Release date: September 2021

Revised date: December 2022

All

buildings

All

buildings

Owner 

occupied

Leased to 

tenant or 

tenants

UnoccupiedAll

buildings Federal State Local

All buildings 5,918 4,982 3,249 1,581 152 937 70 256 610

Building floorspace (square feet)

1,001 to 5,000 2,833 2,390 1,565 727 98 443 Q 113 290

5,001 to 10,000 1,359 1,174 791 339 Q 185 Q Q 124

10,001 to 25,000 981 855 557 294 Q 126 Q 30 89

25,001 to 50,000 386 321 203 115 Q 65 Q 19 38

50,001 to 100,000 218 143 82 59 Q 75 Q 28 43

100,001 to 200,000 93 63 34 28 Q 30 Q 9 19

200,001 to 500,000 40 29 13 15 Q 11 1 4 6

Over 500,000 9 7 4 3 Q 2 1 1 1

Principal building activity

Education 437 166 142 24 N 271 Q 92 169

Food sales 163 163 126 37 N N N N N

Food service 286 260 162 98 N Q Q Q Q

Health care 137 130 74 56 N 7 Q Q Q

Inpatient 9 7 6 Q N Q Q Q Q

Outpatient 129 123 68 55 N Q Q Q Q

Lodging 207 197 130 67 N Q Q Q Q

Mercantile 517 515 236 279 N Q Q Q Q

Retail (other than mall) 350 348 201 147 N Q Q Q Q

Enclosed and strip malls 167 167 34 132 N N N N N

Office 970 796 485 311 N 175 11 34 129

Public assembly 488 327 278 48 N 162 Q 36 120

Public order and safety 81 Q Q Q N 57 Q Q 43

Religious worship 439 439 412 Q N N N N N

Service 867 726 465 261 N 141 33 Q 75

Warehouse and storage 1,004 963 633 330 N 42 3 Q Q

Other 113 88 73 15 N 25 Q 10 Q

Vacant 208 189 Q 17 152 Q Q Q Q

Year constructed

Before 1920 329 278 212 57 Q 51 Q Q 34

1920 to 1945 379 315 222 85 Q 65 1 Q 42

1946 to 1959 517 442 310 108 Q 75 Q 21 53

1960 to 1969 685 592 377 203 Q 94 9 30 54

1970 to 1979 831 690 440 213 Q 141 Q 33 95

1980 to 1989 794 682 405 236 Q 112 Q 33 74

1990 to 1999 921 772 528 231 Q 149 8 34 107

2000 to 2009 924 760 486 270 Q 164 Q 49 93

2010 to 2018 537 452 269 178 Q 86 Q 20 58

Nongovernment-owned buildings Government-owned buildings

Table B17. Occupancy of nongovernment-owned and government-owned buildings, number of buildings, 2018

Number of buildings (thousand)
All

buildings

All

buildings

Owner 

occupied

Leased to 

tenant or 

tenants

UnoccupiedAll

buildings Federal State Local

All buildings 5,918 4,982 3,249 1,581 152 937 70 256 610

Nongovernment-owned buildings Government-owned buildings

Table B17. Occupancy of nongovernment-owned and government-owned buildings, number of buildings, 2018

Number of buildings (thousand)

Census region

Northeast 793 708 490 212 Q 85 10 16 58

Midwest 1,719 1,483 1,022 412 Q 236 Q 47 173

South 2,143 1,803 1,204 533 66 340 31 106 203

West 1,264 988 533 424 Q 276 13 87 176

Climate zonea

Cold or very cold 539 478 331 145 Q 61 Q Q 33

Cool 1,727 1,481 1,020 409 Q 246 9 61 176

Mixed mild 1,216 1,040 661 355 Q 176 Q 39 121

Warm 1,606 1,291 826 412 53 314 22 90 202

Hot or very hot 831 691 411 260 Q 140 Q 53 79

Number of floors

1 4,106 3,428 2,184 1,124 120 678 55 184 439

2 1,286 1,132 745 364 Q 154 9 26 119

3 370 292 224 60 Q 77 Q 32 41

4 to 9 142 116 88 26 Q 25 1 13 11

10 or more 16 13 7 6 Q 2 Q 1 1

Elevators and escalators 

(more than one may apply)

Any elevators 503 378 270 101 Q 125 10 41 74

1 elevator 366 278 211 62 Q 88 7 26 55

2 to 5 elevators 121 88 51 34 Q 33 2 14 17

6 or more elevators 16 13 8 5 Q 4 1 1 2

Any escalators 14 11 4 Q Q 3 Q Q 1

Number of workers (main shift)

Fewer than 5 3,270 2,792 1,887 753 152 478 Q 129 319

5 to 9 1,116 943 614 329 N 173 Q 48 116

10 to 19 713 624 416 209 N 89 Q 27 49

20 to 49 492 399 228 171 N 92 Q 17 67

50 to 99 201 133 62 71 N 68 Q 23 38

100 to 249 90 62 28 34 N 28 3 8 17

250 or more 37 27 15 13 N 9 1 4 5

Weekly operating hours

Fewer than 40 1,370 1,164 784 228 152 206 Q 60 140

40 to 48 1,483 1,162 776 386 N 322 27 84 211

49 to 60 1,250 1,035 667 369 N 215 9 48 158

61 to 84 645 589 358 232 N 56 Q 23 28

85 to 167 465 437 282 155 N 27 Q 9 10

Open continuously 705 594 383 211 N 111 Q 33 64
All

buildings

All

buildings

Owner 

occupied

Leased to 

tenant or 

tenants

UnoccupiedAll

buildings Federal State Local

All buildings 5,918 4,982 3,249 1,581 152 937 70 256 610

Nongovernment-owned buildings Government-owned buildings

Table B17. Occupancy of nongovernment-owned and government-owned buildings, number of buildings, 2018

Number of buildings (thousand)

Party responsible for operation

of energy systems

Building owner 4,872 3,986 3,082 768 135 886 68 244 574

Business owner or tenant 831 811 128 666 Q 21 Q Q 17

Property management 97 87 22 65 N Q Q Q Q

Other 118 98 17 81 N 20 Q Q Q

Provider of direct input on energyrelated equipment purchases

Building owner 5,127 4,245 3,128 984 132 882 67 236 579

Business owner or tenant 483 469 57 393 Q 13 Q Q Q

Property management 49 45 Q 32 N Q Q Q Q

Other 260 223 52 171 Q 37 Q Q 16

Number of establishments

1 4,719 3,876 2,794 1,082 N 842 65 237 540

2 to 5 811 748 394 354 N 63 Q 11 48

6 to 10 135 127 42 84 N Q Q Q Q

11 to 20 63 60 13 48 N Q Q Q Q

More than 20 19 18 6 12 N 1 Q Q Q

Currently unoccupied 170 152 N N 152 Q Q Q Q

Campus or complex activity

Not part of a campus or complex 3,622 3,190 2,027 1,046 117 433 46 81 306

Primary or secondary school 247 40 34 Q Q 207 Q 69 138

College or university 103 60 44 Q N 43 N 42 Q

Office complex 141 135 79 55 Q 5 Q Q Q

Retail complex 250 249 129 103 Q Q N N Q

Storage complex 418 403 278 124 Q Q Q Q Q

Religious campus or complex 253 253 241 Q Q N N N N

Health care complex 60 55 40 15 Q 5 Q Q Q

Lodging or resort complex 102 96 68 26 Q Q Q Q Q

Transportation complex 36 Q Q Q N 14 N Q 13

Government complex 124 Q Q Q N 124 18 Q 91

Other 563 478 299 166 Q 85 Q 34 48

Predominant exterior wall material

Brick, stone, or stucco 2,490 2,005 1,258 690 57 485 40 132 314

Concrete (block or poured) 935 811 506 257 48 124 3 32 89

Concrete panels 137 119 60 59 Q 18 Q Q 12

Siding or shingles 948 810 597 195 Q 138 Q Q 86

Metal panels 1,250 1,095 723 342 Q 154 Q 44 97

Window glass 19 15 5 9 Q 5 Q Q Q

Other 139 128 100 28 Q 11 Q Q Q
All

buildings

All

buildings

Owner 

occupied

Leased to 

tenant or 

tenants

UnoccupiedAll

buildings Federal State Local

All buildings 5,918 4,982 3,249 1,581 152 937 70 256 610

Nongovernment-owned buildings Government-owned buildings

Table B17. Occupancy of nongovernment-owned and government-owned buildings, number of buildings, 2018

Number of buildings (thousand)

Predominant roof material

Metal surfacing 2,198 1,847 1,254 520 73 350 Q 76 254

Synthetic or rubber 940 791 482 288 Q 149 12 42 96

Built-up 708 544 290 232 Q 164 Q 60 87

Slate or tile shingles 376 310 203 101 Q 65 Q Q 42

Wooden materials (including

shingles) 166 149 84 64 Q Q Q Q Q

Asphalt, fiberglass, or 

other shingles 1,311 1,158 827 304 Q 153 8 35 110

Concrete 83 64 31 32 N 19 Q Q Q

Other 136 118 77 40 Q 18 Q Q 4

Roof tilt

Flat 1,914 1,568 839 669 60 346 38 118 190

Shallow pitch 2,313 1,993 1,311 612 70 320 22 59 239

Steeper pitch 1,691 1,420 1,099 300 Q 271 Q 79 182

Cool roof characteristics (more than 

one may apply)

White or reflective coating or paint 1,285 1,082 627 421 Q 203 13 64 126

White or reflective tiles or shingles 140 123 81 42 Q 17 Q Q Q

Aluminum coating 528 471 295 160 Q 57 Q 25 31

Ballasted roof system 114 75 45 30 Q 38 Q 3 32

Other cool roof property 35 26 17 9 N 9 Q Q Q

Renovations since 2000 

(more than one may apply)

Any type of renovation 2,032 1,726 1,161 532 32 306 25 89 191

Addition or annex 327 255 192 61 Q 73 Q 20 47

Reduction in floorspace 35 29 10 19 N 5 Q Q Q

Roof replacement 847 735 522 202 Q 112 5 37 70

Interior wall reconfiguration 709 606 372 230 Q 103 Q 28 72

Window replacement 484 428 316 109 Q 56 3 12 41

HVAC equipment upgrade 1,006 850 552 277 Q 156 Q 41 102

Lighting upgrade 1,012 855 575 263 Q 157 9 51 97

Electrical upgrade 565 486 337 135 Q 79 4 27 47

Plumbing system upgrade 584 486 332 132 Q 99 4 21 74

Insulation upgrade 307 265 202 60 Q 42 Q 11 30

Fire, safety, or security upgrade 570 467 336 127 Q 104 3 20 81

Structural upgrade 147 126 100 22 Q 21 Q Q 13

Other 43 37 31 5 N Q Q Q Q

No renovations 3,530 2,954 1,898 937 119 576 44 150 383

Buildings constructed 2013 or later 357 302 190 111 Q 55 Q 17 36
All

buildings

All

buildings

Owner 

occupied

Leased to 

tenant or 

tenants

UnoccupiedAll

buildings Federal State Local

All buildings 5,918 4,982 3,249 1,581 152 937 70 256 610

Nongovernment-owned buildings Government-owned buildings

Table B17. Occupancy of nongovernment-owned and government-owned buildings, number of buildings, 2018

Number of buildings (thousand)

Energy sources

(more than one may apply)

Electricity 5,613 4,693 3,104 1,511 78 920 70 246 603

Natural gas 2,974 2,502 1,637 844 Q 471 20 139 312

Fuel oil 583 442 337 105 Q 140 6 37 98

District heat 86 53 48 Q Q 34 Q 26 5

District chilled water 55 25 23 2 Q 30 0 26 4

Propane 676 596 434 140 Q 79 Q 17 42

Solar 99 62 44 18 Q 37 Q 10 26

Wood, coal, and other 180 172 143 29 N Q Q Q Q

Space-heating energy sources 

(more than one may apply)

Electricity 2,563 2,165 1,372 780 Q 398 40 103 255

Natural gas 2,587 2,166 1,430 715 Q 421 17 123 281

Fuel oil 266 229 175 55 Q 36 Q Q 33

District heat 83 51 46 Q Q 32 Q 24 5

Propane 431 381 265 94 Q 50 Q Q 27

Other sourcesb 127 125 109 Q N Q Q Q Q

Primary space-heating 

energy source

Electricity 1,856 1,551 980 562 Q 305 35 62 209

Natural gas 2,344 1,959 1,314 624 Q 385 16 114 256

Fuel oil 222 190 137 53 Q 32 Q Q 29

District heat 78 49 44 Q Q 29 Q 22 5

Propane 338 294 216 56 Q 44 Q Q Q

Other sourcesb 63 61 57 Q N Q N N Q

Cooling energy sources

(more than one may apply)

Electricity 4,584 3,840 2,527 1,280 33 744 57 185 502

Natural gas 4 4 Q Q N Q N Q Q

District chilled water 55 25 23 2 Q 30 0 26 4

Water-heating energy sources

(more than one may apply)

Electricity 2,785 2,377 1,500 850 Q 408 36 94 279

Natural gas 1,885 1,562 1,024 531 Q 322 17 101 204

Fuel oil 72 56 42 Q Q 16 Q Q 14

District heat 38 23 22 2 N 15 Q 12 1

Propane 145 128 97 31 Q 17 Q Q Q

Cooking energy sources

(more than one may apply)

Electricity 1,216 1,012 708 301 Q 203 6 47 151

Natural gas 727 604 406 198 Q 123 4 44 75

Propane 159 135 108 26 N 24 Q Q 11
All

buildings

All

buildings

Owner 

occupied

Leased to 

tenant or 

tenants

UnoccupiedAll

buildings Federal State Local

All buildings 5,918 4,982 3,249 1,581 152 937 70 256 610

Nongovernment-owned buildings Government-owned buildings

Table B17. Occupancy of nongovernment-owned and government-owned buildings, number of buildings, 2018

Number of buildings (thousand)

Energy end uses

(more than one may apply)

Buildings with space heating 4,901 4,103 2,747 1,304 52 798 69 206 524

Buildings with cooling 4,631 3,861 2,548 1,280 33 769 57 206 506

Buildings with water heating 4,595 3,850 2,564 1,252 Q 744 60 205 480

Buildings with cooking 1,738 1,457 1,043 411 Q 281 14 76 191

Buildings with manufacturing 322 300 189 110 N 22 Q 1 19

Buildings with electricity

generation 706 510 381 129 Q 196 7 51 137

Buildings with lighting 5,503 4,588 3,052 1,464 72 916 70 246 600

Percentage of floorspace heated

Not heated 1,017 879 502 277 100 138 Q Q 86

1 to 50% 693 639 407 226 Q 54 Q Q 43

51 to 99% 905 760 512 226 Q 145 Q 59 71

100% 3,303 2,704 1,827 851 Q 599 46 143 410

Percentage of floorspace cooled

Not cooled 1,288 1,120 701 301 118 167 Q Q 104

1 to 50% 1,111 998 626 362 Q 112 4 26 82

51 to 99% 998 804 535 268 Q 194 10 71 112

100% 2,522 2,059 1,387 651 Q 463 42 109 312

Percentage lit when open

0% Q Q Q Q N N N N N

1 to 50% 1,280 1,107 840 268 N 172 Q 35 132

51 to 99% 1,784 1,498 928 570 N 286 31 86 169

100% 2,272 1,842 1,232 609 N 431 34 125 271

Building never open or electricity

not used 513 465 221 93 152 48 Q Q 38

Percentage lit during off hours

0% 2,062 1,720 1,199 514 Q 343 Q 92 227

1 to 50% 3,246 2,708 1,744 912 53 538 44 142 352

51 to 100% 240 203 116 68 Q 37 2 Q 23

Building always open with 

no off hours 64 62 46 16 N 3 Q Q Q

Electricity not used 305 288 145 Q 74 Q N Q Q
All

buildings

All

buildings

Owner 

occupied

Leased to 

tenant or 

tenants

UnoccupiedAll

buildings Federal State Local

All buildings 5,918 4,982 3,249 1,581 152 937 70 256 610

Nongovernment-owned buildings Government-owned buildings

Table B17. Occupancy of nongovernment-owned and government-owned buildings, number of buildings, 2018

Number of buildings (thousand)

Heating equipment 

(more than one may apply)

Packaged heating units 2,187 1,848 1,128 710 Q 339 26 86 226

Furnaces 1,621 1,411 926 455 Q 209 Q 46 141

Individual space heaters 1,246 1,114 779 331 Q 132 5 46 80

Boilers 703 523 366 156 Q 180 19 45 117

Heat pumps 673 539 374 163 Q 134 Q 34 90

District heat 83 51 46 Q Q 32 Q 24 5

Duct reheat 134 104 49 49 Q 31 Q 15 11

Other 17 17 Q 4 N Q Q Q Q

Cooling equipment 

(more than one may apply)

Packaged air-conditioning units 2,565 2,186 1,361 801 Q 379 34 93 251

Residential-type central air

conditioners 1,309 1,083 717 362 Q 226 Q 53 159

Individual air conditioners 735 622 446 177 Q 113 3 37 73

Central chillers 202 121 89 33 Q 80 7 29 44

Heat pumps 492 409 290 115 Q 84 Q 19 57

District chilled water 55 25 23 2 Q 30 0 26 4

Swamp coolers 85 78 54 23 Q 6 Q Q Q

Other Q Q Q Q N Q Q Q N

HVAC features 

(more than one may apply)

Economizer cycle 747 521 318 202 Q 226 7 62 157

Variable air volume (VAV) system 698 531 345 180 Q 166 8 61 98

Dedicated outside air system (DOAS) 249 168 116 47 Q 81 1 35 45

Demand controlled ventilation (DCV) 349 254 161 92 Q 95 Q 17 70

Regular HVAC maintenance 3,554 2,856 1,889 932 Q 699 45 189 465

Building automation system (BAS) 

controls heating or cooling 933 650 443 205 Q 284 13 96 175

Internet-connected or smart

thermostat 325 269 203 66 N 56 Q 20 31

Programmable thermostat 1,545 1,320 828 483 Q 226 Q 42 165

Main equipment replaced since 

2000 (more than one may apply)

Heating 1,937 1,683 1,142 503 Q 254 21 50 183

Cooling 1,269 1,082 762 306 Q 187 Q 44 130

Water-heating equipment

Centralized system 3,538 2,951 2,022 899 Q 587 52 156 379

Distributed system 782 670 404 262 Q 112 Q 34 72

Combination of centralized and

distributed systems 274 229 138 91 Q 45 1 15 29
All

buildings

All

buildings

Owner 

occupied

Leased to 

tenant or 

tenants

UnoccupiedAll

buildings Federal State Local

All buildings 5,918 4,982 3,249 1,581 152 937 70 256 610

Nongovernment-owned buildings Government-owned buildings

Table B17. Occupancy of nongovernment-owned and government-owned buildings, number of buildings, 2018

Number of buildings (thousand)

Generation technologies 

(more than one may apply)

Reciprocating engine generators 580 420 319 101 Q 160 6 41 113

Solar panels 94 62 44 18 Q 32 Q Q 22

Other generation technology 43 35 25 11 N 7 Q 2 Q

Lighting equipment types

(more than one may apply)

Incandescent 1,100 971 678 280 Q 129 5 40 83

Standard fluorescent 4,012 3,301 2,166 1,076 60 710 53 188 469

Compact fluorescent 1,130 972 599 361 Q 158 16 43 99

High-intensity discharge (HID) 238 183 134 49 Q 55 7 16 33

Halogen 552 490 291 196 Q 62 Q 20 35

LED 2,593 2,248 1,526 717 Q 345 24 113 208

Other Q Q Q Q N N N N N

Refrigeration equipment

(more than one may apply)

Any refrigeration 3,850 3,265 2,240 1,012 Q 585 44 149 393

Walk-in units 706 586 355 230 Q 119 3 42 74

Cases or cabinets 837 735 480 251 Q 102 6 21 76

Large cold storage areas 69 64 40 22 Q 5 Q 1 Q

Commercial ice makers 872 709 492 216 Q 163 5 40 118

Residential-type or compact units 3,321 2,814 1,953 853 Q 507 39 127 341

Vending machines 800 619 384 234 Q 181 18 50 112

No refrigeration 2,068 1,717 1,008 568 140 351 Q 107 218

Office equipment

(more than one may apply)

Desktop computers 3,804 3,107 2,016 1,088 Q 696 55 186 455

With multiple monitors 1,504 1,249 791 458 N 255 20 72 163

Laptop computers 2,786 2,326 1,517 809 N 461 37 112 311

Dedicated servers 1,400 1,118 667 452 N 282 18 60 204

Tablets charged in building 1,556 1,280 773 506 N 277 19 81 177

Large floor-standing office devicesc 1,456 1,137 759 378 N 319 22 86 211

Smaller desktop office devicesc 3,560 2,991 1,948 1,037 Q 569 50 145 374

Interactive whiteboards 262 122 96 26 N 140 1 40 99

Televisions or video displays 2,451 2,078 1,404 673 N 373 24 101 249

Point-of-sale devices or cash 

registers 1,420 1,258 729 529 N 161 21 35 105
All

buildings

All

buildings

Owner 

occupied

Leased to 

tenant or 

tenants

UnoccupiedAll

buildings Federal State Local

All buildings 5,918 4,982 3,249 1,581 152 937 70 256 610

Nongovernment-owned buildings Government-owned buildings

Table B17. Occupancy of nongovernment-owned and government-owned buildings, number of buildings, 2018

Number of buildings (thousand)

Food preparation or serving areas 

in non-food service buildings

(more than one may apply)

Snack bar, concession stand, or coffee 

shop 144 104 63 40 N 41 Q 14 24

Fast food or small restaurant 160 148 87 61 N 13 Q Q 5

Cafeteria or large restaurant 129 57 45 12 N 72 2 21 49

Commercial kitchen or food preparation 

area 284 229 175 55 Q 55 Q 19 35

Small kitchen area 1,018 860 640 217 Q 157 Q 31 117

Separate computer areas

(more than one may apply)

Server closet 1,237 969 576 392 N 269 14 57 198

Data center 116 74 58 16 N 42 2 13 27

Computer-based training room 228 120 78 42 N 108 8 38 62

Student or public computer center 236 117 63 54 N 119 1 30 88

Window and interior lighting 

features (more than one may

apply)

Multipaned windows 3,527 2,977 1,990 905 83 550 48 148 354

Tinted window glass 1,679 1,411 834 528 49 268 20 69 179

Reflective window glass 497 423 240 179 Q 74 Q 12 57

External overhangs or awnings 1,513 1,278 804 448 Q 235 9 60 166

Skylights or atriums 509 431 287 134 Q 78 Q 17 54

Light scheduling 910 749 437 289 Q 161 Q 54 98

Occupancy sensors 1,025 740 465 274 Q 285 13 80 192

Multilevel lighting or dimming 332 275 199 76 Q 57 2 19 37

Daylight harvesting 138 117 73 43 Q 21 2 Q 10

Plug-load control 58 44 33 10 Q 14 Q Q 6

Demand responsive lighting 98 79 58 Q Q 19 Q Q Q

Building automation system (BAS) for 

lighting 317 210 104 106 Q 107 2 26 80
All

buildings

All

buildings

Owner 

occupied

Leased to 

tenant or 

tenants

UnoccupiedAll

buildings Federal State Local

All buildings 5,918 4,982 3,249 1,581 152 937 70 256 610

Nongovernment-owned buildings Government-owned buildings

Table B17. Occupancy of nongovernment-owned and government-owned buildings, number of buildings, 2018

Number of buildings (thousand)

Electric vehicle (EV) charging

Charging stations associated with the 

building 132 111 73 37 Q 21 Q Q 17

Data source: U.S. Energy Information Administration, Form EIA-871A of the 2018 Commercial Buildings Energy Consumption Survey 

Notes: Because of rounding, data may not sum to totals. The Guide to the 2018 CBECS Tables and CBECS Terminology contain definitions of terms used in 

these tables and comparisons between previous CBECS tables. You can access both references from 

http://www.eia.gov/consumption/commercial/data/2018/. 

Data are sample survey estimates with relative standard errors published in a tab on the Excel worksheet for this table.

a

Climate zones are based on ASHRAE Standard 169-2021; see https://www.eia.gov/consumption/commercial/maps.php#defined. b

Other sources includes wood, coal, solar, and all other energy sources. c

Office devices refers to any combination of printers, copiers, scanners, or FAX machines.

Q = Data withheld either because the relative standard error was greater than 50% or the reporting sample had fewer than 20 buildings.

N = No buildings in reporting sample.
RSE

Release date: September 2021

Revised date: December 2022

All

buildings

All

buildings

Owner 

occupied

Leased to 

tenant or 

tenants

UnoccupiedAll

buildings Federal State Local

All buildings 3.9 3.8 4.3 5.5 20.3 9.5 26.0 12.9 10.1

Building floorspace (square feet)

1,001 to 5,000 4.9 5.0 6.1 6.8 25.6 13.5 37.4 21.9 14.4

5,001 to 10,000 5.9 6.1 8.3 11.3 40.4 18.6 52.6 27.7 20.9

10,001 to 25,000 5.6 5.5 5.7 10.7 74.4 14.7 43.3 28.5 15.2

25,001 to 50,000 5.6 6.4 8.2 9.8 64.5 9.8 34.1 24.5 11.6

50,001 to 100,000 5.3 6.6 7.8 9.5 64.1 8.6 31.1 15.8 10.4

100,001 to 200,000 5.6 6.6 8.3 9.5 47.5 9.0 32.3 17.2 11.1

200,001 to 500,000 5.0 6.4 7.9 9.0 52.5 9.0 23.6 20.3 9.3

Over 500,000 7.8 8.7 10.3 15.0 50.2 16.2 30.1 33.0 19.6

Principal building activity

Education 7.8 12.9 15.5 28.8 0.0 9.8 66.4 16.8 10.9

Food sales 14.3 14.3 16.7 26.4 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0

Food service 7.7 7.9 9.2 11.7 0.0 30.2 7.7 53.5 35.3

Health care 9.8 10.4 16.0 12.6 0.0 38.9 82.7 86.9 51.4

Inpatient 19.4 16.7 18.2 35.0 0.0 51.7 42.0 41.3 68.9

Outpatient 10.3 10.8 17.4 12.8 0.0 46.9 93.8 103.7 63.1

Lodging 9.4 9.1 10.8 22.9 0.0 56.2 109.0 59.8 59.6

Mercantile 7.3 7.4 13.8 8.3 0.0 59.0 51.5 68.7 25.3

Retail (other than mall) 10.1 10.1 15.6 13.2 0.0 59.0 51.5 68.7 25.3

Enclosed and strip malls 7.6 7.6 29.2 9.1 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0

Office 7.2 6.8 8.4 9.7 0.0 21.1 42.4 37.7 20.8

Public assembly 9.1 8.8 9.9 24.3 0.0 18.4 73.9 45.0 17.8

Public order and safety 20.2 37.6 37.1 61.9 0.0 23.3 36.8 50.5 26.3

Religious worship 9.5 9.5 9.8 31.6 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0

Service 7.4 6.8 8.7 13.4 0.0 21.6 40.1 36.2 27.6

Warehouse and storage 7.4 7.4 8.6 14.1 0.0 33.7 40.9 66.8 40.2

Other 17.1 20.7 24.2 31.8 0.0 26.9 67.8 39.4 41.9

Vacant 17.2 18.5 39.8 29.1 20.3 52.1 71.9 109.1 51.1

Year constructed

Before 1920 12.8 13.5 15.1 22.6 55.6 30.8 74.3 77.0 25.8

1920 to 1945 10.7 11.3 13.6 14.9 96.2 29.2 47.5 52.3 25.5

1946 to 1959 8.1 9.1 10.1 18.0 46.5 14.9 51.8 38.5 21.3

1960 to 1969 6.4 7.2 10.2 11.8 40.2 17.0 44.0 30.4 20.6

1970 to 1979 7.4 7.5 9.5 11.0 34.5 17.5 76.1 30.0 21.6

1980 to 1989 7.0 7.2 9.8 9.8 40.9 15.7 98.0 26.0 19.6

1990 to 1999 7.5 8.5 9.9 12.7 62.3 12.7 35.0 23.7 15.4

2000 to 2009 8.0 7.8 8.5 12.4 77.4 19.2 43.9 27.1 23.0

2010 to 2018 11.0 11.9 16.5 15.8 87.6 17.7 54.4 42.6 22.7

Relative standard errors (RSEs) for Table B17. Occupancy of nongovernment-owned and government-owned 

buildings, number of buildings, 2018

RSEs for number of buildings 

Nongovernment-owned buildings Government-owned buildings
RSE

All

buildings

All

buildings

Owner 

occupied

Leased to 

tenant or 

tenants

UnoccupiedAll

buildings Federal State Local

All buildings 3.9 3.8 4.3 5.5 20.3 9.5 26.0 12.9 10.1

Relative standard errors (RSEs) for Table B17. Occupancy of nongovernment-owned and government-owned 

buildings, number of buildings, 2018

RSEs for number of buildings 

Nongovernment-owned buildings Government-owned buildings

Census region

Northeast 9.9 9.8 11.7 10.9 41.5 18.2 40.2 37.1 25.9

Midwest 10.9 10.0 11.1 11.9 35.9 23.7 61.5 37.8 23.4

South 7.7 6.9 8.0 7.6 34.2 19.8 45.2 22.2 20.8

West 8.1 10.0 9.8 13.2 44.3 11.1 45.7 16.5 13.9

Climate zonea

Cold or very cold 18.8 18.5 21.3 19.0 71.7 28.8 66.7 61.1 32.8

Cool 11.8 11.3 12.9 13.0 33.9 21.1 35.7 26.0 22.3

Mixed mild 15.1 15.7 17.2 16.4 41.7 17.0 51.6 28.2 18.3

Warm 11.4 11.8 12.2 10.9 41.8 20.7 47.6 22.8 20.9

Hot or very hot 18.8 18.0 21.2 18.4 52.9 26.8 97.4 35.4 26.9

Number of floors

1 4.3 4.3 5.0 6.5 24.1 9.4 32.4 13.5 11.6

2 5.8 6.2 5.9 11.0 53.9 12.9 37.7 23.6 15.2

3 10.5 8.8 9.1 18.4 47.5 27.4 55.4 47.6 24.4

4 to 9 9.4 10.8 12.8 15.6 47.1 18.6 37.1 32.9 17.8

10 or more 9.8 12.0 14.8 13.1 49.4 23.0 53.6 41.1 29.4

Elevators and escalators 

(more than one may apply)

Any elevators 6.5 7.1 8.0 13.1 47.8 10.9 31.6 19.3 11.3

1 elevator 7.7 8.4 9.5 18.8 63.4 14.0 40.8 25.4 14.7

2 to 5 elevators 6.7 8.0 9.6 13.0 73.8 10.8 32.9 17.0 15.9

6 or more elevators 7.8 8.4 9.3 14.6 73.6 14.4 29.5 25.8 18.8

Any escalators 28.9 35.5 27.7 60.0 2.7 28.9 44.9 46.6 22.2

Number of workers (main shift)

Fewer than 5 5.5 5.5 6.7 8.8 20.3 12.8 45.4 19.8 14.1

5 to 9 6.1 6.1 7.1 9.2 0.0 16.1 60.0 28.6 18.3

10 to 19 6.5 6.8 8.1 11.7 0.0 17.0 57.9 29.7 21.8

20 to 49 6.3 7.3 8.3 9.3 0.0 11.7 42.0 25.5 12.2

50 to 99 6.7 8.6 11.7 11.3 0.0 10.1 39.7 18.4 11.5

100 to 249 7.1 8.4 8.6 12.9 0.0 11.5 34.5 22.0 11.9

250 or more 7.2 7.6 8.9 11.2 0.0 18.6 23.5 37.7 22.7

Weekly operating hours

Fewer than 40 6.1 6.6 7.6 13.2 20.3 15.8 83.0 25.5 18.6

40 to 48 6.2 6.1 7.8 9.8 0.0 13.7 42.7 22.1 14.1

49 to 60 5.2 5.4 6.9 10.1 0.0 14.0 48.7 29.9 13.8

61 to 84 7.6 7.6 9.1 9.7 0.0 19.3 65.8 29.3 19.9

85 to 167 8.6 8.7 9.8 13.5 0.0 20.3 37.8 25.1 41.4

Open continuously 8.1 8.1 9.7 16.2 0.0 18.5 69.0 33.3 21.2
RSE

All

buildings

All

buildings

Owner 

occupied

Leased to 

tenant or 

tenants

UnoccupiedAll

buildings Federal State Local

All buildings 3.9 3.8 4.3 5.5 20.3 9.5 26.0 12.9 10.1

Relative standard errors (RSEs) for Table B17. Occupancy of nongovernment-owned and government-owned 

buildings, number of buildings, 2018

RSEs for number of buildings 

Nongovernment-owned buildings Government-owned buildings

Party responsible for operation

of energy systems

Building owner 4.4 4.2 4.3 7.3 21.0 9.6 26.7 12.7 10.4

Business owner or tenant 6.5 6.7 20.9 7.8 57.6 26.1 70.7 66.2 30.3

Property management 20.7 21.8 40.9 21.9 0.0 61.2 50.2 95.9 72.5

Other 18.8 22.7 25.0 27.5 0.0 30.7 84.8 53.5 39.2

Provider of direct input on energyrelated equipment purchases

Building owner 4.4 4.2 4.4 6.5 21.3 9.8 27.1 13.7 10.4

Business owner or tenant 8.9 9.2 25.4 9.6 51.6 35.6 68.3 59.4 39.4

Property management 25.5 27.7 58.0 31.1 0.0 60.2 50.2 100.4 67.5

Other 10.5 12.1 23.9 15.4 50.2 28.8 77.9 47.5 38.1

Number of establishments

1 4.6 4.4 4.9 6.6 0.0 10.1 26.5 13.6 10.9

2 to 5 6.0 6.2 7.6 8.5 0.0 21.1 78.6 38.2 25.4

6 to 10 11.5 11.5 20.3 13.7 0.0 50.1 25.0 54.4 55.5

11 to 20 18.0 18.6 36.2 21.7 0.0 64.6 83.0 63.0 79.5

More than 20 18.6 19.4 21.5 25.1 0.0 42.7 67.7 42.3 62.5

Currently unoccupied 18.7 20.3 0.0 0.0 20.3 52.5 101.1 110.1 51.3

Campus or complex activity

Not part of a campus or complex 4.3 4.3 5.4 5.4 21.2 13.2 33.2 23.7 13.8

Primary or secondary school 12.1 26.2 28.0 98.7 70.4 13.4 61.8 22.9 15.2

College or university 21.8 33.6 32.2 85.4 0.0 26.8 0.0 27.4 51.8

Office complex 12.7 13.0 20.1 16.2 72.2 45.2 55.2 69.8 52.0

Retail complex 13.2 13.3 20.6 14.4 64.5 67.7 0.0 0.0 67.7

Storage complex 14.4 14.4 15.6 21.9 64.7 84.2 69.5 44.1 76.8

Religious campus or complex 11.5 11.5 11.6 41.2 51.6 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0

Health care complex 18.0 19.2 22.3 38.7 55.4 49.3 90.4 84.7 62.4

Lodging or resort complex 15.1 15.4 18.1 34.9 68.3 62.8 50.2 66.4 70.2

Transportation complex 34.3 51.4 77.1 69.2 0.0 40.1 0.0 60.7 42.1

Government complex 18.1 90.1 50.7 93.2 0.0 18.1 48.7 55.6 21.8

Other 9.2 9.8 12.1 19.2 51.4 23.2 66.1 36.3 28.9

Predominant exterior wall material

Brick, stone, or stucco 5.3 4.8 5.7 6.9 29.3 11.9 34.0 19.8 11.5

Concrete (block or poured) 5.3 5.6 7.1 9.3 31.3 15.0 33.6 26.2 19.3

Concrete panels 12.1 14.1 18.0 21.8 94.8 29.3 48.3 59.1 32.2

Siding or shingles 7.3 7.7 8.1 13.3 53.8 15.7 51.9 36.9 18.8

Metal panels 7.6 7.7 8.5 13.2 47.9 21.2 73.1 35.6 22.9

Window glass 21.3 26.5 26.3 38.1 91.4 30.6 89.4 40.7 51.4

Other 14.7 15.0 17.4 27.7 61.7 38.5 110.4 57.7 42.0
RSE

All

buildings

All

buildings

Owner 

occupied

Leased to 

tenant or 

tenants

UnoccupiedAll

buildings Federal State Local

All buildings 3.9 3.8 4.3 5.5 20.3 9.5 26.0 12.9 10.1

Relative standard errors (RSEs) for Table B17. Occupancy of nongovernment-owned and government-owned 

buildings, number of buildings, 2018

RSEs for number of buildings 

Nongovernment-owned buildings Government-owned buildings

Predominant roof material

Metal surfacing 6.2 6.2 7.2 9.9 35.3 16.3 51.4 23.1 17.6

Synthetic or rubber 6.0 6.6 8.0 9.1 45.8 12.4 46.4 23.9 14.4

Built-up 7.7 8.4 10.5 10.8 37.3 16.6 61.1 24.9 19.3

Slate or tile shingles 10.1 10.5 12.4 17.8 69.9 31.2 68.1 84.0 26.2

Wooden materials (including

shingles) 12.9 13.7 19.5 21.4 94.5 52.2 111.1 70.2 86.9

Asphalt, fiberglass, or 

other shingles 6.2 7.0 7.6 11.6 38.6 15.3 43.8 34.1 17.8

Concrete 20.6 22.7 35.5 26.3 0.0 45.5 103.7 64.3 59.6

Other 15.6 15.3 16.6 24.8 68.0 37.2 59.0 71.3 32.7

Roof tilt

Flat 4.9 5.1 5.9 8.1 25.2 11.3 34.8 15.7 13.3

Shallow pitch 5.0 5.1 5.8 8.7 30.5 14.7 47.6 24.0 14.1

Steeper pitch 7.5 7.8 7.7 13.6 58.4 14.8 36.6 23.6 16.1

Cool roof characteristics (more than 

one may apply)

White or reflective coating or paint 5.8 6.1 7.3 8.6 37.7 14.8 45.1 24.7 14.4

White or reflective tiles or shingles 15.4 16.6 15.0 32.3 61.6 37.7 58.5 59.8 53.2

Aluminum coating 8.8 9.3 10.6 15.5 41.0 28.6 93.2 37.3 39.2

Ballasted roof system 14.8 18.4 24.6 28.0 49.4 25.9 74.1 33.9 29.8

Other cool roof property 29.3 35.0 49.4 40.5 0.0 43.4 71.2 86.6 50.4

Renovations since 2000 

(more than one may apply)

Any type of renovation 5.0 5.4 6.0 7.9 33.3 10.0 47.6 16.4 11.9

Addition or annex 9.4 11.1 12.5 21.5 102.7 15.7 64.6 30.6 18.7

Reduction in floorspace 22.2 25.2 37.6 33.2 0.0 42.4 78.4 78.1 52.0

Roof replacement 6.8 7.4 8.6 11.5 44.4 14.1 48.9 26.9 16.4

Interior wall reconfiguration 6.0 6.6 7.6 11.3 46.3 14.4 60.8 30.0 17.5

Window replacement 9.5 10.2 11.9 17.0 107.1 18.2 44.8 34.5 19.4

HVAC equipment upgrade 7.0 7.1 9.3 10.3 49.0 14.8 79.4 26.4 15.5

Lighting upgrade 5.9 6.6 8.2 9.7 54.7 13.2 42.9 19.8 15.9

Electrical upgrade 7.1 6.9 9.3 12.4 30.7 20.1 35.2 30.9 23.0

Plumbing system upgrade 7.8 8.7 11.1 14.2 42.8 14.3 38.2 24.6 17.9

Insulation upgrade 9.2 9.8 13.4 17.4 48.8 20.6 75.4 33.4 25.2

Fire, safety, or security upgrade 6.2 6.3 8.8 13.2 59.0 14.0 42.8 23.2 16.6

Structural upgrade 13.9 15.2 17.0 34.8 48.9 29.2 50.7 50.1 42.3

Other 29.5 33.2 36.8 36.9 0.0 58.2 93.8 61.4 75.7

No renovations 4.3 4.2 5.1 6.1 24.3 11.3 29.5 17.6 11.3

Buildings constructed 2013 or later 11.9 12.7 15.6 19.8 98.7 27.0 104.3 48.8 35.8
RSE

All

buildings

All

buildings

Owner 

occupied

Leased to 

tenant or 

tenants

UnoccupiedAll

buildings Federal State Local

All buildings 3.9 3.8 4.3 5.5 20.3 9.5 26.0 12.9 10.1

Relative standard errors (RSEs) for Table B17. Occupancy of nongovernment-owned and government-owned 

buildings, number of buildings, 2018

RSEs for number of buildings 

Nongovernment-owned buildings Government-owned buildings

Energy sources

(more than one may apply)

Electricity 3.9 3.7 4.2 5.4 25.1 9.6 26.0 13.0 10.2

Natural gas 4.8 4.8 5.4 6.7 33.0 10.7 25.6 16.5 11.5

Fuel oil 9.7 10.6 11.5 14.1 58.6 15.3 38.7 27.7 18.0

District heat 14.7 19.3 20.2 52.2 51.6 22.3 73.1 27.2 33.2

District chilled water 20.1 35.7 37.5 39.1 101.1 23.0 37.3 26.7 31.4

Propane 10.0 9.3 10.2 15.1 61.5 24.7 58.4 35.8 29.5

Solar 15.5 18.2 22.0 32.2 2.7 26.1 69.9 49.4 29.0

Wood, coal, and other 17.3 17.7 20.1 34.4 0.0 56.0 88.1 69.7 59.4

Space-heating energy sources 

(more than one may apply)

Electricity 4.7 4.4 5.8 5.5 54.7 13.0 34.7 15.8 15.0

Natural gas 5.2 5.1 5.8 6.8 33.1 10.7 26.4 18.1 11.5

Fuel oil 13.9 14.1 15.3 20.3 55.4 31.3 70.0 55.5 34.2

District heat 15.4 19.7 20.6 52.2 51.6 23.2 73.4 28.6 33.2

Propane 13.5 12.8 13.1 20.7 61.5 31.1 75.1 56.4 42.3

Other sourcesb 21.3 21.5 23.6 51.4 0.0 108.7 25.2 49.4 110.2

Primary space-heating 

energy source

Electricity 6.4 5.9 7.6 6.7 80.0 16.1 39.8 23.3 17.6

Natural gas 5.5 5.6 6.2 7.4 33.2 10.3 27.0 19.1 11.0

Fuel oil 16.1 16.2 18.3 20.9 55.4 35.2 79.7 65.5 38.5

District heat 15.8 20.4 21.3 54.7 51.6 23.7 73.8 29.1 33.8

Propane 17.5 16.0 16.3 28.6 61.7 35.1 75.1 70.1 46.5

Other sourcesb 22.4 22.9 24.3 78.7 0.0 47.7 0.0 0.0 47.7

Cooling energy sources

(more than one may apply)

Electricity 3.9 3.5 4.3 4.8 32.3 10.1 27.9 14.5 10.7

Natural gas 37.3 44.1 36.3 100.9 0.0 54.6 0.0 90.3 63.4

District chilled water 20.1 35.7 37.5 39.1 101.1 23.0 37.3 26.7 31.4

Water-heating energy sources

(more than one may apply)

Electricity 4.0 3.9 5.1 5.5 38.4 10.9 39.2 16.0 12.8

Natural gas 5.5 5.4 5.9 7.5 66.4 11.5 27.0 21.5 11.6

Fuel oil 24.0 21.1 22.3 52.1 55.4 42.2 104.0 63.2 47.6

District heat 17.4 25.0 25.9 41.3 0.0 27.4 82.4 30.3 37.8

Propane 15.8 16.7 17.6 37.2 55.4 27.3 54.5 44.1 49.3
RSE

All

buildings

All

buildings

Owner 

occupied

Leased to 

tenant or 

tenants

UnoccupiedAll

buildings Federal State Local

All buildings 3.9 3.8 4.3 5.5 20.3 9.5 26.0 12.9 10.1

Relative standard errors (RSEs) for Table B17. Occupancy of nongovernment-owned and government-owned 

buildings, number of buildings, 2018

RSEs for number of buildings 

Nongovernment-owned buildings Government-owned buildings

Cooking energy sources

(more than one may apply)

Electricity 5.7 6.1 6.8 9.5 49.2 11.3 27.4 22.3 13.0

Natural gas 5.4 6.4 7.9 9.7 55.4 11.6 45.8 24.8 13.2

Propane 14.8 13.7 16.8 26.6 0.0 38.3 96.1 41.5 44.8

Energy end uses

(more than one may apply)

Buildings with space heating 4.1 3.8 4.5 5.2 31.9 10.2 26.1 13.8 11.0

Buildings with cooling 3.9 3.5 4.3 4.8 31.7 9.9 27.7 13.9 10.6

Buildings with water heating 3.9 3.7 4.2 5.3 33.7 9.3 26.6 14.2 10.0

Buildings with cooking 5.0 5.2 5.6 8.0 108.4 10.1 49.4 16.3 11.6

Buildings with manufacturing 11.3 11.2 11.2 16.9 0.0 43.1 87.4 40.1 48.5

Buildings with electricity

generation 7.4 8.3 9.4 11.4 58.6 12.3 30.9 22.1 14.2

Buildings with lighting 3.9 3.6 4.2 5.1 26.8 9.6 26.0 13.0 10.2

Percentage of floorspace heated

Not heated 8.2 8.5 9.6 15.2 26.3 16.0 67.0 26.9 21.3

1 to 50% 8.5 8.3 9.8 13.6 82.5 24.9 52.7 48.2 31.4

51 to 99% 6.7 6.6 7.4 10.0 62.4 16.7 54.0 29.6 16.6

100% 4.1 4.0 5.0 5.6 35.1 9.6 32.1 11.2 11.2

Percentage of floorspace cooled

Not cooled 7.1 7.7 7.5 15.0 23.4 15.5 60.8 29.7 19.8

1 to 50% 5.9 6.0 7.6 10.6 63.3 16.9 34.4 29.8 20.2

51 to 99% 6.6 6.4 7.6 9.3 94.4 15.5 37.7 26.9 13.8

100% 4.3 4.1 5.1 5.0 39.7 10.6 34.9 14.5 12.2

Percentage lit when open

0% 35.1 35.1 40.8 47.9 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0

1 to 50% 6.7 6.4 6.7 12.4 0.0 17.9 68.7 32.6 21.4

51 to 99% 4.8 4.6 5.8 6.1 0.0 14.0 37.2 23.3 14.9

100% 4.7 4.9 6.2 7.4 0.0 9.8 36.2 13.6 11.3

Building never open or electricity

not used 11.6 12.6 16.7 25.1 20.3 31.9 101.1 82.9 34.3

Percentage lit during off hours

0% 6.5 6.6 6.8 10.3 60.3 15.0 44.7 22.0 16.8

1 to 50% 3.8 3.6 4.6 5.4 33.2 9.9 28.6 15.0 10.9

51 to 100% 10.6 11.5 16.3 16.6 33.7 37.0 44.6 64.4 48.2

Building always open with 

no off hours 15.2 15.3 19.3 23.7 0.0 43.3 49.2 55.0 54.7

Electricity not used 16.0 16.6 20.3 28.4 31.2 54.6 0.0 84.7 54.3
RSE

All

buildings

All

buildings

Owner 

occupied

Leased to 

tenant or 

tenants

UnoccupiedAll

buildings Federal State Local

All buildings 3.9 3.8 4.3 5.5 20.3 9.5 26.0 12.9 10.1

Relative standard errors (RSEs) for Table B17. Occupancy of nongovernment-owned and government-owned 

buildings, number of buildings, 2018

RSEs for number of buildings 

Nongovernment-owned buildings Government-owned buildings

Heating equipment 

(more than one may apply)

Packaged heating units 4.0 4.4 6.2 6.3 51.2 8.9 34.4 14.8 11.0

Furnaces 7.2 6.3 7.4 8.6 47.6 20.7 60.3 45.1 18.2

Individual space heaters 5.9 6.1 7.4 10.7 56.8 18.0 37.6 32.8 22.0

Boilers 6.2 7.3 8.5 12.6 73.1 10.8 26.1 20.1 12.7

Heat pumps 7.7 7.9 10.3 13.1 61.1 15.4 59.3 27.4 21.6

District heat 15.4 19.7 20.6 52.2 51.6 23.2 73.4 28.6 33.2

Duct reheat 12.6 13.5 19.5 19.3 109.1 28.0 88.4 45.2 26.0

Other 46.4 46.5 59.8 28.1 0.0 44.4 72.6 64.9 70.6

Cooling equipment 

(more than one may apply)

Packaged air-conditioning units 4.3 4.4 5.6 6.7 33.0 9.2 29.4 14.1 11.4

Residential-type central air

conditioners 7.6 6.8 7.5 9.2 86.1 18.9 75.9 37.8 17.8

Individual air conditioners 6.6 6.5 8.1 10.3 2.7 17.2 39.2 29.7 25.4

Central chillers 9.0 13.5 17.5 17.3 82.9 11.6 37.0 23.0 11.1

Heat pumps 11.0 11.3 12.3 18.6 81.5 19.2 70.1 37.9 22.3

District chilled water 20.1 35.7 37.5 39.1 101.1 23.0 37.3 26.7 31.4

Swamp coolers 12.8 12.7 17.4 28.3 107.9 40.9 49.2 60.5 35.3

Other 53.2 61.4 55.3 108.7 0.0 106.9 61.9 109.8 0.0

HVAC features 

(more than one may apply)

Economizer cycle 5.6 5.9 7.7 9.2 61.5 11.3 38.7 17.0 13.8

Variable air volume (VAV) system 8.4 9.0 11.5 10.8 64.2 11.7 33.6 21.4 12.8

Dedicated outside air system (DOAS) 11.0 14.1 16.2 21.6 92.6 17.4 46.7 28.6 25.0

Demand controlled ventilation (DCV) 8.8 10.0 11.0 18.5 95.7 19.3 64.9 22.0 25.2

Regular HVAC maintenance 4.2 4.0 4.7 5.6 42.6 9.0 24.4 13.7 9.8

Building automation system (BAS) 

controls heating or cooling 6.4 7.8 10.3 10.3 72.6 9.1 35.2 13.9 13.0

Internet-connected or smart

thermostat 12.2 12.4 14.6 18.9 0.0 22.9 52.1 48.1 27.5

Programmable thermostat 4.7 4.9 6.8 6.8 65.5 14.3 51.3 30.3 15.7

Main equipment replaced since 

2000 (more than one may apply)

Heating 4.9 5.2 6.2 6.6 40.1 10.7 47.5 24.6 13.5

Cooling 4.8 4.7 5.8 8.7 53.6 11.7 75.7 22.6 15.2

Water-heating equipment

Centralized system 4.4 4.3 4.6 6.9 35.7 10.3 29.8 15.8 10.9

Distributed system 8.9 8.8 11.8 10.9 108.2 19.9 53.5 31.0 24.7

Combination of centralized and

distributed systems 8.8 8.7 10.2 12.5 58.4 20.2 31.3 40.6 23.8
RSE

All

buildings

All

buildings

Owner 

occupied

Leased to 

tenant or 

tenants

UnoccupiedAll

buildings Federal State Local

All buildings 3.9 3.8 4.3 5.5 20.3 9.5 26.0 12.9 10.1

Relative standard errors (RSEs) for Table B17. Occupancy of nongovernment-owned and government-owned 

buildings, number of buildings, 2018

RSEs for number of buildings 

Nongovernment-owned buildings Government-owned buildings

Generation technologies 

(more than one may apply)

Reciprocating engine generators 8.8 9.7 11.0 12.8 58.6 14.1 33.8 25.4 16.2

Solar panels 15.4 18.2 22.0 32.2 2.7 27.1 71.7 51.7 29.2

Other generation technology 21.4 23.7 29.3 34.2 0.0 47.1 57.3 38.0 78.5

Lighting equipment types

(more than one may apply)

Incandescent 7.8 7.9 8.7 11.3 60.9 18.8 47.4 30.1 19.2

Standard fluorescent 4.2 3.8 4.6 5.3 30.6 10.3 30.1 16.7 10.5

Compact fluorescent 5.2 5.9 7.5 8.3 53.9 14.2 39.1 27.0 14.8

High-intensity discharge (HID) 9.8 12.6 15.6 20.5 58.3 18.0 43.2 35.5 22.8

Halogen 8.0 8.7 12.3 12.6 60.0 18.7 55.2 28.1 31.5

LED 3.6 3.7 4.8 5.9 68.1 10.1 27.4 13.1 11.1

Other 57.3 57.3 111.1 56.3 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0

Refrigeration equipment

(more than one may apply)

Any refrigeration 4.1 4.0 4.6 5.7 47.5 9.8 24.5 16.0 10.1

Walk-in units 5.4 6.0 7.5 8.3 66.4 9.1 43.4 19.8 10.5

Cases or cabinets 5.8 6.5 7.4 9.6 106.2 10.8 30.2 15.4 14.1

Large cold storage areas 17.2 18.4 24.9 24.2 70.6 35.8 54.6 34.1 60.1

Commercial ice makers 5.5 6.2 7.6 8.2 66.4 11.3 35.8 20.1 13.2

Residential-type or compact units 4.3 4.2 4.9 5.8 50.0 11.2 27.2 18.7 11.3

Vending machines 6.1 6.2 7.6 10.1 70.6 9.9 22.5 15.4 13.0

No refrigeration 5.3 5.4 6.7 9.5 21.1 13.8 50.2 20.2 15.8

Office equipment

(more than one may apply)

Desktop computers 4.0 3.8 4.7 4.6 49.2 9.6 28.6 12.9 10.5

With multiple monitors 5.0 5.1 6.0 6.9 0.0 14.8 31.8 25.1 13.8

Laptop computers 4.0 4.1 5.1 5.2 0.0 11.4 27.6 15.7 12.5

Dedicated servers 4.9 4.6 5.8 7.7 0.0 11.2 29.2 18.8 14.3

Tablets charged in building 4.4 4.7 6.0 6.9 0.0 11.8 37.0 15.2 14.2

Large floor-standing office devicesc 4.4 5.0 5.7 7.6 0.0 9.5 26.6 14.6 11.9

Smaller desktop office devicesc 4.1 3.9 4.6 5.1 49.2 9.7 28.6 14.8 10.7

Interactive whiteboards 8.7 14.5 17.2 18.4 0.0 10.6 36.9 22.3 12.5

Televisions or video displays 3.8 3.8 5.1 5.1 0.0 8.9 40.9 13.4 11.1

Point-of-sale devices or cash 

registers 5.2 5.5 7.6 7.4 0.0 10.1 31.7 22.7 11.8
RSE

All

buildings

All

buildings

Owner 

occupied

Leased to 

tenant or 

tenants

UnoccupiedAll

buildings Federal State Local

All buildings 3.9 3.8 4.3 5.5 20.3 9.5 26.0 12.9 10.1

Relative standard errors (RSEs) for Table B17. Occupancy of nongovernment-owned and government-owned 

buildings, number of buildings, 2018

RSEs for number of buildings 

Nongovernment-owned buildings Government-owned buildings

Food preparation or serving areas 

in non-food service buildings

(more than one may apply)

Snack bar, concession stand, or coffee 

shop 11.0 13.3 15.7 19.8 0.0 17.0 65.7 39.1 27.0

Fast food or small restaurant 9.4 9.6 12.9 13.9 0.0 36.7 70.6 66.3 37.0

Cafeteria or large restaurant 7.7 14.7 17.7 24.5 0.0 10.1 30.0 19.1 13.1

Commercial kitchen or food preparation 

area 8.5 9.6 10.8 13.9 55.4 17.3 52.3 41.1 15.6

Small kitchen area 6.5 7.0 7.5 11.0 49.2 14.9 62.6 29.1 16.6

Separate computer areas

(more than one may apply)

Server closet 5.3 5.4 6.2 8.1 0.0 10.2 35.7 15.6 11.6

Data center 13.1 16.6 20.6 14.7 0.0 23.8 30.7 37.8 32.0

Computer-based training room 8.4 10.8 14.6 15.3 0.0 12.4 49.8 23.1 16.2

Student or public computer center 8.0 13.9 12.1 22.6 0.0 9.8 46.5 22.2 12.0

Window and interior lighting 

features (more than one may

apply)

Multipaned windows 4.2 4.1 5.1 5.3 28.7 8.9 30.1 15.0 10.0

Tinted window glass 4.2 4.6 6.0 7.7 37.2 10.7 30.8 19.5 12.4

Reflective window glass 7.0 7.5 10.4 11.0 53.1 20.0 79.2 22.2 24.2

External overhangs or awnings 5.0 5.5 6.5 7.6 40.1 11.8 44.8 20.9 14.1

Skylights or atriums 7.1 8.2 8.2 16.1 54.5 13.3 54.8 31.4 15.3

Light scheduling 5.2 5.6 6.9 9.5 61.4 12.5 51.7 21.5 16.9

Occupancy sensors 6.5 7.2 10.8 9.0 49.0 9.2 29.1 18.9 12.0

Multilevel lighting or dimming 10.0 10.9 13.9 13.5 91.1 20.8 41.9 33.3 27.7

Daylight harvesting 12.0 12.8 19.3 19.9 78.1 37.6 47.5 79.8 26.4

Plug-load control 18.4 20.6 25.7 40.5 94.5 40.2 32.7 63.8 45.3

Demand responsive lighting 30.7 36.1 36.0 50.5 42.6 46.8 64.7 72.9 53.8

Building automation system (BAS) for 

lighting 9.3 10.8 15.8 14.5 91.1 15.4 48.9 29.9 19.5
RSE

All

buildings

All

buildings

Owner 

occupied

Leased to 

tenant or 

tenants

UnoccupiedAll

buildings Federal State Local

All buildings 3.9 3.8 4.3 5.5 20.3 9.5 26.0 12.9 10.1

Relative standard errors (RSEs) for Table B17. Occupancy of nongovernment-owned and government-owned 

buildings, number of buildings, 2018

RSEs for number of buildings 

Nongovernment-owned buildings Government-owned buildings

Electric vehicle (EV) charging

Charging stations associated with the 

building 11.5 12.8 17.7 19.6 69.9 26.7 67.0 51.9 32.0

Data source: U.S. Energy Information Administration, Form EIA-871A of the 2018 Commercial Buildings Energy Consumption Survey 

Note: RSE is a measure of the reliability or precision of a survey statistic. Variability occurs in survey statistics because the different samples that could be 

drawn would each produce different values for the survey statistics. Estimation of Standard Errors and What is a Relative Standard Error (RSE)? contain more 

information on how RSEs are estimated and used. Both references can be accessed from https://www.eia.gov/consumption/commercial/survey-backgroundtechnical-information.php.

a

Climate zones are based on ASHRAE Standard 169-2021; see https://www.eia.gov/consumption/commercial/maps.php#defined.

b

Other sources includes wood, coal, solar, and all other energy sources. c

Office devices refers to any combination of printers, copiers, scanners, or FAX machines.