Release date: September 2021

Revised date: December 2022

All

buildings

Before 

1946

1946 to 

1959

1960 to 

1969

1970 to 

1979

1980 to 

1989

1990 to 

1999

2000 to 

2009

2010 to 

2018

All buildings 96,423 9,246 6,937 10,360 13,061 13,465 15,535 17,500 10,319

Building floorspace (square feet)

1,001 to 5,000 8,025 1,129 748 919 1,088 1,067 1,167 1,183 725

5,001 to 10,000 10,204 1,091 808 1,288 1,536 1,509 1,559 1,318 1,097

10,001 to 25,000 15,838 1,721 1,325 1,797 2,029 1,844 2,782 3,272 1,068

25,001 to 50,000 13,957 1,162 953 1,698 1,954 1,928 2,734 2,212 1,315

50,001 to 100,000 15,302 1,247 1,339 1,257 1,926 2,263 2,259 3,168 1,842

100,001 to 200,000 13,003 1,045 977 1,058 1,573 1,774 2,192 2,570 1,813

200,001 to 500,000 11,776 897 612 1,478 1,697 1,649 1,663 2,242 1,538

Over 500,000 8,317 955 Q 864 1,258 1,431 1,179 1,535 920

Principal building activity

Education 13,623 1,371 1,995 1,999 1,584 1,247 2,148 2,241 1,038

Food sales 1,006 Q Q Q Q Q Q Q Q

Food service 1,385 254 Q 139 140 127 213 289 163

Health care 4,018 305 200 403 617 529 396 955 613

Inpatient 2,259 Q 151 323 421 258 168 486 285

Outpatient 1,760 Q Q Q 196 271 228 469 328

Lodging 6,976 333 357 874 762 1,389 880 1,205 1,178

Mercantile 10,781 401 606 1,108 1,288 1,541 1,799 2,767 1,269

Retail (other than mall) 5,193 306 Q 545 442 528 1,007 1,334 646

Enclosed and strip malls 5,588 Q Q 564 846 1,013 793 1,433 623

Office 16,662 2,826 582 1,282 2,268 3,441 2,505 2,346 1,413

Public assembly 7,192 1,054 537 669 944 532 1,222 1,482 753

Public order and safety 1,538 Q Q Q Q Q 248 471 Q

Religious worship 5,471 775 498 816 696 595 898 906 Q

Service 6,240 411 455 1,040 1,042 680 970 986 656

Warehouse and storage 17,483 694 1,208 1,350 2,800 2,325 3,527 3,087 2,491

Other 2,435 Q Q 296 Q 327 437 323 Q

Vacant 1,612 377 Q 188 Q Q Q Q Q

Census region

Northeast 15,951 2,874 1,539 2,045 2,263 2,015 1,948 2,107 1,159

Midwest 25,932 3,027 1,714 2,806 3,889 2,933 4,110 4,846 2,609

South 34,907 2,041 2,420 3,758 4,243 5,244 6,158 7,050 3,994

West 19,633 1,304 1,264 1,752 2,666 3,272 3,320 3,497 2,557

Climate zonea

Cold or very cold 7,044 796 676 810 998 844 1,012 1,312 598

Cool 26,768 3,531 1,688 2,890 4,116 2,925 4,222 4,380 3,016

Mixed mild 25,096 3,128 2,017 2,485 2,842 3,553 4,062 4,436 2,572

Warm 25,085 1,449 1,853 3,192 3,545 3,840 3,917 4,667 2,622

Hot or very hot 12,429 342 702 983 1,560 2,303 2,322 2,706 1,511

Table B9. Year constructed, floorspace, 2018

Year constructed

Total floorspace (million square feet)
All

buildings

Before 

1946

1946 to 

1959

1960 to 

1969

1970 to 

1979

1980 to 

1989

1990 to 

1999

2000 to 

2009

2010 to 

2018

Table B9. Year constructed, floorspace, 2018

Year constructed

Total floorspace (million square feet)

Number of floors

1 43,576 1,570 3,348 4,306 5,674 6,380 8,074 9,188 5,036

2 23,300 2,185 1,502 2,957 3,814 2,912 3,772 3,989 2,169

3 10,516 2,275 1,168 1,108 1,217 1,110 1,334 1,385 920

4 to 9 13,031 2,163 766 1,428 1,534 1,382 1,824 2,203 1,730

10 or more 6,000 1,052 154 561 821 1,681 532 735 464

Elevators and escalators 

(more than one may apply)

Any elevators 36,501 4,973 2,040 3,691 4,588 5,181 5,300 6,650 4,077

1 elevator 14,215 2,130 1,102 1,534 1,608 1,227 2,303 2,825 1,487

2 to 5 elevators 13,316 1,689 695 1,317 1,557 2,038 1,789 2,490 1,740

6 or more elevators 8,970 1,155 243 840 1,423 1,916 1,208 1,335 850

Any escalators 3,753 Q Q 366 576 933 703 450 Q

Number of workers (main shift)

Fewer than 5 21,065 2,788 1,895 2,722 2,925 2,397 3,580 3,029 1,729

5 to 9 10,323 1,092 836 1,228 1,255 1,542 1,496 1,874 1,001

10 to 19 11,348 1,064 621 958 2,197 1,325 2,174 1,510 1,499

20 to 49 16,132 983 1,407 1,594 2,071 2,352 2,571 3,429 1,726

50 to 99 12,961 1,096 912 1,524 1,649 1,716 1,809 2,485 1,770

100 to 249 12,442 898 818 1,235 1,320 1,518 2,095 3,273 1,286

250 or more 12,152 1,326 449 1,100 1,644 2,616 1,810 1,900 1,308

Weekly operating hours

Fewer than 40 10,766 1,855 1,018 1,347 1,418 1,415 1,393 1,505 815

40 to 48 18,826 1,510 1,920 2,205 2,664 2,429 3,097 3,272 1,728

49 to 60 22,845 2,832 1,837 2,391 3,333 3,182 3,921 3,387 1,963

61 to 84 14,736 1,135 778 1,525 1,899 2,381 2,192 3,029 1,797

85 to 167 10,038 391 536 785 1,313 1,062 1,990 2,500 1,460

Open continuously 19,213 1,523 848 2,108 2,434 2,995 2,943 3,807 2,555

Ownership and occupancy

Nongovernment owned 74,728 6,537 4,584 7,492 10,354 11,390 12,124 13,822 8,425

Owner occupied 45,355 4,925 3,159 4,816 6,265 6,230 7,435 7,929 4,597

Leased to tenant or tenants 28,382 1,451 1,297 2,591 3,916 4,978 4,607 5,801 3,740

Unoccupied 990 Q Q Q Q Q Q Q Q

Government owned 21,695 2,708 2,353 2,868 2,707 2,075 3,411 3,678 1,894

Federal 1,946 337 Q 361 241 Q 351 Q Q

State 6,888 796 747 1,126 1,064 644 879 1,117 514

Local 12,861 1,575 1,456 1,381 1,402 1,344 2,181 2,339 1,183

Party responsible for operation

of energy systems

Building owner 79,282 8,244 6,090 8,585 10,605 10,877 12,701 14,008 8,171

Business owner or tenant 12,842 564 772 1,275 1,902 1,764 2,031 2,828 1,706

Property management 1,994 Q Q Q Q 370 512 447 Q

Other 2,306 252 Q Q 377 454 291 217 Q
All

buildings

Before 

1946

1946 to 

1959

1960 to 

1969

1970 to 

1979

1980 to 

1989

1990 to 

1999

2000 to 

2009

2010 to 

2018

Table B9. Year constructed, floorspace, 2018

Year constructed

Total floorspace (million square feet)

Provider of direct input on energyrelated equipment purchases

Building owner 82,862 8,335 6,383 8,979 11,228 11,164 13,489 14,642 8,642

Business owner or tenant 7,585 365 304 772 852 1,312 1,130 1,876 974

Property management 1,072 Q Q Q Q Q Q Q Q

Other 4,904 467 Q 561 907 893 567 734 554

Number of establishments

1 65,391 6,383 5,300 7,346 8,327 7,887 10,787 11,532 7,829

2 to 5 16,431 1,454 988 1,570 2,777 2,289 2,720 3,220 1,414

6 to 10 5,539 409 329 622 759 885 873 1,314 347

11 to 20 3,894 Q Q 301 352 1,032 524 864 Q

More than 20 3,999 416 Q 432 652 1,185 492 463 Q

Currently unoccupied 1,168 Q Q Q Q Q Q Q Q

Campus or complex activity

Not part of a campus or complex 56,609 5,820 4,121 6,066 8,173 8,040 8,928 9,617 5,845

Primary or secondary school 5,106 393 638 835 438 449 1,025 890 438

College or university 3,761 322 363 677 660 307 448 533 451

Office complex 3,823 393 Q 300 249 960 618 686 Q

Retail complex 4,573 Q Q Q 527 765 677 1,181 691

Storage complex 5,684 Q Q Q 528 579 1,526 1,543 714

Religious campus or complex 3,209 480 649 450 332 Q 328 631 Q

Health care complex 2,838 267 151 353 470 339 288 664 306

Lodging or resort complex 1,575 Q Q Q Q 266 Q Q Q

Transportation complex 774 Q Q Q Q Q Q Q Q

Government complex 1,706 317 Q Q Q Q Q 302 Q

Other 6,765 719 Q 529 919 1,183 959 1,121 1,077

Predominant exterior wall material

Brick, stone, or stucco 46,134 6,688 4,204 5,782 5,199 6,019 6,279 7,958 4,005

Concrete (block or poured) 19,357 1,285 1,848 2,311 3,378 2,448 3,483 3,144 1,460

Concrete panels 8,331 Q Q 420 1,120 1,220 1,512 1,852 1,994

Siding or shingles 5,992 789 302 572 855 1,017 816 993 648

Metal panels 12,198 Q 385 947 1,844 1,831 2,730 2,590 1,572

Window glass 2,192 N Q Q 306 545 359 372 443

Other 2,219 Q Q Q 358 385 357 591 Q

Predominant roof material

Metal surfacing 20,936 983 862 1,495 2,556 2,930 4,890 4,596 2,624

Synthetic or rubber 31,563 2,312 2,318 3,179 4,576 4,006 4,925 5,875 4,371

Built-up 19,308 2,580 1,962 2,747 2,831 2,891 2,299 2,908 1,089

Slate or tile shingles 3,997 763 453 293 500 615 691 454 Q

Wooden materials (including

shingles) 1,568 Q Q Q Q Q Q 366 Q

Asphalt, fiberglass, or 

other shingles 14,058 1,818 991 1,926 1,872 1,673 1,752 2,616 1,411

Concrete 1,968 345 Q Q Q 493 Q 144 Q

Other 3,026 238 Q 382 402 556 520 541 Q
All

buildings

Before 

1946

1946 to 

1959

1960 to 

1969

1970 to 

1979

1980 to 

1989

1990 to 

1999

2000 to 

2009

2010 to 

2018

Table B9. Year constructed, floorspace, 2018

Year constructed

Total floorspace (million square feet)

Roof tilt

Flat 54,253 4,871 4,281 6,477 8,175 8,031 8,183 9,110 5,123

Shallow pitch 27,609 1,838 1,563 2,504 3,782 3,664 5,044 5,420 3,795

Steeper pitch 14,561 2,537 1,093 1,379 1,104 1,770 2,308 2,969 1,400

Cool roof characteristics (more than one 

may apply)

White or reflective coating or paint 32,799 1,789 2,142 3,114 4,168 4,807 5,484 6,350 4,946

White or reflective tiles or shingles 2,713 284 Q 282 387 444 337 584 219

Aluminum coating 6,149 412 Q 611 982 965 1,015 1,253 656

Ballasted roof system 6,277 480 436 771 827 1,099 1,262 1,022 379

Other cool roof property 1,603 Q Q Q Q Q Q 429 Q

Renovations since 2000 

(more than one may apply)

Any type of renovation 45,165 5,441 4,090 6,052 7,290 7,712 7,604 6,314 662

Addition or annex 10,854 1,165 1,076 1,358 1,727 1,121 2,169 1,863 375

Reduction in floorspace 1,784 288 Q Q 420 Q Q Q Q

Roof replacement 20,862 2,856 2,284 3,345 3,572 4,064 2,990 1,604 Q

Interior wall reconfiguration 21,283 2,860 1,662 2,343 3,397 4,025 3,632 3,044 319

Window replacement 10,977 2,156 1,551 1,810 1,833 1,578 1,183 761 Q

HVAC equipment upgrade 27,575 3,593 2,631 4,151 4,661 5,108 4,185 2,965 281

Lighting upgrade 29,098 3,797 2,619 4,128 4,495 5,065 5,008 3,568 417

Electrical upgrade 15,761 2,849 1,739 2,153 2,781 2,413 2,014 1,580 Q

Plumbing system upgrade 15,537 2,680 1,560 2,210 2,647 2,799 1,879 1,540 Q

Insulation upgrade 7,980 1,758 949 743 1,577 1,222 770 836 Q

Fire, safety, or security upgrade 19,985 2,818 2,060 2,520 3,700 3,906 2,802 1,950 Q

Structural upgrade 4,203 961 246 620 664 787 365 468 Q

Other 1,168 Q Q Q Q Q 271 382 Q

No renovations 43,832 3,805 2,847 4,308 5,771 5,753 7,931 11,186 2,231

Buildings constructed 2013 or later 7,426 N N N N N N N 7,426

Energy sources

(more than one may apply)

Electricity 94,844 9,149 6,823 10,258 12,902 13,298 15,066 17,254 10,094

Natural gas 67,722 6,318 5,019 7,811 9,088 8,770 10,386 12,833 7,498

Fuel oil 21,185 2,341 1,346 1,858 2,842 3,200 3,031 4,069 2,498

District heat 6,745 1,356 686 1,174 985 727 585 721 511

District chilled water 4,288 520 296 711 661 469 562 569 500

Propane 10,157 907 771 1,013 1,604 1,557 1,524 1,540 1,241

Solar 3,820 402 Q 414 323 544 623 817 529

Wood, coal, and other 2,113 Q Q Q 342 Q Q Q Q

Space-heating energy sources 

(more than one may apply)

Electricity 45,603 3,182 3,086 4,141 6,039 7,878 7,544 8,248 5,484

Natural gas 58,042 5,466 4,507 6,662 7,830 7,272 8,967 11,365 5,974

Fuel oil 4,134 810 585 531 552 242 573 475 Q

District heat 6,547 1,352 648 1,168 974 712 545 709 438

Propane 3,896 481 Q 344 509 821 621 462 340

Other sourcesb 927 Q Q Q Q Q Q Q Q
All

buildings

Before 

1946

1946 to 

1959

1960 to 

1969

1970 to 

1979

1980 to 

1989

1990 to 

1999

2000 to 

2009

2010 to 

2018

Table B9. Year constructed, floorspace, 2018

Year constructed

Total floorspace (million square feet)

Primary space-heating 

energy source

Electricity 27,618 1,520 1,422 2,117 3,720 4,880 5,017 5,365 3,576

Natural gas 50,060 4,844 4,023 6,141 6,509 6,284 7,641 9,318 5,300

Fuel oil 2,223 549 328 343 Q Q Q Q Q

District heat 6,090 1,290 577 1,068 912 637 477 709 419

Propane 2,290 394 Q Q Q 441 483 401 Q

Other sourcesb 380 Q Q Q Q Q Q Q Q

Cooling energy sources

(more than one may apply)

Electricity 84,526 7,615 5,933 8,984 11,434 12,390 13,613 15,788 8,769

Natural gas 400 Q Q Q Q Q Q Q Q

District chilled water 4,288 520 296 711 661 469 562 569 500

Water-heating energy sources

(more than one may apply)

Electricity 47,125 4,017 3,477 4,419 6,415 7,344 7,785 8,639 5,029

Natural gas 46,652 4,004 3,278 5,542 6,033 6,169 7,001 9,423 5,202

Fuel oil 1,807 350 Q 194 Q Q Q 304 Q

District heat 4,206 974 383 688 647 410 358 402 344

Propane 1,947 Q Q Q Q Q 279 Q Q

Cooking energy sources

(more than one may apply)

Electricity 30,509 2,578 2,190 3,216 3,613 4,819 4,724 6,402 2,967

Natural gas 27,705 2,496 2,084 3,275 3,180 3,750 4,265 5,857 2,798

Propane 3,101 434 Q 302 569 343 373 619 204

Energy end uses

(more than one may apply)

Buildings with space heating 88,661 8,625 6,525 9,782 11,792 12,447 13,947 16,005 9,537

Buildings with cooling 87,506 8,061 6,151 9,369 11,888 12,648 13,966 16,243 9,180

Buildings with water heating 87,717 8,442 6,479 9,520 11,726 12,397 13,593 16,142 9,418

Buildings with cooking 43,580 4,294 3,401 5,017 5,196 6,230 6,542 8,800 4,101

Buildings with manufacturing 6,871 474 465 584 1,313 892 1,071 1,351 721

Buildings with electricity

generation 29,457 2,365 1,526 2,737 3,892 4,234 4,337 6,243 4,123

Buildings with lighting 94,103 9,082 6,744 10,205 12,872 13,298 14,885 17,082 9,935

Percentage of floorspace heated

Not heated 7,762 621 412 578 1,269 1,018 1,588 1,495 782

1 to 50% 10,620 962 917 1,156 1,298 1,604 1,886 1,706 1,092

51 to 99% 20,174 2,668 1,316 2,071 2,410 3,047 2,892 3,775 1,996

100% 57,867 4,995 4,292 6,556 8,084 7,797 9,170 10,524 6,449

Percentage of floorspace cooled

Not cooled 8,917 1,184 785 991 1,173 817 1,569 1,257 1,139

1 to 50% 19,722 1,727 2,003 2,289 3,119 2,867 3,008 2,958 1,750

51 to 99% 26,277 3,442 1,667 2,994 3,005 3,428 4,134 4,850 2,756

100% 41,507 2,892 2,482 4,085 5,763 6,352 6,824 8,435 4,673
All

buildings

Before 

1946

1946 to 

1959

1960 to 

1969

1970 to 

1979

1980 to 

1989

1990 to 

1999

2000 to 

2009

2010 to 

2018

Table B9. Year constructed, floorspace, 2018

Year constructed

Total floorspace (million square feet)

Percentage lit when open

0% Q N Q Q N N Q Q Q

1 to 50% 14,172 2,094 1,209 1,630 2,493 1,468 2,295 1,965 1,018

51 to 99% 38,847 3,723 2,810 4,478 4,564 5,840 5,861 7,665 3,906

100% 39,877 2,958 2,637 3,993 5,687 5,760 6,580 7,329 4,932

Building never open or electricity

not used 2,998 471 Q 231 318 396 660 386 Q

Percentage lit during off hours

0% 15,578 1,759 1,240 1,678 2,280 1,539 3,008 2,586 1,487

1 to 50% 69,800 6,780 4,948 7,407 9,302 10,327 10,819 12,674 7,544

51 to 100% 7,243 464 573 910 1,043 1,118 884 1,392 859

Building always open with 

no off hours 2,223 Q Q 263 277 314 356 602 Q

Electricity not used 1,579 Q Q Q Q Q Q Q Q

Heating equipment 

(more than one may apply)

Packaged heating units 48,064 2,753 3,177 4,626 5,970 6,863 8,146 10,006 6,524

Furnaces 17,272 2,025 1,377 1,880 2,194 2,485 2,824 2,717 1,769

Individual space heaters 21,122 1,601 1,801 2,467 3,289 3,149 3,166 3,690 1,958

Boilers 28,831 3,808 2,406 3,651 3,551 3,714 4,062 4,790 2,850

Heat pumps 15,110 1,443 1,260 1,440 1,814 2,602 1,815 2,898 1,837

District heat 6,547 1,352 648 1,168 974 712 545 709 438

Duct reheat 7,418 288 266 684 851 1,689 1,182 1,715 743

Other 821 Q Q Q Q Q Q Q Q

Cooling equipment 

(more than one may apply)

Packaged air-conditioning units 56,290 3,609 3,920 5,945 7,532 7,910 9,450 11,588 6,336

Residential-type central air

conditioners 18,270 2,217 1,372 1,926 2,477 2,386 2,920 3,069 1,904

Individual air conditioners 13,619 2,053 1,393 2,028 1,959 1,999 1,387 1,835 965

Central chillers 17,926 2,002 1,181 2,398 2,723 2,820 2,592 2,850 1,360

Heat pumps 11,098 897 1,039 1,200 1,399 1,856 1,487 1,687 1,533

District chilled water 4,288 520 296 711 661 469 562 569 500

Swamp coolers 2,070 Q Q Q 214 470 421 265 Q

Other Q Q N Q N Q Q Q Q

HVAC features 

(more than one may apply)

Economizer cycle 34,087 2,804 2,045 3,557 4,228 5,007 4,777 7,134 4,535

Variable air volume (VAV) system 29,268 2,673 1,753 2,542 3,907 4,268 4,656 5,971 3,498

Dedicated outside air system (DOAS) 9,027 681 829 1,112 1,239 1,119 1,107 1,739 1,200

Demand controlled ventilation (DCV) 10,474 803 1,055 1,086 1,360 1,217 1,759 1,673 1,519

Regular HVAC maintenance 78,015 7,168 5,527 7,859 10,715 10,829 12,294 14,834 8,789

Building automation system (BAS) 

controls heating or cooling 40,462 3,125 2,630 3,663 5,061 5,781 6,516 8,638 5,047

Internet-connected or smart

thermostat 5,966 583 Q 516 799 770 881 1,147 960

Programmable thermostat 20,882 1,759 1,260 2,111 3,020 3,017 3,659 4,042 2,015
All

buildings

Before 

1946

1946 to 

1959

1960 to 

1969

1970 to 

1979

1980 to 

1989

1990 to 

1999

2000 to 

2009

2010 to 

2018

Table B9. Year constructed, floorspace, 2018

Year constructed

Total floorspace (million square feet)

Main equipment replaced since 

2000 (more than one may apply)

Heating 32,451 4,048 3,354 5,357 6,267 7,060 6,365 N N

Cooling 23,013 3,847 2,539 4,029 4,004 4,532 4,061 N N

Water-heating equipment

Centralized system 59,280 6,344 4,679 7,434 7,509 7,927 9,015 10,195 6,177

Distributed system 14,307 1,155 865 1,008 2,617 2,163 2,057 2,974 1,468

Combination of centralized and

distributed systems 14,129 943 935 1,077 1,599 2,307 2,522 2,973 1,774

Generation technologies 

(more than one may apply)

Reciprocating engine generators 25,163 2,082 1,342 2,384 3,189 3,593 3,617 5,360 3,595

Solar panels 3,750 396 Q 383 323 544 608 817 513

Other generation technology 2,055 Q Q Q 495 235 367 396 Q

Lighting equipment types

(more than one may apply)

Incandescent 21,081 2,940 1,466 2,707 2,790 3,640 2,548 3,517 1,473

Standard fluorescent 72,912 6,953 5,288 8,119 10,037 10,892 11,295 13,705 6,623

Compact fluorescent 33,691 3,553 1,976 3,851 4,571 5,284 4,842 6,374 3,239

High-intensity discharge (HID) 11,356 934 637 1,135 1,888 1,624 1,593 2,510 1,034

Halogen 15,012 990 842 1,609 2,299 2,542 2,306 3,174 1,251

LED 61,849 5,536 4,669 6,651 7,961 8,941 9,734 11,309 7,047

Other Q N Q N Q Q Q Q Q

Refrigeration equipment

(more than one may apply)

Any refrigeration 77,589 7,101 5,637 8,512 10,145 10,770 12,087 14,893 8,443

Walk-in units 29,384 2,518 2,099 3,362 3,334 4,355 4,301 6,358 3,058

Cases or cabinets 28,517 2,245 1,853 2,866 3,223 3,904 4,428 6,439 3,560

Large cold storage areas 3,592 181 192 453 487 655 428 801 Q

Commercial ice makers 34,672 2,670 2,108 3,528 4,203 4,636 5,267 7,773 4,486

Residential-type or compact units 64,735 5,739 4,819 7,168 8,635 9,485 10,042 11,935 6,913

Vending machines 42,071 2,953 2,584 4,559 5,141 6,331 6,678 8,544 5,280

No refrigeration 18,834 2,145 1,300 1,848 2,917 2,695 3,448 2,606 1,876

Office equipment

(more than one may apply)

Desktop computers 82,012 7,315 5,647 8,908 11,086 11,274 13,118 15,395 9,269

With multiple monitors 50,844 4,583 3,204 5,334 6,555 7,517 7,950 9,919 5,781

Laptop computers 69,375 6,570 5,075 7,573 9,384 9,555 10,600 12,647 7,972

Dedicated servers 51,595 4,316 3,320 5,250 6,506 7,735 8,039 9,950 6,480

Tablets charged in building 48,778 4,085 3,449 5,090 6,372 6,661 7,779 9,695 5,647

Large floor-standing office devicesc 54,088 4,958 3,495 5,716 7,291 7,865 8,517 10,073 6,173

Smaller desktop office devicesc 74,467 6,713 5,323 8,112 9,789 10,560 11,546 14,100 8,325

Interactive whiteboards 16,939 1,661 1,910 1,989 1,778 2,367 2,891 2,869 1,473

Televisions or video displays 63,618 5,384 4,227 6,782 8,028 9,363 9,959 12,134 7,742

Point-of-sale devices or cash 

registers 33,606 2,675 2,378 4,118 3,952 4,670 5,450 6,763 3,600
All

buildings

Before 

1946

1946 to 

1959

1960 to 

1969

1970 to 

1979

1980 to 

1989

1990 to 

1999

2000 to 

2009

2010 to 

2018

Table B9. Year constructed, floorspace, 2018

Year constructed

Total floorspace (million square feet)

Food preparation or serving areas 

in non-food service buildings

(more than one may apply)

Snack bar, concession stand, or coffee 

shop 10,361 1,033 595 1,280 1,249 1,639 1,438 1,868 1,258

Fast food or small restaurant 9,759 693 358 880 1,110 2,052 1,556 2,289 822

Cafeteria or large restaurant 14,531 1,390 1,499 2,103 1,899 1,916 2,050 2,308 1,367

Commercial kitchen or

food preparation area 17,698 1,580 1,282 1,783 2,197 2,297 2,491 4,272 1,797

Small kitchen area 20,519 2,417 1,658 2,535 2,664 2,949 3,130 3,534 1,631

Separate computer areas

(more than one may apply)

Server closet 48,722 4,097 3,081 4,643 6,352 7,300 7,861 9,397 5,992

Data center 11,383 1,169 728 1,079 1,574 1,590 1,638 2,079 1,526

Computer-based training room 16,556 1,224 1,447 1,995 1,972 2,505 2,783 3,283 1,347

Student or public computer center 12,527 1,058 1,399 1,665 1,712 1,534 1,820 2,055 1,285

Window and interior lighting 

features (more than one may

apply)

Multipaned windows 72,694 6,405 4,750 6,774 9,350 10,225 11,824 14,316 9,050

Tinted window glass 44,363 2,494 2,564 3,939 6,453 7,466 6,594 9,054 5,799

Reflective window glass 17,929 1,484 659 1,293 1,840 3,291 2,526 4,139 2,696

External overhangs or awnings 28,718 2,032 2,172 2,977 3,280 3,974 4,146 6,069 4,069

Skylights or atriums 19,815 1,411 936 2,121 2,678 3,322 3,315 3,157 2,875

Light scheduling 33,552 2,665 1,805 2,652 3,876 5,645 5,140 7,430 4,340

Occupancy sensors 44,304 3,894 2,551 3,952 5,569 6,109 6,495 8,994 6,739

Multilevel lighting or dimming 14,424 1,399 742 1,342 1,611 2,303 2,086 2,908 2,033

Daylight harvesting 7,244 358 391 745 816 1,069 1,409 1,320 1,137

Plug-load control 1,961 Q Q Q Q 187 377 374 440

Demand responsive lighting 2,045 Q Q Q Q Q Q 340 Q

Building automation system (BAS) for 

lighting 16,645 850 490 872 1,841 2,417 2,873 4,430 2,872

Electric vehicle (EV) charging

Charging stations associated with the 

building 10,165 684 388 932 981 1,674 1,688 1,980 1,838

Data source: U.S. Energy Information Administration, Form EIA-871A of the 2018 Commercial Buildings Energy Consumption Survey 

Notes: Because of rounding, data may not sum to totals. The Guide to the 2018 CBECS Tables and CBECS Terminology contain definitions of terms used in these tables 

and comparisons between previous CBECS tables. You can access both references from http://www.eia.gov/consumption/commercial/data/2018/. 

Data are sample survey estimates with relative standard errors published in a tab on the Excel worksheet for this table. 

a

Climate zones are based on ASHRAE Standard 169-2021; see https://www.eia.gov/consumption/commercial/maps.php#defined.

b

Other sources includes wood, coal, solar, and all other energy sources.

c

Office devices refers to any combination of printers, copiers, scanners, or FAX machines.

Q = Data withheld either because the relative standard error was greater than 50% or the reporting sample had fewer than 20 buildings. 

N = No buildings in reporting sample.
RSE

Release date: September 2021

Revised date: December 2022

All

buildings

Before 

1946

1946 to 

1959

1960 to 

1969

1970 to 

1979

1980 to 

1989

1990 to 

1999

2000 to 

2009

2010 to 

2018

All buildings 3.1 7.8 7.6 5.2 6.0 5.9 6.6 6.3 7.6

Building floorspace (square feet)

1,001 to 5,000 5.3 11.9 13.4 10.0 12.6 12.8 11.5 11.8 15.8

5,001 to 10,000 5.8 15.0 18.9 15.6 15.9 13.3 17.2 16.2 18.9

10,001 to 25,000 6.1 14.6 17.7 14.5 13.9 14.3 15.1 13.3 19.7

25,001 to 50,000 5.6 16.3 16.7 14.4 16.5 13.7 14.8 13.9 14.5

50,001 to 100,000 5.3 19.0 17.1 13.4 12.2 11.6 11.4 9.8 13.7

100,001 to 200,000 5.5 16.3 21.9 14.6 15.4 12.5 10.0 11.0 16.1

200,001 to 500,000 5.0 12.7 19.1 12.4 15.4 9.9 8.9 10.5 16.7

Over 500,000 8.6 30.9 33.0 19.1 14.6 25.5 16.2 18.7 27.6

Principal building activity

Education 5.3 17.6 14.1 11.4 11.8 16.3 12.1 11.2 17.0

Food sales 17.0 42.4 55.1 31.0 37.3 30.9 37.6 39.1 35.4

Food service 8.5 15.4 26.8 24.9 29.7 32.9 22.7 23.7 25.4

Health care 5.5 34.2 20.5 15.5 15.5 16.6 15.2 12.5 19.5

Inpatient 7.2 42.8 23.4 15.8 19.9 23.5 26.4 16.9 35.2

Outpatient 8.0 55.6 44.2 40.3 27.7 23.8 19.3 18.9 21.0

Lodging 8.3 25.4 33.4 17.3 24.8 26.7 17.6 15.0 15.5

Mercantile 6.0 27.8 26.2 19.5 16.6 13.6 10.6 10.5 14.7

Retail (other than mall) 8.6 32.5 32.5 32.5 29.1 18.8 14.9 13.7 20.3

Enclosed and strip malls 7.6 51.5 43.6 23.5 21.7 17.6 16.0 15.3 21.2

Office 5.5 16.7 21.1 13.2 10.9 8.8 10.3 12.4 19.2

Public assembly 5.8 15.0 22.0 19.9 17.0 20.8 16.5 14.4 17.1

Public order and safety 15.9 41.3 56.3 68.5 44.9 30.5 25.8 29.6 41.9

Religious worship 9.3 18.1 21.1 22.3 26.0 20.9 21.9 16.4 30.1

Service 8.1 23.8 22.3 19.5 17.9 24.1 33.8 15.3 26.1

Warehouse and storage 7.2 20.8 17.6 13.1 14.9 18.3 12.7 15.8 17.5

Other 15.1 34.1 40.9 32.9 37.1 25.8 38.0 31.2 50.1

Vacant 14.1 28.1 47.9 31.0 37.4 31.1 37.8 43.6 55.3

Census region

Northeast 7.2 14.6 17.3 11.8 15.9 10.2 13.5 16.0 16.8

Midwest 7.4 15.8 18.9 12.2 10.9 12.7 16.4 11.1 16.1

South 6.1 13.7 14.6 8.1 10.3 9.6 9.5 11.5 12.9

West 7.1 22.1 13.0 14.5 17.1 14.3 12.0 11.3 16.8

Climate zonea

Cold or very cold 17.0 32.5 27.2 21.2 20.6 17.3 21.7 27.8 22.5

Cool 8.3 13.2 18.1 14.9 12.9 14.4 16.6 11.4 15.6

Mixed mild 10.5 17.2 16.7 11.8 12.2 15.5 14.8 13.4 19.0

Warm 10.0 17.6 18.1 10.6 15.9 13.2 13.8 16.6 15.8

Hot or very hot 14.1 30.4 25.5 19.9 19.1 13.3 22.2 18.4 21.0

Relative Standard Errors (RSEs) for Table B9. Year constructed, floorspace, 2018

RSEs for total floorspace 

Year constructed
RSE

All

buildings

Before 

1946

1946 to 

1959

1960 to 

1969

1970 to 

1979

1980 to 

1989

1990 to 

1999

2000 to 

2009

2010 to 

2018

Relative Standard Errors (RSEs) for Table B9. Year constructed, floorspace, 2018

RSEs for total floorspace 

Year constructed

Number of floors

1 4.5 12.3 11.5 8.5 9.1 8.9 8.7 8.2 10.1

2 4.4 13.5 12.1 10.8 10.2 8.7 11.6 10.6 13.6

3 7.6 15.5 18.0 18.4 18.4 17.6 17.0 15.0 16.9

4 to 9 6.3 14.2 19.8 18.6 13.3 13.4 11.8 12.0 18.8

10 or more 11.0 30.8 33.0 17.2 20.2 22.5 19.7 22.4 34.4

Elevators and escalators 

(more than one may apply)

Any elevators 4.5 11.5 11.3 9.3 7.4 10.2 8.6 6.9 11.4

1 elevator 6.0 15.1 16.1 13.8 12.6 13.5 13.4 11.2 15.7

2 to 5 elevators 5.2 15.4 19.5 13.6 12.4 13.5 11.7 10.1 14.3

6 or more elevators 8.4 26.7 25.4 12.8 14.4 19.6 15.1 12.4 26.0

Any escalators 13.7 39.8 50.6 25.5 24.7 38.6 22.7 23.1 56.1

Number of workers (main shift)

Fewer than 5 5.9 10.0 13.8 12.1 13.4 14.4 12.0 10.7 14.9

5 to 9 6.9 15.7 16.0 15.2 17.3 15.6 13.8 19.2 19.5

10 to 19 7.4 17.0 22.6 17.6 13.3 14.1 22.1 13.2 13.9

20 to 49 4.8 17.9 16.2 13.8 11.7 11.2 11.9 12.0 14.7

50 to 99 5.9 16.5 16.9 13.4 13.7 13.4 13.0 10.8 16.6

100 to 249 5.6 16.8 19.3 14.2 14.4 13.2 9.9 9.8 14.4

250 or more 6.4 23.4 23.5 13.0 10.7 14.2 12.2 11.3 21.0

Weekly operating hours

Fewer than 40 6.6 11.6 16.6 16.6 16.5 17.3 17.3 15.1 22.5

40 to 48 5.1 14.2 15.0 13.5 11.0 10.7 10.2 13.2 14.5

49 to 60 4.3 12.5 15.2 9.7 11.9 7.8 10.7 9.5 12.0

61 to 84 5.3 18.9 16.0 14.6 12.7 13.0 11.8 12.1 15.9

85 to 167 6.2 20.6 21.3 18.6 16.7 14.9 12.2 12.8 19.2

Open continuously 5.0 17.8 18.3 11.7 11.8 14.6 11.6 8.2 12.3

Ownership and occupancy

Nongovernment owned 3.3 8.2 9.3 6.3 7.1 6.2 7.6 7.0 8.8

Owner occupied 3.3 9.4 10.2 8.1 7.8 9.2 9.0 7.6 10.4

Leased to tenant or tenants 4.8 11.5 18.9 10.3 10.4 8.1 9.9 10.4 12.0

Unoccupied 19.2 54.3 52.4 46.8 43.5 44.4 62.5 49.4 59.7

Government owned 6.0 16.0 11.9 11.4 9.8 11.4 9.6 10.5 12.9

Federal 16.1 39.7 41.2 28.0 28.6 40.7 21.3 30.2 72.2

State 11.8 34.0 20.1 21.6 15.0 21.0 20.3 18.2 21.0

Local 6.0 15.0 16.0 13.0 12.7 15.1 12.3 10.1 16.2

Party responsible for operation

of energy systems

Building owner 3.2 8.2 7.6 5.9 6.5 6.7 6.9 6.1 7.9

Business owner or tenant 7.2 17.9 29.2 17.1 15.3 13.1 15.9 16.1 18.5

Property management 11.7 45.4 69.1 37.2 37.1 23.0 25.1 24.1 35.1

Other 11.1 29.8 65.2 29.8 27.7 25.1 32.6 27.4 34.6
RSE

All

buildings

Before 

1946

1946 to 

1959

1960 to 

1969

1970 to 

1979

1980 to 

1989

1990 to 

1999

2000 to 

2009

2010 to 

2018

Relative Standard Errors (RSEs) for Table B9. Year constructed, floorspace, 2018

RSEs for total floorspace 

Year constructed

Provider of direct input on energyrelated equipment purchases

Building owner 3.1 8.0 7.9 5.9 6.4 6.2 7.2 6.1 7.4

Business owner or tenant 8.8 20.1 28.3 20.8 17.6 18.4 18.2 19.4 22.3

Property management 16.2 56.2 78.9 52.3 44.2 40.9 32.3 29.3 43.6

Other 8.1 23.6 44.3 23.2 19.9 17.3 18.8 24.3 33.2

Number of establishments

1 3.6 9.2 8.5 6.8 6.9 6.9 8.0 6.7 8.9

2 to 5 5.5 16.7 22.4 14.2 11.0 16.9 10.8 10.8 14.7

6 to 10 7.9 26.5 28.7 19.1 27.8 15.1 19.6 14.4 27.8

11 to 20 8.9 27.0 31.4 28.2 25.1 14.0 19.8 21.4 28.5

More than 20 10.1 26.8 49.8 20.1 21.1 16.7 18.4 26.9 49.9

Currently unoccupied 16.5 41.3 52.4 44.7 39.8 43.5 41.3 45.2 59.7

Campus or complex activity

Not part of a campus or complex 3.7 9.2 10.5 6.2 7.2 6.8 7.2 7.9 9.5

Primary or secondary school 9.4 21.4 17.9 19.1 25.0 22.7 19.3 19.1 29.5

College or university 15.9 43.7 21.3 24.4 19.6 30.7 24.6 24.4 27.8

Office complex 10.0 34.0 46.4 22.1 25.6 15.2 22.7 20.5 37.3

Retail complex 9.2 54.7 43.0 28.6 24.5 20.6 20.1 16.5 23.3

Storage complex 11.0 38.0 38.2 24.5 21.0 40.5 20.9 20.4 27.6

Religious campus or complex 12.0 25.5 23.0 29.5 26.2 29.7 27.7 27.0 49.0

Health care complex 8.2 39.3 23.4 19.2 17.7 22.2 19.9 13.9 33.5

Lodging or resort complex 13.7 44.1 65.3 32.5 38.6 30.5 32.5 48.7 44.6

Transportation complex 33.2 49.8 53.3 68.0 93.2 39.3 36.3 34.3 77.6

Government complex 17.0 47.3 41.6 36.8 29.7 36.1 29.6 23.7 30.9

Other 7.4 23.7 36.4 24.2 19.7 19.5 25.5 15.4 21.0

Predominant exterior wall material

Brick, stone, or stucco 3.9 9.6 10.4 7.1 7.7 9.3 7.9 7.6 9.4

Concrete (block or poured) 4.8 21.1 12.3 11.8 11.0 10.3 12.4 10.4 16.3

Concrete panels 8.4 45.7 57.2 29.2 20.0 12.5 16.4 16.1 16.7

Siding or shingles 9.3 15.9 24.5 28.7 32.2 13.2 18.8 20.2 23.0

Metal panels 6.0 32.8 27.7 18.7 13.4 17.7 14.8 14.1 19.5

Window glass 11.4 0.0 37.2 28.9 35.0 17.9 23.8 19.5 27.1

Other 13.7 41.5 51.0 47.3 37.4 34.2 24.6 28.2 32.8

Predominant roof material

Metal surfacing 5.6 15.5 17.6 17.1 13.6 13.5 11.9 12.0 14.6

Synthetic or rubber 4.1 12.8 13.7 7.7 9.0 8.7 9.4 7.4 9.7

Built-up 4.8 14.1 12.5 9.6 10.7 13.5 11.7 12.3 16.7

Slate or tile shingles 10.1 19.4 25.7 27.4 31.4 19.1 21.0 20.0 33.1

Wooden materials (including

shingles) 17.8 51.3 58.7 58.0 31.5 31.6 42.2 40.6 51.1

Asphalt, fiberglass, or 

other shingles 5.6 13.1 16.9 13.5 15.3 11.6 13.6 11.3 20.8

Concrete 11.9 23.1 38.0 28.0 26.9 19.7 48.1 34.2 41.2

Other 9.8 33.2 36.2 29.1 20.0 24.2 20.6 25.1 38.1
RSE

All

buildings

Before 

1946

1946 to 

1959

1960 to 

1969

1970 to 

1979

1980 to 

1989

1990 to 

1999

2000 to 

2009

2010 to 

2018

Relative Standard Errors (RSEs) for Table B9. Year constructed, floorspace, 2018

RSEs for total floorspace 

Year constructed

Roof tilt

Flat 3.3 11.3 9.5 6.2 6.4 7.5 7.9 6.0 9.4

Shallow pitch 4.8 12.3 13.0 11.6 11.6 10.7 11.4 10.7 12.9

Steeper pitch 5.7 10.6 15.0 17.6 14.6 11.1 9.9 10.3 16.0

Cool roof characteristics (more than one 

may apply)

White or reflective coating or paint 4.4 11.9 11.8 8.1 9.4 10.8 11.3 7.7 11.1

White or reflective tiles or shingles 10.4 29.0 45.0 30.0 32.2 25.5 31.2 16.0 29.0

Aluminum coating 9.2 21.3 31.3 26.7 23.8 19.9 19.0 17.8 19.8

Ballasted roof system 9.5 19.5 23.2 20.3 20.9 27.4 12.6 14.4 28.5

Other cool roof property 19.2 46.7 71.8 52.4 48.9 49.8 33.5 28.4 51.0

Renovations since 2000 

(more than one may apply)

Any type of renovation 3.4 9.9 10.0 6.7 7.3 7.2 7.3 8.9 20.3

Addition or annex 6.0 18.2 15.5 14.1 14.0 12.1 14.1 12.6 27.1

Reduction in floorspace 13.2 34.0 34.5 32.1 20.3 40.5 41.1 28.8 69.7

Roof replacement 4.3 10.3 11.7 8.4 10.7 11.0 11.6 13.7 39.5

Interior wall reconfiguration 4.2 14.7 13.7 9.8 8.7 10.5 10.2 10.8 28.2

Window replacement 5.8 16.2 15.0 11.8 13.6 20.6 16.1 15.8 43.8

HVAC equipment upgrade 4.2 12.6 11.6 8.1 8.6 9.0 7.5 11.2 33.1

Lighting upgrade 3.9 11.5 12.3 8.1 9.1 9.2 9.1 9.4 25.0

Electrical upgrade 5.6 14.0 14.8 10.7 11.9 14.2 12.6 12.7 38.9

Plumbing system upgrade 5.2 15.3 14.3 11.5 11.4 12.6 10.7 12.5 33.8

Insulation upgrade 7.8 19.5 16.3 16.2 15.7 25.0 18.9 17.2 46.7

Fire, safety, or security upgrade 4.4 13.7 12.7 9.0 10.8 10.5 9.2 11.5 40.2

Structural upgrade 10.2 27.1 31.8 19.3 19.3 38.1 22.5 27.4 49.6

Other 14.9 44.2 47.4 39.6 51.1 42.5 23.6 23.7 49.4

No renovations 3.9 8.7 13.3 7.5 8.4 8.4 8.6 7.7 11.5

Buildings constructed 2013 or later 8.3 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 8.3

Energy sources

(more than one may apply)

Electricity 3.0 7.9 7.8 5.2 5.8 5.9 6.5 6.4 7.7

Natural gas 3.4 9.5 9.4 6.2 6.5 6.9 7.0 6.4 9.0

Fuel oil 5.4 17.8 16.9 10.3 10.7 13.9 11.1 9.2 14.5

District heat 11.4 25.7 23.5 22.8 14.9 16.2 20.2 16.7 30.4

District chilled water 13.7 33.6 34.6 30.8 19.4 20.3 26.2 20.4 26.4

Propane 7.6 18.1 17.8 15.9 14.7 21.4 15.8 13.8 20.3

Solar 11.5 37.2 26.7 22.6 25.2 22.4 19.7 19.4 16.4

Wood, coal, and other 14.0 47.3 34.0 38.7 29.8 37.7 29.7 32.9 36.6

Space-heating energy sources 

(more than one may apply)

Electricity 3.7 12.5 11.5 7.1 8.2 7.0 7.7 7.9 9.7

Natural gas 3.6 9.5 9.7 6.4 7.2 7.7 7.4 6.8 9.6

Fuel oil 11.6 23.8 25.9 17.0 24.4 29.9 37.1 25.1 48.3

District heat 11.6 25.8 24.3 23.0 14.7 16.3 20.8 16.8 30.4

Propane 13.1 21.2 26.6 35.2 23.9 36.2 25.8 27.3 31.5

Other sourcesb 19.6 58.9 35.6 56.8 47.3 58.2 35.4 76.3 68.9
RSE

All

buildings

Before 

1946

1946 to 

1959

1960 to 

1969

1970 to 

1979

1980 to 

1989

1990 to 

1999

2000 to 

2009

2010 to 

2018

Relative Standard Errors (RSEs) for Table B9. Year constructed, floorspace, 2018

RSEs for total floorspace 

Year constructed

Primary space-heating 

energy source

Electricity 5.5 12.4 19.7 11.6 10.7 8.2 9.3 9.6 12.0

Natural gas 4.1 9.6 9.5 6.8 7.7 8.8 8.0 7.3 10.2

Fuel oil 15.3 26.8 31.2 27.7 39.0 37.5 35.1 47.9 58.6

District heat 12.6 26.3 25.7 24.5 15.1 17.4 23.7 16.8 31.2

Propane 16.9 27.4 34.8 42.1 31.8 28.4 29.1 30.6 40.0

Other sourcesb 30.3 52.1 61.1 50.4 53.4 67.1 43.1 74.9 70.9

Cooling energy sources

(more than one may apply)

Electricity 3.0 8.4 7.8 5.0 5.9 6.0 6.0 6.5 7.7

Natural gas 24.2 64.2 50.2 76.3 39.7 61.9 48.0 58.5 54.1

District chilled water 13.7 33.6 34.6 30.8 19.4 20.3 26.2 20.4 26.4

Water-heating energy sources

(more than one may apply)

Electricity 3.6 10.0 10.9 7.3 7.7 7.2 6.9 7.6 9.3

Natural gas 3.7 8.7 10.0 7.6 7.4 8.8 7.5 7.3 10.8

Fuel oil 15.4 34.0 33.9 30.1 36.8 37.9 37.9 29.8 77.6

District heat 12.8 32.6 21.2 20.6 15.3 25.2 30.0 21.5 33.5

Propane 14.7 39.2 42.4 37.8 38.4 28.5 31.6 38.4 33.2

Cooking energy sources

(more than one may apply)

Electricity 3.9 13.9 12.2 8.8 9.2 9.8 9.2 8.1 8.9

Natural gas 3.4 10.7 11.3 9.9 9.9 11.7 8.2 7.3 10.5

Propane 11.7 30.9 36.4 17.9 26.8 29.6 24.8 25.3 34.9

Energy end uses

(more than one may apply)

Buildings with space heating 3.0 8.2 8.1 5.1 5.7 5.9 6.1 6.4 7.9

Buildings with cooling 3.0 8.4 8.0 4.9 5.7 5.9 5.9 6.4 7.5

Buildings with water heating 2.9 7.9 7.9 5.0 5.7 6.0 5.7 6.5 7.9

Buildings with cooking 3.1 10.8 9.7 7.5 7.7 8.1 7.3 6.5 8.2

Buildings with manufacturing 7.9 21.2 25.2 17.4 16.3 21.8 23.5 20.7 21.9

Buildings with electricity

generation 4.4 15.7 12.5 9.2 9.9 11.4 8.8 7.7 11.4

Buildings with lighting 3.0 8.0 7.8 5.2 5.8 5.9 6.3 6.4 7.7

Percentage of floorspace heated

Not heated 10.0 20.7 24.1 18.4 28.1 20.5 21.8 17.7 20.6

1 to 50% 7.1 17.8 16.1 17.5 17.1 15.7 14.8 18.9 19.9

51 to 99% 5.3 15.9 15.6 13.4 12.3 8.8 10.0 10.1 16.4

100% 3.2 9.4 8.9 6.6 6.6 7.9 7.0 6.4 9.2

Percentage of floorspace cooled

Not cooled 8.0 15.1 22.8 20.2 28.9 23.7 23.0 18.1 21.0

1 to 50% 5.2 13.0 12.8 11.4 10.8 12.3 11.5 14.3 18.1

51 to 99% 5.1 13.2 14.7 11.0 8.9 8.7 9.7 9.7 13.1

100% 3.5 12.3 11.0 7.8 7.7 9.0 7.2 6.4 9.0
RSE

All

buildings

Before 

1946

1946 to 

1959

1960 to 

1969

1970 to 

1979

1980 to 

1989

1990 to 

1999

2000 to 

2009

2010 to 

2018

Relative Standard Errors (RSEs) for Table B9. Year constructed, floorspace, 2018

RSEs for total floorspace 

Year constructed

Percentage lit when open

0% 38.5 0.0 93.6 77.9 0.0 0.0 99.9 41.3 65.8

1 to 50% 6.0 12.8 19.3 15.3 15.6 20.0 17.6 15.8 18.6

51 to 99% 3.6 11.1 10.6 8.1 7.8 8.3 8.2 8.2 9.7

100% 3.8 12.0 10.7 8.3 7.1 7.1 7.9 8.3 11.0

Building never open or electricity

not used 12.1 24.8 32.5 32.1 36.1 25.2 30.3 31.3 25.6

Percentage lit during off hours

0% 6.7 13.7 18.6 12.9 15.5 16.9 15.0 13.3 16.5

1 to 50% 3.0 8.7 8.8 5.6 6.2 6.5 6.7 6.2 7.8

51 to 100% 6.7 22.8 25.1 17.3 15.7 15.4 13.2 15.5 23.8

Building always open with 

no off hours 11.6 40.4 49.5 39.5 35.1 30.0 27.9 19.3 45.7

Electricity not used 17.6 47.5 56.8 52.2 48.4 37.9 39.1 41.1 33.0

Heating equipment 

(more than one may apply)

Packaged heating units 3.6 11.8 9.9 7.8 7.9 8.0 8.0 7.2 9.6

Furnaces 5.7 14.3 17.0 11.9 13.6 11.9 13.0 13.9 15.5

Individual space heaters 4.8 14.7 13.5 11.5 11.2 13.0 11.0 9.0 14.0

Boilers 4.0 9.1 11.6 8.4 10.2 12.9 8.5 9.0 10.3

Heat pumps 5.4 19.0 16.3 12.0 13.1 13.5 11.7 10.5 12.5

District heat 11.6 25.8 24.3 23.0 14.7 16.3 20.8 16.8 30.4

Duct reheat 7.0 27.4 36.7 20.1 17.4 12.6 18.3 14.1 21.3

Other 24.1 87.8 82.6 50.5 62.6 41.1 44.6 45.0 49.8

Cooling equipment 

(more than one may apply)

Packaged air-conditioning units 3.4 9.4 9.6 6.4 7.3 6.6 7.4 7.5 9.1

Residential-type central air

conditioners 5.2 13.8 14.2 11.2 12.7 10.1 11.7 12.7 13.4

Individual air conditioners 5.3 12.6 14.0 10.6 15.8 12.4 12.2 12.1 19.2

Central chillers 5.0 16.8 15.3 10.3 11.2 8.1 9.2 10.0 16.3

Heat pumps 6.8 17.7 19.7 15.2 14.0 19.5 12.2 12.3 13.7

District chilled water 13.7 33.6 34.6 30.8 19.4 20.3 26.2 20.4 26.4

Swamp coolers 13.1 39.6 51.0 18.4 21.7 30.5 24.8 27.9 25.8

Other 36.4 78.7 0.0 50.9 0.0 56.5 81.6 50.8 61.3

HVAC features 

(more than one may apply)

Economizer cycle 3.9 15.2 11.6 8.7 7.6 10.7 7.7 7.3 9.8

Variable air volume (VAV) system 4.9 15.3 14.6 11.0 8.9 10.3 8.5 7.9 10.5

Dedicated outside air system (DOAS) 7.8 17.5 21.4 16.5 13.7 30.9 17.5 13.7 16.2

Demand controlled ventilation (DCV) 5.5 21.1 20.3 11.4 16.9 16.6 13.2 13.8 15.4

Regular HVAC maintenance 3.2 8.9 8.4 5.4 6.1 6.3 6.0 6.3 8.2

Building automation system (BAS) 

controls heating or cooling 3.7 12.2 10.0 8.4 7.7 9.8 6.7 6.9 9.8

Internet-connected or smart

thermostat 10.5 39.7 30.0 25.7 20.1 21.8 23.3 16.9 23.2

Programmable thermostat 5.4 11.7 14.3 12.0 11.1 9.5 12.8 10.6 13.7
RSE

All

buildings

Before 

1946

1946 to 

1959

1960 to 

1969

1970 to 

1979

1980 to 

1989

1990 to 

1999

2000 to 

2009

2010 to 

2018

Relative Standard Errors (RSEs) for Table B9. Year constructed, floorspace, 2018

RSEs for total floorspace 

Year constructed

Main equipment replaced since 

2000 (more than one may apply)

Heating 3.8 9.5 10.7 7.7 7.6 7.0 8.4 0.0 0.0

Cooling 4.3 11.5 12.0 7.8 10.3 10.8 8.6 0.0 0.0

Water-heating equipment

Centralized system 3.4 9.4 8.7 6.0 6.0 8.0 6.8 7.4 9.2

Distributed system 6.4 16.2 22.7 14.4 12.8 11.8 15.9 13.4 13.5

Combination of centralized and

distributed systems 5.2 14.3 19.8 12.5 13.9 10.0 11.1 9.5 15.5

Generation technologies 

(more than one may apply)

Reciprocating engine generators 4.8 16.8 13.9 9.9 10.8 12.0 9.4 8.5 12.7

Solar panels 11.5 37.7 26.8 25.7 25.2 22.4 20.1 19.4 16.5

Other generation technology 14.4 58.6 55.8 38.2 29.9 30.5 32.2 32.8 29.9

Lighting equipment types

(more than one may apply)

Incandescent 4.5 10.4 14.6 9.9 12.6 11.3 8.9 9.7 14.9

Standard fluorescent 3.4 9.5 8.2 5.7 6.1 6.7 6.3 7.5 8.4

Compact fluorescent 4.2 12.7 12.1 8.8 8.6 8.5 8.1 7.4 9.7

High-intensity discharge (HID) 7.1 15.6 25.2 17.0 15.0 22.2 12.9 11.7 16.8

Halogen 4.2 15.3 15.1 13.6 12.7 13.7 11.5 9.6 14.6

LED 2.9 9.6 9.3 6.1 6.6 6.7 6.4 6.6 8.9

Other 24.1 0.0 91.3 0.0 101.0 10.2 70.9 70.9 51.8

Refrigeration equipment

(more than one may apply)

Any refrigeration 3.0 8.5 8.2 5.2 6.2 6.3 5.9 6.6 8.3

Walk-in units 3.4 13.7 10.5 8.7 9.7 9.6 7.1 7.1 11.0

Cases or cabinets 3.7 12.4 13.6 9.6 10.1 10.4 7.5 6.8 9.6

Large cold storage areas 11.3 40.6 30.9 28.2 23.1 43.3 24.6 21.6 28.1

Commercial ice makers 3.5 13.2 11.6 8.5 8.6 9.2 6.4 6.4 10.0

Residential-type or compact units 3.2 9.5 8.4 5.9 7.0 6.6 6.7 7.5 9.1

Vending machines 3.8 13.0 11.8 6.6 7.2 8.1 5.9 7.6 10.0

No refrigeration 5.3 11.8 14.4 11.6 13.4 12.9 14.6 11.8 14.9

Office equipment

(more than one may apply)

Desktop computers 2.9 8.6 8.5 5.4 6.0 6.1 6.3 6.4 7.8

With multiple monitors 3.5 11.3 10.5 7.5 6.4 7.7 7.1 6.9 10.0

Laptop computers 3.0 9.0 9.2 5.6 6.6 6.8 6.1 6.3 8.1

Dedicated servers 3.3 11.0 9.5 6.2 7.3 7.5 7.0 7.4 9.1

Tablets charged in building 3.3 10.5 10.3 7.4 7.7 7.1 5.9 6.5 8.9

Large floor-standing office devicesc 3.0 10.5 9.5 6.1 7.1 7.2 6.4 6.4 9.8

Smaller desktop office devicesc 3.1 8.7 8.1 5.6 6.3 6.2 6.3 6.6 8.1

Interactive whiteboards 4.5 17.1 12.2 10.0 10.6 16.2 9.8 10.5 13.8

Televisions or video displays 3.0 9.8 9.5 6.4 6.9 6.6 5.7 6.0 8.0

Point-of-sale devices or cash 

registers 3.4 13.3 12.0 8.2 8.3 9.9 7.7 7.0 10.0
RSE

All

buildings

Before 

1946

1946 to 

1959

1960 to 

1969

1970 to 

1979

1980 to 

1989

1990 to 

1999

2000 to 

2009

2010 to 

2018

Relative Standard Errors (RSEs) for Table B9. Year constructed, floorspace, 2018

RSEs for total floorspace 

Year constructed

Food preparation or serving areas 

in non-food service buildings

(more than one may apply)

Snack bar, concession stand, or coffee 

shop 6.7 26.3 19.1 12.9 14.6 21.2 14.3 11.7 16.7

Fast food or small restaurant 5.9 21.0 31.4 17.5 15.4 17.6 12.2 10.7 21.1

Cafeteria or large restaurant 4.6 19.1 15.4 9.7 11.2 18.3 12.3 9.9 14.3

Commercial kitchen or

food preparation area 4.4 20.8 14.4 13.2 12.7 15.3 10.4 8.0 12.1

Small kitchen area 4.7 13.8 13.8 10.8 11.1 13.7 11.1 10.5 12.3

Separate computer areas

(more than one may apply)

Server closet 3.4 11.0 9.6 6.6 7.2 7.7 7.3 7.0 9.4

Data center 6.7 23.5 20.5 12.5 14.6 24.1 12.8 14.2 16.7

Computer-based training room 4.6 16.4 13.6 9.5 10.7 16.5 10.2 10.6 15.2

Student or public computer center 4.6 14.5 12.5 11.6 12.2 22.5 10.9 9.4 18.5

Window and interior lighting 

features (more than one may

apply)

Multipaned windows 3.2 9.4 8.6 6.4 6.0 7.0 7.1 6.4 8.0

Tinted window glass 3.4 11.7 11.3 8.0 7.2 7.9 6.5 7.5 9.4

Reflective window glass 5.6 21.8 20.1 13.0 12.1 12.5 10.6 9.0 12.5

External overhangs or awnings 4.5 13.5 11.6 10.8 9.7 12.2 9.8 8.0 10.1

Skylights or atriums 4.5 16.1 18.7 9.5 10.2 13.5 9.4 9.4 14.2

Light scheduling 4.1 14.6 12.7 11.1 8.8 8.8 8.0 7.2 9.3

Occupancy sensors 3.8 13.2 10.5 7.4 8.4 8.0 7.7 6.8 9.1

Multilevel lighting or dimming 6.6 23.0 18.9 18.0 13.1 16.9 10.9 10.7 10.7

Daylight harvesting 6.3 24.4 24.1 17.3 23.4 13.9 14.4 13.3 18.3

Plug-load control 12.2 41.5 34.8 27.9 35.1 23.3 28.4 25.0 31.7

Demand responsive lighting 15.2 46.3 41.5 30.6 45.7 36.3 42.3 19.5 27.8

Building automation system (BAS) for 

lighting 5.2 21.3 21.4 15.4 14.3 16.5 9.8 8.1 13.0

Electric vehicle (EV) charging

Charging stations associated with the 

building 7.2 37.0 26.9 15.7 19.1 19.9 14.6 13.2 16.5

Data source: U.S. Energy Information Administration, Forms EIA-871A of the 2018 Commercial Buildings Energy Consumption Survey 

Note: RSE is a measure of the reliability or precision of a survey statistic. Variability occurs in survey statistics because the different samples that could be drawn would 

each produce different values for the survey statistics. Estimation of Standard Errors and What is a Relative Standard Error (RSE)? contain more information on how 

RSEs are estimated and used. Both references can be accessed from https://www.eia.gov/consumption/commercial/survey-background-technical-information.php.

a

Climate zones are based on ASHRAE Standard 169-2021; see https://www.eia.gov/consumption/commercial/maps.php#defined.

b

Other sources includes wood, coal, solar, and all other energy sources.

c

Office devices refers to any combination of printers, copiers, scanners, or FAX machines.