1965); Rogers,

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330 F.2d at 538-39; Williams, 273 F.2d at 798; Mallory v. United States, 259 F.2d

796, 798 (D.C. Cir. 1958). And provided that the defendant agrees to cooperate

before a period of unnecessary delay, McNabb-Mallory permits officers to

translate oral confessions into written confessions, and does not require officers

to prematurely terminate an interview. See, e.g., United States v. Redlightning,

624 F.3d 1090, 1107-08 (9th Cir. 2010); United States v. Candella, 469 F.2d 173,

175-76 (2d Cir. 1976); United States v. Johnson, 467 F.2d 630, 636-37 (2d Cir.

1972); Long v. United States, 360 F.2d 829, 833 (D.C. Cir. 1966); Vita, 294 F.2d

at 532; Metoyer v. United States, 250 F.2d 30, 33 (D.C. Cir. 1957); Leviton, 193

F.2d at 855.5

Courts also accept delays when the delays arise out of the unavailability

of the magistrate. A magistrate can be considered unavailable due to a host of

reasons including: a busy docket; a closed court; or other factors, such as

distance and weather, that make transportation impractical, futile, and/or

dangerous. See, e.g., United States v. Carter, 484 F. App’x 449, 457-58 (11th Cir.

2012); United States v. Lasley, No. 8:11CR19, 2011 WL 1630936, at *4 (D. Ne.

2011). The prompt presentment requirement does not require a magistrate to

be available twenty-four hours a day, and the government is not required to take

the fastest possible route to the courthouse—just a reasonable one. See, e.g.,

Van Poyck, 77 F.3d at 289; United States v. Yunis, 859 F.2d 953, 969 (D.C. Cir.

1988); United States v. Mendoza, 473 F.2d 697, 702 (5th Cir. 1973); Williams v.

United States, 273 F.2d 781, 797 (9th Cir. 1959). 

5 See also United States v. Michel, No. S4-11-CR.-755, 2013 WL 686690, at *3-4

(S.D.N.Y. Feb. 26, 2013); United States v. Annoreno, No. 06 CR 33-1, 2009 WL 3518155, at *4

(N.D. Ill. 2009); United States v. Pena Ontiveros, 547 F. Supp. 2d 323, 339 (S.D.N.Y. 2008);

United States v. Haouari, No. S1-00-CR.-15 (JFK), 2000 WL 1593345, at *7 (S.D.N.Y. Oct. 25,

2000); United States v. Berkovich, 932 F. Supp. 582, 588-89 (S.D.N.Y. 1996); Yong Bing-Gong,

594 F. Supp. at 257; United States v. Delamarra, 275 F. Supp. 1, 4-5 (D.D.C. 1967); cf. United

States v. McDowell, 687 F.3d 904, 910-11 (7th Cir. 2012).

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Finally, in applying McNabb-Mallory, a district court should not resort to

a “semanticism that obscures the facts” of a case. Leviton, 193 F.2d at 854. The

overall reasonableness of a delay will vary city-to-city, case-to-case, justificationto-justification.6 With those basic principles in mind, we turn to Boche-Perez’s

confessions.

C) Application of the McNabb-Mallory Rule

Because the McNabb–Mallory exclusionary rule concerns itself with the

delay before the confession, we must examine each ofthe defendant’s confessions

to determine whether they occurred before an unnecessary delay in presentment. 

The record reveals three confessions from Boche-Perez regarding the DVDs. 

Boche-Perez arrived at the border at approximately 9 a.m. CBP took him

to hard secondary around 9:10 a.m. CBP agents discovered the illegal DVDs in

Boche-Perez’s luggage at 12:40 p.m., at which point they contacted ICE. ICE

arrived at the port at 1:00 p.m., mirandized the defendant at approximately 1:50

p.m., and interviewed Boche-Perez from 1:50 p.m. to roughly 3 p.m. In that

interview, Boche-Perez denied knowing that the DVDs contained illegal

pornography. Nonetheless, at approximately 3 p.m., ICE contacted the U.S.

Attorney’s Office to see whether they would accept prosecution of the case. The

U.S. Attorney’s office accepted prosecution at 3:22 p.m. Boche-Perez’s first

confession soon followed.

(i) The 4:15 p.m. Oral Confession

The first confession occurred at approximately 4:15 p.m. After securing

prosecution with the U.S. Attorney’s office, ICE turned Boche-Perez over to a

CBP agent to process him for immigration purposes. The CBP officer began the

interview to process him for immigration purposes at 4:00 p.m., gave Miranda

6 See, e.g., Hensley, 374 F.2d at 349; Williams, 273 F.2d at 797-98.

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warnings at 4:13 p.m., and Boche-Perez quickly confessed at approximately 4:15

p.m.

Because the district court found that the six-hour safe harbor ran from

9:10 a.m., and the Government does not challenge that determination, we

assume that the six-hour harbor safe harbor expired at 3:10 p.m. Accordingly,

when applying the McNabb-Mallory doctine, we need to determine whether the

roughly seven hour delay before Boche-Perez’s first oral confession was

reasonable in light of the totality of the circumstances. We conclude that it was. 

First, we agree with the district court’s finding that there is “simply no”

evidence that “the delay was for the purpose of attempting to extract a

confession.” The delays that resulted before Boche-Perez’s confession occurred

not because of some effort to extend his detention for the purpose of

interrogating him, but rather because of the need for, and the difficulties

inherent in, coordination between “the remote law enforcement agencies and

agents” working at one of the busiest ports of entry on the Mexican border.

The initial portion of the delay, from 9:10-12:40, and then from 12:40-3:00,

was attributable to (1) routine administrative processing and search procedures

at the border, (2) travel time for the officers responsible for investigating the

crime, and (3) to determine whether any crime had occurred. All three types of

delay have long been considered reasonable under McNabb-Mallory case law,

and they were especially so in this case given that the DVDs in question were

not even discovered until 12:40 p.m. See, e.g., Garcia-Hernandez, 569 F.3d at

1106; Corral-Martinez, 592 F.2d at 268; Collins, 462 F.2d at 795; McDaniel, 441

F.2d at 1160-61; Mallory, 259 F.2d at 798.

The next portion of the delay, from 3:00-3:22 p.m., occurred because of

ICE’s need to consult with the AUSA as to whether criminal charges could be

filed. Again, such delays have long been sanctioned by courts applying McNabbMallory. See, e.g., Davis, 532 F.2d at 25-26. 

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The final portion of the delay, from 3:22-4:15 p.m., had two causes, both

of which were sufficient to justify delaying Boche-Perez’s presentment. First, at

the time he had confessed, ICE had not completed, and the AUSA had not

reviewed, a criminal complaint for Boche-Perez. The ICE agent justified the

delay during the suppression hearing by explaining that, after receiving the

AUSA’s agreement to prosecute the case at 3:22 p.m., he did not believe that he

could complete the complaint in time for the local U.S. Attorney’s 4:00 p.m.

deadline for criminal complaints. As such, the criminal complaint was not

submitted to the U.S. Attorney’s office until the next day, and Boche-Perez was

not presented to the magistrate until two full days had passed from when BochePerez was first placed in hard secondary.

Though ICE’s inability to submit a criminal complaintto the U.S. Attorney 

by 4 p.m. had the unfortunate effect of delaying Boche-Perez’s presentment by

almost 24 hours from when it otherwise would have occured, the length of the

ultimate delay does not affect the McNabb-Mallory analysis of Boche-Perez’s

4:15 p.m. oral confession. McNabb-Mallory examines the reasonableness of the

delay at the time of confession, not the time of presentment. Accordingly, rather

than focusing on the effects that the failure to have completed a complaint by 4

p.m. had on Boche-Perez’s time of presentment, we consider whether it was

reasonable to have delayed his presentment past 4:15 p.m. because a complaint

had not been completed by that time. 

That delay was reasonable: a review of the complaint suggests that it was

fair for the ICE agent to spend at least thirty minutes preparing the

complaint—the McNabb-Mallory doctrine does not require government agents

and lawyers to act with such haste that they omit proofreading their court

filings—and also fair for the relevant U.S. attorney, even though not instantly

available, to insist on reviewing and approving the complaint before it was filed

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in court.7 Cf. Davis, 532 F.2d at 25-26; Collins, 462 F.2d at 795; Haines, 188

F.2d at 554-55. It was reasonable for the entire process of preparing and

approving the complaint to take at least an hour. As such, Boche-Perez’s

presentment had not been unreasonably delayed by the time he confessed

because the relevant governmental personnel had not had sufficient time to

prepare the paperwork necessary for the initial appearance.

Second, and in the alternative, even after the U.S. Attorney’s office had

approved prosecution at 3:22 p.m., Boche-Perez still had to be administratively

processed for immigration purposes and paroled into the United States. BochePerez takes exception to the fact that some of the questions from the CBP agents

concerned the DVDs and not just his immigration status, but his arguments

ignore that his possession of the DVDs also had significant implications for his

immigration status. 

Under 8 U.S.C. § 1101(a)(13)(C), an “alien lawfully admitted for

permanent residence in the United States”— such as Boche-Perez—“shall not

be regarded as seeking an admission into the United States for purposes of the

immigration law unless the alien . . . has engaged in illegal activity after having

departed the United States.” Boche-Perez’s possession of the DVDs provided

clear and convincing evidence that he had engaged in an illegal activity after

having departed the United States. CBP officials were accordingly entitled to

7 Because we consider only the reasonableness ofthe delay until Boche-Perez confessed

based on the totality of circumstances presented here, we do not pass judgment on the overall

legitimacy under the Federal Rules of Criminal Procedure of the office policy that requires

criminal complaints to be submitted by 4:00 p.m. on the day before presentment for review and

transmittal to the court. We are mindful of the fact that generally standardized

administrative processes are in place to expedite, rather than delay, the presentment of

arrestees. The U.S. Attorney is CAUTIONED, however, that Rule 5(a)’s command that a

prisoner be presented to a magistrate without unnecessary delay does not mean when

optimally convenient. “The road to presentment before a magistrate for one accused of a crime

should not be paved only with good intentions,” and accordingly, “district courts will be

required to rule on the reasonableness in individual cases of any pre-arraignment delays

exceeding six hours.” United States v. Perez, 733 F.2d 1026, 1036 (2d Cir. 1984).

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question him about the DVDs in light of their potential implications for BochePerez’s immigration status. See, e.g., Gonzaga-Ortega v. Holder, 736 F.3d 795,

803-04 (9th Cir. 2013). It was reasonable for presentment to be delayed for

administrative processing by an hour or so to parole Boche-Perez into the United

States. See, e.g., United States v. Garcia-Hernandez, 569 F.3d 1100, 1102, 1106

(9th Cir. 2009) (delay to administratively process at the border and determine

whether to file criminal charges was reasonable); United States v. Collins, 462

F.2d 792, 795-96 (2d Cir. 1972) (delay for administrative processing was

reasonable); United States v. Fontane-Medina, No. 11-20492-CR, 2011 WL

6826811, at *19-*21 (S.D. Fla. Nov. 27, 2011) (delay to determine immigration

status was reasonable). 

Boche-Perez raises two objections to the reasonableness ofthe immigration

processing. First, he objects to the idea that he was asked questions at all after

the U.S. Attorney’s office decided to prosecute. However, as long as the delay

was not for the purpose of interrogation and was reasonable, as the district court

expressly found here, the McNabb-Mallory doctrine does not institute a flat ban

on asking any questions. See, e.g., Carter, 484 F. App’x at 457-58; Redlightning,

624 F.3d at 1107-08; Yunis, 859 F.2d at 955-57, 967-69; United States v. Purvis,

768 F.2d 1237, 1239 (11th Cir. 1985); Collins, 462 F.2d at 795-96; Johnson, 467

F.2d at 634; O’Neal, 411 F.2d at 136; Price, 345 F.2d at 262; Rogers, 330 F.2d at

539; Mallory, 259 F.2d at 798; Yong Bing-Gong, 594 F. Supp. at 257, aff’d, BingNam, 788 F.2d at 4; Michel, 2013 WL 686690, at *3-4; Annoreno, 2009 WL

3518155, at *4; Pena Ontiveros, 547 F. Supp. 2d at 339; Haouari, 2000 WL

1593345, at *7; Berkovich, 932 F. Supp. at 587-89; cf. McDaniel, 441 F.2d at

1161. And because Boche-Perez was provided Miranda warnings, and confessed

so quickly after immigration processing began, this is not a case where we need

to explore the outer-boundaries of pre-arraignment questioning under McNabbMallory during periods of otherwise reasonable delay. 

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Second, Boche-Perez objects that our determination runs contrary to the

Ninth Circuit’s ruling in United States v. Valenzuela-Espinoza. See 697 F.3d 742

(9th Cir. 2011). But Valenzuela-Espinoza is distinguishable. First, the delay

from when the illegal materials were found to when the confession occurred was

far longer in Valenzuela-Espinoza than here—in Valenzuela-Espinoza, the

defendant was arrested at 11:15 am, and did not confess until sometime after

7:30 p.m. By contrast, Boche-Perez had only a four-hour delay between the

discovery of the incriminating materials and the confession, and indeed, BochePerez confessed within one hour of actually being arrested. Second, ValenzuelaEspinoza indicated that delays in presentment were justifiable when caused by

“the unavailability of government personnel . . . necessary to completing the

arraignment process.” Id. at 752. The U.S. Attorney is undoubtedly a person

necessary to completing the arraignment process, and the record here indicates

that presentment was delayed beyond Boche-Perez’s 4:15 p.m. confession largely

because the U.S. Attorney’s office was unavailable to review any complaint that

was drafted on such a tight turnaround. Third, the context for the delays is

different—Valenzuela-Espinoza dealt with a morning discovery of illicit

materials and a morning arrest in metropolitan Tucson. Moreover, numerous

agents were present at the time of arrest, eight of whom the court determined

were “available to complete Valenzuela-Espinoza’s” arraignment. Id. at 752. By

contrast, Boche-Perez’s delay occurred at one of the busiest ports of entry in the

country, and there has been no showing that there were surplus personnel

available to review the criminal complaint, process Boche-Perez for immigration

purposes, and transport him to the magistrate before 4:15 p.m. If anything, the

record shows just the opposite, and it is Boche-Perez’s burden to substantiate a

McNabb-Mallory violation. 

In light of the totality of the circumstances, and especially given the added

complications for law enforcement procedures created by the need for

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immigration processing at ports of entry, this case is far closer to GarciaHernandez, 569 F.3d at 1106, than to Valenzuela-Espinonza. Accordingly, we

reject Boche-Perez’s suggestion that somehow Ninth Circuit jurisprudence

compels the suppression of Boche-Perez’s confession, and we further decline to

issue an advisory opinion concerning the outer-bounds of the McNabb-Mallory

doctrine as applied by our circuit and the Ninth Circuit. 

The totality of the circumstances, when considered under the McNabbMallory cases, indicates that the Government’s delay in not presenting BochePerez by approximately 4:15 p.m. was reasonable. Because Boche-Perez’s 4:15

p.m. confession happened during a period of reasonable delay, the district court

properly denied the motion to suppress notwithstanding the lengthy delay before

he was presented. Even if we assume arguendo that the delay became

unreasonable at some point before Boche-Perez was presented to the magistrate,

any subsequentillegality “does not retroactively change the circumstances under

which” Boche-Perez confessed. Mitchell, 322 U.S. at 70.

(ii) The 6:00 p.m. Written Confession

Boche-Perez’s second confession occurred at around 6:00 p.m. After BochePerez’s oral confession at approximately 4:15, the CBP officer began the

preparation of a written confession. The CBP officer took from approximately

4:20 p.m.-5:10 p.m. to prepare the statement. Boche-Perez then reviewed the

statement, and signed the written confession at 6:00 p.m.

That delay was also reasonable. Reasonable delays for transferring an

oral confession into writing do not trigger a McNabb-Mallory violation. See, e.g.,

Davis, 532 F.2d at 25-26; Candella, 469 F.2d at 175-76; Johnson, 467 F.2d at

636; Long, 360 F.2d at 832-33; Vita, 294 F.2d at 532; Haines, 188 F.2d at 554-55;

Delamarra, 275 F. Supp. at 4-5. As the D.C. Circuit observed in Metoyer v.

United States:

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[T]he real thrust of the objection goes to the very rendering of the

confession to written form. This is an attack upon a fundamental concept

of the law that has always favored and encouraged the writing of freely

expressed declarations which are known to be of crucial importance in

order to minimize litigation and disputes as to just what was said. Delay

does not mean mere passage of time; it means passage of time during

which that which should and could be done is not done.

250 F.2d at 33. Moreover, even if the delay for translating Boche-Perez’s oral

confession into a written confession was unreasonable under McNabb-Mallory,

any error was harmless. Boche-Perez’s 6:00 p.m. written “confession overlapped

in material respects” with his 4:15 p.m. oral confession and as such, any error

is necessarily harmless. United States v. Mansoori, 304 F.3d 635, 662 (7th Cir.

2002); see also Carter, 484 F. App’x at 457-58; United States v. Ragland, 434 F.

App’x 863, 869 (11th Cir. 2011). 

(iii) The 9:00 p.m. Oral Confession

Boche-Perez’s final confession occurred at 9 p.m. when he confessed to the

ICE agent that he possessed additional illegal pornography at his home in

Arkansas. We decline to address Boche-Perez’s arguments because the record

is hazy and even if we were to determine that the confession should have been

excluded under McNabb-Mallory, any error would be necessarily harmless

(under any standard of review) with respect to the offense to which Boche-Perez

pleaded guilty. He had already twice confessed to that crime, and his earlier

confessions were admissible under the McNabb-Mallory doctrine. Though

Boche-Perez did confess to additional criminal activity in his 9:00 p.m. interview,

he cannot show any prejudice in this particular case from the district court’s

refusal to suppress the confession because (1) he did not plead guilty to any of

those additional offenses, and (2) the district court declined to consider the

additional evidence that the government seized following the third confession at

Boche–Perez’s home in Arkansas with respect to sentencing. As such, we do not

consider his allegation of error.

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2) Voluntariness 

Boche-Perez also challenges the voluntariness of his three confessions. To

determine whether a confession is voluntary we consider the totality of the

circumstances pursuant to 18 U.S.C. § 3501(b). Cantu-Ramirez, 669 F.3d at 625-

26. The factors used in this assessment are the length of time between arrest

and before arraignment, whether the defendant was aware of the potential

charges against him when he gave his statement, whether he was apprised of his

rights, whether he had counsel, whether the delay was for purposes of

interrogation, and whether the interview was “hostile.” Id. at 625-27; see also

Bustamante-Saenz, 894 F.2d at 120. 

The totality of the circumstances shows that Boche-Perez’s statements

were voluntary even though he was not presented to a magistrate judge until

two days after his detainment. See Cantu-Ramirez, 669 F.3d at 625-27. In

particular, prior to his confession, he was aware of the charges against him and

validly waived his rights, and nothing in the record indicates that “the delay was

for the purpose of obtaining a confession.” Id. at 626. Moreover, the 4:00 p.m.

interview, during which Boche-Perez first confessed, lasted approximately one

hour. The room in which the interrogation took place was large with officers

walking in and out, and several other individuals were also being detained there. 

While Boche-Perez suggests that there was no evidence that he was given water

or bathroom breaks, he does not affirmatively state that he was not given

adequate water or breaks, and the testimony of the agents who interviewed him

indicated that he did receive both water and breaks to visit the restroom. After

waiving his rights immediately before the interview, Boche-Perez admitted that

he knew the DVDs in his luggage contained child pornography and then signed

a written statement to that effect. Although Boche-Perez was handcuffed during

the interview, there is no evidence that his interviewer or any other agent

threatened Boche-Perez or promised him anything. See United States v.

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Cardenas, 410 F.3d 287, 295 (5th Cir. 2005) (“Such basic police procedures as

restraining a suspect with handcuffs have never been held to constitute

sufficient coercion to warrant suppression.”). As such, the district court did not

err in concluding that the delay did not result “in an interrogation that was so

‘lengthy, hostile, or coercive,’ that it would tend to overwhelm [Boche-Perez’s]

will” and result in an involuntary confession. Cantu–Ramirez, 669 F.3d at 627. 

3) Miranda

Finally, Boche-Perez tries to suppress his 9 p.m. confession on the grounds

that he was not read his Miranda rights directly prior to the interview. This

argument is without merit. By 9 p.m. Boche-Perez had already waived his rights

twice, and he has not challenged the voluntariness of his waivers. Additional

warnings were not required. See Soffar v. Cockrell, 300 F.3d 588, 592-93 (5th

Cir. 2002) (en banc).

CONCLUSION

We AFFIRM the district court. 

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JAMES L. DENNIS, Circuit Judge, concurring:

Carmen Boche–Perez moved to suppress the confessions he made to

arresting officers while in custody on the ground that they were involuntary and

that the government’s two-day delay in presenting him to a magistrate judge

required suppression under the McNabb–Mallory exclusionary rule. See 18

U.S.C. § 3501(c); FED.R.CRIM.P.5(a)(l)(A); Corley v. United States, 556 U.S. 303

(2010); Mallory v. United States, 354 U.S. 449 (1957); McNabb v. United States,

318 U.S. 322 (1943). I agree with the majority’s conclusions that the confessions

were voluntary and that Boche–Perez’s first two confessions need not be

suppressed because the government’s delay in obtaining those confessions was

reasonable under the circumstances and not calculated to extract a confession,

and that the admission of his third confession, which occurred at 9:00 p.m. on

the evening he was arrested, was at most harmless error. I write separately to

emphasize two points. First, it is only under the unusual circumstances of this

case that Boche–Perez’s 9:00 p.m. confession is harmless error. Second, while

I do not approve of the government’s extended delay in presenting Boche–Perez

to a magistrate judge after he made incriminating statements to investigators,

the Supreme Court has held that an otherwise admissible confession obtained

during a period of lawful detention is not subject to suppression merely because

of the government’s subsequent failure promptly to take the confessing

defendant before a magistrate. United States v. Mitchell, 322 U.S. 65, 70-71

(1944). Accordingly, I concur in the majority’s opinion affirming the denial of

Boche–Perez’s motion to suppress all three of his confessions.

I.

First, there is a strong argument that Boche–Perez’s third confession was

made during a period of unnecessary delay under McNabb–Mallory and Corley. 

After Boche–Perez first confessed, he was forced to wait nearly six more hours

before he was booked into the Webb County jail at 11:40 p.m. that night. Much

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of that delay is due to the fact that the government inexplicably waited three

hours before interviewing Boche–Perez again at approximately 9:00 p.m. The

government offered no justification for this delay, and Agent Silva’s testimony

suggests that he reinterviewed Boche–Perez at 9:00 p.m. to get more information

that would enable him to obtain a search warrant of Boche–Perez’s home in

Arkansas. Cf. Mallory, 354 U.S. at 455 (“[T]he delay must not be of a nature to

give opportunity for the extraction of a confession.”); United States v. Liera, 585

F.3d 1237, 1243 (9th Cir. 2009) (holding delay to obtain a second confession,

which, unlike the first confession, could be audio-recorded, was unreasonable

because “[a]n audio recording of Liera’s statements was . . . unnecessary to

complete the arraignment process or determine whether to file criminal

charges”).

However, due to the unusual circumstances of this case, I agree that the

district court’s failure to grant Boche–Perez’s motion to suppress his 9:00 p.m.

confession was harmless error. Cf., e.g., Arizona v. Fulminante, 499 U.S. 279

(1991) (holding that harmless-error analysis applies to admissibility of coerced

confessions); Premo v. Moore, 131 S. Ct. 733, 745 (2011) (discussing, through lens

of § 2254 and Strickland, application of Fulminante’s harmless-error rule to

cases involving plea bargains when the defendant might have moved to suppress

his confession but failed to do so). Boche–Perez never asked this court or the

district court to differentiate between the content of the 9:00 p.m. confession and

the earlier confessions. Indeed, the 9:00 p.m. confession largely duplicated and

corroborated the incriminating content of Boche–Perez’s earlier confessions, and

even without considering the 9:00 p.m. confession, there was ample evidence

against Boche–Perez both in the form of the DVDs agents discovered in

Boche–Perez’s luggage and his earlier confessions. The 9:00 p.m. confession also

did not affect Boche–Perez’s sentence because the district court declined to

consider the additional evidence that the government seized following the third

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confession at Boche–Perez’s home in Arkansas. Additionally, the government

gave no indication that its prosecution depended on the admission of

Boche–Perez’s 9:00 p.m. confession—or any confession at all—because the U.S.

Attorney’s office indicated its willingness to proceed with prosecution before

Boche–Perez confessed, and Boche–Perez does not now deny that he knew that

the DVDs contained child pornography. Cf. Premo, 131 S. Ct. at 745 (explaining,

in § 2254 case, that “even on direct review,” the erroneous admission of the

defendant’s confession likely would have been harmless error because “evidence

against [the defendant] was strong[;] [t]he accounts of [his] [two] confession[s]

. . . corroborated each other[;] [t]he State gave no indication that its . . .

prosecution depended on the admission of the police confession[;] and [the

defendant] does not now deny” that he committed the offense to which he

pleaded guilty). Therefore, I agree with the majority that the denial of

Boche–Perez’s motion to suppress his 9:00 p.m. confession was at most harmless

error. 

II.

As I stated at the outset, I also agree with the majority’s conclusion that

the delay in presentment following Boche–Perez’s confessions does not warrant

the suppression of his confessions. That delay—because it occurred after

Boche–Perez confessed—does not require the suppression of his confessions. See

Mitchell, 322 U.S. at 70-71; Corley, 556 U.S. at 306 (“[A]n arrested person’s

confession is inadmissible if given after an unreasonable delay in bringing him

before a judge.”) (emphasis added). However, I am not unsympathetic to

Boche–Perez’s complaint that he was forced to spend two nights in jail before

being presented to a magistrate. The government offers no explanation for this

delay other than its compliance with the U.S. Attorney’s office policy that

requires arresting officers to submit the paperwork for a defendant’s initial

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appearance by 4:00 p.m. on the day before the defendant is presented to a

magistrate judge. 

After arresting Boche–Perez and obtaining both written and oral

confessions and securing his prosecution by the U.S. Attorney’s office, the

government delayed presenting Boche–Perez to a magistrate judge for two days

after the government agreed to prosecute him. The U.S. Attorney’s office agreed

to prosecute Boche–Perez at 3:22 p.m. on Wednesday, October 27, 2010, and

agents booked him into the county jail that same evening. The federal building

was within a ten-to-fifteen minute drive from where Boche–Perez was arrested,

and agents confirmed that they had everything they needed to proceed with a

prosecution. The record does not reflect that the delay was due to a shortage of

government personnel or judges necessary to complete the arraignment process.

Nevertheless, Boche–Perez was forced to spend two nights in county jail before

he was presented to the magistrate judge on the morning of Friday, October 29,

2010. Under the circumstances, the arresting officers did not take Boche–Perez

“without unnecessary delay before a magistrate judge,” FED. R. CRIM. P.

5(a)(l)(A), thereby violating the requirement that an arresting officer take an

arrestee before a magistrate “as soon as he reasonably c[an],” Corley, 556 U.S.

at 306.

While, as noted above, the government’s extended delay in presenting

Boche–Perez to a magistrate judge does not require the suppression of

Boche–Perez’s confessions, see, e.g., Mitchell, 322 U.S. at 70-71,the government’s

conduct in this case flouted the letter and purpose of Rule 5(a) and the promptpresentment requirement. “[R]equiring that the police must with reasonable

promptness show legal cause for detaining arrested persons . . . constitutes an

important safeguard—not only in assuring protection for the innocent but also

in securing conviction of the guilty by methods that commend themselves to a

progressive and self-confident society. . . . [It] checks resort to those

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reprehensible practices known as the ‘third degree’ which, though universally

rejected as indefensible, still find their way into use. It aims to avoid all the evil

implications of secret interrogation of persons accused of crime.” Mallory, 354

U.S. at 452-53 (quoting McNabb, 318 U.S. at 343-44) (quotation marks and

alteration omitted). Indeed, the Fourth Amendment requires that a defendant

receive a judicial determination of probable cause promptly after arrest or

detention. Gerstein v. Pugh, 420 U.S. 103, 114 (1975); see Cnty. of Riverside v.

McLaughlin, 500 U.S. 44, 56-59 (1991) (holding that Riverside County’s failure

to provide prompt judicial determinations of probable cause was susceptible to

a Fourth Amendment challenge brought pursuant to 42 U.S.C. § 1983).

I do not think that the government’s extended delay in presenting

Boche–Perez to a magistrate judge after he confessed can be justified solely by

the 4:00 p.m. deadline imposed by the U.S. Attorney’s office. As the Supreme

Court elucidated in McLaughlin, for Fourth Amendment purposes, simple

administrative rules or practices are unlikely to justify a lengthy delay in

presentment. See 500 U.S. at 57, 58 (suggesting that while “practical realities”

outside of arresting officers’ control might render a delay reasonable, at least for

Fourth Amendment purposes, simple administrative rules or practices—there,

Riverside County’s policy of offering combined probable-cause determinations

and arraignments within two days of arrest, exclusive of Saturdays, Sundays,

or holidays—are unlikely to justify a lengthy delay).1 Applying similar

reasoning, in United States v. Valenzuela–Espinoza, 697 F.3d 742 (9th Cir.

1 While McLaughlin addressed government officials’ obligations under the Fourth

Amendment, McLaughlin provides apt guidance because it considered a factual scenario very

similar to the one presented in our case and applied a standard quite similar to the

prompt-presentment requirement set forth in Corley and Federal Rule of Criminal Procedure

5, namely, that the government must offer probable-cause proceedings “as soon as is

reasonably feasible.” McLaughlin, 500 U.S. at 57; cf. FED. R. CRIM. P. 5(a)(l)(A); Corley, 556

U.S. at 306 (explaining that the prompt-presentment rule requires that an arresting officer

must bring an arrestee before a magistrate “as soon as he reasonably c[an]” (emphasis added)).

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2011), the court held that delay in presentment due to a court policy requiring

paperwork for an initial appearance to be submitted by 10:30 a.m. on the

intended day of the hearing—a policy nearly identical to the one here—was

unreasonable and unnecessary under Rule 5(a) and Corley–McNabb–Mallory.

2

That is not to say that all delay caused by administrative rules will

necessarily be unreasonable. I share the majority’s appreciation for the need for

some administrative deadlines to streamline busy dockets. For example, “courts

have found it permissible for the police to wait for regular business hours to

bring the suspect to court.” CHARLES ALAN WRIGHT & ANDREW D. LEIPOLD, 1

FEDERAL PRACTICE & PROCEDURE § 73, at 185 & n.21 (4th ed. 2008); see, e.g.,

United States v. Redlightning, 624 F.3d 1090, 1109 (9th Cir. 2010) (“[N]o

magistrate judge was reasonably available until 2:30 p.m. on October 3, when

the next arraignment calendar commenced, so the delay until 2:30 p.m. on

October 3 was reasonable.”). Here, though, Boche–Perez was not brought

promptly to a magistrate at the next arraignment calendar, on the Thursday

after he was arrested; instead, he was forced to remain in jail until Friday

morning. See United States v. Wilson, 838 F.2d 1081, 1085 (9th Cir. 1988)

(“Even assuming thatthe delay overnight was reasonable, there is no reasonable

excuse why Wilson was not promptly arraigned at the beginning of the

arraignment calendar the next day.” (footnote omitted)); Valenzuela–Espinoza,

697 F.3d at 751 (“An internal policy agreed upon by prosecutors and magistrate

judges cannot trump the requirements of a federal statute and the Federal Rules

of Criminal Procedure. . . . It is not the longstanding principle embodied in

McNabb–Mallory that must give way to local paperwork needs, but the local

paperwork policy that must be tailored to the requirements of McNabb–Mallory,

2

In Valenzuela–Espinoza, unlike in the present case, the defendant confessed during

this period of unnecessary delay—not before it—therefore requiring the suppression of his

confession.

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No. 12-40141

its implementing statute, and rule.” (internal quotation marks and citations

omitted)). To my mind, the extended delay that occurred in Boche–Perez’s case

casts significant doubt upon whether the 4:00 p.m. policy is tailored to the

requirements of McNabb–Mallory. Such administrative rules should not

routinely cause extended delays in presentment merely because they are

convenient: convenience is not necessity. 

As I have said, I agree with the majority that the two-day delay in

presenting Boche–Perez to a magistrate does not require the suppression of his

self-incriminating statements to investigators in this case. See Mitchell, 322

U.S. at 70. That is not to say, however, that the delay in presenting

Boche–Perez to a magistrate was reasonable or necessary. “Such delay . . . is not

acceptable as standard operating procedure; far from it.” United States v.

Perez–Bustamante, 963 F.2d 48, 54 (5th Cir. 1992); see Miranda v. Arizona, 384

U.S. 436, 463 n.32 (1966) (stating, with respect to the McNabb–Mallory rule,

that the Court’s “decision today does not indicate in any manner, of course, that

these rules can be disregarded. When federal officials arrest an individual, they

must as always comply with the dictates of the congressional legislation and

cases thereunder.”).

In conclusion, I concur but write separately to amplify the majority’s

admonition, ante at n.7, that a government agency’s internal timetables cannot

ipso facto justify extended delays in presentment.

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