Release date: September 2021

Revised date: December 2022

All

buildings

Food

service Lodging

Food 

sales

All health 

care

InpatientOutpatient

All buildings 5,918 286 207 163 137 9 129 81

Building floorspace (square feet)

1,001 to 10,000 4,192 276 87 147 93 N 93 Q

10,001 to 100,000 1,585 Q 107 16 38 4 34 30

Over 100,000 142 Q 12 Q 6 5 2 2

Year constructed

Before 1946 709 64 11 Q 11 Q Q Q

1946 to 1979 2,033 80 59 63 33 3 31 22

1980 to 1999 1,715 60 62 40 45 2 43 30

2000 to 2018 1,461 82 76 43 48 3 44 24

Census region

Northeast 793 29 34 Q 23 1 21 Q

Midwest 1,719 72 68 58 20 1 18 Q

South 2,143 110 55 71 50 3 47 28

West 1,264 75 50 Q 45 3 42 28

Climate zonea

Cold or very cold 539 28 24 Q 9 Q Q Q

Cool 1,727 78 71 36 28 3 25 26

Mixed mild 1,216 68 43 Q 31 1 30 20

Warm 1,606 70 47 45 49 2 46 19

Hot or very hot 831 42 22 Q 20 1 19 Q

Number of floors

1 4,106 217 62 149 80 Q 78 58

2 1,286 47 85 Q 36 Q 35 Q

3 370 Q 29 Q 13 Q 11 Q

4 to 9 142 Q 28 Q 8 3 4 2

10 or more 16 N 4 N 1 1 Q 1

Elevators and escalators 

(more than one may apply)

Any elevators 503 Q 58 Q 29 6 23 15

1 elevator 366 Q 34 Q 17 Q 16 Q

2 to 5 elevator 121 Q 23 Q 9 3 6 3

6 or more elevators 16 N 2 N 3 3 Q 1

Any escalators 14 Q Q N Q Q Q Q

Number of workers (main shift)

Fewer than 10 4,386 175 127 143 55 N 55 48

10 to 99 1,405 111 78 19 72 4 68 29

100 or more 127 Q 3 Q 11 5 6 4

Table B13. Selected principal building activity: part 2, number of buildings, 2018

Number of buildings (thousand)

Principal building activity

Public

order and

safety

Health care
All

buildings

Food

service Lodging

Food 

sales

All health 

care

InpatientOutpatient

All buildings 5,918 286 207 163 137 9 129 81

Table B13. Selected principal building activity: part 2, number of buildings, 2018

Number of buildings (thousand)

Principal building activity

Public

order and

safety

Health care

Weekly operating hours

Fewer than 49 2,853 37 N Q 74 N 74 21

49 to 84 1,896 143 Q Q 48 N 48 1

85 to 167 465 92 N 83 Q N Q Q

Open continuously 705 Q 203 34 12 9 4 60

Ownership and occupancy

Nongovernment owned 4,982 260 197 163 130 7 123 Q

Owner occupied 3,249 162 130 126 74 6 68 Q

Leased to tenant or tenants 1,581 98 67 37 56 Q 55 Q

Unoccupied 152 N N N N N N N

Government owned 937 Q Q N 7 Q Q 57

Federal 70 Q Q N Q Q Q Q

State 256 Q Q N Q Q Q Q

Local 610 Q Q N Q Q Q 43

Party responsible for operation

of energy systems

Building owner 4,872 228 181 134 109 8 101 75

Business owner or tenant 831 55 Q Q 27 Q 26 Q

Property management 97 Q 6 N Q Q Q N

Other 118 Q Q Q Q Q Q Q

Provider of direct input on energyrelated equipment purchases

Building owner 5,127 230 184 142 114 8 106 72

Business owner or tenant 483 43 Q Q 18 Q Q Q

Property management 49 Q Q Q Q Q Q N

Other 260 Q Q Q 5 Q Q Q

Number of establishments

1 4,719 263 194 148 91 7 84 65

2 to 5 811 Q 12 15 40 1 38 15

6 to 10 135 Q Q N 4 Q Q Q

11 to 20 63 N Q N Q Q Q Q

More than 20 19 N Q N Q Q Q Q

Currently unoccupied 170 N N N N N N N
All

buildings

Food

service Lodging

Food 

sales

All health 

care

InpatientOutpatient

All buildings 5,918 286 207 163 137 9 129 81

Table B13. Selected principal building activity: part 2, number of buildings, 2018

Number of buildings (thousand)

Principal building activity

Public

order and

safety

Health care

Campus or complex activity

Not part of a campus or complex 3,622 235 91 151 110 4 106 63

Primary or secondary school 247 Q N N N N N N

College or university 103 Q Q N Q Q Q Q

Office complex 141 Q N N Q N Q Q

Retail complex 250 Q Q Q Q N Q N

Storage complex 418 N N N N N N N

Religious campus or complex 253 Q Q N N N N N

Health care complex 60 Q 8 N 24 5 19 Q

Lodging or resort complex 102 Q 57 N N N N N

Transportation complex 36 N N N N N N N

Government complex 124 Q N N N N N Q

Other 563 Q 24 Q Q N Q Q

Predominant exterior wall material

Brick, stone, or stucco 2,490 187 109 60 86 6 80 27

Concrete (block or poured) 935 51 23 43 17 Q 16 18

Concrete panels 137 Q 1 Q 2 1 Q Q

Siding or shingles 948 35 63 Q 24 Q 23 Q

Metal panels 1,250 Q Q Q Q Q Q Q

Window glass 19 Q Q N Q Q Q Q

Other 139 Q Q Q Q Q Q Q

Predominant roof material

Metal surfacing 2,198 59 24 46 Q Q Q Q

Synthetic or rubber 940 75 24 41 31 5 26 16

Built-up 708 48 16 Q 25 1 23 9

Slate or tile shingles 376 Q 27 Q Q Q Q Q

Wooden materials (including

shingles) 166 Q 17 Q Q Q Q Q

Asphalt, fiberglass, or 

other shingles 1,311 47 91 Q 48 1 46 Q

Concrete 83 Q 7 Q Q Q Q Q

Other 136 Q Q Q Q Q Q Q

Roof tilt

Flat 1,914 132 40 68 70 7 63 26

Shallow pitch 2,313 84 72 50 24 Q 23 33

Steeper pitch 1,691 71 95 Q 43 Q 42 Q
All

buildings

Food

service Lodging

Food 

sales

All health 

care

InpatientOutpatient

All buildings 5,918 286 207 163 137 9 129 81

Table B13. Selected principal building activity: part 2, number of buildings, 2018

Number of buildings (thousand)

Principal building activity

Public

order and

safety

Health care

Cool roof characteristics (more than one 

may apply)

White or reflective coating or paint 1,285 94 25 39 36 5 31 12

White or reflective tiles or shingles 140 Q 14 Q 18 Q Q Q

Aluminum coating 528 Q Q Q Q Q Q Q

Ballasted roof system 114 Q 2 Q 3 1 2 Q

Other cool roof property 35 Q Q N Q Q Q Q

Renovations since 2000 

(more than one may apply)

Any type of renovation 2,032 120 82 66 65 6 60 36

Addition or annex 327 32 13 Q 11 3 8 Q

Reduction in floorspace 35 Q Q Q Q Q Q N

Roof replacement 847 52 42 Q 35 3 32 11

Interior wall reconfiguration 709 31 12 Q 44 4 41 15

Window replacement 484 38 19 Q 12 2 Q Q

HVAC equipment upgrade 1,006 71 35 Q 46 4 42 19

Lighting upgrade 1,012 68 43 51 34 3 31 12

Electrical upgrade 565 58 15 Q 23 2 21 Q

Plumbing system upgrade 584 62 28 Q 25 2 23 6

Insulation upgrade 307 25 6 Q 15 1 14 Q

Fire, safety, or security upgrade 570 56 36 Q 30 3 27 Q

Structural upgrade 147 Q 10 Q 6 1 Q Q

Other 43 Q Q N Q N Q Q

No renovations 3,530 144 99 86 64 2 62 41

Buildings constructed 2013 or later 357 23 26 Q 8 Q Q Q

Energy sources

(more than one may apply)

Electricity 5,613 286 207 163 137 9 129 81

Natural gas 2,974 203 138 90 77 7 70 54

Fuel oil 583 Q 32 Q 20 8 13 29

District heat 86 Q 9 N 2 1 Q Q

District chilled water 55 Q 3 N 2 1 Q Q

Propane 676 48 26 Q 6 Q Q Q

Solar 99 Q Q Q Q Q Q Q

Wood, coal, and other 180 Q Q Q Q Q Q N

Space-heating energy sources 

(more than one may apply)

Electricity 2,563 135 141 75 87 4 83 37

Natural gas 2,587 144 89 73 67 6 62 52

Fuel oil 266 Q Q Q 4 2 Q Q

District heat 83 Q 9 N 2 1 Q Q

Propane 431 Q Q Q Q Q Q Q

Other sourcesb 127 N Q Q Q Q Q N
All

buildings

Food

service Lodging

Food 

sales

All health 

care

InpatientOutpatient

All buildings 5,918 286 207 163 137 9 129 81

Table B13. Selected principal building activity: part 2, number of buildings, 2018

Number of buildings (thousand)

Principal building activity

Public

order and

safety

Health care

Primary space-heating 

energy source

Electricity 1,856 112 120 52 71 1 69 Q

Natural gas 2,344 133 63 71 58 5 53 48

Fuel oil 222 Q Q Q Q Q Q Q

District heat 78 Q 8 N 2 1 Q Q

Propane 338 Q Q Q Q Q Q Q

Other sourcesb 63 N N Q Q Q N N

Cooling energy sources

(more than one may apply)

Electricity 4,584 274 203 157 134 8 126 76

Natural gas 4 Q Q N Q Q Q N

District chilled water 55 Q 3 N 2 1 Q Q

Water-heating energy sources

(more than one may apply)

Electricity 2,785 124 80 90 77 3 74 45

Natural gas 1,885 156 116 66 67 6 61 41

Fuel oil 72 Q Q Q 3 Q Q Q

District heat 38 Q 6 N 1 1 Q Q

Propane 145 Q Q Q Q Q Q Q

Cooking energy sources

(more than one may apply)

Electricity 1,216 139 112 76 20 5 15 39

Natural gas 727 186 62 33 7 6 1 23

Propane 159 40 6 Q Q Q N Q

Energy end uses

(more than one may apply)

Buildings with space heating 4,901 265 199 139 136 8 127 77

Buildings with cooling 4,631 274 205 157 136 9 128 76

Buildings with water heating 4,595 286 205 157 136 9 127 79

Buildings with cooking 1,738 280 150 101 23 7 16 55

Buildings with manufacturing 322 Q Q Q Q Q Q Q

Buildings with electricity

generation 706 Q 53 17 30 9 21 37

Buildings with lighting 5,503 286 207 163 137 9 129 81

Percent of floorspace heated

Not heated 1,017 Q Q Q Q Q Q Q

1 to 50% 693 Q 15 Q Q Q Q Q

51 to 99% 905 55 25 33 25 1 24 15

100% 3,303 187 159 102 105 7 98 62
All

buildings

Food

service Lodging

Food 

sales

All health 

care

InpatientOutpatient

All buildings 5,918 286 207 163 137 9 129 81

Table B13. Selected principal building activity: part 2, number of buildings, 2018

Number of buildings (thousand)

Principal building activity

Public

order and

safety

Health care

Percent of floorspace cooled

Not cooled 1,288 Q Q Q Q N Q Q

1 to 50% 1,111 38 28 Q Q Q Q Q

51 to 99% 998 60 44 49 28 2 25 28

100% 2,522 176 134 98 103 6 97 26

Percent lit when open

0% Q N N N N N N N

1 to 50% 1,280 38 45 Q Q N Q Q

51 to 99% 1,784 85 77 58 60 3 56 22

100% 2,272 164 84 88 69 5 64 30

Building never open or electricity

not used 513 N N N N N N Q

Percent lit during off hours

0% 2,062 81 Q Q Q N Q Q

1 to 50% 3,246 188 156 105 106 4 102 49

51 to 100% 240 Q 24 Q 8 3 5 Q

Building always open with 

no off hours 64 Q 14 Q 2 Q Q Q

Electricity not used 305 N N N N N N N

Heating equipment 

(more than one may apply)

Packaged heating units 2,187 177 64 71 79 4 75 48

Furnaces 1,621 49 54 Q 28 Q 28 Q

Individual space heaters 1,246 25 67 Q 21 1 20 Q

Boilers 703 32 50 Q 24 7 18 14

Heat pumps 673 Q 60 Q 30 3 28 Q

District heat 83 Q 9 N 2 1 Q Q

Duct reheat 134 Q 3 Q 3 Q Q Q

Other 17 N Q Q Q Q N N

Cooling equipment 

(more than one may apply)

Packaged air-conditioning units 2,565 206 70 95 85 5 80 38

Residential-type central air

conditioners 1,309 46 51 Q 35 3 33 28

Individual air conditioners 735 30 104 Q 11 2 Q Q

Central chillers 202 Q 8 Q 9 5 5 5

Heat pumps 492 Q 40 Q 23 2 21 9

District chilled water 55 Q 3 N 2 1 Q Q

Swamp coolers 85 Q 2 Q Q Q Q Q

Other Q Q N N Q Q Q N
All

buildings

Food

service Lodging

Food 

sales

All health 

care

InpatientOutpatient

All buildings 5,918 286 207 163 137 9 129 81

Table B13. Selected principal building activity: part 2, number of buildings, 2018

Number of buildings (thousand)

Principal building activity

Public

order and

safety

Health care

HVAC features 

(more than one may apply)

Economizer cycle 747 59 47 31 31 6 25 11

Variable air volume (VAV) system 698 45 27 Q 28 7 21 8

Dedicated outside air system (DOAS) 249 Q 9 Q 5 3 Q Q

Demand controlled ventilation (DCV) 349 Q 10 Q 7 1 Q Q

Regular HVAC maintenance 3,554 213 173 113 105 9 97 62

Building automation system (BAS) 

controls heating or cooling 933 49 34 38 31 6 25 14

Internet-connected or smart

thermostat 325 Q 7 Q Q Q Q Q

Programmable thermostat 1,545 99 56 41 63 Q 62 Q

Main equipment replaced since 

2000 (more than one may apply)

Heating 1,937 104 72 42 57 2 55 15

Cooling 1,269 59 83 Q 32 3 29 12

Water-heating equipment

Centralized system 3,538 206 179 124 108 6 103 72

Distributed system 782 66 19 Q 21 Q 20 Q

Combination of centralized and

distributed systems 274 Q 6 Q 7 2 5 Q

Generation technologies 

(more than one may apply)

Reciprocating engine generators 580 Q 42 Q 24 8 15 35

Solar panels 94 Q Q Q Q Q Q Q

Other generation technology 43 Q 8 N 2 Q Q Q

Lighting equipment types

(more than one may apply)

Incandescent 1,100 68 61 Q 30 2 27 18

Standard fluorescent 4,012 187 129 96 111 7 104 62

Compact fluorescent 1,130 59 86 Q 36 5 31 24

High-intensity discharge (HID) 238 Q 7 Q 6 2 Q 4

Halogen 552 39 21 Q 22 2 20 Q

LED 2,593 166 150 106 72 7 65 36

Other Q Q N N N N N N
All

buildings

Food

service Lodging

Food 

sales

All health 

care

InpatientOutpatient

All buildings 5,918 286 207 163 137 9 129 81

Table B13. Selected principal building activity: part 2, number of buildings, 2018

Number of buildings (thousand)

Principal building activity

Public

order and

safety

Health care

Refrigeration equipment

(more than one may apply)

Any refrigeration 3,850 286 168 163 125 9 117 77

Walk-in units 706 224 39 115 9 7 Q Q

Cases or cabinets 837 189 44 136 13 5 8 5

Large cold storage areas 69 Q Q Q 0 0 Q Q

Commercial ice makers 872 212 78 67 17 8 9 14

Residential-type or compact units 3,321 142 149 76 121 8 113 71

Vending machines 800 25 71 44 23 8 15 20

No refrigeration 2,068 N 39 N Q N Q Q

Office equipment

(more than one may apply)

Desktop computers 3,804 176 150 122 137 8 128 76

With multiple monitors 1,504 33 46 Q 54 8 46 30

Laptop computers 2,786 91 120 60 103 8 94 42

Dedicated servers 1,400 53 44 23 80 8 72 22

Tablets charged in building 1,556 102 82 31 60 6 54 26

Large floor-standing office devicesc 1,456 Q 51 Q 70 8 63 21

Smaller desktop office devicesc 3,560 159 137 102 126 8 118 67

Interactive whiteboards 262 Q 4 Q 4 2 Q Q

Televisions or video displays 2,451 140 173 89 92 8 84 54

Point-of-sale devices or cash 

registers 1,420 249 26 141 46 5 41 5

Food preparation or serving areas 

in non-food service buildings

(more than one may apply)

Snack bar, concession stand, or coffee 

shop 144 N 10 Q 3 1 Q Q

Fast food or small restaurant 160 N 6 45 2 1 Q Q

Cafeteria or large restaurant 129 N 8 Q 4 4 Q Q

Commercial kitchen or

food preparation area 284 N 49 18 6 5 Q Q

Small kitchen area 1,018 N 115 36 16 2 14 44

Separate computer areas

(more than one may apply)

Server closet 1,237 27 44 21 68 7 60 22

Data center 116 N Q Q 7 3 3 2

Computer-based training room 228 Q 8 Q 9 3 6 6

Student or public computer center 236 N 16 Q 2 1 Q Q
All

buildings

Food

service Lodging

Food 

sales

All health 

care

InpatientOutpatient

All buildings 5,918 286 207 163 137 9 129 81

Table B13. Selected principal building activity: part 2, number of buildings, 2018

Number of buildings (thousand)

Principal building activity

Public

order and

safety

Health care

Window and interior lighting 

features (more than one may

apply)

Multipaned windows 3,527 211 175 113 96 8 88 53

Tinted window glass 1,679 88 41 47 53 5 48 22

Reflective window glass 497 Q 18 Q 18 4 14 9

External overhangs or awnings 1,513 119 58 50 44 3 40 17

Skylights or atriums 509 Q 33 Q 27 4 23 5

Light scheduling 910 62 55 28 36 4 32 Q

Occupancy sensors 1,025 37 45 23 38 6 32 20

Multilevel lighting or dimming 332 40 14 Q 8 3 5 Q

Daylight harvesting 138 Q 10 Q 6 1 Q Q

Plug-load control 58 Q 4 Q Q Q Q Q

Demand responsive lighting 98 Q Q Q Q Q Q Q

Building automation system (BAS) for 

lighting 317 Q Q 20 6 1 5 Q

Electric vehicle (EV) charging

Charging stations associated with the 

building 132 N 16 Q 4 1 Q Q

Data source: U.S. Energy Information Administration, Form EIA-871A of the 2018 Commercial Buildings Energy Consumption Survey 

Notes: Because of rounding, data may not sum to totals. The Guide to the 2018 CBECS Tables and CBECS Terminology contain definitions of terms used in these 

tables and comparisons between previous CBECS tables. You can access both references from http://www.eia.gov/consumption/commercial/data/2018/. 

Data are sample survey estimates with relative standard errors published in a tab on the Excel worksheet for this table. 

a

Climate zones are based on ASHRAE Standard 169-2021; see https://www.eia.gov/consumption/commercial/maps.php#defined.

b

Other sources includes wood, coal, solar, and all other energy sources.

c

Office devices refers to any combination of printers, copiers, scanners, or FAX machines.

Q = Data withheld either because the relative standard error was greater than 50% or the reporting sample had fewer than 20 buildings. 

N = No buildings in reporting sample.
RSE

Release date: September 2021

Revised date: December 2022

All

buildings

Food

service Lodging

Food 

sales

All health 

care

InpatientOutpatient

All buildings 3.9 7.7 9.4 14.3 9.8 19.4 10.3 20.2

Building floorspace (square feet)

1,001 to 10,000 4.6 8.2 18.4 14.7 13.1 0.0 13.1 30.0

10,001 to 100,000 4.1 23.8 10.4 32.1 14.5 42.3 14.8 23.8

Over 100,000 4.3 77.0 12.9 37.1 7.6 8.7 15.2 21.5

Year constructed

Before 1946 8.6 15.4 38.0 41.1 28.1 83.3 29.7 51.3

1946 to 1979 4.5 15.6 20.0 22.5 19.1 16.5 20.6 45.0

1980 to 1999 6.1 15.2 13.4 26.0 19.0 33.7 19.9 33.4

2000 to 2018 7.5 16.6 20.4 27.2 14.9 30.9 15.3 29.4

Census region

Northeast 9.9 21.5 22.6 53.7 20.8 43.4 21.4 52.1

Midwest 10.9 14.2 18.7 24.3 31.0 19.6 33.6 48.6

South 7.7 13.2 17.3 22.2 15.9 27.0 16.3 37.6

West 8.1 16.9 16.7 37.1 18.1 48.2 19.2 29.4

Climate zonea

Cold or very cold 18.8 24.4 25.5 47.6 41.3 29.2 43.5 84.3

Cool 11.8 16.8 22.5 28.2 18.3 45.8 20.3 29.9

Mixed mild 15.1 20.4 30.2 32.2 28.5 20.5 29.2 49.0

Warm 11.4 16.1 20.9 26.9 17.5 34.2 17.7 40.2

Hot or very hot 18.8 30.5 26.4 42.2 16.8 31.2 18.0 51.3

Number of floors

1 4.3 9.4 23.9 15.0 12.6 38.7 12.9 25.9

2 5.8 18.8 20.1 47.1 19.4 38.7 19.5 38.2

3 10.5 30.4 22.6 62.6 22.7 51.3 24.9 53.0

4 to 9 9.4 44.7 16.8 50.1 15.7 18.0 25.7 39.2

10 or more 9.8 0.0 20.2 0.0 24.2 15.3 53.4 39.4

Elevators and escalators 

(more than one may apply)

Any elevators 6.5 53.1 15.0 60.7 17.4 16.6 20.4 39.0

1 elevator 7.7 54.1 23.2 69.7 28.3 102.8 28.3 53.5

2 to 5 elevator 6.7 51.5 11.6 51.0 14.2 25.9 17.6 49.8

6 or more elevators 7.8 0.0 19.4 0.0 10.2 10.8 38.9 26.6

Any escalators 28.9 99.8 76.9 0.0 91.0 47.7 96.9 86.4

Number of workers (main shift)

Fewer than 10 4.8 10.6 13.3 14.8 16.2 0.0 16.2 26.6

10 to 99 4.3 11.8 12.4 27.0 12.6 43.6 12.7 30.9

100 or more 6.0 52.6 18.8 48.1 12.0 9.4 21.1 29.6

Relative standard errors (RSEs) for Table B13. Selected principal building activity: part 2, number of buildings, 2018

RSEs for number of buildings

Principal building activity

Health care

Public

order and

safety
RSE

All

buildings

Food

service Lodging

Food 

sales

All health 

care

InpatientOutpatient

All buildings 3.9 7.7 9.4 14.3 9.8 19.4 10.3 20.2

Relative standard errors (RSEs) for Table B13. Selected principal building activity: part 2, number of buildings, 2018

RSEs for number of buildings

Principal building activity

Health care

Public

order and

safety

Weekly operating hours

Fewer than 49 5.1 26.6 0.0 36.2 14.5 0.0 14.5 37.4

49 to 84 4.4 11.2 50.1 33.3 15.6 0.0 15.6 45.3

85 to 167 8.6 10.8 0.0 17.5 50.5 0.0 50.5 52.0

Open continuously 8.1 28.1 9.5 29.0 19.0 19.4 40.0 23.4

Ownership and occupancy

Nongovernment owned 3.8 7.9 9.1 14.3 10.4 16.7 10.8 37.6

Owner occupied 4.3 9.2 10.8 16.7 16.0 18.2 17.4 37.1

Leased to tenant or tenants 5.5 11.7 22.9 26.4 12.6 35.0 12.8 61.9

Unoccupied 20.3 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0

Government owned 9.5 30.2 56.2 0.0 38.9 51.7 46.9 23.3

Federal 26.0 7.7 109.0 0.0 82.7 42.0 93.8 36.8

State 12.9 53.5 59.8 0.0 86.9 41.3 103.7 50.5

Local 10.1 35.3 59.6 0.0 51.4 68.9 63.1 26.3

Party responsible for operation

of energy systems

Building owner 4.4 8.9 10.9 15.6 11.8 21.0 12.7 21.0

Business owner or tenant 6.5 17.0 47.4 32.2 21.9 73.7 22.0 73.7

Property management 20.7 99.7 39.4 0.0 53.5 88.6 59.9 0.0

Other 18.8 65.9 88.7 60.5 41.1 36.6 71.6 58.6

Provider of direct input on energyrelated equipment purchases

Building owner 4.4 8.6 10.8 15.1 11.2 21.0 11.9 20.9

Business owner or tenant 8.9 17.4 93.3 39.2 25.9 61.0 26.1 86.9

Property management 25.5 70.6 52.7 99.6 71.2 94.8 97.3 0.0

Other 10.5 44.8 76.1 92.8 34.3 36.2 36.6 104.3

Number of establishments

1 4.6 8.1 9.8 15.1 12.0 24.1 12.8 21.6

2 to 5 6.0 31.0 22.1 24.6 19.8 20.4 20.2 40.8

6 to 10 11.5 110.2 59.2 0.0 31.1 31.6 31.7 45.5

11 to 20 18.0 0.0 95.8 0.0 37.0 51.3 39.4 78.1

More than 20 18.6 0.0 25.6 0.0 42.7 46.6 49.6 101.2

Currently unoccupied 18.7 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0
RSE

All

buildings

Food

service Lodging

Food 

sales

All health 

care

InpatientOutpatient

All buildings 3.9 7.7 9.4 14.3 9.8 19.4 10.3 20.2

Relative standard errors (RSEs) for Table B13. Selected principal building activity: part 2, number of buildings, 2018

RSEs for number of buildings

Principal building activity

Health care

Public

order and

safety

Campus or complex activity

Not part of a campus or complex 4.3 7.8 11.5 14.8 11.9 26.5 12.2 21.9

Primary or secondary school 12.1 43.7 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0

College or university 21.8 78.4 67.3 0.0 87.7 56.1 89.4 7.9

Office complex 12.7 57.6 0.0 0.0 44.4 0.0 44.4 70.3

Retail complex 13.2 45.1 5.5 42.2 50.4 0.0 50.4 0.0

Storage complex 14.4 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0

Religious campus or complex 11.5 50.3 79.8 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0

Health care complex 18.0 99.9 36.6 0.0 24.1 28.2 30.8 45.3

Lodging or resort complex 15.1 69.2 19.3 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0

Transportation complex 34.3 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0

Government complex 18.1 70.8 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 64.1

Other 9.2 50.7 40.8 51.2 62.6 0.0 62.6 43.0

Predominant exterior wall material

Brick, stone, or stucco 5.3 10.2 15.3 23.8 12.1 18.5 12.7 25.1

Concrete (block or poured) 5.3 22.0 22.2 25.0 31.6 55.6 34.2 47.0

Concrete panels 12.1 100.0 48.7 104.6 39.6 34.0 55.6 43.1

Siding or shingles 7.3 21.7 22.4 35.8 23.2 54.1 23.3 63.5

Metal panels 7.6 53.7 89.4 31.1 49.0 58.1 49.8 48.4

Window glass 21.3 60.6 48.4 0.0 40.8 40.3 54.2 70.2

Other 14.7 42.4 69.1 64.4 44.9 50.2 100.1 91.2

Predominant roof material

Metal surfacing 6.2 16.0 36.6 24.2 33.4 83.2 33.6 33.5

Synthetic or rubber 6.0 15.7 20.3 25.2 18.5 27.2 21.5 37.6

Built-up 7.7 21.8 16.1 38.3 25.7 19.5 27.6 37.3

Slate or tile shingles 10.1 27.8 27.5 45.2 34.8 66.9 35.3 97.8

Wooden materials (including

shingles) 12.9 35.2 28.7 56.5 69.3 51.4 69.5 50.9

Asphalt, fiberglass, or 

other shingles 6.2 18.0 18.3 35.8 17.8 46.4 18.0 47.1

Concrete 20.6 70.8 42.0 72.4 73.3 68.1 74.8 56.3

Other 15.6 48.9 33.4 48.0 82.6 87.1 85.3 68.8

Roof tilt

Flat 4.9 11.5 14.9 21.1 11.7 20.4 13.0 35.7

Shallow pitch 5.0 13.2 11.8 23.0 22.5 59.2 22.5 31.8

Steeper pitch 7.5 15.9 17.2 25.3 20.0 63.2 20.0 38.5
RSE

All

buildings

Food

service Lodging

Food 

sales

All health 

care

InpatientOutpatient

All buildings 3.9 7.7 9.4 14.3 9.8 19.4 10.3 20.2

Relative standard errors (RSEs) for Table B13. Selected principal building activity: part 2, number of buildings, 2018

RSEs for number of buildings

Principal building activity

Health care

Public

order and

safety

Cool roof characteristics (more than one 

may apply)

White or reflective coating or paint 5.8 14.2 16.9 28.2 18.1 30.4 20.0 46.1

White or reflective tiles or shingles 15.4 51.2 42.7 48.9 36.0 87.1 36.5 74.5

Aluminum coating 8.8 23.3 50.8 39.5 40.6 47.7 41.7 65.5

Ballasted roof system 14.8 74.5 33.4 67.0 33.6 22.9 44.3 44.9

Other cool roof property 29.3 60.5 50.4 0.0 46.6 65.2 67.3 84.6

Renovations since 2000 

(more than one may apply)

Any type of renovation 5.0 10.0 14.7 19.7 13.9 17.6 15.2 28.7

Addition or annex 9.4 22.8 28.5 47.9 25.3 12.6 32.9 56.8

Reduction in floorspace 22.2 47.7 53.2 50.1 69.1 39.0 72.9 0.0

Roof replacement 6.8 15.2 23.4 30.8 20.6 22.8 22.3 37.1

Interior wall reconfiguration 6.0 21.2 29.1 48.0 17.2 25.0 18.5 44.2

Window replacement 9.5 21.6 31.2 36.8 41.0 36.6 46.8 55.9

HVAC equipment upgrade 7.0 15.9 20.2 33.7 17.9 17.9 19.4 31.0

Lighting upgrade 5.9 13.6 18.0 23.4 22.0 10.2 24.3 39.1

Electrical upgrade 7.1 13.5 27.7 38.7 25.3 12.3 27.5 76.7

Plumbing system upgrade 7.8 15.4 24.3 35.0 24.6 26.2 26.9 36.0

Insulation upgrade 9.2 20.6 32.0 46.6 31.3 14.5 33.5 49.8

Fire, safety, or security upgrade 6.2 15.5 16.7 37.2 22.9 12.0 24.9 47.1

Structural upgrade 13.9 31.2 42.9 50.1 42.2 28.6 47.4 63.4

Other 29.5 68.5 78.2 0.0 3.2 0.0 3.2 76.5

No renovations 4.3 10.5 20.3 18.3 13.8 39.0 13.7 31.9

Buildings constructed 2013 or later 11.9 26.1 35.4 49.2 27.4 46.2 30.6 67.5

Energy sources

(more than one may apply)

Electricity 3.9 7.7 9.4 14.3 9.8 19.4 10.3 20.2

Natural gas 4.8 8.9 11.9 19.6 14.3 14.9 15.3 22.0

Fuel oil 9.7 36.6 23.3 40.9 17.2 20.8 23.3 24.7

District heat 14.7 79.3 30.6 0.0 34.0 20.1 67.7 54.0

District chilled water 20.1 101.1 39.5 0.0 43.4 27.1 72.8 48.8

Propane 10.0 17.4 25.5 39.2 44.9 53.4 55.2 47.3

Solar 15.5 69.2 62.5 76.6 80.4 53.5 81.6 69.6

Wood, coal, and other 17.3 60.7 98.3 73.7 71.9 56.6 73.1 0.0

Space-heating energy sources 

(more than one may apply)

Electricity 4.7 10.7 13.0 19.6 10.7 29.4 11.0 35.8

Natural gas 5.2 10.1 14.6 20.6 15.4 17.6 16.4 22.5

Fuel oil 13.9 63.3 54.5 55.2 41.6 46.4 60.1 79.8

District heat 15.4 79.3 30.7 0.0 36.7 20.1 68.3 54.0

Propane 13.5 30.1 40.0 57.9 59.1 64.3 63.2 91.5

Other sourcesb 21.3 0.0 49.8 108.7 70.0 49.5 71.0 0.0
RSE

All

buildings

Food

service Lodging

Food 

sales

All health 

care

InpatientOutpatient

All buildings 3.9 7.7 9.4 14.3 9.8 19.4 10.3 20.2

Relative standard errors (RSEs) for Table B13. Selected principal building activity: part 2, number of buildings, 2018

RSEs for number of buildings

Principal building activity

Health care

Public

order and

safety

Primary space-heating 

energy source

Electricity 6.4 12.5 16.6 22.5 11.9 44.6 11.9 44.6

Natural gas 5.5 10.7 19.4 21.1 16.3 15.1 17.7 23.8

Fuel oil 16.1 63.3 57.0 55.2 52.6 74.2 70.9 80.9

District heat 15.8 79.3 30.4 0.0 37.3 20.4 68.3 58.1

Propane 17.5 36.6 70.6 66.9 61.0 51.2 63.2 51.4

Other sourcesb 22.4 0.0 0.0 62.8 49.5 49.5 0.0 0.0

Cooling energy sources

(more than one may apply)

Electricity 3.9 7.9 9.6 14.5 10.0 20.4 10.4 21.1

Natural gas 37.3 50.2 64.0 0.0 59.0 31.4 69.6 0.0

District chilled water 20.1 101.1 39.5 0.0 43.4 27.1 72.8 48.8

Water-heating energy sources

(more than one may apply)

Electricity 4.0 11.5 20.6 16.7 11.2 38.1 11.5 33.1

Natural gas 5.5 11.3 15.0 23.1 15.1 16.2 16.2 23.7

Fuel oil 24.0 79.7 52.6 50.1 47.4 58.9 60.1 112.5

District heat 17.4 51.1 35.3 0.0 27.4 29.5 37.6 69.2

Propane 15.8 30.5 38.0 56.2 60.8 100.8 64.9 72.4

Cooking energy sources

(more than one may apply)

Electricity 5.7 12.0 15.7 18.5 21.6 21.6 27.0 26.1

Natural gas 5.4 9.6 16.1 31.9 12.1 12.7 40.9 42.1

Propane 14.8 19.8 27.0 54.0 81.6 81.6 0.0 57.5

Energy end uses

(more than one may apply)

Buildings with space heating 4.1 7.8 9.6 15.1 9.9 19.7 10.3 20.5

Buildings with cooling 3.9 7.9 9.4 14.5 9.8 19.4 10.3 21.1

Buildings with water heating 3.9 7.7 9.3 14.6 9.8 19.4 10.3 20.4

Buildings with cooking 5.0 7.8 12.8 17.6 18.9 15.8 26.3 24.8

Buildings with manufacturing 11.3 32.2 38.9 45.1 46.3 56.7 46.7 50.4

Buildings with electricity

generation 7.4 30.8 16.6 36.8 17.9 19.4 23.2 22.4

Buildings with lighting 3.9 7.7 9.4 14.3 9.8 19.4 10.3 20.2

Percent of floorspace heated

Not heated 8.2 30.5 52.6 34.8 88.6 104.9 99.3 98.9

1 to 50% 8.5 31.1 41.5 76.3 42.4 44.6 43.8 99.0

51 to 99% 6.7 18.8 16.4 27.8 24.8 25.4 25.5 32.4

100% 4.1 9.8 11.0 16.9 10.7 22.4 11.4 24.2
RSE

All

buildings

Food

service Lodging

Food 

sales

All health 

care

InpatientOutpatient

All buildings 3.9 7.7 9.4 14.3 9.8 19.4 10.3 20.2

Relative standard errors (RSEs) for Table B13. Selected principal building activity: part 2, number of buildings, 2018

RSEs for number of buildings

Principal building activity

Health care

Public

order and

safety

Percent of floorspace cooled

Not cooled 7.1 44.5 46.3 76.3 50.1 0.0 50.1 80.7

1 to 50% 5.9 19.9 28.8 44.0 38.4 71.0 38.5 40.5

51 to 99% 6.6 17.6 17.7 22.5 23.5 37.4 24.8 29.2

100% 4.3 10.4 12.6 18.7 10.0 18.4 10.4 36.9

Percent lit when open

0% 35.1 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0

1 to 50% 6.7 19.9 24.8 40.6 30.4 0.0 30.4 38.3

51 to 99% 4.8 16.5 19.7 22.2 16.3 18.9 17.2 30.7

100% 4.7 10.0 13.9 18.0 12.5 24.5 13.1 38.5

Building never open or electricity

not used 11.6 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 65.1

Percent lit during off hours

0% 6.5 16.1 53.8 40.1 28.4 0.0 28.4 49.7

1 to 50% 3.8 9.0 10.8 18.7 11.1 25.2 11.4 23.4

51 to 100% 10.6 46.3 19.6 32.6 27.2 20.0 48.0 67.9

Building always open with 

no off hours 15.2 38.6 24.2 38.4 49.5 55.0 90.5 44.0

Electricity not used 16.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0

Heating equipment 

(more than one may apply)

Packaged heating units 4.0 10.1 14.5 19.2 12.4 34.7 12.8 26.1

Furnaces 7.2 17.1 21.5 25.1 22.6 51.0 22.9 40.6

Individual space heaters 5.9 25.1 19.3 39.5 19.7 25.9 20.9 40.5

Boilers 6.2 22.6 19.3 49.4 15.9 23.9 19.4 34.2

Heat pumps 7.7 23.1 25.7 43.8 23.1 45.4 23.8 42.2

District heat 15.4 79.3 30.7 0.0 36.7 20.1 68.3 54.0

Duct reheat 12.6 43.5 27.4 99.2 42.1 52.6 65.5 62.8

Other 46.4 0.0 49.7 52.3 49.5 49.5 0.0 0.0

Cooling equipment 

(more than one may apply)

Packaged air-conditioning units 4.3 9.2 15.3 18.4 10.0 29.4 10.6 32.3

Residential-type central air

conditioners 7.6 20.1 31.6 27.4 19.0 26.0 20.1 35.9

Individual air conditioners 6.6 21.5 15.7 48.7 24.6 21.9 29.3 40.8

Central chillers 9.0 55.9 17.7 68.4 16.0 18.2 27.6 39.3

Heat pumps 11.0 28.2 39.8 48.7 33.5 41.7 35.5 36.9

District chilled water 20.1 101.1 39.5 0.0 43.4 27.1 72.8 48.8

Swamp coolers 12.8 41.1 39.9 60.8 45.3 56.3 70.4 81.6

Other 53.2 50.8 0.0 0.0 97.6 77.8 99.6 0.0
RSE

All

buildings

Food

service Lodging

Food 

sales

All health 

care

InpatientOutpatient

All buildings 3.9 7.7 9.4 14.3 9.8 19.4 10.3 20.2

Relative standard errors (RSEs) for Table B13. Selected principal building activity: part 2, number of buildings, 2018

RSEs for number of buildings

Principal building activity

Health care

Public

order and

safety

HVAC features 

(more than one may apply)

Economizer cycle 5.6 17.1 22.2 31.9 13.7 22.1 15.9 32.5

Variable air volume (VAV) system 8.4 22.8 32.1 35.2 12.8 22.2 15.8 31.3

Dedicated outside air system (DOAS) 11.0 26.1 23.3 43.1 21.7 32.7 32.0 75.2

Demand controlled ventilation (DCV) 8.8 25.9 43.0 52.8 31.7 25.1 37.8 37.9

Regular HVAC maintenance 4.2 9.2 10.7 17.3 12.8 19.4 13.4 21.3

Building automation system (BAS) 

controls heating or cooling 6.4 22.6 26.9 29.2 16.0 15.4 19.7 37.7

Internet-connected or smart

thermostat 12.2 31.6 22.5 40.7 39.0 67.6 40.2 75.2

Programmable thermostat 4.7 12.0 28.7 25.1 18.6 61.6 18.9 29.4

Main equipment replaced since 

2000 (more than one may apply)

Heating 4.9 11.9 16.2 23.2 18.3 31.6 19.0 35.2

Cooling 4.8 19.8 13.8 24.5 23.9 30.2 26.0 44.6

Water-heating equipment

Centralized system 4.4 9.7 9.7 15.9 11.3 24.2 11.9 21.9

Distributed system 8.9 15.5 47.0 42.6 25.4 65.3 26.2 66.2

Combination of centralized and

distributed systems 8.8 30.9 33.8 57.7 33.5 33.0 43.7 61.1

Generation technologies 

(more than one may apply)

Reciprocating engine generators 8.8 36.8 18.4 41.7 16.7 19.8 22.3 23.0

Solar panels 15.4 70.6 63.2 76.6 80.9 60.0 81.7 77.3

Other generation technology 21.4 54.0 41.9 0.0 46.4 49.3 53.2 87.0

Lighting equipment types

(more than one may apply)

Incandescent 7.8 15.0 24.3 33.5 18.3 14.9 19.9 36.5

Standard fluorescent 4.2 8.6 15.5 19.0 11.3 16.2 11.8 25.2

Compact fluorescent 5.2 14.5 20.7 52.0 18.3 18.2 20.1 29.3

High-intensity discharge (HID) 9.8 85.0 32.6 89.5 26.3 28.4 38.9 43.5

Halogen 8.0 19.0 30.3 64.9 19.8 14.6 21.7 67.9

LED 3.6 9.5 10.3 16.4 13.4 20.2 14.6 23.0

Other 57.3 51.3 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0
RSE

All

buildings

Food

service Lodging

Food 

sales

All health 

care

InpatientOutpatient

All buildings 3.9 7.7 9.4 14.3 9.8 19.4 10.3 20.2

Relative standard errors (RSEs) for Table B13. Selected principal building activity: part 2, number of buildings, 2018

RSEs for number of buildings

Principal building activity

Health care

Public

order and

safety

Refrigeration equipment

(more than one may apply)

Any refrigeration 4.1 7.7 9.6 14.3 9.2 19.4 9.7 20.9

Walk-in units 5.4 8.5 14.5 15.6 16.4 13.4 55.3 52.1

Cases or cabinets 5.8 9.7 20.3 15.7 18.5 16.5 29.2 43.1

Large cold storage areas 17.2 29.6 60.3 37.2 23.8 24.7 54.1 50.4

Commercial ice makers 5.5 8.9 12.0 20.5 12.9 19.1 19.0 26.8

Residential-type or compact units 4.3 10.7 9.9 21.2 9.6 20.4 10.1 21.8

Vending machines 6.1 22.0 11.7 25.2 15.8 20.5 21.6 30.5

No refrigeration 5.3 0.0 30.8 0.0 35.9 0.0 35.9 56.6

Office equipment

(more than one may apply)

Desktop computers 4.0 9.9 12.3 16.4 9.8 19.7 10.3 21.1

With multiple monitors 5.0 23.6 27.8 38.6 16.7 20.4 19.1 26.6

Laptop computers 4.0 13.3 15.5 21.7 11.7 19.9 12.6 25.6

Dedicated servers 4.9 16.9 15.9 33.2 11.2 20.8 12.2 29.1

Tablets charged in building 4.4 12.9 22.6 28.1 14.9 15.4 16.3 30.8

Large floor-standing office devicesc 4.4 33.8 12.9 35.8 12.3 19.5 13.7 30.6

Smaller desktop office devicesc 4.1 9.4 12.7 17.0 10.0 19.6 10.6 21.9

Interactive whiteboards 8.7 59.0 40.1 71.5 36.8 22.5 60.0 60.4

Televisions or video displays 3.8 10.5 10.2 19.5 13.7 19.3 14.7 23.5

Point-of-sale devices or cash 

registers 5.2 8.2 17.9 15.0 13.9 10.9 15.3 39.0

Food preparation or serving areas 

in non-food service buildings

(more than one may apply)

Snack bar, concession stand, or coffee 

shop 11.0 0.0 19.3 31.7 31.1 13.8 57.5 62.9

Fast food or small restaurant 9.4 0.0 27.9 26.7 37.4 41.1 39.1 110.5

Cafeteria or large restaurant 7.7 0.0 20.1 83.3 10.2 10.9 46.0 84.6

Commercial kitchen or

food preparation area 8.5 0.0 18.8 28.3 17.2 17.7 73.7 61.8

Small kitchen area 6.5 0.0 14.3 29.1 25.6 27.9 28.8 25.6

Separate computer areas

(more than one may apply)

Server closet 5.3 26.2 13.1 32.9 11.9 20.6 13.4 30.2

Data center 13.1 0.0 57.0 99.3 17.4 12.0 31.8 39.5

Computer-based training room 8.4 100.0 26.8 44.8 24.6 10.7 36.8 48.9

Student or public computer center 8.0 0.0 34.5 6.5 39.0 19.7 58.5 51.5
RSE

All

buildings

Food

service Lodging

Food 

sales

All health 

care

InpatientOutpatient

All buildings 3.9 7.7 9.4 14.3 9.8 19.4 10.3 20.2

Relative standard errors (RSEs) for Table B13. Selected principal building activity: part 2, number of buildings, 2018

RSEs for number of buildings

Principal building activity

Health care

Public

order and

safety

Window and interior lighting 

features (more than one may

apply)

Multipaned windows 4.2 9.0 10.3 17.0 11.2 20.1 12.0 25.8

Tinted window glass 4.2 15.3 19.5 22.7 14.2 14.5 15.6 29.2

Reflective window glass 7.0 29.3 32.6 34.3 27.4 26.5 33.2 35.6

External overhangs or awnings 5.0 12.7 18.4 25.0 19.2 16.7 20.3 42.4

Skylights or atriums 7.1 36.1 14.4 45.6 30.2 22.6 34.4 38.7

Light scheduling 5.2 19.1 15.4 31.5 21.1 25.8 23.3 53.8

Occupancy sensors 6.5 26.5 21.7 30.1 13.3 17.8 15.2 29.2

Multilevel lighting or dimming 10.0 25.2 28.2 43.7 24.4 27.9 33.9 59.3

Daylight harvesting 12.0 106.1 37.1 56.0 36.5 29.7 46.0 57.9

Plug-load control 18.4 33.8 48.9 84.9 67.8 72.4 76.0 46.6

Demand responsive lighting 30.7 84.7 91.9 5.6 70.3 38.0 84.8 111.9

Building automation system (BAS) for 

lighting 9.3 33.4 54.6 32.4 24.7 27.2 28.6 48.8

Electric vehicle (EV) charging

Charging stations associated with the 

building 11.5 0.0 35.3 57.3 40.0 40.8 58.6 55.6

Data source: U.S. Energy Information Administration, Forms EIA-871A of the 2018 Commercial Buildings Energy Consumption Survey 

Note: RSE is a measure of the reliability or precision of a survey statistic. Variability occurs in survey statistics because the different samples that could be drawn 

would each produce different values for the survey statistics. Estimation of Standard Errors and What is a Relative Standard Error (RSE)? contain more 

information on how RSEs are estimated and used. Both references can be accessed from https://www.eia.gov/consumption/commercial/survey-backgroundtechnical-information.php.

a

Climate zones are based on ASHRAE Standard 169-2021; see https://www.eia.gov/consumption/commercial/maps.php#defined.

b

Other sources includes wood, coal, solar, and all other energy sources.

c

Office devices refers to any combination of printers, copiers, scanners, or FAX machines.