EAGLE FLIGHT CENTRE

INSTRUMENT SYLLABUS

PART 61

Rev. 2-14-2012

© Eagle Flight Centre, 2008-2012
INSTRUMENT PART 61 1

PREFACE

This Instrument Syllabus is designed for use by Eagle Flight Instructors to prepare pilots for their 

Instrument Airplane Rating.

The FAA requires at least 50 hours of cross-country flight as Pilot in Command (PIC) for the 

Instrument Airplane Rating. The Eagle Flight Centre provides a structured program for completing 

this FAA requirement. During your Private training you were required to complete five hours of 

PIC cross-country time. This Syllabus contains approximately 18 hours of PIC cross-country time. 

That leaves a remainder of 27 hours of flying time to achieve before your Instrument Rating may

be completed.

The principle of the Cross-Country program is to provide meaningful VFR cross-country tasks and 

timeframes. The specific destinations and airways are designed to provide a breadth of experience 

to help you understand the National Airspace and Air Traffic Control Systems.

After being certified for your Private, two VFR cross-country flights as Pilot in Command are 

prerequisite to starting this course. In addition, there will be other cross-country prerequisites for 

specific lessons in this syllabus.

Please refer to the Eagle Flight VFR Cross-Country Program Guide for further details.
INSTRUMENT PART 61 2

THE PROCESS OF INSTRUMENT FLYING - INTRODUCTION

How we successfully achieve instrument flight has been evolving away from just being an "art form." The 

current thrust is toward more structured processes as airspace and technology mature. No longer are we able 

to execute high quality instrument flight using freeform methods. The thesis of this introduction is the 

concept of applying structured process techniques while flying instruments. 

The analogy I like to use is; Instrument Flight is like a cookie factory. If you put all the right ingredients in 

the cookie dough at the right time and cook it at the right temperature for the right time, you end up with 

really good cookies. If you leave anything out, you get really bad cookies!

Repeatable steps, which have been demonstrated to work consistently, make instrument flight easier and 

safer. Following those steps each and every time results in high quality performance. The most common 

faults I see on practical tests and proficiency checks are related to leaving out (forgetting) process steps. 

There are solid concepts behind the titles Terminal Procedures (approach plates), Standard Departure 

Procedures, Obstacle Departure Procedures and Standard Terminal Arrival Procedures. Airline and Part 135 

operators are required to have Standard Operating Procedures.

The whole concept of Total Quality Management started to evolve in the United States a number of years 

ago. Dr. W. Edwards Deming introduced these methods in other countries that were competing with us in 

manufacturing. With time, U.S. industry learned this concept; the key to having successful quality products 

evolves from understanding and improving process steps. The same is true for instrument flight.

The concept of continuous process improvement is a key contributor to our being proficient. If new steps 

are learned, they should be evaluated and incorporated (as long as they contribute to safety first or ease of 

flight). Process steps are not meant to be stagnant, but should evolve as learning continues.

It must be emphasized that there is not just one set of good process steps. Many varieties exist which 

describe viable and correct techniques. The more important idea is that each one of us should have a set of 

processes that work for us individually. These steps should become a part of our flying "fiber." Now the 

question arises; "Should you ever deviate from your process?" The answer is a definite YES! If your 

normal environment changes (for example, an equipment failure), then you may deviate from your normal 

process. When this happens, a conscious effort must be made to evaluate the best action path. However, 

having an engrained normal process in mind will help you through the possible rough spots.

There are many processes in instrument flying. The most fundamental is having a good instrument scan. 

You need a scan that is regular, repeatable and not random like the often taught hub and spoke method. The 

key is to frequently scan the specific instruments that are critical for the mode of flight being used. Other 

processes include: Recovering from Unusual Attitudes, Intercepting and Tracking Courses, Holding 

Procedures, "Six Ts", "Missed Approach", Timed Turns, Approach Briefing, IFR Flight Planning, Use of 

Checklists, etc. Process steps for each of these will enhance your safety and comfort while flying IFR.

Another consideration of striving for excellence in IFR flight is to debrief yourself after each flight. Make 

an honest assessment of how well you did against the standards and your existing processes. Constantly 

strive for process improvement, but most importantly: "Have a Process."

Do not "wing it" during IFR.

Bill Lewis, MCFI, DPE
INSTRUMENT PART 61 3

COURSE OUTLINE

LESSON 1 - Basic Attitude Instrument Flying - Session 1 - FTD

LESSON 2 - Basic Attitude Instrument Flying - Session 2 - FTD

LESSON 3 - Basic Attitude Instrument Flying - Session 3 - Airplane

LESSON 4 - Basic Attitude Instrument and Partial Panel Flying - FTD

LESSON 5 - Basic Attitude Instrument and Partial Panel Flying - Airplane

LESSON 6 - Performance and Unusual Attitude Instrument Flying - Airplane

LESSON 7 - VOR Procedures - FTD

LESSON 8 - VOR Procedures - Airplane

LESSON 9 - NDB Procedures and 6 Pack Instruments - PCATD

LESSON 10 - Holding Procedures - FTD

LESSON 11 - Holding Procedures - Airplane

LESSON 12 - Charts, Airways, Navigation Facilities

LESSON 13 - Stage Check – Airplane

LESSON 14 - Non-Precision Approach Procedures - FTD

LESSON 15 - Non-Precision Approach Procedures - Airplane

LESSON 16 - Precision Approach Procedures - FTD

LESSON 17 - Precision Approach Procedures - Airplane 

LESSON 18 - Timed Turns, Compass Turns and DME ARC Procedures - FTD

LESSON 19 - Timed Turns, Compass Turns and DME ARC Procedures - Airplane

LESSON 20 - IFR Cross-Country Introduction - Airplane

LESSON 21 - IFR Cross-Country Skill Development - Airplane

LESSON 22 - IFR Cross-Country Skill Development Continued - Airplane

LESSON 23 - ASR/No-Gyro Approach Procedures - Airplane

LESSON 24 - Approach Skill Practice - Airplane

LESSON 25 - Long Dual Cross-Country Flight - Airplane

LESSON 26 - Final Stage Check - Airplane
INSTRUMENT PART 61 4

LESSON 1 - Basic Attitude Instrument Flying - Session 1 - FTD

OBJECTIVE: To familiarize the student with the flight instruments; how changes in attitude 

and power affect the instruments, the instrument scan, trimming, hands-off, 

straight-and-level flight and introduction to turns.

PRESTUDY: Read: Instrument Flying Handbook, FAA-H-8083-15A, Chapter 3

 Instrument Flying Handbook, Chapter 4, Section II, with special attention

to pp. 4-23 through 4-28

ELEMENTS: Discuss Instrument Flying as a Process

Introduce the Following Instruments:

Attitude Indicator, Heading Indicator, Turn Coordinator

Altimeter, Airspeed Indicator, Vertical Speed Indicator

RPM/Manifold Pressure Indicator

Attitude Indicator and Power Indicators 

Primary and Supporting Instrument

Selected Radial Cross-Check (see IFH pp. 4-24)

Standby Instrument Cross-Check

Straight-and-Level Flight

Standard Rate Turns

Power and Pitch

SCHEDULE: Ground Instruction 0.5 hours

FTD Instruction 1 hour

Debrief 0.5 hours

EQUIPMENT: Flight Training Device

Spiral notebook and 3-ring binder

Instrument Flying Handbook, FAA-H-8083-15A

INSTRUCTOR Discuss Objectives and Completion Standards

ACTION: Answer questions from Prestudy

Interactively discuss the above tasks

Coach student through maneuvers

Debrief

STUDENT Take notes

ACTION: Ask and answer questions

Perform required maneuvers

COMPLETION The lesson will be successfully completed when the student understands the

function and operation of the six flight instruments and power instruments. The 

student understands that "Attitude + Power = Performance", and is able to 

maintain straight-and-level flight using the selected radial cross-check process.
INSTRUMENT PART 61 5

NOTES _______________________________________________________________

LESSON 2 - Basic Attitude Instrument Flying -Session 2 - FTD

OBJECTIVE: To develop the student's skill in the performance of the four basic flight

maneuvers (climbs, descents, turns, and straight-and-level flight) while under

simulated instrument flight rules (IFR).

PRESTUDY: Review: Instrument Flying Handbook, FAA-H-8083-15A, Chapter 3

 Instrument Flying Handbook, Chapter 4, Section II

ELEMENTS: Review of the Selected Radial Cross-Check Scan

Power Settings, Airspeeds and Attitudes - Power Card for the FTD

Straight-and-Level, Cruise and Approach Airspeeds

Required Bank Angle for Standard Rate Turns

Constant Rate Turns, Cruise and Approach Airspeeds

Setting Power for Climbs and Descents

Climbs and Descents, Constant Rate

Climbs and Descents, Constant Airspeed

Pattern B

SCHEDULE: Ground Instruction 0.5 hours

FTD Instruction 1 hour

Debrief 0.3 hours

EQUIPMENT: Flight Training Device

Spiral notebook and 3-ring binder

Instrument Flying Handbook, FAA-H-8083-15A

Power Card

INSTRUCTOR Discuss Objectives and Completion Standards

ACTION: Answer questions from Prestudy

Interactively discuss the above tasks

Coach student through maneuvers

Debrief

STUDENT Take notes

ACTION: Ask and answer questions

Perform required maneuvers

COMPLETION The lesson will be successfully completed when the student can execute

STANDARDS straight-and-level flight, climbs, descents at 500 feet per minute ±50 feet per 

minute, and standard rate turns ±10%.

NOTES _______________________________________________________________

_______________________________________________________________

_______________________________________________________________
INSTRUMENT PART 61 6

.......					A	few	words	about	the	Power	Card:

Please recognize that the power cards you fill out for the Simulator/FTD/Airplane are not absolute 

settings. The settings merely represent a starting point for typical conditions of flight. The concept 

revolves around the concept that PITCH + POWER = PERFORMANCE.

We all know that changes in Temperature, Altitude, Humidity (Density Altitude), aircraft loading, 

and center of gravity will require slight modifications of the required pitch and power to maintain 

the chosen mode of flight. Also each aircraft of the same type may perform slightly differently due 

to age, condition and rigging. Also increasing the flap settings will significantly change the 

required settings

So, in using the card, constantly be aware that you may have to set the power and pitch somewhat 

differently than what your power card specifies. 

The	settings	on	the	Power	Card	are just	initial

Targets	!		

AIRCRAFT ________________________  H. William Lewis 2002

MP RPM PITCH A/S VSI

CLIMB _____ _____ _____ _____ _____

CRUISE _____ _____ _____ _____ _____

CRUISE DESCENT _____ _____ _____ _____ _____

APPROACH _____ _____ _____ _____ _____

APPR. DESCENT _____ _____ _____ _____ _____

FAST DESCENT _____ _____ _____ _____ _____
INSTRUMENT PART 61 7

090 DESCEND 3000

270 DESCEND 3000

18

0

C

LIM

B

4

0

0

0

3

6

0

C

LIM

B

4

0

0

0

START 3000

PATTERN B
INSTRUMENT PART 61 8

LESSON 3 - Basic Attitude Instrument Flying - Session 3 - Airplane

OBJECTIVE: To further develop the student's skill in the performance of the four basic flight

maneuvers (climbs, descents, turns, and straight-and-level flight) while under

simulated IFR in the airplane.

PRESTUDY: Review: Instrument Flying Handbook, FAA-H-8083-15A, Chapter 3

Instrument Flying Handbook, Chapter 4, Section II, with special 

 attention to pp 4-23 through 4-28

ELEMENTS: Review of the Selected Radial Cross-Check

Power Settings, Airspeeds and Attitudes - Power Card for 172 SP

Straight-and-Level, Cruise and Approach Airspeeds

Constant Rate Turns, Cruise and Approach Airspeeds

Climbs and Descents, Constant Rate

Climbs and Descents, Constant Airspeed

Pattern B

SCHEDULE: Ground Instruction 0.3 hours

Airplane Instruction 1 hour

Debrief 0.3 hours

EQUIPMENT: CE 172S - G1000 Aircraft

Spiral notebook and 3-ring binder

Instrument Flying Handbook, FAA-H-8083-15A

Power Card

INSTRUCTOR Discuss Objectives and Completion Standards

ACTION: Answer questions from Prestudy

Interactively discuss the above tasks

Coach student through maneuvers

Debrief

STUDENT Take notes

ACTION: Ask and answer questions

Perform required maneuvers

COMPLETION The lesson will be successfully completed when the student can execute

STANDARDS straight-and-level flight, climbs, descents at 500 feet per minute ±50 feet per 

minute, and standard rate turns ±10%.

NOTES _______________________________________________________________

_______________________________________________________________

_______________________________________________________________
INSTRUMENT PART 61 9

LESSON 4 - Basic Attitude Instrument and Partial Panel Flying - FTD

OBJECTIVE: To develop the student's skill in the performance of constant vertical speed 

climbs and descents, climbing and descending turns with intermediate 

level-offs and rollouts, basic coordination maneuvers, primary flight display

(PFD) failure, and partial panel flying.

PRESTUDY: Review: Instrument Flying Handbook, Chapter 4, pp. 4-23 through 4-28

ELEMENTS: Review of the Selected Radial Cross-Check Scan - Pattern B

100 feet Step Climbs and Descents

Vertical S

Constant Rate Turns in Climb and Descent

PFD Failure - Straight-and-Level and Turns

Compass and Timed Turns

PFD Indicator Failure - Climbs and Descents

Autopilot Introduction, ROL, HDG, ALT, VS

SCHEDULE: Ground Instruction 0.5 hours

FTD Instruction 1 hour

Debrief 0.3 hours

EQUIPMENT: Flight Training Device

Spiral notebook and 3-ring binder

Instrument Flying Handbook, FAA-H-8083-15A

Power Card

INSTRUCTOR Discuss Objectives and Completion Standards

ACTION: Answer questions from Prestudy

Interactively discuss the above tasks

Coach student through maneuvers

Debrief

STUDENT Take notes

ACTION: Ask and answer questions

Perform required maneuvers

COMPLETION The lesson will be successfully completed when the student can execute 

STANDARDS: straight-and-level flight, climbs, descents at 500 feet per minute ±50 feet per 

minute, and standard rate turns ±10%.

NOTES _______________________________________________________________

_______________________________________________________________

_______________________________________________________________
INSTRUMENT PART 61 10

LESSON 5 - Basic Attitude Instrument and Partial Panel Flying - Airplane

OBJECTIVE: To develop the student's skill in the performance of constant vertical speed 

climbs and descents; climbing and descending turns with intermediate 

level-offs and rollouts; basic coordination maneuvers; primary flight display

(PFD), failure, and partial panel flying in the airplane.

PRESTUDY: Review: Instrument Flying Handbook, Chapter 4, pp. 4-23 through 4-28

ELEMENTS: Review of the Selected Radial Cross-Check Scan

100 Feet Step Climbs and Descents

Vertical S

Constant Rate Turns in Climb and Descent

PFD Failure - Straight-and-Level and Turns

PFD Failure - Climbs and Descents

Autopilot Introduction, ROL, HDG, ALT, VS

SCHEDULE: Ground Instruction 0.3 hours

Airplane Instruction 1 hour

Debrief 0.3 hours

EQUIPMENT: CE 172S - G1000 Aircraft

Spiral notebook and 3-ring binder

Instrument Flying Handbook, FAA-H-8083-15A

Power Card

INSTRUCTOR Discuss Objectives and Completion Standards

ACTION: Answer questions from Prestudy

Interactively discuss the above tasks

Coach student through maneuvers

Debrief

STUDENT Take notes

ACTION: Ask and answer questions

Perform required maneuvers

COMPLETION The lesson will be successfully completed when the student can execute 

STANDARDS: straight-and-level flight, climbs, descents at 500 feet per minute ±50 feet per 

minute, and standard rate turns ±10%.

NOTES _______________________________________________________________

_______________________________________________________________

_______________________________________________________________
INSTRUMENT PART 61 11

LESSON 6 - Performance and Unusual Attitude Instrument Flying - Airplane

OBJECTIVE: To develop the student's skill in the performance of steep turns, stall recoveries,

and recovery from unusual attitudes including recovery from high speed spirals 

with and without the primary flight display (PFD).

PRESTUDY: Read: Instrument Flying Handbook, FAA-H-8083-15A, Chaper 5, pp. 5-26

 through 5-30, paragraphs on Unusual Attitudes and Recoveries

"The Process of Recovery from Unusual Attitudes" by Bill Lewis

ELEMENTS: Review:

Selected Radial Cross-Check Scan

Steep Turns

Recoveries from Unusual Attitudes with the Primary Flight Display:

Power-Off Stall Recovery

Power-On Stall Recovery

Steep Climbing Turn Recovery

High Speed Spiral Dive Recovery

Recoveries from Unusual Attitudes without the Primary Flight Display:

Power-Off Stall Recovery

Power-On Stall Recovery

Steep Climbing Turn Recovery

High Speed Spiral Dive Recovery

SCHEDULE: Ground Instruction 0.3 hours

Airplane Instruction 1 hour

Debrief 0.3 hours

EQUIPMENT: CE 172S - G1000 Aircraft

Spiral notebook and 3-ring binder

Instrument Flying Handbook, FAA-H-8083-15A

INSTRUCTOR Discuss Objectives and Completion Standards

ACTION: Answer questions from Prestudy

Interactively discuss the above tasks

Coach student through maneuvers

Debrief

STUDENT Take notes 

ACTION: Ask and answer questions

Perform required maneuvers

COMPLETION The lesson will be successfully completed when the student can execute basic

STANDARDS: attitude flying to the Instrument Airplane Practical Test Standards and can 

recover from unusual attitudes safely using the FAA recommended procedures.

NOTES ________________________________________________________________
INSTRUMENT PART 61 12

THE PROCESS OF RECOVERING FROM UNUSUAL ATTITUDES

An unusual attitude may be caused by turbulence, improper control pressures, inattention, failure of the trim 

system/autopilot, or often, a pilot following an attitude indicator that is in the process of failing. Severe unusual 

attitudes may exceed the limits of the attitude indicator. It is therefore important to practice recoveries using partial 

panel technique and to not trust the attitude indicator, as it may have tumbled or is inaccurate. If an unusual attitude is 

suspected, always look at the airspeed indicator first.

There are two types of unusual attitudes: nose high and nose low.

The most frequent unusual attitude is the descending turn. Because of the bank, a steep dive will tend to develop and 

airspeed can rapidly build to dangerous levels. If the turn exceeds medium bank, it will tend to continue rolling 

steeper, accelerating the spiral dive and increasing the chances of exceeding the design load factor of the aircraft.

In a spiral dive ("Graveyard Spiral"), the airspeed will be high and increasing, and the turn coordinator will be pegged 

in the direction of the turn.

For HIGH AIRSPEED spiral dives, the steps to recover, in the proper sequence, are:

1. REDUCE POWER to eliminate the accelerating thrust of the engine. Also, the wind-milling 

 propeller will produce some additional drag.

2. LEVEL THE WINGS. Do not attempt to raise the nose while the airplane is banked. This would

 tighten the spiral and increase the stress on the airframe.

PAUSE, do not rush the next step.

3. RAISE THE NOSE. At high airspeeds, strong control pressure is unnecessary. The nose will tend to 

rise and without a direct indication of pitch attitude it is easy to over-control. There is a danger of causing 

a high pitch attitude and a near stall condition. Level flight is reached when altitude stops decreasing. If it 

starts to increase, the airplane is climbing and you should dampen this tendency with light forward pressure.

Unless the trim system or autopilot fails, dangerous nose high unusual attitudes are uncommon in general aviation 

aircraft. If the airplane gets into an inadvertent climb, airspeed will bleed off and the nose will drop. If it is banked, a 

spiral dive may develop.

However, severe turbulence, inattention, or poor technique may cause an inadvertent climb, indicated by low and 

decreasing airspeed.

For LOW SPEED turning climbs, the steps for recovery, in the proper sequence, are:

1. APPLY POWER to increase airspeed and avoid the stall.

2. NEUTRALIZE THE AILERONS. Do not try to bank out of the turn yet!

3. LOWER THE NOSE to increase airspeed and avoid the stall. Level flight is reached when the altitude 

 stops increasing.

PAUSE, do not rush the next step.

4. LEVEL THE WINGS. Leveling the wings prematurely could result in a spin, due to the greater angle of 

 attack of the aileron on the low wing.

In unusual attitude recoveries, as in all partial panel work, emphasize light control pressures and rapid instrument scan. 

The greatest danger is in over-controlling and creating another unusual attitude during the recovery. For additional 

reading on this subject, consult the Instrument Flying Handbook FAA-H-8083-15A, Chapter 5, pp. 5-26 through

5-30.

 2002 H. William Lewis, used with permission of the author.
INSTRUMENT PART 61 13

UNUSUAL ATTITUDES

In 3 Words

Low Airspeed (Nose High)

Power PUSH

Pitch PUSH

Bank ROLL

High Airspeed (Nose Low)

Power PULL

Bank ROLL

Pitch PULL

 
INSTRUMENT PART 61 14

LESSON 7 - VOR Procedures - FTD

OBJECTIVE: To develop the student's skill in VOR orientation, VOR intercepts, VOR

tracking, and further development of the instrument scan.

PRESTUDY: Read: Instrument Flying Handbook, FAA-H-8083-15A, Chapter 7, pp. 7-8 

through 7-16, paragraphs on VORs

ELEMENTS: VOR Orientation

VOR Intercepts

VOR Tracking

Tracking Radials Inbound and Outbound at Litchfield VOR (LFD)

SCHEDULE: Ground Instruction 0.5 hours

FTD Instruction 1.2 hours

Debrief 0.3 hours

EQUIPMENT: Flight Training Device

Spiral notebook and 3-ring binder

Instrument Flying Handbook, FAA-H-8083-15A

Power Card

INSTRUCTOR Discuss Objectives and Completion Standards

ACTION: Answer questions from Prestudy

Interactively discuss the above tasks

Coach student through maneuvers

Debrief

STUDENT Take notes

ACTION: Ask and answer questions

Perform required maneuvers

COMPLETION The lesson will be successfully completed when the student can execute 

STANDARDS: straight-and-level flight ±100 feet and standard rate turns ±10% while

intercepting and tracking VOR radials.

NOTES ________________________________________________________________

________________________________________________________________

________________________________________________________________
INSTRUMENT PART 61 15

The Process of Intercepting and Tracking VORs

Intercepting and tracking VOR radials is not a complex process, however, it can sometimes be 

confusing. Many instructors teach techniques to mentally add or subtract 180 degrees to obtain 

reciprocal headings. The following process eliminates the requirement to do any math in the 

cockpit for this purpose, and results in better positional awareness and fewer errors.

1. TUNE - Tune in the appropriate VOR.

2. IDENTIFY - Identify the VOR station to assure that you have the correct navigational aid 

selected and that it is not in a test mode.

3. VISUALIZE - Mentally visualize your airplane right on top of the VOR that you are using. 

Mentally visualize that the airplane is pointed in the proper direction for the airway you want to 

intercept and track. Decide if the radial is on the nose or tail of your phantom airplane.

4. TWIST - Twist your Omni Bearing Selector (OBS) such that you put the radial either on the 

nose or the tail of the OBS card as visualized in step three above.

5. TURN - Turn the airplane to a heading that corresponds to the number that is now on the top of 

the OBS card (the Course Index). You are now flying parallel to the radial in the correct direction.

6. TURN - If the course deviation needle is pinned off scale, turn it 45 degrees toward the needle 

and intercept the radial. For smaller needle deviations, a smaller intercept angle may be used.

7. TRACK - Track the radial inbound or outbound using appropriate wind correction.

Steps number three and four are the keys to not having to compute reciprocal courses. The OBS 

card is doing the work for you.

 2002 H. William Lewis, used with permission of the author.
INSTRUMENT PART 61 16

LESSON 8 - VOR Procedures - Airplane

OBJECTIVE: To develop the student's skill in VOR orientation, VOR intercepts, and VOR

tracking in the airplane.

PRESTUDY: Review: Instrument Flying Handbook, FAA-H-8083-15A, Chapter 7, pp. 7-8 

through 7-16, paragraphs on VORs

ELEMENTS: VOR Orientation

VOR Intercepts

VOR Tracking

Tracking Radials Inbound and Outbound at Litchfield VOR (LFD)

SCHEDULE: Ground Instruction 0.3 hours

Airplane Instruction 1 hour

Debrief 0.3 hours

EQUIPMENT: CE 172S - G1000 Aircraft

Spiral Notebook and 3-Ring Binder

Instrument Flying Handbook, FAA-H-8083-15A

Power Card

INSTRUCTOR Discuss Objectives and Completion Standards

ACTION: Answer questions from Prestudy

Interactively discuss the above tasks

Coach student through maneuvers

Debrief

STUDENT Take notes

ACTION: Ask and answer questions

Perform required maneuvers

COMPLETION The lesson will be successfully completed when the student can execute 

STANDARDS: straight and level flight ±100 feet and standard rate turns ±10% while

intercepting and tracking VOR radials.

NOTES ________________________________________________________________

________________________________________________________________

________________________________________________________________
INSTRUMENT PART 61 17

LESSON 9 – NDB Procedures - 6 Pack Instruments – PCATD

OBJECTIVE: To develop the student's skill in basic attitude instrument flying using 

mechanical 6 pack instruments. To develop the student's skill in nondirectional 

radio beacon (NDB) orientation, NDB intercepts, NDB tracking, and further 

development of the instrument scan.

PRESTUDY: Read: Instrument Flying Handbook, FAA-H-8083-15A, Chapter 7, pp. 7-2 

through 7-8

ELEMENTS: Six Pack Basic Attitude Instrument Flying

Straight-and-Level

Level Turns

Constant Rate Climbs and Descents

Constant Speed Climbs and Descents

Pattern B

Explanation of the ADF and NDB

ADF Orientation

ADF Intercepts

ADF Tracking

Tracking Bearings Inbound and Outbound at Howell (OZW)

SCHEDULE: Ground Instruction 0.5 hours

PCATD Instruction 1 hour

Debrief 0.3 hours

EQUIPMENT: PCATD

Spiral notebook and 3-ring binder

Instrument Flying Handbook, FAA-H-8083-15A

Power Card

INSTRUCTOR Discuss Objectives and Completion Standards

ACTION: Answer questions from Prestudy

Interactively discuss the above tasks

Coach student through maneuvers

Debrief

STUDENT Take notes

ACTION: Ask and answer questions

Perform required maneuvers

COMPLETION The lesson will be successfully completed when the student can execute 

STANDARDS: straight-and-level flight ±100 feet and standard rate turns ±10% while 

intercepting and tracking NDB bearings.

NOTES ________________________________________________________________

________________________________________________________________
INSTRUMENT PART 61 18

LESSON 10 - Holding Procedures - FTD

OBJECTIVE: To develop the student's skill in holding patterns; use of the six T checklist 

and further development of the instrument scan.

PRESTUDY: Read: Instrument Flying Handbook FAA-H-8083-15A, Chapter 10, pp. 10-9 

through 10-13, paragraphs related to Holding Procedures

ELEMENTS: Explanation of Holding Pattern Entries

Explanation of the Six T Checklist

VOR Holding

Intersection Holding

Holding with Headwinds, Tailwinds and Crosswinds

SCHEDULE: Ground Instruction 1 hour

FTD Instruction 3.5 hours - (two sessions)

Debrief 0.3 hours

EQUIPMENT: Frasca Flight Training Device

Spiral notebook and 3-ring binder

Instrument Flying Handbook, FAA-H-8083-15A

Power Card

INSTRUCTOR Discuss Objectives and Completion Standards

ACTION: Answer questions from Prestudy

Interactively discuss the above tasks

Coach student through maneuvers

Debrief

STUDENT Take notes

ACTION: Ask and answer questions

Perform required maneuvers

COMPLETION The lesson will be successfully completed when the student can execute holding 

procedures using the recommended procedures in the AIM.

NOTES ________________________________________________________________

________________________________________________________________

________________________________________________________________
INSTRUMENT PART 61 19

The Process of Holding Patterns

Holding patterns are the nemesis of many instrument pilots. I have known several instrument 

students who have given up on their training because of the difficulty of visualizing and executing 

the holds. The following process was taught to me by my good friend, Captain Jim Eliason:

1. Always... Always write down the holding clearance. Draw a circle around the holding 

radial (I call this the "Number”). Never accept a holding clearance without being given an 

expect further clearance time. 

2. Fly direct to the holding fix. 

3. Mentally overlay the appropriate diagram below over the Directional Gyro. One picture is 

 for right turns, the other for left turns.

4. Visually determine where radial (the "Number") falls on the overlay. That will tell you 

 what kind of entry is required. (After some practice, you can identify the required holding 

 entry in less than a second.)

5. Follow the Six T Rules that follow in order to execute the required hold.

This system requires you to memorize a few simple rules. However, it is much faster and more 

reliable than trying to sketch the holding pattern and muddling your way through the procedure. If 

you follow the few simple rules, you will get it right every time!

 2002 H. William Lewis, used with permission of the author.
INSTRUMENT PART 61 20

SIX Ts

Turn

Time

Twist

Throttle

Track

Talk

SPECIAL NOTE: EVERY TIME YOU CROSS THE HOLDING FIX, ADD AN 

ADDITIONAL T “TIME” TO THE BEGINNING OF THIS LIST:

 TIME, TURN, TIME TWIST, THROTTLE, TRACK, TALK.

AT THE VERY FIRST CROSSING, WRITE DOWN THE ZULU TIME ON THE CLOCK 

AS YOU WILL HAVE TO SUBSEQUENTLY REPORT THIS TO THE CONTROLLER.

AT SUBSEQUENT CROSSINGS NOTE THE ELAPSED TIME ON THE TIMER. THIS 

WILL BE THE TIME ELAPSED ON THE INBOUND LEG OF THE HOLD.
INSTRUMENT PART 61 21

 Holding Pattern Rule Matrix

 DIRECT TEARDROP PARALLEL

Turn Turn to the "Number" Turn so the "Number" is Turn to the "Number"

30 degrees off the nose

Time Start Timer Same Same

Twist "Number" to Bottom of OBS Same Same

Throttle Check Setting for Approach AS Same Same

Track Check and correct your Heading Same Same

Talk Report "In the Hold" Same Same

After one minute outbound:

Turn Turn to the Inbound Heading Same Turn opposite direction 

to the Inbound Heading

Time Start Timer Same Same

Twist No No No

Throttle No No No

Track Intercept and Track the Same Same 

Inbound course

Talk No No No

As you cross the fix, note the time it took to go inbound.

You will adjust the next outbound leg in order to achieve 1 minute

inbound on subsequent circuits.

Turn.... Time..... Twist.... Throttle.... Track..... Talk ... 

and around you go!

 2002 H. William Lewis, used with permission of the author.
INSTRUMENT PART 61 22

Hold North of the JXN VOR on the 360o Radial

 
INSTRUMENT PART 61 23

Intersection Hold at ROSSI

 
INSTRUMENT PART 61 24

LESSON 11 - Holding Procedures - Airplane

OBJECTIVE: To develop the student's skill in holding patterns; use of the six T checklist 

and further development of the instrument scan.

PRESTUDY: Review: Instrument Flying Handbook FAA-H-8083-15A, Chapter 10, pp. 10-9 

through 10-13, paragraphs related to Holding Procedures

ELEMENTS: VOR holding - SVM (talking to approach)

Direct, Teardrop and Parallel

Intersection Holding - BROVI

Holding with Headwinds, Tailwinds and Crosswinds

SCHEDULE: Ground Instruction 0.3 hours

Airplane Instruction 1 hour

Debrief 0.3 hours

EQUIPMENT: CE 172S - G1000 Aircraft

Spiral notebook and 3-ring binder

Instrument Flying Handbook, FAA-H-8083-15A

Power Card

INSTRUCTOR Discuss Objectives and Completion Standards

ACTION: Answer questions from Prestudy

Interactively discuss the above tasks

Coach Student through maneuvers

Debrief

STUDENT Take notes

ACTION: Ask and answer questions

Perform required maneuvers

COMPLETION The lesson will be successfully completed when the student can execute holding 

procedure using the recommended procedures in the AIM.

NOTES ________________________________________________________________

________________________________________________________________

________________________________________________________________
INSTRUMENT PART 61 25

LESSON 12 - Charts, Airways, Navigation Facilities

OBJECTIVE: To develop the student's understanding of IFR Enroute Charts, Airways and 

Navigation Facilities

PRESTUDY: Read: Instrument Flying Handbook FAA-H-8083-15A, Chapter 8, pp. 8-1 

through 8-10.

Aeronautical Information Manual, 5-3-1 through 5-3-6

Aeronautical Information Manual, Chapter 9

ELEMENTS: IFR Enroute Charts.

Currency, Victor Airways, MORCA, Mandatory Reporting Points, Remote 

FSS communications at VORs, Center boundaries and Frequencies

Airways

Victor Airways, Change in MEA, MRA, MCA, VOR Change Over

Points, DME distances, Intersections

Navigation Facilities

VORs, Frequencies, Identifiers, Service Volumes, 

NDBs, Frequencies, Identifiers

SCHEDULE: Ground Instruction 2.0 hours

EQUIPMENT: Spiral notebook and 3-ring binder

Instrument Flying Handbook, FAA-H-8083-15A

NACA Chart 

Jeppesen Chart 32

INSTRUCTOR Discuss Objectives and Completion Standards

ACTION: Answer questions from Prestudy

Interactively discuss the above tasks

Test for understanding

Debrief

STUDENT Take notes

ACTION: Ask and answer questions

COMPLETION The lesson will be successfully completed when the student can explain the 

contents of Enroute Charts, Airways and Navigation Facilities.

NOTES ________________________________________________________________

________________________________________________________________

________________________________________________________________
INSTRUMENT PART 61 26

LESSON 13 – Stage Check - Airplane

OBJECTIVE: To test the student's skill in the performance of instrument straight-and-level 

flight, level turns, constant rate climbs and descents, constant airspeed climbs 

and descents, climbing and descending turns, stall recoveries, and recovery from 

unusual attitudes including recovery from high speed spirals with and without 

the primary flight display (PFD). To additionally test the student’s ability to 

Intercept and track VOR radials and execute holding patterns.

PRESTUDY: Review: "The Process of Recovery from Unusual Attitudes" by Bill Lewis

ELEMENTS: Instrument Straight-and-Level Flight

Change of Airspeed

Level Turns

Constant Rate Climbs and Descents

Constant Airspeed Climbs and Descents, with and without turns

Recoveries from Unusual Attitudes with the Primary Flight Display:

Power-Off and Power-On Stall Recoveries

Steep Climbing Turn Recovery

High Speed Spiral Dive Recovery

Recoveries from Unusual Attitudes without the Primary Flight Display:

Power-Off and Power-On Stall Recoveries

Steep Climbing Turn Recovery

High Speed Spiral Dive Recovery

Intercept and Tracking VOR Radials

Holding patterns, Direct, Teardrop, Parallel at Intersections

SCHEDULE: Briefing 0.3 hours

Airplane Instruction 1 hour

Debrief 0.3 hours

EQUIPMENT: CE 172S - G1000 Aircraft

Spiral notebook and 3-ring binder

Instrument Flying Handbook, FAA-H-8083-15A

INSTRUCTOR Discuss Objectives and Completion Standards

ACTION: Test the student through the required maneuvers

Debrief

STUDENT Take notes 

ACTION: Ask and answer questions

Perform required maneuvers

COMPLETION The lesson will be successfully completed when the student can execute basic

STANDARDS: attitude flying to the Instrument Airplane Practical Test Standards and can 

recover from unusual attitudes safely using the FAA recommended procedures.
INSTRUMENT PART 61 27

LESSON 14 - Nonprecision Approach Procedures - FTD

OBJECTIVE: To develop the student's skill in nonprecision approaches, approach briefings 

and use of the six Ts and five Cs checklists. 

PRESTUDY: Read: Instrument Flying Handbook, FAA-H-8083-15A, pp. 10-12 through 

10- 22, paragraphs related to Approaches and pp.8-12 through 8-32.

ELEMENTS: Explanation of Nonprecision Approaches

Explanation of Approach Briefings

Use of Checklists

VOR Approach - Vectors to Final, Missed Approach

VOR Approach - Full Approach, Missed Approach

Localizer Approaches, Missed Approach

GPS Approach, Missed Approach

Localizer Back Course Approach, Missed Approach

SCHEDULE: Ground Instruction 0.5 hours

FTD Instruction 1 hour

Debrief 0.3 hours

EQUIPMENT: Flight Training Device

Spiral notebook and 3-ring binder

Instrument Flying Handbook, FAA-H-8083-15A

Power Card

INSTRUCTOR Discuss Objectives and Completion Standards

ACTION: Answer questions from Prestudy

Interactively discuss the above tasks

Coach student through maneuvers

Debrief

STUDENT Take notes

ACTION: Ask and answer questions

Perform required maneuvers

COMPLETION The lesson will be successfully completed when the student can execute 

nonprecision approach procedures using the recommended procedures in the 

AIM.

NOTES ________________________________________________________________

________________________________________________________________

________________________________________________________________
INSTRUMENT PART 61 28

MISSED APPROACH

Pitch Up for appropriate airspeed.

Power Up

Pitch Up/Power up should be done 

simultaneously in a smooth, coordinated,

not rushed fashion.

Positive Rate Up ?

Flaps UP slowly, 1 notch at a time

Gear Up

Talk Up
INSTRUMENT PART 61 29

LESSON 15 - Nonprecision Approach Procedures - Airplane

OBJECTIVE: To develop the student's skill in nonprecision approaches, approach briefings 

and use of the six Ts and five Cs checklists in the airplane.

PRESTUDY: Review: Instrument Flying Handbook, FAA-H-8083-15A, Chapter 10, pp. 

10-12 through 10-22, paragraphs related to Approaches

ELEMENTS: Use of Checklists

VOR Approach - Vectors to Final, Missed Approach

VOR Approach - Full Approach, Missed Approach

Localizer Back Course Approach, Missed Approach

GPS Approach, Missed Approach

Localizer Approach, Land

SCHEDULE: Ground Instruction 0.3 hours

Airplane Instruction 1 hour

Debrief 0.3 hours

EQUIPMENT: CE 172S - G1000 Aircraft

Spiral notebook and 3-ring binder

Instrument Flying Handbook, FAA-H-8083-15A

Power Card

INSTRUCTOR Discuss Objectives and Completion Standards

ACTION: Interactively discuss the above tasks

Coach student through maneuvers

Debrief

STUDENT Take notes

ACTION: Ask and answer questions

Perform required maneuvers

COMPLETION The lesson will be successfully completed when the student can execute 

nonprecision approach procedures using the recommended procedures in the 

AIM.

NOTES ________________________________________________________________

________________________________________________________________

________________________________________________________________
INSTRUMENT PART 61 30

LESSON 16 - Precision Approach Procedures - FTD

OBJECTIVE: To develop the student's skill in precision approaches, approach briefings

and further develop the instrument scan.

PRESTUDY: Read: Instrument Flying Handbook, FAA-H-8083-15A, Chapter 7, pp. 7-37 

through 7-46, paragraphs related to Instrument Approach Systems

ELEMENTS: Explanation of Instrument Flight Rules (ILS) approaches

Review of Approach Briefing

Instrument Takeoff

ILS Approaches, Missed Approaches

ILS Approaches with Crosswind, Missed Approaches

SCHEDULE: Ground Instruction 0.3 hours

FTD Instruction 1 hour

Debrief 0.3 hours

EQUIPMENT: Flight Training Device

Spiral notebook and 3-ring binder

Instrument Flying Handbook, FAA-H-8083-15A

Power Card

INSTRUCTOR Discuss Objectives and Completion Standards

ACTION: Answer questions from Prestudy

Interactively discuss the above tasks

Coach student through maneuvers

Debrief

STUDENT Take notes

ACTION: Ask and answer questions

Perform required maneuvers

COMPLETION The lesson will be successfully completed when the student can execute 

precision approach procedures using the recommended procedures in the AIM.

NOTES ________________________________________________________________

________________________________________________________________

________________________________________________________________
INSTRUMENT PART 61 31

LESSON 17 - Precision Approach Procedures - Airplane

OBJECTIVE: To develop the student's skill in precision approaches in the airplane.

PRESTUDY: Review: Instrument Flying Handbook, FAA-H-8083-15A, Chapter 7, pp. 7-37 

through 7-46, paragraphs related to Instrument Approach Systems

ELEMENTS: Instrument Takeoff

ILS Approaches, Missed Approaches

ILS Approaches with Crosswind, (if practical), Land 

SCHEDULE: Ground Instruction 0.3 hours

Airplane Instruction 1 hour

Debrief 0.3 hours

EQUIPMENT: CE 172S - G1000 Aircraft

Spiral notebook and 3-ring binder

Instrument Flying Handbook, FAA-H-8083-15A

Power Card

INSTRUCTOR Discuss Objectives and Completion Standards

ACTION: Answer questions from Prestudy

Interactively discuss the above tasks

Coach student through maneuvers

Debrief

STUDENT Take notes

ACTION: Ask and answer questions

Perform required maneuvers

COMPLETION The lesson will be successfully completed when the student can execute 

precision approach procedures using the recommended procedures in the AIM.

NOTES ________________________________________________________________

________________________________________________________________

________________________________________________________________
INSTRUMENT PART 61 32

LESSON 18 - Timed Turns, Compass Turns and DME ARC Procedures - FTD

OBJECTIVE: To develop the student's skill in flying timed turns, compass turns, and Distance 

Measurement Equipment (DME) arcs.

PRESTUDY: Read: Instrument Flying Handbook, FAA-H-8083-15A, Chapter 5, pp. 5-21 

 through 5-22, paragraphs related to Timed Turns and Magnetic Turns

Instrument Flying Handbook, FAA-H-8083-15A, Chapter 7, pp. 7-16 

 through 7-19, paragraphs related to DME and DME Arcs

ELEMENTS: Timed Turns

Compass Turns

No PFD VOR/GPS Approach, Missed Approach

DME Arcs

DME Arc to Cheboygan (SLH) VOR 9, Missed Approach

SCHEDULE: Ground Instruction 0.5 hours

FTD Instruction 1.2 hours

Debrief 0.3 hours

EQUIPMENT: Flight Training Device

Spiral notebook and 3-ring binder

Instrument Flying Handbook, FAA-H-8083-15A

Power Card

INSTRUCTOR Discuss Objectives and Completion Standards

ACTION: Answer questions from Prestudy

Interactively discuss the above tasks

Coach student through maneuvers

Debrief

STUDENT Take notes

ACTION: Ask and answer questions

Perform required maneuvers

COMPLETION The lesson will be successfully completed when the student can execute 

timed turns, magnetic turns and DME arcs using the recommended procedures in 

the AIM.

NOTES ________________________________________________________________

________________________________________________________________

________________________________________________________________
INSTRUMENT PART 61 33

THE PROCESS OF TIMED TURNS

Partial panel flying after the loss of your primary flight instruments certainly can be stressful. Trying to make magnetic 

compass turns can be filled with many errors because of compass magnetic dip and acceleration errors. Thus, the 

recommended way to change the airplane's heading is by timing and using standard rate turns. Many instructors teach 

that you should do mental arithmetic by subtracting your current heading from the desired heading, then divide by

three. Example: a turn from 90 degrees to 120 degrees would require a 30 degree heading change. Since standard rate 

is three degrees per second, this turn would require 10 seconds. Research has shown that it is very difficult to do 

mathematics while trying to use your central vision to scan the instruments. Interestingly, the same part of our brain is 

used for both mathematics and central vision.

The following process eliminates the requirement to do any math in the cockpit for this purpose, and results in better 

positional awareness and fewer errors. The basic concept is to treat each 30 degree heading increment as ten seconds 

in time rather than a number of degrees.

Here are the steps:

1. Using the Turn Coordinator, hold the airplane as level as possible, and read the compass.

2. Rotate your OBS (preferably one not being used for navigation) so that the number at the top cursor 

 matches the magnetic heading. This example shows 090 degrees:

3. Let's say that you want to make a heading change from 090 to 210. Think of each major numbered 

 division (12, 15, 18, 21) as 10 seconds each. Thus, a 40 second right turn would be required. It is easy to 

 interpolate for fractions of a major number division.

If you have your primary OBS set for an inbound course, you can use the same method of counting major divisions 

from the current magnetic heading position to the desired inbound course. No math required!

 2002 H. William Lewis, used with permission of the author.
INSTRUMENT PART 61 34

The Process of Magnetic Turns

Partial panel flying after the loss of your primary flight instruments is often stressful. Trying to 

make magnetic compass turns can be filled with many errors because of compass magnetic dip and 

acceleration errors. Thus, the recommended way to change the airplane's heading is by timing and 

using standard rate turns. See the section entitled, "The Process of Timed Turns."

When using the technique of Timed Turns, the variability of timing, rolling into the turn, rolling 

out of the turn, and turn coordinator accuracy/precision, it is very difficult to get to the exact 

desired heading. You can usually "just get close." When you are close to the desired heading, 

small corrections in heading may be made by using magnetic turns.

Because of magnetic dip and acceleration errors, use of the magnetic compass has its complications 

as well:

When on an East or West heading, any acceleration or climb will show a compass reading of a 

more Northerly indication. Conversely, any deceleration or dive will have a compass reading 

showing a more Southerly indication 

Also, when turning near Southerly headings, the compass indication will lead (be ahead of) the 

actual desired heading.

Conversely, when turning near Northerly headings, the compass indication will lag (be behind) the 

actual desired heading. 

Detailed understanding of these factors will allow the pilot to make compensations and get 

relatively close.

Here are useful steps:

1. Fly the airplane so that the Turn Coordinator shows absolutely NO TURN and is STABLE.

2. Note the current and desired heading on the magnetic compass.

3. If the desired heading shows on the RIGHT of the magnetic compass, you must turn LEFT.

4. Conversely, if the desired heading shows on the LEFT of the magnetic compass, you must 

turn RIGHT. 

 (This is similar to the concept of a localizer back course approach where you turn away

 from the needle.)

5. The timing of your turns should be: "ROLL IN TWO THREE, ROLL OUT TWO THREE". 

 If you roll into a standard rate turn during this step, you will get approximately a ten degree 

 change of heading. 

 These steps should be done successively until the desired heading is achieved.

Another orientation concept to keep in mind, is that if you want the numbers on the compass to be 

BIGGER, you must turn RIGHT. If you want the numbers to get SMALLER, you must turn 

LEFT. At first this might seem very simple, however, it is extremely helpful to keep this in mind.

© 2005 H. William Lewis
INSTRUMENT PART 61 35

 
INSTRUMENT PART 61 36

 LESSON 19 - Timed Turns, Compass Turns and DME ARC Procedures -Airplane

OBJECTIVE: To further develop the student's skill in flying timed turns, compass turns, and 

DME arcs.

PRESTUDY: Read: Instrument Flying Handbook, FAA-H-8083-15A, Chapter 5, pp. 5-21 

 through 5-22, paragraphs related to Timed Turns and Magnetic Turns

Instrument Flying Handbook FAA-H-8083-15A, Chapter 7, pp. 7-16 

 through 7-19, paragraphs related to DME and DME Arcs

ELEMENTS: Timed Turns

Compass Turns

DME Arcs

No PFD VOR/GPS Approach

SCHEDULE: Ground Instruction 0.3 hours

Flight Instruction 1 hour

Debrief 0.3 hours

EQUIPMENT: CE 172S - G1000 Aircraft

Spiral Notebook and 3-Ring Binder

Instrument Flying Handbook, FAA-H-8083-15A

Power Card

INSTRUCTOR Discuss Objectives and Completion Standards

ACTION: Answer questions from Prestudy

Interactively discuss the above tasks

Coach student through maneuvers

Debrief

STUDENT Take notes

ACTION: Ask and answer questions

Perform required maneuvers

COMPLETION The lesson will be successfully completed when the student can execute 

timed turns, magnetic turns and DME arcs using the recommended procedures in 

the AIM.

NOTES ________________________________________________________________

________________________________________________________________

________________________________________________________________
INSTRUMENT PART 61 37

LESSON 20 - IFR Cross-Country Introduction - Airplane

OBJECTIVE: To develop the student's skill in flying a short IFR cross-country, introduction to 

obtaining IFR weather briefings, flight plan filing and copying clearances.

PRESTUDY: Read: Instrument Flying Handbook FAA-H-8083-15A, Chapter 10, pp. 10-1 

through 10-9, paragraphs related to IFR Flight

Prepare: A Flight Plan from YIP Airport, JXN VOR to Coldwater Airport

 A Flight Plan from Coldwater Airport to JXN Airport

 A Flight Plan from JXN airport YIP Airport

ELEMENTS: Review of Weather Theory

Explanation of IFR Weather Briefings

Introduction of Flight Planning and Filing

Lost Communication Procedures

Introduction to Copying Clearances

Entering GPS Flight Plans:

Leg 1: YIP JXN LFD Coldwater, 

VOR Approach at Coldwater with a Landing

Leg 2: Coldwater JXN, 

GPS Approach at JXN

Leg 3: JXN YIP, 

ILS Approach at YIP, Missed Approach

Second ILS Approach at YIP, Land

SCHEDULE: Ground Instruction 2 hours

Airplane Instruction 2 hours

Debrief 0.3 hours

EQUIPMENT: CE 172S - G1000 Aircraft

Flight Plan Log

Spiral notebook and 3-ring binder

Timer

View Limiting Device

Power Card

INSTRUCTOR Discuss Objectives and Completion Standards

ACTION: Answer questions from Prestudy

Interactively discuss the above tasks

Coach student through the flight

Debrief

Continued on next page
INSTRUMENT PART 61 38

STUDENT Take notes

ACTION: Ask and answer questions

Fly the specified cross-country flight

COMPLETION The lesson will be successfully completed when the student can plan and fly the 

specified cross-country flight.

NOTES ________________________________________________________________

________________________________________________________________
INSTRUMENT PART 61 39

LESSON 21 - IFR Cross-Country Skill Development - Airplane

OBJECTIVE: To further develop the student's skill in flying IFR cross-country flights.

PRESTUDY: Prepare a flight plan for each one of the element legs below:

ELEMENTS: Leg 1: YIP to Marshal RMY with a Landing, Circle to Land if Possible

 GPS Approach at RMY

Leg 2: RMY to Howell-OZW with a Landing, Circle to Land if Possible

 VOR Approach at OZW

Leg 3: OZW to YIP

 Multiple ILS Approach at YIP

SCHEDULE: Ground Instruction 0.5 hours

Airplane Instruction 3 hours

Debrief 0.3 hours

EQUIPMENT: CE 172S - G1000 Aircraft

Flight Plan Log

Spiral notebook and 3-ring binder

Timer

View Limiting Device

Power Card

INSTRUCTOR Discuss Objectives and Completion Standards

ACTION: Answer questions from Prestudy

Interactively discuss the above tasks

Coach Student through the flight

Debrief

STUDENT Take notes

ACTION: Ask and answer questions

Fly the specified cross-country flight

COMPLETION The lesson will be successfully completed when the student can execute 

a cross-country flight with three different kinds of approaches.

NOTES ________________________________________________________________

________________________________________________________________

________________________________________________________________
INSTRUMENT PART 61 40

LESSON 22 - IFR Cross-Country Skill Development Cont. - Airplane

OBJECTIVE: To further develop the student's skill in flying IFR cross-country flights.

PRESTUDY: Prepare a flight plan for each one of the Element Legs below:

ELEMENTS: Leg 1: YIP to LAN

ILS Approach at LAN, with a Landing (Touch and Go)

Leg 2: LAN to PTK

LOC BC Approach at PTK, Missed Approach

Leg 3: PTK to YIP

VOR Approach at YIP, Missed Approach,

ILS Approach at YIP, Landing 

SCHEDULE: Ground Instruction 0.5 hours

Airplane Instruction 3 hours

Debrief 0.3 hours

EQUIPMENT: CE 172S - G1000 Aircraft

Flight Plan Log

Spiral notebook and 3-ring binder

Timer

View Limiting Device

Power Card

INSTRUCTOR Discuss Objectives and Completion Standards

ACTION: Answer questions from Prestudy

Interactively discuss the above tasks

Coach student through the flight

Debrief

STUDENT Take notes

ACTION: Ask and answer questions

Fly the specified cross-country flight

COMPLETION The lesson will be successfully completed when the student can execute 

a cross-country flight with three different kinds of approaches.

NOTES ________________________________________________________________

________________________________________________________________

________________________________________________________________
INSTRUMENT PART 61 41

LESSON 23 - ASR / No Gyro Approach Procedures - Airplane

OBJECTIVE: To further develop the student's skill in flying IFR cross-country flights.

PRESTUDY: Prepare a flight plan for each one of the element legs below:

ELEMENTS: ASR and No-Gyro Approach Explanation

Leg 1: YIP LAN, or TOL if LAN is Not Possible, With a Landing

ASR / No-Gyro Approach

Leg 2: LAN YIP

Localizer Approach, Missed Approach

ILS Approach

SCHEDULE: Ground Instruction 0.5 hours

Airplane Instruction 3 hours

Debrief 0.3 hours

EQUIPMENT: CE 172S - G1000 Aircraft

Flight Plan Log

Spiral notebook and 3-ring binder

Timer

View Limiting Device

Power Card

INSTRUCTOR Discuss Objectives and Completion Standards

ACTION: Answer questions from Prestudy

Interactively discuss the above tasks

Coach student through the flight

Debrief

STUDENT Take notes

ACTION: Ask and answer questions

Fly the specified cross-country flight

COMPLETION The lesson will be successfully completed when the student can execute 

a cross-country flight with an ASR and no-gyro approach.

NOTES ________________________________________________________________

________________________________________________________________

________________________________________________________________
INSTRUMENT PART 61 42

LESSON 24 - Approach Skill Practice - Airplane

OBJECTIVE: To further develop the student's skill in flying IFR cross-country flights.

PRESTUDY: Prepare a flight plan for each one of the Element legs below:

ELEMENTS: Leg 1: YIP to Battle Creek BTL

VOR Approach at BTL, With a Landing

Leg 2: BTL to YIP

ILS Approach at YIP 

Leg 3: YIP to YIP

VOR Approach at YIP Without AI

SCHEDULE: Ground Instruction 0.5 hours

Airplane Instruction 3 hours

Debrief 0.3 hours

EQUIPMENT: CE 172S - G1000 Aircraft

Flight Plan Log

Spiral notebook and 3-ring binder

Timer

View Limiting Device

Power Card

INSTRUCTOR Discuss Objectives and Completion Standards

ACTION: Answer questions from Prestudy

Interactively discuss the above tasks

Coach student through the flight

Debrief

STUDENT Take notes

ACTION: Ask and answer questions

Fly the specified cross-country flight

COMPLETION The lesson will be successfully completed when the student can execute 

a cross-country flight with three different kinds of approaches.

NOTES ________________________________________________________________

________________________________________________________________

________________________________________________________________
INSTRUMENT PART 61 43

LESSON 25 - Long Dual Cross-Country Flight - Airplane

OBJECTIVE: To develop the student's skill in flying a long cross-country flight.

PRESTUDY: Prepare a flight plan for each one of the Element legs below:

ELEMENTS: Leg 1: YIP to GRR

 ILS Approach and Landing

Leg 2: GRR to MBS

LOC Approach

Leg 3: MBS to OZW

 VOR Approach Partial Panel, Without PFD

Leg 4: OZW to YIP

 ILS Approach

SCHEDULE: Ground Instruction 1.3 hours

Airplane Instruction 4 hours

Debrief 0.3 hours

EQUIPMENT: CE 172S - G1000 Aircraft

Flight Plan Log

Spiral notebook and 3-ring binder

Timer

View Limiting Device

Power Card

INSTRUCTOR Discuss Objectives and Completion Standards

ACTION: Answer questions from Prestudy

Interactively discuss the above tasks

Coach student through the flight

Debrief

STUDENT Take notes

ACTION: Ask and answer questions

Fly the specified cross-country flight

COMPLETION The lesson will be successfully completed when the student can execute 

a long cross-country flight with three different kinds of approaches.

NOTES ________________________________________________________________

________________________________________________________________

________________________________________________________________
INSTRUMENT PART 61 44

LESSON 26 - Final Stage Check - Airplane

OBJECTIVE: To determine if the student is prepared to pass the Instrument Airplane Practical 

Test.

PRESTUDY: Study: All Areas of the PTS 

Read: The introduction to the PTS

ELEMENTS: All Area of Operations in the Instrument Airplane Practical Test Standard

SCHEDULE: Ground Instruction 4.5 hours

Airplane Instruction 2.5 hours

Debrief 0.5 hours

EQUIPMENT: CE 172S - G1000 Aircraft

Flight Plan Log

Spiral notebook and 3-ring binder

Timer

View Limiting Device

Power Card

INSTRUCTOR Discuss Objectives and Completion Standards

ACTION: Administer a complete simulated Practical Test

Debrief

STUDENT Answer PTS oral questions

ACTION: Execute the PTS flight requirements

COMPLETION The lesson will be successfully completed when the student can execute 

all the Areas of Operations in the Instrument Airplane Practical Test Standard.

NOTES ________________________________________________________________

________________________________________________________________

________________________________________________________________