Released: August 2021

Next MECS will be fielded in 2023.

Table 1.4 Number of Establishments by First Use of Energy for All Purposes (Fuel and Nonfuel), 2018;

Level: National Data;

Row: NAICS Codes; Column: Energy Sources and Shipments;

Unit: Establishment Counts.

NAICS Code(a) Subsector and Industry

Any Energy

Source(b)

Net

Electricity(c)

Residual

Fuel Oil

Distillate

Fuel Oil(d)

Natural

Gas(e)

HGL (excluding natural

gasoline)(f) Coal

Co

Total United States

311 Food 15,842 15,800 16 1,763 12,813 3,243 27 

3112 Grain and Oilseed Milling 611 611 6 132 508 146 11 

311221 Wet Corn Milling 52 52 0 22 46 28 4 

31131 Sugar Manufacturing 70 70 D 23 62 21 17 

3114 Fruit and Vegetable Preserving and Specialty Food 1,047 1,047 D 163 888 323 0 

3115 Dairy Product 1,036 1,036 4 166 916 231 0 

3116 Animal Slaughtering and Processing 1,842 1,842 D 285 1,527 353 0 

312 Beverage and Tobacco Products 3,938 3,938 5 374 1,809 2,108 3 

3121 Beverages 3,853 3,853 D 354 1,756 2,081 3 

3122 Tobacco 85 85 D 20 53 27 0 

313 Textile Mills 1,352 1,352 Q 181 819 516 10 

314 Textile Product Mills 4,116 4,116 0 Q 2,016 799 D 

315 Apparel 3,856 3,856 0 D 1,060 QQ 

316 Leather and Allied Products 655 655 0 D 284 152 0 

321 Wood Products 9,433 9,229 24 2,168 4,606 4,418 Q 

321113 Sawmills 1,787 1,782 D 850 411 461 0 

3212 Veneer, Plywood, and Engineered Woods 1,083 1,079 D 270 794 470 Q 

321219 Reconstituted Wood Products 158 158 D 78 127 79 0 

3219 Other Wood Products 6,284 6,089 Q 948 3,232 3,393 Q 

322 Paper 3,009 3,009 47 246 2,662 1,545 37 

322110 Pulp Mills 28 28 D 18 27 18 D 

322121 Paper Mills, except Newsprint 156 156 20 71 147 91 23 

322122 Newsprint Mills 11 11 0 9 9 10 0 322130 Paperboard Mills 143 143 17 77 137 91 10 

323 Printing and Related Support 12,614 12,614 D 402 8,458 1,692 0 

324 Petroleum and Coal Products 1,883 1,880 48 756 1,191 440 9 

324110 Petroleum Refineries 136 136 D 72 128 51 0 

324121 Asphalt Paving Mixture and Block 1,289 1,288 42 571 724 196 D 

324122 Asphalt Shingle and Coating Materials 168 168 D 35 156 98 0 

324191 Petroleum Lubricating Oil and Grease Products 211 211 0 39 127 72 0 324199 Other Petroleum and Coal Products 79 78 0 39 56 23 D 

325 Chemicals 8,901 8,872 19 1,375 7,121 4,080 68 

325110 Petrochemicals 66 66 0 32 49 41 0 

325120 Industrial Gases 525 525 0 3 242 111 0 325180 Other Basic Inorganic Chemicals 501 501 12 118 416 224 5 

325193 Ethyl Alcohol 207 207 0 103 199 74 3 

325194 Cyclic Crudes, Intermediate and Gum and Wood Chemicals 61 61 0 18 56 22 5 

325199 Other Basic Organic Chemicals 524 524 3 159 473 233 Q 

325211 Plastics Materials and Resins 813 813 0 173 669 557 D 325212 Synthetic Rubber 87 87 0 17 76 38 D 

325220 Artificial and Synthetic Fibers and Filaments 99 99 0 12 83 56 D 325311 Nitrogenous Fertilizers 148 148 0 100 139 93 0 
325312 Phosphatic Fertilizers 55 55 D 18 34 21 D 

3254 Pharmaceuticals and Medicines 1,326 1,297 0 199 1,055 220 D 

325412 Pharmaceutical Preparation 716 687 0 100 531 104 D 

325992 Photographic Film, Paper, Plate, and Chemicals 108 108 D 14 87 23 0 

326 Plastics and Rubber Products 8,317 8,317 3 763 5,532 3,441 0 

327 Nonmetallic Mineral Products 12,035 12,035 Q 4,014 7,131 3,242 143 

327120 Clay Building Material and Refractories 415 415 0 132 361 181 4 

327211 Flat Glass 60 60 0 14 40 23 D 

327212 Other Pressed and Blown Glass and Glassware 164 164 0 32 148 83 0 

327213 Glass Containers 57 57 0 19 56 21 0 

327215 Glass Products from Purchased Glass 686 686 0 62 534 225 0 

327310 Cements 187 187 0 70 121 49 82 

327410 Lime 86 86 0 47 49 19 48 327420 Gypsum 148 148 0 87 135 87 0 327993 Mineral Wool 191 191 0 24 164 93 D 

331 Primary Metals 3,226 3,226 D 625 2,835 2,095 61 

331110 Iron and Steel Mills and Ferroalloys 390 390 D 158 337 229 48 

3312 Steel Products from Purchased Steel 498 498 0 113 435 359 3 

3313 Alumina and Aluminum 399 399 0 102 356 240 0 

331314 Secondary Smelting and Alloying of Aluminum 109 109 0 37 98 70 0 331315 Aluminum Sheet, Plate and Foils 65 65 0 30 62 37 0 331318 Other Aluminum Rolling, Drawing and Extruding 191 191 0 27 162 123 0 

3314 Nonferrous Metals, except Aluminum 651 651 0 55 572 363 3 

331410 Nonferrous Metal (except Aluminum) Smelting and Refining 107 107 0 14 92 75 3 

3315 Foundries 1,288 1,288 Q 196 1,135 904 6 

331511 Iron Foundries 373 373 0 83 329 306 3 

331523 Nonferrous Metal Die‐Casting Foundries 257 257 Q 34 250 192 0 

331524 Aluminum Foundries, except Die‐Casting 277 277 0 18 204 173 0 

332 Fabricated Metal Products 37,949 37,949 0 2,095 23,099 14,651 Q 

333 Machinery 14,919 14,919 Q 1,411 9,986 5,326 Q 334 Computer and Electronic Products 6,646 6,646 3 152 3,802 804 0 

334413 Semiconductors and Related Devices 344 344 D 65 146 25 0 

335 Electrical Equip., Appliances, and Components 3,295 3,295 D 275 2,119 902 0 

336 Transportation Equipment 7,032 7,032 14 986 4,565 2,570 0 

336111 Automobiles 71 71 0 21 59 26 0 336112 Light Trucks and Utility Vehicles 69 69 0 21 52 33 0 

3364 Aerospace Product and Parts 1,199 1,199 D 150 769 350 0 

336411 Aircraft 347 347 0 38 216 103 0 

337 Furniture and Related Products 8,347 8,201 0 359 4,276 2,642 D 

339 Miscellaneous 13,589 13,589 0 583 7,015 2,599 Q 

Total 180,953 180,529 300 18,696 113,200 57,598 1,074 

(a) The Bureau of the Census classifies establishments using the 2017 North American Industry Classification System (NAICS).

(b) Any Energy Source represents the non‐duplicative total of establishments identified with any of the listed energy sources. This count includes only those establishments that reported 

(c) Net Electricity is obtained by summing purchases, transfers in, and generation from noncombustible renewable resources, minus quantities sold and transferred out. It does not inclu

cogeneration or generation from combustible fuels because that energy has already been included as generating fuel (for example, coal).

(d) Distillate Fuel Oil includes Nos. 1, 2, and 4 fuel oils and Nos. 1, 2, and 4 diesel fuels.

(e) Natural Gas includes natural gas obtained from utilities, local distribution companies, and any other supplier(s), such as independent gas producers, gas brokers, marketers, and any 

(f) Hydrocarbon Gas Liquids (HGL) include ethane, ethylene, propane, propylene, normal butane, butylene, ethane‐propane mixtures, propane‐butane mixtures, and isobutane produced 

processing plants, including plants that fractionate raw Natural Gas Liquids (NGL).

(g) Other includes net steam (the sum of purchases, generation from renewables, and net transfers), and other energy that respondents indicated was used to produce heat and power o

inputs.

(h) Shipments of Energy Sources Produced Onsite are those shipments produced or transformed onsite from the nonfuel use of other energy sources. For example, at an establishment t

for later use, the entire quantity of coal is counted as first use. Any onsite consumption of coke is not counted as first use because it would duplicate the coal use. If some of the coke is the

then that second establishment will consider this coke to be a shipment of an offsite‐produced energy source. Hence, the second establishment will count this coke as its first use, thereby 

order to eliminate the double counting, the energy equivalent of the coke shipment must be subtracted from first use.

* Estimate less than 0.5.

D Withheld to avoid disclosing data for individual establishments
D=Withheld to avoid disclosing data for individual establishments.

Q=Withheld because Relative Standard Error is greater than 50 percent.NA=Not available.

Notes: Totals may not equal sum of components because of independent rounding. The derived estimates presented in this table are for the first use (formerly primary consumption) of 

as feedstocks or raw material inputs. First use is defined as the consumption of the energy that was originally produced offsite or was produced onsite from input materials not classified a

are hydrogen produced from the electrolysis of brine; the output of captive (onsite) mines or wells; wood chips, bark, and wood waste from wood purchased as a raw material input; and w

wastepaper and packing materials. First use excludes quantities of energy that are produced from other energy inputs and, therefore, avoids double counting.

Source: U.S. Energy Information Administration, Office of Energy Consumption and Efficiency Statistics, Form EIA‐846, 2018 Manufacturing Energy Consumption Survey.

The Census Bureau has reviewed this data product for unauthorized disclosure of confidential information and has approved the disclosure avoidance practices applied (Approval ID: CBDRB
Released: August 2021

Next MECS will be fielded in 2023.

RSE Table 1.4 Relative Standard Errors for Table 1.4;

Unit: Percents.

NAICS Code(a) Subsector and Industry

Any Energy

Source(b)

Net

Electricity(c)

Residual

Fuel Oil

Distillate Fuel

Oil(d)

Natural

Gas(e)

HGL (excluding

natural gasoline)(f) Coal

Coke 

Bre

Total United States

311 Food 0.0 0.1 5.4 3.9 1.5 4.1 0.3 

3112 Grain and Oilseed Milling 0.0 0.0 34.8 4.7 2.9 4.7 1.0 

311221 Wet Corn Milling 0.0 0.0 X 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 

31131 Sugar Manufacturing 0.0 0.0 D 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 

3114 Fruit and Vegetable Preserving and Specialty Food 0.0 0.0 D 14.9 5.8 14.7 X 

3115 Dairy Product 0.0 0.0 46.1 19.9 3.9 15.4 X 

3116 Animal Slaughtering and Processing 0.0 0.0 D 14.8 4.4 17.3 X 

312 Beverage and Tobacco Products 0.0 0.0 0.0 6.7 3.4 4.5 0.0 

3121 Beverages 0.0 0.0 D 23.9 8.2 7.1 0.0 

3122 Tobacco 0.0 0.0 D 0.0 0.0 0.0 X 

313 Textile Mills 0.5 0.5 62.7 28.4 9.3 14.3 42.4 314 Textile Product Mills 0.0 0.0 X 71.0 19.9 38.8 D 

315 Apparel 0.0 0.0 X D 32.4 64.2 96.7 316 Leather and Allied Products 0.0 0.0 X D 19.7 29.5 X 

321 Wood Products 0.0 0.4 16.3 8.4 4.5 7.2 53.8 

321113 Sawmills 0.0 0.0 D 7.3 11.1 9.1 X 

3212 Veneer, Plywood, and Engineered Woods 0.0 0.2 D 16.2 5.5 13.2 80.8 

321219 Reconstituted Wood Products 0.0 0.0 D 21.6 7.9 21.5 X 

3219 Other Wood Products 0.0 1.8 86.4 17.9 9.0 8.5 70.6 

322 Paper 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.5 1.0 1.9 0.0 

322110 Pulp Mills 0.0 0.0 D 0.0 0.0 0.0 D 322121 Paper Mills, except Newsprint 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 

322122 Newsprint Mills 0.0 0.0 X 0.0 0.0 0.0 X 322130 Paperboard Mills 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 

323 Printing and Related Support 0.0 0.0 D 39.8 5.4 18.5 X 

324 Petroleum and Coal Products 0.0 0.0 9.7 3.0 2.5 5.3 0.0 

324110 Petroleum Refineries 0.0 0.0 D 0.0 0.0 0.0 X 324121 Asphalt Paving Mixture and Block 0.0 0.0 22.9 6.3 5.4 16.5 D 324122 Asphalt Shingle and Coating Materials 0.0 0.0 D 12.3 1.4 9.8 X 

324191 Petroleum Lubricating Oil and Grease Products 0.0 0.0 X 22.3 14.4 19.5 X 

324199 Other Petroleum and Coal Products 0.0 0.0 X 0.0 0.0 0.0 D 

325 Chemicals 0.0 0.3 8.0 4.6 1.5 3.8 7.6 

325110 Petrochemicals 0.0 0.0 X 0.0 0.0 0.0 X 

325120 Industrial Gases 0.0 0.0 X 12.1 16.3 40.7 X 

325180 Other Basic Inorganic Chemicals 0.0 0.0 17.8 16.9 7.9 14.8 9.4 

325193 Ethyl Alcohol 0.0 0.0 X 6.0 1.1 7.5 4.1 

325194 Cyclic Crudes, Intermediate and Gum and Wood Chemicals 0.0 0.0 X 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 

325199 Other Basic Organic Chemicals 0.0 0.0 8.8 12.5 2.7 11.7 53.2 

325211 Plastics Materials and Resins 0.0 0.0 X 18.2 6.1 7.0 D 

325212 Synthetic Rubber 0.0 0.0 X 0.0 0.0 0.0 D 

325220 Artificial and Synthetic Fibers and Filaments 0.0 0.0 X 0.0 0.0 0.0 D 

325311 Nitrogenous Fertilizers 0.0 0.0 X 22.6 2.6 26.6 X 

325312 Phosphatic Fertilizers 0.0 0.0 D 0.0 0.0 0.0 D 

3254 Pharmaceuticals and Medicines 0.0 2.0 X 14.9 5.7 21.0 D 
325412 Pharmaceutical Preparation 0.0 4.0 X 16.7 9.3 32.8 D 

325992 Photographic Film, Paper, Plate, and Chemicals 0.0 0.0 D 22.3 10.6 27.2 X 

326 Plastics and Rubber Products 0.0 0.0 0.0 24.9 6.1 10.0 X 327 Nonmetallic Mineral Products 0.0 0.0 97.5 5.1 1.9 6.0 6.8 

327120 Clay Building Material and Refractories 0.0 0.0 X 15.0 5.8 12.0 8.6 

327211 Flat Glass 0.0 0.0 X 0.0 0.0 0.0 D 

327212 Other Pressed and Blown Glass and Glassware 0.0 0.0 X 29.4 5.0 23.0 X 

327213 Glass Containers 0.0 0.0 X 0.0 0.0 0.0 X 327215 Glass Products from Purchased Glass 0.0 0.0 X 25.9 6.4 17.5 X 327310 Cements 0.0 0.0 X 25.4 14.8 38.2 15.8 1

327410 Lime 0.0 0.0 X 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 

327420 Gypsum 0.0 0.0 X 15.3 4.0 16.5 X 

327993 Mineral Wool 0.0 0.0 X 18.9 5.3 22.0 D 

331 Primary Metals 0.0 0.0 D 4.0 1.4 2.3 3.4 

331110 Iron and Steel Mills and Ferroalloys 0.0 0.0 D 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 

3312 Steel Products from Purchased Steel 0.0 0.0 X 24.0 4.0 8.4 10.0 1

3313 Alumina and Aluminum 0.0 0.0 X 4.5 1.6 3.9 X 

331314 Secondary Smelting and Alloying of Aluminum 0.0 0.0 X 14.8 1.4 8.7 X 

331315 Aluminum Sheet, Plate and Foils 0.0 0.0 X 0.0 0.0 0.0 X 

331318 Other Aluminum Rolling, Drawing and Extruding 0.0 0.0 X 10.2 6.6 10.1 X 

3314 Nonferrous Metals, except Aluminum 0.0 0.0 X 14.8 3.9 7.2 18.0 1

331410 Nonferrous Metal (except Aluminum) Smelting and Refining 0.0 0.0 X 21.6 3.0 8.3 18.0 

3315 Foundries 0.0 0.0 88.2 11.4 3.2 3.8 16.1 1

331511 Iron Foundries 0.0 0.0 X 20.4 7.1 7.1 17.5 1

331523 Nonferrous Metal Die‐Casting Foundries 0.0 0.0 88.2 28.9 0.6 4.1 X 

331524 Aluminum Foundries, except Die‐Casting 0.0 0.0 X 15.9 12.4 11.1 X 

332 Fabricated Metal Products 0.0 0.0 X 24.8 4.9 7.7 70.2 333 Machinery 0.0 0.0 98.9 19.5 4.6 8.8 98.9 334 Computer and Electronic Products 0.0 0.0 12.0 17.7 9.8 17.6 X 

334413 Semiconductors and Related Devices 0.0 0.0 D 18.9 19.9 15.4 X 

335 Electrical Equip., Appliances, and Components 0.0 0.0 D 37.2 11.5 22.6 X 

336 Transportation Equipment 0.2 0.2 37.8 5.2 3.9 6.9 X 

336111 Automobiles 0.0 0.0 X 0.0 0.0 0.0 X 

336112 Light Trucks and Utility Vehicles 0.0 0.0 X 0.0 0.0 0.0 X 

3364 Aerospace Product and Parts 0.0 0.0 D 15.8 10.1 19.6 X 

336411 Aircraft 0.0 0.0 X 23.3 18.0 36.0 X 

337 Furniture and Related Products 0.0 1.2 X 40.1 8.7 12.8 D 

339 Miscellaneous 0.7 0.7 X 34.5 7.7 16.1 98.8 

Total 0.1 0.1 3.5 1.7 0.7 1.5 4.1 

(a) The Bureau of the Census classifies establishments using the 2017 North American Industry Classification System (NAICS).

(b) Any Energy Source represents the non‐duplicative total of establishments identified with any of the listed energy sources. This count includes only those establishments that reported this 

(c) Net Electricity is obtained by summing purchases, transfers in, and generation from noncombustible renewable resources, minus quantities sold and transferred out. It does not include ele

cogeneration or generation from combustible fuels because that energy has already been included as generating fuel (for example, coal).

(d) Distillate Fuel Oil includes Nos. 1, 2, and 4 fuel oils and Nos. 1, 2, and 4 diesel fuels.

(e) Natural Gas includes natural gas obtained from utilities, local distribution companies, and any other supplier(s), such as independent gas producers, gas brokers, marketers, and any marke

(f) Hydrocarbon Gas Liquids (HGL) include ethane, ethylene, propane, propylene, normal butane, butylene, ethane‐propane mixtures, propane‐butane mixtures, and isobutane produced at re

plants, including plants that fractionate raw Natural Gas Liquids (NGL).

(g) Other includes net steam (the sum of purchases, generation from renewables, and net transfers), and other energy that respondents indicated was used to produce heat and power or as f

(h) Shipments of Energy Sources Produced Onsite are those shipments produced or transformed onsite from the nonfuel use of other energy sources. For example, at an establishment that p

later use, the entire quantity of coal is counted as first use. Any onsite consumption of coke is not counted as first use because it would duplicate the coal use. If some of the coke is then sold to 

second establishment will consider this coke to be a shipment of an offsite‐produced energy source. Hence, the second establishment will count this coke as its first use, thereby resulting in dou

the double counting, the energy equivalent of the coke shipment must be subtracted from first use.

* Estimate less than 0.5.

D=Withheld to avoid disclosing data for individual establishments.

Q=Withheld because Relative Standard Error is greater than 50 percent.

X=Not defined because RSE corresponds to a data table value of zero.

NA=Not available.

Notes: Totals may not equal sum of components because of independent rounding. The derived estimates presented in this table are for the first use (formerly primary consumption) of ener
Notes: Totals may not equal sum of components because of independent rounding. The derived estimates presented in this table are for the first use (formerly primary consumption) of ener

feedstocks or raw material inputs. First use is defined as the consumption of the energy that was originally produced offsite or was produced onsite from input materials not classified as energ

hydrogen produced from the electrolysis of brine; the output of captive (onsite) mines or wells; wood chips, bark, and wood waste from wood purchased as a raw material input; and waste ma

packing materials. First use excludes quantities of energy that are produced from other energy inputs and, therefore, avoids double counting.

Source: U.S. Energy Information Administration, Office of Energy Consumption and Efficiency Statistics, Form EIA‐846, 2018 Manufacturing Energy Consumption Survey.

The Census Bureau has reviewed this data product for unauthorized disclosure of confidential information and has approved the disclosure avoidance practices applied (Approval ID: CBDRB‐FY20