SECOND DIVISION

DOYLE, C. J.,

MILLER, P. J, and REESE, J.

NOTICE: Motions for reconsideration must be

physically received in our clerk’s office within ten

days of the date of decision to be deemed timely filed.

http://www.gaappeals.us/rules

June 22, 2017

In the Court of Appeals of Georgia

A17A0389. SWANSON TOWING & RECOVERY, LLC et al. v.

WRECKER 1, INC., et al.

DO-015

DOYLE, Chief Judge.

Wrecker 1, Inc., and its owner, StacyRichardson,(collectively, “the plaintiffs”)

sued Swanson Towing & Recovery, LLC; Nick Group, LLC; SarahCha; and Amanda

McCallister (collectively, “the defendants”) for tortious interference with business

relations, libel, and slander. The defendants moved for summary judgment, and the

trial court denied the motion, certifying its ruling for immediate review.1 This Court

granted the defendants’ application forinterlocutory review, and this appealfollowed.

1 The trial court granted summary judgment to the defendants as to Richardson’s

individual claimfor tortiousinterference with business relations. That ruling is not at issue

in this appeal.
Because the defendants were entitled to judgment as a matter of law, we reverse the

trial court’s denial of their summary judgment motion.

“‘On appeal from the grant of summary judgment this Court conducts a de

novo review of the evidence to determine whether there is a genuine issue of material

fact and whether the undisputed facts, viewed in the light most favorable to the

nonmoving party, warrant judgment as a matter of law.’”

2

So viewed, the relevant facts show that for several years, Steve Richardson

operated a towing company called Silent NightRecovery and Transport, Inc., the sole

business of which was non-consensual towing. In 2007, pursuant to a consent

agreement with Silent Night, the Public Service Commission (“the PSC”) revoked

Silent Night’s permit to conduct non-consensual towing, imposed a fine against Silent

Night, and ordered it to pay restitution to consumers. In a pressrelease, the PSC noted

that “Silent Night had violated state law and Commission rules, including providing

false business addresses, improper signage, failing to file proof of proper insurance

with the Commission[,] and exceeding the maximum tariff rate approved by the

Commission.” 

2 Metro Atlanta Task Force for the Homeless, Inc. v. Ichthus Community Trust, 298

Ga. 221, 224 (1) (b) (780 SE2d 311) (2015), quoting Giles v. Swimmer, 290 Ga. 650 (1)

(725 SE2d 220) (2012).

2
Around the same time, in January 2007, Steve’s wife, Stacy Richardson,

incorporated her own towing company, Wrecker 1. Steve worked for Wrecker 1,

advised Stacy with respect to the business, and advocated for the company with

government entitiesincluding the PSC. Initially, Wrecker 1 only provided consensual

towing services – towing requested by the vehicle’s owner. In 2009, however, Stacy,

with assistance from Steve, sought to be added to Henry County’s list of approved

towing servicesfor non-consensual towsrequested by public officials.

3

In May 2011,

Wrecker 1 was added to the County’s approved list. At that time, only two other

companies were on the list, one of which was Swanson.

4

According to the defendants, the addition of Wrecker 1 to the County list of

approved wreckers was financially devastating. Both Sarah Cha, the owner of

Swanson, and Amanda McCallister, a long-term employee of the company, sent

3 Pursuant to Henry County Wrecker Ordinance 08-03, ch. 3-4, art. III, § 3-4-334,

a copy of which appears in the record, the County maintained a list approved wrecker

companies and had a “Wrecker Services Committee” that enforced the ordinance

provisions, accepted applications and added qualified wreckers, and revoked or suspended

wrecker companiesif appropriate after a due cause hearing. TheCommittee was authorized

to enforce a fee schedule that approved wrecker companies could charge. 

4 Before Wrecker 1 was added to the list, Swanson conducted tows in the northern

portion of the county, and a separate company – Elkins – operated in the southern portion.

Once Wrecker 1 was added to the list, they shared tows in the northern portion with

Swanson. 

3
correspondence to the County manager and various County commissioners to

complain about the financial hardship.5 Several of the messages also conveyed

complaints received about Wrecker 1’s business integrity and billing habits. In one,

McCallister wrote “I don’t see how Wrecker 1 can even call themselves an

upstanding company.” In another, she wrote that Wrecker 1

has no morals [and] no regard for the Citizens of Henry County. . . .

[Wrecker 1] used to be under the name “Silent Knight [sic] Towing and

got in HOT water with the [PSC] . . . so they changed their name to

Wrecker 1. . . . [Wrecker 1] continue[s] to overcharge on 95% of their

calls. . . . We would think that the people [and] officials of Henry

Countywould want valuable wrecker services dealing with their citizens

. . . not a mean, vulgar, demeaning[] crook like Steve [and] Stacy

Richardson of Wrecker 1. 

Cha also sent letters stating that Wrecker 1 and Silent Night were the same company. 

At some point, Swanson heard from a GEICO insurance adjuster, Summer

Smith, regarding complaints of over-charging by Wrecker 1. Swanson relayed those

complaintsto the County and encouraged Smith to contact the County directly. Smith

did so; she also had a meeting with the city manager. In February 2012, the County

5 Elkins, the other approved wrecker on the County list, also made complaints about

Wrecker 1. 

4
held a due cause hearing regarding the complaints. None of the defendants were

present at the hearing, and Stacy concedes that the defendants had “[nothing] to do

with the evidence . . . provided at the hearing.” In April 2012, based upon evidence

introduced at the hearing, the County suspended Wrecker 1 from towing for 90 days

after concluding that it had overcharged customers on 24 occasions. 

Unrelated to the defendants’ complaints, the Wrecker Services Committee

received a complaint from Lee Hamlin regarding a claim of overcharging. In 2012,

a truck owned by Hamlin was in an accident with a truck owned by Penske, and

Wrecker 1 cleared Hamlin’s truck from the roadway; Hamlin offered to pay for

services rendered in moving the truck to the shoulder, but requested that Wrecker 1

not tow the truck from the scene. Wrecker 1 not only disregarded Hamlin’s request,

it also charged him $11,647.75 for the tow. 

On August 28, 2012, the Wrecking Service Committee conducted a due cause

hearing on Hamlin’s complaint. Although Wrecker 1 received notice of the hearing,

no one fromthe company attended the hearing. The Committee issued a written ruling

finding that Wrecker 1 had overcharged Hamlin by $7,822.75.

6 Although Penske did

6 The Committee also noted that Wrecker 1 attempted to sell Hamlin’s vehicle when

he refused to pay the excessive invoice. 

5
not contest its bill, the Committee also reviewed Wrecker 1’s $13,965 invoice to

Penske and found that Wrecker 1 over-charged Penske by $13,055. Based upon the

finding of overcharges to Penske and Hamlin, falsification of invoices, and the

evidence supporting Wrecker 1’s prior suspension, the Committee permanently

removed Wrecker 1 from its list of authorized towing companies. 

The same day asthe hearing, Wrecker 1 and StacyRichardson filed suit against

the Swanson defendants, alleging a claim for tortious interference with business

relations. Specifically, the plaintiffs alleged that Swanson was responsible for

Wrecker 1’s removal from the County’s list of authorized wreckers. In September

2012, the plaintiffs amended the complaint to include claims for libel and slander

based upon comments made by Cha and McCallister that allegedly soiled the

plaintiffs’reputations and linked Wrecker 1, erroneously, with Silent Night. Swanson

moved for summary judgment on all three claims, and the trial court denied the

motion. This appeal followed. 

1. Tortious interference with business relations. The defendants argue that the

trial court erred by denying their motion for summary judgment as to the plaintiffs’

claim of tortious interference with business relations. We agree.

6
“Tortiousinterference claims,whether asserting interference with

contractual relations, business relations, or potential business relations,

share certain common essential elements: (1) improper action or

wrongful conduct by the defendant[s] without privilege; (2) the

defendant[s] acted purposely and with malice with the intent to injure;

(3) the defendant[s] induced a breach of contractual obligations or

caused a party or third parties to discontinue or fail to enter into an

anticipated business relationship with the plaintiff[s]; and (4) the

defendant[s’] tortious conduct proximately caused damage to the

plaintiff[s].”7

Here, pretermitting whether the plaintiffs can establish the first two elements,

they have failed to establish that it was the defendants’ conduct that induced Henry

County to remove Wrecker 1 from the list of authorized towing services. Even

assuming that the defendants’ conduct in making complaints and encouraging Smith

to do the same instigated the investigation, the County did notsuspend and ultimately

terminate Wrecker 1’s status based upon the defendants’ complaints. Rather, the

County conducted hearings at which it took in evidence from Hamlin and Smith

before making its decisions regarding Wrecker 1. The defendants did not participate

at either hearing. Under these circumstances, the plaintiffs have failed to demonstrate

7 Chaney v. Harrison & Lynam, LLC, 308 Ga. App. 808, 818 (2) (708 SE2d 672)

(2011), quoting Kirkland v. Tamplin, 285 Ga. App. 241, 243 (1) (645 SE2d 653) (2007).

7
that the defendants either induced Henry County to discontinue the business

relationship with Wrecker 1 or proximately caused Wrecker 1’s damages.

8

Accordingly, Wrecker 1’s claim for tortious interference fails as a matter of law.9

2. Defamation. The defendants also allege that the trial court erred by denying

their motion for summary judgment as to the plaintiffs’ claims for libel and slander.

Again, we agree.

First, we note that the claims are not particularly well set forth in the amended

complaint, which alleges that Cha and McCallister “published and communicated

defamatory statements.” The exact defamatory statements are not identified. Before

the trial court, Wrecker 1 pointed to statements made by the defendants equating

8 See Tribeca Homes, LLC v. Marathon Inv. Corp., 322 Ga. App. 596, 599 (2) (745

SE2d 806) (2013) (tortiousinterference claim failed because plaintiff could notshow that,

independent of alleged misdeeds, the result would have been different); Barnwell v.

Barnett & Co., 222 Ga. App. 694, 695 (1) (476 SE2d 1) (1996) (defendant could not be

held liable for tortious interference because the defendant had no input in decisionmaking). 

9 See Duke Galish, LLC v. Manton, 291 Ga. App. 827, 832 (1) (662 SE2d 880)

(2008). 

8
Wrecker 1 with the defunct Silent Night, which Wrecker 1 alleges “soil[ed its]

reputation.” 

OCGA § 51-5-1 defines libel as “a false and malicious defamation of another,

expressed in print, writing, pictures, or signs, tending to injure the reputation of the

person and exposing himto public hatred, contempt, or ridicule.” Slander may consist

of “[m]aking charges against another in reference to [her] trade, office, or profession,

calculated to injure [her.]”

10

 Both libel and slander constitute defamation.

11

Generally, there are four elements in a cause of action for defamation:

(1) a false and defamatory statement concerning the plaintiff; (2) an

unprivileged communication to a third party; (3) fault by the defendant

amounting at least to negligence; and (4) special harm or the

actionability of the statement irrespective of special harm.

12

(a) McCallister’s statements that Wrecker 1 has “no morals” and that the

Richardsons are “crook[s].”

10

 OCGA § 51-5-4 (a) (3).

11

 See Ajouelo v. Auto-Soler Co., 61 Ga. App. 216-221 (6 SE2d 415) (1939). 

12

(Punctuation omitted.) Renton v. Watson, 319 Ga. App. 896, 900 (2) (739 SE2d

19) (2013), quoting Wertz v. Allen, 313 Ga. App. 202, 205 (1) (721 SE2d 122) (2011).

9
In an email to a County official, McCallister alleged that Wrecker 1 “had no

morals” and characterized the Richardsons as “mean, vulgar, demeaning[] crook[s].”

These statements are not actionable because they are expressions of opinion. 

[A] defamation action will lie only for a statement of fact. This is

because a statement that reflects an opinion or subjective assessment, as

to which reasonable minds could differ, cannot be proved false. As a

result, a plaintiff who claims that a published opinion defamed him will

generally be unable to carry his burden of proving the essential element

of falsity. Still, there is no wholesale defamation exception for anything

that might be labeled opinion.

13

With regard to implications of criminal activity,

the words at issue must charge the commission of a specific crime

punishable by law. Where the plain import of the words spoken impute

no criminal offense, they cannot have their meaning enlarged by

innuendo. Indeed, the statement must give the impression that the crime

is actually being charged against the individual and couched in language

as might reasonably be expected to convey such meaning to a hearer of

the statement; a vague statement or even a derogatory one does not

amount to slander per se when a person cannot reasonably conclude

13

(Punctuation omitted.) Cottrell v. Smith, 299 Ga. 517, 523 (II) (A) (788 SE2d 772)

(2016), quoting Gettner v. Fitzgerald, 297 Ga. App. 258, 261 (677 SE2d 149) (2009).

10
from what is said that the comments are imputing a crime to the

plaintiff.14

Here, the defendants’statements characterizing the plaintiffs as withoutmorals

and as “mean, vulgar, demeaning[] crook[s]” do not allege a specific crime. Instead,

they constitute expressions of opinion, which are not actionable.15

(b) Statements equating Wrecker 1with Silent Night. Similarly, the defendants’

statements equating Wrecker 1 with Silent Night are not actionable. The plaintiffs do

not point to a specific statement by the defendants, but instead allege generally that

the statements that characterize Wrecker 1 as a continuation of Silent Night are

defamatory. But the defendants did not state that the two companies are the same

legal entity. Instead, they alleged that Wrecker 1 “used to be under the name of Silent

Knight [sic] and got in HOT water with the [PSC] (which is public record on the

14

 (Citation and punctuation omitted). Cottrell, 299 Ga. at 524 (II) (A).

15 See id. at 529 (II) (A) (2) (holding that allegations that the plaintiff was “not

trustworthy” and that “his activities with the women he has deceived and taken money

from are criminal” constitute opinion). See also Gast v. Brittain, 277 Ga. 340, 341 (589

SE2d 63) (2003) (“assertions regarding ‘immorality’ . . . are plainly the sorts of opinions

that are incapable of being proved false”); Janet Ricker Builder, Inc. v. Gardner, 244 Ga.

App. 753, 755 (4) (536 SE2d 777) (2000) (holding that a sign in a homeowner’s window

stating that her house was a “lemon” is “a constitutionally protected expression of opinion”

that could not support a claim for tortious interference with business relations).

11
Internet for you to see) so they changed their name to Wrecker 1.” It is undisputed

that the PSC revoked Silent Night’s towing permit, and therefore this portion of the

statement is true, as is the fact that the owners of both companies are married to each

other. To the extent that the defendants characterize Wrecker 1 as a continuation of

Silent Night, incorporated in an attempt to evade the negative reputation of Silent

Night and to obtain a towing permit, that is an “expression of opinion on matters with

respect to which reasonable men might entertain differing opinions. . . .”16

(c) Allegations that Wrecker 1 overcharged customers. Finally, to the extent

that the plaintiffs alleged that the defendants’ accusations regarding Wrecker 1

overcharging customers were defamatory, such claims fail. As aforementioned, the

County concluded that Wrecker 1 had, in fact, overcharged truck owners. Thus, the

plaintiffs failed to establish that the accusations regarding overcharging were not

true.17

16

(Punctuation omitted.) Gast, 277 Ga. at 341, quoting Bergen v. MartindaleHubbell, 176 Ga. App. 745, 747 (337 SE2d 770) (1985). See also Collins v. Cox

Enterprises, 215 Ga. App. 679, 680 (452 SE2d 226) (1994) (newspaper editorial stating

that PSC candidate was trying to “fool voters” by changing his name “does not imply an

assertion of objective fact that might be proved false; rather, it is merely speculation as to

[the candidate’s] motive based on his behavior”). 

17

 See id. at 846 (1) (a).

12
Accordingly, the trial court erred by denying the defendants’ motion for

summary judgment as to the plaintiffs’ defamation claims.

Judgment reversed. Miller, P. J., and Reese, J., concur.

13