Release date: September 2021

Revised date: December 2022

All

buildings

Warehouse

and

storage Office Service Mercantile

Public 

assembly

Religious 

worship Education

All buildings 96,423 17,483 16,662 6,240 10,781 7,192 5,471 13,623

Building floorspace (square feet)

1,001 to 5,000 8,025 1,409 1,380 1,428 534 655 463 396

5,001 to 10,000 10,204 1,885 1,446 1,644 804 886 825 761

10,001 to 25,000 15,838 3,049 2,172 1,505 2,181 1,545 2,028 1,224

25,001 to 50,000 13,957 2,199 1,899 846 1,736 1,514 1,383 1,510

50,001 to 100,000 15,302 2,254 2,380 569 1,752 1,024 595 4,018

100,001 to 200,000 13,003 2,056 2,412 Q 1,854 470 Q 3,321

200,001 to 500,000 11,776 2,588 2,541 Q 1,325 416 Q 2,157

Over 500,000 8,317 2,043 2,432 Q 596 683 N 236

Year constructed

Before 1920 3,600 Q 1,109 Q Q 465 505 428

1920 to 1945 5,646 436 1,716 369 Q 589 Q 942

1946 to 1959 6,937 1,208 582 455 606 537 498 1,995

1960 to 1969 10,360 1,350 1,282 1,040 1,108 669 816 1,999

1970 to 1979 13,061 2,800 2,268 1,042 1,288 944 696 1,584

1980 to 1989 13,465 2,325 3,441 680 1,541 532 595 1,247

1990 to 1999 15,535 3,527 2,505 970 1,799 1,222 898 2,148

2000 to 2009 17,500 3,087 2,346 986 2,767 1,482 906 2,241

2010 to 2018 10,319 2,491 1,413 656 1,269 753 Q 1,038

Census region and division

Northeast 15,951 2,398 3,196 1,268 1,394 1,107 585 2,545

New England 3,749 469 454 323 Q 424 Q 621

Middle Atlantic 12,202 1,929 2,741 944 1,044 682 510 1,924

Midwest 25,932 4,714 4,336 2,223 2,625 1,890 1,444 3,837

East North Central 17,561 3,402 2,943 1,312 1,756 1,384 963 2,435

West North Central 8,372 1,312 1,393 911 869 506 482 1,402

South 34,907 6,365 5,703 1,684 4,463 2,711 2,569 4,967

South Atlantic 17,923 3,034 3,253 755 2,159 1,655 1,322 2,345

East South Central 5,404 1,250 545 310 706 Q 628 822

West South Central 11,580 2,080 1,905 619 1,598 893 619 1,800

West 19,633 4,006 3,427 1,066 2,300 1,485 873 2,275

Mountain 7,680 1,049 1,358 462 1,125 570 Q 895

Pacific 11,952 2,958 2,069 605 1,174 915 530 1,379

Climate zonea

Cold or very cold 7,044 1,219 1,252 586 742 435 Q 1,279

Cool 26,768 3,896 4,442 2,762 2,884 2,046 1,453 3,748

Mixed mild 25,096 4,829 5,307 953 2,050 1,695 1,070 3,931

Warm 25,085 5,314 3,648 1,418 3,295 1,829 1,797 2,947

Hot or very hot 12,429 2,226 2,013 522 1,810 1,187 814 1,718

Table B12. Selected principal building activity: part 1, floorspace, 2018

Total floorspace (million square feet)

Principal building activity
All

buildings

Warehouse

and

storage Office Service Mercantile

Public 

assembly

Religious 

worship Education

All buildings 96,423 17,483 16,662 6,240 10,781 7,192 5,471 13,623

Table B12. Selected principal building activity: part 1, floorspace, 2018

Total floorspace (million square feet)

Principal building activity

Number of floors

1 43,576 12,093 3,334 4,686 8,287 2,847 1,990 4,930

2 23,300 4,098 3,684 1,308 1,734 1,923 2,296 4,333

3 10,516 845 2,223 Q 705 1,125 989 2,000

4 to 9 13,031 Q 3,877 Q Q 1,273 Q 2,282

10 or more 6,000 N 3,544 N N Q N Q

Elevators and escalators 

(more than one may apply)

Any elevators 36,501 2,330 11,215 Q 1,071 2,974 1,330 6,928

1 elevator 14,215 1,520 2,839 Q 428 1,379 1,123 4,371

2 to 5 elevators 13,316 597 4,496 Q Q 772 Q 2,423

6 or more elevators 8,970 Q 3,880 Q Q 823 Q 134

Any escalators 3,753 Q 1,274 Q 616 848 Q Q

Number of workers (main shift)

Fewer than 5 21,065 5,467 1,027 2,810 1,424 2,673 3,179 599

5 to 9 10,323 1,766 1,260 1,091 872 1,171 932 1,034

10 to 19 11,348 2,121 1,427 993 1,295 761 846 1,226

20 to 49 16,132 3,447 2,098 921 2,114 1,009 389 2,897

50 to 99 12,961 2,012 2,099 Q 1,797 725 Q 4,162

100 to 249 12,442 1,778 2,463 Q 2,765 345 N 3,141

250 or more 12,152 891 6,289 Q 513 508 N 564

Weekly operating hours

Fewer than 40 10,766 1,838 920 610 Q 1,281 3,038 838

40 to 48 18,826 4,345 4,244 2,325 1,291 972 846 3,454

49 to 60 22,845 4,012 5,968 1,766 2,745 1,192 635 5,405

61 to 84 14,736 2,075 2,566 727 3,406 1,393 511 2,615

85 to 167 10,038 2,622 754 515 2,058 1,423 Q 1,185

Open continuously 19,213 2,592 2,210 299 1,074 931 Q Q

Ownership and occupancy

Nongovernment owned 74,728 16,866 13,301 5,115 10,766 4,418 5,471 3,015

Owner occupied 45,355 8,867 6,701 3,252 4,455 3,743 5,308 2,603

Leased to tenant or tenants 28,382 7,999 6,600 1,863 6,312 675 Q 412

Unoccupied 990 N N N N N N N

Government owned 21,695 616 3,361 1,125 Q 2,774 N 10,608

Federal 1,946 237 762 344 Q Q N Q

State 6,888 Q 1,035 Q Q 1,001 N 3,178

Local 12,861 Q 1,563 626 Q 1,709 N 7,313

Party responsible for operation

of energy systems

Building owner 79,282 11,799 14,432 5,016 6,298 6,432 5,379 13,097

Business owner or tenant 12,842 4,836 1,232 1,160 3,663 475 Q Q

Property management 1,994 404 567 Q Q Q Q Q

Other 2,306 443 431 Q Q Q Q 358
All

buildings

Warehouse

and

storage Office Service Mercantile

Public 

assembly

Religious 

worship Education

All buildings 96,423 17,483 16,662 6,240 10,781 7,192 5,471 13,623

Table B12. Selected principal building activity: part 1, floorspace, 2018

Total floorspace (million square feet)

Principal building activity

Provider of direct input on energyrelated equipment purchases

Building owner 82,862 13,237 14,801 5,230 7,455 6,528 5,386 13,086

Business owner or tenant 7,585 2,658 673 720 2,240 Q Q Q

Property management 1,072 Q 222 Q Q Q N Q

Other 4,904 1,317 966 Q 893 351 Q 353

Number of establishments

1 65,391 12,657 7,319 5,451 3,594 5,399 5,099 12,656

2 to 5 16,431 3,620 3,403 624 2,702 1,159 Q 915

6 to 10 5,539 805 2,017 Q 1,777 Q N Q

11 to 20 3,894 322 1,726 Q 1,378 Q N Q

More than 20 3,999 Q 2,197 N 1,330 Q N Q

Currently unoccupied 1,168 N N N N N N N

Campus or complex activity

Not part of a campus or complex 56,609 10,046 10,342 3,962 7,157 3,756 3,208 6,835

Primary or secondary school 5,106 N Q N N 420 N 4,417

College or university 3,761 Q 511 Q Q 629 N 1,548

Office complex 3,823 Q 3,311 Q Q Q Q Q

Retail complex 4,573 491 Q Q 3,337 Q N N

Storage complex 5,684 4,904 Q Q Q Q N N

Religious campus or complex 3,209 Q Q Q N Q 2,126 479

Health care complex 2,838 Q Q Q N Q N Q

Lodging or resort complex 1,575 Q Q N Q Q N N

Transportation complex 774 Q Q Q N 279 N Q

Government complex 1,706 Q 572 390 N Q N N

Other 6,765 1,303 985 1,236 Q 1,147 Q Q

Predominant exterior wall material

Brick, stone, or stucco 46,134 3,068 8,892 1,633 4,748 3,576 3,806 10,285

Concrete (block or poured) 19,357 3,609 2,166 1,509 3,970 1,649 636 2,155

Concrete panels 8,331 4,027 1,876 Q 417 301 Q 282

Siding or shingles 5,992 851 787 395 422 546 613 412

Metal panels 12,198 5,707 498 2,477 894 768 Q Q

Window glass 2,192 N 1,541 N Q 203 N Q

Other 2,219 Q 902 Q Q Q Q Q
All

buildings

Warehouse

and

storage Office Service Mercantile

Public 

assembly

Religious 

worship Education

All buildings 96,423 17,483 16,662 6,240 10,781 7,192 5,471 13,623

Table B12. Selected principal building activity: part 1, floorspace, 2018

Total floorspace (million square feet)

Principal building activity

Predominant roof material

Metal surfacing 20,936 7,114 1,526 3,645 1,556 1,803 913 1,822

Synthetic or rubber 31,563 5,113 6,370 850 4,868 2,284 545 5,130

Built-up 19,308 2,439 4,590 732 2,284 967 377 3,901

Slate or tile shingles 3,997 Q 731 Q Q 594 633 391

Wooden materials (including

shingles) 1,568 Q Q Q Q Q Q Q

Asphalt, fiberglass, or 

other shingles 14,058 1,408 1,990 763 1,307 1,031 2,638 1,583

Concrete 1,968 Q 601 Q Q Q Q 266

Other 3,026 645 632 Q Q Q Q 362

Roof tilt

Flat 54,253 7,689 12,050 2,500 7,407 3,111 738 9,406

Shallow pitch 27,609 8,364 2,922 2,732 2,910 2,158 1,432 2,649

Steeper pitch 14,561 1,430 1,691 1,008 464 1,924 3,302 1,569

Cool roof characteristics (more than one 

may apply)

White or reflective coating or paint 32,799 6,493 6,036 1,651 4,403 2,361 769 4,782

White or reflective tiles or shingles 2,713 Q 373 Q Q Q Q 485

Aluminum coating 6,149 1,624 474 911 864 471 Q 513

Ballasted roof system 6,277 861 1,898 Q 517 353 Q 881

Other cool roof property 1,603 N 730 Q Q Q Q Q

Renovations since 2000 

(more than one may apply)

Any type of renovation 45,165 5,232 9,706 2,246 4,933 3,575 2,690 7,335

Addition or annex 10,854 1,079 1,106 607 868 1,139 690 2,931

Reduction in floorspace 1,784 Q 482 Q Q Q Q Q

Roof replacement 20,862 2,367 4,101 642 1,935 1,388 1,492 3,842

Interior wall reconfiguration 21,283 2,000 6,873 1,015 1,689 1,619 730 2,935

Window replacement 10,977 875 2,573 606 853 948 665 2,185

HVAC equipment upgrade 27,575 2,548 6,647 931 2,780 2,069 1,743 4,725

Lighting upgrade 29,098 3,211 7,057 1,411 2,933 2,280 1,114 4,608

Electrical upgrade 15,761 1,677 3,799 582 1,400 1,381 535 2,615

Plumbing system upgrade 15,537 996 4,034 550 1,084 1,418 653 2,866

Insulation upgrade 7,980 657 2,011 436 642 726 Q 1,385

Fire, safety, or security upgrade 19,985 1,711 4,743 769 1,309 1,595 861 4,049

Structural upgrade 4,203 339 997 Q Q 265 Q 651

Other 1,168 Q Q Q 581 Q Q Q

No renovations 43,832 10,093 6,016 3,506 4,842 3,108 2,580 5,658

Buildings constructed 2013 or later 7,426 2,157 940 488 1,006 509 Q 630
All

buildings

Warehouse

and

storage Office Service Mercantile

Public 

assembly

Religious 

worship Education

All buildings 96,423 17,483 16,662 6,240 10,781 7,192 5,471 13,623

Table B12. Selected principal building activity: part 1, floorspace, 2018

Total floorspace (million square feet)

Principal building activity

Energy sources

(more than one may apply)

Electricity 94,844 16,335 16,662 6,208 10,776 7,192 5,471 13,623

Natural gas 67,722 10,309 11,283 3,343 8,992 5,233 4,083 10,254

Fuel oil 21,185 2,098 5,419 1,463 925 1,359 393 2,709

District heat 6,745 Q 1,853 Q Q 942 Q 1,375

District chilled water 4,288 Q 786 N N 916 Q 1,049

Propane 10,157 2,749 664 681 807 844 730 1,182

Solar 3,820 412 724 Q 501 553 Q 847

Wood, coal, and other 2,113 Q Q 590 Q Q Q Q

Space-heating energy sources 

(more than one may apply)

Electricity 45,603 6,605 9,108 2,041 7,228 2,901 2,473 5,398

Natural gas 58,042 9,245 9,283 3,187 8,667 4,280 3,606 9,096

Fuel oil 4,134 Q 537 794 Q Q Q 1,151

District heat 6,547 Q 1,845 Q Q 915 Q 1,335

Propane 3,896 558 Q 477 483 248 506 428

Other sourcesb 927 Q Q 504 Q Q N Q

Primary space-heating 

energy source

Electricity 27,618 4,172 6,261 1,227 3,612 1,877 1,614 2,952

Natural gas 50,060 8,683 7,885 2,936 6,622 3,839 3,125 8,218

Fuel oil 2,223 Q 256 498 Q Q Q 686

District heat 6,090 Q 1,732 Q Q 837 Q 1,233

Propane 2,290 425 Q 263 Q Q 419 Q

Other sourcesb 380 Q Q Q N Q N Q

Cooling energy sources

(more than one may apply)

Electricity 84,526 13,156 15,784 4,418 10,500 6,073 5,267 12,590

Natural gas 400 Q Q N Q Q Q Q

District chilled water 4,288 Q 786 N N 916 Q 1,049

Water-heating energy sources

(more than one may apply)

Electricity 47,125 8,759 9,753 3,238 8,587 3,011 2,910 4,749

Natural gas 46,652 5,215 6,923 1,679 6,459 3,848 2,634 8,707

Fuel oil 1,807 Q 374 Q Q Q Q 645

District heat 4,206 N 1,384 Q N 628 N 739

Propane 1,947 Q Q Q Q Q Q 321

Cooking energy sources

(more than one may apply)

Electricity 30,509 1,130 4,544 400 5,104 2,370 2,520 6,412

Natural gas 27,705 Q 2,865 Q 4,699 2,639 2,108 6,954

Propane 3,101 Q Q Q Q 553 Q 656
All

buildings

Warehouse

and

storage Office Service Mercantile

Public 

assembly

Religious 

worship Education

All buildings 96,423 17,483 16,662 6,240 10,781 7,192 5,471 13,623

Table B12. Selected principal building activity: part 1, floorspace, 2018

Total floorspace (million square feet)

Principal building activity

Energy end uses

(more than one may apply)

Buildings with space heating 88,661 13,538 16,300 5,211 10,538 6,825 5,311 13,386

Buildings with cooling 87,506 13,180 16,380 4,418 10,500 6,775 5,315 13,324

Buildings with water heating 87,717 13,273 16,332 4,914 10,227 7,023 5,282 13,228

Buildings with cooking 43,580 1,431 6,096 498 5,942 4,119 3,955 9,616

Buildings with manufacturing 6,871 3,191 746 915 412 Q Q 301

Buildings with electricity

generation 29,457 3,283 6,793 1,134 2,497 2,336 427 4,542

Buildings with lighting 94,103 15,713 16,662 6,139 10,776 7,192 5,471 13,623

Percentage of floorspace heated

Not heated 7,762 3,945 362 1,029 Q 368 Q Q

1 to 50% 10,620 5,332 947 1,056 1,160 478 Q Q

51 to 99% 20,174 1,603 4,538 768 3,959 1,680 1,070 2,686

100% 57,867 6,603 10,815 3,388 5,419 4,666 3,951 10,622

Percentage of floorspace cooled

Not cooled 8,917 4,303 Q 1,822 Q 417 Q 299

1 to 50% 19,722 9,676 1,114 2,903 1,056 783 571 1,655

51 to 99% 26,277 1,599 6,002 609 4,692 2,333 1,228 4,445

100% 41,507 1,905 9,264 906 4,753 3,660 3,517 7,224

Percentage lit when open

0% Q Q N Q N N N N

1 to 50% 14,172 4,403 1,523 1,659 461 1,365 2,171 556

51 to 99% 38,847 3,876 8,086 1,360 7,340 3,024 2,111 5,389

100% 39,877 7,301 7,053 3,065 2,976 2,730 1,189 7,679

Building never open or electricity

not used 2,998 1,398 N Q Q Q N N

Percentage lit during off hours

0% 15,578 4,862 1,389 2,564 586 1,433 1,901 1,722

1 to 50% 69,800 10,340 14,334 3,357 9,658 5,184 3,548 11,277

51 to 100% 7,243 928 757 Q 473 406 Q 614

Building always open with 

no off hours 2,223 Q Q Q Q Q N Q

Electricity not used 1,579 1,148 N Q Q N N N
All

buildings

Warehouse

and

storage Office Service Mercantile

Public 

assembly

Religious 

worship Education

All buildings 96,423 17,483 16,662 6,240 10,781 7,192 5,471 13,623

Table B12. Selected principal building activity: part 1, floorspace, 2018

Total floorspace (million square feet)

Principal building activity

Heating equipment 

(more than one may apply)

Packaged heating units 48,064 8,533 7,051 2,091 9,587 3,390 2,390 6,086

Furnaces 17,272 2,881 2,180 1,834 3,789 1,244 1,702 980

Individual space heaters 21,122 4,207 2,821 2,310 3,311 1,019 1,122 1,718

Boilers 28,831 1,350 5,797 907 1,708 2,214 1,497 8,155

Heat pumps 15,110 1,435 2,776 389 2,663 830 917 2,638

District heat 6,547 Q 1,845 Q Q 915 Q 1,335

Duct reheat 7,418 Q 2,566 Q 1,284 516 Q 779

Other 821 Q Q N Q Q N Q

Cooling equipment 

(more than one may apply)

Packaged air-conditioning units 56,290 9,613 9,215 2,361 9,743 4,051 3,364 7,799

Residential-type central air

conditioners 18,270 2,791 2,861 1,176 1,905 1,354 1,455 2,630

Individual air conditioners 13,619 1,584 1,050 787 1,709 867 780 2,093

Central chillers 17,926 420 5,630 Q 624 1,131 414 4,721

Heat pumps 11,098 998 2,234 525 993 734 751 2,034

District chilled water 4,288 Q 786 N N 916 Q 1,049

Swamp coolers 2,070 452 306 Q Q Q Q Q

Other Q Q Q N N N N N

HVAC features 

(more than one may apply)

Economizer cycle 34,087 2,407 8,553 592 3,470 2,754 1,061 7,400

Variable air volume (VAV) system 29,268 2,392 8,720 600 1,169 2,402 838 6,094

Dedicated outside air system (DOAS) 9,027 640 1,500 Q Q 869 Q 2,027

Demand controlled ventilation (DCV) 10,474 1,274 1,845 507 515 924 616 2,615

Regular HVAC maintenance 78,015 11,685 15,154 3,078 9,214 5,977 4,075 12,704

Building automation system (BAS) 

controls heating or cooling 40,462 2,317 9,657 453 4,992 3,089 1,639 9,686

Internet-connected or smart

thermostat 5,966 1,197 852 Q 676 492 793 503

Programmable thermostat 20,882 5,776 3,453 1,733 2,152 1,538 1,445 1,364

Main equipment replaced since 

2000 (more than one may apply)

Heating 32,451 5,238 6,153 2,042 4,021 2,124 2,622 4,978

Cooling 23,013 3,308 4,746 1,409 948 1,400 1,776 4,254

Water-heating equipment

Centralized system 59,280 7,936 10,207 3,626 5,124 5,148 3,943 9,764

Distributed system 14,307 3,835 2,446 1,059 3,025 748 617 1,041

Combination of centralized and

distributed systems 14,129 1,502 3,679 Q 2,078 1,127 722 2,423
All

buildings

Warehouse

and

storage Office Service Mercantile

Public 

assembly

Religious 

worship Education

All buildings 96,423 17,483 16,662 6,240 10,781 7,192 5,471 13,623

Table B12. Selected principal building activity: part 1, floorspace, 2018

Total floorspace (million square feet)

Principal building activity

Generation technologies 

(more than one may apply)

Reciprocating engine generators 25,163 2,803 6,066 1,033 1,718 1,823 369 3,729

Solar panels 3,750 412 721 Q 501 553 Q 836

Other generation technology 2,055 Q 479 Q Q Q Q Q

Lighting equipment types

(more than one may apply)

Incandescent 21,081 1,687 3,575 637 3,771 2,115 2,033 2,353

Standard fluorescent 72,912 11,593 13,118 4,434 8,986 5,387 4,469 11,234

Compact fluorescent 33,691 2,945 7,374 946 5,606 2,975 1,440 4,257

High-intensity discharge (HID) 11,356 1,850 1,620 715 960 1,200 412 1,836

Halogen 15,012 1,239 2,086 594 3,800 1,372 1,136 1,681

LED 61,849 8,191 12,391 2,758 8,086 4,954 3,503 8,578

Other Q N Q N Q Q N N

Refrigeration equipment

(more than one may apply)

Any refrigeration 77,589 10,857 13,999 3,724 9,561 6,410 4,812 12,094

Walk-in units 29,384 834 3,482 Q 5,345 2,440 415 7,984

Cases or cabinets 28,517 1,492 3,845 Q 5,883 2,993 858 5,584

Large cold storage areas 3,592 777 Q N 730 Q N 239

Commercial ice makers 34,672 2,240 5,452 444 4,900 3,764 1,224 6,349

Residential-type or compact units 64,735 9,207 12,596 3,557 7,576 5,026 4,387 9,388

Vending machines 42,071 6,178 7,829 1,446 6,185 2,678 663 7,891

No refrigeration 18,834 6,626 2,663 2,516 1,220 782 660 1,529

Office equipment

(more than one may apply)

Desktop computers 82,012 12,656 16,044 4,051 10,542 5,993 4,148 13,041

With multiple monitors 50,844 8,225 13,212 1,610 6,036 3,257 1,749 7,510

Laptop computers 69,375 9,944 14,370 3,155 8,371 4,628 3,767 12,362

Dedicated servers 51,595 7,189 12,578 1,464 6,593 2,831 1,139 9,688

Tablets charged in building 48,778 5,538 10,248 1,498 7,758 2,979 1,902 9,679

Large floor-standing office devicesc 54,088 7,357 13,050 1,459 5,079 3,651 2,579 11,199

Smaller desktop office devicesc 74,467 11,642 14,029 3,877 9,960 5,481 3,537 11,668

Interactive whiteboards 16,939 522 3,786 Q 370 533 Q 8,963

Televisions or video displays 63,618 7,548 12,340 2,137 8,475 5,259 3,780 10,984

Point-of-sale devices or cash 

registers 33,606 1,591 4,932 1,380 9,042 3,681 Q 5,375
All

buildings

Warehouse

and

storage Office Service Mercantile

Public 

assembly

Religious 

worship Education

All buildings 96,423 17,483 16,662 6,240 10,781 7,192 5,471 13,623

Table B12. Selected principal building activity: part 1, floorspace, 2018

Total floorspace (million square feet)

Principal building activity

Food preparation or serving areas 

in non-food service buildings

(more than one may apply)

Snack bar, concession stand, or coffee 

shop 10,361 Q 2,100 N 1,377 1,836 Q 1,801

Fast food or small restaurant 9,759 Q 1,733 Q 3,897 1,097 Q 435

Cafeteria or large restaurant 14,531 Q 2,269 Q 735 1,163 Q 6,712

food preparation area 17,698 Q 1,398 Q 3,102 1,744 1,206 4,075

Small kitchen area 20,519 1,061 3,705 432 1,424 1,839 2,728 3,670

Separate computer areas

(more than one may apply)

Server closet 48,722 6,780 12,156 1,361 5,510 2,769 1,131 9,616

Data center 11,383 1,407 3,700 Q 420 513 Q 1,807

Computer-based training room 16,556 1,500 3,135 Q 1,753 711 Q 6,064

Student or public computer center 12,527 Q 738 Q 1,008 719 Q 7,545

Window and interior lighting 

features (more than one may

apply)

Multipaned windows 72,694 9,974 13,689 3,836 8,624 5,347 4,483 11,443

Tinted window glass 44,363 6,797 9,721 1,678 6,663 3,065 2,405 6,244

Reflective window glass 17,929 1,728 4,523 509 3,642 858 586 2,105

External overhangs or awnings 28,718 3,348 3,777 1,081 6,593 2,404 1,593 4,083

Skylights or atriums 19,815 3,876 3,284 776 2,079 1,704 550 3,144

Light scheduling 33,552 2,862 7,646 560 7,022 2,433 1,215 4,851

Occupancy sensors 44,304 7,029 10,299 1,510 5,336 2,841 1,289 7,822

Multilevel lighting or dimming 14,424 676 3,458 Q 1,746 1,731 988 2,116

Daylight harvesting 7,244 354 2,478 Q 1,377 530 Q 768

Plug-load control 1,961 Q 379 N Q Q Q 382

Demand responsive lighting 2,045 Q 490 Q Q Q Q 432

Building automation system (BAS) for 

lighting 16,645 848 3,724 Q 4,320 1,334 Q 3,312

Electric vehicle (EV) charging

Charging stations associated with the 

building 10,165 2,504 2,764 556 684 920 N 401

Data source: U.S. Energy Information Administration, Form EIA-871A of the 2018 Commercial Buildings Energy Consumption Survey 

Notes: Because of rounding, data may not sum to totals. The Guide to the 2018 CBECS Tables and CBECS Terminology contain definitions of terms used in these 

tables and comparisons between previous CBECS tables. You can access both references from http://www.eia.gov/consumption/commercial/data/2018/. 

Data are sample survey estimates with relative standard errors published in a tab on the Excel worksheet for this table. 

a

Climate zones are based on ASHRAE Standard 169-2021; see https://www.eia.gov/consumption/commercial/maps.php#defined.

b

Other sources includes wood, coal, solar, and all other energy sources.

c

Office devices refers to any combination of printers, copiers, scanners, or FAX machines.

Q = Data withheld either because the relative standard error was greater than 50% or the reporting sample had fewer than 20 buildings. 

N = No buildings in reporting sample.
RSE

Release date: September 2021

Revised date: December 2022

All

buildings

Warehouse

and

storage Office Service Mercantile

Public 

assembly

Religious 

worship Education

All buildings 3.1 7.2 5.5 8.1 6.0 5.8 9.3 5.3

Building floorspace (square feet)

1,001 to 5,000 5.3 12.9 11.7 9.8 12.9 19.4 17.7 18.7

5,001 to 10,000 5.8 14.1 11.9 15.1 22.3 13.7 24.9 21.7

10,001 to 25,000 6.1 14.1 15.4 18.7 13.2 15.3 13.0 18.9

25,001 to 50,000 5.6 17.7 14.1 22.9 12.7 13.9 18.3 10.8

50,001 to 100,000 5.3 14.9 13.6 21.7 17.5 12.6 22.9 8.7

100,001 to 200,000 5.5 15.3 11.0 54.0 12.3 18.0 37.0 10.3

200,001 to 500,000 5.0 13.1 9.3 91.0 13.8 21.9 43.6 7.3

Over 500,000 8.6 18.2 15.9 76.4 21.4 20.9 0.0 23.3

Year constructed

Before 1920 10.8 34.7 20.9 47.2 46.2 20.9 23.5 30.8

1920 to 1945 8.8 25.0 22.0 25.9 35.2 24.6 32.3 15.9

1946 to 1959 7.6 17.6 21.1 22.3 26.2 22.0 21.1 14.1

1960 to 1969 5.2 13.1 13.2 19.5 19.5 19.9 22.3 11.4

1970 to 1979 6.0 14.9 10.9 17.9 16.6 17.0 26.0 11.8

1980 to 1989 5.9 18.3 8.8 24.1 13.6 20.8 20.9 16.3

1990 to 1999 6.6 12.7 10.3 33.8 10.6 16.5 21.9 12.1

2000 to 2009 6.3 15.8 12.4 15.3 10.5 14.4 16.4 11.2

2010 to 2018 7.6 17.5 19.2 26.1 14.7 17.1 30.1 17.0

Census region and division

Northeast 7.2 17.2 12.1 13.5 13.6 13.5 26.2 8.9

New England 10.8 23.5 22.1 29.5 26.1 14.1 57.5 13.7

Middle Atlantic 8.8 20.7 13.6 15.0 15.6 20.1 28.8 10.7

Midwest 7.4 12.5 11.9 16.3 16.2 11.9 18.8 11.6

East North Central 10.4 15.1 16.3 24.4 23.2 14.4 22.9 12.0

West North Central 7.9 22.0 14.3 18.4 17.2 20.7 33.1 24.2

South 6.1 14.0 10.7 18.1 10.3 10.7 14.4 10.5

South Atlantic 6.8 17.8 15.2 23.6 16.1 13.0 17.2 14.0

East South Central 20.3 40.1 19.3 45.7 21.9 52.7 44.2 24.1

West South Central 11.5 24.9 18.0 33.8 15.1 19.1 16.6 20.3

West 7.1 15.0 10.2 17.4 9.7 13.2 20.5 11.5

Mountain 13.1 25.5 21.0 20.2 15.6 26.5 28.2 15.2

Pacific 8.1 17.9 10.0 27.0 10.7 13.7 28.6 15.8

Climate zonea

Cold or very cold 17.0 30.9 17.2 31.3 24.7 23.7 35.3 20.9

Cool 8.3 14.5 13.3 13.5 13.1 12.9 22.7 13.2

Mixed mild 10.5 13.6 13.6 21.0 16.0 15.6 15.1 15.4

Warm 10.0 15.0 11.4 22.9 14.5 17.3 19.7 13.0

Hot or very hot 14.1 30.4 14.8 22.3 17.2 15.4 18.8 18.0

Relative standard errors (RSEs) for Table B12. Selected principal building activity: part 1, floorspace, 2018

RSEs for total floorspace 

Principal building activity
RSE

All

buildings

Warehouse

and

storage Office Service Mercantile

Public 

assembly

Religious 

worship Education

All buildings 3.1 7.2 5.5 8.1 6.0 5.8 9.3 5.3

Relative standard errors (RSEs) for Table B12. Selected principal building activity: part 1, floorspace, 2018

RSEs for total floorspace 

Principal building activity

Number of floors

1 4.5 8.4 9.1 9.3 6.7 10.2 13.0 9.8

2 4.4 11.3 9.8 15.5 15.2 11.1 12.6 8.8

3 7.6 25.8 14.0 37.4 20.7 20.4 21.5 12.6

4 to 9 6.3 38.6 9.4 76.0 53.5 16.3 35.5 14.4

10 or more 11.0 0.0 13.1 0.0 0.0 60.8 0.0 41.4

Elevators and escalators 

(more than one may apply)

Any elevators 4.5 13.8 7.4 28.3 16.1 10.4 14.5 7.1

1 elevator 6.0 16.0 11.2 31.5 28.3 15.5 15.7 8.9

2 to 5 elevators 5.2 24.6 8.9 80.5 26.5 15.7 33.4 9.4

6 or more elevators 8.4 67.6 12.9 100.4 29.5 20.3 89.0 28.6

Any escalators 13.7 53.0 21.7 100.4 21.8 19.7 76.8 31.4

Number of workers (main shift)

Fewer than 5 5.9 11.4 14.5 11.9 16.5 9.0 12.4 19.1

5 to 9 6.9 17.3 13.9 18.0 21.1 15.7 17.3 23.4

10 to 19 7.4 16.9 14.4 18.7 18.7 18.5 22.5 17.9

20 to 49 4.8 13.5 14.9 22.9 11.1 15.8 25.5 11.1

50 to 99 5.9 15.0 13.0 32.0 14.0 23.2 36.6 9.5

100 to 249 5.6 19.7 11.4 43.1 11.1 19.8 0.0 8.8

250 or more 6.4 24.1 9.0 76.4 19.1 18.5 0.0 17.1

Weekly operating hours

Fewer than 40 6.6 18.7 16.9 19.3 22.0 11.9 13.3 17.9

40 to 48 5.1 11.0 7.7 12.8 15.8 19.7 20.6 9.2

49 to 60 4.3 11.3 7.7 16.9 11.1 13.8 20.8 9.8

61 to 84 5.3 18.1 11.6 22.5 9.5 14.3 32.1 13.5

85 to 167 6.2 16.8 18.6 22.2 11.6 13.4 30.5 11.8

Open continuously 5.0 13.8 12.7 22.9 11.3 16.1 45.1 40.6

Ownership and occupancy

Nongovernment owned 3.3 7.4 5.6 8.8 6.0 7.6 9.3 9.9

Owner occupied 3.3 8.0 6.0 11.0 7.7 8.2 9.6 10.8

Leased to tenant or tenants 4.8 10.9 8.3 14.9 8.4 20.6 39.2 22.7

Unoccupied 19.2 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0

Government owned 6.0 24.9 14.8 16.8 64.1 9.8 0.0 6.1

Federal 16.1 29.9 29.9 30.2 51.5 66.7 0.0 36.2

State 11.8 67.7 25.5 29.9 68.7 21.3 0.0 10.7

Local 6.0 41.1 14.0 21.3 25.3 10.3 0.0 8.1

Party responsible for operation

of energy systems

Building owner 3.2 7.7 5.8 8.7 8.1 6.1 9.4 5.4

Business owner or tenant 7.2 12.9 19.8 18.5 9.7 27.3 76.9 42.9

Property management 11.7 26.2 17.6 50.2 32.8 37.7 49.6 80.0

Other 11.1 26.7 24.6 52.3 28.4 52.5 102.7 27.7
RSE

All

buildings

Warehouse

and

storage Office Service Mercantile

Public 

assembly

Religious 

worship Education

All buildings 3.1 7.2 5.5 8.1 6.0 5.8 9.3 5.3

Relative standard errors (RSEs) for Table B12. Selected principal building activity: part 1, floorspace, 2018

RSEs for total floorspace 

Principal building activity

Provider of direct input on energyrelated equipment purchases

Building owner 3.1 7.2 5.8 8.6 7.4 6.1 9.4 5.3

Business owner or tenant 8.8 17.7 20.4 23.7 11.4 29.1 80.2 41.9

Property management 16.2 29.4 23.1 73.2 42.2 58.3 0.0 69.4

Other 8.1 15.1 18.1 37.9 19.5 27.7 102.7 24.1

Number of establishments

1 3.6 7.7 7.6 8.1 10.5 6.7 9.7 5.8

2 to 5 5.5 12.8 8.8 24.8 10.7 15.0 31.6 17.0

6 to 10 7.9 22.0 14.2 75.4 11.4 21.3 0.0 79.2

11 to 20 8.9 23.3 15.2 75.4 15.0 41.3 0.0 49.1

More than 20 10.1 46.8 14.3 0.0 14.0 22.5 0.0 71.0

Currently unoccupied 16.5 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0

Campus or complex activity

Not part of a campus or complex 3.7 9.1 7.0 10.7 6.9 9.2 13.1 7.2

Primary or secondary school 9.4 0.0 40.6 0.0 0.0 24.5 0.0 9.7

College or university 15.9 106.0 28.9 92.7 61.5 22.2 0.0 16.0

Office complex 10.0 35.9 11.1 35.6 51.6 99.7 71.0 89.5

Retail complex 9.2 30.0 33.3 25.8 10.7 48.8 0.0 0.0

Storage complex 11.0 11.8 56.4 39.0 44.9 70.6 0.0 0.0

Religious campus or complex 12.0 61.6 37.3 48.6 0.0 30.6 13.8 28.4

Health care complex 8.2 89.0 32.7 99.7 0.0 78.3 0.0 94.5

Lodging or resort complex 13.7 83.8 87.2 0.0 62.6 34.5 0.0 0.0

Transportation complex 33.2 69.6 68.7 67.8 0.0 18.1 0.0 51.5

Government complex 17.0 40.2 27.6 20.0 0.0 39.6 0.0 0.0

Other 7.4 18.8 16.8 22.0 36.4 15.2 50.7 29.4

Predominant exterior wall material

Brick, stone, or stucco 3.9 12.8 7.7 14.1 8.4 9.5 12.0 6.2

Concrete (block or poured) 4.8 14.9 14.7 16.1 8.6 11.6 25.3 15.0

Concrete panels 8.4 14.8 17.0 37.6 25.9 23.8 39.3 17.5

Siding or shingles 9.3 25.4 15.5 21.5 34.0 16.5 22.4 24.3

Metal panels 6.0 9.0 18.5 13.6 15.4 19.9 37.8 35.0

Window glass 11.4 0.0 13.5 0.0 76.8 20.6 0.0 80.1

Other 13.7 32.9 20.7 45.6 33.8 29.4 49.5 67.2
RSE

All

buildings

Warehouse

and

storage Office Service Mercantile

Public 

assembly

Religious 

worship Education

All buildings 3.1 7.2 5.5 8.1 6.0 5.8 9.3 5.3

Relative standard errors (RSEs) for Table B12. Selected principal building activity: part 1, floorspace, 2018

RSEs for total floorspace 

Principal building activity

Predominant roof material

Metal surfacing 5.6 10.3 13.7 12.0 12.6 12.9 18.4 14.3

Synthetic or rubber 4.1 11.3 8.8 17.0 8.4 10.8 22.2 9.3

Built-up 4.8 13.8 9.2 28.5 11.7 15.8 23.0 10.2

Slate or tile shingles 10.1 32.7 19.3 41.1 36.3 24.0 20.7 35.5

Wooden materials (including

shingles) 17.8 63.6 50.1 45.7 46.3 51.9 51.6 59.6

Asphalt, fiberglass, or 

other shingles 5.6 20.1 15.3 19.5 17.4 16.5 15.5 13.5

Concrete 11.9 54.2 18.4 65.3 43.8 36.9 59.5 25.2

Other 9.8 24.9 17.3 40.1 23.2 33.8 48.0 26.5

Roof tilt

Flat 3.3 9.8 6.4 12.8 6.8 9.1 17.7 6.1

Shallow pitch 4.8 8.8 12.4 11.7 12.4 11.8 18.7 12.5

Steeper pitch 5.7 18.2 12.1 16.6 19.2 12.2 10.8 12.4

Cool roof characteristics (more than one 

may apply)

White or reflective coating or paint 4.4 10.4 8.3 13.5 8.0 9.3 18.5 8.6

White or reflective tiles or shingles 10.4 33.8 17.4 37.3 28.4 34.4 48.2 24.4

Aluminum coating 9.2 19.6 24.3 28.1 21.4 22.9 47.6 17.1

Ballasted roof system 9.5 18.3 15.0 56.1 22.6 23.5 53.9 19.1

Other cool roof property 19.2 0.0 32.4 82.5 44.4 59.5 5.6 47.4

Renovations since 2000 

(more than one may apply)

Any type of renovation 3.4 10.6 6.1 15.4 8.6 7.6 12.0 6.5

Addition or annex 6.0 22.6 17.5 30.3 14.9 15.1 24.9 11.0

Reduction in floorspace 13.2 32.8 27.6 46.7 33.1 47.9 79.9 28.9

Roof replacement 4.3 11.7 8.6 23.5 10.6 14.0 15.4 8.1

Interior wall reconfiguration 4.2 11.7 7.0 25.0 15.1 12.2 17.4 11.0

Window replacement 5.8 16.9 11.8 25.8 17.1 16.5 20.4 10.3

HVAC equipment upgrade 4.2 13.6 7.3 21.5 10.3 11.9 13.2 7.9

Lighting upgrade 3.9 11.2 6.8 18.4 10.0 10.0 15.8 8.5

Electrical upgrade 5.6 15.4 9.5 19.0 13.1 15.4 21.1 10.4

Plumbing system upgrade 5.2 16.2 10.2 26.6 14.3 13.5 22.9 10.1

Insulation upgrade 7.8 24.9 18.7 28.1 20.7 21.4 47.8 12.8

Fire, safety, or security upgrade 4.4 14.2 8.9 27.4 12.9 13.2 16.5 8.9

Structural upgrade 10.2 22.1 26.7 35.2 31.2 23.5 53.6 17.2

Other 14.9 39.8 41.9 82.2 16.3 75.0 81.9 57.2

No renovations 3.9 8.5 8.2 10.1 7.4 8.7 14.1 7.3

Buildings constructed 2013 or later 8.3 18.5 19.7 27.6 17.5 19.8 38.4 24.3
RSE

All

buildings

Warehouse

and

storage Office Service Mercantile

Public 

assembly

Religious 

worship Education

All buildings 3.1 7.2 5.5 8.1 6.0 5.8 9.3 5.3

Relative standard errors (RSEs) for Table B12. Selected principal building activity: part 1, floorspace, 2018

RSEs for total floorspace 

Principal building activity

Energy sources

(more than one may apply)

Electricity 3.0 7.4 5.5 8.0 6.0 5.8 9.3 5.3

Natural gas 3.4 8.6 6.3 10.5 6.3 6.9 11.7 6.6

Fuel oil 5.4 17.2 10.1 16.1 19.5 12.2 28.0 12.0

District heat 11.4 86.2 15.2 64.1 70.4 16.9 104.2 21.0

District chilled water 13.7 45.5 16.9 0.0 0.0 19.5 83.0 23.7

Propane 7.6 14.0 20.1 18.7 18.5 19.2 20.7 15.2

Solar 11.5 32.1 20.5 52.9 21.1 26.8 2.8 17.5

Wood, coal, and other 14.0 33.0 41.0 25.2 30.0 37.5 52.2 50.1

Space-heating energy sources 

(more than one may apply)

Electricity 3.7 9.4 6.4 12.8 7.3 9.5 11.6 9.3

Natural gas 3.6 8.7 6.5 10.4 6.5 8.0 12.6 6.6

Fuel oil 11.6 32.7 33.0 21.9 40.3 31.8 36.1 18.7

District heat 11.6 86.2 15.2 64.1 70.4 17.2 104.2 21.4

Propane 13.1 24.1 25.4 24.5 26.5 29.3 23.5 23.9

Other sourcesb 19.6 35.1 55.6 25.7 74.8 52.0 0.0 94.1

Primary space-heating 

energy source

Electricity 5.5 12.5 7.7 17.0 9.9 13.5 14.5 16.2

Natural gas 4.1 8.8 6.6 10.9 8.0 8.8 13.8 6.7

Fuel oil 15.3 31.1 31.3 30.0 41.9 49.5 45.2 26.4

District heat 12.6 86.2 17.0 64.1 70.4 18.2 104.2 22.8

Propane 16.9 28.3 39.8 33.0 42.2 41.3 26.7 30.0

Other sourcesb 30.3 54.6 52.2 36.7 0.0 47.7 0.0 50.4

Cooling energy sources

(more than one may apply)

Electricity 3.0 8.1 5.6 8.9 6.1 6.5 9.6 5.3

Natural gas 24.2 70.5 61.6 0.0 70.7 2.8 96.2 60.8

District chilled water 13.7 45.5 16.9 0.0 0.0 19.5 83.0 23.7

Water-heating energy sources

(more than one may apply)

Electricity 3.6 8.8 6.6 10.6 6.3 10.4 12.3 8.5

Natural gas 3.7 11.3 7.0 14.0 7.4 8.9 13.6 6.7

Fuel oil 15.4 52.6 45.9 64.2 57.4 45.3 88.0 25.3

District heat 12.8 0.0 21.0 75.1 0.0 19.8 0.0 25.5

Propane 14.7 54.3 54.0 54.7 35.3 34.8 40.4 26.3

Cooking energy sources

(more than one may apply)

Electricity 3.9 17.1 9.3 28.4 7.8 9.6 14.4 7.3

Natural gas 3.4 32.7 12.5 62.3 7.8 8.9 13.8 7.0

Propane 11.7 78.2 45.1 82.6 31.5 25.1 34.3 24.0
RSE

All

buildings

Warehouse

and

storage Office Service Mercantile

Public 

assembly

Religious 

worship Education

All buildings 3.1 7.2 5.5 8.1 6.0 5.8 9.3 5.3

Relative standard errors (RSEs) for Table B12. Selected principal building activity: part 1, floorspace, 2018

RSEs for total floorspace 

Principal building activity

Energy end uses

(more than one may apply)

Buildings with space heating 3.0 7.9 5.6 8.9 6.0 6.2 9.7 5.3

Buildings with cooling 3.0 8.1 5.5 8.9 6.1 6.1 9.5 5.4

Buildings with water heating 2.9 7.8 5.6 9.1 5.7 5.8 9.5 5.3

Buildings with cooking 3.1 14.4 8.0 26.6 6.8 7.4 10.8 6.1

Buildings with manufacturing 7.9 10.5 23.6 20.1 33.4 48.4 49.2 26.8

Buildings with electricity

generation 4.4 15.7 9.3 17.9 11.4 10.7 27.5 8.9

Buildings with lighting 3.0 7.3 5.5 7.9 6.0 5.8 9.3 5.3

Percentage of floorspace heated

Not heated 10.0 13.8 26.3 21.9 38.2 25.1 55.3 32.7

1 to 50% 7.1 11.2 14.8 15.1 17.4 27.6 17.3 38.3

51 to 99% 5.3 21.4 11.0 23.9 9.9 11.5 21.0 12.7

100% 3.2 10.6 6.0 9.5 7.7 8.2 10.7 6.3

Percentage of floorspace cooled

Not cooled 8.0 10.6 32.7 14.1 41.4 19.1 65.4 27.1

1 to 50% 5.2 8.9 12.5 12.4 17.4 16.1 21.3 12.5

51 to 99% 5.1 23.0 10.3 23.2 9.2 11.5 15.9 10.0

100% 3.5 16.0 6.5 14.4 8.3 8.9 11.2 7.4

Percentage lit when open

0% 38.5 40.2 0.0 50.3 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0

1 to 50% 6.0 11.7 13.8 17.5 21.2 12.7 15.4 28.5

51 to 99% 3.6 13.1 8.1 15.0 7.5 8.3 13.1 7.3

100% 3.8 8.9 6.7 9.8 12.1 11.0 16.6 7.5

Building never open or electricity

not used 12.1 18.8 0.0 42.5 68.2 58.4 0.0 0.0

Percentage lit during off hours

0% 6.7 12.3 15.4 12.1 21.7 14.3 16.4 15.7

1 to 50% 3.0 8.2 5.8 10.8 6.3 7.0 11.0 5.8

51 to 100% 6.7 22.6 23.4 41.1 21.9 23.5 74.9 27.1

Building always open with 

no off hours 11.6 44.3 31.4 56.7 63.8 27.3 0.0 49.1

Electricity not used 17.6 21.9 0.0 54.4 68.2 0.0 0.0 0.0
RSE

All

buildings

Warehouse

and

storage Office Service Mercantile

Public 

assembly

Religious 

worship Education

All buildings 3.1 7.2 5.5 8.1 6.0 5.8 9.3 5.3

Relative standard errors (RSEs) for Table B12. Selected principal building activity: part 1, floorspace, 2018

RSEs for total floorspace 

Principal building activity

Heating equipment 

(more than one may apply)

Packaged heating units 3.6 10.5 7.2 13.0 6.4 8.6 14.3 7.7

Furnaces 5.7 10.4 14.2 14.2 10.1 17.6 16.3 21.0

Individual space heaters 4.8 9.8 11.0 12.4 10.2 12.8 17.0 11.4

Boilers 4.0 20.3 8.6 18.4 16.8 11.2 16.1 6.5

Heat pumps 5.4 19.9 12.3 32.3 9.9 20.9 18.0 12.6

District heat 11.6 86.2 15.2 64.1 70.4 17.2 104.2 21.4

Duct reheat 7.0 31.9 12.7 72.9 16.0 23.1 41.4 16.3

Other 24.1 55.7 65.9 0.0 27.7 75.5 0.0 83.4

Cooling equipment 

(more than one may apply)

Packaged air-conditioning units 3.4 9.5 6.6 11.9 6.6 7.2 11.5 6.2

Residential-type central air

conditioners 5.2 11.0 13.3 19.2 12.9 17.2 15.2 11.2

Individual air conditioners 5.3 18.4 13.2 18.2 13.3 16.5 19.9 13.7

Central chillers 5.0 24.4 9.2 42.9 21.5 15.2 20.9 8.1

Heat pumps 6.8 21.7 14.6 27.2 16.0 20.2 20.0 14.1

District chilled water 13.7 45.5 16.9 0.0 0.0 19.5 83.0 23.7

Swamp coolers 13.1 18.7 28.9 32.2 42.8 47.2 51.7 37.9

Other 36.4 76.0 76.5 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0

HVAC features 

(more than one may apply)

Economizer cycle 3.9 14.0 8.4 24.5 9.4 9.7 19.3 7.0

Variable air volume (VAV) system 4.9 15.9 8.4 23.4 13.7 10.9 17.5 7.9

Dedicated outside air system (DOAS) 7.8 24.2 18.7 41.7 28.9 21.4 32.6 10.0

Demand controlled ventilation (DCV) 5.5 21.7 13.3 27.4 17.3 18.0 24.8 10.6

Regular HVAC maintenance 3.2 8.8 6.0 9.8 6.0 6.8 11.4 5.5

Building automation system (BAS) 

controls heating or cooling 3.7 17.3 7.6 21.8 8.2 8.7 15.4 5.9

Internet-connected or smart

thermostat 10.5 21.0 29.2 33.0 22.4 21.2 19.2 25.5

Programmable thermostat 5.4 10.5 8.2 14.8 13.7 13.5 18.0 15.1

Main equipment replaced since 

2000 (more than one may apply)

Heating 3.8 10.1 7.8 16.1 8.8 11.2 13.2 7.3

Cooling 4.3 12.2 11.0 13.1 14.9 12.9 13.3 7.3

Water-heating equipment

Centralized system 3.4 8.2 7.1 9.5 8.0 8.1 10.3 6.3

Distributed system 6.4 13.6 10.1 22.0 9.9 18.8 19.4 16.9

Combination of centralized and

distributed systems 5.2 17.9 9.4 33.0 9.2 13.4 21.5 11.8
RSE

All

buildings

Warehouse

and

storage Office Service Mercantile

Public 

assembly

Religious 

worship Education

All buildings 3.1 7.2 5.5 8.1 6.0 5.8 9.3 5.3

Relative standard errors (RSEs) for Table B12. Selected principal building activity: part 1, floorspace, 2018

RSEs for total floorspace 

Principal building activity

Generation technologies 

(more than one may apply)

Reciprocating engine generators 4.8 17.1 9.7 19.3 13.4 11.7 28.3 9.9

Solar panels 11.5 32.1 20.6 52.9 21.1 26.8 2.8 17.7

Other generation technology 14.4 47.1 22.7 108.5 38.1 37.6 2.7 31.4

Lighting equipment types

(more than one may apply)

Incandescent 4.5 13.4 8.7 25.6 9.5 11.3 13.3 11.3

Standard fluorescent 3.4 8.4 6.0 9.0 6.4 7.1 10.7 5.3

Compact fluorescent 4.2 12.4 8.8 17.7 8.5 10.3 14.5 8.4

High-intensity discharge (HID) 7.1 15.9 16.2 19.5 14.9 16.6 33.5 12.4

Halogen 4.2 15.5 11.1 24.7 9.8 14.0 15.8 11.8

LED 2.9 9.3 6.5 12.2 6.8 7.0 9.8 6.0

Other 24.1 0.0 70.9 0.0 26.5 60.2 0.0 0.0

Refrigeration equipment

(more than one may apply)

Any refrigeration 3.0 8.7 5.8 10.2 6.4 6.2 9.8 5.6

Walk-in units 3.4 27.5 13.2 69.8 7.5 10.7 25.5 6.8

Cases or cabinets 3.7 18.5 10.3 34.7 7.5 9.5 19.5 9.0

Large cold storage areas 11.3 17.4 40.6 0.0 20.3 36.2 0.0 26.7

Commercial ice makers 3.5 16.4 9.6 27.2 8.5 8.7 14.6 7.2

Residential-type or compact units 3.2 9.2 6.1 10.9 7.4 7.6 10.4 6.1

Vending machines 3.8 10.7 7.8 18.3 8.7 9.4 22.3 6.5

No refrigeration 5.3 10.1 11.1 11.2 17.0 16.5 31.9 14.5

Office equipment

(more than one may apply)

Desktop computers 2.9 8.2 5.7 9.6 6.0 6.7 10.8 5.3

With multiple monitors 3.5 9.2 6.0 14.5 8.1 9.7 13.6 7.2

Laptop computers 3.0 8.9 6.2 11.5 7.3 8.0 11.1 5.6

Dedicated servers 3.3 9.9 6.5 13.8 7.7 9.7 17.1 6.5

Tablets charged in building 3.3 10.7 7.3 12.7 7.2 9.7 13.0 6.3

Large floor-standing office devicesc 3.0 10.7 6.3 13.0 8.8 9.3 12.4 5.6

Smaller desktop office devicesc 3.1 8.3 6.1 9.8 5.9 7.4 10.5 5.4

Interactive whiteboards 4.5 21.9 8.7 47.5 22.4 21.6 47.6 5.7

Televisions or video displays 3.0 10.7 6.4 12.8 6.6 7.4 10.3 5.6

Point-of-sale devices or cash 

registers 3.4 15.7 10.2 13.4 6.1 9.4 30.6 6.6
RSE

All

buildings

Warehouse

and

storage Office Service Mercantile

Public 

assembly

Religious 

worship Education

All buildings 3.1 7.2 5.5 8.1 6.0 5.8 9.3 5.3

Relative standard errors (RSEs) for Table B12. Selected principal building activity: part 1, floorspace, 2018

RSEs for total floorspace 

Principal building activity

Food preparation or serving areas 

in non-food service buildings

(more than one may apply)

Snack bar, concession stand, or coffee 

shop 6.7 73.9 16.8 0.0 14.0 10.0 25.7 8.8

Fast food or small restaurant 5.9 57.2 15.6 71.5 7.9 16.8 32.7 23.9

Cafeteria or large restaurant 4.6 75.3 15.4 79.2 20.3 17.0 46.4 6.4

food preparation area 4.4 42.8 21.2 50.4 10.4 13.1 16.1 8.3

Small kitchen area 4.7 15.1 10.2 29.4 13.8 11.8 13.8 9.0

Separate computer areas

(more than one may apply)

Server closet 3.4 10.3 5.6 14.7 8.1 9.8 15.5 6.0

Data center 6.7 21.1 10.4 59.2 23.6 23.2 44.1 9.8

Computer-based training room 4.6 20.1 10.0 33.2 13.4 17.1 47.1 6.5

Student or public computer center 4.6 68.2 16.2 59.1 17.3 18.3 55.9 5.9

Window and interior lighting 

features (more than one may

apply)

Multipaned windows 3.2 9.1 6.3 10.2 6.6 6.5 10.4 5.9

Tinted window glass 3.4 11.5 6.9 13.1 6.9 10.1 12.6 7.7

Reflective window glass 5.6 18.8 9.3 25.4 9.9 16.6 26.7 16.7

External overhangs or awnings 4.5 13.2 7.9 16.2 7.7 8.6 18.5 8.8

Skylights or atriums 4.5 12.9 11.0 22.0 10.9 12.6 19.6 8.9

Light scheduling 4.1 13.1 8.2 23.8 6.8 12.3 18.1 9.5

Occupancy sensors 3.8 10.2 7.5 16.7 8.0 9.1 16.9 6.7

Multilevel lighting or dimming 6.6 21.5 11.2 30.6 12.6 15.3 14.7 11.4

Daylight harvesting 6.3 21.9 12.7 32.7 13.1 24.1 33.6 15.9

Plug-load control 12.2 47.7 24.1 0.0 37.6 63.4 67.5 24.8

Demand responsive lighting 15.2 32.5 31.8 60.7 29.4 51.7 45.6 37.5

Building automation system (BAS) for 

lighting 5.2 28.7 12.2 42.1 8.1 15.4 36.8 9.8

Electric vehicle (EV) charging

Charging stations associated with the 

building 7.2 14.2 15.9 31.6 19.8 18.2 0.0 21.2

Data source: U.S. Energy Information Administration, Forms EIA-871A of the 2018 Commercial Buildings Energy Consumption Survey 

Note: RSE is a measure of the reliability or precision of a survey statistic. Variability occurs in survey statistics because the different samples that could be drawn 

would each produce different values for the survey statistics. Estimation of Standard Errors and What is a Relative Standard Error (RSE)? contain more information 

on how RSEs are estimated and used. Both references can be accessed from https://www.eia.gov/consumption/commercial/survey-background-technicalinformation.php.

a

Climate zones are based on ASHRAE Standard 169-2021; see https://www.eia.gov/consumption/commercial/maps.php#defined.

b

Other sources includes wood, coal, solar, and all other energy sources.

c

Office devices refers to any combination of printers, copiers, scanners, or FAX machines.