Supreme Court

No. 2011-276-Appeal. 

(PC 08-4054)

Maria Carbone :

v. :

John Ward, in his capacity as Finance 

Director for the Town of Lincoln et al.

:

NOTICE: This opinion is subject to formal revision before 

publication in the Rhode Island Reporter. Readers are requested to 

notify the Opinion Analyst, Supreme Court of Rhode Island, 

250 Benefit Street, Providence, Rhode Island 02903, at Telephone 

222-3258 of any typographical or other formal errors in order that 

corrections may be made before the opinion is published.
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Supreme Court

No. 2011-276-Appeal. 

(PC 08-4054)

Maria Carbone :

v. :

John Ward, in his capacity as Finance 

Director for the Town of Lincoln et al.

:

Present: Suttell, C.J., Goldberg, Flaherty, Robinson, and Indeglia, JJ.

O P I N I O N

Justice Goldberg, for the Court. This case came before the Supreme Court on 

October 25, 2012, pursuant to an order directing the parties to appear and show cause why the 

issues raised in this appeal should not summarily be decided. The plaintiff, Maria Carbone 

(plaintiff), appeals from the Superior Court‟s entry of summary judgment in favor of the 

defendants, John Ward, the finance director for the Town of Lincoln, and the Town of Lincoln 

(town) (collectively, defendants). Having reviewed the memoranda submitted by the parties and 

after the arguments of counsel, we are satisfied that cause has not been shown. Accordingly, we 

shall decide this case without further briefing or argument. We affirm.

Facts and Travel

On April 3, 2008, plaintiff sent a notice of claim to the town for injuries she sustained on 

March 31, 2008, alleging that “the street collapsed under her, causing her to fall into a large sink 

hole.” The place of incident was described as a “[s]idewalk and street outside of the Coventry 

Credit Union at the corner of Railroad Street and Summer Street.” The notice stated that 

plaintiff “sustained serious personal injury due to this incident” and faulted defendants “for 

failure to properly maintain said area, resulting in a hazardous condition which injured Ms. 
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Carbone.” On April 11, 2008, plaintiff sent a second notice, indicating that the injury occurred 

when she fell in a hole “on Winter Street parallel to Railroad Street in the Town of 

Lincoln/Manville, Rhode Island.” The record reflects that the notice of April 3, 2008, which was 

sent by plaintiff‟s first attorney, may have been incorrect; the April 11, 2008 notice was sent by 

plaintiff‟s second—and current—attorney.

Thereafter, on June 12, 2008, plaintiff filed a complaint in the Superior Court alleging 

that, as a result of the town‟s failure to maintain its sidewalks in a safe condition, plaintiff 

suffered personal injuries when she fell into “a hole on Winter St., parallel to Railroad St., in 

Lincoln/Manville, RI.”1 The defendants filed a motion for summary judgment, arguing that the

complaint should be dismissed because the notice of the place of injury was insufficient as a 

matter of law, based on G.L. 1956 §§ 45-15-9 and 45-15-10. The defendants contended that 

plaintiff misidentified the location where her injury occurred and that her descriptions of the 

location were inconsistent. 

A hearing was held in Superior Court on January 12, 2010. The plaintiff argued that the 

notice was sufficient and, further, that the director of public works for the town acknowledged in 

an answer to interrogatories that the department had received a call from the Lincoln Police 

Department concerning plaintiff‟s injury. The plaintiff also argued that pretrial discovery 

revealed that orange cones had been placed at the scene of the incident and that the town‟s 

correspondence indicated that an investigation into the injury had been undertaken. These 

factors, plaintiff contended, established that the town “had notice of where this occurred.” 

 

1

The plaintiff later moved to amend her complaint to add the State of Rhode Island (state) as a 

defendant; that motion was granted on January 15, 2009. In response, the state filed an answer 

and a cross-claim against the town, denying the allegation contained in the complaint, but 

alleging that if the state was found liable for plaintiff‟s injuries, then it would be entitled to full 

indemnification and/or contribution from the town. The defendants similarly filed a cross-claim 

against the state, asking for indemnification and/or contribution.
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Although plaintiff conceded that the first notice was insufficient, she asserted that proper notice 

was sent on April 11, 2008. The defendants countered that “actual notice and compliance with 

[the] statutory prerequisite are two separate things” and that the second notice did not cure the 

original defect because it “cite[d] the location of the defect as a geographical impossibility.” 

Indeed, defendants maintained that there was “no such place” as that to which plaintiff referred.

The trial justice granted defendants‟ motion for summary judgment, concluding that 

plaintiff‟s notice of claim failed to comply with the requirements of § 45-15-9. Section 45-15-9 

provides in relevant part:

“(a) A person so injured or damaged shall, within sixty (60) days, 

give to the town by law obliged to keep the highway, causeway, or 

bridge in repair, notice of the time, place, and cause of the injury or 

damage; and if the town does not make just and due satisfaction, 

within the time prescribed by § 45-15-5, the person shall, within 

three (3) years after the date of the injury or damage, commence 

his or her action against the town treasurer for the recovery of 

damages, and not thereafter.”

The trial justice acknowledged plaintiff‟s contentions that the second notice cured the defects in 

the first notice and that, notwithstanding the written notices, plaintiff‟s argument that the town 

had actual notice of where the accident happened. He determined, however, that actual notice 

was not the issue before the court; “[i]t‟s a notice statute and our Supreme Court has declared 

several times that it‟s to be strictly construed.” The trial justice concluded that the notice did not 

“provide sufficient detail to make an investigation possible” because the descriptions “excluded 

the actual area where the accident occurred” and “did not fix the location in a [reasonably] 

sufficient manner.” The trial justice relied on Moseley v. Fitzgerald, 773 A.2d 254 (R.I. 2001), 

in which this Court stated that “[i]t is clear that the requirements of § 45-15-9 must be strictly 

obeyed and that the notice requirement is a „condition precedent to the plaintiff‟s right of action, 

* * * and may not be waived.‟” Moseley, 773 A.2d at 258 (quoting Morales v. Napolitano, 713 
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A.2d 193, 194 (R.I. 1998)). An order and a judgment based on Rule 54(b) of the Superior Court 

Rules of Civil Procedure entered on January 21, 2010.

The plaintiff timely appealed to this Court and argues that the Superior Court erred in 

dismissing the complaint based on insufficient notice of injury in accordance with § 45-15-9. In 

particular, plaintiff contends that the second notice identified the location where the injury 

occurred as being “on Winter Street parallel to Railroad Street.” According to plaintiff, this 

constituted sufficient notice and the “minor misidentification” of Winter Street as running

parallel to Railroad Street—when, in fact, it is perpendicular to Railroad Street—is of no import 

because defendants were able to identify the defective condition, as evidenced by the orange 

cones or barrels a town employee placed at the site.

Standard of Review

“This Court reviews de novo a trial justice‟s decision granting summary judgment.” 

Lynch v. Spirit Rent-A-Car, Inc., 965 A.2d 417, 424 (R.I. 2009); see also United Lending Corp. 

v. City of Providence, 827 A.2d 626, 631 (R.I. 2003). “Only when a review of the admissible 

evidence viewed in the light most favorable to the nonmoving party reveals no genuine issues of 

material fact, and the moving party is entitled to judgment as a matter of law, will this Court 

uphold the trial justice‟s grant of summary judgment.” National Refrigeration, Inc. v. Standen 

Contracting Co., 942 A.2d 968, 971 (R.I. 2008) (quoting Carlson v. Town of Smithfield, 723 

A.2d 1129, 1131 (R.I. 1999)). 

Discussion

As a threshold matter, we address the validity of the notice of April 11, 2008, which 

plaintiff characterizes as curative of the first notice provided on April 3, 2008. The issue is 

whether the second notice was a timely amendment of the first notice. In Prout v. City of 

Providence, 996 A.2d 1139, 1143 (R.I. 2010), this Court considered whether notice under 
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§ 45-15-9 properly could be amended within the statutory sixty-day period. In that case, we 

noted that a plaintiff‟s motion to amend her complaint to clarify the location of injury properly 

was dismissed because “[§] 45-15-9 provides for a sixty day period in which an injured party 

may file or amend the notice of claim to the city, and that statutory time limit long had expired.” 

Prout, 996 A.2d at 1143 (emphasis added). Here, plaintiff amended her notice within the 

statutorily prescribed timeframe and, therefore, we next address whether the second notice 

complied with the statute. 

The General Assembly has allowed an injured person to recover for damages arising 

from a municipality‟s failure to keep its sidewalks in a safe condition.2 General Laws 1956

§ 24-5-1. Section 45-15-8 sets forth a mechanism through which injured citizens may recover 

for their losses in cases in which the injury could have been prevented by the exercise of 

reasonable care.

3 However, a citizen may recover only in accordance with a strict statutory 

scheme that requires sufficient notice of the place of injury and an adequate description of the 

defect that caused the injury. See § 45-15-9.

“It is well settled that compliance with these statutory requirements is a condition 

 

2

The statutory duty of municipalities to maintain all highways located within their borders 

“extends to sidewalks contiguous thereto.” Town of Lincoln v. State, 712 A.2d 357, 358 (R.I. 

1998); see also Barroso v. Pepin, 106 R.I. 502, 508, 261 A.2d 277, 280 (1970) (“It appears to be 

well settled in this state that the liability of a municipality to keep its sidewalks safe is 

established by statute.”).

3 General Laws 1956 § 45-15-8 states:

“[I]f any person receives or suffers bodily injury or damage to that person‟s 

property by reason of defect, want of repair, or insufficient railing, in or upon a 

public highway, causeway, or bridge, in any town which is by law obliged to 

repair and keep the same in a condition safe and convenient for travelers with 

their vehicles, which injury or damage might have been prevented by reasonable 

care and diligence on the part of the town, the person may recover, in the manner 

provided in this chapter, from the town, the amount of damages, sustained by the 

aggrieved person, if the town had reasonable notice of the defect, or might have 

had notice of the defect by the exercise of proper care and diligence on its part.”
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precedent that must be satisfied for a plaintiff to maintain a suit against the municipality.” Prout,

996 A.2d at 1142 (citing Marshall v. City of Providence, 633 A.2d 1360, 1361 (R.I. 1993) 

(mem.) (reasoning that giving a municipality statutorily adequate notice is a condition precedent 

to a civil action and said condition may not be waived)).4 Indeed, “failure to provide proper 

notice is fatal to a suit brought under § 45-15-9.” Prout, 996 A.2d at 1142. This requirement on 

the part of the General Assembly may result in harsh consequences and preclude the resolution 

of a valid claim in our courts.

“The notice requirement set forth in § 45-15-9 is intended to facilitate timely and efficient 

investigation into a municipality‟s liability.” Prout, 996 A.2d at 1142-43. Although the notice

need not “fix the exact location of the defect,” it must describe the setting in a “reasonably 

sufficient manner.” Lahaye v. City of Providence, 640 A.2d 978, 980 (R.I. 1994) (citing Malo v. 

McAloon, 65 R.I. 26, 31, 13 A.2d 245, 247 (1940)); see Mushnick v. City of Providence, 692 

A.2d 700, 700 (R.I. 1997) (mem.) (holding that “a general statement [of where the injury 

occurred] did not comply with the notice requirement”). “[W]hen a notice of claim fails to 

provide substantial certainty about the time and place of the injury and the character and nature 

of the defect that caused it, a suit for failure to maintain the property cannot be preserved.” 

Prout, 996 A.2d at 1143. In Prout, for example, this Court deemed insufficient a notice that 

“merely recited that [a plaintiff] „was at or near Glenham Street‟” when she was injured because 

“[t]he phrase „at or near‟ is vague and imprecise and does not describe the location of the injury 

in any meaningful way.” Id. As the trial justice in this case noted, “[t]he requirements of

[§] 45-15-9 must be strictly obeyed and * * * the notice requirement is a condition precedent to 

 

4

See also Barroso, 106 R.I. at 506, 261 A.2d at 279 (determining that the General Assembly 

may, as a condition precedent to access to the courts, require that a written notice of claim for 

injuries be presented to the municipal authorities within some specified period after the injuries 

were sustained). 
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the plaintiff‟s right of action.”

Our precedent is clear. In this case, plaintiff failed accurately to describe the place of 

injury. The first notice incorrectly described a “[s]idewalk and street outside of the Coventry 

Credit Union at the corner of Railroad Street and Summer Street.” The second notice stated that 

plaintiff fell in a hole “on Winter Street parallel to Railroad Street in the Town of 

Lincoln/Manville, Rhode Island.” Although the statute does not require “complete accuracy,” 

this notice is deficient in more than one respect and neither the first nor the second notice 

identifies the location of the defect in a reasonably sufficient manner. 

Furthermore, even if plaintiff correctly had described the streets as perpendicular, the 

notice nevertheless fails to meet the “reasonably sufficient” standard articulated by this Court 

because it fails to specify on which of the four corners of that cross-section of streets the injury 

was and omits any description of how close to the corner, or how far from Winter Street, the 

injury occurred. Because the description provided in the notice excluded the actual area where 

the injury occurred, we agree with the trial justice that “[p]laintiff‟s notice did not fix the 

location in a [reasonably] sufficient manner.” 

The statute clearly and unambiguously requires that the notice of claim must be specific, 

therefore the notice in the case at bar must be deemed insufficient. See § 45-15-9; Prout, 996 

A.2d at 1143. For this reason, we affirm the grant of summary judgment in favor of the 

defendants.

Conclusion

For the reasons stated, we affirm the grant of summary judgment and direct that the 

papers in this case be remanded to the Superior Court.
RHODE ISLAND SUPREME COURT CLERK’S OFFICE

Clerk’s Office Order/Opinion Cover Sheet 

TITLE OF CASE: Maria Carbone v. John Ward, in his capacity as Finance Director 

for the Town of Lincoln et al. 

 

CASE NO: No. 2011-276-Appeal. 

 (PC 08-4054) 

 

COURT: Supreme Court 

DATE OPINION FILED: December 7, 2012 

JUSTICES: Suttell, C.J., Goldberg, Flaherty, Robinson, and Indeglia JJ. 

WRITTEN BY: Associate Justice Maureen McKenna Goldberg 

SOURCE OF APPEAL: Providence County Superior Court 

JUDGE FROM LOWER COURT: 

 Associate Justice Brian P. Stern 

ATTORNEYS ON APPEAL: 

 For Plaintiff: Ronald J. Creamer, Esq. 

For Defendant: Melody Alger, Esq.