UNITED STATES COURT OF APPEALS 

FOR THE TENTH CIRCUIT 

_________________________________ 

THE UNITED STATES OF AMERICA 

EX REL. MICHELE COFFMAN, 

 Plaintiff - Appellant, 

v. 

THE CITY OF LEAVENWORTH, 

KANSAS, 

 Defendant - Appellee. 

No. 18-3156 

(D.C. No. 2:14-CV-02538-JAR) 

(D. Kan.) 

_________________________________ 

ORDER

_________________________________ 

Before McHUGH, BALDOCK, and KELLY, Circuit Judges. 

_________________________________ 

Appellant has submitted a petition for panel rehearing. Upon consideration, the 

panel grants the petition to the extent of the modifications contained in the attached 

revised order and judgment. The order and judgment filed on March 29, 2019, is hereby 

withdrawn, and shall be replaced by the attached revised order and judgment effective the 

date of this order. The Clerk is directed to file the attached revised order and judgment 

forthwith. 

Entered for the Court 

ELISABETH A. SHUMAKER, Clerk 

FILED 

United States Court of Appeals 

Tenth Circuit 

May 10, 2019

Elisabeth A. Shumaker 

Clerk of Court
UNITED STATES COURT OF APPEALS 

FOR THE TENTH CIRCUIT 

_________________________________ 

THE UNITED STATES OF AMERICA 

EX REL. MICHELE COFFMAN, 

 Plaintiff - Appellant, 

v. 

THE CITY OF LEAVENWORTH, 

KANSAS, 

 Defendant - Appellee. 

No. 18-3156 

(D.C. No. 2:14-CV-02538-JAR) 

(D. Kan.) 

_________________________________ 

ORDER AND JUDGMENT*

_________________________________ 

Before McHUGH, BALDOCK, and KELLY, Circuit Judges. 

_________________________________ 

Michele Coffman appeals the district court’s grant of summary judgment in 

favor of the City of Leavenworth, Kansas, on her claims under the False Claims Act 

(FCA), 31 U.S.C. §§ 3729-33. Exercising jurisdiction under 28 U.S.C. § 1291, we 

affirm. 

 * After examining the briefs and appellate record, this panel has determined 

unanimously that oral argument would not materially assist in the determination of 

this appeal. See Fed. R. App. P. 34(a)(2); 10th Cir. R. 34.1(G). The case is therefore 

ordered submitted without oral argument. This order and judgment is not binding 

precedent, except under the doctrines of law of the case, res judicata, and collateral 

estoppel. It may be cited, however, for its persuasive value consistent with 

Fed. R. App. P. 32.1 and 10th Cir. R. 32.1. 

FILED 

United States Court of Appeals 

Tenth Circuit 

May 10, 2019

Elisabeth A. Shumaker 

Clerk of Court
2 

I. Background 

Coffman was employed between 2010 and 2013 at the City’s wastewater 

treatment plant (WWTP). In 2014, she brought a qui tam action against the City 

under the FCA.1

 The district court granted summary judgment in the City’s favor. 

She addresses on appeal only her FCA claims alleging that the City fraudulently 

billed three federal agencies for sewer service. 

Coffman claims that the City submitted monthly sewer bills to the United 

States Army, the Bureau of Prisons, and the Veterans Administration that falsely 

implied that the City had complied with all applicable environmental laws. She 

claims that the City’s certification of compliance was false because it had violated 

environmental laws in four specific ways: 

(1) the City allowed sewage to leak into a creek from a broken sewer pipe that 

it did not repair for 15 months, allegedly in violation of the Clean Water Act (CWA) 

and the City’s discharge permit (NPDES permit2

); 

 1

 Coffman asserted additional claims against the City, including FCA 

retaliation and state-law claims for whistle blower retaliation, retaliatory discharge, 

and negligent infliction of emotional distress. These claims are not at issue in this 

appeal. 

 

2

 Pollutant dischargers can obtain a permit through the National Pollutant 

Discharge Elimination System (NPDES) permit program, administered by the EPA 

and authorized states. See 33 U.S.C. § 1342(a)-(b). “Noncompliance with a permit 

constitutes a violation of the [CWA].” Friends of the Earth, Inc. v. Laidlaw Envtl. 

Servs. (TOC), Inc., 528 U.S. 167, 174 (2000). The EPA delegated to the Kansas 

Department of Health and Environment (KDHE) the authority to regulate wastewater 

discharge in the state of Kansas. 
3 

(2) the City discharged treated effluent into the same creek to improve its 

smell and color during the period that the broken sewer pipe was leaking, also 

allegedly in violation of the CWA and its NPDES permit; 

(3) the City used a “Vactor Truck” (an industrial truck equipped with a 

vacuum) to clear out objects from the sewer system, after which it dumped the solid 

contents of the truck onto the ground in an area behind the WWTP, allegedly in 

violation of a federal regulation; and 

(4) per a consent order issued in December 2015, the EPA found that between 

March 2010 and March 2014 the City had violated its NPDES permit by discharging 

pollutants at non-permitted locations due to sanitary sewer overflows. 

There is no dispute that the City did not inform its federal agency sewer customers of 

any of these issues. 

The district court held that Coffman failed to present evidence that would lead 

a reasonable trier of fact to find that any of the implied false certifications were 

material to the federal agencies’ decisions to pay their monthly invoices for 

wastewater treatment services. The court also concluded that Coffman failed to 

present evidence that the invoices were submitted with the requisite scienter under 

the FCA. 

II. Discussion 

We review the district court’s grant of summary judgment de novo. U.S. 

ex rel. Thomas v. Black & Veatch Special Projects Corp., 820 F.3d 1162, 1168 

(10th Cir. 2016). Summary judgment is appropriate “if the movant shows that there 
4 

is no genuine dispute as to any material fact and the movant is entitled to judgment as 

a matter of law.” Fed. R. Civ. P. 56(a). We view the factual record and draw all 

reasonable inferences in Coffman’s favor. See Thomas, 820 F.3d at 1168. 

A. 

The FCA imposes liability when a person “knowingly presents, or causes to be 

presented, a false or fraudulent claim for payment or approval.” 31 U.S.C. 

§ 3729(a)(1)(A). Coffman’s complaint alleged that the City made legally false 

requests for payment. See U.S. ex rel. Lemmon v. Envirocare of Utah, Inc., 614 F.3d 

1163, 1168 (10th Cir. 2010) (“Claims arising from legally false requests . . . 

generally require knowingly false certification of compliance with a regulation or 

contractual provision . . . .”). And she relied on an implied false certification theory 

of liability. See id.; see also Universal Health Servs., Inc. v. U.S. ex rel. Escobar, 

136 S. Ct. 1989, 1995 (2016) (holding that, “at least in certain circumstances, the 

implied false certification theory can be a basis for liability”). “According to this 

theory, when a defendant submits a claim, it impliedly certifies compliance with all 

conditions of payment.” Escobar, 136 S. Ct. at 1995. 

An FCA claim must satisfy materiality and scienter requirements, both of 

which are “rigorous” and strictly enforced. Id. at 2002. Here, the district court held 

that Coffman failed to show a material factual dispute as to either materiality or 

scienter. Regarding scienter, Coffman was required to prove that the City 

“knowingly” presented a false claim to the government for payment or approval. 

§ 3729(a)(1)(A). “[K]nowingly . . . mean[s] that a person, with respect to 
5 

information”: (1) “has actual knowledge of the information”; (2) “acts in deliberate 

ignorance of the truth or falsity of the information”; or (3) “acts in reckless disregard 

of the truth or falsity of the information.” § 3729(b)(1)(A) (internal quotation marks 

omitted).3

Accordingly, “[t]he proper focus of the scienter inquiry under § 3729(a) must 

always rest on the defendant’s ‘knowledge’ of whether the claim is false . . . .” 

U.S. ex rel. Burlbaw v. Orenduff, 548 F.3d 931, 952-53 (10th Cir. 2008). Coffman 

“must show more than a falsehood—[she] must show that [the City] knowingly

presented a false claim for payment.” U.S. ex rel. Smith v. The Boeing Co., 825 F.3d 

1138, 1149 (10th Cir. 2016). And Coffman “must prove scienter as an element; it 

cannot be presumed.” Burlbaw, 548 F.3d at 955. 

B. 

In her opening appeal brief, Coffman asserts that she has shown, elsewhere in 

her brief, that “the City did not comply with environmental laws in numerous 

instances.” Aplt. Opening Br. at 53. She argues that “the fact that environmental 

compliance was the very essence of the contracts for wastewater treatment can 

establish scienter that environmental compliance was material [to the City’s federal 

agency sewer service customers].” Id. at 54 (emphasis added). To establish scienter 

regarding the falsity of the City’s claims for payment, Coffman maintains that 

“[s]cienter can be found within a corporate entity even if there is not a single 

 3

 Subsequent uses of the term “knowingly,” and derivations of that term, 

assume the full statutory definition. 
6 

individual responsible for both compliance and contracting issues.” Id. at 51. She 

contends that, because the City’s organizational structure prevented it from learning 

the facts that made its claims for payment false, the City therefore acted in deliberate 

ignorance or reckless disregard of the falsity of its invoices submitted to the federal 

agencies. Id. at 52. 

For this proposition, Coffman cites United States v. Science Applications 

International Corp., 626 F.3d 1257, 1275-76 (D.C. Cir. 2010) (SAIC), in which our 

sister circuit held that “[u]nder the FCA, if a plaintiff can prove that a government 

contractor’s structure prevented it from learning facts that made its claims for 

payment false, then the plaintiff may establish that the company acted in deliberate 

ignorance or reckless disregard of the truth of its claims.” The court reached this 

holding in the context of rejecting the government’s contention that scienter can be 

based on a “collective knowledge” theory and remanding for a new trial due to an 

erroneous scienter instruction. See id. at 1273-77. In particular, the court stated that 

Congress adopted the definition of “knowingly” in the FCA to include deliberate 

ignorance or reckless disregard “to capture the ostrich-like conduct which can occur 

in large corporations where corporate officers insulate themselves from knowledge of 

false claims submitted by lower-level subordinates.” Id. at 1274 (ellipsis and internal 

quotation marks omitted). Thus, the definition of “knowingly” is meant to address 

the “compartmentalization problem,” where corporations “evad[e] liability by 

compartmentalizing knowledge, subdividing the elements of specific duties and 
7 

operations into smaller components.” Id. at 1275 (brackets and internal quotation 

marks omitted). 

Coffman asserts that the City has the kind of compartmentalized structure 

described in SAIC. She supports this assertion with three facts: First, the City’s 

WWTP operators are not responsible for submitting invoices to the federal agencies. 

(Although Coffman does not cite any evidence supporting this factual assertion, there 

appears to be no dispute that this is the case). Second, the City’s finance director 

testified that the City submitted invoices to the Army based on that agency’s flow 

level and its portion of the operation and maintenance costs. Aplt. Opening Br. at 52 

(citing Aplt. App., Vol. IV at 1025). Third, Coffman contends there is no evidence 

that the City’s finance employees inquired of WWTP employees regarding 

compliance with environmental laws before submitting invoices. 

Accepting the court’s reasoning in SAIC for purposes of Coffman’s contention, 

these facts alone do not show that the City’s organizational structure prevented it

from learning the facts that made its claims for payment false. The finance director’s 

testimony regarding how the Army’s bills were calculated is not probative of the 

information her department had about the City’s environmental compliance at the 

times the bills were submitted. Nor does a lack of affirmative inquiry by finance 

employees demonstrate an organizational structure that prevented the City from 

learning the relevant facts. Indeed, the City has cited evidence that its public works 

director was involved with both the events at the WWTP and the City’s obligations 

under the federal contracts. See Aplt. App., Vol. II at 276-78. Coffman has not 
8 

pointed to evidence demonstrating that the City’s organizational structure did not 

allow it to determine the falsity of its claims for payment. 

Moreover, the City argues that it “has never contended that it lacks scienter 

because its finance department, which submits the invoices to the City’s federal 

sewage customers, lacked knowledge of any underlying NPDES permit violation.” 

Aplee. Br. at 43. Thus, Coffman’s “compartmentalization” contention is ultimately a 

straw man argument that fails to satisfy her burden to demonstrate scienter. 

Coffman concludes her scienter discussion by asserting that, “because the City 

had the requisite scienter as to materiality while failing to make even basic inquiries 

about whether the City was in compliance with environmental obligations before 

creating each invoice, the City acted with deliberate ignorance or reckless disregard 

for the truth (scienter) when submitting ‘knowingly false’ monthly claims to federal 

agencies.” Aplt. Opening Br. at 55. For this duty of “diligent inquiry” proposition, 

Coffman cites the district court’s decision on remand from SAIC. See Aplt. Opening 

Br. at 52 (citing U.S. v. Science Applications Int’l Corp., 958 F. Supp. 2d 53, 69-70 

(D.D.C. 2013) (SAIC DDC)). 

In SAIC DDC, the district court read the D.C. Circuit’s decision as “limit[ing] 

the theories an FCA plaintiff can use to prove that a defendant had constructive 

knowledge that its claims or statements were false” to a “show[ing] that the 

organization’s structure or processes prevented one employee from learning of the 

falsity of the claim.” SAIC DDC, 958 F. Supp. 2d at 69 & n.8. Consequently, the 

government contended that SAIC’s compliance system “prevented [it] from 
9 

determining the truth or falsity of its claims or statements.” Id. at 69. And the 

district court held that “there is sufficient evidence for a jury to find that SAIC’s 

compliance system did not allow SAIC to determine the truth or falsity of its claims 

or statements.” Id. at 70. 

Thus, SAIC DDC applied SAIC’s “compartmentalization” analysis. And we 

have already rejected that contention with regard to the City’s organizational 

structure. SAIC DDC does not support Coffman’s contention that the City’s 

knowledge of materiality, combined with a failure to inquire, is sufficient to establish 

scienter. We need not address a contention not supported by relevant authority. See

Fed. R. Civ. P. 28(a)(8)(A) (requiring appellant’s argument to contain citations to 

authorities); Rapid Transit Lines, Inc. v. Wichita Developers, Inc., 435 F.2d 850, 852 

(10th Cir. 1970) (“[The appellant’s] citation of but one authority, and that of no 

pertinence, suggests either that there is no authority to sustain its position or that it 

expects the court to do its research.”). 

C. 

 Coffman does not address in her opening brief whether, assuming there were 

environmental violations, there is evidence that the City submitted claims for 

payment to the federal agencies when WWTP employees knew of (or were 

deliberately ignorant of or recklessly disregarded) such violations. See Smith, 

825 F.3d at 1149 (holding that, even assuming products defendant sold to the 

government failed to comply with federal regulations, the record did not support the 

relators’ contention that defendant knew about the nonconformities when submitting 
10 

claims for payment). Coffman omitted any discussion of this issue despite her 

extensive briefing of it in the district court, see Aplt. App., Vol. V at 1110-17. 

Although it was her burden to come forward on appeal with her contentions and 

evidence supporting the scienter element of her FCA claim, she did not raise these 

same contentions in her opening brief. 

“[W]e routinely have declined to consider arguments that are not raised, or are 

inadequately presented, in an appellant’s opening brief.” Bronson v. Swensen, 

500 F.3d 1099, 1104 (10th Cir. 2007). “Stated differently, the omission of an issue 

in an opening brief generally forfeits appellate consideration of that issue.” Id. 

Coffman does address this issue in her reply brief, but that too is insufficient to 

preserve it for appellate review. See Stump v. Gates, 211 F.3d 527, 533 (10th Cir. 

2000) (“This court does not ordinarily review issues raised for the first time in a 

reply brief.”); Starkey ex rel. A.B. v. Boulder Cty. Soc. Servs., 569 F.3d 1244, 1259 

(10th Cir. 2009) (“The same rationale applies when the only evidence supporting a 

claim is not cited until the reply brief.”). Although Coffman responds in her reply 

brief to the City’s contention that WWTP employees lacked knowledge of 

environmental violations caused by the bypass events and the Vactor Truck 

procedures, her failure to address this issue in her opening brief deprived the City—

as the appellee—of the opportunity to respond to her belated factual assertions and 

arguments. See Headrick v. Rockwell Int’l Corp., 24 F.3d 1272, 1278 (10th Cir. 

1994) (“[T]o allow an appellant to raise new arguments at this juncture would be 

manifestly unfair to the appellee who, under our rules, has no opportunity for a 
11 

written response.” (internal quotation marks omitted)). We see no compelling reason 

in this case to deviate from the rule that contentions not raised in an opening brief are 

forfeited.4

Coffman’s FCA claims required her to prove scienter. We have addressed the 

contentions that she sufficiently raised on appeal. She does not demonstrate error in 

the district court’s holding that she failed to present evidence that would lead a 

reasonable trier of fact to find that the City submitted invoices to the federal agencies 

with the requisite scienter. We therefore affirm the district court’s grant of summary 

judgment in favor of the City on Coffman’s FCA claims. 

III. Conclusion 

The district court’s judgment is affirmed. 

Entered for the Court 

Paul J. Kelly, Jr. 

Circuit Judge 

 4

 We have sometimes considered arguments raised for the first time in a reply 

brief because the appellant was responding to a contention raised in the appellee’s 

brief. See, e.g., Sadeghi v. I.N.S., 40 F.3d 1139, 1143 (10th Cir. 1994). The 

circumstances in this case are distinguishable.