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29SO-VI3/30Q (98-08) 
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Released for Printing: December 16, 1991
DOE/EIA-0552(80-88) 

Distribution Category DC-98

Changes in Energy Intensity in the 

Manufacturing Sector 1980-1988

December 1991

Energy Information Administration

Office of Energy Markets and End Use

U.S. Department of Energy

Washington, DC 20585

This report was prepared by the Energy Information Administration, the independent analytical agency within 

the Department of Energy. The information contained herein should not be construed as advocating or reflecting 

any policy position of the Department of Energy or any other organization.
Contacts

This report was prepared by the Energy Information Administration, Office of Markets and End Use under the 

direction of W. Calvin Kilgore.

General information concerning the contents of this report may be obtained from Lynda T. Carlson, Director of the 

Energy End Use and Integrated Statistics Division (202/586-1112). Specific information regarding the contents or 

preparation of this publication can be obtained from Dwight K. French, Chief of the Transportation and Industrial 

Branch (202/586-1126).

Detailed technical questions may be referred to the following individuals:

Robert K. Adler Coauthor 202/586-1134

Estimation and Analysis

Jean Paananen Coauthor 202/586-8952

Questionnaire Design 

Analysis

John L. Preston Coauthor 202/586-1128

Survey Manager

Hattie Ramseur Related Statistical 202/586-1124

Publications

MarkSchipper Sample Design 202/586-1136

Estimation and Analysis

The data from the Manufacturing Energy Consumption Survey (MECS) are included in the Longitudinal 

Manufacturing Energy Data System (LMEDS) maintained by the Bureau of the Census. The LMEDS file 

includes yearly data beginning in 1972 for individual establishments that responded to the 1985 and 1988 

MECS. In addition to energy data, the file also includes economic data collected by the Annual Survey and 

Census of Manufactures. A researcher interested in using LMEDS should send a research proposal to EIA 

for consideration. The EIA, in consultation with the Bureau of the Census, will examine the proposal and 

review with the researcher how the use of the file may benefit the proposed research. If the use of LMEDS 

is deemed appropriate, the Bureau of the Census will perform the work on a cost-reimbursable basis.

If you have suggestions to make the data in this report more useful for your needs, or if you wish to submit 

a research proposal for use of LMEDS, please contact John L. Preston, MECS Manager at:

El-652, Mail Stop 2G-090 

1000 Independence Avenue, SW 

Washington, DC 20585

Telephone: 202-586-1128 

FAX: 202-586-9753

Energy Information Administration/Changes in Energy Intensity in the Manufacturing Sector, 1980-1988
Contents

Page

Executive Summary ......................................................... vii

1. Introduction ............................................................ 1

2. Surveying the Manufacturing Sector .......................................... 3

Manufacturing Sector Consists of Business Establishments that Produce Goods ........... 3

MECS Samples Establishments in All the Major Industry Groups .................... 3

Measuring Energy Intensity in the Manufacturing Sector .......................... 4

Offsite-Produced Energy is the Consumption Measure for Computing Intensity ........... 5

Manufacturing Output is Measured by Value of Shipments ......................... 6

Measuring Energy-Intensity Changes ........................................ 7

Understanding the Causes of Change in Energy Efficiency ......................... 7

3. Energy Intensity Changes In the Manufacturing Sector ............................ 9

How to Interpret the SIC-Specific Graphs and Discussions ......................... 10

Food and Kindred Products Industry Group, SIC 20 ............................. 11

Textile Mill Products Industry Group, SIC 22 .................................. 12

Furniture and Fixtures Industry Group, SIC 25 ................................. 13

Paper and Allied Products Industry Group, SIC 26 .............................. 14

Chemicals and Allied Products Industry Group, SIC 28 ........................... 15

Petroleum and Coal Products Industry Group, SIC 29 ............................ 16

Rubber and Miscellaneous Plastics Products Industry Group, SIC 30 .................. 17

Stone, Clay, and Glass Products Industry Group, SIC 32 .......................... 18

Primary Metals Industry Group, SIC 33 ...................................... 19

Fabricated Metal Products Industry Group, SIC 34 .............................. 20

Industrial Machinery and Equipment Industry Group, SIC 35 ....................... 21

Electronic and Other Electric Equipment Industry Group, SIC 36 .................... 22

Transportation Equipment Industry Group, SIC 37 ............................... 23

Instruments and Related Products Industry Group, SIC 38 ......................... 24

Miscellaneous Manufacturing Industry Group, SIC 39 ............................ 25

Appendices

A. Survey Design, Implementation, and Estimates ............................... 29

B. Quality of the Data .................................................. 41

C. MECS Coverage Related to EIA Supply Surveys ............................. 49

D. Descriptions of Major Industrial Groups and Selected Industries ................... 55

E. Related Publications on Energy Consumption ................................ 61

Glossary ................................................................. 67

Energy Information Administration/Changes in Energy Intensity in the Manufacturing Sector, 1980-1988 lii
Tables

Page

1. Energy Intensity in Manufacturing Industry Groups, 1980, 1985, 1988 ................. 9

Bl. Standard Errors for Estimates of Percent Change in Energy Intensity .................. 44

Cl. Comparison of EIA Energy Consumption Estimates, 1988 ......................... 49

Illustrations

Food and Kindred Products Industry Group, SIC 20

1. Output and Energy Consumption Indices, 1974 to 1988 ........................... 11

2. Percent Change in Energy Efficiency, 1980 to 1985, 1985 to 1988, and 1980 to 1988 ...... 11

Textile Mill Products Industry Group, SIC 22

3. Output and Energy Consumption Indices, 1974 to 1988 ........................... 12

4. Percent Change in Energy Efficiency, 1980 to 1985, 1985 to 1988, and 1980 to 1988 ...... 12

Furniture and Fixtures Industry Group, SIC 25

5. Output and Energy Consumption Indices, 1974 to 1988 ........................... 13

6. Percent Change in Energy Efficiency, 1980 to 1985, 1985 to 1988, and 1980 to 1988 ...... 13

Paper and Allied Products Industry Group, SIC 26

7. Output and Energy Consumption Indices, 1974 to 1988 ........................... 14

8. Percent Change in Energy Efficiency, 1980 to 1985, 1985 to 1988, and 1980 to 1988 ...... 14

Chemicals and Allied Products Industry Group, SIC 28

9. Output and Energy Consumption Indices, 1974 to 1988 ........................... 15

10. Percent Change in Energy Efficiency, 1980 to 1985, 1985 to 1988, and 1980 to 1988 ...... 15

Petroleum and Coal Products Industry Group, SIC 29

11. Output and Energy Consumption Indices, 1974 to 1988 ........................... 16

12. Percent Change in Energy Efficiency, 1980 to 1985, 1985 to 1988, and 1980 to 1988 ...... 16

Rubber and Miscellaneous Plastics Products Industry Group, SIC 30

13. Output and Energy Consumption Indices, 1974 to 1988 ........................... 17

14. Percent Change in Energy Efficiency, 1980 to 1985, 1985 to 1988, and 1980 to 1988 ...... 17

Stone, Clay, and Glass Products Industry Group, SIC 32

15. Output and Energy Consumption Indices, 1974 to 1988 ........................... 18

16. Percent Change in Energy Efficiency, 1980 to 1985, 1985 to 1988, and 1980 to 1988 ...... 18

Primary Metals Industry Group, SIC 33

17. Output and Energy Consumption Indices, 1974 to 1988 ........................... 19

18. Percent Change in Energy Efficiency, 1980 to 1985, 1985 to 1988, and 1980 to 1988 ...... 19

Fabricated Metal Products Industry Group, SIC 34

19. Output and Energy Consumption Indices, 1974 to 1988 ........................... 20

20. Percent Change in Energy Efficiency, 1980 to 1985, 1985 to 1988, and 1980 to 1988 ...... 20

Industrial Machinery and Equipment Industry Group, SIC 35

21. Output and Energy Consumption Indices, 1974 to 1988 ........................... 21

22. Percent Change in Energy Efficiency, 1980 to 1985, 1985 to 1988, and 1980 to 1988 ...... 21

iv Energy Information Administration/Changes in Energy Intensity in the Manufacturing Sector, 1980-1988
Page

Electronic and Other Electric Equipment Industry Group, SIC 36

23. Output and Energy Consumption Indices, 1974 to 1988 ........................... 22

24. Percent Change in Energy Efficiency, 1980 to 1985, 1985 to 1988, and 1980 to 1988 ...... 22

Transportation Equipment Industry Group, SIC 37

25. Output and Energy Consumption Indices, 1974 to 1988 ........................... 23

26. Percent Change in Energy Efficiency, 1980 to 1985, 1985 to 1988, and 1980 to 1988 ...... 23

Instruments and Related Products Industry Group, SIC 38

27. Output and Energy Consumption Indices, 1974 to 1988 ........................... 24

28. Percent Change in Energy Efficiency, 1980 to 1985, 1985 to 1988, and 1980 to 1988 ...... 24

Miscellaneous Manufacturing Industry Group, SIC 39

29. Output and Energy Consumption Indices, 1974 to 1988 ........................... 25

30. Percent Change in Energy Efficiency, 1980 to 1985, 1985 to 1988, and 1980 to 1988 ...... 25

Energy Information Administration/Changes in Energy Intensity In the Manufacturing Sector, 1980-1988
Executive Summary

Numerous recent events the turmoil in the Soviet Union, Iraq's invasion of Kuwait, the 1990 amendments to the 

Clean Air Act, the December 1989 crisis in heating oil markets, the 20th anniversary of Earth Day, concerns about 

global climate change, the development of the National Energy Strategy have refocused America's attention on 

energy use. Questions are being asked about the quantities and types of energy consumed by various sectors, the 

purposes for which energy is consumed, and the potential for improved energy efficiency. The Manufacturing 

Energy Consumption Survey (MECS), conducted by the Energy Information Administration (EIA), provides 

background information for addressing many of these questions for the manufacturing sector. The purpose of this 

report is to begin to examine the changes in energy efficiency from 1980 to 1988.

In this report, energy intensity is defined as the ratio of offsite-produced energy consumption per unit of output. 

Energy consumption is measured in British thermal units (Btu) and output is measured as the constant dollar value 

of shipments and receipts. A decrease in energy intensity from one period to another corresponds to an increase 

in energy efficiency, and vice versa.

The findings of this report suggest that the mid-1980's mark the start of a period of generally diminished energy 

efficiency gains in manufacturing.

• In 1980, manufacturers needed 5.8 thousand Btu Figure ES1. Energy Intensity in the Manufacturof offsite-produced energy for every constant ing Sector, 1980, 1985, and 1988

dollar Of Value Of Shipments. (See Figure ESI.) Thousand Btu P«r Constant Dollar Valu. of Shipments By 1985, this requirement had dropped to 4.4 <- -- -- ._...._.-_.........___.__.__._.-

thousand Btu per constant dollar of value of 60 ^

shipments, and by 1988 it had decreased further, ,.-,

to 4.2 thousand Btu per constant dollar value of 5.0 j

shipments. The 1988 level of intensity represent- > : -•,--. -~" ^••- *

ed a 3.8 percent per year improvement in energy " -

efficiency from 1980. However, the 1980-1985 30 I j ;•?.•<-^•••:-,

period accounted for an average improvement of \ r , '

5.2 percent per year. Whereas, between 1985 2- ' ..'"-. \ K /

and 1988, energy efficiency improved by only 1.5 '\

percent per year. Thus, improvements in energy ' ' ' ; '

efficiency continued between 1985 and 1988, al- 0.0 .i L;,_, i:!:.

though at a substantially decreased rate. 198 1985 I9M

Souncas: Manufacturing Enargy Consumption Survey and Bureau of th« Census

 Prior to 1985, many industry groups maintained

or increased real output while reducing their aggregate consumption of purchased energy. After 1985, real 

output continued to grow in most industries, but consumption often began to increase in conjunction with 

increased production. These conditions indicate that the economic environment and production needs between 

1985 and 1988 did not result in energy efficiency improvement being an economic priority. Moreover, 

substantial efficiency gains did not materialize as a result of manufacturing changes put in place for other 

purposes.

 The paper and allied products industry group, one of the extremely energy-intensive process-dominated 

industries, was one industry that maintained its 1980-1985 pace of improvement in energy efficiency through 

1988. Their improvement in energy efficiency from 1980 to 1985 was an average of 2.6 percent per year. 

From 1985 to 1988, the average energy efficiency for this industry group improved an additional 2.7 percent 

per year.

 Manufacturers of chemicals and allied products are another energy-intensive industry group that continued to 

exhibit substantial efficiency improvement throughout the 8-year period. Their energy efficiency improved by 

an average rate of 3.6 percent per year. Between 1985 and 1988, the average energy efficiency improvement 

was 2.9 percent per year.

Energy Information Administration/Changes In Energy Intensity in the Manufacturing Sector, 1980-1988 vii
 Other major energy-consuming industry groups food and kindred products; petroleum and coal products; and 

stone, clay, and glass products at best maintained their efficiency gains of 1980-1985 in the 1985-1988 period, 

or lost some ground. It is likely that this performance is a reflection of structural and production changes in 

these industries, rather than efficiency losses in existing processes.

 The remaining industries for which statistics are shown present a mixed picture for 1985-1988, with efficiency 

change ranging from moderate gains to moderate losses. Once again, it is likely that this is a reflection of 

structural and production changes, rather than efficiency losses.

An upcoming EIA report will describe the methodological development of the 1991 Manufacturing Energy 

Consumption Survey. Among other topics, this report will present the results of a series of industrial roundtables 

EIA held with energy experts from seven of the most energy-intensive industries: fertilizer, petroleum refining, steel, 

motor vehicles, pulp and paper, chlor-alkali, and olefins. The goals of these roundtables were (1) to examine the 

types of information available about energy use; (2) to enhance EIA's understanding of how energy is used, how 

facilities keep track of energy use, and how energy-related decisions are made; (3) to understand the sources of past 

improvements in energy efficiency; and (4) to develop an understanding of the forces that will drive energy 

consumption and affect energy efficiency in the future.

The efficiency changes presented in this report are comprehensive benchmark measures for major industrial groups. 

As with any single global type of efficiency measure, they embody certain structural changes in the manufacturing 

sector as well as efficiency changes, and present a concept of efficiency that reflects the assumptions inherent in the 

measurement process. Other measures can provide alternative insight into efficiency patterns. Another upcoming 

EIA report will be a major analytic effort that will provide insight into the effects of structural and production 

changes on manufacturing energy efficiency. Among the issues it will examine are:

 The effect of shifts in production shares among major industry groups and more specific industries;

 The differences in energy intensity trends based on total energy use (including byproduct and waste product 

energy) as opposed to offsite-produced energy use;

 The effect of considering electricity generation and transmission losses as embodied energy in manufacturing 

when evaluating efficiency;

 The potential effects on efficiency measures of changes in industry definitions due to revisions to the Standard 

Industrial Classification system.

viii Energy Information Administration/Changes In Energy Intensity In the Manufacturing Sector, 1980-1988
1. Introduction

This report Changes in Energy Intensity in the Manufacturing Sector 1980-1988—continues the data series on 

energy intensity change that followed the results of the 1985 Manufacturing Energy Consumption Survey (MECS). 1 

That publication presented changes in energy intensities from 1980 to 1985. This publication extends that analysis 

to 1988.

Section 310(a) of the 1986 Omnibus Budget Reconciliation Act (Public Law 99-509, as amended) mandated the 

MECS. The MECS was first conducted in 1986 to collect 1985 data. That first survey was conducted prior to the 

passage of Public Law 99-509, and was, therefore, conducted under the authority of the Federal Energy 

Administration Act of 1974, Public Law 93-275, as amended. The 1988 MECS was conducted three years later 

under the authority of Section 310(a) of Public Law 99-509. Current plans call for the MECS to be conducted in 

three-year cycles. The MECS is designed and published by the Energy Information Administration (EIA). The data 

are collected and compiled by the Industry Division of the U.S. Bureau of the Census (Census Bureau) for the EIA. 

All MECS responses submitted to the Census Bureau are confidential under the provisions of Section 9, Title 13 of 

the U.S. Code.

The primary purposes of the MECS are to provide estimates of energy consumption and fuel-switching capability 

for the manufacturing sector. However, by supplementing the MECS data with data collected by the Bureau of the 

Census in the corresponding years of the Annual Survey of Manufactures (ASM), it is also possible to develop 

estimates of energy intensity change.

The purpose of this report is to present the MECS/ASM estimates of the changes in energy intensity by 

manufacturing industry groups between 1980 and 1988. This report is the third of a series based on the results of 

the 1988 MECS. The data in this report are published to provide objective, accurate energy information for a wide 

audience including Congress, Federal and State agencies, industry, and the public. The MECS is the first survey 

conducted by the EIA to collect detailed data on energy use by the manufacturing sector. The MECS does not 

include energy data for mining, agriculture, construction, fishing, forestry activities, or electric utilities. Other 

publications in the MECS series include reports on energy consumption2 and fuel-switching capability.3

The EIA gratefully acknowledges the cooperation of respondents in supplying information for the MECS.

'Energy Information Administration, Manufacturing Energy Consumption Survey: Changes in Energy Efficiency, 1980-1985, DOE/EIA0516(85), (Washington, DC, 1990).

^Energy Information Administration, Manufacturing Energy Consumption Survey: Consumption of Energy 1988, DOE/EIA-0512(88), 

(Washington, DC, May 1991).

3Energy Information Administration, Manufacturing Fuel-Switching Capability 1988, DOE/EIA-0515(88), (Washington, DC, September 1991).

Energy Information Administration/Changes in Energy Intensity in the Manufacturing Sector, 1980-1988 1
2. Surveying the Manufacturing Sector

Manufacturing Sector Consists of Business Establishments that Produce Goods

The manufacturing sector consists of establishments that use mechanical or chemical processes to transform materials 

or substances into new products. These products may be final products that consumers will purchase, such as an 

automobile or a chair. Manufacturers also produce goods for use by other manufacturers such as parts for 

automobile engines or rolls of upholstery fabric.

Energy-Intensity Ratios Based on 1972 Defini 

tions of Industry

The Standard Industrial Classification system 

underwent a major revision in 1987, resulting in 

several industry groups being redefined. The 

MECS estimates of energy consumption and ASM 

estimates of value of shipments for 1988 conform 

to the revised industry classifications. The corre 

sponding estimates for 1980 and 1985 were based 

on the 1972 classification system.

Calculating the changes in energy intensity for 

industry groups requires comparability between the 

base and target year estimates. Accordingly, the 

1988 estimates of energy consumption and the 

corresponding estimates of value of shipments, were 

re-estimated using the 1972 classification. These 

re-estimates were used only to calculate the energy 

intensity ratios. All other estimates appearing in 

this report are based on the 1972 or revised 1987 

classification system, as appropriate, in order to be 

consistent with previously published information.

An establishment is usually at a single physical location 

and is often called a plant, factory, or mill. It ordinari 

ly uses power-driven machines and equipment for 

handling materials. A manufacturing establishment 

may also assemble parts or perform blending opera 

tions.

The Office of Management and Budget developed 

procedures for classifying manufacturing and nonmanufacturing establishments into industry classes. 

Those procedures are known as the Standard Industrial 

Classification (SIC) system.4 Each industry class 

consists of establishments that produce similar types of 

goods or services.

The SIC system divides the manufacturing sector into

20 broad groups, and assigns a numerical code to each

of those groups. For the manufacturing sector, the

codes range from 20 through 39. For example, SIC 26

consists of establishments that manufacture paper and

allied products. The SIC system subdivides each of the

broad industry groups into several specific industries

and assigns each a four-digit code. For example, the

paper and allied products industry group (SIC 26)

contains 17 specific industries. SIC 2621 includes

establishments classified as paper mills, and SIC 2631 ' '

includes paperboard mills.

If an establishment produces more than one good or service, it is classified into a four-digit industry based upon its 

primary production (see Glossary). For example, an establishment that primarily engages in manufacturing paper 

from wood pulp, and also manufactures some paperboard, is classified in the paper mill industry (SIC 2621). It is 

not classified in the paperboard mill industry (SIC 2631).

MECS Samples Establishments in All the Major Industry Groups

The estimates of energy intensity change presented in this report are based on 1985 and 1988 data collected by the 

MECS, and on 1980,1985, and 1988 data collected by the ASM. The EIA included several important considerations 

in the criteria for the design of the MECS sample. Specifically, the sampling procedures assure that the MECS

4Office of Management and Budget, Standard Industrial Classification Manual, J987 (Washington, DC, 1987).

Energy Information Administration/Changes in Energy Intensity in the Manufacturing Sector, 1980-1988
sample is representative of the population of establish 

ments from which it was drawn. Also, the size of the 

sample in each industry class was controlled so that 

error levels of the survey estimates would be similar 

for each class.

The MECS sample is a subset of the mail sample used 

by the Census Bureau to collect data for the ASM. 

The ASM sample includes 56,000 manufacturing 

establishments. The ASM sample is, in turn, a subset 

of the mail file of 225,000 manufacturing establish 

ments used by the Census Bureau to conduct the 

Census of Manufactures. The Census of Manufactures 

is conducted every five years, while the ASM is 

conducted annually. The Census Bureau selected about 

12,000 manufacturing establishments from the ASM 

sample to serve as the MECS sample. The sample for 

the 1988 MECS retained those establishments from the 

1985 sample that were still in operation when the 1988 

MECS was conducted. This holdover sample was then 

supplemented by a sample of manufacturing establish 

ments that came into existence between 1985 and 1988.

Further, 1988 MECS estimates were adjusted to cover 

the entire manufacturing population. The 1985 MECS 

did not cover the smallest establishments that were 

estimated to account for 2 to 3 percent of energy 

consumption in manufacturing. However, as a result of 

performing the same population adjustment on both the 

consumption and the economic measures, the adjust 

ment would not influence the current 1988 intensity 

measures differently from the 1985 measures. See 

Appendix A for a comprehensive discussion of the 

sampling and estimation procedures for the MECS.

Expanded Coverage For 1988 MECS Results in 

Higher Energy Consumption and Fuel-Switching 

Estimates, but Unchanged Intensity Estimates.

The 1988 MECS was designed to produce estimates 

of energy consumption, fuel-switching capabilities, 

and other energy-related activities for the entire 

population of manufacturing establishments. It is 

important to note that the coverage of the 1988 

MECS is more comprehensive than the coverage of 

the 1985 MECS. The 1985 MECS omitted the 

energy consumption of very small manufacturing 

establishments. That change in coverage resulted in 

1988 energy consumption and fuel-switching esti 

mates that are two to three percent higher over all 

industries than they would have been if the proce 

dures of the 1985 MECS had been similarly fol 

lowed for the 1988 MECS. The coverage differen 

tial is larger for industries dominated by small business 

es (such as printing and publishing) than for indus 

tries dominated by relatively few large corporations 

(such as primary aluminum smelting). However, 

the adjustment methodology used to expand the 

coverage of the 1988 MECS has no effect on the SICspecific intensity change estimates in this report. 

The adjustment factors are applied to numerator and 

denominator of the 1988 intensity measures, and 

cancel each other out. Thus, the coverage-adjusted 

1988 intensities, and the corresponding 1980-1988 

intensity are no different than they would have been 

had the coverage adjustment not been done. See 

Appendix A for additional details.

The MECS sample was stratified to provide controlled representation from each of the 20 major manufacturing 

industry groups (two-digit SIC codes) that make up the manufacturing sector. In addition, representation was 

controlled in the 10 specific industries (four-digit SIC codes) that historically have consumed the most energy. Thus, 

the MECS sample not only represented all major manufacturing industry groups, it also had a high probability of 

including the major energy-consuming establishments in the universe of manufacturing establishments. (See 

Appendix D for descriptions of the 20 major industry groups.)

Measuring Energy Intensity in the Manufacturing Sector

Both "intensity" and "efficiency" can be defined as the ratio of useful output to the total input in any system. Fuel 

efficiency in automobiles, for example, is measured as the ratio of miles (output) per gallon of gasoline (input). Such 

output-input measures are, basically, measures of productivity because they measure the consumption of a fixed 

amount of input to produce a variable amount of output. The basic concept of motor fuel-efficiency is to produce 

as many miles as possible with a gallon of fuel.

The basic concept of energy efficiency, however, is to consume the minimum amount of energy while producing 

a fixed amount of output. In other words, the demand for the output is to be fulfilled as efficiently as possible with 

respect to energy consumption. Therefore, in this report, energy intensity is an input-output measure defined as the 

ratio of energy consumption (input) to production (output). More specifically, energy consumption is defined as the

Energy Information Administration/Changes in Energy Intensity in the Manufacturing Sector, 1980-1988
total consumption of offsite-produced energy to produce heat and power and to generate electricity. Output is 

defined as the value of shipments expressed in constant dollars. This report presents changes in energy intensity 

from 1980 to 1985, from 1985 to 1988, and from 1980 to 1988. A decrease in energy intensity between two years 

indicates an increase in energy efficiency, and visa versa.

There are several alternative measures of energy consumption and output that could have been used to measure 

energy intensity. The following sections describe some of these alternatives and present the reasons for selecting 

offsite-produced energy and constant dollar value of shipments as the components of the energy-intensity ratios.

Offsite-Produced Energy Is the Consumption Measure for Computing Intensity

The total consumption of offsite-produced energy is the total amount of energy purchased or transferred from offsite 

sources that is consumed onsite to produce heat and power and to generate electricity. The primary reason for 

selecting offsite-produced energy as the measure of energy consumption for calculating energy intensity is that it is 

the only measure for which comparable estimates are available for the three years, 1980, 1985, and 1988. A second 

reason is that offsite-produced fuel is the best measure for ascertaining the dependence of establishments on outside 

sources to meet their energy requirements. The 1985 and 1988 estimates of offsite-produced energy consumption 

by manufacturers come directly from the MECS.5 Comparable energy consumption estimates for the base year of 

1980 were taken from the 1980 ASM.6 The 1980 ASM and the 1988 MECS cover identical universes. The 1985 

MECS excluded those manufacturing establishments with fewer than five employees. That slight difference does 

not affect the changes in energy intensity, however. (See box on previous page and Appendix A for more details.)

The use of energy by establishments in the manufacturing sector, however, is much more complex than simply 

purchasing or transferring energy from offsite sources and consuming it to produce heat and power and to generate 

electricity. Some manufacturers transform energy into other products (including other fuels), and some produce 

useful energy as a byproduct of their manufacturing process. The MECS deals with this complexity by using two 

additional methods for measuring energy consumption. The total primary consumption of energy consists of the total 

energy requirements (including raw material uses of energy forms) of manufacturing industries to produce goods. 

Total inputs of energy represent the total amount of energy used to produce heat and power and to generate 

electricity. Total inputs of energy differs from total primary consumption because total inputs does not include 

energy forms consumed as raw material (feedstock). Total inputs of energy differs from total consumption of offsiteproduced energy in that it includes fuels that are byproducts of the manufacturing process, are produced onsite from 

renewable resources or captive mines and wells, or are reclaimed from waste materials. Byproduct fuels are excluded 

from offsite-produced energy consumption.

The interrelationships among the consumption measures are complex, especially when comparing estimates between 

two years. Using offsite-produced energy in the calculation of energy intensity ratios does have its limitations 

because the resulting ratios do not include the effect of switching from offsite-produced energy to byproduct and 

other energy produced onsite. Such switches are energy-efficient in their own right and should be reflected in the 

energy intensity ratios. Certain onsite-produced energy sources are obtained as a function of the manufacturing 

process or the production of waste products. These energy sources are often not conserved in the same way as 

offsite-produced energy. As offsite-produced fuel consumption estimates are the only ones available for the year 

1980, only comparisons using this measure will be used in this report.

'Energy Information Administration, Manufacturing Energy Consumption Survey: Consumption of Energy 1985, Table 7 and Manufacturing 

Energy Consumption Survey: Consumption of Energy 1988, Table 4.

'U.S. Department of Commerce, Bureau of the Census, 1980 Annual Survey of Manufactures, "Fuels and Electric Energy Consumed," 

M80(AS)-4.1 (Washington, DC, August 1982).

Energy Information Administration/Changes in Energy Intensity in the Manufacturing Sector, 1980-1988 5
Manufacturing Output Is Measured by Value of Shipments

The estimates of changes in energy intensity presented in this report are based on energy-intensity ratios calculated 

from constant dollar value of shipments as the measure of output. The value of shipments is collected as a part of 

the ASM. The Census Bureau defines the value of shipments as includjngjhe^r^ejpjsjorproducts manufactured, 

services: rendered, andjcg^ei,ojjioj4uj^ b^ niamifactu^Tchanges in the~output 

"oFan establishment result in corresponding changes in its value of shipments and receipts. Physical output and the 

value of shipments are, therefore, correlated.

A change in the value of shipments from one period to another reflects more than just changes in output, however. 

A change may also reflect an increase (or decrease) in price resulting from inflation (or deflation). Such price 

changes do not represent a change in output. Therefore, before using estimates of the value of shipments as an 

output measure, they were adjusted for the effect of changes in price using "price indices."

The U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics (BLS) publishes many price indices. Government agencies and the private sector 

use these indices to adjust for inflation and deflation. The best known of these indices is the Consumer Price Index 

(CPI). The BLS describes the CPI as "... a measure of the average change in prices paid by urban consumers for 

a fixed market basket of goods and services."8 The CPI is commonly used to convert average net family income 

to purchasing power.

The BLS also publishes a series known as the "industry price index." This index, as described by the BLS, is a price 

series that follows "... the general economic pattern of a particular industry."9 The industry price index can be used 

to convert the value of shipments and receipts to a constant dollar measure that excludes the effect of price changes. 

As a result, changes in the adjusted value of shipments from one period to another closely correspond to changes 

in physical output. 10

An alternative measure of output for the manufacturing sector is the physical quantity of the good produced. For 

example, the output of a broadwoven cotton fabric mill (SIC 2211) might be measured in linear yards of fabric. A 

major difficulty with that approach, however, is that physical quantities are product-specific. Few establishments 

and no four-digit industry produce a single product line. A broadwoven fabric mill may produce woven fabrics 

measured in linear yards and sheets and pillow cases measured in dozens. Because they have no common basis, 

physical quantity measures are inappropriate for measuring the total output of a multiproduct establishment.

Using product-specific physical quantities for the development of energy-intensity ratios would not be a serious 

problem if energy consumption estimates also were available for each product line. However, manufacturing 

establishments usually monitor total energy consumption only. When necessary, they estimate energy consumption 

for each product line. In the interest of reducing respondent burden, the MECS did not try to collect energy 

consumption for specific products.

Value added by manufacturers, published by the Census Bureau, was considered as the measure of output for 

developing the estimates of energy-intensity change that appear in this report. Value added was rejected in favor 

of the value of shipments and receipts. A complete discussion of the reasons for selecting the value of shipments 

over value added appears in Appendix A of this report.

U.S. Department of Commerce, Bureau of the Census, 1985 Annual Survey of Manufactures, "Statistics for Industry Groups and Industries," 

M85(AS)1 (Washington, DC, January 1987), p. A-2.

8U.S. Department of Labor, Bureau of Labor Statistics, BLS Handbook of Methods, Volume II, Bulletin 2134-2 (Washington, DC, April 1984), 

p.3 fl

U.S.'Department of Labor, Bureau of Labor Statistics, BLS Handbook of Methods, Volume I, Bulletin 2134-1 (Washington, DC, December 

1983), p. 49.

rhe actual price deflators used in this report were obtained from the Bureau of Economic Analysis (BEA). However, BEA bases its 

aggregated deflators for manufacturing industries on the product-specific price indices from BLS. The deflators used in this report represent a 

revision from the deflators used in 1985. Hence, some of the intensity change measures shown in this report are changed from the 1985 report. 

For more information on the price index revision see "Gross Product by Industry, 1977-1988: A Progress Report on Improving the Estimates," 

Survey of Current Business, Vol 71, (January 1991), 23-32.

6 Energy Information Administration/Changes in Energy Intensity in the Manufacturing Sector, 1980-1966
Measuring Energy-Intensity Changes

The purpose of this report is to present the percent changes in energy intensity from 1980 to 1988 for the two-digit 

industry groups of the manufacturing sector. The first step in determining these estimates consisted of deriving 

constant dollar value of shipments for use as an output measure. The Census Bureau provided estimates of value 

of shipments and receipts for individual establishments from the ASM. These values were attached to the MECS 

data records, and used to derive MECS-based estimates of value of shipments and receipts for each of the 20 manu 

facturing industry groups for the 1985 and 1988. For 1980, the Census Bureau provided estimates of value of 

shipments and receipts computed from the ASM. Industry price indices for the same years and industry groups were 

obtained from the Bureau of Economic Analysis (BEA). The EIA expressed the value of shipments in constant 1982 

dollars to remove the effect of price changes. Energy consumption estimates (offsite-produced energy) for 1985 and 

1988 were available for each of the 20 manufacturing industry groups from the MECS. Comparable energy con 

sumption estimates for 1980 were available from the ASM.

Energy-intensity ratios (offsite-produced energy consumption per constant dollar of value of shipments) were 

prepared for each two-digit manufacturing industry group for 1980, 1985, and 1988. That calculation consisted of 

dividing the energy consumption for each two-digit SIC industry group by its corresponding constant dollar value 

of shipments (output). Measures of the change in energy intensity were developed for each of the 20 manufacturing 

industry groups by calculating the percent change from the 1980 ratio to the 1985 and 1988 ratios. The results for 

18 of the 20 manufacturing industry groups are published in this report. The results for two industry groups were 

withheld because, in one case, the relative standard errors (RSE) of both energy intensity change estimates exceeded 

50 percent, and, in the other case, the estimates of energy consumption were not comparable. (A complete discussion 

of RSE's appears in Appendix B of this report.)

Understanding the Causes of Change in Energy Efficiency

The MECS did not collect information on the causes of the changes in energy efficiency. However, in late 1990 

and early 1991, the EIA conducted a series of industrial roundtables 1 1 to discuss MECS-related issues. These 

roundtables included a major segment on energy efficiency. According to the roundtable participants, there are a 

variety of factors that could influence energy efficiency. Among the factors noted that increase or facilitate energy 

efficiency improvements are:

• Improved energy management consists of better equipment maintenance, improved insulation, lowering 

thermostats, routine energy audits, and conservation goals.

• Computer controls and instrumentation allow companies to track energy use and keep processes running 

at optimal efficiency.

• Heat recovery and heat exchange involves lowering stack temperatures, the installation of waste-heat 

recovery boilers, and condensate recovery.

• Improvements in electricity cogeneration, including switching to gas turbines, have been an important factor 

in improving energy efficiency.

• Increases, renovations, and turnover in production capacity, commonly incorporate technological advances 

and improved operational techniques that have allowed many industries to increase energy efficiency.

1 'industrial roundtables were held with seven of the most energy-intensive manufacturing industries: fertlizer, petroleum refining, steel, motor 

vehicles, pulp and paper, chief-alkali, and olefins. The goals of these roundtables were (1) to examine the types of information available about 

energy use; (2) to enhance EIA's understanding of how energy is used and how energy-related decisions are made; (3) to understand past 

improvements in energy efficiency; and (4) to develop an understanding of the forces that will drive energy consumption and energy efficiency 

in the future. The complete results of these roundtables will be summarized in an upcoming report.

Energy Information Administration/Changes in Energy Intensity in the Manufacturing Sector, 1980-1988 7
The participants also cited several factors that directly increase energy consumption per unit of product and, 

therefore, decrease energy efficiency. Among these factors are:

• Environmental regulations, which often involve a direct energy cost with no increase in output, may have 

a negative impact on energy efficiency. The implementation of these regulations often absorbs financial 

resources that might otherwise be used for projects to improve energy efficiency.

• Improvements in product quality frequently result in increased energy consumption per unit of product 

produced. Such improvements frequently result in a higher value of the product so that total energy cost as 

a percentage of the price of the product decreases. However, energy consumption per unit of product increases, 

resulting in decreased energy efficiency.

• Overutilization of capacity frequently results in decreased energy efficiency because previously idle or 

underused equipment and processes, which frequently are less energy efficient, are used in order to get extra 

production. Despite this inefficiency, such activities are profitable because extra output is obtained with no 

capital investment, and because energy costs are often a small proportion of total costs.

• Weather conditions affect the energy consumption of building conditioning systems. This factor is more 

important in those industries not dominated by process energy use but have large floorspace areas. Examples 

of such industries include the motor vehicles industry and electrical and electronic equipment manufacturers.

• Economic conditions may adversely affect energy efficiency in a number of ways. Energy prices and 

availability determine the incentives for investing in projects that conserve energy. Expanding markets require 

the expansion of capacity, which improves energy efficiency by bringing in new technologies. Conversely, 

economic stagnation is typically coupled with a slower rate of energy-efficiency improvement. In general, 

interest rates and the availability of capital also affect corporate investment decisions, including investments 

in energy conservation.

• Energy-efficiency potential continually decreases as a process approaches its theoretical limit of efficiency. 

Most of the "easy" efficiency gains were implemented in the late 1970's and the early 1980's.

Thus, according to the roundtable participants, energy efficiency in the manufacturing sector is a function of 

technological advancements, economic conditions, and a variety of production factors. Most manufacturers view 

energy from a purely economic perspective. Accordingly, energy investments are subject to return-on-investment 

calculations and must compete with other projects for scarce capital. Energy investments are also subject to risk 

analysis because of the volatility of energy prices. Ultimately, what motivates manufacturers' actions with regard 

to energy is energy cost, rather than efficiency or consumption. Improvements in energy efficiency often result from 

projects whose primary purpose is to increase production, to improve quality, or to replace worn-out equipment. Few 

major capital expenditures are justified solely on the basis of improving energy efficiency.

Energy Information Administration/Changes In Energy Intensity In the Manufacturing Sector, 1980-1988
3. Energy Intensity Changes In the Manufacturing Sector

Table 1 shows the energy intensities for 1980, 1985, and 1988 for each of the two digit industry groups. 

Additionally, each of the energy intensity change estimates for 1980 to 1985, 1985 to 1988, and 1980 to 1988 are 

shown. It is important to realize that a 1980 to 1985 intensity change estimate added to the corresponding intensity 

change estimate for 1985 to 1988 does not yield the intensity change estimate for 1980 to 1988. That is because 

of the different bases used to compute the intensity change estimates: 1980 intensities were used as the base year 

for the 1980 to 1985 and the 1980 to 1988 intensity changes while the 1985 intensities were used for the 1985 to 

1988 intensity change measures.

Table 1. Energy Intensity in Manufacturing Industry Groups, 1980,1985, and 1988

SIC 

Code3

20 

21 

22 

23

24 

25 

26 

27 

28

29

30

31

32 

33 

34 

35

36

37 

38

39

Industry Group —— 

1

Food and Kindred Products .....

Tobacco Products ............

Textile Mill Products ..........

Apparel and Other Textile Mill

Lumber and Wood Products .... 

Furniture and Fixtures .........

Paper and Allied Products ...... 

Printing and Publishing ........

Chemicals and Allied Products . .

Petroleum and Coal Products . . .

Rubber and Misc. Plastic Products

Leather and Leather Products . . .

Stone, Clay, and Glass Products . 

Primary Metal Industries .......

Fabricated Metal Products ......

Machinery, Except Electrical ....

Electrical and Electronic 

Equipment .................

Transportation Equipment ......

Instruments and Related Products

Misc. Manufacturing Industries . . 

All Manufacturing ............

Energy Intensity Ratios'3

980 1985 1981

Percent Change in Energy Intensity

3 1980- 

1985

3.52 2.72 2.98 22.8 

NA NA NA NA 

5.69 4.80 4.85 15.6

NA NA NA NA 

NA NA NA NA 

1.87 1.55 1.72 16.5 

15.92 13.96 12.86 12.3 

NA NA NA NA 

14.91 12.40 11.34 16.8

5.32 4.87 5.67 8.3

4.29 3.10 3

NA NA

.22 27.7

NA NA

21.53 16.74 16.74 22.3 

16.30 14.64 14.37 10.2 

2.74 2.33 2.42 15.2 

1.66 0.95 0.77 43.2

1.67 1.25 1.18 24.9 

1.51 1.15 1.06 23.6 

1.60 1.19 1.16 26.0

1.71 1.36 1.35 20.3 

5.78 4.43 4.23 23.4

1985- 

1988

-9.4 

NA 

-0.9

NA 

NA 

-10.1 

7.9 

NA 

8.6

-16.3

-3.8

NA

0 

1.8 

-4.0 

18.7

5.4 

8.0 

2.5

1.1 

4.3

1980- 

1988

15.5 

NA 

14.8

NA 

28.2 

8.0 

19.2 

NA 

24.0

-6.6

25.0

NA

22.2 

11.8 

11.8 

53.8

29.0 

29.7 

27.9

21.1 

26.7

aFor comparability, all data in this table are based on the 1972 Standard Industrial Classification System. 

''Thousand British thermal units per constant (1982) dollar value of shipments.

NA=Withheld because the MECS sampling process did not sufficiently represent the diverse size or economic diversity of the 

industry group to produce viable estimates of changes in energy intensity.

Sources: Manufacturing Energy Consumption Survey and Bureau of the Census.

Energy Information Administration/Changes in Energy Intensity in the Manufacturing Sector, 1980-1988
The remainder of this report presents estimates of changes in energy intensity from 1980 to 1988 for 15 of the 20 

major manufacturing industry groups (two-digit SIC). Five manufacturing industry groups are excluded from the 

analysis. The MECS sampling process did not sufficiently represent their diverse sizes and economic activities to 

produce viable estimates of energy efficiency change. These groups are tobacco products (SIC 21), apparel and other 

textile products (SIC 23), lumber and wood products (SIC 24), printing and publishing (SIC 27), and leather and 

leather products (SIC 31). The presentations for each of the 15 industry groups includes three graphs and a brief 

discussion.

How to Interpret the SIC-Specific Graphs and Discussions

The first graph presents a historical overview of the relationship of energy consumption and output from 1974 

through 1988. It provides indices of energy consumption and output. Both indices have a base year of 1974 (that 

is, 1974 = 100). The output indices were calculated using estimates of the value of shipments as published by the 

ASM. Those estimates were converted to constant (1982) dollars using the industry price indices provided by the 

BEA. The energy consumption indices were calculated from estimates of purchased fuels and electricity from the 

ASM for 1974 through 1981. The MECS estimates of offsite-produced energy consumption were used for 1985 and 

1988. Estimates of energy consumption for 1982 through 1984 and 1986 through 1987 are not available. All index 

values prior to 1987 are based on the 1972 SIC definitions. Index values for 1987 and 1988 are based on the revised 

1987 SIC definitions. 12

The second graph presents estimates of the percent change in energy intensity using data from both the MECS and 

the ASM. The estimates are the percent change in energy consumption per unit of output from 1980 to 1985,13 

from 1985 to 1988 and from 1980 to 1988. The output values used in the calculation of the intensity ratios were 

specially-prepared estimates of the value of shipments using the MECS weights. It was necessary to use the MECSweighted estimates of value of shipments so that the resulting values would be fully comparable to the MECS 

estimates of offsite-produced energy consumption. The difference between the estimates of value of shipments is 

small for most industry groups. There are a few industry groups, however, for which the MECS-weighted and ASMweighted estimates differ substantially. 14 In addition, the energy intensity ratios are based on the 1972 SIC system 

to assure definitional comparability for the period 1980 through 1988. As a result, the reported percent change in 

energy intensity may differ from what might be expected by examining the historical trends in the first graph. 

Estimates are shown for both the industry group being considered and the overall manufacturing intensity change 

for purposes of comparison. As stated previously, 1980 intensities were used as the base year for the 1980 to 1985 

and the 1980 to 1988 intensity changes while the 1985 intensities were used for the 1985 to 1988 intensity change 

measures. Thus, the addition of the 1980 to 1985 and 1985 to 1988 intensity change estimates will not result in the 

1980 to 1988 intensity change.

12Only a few industries were affected by the revisions of the SIC definitions. The most significant change occurred in shifts of selected 

industries from electronic and other electric equipment, SIC 36, to instruments and related products, SIC 38. A complete description of the 

revisions appears in Office of Management and Budget, Standard Industrial Classification Manual, 1987 (Washington, DC, 1987), Appendix A, 

Section HI. In addition to the revisions in the SIC classifications, the Census Bureau reclassified certain products from petroleum and coal 

products, SIC 29, to chemical and allied products, SIC 28. See U.S. Department of Commerce, Bureau of the Census, 1987 Census of 

Manufactures and Census of Mineral Industries, "Numerical List of Manufactured and Mineral Products," MC87-R-1 (Washington, DC, February 

1989) for details.

T"he estimates of changes in energy efficiency from 1980 to 1985 have been revised. These revisions are due to revisions in the price 

deflators. These revisions were negligible in most cases. The 1980-1985 efficiency change estimate for the petroleum and coal products industry 

group (SIC 29) was substantially revised, however. The revision for this industry group resulted from the re-estimation of the consumption of 

offsite-produced energy sources. See Energy Information Administration, Manufacturing Energy Consumption Survey: Consumption of Energy 

1988, page 143 for details.

14The industry groups for which the 1988 ASM-weighted and MECS-weighted estimates of value of shipments differed by more than plus 

or minus 5 percent were: paper and allied products, SIC 26; chemicals and allied products, SIC 28; rubber and miscellaneous plastics products, 

SIC 30; instruments and related products, SIC 38; and miscellaneous manufacturing, SIC 39.

10 Energy Information Administration/Changes in Energy Intensity in the Manufacturing Sector, 1980-1988
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Textile Mill Products Industry Group, SIC 22

Rgure 3. Output and Energy Consumption Indices, 1974 

to 1988

140

120

Index Vilu* (1974 100)

40

20

Constant Dollar 

Value ot Shipments

Energy Data Not Available for 1982 Through 1984 and

74 76 76 77 78 79 BO 61 82 83 84 86 66 87 88

Note: Values through 1985 are based on the 1972 SIC definitions of this 

industry group, while the 1988 values are based on the 1987 definitions.

Sources: Manufacturing Energy Consumption Survey, Bureau of the 

Census, and Bureau of Economic Analysis.

Figure 4. Percent Change in Energy Efficiency, 1980 to 

1985,1985 to 1988, and 1980 to 1988

Percent Chtng* eo 

60 

40 

30 

20 

10 

0

All Manufacturing Textile Mill Products

27

23

¥//* ..............

16

...............................................1............... m -

15

1980 1985 1980 1980 1985 1980 

to to to to to to 

1095 1988 1988 1985 1988 1988

Historical Trends of Energy Consumption 

and Value of Shipments

Between 1974 and 1988, the constant dollar value 

of shipments (output) of the textile mill products 

industry group (SIC 22) increased by approxi 

mately 28 percent During this same period, con 

sumption of offsite-produced energy decreased by 

approximately 14 percent (Figure 3). Output de 

clined by approximately 11 percent between 1977 

and 1982, followed by an increase of approxi 

mately 23 percent between 1982 and 1988. 

Energy consumption was greatest in 1977. Be 

tween 1977 and 1985 energy consumption de 

creased by approximately 27 percent. This was 

followed by a 12 percent increase in energy 

consumption between 1985 and 1988. The 1987 

revision to the SIC manual had little impact on 

the 1988 values of consumption and value of 

shipments for this industry group.

Energy Efficiency, 1980-1988

According to MECS estimates, the energy effi 

ciency improvement of textile mill manufacturers 

was approximately 16 percent between 1980 and 

1985, and approximately 15 percent between 

1985 and 1988 (Figure 4). Using 1985 as the 

base year estimate, this industry group had a 

reduction in energy efficiency of approximately 

1 percent between 1985 and 1988. The manufac 

turing sector as a whole improved energy effi 

ciency approximately 23 percent between 1980 

and 1985, and approximately 27 percent between 

1980 and 1988. Using 1985 as the base year, 

energy efficiency increased approximately 4 

percent between 1985 and 1988. All values are 

based on the 1972 SIC industry definitions.

Note: All values are based on the 1972 SIC definitions of this industry 

group.

Sources: Manufacturing Energy Consumption Survey and Bureau of the 

Census.

12 Energy Information Administration/Changes in Energy Intensity in the Manufacturing Sector, 1980-1988
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Paper and Allied Products Industry Group, SIC 26

Figure 7. Output and Energy Consumption Indices, 1974 

to1988

140

120

100

80

M

40

20

Index Value (1974 - 100)

Constant Dollar 

Value of Shipments

Energy Consumption

Energy Data Not Available for 

1982 Through 1984 and

_1____1____1____1____I____!____I____!____i____I____L_

74 76 76 77 76 79 80 81 82 63 84 M 86 87 88

Historical Trends of Energy Consumption 

and Value of Shipments

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of shipments (output) of the paper and allied pro 

ducts industry group (SIC 26) increased by ap 

proximately 30 percent. During this same period, 

consumption of offsite-produced energy increased 

by approximately 6 percent (Figure 7). Energy 

consumption remained relatively constant be 

tween 1976 and 1985, although output increased 

approximately 19 percent. Output increased 13 

percent between 1985 and 1988, however, energy 

consumption increased approximately 5 percent 

during that same period. The 1987 revision to 

the SIC manual had little impact on the 1988 

values of consumption and value of shipments for 

this industry group.

Note: Values through 1985 are based on the 1972 SIC definitions of this 

industry group, while the 1988 values are based on the 1987 definitions.

Sources: Manufacturing Energy Consumption Survey, Bureau of the 

Census, and Bureau of Economic Analysis.

Figure 8. Percent Change in Energy Efficiency, 1980 to 

1985,1985 to 1988, and 1980 to 1988

Percent Change

QW

60 

40 

30 

20 

10 

n

...

All Manufacturing Paper and Allied 

Products

27

23

m %• 4"" "

m •

19

12 8

Ok, i

Energy Efficiency, 1980-1988

According to MECS estimates, paper and allied 

products manufacturers improved their energy 

efficiency approximately 12 percent between 

1980 and 1985, and 19 percent between 1980 and 

1988 (Figure 8). Using 1985 as the base year 

estimate, this group had an increase in energy 

efficiency between 1985 and 1988 of approxi 

mately 8 percent. For the manufacturing sector 

as a whole, energy efficiency increased approx 

imately 23 percent between 1980 and 1985, and 

27 percent between 1980 and 1988. Using 1985 

as the base year, the entire manufacturing sector 

had an increase in energy efficiency between 

1985 and 1988 of approximately 4 percent. All 

values are based on the 1972 SIC industry 

definitions.

1980 1986 1980 to to to 1985 1988 1988

1980- 1985 1980 to to to 1985 1988 1988

Note: All values are based on the 1972 SIC definitions of this industry 

group.

Sources: Manufacturing Energy Consumption Survey and Bureau of the 

Census.

14 Energy Information Administration/Changes in Energy Intensity in the Manufacturing Sector, 1980-1988
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Petroleum and Coal Products Industry Group, SIC 29

Rgure 11. Output and Energy Consumption Indices, 1974 

to 1988

140

120

100

Index \Mue (1074 100)

40

20

Constant Dollar 

Value of Shipments

Energy Consumption

Energy Data Not Available for

1982 Through 1984 and 

...........l?86.Ihrpuah 1987...........

74 76 76 77 78 79 80 81 82 83 84 86 86 87 88

Note: Values through 1985 are based on the 1972 SIC definitions of this 

industry group, while the 1988 values are based on the 1987 definitions. 

Sources: Manufacturing Energy Consumption Survey, Bureau of the 

Census, and Bureau of Economic Analysis.

Figure 12. Percent Change in Energy Efficiency, 1980 to 

1985, 1985 to 1988, and 1980 to 1988

60

40

20

Percent Change

-20

All Manufacturing

Petroleum and Coal 

Products

27

-16 -7

1980 1985 1980

to to to

1986 1988 1988

1980 1986 1980

to to to

1985 1988 1988

Note: All values are based on the 1972 SIC definitions of this industry 

group.

Sources. Manufacturing Energy Consumption Survey and Bureau of the 

Census.

Historical Trends of Energy Consumption 

and Value of Shipments

Between 1974 and 1988, the constant dollar value 

of shipments (output) of the petroleum and coal 

products industry group (SIC 29) increased by 

approximately 14 percent. During this same 

period, the consumption of offsite-produced 

energy decreased by approximately 32 percent 

(Figure 11). Petroleum and coal products manu 

facturers produced more output in 1979 than in 

any other year between 1974 and 1988. Between 

1980 and 1988, output decreased approximately 

4 percent. Energy consumption decreased by ap 

proximately 13 percent between 1981 and 1985, 

then increased by approximately 8 percent from 

1985 to 1988. The 1987 revision to the SIC 

manual had no impact on this industry group. 

However, a reclassification of product codes by 

the Census Bureau did result in the transfer of 

establishments between this industry group and 

the chemicals and allied products industry group 

(SIC 28). This reclassification did have a 

substantial impact on the 1988 values of 

consumption and value of shipments for this 

industry group.

Energy Efficiency, 1980-1988

According to MECS estimates, the energy effi 

ciency improvement of petroleum and coal pro 

ducts manufacturers between 1980 and 1985 was 

approximately 8 percent. Between 1980 and 

1988, this major group had a reduction in energy 

efficiency of approximately 7 percent (Figure 

12). Using 1985 as the base year estimate, this 

group had a reduction in energy efficiency be 

tween 1985 and 1988 of approximately 16 per 

cent. For the manufacturing sector as a whole, 

energy efficiency increased approximately 23 

percent between 1980 and 1985, and 27 percent 

between 1980 and 1988. Using 1985 as the base 

year, the entire manufacturing sector had an 

increase in energy efficiency between 1985 and 

1988 of approximately 4 percent. All values are 

based on the 1972 SIC industry definitions.

16 Energy Information Administration/Changes in Energy Intensity In the Manufacturing Sector, 1980-1988
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6/ 08 18 Z8 68 t8 98 88 £8 88 

081

081

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8861.01 

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Aj}snpu| 'dnojg OIS OC 

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Stone, Clay, and Glass Products Industry Group, SIC 32

Rgure 15. Output and Energy Consumption Indices, 1974 

to 1988

120

Index Value (1074 WO)

Constant Dollar 

Value of Shipments

Energy Consumption

Energy Data Not Available for

1982 Through 1984 and 1986 Through 1987

74 76 76 77 78 79 80 81 82 83 84 86 86 87 88

Note: Values through 1985 are based on the 1972 SIC definitions of this 

industry group, while the 1988 values are based on the 1987 definitions.

Sources: Manufacturing Energy Consumption Survey, Bureau of the 

Census, and Bureau of Economic Analysis.

Figure 16. Percent Change In Energy Efficiency, 1980 to 

1985,1985 to 1988, and 1980 to 1988

60

Percent Change

60 

40 

SO 

20 

10 

0

All Manufacturing Stone, Clay, and 

Glass Products

27

23

I •

22

1

I 0

22

1980 1985 1980

to to to

1986 1988 1988

1980 1985 1980

to to to

1985 1988 1988

Historical Trends of Energy Consumption 

and Value of Shipments

Between 1974 and 1988, the constant dollar value 

of shipments (output) of the stone, clay, and glass 

products industry group (SIC 32) increased by 

approximately 4 percent. During this same 

period, consumption of offsite-produced energy 

decreased by approximately 28 percent (Figure 

15). From 1975 through 1981, energy consump 

tion and output moved in the same direction. As 

output increased (or decreased), energy consump 

tion followed. Output was lower in 1982 than at 

any other time between 1974 and 1988. Output 

increased by approximately 12 percent between 

1981 and 1988. Energy consumption decreased 

by approximately 19 percent between 1981 and 

1985, then increased by approximately 9 percent 

between 1985 and 1988. The 1987 revision to 

the SIC manual had little impact on the 1988 

values of consumption and value of shipments for 

this industry group.

Energy Efficiency, 1980-1988

According to MECS estimates, the energy effic 

iency improvement of stone, clay, and glass 

manufacturers between 1980 and 1985 was ap 

proximately 22 percent, with approximately that 

same percent improvement between 1980 and 

1988 (Figure 16). Using 1985 as the base year 

estimate, this group had a less than 1 percent 

change in energy efficiency between 1985 and 

1988. For the manufacturing sector as a whole, 

energy efficiency increased approximately 23 

percent between 1980 and 1985, and 27 percent 

between 1980 and 1988. Using 1985 as the base 

year, the entire manufacturing sector had an 

increase in energy efficiency between 1985 and 

1988 of approximately 4 percent All values are 

based on the 1972 SIC industry definitions.

Note: All values are based on the 1972 SIC definitions of this industry 

group.

Sources: Manufacturing Energy Consumption Survey and Bureau of the 

Census.

18 Energy Information Administration/Changes in Energy Intensity In the Manufacturing Sector, 1980-1988
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0] 0) O] 

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01

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01

oz

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09

09

'9961 S861 <H '8861 

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0861- 0} 8861- 

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^qsnpu! 'dnojB 9|!M* 941 8861 san|BA aje peseq u° 941 /861. suo|jiu!j9p 

san|BA MBnojj gsei ajB peseq uo ^Ml 22.61 OIS suouiuyep jo SjL|} 

Bi 09 1.9 SB 88 »8 98 98 iB BB 

001

I OS 

88610) 

'2.1 indmo pue ABjeu^ uoRduinsuoo 'seojpui 

S|Bie|/\| Aj)snpu| ' OIS 
Fabricated Metal Products Industry Group, SIC 34

Rgure 19. Output and Energy Consumption Indices, 1974 

to 1988

140

Index VWim (1974 100)

40

20

..G.o.n.8tj}ru..QQi.iar_. Value of Shipments

Energy Data Not Available for

1982 Through 1984 and 

......... JM8.Jhrp.ugh 1987...........

74 76 76 77 78 78 BO 81 82 83 84 86 86 87 88

Note: Values through 1985 are based on the 1972 SIC definitions of this 

industry group, while the 1988 values are based on the 1987 definitions.

Sources: Manufacturing Energy Consumption Survey, Bureau of the 

Census, and Bureau of Economic Analysis.

Figure 20. Percent Change in Energy Efficiency, 1980 to 

1985,1985 to 1988, and 1980 to 1988

60 

40 

SO 

20 

10 

0

in

All Manufacturing Fabricated Metal 

Products

-

27

23

///

///

4 

•

——

16 , 2

^ -4 |

•

Historical Trends of Energy Consumption 

and Value of Shipments

Between 1974 and 1988, the constant dollar value 

of shipments (output) of the fabricated metal 

products industry group (SIC 34) increased by 

approximately 17 percent (Figure 19). During 

this same period, consumption of offsite-produced energy decreased by approximately 16 per 

cent. From 1976 through 1981, energy consump 

tion and output moved in the same direction. As 

output increased (or decreased), energy consump 

tion followed. Between 1981 and 1985, output 

increased by 3 percent while energy consumption 

decreased by 16 percent. Output continued to 

increqase between 1985 and 1988 by approxi 

mately 10 percent, but energy consumption in 

creased by 15 percent for the same period. The 

1987 revision to the SIC manual had little impact 

on the 1988 values of consumption and value of 

shipments for this industry group.

Energy Efficiency, 1980-1988

According to MECS estimates, fabricated metal 

products manufacturers improved their energy 

efficiency by approximately 14 percent between 

1980 and 1985, and by approximately 12 percent 

between 1980 and 1988 (Figure 20). Using 1985 

as the base year estimate, this group had a de 

crease in energy efficiency between 1985 and 

1988 of approximately 4 percent. For the manu 

facturing sector as a whole, energy efficiency 

increased approximately 23 percent between 1980 

and 1985, and 27 percent between 1980 and 

1988. Using 1985 as the base year, the entire 

manufacturing sector had an increase in energy 

efficiency between 1985 and 1988 of approxi 

mately 4 percent. All values are based on the 

1972 SIC industry definitions.

1980 1986 1980

to to to

1986 1988 1988

1980 1986 1980

to to to

1986 1988 1988

Note: All values are based on the 1972 SIC definitions of this industry 

group.

Sources: Manufacturing Energy Consumption Survey and Bureau of the 

Census.

20 Energy Information Administration/Changes in Energy Intensity in the Manufacturing Sector, 1980-1988
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|euisnpu| pue Aj}snpu| ' OIS 9C 
Electronic and Other Electric Equipment Industry Group, SIC 36

Rgure 23. Output and Energy Consumption Indices, 1974 

to 1988

180

160

140

120

100

Index Vklue (1974 100)

Constant Dollar 

Value of Shipments

74 76 76 77 78 79 80 81 82 83 84 86 86 87 88

Note: Values through 1985 are based on the 1972 SIC definitions of this 

industry group, while the 1988 values are based on the 1987 definitions.

Sources: Manufacturing Energy Consumption Survey, Bureau of the 

Census, and Bureau of Economic Analysis.

Historical Trends of Energy Consumption 

and Value of Shipments

Between 1974 and 1988, the constant dollar value 

of shipments (output) of the electronic and other 

electric equipment industry group (SIC 36) in 

creased by approximately 56 percent. During this 

same period, consumption of offsite-produced 

energy decreased by approximately 14 percent 

(Figure 23). After a decrease in output between 

1974 and 1975, output increased at a relatively 

steady rate through 1983. This industry experi 

enced a relatively large increase in output be 

tween 1983 and 1984 (approximately 15 percent), 

followed by a 13 percent decrease in output be 

tween 1986 and 1987. Energy consumption was 

greatest in 1978, then declined through 1985 by 

approximately 18 percent. Energy consumption 

was slightly higher in 1988 than it was in 1985. 

The 1987 revision to the SIC manual had a sub 

stantial impact on the 1988 values of 

consumption and value of shipments for this 

industry group.

Figure 24. Percent Change in Energy Efficiency, 1980 to 

1985, 1985 to 1988, and 1980 to 1988

Percent Change

60 

40 

SO 

20 

10 

0

Electronic and Other 

Ail Manufacturing Electric Equipment

27 29

23 

W7;

Y//S

4

\m •

1 980 1 986 

to to 

1986 1988

26

4,

%

5 

•

980 1980 1986 1980 

to to to to 

988 1985 1988 1988

Energy Efficiency, 1980 -1988

According to MECS estimates, the energy effi 

ciency improvement of electronic and other 

electric equipment manufacturers between 1980 

and 1985 was approximately 25 percent, and ap 

proximately 29 percent between 1985 and 1988 

(Figure 24). Using 1985 as the base year esti 

mate, this group had an increase in energy effi 

ciency between 1985 and 1988 of approximately 

5 percent. For the manufacturing sector as a 

whole, energy efficiency increased approximately 

23 percent between 1980 and 1985, and 27 per 

cent between 1980 and 1988. Using 1985 as the 

base year, the entire manufacturing sector had an 

increase in energy efficiency between 1985 and 

1988 of approximately 4 percent. All values are 

based on the 1972 SIC industry definitions.

Note: All values are based on the 1972 SIC definitions of this industry 

group.

Sources: Manufacturing Energy Consumption Survey and Bureau of the 

Census.

22 Energy Information Administration/Changes in Energy Intensity in the Manufacturing Sector, 1980-1988
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8861.0} 

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Rgure 27. Output and Energy Consumption Indices, 1974 

to 1988

36Q

Index Value (1974 100)

300 

260"

800 ——

160

100

Constant Dollar 

Value of Shipments

Data Not Available for 

1982 Through 1984 and 

.....]88e.Ihcouah..1987.......

Energy Consumption

74 76 76 77 78 79 BO 81 82 83 84 86 88 87 88

Note: Values through 1985 are based on the 1972 SIC definitions of this 

Sources: Manufacturing Energy Consumption Survey, Bureau of the 

Census, and Bureau of Economic Analysis.

Historical Trends of Energy Consumption 

and Value of Shipments

Between 1974 and 1988, the constant dollar value 

of shipments (output) of the instruments and re 

lated products industry group (SIC 38) increased 

by approximately 194 percent (Figure 27). Dur 

ing this same period, consumption of offsiteproduced energy increased by approximately 59 

percent. Output for this industry group increased 

at a relatively stable rate between 1974 and 1986. 

Between 1986 and 1987, output increased by ap 

proximately 71 percent. Energy consumption for 

manufacturers of instruments and related products 

increased slightly from 1974 through 1979, then 

declined through 1985. Between 1985 and 1988, 

energy consumption increased by approximately 

51 percent. The 1987 revision to the SIC manual 

had a substantial impact on the 1988 values of 

consumption and value of shipments for this 

industry group.

Rgure 28. Percent Change in Energy Efficiency, 1980 to 

1985,1985 to 1988, and 1980 to 1988

Percent Change

DU

60 

40 

30 

20 

10

A

All Manufacturing Instruments and 

Related Products

27 28

...

23

rf-T"

W'- •

26

^^tj•—-—--

2

_,•• __

1980 1985 1980

to to to

1875 1988 1988

1980 1985 1980

to to to

1985 1988 1988

Energy Efficiency, 1980-1988

According to MECS estimates, the energy effi 

ciency improvement of instruments and related 

products manufacturers between 1980 and 1985 

was approximately 26 percent and between 1980 

and 1988 was approximately 28 percent (Figure 

28). Using 1985 as the base year estimate, this 

group had an increase in energy efficiency be 

tween 1985 and 1988 of approximately 2 percent. 

For the manufacturing sector as a whole, energy 

efficiency increased approximately 23 percent 

between 1980 and 1985, and 27 percent between 

1980 and 1988. Using 1985 as the base year, the 

entire manufacturing sector had an increase in 

energy efficiency between 1985 and 1988 of ap 

proximately 4 percent. All values are based on 

the 1972 SIC industry definitions.

Note: All values are based on the 1972 SIC definitions of this industry 

group.

Sources: Manufacturing Energy Consumption Survey and Bureau of the 

Census.

24 Energy Information Administration/Changes in Energy Intensity in the Manufacturing Sector, 1980-1988
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Appendix A

Survey Design, 

Implementation, 

and Estimates
Appendix A

Survey Design, Implementation, and Estimates

Introduction

The 1988 Manufacturing Energy Consumption Survey (MECS) has been designed by the Energy Information 

Administration (ElA) to provide information related to energy consumption and related issues for the U.S. manufac 

turing sector. It is the second such survey to be completed. The first survey covered the year 1985. The MECS 

is an ongoing survey that is conducted every three years.

This report on changes in energy intensity is the third report based on the 1988 MECS. Other reports in this series 

include reports on the consumption of energy 15 and fuel-switching capabilities. 16 A future analytic report will 

examine the underlying causes of changes in total energy intensities from 1985 to 1988.

This report presents estimates of changes in the intensity of the use of offsite-produced energy17 from 1980 to 1988 

along with previously published estimates of changes for 1980 to 1985. 18 The base year (1980) estimates of 

offsite-produced energy intensities were prepared using energy consumption and value of shipments data provided 

by the Bureau of the Census from the Annual Survey of Manufactures (ASM). Estimates for 1985 and 1988 were 

prepared using MECS energy consumption data and ASM value of shipments data. The Bureau of Labor Statistics 

(BLS) provided industry price indices, which were used to express value of shipments in constant dollars as a proxy 

measure of output.

There were a few methodological and statistical refinements in the 1988 MECS. Most importantly, the 1988 data 

represent the entire manufacturing sector. This coverage is more complete than that of the 1985 MECS, which did 

not represent the smallest manufacturing establishments.

The basic unit of data collection for the MECS is the manufacturing establishment. A nationally representative 

sample of these establishments supplied the information through mailed questionnaires. The Industry Division of 

the Bureau of the Census selected the MECS sample according to EIA design specifications; conducted the 

fieldwork; and handled data processing, again with EIA's input.

This appendix presents a summary of the design and implementation procedures for the survey. A methodological 

report published for the 1985 survey presented details relating to the background of the survey, forms design, sample 

design, and estimation procedures. This appendix also presents a brief overview of these topics and describes 

the changes made for the 1988 survey.

15Energy Information Administration, Manufacturing Energy Consumption Survey: Consumption of Energy 1988, DOE/EIA-0512(88) 

(Washington, DC, May 28, 1991).

Energy Information Administration, Manufacturing Energy Consumption Survey: Manufacturing Fuel-Switching Capability 1988, DOE/EIA0515(88) (Washington, DC, September 1991).

Offsite-produced energy consists of purchased and transferred energy available onsite for consumption. See Energy Information 

Administration, Manufacturing Energy Consumption Survey: Consumption of Energy 1988, Table 4.

18Energy Information Administration, Changes in Energy Efficiency 1980-1985, DOE/EIA-0516(85) (Washington, DC, January 17, 1990). 

19Energy Information Administration, Manufacturing Energy Consumption Survey: Methodological Report, DOE/EIA-0514 (Washington, 

DC, 1988).

Energy Information Administration/Changes In Energy Intensity In the Manufacturing Sector, 1980-1988 29
Description of the Manufacturing Sector

The manufacturing sector consists of 350,000 manufacturing establishments in the 50 States and the District of 

Columbia. The working definition of a manufacturing establishment is the definition stated in the Office of 

Management and Budget's Standard Industrial Classification (SIC) Manual:

[Manufacturing establishments are] ... engaged in the mechanical or chemical transformation of materials or 

substances into new products. These establishments are usually described as plants, factories, or mills and 

characteristically use power driven machines and materials handling equipment. Establishments engaged in 

assembling component parts of manufactured products are also considered manufacturing if the new product 

is neither a structure nor other fixed improvement. Also included is the blending of materials such as 

lubricating oil, plastics, resins, or liquors.20

The SIC Manual contains a hierarchial classification system that groups establishments according to their primary 

economic activities. This system divides the manufacturing sector into 20 major industrial groups that are relatively 

homogeneous with respect to primary output. Each of these major industrial groups is assigned a two-digit code. 

The two-digit codes for the manufacturing division range from SIC 20, Food and Kindred Products, through SIC 39, 

Miscellaneous Manufacturing Industries. Each major group is subdivided into three-digit groups, which are further 

divided into four-digit industries. For example, SIC 20 includes SIC 201, Meat Products, which, in turn, is 

subdivided into SIC 2011, Meat Packing Plants; SIC 2012, Sausages and Other Prepared Meat Products; SIC 2016, 

Poultry Dressing Plants; and SIC 2017, Poultry and Egg Processing.

The SIC category is the single most important classification variable in the MECS data system, both for selecting 

the MECS sample and analyzing the MECS data. The categories of primary interest for the MECS are the 20 major 

industrial groups (SIC 20 through 39) and the 10 most energy-consumptive four-digit industries within these industry 

groups. The estimates of changes in the intensity of the use of off site-produced energy are presented only for the 

20 major industrial groups. Descriptions of these 20 groups appears in Appendix D.

The 1988 MECS uses the SIC classification scheme presented in the 1987 edition of SIC manual. The 1985 MECS 

was based on the 1972 SIC Manual. The revisions have a substantial effect on consumption measures in SIC 36 

(Electronic and Other Electric Equipment) and in SIC 38 (Instruments and Related Products), and minor or no effect 

on consumption in the other major industrial groups. In addition, there was one significant internal revision in the 

way certain petrochemical plants were classified for the 1988 MECS, as opposed to the 1985 MECS. If the primary 

product of a petrochemical plant in 1985 was a liquefied petroleum gas (LPG), it was classified in SIC 2911, 

Petroleum Refining, regardless of how the LPG was produced. For the 1988 MECS, the establishment was classified 

in SIC 2911 only if the LPG was produced by a refinery process. If the LPG was produced by a chemical process, 

the establishment was classified in organic chemicals (SIC 2865 or 2869).

The MECS Sampling Frame and Sample Design

As mentioned in the Introduction to this appendix, the Industry Division of the Census Bureau serves as the 

collecting and compiling agent for the MECS. A major benefit of this arrangement is that the Census Bureau's 

sample for the ASM can serve as the sampling frame for the MECS sample. Therefore, prior to discussing the 

MECS sample design, the frame from which it was selected will be described in some detail.

The Sample for the Annual Survey of Manufactures

A major responsibility of the Industry Division of the Bureau of the Census is to conduct the Census of Manufactures 

(CM) and the ASM. The CM is conducted for years ending in "2" or "7" (for example, 1982), and obtains economic

"Office of Management and Budget, Standard Industrial Classification Manual, 1987 (Washington, DC, 1987), p. 67. 

30 Energy Information Administration/Changes In Energy Intensity In the Manufacturing Sector, 1980-1988
data for the complete universe of approximately 350,000 manufacturing establishments in the United States. For the 

purposes of data collection, the CM universe is divided into two major subsets as follows.

1. Small Single-Establishment Companies Not Sent a Report Form. These companies are excused from filing 

a CM report. Generally, those with less than 5 employees are excused while all with more than 20 are mailed 

report forms. Those with 5 through 20 employees are excused or sent a report form based on the magnitude 

of their annual payroll and shipments data. Approximately 125,000 establishments are excused due to this 

criterion.

2. Establishments Sent a Report Form. The remaining manufacturing establishments in the universe are sent 

a report form.

The ASM is conducted during non-CM years to provide estimates of economic characteristics for the universe of 

manufacturing establishments. As with the CM, the ASM contains two components. The first component is the mail 

portion, a probability sample of manufacturing establishments selected from the list of establishments that are sent 

the CM report form (see above). Those establishments are weighted so that they represent the mail portion of the 

CM universe. The second component of the ASM is the nonmail portion of the CM. These small establishments 

are not sent an ASM questionnaire, but their contribution to economic statistics published in the ASM and the CM 

is estimated based on selected information obtained annually from other Federal agencies.

Sample Design

A major design objective for the 1988 MECS sample was that it should facilitate analyses of changes in energy 

consumption and related issues between 1985 and 1988. This was accomplished by including many of the 1985 

establishments in the 1988 sample. Therefore, some discussion of the design of the 1985 MECS sample is in order.

For the 1985 survey, the overall desired size of the MECS sample was set at 12,000 establishments based upon 

available resources and preliminary estimates of expected and desired sampling error. The desired sample size was 

allocated among 30 industry-based strata consisting of the 10 most energy-consumptive four-digit SIC industries and 

the remaining portions of the 20 two-digit SIC industry groups. (See Appendix D for descriptions of industry groups 

and industries.) Due to random variability in the sample selection process, the actual sample contained 12,065 

establishments.

For the 10 most energy-consumptive industries, all the establishments in the 1984 ASM sample were included in the 

1985 MECS sample with certainty. The remaining establishments were sampled from the 20 two-digit groups in 

a pattern designed to keep sampling errors within pre-established bounds for estimates of total energy consumption 

and consumption of four major types of energy: electricity, natural gas, residual oil, and coal. The procedures for 

subselecting ASM sample establishments into die MECS sample were such that their overall probabilities of selection 

for the MECS were proportional to an estimated energy measure of size. The overall probabilities for selection of 

the MECS sample establishments ranged from 0.002 to 1.000.

The selection of the MECS sample for 1985 was, therefore, a two-stage selection process, with the first stage being 

the selection of the ASM mail sample, and the second, being the subselection of the MECS sample from the ASM 

sample. Thus, a MECS sample establishment was selected conditionally upon it having been selected into the ASM 

mail sample, which means that its probability of selection from the ASM sample is a conditional probability. 

Therefore, the overall probability of selection into the MECS sample was represented by the product of this 

conditional probability and its ASM selection probability.

Of the initial 1988 sample of 12,400 establishments, approximately 200 were determined to be out of business or 

out of scope based on updating procedures used by the Census Bureau. Thus, a final sample of 12,200 

establishments were mailed a questionnaire. Of these, usable responses were received from 10,650 or 87 percent 

of those establishments. However, these respondents represented 96 percent of the total unweighted value of 

shipments and receipts of the final sample.

Energy Information Administration/Changes In Energy Intensity In the Manufacturing Sector, 1980-1988 31
Fieldwork, Editing, and Quality Control

The 1988 MECS used customized questionnaires for specific industries, with similar energy consumption 

characteristics. The three questionnaires were:

• Form EIA-846(A). This questionnaire was sent to the majority of the sample and collected the basic 

consumption, expenditure, and fuel-switching information.

• Form EIA-846(B). This questionnaire was sent exclusively to establishments in the Petroleum Refining 

Industry (SIC 2911). The design of the questionnaire took advantage of the fact that other EIA surveys collect 

certain consumption and expenditure data from the refinery population. Thus, the EIA-846(B) did not require 

respondents to report on particular data items. The questionnaire also collects data on nonfuel use and 

shipments of energy sources from adjoining petrochemical plants.

• Form EIA-846(C). This questionnaire was sent to establishments in the Steel Works, Blast Furnaces, and 

Rolling Mills Industry (SIC 3312), producers of Chemicals and Allied Products (SIC 28), and producers of 

Petroleum and Coal Products other than Petroleum Refining (SIC 29 excluding SIC 2911). It is identical to 

the EIA-846(A) except that it collects additional information on shipments of energy sources produced 

onsite.21

The questionnaires were mailed to the in-scope MECS sample establishments on June 15, 1989. Returned 

questionnaires were subjected to initial screening procedures for completeness, and incomplete forms or responses 

with obvious inconsistencies were set aside for review by industry specialists. Valid returned questionnaires were 

forwarded directly to check-in and then to data entry.

All forms that were incomplete or failed the initial screening procedures were carefully reviewed by the industry 

specialists from the Census Bureau and EIA. The Census Bureau specialists retrieved missing data and verified 

questionable items by telephone contact with the individual who completed the questionnaire. Once the forms were 

completed and verified, they were forwarded to check-in and to data entry.

The resulting MECS data file was then subjected to a series of computer edits. These edits included consistency 

checks against data items from other parts of the MECS and the 1988 ASM, as well as checks for outliers in the 

distribution of individual variables. Records with failed edits were reviewed and followed up by industry specialists.

The Estimation Process

The 1988 energy consumption estimates used to prepare the estimates of energy intensity in this report represent the 

entire population of manufacturers. Full representation is accomplished by weighting the data from the establishment 

records in the consumption data file. Weighting is the process of multiplying the reported or derived values by a 

case-specific constant designed to inflate the data from each sample case to that portion of the population that it 

represents. The first, basic component in the MECS weights is the sampling weight. The sampling weight for a 

MECS sample case is the reciprocal of its overall probability of selection into the ASM and subsequent selection 

for the MECS.

The second component of the MECS weights is an adjustment for nonresponse. Adjustment factors to account for 

nonresponse were calculated by using the known energy measures of size of the respondents and the total sample. 

Because an establishment is selected into the MECS sample with a probability proportional to the establishment's 

energy measure of size, that measure can be viewed as an establishment's estimated contribution to energy

^Establishments in these industries routinely produce energy sources from the input of other energy sources, which are, in turn, sold or 

transferred to other establishments. The additional information collected on Form EIA-846(C) was to permit the necessary adjustments to avoid 

double counting. Response to these items was incomplete, however, and the adjustments were not made.

32 Energy Information Administration/Changes in Energy Intensity in the Manufacturing Sector, 1980-1988
consumption in 1987. A separate adjustment factor was computed for each of the 30 sampling strata22 and took 

the form:

Sample

£ MOSltj

a* = -£ > (i)

where MOS4J- is the measure of size for MECS sample establishment j in stratum 5, and MOS^ is the measure of size 

for MECS respondent / in stratum s.

The final adjustment to the weights took advantage of the fact that a recent enumeration of the population, the 1987 

CM, was performed prior to the compilation of the MECS data. It is difficult to maintain the accuracy and currency 

of a sample over a number of years even employing the established updating methods used by the Bureau of the 

Census. Time restrictions and the desire to have a longitudinal component in the MECS precluded drawing a 

completely new sample. Therefore, the MECS sample data were further adjusted by using known CM totals.

The adjustment that was used is analogous to the one that is routinely employed for ASM data. In the ASM case, 

cell totals have high correlations from year to year as a result of including many of the same establishments for each 

ASM within a CM cycle. By taking advantage of those correlations, cell totals can be made more reliable. The 

adjustment the Census Bureau chose maximizes those benefits.23 In that adjustment, CM data are substituted into 

the ASM sample establishments and a difference between that estimate and the actual Census total for any particular 

variable is computed. That difference is then added to the ASM data for the current year. The adjustment is shown 

in Equation (2):

Y" = Y' ' - X' + X , )

where Y " is the adjusted ASM value, Y ' is the ASM sample estimate for the current year, X ' is the ASM 

sample estimate for the Census year, and X is the total Census for the Census year.

As all ASM quantities are also collected by the CM, the adjustment described can be done for the ASM variables 

individually. In order to have the MECS sample represent the 1988 MECS population as closely as possible, the 

MECS data should be adjusted in a way similar to the ASM. However, most data items collected by the MECS are 

not included on the CM. Data items included in the MECS are related to energy consumption and fuel switching, 

while ASM and CM data items are economic in nature. Therefore, a simple difference for corresponding items 

cannot be used to adjust MECS data as was done for the ASM data. Rather a measure that can be found on both 

the CM and the MECS must be used to ratio adjust all the MECS data items. The measure chosen was cost of fuels 

as it has shown a high correlation with energy consumption in the past.24

Essentially, each MECS nonresponse -adjusted weight was further adjusted by multiplying the weight by the ratio 

of cost of fuels measured by the 1987 CM to the 1987 cost of fuels estimate by the MECS sample establishments. 

This ratio was computed for each of the 30 MECS sampling strata (20 two-digit industry groups and 10 four-digit 

industries). For highly disaggregated estimates, the ratio adjustment is not as advantageous as for others. Indeed,

22For the 1985 MECS there was a separate adjustment for employment size category as well as for sampling stratum. That added separation 

proved not to be worthwhile.

BFor a more detailed discussion, see U.S. Department of Commerce, Bureau of the Census, The Annual Survey of Manufactures: A Report 

on Methodology, Technical Paper No. 24, U.S. Government Printing Office (Washington, DC, February 1971).

"Correlation coefficients between 1981 ASM establishment values of total purchased fuels and electric energy and the cost of fuels and electric 

energy ranged from .78 to .98 within two-digit SIC categories. (Unpublished document, U.S. Department of Commerce, Bureau of the Census.)

Energy Information Administration/Changes In Energy Intensity In the Manufacturing Sector, 1980-1988 33
as the same adjustment is used for all estimates within a stratum, it is possible that the adjustment could affect some 

estimates in an adverse way. The ratio adjustment to the MECS weights takes the following form:

R = ^s ______ , (3) s ' MECS

a Y (W CF .)

S t~< ^ S,l S,l>

;es

where Rs is the adjustment to the MECS nonresponse-adjusted weight for all MECS respondents in stratum s, CFSJ 

is the 1987 cost of fuels value for establishment j from the 1987 CM, Ws t - is the 1988 MECS sampling weight for 

establishment i in stratum s, as is the nonresponse adjustment just described, and CFsi is the 1987 cost of fuels value 

for 1988 MECS sample establishment j' in stratum s.

The adjustment of the sampling weights according to Equation (3) extends the MECS sample coverage to the entire 

manufacturing division. This was not the case in for the 1985 when no CM-based ratio adjustment was 

performed.25 The CM totals for cost of fuels include estimated values for cases in the nonmail file as well as the 

mail file totals. Hence, by using the adjustment described in Equation (3), non-mail cases are also covered by the 

MECS.

The difference in weighting methodology, while it is important for interpreting aggregate estimates such as 

consumption and fuel-switching capability, has no effect on energy intensity and intensity change measures within 

SICs, as shown in the next section.

The Concept of Energy Intensity

Energy intensity is one specialized concept that can be measured using the MECS data base and estimation process. 

Energy intensity is the ratio of energy consumption to output for any given year. In this report, energy consumption 

is defined as the consumption of offsite-produced energy, and output is defined as the value of shipments and receipts 

expressed in constant (1980) dollars. Thus, the energy-intensity ratio is expressed as:

(4)

where 7 represents the energy-intensity ratio for industry group s in year t, E is offsite-produced energy consumption, 

and Q is the constant dollar value of shipments and receipts. Because consumption and value of shipments are 

MECS-based estimators, the intensity ratio can be written in expanded form as:

MECS

E R W 

s,l st [ s t t,i s t t t i 

j __ ^s,t _ i£s__________________ *•' ~ ~o~ ~ "^——————— ' ^

X^Sj V-V p ytr

BThe 1985 and 1988 MECS samples were both based on the 1982 CM file, augmented with updates to represent subsequent population 

changes as well as possible. Because the elapsed time between the 1985 MECS and the 1982 CM was shorter, there was less coverage 

degradation in the first cycle. As the 1987 CM and the 1988 MECS covered the same population, the adjustment described in Equation (3) is 

a natural one. However, there were no corresponding Census data available to adjust the 1985 MECS.

34 Energy Information Administration/Changes In Energy Intensity In the Manufacturing Sector, 1980-1988
where esti and q n are the offsite-produced energy consumption and value of shipments, respectively, for respondent 

i in SIC s at time t. Since Rsl and av are constants with respect to the summation operator, Equation (5) can be 

rewritten as:

(6)

which, in turn, reduces to:

MECS

Y W , e .

f ' S,t,l S,l,l

(7)

Thus, neither the nonresponse adjustment nor the coverage adjustment have any effect on the intensity ratio within 

an industry group.

Changes in energy intensity are represented as the percent change in the intensities from one year to another. In this 

report, the changes in energy intensity reflect the change from the base year of 1980 to the MECS survey years of 

1985 and 1988. The energy intensity changes are given as:

Al*b: , = 100 -!*

s.b

= 100

s,b

(8)

where AT* is the percent change26 in energy intensity for industry 5 from the base year b (b = 1980 or 1985) to time 

period t (t = 1985 or 1988).

There are alternative measures of energy consumption and output that could be used in place of constant dollar value 

of shipments and receipts and the consumption of offsite-produced energy. The reasons for selecting these two 

measures are presented in the two following sections.

Measures of Energy Consumption

The MECS was conducted for the first time in 1986 to collect 1985 data. Prior to the MECS, the Bureau of the 

Census collected energy consumption data for 1974 through 1981 as a part of the ASM or CM. The 1985 and 1988 

MECS produced three separate estimates of energy consumption. These are the consumption of offsite-produced 

energy, total inputs of energy, and primary consumption of energy.27

"It should be noted that the numerator in Equation (8) is reversed from what would be normally expected in calculating a percent change. 

This reversal is to account for the fact that a decrease in the energy intensity ratios from one period to another results in an increase in energy 

efficiency, while an increase in the ratios results in a decrease in efficiency.

"Energy Information Administration, Manufacturing Energy Consumption Survey: Consumption of Energy 1985, DOE/E1A-0512(85) 

(Washington, DC, 1988) and Manufacturing Energy Consumption Survey: Consumption of Energy 1988, DOE/EIA-0512(88) (Washington, DC, 

1991).

Energy Information Administration/Changes In Energy Intensity In the Manufacturing Sector, 1980-1988 35
Offsite-produced energy consumption is defined as the total amount of energy purchased or transferred from offsite 

sources that is consumed onsite to produce heat and power and to generate electricity. The definition of energy used 

by the Bureau of the Census is comparable to the MEGS' definition of offsite-produced energy used in the MECS.

The estimates of offsite-produced energy consumption were used to develop the energy-intensity ratios because two 

years of data are required to examine changes in energy intensity. The estimates of offsite-produced energy 

consumption is the only one of the three energy consumption measures resulting from the MECS for which 

definitionally comparable estimates are available for earlier years. The 1980 estimates of energy consumption 

prepared by the Census Bureau were used for the base year in constructing the estimates of changes in energy 

intensity. The 1985 and 1988 estimates of offsite-produced energy were taken from the MECS.

Measures of Output

Ideally, the output measure used to calculate the change in energy intensity would be a measure of physical output. 

Physical output measures were not collected by the MECS, however, and it was necessary to use a proxy measure 

of output. Two economic measures of manufacturing activity were considered for this purpose: value of shipments 

and value added by manufacture. Both of these economic measures were available from the Bureau of the Census 

for the establishments in the MECS sample.

Value of shipments consists of the total receipts for products manufactured, services rendered, and the resales of 

products bought and sold without further manufacture. Value added, on the other hand, represents the unique 

contribution of a manufacturer to the production of finished goods. It is derived by subtracting the cost of all 

materials from the value of shipments and adding the net change in finished goods and work in progress inventory. 

Basically, value added consists of wages and employee supplements, net interest, indirect business taxes and 

adjustments, and income or corporate profits.28

The value of shipments for any given industry group contains a large amount of duplication because the product 

outputs of some industries are used as raw material inputs by others. For example, a manufacturer of copper wire 

may sell wire to another manufacturer that builds electric motors. The electric motor manufacturer may, in turn, sell 

electric motors to a manufacturer that assembles refrigerators. Thus, the cost of the copper wire, which originated 

with the first manufacturer, appears in the value of shipments for all three manufacturers. If the values of shipments 

are summed for these three manufacturers, the result will contain duplication of the cost of the copper wire. Because 

of this duplication, the value of shipments of the individual industry groups should never be summed to calculate 

the total output of the manufacturing sector. Enormous duplication would result. Value added by manufacture is 

the output measure appropriate for that purpose because it includes only the unique contribution of each industry 

group toward the production of final products.

The duplication inherent in the value of shipments is not an important consideration in the estimation of energy 

intensity ratios, because the purpose is not to compare the ratios between industries. Rather, the purpose is to 

compare energy consumption per unit of output at two different points in time within an industry group. In most 

cases, whatever duplication existed in the base year will also be present in the comparison year (that is, value added 

as a percent of the value of shipments is approximately equal for the base and comparison years). Accordingly, for 

industry groups with perfectly stable proportions of value added to value of shipments, the same estimate of energy 

intensity change will result regardless of whether the base is the value of shipments or value added.

For a few industry groups, however, value added as a percent of the value of shipments is not stable from year to 

year. This was especially true in SIC 29, petroleum and coal products between 1980 and 1985. During this period, 

constant dollar value added as a percent of constant dollar value of shipments declined from 12.5 to 4.3 percent. 

The energy intensity change calculated using the value of shipments as a base was 8.3 percent. Energy intensity 

change calculated using value added as a base was -160.0 percent. The basic question is, then, which economic

^Formore details on the value of shipments and value added, see U.S. Department of Commerce, Bureau of the Census, 1985 Annual Survey 

of Manufactures, "Statistics for Industry Groups and Industries," M85(AS)1 (Washington, DC, January 1987), Appendix A.

36 Energy Information Administration/Changes in Energy Intensity in the Manufacturing Sector, 1980-1988
measure, value added or value of shipments, best mirrors physical output when value added is variable relative to 

the value of shipments?

The petroleum and coal products industry group is the one group for which some physical output measures are 

available. In 1980 and 1985, petroleum refineries supplied 6,225.4 and 5,740.0 million barrels, respectively, of 

refined petroleum products.29 (Note that these values represent the output of the petroleum refineries only, and 

not the entire industry group. Since petroleum refineries account for 91 percent of the value of shipments of the 

entire sector, however, the values are a reasonable proxy.) The estimated consumption of offsite-produced energy 

for these two years was 1,180.5 and 917.0 trillion Btu. Using physical output as the base yields an estimated energy 

intensity change of 15.7 percent.

Clearly, for the petroleum and coal products industry group, an estimate of energy intensity change between 1980 

and 1985 based on the value of shipments more closely corresponds to the estimate based on physical production 

than does the estimate based on value added. Thus, when value added as a proportion of value of shipments differs 

between the base and comparison years, it would appear that constant dollar value of shipments more closely 

approximates physical production than does constant dollar value added. Therefore, constant dollar value of 

shipments were used as the proxy measure of output for calculating the energy intensity ratios used in this report.

Finally, it should be noted that using constant dollar value of shipments as a surrogate for physical output is fully 

consistent with the procedures adopted by other Federal agencies for estimating output. The Bureau of Labor 

Statistics (BLS), for example, publishes a productivity measure known as "output per employee hour." Basically, 

this index is produced by dividing an output index by an index of aggregate employee hours for a given industry. 

According to the BLS,

... industry output indexes are based on quantifiable units of products or services of the industry .... Whenever 

possible, physical quantities are used as the unit of measurement. For those industries lacking quantity data, 

constant-dollar value of shipments, sales, or revenue data are used to develop the output series.

29Energy Information Administration, Monthly Energy Review, November 1988 (February 1989), Table 3.la. Published values converted to 

annual production.

^U.S. Department of Labor, Bureau of Labor Statistics, BLS Handbook of Methods, Volume I, Bulletin 2134-1 (Washington DC, December 

1983), p. 103.

Energy Information Administration/Changes In Energy Intensity In the Manufacturing Sector, 1980-1988 37
Appendix B

Quality of 

the Data
Appendix B

Quality of the Data

Introduction

All data collection activities and the estimates produced from them are subject to a variety of errors. These errors 

may be broadly classified under two general types, sampling error and nonsampling error.

Sampling error is defined as the variability in a survey estimator that arises because data are collected from a sample 

of units rather than the entire population. Each possible sample produces different estimates of population 

parameters, depending on the set of respondents that are selected. Nonsampling errors are attributable to all aspects 

of the total survey design other than the sampling process, and can include both random and systematic (biasing) 

errors. Commonly recognized sources of nonsampling error include undercoverage, random and systematic response 

errors, nonresponse, data processing errors, and tabulation errors. This appendix describes the effect of both 

sampling and nonsampling on the estimates of energy intensity change using data from the MECS and the ASM.

Sampling Error

The estimates of energy intensity change appearing in this report were developed from one of a very large number 

of samples of manufacturing establishments that could have been selected under the same sampling specifications. 

As a result, survey estimates differ from true population values that would be obtained from a complete enumeration 

of all manufacturing establishments. Each possible sample yields its own estimates of the true population values, 

with the differences attributable to the particular set of establishments selected into each sample.

One measure of the variability due to sampling is the average squared differences between the estimates that would 

be produced by all possible samples and the mean value of those estimates. This type of measure is commonly 

known as sampling error. Estimates of the magnitude of these sampling errors based on data from a single sample 

are provided by a statistic known as the standard error of an estimate.

Estimates of standard error have been computed for the estimated energy efficiency changes appearing in this report, 

and are presented in Table Bl of this appendix. The estimates were derived in the form of relative standard errors 

(RSE's) using pre-existing data, and converted to standard errors.

Computation of Relative Standard Errors

The RSE's for the estimates of energy efficiency change, defined as 100 times the standard error, divided by the 

estimate to which it refers, were computed using a specially-derived formula that yields an approximate RSE. The 

primary inputs for the computation are the relative variances and covariances of energy consumption, the constant 

dollar value of shipments, and the estimated change in energy efficiency. The following paragraphs describe the 

derivation of the formula.

In Equation (8) of Appendix A, the change in energy efficiency for an industry group is given as:

/ I ' (9)

*,!>/

where the multiplier of 100 in Equation (8) is ignored.

Energy Information Administration/Changes In Energy Intensity In the Manufacturing Sector, 1980-1988 41
The object is to derive an approximate RSE for the change in energy intensity. The derivation proceeds as follows:

RSE2 \ (10)

i

1 - M

where RSE2 is the relative variance, or rel-variance. By definition of the rel-variance,

= 100

 \

VAR i-.y/ J (11)

Equation (11) can be restated as:

RSE(Msb:l~) = 100

VAR(l) + VAR

s ,b

- 2COV 1, -^i

A/,!,,

(12)

Since the variance of a constant and the covariance of a constant and a variable are equal to zero, Equation (16) 

reduces to:

= 100

\

(13)

Aft.,

Expressing Equation (13) in terms of the rel-variance,

= 100 . .

(14) Aft,

By Hansen, Hurwitz, and Madow,31 the rel-variance of a ratio can be approximated using the rel-variances and the 

rel-covariance of the components. Applying the approximation of Hansen et al., Equation (14) becomes:

*SE(A/lifc!l) = 100

[

Drf72/ T \ , DCZ72/7 \ O E>IT7 /^/OT// / T \ I \s Kofc (1 J + /va/S (1 ,) - ZKCtLLsUVll ,,/ ,) X ^S,t/ ^-JTiO' * J , I S , O/ 1 ^

2

A/,2,,,

(15)

31 M. Hansen, W. Hurwitz, and W. Madow, Sample and Survey Methods and Theory, Volume I (New York: John Wiley & Sons, Inc., 1953), 

p. 166.

42 Energy Information Administration/Changes In Energy Intensity In the Manufacturing Sector, 1980-1988
The relative covariance in Equation (15) between the two ratios can be assumed to be zero because sample selection 

for the 1988 and 1985 MECS is independent of sample selection for the 1980 ASM. Thus, Equation (15) reduces 

to:

100

\

A

V 

'*,,

f .

S,D

2

A/5'b: ,

Since the two rel-variances in Equation (16) are the rel-variances of the energy intensity ratios for industry group 

s in time periods t and b (b may equal 80 or 85), the approximation of Hansen et al. may be used again. Thus, the 

rel-variances in Equation (16) may be approximated as:

RSE2 (Is >r ) = RSE2 (EJ + RSE\Qs ) - 2RELCOV(Est , QJ , (17) 

and,

RSE*(Is _ t) = RSE^EJ + RSE\QJ - 2RELCOV(Esb , QJ . (18)

The components of these rel-variances were available from the 1988 and 1985 MECS, and the 1980 ASM, and in 

information provided by the Bureau of the Census. The rel-variances were estimated and substituted into Equation 

(16) to derive the RSE's of the estimated changes in energy intensity. These RSE's were converted to standard 

errors for Table Bl by dividing by 100 and multiplying by the corresponding estimate of intensity change.

Unlike the derivation of an approximate RSE for the change in energy intensity from 1980 to 1985 and 1988, the 

derivation of the change in energy intensity from 1985 to 1988 is complicated because the two MECS samples were 

not independently drawn (See Appendix A for a detailed description of the MECS sample designs). The derivation 

process is similar to the methodology used for approximating an RSE of changes from 1980 to 1985 and 1988, with 

the singular exception that the rel-covariance of the random variables, IsS5 and Isgg, is obviously not zero. Again, 

a conservative approach would be to assume the covariance between the two random variables to be zero.

However, by Cochran, 32 the rel-covariance term can be approximated when the ratios, /sM and /sM, may be 

correlated. For changes between the time periods 1985 and 1988, this sample estimate enables the RSE expression 

given in Equation (15) to represent the correlation between the overlapping MECS samples and can be written as:

|85 - M585 , |88 - |88ag .

«s88 s85 ''588 V

Expanding Equation (19) and applying the methodology for calculating covariances given in the EIA report, 

Manufacturing Energy Consumption Survey: Methodological Report 1985, the rel-covariance, under Poisson 

sampling, can be approximated and substituted into Equation (15), taking advantage of the dependent sample 

selection procedures by calculating relative standard errors which include rel-covariances.

I2W. G. Cochran, Samplinp Techniques, Third Ed. (New York: John Witey & Sons, Inc., 1977), p. 181.

Energy Information Administration/Changes In Energy Intensity In the Manufacturing Sector, 1980-1988 43
Table B1, Standard Errors for Estimates of Percent Change In Energy Intensity

SIC Code

20

21

22

23

24

25

26

27

28

29

30

31

32

33

34

35

36

37

38

39

--

Standard Error

Industry Group 1980-1985

Food and Kindred Products .................. 5.5

Tobacco Products ......................... NA

Textile Mill Products ....................... 2.8

Apparel and Other Textile Products ............ NA

Lumber and Wood Products ................. NA

Furniture and Fixtures ...................... 3.5

Paper and Allied Products ................... 4.1

Printing and Publishing ..................... NA

Chemicals and Allied Products ............... 3.9

Petroleum and Coal Products ................ 2.3

Rubber and Misc. Plastics Products ............ 2.5

Leather and Leather Products ................ NA

Stone, Clay, and Glass Products .............. 5.1

Primary Metal Industries .................... 2.0

Fabricated Metal Products ................... 5.0

Industrial Machinery and Equipment ........... 3.5

Electronic and Other Electric Equipment ........ 3.0

Transportation Equipment ................... 2.1

Instruments and Related Products ............. 11.5

Misc. Manufacturing Industries ............... 5.9

All Manufacturing ......................... 2.1

Standard Error Standard Error

1985-1988 1980-1988

7.3 4.0

NA NA

3.4 3.4

NA NA

NA NA

5.5 3.7

4.5 3.7

NA NA

4.2 3.8

3.4 2.3

2.5 2.5

NA NA

4.0 4.7

2.6 2.5

3.6 4.6

4.8 3.2

4.3 3.5

3.3 3.00

8.5 11.4

6.4 5.9

1.8 2.1

NA=Withheld because the MECS sampling process did not sufficiently represent the diverse size or economic diversity of the 

industry group to produce viable estimates of changes in energy intensity. 

Sources: Manufacturing Energy Consumption Survey and Bureau of the Census

Nonsampling Errors and Bias

Nonsampling errors that affect MECS survey data can be divided into four major categories:

1. Operational errors, including editing, coding, and tabulation errors,

2. Errors of measurement, including a lack of precision by the respondent, failure of the respondent to understand 

instructions, etc.,

3. Errors of estimation, including the assumptions underlying the values for maximum consumption,

4. Errors of nonobservation, including nonresponse and noncoverage.

These errors are collectively referred to as nonsampling errors because they are not related to the sampling process, 

and thus would be equally likely to occur in a complete census or a sample survey.

It is felt that operational errors are not a major concern for the estimates included in this report. The quality control 

procedures that were employed for check-in, editing, coding and keying the returned questionnaires (see Appendix 

A) are standard procedures that are in place at the Bureau of the Census and have withstood the test of time. Data 

tabulations were verified by comparing marginal totals in tables generated from files supplied to EIA with 

corresponding totals generated directly from microdata files held at the Bureau of the Census.

Errors of measurement are a concern in any data collection activity. The survey results for the MECS were subjected 

to extensive editing procedures that were specifically designed to detect errors of measurement. Failure of any of 

these tests for reasonableness and consistency resulted in the respondent being called by an analyst familiar with 

manufacturing processes and energy use. Major errors, including omissions and misreporting by orders of magnitude, 

were corrected. No editing procedure is capable of identifying all measurement errors, however, and some small

44 Energy Information Administration/Changes in Energy Intensity in the Manufacturing Sector, 1980-1988
errors will remain. To the extent that these errors are due to random, rather than systematic misjudgments, they are 

compensating in the aggregate totals presented in this report, and it is believed that there are few large systematic 

biases that result from them.

Errors of estimation could have resulted from the assumptions used to estimate the consumption of offsite-produced 

energy sources the measure of consumption that was used to prepare the energy intensity ratios used in this report. 

The MECS estimate of offsite-produced energy consumption is a derived value that is dependent upon two basic 

assumptions. First, it is assumed that any energy produced onsite is disposed of as it is produced. A corollary of 

that assumption is that any energy source that was produced offsite and consumed onsite was acquired only if there 

was not sufficient onsite production to meet the establishment's needs for that energy source. Second, it was 

assumed that the priority use of onsite production is first as an input or feedstock and then as a fuel. These 

assumptions are believed to reflect the energy-use patterns of the vast majority of manufacturing establishments, but 

not all.

The estimates of the consumption of offsite-produced energy sources could be biased if these assumptions are in 

error. For example, the assumption that energy produced onsite is consumed as a feedstock before any is consumed 

as a fuel could result in consistently underestimating the consumption of offsite-produced feedstocks and 

overestimating the consumption of offsite-produced fuels. If this were the case, the energy intensity ratios would 

also be overestimated.

The purpose of this report, however, is to examine the change in energy intensity ratios from one period to another. 

Since the methodology for calculating the derived values is applied in a consistent manner from one cycle of the 

MECS to another, it follows that any bias due to errors of estimation (faulty assumptions) would be present to 

approximately the same degree in both cycles; that is, the bias would be persistent over time. Because the primary 

interest is intensity change rather than intensity as such, persistent bias eliminates itself. Therefore, bias in the 

changes in energy intensity due to errors of estimation is believed to be minimal.

Finally, several potential sources of nonsampling error and bias appear to result from errors of nonobservation. As 

described in Appendix A, the 1988 MECS consumption estimators were adjusted for nonresponse. In addition, an 

adjustment was made to extend the MECS coverage to the entire manufacturing universe. Both of these adjustment 

procedures involved a ratio adjustment of the weighted data for respondents, and both primarily affected the 

contribution of relatively small establishments. The coverage adjustment was designed to include the contribution 

of establishments with fewer than 5 employees, or those with less than 20 employees having small values of 

shipments (i.e., the establishments that were excused from filing a CM report). Similarly, the nonresponse 

adjustment included primarily the contribution of small establishments since they tended to have the highest 

nonresponse rates to the MECS. Clearly, had these adjustments not been undertaken, the MECS estimators produced 

from only the responding establishments would not have been representative of the target universe, and would have 

been biased. The adjustments were an attempt to mitigate the effects of such a bias.

Implicit in these adjustment procedures is the assumption that the nonrepresented establishments (i.e., the 

nonresponding sample establishments and the excluded establishments) share the same energy consumption and 

product shipment patterns relative to their size as do their responding, mostly larger counterparts. The adjusted 

MECS consumption estimators will be unbiased if the consumption patterns are identical, and biased to the extent 

that the consumption patterns differ.

As shown in Equation (7) of Appendix A, neither the nonresponse nor the coverage adjustments have any effect on 

the intensity ratio within an industry group. Therefore, the intensity ratio for an industry group for any given year 

reflects the bias that resulted from estimates produced from the responding sample establishments only. However, 

nonresonding and excluded establishments are historically stable from one cycle of the MECS to another. Thus, the 

direction and magnitude of bias due to errors of nonobservation in the intensity measures for a particular industry 

group is likely to persist over time. As was pointed out above, persistent bias eliminates itself. Therefore, bias in 

the changes of energy intensity due to errors of nonobservation is also believed to be minimal.

Energy Information Administration/Changes in Energy Intensity In the Manufacturing Sector, 1980-1988 45
Appendix C

MECS Coverage 

Related to EIA 

Supply Surveys
Appendix C

MECS Coverage Related to EIA Supply Surveys

The estimates of energy intensity are based on the MECS measure of the consumption of offsite-produced energy. 

The MECS also collects information to estimate total primary consumption a measure of the total requirement for 

energy sources, whether or not they are used for their energy content. The MECS also presents estimates of total 

input energy. That measure represents a final-use accounting of energy used for its heat content. The comparison 

of consumption estimates presented in this appendix is on the basis of total primary consumption.

In addition to the MECS, the EIA conducts a number of supply surveys. These surveys are directed to the suppliers 

and marketers of specific energy sources. They measure the quantities of specific energy sources produced and/or 

supplied to the market. The results of these surveys are published by EIA in several energy-specific publications 

and in the Monthly Energy Review (MER). There are important differences between the supply surveys and the 

MECS. These differences need to be taken into account in any analysis that uses both data sources.

In order to fully appreciate the differences between the MECS and the EIA supply surveys,33 it is necessary to 

compare the MECS' measures of consumption to the supply surveys. Table Cl presents these estimates.

Table C1. Comparison of EIA Energy Consumption Estimates, 1988

Type of Energy

Manufacturing Only

MECS

Quarterly Coal 

Report

Total Industrial Sector3

Monthly 

Energy 

Review3

Electric Power 

Annual

Natural Gas 

Annual

Electricity (billion kilowatthours) . . . 

Natural Gas (billion cubic feet) .... 

Coal (thousand short tons) ......

Petroleum Products (thousand 

barrels per day) .............

703

5,695

97,582

1,112

69,546

896

7,479

118,162

4,381

896

6,383

aThe industrial sector includes manufacturing, construction, mining, agriculture, and fishing and forestry. 

bThe consumption estimates presented in the Monthly Energy Review tor the industrial sector are presented in British thermal units. 

These estimates have been converted to physical units for comparative purposes only. 

Source: Energy Information Administration.

A major difference between the estimates for "Manufacturing Only" and the "Total Industrial Sector" in Table Cl 

is coverage. The manufacturing sector (SIC 20 through 39) includes establishments engaged in manufacturing 

operations, while the total industrial sector includes manufacturing as well as construction, mining, agriculture, and 

fishing and forestry (SIC 01 through 39). In addition, there are also differences in the respondents to the surveys. 

The unit of data collection in the MECS is the manufacturing establishment and the estimates represent energy 

consumption by manufacturing establishments. The unit of data collection for the industrial sector surveys is an 

energy supplier for example, a utility. The estimates represent deliveries to customers, which may not be the same 

as consumption by establishments. Moreover, the designation of a customer's account by an energy supplier is 

frequently based on the rate class to which a customer belongs rather than direct knowledge of a customer's type 

of operations. Therefore, it is likely that some "industrial" customers are, in fact, classified as "commercial," and

33For further discussion of the discrepancy in supply and consumption data, see Energy Information Administration, Energy Consumption 

by End-Use Sector: A Comparison of Measures by Consumption and Supply Surveys, DOE/EIA-0533 (Washington, DC, April 6, 1990).

Energy Information Administration/Changes in Energy Efficiency in the Manufacturing Sector, 1980-1988 49
visa versa, depending on their rate class. In addition, there are other differences that are specific to individual energy 

sources.

Electricity. The estimates of electricity from the MECS34 represent "net electricity," defined as the sum of 

purchases, transfers in, and generation from noncombustible renewable resources, minus the quantities sold and 

transferred out. Net electricity does not include electricity inputs from the onsite cogeneration or generation of 

electricity from combustible fuels. The estimates of electricity appearing in the MER35 are taken directly from 

the Electric Power Annual36. This estimate represents sales by electric utilities to industrial customers. Thus, in 

addition to the major differences outlined above, the estimates differ in the definition of electricity.

Natural Gas. The estimates of natural gas from the MECS represent consumption as a fuel and a raw material input 

by manufacturers. The estimates appearing in the MER represent sales to customers in the industrial sector and 

would also includes natural gas consumed as a fuel and raw material input. The MER estimates are taken from the 

Natural Gas Annual and represent the sum lease and plant fuel consumption and deliveries to industrial 

customers.37 Lease and plant fuel is consumed primarily at natural gas extraction sites, which are excluded from 

the MECS because they are classified as mining establishments.

Coal. There are numerous differences between the estimates of coal consumption as reported by the MECS and the 

Quarterly Coal Report. The estimates of coal consumption at manufacturing plants in the Quarterly Coal Report 

are the only non-MECS estimates that are based on a survey of manufacturing establishments. Therefore, the 

difference between the MECS estimates and the estimates in the Quarterly Coal Report cannot be attributed to 

sectoral coverage or to the collection of delivery data rather than consumption data. There are, however, other 

differences between the two series. The MECS estimates include the coal consumed as a raw material input at coke 

plants. Coking coal is excluded from the manufacturing plant estimates in Table 30 of the Quarterly Coal Report 

and shown separately in Table 23 of that report. The sum of these two Quarterly Coal Report estimates is included 

as the industrial sector estimate in the MER. Moreover, the coal consumed at coal gasification projects in included 

in the manufacturing plant estimates appearing in Table 30 of the Quarterly Coal Report. These estimates are 

excluded from the MECS because such plants would be classified in the mining sector. Finally, the estimates for 

manufacturing plants appearing in Table 30 of the Quarterly Coal Report include the coal consumed at electric 

generating facilities owned by manufacturing plants, but not located on a manufacturing establishment site. These 

establishments are excluded from the MECS because, according to the Standard Industrial Classification Manual, 

such operations are not classified as manufacturing, but as "electrical services" (SIC 4911).39

Petroleum Products. There are major differences between the MER estimates of total petroleum product and the 

MECS estimates. The MER estimate of petroleum products includes all of the petroleum products consumed by the 

industrial sector aviation gasoline, asphalt, distillate fuel oil (including diesel fuel), jet fuel, kerosene, LPG, 

lubricants, motor gasoline, petroleum coke, and residual fuel oil. The MECS estimates shown in Table Cl include 

only distillate and residual fuel oil, and LPG.

34Energy Information Administration, Manufacturing Energy Consumption Survey, Consumption of Energy 1988, DOE/EIA-0512(88) 

(Washington, DC, May 28, 1991), Table 1.

35Energy Information Administration, Monthly Energy Review, DOE/EIA-0035(91/05) (Washington, DC, May 1991), Table 2.4.

36Energy Information Administration, Electric Power Annual 1988, DOE/EIA-0348(88) (Washington, DC, December 1989), Table 19.

37Energy Information Administration, Natural Gas Annual 1988, Volume 1, DOE/EIA-0131(88)/1 (Washington, DC, October 1989), Tables 

16 and 17.

38Energy Information Administration, Quarterly Coal Report, October - December 1989, DOE/EIA-0121(89/4Q) (Washington, DC, May 

1990), Table 30.

39 A special analysis was undertaken to determine which MECS manufacturing establishments received electricity from company-owned, offsite 

generation facilities. These identified generating facilities were then matched to the respondents to "Quarterly Coal Report Manufacturing 

Plants," Form EIA-3. The coal consumed by these identified generating facilities accounted for much of the difference between the MECS 

estimates and those appearing in the Quarterly Coal Report. This analysis provided additional evidence that the separate estimates are, indeed, 

correct, given the populations that the respective surveys are intended to cover. Specific results of this analysis cannot be published because of 

the confidentiality provisions under which the MECS was conducted.

50 Energy Information Administration/Changes in Energy Efficiency in the Manufacturing Sector, 1980-1988
Fuels Consumed at Refineries. In addition to estimates of the primary consumption of energy, the MECS publishes 

estimates of total inputs of energy for the production of heat and power.40 These estimates are available for 

specific manufacturing industries including "petroleum refining," SIC 2911. Estimates of "refinery fuel use" are also 

published in the Petroleum Supply Annual^ The MECS estimates for the fuel consumption by the petroleum 

refining industry are uniformly higher than the estimates appearing in the Petroleum Supply Annual. These 

differences are due to the fact that the estimates in the Petroleum Supply Annual are prepared from the "Annual 

Refinery Report," Form EIA-820, which collects data for petroleum processing operations (including refiners and 

blenders) only. The MECS data, on the other hand, cover the entire establishment site including any co-located 

petrochemical operations, which would be excluded from the EIA-820.

"^Energy Information Administration, Manufacturing Energy Consumption Survey: Consumption of Energy 1988, Table 3. 

41Energy Information Administration, Petroleum Supply Annual 1988, Volume 1, DOE/EIA-0340(88)/1 (Washington, DC, May 1989), Table 

38.

Energy Information Administration/Changes in Energy Efficiency in the Manufacturing Sector, 1980-1988 51
Appendix D

Descriptions of 

Industry Groups 

and Selected 

Industries
Appendix D

Descriptions of Major Industrial Groups and 

Selected Industries

This appendix contains descriptions of industrial groups and selected industries taken from the Standard Industrial 

Classification Manual, 1987 (SIC).40 This appendix includes descriptions of the 30 groups that comprise the strata 

of the Manufacturing Energy Consumption Survey. These are the 20 major industrial groups (2-digit SIC) and the 

10 major energy-consuming industries (4-digit SIC). The Standard Industrial Classification system is described in 

Appendix A.

SIC 20—Food and Kindred Products: This major group includes establishments manufacturing foods and 

beverages for human consumption and certain related products such as manufactured ice, chewing gum, vegetable 

and animal fats and oils, and prepared feeds for animals and fowls.

SIC 21—Tobacco Products: This major group includes establishments engaged in manufacturing cigarettes, cigars, 

smoking and chewing tobacco, snuff, and reconstituted tobacco and in stemming and redrying tobacco.

SIC 22—Textile Mill Products: This major group includes establishments engaged in performing any of the 

following operations: (1) preparation of fiber and subsequent manufacturing of yarn, thread, braids, twine, and 

cordage; (2) manufacturing broadwoven fabrics, narrow woven fabrics, knit fabrics, and carpets and rugs from yarn; 

(3) dyeing and finishing fiber, yarn, fabrics, and knit apparel; (4) coating, waterproofing, or otherwise treating fabrics; 

(5) the integrated manufacture of knit apparel and other finished articles from yam; and (6) the manufacture of felt 

goods, lace goods, nonwoven fabrics, and miscellaneous textiles.

SIC 23—Apparel and Other Textile Products: This major group, known as the cutting-up and needle trades, 

includes establishments producing clothing and fabricating products by cutting and sewing purchased woven or knit 

textile fabrics and related materials, such as leather, rubberized fabrics, plastics, and furs.

SIC 24—Lumber and Wood Products: This major group includes establishments engaged in cutting timber and 

pulpwood; merchant sawmills, lath mills, shingle mills, cooperage stock mills, planing mills, and plywood and veneer 

mills engaged in producing lumber and wood basic materials; and establishments engaged in manufacturing finished 

articles made entirely or mainly of wood or related materials.

SIC 25—Furniture and Fixtures: This major group includes establishments engaged in manufacturing household, 

office, public building, and restaurant furniture; and office and store fixtures.

SIC 26—Paper and Allied Products: This major group includes establishments primarily engaged in the 

manufacture of pulps from wood and other cellulose fibers, and from rags; the manufacture of paper and paper board; 

and the manufacture of paper and paperboard into converted products, such as paper coated off the paper machine, 

paper bags, paper boxes, and envelopes.

SIC 2621—Paper Mills: Establishments primarily engaged in manufacturing paper from wood pulp and other 

fiber pulp, and which may also manufacture converted paper products.

SIC 2631—Paperboard Mills: Establishments primarily engaged in manufacturing paperboard, including 

paperboard coated on the paperboard machine, from wood pulp and other fiber pulp.

40Executive Office of the President, Office of Management and Budget, standard industrial Classification Manual, 1987,

pp. 67-263.

Energy Information Administration/Changes In Energy Intensity In the Manufacturing Sector, 1980-1988 55
SIC 27—Printing and Publishing: This major group includes establishments engaged in printing by one or more 

common processes, such as letterpress, lithography (including offset), gravure, or screen; and those establishments 

which perform services for the printing trade, such as bookbinding and platemaking.

SIC 28—Chemicals and Allied Products: This major group includes establishments producing basic chemicals, 

and establishments manufacturing products by predominantly chemical processes. Establishments classified in this 

major group manufacture three general classes of products: (1) basic chemicals, such as acids, alkalies, salts, and 

organic chemicals; (2) chemical products to be used in further manufacture, such as synthetic fibers, plastics 

materials, dry colors, and pigments; and (3) finished chemical products to be used for ultimate consumption, such 

as drugs, cosmetics, and soaps; or to be used as materials or supplies in other industries, such as paints, fertilizers, 

and explosives.

SIC 2819—Industrial Inorganic Chemicals, Not Elsewhere Classified: Establishments primarily engaged in 

manufacturing industrial organic chemicals, excluding alkalies and chlorine, industrial gases, and inorganic 

pigments.

SIC 2821—Plastics Materials and Resins: Establishments primarily engaged in manufacturing synthetic resins, 

plastics materials, and nonvulcanizable elastomers.

SIC 2869—Industrial Organic Chemicals, Not Elsewhere Classified: Establishments primarily engaged in 

manufacturing industrial organic chemicals, excluding gum and wood chemicals, and cyclic organic crudes and 

intermediates, and organic dyes and pigments.

SIC 2873 Nitrogenous Fertilizers: Establishments primarily engaged in manufacturing nitrogenous fertilizer 

materials or mixed fertilizers from nitrogenous materials produced in the same establishment.

SIC 29—Petroleum Refining and Related Industries: This major group includes establishments primarily engaged 

in petroleum refining, manufacturing paving and roofing materials, and compounding lubricating oils and greases 

from purchased materials.

SIC 2911—Petroleum Refining: Establishments primarily engaged in producing gasoline, kerosene, distillate 

fuel oils, residual fuel oils, and lubricants, through fractionation or straight distillation of crude oil, redistillation 

of unfinished petroleum derivatives, cracking or other processes.

SIC 30—Rubber and Miscellaneous Plastics Products: This major group includes establishments manufacturing 

products, not elsewhere classified, from plastics, resins, and from natural, synthetic, or reclaimed rubber, gutta percha, 

balata, or gutta siak.

SIC 31—Leather and Leather Products: This major group includes establishments engaged in tanning, currying, 

and finishing hides and skins, leather converters, and establishments manufacturing finished leather and artificial 

leather products and some similar products made of other materials.

SIC 32—Stone, Clay, Glass, and Concrete Products: This major group includes establishments manufacturing 

flat glass and other glass products, cement, structural clay products, pottery, concrete and gypsum products, cut stone, 

abrasive and asbestos products, and other products from materials taken principally from the earth in the form of 

stone, clay, and sand.

SIC 3241—Cement, Hydraulic: Establishments primarily engaged in manufacturing hydraulic cement, including 

Portland, natural, masonry, and pozzolana cements.

SIC 33—Primary Metal Industries: This major group includes establishments engaged in smelting and refining 

ferrous and nonferrous- metals from ore, pig, or scrap; in rolling, drawing, and alloying metals; in manufacturing 

castings and other basic metal products; and in manufacturing nails, spikes, and insulated wire and cable.

SIC 3312—Steel Works, Blast Furnaces (Including Coke Ovens), and Rolling Mills: Establishments primarily 

engaged in manufacturing hot metal, pig iron, and silvery pig iron from iron ore and iron and steel scrap;

56 Energy Information Administration/Changes in Energy Intensity in the Manufacturing Sector, 1980-1988
converting pig iron, scrap iron, and scrap steel into steel; and in hot-rolling iron and steel into basic shapes, such 

as plates, sheets, strips, rods, bars, and tubing.

SIC 3334—Primary Production of Aluminum: Establishments primarily engaged in producing aluminum from 

alumina and in refining aluminum by any process.

SIC 34—Fabricated Metal Products: This major group includes establishments engaged in fabricating ferrous and 

nonferrous metal products such as metal cans, tinware, handtools, cutlery, general hardware, nonelectric heating 

apparatus, fabricated structural metal products, metal forgings, metal stampings, ordnance (except vehicles and guided 

missiles), and a variety of metal and wire products, not elsewhere classified.

SIC 35—Industrial Machinery and Equipment: This major group includes establishments engaged in 

manufacturing industrial and commercial machinery and equipment and computers.

SIC 36—Electronic and Other Electric Equipment: This major group includes establishments engaged in 

manufacturing machinery, apparatus, and supplies for the generation, storage, transmission, transformation, and 

utilization of electrical energy.

SIC 37—Transportation Equipment: This major group includes establishments engaged in manufacturing 

equipment for transportation of passengers and cargo by land, air, and water.

SIC 38—Instruments and Related Products: This major group includes establishments engaged in manufacturing 

instruments (including professional and scientific) for measuring, testing, analyzing, and controlling, and their 

associated sensors and accessories; optical instruments and lenses; surveying and drafting instruments; hydrological, 

hydrographic, meteorological, and geophysical equipment; search, detection, navigation, and guidance systems and 

equipment; surgical, medical, and dental instruments, equipment and supplies; ophthalmic goods; photographic 

equipment and supplies; and watches and clocks.

SIC 39—Miscellaneous Manufacturing Industries: This major group includes establishments primarily engaged 

in manufacturing products not classified in any other major group.

Energy Information Administration/Changes in Energy Intensity in the Manufacturing Sector, 1980-1988 57
Appendix E

Related EIA 

Publications on 

Energy 

Consumption
Appendix E

Related EIA Publications on Energy Consumption

These publications are available from the National 

Energy Information Center or the Superintendent of 

Documents. See the inside cover of this report on 

how to obtain copies of these publications. Please 

note that the prices quoted here are subject to change.

In addition to the reports listed below, public use data 

tapes and data diskettes for the residential, residential 

transportation and commercial sectors are available 

from the National Technical Information Service 

(NTIS). To obtain information on how to order the 

tapes/diskettes, you may call NTIS at 703/487-4807, 

FAX number 703/321-8547. Data diskettes can also 

be obtained from GPO. For ordering information call 

220/275-0186.

Industrial Sector

Manufacturing Energy Consumption Survey: 

Manufacturing Fuel Switching Capability 1988, 

September 1991, DOE/EIA-0515(88), GPO Stock No. 

061-003-00720-1, $9.00.

Manufacturing Energy Consumption Survey: 

Consumption of Energy, 1988; May 1991, DOE/EIA 

0512(88), GPO Stock No. 061-003-00703-8, $11.00.

Manufacturing Energy Consumption Survey: Energy 

Efficiency in Manufacturing, 1985; January 1990, 

DOE/EIA-0516(85), GPO Stock No. 061-00300650-7,

$4.25.

Manufacturing Energy Consumption Survey: Fuel 

Switching Capability, 1985; December 1988, 

DOE/EIA-0515(85), GPO Stock No. 061-00300601-9, 

$3.50.

Manufacturing Energy Consumption Survey: Method 

ological Report, 1985; November 1988, DOE/EIA0514(85), GPO Stock No. 061-00300595-1, $6.00.

Manufacturing Energy Consumption Survey: Con 

sumption of Energy, 1985; November 1988, 

DOE/EIA-0512(85), GPO Stock No. 061-00300594-2, 

$6.00.

"Manufacturing Sector Energy Consumption 1985 

Provisional Estimates," Monthly Energy Review, 

January 1987, DOE/EIA-0035(87/01), pp. vii-x.

Report on the 1980 Manufacturing Industries' Energy 

Consumption Study and Survey of Large Combustors; 

February 1983, DOE/EIA-0358, GPO Stock No. 

061-003-00293-5, $5.00.

Industrial Energy Consumption, "Survey of Large 

Combustors: Report on Alternate Fuel-Burning 

Capabilities of Large Boilers in 1979"; February 

1982, DOE/EIA-0304, GPO Stock No. 061-003- 

0233-1, $2.50.

Methodological Report of the 1980 Manufacturing 

Industries Survey of Large Combustors (EIA-463); 

March 1982, DOE/EIA-0306 (no GPO Stock No.).

Commercial Sector

Note: The name of the Nonresidential Buildings 

Energy Consumption Survey was changed to the 

Commercial Buildings Energy Consumption Survey, 

beginning with the 1989 survey. The survey name 

was also dropped from the report title.

Characteristics of Buildings

Commercial Buildings Characteristics 1989; May 

1991, DOE/EIA-0246(89), GPO Stock No. 061-003- 

00699-0, $18.00.

Nonresidential Buildings Energy Consumption Survey: 

Characteristics of Commercial Buildings, 1986; 

September 1988, DOE/EIA-0246(86), GPO Stock No. 

061-003-00580-2, $16.00.

Nonresidential Buildings Energy Consumption Survey: 

Characteristics of Commercial Buildings, 1983; July 

1985, DOE/EIA-0246(83), GPO Stock No. 061-003- 

00439-3, $7.50.

Nonresidential Buildings Energy Consumption Survey: 

Characteristics of Commercial Buildings, 1983; A 

Supplemental Reference, DOE/EIA-M008, $22.95. 

Available from the NTIS, Order No. DE-85015581.

Energy Information Administration/Changes in Energy Intensity In the Manufacturing Sector, 1980-1988 61
Nonresidential Buildings Energy Consumption Survey: 

Fuel Characteristics and Conservation Practices; 

June 1981, DOE/EIA-0278, GPO Stock No. 061-003- 

00200-5, $9.00.

Nonresidential Buildings Energy Consumption Survey: 

Building Characteristics; March 1981, DOE/EIA0246, GPO Stock No. 061-003-00171-8, $6.50.

Consumption and Expenditures

Nonresidential Buildings Energy Consumption Survey: 

Commercial Buildings Consumption and Expenditures 

1986; May 1989, DOE/EIA-0318(86), GPO Stock No. 

061-003-00613-2, $19.00.

Nonresidential Buildings Energy Consumption Survey: 

Commercial Buildings, Consumption and Expenditures 

1983; September 1986, DOE/EIA0318(83), GPO 

Stock No. 061-003-00496-2, $13.00. 

Nonresidential Buildings Energy Consumption Survey: 

1979 Consumption and Expenditures, Part 1: Natural 

Gas and Electricity; March 1983, DOE/EIA-0318/1, 

GPO Stock No. 061-003-00298-6, $9.50.

Nonresidential Buildings Energy Consumption Survey: 

1979 Consumption and Expenditures, Part 2: Steam, 

Coal, Fuel Oil, LPG, and Total Fuels; December 

1983, DOE/EIA-0318(79)/2, GPO Stock No. 061- 

003-00366-4, $6.00.

Residential Transportation 

Sector

Note: The survey name was dropped from the 

beginning of the report title starting with the 1988 

data report, and the report title changed to "Household 

Vehicles Energy Consumption 1988."

Household Vehicles Energy Consumption 1988; 

February 1990, DOE/EIA-0464(88), GPO Stock No. 

061-003-00652-3, $11.00.

Residential Transportation Energy Consumption 

Survey: Consumption Patterns of Household Vehicles 

1985; April 1987, DOE/EIA-0464(85), GPO Stock 

No. 061-003-00521-7, $8.50.

Residential Transportation Energy Consumption 

Survey: Consumption Patterns of Household Vehi 

cles, 1983; January 1985, DOE/EIA-0464(83), GPO 

Stock No. 061-003-00420-2, $4.50.

Residential Energy Consumption Survey: Consumption 

Patterns of Household Vehicles, Supplement: 

January 1981 to September 1981; February 1983, 

DOE/EIA-0328, GPO Stock No. 061-003-00297-8,

$4.75.

Residential Energy Consumption Survey: Consumption 

Patterns of Household Vehicles, June 1979 to 

December 1980; April 1982, DOE/EIA-0319 (no 

GPO Stock No.).

Residential Sector 

Housing Characteristics

Note: The survey name was dropped from the 

beginning of the report title starting with the 1987 

data reports.

Housing Characteristics 1987; May 1989, DOE/EIA0314(87), GPO Stock No. 061-003-00619-1, $13.00.

Residential Energy Consumption Survey: Housing 

Characteristics 1984; October 1986, DOE/EIA0314(84), GPO Stock No. 061-003-00499-7, $12.00. 

Residential Energy Consumption Survey: Housing 

Characteristics, 1982; August 1984, DOE/EIA0314(82), GPO Stock No. 061-003-00393-1, $7.00.

Residential Energy Consumption Survey Housing 

Characteristics, 1981; August 1983, DOE/EIA0314(81), GPO Stock No. 061-003-00330-3, $6.50.

Residential Energy Consumption Survey: Housing 

Characteristics, 1980; June 1982, DOE/EIA-0314, 

GPO Stock No. 061-003-00256-1, $11.00.

Residential Energy Consumption Survey: Characteris 

tics of the Housing Stock and Households, 1978; 

February 1980, DOE/EIA-0207/2, GPO Stock No. 

061-003-00093-2, $4.25.

Residential Energy Consumption Survey: Conserva 

tion; February 1980, DOE/EIA-0207/3, GPO Stock 

No. 061003-00087-8, $6.00.

Preliminary Conservation Tables from the National 

Interim Energy Consumption Survey; August 1979, 

DOE/EIA-0193/P (no GPO Stock No.).

62 Energy Information Administration/Changes in Energy Intensity in the Manufacturing Sector, 1980-1988
Characteristics of the Housing Stock and Households: 

Preliminary Findings from the National Interim 

Energy Consumption Survey; October 1979, 

DOE/EIA-0199/P (no GPO Stock No. available).

Consumption and Expenditures

Note: The survey name was dropped from the 

beginning of the report title starting with the 1987 

data reports. The titles were changed to Household 

Energy Consumption and Expenditures 1987, Part 1: 

National and Part 2: Regional.

Household Energy Consumption and Expenditures 

1987, Part 1: National Data; October 1989, 

DOE/EIA-0321/1(87), GPO Stock No. 061-003- 

00635-3, $15.00. Note: Energy end-use data are 

included in this report.

Household Energy Consumption and Expenditures 

1987, Part 2: Regional Data; DOE/EIA-0321/2(87) 

(no GPO Stock No available), $16.00.

Residential Energy Consumption Survey: Consump 

tion and Expenditures, April 1984 Through March 

1985, Part 1: National Data; March 1987, 

DOE/EIA-0321/1(84), GPO Stock No. 061-003- 

00519-5, $9.50.

Residential Energy Consumption Survey: Consumption 

and Expenditures, April 1984 Through March 1985, 

Part 2: Regional Data; May 1987, DOE/EIA0321/2(84), GPO Stock No. 061-003-005284, $17.00. 

Note: Energy end-use data are included in this report.

Residential Energy Consumption Survey: Consumption 

and Expenditures, April 1982 Through March 1983, 

Part 1: National Data; November 1984, 

DOE/EIA-0321/1(82), GPO Stock No. 061-003- 

00411-3, $7.00.

Residential Energy Consumption Survey: Consumption 

and Expenditures, April 1982 Through March 1983, 

Part 2: Regional Data; December 1984, 

DOE/EIA-0321/2(82), GPO Stock No. 061-003- 

00414-8, $9.50.

Residential Energy Consumption Survey: Consumption 

and Expenditures, April 1981 Through March 1982, 

Part 1: National Data; September 1983, 

DOE/EIA-0321/1 (81), GPO Stock No. 061-003- 

00340-1, $6.00.

Residential Energy Consumption Survey: Consumption 

and Expenditures, April 1981 Through March 1982, 

Part 2: Regional Data; October 1983, 

DOE/EIA-0321/2(81), GPO Stock No. 061-003- 

00357-5, $8.00.

Residential Energy Consumption Survey: Consumption 

and Expenditures, April 1980 Through March 1981, 

Part 1: National Data; September 1982, 

DOE/EIA-0321/1(80), GPO Stock No. 061-003- 

00278-1, $7.50.

Residential Energy Consumption Survey: Consumption 

and Expenditures, April 1980 Through March 

1981, Part 2: Regional Data; June 1983, 

DOE/EIA-0321/2(80), GPO Stock No. 061-003- 

00319-2, $7.00.

Residential Energy Consumption Survey: 1979-1980 

Consumption and Expenditures, Part 1: National Data 

(Including Conservation); April 1981, DOE/EIA0262/1, GPO Stock No. 061-00300191-2, $6.50.

Residential Energy Consumption Survey: 1979-1980 

Consumption and Expenditures, Part II: Regional 

Data; May 1981, DOE/EIA-0262/2, GPO Stock No. 

061-003-00189-1, $8.50.

Residential Energy Consumption Survey: Consump 

tion and Expenditures, April 1978 ThroughMarch 

1979; July 1980, DOE/EIA-0207/5, GPO Stock No. 

061-003-00131-9, $7.50.

Single-Family Households: Fuel Oil Inventories and 

Expenditures: National Interim Energy Consumption 

Survey; December 1979, DOE/EIA-0207/1, GPO 

Stock No. 061-003-00075-4, $3.50.

Other Publications on the Residential Sector

"End-Use Consumption of Residential Energy" 

(Article), pp. vii-xiv, Monthly Energy Review, July 

1987, DOE/EIA-0035(87/07).

Residential Energy Consumption Survey: Trends in 

Consumption and Expenditures 1978-1984 June 1987, 

DOE/EIA-0482, GPO Stock No. 061-003-00535-7, 

$12.00.

Residential Conservation Measures; July 1986, 

SR/EEUD/86/01 (no GPO Stock No.).

Energy Information Administration/Changes in Energy Intensity in the Manufacturing Sector, 1980-1988 63
An Economic Evaluation of Energy Conservation and 

Renewable Energy Tax Credits; October 1985, 

Service Report (no GPO Stock No.).

Residential Energy Consumption and Expenditures by 

End Use for 1978, 1980, and 1981; December 1984, 

DOE/EIA-0458, GPO Stock No. 061-003-00415-6, 

$4.50.

Weatherization Program Evaluation, SR-EEUD84-1; August 1984 (available from the Office of the 

Assistant Secretary for Conservation and Renewable 

Energy, Department of Energy).

Residential Energy Consumption Survey: Regression 

Analysis of Energy Consumption by End Use; October 

1983, DOE/EIA-0431, GPO Stock No. 061-003- 

00347-8, $5.00.

National Interim Energy Consumption Survey: Ex 

ploring the Variability In Energy Consumption; July 

1981, DOE/EIA-0272, GPO Stock No. 

061-003-00205-6, $5.00.

National Interim Energy Consumption Survey: Ex 

ploring the Variability in Energy Consumption--^ 

Supplement; October 1981, DOE/EIA-0272/S, GPO 

Stock No. 061-003-00217-0, $4.50.

Energy Use by U.S. Households; November 1980, 

DOE/EIA-0248 (brochure, no GPO Stock No.).

Cross-Sector

Energy Consumption by End-Use Sector: A 

Comparison of Measures by Consumption and Supply 

Surveys; April 6, 1990, DOE/EIA-0533 (no GPO 

Stock No. available), $2.50.

Natural Gas: Use and Expenditures; April 1983, 

DOE/EIA-0382, GPO Stock No. 061-003-00307-9, 

$5.50.

Public Use Tapes

Note: AU tapes are available through the NTIS.

Residential and Residential 

Transportation Sectors

Residential Energy Consumption Survey: 1987 and 

Residential Transportation Energy Consumption 

Survey, 1988, Order No. PB90-501461, $220.

Residential Energy Consumption Survey: 1984 and 

Residential Transportation Energy Consumption 

Survey, 1985; Order No. PB87-186540, $220.

Residential Energy Consumption Survey: 1982 and 

Residential Transportation Energy Consumption 

Survey, 1983; Order No. PB85-221760, $220.

Residential Energy Consumption Survey: Consumption 

and Expenditures, 1980-1981; Monthly Billing Data; 

Order No. PB84-166230, $220.

Residential Energy Consumption Survey: Housing 

Characteristics, 1981; Consumption and Expenditures, 

1981-1982; Monthly Billing Data; Order No. 

PB84-120476, $220.

Residential Energy Consumption Survey: Housing 

Characteristics, Annualized Consumption and 

Expenditures, 1980-1981; Order No. PB83-199554, 

$220.

Residential Energy Consumption Survey: Household 

Transportation Panel Monthly Gas Purchases and 

Vehicle and Household Characteristics, 6/79-9/81; 

Order No. PB84-162452, $220.

Residential Energy Consumption Survey: Household 

Screener Survey, 1979-1980; Order No. PB82-114877, 

$220.

Residential Energy Consumption Survey: Household 

Monthly Energy Consumption and Expenditures, 

1978-1979; Order No. PB82-114901, $220.

National Interim Energy Consumption Survey (Resi 

dential), 1978; Order No. PB81-108714, $220.

Commercial Sector

Nonresidential Buildings Energy Consumption Sur 

vey: 1986 Data; Order No. PB90-500034, $220.

Nonresidential Buildings Energy Consumption Survey: 

1979 and 1983 Data; Order No. PB88-245162, $220.

Public Use Diskettes

Note: Diskettes are available through the NTIS and 

GPO.

Residential Energy Consumption Survey 1987 Data, 

NTIS - ASCII format: Order No. PB-91-505115,

64 Energy Information Administration/Changes in Energy Intensity In the Manufacturing Sector, 1980-1988
$130, and dBASE format: Order No. PB-91-505107,

$130.

GPO - ASCII/dBASE format, order by title, $45 for

each set.

Nonresidential Buildings Energy Consumption Survey 

1986 Data, ASCII format: Order No. PB91-506808, 

$130.

Residential Transportation Energy Consumption 

Survey 1988 Data, NTIS - ASCII format: Order No. 

PB91- 507269, dBASE format: Order No. PB91- 

507277, $50 each.

GPO - ASCII/dBASE format, order by title, $15 for 

each set.

Planned Publications

Manufacturing Energy Consumption Survey: Changes 

in Energy Consumption 1985 - 1988', planned for 

1992.

Commercial Buildings Consumption and Expenditures 

1989; planned for early 1992.

Housing Characteristics 1990; planned for March 

1992.

Household Energy Consumption and Expenditures 

1990, Part 1: National Data; planned for September 

1992.

Household Energy Consumption and Expenditures 

1990, Part 2: Regional Data; planned for December 

1992.

Household Vehicles Energy Consumption 1991; 

planned for December 1992.

Note: the Energy Information Administration also 

publishes the State Energy Data Report Consumption 

Estimates annually, DOE/EIA-0214.

Energy Information Administration/Changes in Energy Intensity In the Manufacturing Sector, 1980-1988 65
Glossary

Anthracite: A hard, black, lustrous coal containing 

a high percentage of fixed carbon and a low per 

centage of volatile matter. It is often referred to as 

hard coal.

Barrel: A volumetric unit of measure equivalent to 

42 U.S. gallons.

Biomass: Organic (animal waste), nonfossil plant 

material constituting an exploitable energy source.

Bituminous Coal: A soft coal (the most common 

solid fossil fuel), which is high in carbonaceous 

matter, with a volatility greater than anthracite.

Blast Furnace: A shaft furnace in which solid fuel 

is burned with an air blast to smelt ore in a contin 

uous operation.

Blast Furnace Gas: The waste combustible gas 

generated in a blast furnace when iron ore is being 

reduced with coke to metallic iron. It is commonly 

used as a fuel within the steel works.

Breeze: The residue from the fine screenings of 

crushed coke.

British Thermal Unit (Btu): The amount of energy 

required to raise the temperature of one pound of 

water one degree Fahrenheit.

Butane (C4H10): A normally gaseous, paraffinic 

hydrocarbon extracted from natural gas or refinery 

gas streams. It includes isobutane (a branch-chain 

configuration) and normal butane (a straight-chain 

configuration). It is used primarily for blending into 

high-octane gasoline, for residential and commercial 

heating, and for industrial uses, especially the manu 

facture of chemicals and rubber.

Butylene (C4Hg): A normally gaseous, olefinic 

hydrocarbon recovered from the refinery processes, 

and converted to alkylate, a high-octane gasoline 

blending component.

Byproduct: A secondary or additional product 

resulting from the feedstock use of energy or the 

processing of nonenergy materials. For example, the 

more common byproducts of coke ovens are coal gas,

tar, and a mixture of benzene, toluene, and xylenes 

(BTX).

Census Region: A geographic area defined by the 

Bureau of the Census, consisting of various States 

selected according to population size and physical 

location. The States are grouped into four regions:

1. Northeast: Connecticut, Maine, Massachusetts, 

New Hampshire, New Jersey, New York, Penn 

sylvania, Rhode Island, and Vermont.

2. South: Alabama, Arkansas, Delaware, District of 

Columbia, Florida, Georgia, Kentucky, Louisiana, 

Maryland, Mississippi, North Carolina, Oklaho 

ma, South Carolina, Tennessee, Texas, Virginia, 

and West Virginia.

3. Midwest: Illinois, Indiana, Iowa, Kansas, Michi 

gan, Minnesota, Missouri, Nebraska, North 

Dakota, Ohio, South Dakota, and Wisconsin.

4. West: Alaska, Arizona, California, Colorado, 

Hawaii, Idaho, Montana, Nevada, New Mexico, 

Oregon, Utah, Washington, and Wyoming.

Coal Coke: The strong, porous residue, consisting of 

carbon and mineral ash, which is formed when the 

volatile constituents of bituminous coal are driven off 

by heat in the absence of or with a limited supply of 

air. Coal coke is used primarily in blast furnaces.

Cogeneration: The production of electrical energy 

and another form of useful energy (such as heat or 

steam) through the sequential use of energy.

Coke Oven Gas: The mixture of permanent gases 

produced by the carbonization of coal in a coke oven 

at temperatures in excess of 1,000 degrees Celsius.

Consumption: The use of energy as a source of heat 

or power, or as an input to the manufacturing process.

Conversion Factor: A number which translates units 

of one system into corresponding values of another 

system. Conversion factors are used to translate 

physical units of measure for various energy sources 

into their Btu equivalents.

Energy Information Administration/Changes in Energy Intensity in the Manufacturing Sector, 1980-1988 67
Crude Oil: A mixture of hydrocarbons that exists in 

a liquid state in natural underground reservoirs and 

remains liquid at atmospheric pressure after passing 

through surface separating facilities. Crude oil is 

reported as liquid equivalents at the surface (exclud 

ing basic sediment and water), measured in terms of 

stock tank barrels of 42 U.S. gallons at atmospheric 

pressure, and corrected to 60 degrees Fahrenheit.

Distillate Fuel Oil: A general classification for light 

fuel oils distilled during the refining process. The 

classification includes products known as Nos. 1, 2, 

and 4 fuel oils; and Nos. 1, 2, and 4 diesel fuels. 

Distillate fuel oil is used primarily for space heating, 

on-and-off highway engine fuel, and electric power 

generation.

Energy: The capacity for doing work as measured in 

the capability of doing work (potential energy) or the 

conversion of this capability to motion (kinetic 

energy).

Energy Source: A substance such as natural gas, 

coal, or electricity that supplies heat or power.

Establishment: As defined by the 1987 Standard 

Industrial Classification Manual, "...an economic unit, 

generally at a single physical location, where business 

is conducted or where services or industrial operations 

are performed." (See Manufacturing Establish 

ment.)

Ethane (C2H6): A colorless, odorless, gaseous 

hydrocarbon extracted from natural gas or refinery 

gas streams. Ethane is used primarily as a petro 

chemical feedstock for the production of chemicals 

and plastic materials.

Ethylene (C2H4): A colorless, flammable, gaseous 

olefinic hydrocarbon recovered from natural gas and 

petroleum. Ethylene is used primarily as a petro 

chemical feedstock for numerous chemical applica 

tions and the production of consumer goods.

Expenditures: Funds spent for energy purchased and 

paid for, or delivered to a manufacturer during a 

calendar year. For the purposes of the MECS, the 

expenditure dollar includes State and local taxes and 

delivery charges.

Fossil Fuel: Any naturally occurring organic fuel, 

such as coal crude oil, and natural gas.

Fuel: Any substance that can be burned to produce 

heat.

Fuel Use (of Energy): Use of energy in the pro 

duction of heat, steam, power, or the generation of 

electricity.

Generation: The process of producing steam or 

electrical energy by transforming other forms of 

energy.

Geothermal Energy: Hot water or steam, extracted 

from reservoirs in the earth's crust, which is generally 

supplied to steam turbines that drive generators to 

produce electricity.

Hydroelectric Power: Electricity generated by a 

turbine driven by falling water.

Hydrogen (H2): A colorless, odorless, highly flam 

mable gaseous element; the lightest of all gases and 

the most abundant element in the universe.

Industrial Sector: A subdivision of U.S. economic 

activity defined by the Energy Information Admin 

istration to include manufacturing, construction, 

mining, agriculture, fishing, and forestry establish 

ments.

Kilowatthour (kWh): A unit of work or energy, 

measured as 1,000 watts (1 kilowatt) of power ex 

pended for 1 hour. Once generated, one kWh is 

equivalent to 3,412 Btu.

Liquefied Petroleum Gases (LPG): Ethane, ethylene, propane, propylene, normal butane, butylene, 

ethane-propane mixtures, propane-butane mixtures, 

and isobutane produced at refineries or natural gas 

processing plants, including plants that fractionate raw 

natural gas plant liquids.

Lease Condensate: A natural gas liquid recovered 

from gas well gas (associated and nonassociated) in 

lease separators or field facilities. Lease condensate 

consists primarily of pentanes and heavier hydrocar 

bons. Volumes are reported in terms of barrels of 42 

U.S. gallons, at atmospheric pressure, and corrected 

to 60 degrees Fahrenheit.

Lease Separator: A facility located at the surface 

for the purposes of (1) separating casinghead gas 

from produced crude oil and water at the temperature 

and pressure conditions of the separator; and (2) 

separating gas from that portion of associated gas and 

nonassoeiated gas which liquefies at temperature and 

pressure conditions of the separator.

68 Energy Information Administration/Changes in Energy Intensity in the Manufacturing Sector, 1980-1988
Lignite: A brownish-black coal of low rank with a 

high percentage of inherent moisture and volatile 

matter content. It is also referred to as brown coal.

Manufacturing Establishment: An economic unit 

at a single physical location where mechanical or 

chemical transformation of materials or substances 

into new products are performed. These operations 

are generally conducted in facilities described as 

plants, factories, or mills, and characteristically use 

power-driven machines and materials-handling equip 

ment. In addition, the assembly of components of 

manufactured products is considered manufacturing, 

as in the blending of materials such as lubricating 

oils, plastics, resins, or liquors. (See Establishment.)

Manufacturing Sector (Division): One of 10 fields 

of economic activity defined by the Standard Industri 

al Classification Manual. The manufacturing sector 

includes all establishments engaged in the mechanical 

or chemical transformation of materials or substances 

into new products. Other divisions of the U.S. econo 

my are agriculture, forestry, fishing, hunting, and 

trapping; mining; construction; transportation, commu 

nications, electric, gas, and sanitary services; whole 

sale trade; retail trade; finance, insurance, and real 

estate; personal, business, professional, repair, recre 

ation, and other services; and public administration. 

The establishments in the manufacturing sector consti 

tute the universe for the MECS.

Motor Gasoline: A complex mixture of relatively 

volatile hydrocarbons, with or without small quantities 

of additives, obtained by blending appropriate refinery 

streams to form a fuel suitable for use in sparkignition engines. Motor gasoline includes both leaded 

and unleaded grades of finished motor gasoline, 

blending components, and gasohol.

Natural Gas: A mixture of hydrocarbon compounds 

and small quantities of various nonhydrocarbons 

existing in the gaseous phase or in solution with oil in 

natural underground reservoirs at reservoir conditions. 

Natural gas may be subclassified as:

1. Associated Gas: Free natural gas, commonly 

known as gas-cap gas, which overlies and is in 

contact with crude oil in the reservoir.

2. Dissolved Gas: Natural gas which is in solution 

with crude oil in the reservoir at reservoir condi 

tions.

3. Nonassociated Gas: Free natural gas not in 

contact with crude oil in the reservoir.

All natural gas volumes are reported in cubic feet at 

a pressure base of 14.73 psia, at 60 degrees Fahren 

heit.

Nonfuel Use (of Energy): Use of energy as a 

feedstock or raw material input.

Petroleum Coke: A solid residue, high in carbon 

content and low in hydrogen, which is the final 

product of thermal decomposition in the condensation 

process in cracking crude oil. Petroleum coke can 

yield almost pure carbon or artificial graphite suitable 

for the production of carbon or graphite electrodes, 

structural graphite, motor brushes, dry cells, and 

similar products.

Petrochemical Feedstock: Chemical feedstocks 

derived from petroleum, and used principally for the 

manufacture of chemicals, synthetic rubber, and a 

variety of plastics.

Plant: Commonly used as a synonym for an estab 

lishment. However, the term can also be used to 

refer to a particular process within an establishment.

Propane (C3Hg): A colorless, gaseous hydrocarbon 

extracted from natural gas or refinery gas streams. It 

is used primarily for residential and commercial 

heating and cooling, and also as a fuel for trans 

portation. Industrial applications include use as a 

petrochemical feedstock.

Propylene (C3H6): A gaseous hydrocarbon recov 

ered from refinery processes. Propylene is used 

primarily as a petrochemical feedstock.

Pulping Liquor (Black Liquor): The alkaline spent 

liquor removed from the digesters in the process of 

chemically pulping wood. After evaporation, the 

liquor is burned as a fuel in a recovery furnace that 

permits the recovery of certain basic chemicals.

Quadrillion Btu: Equivalent to 1015 Btu.

Refinery: A plant, device, or process which heats 

crude oil so that it separates into chemical compo 

nents, which are then distilled off as more usable 

substances.

Relative Standard Error (RSE): A percentage 

measure of the precision of a survey statistic. The 

RSE is defined as the standard error of a survey 

estimate divided by the survey estimate and multiplied 

by 100. The standard error is the square root of the 

variance.

Energy Information Administration/Changes in Energy Intensity in the Manufacturing Sector, 1980-1988 69
Residual Fuel Oil: The general classification for the 

heavier oils that remain after the distillate fuel oils 

and lighter hydrocarbons are distilled away in refinery 

operations. The classification includes No. 5 (light 

and heavy), No. 6 (including heavy-grade, so called 

Bunker C oil), and Navy Special fuel oil.

Round wood: Wood cut specifically for use as a fuel. 

Short Ton: A unit of weight equal to 2,000 pounds.

Solar Energy: The radiant energy of the sun, which 

can be converted into other forms of energy, such as 

heat or electricity.

Standard Industrial Classification (SIC): A classi 

fication scheme developed by the Office of Manage 

ment and Budget, which categorizes establishments 

into groups with similar economic activities.

Still Gas (Refinery Gas): Any form or mixture of 

gas produced in refineries by distillation, cracking, 

reforming, and other processes, the principal constitu 

ents of which are methane, hydrogen, ethane, ethylene, propane, propylene, butanes, butylene, etc. Still 

gas is used as a petrochemical feedstock and as a fuel 

in refineries.

Storage Capacity: For the purposes of the MECS, 

storage capacity includes any volumetric capacity 

(including tank tops and tank bottoms) that is on the 

establishment site even it is dedicated or leased for 

the storage of an energy source by other establish 

ments.

Subbituminous Coal: A dull, black coal of inter 

mediate rank between lignite and bituminous coal. 

Subbituminous coal, like bituminous coal, is used as 

a fuel.

Turbine: A machine for generating rotary mechan 

ical power from an energy stream (such as water, 

steam, or hot gas). Turbines convert kinetic energy 

to mechanical energy through the principles of im 

pulse and reaction, or a mixture of the two.

Waste Materials: Otherwise discarded combustible 

materials which, when burned, produce energy for 

such purposes as space heating and electric power 

generation. The size of the waste may be reduced by 

shredders, grinders, or hammermills. Noncombustible 

materials, if any, may be removed. The waste may 

be dried and then burned, either alone or in combina 

tion with fossil fuels.

Waste Oils and Tar: Petroleum-based materials that 

are worthless for any purpose other than fuel use.

Wind Energy: Energy present in wind motion that 

can be converted to mechanical energy for driving 

pumps, mills, and electric power generators. Wind 

pushes against sails, vanes, or blades radiating from 

a central rotating shaft.

Wood Waste: Wood byproducts used as a fuel. 

Included are limb wood, wood chips, bark, sawdust, 

forest residues, charcoal, and pulp waste.

70 Energy Information Administration/Changes in Energy Intensity in the Manufacturing Sector, 1980-1988
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