Number 

of 

housing 

units 

(million)

Total 

U.S.b Total Total

Space 

heatingc

Water 

heating

Air conditioningRefrigerators Otherd Total

Space 

heatingc

Water 

heating Otherd Total

Space 

heatingc

Water 

heating Otherd Total

Space 

heatingc

Water 

heating Otherd

All homes 123.53 9,481 4,453 550 533 866 352 2,153 4,241 2,887 1,081 273 391 274 69 48 396 315 53 27

Census region and division

Northeast 21.92 1,956 599 67 60 93 55 324 942 649 228 65 82 53 15 14 333 261 48 23

New England 5.88 528 147 14 14 19 14 85 182 126 48 8 29 17 6 6 170 136 24 10

Middle Atlantic 16.04 1,428 453 53 46 74 41 239 760 523 180 57 52 36 9 7 163 125 25 13

Midwest 27.04 2,619 902 125 91 131 77 478 1,521 1,195 275 51 170 141 19 10 26 23 Q Q

East North Central 18.55 1,823 591 77 58 84 52 321 1,103 870 193 40 108 89 12 7 21 19 Q Q

West North Central 8.50 796 310 48 33 47 25 157 419 325 83 11 62 52 7 4 4 4 Q N

South 46.84 3,116 2,138 279 301 497 141 920 865 554 237 74 86 50 20 16 28 24 2 2

South Atlantic 24.84 1,584 1,109 139 172 248 75 476 405 272 102 32 44 27 9 8 25 23 2 Q

East South Central 7.38 523 350 62 53 66 22 147 152 108 35 10 19 12 3 3 2 2 N Q

West South Central 14.62 1,009 679 78 76 183 44 297 307 174 101 33 23 11 8 4 Q N Q N

West 27.72 1,790 814 79 80 145 79 431 913 489 341 83 54 30 15 8 9 8 2 Q

Mountain 9.22 727 330 26 28 80 28 169 370 240 105 25 26 17 6 2 Q Q Q Q

Mountain North 4.62 413 141 15 12 18 13 82 256 180 65 10 16 13 3 Q Q Q Q Q

Mountain South 4.60 314 189 11 16 62 14 87 115 60 40 15 10 5 4 1 Q Q Q N

Pacific 18.51 1,063 484 52 52 65 52 262 542 250 235 57 28 13 9 6 8 7 1 Q

Census urban/rural classificatione

Urban 100.44 7,510 3,370 355 367 703 277 1,668 3,827 2,587 1,001 239 78 43 20 16 234 182 37 16

Urbanized area 89.24 6,649 2,967 287 315 635 247 1,481 3,417 2,283 910 224 61 32 15 13 205 156 34 15

Urban cluster 11.20 861 404 67 52 68 30 187 410 304 91 15 18 11 5 3 29 26 3 Q

Rural 23.09 1,971 1,083 195 166 163 75 485 414 300 80 33 313 231 49 32 161 134 16 11

Climate regionf

Very cold and Cold 42.50 4,044 1,311 175 135 168 116 718 2,203 1,672 441 89 241 188 33 20 289 236 35 18

Mixed-humid 36.79 2,830 1,451 220 197 270 104 660 1,179 818 283 78 97 65 19 14 104 78 17 9

Mixed-dry and Hot-dry 15.06 887 445 21 29 119 45 232 421 175 187 59 21 9 7 5 Q Q Q N

Hot-humid 22.31 1,306 1,049 99 140 299 69 442 232 111 89 33 24 9 9 7 Q N Q N

Marine 6.87 413 197 35 32 11 18 100 206 110 82 14 8 3 3 2 Q Q Q N

Housing unit type

Single-family detached 77.07 7,293 3,261 377 327 660 256 1,642 3,351 2,374 768 209 344 245 58 41 337 279 39 19

Single-family attached 7.45 500 215 27 24 40 19 104 270 182 76 13 6 3 2 1 10 9 1 Q

Apartments in buildings with 2–4 units 9.34 500 212 30 34 37 18 93 268 157 86 24 3 1 2 * 16 9 5 Q

Apartments in buildings with 5 or 

more units 22.84 769 475 61 89 78 42 205 270 117 131 22 6 2 3 1 19 8 8 4

Data release date: June 2023

Revised data release date: March 2024

Propane Fuel oil or kerosene 

Total site energy consumptiona

(trillion Btu)

Table CE4.1 Annual household site end-use consumption by fuel in the United States—totals, 2020

Electricity Natural gas
Number 

of 

housing 

units 

(million)

Total 

U.S.b Total Total

Space 

heatingc

Water 

heating

Air conditioningRefrigerators Otherd Total

Space 

heatingc

Water 

heating Otherd Total

Space 

heatingc

Water 

heating Otherd Total

Space 

heatingc

Water 

heating Otherd

All homes 123.53 9,481 4,453 550 533 866 352 2,153 4,241 2,887 1,081 273 391 274 69 48 396 315 53 27

Propane Fuel oil or kerosene 

Total site energy consumptiona

(trillion Btu)

Table CE4.1 Annual household site end-use consumption by fuel in the United States—totals, 2020

Electricity Natural gas

Mobile homes 6.83 419 290 55 59 50 17 110 83 57 21 5 34 23 5 5 12 11 Q Q

Ownership of housing unit

Owned 82.92 7,501 3,381 401 350 675 270 1,684 3,428 2,421 791 215 354 251 60 44 338 275 41 21

Single-family 73.22 6,950 3,059 347 293 617 246 1,556 3,247 2,307 738 201 325 231 55 40 319 263 38 18

Apartments 4.32 218 94 11 12 19 10 42 115 69 36 10 Q Q Q Q 10 4 3 Q

Mobile homes 5.38 333 228 43 45 39 14 87 67 45 17 5 29 20 5 4 9 8 Q Q

Rentedg 40.61 1,980 1,073 148 183 191 82 469 813 466 290 57 37 23 9 4 58 40 12 6

Single-family 11.30 843 417 57 58 84 29 189 374 248 105 21 25 18 5 2 28 24 2 Q

Apartments 27.86 1,051 594 80 111 97 50 256 423 205 181 36 8 2 4 2 26 13 10 4

Mobile homes 1.45 86 62 11 14 11 3 23 16 12 3 1 5 4 Q * 3 3 Q Q

Year of construction

Before 1950 20.26 1,836 611 78 61 113 52 307 1,023 758 210 55 75 61 9 6 127 105 14 8

1950 to 1959 12.48 1,058 397 42 40 85 34 197 552 398 127 27 28 22 3 3 81 69 8 4

1960 to 1969 12.76 980 415 46 43 84 35 206 487 339 122 27 31 22 5 4 46 35 8 3

1970 to 1979 18.34 1,306 673 107 85 130 50 302 522 350 143 28 61 49 8 4 50 41 7 2

1980 to 1989 16.30 1,086 609 89 81 120 45 274 394 254 112 27 43 29 8 7 39 29 5 5

1990 to 1999 17.16 1,336 696 77 88 133 55 344 543 353 150 40 72 47 15 10 25 18 4 3

2000 to 2009 16.16 1,236 669 69 80 133 52 335 487 296 150 41 54 31 14 9 26 18 5 2

2010 to 2015 5.53 360 218 24 32 39 17 107 126 75 38 13 15 8 4 2 1 1 Q Q

2016 to 2020 4.56 284 164 17 25 29 12 81 107 64 29 14 12 6 3 2 Q Q Q N

Total square footageh

Less than 1,000 30.01 1,265 697 94 120 115 58 309 505 267 198 40 26 16 7 4 37 21 9 6

1,000 to 1,499 28.08 1,733 901 120 136 171 70 404 737 482 213 42 54 39 9 6 41 31 7 3

1,500 to 1,999 22.22 1,778 835 103 96 170 67 399 800 558 203 38 63 42 13 9 80 63 10 7

2,000 to 2,499 15.62 1,430 649 77 68 132 50 322 638 461 143 33 71 53 11 6 72 58 9 5

2,500 to 2,999 10.31 1,072 458 51 40 94 37 236 517 371 115 31 50 37 8 5 47 41 5 2

3,000 or more 17.29 2,203 914 104 72 184 70 483 1,044 747 209 88 127 87 21 18 119 101 13 4

Number of household members

1 member 33.59 1,845 823 129 83 162 76 373 854 622 190 42 82 63 12 8 85 70 9 7

2 members 45.31 3,554 1,646 209 178 320 135 803 1,577 1,113 362 102 175 125 29 21 156 130 19 7

3 members 18.27 1,581 755 87 96 145 55 372 699 453 192 54 57 39 10 8 69 53 10 6

4 members 15.56 1,443 694 70 99 135 50 340 653 419 190 44 44 27 10 7 52 38 11 3

5 members 6.44 611 315 32 44 63 21 155 260 161 84 15 18 11 4 2 19 15 3 2

6 or more members 4.37 446 219 22 32 42 15 109 198 119 64 15 15 10 3 2 14 10 2 Q

2020 annual household income
Number 

of 

housing 

units 

(million)

Total 

U.S.b Total Total

Space 

heatingc

Water 

heating

Air conditioningRefrigerators Otherd Total

Space 

heatingc

Water 

heating Otherd Total

Space 

heatingc

Water 

heating Otherd Total

Space 

heatingc

Water 

heating Otherd

All homes 123.53 9,481 4,453 550 533 866 352 2,153 4,241 2,887 1,081 273 391 274 69 48 396 315 53 27

Propane Fuel oil or kerosene 

Total site energy consumptiona

(trillion Btu)

Table CE4.1 Annual household site end-use consumption by fuel in the United States—totals, 2020

Electricity Natural gas

Less than $5,000 4.48 253 137 22 24 22 9 59 101 63 32 6 9 6 2 1 6 5 Q Q

$5,000 to $9,999 4.01 208 110 16 20 19 8 47 82 53 25 4 7 5 1 1 9 7 Q Q

$10,000 to $19,999 10.25 588 294 49 41 53 23 127 244 162 70 12 29 23 4 2 21 17 3 Q

$20,000 to $39,999 24.07 1,568 776 110 112 147 60 348 661 454 174 33 68 52 10 6 63 52 7 4

$40,000 to $59,999 19.61 1,372 667 85 90 131 53 308 603 423 149 31 55 40 10 5 48 39 7 3

$60,000 to $99,999 27.71 2,178 1,017 123 120 196 82 495 964 665 245 53 94 66 18 10 104 84 12 8

$100,000 to $149,999 16.54 1,462 667 75 65 134 54 339 675 461 171 43 61 43 12 6 59 43 10 6

$150,000 or more 16.86 1,852 786 70 60 164 62 430 911 605 215 91 69 40 13 16 86 69 13 4

Payment method for energy bills

All paid by household 112.70 8,982 4,239 521 504 830 331 2,054 3,996 2,751 991 253 380 269 66 46 366 301 43 23

Some paid by household, some 

included in rent or condo fee 6.32 302 117 14 13 21 12 57 152 81 58 13 8 4 3 1 25 12 9 4

All included in rent or condo fee 4.34 183 94 14 16 15 8 40 83 47 30 6 2 1 1 1 4 3 1 Q

Some other method 0.16 14 4 * Q * * 2 9 Q 2 * Q N Q Q Q Q Q Q

Main heating fuel

Natural gas 62.71 5,996 1,933 57 96 429 188 1,164 4,052 2,870 954 228 4 1 1 2 7 Q 4 Q

Electricity 42.57 2,081 1,899 472 328 327 113 660 133 14 85 34 43 11 17 15 5 1 2 2

Fuel oil or kerosene 4.93 547 152 7 22 21 13 89 11 Q 6 3 11 2 3 7 373 309 45 20

Propane 5.21 512 198 8 36 28 17 110 1 Q Q 1 312 257 40 16 Q Q N N

Wood 2.25 115 83 6 20 8 7 43 5 1 3 1 18 4 7 7 9 5 2 2

Some other fueli Q Q Q Q Q Q Q Q Q N N Q Q N N Q Q Q N Q

Does not use heating equipment 5.79 229 186 N 31 54 15 87 39 N 32 7 3 N 2 Q Q N Q Q
Number 

of 

housing 

units 

(million)

Total 

U.S.b Total Total

Space 

heatingc

Water 

heating

Air conditioningRefrigerators Otherd Total

Space 

heatingc

Water 

heating Otherd Total

Space 

heatingc

Water 

heating Otherd Total

Space 

heatingc

Water 

heating Otherd

All homes 123.53 9,481 4,453 550 533 866 352 2,153 4,241 2,887 1,081 273 391 274 69 48 396 315 53 27

Propane Fuel oil or kerosene 

Total site energy consumptiona

(trillion Btu)

Table CE4.1 Annual household site end-use consumption by fuel in the United States—totals, 2020

Electricity Natural gas

Data source: U.S. Energy Information Administration, Office of Energy Consumption and Efficiency Statistics, Forms EIA-457A, D, E, F, G of the 2020 Residential Energy Consumption Survey

Notes: Because of rounding, data may not sum to totals. See RECS Terminology for definition of terms used in these tables.

Btu = British thermal units

a Consumption and expenditures for biomass (wood), coal, district steam, and solar thermal are excluded. Electricity consumption from on-site solar photovoltaic generation (that is, solar panels) is included.

b Total U.S. includes all primary occupied housing units in the 50 states and the District of Columbia. Vacant housing units, seasonal units, second homes, military houses, and group quarters are excluded. c Includes main (primary) and secondary space heating.

d Includes end uses not shown in this table. A more detailed breakout of end uses is shown in the CE5 tables. e Housing units are classified using criteria created by the U.S. Census Bureau based on 2010 Census data. Urbanized areas are densely settled groupings of blocks or tracts with 50,000 or more people. Urban clusters have at least 2,500 but less than 50,000 people. All 

other areas are rural.

f The Building America program, sponsored by the U.S. Department of Energy’s Office of Energy Efficiency and Renewable Energy (EERE), created these climate regions. We combined climate regions for this publication. The Subarctic region is included with data for Verycold and Cold . g Rented includes households that occupy their primary housing units without paying rent. 

h Total square footage includes all basements, finished or conditioned (heated or cooled) areas of attics, and conditioned garage space that is attached to the home. Unconditioned and unfinished areas in attics and attached garages are excluded. The square footage of 

the home is based on respondent reports. Previous RECS cycles calculated square footage based on interviewer measurements. For households that did not report an exact square footage estimate, the square footage of the home was imputed based on a reported 

square footage range and/or characteristics of the home. See 2020 RECS Square Footage Methodology for full details about data collection and processing. i

Some other fuel includes coal and district steam.

Q = Data withheld because either the relative standard error (RSE) was greater than 50% or fewer than 10 households in reporting sample.

N = No households in reporting sample. 

* = Estimate is less than 0.5 and rounds to zero. 
Number 

of 

housing 

units 

(million)

Total 

U.S.b Total

Space 

heatingc

Water 

heating

Air conditioningRefrigerators Otherd Total

Space 

heatingc

Water 

heating Otherd Total

Space 

heatingc

Water 

heating Otherd Total

Space 

heatingc

Water 

heating Otherd

All homes 123.53 1,305 161 156 254 103 631 4,217 2,871 1,076 271 4,280 2,996 759 525 2,880 2,295 389 197

Census region and division

Northeast 21.92 176 20 18 27 16 95 922 635 222 64 894 580 165 150 2,421 1,898 353 170

New England 5.88 43 4 4 6 4 25 178 123 46 8 322 186 66 70 1,238 990 174 74

Middle Atlantic 16.04 133 16 13 22 12 70 744 512 176 56 572 394 99 80 1,183 908 179 96

Midwest 27.04 264 37 27 38 22 140 1,492 1,172 270 50 1,864 1,543 206 114 187 166 Q Q

East North Central 18.55 173 23 17 24 15 94 1,078 850 188 39 1,181 975 132 74 156 135 Q Q

West North Central 8.50 91 14 10 14 7 46 415 322 82 11 683 568 74 41 31 31 Q N

South 46.84 627 82 88 146 41 270 857 549 236 73 936 545 221 171 205 176 15 14

South Atlantic 24.84 325 41 50 73 22 140 397 267 100 31 484 292 101 91 185 164 11 Q

East South Central 7.38 102 18 16 19 6 43 150 107 34 9 206 136 35 35 17 12 N Q

West South Central 14.62 199 23 22 54 13 87 310 176 101 33 247 118 84 45 Q N Q N

West 27.72 239 23 24 42 23 126 946 514 348 84 586 328 167 91 68 55 12 Q

Mountain 9.22 97 8 8 23 8 49 414 270 117 28 280 189 69 22 Q Q Q Q

Mountain North 4.62 41 4 4 5 4 24 288 203 73 11 175 139 28 Q Q Q Q Q

Mountain South 4.60 56 3 5 18 4 26 127 67 44 16 106 50 41 14 Q Q Q N

Pacific 18.51 142 15 15 19 15 77 532 244 231 57 305 139 98 69 60 52 8 Q

Census urban/rural classificatione

Urban 100.44 988 104 108 206 81 489 3,803 2,570 995 237 858 466 218 174 1,706 1,321 270 115

Urbanized area 89.24 869 84 92 186 73 434 3,390 2,264 904 222 662 348 168 146 1,493 1,133 249 111

Urban cluster 11.20 118 20 15 20 9 55 413 306 92 15 196 118 50 28 213 188 21 Q

Rural 23.09 317 57 49 48 22 142 415 301 81 33 3,422 2,530 541 351 1,174 973 119 82

Climate regionf

Very cold and Cold 42.50 384 51 39 49 34 210 2,202 1,670 443 89 2,633 2,053 357 222 2,107 1,718 256 133

Mixed-humid 36.79 425 64 58 79 31 193 1,159 805 278 76 1,066 710 204 152 754 565 126 63

Mixed-dry and Hot-dry 15.06 130 6 8 35 13 68 428 180 189 59 229 104 74 52 Q Q Q N

Hot-humid 22.31 307 29 41 88 20 130 230 110 88 32 265 94 95 76 Q N Q N

Marine 6.87 58 10 10 3 5 29 198 105 79 14 86 35 29 23 Q Q Q N

Housing unit type

Single-family detached 77.07 956 110 96 194 75 481 3,336 2,363 766 208 3,759 2,683 631 445 2,456 2,031 286 139

Single-family attached 7.45 63 8 7 12 6 30 267 180 75 12 61 30 19 12 75 62 9 Q

Apartments in buildings with 2–4 units 9.34 62 9 10 11 5 27 264 155 85 24 30 7 19 4 120 67 34 Q

Data release date: June 2023

Revised data release date: March 2024

Table CE4.1 Annual household site end-use consumption by fuel in the United States—totals, 2020

Electricity (billion kWh) Natural gas (billion cubic feet) Propane (million gallons) Fuel oil or kerosene (million gallons)

Total site energy consumptiona
Number 

of 

housing 

units 

(million)

Total 

U.S.b Total

Space 

heatingc

Water 

heating

Air conditioningRefrigerators Otherd Total

Space 

heatingc

Water 

heating Otherd Total

Space 

heatingc

Water 

heating Otherd Total

Space 

heatingc

Water 

heating Otherd

All homes 123.53 1,305 161 156 254 103 631 4,217 2,871 1,076 271 4,280 2,996 759 525 2,880 2,295 389 197

Table CE4.1 Annual household site end-use consumption by fuel in the United States—totals, 2020

Electricity (billion kWh) Natural gas (billion cubic feet) Propane (million gallons) Fuel oil or kerosene (million gallons)

Total site energy consumptiona

Apartments in buildings with 5 or 

more units 22.84 139 18 26 23 12 60 267 115 130 22 64 20 30 14 141 56 58 27

Mobile homes 6.83 85 16 17 15 5 32 84 58 21 5 367 257 60 50 88 79 Q Q

Ownership of housing unit

Owned 82.92 991 118 103 198 79 494 3,411 2,409 789 214 3,874 2,740 656 478 2,460 2,004 300 156

Single-family 73.22 897 102 86 181 72 456 3,231 2,295 736 200 3,551 2,522 598 432 2,325 1,915 278 132

Apartments 4.32 27 3 4 6 3 12 113 68 35 10 Q Q Q Q 71 30 22 Q

Mobile homes 5.38 67 13 13 11 4 25 68 46 18 5 317 215 56 45 65 59 Q Q

Rentedg 40.61 314 43 53 56 24 137 806 462 287 57 406 256 103 48 420 291 89 41

Single-family 11.30 122 17 17 25 8 55 372 247 105 20 269 192 52 25 207 178 17 Q

Apartments 27.86 174 23 32 28 15 75 418 203 179 36 87 22 47 17 190 93 70 28

Mobile homes 1.45 18 3 4 3 1 7 17 13 3 1 50 42 Q 5 23 20 Q Q

Year of construction

Before 1950 20.26 179 23 18 33 15 90 1,006 746 206 54 820 663 94 62 924 762 105 57

1950 to 1959 12.48 116 12 12 25 10 58 546 394 126 27 309 238 38 33 591 499 61 31

1960 to 1969 12.76 122 14 13 25 10 61 482 335 121 26 336 238 54 44 336 255 55 25

1970 to 1979 18.34 197 31 25 38 15 89 521 350 143 28 666 534 87 45 366 302 53 12

1980 to 1989 16.30 179 26 24 35 13 80 394 255 112 27 474 316 86 73 283 210 40 34

1990 to 1999 17.16 204 22 26 39 16 101 544 353 151 40 788 512 165 111 182 131 33 19

2000 to 2009 16.16 196 20 23 39 15 98 489 298 150 41 593 337 153 103 187 130 40 17

2010 to 2015 5.53 64 7 9 11 5 31 127 76 38 13 160 88 45 27 9 4 Q Q

2016 to 2020 4.56 48 5 7 9 4 24 107 65 29 14 134 70 37 27 Q Q Q N

Total square footageh

Less than 1,000 30.01 204 27 35 34 17 91 501 265 197 39 290 173 72 44 266 154 68 44

1,000 to 1,499 28.08 264 35 40 50 20 118 732 478 211 42 595 424 102 69 297 223 51 23

1,500 to 1,999 22.22 245 30 28 50 20 117 796 556 202 38 693 456 140 97 584 457 74 53

2,000 to 2,499 15.62 190 23 20 39 15 94 634 458 143 33 773 582 122 69 527 426 68 33

2,500 to 2,999 10.31 134 15 12 28 11 69 514 368 114 31 546 406 90 50 344 299 33 11

3,000 or more 17.29 268 31 21 54 21 142 1,041 744 209 88 1,384 954 233 196 863 736 95 32

Number of household members

1 member 33.59 241 38 24 47 22 109 850 619 189 42 901 688 127 87 621 506 65 49

2 members 45.31 482 61 52 94 40 235 1,570 1,107 361 101 1,912 1,363 319 229 1,133 947 136 50

3 members 18.27 221 25 28 42 16 109 694 450 190 54 626 422 112 92 503 386 73 44

4 members 15.56 203 20 29 40 15 100 649 416 189 44 483 293 114 76 379 276 79 23
Number 

of 

housing 

units 

(million)

Total 

U.S.b Total

Space 

heatingc

Water 

heating

Air conditioningRefrigerators Otherd Total

Space 

heatingc

Water 

heating Otherd Total

Space 

heatingc

Water 

heating Otherd Total

Space 

heatingc

Water 

heating Otherd

All homes 123.53 1,305 161 156 254 103 631 4,217 2,871 1,076 271 4,280 2,996 759 525 2,880 2,295 389 197

Table CE4.1 Annual household site end-use consumption by fuel in the United States—totals, 2020

Electricity (billion kWh) Natural gas (billion cubic feet) Propane (million gallons) Fuel oil or kerosene (million gallons)

Total site energy consumptiona

5 members 6.44 92 9 13 18 6 46 258 160 83 15 193 122 48 23 139 107 19 13

6 or more members 4.37 64 7 9 12 4 32 197 118 64 15 165 109 38 19 105 72 16 Q

2020 annual household income

Less than $5,000 4.48 40 6 7 7 3 17 100 62 32 6 96 61 22 13 46 36 Q Q

$5,000 to $9,999 4.01 32 5 6 6 2 14 81 53 25 4 72 49 11 11 66 51 Q Q

$10,000 to $19,999 10.25 86 14 12 16 7 37 242 161 69 12 321 249 46 26 152 124 20 Q

$20,000 to $39,999 24.07 228 32 33 43 18 102 659 452 174 32 744 570 109 64 457 379 51 28

$40,000 to $59,999 19.61 195 25 26 38 16 90 600 421 149 31 599 433 106 60 348 281 48 19

$60,000 to $99,999 27.71 298 36 35 58 24 145 959 662 244 53 1,026 723 198 105 755 609 88 58

$100,000 to $149,999 16.54 196 22 19 39 16 99 673 460 170 43 667 470 129 68 429 309 73 46

$150,000 or more 16.86 230 20 18 48 18 126 903 600 213 91 756 440 138 178 627 506 95 27

Payment method for energy bills

All paid by household 112.70 1,243 153 148 243 97 602 3,975 2,737 987 251 4,159 2,937 717 506 2,666 2,187 313 165

Some paid by household, some 

included in rent or condo fee 6.32 34 4 4 6 3 17 151 81 57 13 91 49 33 9 180 84 66 30

All included in rent or condo fee 4.34 27 4 5 5 2 12 82 46 30 6 27 10 8 9 29 19 10 Q

Some other method 0.16 1 * Q * * 1 9 Q 2 * Q N Q Q Q Q Q Q

Main heating fuel

Natural gas 62.71 567 17 28 126 55 341 4,030 2,854 950 226 48 8 14 26 50 Q 26 Q

Electricity 42.57 557 138 96 96 33 193 132 14 84 34 471 122 186 163 39 9 15 15

Fuel oil or kerosene 4.93 45 2 7 6 4 26 10 Q 6 3 121 18 31 72 2,717 2,246 329 142

Propane 5.21 58 2 11 8 5 32 1 Q Q 1 3,416 2,805 433 179 Q Q N N

Wood 2.25 24 2 6 2 2 13 5 1 3 1 194 43 78 73 65 33 14 17

Some other fueli Q Q Q Q Q Q Q Q N N Q Q N N Q Q Q N Q

Does not use heating equipment 5.79 55 N 9 16 4 25 38 N 31 7 30 N 17 Q Q N Q Q
Number 

of 

housing 

units 

(million)

Total 

U.S.b Total

Space 

heatingc

Water 

heating

Air conditioningRefrigerators Otherd Total

Space 

heatingc

Water 

heating Otherd Total

Space 

heatingc

Water 

heating Otherd Total

Space 

heatingc

Water 

heating Otherd

All homes 123.53 1,305 161 156 254 103 631 4,217 2,871 1,076 271 4,280 2,996 759 525 2,880 2,295 389 197

Table CE4.1 Annual household site end-use consumption by fuel in the United States—totals, 2020

Electricity (billion kWh) Natural gas (billion cubic feet) Propane (million gallons) Fuel oil or kerosene (million gallons)

Total site energy consumptiona

Data source: U.S. Energy Information Administration, Office of Energy Consumption and Efficiency Statistics, Forms EIA-457A, D, E, F, G of the 2020 Residential Energy Consumption Survey

Notes: Because of rounding, data may not sum to totals. See RECS Terminology for definition of terms used in these tables.

kWh = kilowatthours

a Consumption and expenditures for biomass (wood), coal, district steam, and solar thermal are excluded. Electricity consumption from on-site solar photovoltaic generation (that is, solar panels) is included.

b Total U.S. includes all primary occupied housing units in the 50 states and the District of Columbia. Vacant housing units, seasonal units, second homes, military houses, and group quarters are excluded. c Includes main (primary) and secondary space heating.

d Includes end uses not shown in this table. A more detailed breakout of end uses is shown in the CE5 tables.

e Housing units are classified using criteria created by the U.S. Census Bureau based on 2010 Census data. Urbanized areas are densely settled groupings of blocks or tracts with 50,000 or more people. Urban clusters have at least 2,500 but less than 50,000 

people. All other areas are rural.

f The Building America program, sponsored by the U.S. Department of Energy’s Office of Energy Efficiency and Renewable Energy (EERE), created these climate regions. We combined climate regions for this publication. The Subarctic region is included with data 

for Very-cold and Cold . g Rented includes households that occupy their primary housing units without paying rent. h Total square footage includes all basements, finished or conditioned (heated or cooled) areas of attics, and conditioned garage space that is attached to the home. Unconditioned and unfinished areas in attics and attached garages are excluded. The square 

footage of the home is based on respondent reports. Previous RECS cycles calculated square footage based on interviewer measurements. For households that did not report an exact square footage estimate, the square footage of the home was imputed 

based on a reported square footage range and/or characteristics of the home. See 2020 RECS Square Footage Methodology for full details about data collection and processing. i

Some other fuel includes coal and district steam.

Q = Data withheld because either the relative standard error (RSE) was greater than 50% or fewer than 10 households in reporting sample.

N = No households in reporting sample. 

* = Estimate is less than 0.5 and rounds to zero. 
RSEs for 

number 

of 

housing 

units

Total 

U.S.b Total Total

Space 

heatingc

Water 

heating

Air conditioningRefrigerators Otherd Total

Space 

heatingc

Water 

heating Otherd Total

Space 

heatingc

Water 

heating Otherd Total

Space 

heatingc

Water 

heating Otherd

All homes 0.00 0.40 0.38 1.43 1.17 0.66 0.34 0.51 0.91 1.01 0.89 3.44 3.80 4.48 4.78 6.88 3.43 3.41 5.16 11.81

Census region and division

Northeast 0.00 0.78 1.14 5.35 3.14 1.67 0.78 1.37 1.67 1.92 1.92 8.87 8.21 10.07 8.95 10.45 4.00 4.01 5.66 13.18

New England 0.00 1.34 1.39 6.29 5.10 2.65 1.33 1.70 3.82 4.15 4.29 9.95 9.62 11.80 10.57 15.37 3.82 4.02 5.83 15.08

Middle Atlantic 0.00 1.07 1.49 6.80 4.05 2.03 0.98 1.83 2.16 2.39 2.39 10.10 10.49 12.62 12.21 14.78 6.75 6.90 9.97 20.15

Midwest 0.00 0.90 1.02 4.60 3.24 1.50 0.83 1.14 1.66 1.73 1.99 5.73 6.25 6.87 9.01 14.37 19.73 20.71 43.95 50.33

East North Central 0.00 1.13 1.34 6.48 4.37 1.81 0.99 1.59 1.92 2.02 2.35 6.90 8.20 8.75 13.00 18.29 22.30 23.87 44.60 50.33

West North Central 0.00 1.29 1.33 5.45 5.11 2.17 1.33 1.60 2.62 2.69 3.07 11.51 7.68 8.47 9.94 19.53 31.76 31.90 15.91 0.00

South 0.00 0.65 0.67 1.80 1.54 1.05 0.66 0.87 1.86 2.24 2.26 7.95 5.36 7.54 8.82 9.18 14.24 14.81 28.14 35.53

South Atlantic 0.00 1.02 0.96 2.47 1.82 1.65 0.95 1.26 3.00 3.18 3.57 9.58 8.78 10.94 13.33 12.89 15.52 15.42 29.45 49.90

East South Central 0.00 1.54 1.39 3.33 2.95 1.93 1.78 2.06 4.61 4.77 5.34 18.31 11.48 13.42 18.34 23.61 32.85 35.24 0.00 51.12

West South Central 0.00 1.22 1.21 3.72 3.29 1.72 1.49 1.63 3.32 3.96 3.46 12.91 11.70 13.46 13.75 19.82 79.06 0.00 79.06 0.00

West 0.00 0.74 0.80 3.38 2.68 1.62 0.76 0.98 1.22 1.64 1.48 6.23 9.27 11.22 9.92 24.69 12.40 12.75 28.03 69.71

Mountain 0.00 1.03 1.42 5.57 4.31 2.28 1.14 1.64 1.76 2.24 1.84 10.71 13.49 15.92 13.76 26.89 41.67 50.07 66.30 16.66

Mountain North 0.00 1.40 1.76 6.65 6.42 3.27 1.76 1.86 2.14 2.48 2.45 17.16 19.73 20.67 21.92 55.69 42.33 51.38 72.52 16.66

Mountain South 0.00 1.70 1.94 6.83 5.70 2.49 1.46 2.54 3.56 4.58 3.42 13.83 18.86 25.36 18.06 29.74 20.25 20.25 20.25 0.00

Pacific 0.00 1.09 1.16 4.39 3.09 2.77 1.12 1.34 2.00 2.83 2.09 7.33 13.80 17.00 13.71 30.47 13.15 13.53 31.01 75.08

Census urban/rural classificatione

Urban 0.28 0.60 0.55 2.04 1.54 0.83 0.53 0.71 1.00 1.11 1.02 3.44 8.42 11.04 8.87 11.26 4.09 4.00 6.27 16.68

Urbanized area 0.42 0.69 0.69 2.17 1.80 0.94 0.69 0.84 1.08 1.20 1.14 3.54 9.61 12.40 10.32 11.39 4.52 4.48 6.70 16.96

Urban cluster 2.74 3.19 2.92 5.45 3.94 3.64 3.11 3.10 4.58 4.94 4.53 11.37 15.48 18.47 19.50 26.37 14.34 14.49 16.83 49.73

Rural 1.23 1.49 1.41 2.91 2.25 2.00 1.68 1.69 3.82 3.81 4.17 16.72 4.08 4.74 5.19 8.55 5.45 6.04 6.61 13.02

Climate regionf

Very cold and Cold 0.54 0.77 0.92 3.48 2.51 1.22 0.83 1.02 1.44 1.49 1.47 6.81 5.05 5.58 5.86 10.00 3.35 3.51 5.38 12.45

Mixed-humid 0.77 1.17 1.00 1.91 1.84 1.35 1.22 1.25 1.95 2.17 2.10 6.31 7.50 9.32 8.44 9.77 8.43 8.96 10.90 23.83

Mixed-dry and Hot-dry 1.23 1.57 1.41 7.33 5.36 1.75 1.60 1.65 2.20 3.42 2.02 7.83 14.86 18.53 15.68 36.10 20.25 20.25 20.25 0.00

Hot-humid 0.69 1.36 1.45 3.29 2.29 1.69 1.42 1.83 3.62 4.35 3.91 13.12 9.85 15.41 11.36 17.19 79.06 0.00 79.06 0.00

Marine 2.39 2.62 2.57 5.78 4.19 5.16 2.96 3.08 3.92 4.55 4.37 10.17 23.25 28.09 21.20 49.07 38.60 43.01 20.14 0.00

Housing unit type

Single-family detached 0.00 0.45 0.39 1.60 1.53 0.68 0.47 0.52 0.95 1.04 1.01 4.29 4.36 5.06 5.07 7.93 3.62 3.64 5.34 12.35

Single-family attached 0.00 1.67 1.54 5.00 5.01 2.70 1.45 1.58 2.57 2.91 3.28 6.14 21.88 28.40 24.16 39.20 19.75 21.00 23.50 56.06

Apartments in buildings with 2–4 units 0.00 2.20 2.13 6.65 4.97 4.08 1.81 2.37 3.85 5.10 3.80 16.39 19.80 35.11 25.69 45.41 19.31 20.11 23.58 54.11

Apartments in buildings with 5 or 

more units 0.00 1.22 1.60 4.16 2.95 2.24 1.02 1.74 2.70 4.35 2.58 6.61 18.33 19.98 22.22 35.64 17.56 17.94 20.29 30.70

Data release date: June 2023

Revised data release date: March 2024

Relative standard errors (RSEs) for Table CE4.1 Annual household site end-use consumption by fuel in the United States—totals, 2020

RSEs for total site energy consumptiona

Electricity Natural gas Propane Fuel oil or kerosene 
RSEs for 

number 

of 

housing 

units

Total 

U.S.b Total Total

Space 

heatingc

Water 

heating

Air conditioningRefrigerators Otherd Total

Space 

heatingc

Water 

heating Otherd Total

Space 

heatingc

Water 

heating Otherd Total

Space 

heatingc

Water 

heating Otherd

All homes 0.00 0.40 0.38 1.43 1.17 0.66 0.34 0.51 0.91 1.01 0.89 3.44 3.80 4.48 4.78 6.88 3.43 3.41 5.16 11.81

Relative standard errors (RSEs) for Table CE4.1 Annual household site end-use consumption by fuel in the United States—totals, 2020

RSEs for total site energy consumptiona

Electricity Natural gas Propane Fuel oil or kerosene 

Mobile homes 0.00 1.58 1.95 4.65 3.70 2.92 2.03 2.68 7.25 7.89 7.80 16.05 10.02 11.78 14.22 17.23 15.62 17.04 81.33 44.38

Ownership of housing unit

Owned 0.42 0.59 0.62 1.80 1.62 0.92 0.62 0.68 1.06 1.11 1.08 4.53 4.03 4.65 4.51 7.60 3.86 4.00 5.88 12.16

Single-family 0.36 0.57 0.59 1.76 1.57 0.88 0.63 0.67 1.01 1.11 1.03 4.44 4.49 5.25 4.68 8.20 3.89 4.02 5.66 11.68

Apartments 4.13 6.67 5.26 14.02 8.25 6.83 4.85 5.45 8.48 9.60 7.09 32.86 48.26 57.29 73.03 55.43 31.82 27.66 31.87 62.99

Mobile homes 2.05 2.71 3.33 6.01 4.69 4.26 3.01 4.09 8.98 9.67 9.20 18.79 11.04 13.39 14.44 19.05 19.32 21.28 56.64 48.63

Rentedg 0.86 1.51 1.31 2.59 2.23 2.05 1.27 1.48 2.48 3.27 2.09 6.41 9.90 13.56 13.60 15.84 8.63 9.80 12.33 25.83

Single-family 2.35 2.88 2.97 5.89 4.23 4.04 2.78 2.90 4.12 4.60 3.83 12.25 14.02 16.97 20.78 22.77 11.58 12.12 22.92 46.85

Apartments 0.64 1.34 1.45 3.43 2.77 2.07 1.18 1.70 2.95 4.02 2.70 8.31 14.09 17.36 17.30 29.16 14.25 17.00 15.03 29.66

Mobile homes 7.62 7.67 7.57 9.81 10.25 9.35 7.90 8.47 16.57 19.80 22.11 20.80 29.31 29.71 68.70 42.53 32.13 34.59 20.14 18.23

Year of construction

Before 1950 0.00 1.35 1.24 4.83 3.60 1.94 1.07 1.49 2.21 2.48 2.41 10.03 9.94 11.11 11.50 17.52 7.08 7.60 10.58 23.91

1950 to 1959 0.00 1.48 1.79 5.00 5.47 2.41 1.34 1.98 2.35 2.68 2.75 9.20 13.70 14.88 15.79 22.11 9.33 9.39 14.39 26.01

1960 to 1969 0.00 1.56 1.63 5.23 4.10 3.35 1.61 1.87 2.92 3.45 2.66 7.86 15.61 17.87 18.91 25.72 10.42 11.04 12.24 33.20

1970 to 1979 0.00 1.34 1.27 4.06 2.97 2.11 1.16 1.49 2.61 2.95 2.66 8.89 8.92 10.25 12.27 14.31 8.62 9.26 12.87 30.96

1980 to 1989 0.00 1.34 1.35 3.74 2.90 2.04 1.34 1.58 2.87 3.25 3.14 9.04 8.47 9.85 13.16 27.44 10.48 11.21 13.04 27.31

1990 to 1999 0.00 1.32 1.26 3.74 3.17 2.34 1.13 1.58 2.75 2.89 2.98 8.99 8.62 10.22 9.26 13.64 9.88 10.27 14.28 25.08

2000 to 2009 0.00 1.40 1.29 3.15 2.74 2.07 1.28 1.73 2.57 2.95 2.81 11.30 8.25 10.49 10.54 15.02 14.40 16.73 15.03 30.27

2010 to 2015 2.84 4.04 3.92 5.46 5.80 4.77 3.59 4.53 5.73 6.07 5.83 18.31 12.48 14.84 17.20 26.00 45.17 35.10 61.17 80.65

2016 to 2020 3.44 4.72 4.03 6.93 5.46 5.16 3.94 4.95 7.24 7.54 7.75 19.07 15.10 19.34 18.69 19.05 85.22 78.37 18.35 0.00

Total square footageh

Less than 1,000 1.20 1.65 1.74 2.71 3.09 2.38 1.60 2.05 2.35 3.28 2.46 6.68 12.27 14.66 15.97 21.06 11.17 9.80 15.54 31.55

1,000 to 1,499 1.54 1.89 1.82 3.65 2.79 2.40 1.88 1.84 2.92 3.18 3.14 8.29 6.78 8.25 12.34 15.81 10.05 9.99 16.27 30.35

1,500 to 1,999 1.59 1.68 1.98 4.04 3.21 2.43 1.84 1.97 2.31 2.67 2.60 5.38 7.06 8.70 9.94 19.57 9.09 9.00 13.78 23.20

2,000 to 2,499 2.32 2.44 2.40 3.90 4.32 3.21 2.49 2.43 2.99 3.16 3.59 7.79 9.83 10.79 11.90 16.70 8.74 8.97 10.58 24.41

2,500 to 2,999 2.55 2.61 2.85 5.60 5.16 3.42 2.76 2.90 3.40 3.75 3.80 11.04 11.17 12.92 14.36 17.05 10.41 10.81 16.70 38.61

3,000 or more 1.93 2.07 2.08 4.43 3.74 2.66 2.29 2.33 2.86 2.89 3.21 8.55 7.73 9.52 7.91 11.16 7.91 8.19 9.14 22.44

Number of household members

1 member 1.25 1.66 1.51 3.16 1.96 2.02 1.45 1.72 2.53 2.97 2.29 6.71 8.77 9.25 10.28 16.93 7.40 7.44 11.82 26.50

2 members 1.15 1.27 1.18 2.70 1.92 1.74 1.39 1.25 1.90 1.98 1.80 6.96 5.57 6.52 6.17 12.13 7.47 7.69 8.41 24.05

3 members 1.87 1.80 1.70 3.66 3.73 2.53 2.00 1.95 3.15 3.30 3.71 10.52 11.93 14.41 12.73 14.84 7.70 7.71 10.27 28.07

4 members 2.08 2.31 2.22 4.02 3.89 3.04 2.34 2.32 3.20 3.37 3.74 6.90 9.96 12.24 13.16 13.11 10.69 11.21 13.25 27.80

5 members 4.12 4.26 4.63 8.26 6.24 5.73 4.67 4.54 5.59 6.36 5.03 11.38 17.82 22.29 20.75 35.26 16.28 17.15 23.76 33.40

6 or more members 4.58 4.85 4.53 10.63 6.90 5.94 4.90 4.66 6.59 7.50 7.40 17.18 21.04 24.35 24.93 29.84 21.34 22.39 31.99 56.92

2020 annual household income
RSEs for 

number 

of 

housing 

units

Total 

U.S.b Total Total

Space 

heatingc

Water 

heating

Air conditioningRefrigerators Otherd Total

Space 

heatingc

Water 

heating Otherd Total

Space 

heatingc

Water 

heating Otherd Total

Space 

heatingc

Water 

heating Otherd

All homes 0.00 0.40 0.38 1.43 1.17 0.66 0.34 0.51 0.91 1.01 0.89 3.44 3.80 4.48 4.78 6.88 3.43 3.41 5.16 11.81

Relative standard errors (RSEs) for Table CE4.1 Annual household site end-use consumption by fuel in the United States—totals, 2020

RSEs for total site energy consumptiona

Electricity Natural gas Propane Fuel oil or kerosene 

Less than $5,000 4.63 5.74 5.29 9.00 7.80 6.84 4.91 6.22 8.85 11.18 7.40 19.91 24.26 32.49 26.62 35.48 29.15 32.41 46.63 71.20

$5,000 to $9,999 5.53 6.15 5.98 8.69 8.38 8.47 5.88 6.41 9.80 11.51 9.59 15.85 18.43 23.20 28.49 34.61 23.73 24.69 40.32 58.16

$10,000 to $19,999 3.21 3.46 3.58 6.40 4.89 4.87 3.75 3.63 4.98 6.09 5.16 15.71 12.87 15.33 17.11 24.79 14.31 16.05 23.70 45.61

$20,000 to $39,999 1.98 2.16 2.01 3.45 2.96 2.65 2.19 2.32 3.22 3.39 3.88 8.39 8.93 9.75 12.04 16.36 10.14 10.01 14.49 40.09

$40,000 to $59,999 1.83 2.07 2.32 4.60 3.65 2.89 2.00 2.41 3.13 3.39 2.99 12.48 9.46 11.04 11.38 14.55 11.49 12.33 16.69 36.09

$60,000 to $99,999 1.58 1.67 1.77 3.83 3.25 2.41 1.68 1.60 2.36 2.72 1.94 8.79 7.45 8.82 8.83 14.44 7.32 7.39 8.78 21.73

$100,000 to $149,999 1.83 1.91 2.32 5.51 4.12 3.10 1.87 2.23 2.50 2.66 3.06 6.18 9.68 10.91 12.28 18.04 9.25 9.04 13.46 26.13

$150,000 or more 1.93 2.23 2.30 5.05 4.07 2.73 2.26 2.41 2.87 3.07 3.02 8.00 9.37 12.01 9.75 12.81 7.53 7.79 10.79 23.73

Payment method for energy bills

All paid by household 0.27 0.46 0.44 1.48 1.25 0.70 0.42 0.56 0.97 1.05 0.94 3.81 3.80 4.49 4.72 7.11 3.40 3.46 5.28 11.54

Some paid by household, some 

included in rent or condo fee 3.90 4.50 4.65 11.67 10.12 5.61 3.88 4.85 6.38 7.98 6.03 9.91 22.10 34.08 23.05 42.87 15.97 17.57 16.98 32.59

All included in rent or condo fee 4.78 5.40 5.52 7.99 7.76 6.58 5.53 5.39 7.93 9.78 7.94 18.89 35.80 43.41 47.42 48.61 26.32 26.94 39.26 16.95

Some other method 25.04 37.24 26.38 42.57 41.54 37.36 28.52 27.48 48.81 54.63 39.65 40.75 77.36 0.00 71.79 86.56 41.60 42.18 23.61 18.23

Main heating fuel

Natural gas 0.77 0.87 0.95 4.08 3.04 1.28 0.94 0.98 0.95 1.01 1.01 4.01 21.15 34.98 40.12 30.79 24.68 52.17 25.25 38.25

Electricity 0.92 1.17 1.11 1.65 1.50 1.45 1.14 1.45 5.13 16.50 5.44 9.53 5.95 12.89 9.86 9.57 26.87 31.32 30.00 43.25

Fuel oil or kerosene 3.50 3.32 3.58 11.97 7.07 5.17 3.70 3.71 20.58 55.06 20.81 24.26 11.49 23.06 21.21 15.55 3.57 3.50 5.58 14.21

Propane 3.76 4.33 4.53 12.83 5.96 5.33 4.30 4.89 32.85 14.19 54.28 36.81 4.54 4.80 5.11 10.22 60.81 60.81 0.00 0.00

Wood 4.88 5.67 5.43 11.85 6.87 7.68 5.89 5.61 27.19 36.45 40.04 29.54 14.34 22.87 14.89 26.35 20.20 23.89 24.20 32.38

Some other fueli 35.67 38.88 35.48 14.58 37.53 48.49 39.28 37.28 16.20 0.00 0.00 16.20 62.35 0.00 0.00 62.35 84.02 62.70 0.00 14.82

Does not use heating equipment 4.41 5.09 5.15 0.00 6.80 6.21 4.61 5.38 9.50 0.00 10.05 17.64 30.69 0.00 33.39 54.20 52.84 0.00 54.12 28.73
RSEs for 

number 

of 

housing 

units

Total 

U.S.b Total Total

Space 

heatingc

Water 

heating

Air conditioningRefrigerators Otherd Total

Space 

heatingc

Water 

heating Otherd Total

Space 

heatingc

Water 

heating Otherd Total

Space 

heatingc

Water 

heating Otherd

All homes 0.00 0.40 0.38 1.43 1.17 0.66 0.34 0.51 0.91 1.01 0.89 3.44 3.80 4.48 4.78 6.88 3.43 3.41 5.16 11.81

Relative standard errors (RSEs) for Table CE4.1 Annual household site end-use consumption by fuel in the United States—totals, 2020

RSEs for total site energy consumptiona

Electricity Natural gas Propane Fuel oil or kerosene 

Data source: U.S. Energy Information Administration, Office of Energy Consumption and Efficiency Statistics, Forms EIA-457A, D, E, F, G of the 2020 Residential Energy Consumption Survey

Notes: See RECS Terminology for definition of terms used in these tables.

a Consumption and expenditures for biomass (wood), coal, district steam, and solar thermal are excluded. Electricity consumption from on-site solar photovoltaic generation (that is, solar panels) is included.

b Total U.S. includes all primary occupied housing units in the 50 states and the District of Columbia. Vacant housing units, seasonal units, second homes, military houses, and group quarters are excluded.

c Includes main (primary) and secondary space heating.

d Includes end uses not shown in this table. A more detailed breakout of end uses is shown in the CE5 tables.

e Housing units are classified using criteria created by the U.S. Census Bureau based on 2010 Census data. Urbanized areas are densely settled groupings of blocks or tracts with 50,000 or more people. Urban clusters have at least 2,500 but less than 50,000 people. All 

other areas are rural.

f The Building America program, sponsored by the U.S. Department of Energy’s Office of Energy Efficiency and Renewable Energy (EERE), created these climate regions. We combined climate regions for this publication. The Subarctic region is included with data for Verycold and Cold . g Rented includes households that occupy their primary housing units without paying rent. h Total square footage includes all basements, finished or conditioned (heated or cooled) areas of attics, and conditioned garage space that is attached to the home. Unconditioned and unfinished areas in attics and attached garages are excluded. The square footage of 

the home is based on respondent reports. Previous RECS cycles calculated square footage based on interviewer measurements. For households that did not report an exact square footage estimate, the square footage of the home was imputed based on a reported 

square footage range and/or characteristics of the home. See 2020 RECS Square Footage Methodology for full details about data collection and processing. i

Some other fuel includes coal and district steam.