SECOND DI VI SI ON
M I LLER, P. J.

, M ERCI ER and C OOM ER, JJ.

N O T IC E : M otions for r e c ons i de r a tion m us t be ph y sic a l ly r e ce iv ed i n our c le r k ’s offic e w ithin te n da y s of the da te of de c is ion to be de e m ed tim e ly file d.

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M ay 28, 2020



# I n th e Co u r t o f

A p p eals o f

G eo r g ia

A 2 0 A 0 1 5 5

. A T L A N T A C O N C O R D E F I R E S O C C E R ASSOCIATION, INC. et al

. v . GRAHAM

.

C O O M E R , J u d ge.

At l an t a Co n co rd e Fi re As s o ci at i o n , In c. (“ Conc or de F ir e ” )

, G r e gg B la s i n g am e,

J am es Harri s , an d G arv i n Qu am i n a (colle c tive ly

, the “ A ppe l l an t s ”) ap p eal a t ri al co u rt

o rd er d en y i n g t h ei r m o t i o n t o co m p el arb i t rat i on o f a d efam at i o n cl ai m fi l ed by G. G.,

a m i n o r ch i l d

, t h ro u g h her m o t h er, M arg aret Grah am (co l l ect i v el y , t h e “ Ap p el l ees ”).

Ap p el l an t s co nt en d t h at t h e t ri al co u rt erred i n d et erm i n i n g t h at t h e Ap p el l ees ’ cl ai m s

were n o t s u b

ject to arb i t rat i o n , arg u i n g t h at t h e Ap pel l an t s are pa r t i e s t o t h e

ag reem en t at i s s ue an d

, al t ern at i v el y , t h at t h ey can en fo rce t h e arb i trat i o n p ro v i s i o n

o f t h e a g r eem en t as t h i rd p art y b en efi ci ari es , as ag en t s , o r u n d er t h e d o ct ri n e o f

eq u it ab l e es t o p p el

. Ap p el lan t s fu rt her co n t en d t h at t h e tri al co urt erred i n refu s i n g toco m

p el arb i t rat i on b ecau s e an arb i t rat o r i s req u i red t o d et erm i ne t h e “ g at eway ” i s s u e

o f wh et h er a d i s pu t e i s s u b j ect t o arb i t rat i o n . Fo r t h e fo l l owi n g reas on s , we affi rm

.

Co n co rd e Fi r e i s a n o n -p ro fi t en t i t y t h at o perat es a y o u t h s occer p ro g ram

.

Co n co rd e Fi re p art i ci p at es i n t he U .S. So ccer Dev el o p m e n t Acad em y (t h e

“ Acad em y ”). Bl as i ng am e, Harri s , an d Qu am i n a are em p l oy ees o f Co n co rd e Fi re. In

2 0 1 7

, G

. G. p l ay ed y o ut h s o ccer fo r Co n co rd e Fi re. In J u ly 2 0 1 7

, G. G. ex ecu t ed an

ag reem en t wi t h t he Acad em y an d t h e Un i t ed St at es So ccer Fed erat i o n , In c. to

p art i ci p at e i n cert ai n Acad em y p ro g ram s (t h e “ A gr e e m e nt” )

. T he Ag reem en t co n t ai n s

a “ W ai v er an d Rel eas e o f Cl ai m s ” (t h e “ Rel eas e”) an d a cl au s e fo r “ Arb i t rat i o n as t h e

Ex cl u s iv e Rem ed y ” (t h e “ Arb i t rat i o n Cl au s e”).

Th e Rel eas e s t at es :

4

. W a i ver a n d Rel ea se o f Cl a i ms :

A. Th e u n d ers ig n ed Part ici p an t an d Part i ci pan t / Gu ard i an , fo r t hem s el v es

a n d o n b eh al f o f Part i ci p an t

, an d t h e Part i ci pan t ’ s h ei rs , n ex t of k i n ,
p ers on al rep res en ta tive s, suc ces s o rs an d / o r as s i g n s , d o h ereb y rel eas e an d

fo rev er d i s ch arg e t h e Acad em y , t he Un i t ed St at es So cce r F e derat i o n , In c.,

an d each o f t h ei r affi l i at ed cl u b s , team s an d co m p an i es , an d an y o f t h ei r

m em b ers , d i rect o rs , o ffi cers , em p lo y ees , v o l u n t eers , s p on s o rs , i n d ep en d en t co n t ract o rs o r ag en ts (co l l ect i v el y , t he “ Rel eas ees ”), o f an d

fro m an y an d al l m an n er o f act io n o r act i o n s , cau s e o r c a u s e s o f act i o n ,

2i n l aw or i n e q u i t y fo r i n d em n i t y o r ot h erwi s e, l i ab i l i t i es , cl ai m s , d am ag es , l o s ses , co s t s , o r ex p en ses , o f an y n at u re wh at s o ev er, k n o wn o r

u nk no wn , i n an y w ay rel at i n g t o o r ari s in g fro m Part ici p an t ’ s en ro l l m en t

i n o r p art i ci p at i o n wi t h t h e Acad em y

. W i t h o u t l i m it i n g t h e g en eral it y o f

t h e fo reg o i n g t hi s wai v er an d rel eas e i n c l u d e s , b u t i s n ot l i m i t ed t o , cl ai m s rel at i ng t o p ers o n al i n ju ry , i l ln es s o r d eat h ; d am ag e t o, o r l o s s o r

t h eft o f, p ro p ert y (i n cl u d i n g p ers o n al it em s , cars an d m on ey ); th e recei p t

o f m ed i cal care o r t reat m en t fo r an y p hy s i cal o r m en t al co nd i t i o n; u s e o f

faci l i t i es , serv i ces , p rem i s es an d eq u i p m en t ; ex p o s u re t o i n c l em en t

weat h er; an d i n v ol vem en t i n acci d en t s.

Th e Arb i t rat i o n Cl au s e s t at es :

7. Ar b i tr a ti o n a s t he Excl u s i ve Remed y :

A

. Th e p art i es ag ree t h at al l d i s p u t es rel at i ng t o o r ari s i n g o u t o f t h i s Ag reem en t an d / o r t h e Part i ci p an t’ s p art ici p at io n i n t h e Aca d e m y

sh al l b e pres en t ed t o t h e Am eri can Arb i t rat i o n As s o ci at io n (“ AAA”)

in acco r d a n c e w i t h t h e ru l es o f t h e AAA befo re a ret i red st at e o r

fed eral co u rt j u d ge fo r arb i t rat i o n p u rs u an t t o t h e co m m erci al ru l es

of t h at as so ci at io n a s t h e s o l e an d ex cl u s i v e rem ed y fo r res o l v in g

su ch d i s p u t es

. . . .

Th e Ag reem en t co n t ai n s a Cal i fo rn i a ch o ice o f l aw p ro v i si o n

.

Th e A p pel l ees al l eg e t h at o n Feb ru ary 9

, 2 0 1 8

, Q u am i n a an d Harri s m et wi th

G. G.’ s p aren t s at a co ffee sh o p an d t o ld th em , wi t h i n ears h o t o f o t h ers , t h at G. G. h ad

3u s ed her c e l l p h o ne t o s en d an d recei v e n u d e p ict u res wh i le o n t h e t eam b u s

. Th e

Ap p el l ees fu rt her al l eg e t h at G

. G. was d i s m i ss ed fro m t h e team

, t h at Harri s i n fo rm ed

t h e Acad em

y t h at s h e h ad b e e n d i s m i s s ed

, an d t h at G. G. h as b een u n ab l e t o jo in

an o th er to p t ier y o u th s o ccer cl u b d u e t o th e st at em en t s m ad e by Qu am i n a an d Harri s

.

Th e Ap p el l ees fi led a l aws u i t ag a in s t t he ap pel l an t s al l eg in g b reach of co n t ract

,

d efam at i o n , an d u n

ju s t en ri ch m en t. Th e Ap p el l an t s fi l ed a “ M o t i o n t o Di s m i s s , Fo r

Su m m ary J u d gm en t

, or i n t h e Al tern at i ve to Co m p el Arb i t rat i o n

. ” Th e t ri al co u rt

fo u n d t h at t h e cl ai m s fo r b reach o f co n t ract an d u n ju s t en ri ch m en t were b arred b y t h e

Rel eas e. H o wev er, t h e t ri al co u rt fo u nd t h at t h e d efam at i o n cl ai m was n o t b arred by

t h e Rel eas e an d t h e A p pel l an t s co u l d n o t en fo rce t h e A r b i t rat i o n Cl au s e. Th e

Ap p e l l a n t s o b t ai n ed a cert ifi cat e o f i m m ed i at e rev i ew an d fi led an ap p l i cat i o n fo r

i n t erl o cu t o ry

ap p eal , wh i ch we g ran t ed . Th i s ap peal fo l l owed

.

Th i s Co u rt rev i ews d e n o v o a t ri al co u rt ’ s o rd er g ran t i ng o r d en y i n g a m o t i o n

t o co m p el arb i trat io n

. Mi l l er v. G GNS C At l a n t a
, LLC

, 32 3 Ga. Ap p

. 1 14

, 1 17 (1 ) (7 4 6

S E 2 d 6 8 0 ) (2 01 3 ). “ W h et her t h ere i s a v al id ag reem en t t o arb i trat e i s g en e r a l l y

g o v ern ed b y st at e l aw p ri n ci p l es o f co n tract fo rm at i o n , an d i s ap p ro p ri at e fo r

d et erm i n at i o n b y th e co u rt

. ” Tr i a d Hea lt h M g mt

. o f Ga

., III, LLC v. Jo h ns o n , 2 9 8 Ga.

4Ap p

. 2 0 4

, 2 0 6 (2 ) (6 7 9 SE2 d 7 8 5 ) (2 0 09 ). Th e p art y seek i n g arb i t rat i o n b ears t h e

b u rd en o f p ro v i n g t h e ex i s t en ce o f a v al i d an d en fo rceab l e ag reem en t t o arb it rat e. Id

.

1

. Th e Ap p el l a n t s c o n t en d t h at t h e t ri al co u rt erred i n refu si n g t o co m p el

arb i t rat i on o n t h e b as i s t h at t hey are n o t p art i es t o t h e Ag reem en t. W e d i s ag ree.

Th e p art i es ag reed b el o w t h at t h e m at t er is g o v e r n ed b y Cal i fo rn i a l aw. Th e

Ap p el l an t s arg u e t h at u n der Cal i fo rn i a l aw, th ey are p art ies t o t h e Ag reem en t an d can

en fo rce t h e arb i t r at i o n cl au s e. In s u p p o rt o f t h i s arg u m en t

, t h e Ap p el l an ts ci t e to

La s wel l v. AG S

ea l B e a c h

, L LC

, 1 8 9 Cal

. Ap p

. 4t h 1 3 9 9

, 1 4 0 7 (1 1 7 Cal

. Rp t r. 3 d

3 1 0 ) (2 0 10 ). In La s wel l

, t h e C o u rt o f A p p eal fo r t h e Seco n d Di s tri ct o f Cal i fo rn i a

h el d th at t wo co m

p an i es were part i es to an arb i t rat i o n ag reem en t wh i ch t hey d i d n ot

ex ec u t e b ecau s e t h ey were rel at ed t o t h e ex ecu t i n g p art y

. Id

. Ho wev er, in La s wel l

,

o n e o f th e n o n -ex ecu t i n g p art ies o wn ed t he co m p an y t h at ex ecu t ed th e arb i t rat i o n

ag reem en t

. Id

. Ad d i ti o n al l y , t h e arb i t rat i o n ag reem en t at i s s u e w a s w ri t t en o n t h e

l et t erh ead o f t he o t h er n o n -ex ecu t i n g p a r t y wh i ch al s o s erv ed as t he m an ag em en t

co m p an y o f t h e ex ecu t i n g p art y

. Id

. Fi n al l y , al l t h ree p art i es were n am ed i n t h e

co m p l ai n t

, an d th e ex ecu t i n g part y s h are d d e f e n s e co u n s el wi t h t h e n o n -ex ecu t i n g

p art i es . Id . at 1 4 0 2, 1 4 0 7

.

5Here, h o wev er, th e ci rcu m s t an ces ar e d i st i ng u is h ab le fro m t h o s e i n La s wel l

.

G. G. di d n o t fi l e t h e l aws ui t ag ai n s t t h e A cad em y

. Fu rt h erm o re, al t h o u g h t h e

Ap p el l an t s ci t e t o s ev era l p a r ag rap h s o f t h e co m p l ai n t wh ere t h e Ap p el lees h av e

al l eg ed t h at Co n co rd e Fi re i s a p a rt o f th e Acad em y , t h es e al l eg at i o ns ap p ear to

i n d i cat e o n l y t h at Co n co rd e Fi re i s o n e o f s ev eral s o ccer cl u bs i n th e co u n t ry t h at are

p art i ci p an t o rg an i zat io ns , n o t t h at the y a r e le ga lly

- rel at ed en t i t i es

. Th u s , t h e t ri al co u rt

d i d n o t err i n refu s i n g t o en fo rce t h e Arb i t rat i o n Cl a u s e o n t h e gro u n d t h at t h e

Ap p el l an t s were n o t p art i es t o t h e Arb i t rat i on Cl au s e.

2

. Nex t

, t he Ap p el l an t s arg u e t h at t h e t ri al co u rt erred i n refu s i n g t o co m p el

arb i t rat i on b ecau s e t hey are t h i rd part y ben efi ci ari es wh o can en fo rce t h e A rb i t rat i o n

Cl au se. Ag ai n , we d i s ag ree.

“ A t h i rd part y b e n e f

i c i ary m ay en fo rce a co n t ract ex p res s ly m ad e fo r h i s

b en efi t

. An d al t h o u g h t h e co n t ract m ay n o t h av e b een m ad e t o b en efi t h i m al o n e, h e

m ay en fo rce t h o s e p ro m is es d i rect l y m ad e fo r hi m .” Fu en t es v. TMCS F

, In c. , 2 6 Cal

.

Ap p

. 5 t h 5 4 1

, 5 5 1 (2 3 7 Cal

. Rp t r. 3 d 2 5 6) (2 0 1 8 ) (ci t at i o n an d p un ct u at i o n o m i t t ed ).

Bu t “ a th i rd p art y b en efi ci ary can o n l y en fo rce th o se pro m i s es m ad e d i rect ly fo r h i s

b en efi t .” I d. ( c ita

t i o n an d p u nct u at i o n o m it t ed ). “ A t h i rd part y s h o u l d no t b e p erm i t t ed

t o en fo rce co v en an t s m ad e no t fo r h i s b en efi t

, b u t rat h er fo r o t h ers ” an d “ [a] s t o an y

6p ro v is i o n m ad e n ot fo r h i s b en efi t b u t fo r t h e b en efi t o f t h e co n t ract i n g p art i es o r fo r

o t h er th i rd p a r t i e s , h e b eco m es an i n t erm ed d ler.” Id

. at 5 51 -5 5 2 (ci t at i o n an d

p u n ct u at i o n o m it t ed ).

“ Th e gen eral ru l e i s t h at o n l y a p art y t o an arb i t rat io n ag reem en t m ay en fo rce

i t

. ” R o n a y Fa mi l y Lt d. Pa r t n er

s h i p v. Tweed

, 2 1 6 Cal

. A pp

. 4 t h 8 30 , 8 37 (1 5 7 Cal

.

Rp t r. 3 d 6 8 0 ) (2 0 13 ). “ [A] t h i rd p art y b en efi ci ary o f an arb i t rat i o n ag reem en t m ay

en fo rce i t ,” b u t t o i n v ok e t h e t h i rd p art y b en efi ci ary ex cep ti o n , th e t h ird p art y

b en efi ci ary m

u s t s h o w t h a t t h e ar b i t r a t i o n cl a u s e was m ad e ex p res s ly fo r t h ei r

b en efi t

. Id

. at 8 3 8

. Here, un l i k e t h e Rel eas e, w h i ch s peci fi cal l y s t at es t h a t t h e

Ap p el l ees wai v ed cert ai n cl ai m s ag ai n s t “ t h e Acad em y , th e Un it ed St at es So ccer

Fed erat i o n , In c., an d each o f th ei r affi l i at ed cl u b s, t eam s an d co m pan i es , an d an y o f

t h ei r m em

b ers , di rect o rs , o ffi cers , em pl o y ees , v o l u n t eers , s p o n s o r s , i n d ep en d en t

co n tract ors o r ag en t s [,] ” t he A rb i t rat i o n Cl au s e d o es n o t ex p res s l y s tat e t h at i t i s fo r

t h e b en efi t o f i t s affi l iat ed cl u b s o r t h e di rect o rs o r em p lo y ees o f th ei r affi l i at ed cl u b s

.

Acco rd in g ly

, t h e Ap p el l an t s h av e n o t s h own t h at th e t ri al co u rt erred i n fi nd i n g t h at

t h ey were n o t t h ird p art y

b en efi ci ari es wh o can en fo rce t he Arb i t rat io n Cl au s e.

3

. Th e Ap p el l an t s n ex t arg u e t h at t he t ri al co u rt erred b ecau s e t h ey can en fo rce

t h e Arb i t rat i on Cl au s e u nd er t h e d o ct ri n e o f eq u it ab l e es t op p el . W e d o n o t ag ree.

7Un d er Cal i fo rn i a l aw, a n o n s i g n at o ry o f an arb i t rat i o n ag reem en t m ay en fo rce

s u ch an ag reem en t ag ai ns t a si g n at o ry t h ro u g h t h e t h eo ry o f eq u i t ab l e es t op p el o n l y

u n d er t h e fo l lo wi n g t w o co n di t i o n s :

(1 ) wh en a s ig nat o ry m

u s t rel y o n t h e t erm s o f t h e wri t t en ag reem en t

i n as s ert i ng i t s cl ai m s ag ai n s t th e n o n s i g n at o ry o r t h e cl ai m s are

i n t i m at el y fo u n ded i n an d i n t e r t wi n ed wi t h t he u n d erl y i n g co n t ract

,

an d (2 ) wh en th e s ig nat o ry al l eg es su b s t an t i al l y in t erd ep en den t an d

co n cert ed m i s co n d uct b y t h e n o n si g n at o ry an d an ot h er si gn at o ry an d

t h e al l eg at i o n s o f i nt erd ep en d en t m i s co n d u ct are fo u n d e d i n o r

i n t i m at el y co nn ect ed w i th t h e o b l i g at i o n s of t h e u n d er l yi n g

ag reem en t

.

Mu r p h y v. Di r ecT V

, I n c

. , 7 2 4 F3 d 1 2 1 8

, 1 22 9 (II) (B) (1 ) (9 t h Ci r. 2 0 1 3) (ci t at i o n

o m it t ed ).

Here, t h e d efam at i o n cl ai m is bas ed up o n s t at em en t s m a d e b y Qu am i n a an d

Harri s co n cern i n g t he n u d e p i ct u res al l eg ed l y s en t b y G. G., an d i t i s no t fo un d ed in

o r i n t ert wi n ed wi t h th e Ag reem en t

. S im i l arl y , t h e Ap pel l ees d i d n o t al l eg e

“ s u b s t an t i al l y

i n t erd ep en d en t an d co n cert ed m is co n d u ct ” b y Co n co rd e Fi re an d t h e

Acad em y

. Th u s , th e tri al co u rt d i d n o t err b y fi n d i n g t h a t t he d o ct ri n e o f eq u i t ab l e

es t o p p el d i d n o t req u i re t h e Arb i t rat i o n Cl au se to b e en fo rced b et ween t h e p art i es in

t h i s cas e.

84 . Th e Ap p el l an ts nex t arg u e t hat t h e t ri al co u rt erred b ecau s e Co n co rd e Fi re

can en fo rce t h e Arb i t rat i o n Cl au s e as an ag en t o f t h e Acad em y . W e d o n o t ag ree.

Un d er Cal i fo rn i a l aw, “ [a] n o ns i g n at o ry t o an ag reem en t t o a r b i t rat e m ay b e

req u i red t o arb i trat e, an d m a y i n v o k e arb i t rat i o n ag ai n s t a p art y , i f a p reex i s t i n g

co n fi d en t i al rel at i o ns h i p , s uch as an ag en cy rel at i o n s h i p b et ween t he n o n s i g n at o ry

an d o ne o f t h e p art ies t o t he arb i t rat i o n ag reem en t

, m ak es i t eq u i t ab l e t o i m p o s e t h e

d u t y t o arb i t rat e u p o n t h e n on s ig n at o ry .” W es t r a v. Ma r cu s & Mi l l ich a p Rea l Es t a t e

In ves t men t Br o ker a ge Co

. , 1 2 9 Cal

. Ap p

. 4 t h 7 5 9, 7 6 5 (2 8 Cal

. Rp t r. 3d 7 5 2) (2 0 0 5 ).

Here, t h e Ap p el l an t s h av e arg ued th at Co n co rd e Fi re was an “ affi l i at ed cl u b ”

o f t h e Acad em

y

. Ho wev er, t h e Ap p el l an ts h av e fai l ed to s h o w h o w Co n co rd e F i r e

act ed as an ag e n t f

o r t h e A c a d em

y , o r t h at i t h ad an y o f t h e t rad i ti o n al au t h o ri t y to

b i n d t h e Acad em

y t h at an ag en t h as . See S ecci v. Un it ed In d

ep en d a nt Ta xi Dr i ver

s
,

In c. , 8 Cal

. Ap p. 5 t h 8 4 6

, 8 55 (2 1 4 Cal

. Rp t r. 3 d 3 7 9 ) (2 0 17 ) (“ In t h e ab s en ce o f t h e

es s en t i al ch aract eri s t ic o f t h e ri g h t o f co n t ro l

, t h ere i s n o t ru e a g e n c y. Th e fact t h at

p art i es h ad a p reex i st i n g rel at io n s h i p i s n o t s u ffi ci en t t o m ak e o n e p art y t h e ag en t fo r

t h e o t h er. An ag en cy i s pro ved b y ev i d en ce t h at t h e p ers o n fo r wh o m t h e wo rk was

p erfo rm ed h ad t h e ri g h t t o co n t ro l t h e act i v i t i es o f th e al l e g e d a g e nt .” (ci t at i o n an d

pun ct u at i o n o m i tt ed )). Acco rd i n g l y , t h e Ap p el l an t s h av e no t sh o wn th at t h e tr ia l c our t

9erred by fi n d i n g t h at t h e Arb i t rat i o n Cl au s e d i d n ot ap p l y t o th e t h em as ag en t s o f t h e

Acad em y

.

5

. Fi n al l y , A p pel l an ts co n t en d t h at t h e t ri al co u rt erred b y fai l i ng t o al l o w an

arb i t rat o r t o d et erm i n e wh et h er t h e cas e s ho u ld h av e go n e t o arb i t rat i o n

. W e di s ag ree.

Th e Un i t ed St at es Su p rem e Co u rt has h el d t h at t h e part ies t o an arb i t rat i o n

co n tract “ m ay ag ree t o h av e an arb i trat o r d e ci d e n o t o n ly t h e m eri t s o f a p art i cu l ar

d i s p u t e, b u t al so g at eway q u es t i o n s o f arb i t rab i l i t y [.] ” Hen r y S ch ei n
, In c. v. Ar ch er

a n d W h i te S a les

, In c. ,

_

_ _ U.S.

_ _ _ ,

_ _ _ (II) (1 39 S C t 5 2 4

, 5 29

, 2 0 2 LE2 d 4 8 0 )

(2 0 1 9) (ci t at i o n an d p un ct u at i o n o m i t t ed ). Ho wev er, “ [c] o urt s s h ou l d n o t as s u m e t h at

t h e p art i es ag reed to arb it rat e arb i trab i l i t y u n l es s t h ere i s cl ear an d u n m i s t ak ab l e

ev i d en ce t h at t h ey d i d s o .” Fi r s t Op t i o n s o

f Ch i ca g o
, In c. v. Ka

p l a n , 51 4 U. S. 9 3 8,

9 4 4 (II) (1 1 5 SCt 1 9 2 0, 1 3 1 LE2 d 98 5 ) (1 9 9 5 ) (p u n ct u at i o n o m i t t e d )

. Here, as

d i s cu s s ed i n Di v i si o n 1

, t h e Ap p el l an t s are n ot p art ies t o th e Ag reem en t

. Th ere i s n o

ev i d en ce i n t h e reco rd t h at t he Ap p el l an t s ot h erwi s e ag reed wi t h th e A p p e l l e e s to

arb i t rat e t h i s cas e. Th u s , t h ere can be no “ cl ear an d u n m i s t ak ab l e ev i d en ce” t h at t h e

Ap p el l an t s an d t h e Ap p el l ees ag reed wi t h each o th er t o arb i t rat e arb i trab i l it y u n d er

t h e A g reem en t

. A cco rd i n g ly

, t h e t ri al co u rt d i d no t err b y n o t s u b m i t ti n g th i s m at t er

10t o an arb i t rat or t o d et erm i n e arb i t rab i l i t y

.

Ju d g men t a f f i r m ed . Mi l l er

, P. J., a n d

Mer ci er , J., co n cu r

.

11