Release date: September 2021

Revised date: December 2022

All

buildings

New 

England

Middle 

Atlantic

East 

North 

Central

West 

North 

Central

South 

Atlantic

East 

South 

Central

West 

South 

Central

Mountain Pacific

All buildings 96,423 3,749 12,202 17,561 8,372 17,923 5,404 11,580 7,680 11,952

Building floorspace (square feet)

1,001 to 5,000 8,025 473 653 1,552 716 1,506 455 1,018 580 1,070

5,001 to 10,000 10,204 449 704 1,853 1,168 1,431 688 1,423 962 1,525

10,001 to 25,000 15,838 782 1,589 2,802 1,667 2,760 883 2,014 1,355 1,987

25,001 to 50,000 13,957 505 1,635 2,830 1,234 2,393 651 1,673 1,099 1,937

50,001 to 100,000 15,302 518 1,677 2,657 1,285 3,245 875 2,193 1,223 1,630

100,001 to 200,000 13,003 538 2,121 1,742 1,016 2,643 1,022 1,333 1,158 1,428

200,001 to 500,000 11,776 341 2,056 2,451 611 2,389 550 1,265 632 1,483

Over 500,000 8,317 Q 1,766 1,673 674 1,557 Q 662 Q 892

Principal building activity

Education 13,623 621 1,924 2,435 1,402 2,345 822 1,800 895 1,379

Food sales 1,006 Q Q 281 Q Q Q Q Q Q

Food service 1,385 Q Q 216 Q 261 Q 193 210 194

Health care 4,018 194 585 838 238 580 238 355 404 586

Inpatient 2,259 Q 276 583 Q 366 Q 237 Q 302

Outpatient 1,760 Q 308 255 Q 214 Q Q 243 284

Lodging 6,976 322 884 1,072 589 1,300 323 756 827 902

Mercantile 10,781 Q 1,044 1,756 869 2,159 706 1,598 1,125 1,174

Retail (other than mall) 5,193 Q 376 900 582 998 493 671 563 380

Enclosed and strip malls 5,588 Q 669 856 Q 1,161 Q 927 562 795

Office 16,662 454 2,741 2,943 1,393 3,253 545 1,905 1,358 2,069

Public assembly 7,192 424 682 1,384 506 1,655 Q 893 570 915

Public order and safety 1,538 Q Q Q Q Q Q Q Q 162

Religious worship 5,471 Q 510 963 482 1,322 628 619 Q 530

Service 6,240 323 944 1,312 911 755 310 619 462 605

Warehouse and storage 17,483 469 1,929 3,402 1,312 3,034 1,250 2,080 1,049 2,958

Other 2,435 Q 465 403 Q 534 Q Q Q Q

Vacant 1,612 Q Q 313 Q 371 Q Q Q Q

Year constructed

Before 1920 3,600 360 925 924 Q 487 Q Q Q Q

1920 to 1945 5,646 259 1,330 1,464 451 648 Q 451 224 667

1946 to 1959 6,937 Q 1,324 979 735 1,344 444 632 452 812

1960 to 1969 10,360 406 1,639 2,119 687 1,902 755 1,101 450 1,302

1970 to 1979 13,061 426 1,837 2,601 1,288 2,097 751 1,394 1,073 1,593

1980 to 1989 13,465 646 1,369 1,642 1,291 2,751 592 1,901 1,290 1,982

1990 to 1999 15,535 533 1,415 2,614 1,495 3,429 776 1,953 1,287 2,033

2000 to 2009 17,500 713 1,394 3,329 1,517 3,444 1,279 2,326 1,597 1,901

2010 to 2018 10,319 Q 969 1,889 720 1,821 528 1,646 1,050 1,507

Table B5. Census region and division, floorspace, 2018

Total floorspace (million square feet)

Northeast Midwest South West
All

buildings

New 

England

Middle 

Atlantic

East 

North 

Central

West 

North 

Central

South 

Atlantic

East 

South 

Central

West 

South 

Central

Mountain Pacific

All buildings 96,423 3,749 12,202 17,561 8,372 17,923 5,404 11,580 7,680 11,952

Table B5. Census region and division, floorspace, 2018

Total floorspace (million square feet)

Northeast Midwest South West

Climate zonea

Cold or very cold 7,044 884 Q 2,239 2,576 N N N Q Q

Cool 26,768 2,554 4,430 11,962 3,214 N N N 3,269 1,339

Mixed mild 25,096 Q 7,556 3,360 2,582 5,125 Q Q Q 2,346

Warm 25,085 N N N N 9,043 4,484 3,834 Q 6,958

Hot or very hot 12,429 N N N N 3,755 Q 6,080 1,614 Q

Number of floors

1 43,576 1,099 3,379 7,787 3,863 7,812 3,018 6,853 3,890 5,875

2 23,300 894 3,107 4,592 2,337 4,193 1,222 2,406 1,696 2,853

3 10,516 809 1,599 2,303 1,202 1,847 525 817 592 822

4 to 9 13,031 785 2,528 1,906 743 2,825 461 1,141 813 1,830

10 or more 6,000 162 1,589 973 226 1,247 178 362 Q 573

Elevators and escalators 

(more than one may apply)

Any elevators 36,501 1,655 6,547 6,663 2,714 7,290 1,360 3,388 2,877 4,007

1 elevators 14,215 790 2,318 2,931 1,131 2,804 602 1,253 1,069 1,315

2 to 5 elevators 13,316 606 2,402 2,191 1,135 2,490 488 1,477 1,006 1,521

6 or more elevators 8,970 258 1,827 1,540 448 1,996 270 658 Q 1,172

Any escalators 3,753 Q 826 502 Q 875 Q 351 Q 286

Number of workers (main shift)

Fewer than 5 21,065 928 2,131 4,234 2,035 3,561 1,537 2,578 1,452 2,608

5 to 9 10,323 498 824 1,884 865 2,000 758 1,364 722 1,407

10 to 19 11,348 343 1,128 2,171 1,373 1,908 470 1,534 983 1,438

20 to 49 16,132 650 1,647 2,747 1,760 2,761 1,098 1,999 1,319 2,151

50 to 99 12,961 518 1,829 2,280 856 2,677 614 1,545 1,174 1,468

100 to 249 12,442 509 2,143 2,307 844 2,534 514 1,377 869 1,345

250 or more 12,152 303 2,500 1,937 638 2,482 414 1,182 1,161 1,534

Weekly operating hours

Fewer than 40 10,766 Q 1,184 2,121 1,161 1,903 940 1,200 506 1,546

40 to 48 18,826 720 1,599 3,307 1,599 3,341 1,353 2,717 1,487 2,704

49 to 60 22,845 899 3,163 3,837 1,900 4,639 1,144 2,569 2,221 2,472

61 to 84 14,736 550 2,196 2,685 1,377 2,526 528 1,962 955 1,957

85 to 167 10,038 448 1,374 2,120 814 1,808 Q 837 914 1,228

Open continuously 19,213 926 2,685 3,491 1,520 3,707 945 2,296 1,597 2,045

Ownership and occupancy

Nongovernment owned 74,728 3,059 9,636 13,857 6,610 13,425 4,002 8,828 5,883 9,428

Owner occupied 45,355 2,175 5,529 8,483 4,415 8,568 2,675 5,545 3,277 4,689

Leased to tenant or tenants 28,382 876 3,948 5,219 2,063 4,667 1,264 3,209 2,528 4,607

Unoccupied 990 Q Q Q Q Q Q Q Q Q

Government owned 21,695 690 2,566 3,704 1,762 4,498 1,402 2,753 1,797 2,524

Federal 1,946 Q Q 272 Q 554 Q Q Q 257

State 6,888 Q 775 984 345 1,605 594 1,016 652 773

Local 12,861 462 1,586 2,448 1,282 2,339 629 1,555 1,065 1,494
All

buildings

New 

England

Middle 

Atlantic

East 

North 

Central

West 

North 

Central

South 

Atlantic

East 

South 

Central

West 

South 

Central

Mountain Pacific

All buildings 96,423 3,749 12,202 17,561 8,372 17,923 5,404 11,580 7,680 11,952

Table B5. Census region and division, floorspace, 2018

Total floorspace (million square feet)

Northeast Midwest South West

Party responsible for operation

of energy systems

Building owner 79,282 3,259 10,189 14,724 7,135 14,726 4,406 9,553 6,350 8,940

Business owner or tenant 12,842 358 1,676 2,065 777 2,254 816 1,604 966 2,326

Property management 1,994 Q Q Q Q 470 Q Q Q 358

Other 2,306 Q Q 473 Q 474 Q Q Q 329

Provider of direct input on energyrelated equipment purchases

Building owner 82,862 3,282 10,670 15,364 7,320 15,444 4,647 10,167 6,611 9,356

Business owner or tenant 7,585 Q 981 1,159 570 1,336 556 811 634 1,285

Property management 1,072 Q Q Q Q Q Q Q Q Q

Other 4,904 Q 420 880 385 939 Q 473 345 1,125

Number of establishments

1 65,391 2,700 7,554 12,374 6,295 11,769 3,949 8,015 4,893 7,842

2 to 5 16,431 575 2,221 2,841 1,018 3,055 768 2,133 1,596 2,224

6 to 10 5,539 Q 890 934 377 1,120 334 454 463 686

11 to 20 3,894 Q 611 474 Q 971 Q 394 336 530

More than 20 3,999 Q 749 682 Q 808 Q 507 Q 537

Currently unoccupied 1,168 Q Q Q Q Q Q Q Q Q

Campus or complex activity

Not part of a campus or complex 56,609 2,235 7,911 11,415 5,106 10,224 2,886 6,437 4,558 5,837

Primary or secondary school 5,106 Q 435 740 Q 745 472 895 269 1,024

College or university 3,761 Q 578 445 Q 813 Q Q 151 520

Office complex 3,823 Q 510 355 247 900 Q 441 338 748

Retail complex 4,573 Q 421 729 396 789 Q 724 544 678

Storage complex 5,684 Q 440 989 Q 907 Q 648 Q 817

Religious campus or complex 3,209 Q Q 399 Q 1,021 Q 524 Q Q

Health care complex 2,838 Q 402 728 183 332 Q 212 220 467

Lodging or resort complex 1,575 Q Q Q Q 287 Q Q Q Q

Transportation complex 774 Q Q Q Q Q Q Q Q Q

Government complex 1,706 Q Q Q Q 290 Q Q Q 199

Other 6,765 326 826 1,204 680 1,324 Q 642 567 931

Predominant exterior wall material

Brick, stone, or stucco 46,134 1,368 6,711 8,051 3,564 9,299 3,103 5,933 3,674 4,430

Concrete (block or poured) 19,357 721 2,887 3,405 1,268 3,302 685 2,329 1,918 2,843

Concrete panels 8,331 Q 712 1,599 511 1,779 424 812 467 1,855

Siding or shingles 5,992 731 563 1,309 909 686 224 Q 312 1,044

Metal panels 12,198 448 699 2,486 1,892 2,108 822 1,969 700 1,075

Window glass 2,192 Q 324 298 Q 431 Q 194 311 351

Other 2,219 Q Q 413 Q 317 Q Q 298 356
All

buildings

New 

England

Middle 

Atlantic

East 

North 

Central

West 

North 

Central

South 

Atlantic

East 

South 

Central

West 

South 

Central

Mountain Pacific

All buildings 96,423 3,749 12,202 17,561 8,372 17,923 5,404 11,580 7,680 11,952

Table B5. Census region and division, floorspace, 2018

Total floorspace (million square feet)

Northeast Midwest South West

Predominant roof material

Metal surfacing 20,936 577 1,276 3,260 2,441 4,521 1,571 3,660 1,213 2,417

Synthetic or rubber 31,563 1,548 5,482 5,923 2,732 5,873 1,397 2,579 2,827 3,203

Built-up 19,308 403 2,677 3,651 1,468 3,684 922 2,350 1,571 2,582

Slate or tile shingles 3,997 Q 471 729 Q 716 Q 415 Q 858

Wooden materials (including

shingles) 1,568 Q Q Q Q Q Q Q 423 390

Asphalt, fiberglass, or 

other shingles 14,058 724 1,627 3,289 1,239 2,071 985 1,532 1,016 1,575

Concrete 1,968 Q 229 Q Q 575 Q 232 Q 399

Other 3,026 Q 381 342 Q 412 Q 708 Q 528

Roof tilt

Flat 54,253 1,838 8,811 9,389 3,988 9,729 2,456 6,245 5,021 6,776

Shallow pitch 27,609 911 1,788 5,316 3,132 5,465 1,775 3,642 2,065 3,515

Steeper pitch 14,561 1,000 1,604 2,856 1,252 2,729 1,173 1,693 594 1,661

Cool roof characteristics (more than one 

may apply)

White or reflective coating or paint 32,799 658 3,110 4,783 2,844 6,403 1,791 4,276 3,709 5,226

White or reflective tiles or shingles 2,713 Q 377 392 Q 606 Q 418 Q 332

Aluminum coating 6,149 Q 827 692 264 1,578 467 1,055 348 630

Ballasted roof system 6,277 184 1,089 1,767 528 1,115 Q 391 815 270

Other cool roof property 1,603 Q Q Q Q 489 Q Q Q Q

Renovations since 2000 

(more than one may apply)

Any type of renovation 45,165 1,791 6,629 8,934 3,685 8,354 2,273 5,323 3,343 4,833

Addition or annex 10,854 468 1,425 2,744 1,274 1,719 560 1,131 783 751

Reduction in floorspace 1,784 Q 420 478 Q 332 Q Q Q Q

Roof replacement 20,862 880 3,514 4,306 1,627 3,914 1,039 2,312 1,367 1,903

Interior wall reconfiguration 21,283 744 3,465 4,659 1,679 3,809 871 2,395 1,701 1,961

Window replacement 10,977 646 2,021 2,374 890 1,810 399 916 970 953

HVAC equipment upgrade 27,575 1,277 4,616 5,243 2,009 5,131 1,353 3,150 2,113 2,681

Lighting upgrade 29,098 1,326 4,632 5,984 2,406 5,183 1,161 2,967 2,308 3,131

Electrical upgrade 15,761 898 2,973 3,325 1,160 2,647 737 1,541 1,132 1,347

Plumbing system upgrade 15,537 839 2,920 2,924 1,234 2,724 663 1,522 1,202 1,508

Insulation upgrade 7,980 391 1,865 1,569 486 1,270 375 760 795 468

Fire, safety, or security upgrade 19,985 976 3,422 4,018 1,653 3,509 803 2,258 1,399 1,947

Structural upgrade 4,203 223 822 915 235 556 Q 324 Q 466

Other 1,168 Q Q Q Q 312 Q 160 Q Q

No renovations 43,832 1,834 4,785 7,247 4,195 8,519 2,706 5,142 3,461 5,942

Buildings constructed 2013 or later 7,426 Q 789 1,379 492 1,050 Q 1,115 876 1,177
All

buildings

New 

England

Middle 

Atlantic

East 

North 

Central

West 

North 

Central

South 

Atlantic

East 

South 

Central

West 

South 

Central

Mountain Pacific

All buildings 96,423 3,749 12,202 17,561 8,372 17,923 5,404 11,580 7,680 11,952

Table B5. Census region and division, floorspace, 2018

Total floorspace (million square feet)

Northeast Midwest South West

Energy sources

(more than one may apply)

Electricity 94,844 3,737 12,074 17,374 8,114 17,732 5,272 11,349 7,411 11,781

Natural gas 67,722 1,861 9,470 14,491 5,919 10,285 4,122 7,488 5,948 8,138

Fuel oil 21,185 1,639 4,291 2,913 1,672 4,355 803 1,637 1,899 1,976

District heat 6,745 394 1,430 1,204 303 1,234 294 Q 401 883

District chilled water 4,288 Q 365 656 Q 1,027 Q 721 267 696

Propane 10,157 1,154 1,316 1,293 1,088 2,260 376 722 700 1,248

Solar 3,820 268 947 425 Q 378 Q Q 396 1,028

Wood, coal, and other 2,113 Q Q 412 Q 404 Q Q Q Q

Space-heating energy sources

(more than one may apply)

Electricity 45,603 1,264 5,112 6,113 3,520 10,606 2,825 6,485 3,856 5,823

Natural gas 58,042 1,654 8,331 13,385 5,430 7,888 3,664 5,927 5,242 6,521

Fuel oil 4,134 763 1,752 395 315 544 Q Q Q Q

District heat 6,547 394 1,385 1,128 300 1,231 294 Q 373 874

Propane 3,896 633 Q 478 632 887 Q 274 Q 247

Other sourcesb 927 Q Q Q Q Q Q Q Q Q

Primary space-heating 

energy source

Electricity 27,618 633 2,016 2,730 1,947 7,906 1,604 4,726 2,200 3,855

Natural gas 50,060 1,430 7,463 12,096 4,986 6,017 3,131 5,010 4,523 5,404

Fuel oil 2,223 642 990 Q N 261 Q Q Q Q

District heat 6,090 388 1,307 1,107 255 1,131 216 Q 362 797

Propane 2,290 453 Q 380 417 Q Q Q Q Q

Other sourcesb 380 Q Q Q Q Q N Q Q Q

Cooling energy sources

(more than one may apply)

Electricity 84,526 3,052 11,002 15,064 7,096 16,474 4,985 10,446 6,790 9,616

Natural gas 400 Q Q Q Q Q Q N Q Q

District chilled water 4,288 Q 365 656 Q 1,027 Q 721 267 696

Water-heating energy sources

(more than one may apply)

Electricity 47,125 1,809 5,855 6,941 3,940 10,835 2,833 6,166 3,155 5,590

Natural gas 46,652 1,124 5,854 10,193 3,926 6,826 2,546 5,461 4,486 6,237

Fuel oil 1,807 498 657 Q Q Q Q Q Q Q

District heat 4,206 203 1,177 817 Q 668 Q Q 169 531

Propane 1,947 444 Q Q Q 608 Q Q Q Q

Cooking energy sources

(more than one may apply)

Electricity 30,509 1,438 3,761 6,398 2,800 5,472 1,480 3,637 2,708 2,814

Natural gas 27,705 819 4,396 5,337 2,334 4,731 1,366 3,109 2,546 3,068

Propane 3,101 503 Q Q Q 963 Q Q Q 453
All

buildings

New 

England

Middle 

Atlantic

East 

North 

Central

West 

North 

Central

South 

Atlantic

East 

South 

Central

West 

South 

Central

Mountain Pacific

All buildings 96,423 3,749 12,202 17,561 8,372 17,923 5,404 11,580 7,680 11,952

Table B5. Census region and division, floorspace, 2018

Total floorspace (million square feet)

Northeast Midwest South West

Energy end uses

(more than one may apply)

Buildings with space heating 88,661 3,603 11,862 16,450 7,646 15,953 5,076 10,498 7,206 10,366

Buildings with cooling 87,506 3,162 11,395 15,447 7,130 17,134 5,118 11,003 6,911 10,206

Buildings with water heating 87,717 3,475 11,526 16,281 7,353 16,554 4,740 10,487 6,725 10,576

Buildings with cooking 43,580 2,050 6,020 8,315 3,967 7,981 2,116 5,079 3,538 4,513

Buildings with manufacturing 6,871 Q 789 1,489 813 1,006 307 754 599 923

Buildings with electricity generation 29,457 1,692 5,106 5,232 1,961 5,854 1,171 2,721 2,547 3,173

Buildings with lighting 94,103 3,737 12,023 17,100 8,083 17,643 5,078 11,334 7,390 11,716

Percentage of floorspace heated

Not heated 7,762 Q 340 1,111 726 1,970 328 1,082 474 1,586

1 to 50% 10,620 Q 770 1,210 451 2,296 872 1,650 611 2,436

51 to 99% 20,174 911 2,301 2,999 1,034 4,328 1,378 2,576 1,909 2,739

100% 57,867 2,368 8,790 12,241 6,161 9,330 2,826 6,273 4,687 5,191

Percentage of floorspace cooled

Not cooled 8,917 587 807 2,114 1,242 790 285 578 769 1,746

1 to 50% 19,722 862 2,762 3,696 1,731 3,360 1,249 1,910 1,126 3,026

51 to 99% 26,277 1,227 4,016 4,724 1,883 5,526 1,415 2,839 1,955 2,692

100% 41,507 1,073 4,618 7,027 3,516 8,247 2,455 6,253 3,831 4,488

Percentage lit when open

0% Q N N Q Q Q Q Q Q Q

1 to 50% 14,172 637 1,382 3,097 1,656 2,214 880 1,954 789 1,563

51 to 99% 38,847 1,736 4,714 7,250 3,318 7,431 1,879 4,547 3,095 4,876

100% 39,877 1,355 5,760 6,458 2,865 7,804 2,276 4,731 3,477 5,151

Building never open or electricity

not used 2,998 Q 346 523 Q 422 Q 333 Q Q

Percentage lit during off hours

0% 15,578 760 1,471 2,969 1,383 2,538 1,084 1,797 964 2,612

1 to 50% 69,800 2,575 9,034 12,944 6,258 13,124 3,677 8,436 5,824 7,930

51 to 100% 7,243 395 1,085 1,092 432 1,501 389 888 486 975

Building always open with 

no off hours 2,223 Q 485 369 Q 570 Q Q Q 263

Electricity not used 1,579 Q Q Q Q Q Q Q Q Q

Heating equipment 

(more than one may apply)

Packaged heating units 48,064 1,324 5,244 8,430 4,041 8,609 3,289 6,609 4,812 5,705

Furnaces 17,272 465 2,097 4,662 2,393 1,651 974 1,927 1,367 1,736

Individual space heaters 21,122 789 3,005 4,504 1,794 3,560 1,250 1,984 1,792 2,445

Boilers 28,831 1,725 5,661 5,899 2,715 4,174 1,100 2,172 2,528 2,857

Heat pumps 15,110 512 1,990 1,956 1,069 4,265 853 1,200 1,291 1,974

District heat 6,547 394 1,385 1,128 300 1,231 294 Q 373 874

Duct reheat 7,418 Q 841 1,209 484 2,401 Q 1,049 367 628

Other 821 Q Q Q Q Q Q Q Q Q
All

buildings

New 

England

Middle 

Atlantic

East 

North 

Central

West 

North 

Central

South 

Atlantic

East 

South 

Central

West 

South 

Central

Mountain Pacific

All buildings 96,423 3,749 12,202 17,561 8,372 17,923 5,404 11,580 7,680 11,952

Table B5. Census region and division, floorspace, 2018

Total floorspace (million square feet)

Northeast Midwest South West

Cooling equipment 

(more than one may apply)

Packaged air-conditioning units 56,290 2,051 7,314 9,518 4,501 10,417 3,683 7,224 4,733 6,849

Residential-type central air

conditioners 18,270 799 1,991 4,404 2,283 3,118 936 2,175 1,027 1,536

Individual air conditioners 13,619 936 2,721 2,382 1,005 2,362 815 1,251 654 1,492

Central chillers 17,926 534 3,187 3,484 1,091 4,097 722 1,703 1,114 1,993

Heat pumps 11,098 550 1,844 1,149 885 3,046 616 508 1,072 1,428

District chilled water 4,288 Q 365 656 Q 1,027 Q 721 267 696

Swamp coolers 2,070 Q Q Q Q Q Q Q 578 734

Other Q N Q N N Q Q Q Q Q

HVAC features 

(more than one may apply)

Economizer cycle 34,087 1,376 5,572 7,119 2,885 5,325 1,092 3,008 3,232 4,479

Variable air volume (VAV) system 29,268 960 4,234 5,726 2,233 5,961 980 3,239 2,621 3,313

Dedicated outside air system (DOAS) 9,027 449 1,294 1,367 836 2,099 361 965 Q 945

Demand controlled ventilation (DCV) 10,474 607 2,156 1,808 637 1,855 529 1,016 730 1,136

Regular HVAC maintenance 78,015 3,109 10,287 13,610 6,212 15,339 4,049 9,460 6,622 9,328

Building automation system (BAS) 

controls heating or cooling 40,462 1,702 5,963 7,180 2,893 7,931 1,671 4,744 3,552 4,826

Internet-connected or smart

thermostat 5,966 Q 479 835 395 1,235 511 1,153 509 677

Programmable thermostat 20,882 763 2,970 4,022 1,824 3,074 1,077 2,286 1,723 3,143

Main equipment replaced since 

2000 (more than one may apply)

Heating 32,451 1,450 4,563 6,292 3,197 5,708 1,713 3,828 2,086 3,615

Cooling 23,013 1,167 4,141 4,534 1,650 4,113 1,170 2,353 1,604 2,282

Water-heating equipment

Centralized system 59,280 2,457 7,424 11,791 5,182 11,263 3,253 6,596 4,942 6,375

Distributed system 14,307 566 2,320 2,132 1,088 2,359 591 2,159 885 2,208

Combination of centralized and

distributed systems 14,129 452 1,782 2,359 1,083 2,933 896 1,732 899 1,993

Generation technologies (more than 

one may apply)

Reciprocating engine generator 25,163 1,427 4,344 4,571 1,763 5,408 1,034 2,458 2,116 2,042

Solar panels 3,750 264 947 414 Q 367 Q Q 396 988

Other generation technology 2,055 Q 342 533 Q Q Q Q Q 370
All

buildings

New 

England

Middle 

Atlantic

East 

North 

Central

West 

North 

Central

South 

Atlantic

East 

South 

Central

West 

South 

Central

Mountain Pacific

All buildings 96,423 3,749 12,202 17,561 8,372 17,923 5,404 11,580 7,680 11,952

Table B5. Census region and division, floorspace, 2018

Total floorspace (million square feet)

Northeast Midwest South West

Lighting equipment types

(more than one may apply)

Incandescent 21,081 803 3,333 4,176 1,754 4,035 1,159 2,080 1,364 2,376

Standard fluorescent 72,912 2,764 9,592 13,242 5,957 14,165 3,988 8,448 5,645 9,112

Compact fluorescent 33,691 1,370 4,948 6,470 2,537 6,476 1,361 3,653 2,541 4,335

High-intensity discharge (HID) 11,356 355 1,740 2,164 890 2,597 817 830 988 974

Halogen 15,012 491 2,091 2,276 1,021 3,011 839 2,087 1,366 1,832

LED 61,849 2,679 8,962 11,498 5,115 11,288 2,870 6,506 5,168 7,763

Other Q N N Q N Q N Q N Q

Refrigeration equipment

(more than one may apply)

Any refrigeration 77,589 2,935 10,027 14,289 6,723 15,032 4,063 9,599 6,068 8,854

Walk-in units 29,384 1,268 4,225 5,494 2,549 5,989 1,317 3,063 2,505 2,974

Cases or cabinets 28,517 1,012 4,312 5,366 2,276 5,591 1,394 3,236 2,262 3,069

Large cold storage areas 3,592 Q 461 416 Q 829 Q 362 Q 459

Commercial ice makers 34,672 979 4,177 5,896 2,868 7,530 1,890 4,501 3,254 3,575

Residential-type or compact units 64,735 2,451 8,308 12,017 5,776 12,540 2,932 8,220 5,023 7,470

Vending machines 42,071 1,490 5,677 8,067 3,292 8,640 2,245 5,166 3,410 4,084

No refrigeration 18,834 814 2,175 3,272 1,649 2,892 1,340 1,982 1,612 3,098

Office equipment

(more than one may apply)

Desktop computers 82,012 3,103 10,795 14,842 6,590 15,619 4,480 10,093 6,477 10,014

With multiple monitors 50,844 1,864 7,065 8,908 3,995 10,237 2,477 5,585 4,276 6,439

Laptop computers 69,375 2,722 9,277 13,173 5,625 13,183 3,635 8,299 5,327 8,133

Dedicated servers 51,595 1,993 7,482 9,701 4,024 9,151 2,427 6,133 4,161 6,524

Tablets charged in building 48,778 1,969 6,478 8,917 3,901 9,400 2,350 5,940 4,293 5,530

Large floor-standing office devicesc 54,088 1,978 7,875 10,012 4,079 10,729 2,489 6,291 4,427 6,208

Smaller desktop office devicesc 74,467 2,976 10,169 13,342 5,821 14,089 3,816 9,505 5,843 8,907

Interactive whiteboards 16,939 727 2,815 3,364 1,303 3,362 964 1,567 1,467 1,371

Televisions or video displays 63,618 2,413 8,910 11,140 5,028 12,207 3,208 8,231 5,216 7,266

Point-of-sale devices or cash 

registers 33,606 1,529 4,598 6,407 2,686 6,059 1,618 3,888 3,415 3,407

Food preparation or serving areas 

in non-food service buildings

(more than one may apply)

Snack bar, concession stand, or coffee 

shop 10,361 329 1,285 1,998 936 2,019 340 1,011 1,106 1,337

Fast food or small restaurant 9,759 329 1,328 2,042 539 1,810 375 980 983 1,373

Cafeteria or large restaurant 14,531 725 2,436 3,041 1,208 2,752 635 1,450 1,202 1,081

Commercial kitchen or

food preparation area 17,698 767 2,521 3,324 1,598 3,515 715 2,013 1,633 1,611

Small kitchen area 20,519 1,005 2,780 4,278 1,933 3,462 854 2,367 1,856 1,985
All

buildings

New 

England

Middle 

Atlantic

East 

North 

Central

West 

North 

Central

South 

Atlantic

East 

South 

Central

West 

South 

Central

Mountain Pacific

All buildings 96,423 3,749 12,202 17,561 8,372 17,923 5,404 11,580 7,680 11,952

Table B5. Census region and division, floorspace, 2018

Total floorspace (million square feet)

Northeast Midwest South West

Separate computer areas

(more than one may apply)

Server closet 48,722 1,755 7,024 8,989 3,555 9,145 2,417 5,939 4,104 5,794

Data center or server farm 11,383 455 2,114 2,303 733 1,910 422 1,077 982 1,387

Computer-based training room 16,556 461 2,484 3,089 1,421 3,003 736 2,006 1,782 1,575

Student or public computer center 12,527 389 1,884 2,158 1,043 2,192 618 1,825 1,125 1,293

Window and interior lighting 

features (more than one may

apply)

Multipaned windows 72,694 2,909 9,903 13,899 6,862 13,378 4,018 7,749 6,229 7,748

Tinted window glass 44,363 1,140 5,134 7,350 3,509 8,707 2,482 5,872 3,844 6,325

Reflective window glass 17,929 591 2,027 3,855 913 2,697 663 2,091 2,071 3,021

External overhangs or awnings 28,718 772 2,673 4,775 2,216 5,497 1,878 3,866 2,772 4,270

Skylights or atriums 19,815 777 2,415 3,783 1,445 3,563 643 2,179 1,869 3,141

Light scheduling 33,552 1,339 4,965 5,961 2,136 6,381 1,142 3,999 3,220 4,410

Occupancy sensors 44,304 1,953 7,056 8,713 3,056 8,295 1,674 4,075 3,607 5,876

Multilevel lighting or dimming 14,424 560 1,629 3,367 1,054 2,826 356 1,314 1,714 1,604

Daylight harvesting 7,244 265 1,085 1,120 270 1,523 239 726 778 1,239

Plug-load control 1,961 Q Q 456 Q 421 Q Q Q 312

Demand responsive lighting 2,045 Q 288 570 Q 381 Q Q Q 333

Building automation system (BAS) for 

lighting 16,645 669 2,043 2,566 1,107 3,428 623 2,002 1,678 2,527

Electric vehicle (EV) charging

Charging stations associated with the 

building 10,165 355 1,303 1,740 343 2,399 381 568 1,131 1,944

Data source: U.S. Energy Information Administration, Form EIA-871A of the 2018 Commercial Buildings Energy Consumption Survey 

Notes: Because of rounding, data may not sum to totals. The Guide to the 2018 CBECS Tables and CBECS Terminology contain definitions of terms used in these 

tables and comparisons between previous CBECS tables. You can access both references from http://www.eia.gov/consumption/commercial/data/2018/. 

Data are sample survey estimates with relative standard errors published in a tab on the Excel worksheet for this table. 

a

Climate zones are based on ASHRAE Standard 169-2021; see https://www.eia.gov/consumption/commercial/maps.php#defined.

b

Other sources includes wood, coal, solar, and all other energy sources.

c

Office devices refers to any combination of printers, copiers, scanners, or FAX machines.

Q = Data withheld either because the relative standard error was greater than 50% or the reporting sample had fewer than 20 buildings.

N = No buildings in reporting sample.
RSE

Release date: September 2021

Revised date: December 2022

All

buildings

New 

England

Middle 

Atlantic

East 

North 

Central

West 

North 

Central

South 

Atlantic

East 

South 

Central

West 

South 

Central

Mountain Pacific

All buildings 3.1 10.8 8.8 10.4 7.9 6.8 20.3 11.5 13.1 8.1

Building floorspace (square feet)

1,001 to 5,000 5.3 24.1 17.9 18.7 23.5 16.8 12.6 14.2 19.0 8.9

5,001 to 10,000 5.8 18.0 19.9 14.4 35.9 14.5 23.2 19.2 21.0 10.2

10,001 to 25,000 6.1 25.9 17.4 19.8 14.9 12.8 40.8 22.4 15.1 17.8

25,001 to 50,000 5.6 30.0 14.0 15.1 30.1 11.9 23.5 17.9 20.9 14.5

50,001 to 100,000 5.3 31.2 11.9 16.9 26.2 12.0 20.6 14.7 14.2 14.6

100,001 to 200,000 5.5 20.9 13.3 15.2 13.1 11.6 30.6 10.3 17.6 18.9

200,001 to 500,000 5.0 22.7 12.8 14.5 17.8 9.9 16.1 13.3 23.2 12.4

Over 500,000 8.6 41.1 15.1 18.5 24.7 21.6 50.4 15.7 59.2 26.0

Principal building activity

Education 5.3 13.7 10.7 12.0 24.2 14.0 24.1 20.3 15.2 15.8

Food sales 17.0 93.6 40.6 27.8 73.9 34.6 20.1 48.6 18.2 46.1

Food service 8.5 36.6 37.3 15.2 20.4 19.5 30.7 25.1 21.9 26.2

Health care 5.5 35.3 17.0 14.0 17.5 13.6 26.6 16.9 20.0 20.2

Inpatient 7.2 48.0 23.4 17.4 24.5 15.6 22.1 20.0 31.8 25.4

Outpatient 8.0 41.7 19.7 24.7 34.5 20.5 34.2 29.1 19.7 24.0

Lodging 8.3 23.2 23.6 16.7 21.4 19.3 41.7 21.7 43.0 14.7

Mercantile 6.0 26.1 15.6 23.2 17.2 16.1 21.9 15.1 15.6 10.7

Retail (other than mall) 8.6 26.9 19.9 31.8 30.4 16.7 37.1 21.6 21.9 24.2

Enclosed and strip malls 7.6 46.0 28.5 20.1 38.1 21.3 26.1 21.1 22.6 15.9

Office 5.5 22.1 13.6 16.3 14.3 15.2 19.3 18.0 21.0 10.0

Public assembly 5.8 14.1 20.1 14.4 20.7 13.0 52.7 19.1 26.5 13.7

Public order and safety 15.9 29.3 35.2 45.2 57.7 42.0 30.3 48.3 37.0 38.5

Religious worship 9.3 57.5 28.8 22.9 33.1 17.2 44.2 16.6 28.2 28.6

Service 8.1 29.5 15.0 24.4 18.4 23.6 45.7 33.8 20.2 27.0

Warehouse and storage 7.2 23.5 20.7 15.1 22.0 17.8 40.1 24.9 25.5 17.9

Other 15.1 49.7 29.6 36.6 71.5 35.9 51.3 44.9 42.3 34.5

Vacant 14.1 61.7 42.6 34.8 49.4 25.9 45.5 44.1 68.6 46.9

Year constructed

Before 1920 10.8 29.9 24.4 17.8 50.4 19.8 48.1 73.3 63.9 36.9

1920 to 1945 8.8 20.1 16.2 23.4 35.7 25.2 25.8 27.0 33.6 23.4

1946 to 1959 7.6 42.5 19.0 20.3 35.5 20.9 32.5 26.6 23.7 15.2

1960 to 1969 5.2 25.6 13.3 14.7 23.1 10.2 18.9 16.9 22.9 17.9

1970 to 1979 6.0 37.0 17.7 14.4 15.6 14.9 6.7 21.9 20.2 25.4

1980 to 1989 5.9 17.9 12.5 18.8 16.4 13.5 21.5 16.2 33.3 10.0

1990 to 1999 6.6 20.0 16.5 15.2 36.3 9.7 37.8 18.9 14.9 17.1

2000 to 2009 6.3 31.2 17.7 13.7 19.7 11.6 41.2 19.6 14.3 16.7

2010 to 2018 7.6 13.7 19.9 18.2 34.0 15.2 47.9 21.6 28.9 20.0

Relative standard errors (RSEs) for Table B5. Census region and division, floorspace, 2018

RSEs for total floorspace 

Northeast Midwest South West
RSE

All

buildings

New 

England

Middle 

Atlantic

East 

North 

Central

West 

North 

Central

South 

Atlantic

East 

South 

Central

West 

South 

Central

Mountain Pacific

All buildings 3.1 10.8 8.8 10.4 7.9 6.8 20.3 11.5 13.1 8.1

Relative standard errors (RSEs) for Table B5. Census region and division, floorspace, 2018

RSEs for total floorspace 

Northeast Midwest South West

Climate zonea

Cold or very cold 17.0 14.0 62.2 46.0 8.6 0.0 0.0 0.0 59.5 57.7

Cool 8.3 18.1 19.1 14.8 19.3 0.0 0.0 0.0 15.6 41.1

Mixed mild 10.5 70.5 12.5 39.4 13.5 8.9 54.2 87.9 72.2 47.6

Warm 10.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 12.6 31.5 40.6 69.1 9.2

Hot or very hot 14.1 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 18.6 70.7 21.8 16.6 86.9

Number of floors

1 4.5 14.9 12.0 13.1 12.0 12.1 21.6 15.3 13.4 10.0

2 4.4 23.4 10.2 13.6 15.6 8.7 32.4 15.0 11.5 12.4

3 7.6 20.7 23.2 19.3 19.9 22.6 26.4 26.2 36.2 20.8

4 to 9 6.3 17.9 13.1 13.1 29.7 18.2 23.4 23.2 18.2 17.4

10 or more 11.0 23.3 13.2 31.5 30.0 30.6 19.3 27.1 51.9 22.2

Elevators and escalators 

(more than one may apply)

Any elevators 4.5 14.6 9.3 9.9 10.7 13.4 13.3 18.0 21.6 13.3

1 elevators 6.0 24.3 11.7 12.7 13.7 18.3 15.5 31.5 21.6 19.4

2 to 5 elevators 5.2 20.1 13.3 14.7 15.0 15.7 14.6 17.5 16.6 11.8

6 or more elevators 8.4 27.4 14.1 18.0 21.9 23.0 24.3 14.3 50.2 20.4

Any escalators 13.7 50.8 18.4 26.2 35.5 32.9 44.3 21.0 66.6 25.7

Number of workers (main shift)

Fewer than 5 5.9 21.7 20.6 15.9 27.9 14.8 28.8 18.7 20.2 17.7

5 to 9 6.9 27.5 18.1 24.8 12.8 12.3 32.0 17.4 19.1 18.5

10 to 19 7.4 34.7 16.9 23.4 31.3 16.2 23.0 20.9 16.2 15.5

20 to 49 4.8 15.2 8.9 10.8 22.3 13.6 26.7 15.0 11.2 11.6

50 to 99 5.9 17.2 15.3 12.6 16.3 13.7 25.0 26.0 20.7 13.4

100 to 249 5.6 24.8 16.0 12.1 18.1 11.7 21.0 12.7 28.7 17.3

250 or more 6.4 19.6 11.5 15.0 18.1 16.5 22.3 13.1 33.2 15.2

Weekly operating hours

Fewer than 40 6.6 33.5 21.8 16.2 11.8 18.0 32.8 17.2 17.0 19.7

40 to 48 5.1 22.7 16.4 15.0 20.2 11.8 24.3 16.9 20.9 10.5

49 to 60 4.3 17.0 10.6 16.9 8.9 7.4 19.0 16.8 13.0 11.6

61 to 84 5.3 16.0 15.3 12.6 12.8 11.0 22.5 23.1 22.5 11.4

85 to 167 6.2 31.2 12.1 14.5 22.6 10.1 51.2 15.6 18.7 24.0

Open continuously 5.0 15.8 10.9 12.8 13.6 15.4 18.2 11.0 26.8 11.2

Ownership and occupancy

Nongovernment owned 3.3 12.1 10.1 11.3 6.6 6.2 25.9 10.0 13.8 9.8

Owner occupied 3.3 14.1 13.3 9.5 9.4 8.0 19.9 11.3 15.3 11.1

Leased to tenant or tenants 4.8 13.1 11.8 15.8 13.9 7.6 41.0 11.2 17.5 10.5

Unoccupied 19.2 64.0 47.7 69.1 53.3 37.5 60.1 62.4 78.9 56.0

Government owned 6.0 19.7 13.2 14.1 22.8 19.4 21.4 20.8 18.6 13.5

Federal 16.1 47.2 40.4 33.1 40.7 41.1 52.2 45.3 44.8 41.5

State 11.8 43.3 29.2 29.1 15.8 39.3 9.6 31.8 23.6 26.2

Local 6.0 15.6 13.2 11.0 28.6 14.1 38.4 21.9 24.7 15.4
RSE

All

buildings

New 

England

Middle 

Atlantic

East 

North 

Central

West 

North 

Central

South 

Atlantic

East 

South 

Central

West 

South 

Central

Mountain Pacific

All buildings 3.1 10.8 8.8 10.4 7.9 6.8 20.3 11.5 13.1 8.1

Relative standard errors (RSEs) for Table B5. Census region and division, floorspace, 2018

RSEs for total floorspace 

Northeast Midwest South West

Party responsible for operation

of energy systems

Building owner 3.2 12.3 9.1 11.3 9.7 7.3 19.6 13.2 13.4 7.9

Business owner or tenant 7.2 14.1 19.4 19.9 29.4 14.0 33.6 13.9 19.2 17.6

Property management 11.7 29.7 30.2 41.9 28.2 23.9 38.6 33.1 40.3 30.1

Other 11.1 35.7 39.8 18.4 39.2 16.6 58.1 45.6 15.9 31.8

Provider of direct input on energyrelated equipment purchases

Building owner 3.1 12.2 9.3 11.4 9.0 6.9 20.5 12.4 12.8 8.2

Business owner or tenant 8.8 24.0 17.9 17.4 34.7 20.8 24.5 18.4 21.0 26.7

Property management 16.2 53.8 33.9 48.5 59.5 39.8 50.8 38.5 53.6 42.9

Other 8.1 22.6 28.3 24.7 27.3 17.5 31.7 25.1 46.2 10.8

Number of establishments

1 3.6 11.5 9.6 11.2 11.2 9.6 19.6 15.3 12.1 10.0

2 to 5 5.5 17.1 18.1 10.8 10.5 10.5 39.5 11.9 31.4 11.6

6 to 10 7.9 24.8 21.6 28.8 30.5 13.2 24.7 21.7 18.6 24.7

11 to 20 8.9 44.5 24.1 15.5 62.7 16.8 31.1 30.8 23.7 12.0

More than 20 10.1 48.8 18.5 38.8 33.6 22.7 45.3 20.4 33.9 16.5

Currently unoccupied 16.5 64.0 44.0 42.5 52.2 34.6 45.5 60.8 68.6 54.7

Campus or complex activity

Not part of a campus or complex 3.7 9.5 10.6 12.1 7.9 7.5 22.7 14.5 16.3 11.6

Primary or secondary school 9.4 24.3 25.5 17.6 50.0 22.7 45.3 28.5 20.5 23.1

College or university 15.9 62.5 19.4 29.7 47.4 38.7 58.6 63.8 41.6 24.3

Office complex 10.0 44.7 25.2 28.8 22.7 28.1 36.4 27.7 37.3 16.9

Retail complex 9.2 49.3 26.5 28.2 32.6 23.8 60.1 19.4 23.0 10.4

Storage complex 11.0 37.1 47.0 29.5 27.7 30.0 49.0 23.1 32.4 22.8

Religious campus or complex 12.0 57.7 45.9 19.0 47.7 27.5 38.1 19.2 38.7 34.6

Health care complex 8.2 40.9 24.3 17.4 28.0 22.1 27.5 18.9 33.3 25.1

Lodging or resort complex 13.7 63.7 64.2 47.1 47.3 35.9 40.5 36.4 20.5 34.2

Transportation complex 33.2 59.5 40.4 24.7 51.5 85.8 49.9 37.7 55.6 68.5

Government complex 17.0 70.2 47.2 59.2 30.6 29.1 48.0 31.1 49.5 27.0

Other 7.4 35.8 24.0 20.3 18.9 15.9 37.2 21.2 26.7 21.3

Predominant exterior wall material

Brick, stone, or stucco 3.9 15.9 9.6 10.1 11.7 10.2 18.7 14.5 15.1 9.3

Concrete (block or poured) 4.8 23.1 13.1 18.9 11.4 7.6 39.9 13.0 13.2 12.7

Concrete panels 8.4 22.3 27.2 25.6 26.4 14.7 45.3 19.8 27.2 18.2

Siding or shingles 9.3 30.3 28.5 16.7 35.5 19.6 25.9 38.7 22.5 30.7

Metal panels 6.0 25.8 25.5 19.7 15.5 11.8 20.4 13.5 31.0 16.1

Window glass 11.4 44.2 27.3 23.5 31.9 24.8 58.9 26.9 40.6 25.1

Other 13.7 56.1 39.6 44.8 39.5 27.7 37.1 43.7 28.7 22.8
RSE

All

buildings

New 

England

Middle 

Atlantic

East 

North 

Central

West 

North 

Central

South 

Atlantic

East 

South 

Central

West 

South 

Central

Mountain Pacific

All buildings 3.1 10.8 8.8 10.4 7.9 6.8 20.3 11.5 13.1 8.1

Relative standard errors (RSEs) for Table B5. Census region and division, floorspace, 2018

RSEs for total floorspace 

Northeast Midwest South West

Predominant roof material

Metal surfacing 5.6 17.8 10.4 18.2 12.0 11.9 26.2 20.4 18.1 14.9

Synthetic or rubber 4.1 15.9 10.9 9.9 11.0 8.5 30.4 12.1 17.1 10.1

Built-up 4.8 29.7 11.8 16.5 18.1 7.9 9.4 15.8 28.8 10.7

Slate or tile shingles 10.1 37.9 21.3 33.9 34.7 30.8 23.9 12.0 35.8 22.6

Wooden materials (including

shingles) 17.8 66.9 59.1 50.8 62.0 33.1 48.1 46.7 32.1 33.5

Asphalt, fiberglass, or 

other shingles 5.6 23.9 16.8 16.3 14.6 11.6 24.2 18.0 17.3 20.8

Concrete 11.9 71.1 27.9 36.2 50.9 16.9 76.7 35.7 36.8 17.1

Other 9.8 58.1 20.4 19.4 28.2 28.7 43.5 19.7 32.0 28.9

Roof tilt

Flat 3.3 16.6 8.7 9.5 9.8 6.5 10.3 10.9 16.7 9.6

Shallow pitch 4.8 24.5 13.3 16.2 6.2 9.9 37.8 14.5 14.4 12.4

Steeper pitch 5.7 13.1 20.2 15.0 21.4 11.7 20.8 23.2 12.7 20.7

Cool roof characteristics (more than one 

may apply)

White or reflective coating or paint 4.4 24.1 12.2 11.5 14.0 8.4 19.0 12.0 19.3 10.1

White or reflective tiles or shingles 10.4 45.1 24.8 26.4 60.5 25.6 31.4 37.8 36.2 13.2

Aluminum coating 9.2 26.5 22.3 31.2 32.2 15.8 27.9 22.9 48.2 40.4

Ballasted roof system 9.5 22.5 13.4 24.0 22.1 20.0 59.3 21.0 35.9 25.1

Other cool roof property 19.2 36.5 39.0 34.1 39.6 45.4 61.5 61.1 60.8 30.0

Renovations since 2000 

(more than one may apply)

Any type of renovation 3.4 13.9 8.2 11.4 6.7 7.5 21.2 9.7 18.0 8.4

Addition or annex 6.0 29.7 12.9 17.5 10.6 14.9 28.7 9.0 21.9 17.3

Reduction in floorspace 13.2 74.3 26.2 28.3 48.8 34.8 43.8 41.5 68.3 36.8

Roof replacement 4.3 13.0 11.9 11.2 12.0 11.9 14.1 13.4 26.7 13.1

Interior wall reconfiguration 4.2 19.6 11.7 9.9 8.5 6.5 12.2 12.6 26.4 10.8

Window replacement 5.8 15.5 11.8 16.0 16.2 14.6 10.4 18.9 30.7 22.3

HVAC equipment upgrade 4.2 16.0 11.5 9.6 20.6 10.2 18.8 12.2 23.6 11.1

Lighting upgrade 3.9 14.7 9.8 11.2 13.4 9.3 18.3 10.0 20.9 10.6

Electrical upgrade 5.6 13.2 11.6 12.2 28.6 15.3 26.4 18.1 32.1 8.0

Plumbing system upgrade 5.2 16.2 13.1 16.0 15.7 12.7 15.3 12.9 29.2 11.1

Insulation upgrade 7.8 8.3 17.6 19.7 24.5 16.2 21.5 18.0 41.2 24.2

Fire, safety, or security upgrade 4.4 13.4 11.8 10.7 16.2 9.2 17.5 13.4 27.1 13.7

Structural upgrade 10.2 40.2 16.4 23.3 25.4 18.7 52.7 19.5 66.4 18.9

Other 14.9 60.9 31.5 59.7 75.1 28.1 35.4 15.7 48.6 38.4

No renovations 3.9 15.4 12.5 12.6 8.8 9.6 15.9 19.0 11.4 9.6

Buildings constructed 2013 or later 8.3 30.5 22.6 20.4 40.1 20.6 51.8 20.8 29.1 16.6
RSE

All

buildings

New 

England

Middle 

Atlantic

East 

North 

Central

West 

North 

Central

South 

Atlantic

East 

South 

Central

West 

South 

Central

Mountain Pacific

All buildings 3.1 10.8 8.8 10.4 7.9 6.8 20.3 11.5 13.1 8.1

Relative standard errors (RSEs) for Table B5. Census region and division, floorspace, 2018

RSEs for total floorspace 

Northeast Midwest South West

Energy sources

(more than one may apply)

Electricity 3.0 10.8 8.8 10.3 7.7 6.7 20.1 11.7 13.4 7.7

Natural gas 3.4 11.8 9.6 9.3 13.6 7.1 22.3 8.6 16.2 8.9

Fuel oil 5.4 16.7 12.6 13.2 17.9 10.2 24.2 13.4 31.4 15.7

District heat 11.4 29.5 9.4 24.2 17.2 44.2 49.6 53.4 33.8 18.4

District chilled water 13.7 40.2 20.0 27.3 41.2 40.5 51.2 47.5 31.0 20.5

Propane 7.6 16.2 21.5 18.7 23.0 18.5 26.6 25.5 40.8 27.3

Solar 11.5 24.0 30.9 22.2 36.6 32.9 58.9 47.8 31.9 18.7

Wood, coal, and other 14.0 48.6 45.1 32.5 65.2 21.0 43.2 53.0 46.6 48.7

Space-heating energy sources

(more than one may apply)

Electricity 3.7 15.8 10.7 13.0 13.1 9.0 12.4 11.3 13.0 9.6

Natural gas 3.6 11.6 10.1 10.0 13.6 6.4 22.5 9.4 16.7 9.2

Fuel oil 11.6 26.5 20.9 26.1 26.8 26.8 41.0 79.6 53.3 65.0

District heat 11.6 29.5 10.4 23.6 17.2 44.3 49.6 56.6 31.6 18.6

Propane 13.1 22.3 31.6 30.8 28.7 35.2 29.1 45.6 71.4 38.3

Other sourcesb 19.6 49.2 49.5 33.9 59.0 64.6 50.9 52.1 66.0 51.0

Primary space-heating 

energy source

Electricity 5.5 17.8 15.4 15.9 32.6 10.6 23.8 17.1 14.0 14.1

Natural gas 4.1 10.4 9.9 11.0 13.0 9.2 23.0 10.3 18.9 9.8

Fuel oil 15.3 26.8 25.7 30.9 0.0 33.8 53.6 81.1 96.9 110.6

District heat 12.6 29.9 12.8 24.6 16.8 46.4 43.9 60.9 31.9 21.5

Propane 16.9 24.5 12.5 32.4 40.9 51.5 52.5 59.4 80.5 45.6

Other sourcesb 30.3 58.3 53.4 42.4 67.6 87.2 0.0 52.1 74.9 59.5

Cooling energy sources

(more than one may apply)

Electricity 3.0 11.1 9.4 9.4 9.5 6.3 21.8 10.5 13.3 6.6

Natural gas 24.2 45.6 36.2 54.0 44.4 52.9 50.2 0.0 3.9 55.0

District chilled water 13.7 40.2 20.0 27.3 41.2 40.5 51.2 47.5 31.0 20.5

Water-heating energy sources

(more than one may apply)

Electricity 3.6 17.3 10.9 12.9 11.7 7.0 17.4 14.4 13.0 6.7

Natural gas 3.7 15.5 9.9 10.4 15.9 10.0 15.5 9.7 16.4 9.2

Fuel oil 15.4 18.8 32.8 29.9 58.1 42.6 50.1 93.7 49.8 61.1

District heat 12.8 34.8 11.7 36.0 25.3 45.3 39.9 55.4 32.8 23.4

Propane 14.7 29.3 57.1 57.4 41.3 32.3 52.8 47.7 65.7 42.2

Cooking energy sources

(more than one may apply)

Electricity 3.9 11.3 8.5 9.8 12.2 10.2 16.9 9.8 18.8 11.4

Natural gas 3.4 17.8 9.6 8.5 11.8 7.4 23.1 4.9 17.7 12.0

Propane 11.7 25.7 35.3 28.5 41.5 25.3 49.4 34.7 60.1 21.4
RSE

All

buildings

New 

England

Middle 

Atlantic

East 

North 

Central

West 

North 

Central

South 

Atlantic

East 

South 

Central

West 

South 

Central

Mountain Pacific

All buildings 3.1 10.8 8.8 10.4 7.9 6.8 20.3 11.5 13.1 8.1

Relative standard errors (RSEs) for Table B5. Census region and division, floorspace, 2018

RSEs for total floorspace 

Northeast Midwest South West

Energy end uses

(more than one may apply)

Buildings with space heating 3.0 11.2 8.8 9.5 9.7 7.4 20.6 10.1 13.7 8.1

Buildings with cooling 3.0 11.3 9.1 9.2 9.4 6.5 21.1 10.8 13.5 6.4

Buildings with water heating 2.9 11.5 8.8 9.7 9.4 7.0 17.5 10.0 14.3 7.2

Buildings with cooking 3.1 11.4 7.7 9.6 9.5 7.8 18.0 6.8 15.3 10.8

Buildings with manufacturing 7.9 32.7 27.3 19.8 26.9 17.9 26.4 22.3 24.7 19.6

Buildings with electricity generation 4.4 18.1 10.3 8.0 14.8 9.2 29.3 10.2 24.4 11.8

Buildings with lighting 3.0 10.8 8.7 10.2 7.8 6.7 18.4 11.7 13.4 7.6

Percentage of floorspace heated

Not heated 10.0 33.4 30.0 33.4 26.1 13.3 25.8 48.5 30.5 20.0

1 to 50% 7.1 25.2 25.9 20.8 43.8 15.4 13.7 20.6 33.7 15.3

51 to 99% 5.3 22.4 12.8 12.9 16.2 12.0 30.4 15.4 15.3 9.5

100% 3.2 12.8 8.6 9.9 10.5 6.7 19.8 14.8 16.2 9.1

Percentage of floorspace cooled

Not cooled 8.0 30.5 18.7 22.2 13.7 18.0 19.3 38.5 31.9 23.0

1 to 50% 5.2 13.5 15.0 11.9 17.9 12.4 21.2 24.8 26.4 13.0

51 to 99% 5.1 15.2 10.4 13.2 13.7 12.5 32.8 10.9 17.5 11.9

100% 3.5 18.8 12.3 10.3 13.1 7.2 19.4 13.8 18.3 6.1

Percentage lit when open

0% 38.5 0.0 0.0 52.6 50.8 71.5 81.1 110.2 70.2 77.9

1 to 50% 6.0 27.3 19.9 18.4 14.4 13.3 30.8 20.5 24.6 19.0

51 to 99% 3.6 11.4 9.0 9.7 8.7 8.4 20.3 9.9 16.4 9.8

100% 3.8 11.1 9.0 14.0 17.4 8.1 23.9 15.4 14.8 7.9

Building never open or electricity

not used 12.1 49.1 31.2 30.6 38.0 27.6 51.7 35.9 40.4 38.5

Percentage lit during off hours

0% 6.7 22.6 18.5 16.4 16.0 17.5 40.1 25.5 26.7 18.8

1 to 50% 3.0 12.4 9.1 10.7 8.3 6.3 15.8 11.1 13.4 7.3

51 to 100% 6.7 24.9 20.4 15.9 24.5 16.0 21.6 17.7 14.8 17.6

Building always open with 

no off hours 11.6 65.6 24.6 31.1 32.5 22.5 37.0 39.6 36.6 38.9

Electricity not used 17.6 70.9 58.9 49.3 56.8 35.9 49.3 49.9 45.0 53.1

Heating equipment 

(more than one may apply)

Packaged heating units 3.6 17.0 8.7 10.4 12.6 6.9 29.3 9.9 14.3 9.7

Furnaces 5.7 40.2 16.1 13.6 13.5 18.1 14.3 17.1 16.6 14.0

Individual space heaters 4.8 20.3 12.3 13.5 11.6 9.9 21.5 15.7 23.8 10.5

Boilers 4.0 9.1 11.8 10.1 11.0 7.5 12.3 12.3 22.1 13.7

Heat pumps 5.4 15.3 15.2 14.0 31.3 10.2 15.2 16.4 24.7 12.7

District heat 11.6 29.5 10.4 23.6 17.2 44.3 49.6 56.6 31.6 18.6

Duct reheat 7.0 32.0 20.3 21.2 22.1 13.6 17.8 12.1 34.2 17.8

Other 24.1 86.7 79.8 45.1 86.4 37.8 50.7 99.2 31.4 95.5
RSE

All

buildings

New 

England

Middle 

Atlantic

East 

North 

Central

West 

North 

Central

South 

Atlantic

East 

South 

Central

West 

South 

Central

Mountain Pacific

All buildings 3.1 10.8 8.8 10.4 7.9 6.8 20.3 11.5 13.1 8.1

Relative standard errors (RSEs) for Table B5. Census region and division, floorspace, 2018

RSEs for total floorspace 

Northeast Midwest South West

Cooling equipment 

(more than one may apply)

Packaged air-conditioning units 3.4 12.7 9.5 10.7 9.2 6.2 27.2 10.1 13.8 7.0

Residential-type central air

conditioners 5.2 19.5 14.2 10.7 12.4 16.2 15.5 19.0 22.1 16.7

Individual air conditioners 5.3 15.7 14.9 15.1 18.9 14.5 18.2 13.6 20.2 16.6

Central chillers 5.0 18.1 10.5 13.1 9.0 14.4 13.4 11.4 18.5 10.7

Heat pumps 6.8 24.9 19.6 12.8 35.3 13.2 16.1 21.3 30.7 14.3

District chilled water 13.7 40.2 20.0 27.3 41.2 40.5 51.2 47.5 31.0 20.5

Swamp coolers 13.1 65.3 76.9 37.3 52.8 50.6 50.7 64.5 16.3 20.9

Other 36.4 0.0 70.2 0.0 0.0 79.3 50.9 97.9 70.1 47.1

HVAC features 

(more than one may apply)

Economizer cycle 3.9 12.7 9.8 7.9 9.5 10.0 20.0 15.9 19.8 12.8

Variable air volume (VAV) system 4.9 15.9 11.9 7.9 13.8 13.7 14.4 23.5 21.5 10.3

Dedicated outside air system (DOAS) 7.8 25.1 11.8 20.3 18.0 23.0 20.4 15.9 51.3 12.5

Demand controlled ventilation (DCV) 5.5 25.6 13.9 13.8 21.2 11.7 24.8 17.8 20.0 17.9

Regular HVAC maintenance 3.2 9.6 10.1 9.7 7.9 6.4 24.7 11.6 13.7 8.9

Building automation system (BAS) 

controls heating or cooling 3.7 12.6 8.4 6.2 8.8 7.0 12.1 18.4 18.3 9.9

Internet-connected or smart

thermostat 10.5 30.1 21.6 36.6 26.4 19.2 41.2 34.9 27.6 20.1

Programmable thermostat 5.4 26.8 13.3 13.8 20.2 14.3 47.7 23.2 14.6 7.9

Main equipment replaced since 

2000 (more than one may apply)

Heating 3.8 17.7 12.2 11.7 10.1 11.2 23.9 11.6 14.9 9.1

Cooling 4.3 13.9 14.7 11.4 16.0 8.5 9.8 9.3 24.1 13.1

Water-heating equipment

Centralized system 3.4 14.5 8.1 10.4 11.5 9.9 13.9 10.5 15.9 6.5

Distributed system 6.4 28.6 13.0 19.3 13.2 13.1 13.4 28.5 17.2 13.1

Combination of centralized and

distributed systems 5.2 14.0 15.3 10.5 11.7 10.3 43.7 13.3 16.8 14.3

Generation technologies (more than 

one may apply)

Reciprocating engine generator 4.8 18.9 10.6 10.3 17.2 9.2 31.2 10.5 27.8 15.8

Solar panels 11.5 24.3 30.9 22.6 37.1 34.0 58.9 47.8 31.9 18.1

Other generation technology 14.4 55.4 26.8 32.3 2.8 37.8 47.2 47.5 50.7 34.1
RSE

All

buildings

New 

England

Middle 

Atlantic

East 

North 

Central

West 

North 

Central

South 

Atlantic

East 

South 

Central

West 

South 

Central

Mountain Pacific

All buildings 3.1 10.8 8.8 10.4 7.9 6.8 20.3 11.5 13.1 8.1

Relative standard errors (RSEs) for Table B5. Census region and division, floorspace, 2018

RSEs for total floorspace 

Northeast Midwest South West

Lighting equipment types

(more than one may apply)

Incandescent 4.5 13.5 12.8 11.2 21.4 11.1 14.7 10.6 25.6 10.2

Standard fluorescent 3.4 15.1 10.2 11.3 7.4 8.4 19.5 10.3 14.4 8.8

Compact fluorescent 4.2 20.3 9.6 12.2 9.7 11.8 13.9 13.1 19.2 6.9

High-intensity discharge (HID) 7.1 22.0 12.1 16.7 12.7 17.9 33.2 16.6 35.2 15.4

Halogen 4.2 18.0 11.9 13.3 22.1 9.5 17.8 9.6 25.1 8.9

LED 2.9 9.4 9.2 8.7 9.6 7.3 16.3 10.3 14.1 6.6

Other 24.1 0.0 0.0 26.9 0.0 70.9 0.0 70.9 0.0 51.3

Refrigeration equipment

(more than one may apply)

Any refrigeration 3.0 10.1 9.7 9.5 9.3 6.3 20.7 11.2 13.8 8.1

Walk-in units 3.4 14.8 6.4 8.1 14.2 6.9 22.4 7.2 17.1 9.6

Cases or cabinets 3.7 20.0 7.4 9.1 18.5 7.4 15.5 10.0 22.3 10.9

Large cold storage areas 11.3 49.3 17.8 25.6 35.9 19.9 28.7 28.8 52.0 19.7

Commercial ice makers 3.5 13.4 8.1 9.0 9.1 9.0 22.6 8.1 15.5 11.5

Residential-type or compact units 3.2 8.9 10.4 9.9 10.0 6.3 23.2 12.7 15.0 8.1

Vending machines 3.8 11.8 9.4 8.4 15.3 7.7 27.9 10.4 20.7 9.8

No refrigeration 5.3 17.5 8.5 17.8 13.3 13.4 29.4 15.6 21.8 13.5

Office equipment

(more than one may apply)

Desktop computers 2.9 10.4 8.7 9.3 9.2 6.0 19.6 10.9 14.2 7.3

With multiple monitors 3.5 10.1 9.4 8.8 7.5 8.6 17.8 9.1 20.0 10.8

Laptop computers 3.0 8.5 9.5 9.0 10.8 6.1 17.3 10.6 15.0 7.4

Dedicated servers 3.3 12.6 10.8 8.8 7.9 4.4 23.5 10.4 16.2 10.1

Tablets charged in building 3.3 11.0 9.3 9.4 10.8 8.0 14.9 9.9 14.8 9.8

Large floor-standing office devicesc 3.0 12.8 9.0 8.1 7.2 6.0 20.6 9.9 17.3 9.6

Smaller desktop office devicesc 3.1 8.8 8.7 10.3 10.8 6.6 22.2 9.9 14.7 7.5

Interactive whiteboards 4.5 18.8 8.9 9.6 15.6 12.2 13.0 16.6 26.4 13.1

Televisions or video displays 3.0 10.8 9.7 9.2 11.6 7.0 14.9 10.0 14.0 9.3

Point-of-sale devices or cash 

registers 3.4 14.4 9.1 9.8 11.0 6.4 13.4 8.9 18.8 10.8

Food preparation or serving areas 

in non-food service buildings

(more than one may apply)

Snack bar, concession stand, or coffee 

shop 6.7 18.8 15.3 17.8 14.6 16.1 45.3 10.5 30.0 15.1

Fast food or small restaurant 5.9 33.6 11.9 13.8 19.5 13.5 14.0 13.1 30.9 16.1

Cafeteria or large restaurant 4.6 14.0 7.9 9.0 16.5 11.4 9.3 9.5 31.2 20.8

Commercial kitchen or

food preparation area 4.4 18.7 12.8 13.7 13.8 8.3 17.4 11.9 20.9 13.9

Small kitchen area 4.7 17.4 10.4 14.4 11.9 12.6 24.7 9.3 21.2 14.4
RSE

All

buildings

New 

England

Middle 

Atlantic

East 

North 

Central

West 

North 

Central

South 

Atlantic

East 

South 

Central

West 

South 

Central

Mountain Pacific

All buildings 3.1 10.8 8.8 10.4 7.9 6.8 20.3 11.5 13.1 8.1

Relative standard errors (RSEs) for Table B5. Census region and division, floorspace, 2018

RSEs for total floorspace 

Northeast Midwest South West

Separate computer areas

(more than one may apply)

Server closet 3.4 13.7 9.8 10.0 4.9 5.6 19.4 11.9 17.6 10.5

Data center or server farm 6.7 19.8 17.4 13.9 17.1 12.9 29.4 9.9 44.1 21.4

Computer-based training room 4.6 21.6 9.0 10.2 10.1 9.9 16.4 15.5 26.4 17.2

Student or public computer center 4.6 27.5 10.4 8.0 15.8 9.6 26.3 11.5 29.9 18.0

Window and interior lighting 

features (more than one may

apply)

Multipaned windows 3.2 11.8 8.4 9.6 9.8 6.9 24.0 11.9 14.1 9.3

Tinted window glass 3.4 18.6 9.3 8.6 14.2 6.5 20.8 11.3 16.9 8.8

Reflective window glass 5.6 16.0 11.9 13.5 18.0 8.3 14.2 20.7 23.0 12.8

External overhangs or awnings 4.5 24.3 13.5 12.6 13.5 10.2 22.5 12.1 19.8 11.1

Skylights or atriums 4.5 17.6 15.1 10.2 19.6 9.0 24.2 6.5 23.9 11.5

Light scheduling 4.1 14.4 11.8 11.6 10.3 10.0 10.3 10.4 17.9 9.9

Occupancy sensors 3.8 12.1 9.3 9.4 10.5 9.1 16.3 14.7 21.5 9.0

Multilevel lighting or dimming 6.6 18.7 14.7 11.0 26.2 20.2 18.3 9.0 27.8 10.1

Daylight harvesting 6.3 40.2 14.8 19.5 25.5 14.1 23.2 18.6 13.3 14.3

Plug-load control 12.2 45.5 29.9 31.0 32.9 28.2 50.5 29.7 37.3 25.8

Demand responsive lighting 15.2 51.2 32.6 43.2 42.0 31.0 79.3 42.1 21.4 34.2

Building automation system (BAS) for 

lighting 5.2 22.5 16.0 11.3 13.5 8.5 15.5 12.6 26.4 13.7

Electric vehicle (EV) charging

Charging stations associated with the 

building 7.2 21.4 21.3 18.7 24.5 15.3 30.8 19.0 29.3 10.5

Data source: U.S. Energy Information Administration, Forms EIA-871A of the 2018 Commercial Buildings Energy Consumption Survey 

Note: RSE is a measure of the reliability or precision of a survey statistic. Variability occurs in survey statistics because the different samples that could be drawn 

would each produce different values for the survey statistics. Estimation of Standard Errors and What is a Relative Standard Error (RSE)? contain more information 

on how RSEs are estimated and used. Both references can be accessed from https://www.eia.gov/consumption/commercial/survey-background-technicalinformation.php.

a

Climate zones are based on ASHRAE Standard 169-2021; see https://www.eia.gov/consumption/commercial/maps.php#defined.

b

Other sources includes wood, coal, solar, and all other energy sources.

c

Office devices refers to any combination of printers, copiers, scanners, or FAX machines.