Release date: September 2021

Revised date: December 2022

Number of 

buildings 

(thousand)

Total

floorspace

(million 

square feet)

Total

workers

(thousand)

Mean 

square feet

per building 

(thousand)

Mean

square

feet per 

workera

Mean 

operating 

hours per 

week

All buildings 5,918 96,423 85,796 16.3 1,072 62

Building floorspace (square feet)

1,001 to 5,000 2,833 8,025 9,717 2.8 676 57

5,001 to 10,000 1,359 10,204 9,085 7.5 982 61

10,001 to 25,000 981 15,838 12,244 16.1 1,225 65

25,001 to 50,000 386 13,957 10,744 36.2 1,279 78

50,001 to 100,000 218 15,302 12,846 70.3 1,165 79

100,001 to 200,000 93 13,003 11,428 140.2 1,123 84

200,001 to 500,000 40 11,776 10,508 293.9 1,109 96

Over 500,000 9 8,317 9,224 947.6 897 115

Principal building activity

Education 437 13,623 10,370 31.1 1,314 51

Food sales 163 1,006 917 6.2 1,097 110

Food service 286 1,385 2,884 4.8 480 81

Health care 137 4,018 6,656 29.3 604 60

Inpatient 9 2,259 3,597 264.8 628 168

Outpatient 129 1,760 3,059 13.7 575 52

Lodging 207 6,976 2,764 33.7 2,431 165

Mercantile 517 10,781 8,882 20.9 1,214 64

Retail (other than mall) 350 5,193 3,251 14.8 1,597 66

Enclosed and strip malls 167 5,588 5,631 33.5 992 61

Office 970 16,662 32,843 17.2 507 54

Public assembly 488 7,192 3,338 14.7 2,082 51

Public order and safety 81 1,538 1,587 18.9 954 131

Religious worship 439 5,471 1,948 12.5 2,656 28

Service 867 6,240 4,736 7.2 1,243 53

Warehouse and storage 1,004 17,483 7,081 17.4 2,222 71

Other 113 2,435 1,598 21.5 1,360 82

Vacant 208 1,612 Q 7.8 Q 5

Year constructed

Before 1920 329 3,600 2,731 10.9 1,222 43

1920 to 1945 379 5,646 5,304 14.9 1,023 54

1946 to 1959 517 6,937 5,487 13.4 1,202 53

1960 to 1969 685 10,360 8,481 15.1 1,161 60

1970 to 1979 831 13,061 10,822 15.7 1,171 59

1980 to 1989 794 13,465 14,755 17.0 878 61

1990 to 1999 921 15,535 13,504 16.9 1,087 65

2000 to 2009 924 17,500 15,696 18.9 1,063 67

2010 to 2018 537 10,319 9,017 19.2 1,082 82

Table B1. Summary table: total and means of floorspace, number of workers, and hours of operation, 

2018
Number of 

buildings 

(thousand)

Total

floorspace

(million 

square feet)

Total

workers

(thousand)

Mean 

square feet

per building 

(thousand)

Mean

square

feet per 

workera

Mean 

operating 

hours per 

week

All buildings 5,918 96,423 85,796 16.3 1,072 62

Table B1. Summary table: total and means of floorspace, number of workers, and hours of operation, 

2018

Census region and division

Northeast 793 15,951 15,152 20.1 1,014 64

New England 275 3,749 3,616 13.6 982 75

Middle Atlantic 518 12,202 11,536 23.6 1,024 59

Midwest 1,719 25,932 19,924 15.1 1,225 62

East North Central 1,110 17,561 13,951 15.8 1,195 62

West North Central 609 8,372 5,973 13.7 1,296 60

South 2,143 34,907 30,820 16.3 1,089 60

South Atlantic 1,034 17,923 16,420 17.3 1,060 58

East South Central 347 5,404 3,923 15.6 1,289 59

West South Central 762 11,580 10,477 15.2 1,061 63

West 1,264 19,633 19,900 15.5 935 64

Mountain 484 7,680 8,119 15.9 886 69

Pacific 780 11,952 11,780 15.3 968 61

Climate zoneb

Cold or very cold 539 7,044 5,445 13.1 1,224 67

Cool 1,727 26,768 22,477 15.5 1,122 62

Mixed mild 1,216 25,096 23,442 20.6 1,024 61

Warm 1,606 25,085 21,301 15.6 1,134 59

Hot or very hot 831 12,429 13,130 15.0 906 66

Number of floors

1 4,106 43,576 34,034 10.6 1,188 61

2 1,286 23,300 18,268 18.1 1,231 61

3 370 10,516 8,316 28.5 1,233 64

4 to 9 142 13,031 15,293 92.1 837 88

10 or more 16 6,000 9,886 379.9 605 109

Elevators and escalators 

(more than one may apply)

Any elevators 503 36,501 40,521 72.6 887 79

1 elevator 366 14,215 11,669 38.9 1,197 74

2 to 5 elevators 121 13,316 15,470 110.1 844 92

6 or more elevators 16 8,970 13,382 545.7 666 108

Any escalators 14 3,753 4,345 277.8 851 126
Number of 

buildings 

(thousand)

Total

floorspace

(million 

square feet)

Total

workers

(thousand)

Mean 

square feet

per building 

(thousand)

Mean

square

feet per 

workera

Mean 

operating 

hours per 

week

All buildings 5,918 96,423 85,796 16.3 1,072 62

Table B1. Summary table: total and means of floorspace, number of workers, and hours of operation, 

2018

Number of workers (main shift)

Fewer than 5 3,270 21,065 5,726 6.4 2,898 57

5 to 9 1,116 10,323 7,303 9.2 1,413 62

10 to 19 713 11,348 9,062 15.9 1,252 70

20 to 49 492 16,132 14,185 32.8 1,137 74

50 to 99 201 12,961 12,788 64.5 1,014 73

100 to 249 90 12,442 13,183 138.0 944 82

250 or more 37 12,152 23,548 329.9 516 88

Weekly operating hours

Fewer than 40 1,370 10,766 5,897 7.9 1,420 14

40 to 48 1,483 18,826 16,706 12.7 1,113 42

49 to 60 1,250 22,845 24,636 18.3 921 54

61 to 84 645 14,736 14,659 22.8 989 74

85 to 167 465 10,038 7,655 21.6 1,270 109

Open continuously 705 19,213 16,243 27.2 1,112 168

Ownership and occupancy

Nongovernment owned 4,982 74,728 66,568 15.0 1,065 63

Owner occupied 3,249 45,355 37,126 14.0 1,167 62

Leased to tenant or tenants 1,581 28,382 29,442 18.0 936 70

Unoccupied 152 990 0 6.5 N 0

Government owned 937 21,695 19,228 23.2 1,096 58

Federal 70 1,946 2,597 27.7 731 81

State 256 6,888 5,746 26.9 1,181 59

Local 610 12,861 10,885 21.1 1,138 55

Party responsible for operation

of energy systems

Building owner 4,872 79,282 70,432 16.3 1,069 61

Business owner or tenant 831 12,842 10,637 15.4 1,181 62

Property management 97 1,994 2,311 20.7 839 76

Other 118 2,306 2,415 19.5 903 71

Provider of direct input on energyrelated equipment purchases

Building owner 5,127 82,862 73,240 16.2 1,076 61

Business owner or tenant 483 7,585 6,376 15.7 1,152 60

Property management 49 1,072 1,170 22.0 901 76

Other 260 4,904 5,010 18.8 947 71
Number of 

buildings 

(thousand)

Total

floorspace

(million 

square feet)

Total

workers

(thousand)

Mean 

square feet

per building 

(thousand)

Mean

square

feet per 

workera

Mean 

operating 

hours per 

week

All buildings 5,918 96,423 85,796 16.3 1,072 62

Table B1. Summary table: total and means of floorspace, number of workers, and hours of operation, 

2018

Number of establishments

1 4,719 65,391 50,407 13.9 1,237 64

2 to 5 811 16,431 15,937 20.3 1,020 60

6 to 10 135 5,539 7,206 41.0 760 67

11 to 20 63 3,894 5,751 61.6 676 83

More than 20 19 3,999 6,494 207.0 616 76

Currently unoccupied 170 1,168 0 6.9 N 0

Campus or complex activity

Not part of a campus or complex 3,622 56,609 50,340 15.6 1,087 60

Primary or secondary school 247 5,106 3,681 20.7 1,376 42

College or university 103 3,761 2,700 36.5 1,339 85

Office complex 141 3,823 8,446 27.2 443 64

Retail complex 250 4,573 4,171 18.3 1,062 55

Storage complex 418 5,684 1,933 13.6 2,319 91

Religious campus or complex 253 3,209 1,692 12.7 1,819 30

Health care complex 60 2,838 4,415 47.1 641 80

Lodging or resort complex 102 1,575 758 15.4 1,895 120

Transportation complex 36 774 600 21.6 1,090 93

Government complex 124 1,706 1,676 13.8 936 61

Other 563 6,765 5,383 12.0 1,180 62

Predominant exterior wall material

Brick, stone, or stucco 2,490 46,134 43,670 18.5 1,024 61

Concrete (block or poured) 935 19,357 14,995 20.7 1,255 65

Concrete panels 137 8,331 8,022 60.6 1,032 63

Siding or shingles 948 5,992 5,220 6.3 1,046 57

Metal panels 1,250 12,198 6,584 9.8 1,577 64

Window glass 19 2,192 4,522 113.5 480 72

Other 139 2,219 2,783 16.0 763 61

Predominant roof material

Metal surfacing 2,198 20,936 12,924 9.5 1,424 59

Synthetic or rubber 940 31,563 31,789 33.6 980 68

Built-up 708 19,308 19,471 27.3 970 63

Slate or tile shingles 376 3,997 3,748 10.6 991 61

Wooden materials (including

shingles) 166 1,568 1,496 9.5 939 78

Asphalt, fiberglass, or 

other shingles 1,311 14,058 11,509 10.7 1,176 58

Concrete 83 1,968 1,931 23.6 1,010 88

Other 136 3,026 2,926 22.2 999 61
Number of 

buildings 

(thousand)

Total

floorspace

(million 

square feet)

Total

workers

(thousand)

Mean 

square feet

per building 

(thousand)

Mean

square

feet per 

workera

Mean 

operating 

hours per 

week

All buildings 5,918 96,423 85,796 16.3 1,072 62

Table B1. Summary table: total and means of floorspace, number of workers, and hours of operation, 

2018

Roof tilt

Flat 1,914 54,253 55,710 28.3 953 67

Shallow pitch 2,313 27,609 19,619 11.9 1,296 64

Steeper pitch 1,691 14,561 10,466 8.6 1,282 53

Cool roof characteristics (more than one 

may apply)

White or reflective coating or paint 1,285 32,799 31,826 25.5 993 64

White or reflective tiles or shingles 140 2,713 2,557 19.3 1,048 68

Aluminum coating 528 6,149 4,472 11.7 1,284 57

Ballasted roof system 114 6,277 6,872 55.2 903 74

Other cool roof property 35 1,603 2,359 45.3 680 76

Renovations since 2000 

(more than one may apply)

Any type of renovation 2,032 45,165 44,948 22.2 985 63

Addition or annex 327 10,854 9,532 33.1 1,130 63

Reduction in floorspace 35 1,784 2,369 51.1 753 63

Roof replacement 847 20,862 20,388 24.6 997 62

Interior wall reconfiguration 709 21,283 25,724 30.0 819 59

Window replacement 484 10,977 11,390 22.7 954 63

HVAC equipment upgrade 1,006 27,575 28,643 27.4 948 62

Lighting upgrade 1,012 29,098 30,404 28.7 947 66

Electrical upgrade 565 15,761 17,063 27.9 910 62

Plumbing system upgrade 584 15,537 17,095 26.6 895 65

Insulation upgrade 307 7,980 8,465 26.0 924 62

Fire, safety, or security upgrade 570 19,985 20,865 35.0 949 71

Structural upgrade 147 4,203 5,041 28.6 818 65

Other 43 1,168 1,027 27.3 1,105 81

No renovations 3,530 43,832 34,581 12.4 1,176 59

Buildings constructed 2013 or later 357 7,426 6,268 20.8 1,119 83
Number of 

buildings 

(thousand)

Total

floorspace

(million 

square feet)

Total

workers

(thousand)

Mean 

square feet

per building 

(thousand)

Mean

square

feet per 

workera

Mean 

operating 

hours per 

week

All buildings 5,918 96,423 85,796 16.3 1,072 62

Table B1. Summary table: total and means of floorspace, number of workers, and hours of operation, 

2018

Energy sources

(more than one may apply)

Electricity 5,613 94,844 85,693 16.9 1,070 62

Natural gas 2,974 67,722 60,519 22.8 1,100 64

Fuel oil 583 21,185 24,121 36.3 866 71

District heat 86 6,745 7,389 78.1 900 79

District chilled water 55 4,288 4,562 77.5 926 74

Propane 676 10,157 6,940 15.0 1,420 61

Wood 105 802 671 7.6 1,112 50

Coal Q Q Q Q Q Q

Solar 99 3,820 3,846 38.6 984 84

Other 79 1,317 1,067 16.7 1,214 74

Space-heating energy sources 

(more than one may apply)

Electricity 2,563 45,603 45,698 17.8 982 63

Natural gas 2,587 58,042 50,527 22.4 1,129 62

Fuel oil 266 4,134 3,709 15.6 1,086 60

District heat 83 6,547 7,131 79.3 905 80

Propane 431 3,896 2,736 9.0 1,339 51

Wood 85 422 222 4.9 1,646 49

Coal Q Q Q Q Q Q

Solar Q Q Q Q Q Q

Other 40 443 273 11.1 1,624 54

Primary space-heating 

energy source

Electricity 1,856 27,618 29,054 14.9 932 64

Natural gas 2,344 50,060 42,756 21.4 1,149 61

Fuel oil 222 2,223 1,652 10.0 1,281 62

District heat 78 6,090 6,695 78.0 895 79

Propane 338 2,290 1,692 6.8 1,239 47

Wood Q Q Q Q Q Q

Coal Q Q Q Q Q Q

Solar N N N N N N

Other Q Q Q Q Q Q

Cooling energy sources

(more than one may apply)

Electricity 4,584 84,526 79,784 18.4 1,041 63

Natural gas 4 400 307 90.9 1,302 55

District chilled water 55 4,288 4,562 77.5 926 74
Number of 

buildings 

(thousand)

Total

floorspace

(million 

square feet)

Total

workers

(thousand)

Mean 

square feet

per building 

(thousand)

Mean

square

feet per 

workera

Mean 

operating 

hours per 

week

All buildings 5,918 96,423 85,796 16.3 1,072 62

Table B1. Summary table: total and means of floorspace, number of workers, and hours of operation, 

2018

Water-heating energy sources

(more than one may apply)

Electricity 2,785 47,125 46,374 16.9 1,000 59

Natural gas 1,885 46,652 42,146 24.8 1,093 69

Fuel oil 72 1,807 1,889 25.1 947 87

District heat 38 4,206 4,919 109.6 851 83

Propane 145 1,947 1,855 13.4 1,033 69

Cooking energy sources

(more than one may apply)

Electricity 1,216 30,509 29,469 25.1 1,020 74

Natural gas 727 27,705 26,104 38.1 1,060 80

Propane 159 3,101 2,430 19.5 1,255 75

Energy end uses

(more than one may apply)

Buildings with space heating 4,901 88,661 82,078 18.1 1,057 61

Buildings with cooling 4,631 87,506 82,835 18.9 1,038 63

Buildings with water heating 4,595 87,717 82,235 19.1 1,050 63

Buildings with cooking 1,738 43,580 41,427 25.1 1,039 74

Buildings with manufacturing 322 6,871 5,035 21.4 1,359 56

Buildings with electricity

generation 706 29,457 32,409 41.7 900 82

Buildings with lighting 5,503 94,103 85,617 17.1 1,065 61

Percentage of floorspace heated

Not heated 1,017 7,762 3,718 7.6 1,394 64

1 to 50% 693 10,620 6,404 15.3 1,605 56

51 to 99% 905 20,174 20,058 22.3 994 62

100% 3,303 57,867 55,616 17.5 1,017 62

Percentage of floorspace cooled

Not cooled 1,288 8,917 2,961 6.9 2,022 57

1 to 50% 1,111 19,722 10,727 17.8 1,784 56

51 to 99% 998 26,277 26,432 26.3 990 67

100% 2,522 41,507 45,675 16.5 890 65

Percentage lit when open

0% Q Q Q Q Q Q

1 to 50% 1,280 14,172 6,476 11.1 2,082 60

51 to 99% 1,784 38,847 37,954 21.8 1,011 64

100% 2,272 39,877 41,135 17.6 953 64

Building never open or electricity

not used 513 2,998 183 5.8 2,908 39
Number of 

buildings 

(thousand)

Total

floorspace

(million 

square feet)

Total

workers

(thousand)

Mean 

square feet

per building 

(thousand)

Mean

square

feet per 

workera

Mean 

operating 

hours per 

week

All buildings 5,918 96,423 85,796 16.3 1,072 62

Table B1. Summary table: total and means of floorspace, number of workers, and hours of operation, 

2018

Percentage lit during off hours

0% 2,062 15,578 10,347 7.6 1,376 49

1 to 50% 3,246 69,800 67,292 21.5 1,017 66

51 to 100% 240 7,243 6,281 30.2 1,085 82

Building always open with 

no off hours 64 2,223 1,773 34.6 1,218 168

Electricity not used 305 1,579 103 5.2 Q 66

Heating equipment 

(more than one may apply)

Packaged heating units 2,187 48,064 44,373 22.0 1,073 67

Furnaces 1,621 17,272 13,487 10.7 1,217 53

Individual space heaters 1,246 21,122 17,188 16.9 1,208 59

Boilers 703 28,831 28,263 41.0 1,010 71

Heat pumps 673 15,110 14,684 22.4 1,014 67

District heat 83 6,547 7,131 79.3 905 80

Duct reheat 134 7,418 9,848 55.2 747 61

Other 17 821 673 48.7 1,219 87

Cooling equipment 

(more than one may apply)

Packaged air-conditioning units 2,565 56,290 53,354 21.9 1,044 66

Residential-type central air

conditioners 1,309 18,270 16,384 14.0 1,087 58

Individual air conditioners 735 13,619 10,038 18.5 1,337 69

Central chillers 202 17,926 21,716 88.8 820 75

Heat pumps 492 11,098 11,637 22.5 934 65

District chilled water 55 4,288 4,562 77.5 926 74

Swamp coolers 85 2,070 2,103 24.5 953 59

Other Q Q Q Q Q Q

HVAC features 

(more than one may apply)

Economizer cycle 747 34,087 37,137 45.6 912 76

Variable air volume (VAV) system 698 29,268 34,745 42.0 835 70

Dedicated outside air system (DOAS) 249 9,027 9,453 36.3 942 72

Demand controlled ventilation (DCV) 349 10,474 9,818 30.0 1,051 67

Regular HVAC maintenance 3,554 78,015 75,319 22.0 1,019 66

Building automation system (BAS) 

controls heating or cooling 933 40,462 44,380 43.3 904 69

Internet-connected or smart

thermostat 325 5,966 4,778 18.3 1,211 68

Programmable thermostat 1,545 20,882 17,370 13.5 1,182 62
Number of 

buildings 

(thousand)

Total

floorspace

(million 

square feet)

Total

workers

(thousand)

Mean 

square feet

per building 

(thousand)

Mean

square

feet per 

workera

Mean 

operating 

hours per 

week

All buildings 5,918 96,423 85,796 16.3 1,072 62

Table B1. Summary table: total and means of floorspace, number of workers, and hours of operation, 

2018

Main equipment replaced since 

2000 (more than one may apply)

Heating 1,937 32,451 29,569 16.8 1,076 58

Cooling 1,269 23,013 21,847 18.1 1,037 61

Water-heating equipment

Centralized system 3,538 59,280 52,744 16.8 1,103 64

Distributed system 782 14,307 14,110 18.3 1,000 60

Combination of centralized and

distributed systems 274 14,129 15,380 51.5 912 67

Generation technologies 

(more than one may apply)

Reciprocating engine generators 580 25,163 28,143 43.4 886 81

Solar panels 94 3,750 3,779 39.9 983 80

Other generation technology 43 2,055 2,213 48.0 920 97

Lighting equipment types

(more than one may apply)

Incandescent 1,100 21,081 20,077 19.2 1,019 59

Standard fluorescent 4,012 72,912 67,312 18.2 1,054 60

Compact fluorescent 1,130 33,691 34,888 29.8 951 70

High-intensity discharge (HID) 238 11,356 9,532 47.6 1,171 65

Halogen 552 15,012 15,013 27.2 988 65

LED 2,593 61,849 61,176 23.8 996 68

Other Q Q Q Q Q Q

Refrigeration equipment

(more than one may apply)

Any refrigeration 3,850 77,589 73,331 20.2 1,045 64

Walk-in units 706 29,384 29,824 41.6 984 92

Cases or cabinets 837 28,517 29,508 34.1 966 82

Large cold storage areas 69 3,592 2,753 52.1 1,302 102

Commercial ice makers 872 34,672 34,910 39.8 988 82

Residential-type or compact units 3,321 64,735 62,176 19.5 1,028 61

Vending machines 800 42,071 42,256 52.6 992 81

No refrigeration 2,068 18,834 12,465 9.1 1,226 58
Number of 

buildings 

(thousand)

Total

floorspace

(million 

square feet)

Total

workers

(thousand)

Mean 

square feet

per building 

(thousand)

Mean

square

feet per 

workera

Mean 

operating 

hours per 

week

All buildings 5,918 96,423 85,796 16.3 1,072 62

Table B1. Summary table: total and means of floorspace, number of workers, and hours of operation, 

2018

Office equipment

(more than one may apply)

Desktop computers 3,804 82,012 78,691 21.6 1,037 66

With multiple monitors 1,504 50,844 56,355 33.8 899 65

Laptop computers 2,786 69,375 69,993 24.9 982 64

Dedicated servers 1,400 51,595 56,604 36.8 911 69

Tablets charged in building 1,556 48,778 51,562 31.3 941 68

Large floor-standing office devicesc 1,456 54,088 58,144 37.2 929 65

Smaller desktop office devicesc 3,560 74,467 71,347 20.9 1,039 65

Interactive whiteboards 262 16,939 18,450 64.7 917 65

Televisions or video displays 2,451 63,618 63,777 26.0 989 71

Point-of-sale devices or cash 

registers 1,420 33,606 35,979 23.7 933 74

Food preparation or serving areas 

in non-food service buildings

(more than one may apply)

Snack bar, concession stand, or coffee 

shop 144 10,361 10,567 71.7 980 88

Fast food or small restaurant 160 9,759 10,823 60.9 902 87

Cafeteria or large restaurant 129 14,531 15,160 112.4 958 67

Commercial kitchen or

food preparation area 284 17,698 15,081 62.3 1,173 88

Small kitchen area 1,018 20,519 18,600 20.2 1,074 70

Separate computer areas

(more than one may apply)

Server closet 1,237 48,722 51,926 39.4 936 67

Data center 116 11,383 14,374 98.3 792 88

Computer-based training room 228 16,556 17,081 72.7 969 72

Student or public computer center 236 12,527 9,728 53.1 1,288 64
Number of 

buildings 

(thousand)

Total

floorspace

(million 

square feet)

Total

workers

(thousand)

Mean 

square feet

per building 

(thousand)

Mean

square

feet per 

workera

Mean 

operating 

hours per 

week

All buildings 5,918 96,423 85,796 16.3 1,072 62

Table B1. Summary table: total and means of floorspace, number of workers, and hours of operation, 

2018

Window and interior lighting 

features (more than one may

apply)

Multipaned windows 3,527 72,694 68,818 20.6 1,034 62

Tinted window glass 1,679 44,363 46,894 26.4 930 61

Reflective window glass 497 17,929 20,883 36.1 849 71

External overhangs or awnings 1,513 28,718 26,663 19.0 1,061 61

Skylights or atriums 509 19,815 18,169 38.9 1,074 67

Light scheduling 910 33,552 36,481 36.9 910 71

Occupancy sensors 1,025 44,304 46,637 43.2 942 71

Multilevel lighting or dimming 332 14,424 15,759 43.4 910 63

Daylight harvesting 138 7,244 9,573 52.6 752 69

Plug-load control 58 1,961 2,132 34.1 913 67

Demand responsive lighting 98 2,045 2,002 20.8 1,003 63

Building automation system (BAS) for 

lighting 317 16,645 18,648 52.5 890 76

Electric vehicle (EV) charging

Charging stations associated with the 

building 132 10,165 11,217 77.1 899 86

Data source: U.S. Energy Information Administration, Form EIA-871A of the 2018 Commercial Buildings Energy Consumption Survey 

Notes: Because of rounding, data may not sum to totals. The Guide to the 2018 CBECS Tables and CBECS Terminology contain definitions of 

terms used in these tables and comparisons between previous CBECS tables. You can access both references from 

http://www.eia.gov/consumption/commercial/data/2018/. 

Data are sample survey estimates with relative standard errors published in a tab on the Excel worksheet for this table. 

a

Buildings with zero workers are excluded from this column. 

b

Climate zones are based on ASHRAE Standard 169-2021; see https://www.eia.gov/consumption/commercial/maps.php#defined.

c

Office devices refers to any combination of printers, copiers, scanners, or FAX machines.

Q = Data withheld either because the relative standard error was greater than 50% or the reporting sample had fewer than 20 buildings. 

N = No buildings in reporting sample.
RSE

Release date: September 2021

Revised date: December 2022

RSEs for 

number of 

buildings 

RSEs for

total

floorspace

RSEs for 

total

workers

RSEs for 

mean 

square feet

per building

RSEs for 

mean

square

feet per 

workera

RSEs for 

mean 

operating 

hours per 

week

All buildings 3.9 3.1 3.3 2.6 2.1 2.1

Building floorspace (square feet)

1,001 to 5,000 4.9 5.3 5.7 1.9 4.4 3.2

5,001 to 10,000 5.9 5.8 5.6 1.3 5.6 4.9

10,001 to 25,000 5.6 6.1 7.9 1.6 5.4 4.3

25,001 to 50,000 5.6 5.6 6.6 0.9 5.6 3.4

50,001 to 100,000 5.3 5.3 6.9 1.0 4.7 2.6

100,001 to 200,000 5.6 5.5 7.0 0.9 5.6 2.5

200,001 to 500,000 5.0 5.0 6.2 1.0 5.0 2.2

Over 500,000 7.8 8.6 8.3 4.0 6.6 3.0

Principal building activity

Education 7.8 5.3 5.9 6.8 3.2 2.7

Food sales 14.3 17.0 16.1 12.9 11.4 4.6

Food service 7.7 8.5 9.4 5.7 5.8 3.5

Health care 9.8 5.5 6.0 8.5 3.5 4.1

Inpatient 19.4 7.2 7.9 18.5 4.6 0.0

Outpatient 10.3 8.0 8.9 8.4 5.9 3.7

Lodging 9.4 8.3 10.5 9.6 6.3 1.7

Mercantile 7.3 6.0 6.7 6.6 3.5 3.6

Retail (other than mall) 10.1 8.6 10.0 7.5 5.9 5.1

Enclosed and strip malls 7.6 7.6 7.6 8.4 4.2 3.3

Office 7.2 5.5 5.6 6.9 2.4 2.5

Public assembly 9.1 5.8 9.2 6.9 7.4 6.1

Public order and safety 20.2 15.9 20.4 17.4 12.8 8.7

Religious worship 9.5 9.3 12.4 6.4 9.6 14.7

Service 7.4 8.1 8.4 6.5 6.6 3.3

Warehouse and storage 7.4 7.2 7.2 7.0 6.3 6.1

Other 17.1 15.1 22.5 15.2 13.6 13.8

Vacant 17.2 14.1 56.7 12.3 101.2 28.2

Year constructed

Before 1920 12.8 10.8 14.9 10.4 9.1 5.7

1920 to 1945 10.7 8.8 10.4 9.8 5.1 7.7

1946 to 1959 8.1 7.6 9.7 6.6 7.3 6.0

1960 to 1969 6.4 5.2 5.2 5.4 4.7 4.4

1970 to 1979 7.4 6.0 6.9 5.6 5.6 6.6

1980 to 1989 7.0 5.9 5.5 6.3 4.3 4.4

1990 to 1999 7.5 6.6 6.7 4.7 4.3 5.4

2000 to 2009 8.0 6.3 7.1 5.5 4.2 4.3

2010 to 2018 11.0 7.6 10.2 9.2 7.8 6.8

Relative standard errors (RSEs) for Table B1. Summary table: total and means of floorspace, number of 

workers, and hours of operation, 2018
RSE

RSEs for 

number of 

buildings 

RSEs for

total

floorspace

RSEs for 

total

workers

RSEs for 

mean 

square feet

per building

RSEs for 

mean

square

feet per 

workera

RSEs for 

mean 

operating 

hours per 

week

All buildings 3.9 3.1 3.3 2.6 2.1 2.1

Relative standard errors (RSEs) for Table B1. Summary table: total and means of floorspace, number of 

workers, and hours of operation, 2018

Census region and division

Northeast 9.9 7.2 6.8 7.1 4.0 4.0

New England 17.8 10.8 9.4 9.6 7.6 5.0

Middle Atlantic 12.0 8.8 8.3 8.6 4.8 4.3

Midwest 10.9 7.4 7.2 6.6 4.9 4.9

East North Central 13.1 10.4 10.0 6.4 6.7 5.8

West North Central 21.0 7.9 6.4 16.2 5.4 9.0

South 7.7 6.1 6.7 4.1 3.4 3.3

South Atlantic 11.0 6.8 8.3 6.9 4.5 4.0

East South Central 18.0 20.3 14.0 3.6 9.1 6.2

West South Central 14.7 11.5 13.7 8.3 5.5 7.1

West 8.1 7.1 7.0 5.8 4.2 3.9

Mountain 15.9 13.1 14.7 12.3 5.7 6.2

Pacific 9.0 8.1 6.1 5.1 5.7 4.6

Climate zoneb

Cold or very cold 18.8 17.0 14.6 12.4 8.3 6.4

Cool 11.8 8.3 8.4 7.1 4.6 4.3

Mixed mild 15.1 10.5 10.8 8.4 3.2 4.3

Warm 11.4 10.0 10.1 4.2 4.2 4.2

Hot or very hot 18.8 14.1 12.7 8.1 4.7 3.6

Number of floors

1 4.3 4.5 4.7 2.7 2.8 2.8

2 5.8 4.4 5.5 3.9 4.4 4.7

3 10.5 7.6 8.8 6.8 6.4 5.4

4 to 9 9.4 6.3 7.1 7.3 4.4 5.0

10 or more 9.8 11.0 9.6 7.7 6.3 4.2

Elevators and escalators 

(more than one may apply)

Any elevators 6.5 4.5 5.0 4.3 2.8 3.3

1 elevator 7.7 6.0 7.8 4.5 4.7 4.7

2 to 5 elevators 6.7 5.2 6.8 3.5 4.7 3.5

6 or more elevators 7.8 8.4 7.6 4.7 4.8 3.2

Any escalators 28.9 13.7 15.3 35.6 10.6 12.6
RSE

RSEs for 

number of 

buildings 

RSEs for

total

floorspace

RSEs for 

total

workers

RSEs for 

mean 

square feet

per building

RSEs for 

mean

square

feet per 

workera

RSEs for 

mean 

operating 

hours per 

week

All buildings 3.9 3.1 3.3 2.6 2.1 2.1

Relative standard errors (RSEs) for Table B1. Summary table: total and means of floorspace, number of 

workers, and hours of operation, 2018

Number of workers (main shift)

Fewer than 5 5.5 5.9 6.0 3.1 4.3 3.6

5 to 9 6.1 6.9 6.1 4.4 4.6 3.0

10 to 19 6.5 7.4 6.5 5.3 5.0 3.8

20 to 49 6.3 4.8 6.1 4.3 3.9 3.4

50 to 99 6.7 5.9 6.6 4.4 4.2 2.8

100 to 249 7.1 5.6 7.1 4.2 4.3 2.4

250 or more 7.2 6.4 6.2 5.7 3.6 3.1

Weekly operating hours

Fewer than 40 6.1 6.6 10.0 4.9 8.5 5.4

40 to 48 6.2 5.1 5.4 4.4 4.4 0.4

49 to 60 5.2 4.3 4.5 4.1 3.4 0.4

61 to 84 7.6 5.3 6.4 5.8 4.6 0.6

85 to 167 8.6 6.2 6.8 7.5 5.4 1.2

Open continuously 8.1 5.0 5.4 7.2 3.9 0.0

Ownership and occupancy

Nongovernment owned 3.8 3.3 3.3 2.9 2.4 2.0

Owner occupied 4.3 3.3 3.3 3.5 2.8 2.4

Leased to tenant or tenants 5.5 4.8 4.9 4.4 3.5 3.4

Unoccupied 20.3 19.2 0.0 15.1 0.0 0.0

Government owned 9.5 6.0 8.2 6.0 3.9 5.1

Federal 26.0 16.1 18.9 29.1 9.0 19.2

State 12.9 11.8 15.9 9.4 7.5 10.1

Local 10.1 6.0 7.4 8.1 4.8 5.4

Party responsible for operation

of energy systems

Building owner 4.4 3.2 3.6 2.9 2.3 2.4

Business owner or tenant 6.5 7.2 7.6 5.6 5.3 4.1

Property management 20.7 11.7 13.3 18.3 9.2 15.4

Other 18.8 11.1 17.1 15.8 12.9 21.4

Provider of direct input on energyrelated equipment purchases

Building owner 4.4 3.1 3.6 2.8 2.2 2.2

Business owner or tenant 8.9 8.8 9.1 6.9 6.4 4.9

Property management 25.5 16.2 16.3 25.3 11.3 15.6

Other 10.5 8.1 10.1 8.9 8.2 10.6
RSE

RSEs for 

number of 

buildings 

RSEs for

total

floorspace

RSEs for 

total

workers

RSEs for 

mean 

square feet

per building

RSEs for 

mean

square

feet per 

workera

RSEs for 

mean 

operating 

hours per 

week

All buildings 3.9 3.1 3.3 2.6 2.1 2.1

Relative standard errors (RSEs) for Table B1. Summary table: total and means of floorspace, number of 

workers, and hours of operation, 2018

Number of establishments

1 4.6 3.6 4.5 2.7 3.0 2.3

2 to 5 6.0 5.5 5.8 5.5 4.5 3.4

6 to 10 11.5 7.9 9.2 8.8 6.1 5.6

11 to 20 18.0 8.9 10.3 14.6 4.8 9.4

More than 20 18.6 10.1 11.7 14.3 6.1 5.2

Currently unoccupied 18.7 16.5 0.0 13.6 0.0 0.0

Campus or complex activity

Not part of a campus or complex 4.3 3.7 4.0 3.2 2.7 2.0

Primary or secondary school 12.1 9.4 11.1 8.0 6.1 5.0

College or university 21.8 15.9 17.1 19.6 9.0 16.6

Office complex 12.7 10.0 11.6 12.6 4.8 11.2

Retail complex 13.2 9.2 10.7 11.1 6.4 6.9

Storage complex 14.4 11.0 17.9 10.0 14.3 8.2

Religious campus or complex 11.5 12.0 21.0 7.3 18.9 12.2

Health care complex 18.0 8.2 8.8 15.9 5.4 10.5

Lodging or resort complex 15.1 13.7 20.4 15.6 17.8 8.7

Transportation complex 34.3 33.2 31.7 43.6 22.2 17.0

Government complex 18.1 17.0 15.3 17.8 14.6 14.0

Other 9.2 7.4 9.8 8.6 7.3 9.5

Predominant exterior wall material

Brick, stone, or stucco 5.3 3.9 4.9 3.4 2.5 3.0

Concrete (block or poured) 5.3 4.8 4.5 5.1 4.2 3.3

Concrete panels 12.1 8.4 10.8 11.5 8.4 7.0

Siding or shingles 7.3 9.3 10.5 6.5 8.3 5.3

Metal panels 7.6 6.0 8.5 5.5 6.4 5.8

Window glass 21.3 11.4 14.3 20.7 7.0 5.6

Other 14.7 13.7 17.3 12.3 11.0 11.6

Predominant roof material

Metal surfacing 6.2 5.6 6.6 3.5 4.2 4.1

Synthetic or rubber 6.0 4.1 5.5 4.7 3.2 3.0

Built-up 7.7 4.8 4.6 6.4 3.5 4.0

Slate or tile shingles 10.1 10.1 11.0 7.3 8.8 5.5

Wooden materials (including

shingles) 12.9 17.8 16.1 12.6 12.7 9.3

Asphalt, fiberglass, or 

other shingles 6.2 5.6 7.1 4.1 5.3 5.0

Concrete 20.6 11.9 12.6 17.5 10.9 14.8

Other 15.6 9.8 13.1 12.0 9.4 10.4
RSE

RSEs for 

number of 

buildings 

RSEs for

total

floorspace

RSEs for 

total

workers

RSEs for 

mean 

square feet

per building

RSEs for 

mean

square

feet per 

workera

RSEs for 

mean 

operating 

hours per 

week

All buildings 3.9 3.1 3.3 2.6 2.1 2.1

Relative standard errors (RSEs) for Table B1. Summary table: total and means of floorspace, number of 

workers, and hours of operation, 2018

Roof tilt

Flat 4.9 3.3 3.9 4.1 2.3 3.0

Shallow pitch 5.0 4.8 4.8 3.8 3.2 3.4

Steeper pitch 7.5 5.7 7.4 4.1 6.1 3.9

Cool roof characteristics (more than one 

may apply)

White or reflective coating or paint 5.8 4.4 5.5 5.1 3.1 3.5

White or reflective tiles or shingles 15.4 10.4 10.2 13.0 7.1 8.1

Aluminum coating 8.8 9.2 8.2 6.8 6.3 6.5

Ballasted roof system 14.8 9.5 9.8 13.9 6.7 10.2

Other cool roof property 29.3 19.2 26.3 28.7 13.6 17.8

Renovations since 2000 

(more than one may apply)

Any type of renovation 5.0 3.4 3.5 3.7 2.7 3.0

Addition or annex 9.4 6.0 5.7 7.6 4.7 4.8

Reduction in floorspace 22.2 13.2 18.0 20.4 10.7 12.7

Roof replacement 6.8 4.3 5.0 5.2 3.8 4.9

Interior wall reconfiguration 6.0 4.2 4.5 4.9 3.1 3.3

Window replacement 9.5 5.8 6.5 8.6 4.6 6.6

HVAC equipment upgrade 7.0 4.2 4.0 5.4 2.9 4.9

Lighting upgrade 5.9 3.9 3.8 4.5 2.8 3.0

Electrical upgrade 7.1 5.6 5.2 6.1 3.8 4.3

Plumbing system upgrade 7.8 5.2 5.3 6.9 3.4 4.8

Insulation upgrade 9.2 7.8 8.8 9.7 5.2 6.7

Fire, safety, or security upgrade 6.2 4.4 4.7 5.3 3.4 3.6

Structural upgrade 13.9 10.2 10.5 14.0 7.4 8.5

Other 29.5 14.9 15.3 27.3 10.5 24.5

No renovations 4.3 3.9 4.8 2.8 2.4 3.0

Buildings constructed 2013 or later 11.9 8.3 11.6 10.1 8.7 6.9
RSE

RSEs for 

number of 

buildings 

RSEs for

total

floorspace

RSEs for 

total

workers

RSEs for 

mean 

square feet

per building

RSEs for 

mean

square

feet per 

workera

RSEs for 

mean 

operating 

hours per 

week

All buildings 3.9 3.1 3.3 2.6 2.1 2.1

Relative standard errors (RSEs) for Table B1. Summary table: total and means of floorspace, number of 

workers, and hours of operation, 2018

Energy sources

(more than one may apply)

Electricity 3.9 3.0 3.3 2.6 2.1 2.0

Natural gas 4.8 3.4 3.4 3.2 2.4 2.4

Fuel oil 9.7 5.4 5.9 9.1 3.5 5.1

District heat 14.7 11.4 10.2 12.3 5.9 5.6

District chilled water 20.1 13.7 13.4 15.7 7.2 6.1

Propane 10.0 7.6 8.4 8.4 4.9 5.8

Wood 24.8 21.5 21.8 17.6 16.1 11.9

Coal 78.7 76.5 69.2 100.5 78.6 166.2

Solar 15.5 11.5 13.0 13.9 6.2 10.0

Other 22.9 18.2 21.0 16.5 15.7 15.1

Space-heating energy sources 

(more than one may apply)

Electricity 4.7 3.7 4.2 3.5 2.8 2.6

Natural gas 5.2 3.6 3.7 3.5 2.6 2.5

Fuel oil 13.9 11.6 14.6 12.2 9.4 6.9

District heat 15.4 11.6 10.1 12.9 6.1 5.9

Propane 13.5 13.1 14.4 11.2 8.6 9.1

Wood 27.2 27.3 26.5 12.1 18.8 10.7

Coal 62.8 64.3 62.8 6.6 6.6 0.0

Solar 90.2 61.7 69.1 362.5 109.1 49.3

Other 34.5 31.6 26.8 18.6 21.0 10.8

Primary space-heating 

energy source

Electricity 6.4 5.5 5.6 4.2 4.3 3.4

Natural gas 5.5 4.1 4.0 3.7 2.8 2.7

Fuel oil 16.1 15.3 14.7 13.2 9.4 7.4

District heat 15.8 12.6 11.7 13.9 6.3 5.8

Propane 17.5 16.9 19.2 11.4 11.7 14.1

Wood 33.4 32.9 38.7 14.2 35.2 9.0

Coal 62.8 64.3 62.8 6.6 6.6 0.0

Solar 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0

Other 42.1 51.1 38.7 20.9 29.2 7.8

Cooling energy sources

(more than one may apply)

Electricity 3.9 3.0 3.2 2.7 2.1 1.9

Natural gas 37.3 24.2 20.7 46.6 18.5 28.6

District chilled water 20.1 13.7 13.4 15.7 7.2 6.1
RSE

RSEs for 

number of 

buildings 

RSEs for

total

floorspace

RSEs for 

total

workers

RSEs for 

mean 

square feet

per building

RSEs for 

mean

square

feet per 

workera

RSEs for 

mean 

operating 

hours per 

week

All buildings 3.9 3.1 3.3 2.6 2.1 2.1

Relative standard errors (RSEs) for Table B1. Summary table: total and means of floorspace, number of 

workers, and hours of operation, 2018

Water-heating energy sources

(more than one may apply)

Electricity 4.0 3.6 3.7 3.2 2.8 2.8

Natural gas 5.5 3.7 4.1 3.8 2.5 2.4

Fuel oil 24.0 15.4 22.2 22.1 14.6 15.7

District heat 17.4 12.8 12.0 13.9 6.7 8.4

Propane 15.8 14.7 17.5 12.1 11.2 10.1

Cooking energy sources

(more than one may apply)

Electricity 5.7 3.9 4.4 4.2 2.8 3.1

Natural gas 5.4 3.4 4.1 4.8 2.8 3.5

Propane 14.8 11.7 13.8 12.1 9.3 7.6

Energy end uses

(more than one may apply)

Buildings with space heating 4.1 3.0 3.3 2.8 2.2 1.8

Buildings with cooling 3.9 3.0 3.3 2.6 2.0 1.9

Buildings with water heating 3.9 2.9 3.3 2.6 2.1 1.9

Buildings with cooking 5.0 3.1 3.6 3.7 2.2 2.9

Buildings with manufacturing 11.3 7.9 9.7 10.6 6.3 4.7

Buildings with electricity

generation 7.4 4.4 4.9 6.7 3.2 4.7

Buildings with lighting 3.9 3.0 3.3 2.7 2.1 1.9

Percentage of floorspace heated

Not heated 8.2 10.0 13.0 5.8 9.5 7.2

1 to 50% 8.5 7.1 8.8 7.2 7.1 4.9

51 to 99% 6.7 5.3 5.8 5.6 4.0 3.7

100% 4.1 3.2 3.7 2.9 2.6 2.1

Percentage of floorspace cooled

Not cooled 7.1 8.0 10.8 5.9 9.9 7.3

1 to 50% 5.9 5.2 5.1 5.2 3.6 3.1

51 to 99% 6.6 5.1 5.6 5.1 3.1 3.1

100% 4.3 3.5 4.3 3.2 3.0 2.6

Percentage lit when open

0% 35.1 38.5 48.3 25.5 41.5 13.4

1 to 50% 6.7 6.0 6.9 5.1 7.0 3.3

51 to 99% 4.8 3.6 4.3 3.8 2.5 2.7

100% 4.7 3.8 4.1 3.8 2.8 2.7

Building never open or electricity

not used 11.6 12.1 21.4 7.1 16.0 17.9
RSE

RSEs for 

number of 

buildings 

RSEs for

total

floorspace

RSEs for 

total

workers

RSEs for 

mean 

square feet

per building

RSEs for 

mean

square

feet per 

workera

RSEs for 

mean 

operating 

hours per 

week

All buildings 3.9 3.1 3.3 2.6 2.1 2.1

Relative standard errors (RSEs) for Table B1. Summary table: total and means of floorspace, number of 

workers, and hours of operation, 2018

Percentage lit during off hours

0% 6.5 6.7 6.9 3.9 5.0 4.6

1 to 50% 3.8 3.0 3.6 2.8 2.3 2.0

51 to 100% 10.6 6.7 8.1 10.4 6.1 9.1

Building always open with 

no off hours 15.2 11.6 12.7 14.5 11.7 0.0

Electricity not used 16.0 17.6 29.5 10.1 23.1 15.1

Heating equipment 

(more than one may apply)

Packaged heating units 4.0 3.6 3.8 3.2 2.9 2.2

Furnaces 7.2 5.7 6.8 5.2 4.8 4.0

Individual space heaters 5.9 4.8 6.3 4.2 4.2 2.8

Boilers 6.2 4.0 4.6 5.2 2.8 3.5

Heat pumps 7.7 5.4 5.7 6.3 4.1 5.1

District heat 15.4 11.6 10.1 12.9 6.1 5.9

Duct reheat 12.6 7.0 8.1 11.4 5.0 9.2

Other 46.4 24.1 25.7 41.4 13.0 17.9

Cooling equipment 

(more than one may apply)

Packaged air-conditioning units 4.3 3.4 3.6 3.4 2.6 2.3

Residential-type central air

conditioners 7.6 5.2 5.9 4.9 3.9 4.6

Individual air conditioners 6.6 5.3 5.8 5.4 4.4 3.7

Central chillers 9.0 5.0 5.1 8.4 3.1 4.8

Heat pumps 11.0 6.8 7.4 9.6 5.3 6.7

District chilled water 20.1 13.7 13.4 15.7 7.2 6.1

Swamp coolers 12.8 13.1 14.2 11.3 10.1 11.2

Other 53.2 36.4 43.3 67.0 14.4 23.8

HVAC features 

(more than one may apply)

Economizer cycle 5.6 3.9 4.6 5.2 2.8 3.3

Variable air volume (VAV) system 8.4 4.9 5.7 7.1 3.0 3.8

Dedicated outside air system (DOAS) 11.0 7.8 9.0 10.1 5.7 7.4

Demand controlled ventilation (DCV) 8.8 5.5 7.2 7.7 5.2 6.0

Regular HVAC maintenance 4.2 3.2 3.7 2.9 2.3 1.7

Building automation system (BAS) 

controls heating or cooling 6.4 3.7 4.5 5.0 2.5 2.9

Internet-connected or smart

thermostat 12.2 10.5 13.9 8.6 8.6 6.5

Programmable thermostat 4.7 5.4 5.2 3.8 4.2 3.2
RSE

RSEs for 

number of 

buildings 

RSEs for

total

floorspace

RSEs for 

total

workers

RSEs for 

mean 

square feet

per building

RSEs for 

mean

square

feet per 

workera

RSEs for 

mean 

operating 

hours per 

week

All buildings 3.9 3.1 3.3 2.6 2.1 2.1

Relative standard errors (RSEs) for Table B1. Summary table: total and means of floorspace, number of 

workers, and hours of operation, 2018

Main equipment replaced since 

2000 (more than one may apply)

Heating 4.9 3.8 4.0 3.7 3.0 3.3

Cooling 4.8 4.3 5.1 4.4 3.3 3.3

Water-heating equipment

Centralized system 4.4 3.4 4.2 2.7 2.5 2.4

Distributed system 8.9 6.4 7.6 6.7 4.8 3.8

Combination of centralized and

distributed systems 8.8 5.2 6.1 7.2 4.4 5.3

Generation technologies 

(more than one may apply)

Reciprocating engine generators 8.8 4.8 5.1 8.1 3.6 5.6

Solar panels 15.4 11.5 13.3 13.6 6.4 9.8

Other generation technology 21.4 14.4 16.6 16.9 8.6 10.7

Lighting equipment types

(more than one may apply)

Incandescent 7.8 4.5 5.9 6.2 4.0 4.5

Standard fluorescent 4.2 3.4 3.6 2.8 2.3 2.3

Compact fluorescent 5.2 4.2 5.1 4.5 2.7 3.3

High-intensity discharge (HID) 9.8 7.1 8.0 9.1 5.4 7.7

Halogen 8.0 4.2 4.5 7.6 4.1 4.8

LED 3.6 2.9 3.6 3.0 2.3 2.1

Other 57.3 24.1 35.0 71.8 19.9 10.3

Refrigeration equipment

(more than one may apply)

Any refrigeration 4.1 3.0 3.5 2.8 2.2 1.8

Walk-in units 5.4 3.4 3.8 4.8 2.5 2.1

Cases or cabinets 5.8 3.7 4.1 4.6 2.8 3.0

Large cold storage areas 17.2 11.3 11.7 16.6 6.6 6.3

Commercial ice makers 5.5 3.5 4.4 4.7 2.8 2.6

Residential-type or compact units 4.3 3.2 3.8 3.1 2.5 2.1

Vending machines 6.1 3.8 4.5 5.0 2.8 2.5

No refrigeration 5.3 5.3 6.8 4.6 6.4 5.3
RSE

RSEs for 

number of 

buildings 

RSEs for

total

floorspace

RSEs for 

total

workers

RSEs for 

mean 

square feet

per building

RSEs for 

mean

square

feet per 

workera

RSEs for 

mean 

operating 

hours per 

week

All buildings 3.9 3.1 3.3 2.6 2.1 2.1

Relative standard errors (RSEs) for Table B1. Summary table: total and means of floorspace, number of 

workers, and hours of operation, 2018

Office equipment

(more than one may apply)

Desktop computers 4.0 2.9 3.4 2.7 2.1 1.8

With multiple monitors 5.0 3.5 4.1 3.9 2.3 2.8

Laptop computers 4.0 3.0 3.6 2.9 2.3 2.0

Dedicated servers 4.9 3.3 3.7 4.1 2.5 2.3

Tablets charged in building 4.4 3.3 4.1 3.7 2.2 2.7

Large floor-standing office devicesc 4.4 3.0 3.6 3.7 2.3 2.3

Smaller desktop office devicesc 4.1 3.1 3.7 2.7 2.2 1.9

Interactive whiteboards 8.7 4.5 5.2 7.5 3.4 4.2

Televisions or video displays 3.8 3.0 3.7 3.0 2.4 1.8

Point-of-sale devices or cash 

registers 5.2 3.4 4.0 4.4 2.8 2.4

Food preparation or serving areas 

in non-food service buildings

(more than one may apply)

Snack bar, concession stand, or coffee 

shop 11.0 6.7 8.5 11.3 5.0 6.2

Fast food or small restaurant 9.4 5.9 7.0 9.9 4.9 5.1

Cafeteria or large restaurant 7.7 4.6 5.5 7.2 3.8 5.6

Commercial kitchen or

food preparation area 8.5 4.4 5.0 7.3 3.0 5.1

Small kitchen area 6.5 4.7 5.9 5.1 3.6 4.3

Separate computer areas

(more than one may apply)

Server closet 5.3 3.4 3.7 4.4 2.5 2.2

Data center 13.1 6.7 6.3 13.4 4.7 10.0

Computer-based training room 8.4 4.6 5.0 7.6 3.2 4.2

Student or public computer center 8.0 4.6 5.2 8.4 3.2 4.7
RSE

RSEs for 

number of 

buildings 

RSEs for

total

floorspace

RSEs for 

total

workers

RSEs for 

mean 

square feet

per building

RSEs for 

mean

square

feet per 

workera

RSEs for 

mean 

operating 

hours per 

week

All buildings 3.9 3.1 3.3 2.6 2.1 2.1

Relative standard errors (RSEs) for Table B1. Summary table: total and means of floorspace, number of 

workers, and hours of operation, 2018

Window and interior lighting 

features (more than one may

apply)

Multipaned windows 4.2 3.2 3.7 2.9 2.4 2.1

Tinted window glass 4.2 3.4 3.9 3.5 2.6 2.9

Reflective window glass 7.0 5.6 5.6 5.6 3.5 4.1

External overhangs or awnings 5.0 4.5 4.3 3.6 2.6 3.2

Skylights or atriums 7.1 4.5 6.1 7.1 4.5 3.7

Light scheduling 5.2 4.1 4.9 4.6 2.9 3.2

Occupancy sensors 6.5 3.8 4.5 5.3 2.5 2.8

Multilevel lighting or dimming 10.0 6.6 8.0 7.9 4.6 5.9

Daylight harvesting 12.0 6.3 8.3 11.2 5.1 7.3

Plug-load control 18.4 12.2 14.5 19.6 10.0 12.4

Demand responsive lighting 30.7 15.2 14.2 23.2 11.5 20.6

Building automation system (BAS) for 

lighting 9.3 5.2 6.2 8.0 4.1 5.0

Electric vehicle (EV) charging

Charging stations associated with the 

building 11.5 7.2 9.2 11.1 6.2 7.2

Data source: U.S. Energy Information Administration, Forms EIA-871A of the 2018 Commercial Buildings Energy Consumption Survey 

Note: RSE is a measure of the reliability or precision of a survey statistic. Variability occurs in survey statistics because the different samples that 

could be drawn would each produce different values for the survey statistics. Estimation of Standard Errors and What is a Relative Standard 

Error (RSE)? contain more information on how RSEs are estimated and used. Both references can be accessed from 

https://www.eia.gov/consumption/commercial/survey-background-technical-information.php.

a

Buildings with zero workers are excluded from this column. 

b

Climate zones are based on ASHRAE Standard 169-2021; see https://www.eia.gov/consumption/commercial/maps.php#defined. c

Office devices refers to any combination of printers, copiers, scanners, or FAX machines.