Release date: September 2021

Revised date: December 2022

Number of 

buildings 

(thousand)

Total

floorspace

(million 

square feet)

Total

workers

(thousand)

Median 

square feet

per building 

(thousand)

Median 

square feet 

per 

workera

Median 

operating 

hours per 

week

Median 

age of 

buildings 

(years)

All buildings 5,918 96,423 85,796 5.4 1,167 50 36

Building floorspace (square feet)

1,001 to 5,000 2,833 8,025 9,717 2.6 750 45 38

5,001 to 10,000 1,359 10,204 9,085 7.5 1,500 49 36

10,001 to 25,000 981 15,838 12,244 15.0 1,967 50 34

25,001 to 50,000 386 13,957 10,744 35.0 2,217 60 33

50,001 to 100,000 218 15,302 12,846 66.6 1,515 60 31

100,001 to 200,000 93 13,003 11,428 138.0 1,692 65 28

200,001 to 500,000 40 11,776 10,508 270.7 1,710 75 31

Over 500,000 9 8,317 9,224 762.2 1,603 112 32

Principal building activity

Education 437 13,623 10,370 8.8 1,060 50 37

Food sales 163 1,006 917 2.4 1,100 112 38

Food service 286 1,385 2,884 3.5 500 80 39

Health care 137 4,018 6,656 6.0 459 48 29

Inpatient 9 2,259 3,597 121.0 730 168 35

Outpatient 129 1,760 3,059 5.7 453 45 29

Lodging 207 6,976 2,764 13.6 1,987 168 27

Mercantile 517 10,781 8,882 8.8 1,232 55 37

Retail (other than mall) 350 5,193 3,251 6.0 1,700 55 43

Enclosed and strip malls 167 5,588 5,631 13.0 688 55 30

Office 970 16,662 32,843 5.0 609 45 38

Public assembly 488 7,192 3,338 6.1 2,072 45 43

Public order and safety 81 1,538 1,587 5.6 1,000 168 32

Religious worship 439 5,471 1,948 8.0 2,500 15 45

Service 867 6,240 4,736 4.2 1,378 45 35

Warehouse and storage 1,004 17,483 7,081 6.0 2,400 50 28

Other 113 2,435 1,598 6.0 1,429 54 28

Vacant 208 1,612 Q 3.6 4,000 0 40

Year constructed

Before 1920 329 3,600 2,731 4.5 1,461 40 120

1920 to 1945 379 5,646 5,304 5.0 1,250 45 88

1946 to 1959 517 6,937 5,487 5.0 1,200 48 65

1960 to 1969 685 10,360 8,481 5.6 1,291 49 54

1970 to 1979 831 13,061 10,822 5.3 1,250 46 43

1980 to 1989 794 13,465 14,755 5.3 960 50 34

1990 to 1999 921 15,535 13,504 6.2 1,250 50 22

2000 to 2009 924 17,500 15,696 6.0 1,058 50 13

2010 to 2018 537 10,319 9,017 6.0 1,091 60 4

Table B2. Summary table: total and medians of floorspace, number of workers, and hours of 

operation, 2018
Number of 

buildings 

(thousand)

Total

floorspace

(million 

square feet)

Total

workers

(thousand)

Median 

square feet

per building 

(thousand)

Median 

square feet 

per 

workera

Median 

operating 

hours per 

week

Median 

age of 

buildings 

(years)

All buildings 5,918 96,423 85,796 5.4 1,167 50 36

Table B2. Summary table: total and medians of floorspace, number of workers, and hours of 

operation, 2018

Census region and division

Northeast 793 15,951 15,152 5.7 1,400 54 46

New England 275 3,749 3,616 5.0 1,400 60 44

Middle Atlantic 518 12,202 11,536 6.0 1,378 50 48

Midwest 1,719 25,932 19,924 5.3 1,386 48 38

East North Central 1,110 17,561 13,951 5.1 1,294 48 41

West North Central 609 8,372 5,973 5.5 1,422 50 34

South 2,143 34,907 30,820 5.0 1,071 48 33

South Atlantic 1,034 17,923 16,420 5.0 1,125 48 33

East South Central 347 5,404 3,923 5.5 1,091 46 36

West South Central 762 11,580 10,477 5.5 1,000 48 30

West 1,264 19,633 19,900 5.7 1,012 50 34

Mountain 484 7,680 8,119 6.6 1,055 54 33

Pacific 780 11,952 11,780 5.4 1,000 50 35

Climate zoneb

Cold or very cold 539 7,044 5,445 5.0 1,250 50 40

Cool 1,727 26,768 22,477 5.3 1,378 50 39

Mixed mild 1,216 25,096 23,442 5.5 1,175 50 35

Warm 1,606 25,085 21,301 5.6 1,200 45 35

Hot or very hot 831 12,429 13,130 5.0 839 50 33

Number of floors

1 4,106 43,576 34,034 4.8 1,106 49 33

2 1,286 23,300 18,268 8.0 1,276 50 42

3 370 10,516 8,316 12.0 1,500 50 66

4 to 9 142 13,031 15,293 53.1 1,160 65 44

10 or more 16 6,000 9,886 226.0 745 85 36

Elevators and escalators 

(more than one may apply)

Any elevators 503 36,501 40,521 34.3 1,377 60 33

1 elevator 366 14,215 11,669 24.0 1,500 55 33

2 to 5 elevators 121 13,316 15,470 83.0 1,222 70 31

6 or more elevators 16 8,970 13,382 369.9 750 80 33

Any escalators 14 3,753 4,345 30.0 2,756 168 17
Number of 

buildings 

(thousand)

Total

floorspace

(million 

square feet)

Total

workers

(thousand)

Median 

square feet

per building 

(thousand)

Median 

square feet 

per 

workera

Median 

operating 

hours per 

week

Median 

age of 

buildings 

(years)

All buildings 5,918 96,423 85,796 5.4 1,167 50 36

Table B2. Summary table: total and medians of floorspace, number of workers, and hours of 

operation, 2018

Number of workers (main shift)

Fewer than 5 3,270 21,065 5,726 4.0 2,000 44 38

5 to 9 1,116 10,323 7,303 5.0 833 50 37

10 to 19 713 11,348 9,062 8.9 664 55 36

20 to 49 492 16,132 14,185 18.1 700 60 28

50 to 99 201 12,961 12,788 45.7 766 60 32

100 to 249 90 12,442 13,183 97.7 720 61 28

250 or more 37 12,152 23,548 200.0 409 64 31

Weekly operating hours

Fewer than 40 1,370 10,766 5,897 4.0 1,800 10 42

40 to 48 1,483 18,826 16,706 5.5 1,000 40 37

49 to 60 1,250 22,845 24,636 6.5 1,071 55 38

61 to 84 645 14,736 14,659 8.0 1,046 72 31

85 to 167 465 10,038 7,655 5.3 1,175 108 27

Open continuously 705 19,213 16,243 6.1 1,350 168 28

Ownership and occupancy

Nongovernment owned 4,982 74,728 66,568 5.4 1,200 50 36

Owner occupied 3,249 45,355 37,126 5.5 1,360 50 38

Leased to tenant or tenants 1,581 28,382 29,442 5.7 1,000 55 34

Unoccupied 152 990 0 3.6 N 0 39

Government owned 937 21,695 19,228 5.9 1,056 45 34

Federal 70 1,946 2,597 3.6 645 50 23

State 256 6,888 5,746 6.2 1,071 45 34

Local 610 12,861 10,885 5.9 1,091 45 36

Party responsible for operation

of energy systems

Building owner 4,872 79,282 70,432 5.3 1,200 48 36

Business owner or tenant 831 12,842 10,637 5.5 1,113 51 38

Property management 97 1,994 2,311 4.5 750 60 21

Other 118 2,306 2,415 6.2 900 55 37

Provider of direct input on energyrelated equipment purchases

Building owner 5,127 82,862 73,240 5.5 1,200 50 36

Business owner or tenant 483 7,585 6,376 5.4 1,000 50 36

Property management 49 1,072 1,170 4.5 1,042 55 20

Other 260 4,904 5,010 5.2 1,000 55 41
Number of 

buildings 

(thousand)

Total

floorspace

(million 

square feet)

Total

workers

(thousand)

Median 

square feet

per building 

(thousand)

Median 

square feet 

per 

workera

Median 

operating 

hours per 

week

Median 

age of 

buildings 

(years)

All buildings 5,918 96,423 85,796 5.4 1,167 50 36

Table B2. Summary table: total and medians of floorspace, number of workers, and hours of 

operation, 2018

Number of establishments

1 4,719 65,391 50,407 5.0 1,250 50 36

2 to 5 811 16,431 15,937 8.0 1,000 50 38

6 to 10 135 5,539 7,206 17.5 688 55 33

11 to 20 63 3,894 5,751 28.0 775 72 32

More than 20 19 3,999 6,494 97.8 650 65 35

Currently unoccupied 170 1,168 0 3.6 N 0 39

Campus or complex activity

Not part of a campus or complex 3,622 56,609 50,340 5.0 1,125 50 39

Primary or secondary school 247 5,106 3,681 7.2 1,250 40 28

College or university 103 3,761 2,700 15.8 1,560 60 36

Office complex 141 3,823 8,446 5.7 574 50 35

Retail complex 250 4,573 4,171 7.5 922 54 26

Storage complex 418 5,684 1,933 7.8 2,917 72 20

Religious campus or complex 253 3,209 1,692 8.5 2,800 12 48

Health care complex 60 2,838 4,415 8.8 724 52 24

Lodging or resort complex 102 1,575 758 4.5 1,520 168 34

Transportation complex 36 774 600 5.1 1,100 70 30

Government complex 124 1,706 1,676 3.2 880 40 21

Other 563 6,765 5,383 5.0 1,104 50 31

Predominant exterior wall material

Brick, stone, or stucco 2,490 46,134 43,670 6.8 1,049 50 41

Concrete (block or poured) 935 19,357 14,995 6.4 1,300 50 42

Concrete panels 137 8,331 8,022 20.0 1,067 51 24

Siding or shingles 948 5,992 5,220 3.2 833 45 35

Metal panels 1,250 12,198 6,584 5.0 1,667 48 23

Window glass 19 2,192 4,522 43.0 964 64 17

Other 139 2,219 2,783 4.5 1,167 50 30

Predominant roof material

Metal surfacing 2,198 20,936 12,924 5.0 1,500 46 28

Synthetic or rubber 940 31,563 31,789 9.5 1,189 55 42

Built-up 708 19,308 19,471 8.8 1,027 50 45

Slate or tile shingles 376 3,997 3,748 4.3 900 50 39

Wooden materials (including

shingles) 166 1,568 1,496 4.8 1,000 60 34

Asphalt, fiberglass, or 

other shingles 1,311 14,058 11,509 5.0 1,100 45 41

Concrete 83 1,968 1,931 4.5 1,050 60 43

Other 136 3,026 2,926 6.0 800 50 42
Number of 

buildings 

(thousand)

Total

floorspace

(million 

square feet)

Total

workers

(thousand)

Median 

square feet

per building 

(thousand)

Median 

square feet 

per 

workera

Median 

operating 

hours per 

week

Median 

age of 

buildings 

(years)

All buildings 5,918 96,423 85,796 5.4 1,167 50 36

Table B2. Summary table: total and medians of floorspace, number of workers, and hours of 

operation, 2018

Roof tilt

Flat 1,914 54,253 55,710 8.5 1,071 52 41

Shallow pitch 2,313 27,609 19,619 5.3 1,250 50 33

Steeper pitch 1,691 14,561 10,466 4.5 1,200 40 34

Cool roof characteristics (more than 

one may apply)

White or reflective coating or paint 1,285 32,799 31,826 8.0 1,104 50 34

White or reflective tiles or shingles 140 2,713 2,557 5.5 1,083 55 38

Aluminum coating 528 6,149 4,472 5.0 1,400 45 33

Ballasted roof system 114 6,277 6,872 19.3 1,333 50 46

Other cool roof property 35 1,603 2,359 9.4 875 55 36

Renovations since 2000 

(more than one may apply)

Any type of renovation 2,032 45,165 44,948 6.8 1,100 50 44

Addition or annex 327 10,854 9,532 9.6 1,255 55 39

Reduction in floorspace 35 1,784 2,369 9.6 625 55 37

Roof replacement 847 20,862 20,388 7.1 1,150 50 49

Interior wall reconfiguration 709 21,283 25,724 7.8 900 50 40

Window replacement 484 10,977 11,390 7.2 1,100 50 53

HVAC equipment upgrade 1,006 27,575 28,643 8.0 1,075 50 48

Lighting upgrade 1,012 29,098 30,404 8.0 1,108 53 46

Electrical upgrade 565 15,761 17,063 7.0 1,000 50 53

Plumbing system upgrade 584 15,537 17,095 6.8 1,067 50 48

Insulation upgrade 307 7,980 8,465 5.8 1,400 56 56

Fire, safety, or security upgrade 570 19,985 20,865 9.0 1,081 58 46

Structural upgrade 147 4,203 5,041 8.0 1,000 55 54

Other 43 1,168 1,027 6.0 1,088 53 43

No renovations 3,530 43,832 34,581 5.0 1,200 48 34

Buildings constructed 2013 or later 357 7,426 6,268 6.0 1,325 55 2

Energy sources

(more than one may apply)

Electricity 5,613 94,844 85,693 5.6 1,161 50 37

Natural gas 2,974 67,722 60,519 7.8 1,200 50 38

Fuel oil 583 21,185 24,121 7.0 1,167 50 40

District heat 86 6,745 7,389 20.7 1,800 60 57

District chilled water 55 4,288 4,562 31.0 1,125 60 45

Propane 676 10,157 6,940 5.0 1,333 50 39

Wood 105 802 671 4.0 1,500 48 47

Coal Q Q Q Q Q Q Q

Solar 99 3,820 3,846 10.8 942 60 30

Other 79 1,317 1,067 7.2 1,167 60 43
Number of 

buildings 

(thousand)

Total

floorspace

(million 

square feet)

Total

workers

(thousand)

Median 

square feet

per building 

(thousand)

Median 

square feet 

per 

workera

Median 

operating 

hours per 

week

Median 

age of 

buildings 

(years)

All buildings 5,918 96,423 85,796 5.4 1,167 50 36

Table B2. Summary table: total and medians of floorspace, number of workers, and hours of 

operation, 2018

Space-heating energy sources 

(more than one may apply)

Electricity 2,563 45,603 45,698 5.7 960 50 33

Natural gas 2,587 58,042 50,527 8.0 1,200 50 40

Fuel oil 266 4,134 3,709 4.8 1,350 45 54

District heat 83 6,547 7,131 21.1 1,800 60 58

Propane 431 3,896 2,736 4.0 1,344 40 43

Wood 85 422 222 4.0 2,500 48 49

Coal Q Q Q Q Q Q Q

Solar Q Q Q Q Q Q Q

Other 40 443 273 6.4 2,832 54 43

Primary space-heating 

energy source

Electricity 1,856 27,618 29,054 5.0 946 50 32

Natural gas 2,344 50,060 42,756 7.8 1,246 50 41

Fuel oil 222 2,223 1,652 4.5 1,250 45 57

District heat 78 6,090 6,695 20.7 1,800 60 58

Propane 338 2,290 1,692 4.0 1,344 40 41

Wood Q Q Q Q Q Q Q

Coal Q Q Q Q Q Q Q

Solar N N N N N N N

Other Q Q Q Q Q Q Q

Cooling energy sources

(more than one may apply)

Electricity 4,584 84,526 79,784 6.0 1,067 50 37

Natural gas 4 400 307 42.5 973 40 57

District chilled water 55 4,288 4,562 31.0 1,125 60 45

Water-heating energy sources

(more than one may apply)

Electricity 2,785 47,125 46,374 5.7 1,035 50 37

Natural gas 1,885 46,652 42,146 8.8 1,104 54 38

Fuel oil 72 1,807 1,889 5.0 1,222 64 58

District heat 38 4,206 4,919 40.0 1,883 60 58

Propane 145 1,947 1,855 6.3 1,042 55 38

Cooking energy sources

(more than one may apply)

Electricity 1,216 30,509 29,469 7.5 1,125 57 33

Natural gas 727 27,705 26,104 10.0 1,070 68 39

Propane 159 3,101 2,430 5.5 1,100 60 43
Number of 

buildings 

(thousand)

Total

floorspace

(million 

square feet)

Total

workers

(thousand)

Median 

square feet

per building 

(thousand)

Median 

square feet 

per 

workera

Median 

operating 

hours per 

week

Median 

age of 

buildings 

(years)

All buildings 5,918 96,423 85,796 5.4 1,167 50 36

Table B2. Summary table: total and medians of floorspace, number of workers, and hours of 

operation, 2018

Energy end uses

(more than one may apply)

Buildings with space heating 4,901 88,661 82,078 6.0 1,125 50 38

Buildings with cooling 4,631 87,506 82,835 6.1 1,067 50 37

Buildings with water heating 4,595 87,717 82,235 6.3 1,100 50 38

Buildings with cooking 1,738 43,580 41,427 7.2 1,100 60 38

Buildings with manufacturing 322 6,871 5,035 6.0 1,164 48 36

Buildings with electricity

generation 706 29,457 32,409 10.8 1,164 60 29

Buildings with lighting 5,503 94,103 85,617 5.6 1,125 50 37

Percentage of floorspace heated

Not heated 1,017 7,762 3,718 4.5 1,720 48 29

1 to 50% 693 10,620 6,404 5.6 1,533 48 39

51 to 99% 905 20,174 20,058 7.2 1,100 50 40

100% 3,303 57,867 55,616 5.6 1,070 50 36

Percentage of floorspace cooled

Not cooled 1,288 8,917 2,961 4.2 2,375 45 33

1 to 50% 1,111 19,722 10,727 7.5 1,563 50 39

51 to 99% 998 26,277 26,432 7.8 1,081 50 42

100% 2,522 41,507 45,675 5.0 883 50 34

Percentage lit when open

0% Q Q Q Q Q Q Q

1 to 50% 1,280 14,172 6,476 5.6 2,000 45 43

51 to 99% 1,784 38,847 37,954 7.0 1,067 50 38

100% 2,272 39,877 41,135 5.0 1,000 50 33

Building never open or electricity

not used 513 2,998 183 4.0 2,550 0 33

Percentage lit during off hours

0% 2,062 15,578 10,347 4.3 1,406 43 38

1 to 50% 3,246 69,800 67,292 7.2 1,067 50 36

51 to 100% 240 7,243 6,281 7.9 1,125 75 34

Building always open with 

no off hours 64 2,223 1,773 6.8 1,183 168 32

Electricity not used 305 1,579 103 4.0 Q 50 25
Number of 

buildings 

(thousand)

Total

floorspace

(million 

square feet)

Total

workers

(thousand)

Median 

square feet

per building 

(thousand)

Median 

square feet 

per 

workera

Median 

operating 

hours per 

week

Median 

age of 

buildings 

(years)

All buildings 5,918 96,423 85,796 5.4 1,167 50 36

Table B2. Summary table: total and medians of floorspace, number of workers, and hours of 

operation, 2018

Heating equipment 

(more than one may apply)

Packaged heating units 2,187 48,064 44,373 8.0 1,000 52 32

Furnaces 1,621 17,272 13,487 5.0 1,200 45 41

Individual space heaters 1,246 21,122 17,188 6.0 1,200 48 38

Boilers 703 28,831 28,263 15.0 1,389 56 43

Heat pumps 673 15,110 14,684 6.5 1,067 50 32

District heat 83 6,547 7,131 21.1 1,800 60 58

Duct reheat 134 7,418 9,848 14.2 973 51 34

Other 17 821 673 24.5 2,140 60 22

Cooling equipment 

(more than one may apply)

Packaged air-conditioning units 2,565 56,290 53,354 8.1 1,000 50 35

Residential-type central air

conditioners 1,309 18,270 16,384 5.0 1,074 46 38

Individual air conditioners 735 13,619 10,038 5.5 1,333 50 46

Central chillers 202 17,926 21,716 40.8 1,048 60 37

Heat pumps 492 11,098 11,637 6.4 1,120 50 33

District chilled water 55 4,288 4,562 31.0 1,125 60 45

Swamp coolers 85 2,070 2,103 7.1 890 50 29

Other Q Q Q Q Q Q Q

HVAC features 

(more than one may apply)

Economizer cycle 747 34,087 37,137 15.1 1,121 60 28

Variable air volume (VAV) system 698 29,268 34,745 9.9 1,111 55 34

Dedicated outside air system (DOAS) 249 9,027 9,453 10.0 1,064 56 40

Demand controlled ventilation (DCV) 349 10,474 9,818 8.5 1,042 50 35

Regular HVAC maintenance 3,554 78,015 75,319 7.2 1,062 50 36

Building automation system (BAS) 

controls heating or cooling 933 40,462 44,380 13.2 1,064 55 30

Internet-connected or smart

thermostat 325 5,966 4,778 8.0 1,200 53 32

Programmable thermostat 1,545 20,882 17,370 6.0 1,000 50 35

Main equipment replaced since 

2000 (more than one may apply)

Heating 1,937 32,451 29,569 6.3 1,100 50 46

Cooling 1,269 23,013 21,847 6.0 1,083 50 49
Number of 

buildings 

(thousand)

Total

floorspace

(million 

square feet)

Total

workers

(thousand)

Median 

square feet

per building 

(thousand)

Median 

square feet 

per 

workera

Median 

operating 

hours per 

week

Median 

age of 

buildings 

(years)

All buildings 5,918 96,423 85,796 5.4 1,167 50 36

Table B2. Summary table: total and medians of floorspace, number of workers, and hours of 

operation, 2018

Water-heating equipment

Centralized system 3,538 59,280 52,744 6.0 1,116 50 38

Distributed system 782 14,307 14,110 5.7 917 50 37

Combination of centralized and

distributed systems 274 14,129 15,380 15.0 1,250 55 29

Generation technologies 

(more than one may apply)

Reciprocating engine generators 580 25,163 28,143 10.5 1,164 60 29

Solar panels 94 3,750 3,779 12.0 1,049 60 30

Other generation technology 43 2,055 2,213 19.6 971 83 22

Lighting equipment types

(more than one may apply)

Incandescent 1,100 21,081 20,077 6.0 1,200 48 42

Standard fluorescent 4,012 72,912 67,312 6.0 1,125 50 38

Compact fluorescent 1,130 33,691 34,888 9.5 1,067 55 36

High-intensity discharge (HID) 238 11,356 9,532 15.0 2,500 50 35

Halogen 552 15,012 15,013 9.5 1,030 55 37

LED 2,593 61,849 61,176 7.5 1,100 54 37

Other Q Q Q Q Q Q Q

Refrigeration equipment

(more than one may apply)

Any refrigeration 3,850 77,589 73,331 6.2 1,071 50 37

Walk-in units 706 29,384 29,824 8.8 960 84 37

Cases or cabinets 837 28,517 29,508 8.0 1,028 75 38

Large cold storage areas 69 3,592 2,753 6.2 1,250 100 49

Commercial ice makers 872 34,672 34,910 10.4 1,058 70 33

Residential-type or compact units 3,321 64,735 62,176 6.1 1,083 50 37

Vending machines 800 42,071 42,256 20.0 1,091 65 32

No refrigeration 2,068 18,834 12,465 4.7 1,500 45 34
Number of 

buildings 

(thousand)

Total

floorspace

(million 

square feet)

Total

workers

(thousand)

Median 

square feet

per building 

(thousand)

Median 

square feet 

per 

workera

Median 

operating 

hours per 

week

Median 

age of 

buildings 

(years)

All buildings 5,918 96,423 85,796 5.4 1,167 50 36

Table B2. Summary table: total and medians of floorspace, number of workers, and hours of 

operation, 2018

Office equipment

(more than one may apply)

Desktop computers 3,804 82,012 78,691 7.5 1,058 50 35

With multiple monitors 1,504 50,844 56,355 10.0 833 50 34

Laptop computers 2,786 69,375 69,993 8.0 1,000 50 37

Dedicated servers 1,400 51,595 56,604 12.0 875 52 33

Tablets charged in building 1,556 48,778 51,562 10.0 938 55 33

Large floor-standing office devicesc 1,456 54,088 58,144 12.8 960 50 34

Smaller desktop office devicesc 3,560 74,467 71,347 6.5 1,053 50 36

Interactive whiteboards 262 16,939 18,450 27.6 1,071 50 31

Televisions or video displays 2,451 63,618 63,777 8.5 1,070 55 34

Point-of-sale devices or cash 

registers 1,420 33,606 35,979 6.0 889 60 37

Food preparation or serving areas 

in non-food service buildings

(more than one may apply)

Snack bar, concession stand, or coffee 

shop 144 10,361 10,567 16.6 1,550 71 31

Fast food or small restaurant 160 9,759 10,823 14.0 1,050 75 34

Cafeteria or large restaurant 129 14,531 15,160 62.0 1,634 55 40

Commercial kitchen or 

food preparation area 284 17,698 15,081 22.0 1,413 66 35

Small kitchen area 1,018 20,519 18,600 6.3 1,200 50 38

Separate computer areas

(more than one may apply)

Server closet 1,237 48,722 51,926 12.3 947 50 29

Data center 116 11,383 14,374 24.5 1,000 60 24

Computer-based training room 228 16,556 17,081 28.5 1,056 60 32

Student or public computer center 236 12,527 9,728 20.0 1,200 50 34
Number of 

buildings 

(thousand)

Total

floorspace

(million 

square feet)

Total

workers

(thousand)

Median 

square feet

per building 

(thousand)

Median 

square feet 

per 

workera

Median 

operating 

hours per 

week

Median 

age of 

buildings 

(years)

All buildings 5,918 96,423 85,796 5.4 1,167 50 36

Table B2. Summary table: total and medians of floorspace, number of workers, and hours of 

operation, 2018

Window and interior lighting 

features (more than one may

apply)

Multipaned windows 3,527 72,694 68,818 7.0 1,108 50 33

Tinted window glass 1,679 44,363 46,894 8.8 1,000 50 34

Reflective window glass 497 17,929 20,883 12.5 933 55 27

External overhangs or awnings 1,513 28,718 26,663 6.1 1,000 50 34

Skylights or atriums 509 19,815 18,169 10.8 1,357 50 32

Light scheduling 910 33,552 36,481 10.8 1,054 58 29

Occupancy sensors 1,025 44,304 46,637 13.0 1,150 55 28

Multilevel lighting or dimming 332 14,424 15,759 10.4 1,250 54 38

Daylight harvesting 138 7,244 9,573 12.5 1,042 55 22

Plug-load control 58 1,961 2,132 5.7 667 60 28

Demand responsive lighting 98 2,045 2,002 5.3 1,459 50 41

Building automation system (BAS) for 

lighting 317 16,645 18,648 15.0 1,048 60 15

Electric vehicle (EV) charging

Charging stations associated with the 

building 132 10,165 11,217 23.0 1,139 68 23

Data source: U.S. Energy Information Administration, Form EIA-871A of the 2018 Commercial Buildings Energy Consumption Survey 

Notes: Because of rounding, data may not sum to totals. The Guide to the 2018 CBECS Tables and CBECS Terminology contain definitions of terms 

used in these tables and comparisons between previous CBECS tables. You can access both references from 

http://www.eia.gov/consumption/commercial/data/2018/. 

Data are sample survey estimates with relative standard errors published in a tab on the Excel worksheet for this table. 

a

Buildings with zero workers are excluded from this column. 

b

Climate zones are based on ASHRAE Standard 169-2021; see https://www.eia.gov/consumption/commercial/maps.php#defined.

c

Office devices refers to any combination of printers, copiers, scanners, or FAX machines.

Q = Data withheld either because the relative standard error was greater than 50% or the reporting sample had fewer than 20 buildings. 

N = No buildings in reporting sample.
RSE

Release date: September 2021

Revised date: December 2022

RSEs for 

number of 

buildings 

RSEs for

 total

floorspace

RSEs for 

total

workers

RSEs not 

available for 

medians

per building 

RSEs not 

available 

for 

medians

RSEs not 

available 

for 

medians

RSEs not 

available 

for 

medians

All buildings 3.9 3.1 3.3 — — — —

Building floorspace (square feet)

1,001 to 5,000 4.9 5.3 5.7 — — — —

5,001 to 10,000 5.9 5.8 5.6 — — — —

10,001 to 25,000 5.6 6.1 7.9 — — — —

25,001 to 50,000 5.6 5.6 6.6 — — — —

50,001 to 100,000 5.3 5.3 6.9 — — — —

100,001 to 200,000 5.6 5.5 7.0 — — — —

200,001 to 500,000 5.0 5.0 6.2 — — — —

Over 500,000 7.8 8.6 8.3 — — — —

Principal building activity

Education 7.8 5.3 5.9 — — — —

Food sales 14.3 17.0 16.1 — — — —

Food service 7.7 8.5 9.4 — — — —

Health care 9.8 5.5 6.0 — — — —

Inpatient 19.4 7.2 7.9 — — — —

Outpatient 10.3 8.0 8.9 — — — —

Lodging 9.4 8.3 10.5 — — — —

Mercantile 7.3 6.0 6.7 — — — —

Retail (other than mall) 10.1 8.6 10.0 — — — —

Enclosed and strip malls 7.6 7.6 7.6 — — — —

Office 7.2 5.5 5.6 — — — —

Public assembly 9.1 5.8 9.2 — — — —

Public order and safety 20.2 15.9 20.4 — — — —

Religious worship 9.5 9.3 12.4 — — — —

Service 7.4 8.1 8.4 — — — —

Warehouse and storage 7.4 7.2 7.2 — — — —

Other 17.1 15.1 22.5 — — — —

Vacant 17.2 14.1 56.7 — — — —

Year constructed

Before 1920 12.8 10.8 14.9 — — — —

1920 to 1945 10.7 8.8 10.4 — — — —

1946 to 1959 8.1 7.6 9.7 — — — —

1960 to 1969 6.4 5.2 5.2 — — — —

1970 to 1979 7.4 6.0 6.9 — — — —

1980 to 1989 7.0 5.9 5.5 — — — —

1990 to 1999 7.5 6.6 6.7 — — — —

2000 to 2009 8.0 6.3 7.1 — — — —

2010 to 2018 11.0 7.6 10.2 — — — —

Relative standard errors (RSEs) for Table B2. Summary table: total and medians of floorspace, 

number of workers, and hours of operation, 2018
RSE

RSEs for 

number of 

buildings 

RSEs for

 total

floorspace

RSEs for 

total

workers

RSEs not 

available for 

medians

per building 

RSEs not 

available 

for 

medians

RSEs not 

available 

for 

medians

RSEs not 

available 

for 

medians

All buildings 3.9 3.1 3.3 — — — —

Relative standard errors (RSEs) for Table B2. Summary table: total and medians of floorspace, 

number of workers, and hours of operation, 2018

Census region and division

Northeast 9.9 7.2 6.8 — — — —

New England 17.8 10.8 9.4 — — — —

Middle Atlantic 12.0 8.8 8.3 — — — —

Midwest 10.9 7.4 7.2 — — — —

East North Central 13.1 10.4 10.0 — — — —

West North Central 21.0 7.9 6.4 — — — —

South 7.7 6.1 6.7 — — — —

South Atlantic 11.0 6.8 8.3 — — — —

East South Central 18.0 20.3 14.0 — — — —

West South Central 14.7 11.5 13.7 — — — —

West 8.1 7.1 7.0 — — — —

Mountain 15.9 13.1 14.7 — — — —

Pacific 9.0 8.1 6.1 — — — —

Climate zonea

Cold or very cold 18.8 17.0 14.6 — — — —

Cool 11.8 8.3 8.4 — — — —

Mixed mild 15.1 10.5 10.8 — — — —

Warm 11.4 10.0 10.1 — — — —

Hot or very hot 18.8 14.1 12.7 — — — —

Number of floors

1 4.3 4.5 4.7 — — — —

2 5.8 4.4 5.5 — — — —

3 10.5 7.6 8.8 — — — —

4 to 9 9.4 6.3 7.1 — — — —

10 or more 9.8 11.0 9.6 — — — —

Elevators and escalators 

(more than one may apply)

Any elevators 6.5 4.5 5.0 — — — —

1 elevator 7.7 6.0 7.8 — — — —

2 to 5 elevators 6.7 5.2 6.8 — — — —

6 or more elevators 7.8 8.4 7.6 — — — —

Any escalators 28.9 13.7 15.3 — — — —
RSE

RSEs for 

number of 

buildings 

RSEs for

 total

floorspace

RSEs for 

total

workers

RSEs not 

available for 

medians

per building 

RSEs not 

available 

for 

medians

RSEs not 

available 

for 

medians

RSEs not 

available 

for 

medians

All buildings 3.9 3.1 3.3 — — — —

Relative standard errors (RSEs) for Table B2. Summary table: total and medians of floorspace, 

number of workers, and hours of operation, 2018

Number of workers (main shift)

Fewer than 5 5.5 5.9 6.0 — — — —

5 to 9 6.1 6.9 6.1 — — — —

10 to 19 6.5 7.4 6.5 — — — —

20 to 49 6.3 4.8 6.1 — — — —

50 to 99 6.7 5.9 6.6 — — — —

100 to 249 7.1 5.6 7.1 — — — —

250 or more 7.2 6.4 6.2 — — — —

Weekly operating hours

Fewer than 40 6.1 6.6 10.0 — — — —

40 to 48 6.2 5.1 5.4 — — — —

49 to 60 5.2 4.3 4.5 — — — —

61 to 84 7.6 5.3 6.4 — — — —

85 to 167 8.6 6.2 6.8 — — — —

Open continuously 8.1 5.0 5.4 — — — —

Ownership and occupancy

Nongovernment owned 3.8 3.3 3.3 — — — —

Owner occupied 4.3 3.3 3.3 — — — —

Leased to tenant or tenants 5.5 4.8 4.9 — — — —

Unoccupied 20.3 19.2 0.0 — — — —

Government owned 9.5 6.0 8.2 — — — —

Federal 26.0 16.1 18.9 — — — —

State 12.9 11.8 15.9 — — — —

Local 10.1 6.0 7.4 — — — —

Party responsible for operation

of energy systems

Building owner 4.4 3.2 3.6 — — — —

Business owner or tenant 6.5 7.2 7.6 — — — —

Property management 20.7 11.7 13.3 — — — —

Other 18.8 11.1 17.1 — — — —

Provider of direct input on energyrelated equipment purchases

Building owner 4.4 3.1 3.6 — — — —

Business owner or tenant 8.9 8.8 9.1 — — — —

Property management 25.5 16.2 16.3 — — — —

Other 10.5 8.1 10.1 — — — —
RSE

RSEs for 

number of 

buildings 

RSEs for

 total

floorspace

RSEs for 

total

workers

RSEs not 

available for 

medians

per building 

RSEs not 

available 

for 

medians

RSEs not 

available 

for 

medians

RSEs not 

available 

for 

medians

All buildings 3.9 3.1 3.3 — — — —

Relative standard errors (RSEs) for Table B2. Summary table: total and medians of floorspace, 

number of workers, and hours of operation, 2018

Number of establishments

1 4.6 3.6 4.5 — — — —

2 to 5 6.0 5.5 5.8 — — — —

6 to 10 11.5 7.9 9.2 — — — —

11 to 20 18.0 8.9 10.3 — — — —

More than 20 18.6 10.1 11.7 — — — —

Currently unoccupied 18.7 16.5 0.0 — — — —

Campus or complex activity

Not part of a campus or complex 4.3 3.7 4.0 — — — —

Primary or secondary school 12.1 9.4 11.1 — — — —

College or university 21.8 15.9 17.1 — — — —

Office complex 12.7 10.0 11.6 — — — —

Retail complex 13.2 9.2 10.7 — — — —

Storage complex 14.4 11.0 17.9 — — — —

Religious campus or complex 11.5 12.0 21.0 — — — —

Health care complex 18.0 8.2 8.8 — — — —

Lodging or resort complex 15.1 13.7 20.4 — — — —

Transportation complex 34.3 33.2 31.7 — — — —

Government complex 18.1 17.0 15.3 — — — —

Other 9.2 7.4 9.8 — — — —

Predominant exterior wall material

Brick, stone, or stucco 5.3 3.9 4.9 — — — —

Concrete (block or poured) 5.3 4.8 4.5 — — — —

Concrete panels 12.1 8.4 10.8 — — — —

Siding or shingles 7.3 9.3 10.5 — — — —

Metal panels 7.6 6.0 8.5 — — — —

Window glass 21.3 11.4 14.3 — — — —

Other 14.7 13.7 17.3 — — — —

Predominant roof material

Metal surfacing 6.2 5.6 6.6 — — — —

Synthetic or rubber 6.0 4.1 5.5 — — — —

Built-up 7.7 4.8 4.6 — — — —

Slate or tile shingles 10.1 10.1 11.0 — — — —

Wooden materials (including

shingles) 12.9 17.8 16.1 — — — —

Asphalt, fiberglass, or 

other shingles 6.2 5.6 7.1 — — — —

Concrete 20.6 11.9 12.6 — — — —

Other 15.6 9.8 13.1 — — — —
RSE

RSEs for 

number of 

buildings 

RSEs for

 total

floorspace

RSEs for 

total

workers

RSEs not 

available for 

medians

per building 

RSEs not 

available 

for 

medians

RSEs not 

available 

for 

medians

RSEs not 

available 

for 

medians

All buildings 3.9 3.1 3.3 — — — —

Relative standard errors (RSEs) for Table B2. Summary table: total and medians of floorspace, 

number of workers, and hours of operation, 2018

Roof tilt

Flat 4.9 3.3 3.9 — — — —

Shallow pitch 5.0 4.8 4.8 — — — —

Steeper pitch 7.5 5.7 7.4 — — — —

Cool roof characteristics (more than 

one may apply)

White or reflective coating or paint 5.8 4.4 5.5 — — — —

White or reflective tiles or shingles 15.4 10.4 10.2 — — — —

Aluminum coating 8.8 9.2 8.2 — — — —

Ballasted roof system 14.8 9.5 9.8 — — — —

Other cool roof property 29.3 19.2 26.3 — — — —

Renovations since 2000 

(more than one may apply)

Any type of renovation 5.0 3.4 3.5 — — — —

Addition or annex 9.4 6.0 5.7 — — — —

Reduction in floorspace 22.2 13.2 18.0 — — — —

Roof replacement 6.8 4.3 5.0 — — — —

Interior wall reconfiguration 6.0 4.2 4.5 — — — —

Window replacement 9.5 5.8 6.5 — — — —

HVAC equipment upgrade 7.0 4.2 4.0 — — — —

Lighting upgrade 5.9 3.9 3.8 — — — —

Electrical upgrade 7.1 5.6 5.2 — — — —

Plumbing system upgrade 7.8 5.2 5.3 — — — —

Insulation upgrade 9.2 7.8 8.8 — — — —

Fire, safety, or security upgrade 6.2 4.4 4.7 — — — —

Structural upgrade 13.9 10.2 10.5 — — — —

Other 29.5 14.9 15.3 — — — —

No renovations 4.3 3.9 4.8 — — — —

Buildings constructed 2013 or later 11.9 8.3 11.6 — — — —

Energy sources

(more than one may apply)

Electricity 3.9 3.0 3.3 — — — —

Natural gas 4.8 3.4 3.4 — — — —

Fuel oil 9.7 5.4 5.9 — — — —

District heat 14.7 11.4 10.2 — — — —

District chilled water 20.1 13.7 13.4 — — — —

Propane 10.0 7.6 8.4 — — — —

Wood 24.8 21.5 21.8 — — — —

Coal 78.7 76.5 69.2 — — — —

Solar 15.5 11.5 13.0 — — — —

Other 22.9 18.2 21.0 — — — —
RSE

RSEs for 

number of 

buildings 

RSEs for

 total

floorspace

RSEs for 

total

workers

RSEs not 

available for 

medians

per building 

RSEs not 

available 

for 

medians

RSEs not 

available 

for 

medians

RSEs not 

available 

for 

medians

All buildings 3.9 3.1 3.3 — — — —

Relative standard errors (RSEs) for Table B2. Summary table: total and medians of floorspace, 

number of workers, and hours of operation, 2018

Space-heating energy sources 

(more than one may apply)

Electricity 4.7 3.7 4.2 — — — —

Natural gas 5.2 3.6 3.7 — — — —

Fuel oil 13.9 11.6 14.6 — — — —

District heat 15.4 11.6 10.1 — — — —

Propane 13.5 13.1 14.4 — — — —

Wood 27.2 27.3 26.5 — — — —

Coal 62.8 64.3 62.8 — — — —

Solar 90.2 61.7 69.1 — — — —

Other 34.5 31.6 26.8 — — — —

Primary space-heating 

energy source

Electricity 6.4 5.5 5.6 — — — —

Natural gas 5.5 4.1 4.0 — — — —

Fuel oil 16.1 15.3 14.7 — — — —

District heat 15.8 12.6 11.7 — — — —

Propane 17.5 16.9 19.2 — — — —

Wood 33.4 32.9 38.7 — — — —

Coal 62.8 64.3 62.8 — — — —

Solar 0.0 0.0 0.0 — — — —

Other 42.1 51.1 38.7 — — — —

Cooling energy sources

(more than one may apply)

Electricity 3.9 3.0 3.2 — — — —

Natural gas 37.3 24.2 20.7 — — — —

District chilled water 20.1 13.7 13.4 — — — —

Water-heating energy sources

(more than one may apply)

Electricity 4.0 3.6 3.7 — — — —

Natural gas 5.5 3.7 4.1 — — — —

Fuel oil 24.0 15.4 22.2 — — — —

District heat 17.4 12.8 12.0 — — — —

Propane 15.8 14.7 17.5 — — — —

Cooking energy sources

(more than one may apply)

Electricity 5.7 3.9 4.4 — — — —

Natural gas 5.4 3.4 4.1 — — — —

Propane 14.8 11.7 13.8 — — — —
RSE

RSEs for 

number of 

buildings 

RSEs for

 total

floorspace

RSEs for 

total

workers

RSEs not 

available for 

medians

per building 

RSEs not 

available 

for 

medians

RSEs not 

available 

for 

medians

RSEs not 

available 

for 

medians

All buildings 3.9 3.1 3.3 — — — —

Relative standard errors (RSEs) for Table B2. Summary table: total and medians of floorspace, 

number of workers, and hours of operation, 2018

Energy end uses

(more than one may apply)

Buildings with space heating 4.1 3.0 3.3 — — — —

Buildings with cooling 3.9 3.0 3.3 — — — —

Buildings with water heating 3.9 2.9 3.3 — — — —

Buildings with cooking 5.0 3.1 3.6 — — — —

Buildings with manufacturing 11.3 7.9 9.7 — — — —

Buildings with electricity

generation 7.4 4.4 4.9 — — — —

Buildings with lighting 3.9 3.0 3.3 — — — —

Percentage of floorspace heated

Not heated 8.2 10.0 13.0 — — — —

1 to 50% 8.5 7.1 8.8 — — — —

51 to 99% 6.7 5.3 5.8 — — — —

100% 4.1 3.2 3.7 — — — —

Percentage of floorspace cooled

Not cooled 7.1 8.0 10.8 — — — —

1 to 50% 5.9 5.2 5.1 — — — —

51 to 99% 6.6 5.1 5.6 — — — —

100% 4.3 3.5 4.3 — — — —

Percentage lit when open

0% 35.1 38.5 48.3 — — — —

1 to 50% 6.7 6.0 6.9 — — — —

51 to 99% 4.8 3.6 4.3 — — — —

100% 4.7 3.8 4.1 — — — —

Building never open or electricity

not used 11.6 12.1 21.4 — — — —

Percentage lit during off hours

0% 6.5 6.7 6.9 — — — —

1 to 50% 3.8 3.0 3.6 — — — —

51 to 100% 10.6 6.7 8.1 — — — —

Building always open with 

no off hours 15.2 11.6 12.7 — — — —

Electricity not used 16.0 17.6 29.5 — — — —
RSE

RSEs for 

number of 

buildings 

RSEs for

 total

floorspace

RSEs for 

total

workers

RSEs not 

available for 

medians

per building 

RSEs not 

available 

for 

medians

RSEs not 

available 

for 

medians

RSEs not 

available 

for 

medians

All buildings 3.9 3.1 3.3 — — — —

Relative standard errors (RSEs) for Table B2. Summary table: total and medians of floorspace, 

number of workers, and hours of operation, 2018

Heating equipment 

(more than one may apply)

Packaged heating units 4.0 3.6 3.8 — — — —

Furnaces 7.2 5.7 6.8 — — — —

Individual space heaters 5.9 4.8 6.3 — — — —

Boilers 6.2 4.0 4.6 — — — —

Heat pumps 7.7 5.4 5.7 — — — —

District heat 15.4 11.6 10.1 — — — —

Duct reheat 12.6 7.0 8.1 — — — —

Other 46.4 24.1 25.7 — — — —

Cooling equipment 

(more than one may apply)

Packaged air-conditioning units 4.3 3.4 3.6 — — — —

Residential-type central air

conditioners 7.6 5.2 5.9 — — — —

Individual air conditioners 6.6 5.3 5.8 — — — —

Central chillers 9.0 5.0 5.1 — — — —

Heat pumps 11.0 6.8 7.4 — — — —

District chilled water 20.1 13.7 13.4 — — — —

Swamp coolers 12.8 13.1 14.2 — — — —

Other 53.2 36.4 43.3 — — — —

HVAC features 

(more than one may apply)

Economizer cycle 5.6 3.9 4.6 — — — —

Variable air volume (VAV) system 8.4 4.9 5.7 — — — —

Dedicated outside air system (DOAS) 11.0 7.8 9.0 — — — —

Demand controlled ventilation (DCV) 8.8 5.5 7.2 — — — —

Regular HVAC maintenance 4.2 3.2 3.7 — — — —

Building automation system (BAS) 

controls heating or cooling 6.4 3.7 4.5 — — — —

Internet-connected or smart 

thermostat 12.2 10.5 13.9 — — — —

Programmable thermostat 4.7 5.4 5.2 — — — —

Main equipment replaced since 

2000 (more than one may apply)

Heating 4.9 3.8 4.0 — — — —

Cooling 4.8 4.3 5.1 — — — —
RSE

RSEs for 

number of 

buildings 

RSEs for

 total

floorspace

RSEs for 

total

workers

RSEs not 

available for 

medians

per building 

RSEs not 

available 

for 

medians

RSEs not 

available 

for 

medians

RSEs not 

available 

for 

medians

All buildings 3.9 3.1 3.3 — — — —

Relative standard errors (RSEs) for Table B2. Summary table: total and medians of floorspace, 

number of workers, and hours of operation, 2018

Water-heating equipment

Centralized system 4.4 3.4 4.2 — — — —

Distributed system 8.9 6.4 7.6 — — — —

Combination of centralized and

distributed systems 8.8 5.2 6.1 — — — —

Generation technologies 

(more than one may apply)

Reciprocating engine generators 8.8 4.8 5.1 — — — —

Solar panels 15.4 11.5 13.3 — — — —

Other generation technology 21.4 14.4 16.6 — — — —

Lighting equipment types

(more than one may apply)

Incandescent 7.8 4.5 5.9 — — — —

Standard fluorescent 4.2 3.4 3.6 — — — —

Compact fluorescent 5.2 4.2 5.1 — — — —

High-intensity discharge (HID) 9.8 7.1 8.0 — — — —

Halogen 8.0 4.2 4.5 — — — —

LED 3.6 2.9 3.6 — — — —

Other 57.3 24.1 35.0 — — — —

Refrigeration equipment

(more than one may apply)

Any refrigeration 4.1 3.0 3.5 — — — —

Walk-in units 5.4 3.4 3.8 — — — —

Cases or cabinets 5.8 3.7 4.1 — — — —

Large cold storage areas 17.2 11.3 11.7 — — — —

Commercial ice makers 5.5 3.5 4.4 — — — —

Residential-type or compact units 4.3 3.2 3.8 — — — —

Vending machines 6.1 3.8 4.5 — — — —

No refrigeration 5.3 5.3 6.8 — — — —
RSE

RSEs for 

number of 

buildings 

RSEs for

 total

floorspace

RSEs for 

total

workers

RSEs not 

available for 

medians

per building 

RSEs not 

available 

for 

medians

RSEs not 

available 

for 

medians

RSEs not 

available 

for 

medians

All buildings 3.9 3.1 3.3 — — — —

Relative standard errors (RSEs) for Table B2. Summary table: total and medians of floorspace, 

number of workers, and hours of operation, 2018

Office equipment

(more than one may apply)

Desktop computers 4.0 2.9 3.4 — — — —

With multiple monitors 5.0 3.5 4.1 — — — —

Laptop computers 4.0 3.0 3.6 — — — —

Dedicated servers 4.9 3.3 3.7 — — — —

Tablets charged in building 4.4 3.3 4.1 — — — —

Large floor-standing office devicesb 4.4 3.0 3.6 — — — —

Smaller desktop office devicesb 4.1 3.1 3.7 — — — —

Interactive whiteboards 8.7 4.5 5.2 — — — —

Televisions or video displays 3.8 3.0 3.7 — — — —

Point-of-sale devices or cash 

registers 5.2 3.4 4.0 — — — —

Food preparation or serving areas 

in non-food service buildings

(more than one may apply)

Snack bar, concession stand, or coffee 

shop 11.0 6.7 8.5 — — — —

Fast food or small restaurant 9.4 5.9 7.0 — — — —

Cafeteria or large restaurant 7.7 4.6 5.5 — — — —

Commercial kitchen or 

food preparation area 8.5 4.4 5.0 — — — —

Small kitchen area 6.5 4.7 5.9 — — — —

Separate computer areas

(more than one may apply)

Server closet 5.3 3.4 3.7 — — — —

Data center 13.1 6.7 6.3 — — — —

Computer-based training room 8.4 4.6 5.0 — — — —

Student or public computer center 8.0 4.6 5.2 — — — —
RSE

RSEs for 

number of 

buildings 

RSEs for

 total

floorspace

RSEs for 

total

workers

RSEs not 

available for 

medians

per building 

RSEs not 

available 

for 

medians

RSEs not 

available 

for 

medians

RSEs not 

available 

for 

medians

All buildings 3.9 3.1 3.3 — — — —

Relative standard errors (RSEs) for Table B2. Summary table: total and medians of floorspace, 

number of workers, and hours of operation, 2018

Window and interior lighting 

features (more than one may

apply)

Multipaned windows 4.2 3.2 3.7 — — — —

Tinted window glass 4.2 3.4 3.9 — — — —

Reflective window glass 7.0 5.6 5.6 — — — —

External overhangs or awnings 5.0 4.5 4.3 — — — —

Skylights or atriums 7.1 4.5 6.1 — — — —

Light scheduling 5.2 4.1 4.9 — — — —

Occupancy sensors 6.5 3.8 4.5 — — — —

Multilevel lighting or dimming 10.0 6.6 8.0 — — — —

Daylight harvesting 12.0 6.3 8.3 — — — —

Plug-load control 18.4 12.2 14.5 — — — —

Demand responsive lighting 30.7 15.2 14.2 — — — —

Building automation system (BAS) for 

lighting 9.3 5.2 6.2 — — — —

Electric vehicle (EV) charging

Charging stations associated with the

building 11 7 9 — — — —

Data source: U.S. Energy Information Administration, Form EIA-871A of the 2018 Commercial Buildings Energy Consumption Survey 

Note: RSE is a measure of the reliability or precision of a survey statistic. Variability occurs in survey statistics because the different samples that 

could be drawn would each produce different values for the survey statistics. Estimation of Standard Errors and What is a Relative Standard Error 

(RSE)? contain more information on how RSEs are estimated and used. Both references can be accessed from 

https://www.eia.gov/consumption/commercial/survey-background-technical-information.php.

a

Climate zones are based on ASHRAE Standard 169-2021; see https://www.eia.gov/consumption/commercial/maps.php#defined.

b

Office devices refers to any combination of printers, copiers, scanners, or FAX machines.