Importation of Fresh Arugula, Eruca sativa P. Mill.,

into the Continental United States from Colombia 

A Pathway-Initiated Risk Assessment

Rev. 03

March 29, 2010

Agency Contact

Center for Plant Health Science and Technology

Plant Epidemiology and Risk Analysis Laboratory

United States Department of Agriculture

Animal and Plant Health Inspection Service

Plant Protection and Quarantine

1730 Varsity Drive, Suite 300

Raleigh, NC 27606
Pest Risk Assessment for Arugula from Colombia 

Rev. 03 17 August 2010 ii

Executive Summary

The Republic of Colombia, South America, requested to export fresh arugula [Eruca sativa P. 

Mill.] to the Continental United States. In this document, we considered fresh arugula to include 

leaves and stems, but no other plant parts. We prepared a list of arugula pests in Colombia based 

on documents submitted by the Colombian Ministry for Agriculture and Rural Development, the 

Instituto Colombiano Agropecuario (ICA), USDA-APHIS-PPQ (Plant Protection and 

Quarantine) records on intercepted pests at ports of entry, and the scientific literature. We found 

no quarantine pests likely to be associated with commercial shipments of fresh arugula when 

exported from Colombia to the Continental United States; therefore, no pests were analyzed.

Species found as external feeders of arugula from Colombia are unlikely to remain with the 

vegetable because the product will not be harvested or selected for exportation if the pests are 

present or if it shows any damage from these pests.
Pest Risk Assessment for Arugula from Colombia 

Rev. 03 17 August 2010 iii

Table of Contents

Executive Summary......................................................................................................................ii

1. Introduction...............................................................................................................................1

1.1. Background.......................................................................................................................... 1

1.2. Commodity information ...................................................................................................... 1

2. Risk Assessment ........................................................................................................................2

2.1. Initiating Event: Proposed Action........................................................................................ 3

2.2. Assessment of Weed Potential of Arugula .......................................................................... 3

2.3. Current Status, Decision- Making History and Pest Interceptions...................................... 4

2.4. Pest Categorization - Identification of Eruca sativa P. Mill. pests in Colombia................. 4

2.5. Quarantine Pests Likely to Follow the Pathway................................................................ 11

2.6. Conclusion ......................................................................................................................... 12

3. Preparers and Reviewers .......................................................................................................12

4. Literature Cited ......................................................................................................................13

5. Appendix..................................................................................................................................18

5.1. Interception Records for Eruca sp. entering the United States.......................................... 18
Pest Risk Assessment for Arugula from Colombia 

Rev. 03 17 August 2010 1

1. Introduction

1.1. Background

This risk assessment was prepared by the Plant Protection and Quarantine (PPQ), Animal and 

Plant Health Inspection Service (APHIS) of the United States Department of Agriculture (USDA). 

It was prepared to examine potential pest risks associated with the importation of fresh arugula 

[Eruca sativa P. Mill.] from Colombia into the continental United States. For the purpose of this 

document, fresh arugula is considered to include leaves and stems, but no other plant parts. This 

pest risk assessment is called pathway-initiated because it is based upon the risks that may be

associated with the importation of this commodity. This risk assessment is qualitative and risk is 

expressed in descriptive terms (high, medium, and low) rather than in probabilities or frequencies. 

The methodology and rating criteria are explained in Pathway-Initiated Pest Risk Assessments: 

Guidelines for Qualitative Assessments, Version 5.02 (PPQ, 2000).

Regional and international plant protection organizations, such as the North American Plant 

Protection Organization (NAPPO) and the International Plant Protection Convention (IPPC), 

provide standards for conducting pest risk analyses (IPPC, 2004, 2006, 2007b; NAPPO, 2004). 

The methods used to initiate, conduct, and report this assessment, as well as the use of biological 

and phytosanitary terms, are based on these standards. The IPPC standards describe three stages of 

pest risk analysis: Stage 1, Initiation; Stage 2, Risk Assessment; and Stage 3, Risk Management. 

This document satisfies the requirements of IPPC Stages 1 and 2. 

1.2. Commodity information

Arugula is an herbaceous plant indigenous to the Mediterranean basin and western Asia where it is 

commonly cultivated. It was a crop highly appreciated by the ancient Romans. In recent years, the 

area dedicated to its cultivation has grown considerably. The average production per hectare is 

approximately 16-18 tons. Harvesting of leaves can begin 20-60 days post-emergence or 

transplanting depending on the variety used for cultivation, the crop period, and environmental 

conditions. After the first harvest, 4-5 harvests at intervals of 10-20 days are possible. As a general 

rule, continued cultivation is not suggested beyond the third harvest, but the favorable climatic 

conditions prolong the productive crop cycle often making it economically viable for many 

harvests.

Leaf morphology of arugula varies greatly between harvests. In fact, with every regrowth cycle, 

leaves tend to take on an increasingly lobate form. The length varies between 5 and 8 cm (2-3 

inches) at the first harvest and from 8 to 15 cm (3-6 inches) in subsequent harvests. Temperate and 

wet climates are most appropriate to achieve high quality and acceptable yields.

Eruca sativa Miller is a diploid, annual species which flowers in spring and which seeds are ready 

for harvesting in late spring. It seems to prefer rich soils even though it can be found mixed with 

ruderal flora in very marginal areas. A wild type, subspecies Eruca vesicaria (L.) Cav. ssp. sativa 

(P. Mill.) Thellung, is also well-represented in the Mediterranean flora. Eruca vesicaria ssp. sativa 

is a synonym of Eruca sativa, which is already present in 26 states. It is an annual herb found in 

many areas of the United States and grows wild in the Mediterranean (NRCS, 2010; Padulosi, and 
Pest Risk Assessment for Arugula from Colombia 

Rev. 03 17 August 2010 2

Pignone, 1997). 

The global demand and interest in arugula is growing. This is due to the popularity of ready-to-use 

salads that extend the shelf life of arugula leaves and preserve their freshness. Green fresh leaves 

are typically used as appetizers with traditional European dishes, or for preparing fresh salads 

(Padulosi, and Pignone, 1997).

Fig 1. Beds of Arugula, Eruca sativa P. Mill. (www.hort.purdue.edu/ 

newcrop/hfresh/arugula.html)

Fig 2. Leaves of Arugula, Eruca sativa P. Mill. (www.hort.purdue.edu/ 

newcrop/hfresh/arugula.html)

2. Risk Assessment

In this pest risk assessment, we first identify the initiating event, screen the weed potential of 

arugula, and discuss the decision history for the commodity. We included pests reported to attack 

arugula and be present in Colombia in a comprehensive pest list. 
Pest Risk Assessment for Arugula from Colombia 

Rev. 03 17 August 2010 3

2.1. Initiating Event: Proposed Action

We developed this commodity-based, pathway-initiated assessment in response to a request by the 

Instituto Colombiano Agropecuario (ICA) (letter No. 06720 dated July 16th, 2004) to the USDA 

for their authorization to allow the importation of fresh arugula into the Continental United States. 

Title 7 of the Code of Federal Regulations 319, Part 56 (7CFR § 319.56) (USDA, 2003) provides 

regulatory authority for the importation of fruits and vegetables from foreign sources into the 

United States. 

2.2. Assessment of Weed Potential of Arugula

The results of the screening for weed potential for arugula did not require a separate weed risk 

assessment (Table 1).

Table 1. Assessment of Weed Potential of Eruca sativa P. Mill.

Commodity: Arugula

Scientific name and author: Eruca sativa P. Mill. (NRCS, 2004).

Synonyms: Brassica eruca, Eruca eruca, Raphanus eruca; Eruca vesicaria; Eruca vesicaria

ssp. sativa (NRCS, 2004).

Plant family: Brassicaceae

Common name: Arugula, Rocket salad, Roquette, Rucola, Rugula.

Phase 1:

Eruca sativa is reported present within the United States. This plant was introduced into the 

United States from other countries and is widely prevalent in 25 states of the United States. 

(NatureServe, 2004; NRCS, 2004; Palada and Crossman, 1999).

Phase 2:

Is the species listed in:

YES Geographical Atlas of World Weeds (Holm et al., 1991).

NO World’s Worst Weeds (Holm et al., 1991).

YES AGRICOLA, CAB (Kaszonyi, 1974; Verdejo et al., 1983), AGRIS

Other literature and database search indicating weediness:

NO World Weeds: Natural Histories and Distributions (Holm et al., 1997).

NO Noxious Weed List for Australian States and Territories (AWC, 2004).

NO Florida's Invasive Species List, Florida Exotic Pest Plant Council (FLEPPC, 2003).

NO Federal Noxious Weed List (APHIS-USDA, 2000).

YES State Regulated Noxious Weeds (NPB, 2004).

YES Global Compendium of Weeds (GCW, 2001).

Phase 3:

Some evidence exists that Eruca sativa is a weed in some places of the world, but this species is 

not listed as a noxious weed in the Federal Noxious Weed List (APHIS-USDA, 2000). Eruca 

vesicaria ssp. sativa (considered a synonym of E. sativa and a wild type of arugula) appears in 

the “Proposed Rules Noxious Weed Control Board” as a noxious weed in Washington that needs 

to be deleted from “The State Noxious Weed Control Board”. The first proposal was to amend 

the “State Noxious Weed List” to add a species determined to be noxious, to change areas 
Pest Risk Assessment for Arugula from Colombia 

Rev. 03 17 August 2010 4

designated for control of some noxious weeds, and to delete a noxious weed from the list 

(Statutory Authority for Adoption: Chapter 17.10 RCW; Statute Being Implemented: Chapter 

17.10 RCW).

The “Summary of Amendment” in the “Washington State Register” proposes the following 

change: Delete one nonnative species (Eruca vesicaria ssp. sativa) from the State Noxious Weed 

List, Class B noxious weeds. Recent evaluation indicates that this species has not been highly

destructive, competitive, or difficult to control in Washington (WSR, 2000).

According to the above-mentioned and to the list of the “State Regulated Noxious Weeds” 

(NPB, 2004), Washington is the only place within the United States where Eruca vesicaria ssp. 

sativa was considered to be a weed. This plant was not judged to be harmful, however, and is 

widely prevalent in the rest of the Continental United States, therefore, it did not require a 

weed-initiated risk assessment.

2.3. Current Status, Decision- Making History and Pest Interceptions 

Currently, arugula (Eruca sativa) is authorized entry into the United States from Costa Rica, 

Israel, Mexico and Peru (USDA, 2007). 

During 1985-2007, numerous species of pests were intercepted on Eruca vesicaria entering the 

United States (Appendix 1; PestID, 2007).

2.4. Pest Categorization - Identification of Eruca sativa P. Mill. pests in Colombia

There are no reports available regarding pests attacking arugula in Colombia. Therefore, pests 

that are reported to attack arugula anywhere in the world were gathered and from these pests, the 

pests that are present in Colombia and that could affect the plant are included in the pest list. 

Table 2 includes: (1) the pests reported as present in Colombia, (2) the generally affected plant 

part or parts, (3) the quarantine status of the pest in the United States, (4) whether the pest is 

likely to follow the pathway into the United States on arugula, and (5) pertinent citations for 

either the distribution or the biology of the pest. Many organisms are eliminated from further 

consideration as sources of phytosanitary risk on arugula from Colombia because they do not 

satisfy the definition of a quarantine pest (IPPC, 2007a). A quarantine pest is defined as, “A pest 

of potential economic importance to the area endangered thereby and not yet present there, or 

present but not widely distributed and being officially controlled” (IPPC, 2007a).
Pest Risk Assessment for Arugula from Colombia 

Rev. 03 17 August 2010 5

Table 2. Pests reported on Eruca sativa (in any country) and present in Colombia (on any host)

Scientific Name 

(Taxonomy)

Geographic 

distribution1

Plant part 

affected

Quarantine pestFollow 

pathway

References

ARTHROPODA

INSECTA

Agromyzidae sp. 

(Diptera: Agromyzidae)

CO Leaf Yes Yes PestID, 2004

Aleyrodinae sp. 

(Homoptera: 

Aleyrodidae)

CO Leaf Yes Yes PestID, 2004

Amorbia sp. (Lepidoptera: 

Tortricidae)

CO Leaf, Stem Yes Yes PestID, 2004

Aphididae sp. 

(Homoptera: Aphididae)

CO Leaf, Stem Yes Yes PestID, 2004

Bemisia argentifolii 

Bellows Perring Gill & 

Hendrick Syn: Bemisia

tabaci (B biotype) 

(Gennadius) 

(Homoptera: 

Aleyrodidae)

CO; US Leaf No Yes CABI, 2004; Dimson, 

2001; Hamon, 2002

Bemisia tabaci 

(Gennadius)

(Homoptera: 

Aleyrodidae)

CO; US Leaf No Yes Arnett, 2000; CABI, 

2004; Dimson, 2001; 

Figueroa, 1977; 

Hamon, 2002

Cerotoma sp. (Coleoptera: 

Chrysomelidae)

CO Leaf Yes Yes PestID, 2004; Posada, 

1989; Vélez, 1997

Chaetocnema sp. 

(Coleoptera: 

Chrysomelidae)

CO Leaf, Stem Yes Yes Figueroa, 1977; 

PestID, 2004; Posada, 

1989

Cicadellidae sp. 

(Hemiptera: 

Cicadellidae)

CO Leaf, Stem Yes Yes PestID, 2004

Contarina sp. (Diptera: 

Cecidomyiidae)

CO Leaf Yes Yes PestID, 2004

Corythucha gossypii (F.) 

(Hemiptera: Tingidae)

CO; US (FL) Leaf No Yes CABI, 2004; PestID, 

2004

Crambidae sp. 

(Lepidoptera: 

Crambidae)

CO Leaf Yes Yes PestID, 2004

 

1 Distribution Legend: CO = Colombia; US = United States; FL = Florida; HI = Hawaii.
Pest Risk Assessment for Arugula from Colombia 

Rev. 03 17 August 2010 6

Scientific Name 

(Taxonomy)

Geographic 

distribution1

Plant part 

affected

Quarantine pestFollow 

pathway

References

Curculionidae sp. 

(Coleoptera: 

Curculionidae)

CO Leaf, Stem Yes Yes PestID, 2004

Diabrotica balteata 

Leconte (Coleoptera: 

Chrysomelidae)

CO; US Leaf No Yes CABI, 2004

Diabrotica sp. 

(Coleoptera: 

Chrysomelidae)

CO Leaf Yes Yes PestID, 2004; Posada, 

1989; Vélez, 1997

Ecdytolopha sp. 

(Lepidoptera: 

Tortricidae)

CO Leaf Yes Yes PestID, 2004

Epitrix cucumeris (Harris) 

(Coleoptera: 

Chrysomelidae)

CO; US Leaf, Root No Yes Arnett, 2000; Dimson, 

2001; Figueroa, 1977; 

Vélez, 1997

Estigmene acraea Drury

(Lepidoptera: Arctiidae)

CO; US Leaf, 

Seedling

No Yes Adams, 2003; Arnett, 

2000; CABI, 2004; 

Dimson, 2001; 

Figueroa, 1977; 

Posada, 1989

Frankliniella occidentalis 

(Pergande) 

(Thysanoptera: 

Thripidae)

CO; US Leaf No Yes Arnett, 2000; CABI, 

2004; Dimson, 2001

Frankliniella schultzei 

(Trybom)

(Thysanoptera: 

Thripidae)

CO; US (FL, 

HI)

Flower, 

Leaf

Yes No2 CABI, 2004; PestID, 

2004

Geometridae sp. 

(Lepidoptera: 

Geometridae)

CO Leaf, Stem Yes Yes PestID, 2004

Gryllidae sp. (Orthoptera: 

Gryllidae)

CO Leaf Yes Yes PestID, 2004

Gryllus sp. (Orthoptera: 

Gryllidae)

CO Seedling Yes No Dimson, 2001; PestID, 

2004; Posada, 1989

Helicoverpa sp. 

(Lepidoptera: 

Noctuidae)

CO Leaf Yes Yes PestID, 2004

 

2 Frankliniella schultzei has only been found associated with fresh arugula once from Israel (PestID, 2004). We found no 

other reports of this thrips feeding on arugula. Additionally, this pest is an external feeder, generally on flowers. 

Consequently, F. schultzei is unlikely to follow the pathway of fresh arugula from Colombia into the continental United 

States.
Pest Risk Assessment for Arugula from Colombia 

Rev. 03 17 August 2010 7

Scientific Name 

(Taxonomy)

Geographic 

distribution1

Plant part 

affected

Quarantine pestFollow 

pathway

References

Helicoverpa zea (Boddie)

(Lepidoptera: 

Noctuidae)

CO; US Leaf, 

Seedling

No Yes Adams, 2003; Arnett, 

2000; CABI, 2004; 

Dimson, 2001; 

Figueroa, 1977

Heliothis virescens 

(Fabricius)

(Lepidoptera: 

Noctuidae)

CO; US Leaf, 

Seedling

No Yes Adams, 2003; Arnett, 

2000; CABI, 2004; 

Dimson, 2001; 

Figueroa, 1977; 

Posada, 1989

Liriomyza sativae 

Blanchard (Diptera: 

Agromyzidae)

CO; US Leaf No Yes CABI, 2004; Dimson, 

2001

Liriomyza sp. (Diptera: 

Agromyzidae)

CO Leaf Yes Yes Dimson, 2001; 

Padulosi and Pignone, 

1997; PestID, 2004; 

Posada, 1989

Lycaenidae sp. 

(Lepidoptera: 

Lycaenidae)

CO Leaf Yes Yes PestID, 2004

Macrosiphum euphorbiae 

(Thomas) (Homoptera: 

Aphididae)

CO; US Leaf No Yes CABI, 2004; Dimson, 

2001; Figueroa, 1977; 

Goth and Webb, 1980; 

Posada, 1989

Miridae sp. (Hemiptera: 

Miridae)

CO Leaf, Stem Yes Yes PestID, 2004

Myzus persicae Sulzer

(Homoptera: Aphididae)

CO; US Leaf No Yes Bakhetia and Sharma, 

1979; CABI, 2004; 

Dimson, 2001; Elnagar 

et al., 1982; Figueroa, 

1977; Goth and Webb, 

1980; Posada, 1989; 

Singh et al., 1987; 

Singh and Singh, 1988

Noctuidae sp. 

(Lepidoptera: 

Noctuidae)

CO Leaf Yes Yes PestID, 2004

Nysius sp. (Hemiptera: 

Lygaeidae)

CO Leaf, Stem Yes Yes PestID, 2004

Pentatomidae, sp. 

(Homoptera: 

Pentatomidae)

CO Leaf Yes Yes PestID, 2004
Pest Risk Assessment for Arugula from Colombia 

Rev. 03 17 August 2010 8

Scientific Name 

(Taxonomy)

Geographic 

distribution1

Plant part 

affected

Quarantine pestFollow 

pathway

References

Phyllotreta sp. 

(Coleoptera: 

Chrysomelidae)

CO Leaf Yes Yes PestID, 2004

Plusiinae sp. 

(Lepidoptera: 

Noctuidae)

CO Leaf, Stem Yes Yes PestID, 2004

Plutella xylostella 

Linnaeus (Lepidoptera: 

Plutellidae)

CO; US Leaf, 

Seedling

No Yes CABI, 2004; Dimson, 

2001; Posada, 1989

Plutellidae sp. 

(Lepidoptera: 

Plutellidae)

CO Leaf Yes Yes PestID, 2004

Pterophoridae sp. 

(Lepidoptera: 

Pterophoridae)

CO Leaf Yes Yes PestID, 2004

Pyralidae sp. 

(Lepidoptera: Pyralidae)

CO Leaf Yes Yes PestID, 2004

Pyraustinae, sp. 

(Lepidoptera: Pyralidae)

CO Leaf, Stem Yes Yes PestID, 2004

Sitona sp. (Coleoptera: 

Curculionidae)

CO Leaf Yes Yes PestID, 2004

Spodoptera sp. 

(Lepidoptera: 

Noctuidae)

CO Leaf, Stem Yes Yes PestID, 2004; Posada, 

1989

Systena sp. (Coleoptera: 

Chrysomelidae)

CO Leaf Yes Yes PestID, 2004; Posada, 

1989

Tetranychus urticae Koch 

(Acari: Tetranychidae)

CO; US Leaf No Yes CABI, 2006; Bolland, 

1998

Thripidae sp. 

(Thysanoptera: 

Thripidae)

CO Leaf Yes Yes PestID, 2004

Thrips tabaci Lindeman 

(Thysanoptera: 

Thripidae)

CO; US Leaf No Yes Arnett, 2000; CABI, 

2004; Dimson, 2001; 

Figueroa, 1977; 

Posada, 1989

Tortricidae sp. 

(Lepidoptera: 

Tortricidae)

CO Leaf Yes Yes PestID, 2004

Trichoplusia ni (Hübner)

(Lepidoptera: 

Noctuidae)

CO; US Leaf, 

Seedling

No Yes Arnett, 2000; CABI, 

2004; Dimson, 2001; 

Figueroa, 1977; 

Posada, 1989
Pest Risk Assessment for Arugula from Colombia 

Rev. 03 17 August 2010 9

Scientific Name 

(Taxonomy)

Geographic 

distribution1

Plant part 

affected

Quarantine pestFollow 

pathway

References

BACTERIA

Erwinia carotovora 

subsp. carotovora 

(Jones) Bergey

(Enterobacteraceae)

CO; US Leaf, Stem No Yes Buritica, 1999; CABI, 

2004; Malavolta et al., 

1999

Xanthomonas campestris 

pv. campestris 

(Pammel) Dowson 

(Xanthomonadaceae)

CO; US Leaf No Yes Buritica, 1999; CABI, 

2004; Henz et al., 1987

FUNGI and CHROMISTANS3

Albugo candida (Pers.) 

Kunze Syn: Albugo 

cruciferarum 

(Oomycetes: 

Peronosporales)

CO; US Flower, 

Leaf, Seed

No Yes Alfieri et al.,1994; 

Buritica, 1999; CABI, 

2004, 2006; Farr et al.,

2007; Minuto et al.,

1997; Scheck and 

Koike, 1999

Alternaria alternata (Fr.) 

Keissl Syn: Alternaria 

tenuis (Ascomycetes: 

Pleosporales)

CO; US Leaf, Root No Yes Bhargava et al., 1980; 

Buritica, 1999; CABI, 

2004

Alternaria brassicae 

(Berk.) Sacc. 

(Ascomycetes: 

Pleosporales)

CO; US Leaf, Stem No Yes Buritica, 1999; CABI, 

2004; Farr et al., 1989; 

Farr et al., 2007; Sushil 

and Kaushik, 1993

Alternaria brassicicola 

(Schwein.) Wiltshire 

(Ascomycetes: 

Pleosporales)

CO; US Leaf No Yes Buritica, 1999; CABI, 

2004; Farr et al., 2007; 

Sushil and Kaushik, 

1993

Alternaria sp. 

(Ascomycetes: 

Pleosporales)

CO Leaf Yes Yes Alfieri et al.,1994; 

Buritica, 1999; 

Padulosi and Pignone, 

1997; PestID, 2004

Aspergillus flavus Link: 

Fr. (Ascomycetes: 

Eurotiales)

CO; US Flower, No No Abdel-Mallek, 1994; 

Buritica, 1999; CABI, 

2006; Farr et al., 1989

Aspergillus niger Tiegh. 

(Ascomycetes: 

Eurotiales)

CO; US Flower, 

Root, 

Stem, 

Seed

No No Abdel-Mallek, 1994; 

Buritica, 1999; CABI, 

2004, 2006

 

3

Fungal names and synonyms are presented as in Farr et al., 2007.
Pest Risk Assessment for Arugula from Colombia 

Rev. 03 17 August 2010 10

Scientific Name 

(Taxonomy)

Geographic 

distribution1

Plant part 

affected

Quarantine pestFollow 

pathway

References

Cercospora sp. 

(Ascomycetes: 

Mycosphaerellales)

CO Leaf Yes Yes PestID, 2004

Erysiphe cichoracearum 

D.C. (Ascomycetes: 

Erysiphales)

CO; US Leaf No Yes Buritica, 1999; CABI, 

2004; Farr et al., 1989; 

Farr et al., 2007

Erysiphe cruciferarum 

Opiz ex L. Junell

(Ascomycetes: 

Erysiphales)

CO; US Leaf, Stem No Yes CABI, 2006; Farr et 

al., 2007; Glawe, 2006; 

Karakaya et al., 1993; 

Purnell and Sivanesan, 

1998; Rimmer et al., 

2007

Fusarium oxysporum

Schlechtend.:Fr. 

(Ascomycetes: 

Hypocreales)

CO; US Leaf, 

Root, 

Stem

No Yes Buritica, 1999; CABI, 

2004; Chatterjee and 

Rai, 1974; Farr et al.,

2007; Garibaldi et al., 

2003

Fusarium sp. 

(Ascomycetes: 

Hypocreales)

CO Root, 

Seedling

Yes No Alfieri et al.,1994; 

Padulosi and Pignone, 

1997; PestID, 2004

Leveillula taurica (Lev.) 

Arnaud (Ascomycetes: 

Erysiphales)

CO; US Leaf No Yes CABI, 2004; Farr et 

al., 1989; Farr et al.,

2007

Oidium sp. (Ascomycetes: 

Incertae sedis)

CO Leaf Yes Yes Farr et al., 2007; 

PestID, 2004

Peronospora parasitica 

(Pers. Fr.) Fr. 

(Oomycetes: 

Peronosporales)

CO; US Flower, 

Leaf, 

Seed, 

Stem 

No Yes Buritica, 1999; CABI, 

2004, 2006; Dimson, 

2001; Farr et al., 2007; 

Koike, 1998; Minuto et 

al., 1997

Plasmodiophora brassicae 

Woronin 

(Plasmodiophoromycete

s: Plasmodiophorales)

CO; US Root, 

Stem

No Yes CABI, 2004; Farr et 

al., 1989; Farr et al.,

2007; Lima et al., 2004

Pythium sp. (Oomycetes: 

Incertae sedis)

CO; US Root, 

Seedling

Yes No Alfieri et al.,1994; 

Buriticá, 1999; 

Padulosi and Pignone. 

1997
Pest Risk Assessment for Arugula from Colombia 

Rev. 03 17 August 2010 11

Scientific Name 

(Taxonomy)

Geographic 

distribution1

Plant part 

affected

Quarantine pestFollow 

pathway

References

Thanatephorus cucumeris 

(Frank) Donk 

Anamorph: Rhizoctonia 

solani Kuhn

(Basidiomycetes : 

Ceratobasidiales)

CO, US Flower, 

Leaf, 

Root, 

Seed, 

Stem 

No No Alfieri et al.,1994; 

Buriticá, 1999; CABI, 

2006 ; Farr et al., 1989

Rhizopus stolonifer 

(Ehrenb. Fr) Vuill. 

(Zygomycetes : 

Mucorales)

CO; US Seed No No Abdel-Mallek, 1994; 

Buritica, 1999; CABI, 

2004; Farr et al., 1989

Sclerotinia sclerotiorum 

(Lib.) de Bary

(Ascomycetes: 

Helotiales0

CO, US Leaf, 

Seed, 

Seedling, 

Stem, 

Root

No Yes CABI, 2006; Farr et al,

2007; Gilardi, et al., 

2006

Sclerotinia sp. 

(Ascomycetes: Incertae 

sedis)

CO Seedling Yes No Buritica, 1999; 

Padulosi and Pignone. 

1997

Septoria sp. CO Leaf Yes Yes Buritica, 1999; PestID, 

2004

NEMATODES

Meloidogyne incognita 

(Kofoid and White) 

Chitwood 

(Meloidogynidae)

CO, US Root No No CABI, 2006; Walker et 

al., 1995

MOLLUSKS

Hygromiidae sp. 

(Hygromiidae)

CO Leaf Yes Yes PestID, 2004

VIRUS

Cucumber mosaic virus

(Bromoviridae)

CO; US Leaf, 

Root, 

Stem 

No Yes Brunt et al., 1996; 

CABI, 2004; CDFA, 

2004; Gracia et al.,

1990

Tobacco mosaic virus 

(Tobamovirus)

CO; US Leaf, 

Root, 

Stem

No Yes Brunt et al., 1996; 

Buritica, 1999; CABI, 

2004; CDFA, 2004; 

Gracia et al., 1990

2.5. Quarantine Pests Likely to Follow the Pathway

We found no quarantine pests that could reasonably be expected to follow commercial shipments 

of arugula leaves and stems (Table 2). Other plant pests in this assessment, not chosen for further 
Pest Risk Assessment for Arugula from Colombia 

Rev. 03 17 August 2010 12

scrutiny, may be detrimental to the agricultural production systems of the United States; 

however, there were a variety of reasons for not subjecting them to further analysis.

First, the pest’s primary association is with plant parts other than arugula leaves and stems. This 

is the case for the following: (a) fungi: Aspergillus flavus, Aspergillus niger, and Rhizopus 

stolonifer; and (b) nematodes: Meloidogyne incognita. Should these pests be intercepted in 

shipments of arugula, quarantine action will be taken and additional risk analysis may be 

conducted.

Second, organisms identified only to the genus or higher taxonomic level are not analyzed 

further if they already occur in the United States, even though individual species within those 

taxonomic groups are potential pests that may or may not occur within the United States. This 

applies to any pests listed (Table 2) at a higher taxonomic level than species (i.e. genus, family, 

etc). The IPPC guidelines do not require risk assessment of pests identified only by genus name 

(IPPC, 2004). By necessity, pest risk assessments focus on those organisms for which adequate 

biological and taxonomic information is available. Often there are many species within a genus, 

and it is not reasonable to assume that the biology of all organisms within a genus is identical. 

Lack of species identification may indicate the limits of the current taxonomic knowledge or the 

life stage or the quality of the specimen submitted for identification. The lack of identification at 

the specific level does not rule out the possibility that either a high-risk quarantine pest was 

intercepted or that the intercepted pest was not a quarantine pest. By developing detailed 

assessments for known pests that inhabit a variety of niches on the parent commodity, e.g., on 

the surface of or within the stem or leaf, etc., effective mitigation measures may be developed to 

eliminate the known pests and any similar unknown ones that inhabit the same niches.

Lack of biological information on any given insect or pathogen should not be equated with low 

risk. If these or other pests that are identified only to higher taxa are intercepted on arugula, 

quarantine action has to be taken and a reevaluation of their risk may occur. 

2.6. Conclusion

Because we found no quarantine pests expected to follow the pathway, the PRA concludes here 

(PPQ, 2000).

Other species of external feeders on arugula from Colombia are unlikely to remain with the leaf 

because the leaf will not be collected or selected for exportation if it shows any damage caused by

pests. In addition, visual inspection could be used as a measure to detected sporadic hitchhiker 

pests.

3. Preparers and Reviewers

Preparers:

Guiovanni Zambrano, Christie Bertone, and Heather Hartzog, USDA APHIS PPQ Center for 

Plant Health Science and Technology, Plant Epidemiology and Risk Analysis Laboratory, 

Raleigh, NC and Bogota, Colombia
Pest Risk Assessment for Arugula from Colombia 

Rev. 03 17 August 2010 13

Reviewers:

Hernan Arango, M. Sc. Phytosanitary Protection

Colombian Agricultural Institute (ICA), Risks Analysis Group, Agricultural and Rural 

Development

Heather Hartzog. Plant Pathologist. USDA-APHIS-PPQ-CPHST-PERAL

Christie Bertone. Entomologist. USDA-APHIS-PPQ-CPHST-PERAL

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Pest Risk Assessment for Arugula from Colombia 

Rev. 03 17 August 2010 18

5. Appendix

5.1. Interception Records for Eruca sp. entering the United States.

Table A1. Pest interceptions on Arugula (Eruca sp.) entering the U.S. from 1985 to 2007 by

name, family, origin of passenger or cargo, where found, how imported, and number of 

interceptions (PestID, 2007)

Pest Family Origin Where 

found4

Imported 

as

Intcpts 

(no.)

Acrolophididae, species 

of

Acrolophididae Mexico Permit Leaf 1

Aeolothrips deserticola

Priesner

Aeolothripidae Israel Permit Leaf 1

Aeolothrips intermedius 

Bagnall

Aeolothripidae Israel Permit Leaf 1

Agromizydae, species of Agromyzidae Colombia, Costa 

Rica, Hawaii, Italy, 

Mexico, Peru

Baggage, 

Permit

Leaf, 

Stem, 

1

22

Aleyrodinae, species of Aleyrodidae Mexico, Israel Permit Leaf 5

Amorbia sp. Tortricidae Costa Rica Permit Leaf 1

Aphididae, species of Aphididae Costa Rica, Israel, 

Mexico

General, 

Permit

Leaf, 2

22

Aphodius sp. Scarabaeidae Mexico Permit Leaf 1

Ascidae sp. Mite Israel Permit Leaf 2

Asphodelus fistulosus L. Pathogen India Baggage Seed 1

Autographa gamma 

(Linnaeus)

Noctuidae Israel Permit Leaf 1

Bradybaena similaris 

(Rang)

Bradybaenidae Hawaii Permit Leaf 1

Cercospora sp. Pathogen Costa Rica , 

Mexico

Permit, Leaf, 2

Cernuella virgata (Da 

Costa)

Hygromiidae Israel Permit Leaf 1

Cerotoma sp. Chrysomelidae Mexico Permit Leaf 1

Chaetocnema sp. Chrysomelidae Mexico Permit CutFl 1

Cicadellidae, species of Cicadellidae Mexico, Israel Permit Leaf 6

Collembola species of Mexico, Israel Permit Leaf 3

Contarinia sp. Cecidomyiidae El Salvador Baggage Leaf 1

Corticariidae species of Mexico Permit Leaf 1

 

4 General = General cargo, Permit = Permit cargo
Pest Risk Assessment for Arugula from Colombia 

Rev. 03 17 August 2010 19

Pest Family Origin Where 

found4

Imported 

as

Intcpts 

(no.)

Corythucha gossypii 

(Fabricus)

Tingidae Mexico Permit Fruit, Cut

flower

2

Crambidae, species of Crambidae Peru Permit Leaf 1

Curculionidae, species of Curculionidae Costa Rica, Mexico Permit Cut

flower, 

Leaf

3

Diabrotica sp. Chrysomelidae Mexico Permit Leaf 1

Ecdytolopha sp. Tortricidae Mexico Permit Leaf 1

Empoasca sp. Cicadellidae Mexico Permit Leaf 1

Frankliniella fusca 

(Hinds)

Thripidae Mexico Permit Leaf 1

Frankliniella 

occidentalis (Pergande)

Thripidae Israel, Mexico Permit Leaf 4

Frankliniella schultzei 

(Trybom)

Thripidae Israel Permit Leaf 1

Frankliniella sp. Thripidae Israel, Mexico Permit Leaf 2

Gelechiidae, species of Mexico Baggage Leaf 1

Geometridae, species of Geometridae Costa Rica Permit Leaf 1

Gryllidae, species of Gryllidae Mexico Permit Fruit 1

Halticus bractatus (Say) Miridae Mexico Permit Leaf, 

Cutting

2

Helicoverpa sp. Noctuidae Israel Permit Leaf 3

Heliothis sp. Noctuidae Israel Permit Leaf 1

Heteroptera, species of Israel Permit Leaf 1

Hyadaphis erysimi 

(Kaltenbach)

Aphididae Israel Permit Leaf 1

Hygromiidae, species of Hygromiidae Israel Permit Leaf 2

Hymenoptera, species of Mexico Permit Leaf 1

Lepidoptera, species of Mexico, Israel Permit Leaf 7

Linepithema humile 

Mayer

Formicidae Mexico Permit Leaf 1

Lipahis pseudobrassicae 

Davis

Aphididae Israel Permit Leaf 4

Longitarsus sp. Chrysomelidae Israel Permit Leaf 1

Lycaenidae, species of Lycaenidae Mexico Permit Leaf 1

Micrapate labialis Lesne Bostrichidae Mexico Permit Leaf 1

Miridae, species of Miridae Costa Rica, Mexico Permit Leaf 5

Mollusca species of Israel Permit Leaf 2
Pest Risk Assessment for Arugula from Colombia 

Rev. 03 17 August 2010 20

Pest Family Origin Where 

found4

Imported 

as

Intcpts 

(no.)

Monacha obstructa 

Ferussac

Hygromiidae Israel Permit Cut flower 1

Monacha sp. Hygromiidae Israel Permit Leaf 1

Myzus persicae Sulzer Aphididae Israel Permit Cutting,

Leaf

3

Noctuidae, species of Noctuidae Costa Rica, Israel, 

Mexico, Peru

Permit, Leaf, 

Cutting, 

Stem

38

Nysius raphanus Howard Lygaeidae Mexico Permit Leaf 1

Nysius sp. Lygaeidae Mexico, Costa 

Rica, Peru

Permit, Leaf, Cut 

flower 

12

Ovatus crataegarious 

Walker

Aphididae Mexico Permit Leaf 1

Papilionidae, species of Papilionidae Mexico Permit Leaf 1

Parapiesma cinereum 

(Say)

Piesmatidae Mexico Permit Leaf 1

Pentatomidae, species of Pentatomidae Costa Rica Permit Leaf 3

Phyllotreta sp. Chrysomelidae Mexico Permit Cutting, 

Leaf

3

Phytoseiidae species of Israel Permit Leaf 1

Pieridae species of Israel Baggage Leaf 1

Pieris rapae (Linnaeus) Pieridae Mexico Permit Leaf 1

Pieris sp. Pieridae Italy Permit Stem 1

Plusiinae, species of sp. Noctuidae Israel, Mexico, Peru Permit, Leaf, 

Fruit, Cut

flower

5

Plutella xylostella 

(Linnaeus)

Plutellidae Israel Permit Leaf 1

Plutellidae, species of sp. Plutellidae Costa Rica, Israel , 

Peru

Permit, Leaf, Stem 3

Psocoptera, species of sp. Mexico Permit Leaf 1

Pterophoridae, species of 

sp.

Pterophoridae Israel Mexico Permit Leaf 3

Pyralidae sp. Pyralidae Peru Mexico Permit Leaf, Stem 2

Pyraustinae sp. Crambidae Israel Permit Leaf 1

Pyrrhocoris apterus L. Pyrrhocoridae Israel Permit Leaf 1

Septoria sp. Pathogen Mexico Permit Leaf 1

Sitona sp. Curculionidae Italy Baggage Leaf 1

Spodoptera littoralis Noctuidae Israel Permit Leaf 1

Spodoptera sp. Noctuidae Israel Permit Leaf 2
Pest Risk Assessment for Arugula from Colombia 

Rev. 03 17 August 2010 21

Pest Family Origin Where 

found4

Imported 

as

Intcpts 

(no.)

Syrphidae sp. Mexico Permit Cutting 1

Systena sp. Chrysomelidae Mexico Permit Leaf 2

Tetranychus sp. Tetranychidae Israel Permit Leaf 1

Theba pisana Muller Helicidae Israel Permit Cutti 2

Thripidae sp. Thripidae Mexico Permit Leaf 1

Tortricidae sp. Tortricidae Costa Rica, Peru Permit, Cutting, 

Leaf, Stem

3

Xestocephalus sp. Cicadellidae Mexico Permit Leaf 1