Release date: September 2021

Revised date: December 2022

All

buildings

1,001

to

5,000 

square 

feet

5,001

to

10,000 

square 

feet

10,001

to

25,000 

square 

feet

25,001

to

50,000 

square 

feet

50,001

to

 100,000 

square 

feet

100,001

to

200,000 

square 

feet

200,001

to

500,000 

square 

feet

Over

500,000 

square 

feet

All buildings 5,918 2,833 1,359 981 386 218 93 40 9

Principal building activity

Education 437 148 98 63 39 57 25 7 0

Food sales 163 121 Q Q Q Q Q Q N

Food service 286 195 80 Q Q Q Q N N

Health care 137 57 36 21 10 7 3 3 1

Inpatient 9 N N Q Q Q 1 2 1

Outpatient 129 57 36 20 9 5 1 0 Q

Lodging 207 Q Q 42 42 23 9 3 1

Mercantile 517 181 105 141 48 23 13 5 1

Retail (other than mall) 350 163 74 75 22 8 6 3 N

Enclosed and strip malls 167 Q Q 66 26 15 7 3 1

Office 970 518 198 137 53 35 17 9 2

Public assembly 488 215 115 95 44 14 3 1 1

Public order and safety 81 Q Q Q Q Q Q 1 Q

Religious worship 439 167 103 121 39 8 Q Q N

Service 867 517 216 100 24 9 Q Q Q

Warehouse and storage 1,004 437 255 194 60 33 15 8 2

Other 113 Q Q Q Q Q 3 2 Q

Vacant 208 131 Q Q Q Q Q Q Q

Year constructed

Before 1920 329 192 64 45 19 5 3 1 Q

1920 to 1945 379 209 80 58 12 12 5 2 1

1946 to 1959 517 267 114 83 25 19 7 2 Q

1960 to 1969 685 328 164 116 46 19 7 5 1

1970 to 1979 831 399 208 124 54 27 11 6 1

1980 to 1989 794 372 206 112 54 31 13 5 1

1990 to 1999 921 409 203 174 79 33 16 6 1

2000 to 2009 924 411 175 203 63 44 18 8 2

2010 to 2018 537 246 145 66 35 27 13 5 1

Census region

Northeast 793 373 157 145 58 30 19 8 2

Midwest 1,719 810 416 288 115 57 20 10 2

South 2,143 1,076 459 338 128 89 36 15 3

West 1,264 573 328 209 86 41 18 7 2

Climate zonea

Cold or very cold 539 270 115 100 29 14 7 2 Q

Cool 1,727 812 420 271 131 58 23 11 2

Mixed mild 1,216 578 247 208 84 55 28 12 4

Warm 1,606 754 390 266 99 61 24 10 2

Hot or very hot 831 419 187 136 42 30 11 5 1

Table B6. Building size, number of buildings, 2018

Number of buildings (thousand)

Building size
All

buildings

1,001

to

5,000 

square 

feet

5,001

to

10,000 

square 

feet

10,001

to

25,000 

square 

feet

25,001

to

50,000 

square 

feet

50,001

to

 100,000 

square 

feet

100,001

to

200,000 

square 

feet

200,001

to

500,000 

square 

feet

Over

500,000 

square 

feet

All buildings 5,918 2,833 1,359 981 386 218 93 40 9

Table B6. Building size, number of buildings, 2018

Number of buildings (thousand)

Building size

Number of floors

1 4,106 2,227 998 581 172 87 28 11 2

2 1,286 476 297 300 122 57 26 7 1

3 370 117 55 80 67 35 10 5 1

4 to 9 142 Q Q 20 25 37 24 11 2

10 or more 16 N N N N Q 4 6 3

Elevators and escalators 

(more than one may apply)

Any elevators 503 Q 45 147 119 95 54 27 7

1 elevator 366 Q 44 142 96 50 20 4 1

2 to 5 elevators 121 N Q Q 23 45 32 14 1

6 or more elevators 16 N N N N Q 2 9 5

Any escalators 14 Q N Q Q Q Q 2 2

Number of workers (main shift)

Fewer than 5 3,270 2,080 730 366 78 14 Q 1 Q

5 to 9 1,116 559 301 192 49 10 4 Q N

10 to 19 713 173 223 200 84 26 5 1 Q

20 to 49 492 Q 97 175 107 70 17 3 Q

50 to 99 201 N Q 47 51 62 27 6 1

100 to 249 90 N N Q 16 31 25 15 2

250 or more 37 N N N Q 5 13 13 6

Weekly operating hours

Fewer than 40 1,370 837 303 172 39 14 4 2 Q

40 to 48 1,483 711 376 252 78 46 16 5 Q

49 to 60 1,250 524 272 257 99 62 25 9 1

61 to 84 645 264 152 115 57 31 17 8 2

85 to 167 465 220 106 51 43 27 12 5 1

Open continuously 705 277 150 134 71 38 18 12 4

Ownership and occupancy

Nongovernment owned 4,982 2,390 1,174 855 321 143 63 29 7

Owner occupied 3,249 1,565 791 557 203 82 34 13 4

Leased to tenant or tenants 1,581 727 339 294 115 59 28 15 3

Unoccupied 152 98 Q Q Q Q Q Q Q

Government owned 937 443 185 126 65 75 30 11 2

Federal 70 Q Q Q Q Q Q 1 1

State 256 113 Q 30 19 28 9 4 1

Local 610 290 124 89 38 43 19 6 1

Party responsible for operation of 

energy systems

Building owner 4,872 2,344 1,149 769 307 184 78 34 7

Business owner or tenant 831 379 182 169 61 24 10 4 1

Property management 97 Q Q Q Q 4 2 1 Q

Other 118 Q Q 28 10 5 3 1 Q
All

buildings

1,001

to

5,000 

square 

feet

5,001

to

10,000 

square 

feet

10,001

to

25,000 

square 

feet

25,001

to

50,000 

square 

feet

50,001

to

 100,000 

square 

feet

100,001

to

200,000 

square 

feet

200,001

to

500,000 

square 

feet

Over

500,000 

square 

feet

All buildings 5,918 2,833 1,359 981 386 218 93 40 9

Table B6. Building size, number of buildings, 2018

Number of buildings (thousand)

Building size

Provider of direct input on energyrelated equipment purchases

Building owner 5,127 2,445 1,211 837 321 189 80 35 7

Business owner or tenant 483 234 103 84 38 14 7 3 1

Property management 49 Q Q Q Q Q Q 1 Q

Other 260 128 41 50 23 13 4 2 1

Number of establishments

1 4,719 2,456 1,068 679 280 150 61 21 4

2 to 5 811 263 218 212 59 34 15 8 2

6 to 10 135 N Q 67 25 16 6 4 1

11 to 20 63 Q Q Q 15 11 6 2 1

More than 20 19 N Q Q Q 5 4 4 2

Currently unoccupied 170 111 Q Q Q Q Q Q Q

Campus or complex activity

Not part of a campus or complex 3,622 1,841 771 560 239 128 56 24 4

Primary or secondary school 247 101 60 42 18 17 7 3 Q

College or university 103 Q Q Q 15 15 7 2 Q

Office complex 141 61 Q Q 12 8 6 2 1

Retail complex 250 103 Q 54 21 11 5 2 Q

Storage complex 418 157 133 98 Q 8 4 2 Q

Religious campus or complex 253 82 79 69 16 5 Q Q Q

Health care complex 60 Q Q Q Q 4 2 2 1

Lodging or resort complex 102 55 Q Q 16 Q Q Q Q

Transportation complex 36 Q Q Q Q Q Q Q Q

Government complex 124 80 Q Q Q Q 2 1 Q

Other type of campus or complex 563 291 138 87 27 14 3 2 Q

Predominant exterior wall material

Brick, stone, or stucco 2,490 1,050 574 469 205 121 50 18 3

Concrete (block or poured) 935 370 224 177 84 48 22 9 2

Concrete panels 137 Q Q 31 22 20 10 7 2

Siding or shingles 948 661 179 71 29 Q Q 1 Q

Metal panels 1,250 647 333 204 42 17 4 2 1

Window glass 19 Q Q Q Q Q 3 2 1

Other 139 73 Q Q Q Q 2 2 Q
All

buildings

1,001

to

5,000 

square 

feet

5,001

to

10,000 

square 

feet

10,001

to

25,000 

square 

feet

25,001

to

50,000 

square 

feet

50,001

to

 100,000 

square 

feet

100,001

to

200,000 

square 

feet

200,001

to

500,000 

square 

feet

Over

500,000 

square 

feet

All buildings 5,918 2,833 1,359 981 386 218 93 40 9

Table B6. Building size, number of buildings, 2018

Number of buildings (thousand)

Building size

Predominant roof material

Metal surfacing 2,198 1,157 555 355 86 33 8 3 1

Synthetic or rubber 940 327 166 172 121 84 46 20 4

Built-up 708 259 149 145 65 55 22 10 3

Slate or tile shingles 376 200 83 62 22 6 3 0 Q

Wooden materials (including

shingles) 166 90 Q 35 Q Q Q Q Q

Asphalt, fiberglass, or 

other shingles 1,311 698 319 191 66 24 8 4 0

Concrete 83 Q Q Q 12 Q 3 1 Q

Other 136 56 Q Q Q 8 3 2 0

Roof tilt

Flat 1,914 719 404 337 200 146 69 32 7

Shallow pitch 2,313 1,117 589 406 123 52 17 7 1

Steeper pitch 1,691 997 365 237 63 20 6 1 Q

Cool roof characteristics (more than one 

may apply)

White or reflective coating or paint 1,285 478 267 273 119 87 39 18 4

White or reflective tiles or shingles 140 69 Q Q 14 7 4 1 Q

Aluminum coating 528 276 134 73 27 11 4 1 Q

Ballasted roof system 114 Q Q 31 15 14 7 4 1

Other cool roof property 35 Q Q Q Q Q Q 1 0

Renovations since 2000 

(more than one may apply)

Any type of renovation 2,032 855 454 362 176 103 51 24 6

Addition or annex 327 95 81 62 44 24 15 5 2

Reduction in floorspace 35 Q Q Q Q Q Q 1 1

Roof replacement 847 347 201 142 71 49 22 13 3

Interior wall reconfiguration 709 261 149 139 72 49 23 12 4

Window replacement 484 198 122 91 32 24 10 5 2

HVAC equipment upgrade 1,006 333 268 197 97 59 31 17 4

Lighting upgrade 1,012 366 242 178 105 66 32 18 5

Electrical upgrade 565 225 151 82 43 31 18 10 3

Plumbing system upgrade 584 245 143 87 49 31 16 10 3

Insulation upgrade 307 136 67 57 18 13 10 4 1

Fire, safety, or security upgrade 570 196 105 117 65 48 24 14 3

Structural upgrade 147 54 Q Q 13 6 4 2 1

Other 43 Q Q Q Q Q 2 1 Q

No renovations 3,530 1,832 795 575 186 95 33 12 2

Buildings constructed 2013 or later 357 146 110 44 23 19 9 4 1
All

buildings

1,001

to

5,000 

square 

feet

5,001

to

10,000 

square 

feet

10,001

to

25,000 

square 

feet

25,001

to

50,000 

square 

feet

50,001

to

 100,000 

square 

feet

100,001

to

200,000 

square 

feet

200,001

to

500,000 

square 

feet

Over

500,000 

square 

feet

All buildings 5,918 2,833 1,359 981 386 218 93 40 9

Table B6. Building size, number of buildings, 2018

Number of buildings (thousand)

Building size

Energy sources 

(more than one may apply)

Electricity 5,613 2,631 1,288 949 385 217 93 40 9

Natural gas 2,974 1,123 679 595 291 171 75 33 7

Fuel oil 583 242 104 107 48 39 23 14 5

District heat 86 Q Q Q 10 15 7 5 2

District chilled water 55 Q Q Q 8 11 6 3 1

Propane 676 358 140 110 35 19 8 4 1

Solar 99 Q Q 29 10 5 5 2 1

Wood, coal, and other 180 76 71 Q Q Q Q Q Q

Space-heating energy sources

(more than one may apply)

Electricity 2,563 1,195 540 450 205 105 46 19 4

Natural gas 2,587 952 590 549 251 145 66 28 5

Fuel oil 266 153 52 36 Q 7 4 2 1

District heat 83 Q Q Q 10 15 7 4 2

Propane 431 253 96 60 15 Q 2 Q Q

Other sourcesb 127 64 Q Q Q Q Q Q N

Primary space-heating

energy source

Electricity 1,856 948 385 291 127 69 23 10 2

Natural gas 2,344 871 567 486 216 118 57 24 4

Fuel oil 222 143 Q 31 Q Q 2 Q Q

District heat 78 Q Q Q 9 14 7 4 2

Propane 338 224 68 Q Q Q Q Q Q

Other sourcesb 63 Q Q Q Q N Q Q N

Cooling energy sources 

(more than one may apply)

Electricity 4,584 2,025 1,025 844 357 203 86 35 8

Natural gas 4 Q N N Q Q Q Q Q

District chilled water 55 Q Q Q 8 11 6 3 1

Water-heating energy sources

(more than one may apply)

Electricity 2,785 1,295 618 501 203 99 45 20 4

Natural gas 1,885 638 451 388 196 128 56 24 4

Fuel oil 72 Q Q Q Q Q 3 1 0

District heat 38 N Q Q Q 9 5 3 1

Propane 145 64 Q 37 Q 5 Q Q Q

Cooking energy sources 

(more than one may apply)

Electricity 1,216 477 285 206 117 72 38 17 4

Natural gas 727 220 148 143 89 63 40 19 4

Propane 159 77 Q 33 Q 9 4 1 Q
All

buildings

1,001

to

5,000 

square 

feet

5,001

to

10,000 

square 

feet

10,001

to

25,000 

square 

feet

25,001

to

50,000 

square 

feet

50,001

to

 100,000 

square 

feet

100,001

to

200,000 

square 

feet

200,001

to

500,000 

square 

feet

Over

500,000 

square 

feet

All buildings 5,918 2,833 1,359 981 386 218 93 40 9

Table B6. Building size, number of buildings, 2018

Number of buildings (thousand)

Building size

Energy end uses 

(more than one may apply)

Buildings with space heating 4,901 2,229 1,093 869 366 208 90 39 9

Buildings with cooling 4,631 2,033 1,032 853 363 211 90 38 9

Buildings with water heating 4,595 1,984 1,053 848 363 209 90 39 9

Buildings with cooking 1,738 695 390 307 159 103 55 24 6

Buildings with manufacturing 322 139 56 65 35 17 6 3 1

Buildings with electricity

generation 706 189 156 152 80 66 37 20 6

Buildings with lighting 5,503 2,577 1,238 948 382 217 92 40 9

Percent of floorspace heated

Not heated 1,017 604 266 112 20 10 3 2 Q

1 to 50% 693 328 156 140 34 19 10 4 1

51 to 99% 905 329 246 167 83 47 20 10 3

100% 3,303 1,572 691 561 248 141 60 25 5

Percent of floorspace cooled

Not cooled 1,288 800 327 127 23 7 3 2 N

1 to 50% 1,111 419 298 251 70 45 17 7 2

51 to 99% 998 353 239 184 108 66 31 14 4

100% 2,522 1,261 495 419 185 100 43 17 3

Percent lit when open

0% Q Q Q N Q N Q Q N

1 to 50% 1,280 595 348 249 60 19 6 2 1

51 to 99% 1,784 712 387 360 161 96 43 20 4

100% 2,272 1,170 452 329 157 99 43 17 4

Building never open or electricity 

not used 513 332 129 Q Q Q Q Q Q

Percent lit during off hours

0% 2,062 1,217 522 239 64 16 4 2 Q

1 to 50% 3,246 1,279 720 665 285 181 77 32 7

51 to 100% 240 110 Q 40 24 16 9 5 1

Building always open with 

no off hours 64 Q Q Q Q 4 3 2 0

Electricity not used 305 201 Q Q Q Q Q Q N
All

buildings

1,001

to

5,000 

square 

feet

5,001

to

10,000 

square 

feet

10,001

to

25,000 

square 

feet

25,001

to

50,000 

square 

feet

50,001

to

 100,000 

square 

feet

100,001

to

200,000 

square 

feet

200,001

to

500,000 

square 

feet

Over

500,000 

square 

feet

All buildings 5,918 2,833 1,359 981 386 218 93 40 9

Table B6. Building size, number of buildings, 2018

Number of buildings (thousand)

Building size

Heating equipment (more than one may 

apply)

Packaged heating units 2,187 845 473 429 237 122 55 21 4

Furnaces 1,621 846 391 263 74 32 12 3 Q

Individual space heaters 1,246 554 283 233 102 46 18 8 2

Boilers 703 174 107 164 110 85 43 17 3

Heat pumps 673 265 145 145 55 35 18 9 2

District heat 83 Q Q Q 10 15 7 4 2

Duct reheat 134 Q Q 31 18 17 9 6 2

Other 17 N Q Q Q Q Q Q Q

Cooling equipment (more than one may 

apply)

Packaged air-conditioning units 2,565 927 602 530 270 145 62 24 6

Residential-type central air

conditioners 1,309 676 272 226 73 40 14 6 1

Individual air conditioners 735 358 143 124 54 33 17 5 1

Central chillers 202 Q Q 42 37 42 27 16 4

Heat pumps 492 177 121 120 28 27 12 6 2

District chilled water 55 Q Q Q 8 11 6 3 1

Swamp coolers 85 Q Q Q Q 6 2 1 Q

Other Q Q N Q Q N Q Q Q

HVAC features 

(more than one may apply)

Economizer cycle 747 155 135 181 113 87 48 22 6

Variable air volume (VAV) system 698 193 164 128 73 73 41 20 6

Dedicated outside air system (DOAS) 249 82 46 54 27 21 10 6 2

Demand controlled ventilation (DCV) 349 122 79 65 38 26 10 7 2

Regular HVAC maintenance 3,554 1,401 824 701 300 196 86 38 9

Building automation system (BAS) 

controls heating or cooling 933 261 147 211 116 104 60 27 7

Internet-connected or smart

thermostat 325 117 84 73 28 15 6 2 Q

Programmable thermostat 1,545 692 398 273 117 48 11 6 1

Main equipment replaced since 2000 

(more than one may apply)

Heating 1,937 818 506 346 153 67 32 14 2

Cooling 1,269 566 288 251 82 46 23 10 3

Water-heating equipment

Centralized system 3,538 1,562 836 650 262 144 59 22 4

Distributed system 782 357 173 137 60 35 12 7 2

Combination of centralized and 

distributed systems 274 65 44 61 41 30 20 10 3
All

buildings

1,001

to

5,000 

square 

feet

5,001

to

10,000 

square 

feet

10,001

to

25,000 

square 

feet

25,001

to

50,000 

square 

feet

50,001

to

 100,000 

square 

feet

100,001

to

200,000 

square 

feet

200,001

to

500,000 

square 

feet

Over

500,000 

square 

feet

All buildings 5,918 2,833 1,359 981 386 218 93 40 9

Table B6. Building size, number of buildings, 2018

Number of buildings (thousand)

Building size

Generation technologies (more than one 

may apply)

Reciprocating engine generators 580 157 132 116 64 57 30 17 6

Solar panels 94 Q Q 29 10 5 5 2 1

Other generation technology 43 Q Q Q Q Q 4 1 0

Lighting equipment types 

(more than one may apply)

Incandescent 1,100 491 268 181 78 49 21 10 2

Standard fluorescent 4,012 1,825 895 717 294 170 72 31 7

Compact fluorescent 1,130 385 235 240 121 83 40 21 5

High-intensity discharge 238 Q Q 55 30 26 14 7 2

Halogen 552 177 129 128 59 31 16 9 2

LED 2,593 1,007 554 531 239 154 68 33 8

Other Q Q N Q N Q Q Q N

Refrigeration equipment

(more than one may apply)

Any refrigeration 3,850 1,696 828 692 320 186 84 36 8

Walk-in units 706 250 140 98 68 79 45 22 5

Cases or cabinets 837 301 176 144 81 71 39 19 5

Large cold storage areas 69 Q Q Q Q 9 5 2 1

Commercial ice makers 872 269 157 175 106 89 47 23 6

Residential-type or compact units 3,321 1,481 685 621 284 148 66 28 7

Vending machines 800 168 95 190 135 115 61 29 7

No refrigeration 2,068 1,137 531 289 66 32 9 4 Q

Office equipment

(more than one may apply)

Desktop computers 3,804 1,467 900 751 346 204 88 38 8

With multiple monitors 1,504 462 292 332 177 139 63 32 8

Laptop computers 2,786 957 668 579 281 177 80 36 8

Dedicated servers 1,400 345 292 314 199 146 65 31 7

Tablets charged in building 1,556 478 331 347 166 134 65 28 6

Large floor-standing office devicesc 1,456 326 302 354 210 154 70 31 8

Smaller desktop office devicesc 3,560 1,490 769 696 305 178 79 35 8

Interactive whiteboards 262 Q Q 50 40 55 27 12 3

Televisions or video displays 2,451 878 531 508 252 163 79 32 8

Point-of-sale devices or cash 

registers 1,420 656 282 224 118 75 40 20 5
All

buildings

1,001

to

5,000 

square 

feet

5,001

to

10,000 

square 

feet

10,001

to

25,000 

square 

feet

25,001

to

50,000 

square 

feet

50,001

to

 100,000 

square 

feet

100,001

to

200,000 

square 

feet

200,001

to

500,000 

square 

feet

Over

500,000 

square 

feet

All buildings 5,918 2,833 1,359 981 386 218 93 40 9

Table B6. Building size, number of buildings, 2018

Number of buildings (thousand)

Building size

Food preparation or serving areas 

in non-food service buildings

(more than one may apply)

Snack bar, concession stand, or coffee 

shop 144 Q Q 29 22 19 13 8 3

Fast food or small restaurant 160 46 Q 31 23 14 12 8 3

Cafeteria or large restaurant 129 N Q Q 23 37 23 11 4

Commercial kitchen or 

food preparation area 284 Q Q 93 45 43 26 14 3

Small kitchen area 1,018 426 252 175 91 43 21 8 2

Separate computer areas

(more than one may apply)

Server closet 1,237 284 267 254 182 147 67 29 7

Data center 116 Q Q Q 13 17 14 10 4

Computer-based training room 228 Q Q 48 34 45 25 12 4

Student or public computer center 236 Q Q 46 34 40 22 10 1

Window and interior lighting 

features (more than one may

apply)

Multipaned windows 3,527 1,437 800 699 292 180 80 32 8

Tinted window glass 1,679 552 386 391 162 110 49 25 6

Reflective window glass 497 113 102 142 61 40 24 11 2

External overhangs or awnings 1,513 679 311 288 122 70 28 12 3

Skylights or atriums 509 146 102 121 63 38 22 14 4

Light scheduling 910 255 179 213 108 83 47 21 5

Occupancy sensors 1,025 219 195 257 132 123 62 30 7

Multilevel lighting or dimming 332 88 78 65 35 35 18 11 3

Daylight harvesting 138 Q Q 32 14 12 9 7 2

Plug-load control 58 Q Q Q Q Q 3 1 0

Demand responsive lighting 98 Q Q Q Q Q 2 1 0

Building automation system (BAS) for 

lighting 317 71 Q 84 39 37 25 12 4

Electric vehicle (EV) charging

Charging stations associated with the 

building 132 Q Q 31 24 18 10 8 3

Data source: U.S. Energy Information Administration, Form EIA-871A of the 2018 Commercial Buildings Energy Consumption Survey 

Notes: Because of rounding, data may not sum to totals. The Guide to the 2018 CBECS Tables and CBECS Terminology contain definitions of terms used in these tables 

and comparisons between previous CBECS tables. You can access both references from http://www.eia.gov/consumption/commercial/data/2018/. 

Data are sample survey estimates with relative standard errors published in a tab on the Excel worksheet for this table. 

a

Climate zones are based on ASHRAE Standard 169-2021; see https://www.eia.gov/consumption/commercial/maps.php#defined. b

Other sources includes wood, coal, solar, and all other energy sources. c

Office devices refers to any combination of printers, copiers, scanners, or FAX machines.

Q = Data withheld either because the relative standard error was greater than 50% or the reporting sample had fewer than 20 buildings. 

N = No buildings in reporting sample.
RSE

Release date: September 2021

Revised date: December 2022

All

buildings

1,001

to

5,000 

square 

feet

5,001

to

10,000 

square 

feet

10,001

to

25,000 

square 

feet

25,001

to

50,000 

square 

feet

50,001

to 

100,000 

square 

feet

100,001

to

200,000 

square 

feet

200,001

to

500,000 

square 

feet

Over

500,000 

square 

feet

All buildings 3.9 4.9 5.9 5.6 5.6 5.3 5.6 5.0 7.8

Principal building activity

Education 7.8 16.2 20.5 17.7 11.4 8.9 10.7 7.4 23.8

Food sales 14.3 16.0 28.7 45.9 59.1 50.2 39.4 34.2 0.0

Food service 7.7 9.6 13.7 26.6 78.5 77.9 77.0 0.0 0.0

Health care 9.8 17.9 22.6 21.6 20.8 17.3 14.8 12.4 9.8

Inpatient 19.4 0.0 0.0 91.5 72.2 35.3 23.4 13.8 9.8

Outpatient 10.3 17.9 22.6 21.6 23.8 20.6 18.0 30.2 45.8

Lodging 9.4 22.5 34.1 15.9 18.5 14.5 15.2 16.7 38.3

Mercantile 7.3 12.3 20.7 13.8 12.8 17.5 13.1 13.7 21.7

Retail (other than mall) 10.1 13.0 26.3 17.6 19.1 27.4 14.0 13.3 0.0

Enclosed and strip malls 7.6 24.7 30.9 20.3 16.4 19.6 20.4 22.9 21.7

Office 7.2 11.3 11.7 14.9 13.9 14.1 10.7 9.9 12.6

Public assembly 9.1 17.8 13.7 14.8 13.6 12.5 18.5 21.9 22.9

Public order and safety 20.2 36.9 52.7 32.2 37.0 45.5 30.5 31.5 75.3

Religious worship 9.5 15.9 22.7 12.4 18.6 21.8 37.5 46.8 0.0

Service 7.4 9.2 15.3 16.9 21.7 21.1 52.6 86.2 70.6

Warehouse and storage 7.4 11.1 14.8 13.2 17.9 15.1 15.3 13.4 18.7

Other 17.1 26.9 31.1 37.6 38.6 38.2 31.7 27.1 67.1

Vacant 17.2 21.6 37.5 54.5 52.2 38.2 34.7 37.3 59.2

Year constructed

Before 1920 12.8 17.2 19.8 19.3 27.0 26.2 30.8 39.3 49.6

1920 to 1945 10.7 13.9 21.7 19.1 22.2 20.9 19.3 13.7 26.2

1946 to 1959 8.1 12.8 18.8 16.8 17.2 17.0 22.2 18.6 35.3

1960 to 1969 6.4 9.4 14.8 13.9 14.3 13.9 14.8 12.6 23.1

1970 to 1979 7.4 11.7 14.7 14.4 16.3 12.8 15.2 15.2 13.4

1980 to 1989 7.0 11.4 13.9 13.5 13.1 12.1 12.3 9.8 17.0

1990 to 1999 7.5 10.2 16.7 15.1 14.1 11.5 10.5 8.8 14.3

2000 to 2009 8.0 10.8 16.1 12.9 14.2 10.0 10.9 10.5 18.8

2010 to 2018 11.0 15.7 19.9 18.9 14.8 13.7 16.1 15.9 24.5

Census region

Northeast 9.9 12.9 14.6 12.6 12.5 12.7 10.8 11.7 15.2

Midwest 10.9 13.2 16.6 13.0 12.9 14.1 11.0 11.8 13.5

South 7.7 9.3 9.9 10.5 9.8 8.6 10.0 7.6 14.7

West 8.1 9.6 10.2 11.4 12.0 10.3 12.5 11.4 24.3

Climate zonea

Cold or very cold 18.8 23.2 23.7 20.4 32.0 17.6 25.1 25.1 35.9

Cool 11.8 13.9 18.0 10.5 12.2 15.0 11.2 13.7 13.5

Mixed mild 15.1 17.3 20.3 17.2 14.5 15.1 12.6 10.6 14.1

Warm 11.4 13.3 13.7 11.4 12.3 14.7 16.5 10.9 22.1

Hot or very hot 18.8 21.3 21.2 22.0 21.8 14.5 15.0 14.1 16.1

Relative Standard Errors (RSEs) for Table B6. Building size, number of buildings, 2018

RSEs for number of buildings 

Building size
RSE

All

buildings

1,001

to

5,000 

square 

feet

5,001

to

10,000 

square 

feet

10,001

to

25,000 

square 

feet

25,001

to

50,000 

square 

feet

50,001

to 

100,000 

square 

feet

100,001

to

200,000 

square 

feet

200,001

to

500,000 

square 

feet

Over

500,000 

square 

feet

All buildings 3.9 4.9 5.9 5.6 5.6 5.3 5.6 5.0 7.8

Relative Standard Errors (RSEs) for Table B6. Building size, number of buildings, 2018

RSEs for number of buildings 

Building size

Number of floors

1 4.3 5.0 6.9 7.0 8.3 7.6 11.4 10.0 23.3

2 5.8 9.7 12.1 9.3 11.5 8.1 10.2 10.9 19.5

3 10.5 17.7 24.0 13.9 12.9 14.6 13.5 11.9 25.6

4 to 9 9.4 41.8 31.0 45.2 16.5 9.7 10.7 9.1 11.5

10 or more 9.8 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 25.6 17.3 11.9 11.2

Elevators and escalators 

(more than one may apply)

Any elevators 6.5 56.5 30.2 13.4 9.2 7.0 6.2 5.7 8.2

1 elevator 7.7 56.5 30.9 14.4 9.9 8.7 10.0 13.4 25.2

2 to 5 elevators 6.7 0.0 73.0 39.9 20.8 9.8 7.9 8.4 24.6

6 or more elevators 7.8 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 98.6 27.5 9.1 8.3

Any escalators 28.9 85.2 0.0 53.5 60.5 45.7 42.8 17.8 14.0

Number of workers (main shift)

Fewer than 5 5.5 6.0 9.5 8.4 14.7 18.9 28.6 35.4 82.0

5 to 9 6.1 8.2 11.7 11.9 14.9 19.2 22.0 37.4 0.0

10 to 19 6.5 15.9 9.8 13.7 13.5 15.3 23.0 31.9 59.9

20 to 49 6.3 32.4 16.9 10.3 8.1 9.3 12.1 13.4 49.6

50 to 99 6.7 0.0 22.3 20.8 12.0 8.0 9.6 14.2 34.1

100 to 249 7.1 0.0 0.0 48.7 21.3 12.0 8.8 7.1 19.7

250 or more 7.2 0.0 0.0 0.0 61.6 29.3 11.1 7.5 7.6

Weekly operating hours

Fewer than 40 6.1 7.8 12.1 12.7 17.6 17.0 18.4 19.5 38.5

40 to 48 6.2 8.7 12.4 11.5 11.8 12.2 13.8 12.7 35.9

49 to 60 5.2 9.3 11.4 10.9 12.3 9.2 9.1 9.8 13.8

61 to 84 7.6 12.0 16.4 12.6 11.9 14.0 10.9 11.0 17.5

85 to 167 8.6 12.5 18.6 19.9 16.2 12.7 15.2 10.6 19.5

Open continuously 8.1 13.3 19.0 15.7 13.2 10.6 9.4 8.2 10.9

Ownership and occupancy

Nongovernment owned 3.8 5.0 6.1 5.5 6.4 6.6 6.6 6.4 8.7

Owner occupied 4.3 6.1 8.3 5.7 8.2 7.8 8.3 7.9 10.3

Leased to tenant or tenants 5.5 6.8 11.3 10.7 9.8 9.5 9.5 9.0 15.0

Unoccupied 20.3 25.6 40.4 74.4 64.5 64.1 47.5 52.5 50.2

Government owned 9.5 13.5 18.6 14.7 9.8 8.6 9.0 9.0 16.2

Federal 26.0 37.4 52.6 43.3 34.1 31.1 32.3 23.6 30.1

State 12.9 21.9 27.7 28.5 24.5 15.8 17.2 20.3 33.0

Local 10.1 14.4 20.9 15.2 11.6 10.4 11.1 9.3 19.6

Party responsible for operation of 

energy systems

Building owner 4.4 5.7 6.9 6.0 6.5 5.8 5.5 5.7 8.3

Business owner or tenant 6.5 9.0 14.6 15.0 14.3 13.3 19.5 15.2 23.4

Property management 20.7 31.5 60.8 36.7 36.0 24.5 31.1 21.3 30.1

Other 18.8 31.3 62.0 27.9 31.4 28.7 20.7 23.4 37.0
RSE

All

buildings

1,001

to

5,000 

square 

feet

5,001

to

10,000 

square 

feet

10,001

to

25,000 

square 

feet

25,001

to

50,000 

square 

feet

50,001

to 

100,000 

square 

feet

100,001

to

200,000 

square 

feet

200,001

to

500,000 

square 

feet

Over

500,000 

square 

feet

All buildings 3.9 4.9 5.9 5.6 5.6 5.3 5.6 5.0 7.8

Relative Standard Errors (RSEs) for Table B6. Building size, number of buildings, 2018

RSEs for number of buildings 

Building size

Provider of direct input on energyrelated equipment purchases

Building owner 4.4 5.7 6.6 5.9 6.2 5.8 5.5 5.5 8.1

Business owner or tenant 8.9 12.5 19.0 22.5 15.1 16.5 21.1 17.8 28.6

Property management 25.5 44.2 59.2 40.6 46.2 37.7 48.7 28.7 37.8

Other 10.5 17.5 26.2 21.5 23.8 16.5 20.2 23.0 25.7

Number of establishments

1 4.6 5.7 7.3 6.4 6.4 6.8 6.0 6.7 11.5

2 to 5 6.0 11.9 11.2 10.6 14.8 11.8 11.6 11.2 17.8

6 to 10 11.5 0.0 35.4 20.6 15.3 17.6 16.7 18.2 21.0

11 to 20 18.0 71.0 61.5 53.0 20.1 16.2 17.8 15.5 19.8

More than 20 18.6 0.0 71.7 70.9 37.7 41.5 26.8 12.1 13.2

Currently unoccupied 18.7 23.6 37.8 74.3 54.5 45.9 36.9 47.7 50.2

Campus or complex activity

Not part of a campus or complex 4.3 5.7 7.2 7.4 7.7 7.7 6.5 6.7 10.9

Primary or secondary school 12.1 18.7 25.0 22.6 17.3 16.6 17.3 16.0 60.4

College or university 21.8 57.8 42.9 34.8 25.5 22.8 23.1 24.4 28.1

Office complex 12.7 23.1 26.4 46.4 25.3 23.8 19.1 17.7 24.3

Retail complex 13.2 23.1 23.2 20.9 22.6 22.8 22.4 22.3 30.4

Storage complex 14.4 23.9 22.4 22.8 34.9 26.2 26.6 22.9 28.2

Religious campus or complex 11.5 24.0 21.7 19.8 24.6 27.8 37.3 38.8 99.6

Health care complex 18.0 41.1 45.6 29.0 38.5 26.4 16.7 15.3 11.5

Lodging or resort complex 15.1 20.9 41.8 29.5 30.9 50.0 65.8 45.7 44.0

Transportation complex 34.3 51.2 64.4 53.4 106.5 51.6 105.1 35.9 51.6

Government complex 18.1 23.7 56.8 31.3 52.6 44.6 29.9 24.6 42.2

Other type of campus or complex 9.2 15.6 18.1 18.1 20.8 18.7 22.3 14.6 33.7

Predominant exterior wall material

Brick, stone, or stucco 5.3 7.5 7.3 7.5 5.9 6.3 8.1 7.0 11.0

Concrete (block or poured) 5.3 10.5 13.7 11.1 12.0 9.9 9.3 9.5 18.2

Concrete panels 12.1 34.8 40.5 29.4 22.1 15.6 16.5 12.9 15.1

Siding or shingles 7.3 7.7 19.5 20.8 23.3 38.7 34.0 33.6 52.0

Metal panels 7.6 10.5 11.4 11.1 18.6 20.0 20.4 16.3 26.2

Window glass 21.3 99.8 73.5 47.9 41.7 34.4 28.7 14.0 15.1

Other 14.7 20.3 29.1 34.0 76.6 32.7 23.2 34.0 28.7
RSE

All

buildings

1,001

to

5,000 

square 

feet

5,001

to

10,000 

square 

feet

10,001

to

25,000 

square 

feet

25,001

to

50,000 

square 

feet

50,001

to 

100,000 

square 

feet

100,001

to

200,000 

square 

feet

200,001

to

500,000 

square 

feet

Over

500,000 

square 

feet

All buildings 3.9 4.9 5.9 5.6 5.6 5.3 5.6 5.0 7.8

Relative Standard Errors (RSEs) for Table B6. Building size, number of buildings, 2018

RSEs for number of buildings 

Building size

Predominant roof material

Metal surfacing 6.2 8.1 9.1 9.4 13.2 11.0 14.2 18.2 28.6

Synthetic or rubber 6.0 12.4 12.2 11.0 10.0 8.2 7.7 6.2 9.0

Built-up 7.7 11.8 15.2 14.0 11.0 8.8 10.8 8.6 14.3

Slate or tile shingles 10.1 15.3 21.2 18.0 20.6 22.0 30.3 29.3 33.7

Wooden materials (including

shingles) 12.9 17.5 39.4 30.6 40.9 34.6 63.5 76.3 96.6

Asphalt, fiberglass, or 

other shingles 6.2 7.0 13.3 10.7 13.6 14.1 17.7 18.5 32.0

Concrete 20.6 29.0 62.1 47.9 38.0 23.3 24.5 21.8 28.6

Other 15.6 22.9 27.2 37.5 25.9 19.9 19.6 16.2 27.1

Roof tilt

Flat 4.9 8.2 10.5 9.8 6.0 6.1 6.0 5.3 8.6

Shallow pitch 5.0 6.7 8.5 8.2 11.4 11.4 14.1 13.0 21.0

Steeper pitch 7.5 8.8 12.9 9.6 12.9 14.2 16.3 19.2 34.0

Cool roof characteristics (more than one 

may apply)

White or reflective coating or paint 5.8 10.6 12.4 10.5 10.3 8.0 9.1 7.4 12.1

White or reflective tiles or shingles 15.4 24.0 36.4 23.9 28.0 24.9 21.5 23.1 30.2

Aluminum coating 8.8 10.6 17.7 18.8 25.7 18.5 18.7 25.5 30.1

Ballasted roof system 14.8 76.6 33.5 26.4 22.9 14.9 16.5 14.0 15.9

Other cool roof property 29.3 62.4 51.2 80.0 54.9 52.9 37.6 35.5 26.4

Renovations since 2000 

(more than one may apply)

Any type of renovation 5.0 8.2 8.8 7.8 8.6 7.0 6.8 5.9 7.2

Addition or annex 9.4 17.8 17.9 18.9 19.0 15.6 13.8 9.1 11.3

Reduction in floorspace 22.2 65.7 38.4 55.9 41.0 33.2 31.0 21.4 26.5

Roof replacement 6.8 11.6 14.1 12.6 14.3 9.2 9.7 8.2 10.7

Interior wall reconfiguration 6.0 10.4 13.8 13.7 13.7 10.5 9.6 7.6 8.7

Window replacement 9.5 14.2 17.0 19.1 15.3 12.4 14.0 12.9 14.9

HVAC equipment upgrade 7.0 12.5 12.5 10.1 10.0 9.0 8.6 6.7 8.4

Lighting upgrade 5.9 9.4 13.4 11.3 10.3 8.2 8.7 7.1 7.6

Electrical upgrade 7.1 10.9 16.0 17.3 13.6 12.6 11.7 8.9 9.5

Plumbing system upgrade 7.8 12.0 15.0 18.8 12.8 10.4 12.0 9.3 10.7

Insulation upgrade 9.2 13.7 25.4 18.8 15.6 15.5 13.6 14.0 15.2

Fire, safety, or security upgrade 6.2 11.6 16.6 14.3 10.6 9.8 9.6 7.4 9.9

Structural upgrade 13.9 20.0 30.5 31.1 21.7 21.6 20.3 12.2 16.8

Other 29.5 53.6 63.0 53.3 42.6 43.5 24.6 18.8 31.5

No renovations 4.3 5.6 6.9 6.8 7.8 7.8 8.8 8.3 17.2

Buildings constructed 2013 or later 11.9 16.5 24.3 23.0 15.9 14.4 19.7 18.5 28.8
RSE

All

buildings

1,001

to

5,000 

square 

feet

5,001

to

10,000 

square 

feet

10,001

to

25,000 

square 

feet

25,001

to

50,000 

square 

feet

50,001

to 

100,000 

square 

feet

100,001

to

200,000 

square 

feet

200,001

to

500,000 

square 

feet

Over

500,000 

square 

feet

All buildings 3.9 4.9 5.9 5.6 5.6 5.3 5.6 5.0 7.8

Relative Standard Errors (RSEs) for Table B6. Building size, number of buildings, 2018

RSEs for number of buildings 

Building size

Energy sources 

(more than one may apply)

Electricity 3.9 5.2 5.8 5.6 5.6 5.3 5.6 5.0 7.8

Natural gas 4.8 7.7 8.1 6.7 6.5 5.6 6.3 5.6 8.3

Fuel oil 9.7 14.5 28.2 14.3 14.5 8.9 9.4 7.3 9.6

District heat 14.7 80.7 40.2 29.6 27.8 19.7 24.1 20.2 13.1

District chilled water 20.1 62.9 70.7 32.2 33.6 27.5 26.6 22.1 20.8

Propane 10.0 13.7 17.2 18.7 17.7 15.5 14.2 12.0 24.0

Solar 15.5 39.5 34.4 26.8 25.4 21.6 18.0 15.6 23.0

Wood, coal, and other 17.3 27.3 29.0 30.9 38.5 42.6 38.4 37.7 50.5

Space-heating energy sources

(more than one may apply)

Electricity 4.7 6.7 8.6 8.2 7.6 7.5 7.4 6.9 10.3

Natural gas 5.2 8.3 9.1 7.2 6.6 6.1 6.2 5.9 9.9

Fuel oil 13.9 19.9 23.5 26.0 28.9 24.9 25.7 19.4 23.2

District heat 15.4 80.7 42.8 30.5 28.2 19.7 24.1 21.4 13.2

Propane 13.5 16.5 22.5 24.1 33.8 28.4 32.1 33.4 88.8

Other sourcesb 21.3 29.2 37.7 40.2 44.0 90.0 51.0 67.4 0.0

Primary space-heating

energy source

Electricity 6.4 8.0 11.4 11.5 8.8 10.4 8.2 9.4 13.2

Natural gas 5.5 8.8 9.3 7.8 7.5 6.4 6.8 6.1 11.0

Fuel oil 16.1 21.4 27.4 29.1 46.5 34.5 36.2 35.0 63.1

District heat 15.8 80.7 42.8 31.7 27.9 20.7 25.9 23.1 14.1

Propane 17.5 20.0 27.3 31.6 40.0 41.2 55.8 62.8 70.8

Other sourcesb 22.4 32.6 52.9 56.1 77.4 0.0 62.8 49.5 0.0

Cooling energy sources 

(more than one may apply)

Electricity 3.9 5.7 6.0 5.8 5.8 5.2 5.6 4.8 8.1

Natural gas 37.3 73.9 0.0 0.0 69.6 65.3 61.1 41.6 33.1

District chilled water 20.1 62.9 70.7 32.2 33.6 27.5 26.6 22.1 20.8

Water-heating energy sources

(more than one may apply)

Electricity 4.0 5.7 7.7 8.0 7.2 8.7 7.1 6.5 9.5

Natural gas 5.5 9.9 10.1 8.3 7.9 6.0 6.5 6.2 11.0

Fuel oil 24.0 32.3 54.1 36.4 42.6 44.6 29.3 35.2 30.8

District heat 17.4 0.0 52.8 41.4 49.3 26.3 26.8 18.2 15.0

Propane 15.8 23.3 33.9 30.5 34.5 29.6 36.3 39.2 50.6

Cooking energy sources 

(more than one may apply)

Electricity 5.7 8.1 10.4 11.2 9.5 8.2 7.1 5.7 9.0

Natural gas 5.4 12.9 14.6 12.8 10.6 7.4 8.4 5.6 8.7

Propane 14.8 17.2 37.3 25.1 35.1 19.9 22.5 25.5 45.4
RSE

All

buildings

1,001

to

5,000 

square 

feet

5,001

to

10,000 

square 

feet

10,001

to

25,000 

square 

feet

25,001

to

50,000 

square 

feet

50,001

to 

100,000 

square 

feet

100,001

to

200,000 

square 

feet

200,001

to

500,000 

square 

feet

Over

500,000 

square 

feet

All buildings 3.9 4.9 5.9 5.6 5.6 5.3 5.6 5.0 7.8

Relative Standard Errors (RSEs) for Table B6. Building size, number of buildings, 2018

RSEs for number of buildings 

Building size

Energy end uses 

(more than one may apply)

Buildings with space heating 4.1 5.6 6.6 5.8 5.7 5.3 5.6 5.1 7.9

Buildings with cooling 3.9 5.6 5.9 5.6 5.8 5.1 5.6 4.8 7.8

Buildings with water heating 3.9 5.8 6.3 5.5 5.7 5.3 5.6 5.0 7.8

Buildings with cooking 5.0 8.1 8.7 8.2 8.1 6.5 6.8 5.0 7.7

Buildings with manufacturing 11.3 21.5 26.0 18.9 22.9 15.4 15.0 14.8 28.4

Buildings with electricity

generation 7.4 13.5 22.0 12.4 12.5 7.0 7.5 6.0 9.2

Buildings with lighting 3.9 5.2 5.8 5.6 5.5 5.3 5.6 5.0 7.8

Percent of floorspace heated

Not heated 8.2 9.0 13.7 20.9 31.4 27.0 31.5 29.3 46.3

1 to 50% 8.5 11.7 19.9 14.0 17.6 17.6 14.4 14.5 28.5

51 to 99% 6.7 12.6 12.4 11.4 12.2 11.4 13.0 12.5 12.7

100% 4.1 5.7 7.9 6.6 7.0 6.8 6.6 6.0 9.1

Percent of floorspace cooled

Not cooled 7.1 8.0 13.7 18.1 28.6 34.0 24.9 30.6 0.0

1 to 50% 5.9 11.4 11.5 10.2 12.1 10.5 12.5 11.2 19.3

51 to 99% 6.6 10.4 12.4 11.5 10.3 9.4 10.6 10.4 10.9

100% 4.3 6.0 8.1 6.9 8.6 6.9 7.5 5.9 9.6

Percent lit when open

0% 35.1 47.3 43.2 0.0 50.4 0.0 10.0 50.8 0.0

1 to 50% 6.7 10.0 13.7 10.8 15.2 16.1 20.7 23.1 24.4

51 to 99% 4.8 7.5 8.0 7.8 8.6 7.3 7.1 6.5 12.8

100% 4.7 6.1 8.8 8.0 7.2 7.1 8.6 6.9 9.2

Building never open or electricity 

not used 11.6 14.2 23.5 35.9 46.3 42.5 29.5 36.5 50.2

Percent lit during off hours

0% 6.5 7.4 10.2 9.7 15.8 15.9 20.7 22.5 75.1

1 to 50% 3.8 5.9 7.3 6.4 5.9 5.8 6.2 5.5 8.9

51 to 100% 10.6 19.9 26.6 24.2 21.3 17.5 17.7 13.6 11.9

Building always open with 

no off hours 15.2 27.3 31.8 39.8 25.3 27.0 31.7 23.5 36.3

Electricity not used 16.0 18.3 30.4 46.1 5.5 54.4 91.6 79.3 0.0
RSE

All

buildings

1,001

to

5,000 

square 

feet

5,001

to

10,000 

square 

feet

10,001

to

25,000 

square 

feet

25,001

to

50,000 

square 

feet

50,001

to 

100,000 

square 

feet

100,001

to

200,000 

square 

feet

200,001

to

500,000 

square 

feet

Over

500,000 

square 

feet

All buildings 3.9 4.9 5.9 5.6 5.6 5.3 5.6 5.0 7.8

Relative Standard Errors (RSEs) for Table B6. Building size, number of buildings, 2018

RSEs for number of buildings 

Building size

Heating equipment (more than one may 

apply)

Packaged heating units 4.0 6.7 7.5 8.0 6.7 7.0 7.3 6.4 11.8

Furnaces 7.2 10.2 11.4 9.4 12.7 14.1 15.5 16.6 38.4

Individual space heaters 5.9 7.3 13.4 9.7 12.4 9.7 10.1 9.4 15.7

Boilers 6.2 12.7 18.0 13.1 9.2 6.9 6.7 5.9 12.0

Heat pumps 7.7 12.9 16.7 12.8 14.8 11.3 12.8 10.7 15.2

District heat 15.4 80.7 42.8 30.5 28.2 19.7 24.1 21.4 13.2

Duct reheat 12.6 29.6 35.6 27.4 24.5 20.3 12.0 11.3 14.5

Other 46.4 0.0 50.1 74.2 62.7 57.6 39.7 40.4 71.9

Cooling equipment (more than one may 

apply)

Packaged air-conditioning units 4.3 7.2 7.3 7.9 6.5 6.0 7.1 5.9 9.4

Residential-type central air

conditioners 7.6 10.8 11.3 10.0 13.6 11.1 12.6 11.3 15.8

Individual air conditioners 6.6 9.8 13.3 12.1 15.2 11.0 13.7 12.5 21.4

Central chillers 9.0 62.0 37.6 21.6 14.8 9.6 7.6 7.2 9.9

Heat pumps 11.0 19.8 23.8 13.9 18.1 12.7 11.4 11.8 17.4

District chilled water 20.1 62.9 70.7 32.2 33.6 27.5 26.6 22.1 20.8

Swamp coolers 12.8 27.2 33.5 24.2 27.7 24.8 30.9 26.2 36.2

Other 53.2 50.8 0.0 70.2 74.3 0.0 3.9 61.5 76.6

HVAC features 

(more than one may apply)

Economizer cycle 5.6 14.7 15.9 9.8 8.8 6.5 7.0 5.6 8.8

Variable air volume (VAV) system 8.4 15.5 18.5 13.2 9.8 9.0 7.0 6.7 8.9

Dedicated outside air system (DOAS) 11.0 24.5 23.0 18.6 20.3 13.8 13.3 12.4 16.9

Demand controlled ventilation (DCV) 8.8 16.3 17.9 20.0 16.1 14.1 13.4 10.4 15.6

Regular HVAC maintenance 4.2 6.6 7.1 6.5 6.2 4.9 5.8 5.1 8.0

Building automation system (BAS) 

controls heating or cooling 6.4 11.9 16.0 11.3 8.3 6.3 5.9 5.2 8.2

Internet-connected or smart

thermostat 12.2 19.2 17.9 21.2 19.1 17.2 21.7 26.0 35.9

Programmable thermostat 4.7 6.4 10.3 9.0 10.3 10.0 15.2 15.5 24.0

Main equipment replaced since 2000 

(more than one may apply)

Heating 4.9 8.0 9.8 8.1 11.1 8.5 7.8 8.3 11.5

Cooling 4.8 8.0 9.9 9.1 10.9 8.3 9.7 8.7 13.3

Water-heating equipment

Centralized system 4.4 6.7 6.6 5.9 6.4 6.2 6.5 6.9 11.4

Distributed system 8.9 12.1 15.4 14.3 12.1 11.9 13.7 13.8 17.7

Combination of centralized and 

distributed systems 8.8 18.3 26.9 19.2 15.0 12.3 10.1 7.2 11.4
RSE

All

buildings

1,001

to

5,000 

square 

feet

5,001

to

10,000 

square 

feet

10,001

to

25,000 

square 

feet

25,001

to

50,000 

square 

feet

50,001

to 

100,000 

square 

feet

100,001

to

200,000 

square 

feet

200,001

to

500,000 

square 

feet

Over

500,000 

square 

feet

All buildings 3.9 4.9 5.9 5.6 5.6 5.3 5.6 5.0 7.8

Relative Standard Errors (RSEs) for Table B6. Building size, number of buildings, 2018

RSEs for number of buildings 

Building size

Generation technologies (more than one 

may apply)

Reciprocating engine generators 8.8 16.0 27.0 13.5 13.9 7.8 8.3 6.3 10.0

Solar panels 15.4 37.1 34.4 27.1 25.4 21.6 18.3 15.9 23.0

Other generation technology 21.4 38.1 50.2 49.4 46.3 46.5 22.2 24.0 28.3

Lighting equipment types 

(more than one may apply)

Incandescent 7.8 12.4 12.1 12.2 11.4 10.9 10.6 9.8 12.2

Standard fluorescent 4.2 6.2 6.4 6.7 6.5 5.8 6.3 5.5 7.8

Compact fluorescent 5.2 9.8 11.9 9.5 9.2 7.8 8.0 6.9 9.6

High-intensity discharge 9.8 26.5 31.4 21.9 17.0 11.3 15.9 9.6 12.7

Halogen 8.0 14.3 18.7 14.1 12.3 12.0 12.3 9.8 11.1

LED 3.6 5.6 7.2 6.6 7.1 5.6 6.2 5.9 8.0

Other 57.3 51.3 0.0 50.3 0.0 60.3 10.2 70.9 0.0

Refrigeration equipment

(more than one may apply)

Any refrigeration 4.1 6.1 6.8 6.3 6.1 5.4 5.6 5.2 8.2

Walk-in units 5.4 10.5 12.9 13.4 11.9 7.2 7.2 5.2 8.9

Cases or cabinets 5.8 9.9 13.2 12.0 11.5 8.4 7.4 5.9 9.6

Large cold storage areas 17.2 34.3 46.7 52.0 36.9 22.4 20.6 18.8 22.1

Commercial ice makers 5.5 10.0 13.5 10.8 10.0 6.5 6.4 6.2 9.1

Residential-type or compact units 4.3 6.5 7.3 6.6 5.9 5.8 6.0 6.1 8.6

Vending machines 6.1 14.0 17.3 14.5 8.1 6.4 5.9 5.5 8.9

No refrigeration 5.3 6.5 10.3 10.8 14.9 14.0 13.7 17.2 25.7

Office equipment

(more than one may apply)

Desktop computers 4.0 6.1 6.7 6.1 5.5 5.1 5.7 5.1 7.8

With multiple monitors 5.0 10.7 9.5 8.8 8.2 6.7 6.9 5.2 7.9

Laptop computers 4.0 6.7 7.4 7.3 6.3 5.7 5.3 5.3 7.8

Dedicated servers 4.9 10.1 10.2 9.5 7.6 6.0 5.7 5.5 8.4

Tablets charged in building 4.4 8.4 9.9 8.7 7.8 5.8 6.4 5.7 8.3

Large floor-standing office devicesc 4.4 12.0 9.3 8.8 6.4 5.4 5.7 5.5 8.4

Smaller desktop office devicesc 4.1 5.7 7.5 6.4 6.1 5.4 5.7 5.5 8.2

Interactive whiteboards 8.7 28.3 39.5 21.9 12.7 8.2 8.3 6.8 12.7

Televisions or video displays 3.8 6.3 8.5 6.9 5.3 5.5 5.5 5.4 7.9

Point-of-sale devices or cash 

registers 5.2 7.7 11.6 10.5 9.3 8.3 6.9 5.8 8.3
RSE

All

buildings

1,001

to

5,000 

square 

feet

5,001

to

10,000 

square 

feet

10,001

to

25,000 

square 

feet

25,001

to

50,000 

square 

feet

50,001

to 

100,000 

square 

feet

100,001

to

200,000 

square 

feet

200,001

to

500,000 

square 

feet

Over

500,000 

square 

feet

All buildings 3.9 4.9 5.9 5.6 5.6 5.3 5.6 5.0 7.8

Relative Standard Errors (RSEs) for Table B6. Building size, number of buildings, 2018

RSEs for number of buildings 

Building size

Food preparation or serving areas 

in non-food service buildings

(more than one may apply)

Snack bar, concession stand, or coffee 

shop 11.0 28.6 47.0 29.4 15.5 14.7 12.6 8.8 11.5

Fast food or small restaurant 9.4 25.2 29.0 21.6 23.2 13.4 11.6 9.9 11.8

Cafeteria or large restaurant 7.7 0.0 47.6 37.0 16.1 11.5 8.6 6.0 8.8

Commercial kitchen or 

food preparation area 8.5 37.9 30.2 15.2 12.9 9.8 8.2 6.8 11.4

Small kitchen area 6.5 10.4 11.3 12.5 10.1 9.6 11.0 7.9 11.7

Separate computer areas

(more than one may apply)

Server closet 5.3 14.0 10.7 9.3 7.6 5.7 5.5 5.5 8.3

Data center 13.1 49.9 49.1 32.3 21.0 13.8 11.2 8.3 12.9

Computer-based training room 8.4 33.0 37.8 18.2 14.2 8.3 9.6 6.8 12.0

Student or public computer center 8.0 28.5 23.0 25.0 12.3 9.3 10.3 7.8 16.4

Window and interior lighting 

features (more than one may

apply)

Multipaned windows 4.2 5.7 7.5 6.2 6.6 5.6 6.1 5.8 8.4

Tinted window glass 4.2 8.4 8.9 7.7 6.8 7.1 7.9 6.5 8.6

Reflective window glass 7.0 17.3 19.4 13.3 12.7 12.3 10.5 8.5 11.9

External overhangs or awnings 5.0 6.9 9.4 9.5 10.2 8.6 10.2 8.1 14.7

Skylights or atriums 7.1 18.7 17.0 12.7 10.9 10.6 8.6 7.5 11.0

Light scheduling 5.2 11.0 13.3 11.2 8.2 7.1 7.0 7.5 9.3

Occupancy sensors 6.5 14.1 19.0 11.1 7.8 5.9 7.3 6.3 8.4

Multilevel lighting or dimming 10.0 20.3 24.4 17.9 14.2 11.8 11.2 9.5 11.9

Daylight harvesting 12.0 27.5 39.7 25.3 15.5 16.1 14.0 12.9 11.6

Plug-load control 18.4 34.2 45.9 42.1 77.0 26.2 23.6 21.0 28.3

Demand responsive lighting 30.7 50.7 57.1 36.0 35.3 43.1 33.9 21.3 32.2

Building automation system (BAS) for 

lighting 9.3 21.2 28.2 17.2 14.3 10.2 9.1 7.7 11.4

Electric vehicle (EV) charging

Charging stations associated with the 

building 11.5 39.1 40.7 22.6 20.0 14.6 14.1 10.0 11.9

Data source: U.S. Energy Information Administration, Forms EIA-871A of the 2018 Commercial Buildings Energy Consumption Survey 

Note: RSE is a measure of the reliability or precision of a survey statistic. Variability occurs in survey statistics because the different samples that could be drawn would 

each produce different values for the survey statistics. Estimation of Standard Errors and What is a Relative Standard Error (RSE)? contain more information on how 

RSEs are estimated and used. Both references can be accessed from https://www.eia.gov/consumption/commercial/survey-background-technical-information.php.

a

Climate zones are based on ASHRAE Standard 169-2021; see https://www.eia.gov/consumption/commercial/maps.php#defined. b

Other sources includes wood, coal, solar, and all other energy sources. c

Office devices refers to any combination of printers, copiers, scanners, or FAX machines.