Release date: September 2021

Revised date: December 2022

All

buildings

Warehouse

and

storage Office Service Mercantile

Public 

assembly

Religious 

worship Education

All buildings 5,918 1,004 970 867 517 488 439 437

Building floorspace (square feet)

1,001 to 5,000 2,833 437 518 517 181 215 167 148

5,001 to 10,000 1,359 255 198 216 105 115 103 98

10,001 to 25,000 981 194 137 100 141 95 121 63

25,001 to 50,000 386 60 53 24 48 44 39 39

50,001 to 100,000 218 33 35 9 23 14 8 57

100,001 to 200,000 93 15 17 Q 13 3 Q 25

200,001 to 500,000 40 8 9 Q 5 1 Q 7

Over 500,000 9 2 2 Q 1 1 N 0

Year constructed

Before 1920 329 Q 85 Q Q 64 57 Q

1920 to 1945 379 22 78 57 Q 40 Q 22

1946 to 1959 517 113 54 68 48 33 44 65

1960 to 1969 685 68 82 135 95 61 59 51

1970 to 1979 831 121 159 143 65 63 74 59

1980 to 1989 794 150 164 108 63 35 34 55

1990 to 1999 921 235 130 125 49 70 58 86

2000 to 2009 924 162 152 139 100 78 55 60

2010 to 2018 537 117 67 82 52 43 Q 26

Census region and division

Northeast 793 119 138 144 60 91 61 44

New England 275 50 23 45 Q 47 Q 21

Middle Atlantic 518 70 115 99 37 44 48 23

Midwest 1,719 307 265 305 139 141 122 90

East North Central 1,110 206 172 184 76 96 80 53

West North Central 609 101 93 120 62 44 42 37

South 2,143 366 375 237 207 168 201 153

South Atlantic 1,034 154 184 110 94 101 106 76

East South Central 347 75 47 29 38 Q 44 24

West South Central 762 136 143 98 75 56 50 53

West 1,264 212 193 181 112 88 55 150

Mountain 484 81 65 77 56 31 Q 38

Pacific 780 131 129 104 56 57 36 112

Climate zonea

Cold or very cold 539 117 83 111 37 24 Q 35

Cool 1,727 288 239 330 147 157 115 101

Mixed mild 1,216 220 215 131 99 118 98 76

Warm 1,606 239 285 206 155 122 136 143

Hot or very hot 831 140 149 90 80 68 60 82

Table B11. Selected principal building activity: part 1, number of buildings, 2018

Number of buildings (thousand)

Principal building activity
All

buildings

Warehouse

and

storage Office Service Mercantile

Public 

assembly

Religious 

worship Education

All buildings 5,918 1,004 970 867 517 488 439 437

Table B11. Selected principal building activity: part 1, number of buildings, 2018

Number of buildings (thousand)

Principal building activity

Number of floors

1 4,106 846 544 708 406 307 213 278

2 1,286 137 273 144 79 116 182 111

3 370 19 105 Q 32 47 37 26

4 to 9 142 Q 38 Q Q 18 Q 23

10 or more 16 N 9 N N Q N Q

Elevators and escalators 

(more than one may apply)

Any elevators 503 27 150 Q 16 50 47 78

1 elevator 366 24 98 Q 14 37 44 62

2 to 5 elevators 121 3 44 Q Q 12 Q 15

6 or more elevators 16 Q 8 Q Q 1 Q 0

Any escalators 14 Q 2 Q 1 2 Q Q

Number of workers (main shift)

Fewer than 5 3,270 717 340 595 231 325 329 113

5 to 9 1,116 125 254 160 81 94 50 132

10 to 19 713 69 152 70 85 39 43 58

20 to 49 492 68 103 34 77 21 13 64

50 to 99 201 17 66 Q 26 8 Q 50

100 to 249 90 7 32 Q 15 2 N 19

250 or more 37 1 24 Q 1 1 N 2

Weekly operating hours

Fewer than 40 1,370 211 96 142 Q 182 324 88

40 to 48 1,483 230 469 335 106 76 38 117

49 to 60 1,250 200 266 217 172 95 29 173

61 to 84 645 84 66 97 115 57 26 48

85 to 167 465 94 25 34 64 48 Q 9

Open continuously 705 185 48 42 19 30 Q Q

Ownership and occupancy

Nongovernment owned 4,982 963 796 726 515 327 439 166

Owner occupied 3,249 633 485 465 236 278 412 142

Leased to tenant or tenants 1,581 330 311 261 279 48 Q 24

Unoccupied 152 N N N N N N N

Government owned 937 42 175 141 Q 162 N 271

Federal 70 3 11 33 Q Q N Q

State 256 Q 34 Q Q 36 N 92

Local 610 Q 129 75 Q 120 N 169

Party responsible for operation

of energy systems

Building owner 4,872 761 816 698 298 441 423 421

Business owner or tenant 831 191 109 153 191 26 Q Q

Property management 97 Q 24 Q Q Q Q Q

Other 118 21 22 Q Q Q Q 12
All

buildings

Warehouse

and

storage Office Service Mercantile

Public 

assembly

Religious 

worship Education

All buildings 5,918 1,004 970 867 517 488 439 437

Table B11. Selected principal building activity: part 1, number of buildings, 2018

Number of buildings (thousand)

Principal building activity

Provider of direct input on energyrelated equipment purchases

Building owner 5,127 862 866 709 372 439 428 420

Business owner or tenant 483 77 56 118 96 Q Q Q

Property management 49 Q Q Q Q Q N Q

Other 260 49 46 Q 40 30 Q 13

Number of establishments

1 4,719 826 670 787 282 433 416 413

2 to 5 811 155 211 78 151 50 Q 24

6 to 10 135 15 44 Q 60 Q N Q

11 to 20 63 Q 32 Q 19 Q N Q

More than 20 19 Q 12 N 5 Q N Q

Currently unoccupied 170 N N N N N N N

Campus or complex activity

Not part of a campus or complex 3,622 410 629 593 408 286 267 170

Primary or secondary school 247 N Q N N 36 N 179

College or university 103 Q 9 Q Q 9 N 49

Office complex 141 Q 106 Q Q Q Q Q

Retail complex 250 62 Q Q 94 Q N N

Storage complex 418 339 Q Q Q Q N N

Religious campus or complex 253 Q Q Q N Q 166 25

Health care complex 60 Q Q Q N Q N Q

Lodging or resort complex 102 Q Q N Q Q N N

Transportation complex 36 Q Q Q N 2 N Q

Government complex 124 Q 27 48 N Q N N

Other 563 125 100 143 Q 82 Q Q

Predominant exterior wall material

Brick, stone, or stucco 2,490 171 565 243 237 215 266 226

Concrete (block or poured) 935 151 85 158 119 74 51 66

Concrete panels 137 43 31 Q 18 10 Q 3

Siding or shingles 948 90 199 90 51 114 93 92

Metal panels 1,250 527 48 361 65 64 Q Q

Window glass 19 N 10 N Q 2 N Q

Other 139 Q 32 Q Q Q Q Q
All

buildings

Warehouse

and

storage Office Service Mercantile

Public 

assembly

Religious 

worship Education

All buildings 5,918 1,004 970 867 517 488 439 437

Table B11. Selected principal building activity: part 1, number of buildings, 2018

Number of buildings (thousand)

Principal building activity

Predominant roof material

Metal surfacing 2,198 662 207 499 135 162 94 111

Synthetic or rubber 940 131 180 72 136 62 20 103

Built-up 708 59 160 91 94 37 27 79

Slate or tile shingles 376 Q 78 Q Q 56 54 Q

Wooden materials (including

shingles) 166 Q Q Q Q Q Q Q

Asphalt, fiberglass, or 

other shingles 1,311 78 280 144 99 143 213 85

Concrete 83 Q 16 Q Q Q Q Q

Other 136 27 28 Q Q Q Q 7

Roof tilt

Flat 1,914 227 393 260 245 99 50 190

Shallow pitch 2,313 578 317 384 204 166 99 161

Steeper pitch 1,691 199 261 223 68 224 290 87

Cool roof characteristics (more than one 

may apply)

White or reflective coating or paint 1,285 253 200 169 144 74 40 127

White or reflective tiles or shingles 140 Q 13 Q Q Q Q 12

Aluminum coating 528 109 42 140 51 41 Q 29

Ballasted roof system 114 Q 33 Q 7 9 Q 10

Other cool roof property 35 N Q Q Q Q Q Q

Renovations since 2000 

(more than one may apply)

Any type of renovation 2,032 198 391 235 203 184 203 180

Addition or annex 327 24 39 41 23 23 44 55

Reduction in floorspace 35 Q 2 Q Q Q Q Q

Roof replacement 847 97 147 54 94 73 99 85

Interior wall reconfiguration 709 57 187 73 69 59 40 82

Window replacement 484 44 91 55 51 46 46 41

HVAC equipment upgrade 1,006 81 196 77 113 90 121 94

Lighting upgrade 1,012 93 204 120 113 91 54 95

Electrical upgrade 565 45 89 56 69 58 37 62

Plumbing system upgrade 584 28 99 51 48 62 52 66

Insulation upgrade 307 43 51 41 29 32 Q 28

Fire, safety, or security upgrade 570 31 87 54 40 57 37 89

Structural upgrade 147 Q 18 Q Q 18 Q 16

Other 43 Q Q Q 4 Q Q Q

No renovations 3,530 717 533 576 280 277 227 241

Buildings constructed 2013 or later 357 89 46 56 34 27 Q 17
All

buildings

Warehouse

and

storage Office Service Mercantile

Public 

assembly

Religious 

worship Education

All buildings 5,918 1,004 970 867 517 488 439 437

Table B11. Selected principal building activity: part 1, number of buildings, 2018

Number of buildings (thousand)

Principal building activity

Energy sources

(more than one may apply)

Electricity 5,613 792 970 866 513 488 439 437

Natural gas 2,974 320 549 382 328 275 259 216

Fuel oil 583 52 102 153 29 44 32 34

District heat 86 Q 10 Q Q 13 Q 39

District chilled water 55 Q 7 N N 8 Q 29

Propane 676 83 59 107 51 75 96 51

Solar 99 Q 17 Q 10 16 Q 14

Wood, coal, and other 180 Q Q 94 Q Q Q Q

Space-heating energy sources 

(more than one may apply)

Electricity 2,563 290 527 289 317 194 183 214

Natural gas 2,587 283 489 351 313 244 227 190

Fuel oil 266 Q 37 87 Q Q Q 19

District heat 83 Q 10 Q Q 11 Q 37

Propane 431 48 Q 78 35 33 82 35

Other sourcesb 127 Q Q 83 Q Q N Q

Primary space-heating 

energy source

Electricity 1,856 200 389 193 203 157 125 161

Natural gas 2,344 274 458 316 250 231 207 171

Fuel oil 222 Q 35 66 Q Q Q 14

District heat 78 Q 9 Q Q 10 Q 34

Propane 338 45 Q 62 Q Q 73 Q

Other sourcesb 63 Q Q Q N Q N Q

Cooling energy sources

(more than one may apply)

Electricity 4,584 470 934 512 479 406 420 389

Natural gas 4 Q Q N Q Q Q Q

District chilled water 55 Q 7 N N 8 Q 29

Water-heating energy sources

(more than one may apply)

Electricity 2,785 285 575 376 357 229 241 211

Natural gas 1,885 143 334 199 218 200 158 158

Fuel oil 72 Q 16 Q Q Q Q 9

District heat 38 N 6 Q N 6 N 15

Propane 145 Q Q Q Q Q Q 7

Cooking energy sources

(more than one may apply)

Electricity 1,216 54 166 45 117 113 189 125

Natural gas 727 Q 40 Q 98 80 108 80

Propane 159 Q Q Q Q 35 Q 14
All

buildings

Warehouse

and

storage Office Service Mercantile

Public 

assembly

Religious 

worship Education

All buildings 5,918 1,004 970 867 517 488 439 437

Table B11. Selected principal building activity: part 1, number of buildings, 2018

Number of buildings (thousand)

Principal building activity

Energy end uses

(more than one may apply)

Buildings with space heating 4,901 549 925 686 486 444 426 413

Buildings with cooling 4,631 473 939 512 479 412 421 413

Buildings with water heating 4,595 425 902 590 452 449 409 378

Buildings with cooking 1,738 60 198 49 149 197 275 176

Buildings with manufacturing 322 113 24 100 21 Q Q 3

Buildings with electricity

generation 706 70 139 106 44 68 19 62

Buildings with lighting 5,503 707 970 853 513 488 439 437

Percent of floorspace heated

Not heated 1,017 455 45 181 Q 44 Q Q

1 to 50% 693 239 91 167 73 23 Q Q

51 to 99% 905 76 159 97 149 99 72 73

100% 3,303 234 676 422 265 322 339 331

Percent of floorspace cooled

Not cooled 1,288 532 Q 355 Q 76 Q 24

1 to 50% 1,111 313 101 322 84 64 38 40

51 to 99% 998 76 193 46 155 106 104 91

100% 2,522 84 645 145 240 242 280 283

Percent lit when open

0% Q Q N Q N N N N

1 to 50% 1,280 294 188 237 58 131 140 50

51 to 99% 1,784 120 401 198 267 177 161 137

100% 2,272 267 381 405 187 159 137 251

Building never open or electricity

not used 513 259 N Q Q Q N N

Percent lit during off hours

0% 2,062 437 267 458 98 201 232 148

1 to 50% 3,246 326 670 378 399 259 205 282

51 to 100% 240 25 32 Q 15 24 Q 8

Building always open with 

no off hours 64 Q Q Q Q Q N Q

Electricity not used 305 213 N Q Q N N N
All

buildings

Warehouse

and

storage Office Service Mercantile

Public 

assembly

Religious 

worship Education

All buildings 5,918 1,004 970 867 517 488 439 437

Table B11. Selected principal building activity: part 1, number of buildings, 2018

Number of buildings (thousand)

Principal building activity

Heating equipment 

(more than one may apply)

Packaged heating units 2,187 200 419 214 362 178 162 157

Furnaces 1,621 187 313 268 176 168 178 76

Individual space heaters 1,246 220 184 337 124 58 79 63

Boilers 703 34 133 69 49 69 70 133

Heat pumps 673 48 132 36 82 51 72 89

District heat 83 Q 10 Q Q 11 Q 37

Duct reheat 134 Q 21 Q 29 13 Q 20

Other 17 Q Q N Q Q N Q

Cooling equipment 

(more than one may apply)

Packaged air-conditioning units 2,565 230 504 220 381 227 224 217

Residential-type central air

conditioners 1,309 161 321 137 108 125 127 100

Individual air conditioners 735 79 60 134 73 64 69 65

Central chillers 202 Q 53 Q 15 18 15 47

Heat pumps 492 36 85 38 52 40 68 56

District chilled water 55 Q 7 N N 8 Q 29

Swamp coolers 85 17 3 Q Q Q Q Q

Other Q Q Q N N N N N

HVAC features 

(more than one may apply)

Economizer cycle 747 37 152 23 93 73 42 133

Variable air volume (VAV) system 698 69 178 46 35 65 42 109

Dedicated outside air system (DOAS) 249 15 43 Q Q 34 Q 44

Demand controlled ventilation (DCV) 349 40 49 42 19 28 37 72

Regular HVAC maintenance 3,554 354 719 356 342 331 284 400

Building automation system (BAS) 

controls heating or cooling 933 46 188 30 112 83 92 184

Internet-connected or smart

thermostat 325 31 42 Q 30 39 62 27

Programmable thermostat 1,545 176 406 206 108 118 112 114

Main equipment replaced since 

2000 (more than one may apply)

Heating 1,937 247 377 264 205 143 223 124

Cooling 1,269 158 212 197 77 103 146 118

Water-heating equipment

Centralized system 3,538 321 727 457 273 368 322 284

Distributed system 782 94 122 122 125 52 52 58

Combination of centralized and

distributed systems 274 10 54 Q 55 30 35 37
All

buildings

Warehouse

and

storage Office Service Mercantile

Public 

assembly

Religious 

worship Education

All buildings 5,918 1,004 970 867 517 488 439 437

Table B11. Selected principal building activity: part 1, number of buildings, 2018

Number of buildings (thousand)

Principal building activity

Generation technologies 

(more than one may apply)

Reciprocating engine generators 580 55 120 100 32 48 16 47

Solar panels 94 Q 17 Q 10 16 Q 14

Other generation technology 43 Q Q Q Q Q Q Q

Lighting equipment types

(more than one may apply)

Incandescent 1,100 117 196 79 137 120 176 41

Standard fluorescent 4,012 497 756 615 395 334 334 340

Compact fluorescent 1,130 114 217 99 172 124 91 66

High-intensity discharge (HID) 238 58 26 47 23 21 16 18

Halogen 552 52 74 46 122 53 75 26

LED 2,593 255 457 328 286 238 222 200

Other Q N Q N Q Q N N

Refrigeration equipment

(more than one may apply)

Any refrigeration 3,850 337 738 458 401 383 365 272

Walk-in units 706 8 19 Q 131 58 10 78

Cases or cabinets 837 25 43 Q 152 93 38 65

Large cold storage areas 69 7 Q N 13 Q N 2

Commercial ice makers 872 37 70 42 96 114 59 61

Residential-type or compact units 3,321 305 709 423 337 331 349 238

Vending machines 800 67 127 106 132 58 26 89

No refrigeration 2,068 667 233 409 116 105 74 165

Office equipment

(more than one may apply)

Desktop computers 3,804 369 907 431 456 301 233 384

With multiple monitors 1,504 174 537 121 149 80 86 146

Laptop computers 2,786 281 666 304 291 212 233 319

Dedicated servers 1,400 143 455 91 194 68 36 150

Tablets charged in building 1,556 130 353 125 215 110 96 197

Large floor-standing office devicesc 1,456 107 496 88 129 111 130 201

Smaller desktop office devicesc 3,560 371 791 456 438 273 239 327

Interactive whiteboards 262 5 43 Q 13 7 Q 150

Televisions or video displays 2,451 180 452 210 291 251 229 255

Point-of-sale devices or cash 

registers 1,420 50 126 178 378 128 Q 62
All

buildings

Warehouse

and

storage Office Service Mercantile

Public 

assembly

Religious 

worship Education

All buildings 5,918 1,004 970 867 517 488 439 437

Table B11. Selected principal building activity: part 1, number of buildings, 2018

Number of buildings (thousand)

Principal building activity

Food preparation or serving areas 

in non-food service buildings

(more than one may apply)

Snack bar, concession stand, or coffee 

shop 144 Q 13 N 25 42 Q 14

Fast food or small restaurant 160 Q 8 Q 56 21 Q 5

Cafeteria or large restaurant 129 Q 7 Q 3 26 Q 68

food preparation area 284 Q 7 Q 39 48 58 42

Small kitchen area 1,018 58 182 45 69 119 209 109

Separate computer areas

(more than one may apply)

Server closet 1,237 132 445 81 137 63 32 144

Data center 116 Q 32 Q 4 4 Q 19

Computer-based training room 228 16 47 Q 18 16 Q 88

Student or public computer center 236 Q 25 Q 31 32 Q 115

Window and interior lighting 

features (more than one may

apply)

Multipaned windows 3,527 344 692 443 354 285 303 291

Tinted window glass 1,679 156 371 163 239 110 161 146

Reflective window glass 497 39 110 49 85 31 30 45

External overhangs or awnings 1,513 119 269 134 288 132 95 130

Skylights or atriums 509 86 93 69 37 49 28 45

Light scheduling 910 76 164 62 160 78 58 83

Occupancy sensors 1,025 123 196 94 119 75 52 180

Multilevel lighting or dimming 332 16 59 Q 32 56 51 36

Daylight harvesting 138 14 16 Q 32 7 Q 11

Plug-load control 58 Q Q N Q Q Q Q

Demand responsive lighting 98 Q 8 Q Q Q Q Q

Building automation system (BAS) for 

lighting 317 Q 47 Q 76 23 Q 66

Electric vehicle (EV) charging

Charging stations associated with the 

building 132 26 21 32 11 7 N 4

Data source: U.S. Energy Information Administration, Form EIA-871A of the 2018 Commercial Buildings Energy Consumption Survey 

Notes: Because of rounding, data may not sum to totals. The Guide to the 2018 CBECS Tables and CBECS Terminology contain definitions of terms used in these 

tables and comparisons between previous CBECS tables. You can access both references from http://www.eia.gov/consumption/commercial/data/2018/. 

Data are sample survey estimates with relative standard errors published in a tab on the Excel worksheet for this table. 

a

Climate zones are based on ASHRAE Standard 169-2021; see https://www.eia.gov/consumption/commercial/maps.php#defined.

b

Other sources includes wood, coal, solar, and all other energy sources.

c

Office devices refers to any combination of printers, copiers, scanners, or FAX machines.

Q = Data withheld either because the relative standard error was greater than 50% or the reporting sample had fewer than 20 buildings. 

N = No buildings in reporting sample.
RSE

Release date: September 2021

Revised date: December 2022

All

buildings

Warehouse

and

storage Office Service Mercantile

Public 

assembly

Religious 

worship Education

All buildings 3.9 7.4 7.2 7.4 7.3 9.1 9.5 7.8

Building floorspace (square feet)

1,001 to 5,000 4.9 11.1 11.3 9.2 12.3 17.8 15.9 16.2

5,001 to 10,000 5.9 14.8 11.7 15.3 20.7 13.7 22.7 20.5

10,001 to 25,000 5.6 13.2 14.9 16.9 13.8 14.8 12.4 17.7

25,001 to 50,000 5.6 17.9 13.9 21.7 12.8 13.6 18.6 11.4

50,001 to 100,000 5.3 15.1 14.1 21.1 17.5 12.5 21.8 8.9

100,001 to 200,000 5.6 15.3 10.7 52.6 13.1 18.5 37.5 10.7

200,001 to 500,000 5.0 13.4 9.9 86.2 13.7 21.9 46.8 7.4

Over 500,000 7.8 18.7 12.6 70.6 21.7 22.9 0.0 23.8

Year constructed

Before 1920 12.8 39.4 17.9 43.7 35.7 24.9 25.2 53.5

1920 to 1945 10.7 36.4 25.0 21.9 31.3 23.4 35.7 24.3

1946 to 1959 8.1 19.4 20.6 21.4 27.6 19.9 21.5 20.7

1960 to 1969 6.4 20.1 15.9 16.8 21.5 22.9 20.2 24.3

1970 to 1979 7.4 16.6 13.3 16.2 19.0 20.4 22.5 28.8

1980 to 1989 7.0 18.9 12.3 18.5 17.5 26.9 23.2 24.6

1990 to 1999 7.5 15.6 15.1 22.5 21.7 19.3 26.4 16.4

2000 to 2009 8.0 19.5 16.8 18.5 13.6 21.8 19.5 23.5

2010 to 2018 11.0 21.7 25.5 25.3 26.5 27.3 36.3 32.4

Census region and division

Northeast 9.9 18.8 21.4 15.1 19.1 22.7 22.8 17.4

New England 17.8 32.5 32.8 31.2 22.3 20.7 53.3 30.0

Middle Atlantic 12.0 23.8 25.1 16.7 27.3 42.3 24.9 18.3

Midwest 10.9 15.9 18.4 16.9 21.3 16.6 15.3 20.2

East North Central 13.1 21.9 21.1 17.0 25.5 13.8 19.5 27.5

West North Central 21.0 19.8 36.1 34.5 36.8 43.9 24.3 30.0

South 7.7 13.6 11.9 14.6 11.5 17.8 16.2 14.5

South Atlantic 11.0 24.6 16.6 17.2 15.5 26.8 20.8 21.6

East South Central 18.0 29.7 14.7 28.7 33.7 35.6 45.4 31.2

West South Central 14.7 19.0 22.8 28.8 17.0 21.3 24.2 24.9

West 8.1 15.1 13.1 12.7 12.6 13.3 25.8 13.1

Mountain 15.9 30.6 21.5 19.4 18.0 30.4 25.9 30.0

Pacific 9.0 15.7 16.7 17.3 18.3 12.3 37.4 14.2

Climate zonea

Cold or very cold 18.8 24.5 17.9 36.2 31.4 21.7 31.8 30.0

Cool 11.8 18.7 20.9 14.0 18.2 18.2 21.4 19.3

Mixed mild 15.1 19.8 18.7 19.3 21.3 20.5 19.0 21.6

Warm 11.4 15.4 14.3 18.3 15.2 23.9 21.5 15.7

Hot or very hot 18.8 35.8 26.5 23.7 17.5 20.5 21.2 24.4

Relative standard errors (RSEs) for Table B11. Selected principal building activity: part 1, number of buildings, 2018

RSEs for number of buildings 

Principal building activity
RSE

All

buildings

Warehouse

and

storage Office Service Mercantile

Public 

assembly

Religious 

worship Education

All buildings 3.9 7.4 7.2 7.4 7.3 9.1 9.5 7.8

Relative standard errors (RSEs) for Table B11. Selected principal building activity: part 1, number of buildings, 2018

RSEs for number of buildings 

Principal building activity

Number of floors

1 4.3 7.7 9.9 8.0 8.5 10.5 13.6 11.8

2 5.8 16.8 12.2 13.1 17.2 12.3 13.2 15.4

3 10.5 30.0 17.1 33.3 27.3 26.2 22.3 15.0

4 to 9 9.4 39.9 12.0 52.6 47.9 34.0 51.0 24.3

10 or more 9.8 0.0 10.7 0.0 0.0 60.8 0.0 30.8

Elevators and escalators 

(more than one may apply)

Any elevators 6.5 28.3 10.3 35.5 32.3 14.6 19.7 11.5

1 elevator 7.7 32.2 13.0 36.8 35.7 18.8 20.1 14.1

2 to 5 elevators 6.7 30.9 10.9 93.4 63.0 17.0 34.8 13.2

6 or more elevators 7.8 54.4 12.7 100.4 27.6 22.1 74.2 30.1

Any escalators 28.9 32.0 27.2 100.4 29.5 28.0 97.8 39.7

Number of workers (main shift)

Fewer than 5 5.5 9.6 12.3 10.1 13.6 11.0 10.6 15.8

5 to 9 6.1 16.8 14.8 13.6 16.0 17.8 22.7 19.6

10 to 19 6.5 21.3 12.9 18.9 18.7 24.7 25.5 19.7

20 to 49 6.3 20.1 17.5 20.2 13.7 19.1 34.8 14.8

50 to 99 6.7 15.6 14.6 34.2 14.6 27.8 61.7 9.6

100 to 249 7.1 18.6 12.9 45.7 12.8 33.2 0.0 10.5

250 or more 7.2 18.2 8.9 70.6 28.3 20.7 0.0 21.5

Weekly operating hours

Fewer than 40 6.1 14.5 17.5 14.5 32.5 15.9 12.2 16.8

40 to 48 6.2 12.4 8.7 11.8 17.7 22.4 23.6 17.9

49 to 60 5.2 12.6 9.8 13.4 13.2 17.7 25.5 14.5

61 to 84 7.6 26.5 26.0 20.1 14.3 16.6 43.2 20.7

85 to 167 8.6 28.2 33.7 22.9 22.4 20.0 42.1 15.0

Open continuously 8.1 21.3 19.7 29.9 31.8 21.7 72.0 45.5

Ownership and occupancy

Nongovernment owned 3.8 7.4 6.8 6.8 7.4 8.8 9.5 12.9

Owner occupied 4.3 8.6 8.4 8.7 13.8 9.9 9.8 15.5

Leased to tenant or tenants 5.5 14.1 9.7 13.4 8.3 24.3 31.6 28.8

Unoccupied 20.3 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0

Government owned 9.5 33.7 21.1 21.6 59.0 18.4 0.0 9.8

Federal 26.0 40.9 42.4 40.1 51.5 73.9 0.0 66.4

State 12.9 66.8 37.7 36.2 68.7 45.0 0.0 16.8

Local 10.1 40.2 20.8 27.6 25.3 17.8 0.0 10.9

Party responsible for operation

of energy systems

Building owner 4.4 8.4 7.7 8.5 12.1 9.4 9.6 8.2

Business owner or tenant 6.5 14.8 17.0 14.5 11.5 26.3 47.1 44.1

Property management 20.7 50.2 35.0 50.2 36.9 56.1 49.6 82.4

Other 18.8 49.6 31.0 79.9 47.1 46.9 81.1 47.3
RSE

All

buildings

Warehouse

and

storage Office Service Mercantile

Public 

assembly

Religious 

worship Education

All buildings 3.9 7.4 7.2 7.4 7.3 9.1 9.5 7.8

Relative standard errors (RSEs) for Table B11. Selected principal building activity: part 1, number of buildings, 2018

RSEs for number of buildings 

Principal building activity

Provider of direct input on energyrelated equipment purchases

Building owner 4.4 8.1 6.9 8.4 10.2 9.4 9.7 8.1

Business owner or tenant 8.9 24.3 25.1 17.3 16.0 32.4 52.6 44.0

Property management 25.5 53.5 57.9 71.2 41.0 77.9 0.0 66.5

Other 10.5 29.6 21.7 39.4 23.5 29.2 81.1 43.6

Number of establishments

1 4.6 8.0 9.3 8.0 12.5 9.7 10.0 8.4

2 to 5 6.0 15.6 11.2 23.4 12.3 26.3 34.0 27.3

6 to 10 11.5 45.6 18.2 56.7 18.4 37.4 0.0 84.1

11 to 20 18.0 56.8 31.6 77.1 15.1 87.4 0.0 60.7

More than 20 18.6 65.6 24.2 0.0 19.5 24.7 0.0 71.0

Currently unoccupied 18.7 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0

Campus or complex activity

Not part of a campus or complex 4.3 9.5 7.5 8.8 8.7 13.1 12.1 13.7

Primary or secondary school 12.1 0.0 54.4 0.0 0.0 30.7 0.0 12.5

College or university 21.8 109.8 36.1 84.3 88.6 28.3 0.0 21.6

Office complex 12.7 45.1 15.0 56.7 51.6 99.7 71.0 81.5

Retail complex 13.2 35.5 48.4 29.0 13.9 48.3 0.0 0.0

Storage complex 14.4 16.2 49.3 39.4 44.9 70.6 0.0 0.0

Religious campus or complex 11.5 59.4 39.6 48.6 0.0 27.2 15.2 31.1

Health care complex 18.0 75.7 38.5 99.7 0.0 87.1 0.0 102.3

Lodging or resort complex 15.1 65.8 78.8 0.0 63.2 35.8 0.0 0.0

Transportation complex 34.3 105.5 83.4 72.1 0.0 45.2 0.0 51.5

Government complex 18.1 58.3 42.1 30.9 0.0 32.6 0.0 0.0

Other 9.2 21.4 18.5 19.1 43.2 19.7 59.7 39.2

Predominant exterior wall material

Brick, stone, or stucco 5.3 15.6 9.1 11.8 11.9 12.5 12.3 10.1

Concrete (block or poured) 5.3 18.1 16.0 15.6 11.7 14.6 26.9 25.9

Concrete panels 12.1 23.1 21.3 52.6 44.8 37.9 61.6 27.7

Siding or shingles 7.3 19.1 14.8 16.1 31.1 19.1 19.0 18.3

Metal panels 7.6 11.4 19.2 12.1 23.2 22.6 25.9 31.1

Window glass 21.3 0.0 22.0 0.0 90.1 42.9 0.0 81.0

Other 14.7 33.6 32.7 62.0 27.3 28.5 56.4 74.3
RSE

All

buildings

Warehouse

and

storage Office Service Mercantile

Public 

assembly

Religious 

worship Education

All buildings 3.9 7.4 7.2 7.4 7.3 9.1 9.5 7.8

Relative standard errors (RSEs) for Table B11. Selected principal building activity: part 1, number of buildings, 2018

RSEs for number of buildings 

Principal building activity

Predominant roof material

Metal surfacing 6.2 9.6 14.3 10.2 16.1 15.8 22.7 17.4

Synthetic or rubber 6.0 17.0 12.3 22.1 12.0 16.5 31.0 13.9

Built-up 7.7 18.3 15.7 23.3 16.4 22.8 26.6 17.8

Slate or tile shingles 10.1 30.0 19.0 33.1 28.3 32.5 19.7 50.3

Wooden materials (including

shingles) 12.9 60.6 40.3 42.6 37.4 38.4 47.9 52.3

Asphalt, fiberglass, or 

other shingles 6.2 25.9 12.8 14.4 19.2 14.4 14.6 21.8

Concrete 20.6 56.2 28.9 66.1 47.4 49.4 104.5 84.3

Other 15.6 34.8 29.7 39.8 50.7 34.7 49.8 39.3

Roof tilt

Flat 4.9 14.6 8.6 10.2 8.7 12.1 27.8 12.6

Shallow pitch 5.0 9.8 11.6 10.3 12.8 13.9 19.4 16.6

Steeper pitch 7.5 18.0 11.8 14.4 21.6 13.9 11.7 16.8

Cool roof characteristics (more than one 

may apply)

White or reflective coating or paint 5.8 13.0 15.2 13.5 10.9 12.0 28.5 17.0

White or reflective tiles or shingles 15.4 78.8 39.5 36.2 33.2 38.9 48.5 41.1

Aluminum coating 8.8 20.6 25.6 22.2 31.3 31.7 44.4 32.0

Ballasted roof system 14.8 51.4 30.6 40.0 36.3 33.5 61.7 23.6

Other cool roof property 29.3 0.0 55.0 87.1 66.2 70.4 5.6 42.5

Renovations since 2000 

(more than one may apply)

Any type of renovation 5.0 14.5 9.0 15.3 10.6 11.8 12.0 11.4

Addition or annex 9.4 32.6 23.5 32.4 27.5 22.3 27.9 17.9

Reduction in floorspace 22.2 74.2 38.7 49.5 54.6 86.8 85.9 37.7

Roof replacement 6.8 19.7 13.2 22.8 12.8 19.4 19.0 17.0

Interior wall reconfiguration 6.0 23.8 11.2 20.7 19.2 18.4 26.6 20.6

Window replacement 9.5 26.5 22.1 26.8 23.9 22.2 32.4 22.4

HVAC equipment upgrade 7.0 24.9 10.0 33.4 16.6 15.1 16.9 16.1

Lighting upgrade 5.9 19.1 11.3 18.8 13.7 13.7 18.9 15.2

Electrical upgrade 7.1 29.1 15.8 22.4 18.8 20.4 25.7 21.3

Plumbing system upgrade 7.8 36.6 13.9 31.0 23.2 15.5 25.9 20.4

Insulation upgrade 9.2 34.2 23.5 31.0 27.1 23.3 60.6 29.5

Fire, safety, or security upgrade 6.2 26.6 13.1 27.5 21.7 18.2 21.7 17.6

Structural upgrade 13.9 50.0 27.7 38.5 57.6 38.1 53.4 45.4

Other 29.5 83.1 65.5 111.6 22.9 73.5 74.4 78.5

No renovations 4.3 8.1 9.7 8.1 9.6 11.5 13.1 11.3

Buildings constructed 2013 or later 11.9 24.2 23.7 29.5 24.6 38.0 46.1 39.6
RSE

All

buildings

Warehouse

and

storage Office Service Mercantile

Public 

assembly

Religious 

worship Education

All buildings 3.9 7.4 7.2 7.4 7.3 9.1 9.5 7.8

Relative standard errors (RSEs) for Table B11. Selected principal building activity: part 1, number of buildings, 2018

RSEs for number of buildings 

Principal building activity

Energy sources

(more than one may apply)

Electricity 3.9 7.7 7.2 7.4 7.3 9.1 9.5 7.8

Natural gas 4.8 9.3 8.0 9.8 8.7 10.6 12.1 10.9

Fuel oil 9.7 25.6 19.1 21.2 23.0 28.9 28.7 21.0

District heat 14.7 69.7 27.0 74.4 70.4 28.9 110.3 24.5

District chilled water 20.1 45.5 28.9 0.0 0.0 33.5 93.8 28.1

Propane 10.0 17.6 23.8 24.1 23.2 24.3 18.6 26.3

Solar 15.5 59.1 26.8 87.8 33.8 36.1 2.8 34.2

Wood, coal, and other 17.3 42.2 71.8 24.4 34.3 61.6 52.2 82.3

Space-heating energy sources 

(more than one may apply)

Electricity 4.7 11.1 8.1 10.4 7.3 12.8 14.1 12.6

Natural gas 5.2 9.8 8.4 10.3 8.8 11.1 12.9 12.2

Fuel oil 13.9 34.6 41.1 23.9 27.2 39.8 33.6 34.8

District heat 15.4 69.7 27.5 74.4 70.4 29.2 110.3 25.4

Propane 13.5 25.0 29.1 31.7 32.2 29.9 20.3 33.2

Other sourcesb 21.3 43.1 75.4 26.5 81.8 65.7 0.0 99.2

Primary space-heating 

energy source

Electricity 6.4 15.5 10.5 13.8 11.1 14.1 15.5 17.2

Natural gas 5.5 10.0 8.6 10.9 10.9 12.4 14.2 12.5

Fuel oil 16.1 39.6 42.7 28.0 28.6 44.1 39.6 44.0

District heat 15.8 69.7 28.5 74.4 70.4 31.2 110.3 26.7

Propane 17.5 26.5 37.8 41.5 48.0 33.0 23.3 36.8

Other sourcesb 22.4 60.5 52.2 23.0 0.0 47.7 0.0 50.4

Cooling energy sources

(more than one may apply)

Electricity 3.9 8.6 6.9 8.6 6.9 9.6 9.9 8.7

Natural gas 37.3 70.5 60.9 0.0 70.7 2.8 96.2 62.2

District chilled water 20.1 45.5 28.9 0.0 0.0 33.5 93.8 28.1

Water-heating energy sources

(more than one may apply)

Electricity 4.0 10.9 7.5 8.0 7.6 11.0 12.7 10.7

Natural gas 5.5 13.1 9.9 12.5 9.1 13.3 14.3 12.4

Fuel oil 24.0 102.2 38.0 78.1 57.0 45.7 60.0 42.9

District heat 17.4 0.0 35.9 98.5 0.0 43.9 0.0 31.3

Propane 15.8 42.3 61.4 47.5 41.9 39.8 39.2 34.4

Cooking energy sources

(more than one may apply)

Electricity 5.7 26.0 12.8 26.2 11.1 13.8 14.6 13.1

Natural gas 5.4 41.3 29.9 81.9 12.9 12.8 15.9 10.6

Propane 14.8 94.8 72.9 80.2 40.6 28.4 33.8 45.9
RSE

All

buildings

Warehouse

and

storage Office Service Mercantile

Public 

assembly

Religious 

worship Education

All buildings 3.9 7.4 7.2 7.4 7.3 9.1 9.5 7.8

Relative standard errors (RSEs) for Table B11. Selected principal building activity: part 1, number of buildings, 2018

RSEs for number of buildings 

Principal building activity

Energy end uses

(more than one may apply)

Buildings with space heating 4.1 7.3 7.1 8.7 7.4 9.8 9.8 8.2

Buildings with cooling 3.9 8.6 6.9 8.6 6.9 9.5 9.8 8.2

Buildings with water heating 3.9 8.6 6.8 7.8 7.5 8.8 9.5 8.1

Buildings with cooking 5.0 22.4 12.7 25.0 9.9 10.6 11.6 10.6

Buildings with manufacturing 11.3 16.7 40.5 19.3 29.9 68.0 49.2 29.0

Buildings with electricity

generation 7.4 21.0 13.4 23.6 16.9 18.3 33.1 22.8

Buildings with lighting 3.9 6.8 7.2 7.3 7.3 9.1 9.5 7.8

Percent of floorspace heated

Not heated 8.2 11.7 29.7 16.8 34.0 23.7 50.4 25.7

1 to 50% 8.5 14.6 20.7 13.2 21.1 22.6 30.9 61.1

51 to 99% 6.7 23.2 13.1 20.1 13.1 16.9 21.8 20.8

100% 4.1 11.2 7.5 10.7 11.4 11.2 10.4 9.4

Percent of floorspace cooled

Not cooled 7.1 10.4 39.4 10.1 38.7 19.7 46.6 35.3

1 to 50% 5.9 12.5 17.2 10.5 21.5 17.5 22.5 15.2

51 to 99% 6.6 24.2 12.7 21.7 14.1 16.6 14.0 15.5

100% 4.3 22.9 7.8 13.4 9.6 11.7 12.4 10.4

Percent lit when open

0% 35.1 37.0 0.0 50.3 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0

1 to 50% 6.7 11.0 11.9 15.7 21.9 13.5 14.4 27.4

51 to 99% 4.8 16.6 9.5 17.2 8.6 12.1 14.9 12.7

100% 4.7 9.9 10.1 9.7 15.8 13.5 15.5 12.0

Building never open or electricity

not used 11.6 17.4 0.0 43.8 68.2 60.7 0.0 0.0

Percent lit during off hours

0% 6.5 12.9 13.6 8.7 18.7 12.9 13.9 16.6

1 to 50% 3.8 9.4 7.3 10.2 7.5 11.5 13.8 9.3

51 to 100% 10.6 34.5 36.3 48.6 29.4 48.8 109.0 31.1

Building always open with 

no off hours 15.2 61.4 43.2 40.7 78.4 49.5 0.0 49.1

Electricity not used 16.0 19.2 0.0 54.4 68.2 0.0 0.0 0.0
RSE

All

buildings

Warehouse

and

storage Office Service Mercantile

Public 

assembly

Religious 

worship Education

All buildings 3.9 7.4 7.2 7.4 7.3 9.1 9.5 7.8

Relative standard errors (RSEs) for Table B11. Selected principal building activity: part 1, number of buildings, 2018

RSEs for number of buildings 

Principal building activity

Heating equipment 

(more than one may apply)

Packaged heating units 4.0 12.7 7.9 11.2 8.8 11.2 16.8 14.0

Furnaces 7.2 13.3 12.5 18.1 10.5 20.8 15.7 21.0

Individual space heaters 5.9 12.5 14.5 10.9 12.5 17.5 16.5 20.3

Boilers 6.2 22.9 14.4 17.8 21.1 17.1 16.0 13.8

Heat pumps 7.7 28.6 15.6 20.5 14.8 20.5 22.0 20.0

District heat 15.4 69.7 27.5 74.4 70.4 29.2 110.3 25.4

Duct reheat 12.6 60.7 20.0 65.7 22.4 47.7 48.8 34.3

Other 46.4 55.7 48.5 0.0 29.5 75.8 0.0 98.8

Cooling equipment 

(more than one may apply)

Packaged air-conditioning units 4.3 10.2 8.0 11.2 8.0 9.8 14.4 13.1

Residential-type central air

conditioners 7.6 13.8 12.9 18.4 16.9 22.0 15.5 18.3

Individual air conditioners 6.6 21.5 19.6 17.3 19.6 20.0 19.4 20.6

Central chillers 9.0 53.0 20.5 55.1 33.0 26.0 34.8 9.3

Heat pumps 11.0 44.7 19.0 18.8 22.3 23.1 22.8 23.9

District chilled water 20.1 45.5 28.9 0.0 0.0 33.5 93.8 28.1

Swamp coolers 12.8 40.5 38.0 36.6 72.1 55.7 71.4 41.1

Other 53.2 80.4 99.2 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0

HVAC features 

(more than one may apply)

Economizer cycle 5.6 28.7 11.4 35.3 13.7 14.4 20.8 13.6

Variable air volume (VAV) system 8.4 25.3 12.7 20.8 23.3 17.7 28.4 16.8

Dedicated outside air system (DOAS) 11.0 34.3 28.0 58.6 47.3 19.0 37.3 25.2

Demand controlled ventilation (DCV) 8.8 33.6 16.6 27.9 28.2 28.9 24.3 19.1

Regular HVAC maintenance 4.2 10.2 7.4 8.8 8.5 9.4 11.6 8.2

Building automation system (BAS) 

controls heating or cooling 6.4 31.3 12.7 28.6 14.3 12.5 16.5 9.4

Internet-connected or smart

thermostat 12.2 23.2 21.8 31.9 29.3 30.1 25.0 38.3

Programmable thermostat 4.7 14.5 8.9 11.2 15.3 13.6 17.0 17.4

Main equipment replaced since 

2000 (more than one may apply)

Heating 4.9 11.0 8.3 17.1 11.9 13.3 13.2 14.6

Cooling 4.8 13.4 11.3 15.6 19.8 13.2 14.1 14.5

Water-heating equipment

Centralized system 4.4 9.4 8.3 9.0 9.8 10.4 10.5 9.9

Distributed system 8.9 20.1 15.5 18.5 17.0 20.8 25.8 23.5

Combination of centralized and

distributed systems 8.8 28.7 15.2 42.4 16.6 23.9 24.7 23.3
RSE

All

buildings

Warehouse

and

storage Office Service Mercantile

Public 

assembly

Religious 

worship Education

All buildings 3.9 7.4 7.2 7.4 7.3 9.1 9.5 7.8

Relative standard errors (RSEs) for Table B11. Selected principal building activity: part 1, number of buildings, 2018

RSEs for number of buildings 

Principal building activity

Generation technologies 

(more than one may apply)

Reciprocating engine generators 8.8 22.8 14.6 26.8 21.3 22.7 34.7 28.1

Solar panels 15.4 59.1 26.8 87.8 33.8 36.1 2.8 34.4

Other generation technology 21.4 58.7 51.7 85.5 37.7 66.4 2.7 44.6

Lighting equipment types

(more than one may apply)

Incandescent 7.8 22.4 14.5 28.3 15.8 15.3 13.0 21.1

Standard fluorescent 4.2 8.2 7.7 8.5 7.0 10.3 10.3 9.1

Compact fluorescent 5.2 21.0 10.1 18.4 10.4 14.4 16.6 14.9

High-intensity discharge (HID) 9.8 25.4 33.8 28.4 24.1 29.9 40.5 18.4

Halogen 8.0 20.4 18.1 30.5 15.9 16.7 18.4 22.6

LED 3.6 13.8 9.2 9.3 8.3 10.2 10.9 10.9

Other 57.3 0.0 70.9 0.0 69.0 60.4 0.0 0.0

Refrigeration equipment

(more than one may apply)

Any refrigeration 4.1 9.1 7.7 8.1 8.2 9.8 10.0 9.3

Walk-in units 5.4 25.6 18.5 73.1 10.4 17.0 32.0 8.3

Cases or cabinets 5.8 23.8 21.9 32.7 11.6 14.1 35.9 14.6

Large cold storage areas 17.2 27.6 85.2 0.0 33.9 42.0 0.0 31.0

Commercial ice makers 5.5 30.8 15.8 31.9 12.8 12.6 18.9 8.8

Residential-type or compact units 4.3 9.6 8.0 8.2 9.2 10.8 10.3 10.6

Vending machines 6.1 13.2 12.4 18.4 14.7 15.5 32.1 8.8

No refrigeration 5.3 9.9 11.3 12.2 16.0 16.6 25.9 14.3

Office equipment

(more than one may apply)

Desktop computers 4.0 9.6 7.4 8.2 7.4 9.5 12.4 8.4

With multiple monitors 5.0 12.2 7.8 17.8 10.7 18.8 18.2 16.3

Laptop computers 4.0 10.4 8.0 9.6 9.6 12.4 12.5 8.7

Dedicated servers 4.9 13.9 8.1 19.1 9.9 14.7 20.2 10.9

Tablets charged in building 4.4 16.4 7.9 15.2 8.9 16.2 17.2 10.3

Large floor-standing office devicesc 4.4 12.2 8.2 13.0 11.8 13.2 14.5 10.0

Smaller desktop office devicesc 4.1 10.4 7.1 9.4 7.6 10.2 12.4 8.0

Interactive whiteboards 8.7 28.8 17.4 47.6 34.4 37.9 66.5 10.9

Televisions or video displays 3.8 12.1 6.9 10.1 9.5 10.4 11.3 9.9

Point-of-sale devices or cash 

registers 5.2 20.5 16.4 13.5 8.3 12.7 39.7 14.0
RSE

All

buildings

Warehouse

and

storage Office Service Mercantile

Public 

assembly

Religious 

worship Education

All buildings 3.9 7.4 7.2 7.4 7.3 9.1 9.5 7.8

Relative standard errors (RSEs) for Table B11. Selected principal building activity: part 1, number of buildings, 2018

RSEs for number of buildings 

Principal building activity

Food preparation or serving areas 

in non-food service buildings

(more than one may apply)

Snack bar, concession stand, or coffee 

shop 11.0 81.1 22.3 0.0 23.5 18.4 30.9 16.6

Fast food or small restaurant 9.4 51.5 20.8 71.5 14.0 31.3 28.9 37.5

Cafeteria or large restaurant 7.7 62.8 17.5 111.3 28.6 27.6 60.7 8.1

food preparation area 8.5 50.3 32.3 50.4 21.2 19.8 20.3 10.6

Small kitchen area 6.5 23.5 13.5 27.0 17.0 14.0 14.7 16.0

Separate computer areas

(more than one may apply)

Server closet 5.3 12.9 8.0 15.7 12.1 15.7 18.2 9.8

Data center 13.1 51.9 17.2 68.2 31.8 32.4 47.9 21.4

Computer-based training room 8.4 28.7 20.1 55.8 18.5 43.7 43.5 12.8

Student or public computer center 8.0 47.9 29.1 74.0 32.4 25.9 62.9 9.1

Window and interior lighting 

features (more than one may

apply)

Multipaned windows 4.2 9.0 7.8 11.9 8.3 9.0 10.5 9.8

Tinted window glass 4.2 13.2 8.4 12.9 7.5 11.1 13.7 13.1

Reflective window glass 7.0 26.8 13.5 24.6 13.4 23.4 38.5 23.8

External overhangs or awnings 5.0 16.0 8.9 13.9 9.2 11.8 17.6 16.6

Skylights or atriums 7.1 22.6 14.0 28.1 21.7 19.5 25.5 18.9

Light scheduling 5.2 19.0 11.8 25.1 9.6 15.9 19.4 17.0

Occupancy sensors 6.5 16.7 10.4 19.7 11.2 11.1 25.7 11.1

Multilevel lighting or dimming 10.0 48.8 19.1 58.2 37.4 19.0 19.6 22.7

Daylight harvesting 12.0 37.5 24.9 46.4 28.3 36.7 48.2 45.2

Plug-load control 18.4 40.6 51.1 0.0 57.4 75.7 99.4 59.3

Demand responsive lighting 30.7 52.2 41.0 67.0 38.5 72.8 59.9 82.4

Building automation system (BAS) for 

lighting 9.3 53.5 19.9 67.5 14.4 25.6 55.6 19.5

Electric vehicle (EV) charging

Charging stations associated with the 

building 11.5 32.2 23.6 28.6 41.0 21.5 0.0 27.4

Data source: U.S. Energy Information Administration, Forms EIA-871A of the 2018 Commercial Buildings Energy Consumption Survey 

Note: RSE is a measure of the reliability or precision of a survey statistic. Variability occurs in survey statistics because the different samples that could be drawn 

would each produce different values for the survey statistics. Estimation of Standard Errors and What is a Relative Standard Error (RSE)? contain more information 

on how RSEs are estimated and used. Both references can be accessed from https://www.eia.gov/consumption/commercial/survey-background-technicalinformation.php.

a

Climate zones are based on ASHRAE Standard 169-2021; see https://www.eia.gov/consumption/commercial/maps.php#defined.

b

Other sources includes wood, coal, solar, and all other energy sources.

c

Office devices refers to any combination of printers, copiers, scanners, or FAX machines.