DOE/EIA-0515(85)

Energy Information Administration

Manufacturing Energy Consumption Survey:

Fuel Switching, 1985
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Energy Information Administration

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Cover photo: A Petrochemical Plant.

PHOTO CREDIT

Chemical Manufacturers Association

Released for Printing December 20, 1988
DOE/EIA-0515(85) 

Distribution Category UC-98

Manufacturing Energy 

Consumption Survey: 

Fuel Switching, 1985

Energy Information Administration

Office of Energy Markets and End Use

U.S. Department of Energy

Washington, DC 20585

This report was prepared by the Energy Information Administration, the independent statistical and 

analytical agency within the Department of Energy. The information contained herein should not be 

construed as advocating or necessarily reflecting any policy position of the Department of Energy or 

of any other organization.
Contacts

General information about Energy Information Administration data on fuel-switching capabilities can be obtain si 

from Lynda T. Carlson, Director of the Energy End Use Division (202/586-1112).

Specific information regarding the contents or preparation of this publication can be obtained from Dwigfc; !«., 

French, Chief of the Transportation and Industrial Branch (202/586-1126) or John L. Preston, Team Lender 

(202/586-1128). Robert K. Adler (202/586-1134) and Jean Pannanan (202/586-1800) are the contacts for analysis at: 1 

table preparation. Hattie Ramseur (202/586-1124) is the contact for related energy consumption publications. GenO/< 

E. Peabody, Office of Energy Markets and End Use provided substantially to the text of the report.

The substantial contributions made to this report by Dr. H.A. Merklein, Administrator of the Energy Infbrma!io 

Administration, are gratefully acknowledged.

Energy Information Administration/Manufacturing Energy Consumption Survey: Fuel Switching, 1985
Contents

Page

1. Introduction .............................................................. 1

Fuel-Switching Capability ................................................... 1

Surveying the Manufacturing Sector ............................................ 2

Overview of the Findings ................................................... 4

Detailed Statistics Tables ....................................................... 11

Appendices

A. Survey Design, Implementation and Estimates .................................. 21

Introduction ......................................................... 21

Concept of Fuel-Switching Capability ....................................... 21

Description of the Manufacturing Sector ..................................... 22

The Sampling Frame and Its Relationship to the Manufacturing Sector ................ 22

Sample Design ........................................................ 23

Fieldwork, Editing, and Quality Control ..................................... 24

Development of the Data File ............................................. 24

Response to the Survey ................................................. 25

The Estimation Process ................................................. 25

Survey Estimates ...................................................... 25

B. Quality of the Data ..................................................... 29

Introduction ......................................................... 29

Sampling Error ....................................................... 29

Nonsampling Errors and Bias ............................................. 31

C. Fuel-Switching Survey Forms ............................................. 43

D. Descriptions of Industry Groups and Selected Industries .......................... 49

E. Map of U.S. Census Regions .............................................. 55

F. Related Publications on Energy Consumption .................................. 59

Industrial Sector ...................................................... 59

Commercial Sector ..................................................... 59

Residential Sector ..................................................... 60

Residential Transportation Sector .......................................... 61

Cross-Sector ......................................................... 61

Planned Publications for 1989 ............................................. 61

Glossary .................................................................. 63

Energy Information Administration/Manufacturing Energy Consumption Survey: Fuel Switching, 1985
Tables

Page

1. Nonswitchable Minimum Requirements and Maximum Consumption Potential by Census Re 

 gion, 1985 ........................................................... 2

2. Capability to Switch From Designated Types of Energy by Census Region and Minimum 

 Lead Time to Switch, 1985 ...............................................

3. Capability to Substitute Alternative Types of Energy for Purchased Electricity, 1985 .....

4. Capability to Substitute Alternative Types of Energy for Natural Gas, 1985 ............

5. Capability to Substitute Alternative Types of Energy for Distillate Fuel Oil, 1985 ........

6. Capability to Substitute Alternative Types of Energy for Residual Fuel Oil, 1985 ........

7. Capability to Substitute Alternative Types of Energy for Coal and Coke, 1985 ..........

Bl. Relative Standard Errors for Table 1 of Detailed Statistics Section ..................

B2. Relative Standard Errors for Table 2 of Detailed Statistics Section ..................

B3. Relative Standard Errors for Table 3 of Detailed Statistics Section ..................

B4. Relative Standard Errors for Table 4 of Detailed Statistics Section ..................

B5. Relative Standard Errors for Table 5 of Detailed Statistics Section ..................

B6. Relative Standard Errors for Table 6 of Detailed Statistics Section ..................

B7. Relative Standard Errors for Table 7 of Detailed Statistics Section ..................

Illustrations

1. 1985 Fuel Consumption and Switching Capability ..............................

2. Minimum, Actual, and Maximum Energy Consumption by Manufacturers for 1985 .......

3. Cumulative Percent of 1985 Switchable Energy Consumption by Manufacturers (Time Re 

quired to Switch) ....................................................

4. Quantity of Switchable Energy and Total Alternative Energy in the Manufacturing Sector for 

1985 .............................................................

Energy Information Administration/Manufacturing Energy Consumption Survey: Fuel Switching, 1985
. Introduction

The Manufacturing Energy Consumption Survey 

(MECS) provides comprehensive data on energy use 

by manufacturing industries in the United States, in 

cluding their fuel-switcning capabilities. The impact 

on manufacturing production of an interruption in the 

supply of a particular fuel can be mitigated if manu 

facturers have the capability to switch to alternate fu 

els. Similarly, in a period of substantial changes in the 

relative prices of fuils; amnufacturers that can switch 

to less expensive fuels will have an economic advan 

tage. Information about the ability of manufacturing 

establishments to switch to alternative fuels provides 

valuable information tot assessing the Nation's vulner 

ability to supply disruptions and the effects on manu 

facturers of other changes in energy markets.

This report is the.second data report based on the 1985 

MECS. It provides information on the fuel-switching 

capabilities of manufacturing industries in the United 

States. The first report. Manufacturing Energy Con 

sumption Survey: Consumption of Energy, 1985, pre 

sented a comprehensive description of energy con 

sumption by manufacturing industries. 1 The MECS 

covers all manufacturing industries. Not included in 

this report are mining, agriculture, construction and 

electric utilities.

The 1985 MECS was conducted under the authority 

of the Federal Energy Administration Act of 1974, 

Public Law 93-275, as amended. Subsequent surveys 

will be conducted every three years under the authority 

of Section 310(a) of the Omnibus Budget Reconcilia 

tion Act of 1986, Public Law 99-509. The Industry 

Division of the Bureau of the Census serves as Energy 

Information Administration's collection and compiling 

agent for the MECS. All reports submitted to the Bu 

reau of the Census are confidential under the provisions 

of Section 9, Title 13, of the U.S. Code.

Fuel-Switching Capability

The MECS provides data on the capability of manu 

facturing establishments to adjust the mix of fuels they 

used in 1985 without affecting their production. The

fuel-switching capability measured by MECS is limited 

to short-term fuel changes. The establishment must 

have been capable of changing fuels within 30 days, 

using only existing equipment and keeping production 

output constant. Fuel-switching capability was deter 

mined for all energy used for the production of heat 

and power and the generation of electricity. (See Ap 

pendix A for a complete description of the concept of 

fuel-switching capability used in MECS and how it 

was measured.)

Energy consumers can adapt to changes in economic 

conditions, supply disruptions, and other constraints 

on energy use by having the capability to use more 

than one fuel to meet their energy needs. For example, 

a household with a central furnace may also have a 

wood stove that can assume part or all of the heating 

load for the house. Hospitals commonly have emer 

gency backup generators fired by oil or gas which 

they use to provide electricity during a power outage.

In-place capability to substitute one fuel for another is 

especially prevalent in the manufacturing industries. 

Some manufacturers use combustors that are able to 

burn two or more different fuels simultaneously, in 

varying mixtures, to produce the desired heat output. 

Others have equipment that can burn only one fuel at 

a time, but that can be easily converted, within hours 

or at most days, to burn a different fuel. Still other 

establishments have multiple combustors that use dif 

ferent fuels to supply heat or power for the same pur 

pose. Ordinarily, not all combustors are required to 

operate at full capacity to meet heat or power require 

ments. Thus, these establishments can alter their energy 

mix by changing the combustors that are in use.

Fuel-switching capability was determined for five ma 

jor types of energy: purchased electricity, natural gas, 

residual fuel oil, distillate fuel oil, and coal/coke. For 

each of these fuels, switching capability was measured 

relative to 1985 consumption. The MECS first deter 

mined how much consumption could have been 

switched to one or more alternative fuels. Then, for 

each possible alternative, the MECS determined how 

much consumption of the switchable fuel could have 

been replaced by each alternative. Data on the total 

quantity of each of the five major fuels that could be

'Energy Information Administration, Manufacturing Energy Consumption Survey: Consumption of Energy, 1985 (DOE/EIA-0512(85) (Wash 

ington, DC, November 1988).

Energy Information Administration/Manufacturing Energy Consumption Survey: Fuel Switching, 1985
switched are presented in this report, along with the 

quantities that could be switched to each of the alter 

native fuels.

The amounts of switchable consumption were used to 

derive the minimum and maximum potential consump 

tions of the five major energy types that could have 

occurred had fuel switching taken place. The minimum 

value for a given energy type represents its actual 1985 

consumption less its total switchable consumption. The 

maximum value represents actual consumption plus 

the total consumption that could be switched to it if 

all possible switching from the other fuels took place. 

The difference between the maximum and minimum 

consumption is the amount of discretionary consump 

tion for the fuel-the consumption from which manu 

facturers could choose what proportion to consume.

Distillate fuel oil and residual fuel oil had the largest 

ratios of maximum to minimum potential consumption, 

indicating that these fuels had a substantial fuelswitching capability. However, most manufacturers in 

1985 chose to use other fuels, so the actual consumption 

levels for the fuel oils were close to their minimum 

potential values. This is illustrated in Figure 1, where 

the heights of columns are scaled to annual amounts 

in common units (quads). By contrast, natural gas had 

the largest amount of discretionary consumption, not 

unexpectedly since it was the fuel consumed most heav 

ily by manufacturers. In 1985, most manufacturers that 

could use natural gas did so. Consequently, actual con 

sumption of natural gas was close to the maximum pos 

sible.

In addition to measuring the amounts of fuel switchable 

to various alternatives, the MECS also collected data 

on the minimum leadtime needed to switch to the pri 

mary alternative (the alternative that accounts for the 

largest proportion of switching capability). These data 

break down the 30-day allowable switching period 

into three shorter periods: less than 1 day, 1 day to 1 

week, and over 1 week. Based on available leadtime 

data, conversion tune periods have been assigned to 

most, but not all, switchable consumption. In the few 

instances where the leadtime was not reported, the 

switchable consumption has been assigned to the cat 

egory "leadtime not ascertained". Typically, about 

one-half the switchable energy could be converted 

within 1 day, and at least three-fourths in less than 1 

week.

The Fuel-Switching component of MECS was con 

ducted before all responses were received from the 

main energy consumption survey. Consequently, it 

was not possible to ascertain for all the consumption 

measured in MECS whether the energy could be 

switched to an alternative. The amount of consumption 

for which switching capability could not be ascertained 

varied with the fuel type. The data in the Detailed

Statistics Tables give the total consumption of each 

fuel measured in MECS (including the consumption 

for which switching capability was not ascertained;.. 

the amounts of consumption ascertained to be switch 

able, and the amounts ascertained to be not switchable. 

See Appendix A for a complete discussion of the pro 

cedures followed in conducting the Fuel-Switching 

component of MECS and the relation between lie 

Fuel-Switching sample of MECS and the sample for 

measuring energy consumption.

It should be emphasized that the data on fuel-switching 

capabilities presented in this report are the limits on 

the extent to which manufacturers could quickly sw itch 

to alternate fuels if they decided to do so. These capa 

bilities depend upon equipment characteristics and 

other practical constraints, such as binding supply con 

tracts, interruptible service, environmental regulations., 

or unavailability of supply or delivery systems for 

potential alternate fuel. The MECS data provide no 

information on the circumstances that might induce 

manufacturers to switch fuels, nor on the portion of 

the fuel-switching capability that might be imple 

mented should a switch be made.

Surveying the Manufacturing 

Sector

The Manufacturing Sector Consists of 

Business Establishments that Product? 

Goods

The manufacturing sector is composed of establish 

ments that transform material or substances into nev 

products using mechanical or chemical processes 

These products may be final products that consumer, 

will purchase, such as an automobile or a chair. Man 

ufacturers also produce intermediate goods that will 

be used by other manufacturers, such as parts for au 

tomobile engines or rolls of upholstery fabric.

An establishment is generally at a single location and 

is often referred to as a plant, factory, or mill. It ordi 

narily uses power-driven machines and equipment for 

handling materials. A manufacturing establishirieni 

may also assemble components or perform blending 

operations. Electric utilities, mining operations, agri 

culture, and construction are not included in the man 

ufacturing sector.

Establishments are classified into industry categories 

based on the system of Standard Industrial Classifica 

tion (SIC) developed by the Office of Management 

and Budget. 2 Each establishment is placed into the 

category associated with the type of good it producer

2Ofiice of Management and Budget, Standard Industrial Classification Manual, 1972 (Washington, DC, 1982).

Energy Information Administration/Manufacturing Energy Consumption Survey: Fuel Switching, 1985
Figure 1. 1985 Fuel Consumption and Switching Capability

Legend

Maximum Consumption

Actual Consumption

Minimum Consumption

575

87

70

687

220

126

5.1

4.5

2.6

85

83

58

Distillate 

Oil

(thousand barrels 

per day)

Residual

Oil

(thousand barrels 

per day)

Natural

Gas

(trillion

cubic feet)

Coal/ 

Coke

(million short 

tons)

Potential Consumption

Maximum .........

Minimum ........:.

Discretionary Range.

Electricity

(billion 

Mlowattnours)

575

70

505

1985 Status

Actual Consumption............................. 87

Potential Change through Switching: 

Increase..................................... 488

Decrease.................................... 17

687

126

561

220

467

94

5.1 

2.6 

2.5

4.5

0.6 

1.9

85

58

27

83

2

25

662

633

30

643

19

11

Notes: 'Totals may not equal sum of components due to independent rounding.

 Heights of columns are scaled to annual amounts in common units (quads).

Source: Energy Information Administration, Form EIA-846(S), "1985 Manufacturing Energy Consumption Survey. Part 

Switching Capability."

Fuel

Energy Information Administration/Manufacturing Energy Consumption Survey: Fuel Switching, 1985
If an establishment manufactures more than one kind 

of good, it will be classified according to its primary 

product. For example, an establishment that is prima 

rily engaged in manufacturing paper from wood pulp, 

but that also manufactures some paperboard, would 

be classified as a Paper Mill (SIC 2621). It would not 

also be classified as a Paperboard Mill (SIC 2631).

carry out a specific activity. In the previous example 

the fuel-switching capability for the paper mill-foil al' 

its operations-would be included in the data for Papei 

Mills. Even if the establishment were able to switch 

fuels used to produce paperboard, this fuel-switching 

capability would be assigned to Paper Mills.

MECS Samples Establishments in AH 

the Major Manufacturing Groups and 

the Most Energy-Intensive Industries

The estimates in this report are based on data collected 

from a carefully designed sample of manufacturing es 

tablishments. Several important considerations were 

included in the criteria for the design of the sample. 

First, the sampling procedures ensured that all manu 

facturing establishments were represented. Second, 

specific industries that have been heavy users of energy 

in the past were individually sampled to ensure their 

inclusion in the survey. Also, the size of the sample in 

each industry group was controlled so that the error 

levels of the survey estimates would be similar for each 

group.

The MECS sample was selected as a subset of the mail 

sample for the Annual Survey of Manufactures (ASM), 

conducted by the Bureau of the Census. The ASM 

mail sample is comprised of 56,000 manufacturing es 

tablishments drawn from the approximately 225,000 

establishments in the Census of Manufactures mail file. 

A sample of about 12,000 establishments from the ASM 

was used for MECS. (See Appendix A for a detailed 

discussion of the procedures followed to determine the 

MECS sample.) Establishments were selected from 

each of the 20 major industry groups (2-digit SIC code) 

that together make up the manufacturing sector. In 

addition, establishments were selected from 10 specific 

industries (4-digit SIC code) that historically have con 

sumed the most energy. Appendix D contains a de 

scription of these 30 groups.

This report presents estimates of fuel-switching capa 

bility for subgroups of the manufacturing sector. These 

estimates are based on data that MECS collected from 

individual manufacturing establishments. The MECS 

collected data on the consumption of energy that man 

ufacturing establishments use for all purposes, includ 

ing the production of heat and power, generating elec 

tricity, and raw material inputs. The specific MECS 

data that are reported here are based on consumption 

that was used for the production of heat and power or 

for generating electricity. The fuel-switching data 

specify the amount of consumption that could have 

been replaced by alternate fuels, and the amounts of 

potential consumption of these alternatives. None of 

these data have been collected for energy consumed 

for a specific activity. The fuel-switching estimates re 

ported in this publication are for all establishments 

within an industrial group. No estimates are provided 

on fuel-switching capability for energy consumed to

Overview of the Findings

Approximately 92 Thousand Barrels 

Day of Petroleum Fuels Were 

Switchable to Other Fuels by 

Manufacturing Industries During 198S

In 1985, manufacturers consumed 307 thousand barrel'. 

per day of residual and distillate fuel oils to prod. :ic>; 

heat and power and to generate electricity (Table 1:5 1 ; 

Because of their capability to consume other fuels ir 

place of petroleum fuels, manufacturers could Lav; 

switched about 92 thousand barrels per day of distil lain: 

and residual fuel oil consumption to nonpetroleum 

fuels-natural gas, purchased electricity, coal/ccke. 

and other nonpetroleum. Thus, manufacturers could 

have lowered their consumption of petroleum fuels 1<: 

about 215 thousand barrels per day and maintain.ec 

their production at 1985 levels. (See Box.)

The figure of 92 thousand barrels per day is approxi 

mate for two reasons, apart from the uncertainty asso 

ciated with sampling error. (See Appendix B for a dis 

cussion of the effects of sampling variabilit}' o.n the 

results contained, in this report.) First, a small amounf 

of the petroleum fuel can be replaced by more thai: 

one nonpetroleum fuel. However, summing lb; 

amounts switchable to each of the alternatives to arm >; 

at the 92 thousand figure assumes there is no redun 

dancy. This small redundancy, which is inherent in ihf 

way the data were collected, gives a slight overestin iai:<: 

of the amount of petroleum fuels switchable ic 

nonpetroleum fuels. Second, fuel-switching capability 

could not be ascertained for about 12 percent of pe 

troleum consumption. Presumably some of this con 

sumption could have been switched to nonpetrolenrn 

energy, and the exclusion of this switchable fuel gives 

an underestimate of the total consumption that could 

have been switched from petroleum fuels. These HVM: 

factors offset each other, and their net contributio:::. M: 

the estimate's uncertainty is not likely to be larger :< ha r 

that of the sampling error.

Consumption of natural gas was 4.5 trillion cubic leei 

(Tcf) in 1985 to produce heat and power and to gen 

erate electricity. If all possible switching out of natural 

gas had taken place, consumption would have been 

lowered by 1.9 Tcf, a 42 percent reduction. About K 

percent of the 83 million short tons (1.8 quads) of <::o;sJ 

and coke consumed in 1985 could have been switched. 

Manufacturers consumed a comparable amount of decEnergy Information Administration/Manufacturing Energy Consumption Survey: Fuel Switching, 1985
tricity, 643 billion kWh or 2.2 quads, but only a small 

portion of this consumption was switchable to another 

fuel. About 2 percent of electricity consumption, 10.6 

billion kWh, could have been switched to other fuels.

Natural Gas Was the Dominant 

Alternative Fuel Had Manufacturers 

Switched from Oil

Natural gas was the fuel that could have replaced the 

largest amounts of distillate and residual fuel oil con 

sumption in 1985 had manufacturers switched from pe 

troleum fuels. Seventy-three percent of the switchable 

residual fuel oil consumption and 67 percent of the 

switchable distillate consumption could have been 

switched to natural gas. The fuels that could have re 

placed the second largest amounts of each fuel oil was 

the other fuel oil. Distillate fuel oil could have replaced 

31 percent of the switchable residual fuel oil consump 

tion, while residual could have replaced 21 percent of 

the switchable distillate consumption.

Natural gas could also have replaced the largest por 

tions of coal/coke and electricity consumption that 

were switchable in 1985. Natural gas could have re 

placed 67 percent of switchable coal and coke con 

sumption and 70 percent of switchable electricity con 

sumption. Petroleum fuels were the dominant alterna 

tives for natural gas in 1985. Residual and distillate fuel 

oil could each have replaced about one-third of the 

natural gas consumption that could have been 

switched.

Low Oil Consumption Reflects 

Preference for Natural Gas and 

Coal/Coke by Manufacturers in 1985

The relative consumption levels of different fuels in 

1985, and the amount of each fuel that could be 

switched, in part reflects choices made on what fuels 

to consume where choices were available. In 1985, 

manufacturers that could use natural gas or coal/coke 

generally choose to do so. On the other hand, petro 

leum fuels were generally used only when no alterna 

tive was available.

Petroleum Fuel

(Thousand Barrels per

Total Consumption

Switchable from Petroleum

Alternative Fuel:

Natural Gas

Purchased Electricity

Coal/Coke

Other Nonpetroleum

Consumption Switchable

Day)

Distillate Fuel Oil

87

13

11.4

0.9

0.5

0.2

from Petroleum

Residual Fuel Oil

220

79

68.3

2.8

3.7

4.3

in 1985

Total Petroleum

307

92

80

4

4

4

If manufacturers had substituted natural gas for other 

fuels wherever possible, natural gas consumption 

would have been 5. It Tcf (5.2 quads), slightly higher 

than the actual consumption of 4.5 Tcf. If establish 

ments had switched from using natural gas whenever 

it was possible to do so, consumption would have been 

2.6 Tcf (2.7 quads); ThuSj natural gas consumption in

1985 was bracketed by a lower bound of 2.6 Tcf and 

an upper bound of 5.1 Tcf (Figure 2).

The lower bound of natural gas consumption, 2.6 Tcf, 

can be considered the potential minimum level of con 

sumption. Manufacturers could not have reduced their 

consumption of natural gas below this amount and still

Energy Information Administration/Manufacturing Energy Consumption Survey: Fuel Switching, 1985
Figure 2. Minimum, Actual, and Maximum Energy Consumption by Manufacturer For 

1985

c 

o

1

O

Distillate 

Fuel Oil

Residua] 

Fuel Oil

Natural 

Gas

Coal and 

Coke

Purchased 

Electricity

litt] Minim urn Consumption 

Maximum Consumption

\//A Actual Consumption

Source: Energy Information Administration, Form EIA 846(S), "1985 Manufacturing Energy Consumption Survey.

maintained the production levels observed in 1985. 

The difference between the minimum consumption 

and the upper bound of consumption is the amount of 

discretionary consumption, 2.5 Tcf (2.5 quads). Manu 

facturers could choose to consume some portion of 

this discretionary consumption, depending upon eco 

nomic and other factors. The total 1985 consumption 

of 4.5 Tcf represents the 2.6 Tcf minimum consumption 

plus 1.9 Tcf (2.0 quads) of discretionary consumption. 

Manufacturers chose to consume 76 percent of the pos 

sible discretionary consumption, indicating that natural 

gas was frequently the fuel of choice when manufac 

turers had the flexibility to choose it.

The relative amounts of minimum and discretionary 

consumption varied substantially among the different 

fuels. (Table SI presents estimates of minimum con 

sumption and maximum consumption, along with ac 

tual consumption for 1985 for the various fuels.) Man 

ufacturing establishments in 1985 consumed a total of 

31.7 million barrels (0.2 quads) of distillate fuel oil. The 

minimum consumption was 25.4 million barrels (0.1 

quads), while the upper bound of possible consumption 

if all possible users switched to distillate was 210.0 mil 

lion barrels (1.2 quads). Thus, discretionary consump 

tion was 184.6 million barrels (1.1 quads), over 7 tunes 

as much as the minimum consumption. (This compares 

with natural gas where the minimum consumption and 

the total discretionary consumption were about equal.)

The consumption of 31.7 million barrels (0.2 quads) o: 

distillate was 6.2 million barrels (0.04 quads) above tti e 

minimum consumption. The consumption of 6.2 millior 

barrels of discretionary consumption was less than '-• 

percent of the total discretionary consumption. For 

the most part, then, manufacturers used distillate: :: : 

1985 only when there was no alternative fuel they 

could switch to.

A similar situation existed for residual fuel oil. Manu 

facturing establishments consumed a total of 80.3 mil 

lion barrels (0.5 quads) of residual fuel oil in 1985. The 

minimum consumption, the amount that could have 

been consumed if all users switched to other fuels 

whenever possible, was 46.1 million barrels (0.3 quads) 

The maximum consumption, if all potential users 

switched to using residual fuel oil, was 250.9 million 

barrels (1.6 quads), giving a discretionary consumption 

of 204.8 million barrels (1.3 quads). Manufacturers con 

sumed 34.2 million barrels (0.2 quads) over the mini 

mum consumption, which represented about 17 per 

cent of the total discretionary consumption possible

For coal and coke, the situation was the reverse, Al 

most all of the discretionary consumption was, in fact. 

consumed. The total 1985 consumption of coa.1 and 

coke was 83.0 million short tons (1.8 quads). The ruinimum consumption was 58.1 million short tons ;'!.:? 

quads), and the maximum possible consumption wa>

Energy Information Administration/Manufacturing Energy Consumption Survey: Fuel Switching, 1985
Figure 3. Cumulative Percent of 1985 Switchable Energy Consumption by Manufacturers 

(Time Required to Switch)

100 100

c

O 

O

ra

c

o>

u 

E

O

Distillate 

Fuel Oil

Residual 

Fuel Oil

Natural 

Gas

Coal and 

Coke

Purchased 

Electricity

Ixoxj Less than 1 day tZ/^J Less than 1 week RsN^I Less than 30 days 

Source: Energy Information Administration, Form E1A 846(S), "1985 Manufacturing Energy Consumption Survey."

85.3 million short tons (1.9 quads). Discretionary con 

sumption of coal and coke was 27.2 million short tons 

(0.6 quads), of which 92 percent, 24.9 million short 

tons (0.5 quads), was actually consumed. This high 

percentage indicates that coal and coke was the most 

popular fuel among those manufacturers that had the 

capability to use it.

Purchased electricity had the narrowest range of dis 

cretionary consumption of all the sources of heat and 

power. Manufacturers consumed a total of 643.3 billion 

kilowatthours (kWh) in 1985, the equivalent of 2.20 

quads. They could have reduced consumption to 632.7 

billion kWh (2.16 quads) or increased it to 662.3 billion 

kWh (2.26 quads) through switching capability. Dis 

cretionary consumption amounted to only 29.6 billion 

kWh (0.10 quads). Manufacturers consumed 36 percent 

of the discretionary electricity that was possible.

Manufacturers Could Implement 

One-Half of Fuel Switching Within a 

Few Hours

The fuel-switching capability considered in this report 

is for switches that could be made in a short amount 

of time. Given enough time and money, manufacturers 

can replace most any fuel. However, the focus of this 

report is on changes that do not require major modifi 

cations to, or the replacement of, existing energyconsuming equipment. Table 2 of the Detailed Statis 

tics Tables section presents statistics on the quantities 

of fuel that could be switched within minimum 

leadtimes.

The short-term capability to switch to alternative fuels 

represents the extent to which energy consumers could 

respond to emergency situations, to changes in the rel 

ative prices of fuels, or to other factors. The fuelswitching capability estimates in this report are shortterm capabilities. That is, the change in fuel used could 

be implemented within 30 days.

In an emergency situation, even 30 days is a long time 

period. The ability to respond to an emergency is con 

siderably enhanced if a fuel can be replaced within a 

few hours from the time the decision to do so is made. 

About 50 percent of the quantity of fuel that was 

switchable could have been replaced within one day 

(Figure 3). The portion of fuel that could be switched 

within 1 day depended upon the type of fuel, ranging 

from 43 to 59 percent. From 75 to 84 percent of the 

switchable fuel could have been replaced within 1 

week.

Slightly more than one-half of the electricity and of 

the coal and coke that could be switched was replace 

able within one day. For electricity, 59 percent of the

Energy Information Administration/Manufacturing Energy Consumption Survey: Fuel Switching, 1985
switchable consumption could be replaced in 1 day, 

although only a small amount of electricity consump 

tion was replaceable. Of the switchable coal and coke, 

54 percent could be replaced in 1 day, Natural gas and 

the fuel oils had longer switching periods. From 43 to 

45 percent of these fuels that could be switched were 

switchable within 1 day. For natural gas and distillate 

fuel oil, the cumulative percent of consumption that 

could be switched within 1 week was 76 and 75 percent, 

respectively. For the other fuels, at least 80 percent 

could be switched within 1 week.

Multiple Alternative Fuels Provide 

Flexibility in Fuel Use

The flexibility that a manufacturer has in switching 

fuels is a function of the number of other fuels that 

could serve as a replacement for a given fuel used for 

a specific purpose. The MECS provides an indirect 

measure of this flexibility. The data in Tables 3 through 

7 of the Detailed Statistics Tables section include the 

amount of a given fuel used to produce heat and power 

that is switchable, and the quantities of that fuel that 

could be replaced by specific alternatives. A measure 

of the flexibility available in choosing among alterna 

tive fuels is provided by adding the alternative fuel 

quantities and comparing this total with the total 

switchable quantity. To the extent that the sum of the 

quantities of alternative fuels that could be consumed 

is larger than the quantity of fuel that can be replaced, 

there is flexibility in the choice of alternative fuels. If 

the totals are about the same, there is little flexibility 

in the choice of alternative fuels.

To understand why comparing these two totals indi 

cates the degree of fuel-switching flexibility, it is useful 

to consider several specific examples of switching sit 

uations. A manufacturer using a boiler that can burn 

one of two possible fuels and has no other switching 

capability, has no flexibility in choosing alternative fu 

els. One fuel or the other must be chosen. In this case, 

the total quantity of switchable fuel consumed is equal 

to the quantity of the single alternative fuel that could 

be consumed.

Next, consider a manufacturer with several essential 

boilers, all of which are dual-fired, with different boil 

ers having different combinations of fuel pairs. This 

case is very similar to the first. The manufacturer has 

more fuels to choose from in switching fuels, but only 

a portion of the total boiler consumption can be 

switched to a given alternative fuel. Since each boiler 

can be fired by only one of two possible fuels, the total 

quantity of switchable fuel consumed will equal the 

sum of the quantities of alternative fuels that could be 

consumed as replacements.

However, a manufacturer that has boilers that can all 

be fired by four different fuels will have considerable 

flexibility in fuel-switching decisions. In this case, the 

sum of the quantities of consumption switchable to the

alternative fuels will be three times the consumption 

of the fuel being consumed that is switchable.

Electricity is the Most Flexible 

Switchable Fuel, Followed by Natural 

Gas

The fuel used as a source for heat and power that has 

the most flexibility for switching is electricity (Fig;ate 

4). The sum of the amounts of electricity switchable 

to its various alternatives is 18.2 billion kWh (0.062 

quads), which is 71 percent larger than the 10.6 billon 

kWh (0.036 quads) of electricity consumption that can 

be switched. The advantage of this flexibility is se 

verely limited, however, by the fact that only 2 percent 

of total purchased electricity could have been switched 

in 1985.

Natural gas was the primary replacement fuel for elec 

tricity. It could have replaced 7.4 billion kWh (0.02 S 

quads) of purchased electricity. Residual and distillate 

fuel oils were the next most likely alternative fuels for 

purchased electricity, potentially replacing 4.1 (0.014 

quads) and 2,9 billion kWh (0.010 quads), respectively,

There was little flexibility in choice of fuels for :he 

distillate fuel oil that was switchable. The amount o:: 

distillate fuel oil that was switchable was 6.2 mill: on 

barrels (0.036 quads), and the sum of the alternative:!; 

was 6.7 million barrels (0.039 quads). This small differ 

ence indicates that distillate was among the most in 

flexible sources of heat and power with respect to :he 

number of viable alternatives.

This lack of flexibility is borne out by the fact that one 

replacement fuel, natural gas, totally dominates ;he 

others. Natural gas could have replaced 4.2 million 

barrels (0.024 quads), 67 percent of switchable distillate 

consumption. Residual fuel oil was the next highesi: 

replacement fuel, accounting for 1.3 million barrels 

(0.008 quads) or 21 percent of switchable consumption..

Switchable natural gas consumption was also relatively 

inflexible. A total of 1.9 Tcf (2.0 quads) was switchable, 

and the sum of the alternatives was 2.3 Tcf (2.4 quads) 

The principal alternatives were distillate and residuafuel oils, either of which could have replaced 0.8 Tc:~ 

(0.8 quads) of natural gas. The only other significijjd: 

alternative for natural gas was LPG, which could b&ve 

replaced 0.5 Tcf (0.5 quads).

Residual fuel oil was reasonably flexible in terms of ils 

alternatives. The total switchable consumption was; 

34.2 million barrels (0.21 quads), which was substan 

tially exceeded by the sum of consumption of the octential alternatives, 44.5 million barrels (0.28 quads). 

Natural gas was the primary alternative fuel for residua I 

fuel oil. It was capable of replacing 24.9 million ban: els 

(0.16 quads), or 73 percent of the total switchable con 

sumption of residual fuel oil. The second arid third

Energy Information Administration/Manufacturing Energy Consumption Survey: Fuel Switching, 1985
Figure 4. Quantity of Swltchabie Energy and Total Alternative Energy in the 

Manufacturing Sector for 1985

2.5

c 

o

O

1.5

0.5

2.330

' 1.955

0.280

0.036 0-039

0.801

0.604

0.036

0.062

Distillate 

Fuel Oil

Residual 

Fuel Oil

Natural 

Gas

Coal and 

Coke

Purchased 

Electricity

Fil?) Quantity Switchable \ZZA Total Alternatives

Source: Energy Information Administration, Form EIA 846(S), "1985 Manufacturing Energy Consumption Survey".

most prevalent alternatives were distillate fuel oil and 

LPG. These petroleum-based fuels could have re 

placed 10.6 and 5.0 million barrels (0.07 and 0.03 

quads), respectively. While no single alternative fuel 

could have replaced all the switchable residual fuel 

oil, most of the replacement could have been accom 

plished through the use of distillate fuel oil, LPG and 

natural gas.

Finally, the MECS data indicate some flexibility in the 

replacement of coal and coke. The total switchable 

consumption of coal and coke was 24.9 million short 

tons (0.55 quads). The sum of the alternatives for coal 

and coke was 33.0 million short tons (0.73 quads), onethird greater than the switchable consumption. The 

primary alternative fuel was natural gas, which could 

have replaced 16.8 million short tons (0.37 quads). Re 

sidual fuel oil was second, capable of replacing 8.9 

million short tons (0.20 quads), and distillate was third, 

potentially replacing 5.8 million short tons (0.13 quads).

Energy Information Administration/Manufacturing Energy Consumption Survey: Fuel Switching, 1985

Detailed Statistics Tables

Energy Information Administration/Manufacturing Energy Consumption Survey: Fuel Switching, 1985 n
Table 1. Nonswitchable Minimum Requirements and Maximum 

Consumption Potential by Census Region, 1985

(Physical Units)

Type of Energy Actual Consumption Minimum Consumption1

Maximum Consumption"

Low Estimate High Estimate

Purchased Electricity (million kWh) ....

Natural Gas (billion cubic feet) ............

Distillate Fuel Oil (thousand barrels)... 

Residual Fuel Oil (thousand barrels) ... 

Coal and Coke (thousand short tons).

Purchased Electricity (million kWh) ....

Natural Gas (billion cubic feet) ............

Distillate Fuel Oil (thousand barrels)... 

Residual Fuel Oil (thousand barrels)... 

Coal and Coke (thousand short tons).

Purchased Electricity (million kWh) ....

Natural Gas (billion cubic feet) ............

Distillate Fuel Oil (thousand barrels)... 

Residual Fuel Oil (thousand barrels)... 

Coal and Coke (thousand short tons).

Purchased Electricity (million kWhp ....

Natural Gas (billion cubic feet) ............

Distillate Fuel Oil (thousand barrels)... 

Residual Fuel Oil (thousand barrels)... 

Coal and Coke (thousand short tons).

Purchased Electricity (million kWhp ....

Natural Gas (billion cubic feet) ............

Distillate Fuel Oil (thousand barrels)... 

Residual Fuel Oil (thousand barrels)... 

Coal and Coke (thousand short tons).

643,362

4,512

31,684

80,252

83,003

259,788

2,285

10,512

24,036

28,598

106,560

495

4,746

10,611

6,300

Total United States

632,733

2,618

25,449

46,096

58,095

660,714

5,055

203,443

243,774

85,183

Northeast Census Region

92,378

467

10,634

32,910

10,278

91,287

235

8,491

21,670

8,186

Midwest Census Region

184,636

1,265

5,792

12,696

37,826

182,366

702

4,867

4,282

28,740

South Census Region

254,347

1,443

7,986

15,333

17,852

269,087

2,477

83,655

101,236

29,315

West Census Region

104,733

238

4,106

4,811

3,317

108,452

582

29,357

31,869

6,537

662,344

5,071

210,046

250,892

85,337

93,705

526

34,137

56,918

10,460

94,085

529

34,957

57,71 1

10,490

189,470

1,470

56,295

53,750

38,871

189,567

1,474

58,266

55,554

38,913

270,042

2,484

86,125

105,282

29,385

108,649

584

30,698

32,344

6,550

 Minimum consumption represents actual 1985 consumption decreased by the quantity of the designated type of energy that would no longer havn 

been required if all ascertained switching from that type of energy had occurred. The minimum value includes the quantity of 1985 consumption for whicl' 

switching capability was not ascertained.

b Maximum consumption represents actual 1985 consumption increased by the quantity of the designated type of energy that would have been re 

quired if all ascertained switching to that type of energy had occurred. The low estimate assumes that when the designated type of energy was reported 

as an alternative to two or more types of energy at an establishment, only a single substitution was possible at any one time. The substitutable amouir: 

consists of the single largest switchable amount from any type of energy to the designated type of energy. The high estimate assumes that all indicated 

substitutions were simultaneously possible and the substitutable amount consists of the sum of all possible switches to the designated type of energy. 

Both estimates assume that 1985 output remained constant.

c "Purchased Electricity" represents those quantities for which payment was made, and which were available onsite for consumption. The estimated 

values specifically exclude electricity generated onsite, transferred in from another establishment of the same company (including company-owned elec 

tricity generation facilities), quantities purchased and paid for by a central purchasing entity, and quantities for which payment was made in kind. In acid 

tion, "Purchased Electricity" has not been adjusted to account for any quantities that might have been resold or transferred out.

Source: Energy Information Administration, Office of Energy Markets and End Use, Energy End Use Division, Form EIA-846(S), "1985 Manufactur 

ing Energy Consumption Survey: Part Il-Fuel-Switching Capability."

12 Energy Information Administration/Manufacturing Energy Consumption Survey: Fuel Switching, 1985
Table 2. Capability to Switch From Designated Types of Energy by 

Census Region and Minimum Leadtime to Switch, 1985

(Physical Units)

Type of Energy and 

Minimum Leadtime to Switch*

Quantity Switchable11

Total United States

Northeast

Purchased Electrlclty(million kilowat1hours)c 

Less than one day .................................................. 6,247

One day through one week.....,.......;.............,....... 2,676

More than one week but within 30 days ............. 1,662

Leadtime not ascertainable ................................... 46

Total ...................................................................... 10,631

Natural Gas (billion cubic feet) 

Less than one day.................................................. 862

One day through one week................................... 577

More than one week but within 30 days ............. 378

Leadtime not ascertainable ................................... 79

Total ..................................................................... 1,895

Distillate Fuel OH (thousand barrels) 

Less than one day .................................................. 2,695

One day through one week................................... 2,000

More than one week but within 30 days ............. 1,522

Leadtime not ascertainable ................................... 20

Total ...................................................................... 6,236

Residual Fuel OH (thousand barrels) 

Less than one day .................................................. 14,802

One day through one week................................... 12,544

More than one week but within 30 days ............. 6,497

Leadtime not ascertainable ................................... 313

Total ...................................................................... 34,156

Coal and Coke (thousand short tons) 

Less than one day.................................................. 13,351

One day through one week................................... 7,406

More than one week but within 30 days ............. 3,807

Leadtime not ascertainable ................................... 343

Total ...................................................................... 24,907

691

244

132

24

1,090

121

62

38

10

232

905

333

900

Q

2,143

5,285

3,035

2,887

33

11,240

1,278

429

329

56

2,092

Census Region

Midwest

1,489

344

432

4

2,270

243

164

135

20

563

375 

221 

325 

Q 

925

2,297

4,950

W

W

8,414

5,099

2,619

1,268

100

9,087

South

3,258

1,325

842

16

5,442

389

263

160

32

843

956 

Q

291

Q

2,528

4,342

2,748

W

W

8,703

5,114

3,725

1,726

181

10,746

West

808

763

257

Q

1,829

108

87

45

17

257

458

176

6

1

640

2,877

1,811

1,111

1

5,800

1,860

633

484

6

2,983

 A specific type of energy may be swttchable if the combustors had the necessary machinery or equipment in place so that the substitution could 

have been introduced within 30 days, while holding output constant, and without extensive modifications to the combustor. See Appendix A for more de 

tails. The estimates of quantities switchable represent the total consumption during 1985 that could have been replaced by an alternative fuel within the 

standard leadtime. These amounts can also be interpreted as the amount of 1985 consumption that could have been avoided if all possible switching 

within the leadtime had taken place.

" "Time to switch" represents the minimum lead time required to convert to a primary replacement type of energy in place of the indicated type of en 

ergy. If two or more replacement fuels were equally substitutable, respondents were instructed to indicate the minimum leadtime for the substitution that 

could have been made in the shortest time. (See questionnaire and instructions in Appendix C.)

c "Purchased Electricity" represents those quantities for which payment was made, and which were available onsite for consumption. The estimated 

values specifically exclude electricity generated onsite, transferred in from another establishment of the same company (including company-owned elec 

tricity generation facilities), quantises purchased and paid for by a central purchasing entity, and quantities for which payment was made in kind. In addi 

tion, "Purchased Electricity1 ' has not been adjusted to account for any quantities that might have been resold or transferred out.

W=Withheld to avoid disclosing data for individual companies. Data are included in higher level totals.

Q=Withheld because relative standard error is greater than or equal to 50 percent. Data are included in higher level totals.

Note: Totals may not equal sum of components because of independent rounding.

Source: Energy Information Administration, Office of Energy Markets and End Use, Energy End Use Division, Form EIA-846(F), "1985 Manufactur 

ing Energy Consumption Survey: Part Il-Fuel-Switching Capability."

Energy Information Administration/Manufacturing Energy Consumption Survey: Fuel Switching, 1985 13
Table 3. Capability to Substitute Alternative Types of Energy for 

Purchased Electricity, 1985

(Million Kilowatthours)

Selected Characteristics

SIC Code" and Industries

20 Food and Kindred Products .............

22 Textile Mill Products ..........................

23 Apparel and Other Textile Products 

24 Lumber and Wood Products ............

26 Paper and Allied Products ................

2621 Paper Milts, Except Building

2631 Paperboard Mills ...........................

28 Chemicals and Allied Products ........ 

2819 Industrial Inorganic Chemicals .... 

2821 Plastics Materials and Resins ..... 

2869 Industrial Organic Chemicals .......

30 Rubber and Misc. Plastics Products

32 Stone, Clay and Glass Products ..... 

3241 Cement, Hydraulic .........................

3312 Blast Furnaces and Steel Mills ...

34 Fabricated Metal Products ...............

36 Electric and Electronic Equipment ..

38 Instruments and Related Products .. 

39 Misc. Manufacturing Industries ........ 

Total ....................................................

Census Region

Midwest ..............................................................

South ..................................................................

West ...................................................................

Total ................................................................

Value of Shipments* (million dollars) 

Under 20 ............................................................

20-49 ..................................................................

50-99 ..................................................................

100-249 ..............................................................

250-499 ..............................................................

Total ................................................................

Employment Size"

Under 50 ............................................................

50-99 ..................................................................

100-249 ..............................................................

250-499 ..............................................................

500-999 ..............................................................

Total ................................................................

Purchased Electricity

Total Pur 

chased"

45,053 

1,389 

25,416 

4,026 

14,039 

4,243 

53,302

28,813 

10,390 

11,182 

124,698 

33,438 

11,805 

19,927 

3,714 

35,516 

33,912 

25,757 

1,053 

30,700 

9,926 

136,081 

37,71 1 

58,846 

26,694 

28,942 

30,683 

33,669 

7,732 

3,188 

643,362

92,378 

184,636 

259,788 

106,560 

643,362

120,086 

102,416 

82,745 

140,835 

86,092 

111,189 

643,362

45,084 

40,347 

109,025 

110,296 

138,949 

199,661 

643,362

Switch- | Not 

able i Switchable

1,004 37,545 

W '.1.30V 

20 22.106 

Q 2,868 

213 J Q.835 

Q 3,297 

1,824 44,196

1,211 23,309 

414 9,115 

175 8,383 

1,242 114,694 

210 31,675 

40 10,803 

146 19,046 

45 3,213 

2,647 30,451 

2,625 "29,231 

133 20,233 

8 827 

165 25,563 

1 8,143 

1,938 125,854 

1 ,783 ' "34,280 

W 58,548 

248 20,983 

332 21j5077' 

283 '23,285 

308 ' 28,524 

65 6.439- 

Q 2,594 

10,631 J550JS86

1,090 74,551 

2,270 160,546 

5,442 224,958 

1,829 90,831 

10,631 550,886

1,145 91,975 

1,203 83,773 

588 70,154 

1,750 127,489 

1,059 80,383 

4,885 97,112 

10,631 550,886

463 32,801 

398 31,860 

1,552 90,032 

1,239 96,466 

2,256 122,040 

4,723 177,688 

10,631 550,886

Alternative Types of Energy"

Natural 

Gas

616 

Q 

W 

0 

Q 

Q 

1,291

914 

317 

70 

817 

107 

W 

94 

W 

2,047 

2,032 

Q 

W 

Q 

1 

1,854 

1,738 

W 

82 

39 

126 

209 

Q 

Q 

7,437

611 

1,552 

3,784 

1,490 

7,437

564 

693 

386

1,304 

648 

3,843 

7,437

201 

287 

958 

941 

1,822 

3,227 

7,437

Distillate Residual 

Fuel Oil Fuel Oil

404 1 79 

W 0 

Q Q 

Q 0 

Q W 

0 0 

710 983

W 575 

117 297 

46 Q 

347 492 

38 63 

8 14 

3 W 

W 0 

784 705 

762 690 

25 Q 

0 0 

40 0 

0 0 

116 1,438 

W 1,438 

W 0 

31 4 

47 105 

170 Q 

117 W 

Q 58 

Q Q 

2,937 4,149

184 836 

662 1,064 

1,431 1,423 

661 824 

2,937 4,149

284 161 

379 354 

299 214 

912 734 

103 436 

960 2,248 

2,937 4,149

Q 34 

69 93 

561 403 

292 562 

929 926 

931 2,130 

2,937 4,149

Coal and 

Coke

92 

0 

W 

0 

0 

0 

255

115 

89 

0 

W 

102 

0 

0 

0 

34 

W 

0 

Q 

0 

0 

1 

0 

0

w

0

1 

w 

w

0 

626

51 

139 

375 

62 

626

40 

W 

W 

220 

75 

251 

626

Q 

Q 

58 

52 

131 

351 

626

LPG

Q 

0 

0 

0 

Q 

0 

Q

0 

0 

Q 

67 

0 

0 

W 

0 

1,276 

1,261 

Q 

0 

5 

0 

Q 

0 

0 

Q 

Q 

Q 

W 

0 

0 

1,654

119 

229 

1,049 

256

1,654

288 

Q 

W 

52 

92 

1,186 

1,654

Q 

Q 

213 

224 

422 

600 

1,654

Other"

Q 

0 

Q 

0 

95 

Q 

148

148

0 

0 

W

0

w

0 

754 

754 

Q 

0 

Q 

0 

W 

W 

0

a

Q

0 

0 

0 

0 

1,358

100 

140 

883 

234 

1,358

a

267 

7 

112

vv

303 

1,358

Q 

Q 

265 

224 

291 

VV 

1,353

 "Alternative types of energy" consist of those that could have been substituted for purchased electricity during 1985. The quantities are expressed in 

millions of kilowatthours, and therefore represent the quantity of purchased electricity that could have been displaced by the given alternate type of energy.

b The estimates of total purchased electricity represent the quantities that were available for use onsite during 1985. The estimates include those quan 

tities that were ascertained switchable or not switchable, plus an additional quantity for which the switching status was not ascertained.

0 "Other" includes all other types of energy that respondents indicated could have been consumed in place of purchased electricity.

d See Appendices A and D for descriptions of the Standard Industrial Classification system.

 Value of Shipments and Employment Size were supplied by the Bureau of the Census. See Appendix A. 

*=Estimate less than 0.5 rounded to zero.

W=Withheld to avoid disclosing data for individual companies. Data are included in higher level totals. 

Q=Withheld because relative standard error is greater than or equal to 50 percent. Data are included in higher level totals. 

Note: Totals may not equal sum of components because of independent rounding.

Source: Energy Information Administration, Office of Energy Markets and End Use, Energy End Use Division, Form EIA-846(S), "1985 Manufacturing 

Energy Consumption Survey: Part Il-Fuel-Switching Capability." "

14 Energy Information Administration/Manufacturing Energy Consumption Survey: Fuel Switching, 1985
Table 4. Capability to Substitute Alternative Types of Energy for 

Natural Gas, 1985

(Billion Cubic Feet)

Selected Characteristics

Natural Gas

Total Con 

sumed"

Switchable

Alternative Types of Energy8

Not Purchased 

Switchablei Electricity

Distillate i 

Fuel Oil |

Residual 

Fuel Oil

Coal and ! , D, 

Coke 1 LK

j

3 | Other0

SIC Code" and Industries

21 Tobacco Manufactures .....................

22 Textile Mill Products ..........................

23 Apparel and Other Textile Products

25 Furniture and Fixtures .......................

2621 Paper Mills, Except Building

2631 Paperboard MHIs ...........................

27 Printing and Publishing .....................

28 Chemicals and Allied Products ........ 

2819 Industrial Inorganic Chemicals .... 

2821 Plastics Materials and Resins ..... 

2869 Industrial Organic Chemicals ....... 

2873 Nitrogenous FerSrizgrs ..................

29 Petroleum and Coal Products ..........

291 1 Petroleum Refining ........................

30 Rubber and Misc. Plastics Products 

31 Leather and Leather Products .........

32 Stone, Clay and Glass Products ..... 

3241 Cement, Hydraulic .........................

3312 Blast Furnaces and Steel Mills ... 

3334 Primary Aluminum .........................

34 Fabricated Metal Products ...............

35 Machinery, Except Electrical ............

36 Electric and Electronic Equipment .. 

37 Transportation Equipment ................

38 Instruments and Related Products .. 

39 Misc. Manufacturing Industries ........ 

Total .......... ..

Census Region 

Northeast . .... _ .

Midwest ..............................................................

South ..................................................................

West ............................... ..... ...............................

Total ................................................................

Value of Shipments* (million dollars) 

Under 20 ............................................................

20-49 ..................................................................

50-99 ..................................................................

100-249 ................................_... :_........... ......

250-499 ..............................................................

500 and Over .....................................................

Total . ....... ..

Employment Size*

Under 50 ............................................................

50-99 ..................................................................

100-249 ..............................................................

250-499..............................................................

cf\n QQQ

1,000 and Over .................................................

Total . ........ ....

462

3

89

11 

24

18

387

152

124

31

1,153 

118 

W 

389 

190

694

668

94 

4

372 

16

666

400 

W

169

101

80 

121

20 

14 

4,512

467

1,265

£,285

495

4,512

649

585

548

898

619

1,212

4,512

248

311

752

839

878

1,484

4,512

279

2

60

4 

8

6

238

90

82

10

328 

39 

44 

91 

11

297

284

57 

2

177 

6

247

139 

14

52

32

27 

54

10 

4 

1,895

232

563

843

257

1,895

225

270

279

416

256

449

1,895

71

125

320

368

425

586

1,895

132.

- .-.!..

16 - 3 

~T~

 -g--

111,,

41

34

14 Tr" 787

76 

291 

176

371

362

,_"_"

148 -*""-~6

377 -Sjgr

7

85

46:

- «""" " 34

2jpa ..

169

581

1,304

183

2,238

SOS

237

197

423

341

735

2,238

133

147

331

406

383

838

2,238

2

0

Q

Q 

0

Q

11

6

4

1

8

4

Q 

W 

0

8

8

Q

1 

0

5

W 

0

2

1

1 

1

Q 

0 

42

1

14

22

5

42

5

6

2

15

3

12

42

2

2

4

6

17

11

42

131

1

16

2

4

2

88

31

25

5

155 

18 

21 

41 

11

118

108

34 

1

96 

2

80

32

4

22

13

12 

23

6 

2 

810

90

238

372

110

810

119

134

158

163

93

142

810

41

74

165

167

179

184

810

144

1

33

1 

1

1

161

63

64

2

161 

23 

12

44

1

121

119

29

1

28

1

105

94 

2

11

6

5 

13

4 

1 

830

118

226

369

118

830

56

100

97

212

145

220

830

21

41

121

167

183

298

830

8

0

1

0

Q

6

3

1

0

4 

1

1 

0

2

1

0

6 

3

7

6 

0

1

1

2

0 

38

2

20

12

4

38

6

4

5

7

6

10

38

Q

3

8

8

3

15

38

40

14

1 

3

3

10

2

2

3

53 

3 

W 

28

*

164

163

6 

Q

60

*

69

14 

8

21

14

10 

17

2

1 

493

43

148

234

68

493

58

62

61

76

36

199

493

15

28

60

84

133

172

493

3

Q

0

Q 

Q

Q

6

5

7 

Q 

W 

1

22

22

Q 

0

Q 

0

2

W 

1

1

*

*

1

0 

Q 

45

3

10

18

15

45

5

2

2

7

7

oo

45

Q

3

2

2

OK

11

AC.

' "Alternative types of energy" consist of those that could have been substituted for natural gas during 1985. The quantities are expressed in billion cu 

bic feet, and, therefore, represeM the quantity of natural gas that could have been displaced by the given alternate type of energy.

b The estimates of total consumption include those quantities that were ascertained switchable or not swrtchable, plus an additional quantity for which 

the switching status was not ascertained.

c "Other" includes all oilier types of energy that respondents indicated could have been consumed in place of natural gas. 

d See Appendices A and D for descriptions of the Standard Industrial Classification system. 

 Value of Shipments and Employment Size were supplied by the Bureau of the Census. See Appendix A. 

*=Estimate less than 0.5 rounded to zero.

W=Withheld to avoid disclosing data for individual companies. Data are included in higher level totals. 

Q=Withheld because relative standard error is greater than or equal to 50 percent. Data are included in higher level totals. 

Note: Totals may not equal sum of components because of independent founding.

Source: Energy Information Administration, Office of Energy Markets and End Use, Energy End Use Division, Form EIA-846(S), "1985 Manufacturing 

Energy Consumption Survey: Part Il-Fuel-Switching Capability."

Energy Information Administration/Manufacturing Energy Consumption Survey: Fuel Switching, 1985 15
Table 5. Capability to Substitute Alternative Types of Energy for 

Distillate Fuel Oil, 1985

(Thousand Barrels)

 ..,.,_. 

Selected Characteristics

SIC Code* and Industries

20 Food and Kindred Products .............

22 Textile Mill Products ..........................

23 Apparel and Other Textile Products 

24 Lumber and Wood Products ............

2621 Paper Mills, Except Building

2631 Paperboard Mills ...........................

28 Chemicals and Allied Products ........ 

2819 Industrial Inorganic Chemicals .... 

2821 Plastics Materials and Resins ..... 

2869 Industrial Organic Chemicals .......

2911 Petroleum Refining ........................

30 Rubber and Misc. Plastics Products 

31 Leather and Leather Products .........

32 Stone, Clay and Glass Products ..... 

3241 Cement, Hydraulic .........................

3312 Blast Furnaces and Steel Mills ...

36 Electric and Electronic Equipment ..

38 Instruments and Related Products .. 

39 Misc. Manufacturing Industries ........ 

Total ....................................................

Census Region

South ..................................................................

West ...................................................................

Total ................................................................

Value of Shipments* (million dollars) 

Undergo ............................................................

20-49 ..................................................................

50-99 ..................................................................

100-249 ..............................................................

250-499 ..............................................................

Total ................................................................

Employment Size*

Under 50 ............................................................

50-99 ..................................................................

100-249 ..............................................................

250-499 ..............................................................

500-999 ..............................................................

Total ................................................................

Distillate Fuel Oil

Total Con 

sumed11 1

4,215 

55 

922 

373 

3,911 

342 

1,963

1,030 

197 

256 

2,741 

515 

384 

755 

25 

2,807 

752 

W 

199 

5,643 

643 

2,098 

942 

52 

1,721 

1,298 

W 

1,501 

W 

164 

31 ,684

10,634 

5,792 

10,512 

4,746 

31,684

17,052 

5,353 

2,463 

W 

W 

W 

31,684

9,279 

4,631 

6,465 

3,797 

2,793 

4,720 

31,684

Switchable

1,897 

Q 

421 

Q 

156 

52 

331

168 

27 

43 

694 

132 

214 

109 

15 

967 

263 

194 

Q 

453 

56 

171 

42 

W 

217 

158 

115 

211 

36 

24 

6,236

2,143 

925 

2,528 

640 

6,236

3,335 

976 

590 

549 

391 

395 

6,236

2,117 

735 

1,109 

934 

737 

605 

6,236

Not 

Switohable

1.929, 

YL. 

30L. 

2,84l' 192 

196-

1,035

534 

142 

163 1, erfsis

74 

571 

9 

1,462 

449 

24L.

,9-.- 

3,6_2L, 

496 

1.5.14 873 ' 

42 

1,155 6§6~

26jr;

1,1 Z5~- 

118 

96 . 

18,844,,

6,359 

4,089 

5,339 

3,058 

18,844

9,475 

3,401 

1,480 

1,479 

1,128 

1,881 

18,844

5,210 

2,838 

3,691 

2,323 

1,422 

3,360 

18,844

Altsrnative Types

Purchased 

Electricity

Q 

0 

Q 

0 

Q 

Q 

Q

0

Q 

1 

0

0 

0 

Q 

1 

Q 

0 

Q 

W 

Q 

0 

0 

Q 

40 

Q 

50 

Q 

0 

344

106 

Q 

29 

2 

344

Q 

30 

9 

34 

5 

W 

344

Q 

Q 

Q 

31 

20 

67 

344

Natural 

Gas

883 

Q 

Q 

Q 

26 

Q 

280

128 

22 

43 

631 

130 

213 

56 

15 

653 

W 

115 

Q 

392 

37 

141 

38 

W 

162 

86 

83 

136 

34 

14 

4,165

1,532 

646 

1,409 

578 

4,1(35

2,001 

714 

452 

357 

364 

277 

4,165

1,005 

569 

773 

829 

531 

459 

4,165

of Energy"

Residual Coal and 

Fuel Oil Coke

301 

1 

76 

Q 

W 

Q 

41

15 

2 

Q 

32 

2

*

6 

W 

527 

W 

81 

Q 

45 

18 

W 

W 

0 

Q 

14 

23 

W 

Q 

Q 

1,300

722 

141

290 

146 

1,300

714 

267 

115 

141 

31 

33 

1,300

497 

127 

370 

113 

125 

67 

1,300

Q 

0 

Q 

0 

0 

Q 

29

23

3 

0 

W 

0 

W 

1 

0 

Q 

1 

0 

Q 

2 

0 

W 

0 

0 

0 

Q

w 

w

0 

0 

178

47 

Q 

Q 

21 

178

Q 

6 

21 

24 

18 

W 

178

Q 

1 

12 

6 

28 

47 

178

LPG

Q 

1 

15 

0 

Q 

Q 

18

W 

3 

Q 

Q 

2 

0 

Q 

0 

224 

167 

8 

Q 

48 

W 

Q 

W 

1 

Q 

Q 

Q 

10 

0 

0 

Q

190 

237 

Q 

161 

Q

Q 

174 

61 

60 

16 

172 

Q

Q 

142 

40 

76 

238 

70 

Q

Other0

0

0 

Q 

Q 

W

W 

0 

0 

2 

Q 

W

0 

W 

VV 

0 

0 

Q 

0 

Q 

0 

0 

Q 

0 

Q 

G 

C 

C 

59

Q 

Q 

14 

1 

59

Q 

16

1

v; 

v;

59

Q

Q 

Q 

Q 

10 

2

59

 "Alternative types of energy" consist of those that could have been substituted for distillate fuel oil during 1985. The quantities are expressed in thou 

sands of barrels, and, therefore, represent the quantity of distillate fuel oil that could have been displaced by the given alternate type of energy.

b The estimates of total consumption include those quantities that were ascertained switchable or not switchable, plus an additional quantity for which 

the switching status was not ascertained.

c "Other" includes all other types of energy that respondents indicated could have been consumed in place of distillate fuel oil.

d See Appendices A and D for descriptions of the Standard Industrial Classification system.

 Value of Shipments and Employment Size were supplied by the Bureau of the Census. See Appendix A. 

* = Estimate less than 0.5 rounded to zero.

W=Withheld to avoid disclosing data for individual companies. Data are included in higher level totals. 

Q=Withheld because relative standard error is greater than or equal to 50 percent. Data are included in higher level totals. 

Note: Totals may not equal sum of components because of independent rounding.

Source: Energy Information Administration, Office of Energy Markets and End Use, Energy End Use Division, Form EIA-846(S), "1985 Manufacturinci 

Energy Consumption Survey: Part Il-Fuel-Switching Capability."

16 Energy Information Administration/Manufacturing Energy Consumption Survey: Fuel Switching, 1985
Table 6. Capability to Substitute Alternative Types of Energy for

Residua! Fuel Oil, 1985 

(Thousand Barrels)

Residual Fuel Oil Alternative Types of Energy"

Selected Characteristics Total Con- Switchsumed" ! able

!

Not | Purchased j Natural 

Switchable I Electricity | Gas

Distillate 

Fuel Oil

Coal and 

Coke LPG Other0

SIC Code" and Industries

20 Food and Kindred Products............. 6,290

21 Tobacco Manufactures..................... 308

22 Textile MHI Products.......................... 2,858

23 Apparel and Other Textile Products 165

24 Lumber and Wood Products............ W

25 Furniture and Fixtures....................... 145

26 Paper and Allied Products................ W

2621 Paper Mills, Except Building

Paper ............................................. 12,567

2631 Papetkoard Mills ........................... 6,697

27 Printing and Publishing..................... W

28 Chemicals and Allied Products........ 11,477

2819 Industrial Inorganic Chemicals .... 1,220

2821 Plastics Materials and Resins ..... 1,059

2869 Industrial Organic Chemicals....... W

2873 Nitrogenous termers.................. W

29 Petroleum and Coal Products.......... 17,079

2911 Petroleum Refining........................ 15,731

30 Rubber and Misc. Plastics Products 1,729

31 Leather and Leather Products......... 378

32 Stone, Clay and Glass Products ..... 1,491

3241 Cement, Hydraunc......................... W

33 Primary Metal Industries................... 6,405

3312 Blast Furnaces and Steel Mills ... 5,458

3334 Primary Aluminum......................... W

34 Fabricated Metal Products............... 801

35 Machinery, Except Electrical............ 1,152

36 Electric and Electronic Equipment.. 984

37 Transportation Equipment................ 2,630

38 Instruments and Related Products.. W

39 Misc. Manufacturing Industries........ 312

Total.................................................... 80,252

Census Region

Northeast........................................................... 32,910

Midwest .............................................................. 12,696

South .................................................................. 24,036

West ................................................................... 10,611

Total ................................................................ 80,252

Value of Shipments* (million dollars)

Under 20 ............................................................ 7,992

20-49 .................................................................. 10,063

50-99 .................................................................. 11,984

100-249 .............................................................. 16,280

250-499 .............................................................. 10,994

500 and Over..................................................... 22,940

Total ................................................................ 80,252

Employment Size*

Under 50 ............................................................ 2,845

50-99 ...............................:........;......................... 3,420

100-249 .............................................................. 13,021

250-499 .............................................................. 13,254

500-999 .............................................................. 16,532

1,000 and Over................................................. 31,180

Total ................................................................ 80,252

2,883

107

1,125

36

138

38

7,000

3,694

1,944

Q

4,634

523

323

854

W

10,473

10,017

905

33

1,199

148

2,974

2,776

W

351

557

389

771

422

106

34,156

11,240

8,414

8,703

5,800

34,156

2,699

3,859

4,493

6,437

4,279

12,388

34,156

701

1,693

5,468

5,140

7,128

14,026

34,156

2,694

15,684,

7,710

4,435

4,789

556

17,609

3,149

13,646

4,063

38,467

3,585

4,814

6,142

8,605

5,964

9,357

38,467

1,427

1,020

5,735

6,757

7,717

15,812

38,467

W

W

169

154

170

422

1,035

2,485

107

903

Q

79

14

4,377

1,967

1,508

Q

3,258

306

279

770

W

8,352

8,330

543

31

704

103

2,380

2,292

W

270

334

256

543

212

68

24,937

5,985

7,391

6,563

4,999

24,937

1,753

2,076

2,781

5,157

2,820

10,350

24,937

160

1,255

3,337

3,997

4,990

11,198

24,937

850

0

275

29

107

24

2,565

1,945

463

Q

1,581

166

90

214

W

2,423

1,990

488

W

707

44

374

W

W

96

365

159

223

251

62

10,592

5,173

1,312

2,276

1,831

10,592

1,250

2,065

1,991

1,601

1,553

2,131

10,592

507

718

2,833

1,819

2,159

2,556

10,592

66

0

86

0

0

0

423

92 

8 

0

191

129

0

W

0

W

W

W

0

104

W

W

W

0

W

W

W

W

0

0

1,365

343

361

530

131

1,365

98

170

90

567

380

60

1,365

0

Q

301

90

391

580

1,365

95 

Q 

Q 

0 

0 

0 

150

W 

Q 

Q

W 

0

W 

0 

0

4,438

4,438

Q

0

W 

0

W

W 

0

13 

Q

W

W

0

0

5,009

1,049

2,096

563

1,301

5,009

Q

80

211

169

582

3,887

5,009

0

44

811

940

712

2,502

5,009

0 

Q 

Q 

0 

0 

0 

366

298 

0 

0

64

0

W

W

0

945

945

0

0

0

0

W

W

0

0

0

0

W

0

0

1,563

971

164

305

123

1,563

Q

130

18

289

W

966

1,563

Q 

51

*

120

1,240

149

1,563

* "Alternative types of energy" consist of those that could have been substituted for residual fuel oil during 1985. The quantities are expressed in thou 

sands of barrels, and, therefore,;represent the quantity of residual fuel oil that could have been displaced by the given alternate type of energy.

b The estimates of total; consumption include those quantities that were ascertained switchable or not switchable, plus an additional quantity for which 

the switching status was not ascertained.

c "Other" includes all other types of energy that respondents indicated could have been consumed in place of residual fuel oil.

d See Appendices A and D for descriptions of the Standard Industrial Classification system.

 Value of Shipments and Employment Ske were supplied by the Bureau of the Census. See Appendix A. 

"=Estimate less than 0.5 rounded to zero.

W=Withheld to avoid disclosing data for individual companies. Data are included in higher level totals. 

Q=Withheld because relative standard error is greater than or equal to 50 percent. Data are included in higher level totals. 

Note: Totals may not equal sum of components because of independent rounding.

Source: Energy Information Administration, Office of Energy Markets and End Use, Energy End Use Division, Form EIA-846(S), "1985 Manufacturing 

Energy Consumption Survey: Part Il-Fuel-Switching Capability."

Energy Information Administration/Manufacturing Energy Consumption Survey: Fuel Switching, 1985 17
Table 7. Capability to Substitute Alternative Types of Energy for 

Coal and Coke, 1985

(Thousand Short Tons)

Selected Characteristics

Coal and Coke

Tola! Con 

sumed"

Switchable

Not 

Switchable

Alternative Types of Energy"

Purchased 

Electricity

Natural : Distillate ; Residual 

Gas Fuel Oil Fuel Oil LPG 01

SIC Coded and Industries

20 Food and Kindred Products .............

21 Tobacco Manufactures .....................

22 Textile Mill Products ..........................

23 Apparel and Other Textile Products

24 Lumber and Wood Products ............

25 Furniture and Fixtures .......................

26 Paper and Allied Products................

2621 Paper Mills, Except Building

Paper.. ...........................................

2631 Paperboard Mills ...........................

27 Printing and Publishing .....................

28 Chemicals and Allied Products ........

2819 Industrial Inorganic Chemicals ....

2821 Plastics Materials and Resins .....

2869 industrial Organic Chemicals .......

2873 Nitrogenous Fertilizers ..................

29 Petroleum and Coal Products ..........

2911 Petroleum Refining ........................

30 Rubber and Misc. Plastics Products

31 Leather and Leather Products .........

32 Stone, Clay and Glass Products .....

3241 Cement, Hydraulic .........................

33 Primary Metal Industries ...................

3312 Blast Furnaces and Steel Mills ...

3334 Primary Aluminum .........................

34 Fabricated Metal Products ...............

35 Machinery, Except Electrical ............

36 Electric and Electronic Equipment ..

37 Transportation Equipment ................

38 Instruments and Related Products ..

39 Misc. Manufacturing Industries ........

Total ....................................................

Census Region

Northeast ...........................................................

Midwest ..............................................................

South ..................................................................

West ...................................................................

Total ................................................................

Value of Shipments* (million dollars)

Under 20 ............................................................

20-49 ..................................................................

50-99 ..................................................................

100-249 ..............................................................

250-499 ..............................................................

500 and Over .....................................................

Total ................................................................

Employment Size'

Under 50 ............................................................

50-99 ..................................................................

100-249 ..............................................................

250-499 ..............................................................

500-999 ..............................................................

1,000 and Over .................................................

Total ................................................................

5,693

407

1,631

70

W

89

14,015

8,315

4,626

W

14,449

1,882

1,276

W

0

339

336

W

32

14,694

W

26,950

24,039

0

361

765

W

1,892

W

48

83,003

1 0,278

37,826

28,598

6,300

83,003

W

10,150

8,812

W

W

27,102

83,003

1,206

2,681

13,892

9,268

10,820

45,136

83,003

2,895

175

782

9

0

17

6,563

3,391

2,430

0

5,100

363

678

1,477

0

266

263

129

Q

5,523

4,597

2,151

1,931

0

43

323

55

425

W

W

24,907

2,092

9,087

10,746

2,983

24,907

1,965

3,767

3,457

7,178

3,697

4,843

24,907

242

857

5,340

4,403

4,378

9,688

24,907

2,551,,

w...

637,,,

4S-,

 &-,

54

6,3§H

4,143

1,929

12

8,2.121

796

530

2,550

0

73,-.

J3

as...

18 6,9nr

5,076

24,270. 22j556~'

0

2§2,_.

382

292 "

1,27?Cu:

w..~.

,SL,

52,076.,

7,032

27,174

15,943

1,927

52,076

3,289

4,855

4,476

7,170

10,212

22,074

52,076

232

1,588

6,888

3,624

5,441

34,304

52,076

W

0

0

0

0

0

231

199

32

0

W

130

0

W

0

Q

0

0

Q

Q

0

1

0

0

Q

0

0

W

W

0

568

57

W

444

W

568

Q

4

65

W

W

300

568

Q

0

W

W

87

427

568

2,505

W

588

7

0

0

2,786

1,359

1 ,325

0

3,044

165

462

1,337

0

109

106

16

0

5,069

4,184

1 ,934

1 ,71 5

0

32

283

55

354

0

W

16,835

715

7,269

6,483

2,368

16,835

1,720

2,973

2,353

3,999

2,367

3,423

16,835

242

692

4,059

3,336

2,317

6,189

16,835

1,084

W

139

9

0

0

1,860

884

373

0

1,175

67

198

331

0

179

175

W

Q

806

571

208

W

0

W

118

18

84

0

W

5,762

703

2,272

1,707

1,081

5,762

534

989

771

1,637

1,056

776

5,762

Q

208

1,462

1,009

1,157

1,856

5,762

652

W

459

0

0

W

3,316

1,839

1,334

0

1,788

101

W

W

0

190

187

W

0

1,382

1,126

W

W

0

W

50

W

W

W

0

8,894

1,254

1,467

5,637

535

8,894

641

857

1,140

3,069

1,773

1,413

8,894

Q

169

1,504

1,203

1,705

4,239

8,894

0

0

W

0

0

W

19

0

8

0

W

0

W

W

0

55

W

0

0

145

0

32

W

0

W

W

1

W

0

0

542

W

W

399

0

542

140

W

39

W

51

W

542

Q

Q

W

W

28

242

542

23

0

W

0

0

5

406

158

248.

C

0

C

0

0

0

0

0

0

o

0

Q

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

a

439

C

146

89

203

439

O

73

W

263

W

0

43!)

0

a

a

60

191

140

439

1 "Alternative types of energy" consist ol those that could have been substituted for coal and coke during 1985. The quantities are expressed in thou 

sand short tons, and, therefore, represent the quantity of coal and coke that could have been displaced by the given alternate type of energy.

b The estimates of total consumption include those quantities that were ascertained switchable or not switchable, plus an additional quantity for whi; 

the switching status was not ascertained.

c "Other" includes all other types of energy that respondents indicated could have been consumed in place of coal and coke. 

d See Appendices A and D for descriptions of the Standard Industrial Classification system. 

 Value of Shipments and Employment Size were supplied by the Bureau of the Census. See Appendix A. 

W=Withheld to avoid disclosing data for individual companies. Data are included in higher level totals. 

Q=Withheld because relative standard error is greater than or equal to 50 percent. Data are included In higher level totals. 

Note: Totals may not equal sum of components because of independent rounding.

Source: Energy Information Administration, Office of Energy Markets and End Use, Energy End Use Division, Form EIA-846(S), "1985 Manufecturim 

Energy Consumption Survey: Part ll-Fuel-Switching Capability."

18 Energy Information Administration/Manufacturing Energy Consumption Survey: Fuel Switching, 1985
Appendix A

Survey Design, 

Implementation 

and Estimates

Appendix A

Survey Design, Implementation and Estimates

Introduction

The 1985 Manufactiiriag Energy Consumption Survey 

(MECS)has been designed by the Energy Information 

Administration (EIA) ''to; provide information related 

to energy comTTOptibft in the manufacturing sector. 

The MECS data collectionconsisted of two parts. Part 

I collected data traf eneifgyconsumption and related 

matters. The estiiiiates ifirbm Part I of the survey are 

presented in a sepapte EIA. report.3 Part II collected 

information on the capability of manufacturers to sub 

stitute alternate fuels for those actually consumed in 

1985. The estimates from Part II are presented in the 

detailed statistics seetioii of this report.

The basic unit of data collection for this survey was 

the manufacturing establishment. A nationally repre 

sentative sample of tlfese establishments supplied the 

information througli J^jaled; questionnaires. The ques 

tionnaires for Part I of the survey were mailed on 

July 14, 1986; those forPart II were mailed on 

November 26, 1986. The Industry Division of the Bu 

reau of the Census selected the MECS sample accord 

ing to EIA design specifications; conducted the fieldwork; and handled data/processing, again with EIA 

input.

This appendix presents a summary of the design and 

implementation procedures for Part II of the survey, 

and describes the types of estimates included in this 

report. Complete details are available in a methodo 

logical report on the MECS published by EIA.4

Concept of Fuel-Switching 

Capability

One of the major problems in designing a fuelswitching data collection as part of the MECS survey

was to define the concept of fuel switching that the 

survey would measure. After extensive consultation 

with potential data users and data providers, EIA de 

veloped a tightly-specified concept of fuel-switching 

capability based on the following set of principles:

1. Switching data would cover consumption of en 

ergy for heat, power, and onsite electricity gen 

eration only. Switching of energy consumed as 

feedstock or raw material inputs would not be 

considered.

2. Switching data would focus on capability (what 

could be done) rather than actual performance 

(what was, or is being done) or future possibilities 

(what might be possible).

3. Switching capability would be collected for a 

closed historical reference period, rather than the 

present, or some future reference period.

4. Switching capability would be collected for the 

one-year reference period used for MECS con 

sumption data, to tie in with the consumption 

data and avoid seasonal bias.

5. The survey would measure short-term response 

capability; that is, actions that could have taken 

place within 30 days of a decision to switch.

6. Switching capability would reflect the total flex 

ibility provided by an establishment's equipment 

configuration. Both multiple-fired equipment and 

redundant or backup equipment could contribute 

to capability.

7. The survey would measure in-place capability; 

that is, capability provided by equipment that 

was already installed, or was available at the es 

tablishment site for installation during the refer 

ence period. Major modifications to the design 

capabilities of equipment and major capital ex 

penditures were not to be considered in assessing 

capability.

8. Switching capability would be valid only if, fol 

lowing the switch, from one type of energy to

3Energy Information Administration, Manufacturing Energy Consumption Surrey: Consumption of Energy, 1985, DOE/EIA-0512(85) (Wash 

ington, DC, 1988).

4Energy Information Administration, Manufacturing Energy Consumption Survey: Methodological Report, DOE/EIA-0514 (Washington, DC, 

1988).

Energy Information Administration/Manufacturing Energy Consumption Survey: Fuel Switching, 1985 21
another, the establishment would have been able 

to maintain its actual production schedule during 

the reference period.

9. Switching capability provided by an establish 

ment's equipment configuration could be limited 

or negated by legal or practical constraints such 

as binding supply contracts, interruptible service, 

environmental regulations, or unavailability of 

supply or delivery systems for a potential alter 

native.

10. Economic considerations were not to be consid 

ered a practical constraint in evaluating switching 

capability. The survey was designed to measure 

potential response to changes in economics or 

supply patterns.

Part II of the MECS obtained fuel-switching data by 

asking respondents to determine the amounts of 1985 

energy consumption of five major types of energy that 

could have been switched to one or more alternatives 

in accordance with the previously-listed principles. 

The five types of energy were purchased electricity, 

natural gas, distillate oil, residual oil, and coal and coke 

combined. Respondents were directed to provide the 

quantities of switchable consumption by subtracting 

the quantities that were not switchable from the quan 

tities that were actually consumed during 1985. Such 

an approach is clear and saves burden on the respon 

dent because it permits subtracting those quantities 

known to be nonswitchable because of any one of the 

various conditions discussed above, rather than adding 

up those quantities for which all aspects of the concept 

are satisfied. Once the total switchable quantities had 

been determined, the remaining task was to determine 

how much of each switchable quantity could have 

been replaced by specific alternatives. The question 

naire materials in Appendix C of this report include 

three hypothetical examples of consumption and fuelswitching scenarios, accompained by instructions on 

how to determine switching capability.

Description of the 

Manufacturing Sector

The manufacturing sector consists of all manufacturing 

establishments in the 50 States and the District of Co 

lumbia. The working definition of a manufacturing es 

tablishment is the definition stated in the Office of Man 

agement and Budget's Standard Industrial Classifica 

tion (SIC) Manual.5

A manufacturing establishment is an economic unit 

"...at a single physical location that is engaged in the 

mechanical or chemical transformation of materials or 

substances into new products. These establishments

are usually described as plants, factories, or mills tine 

characteristically use power-driven machines and 

materials-handling equipment. Establishments engaged 

in assembling component parts of manufactured prod 

ucts are also considered manufacturing if the new prod 

uct is neither a structure nor other fixed improvement. 

Also included is the blending of materials such as fa 

bricating oil, plastics, resins, or liquors."

The SIC Manual contains a hierarchial classification 

system that groups establishments according to tteir 

primary economic activities. This system divides the 

manufacturing sector into 20 major industrial group;; 

that are relatively homogeneous with respect to pri 

mary output. Each of these major industrial groups is 

assigned a two-digit code. The two-digit codes for "he 

manufacturing division range from SIC 20, Food and 

Kindred Products, through SIC 39, Miscellaneous 

Manufacturing Industries. Each major group is subdi 

vided into three-digit groups which are further divided 

into four-digit industries. For example, SIC 20 includes: 

SIC 201, Meat Products, which, in turn, is subdivided 

into SIC 2011, Meatpacking Plants; SIC 2012, Sausages. 

and Other Prepared Meat Products; SIC 2016, Poultry 

Dressing Plants; and SIC 2017, Poultry and Egg Pro 

cessing.

The SIC category is the single most important classi 

fication variable in the MECS data system, both for 

selecting the MECS sample and analyzing the MECS 

data. The categories of primary interest for the MECS 

are the 20 major industrial groups (SIC 20 through 3 3) 

and the 10 four-digit industries within these industry 

groups that consume the largest quantities of energy. 

A description of these 20 major industrial groups au:.d 

10 industries appears in Appendix D.

The Sampling Frame and

Relationship to the 

Manufacturing Sector

As mentioned in the Introduction to this appendix, the 

Census Bureau serves as the collecting and compiling 

agent for the MECS. A major benefit of selecting the 

Census Bureau to provide this service was that the 

EIA was able to have access to an intact list of manu 

facturing establishments to serve as the frame for the 

MECS sample. Therefore, prior to discussing the 

MECS sample, the "frame" from which it was selected 

will be described in some detail.

A major responsibility of the Industry Division of th:: 

Census Bureau is to conduct the Census of Manufac 

tures (CM) and the Annual Survey of Manufacture:!! 

(ASM). The CM is conducted in those years ending ir

'Office of Management and Budget, Standard Industrial Classification Manual, 1972 (Washington, DC, 1972), p. 57.

22 Energy Information Administration/Manufacturing Energy Consumption Survey: Fuel Switching, 1985
"2" or "7" (for example, 1982), and provides economic 

data for the complete universe of approximately 

350,000 manufacturing establishments in the United 

States. For the purposes of data collection, the CM 

universe is divided into two major subsets as follows.

1. Small Single-Establishment Companies Not Sent 

a Report Form. These companies are excused 

from filing a CM report. Generally, those with 

less than 5 employees are excused while all with 

more than 20 are mailed report forms. Those 

with 5 through 20 employees are excused or sent 

a report form based on the magnitude of their 

annual payroll and shipments data. Approxi 

mately 125,000 establishments are excused due 

to this criterion.

2. Establishments Sent a Report Form. The remain 

ing manufacturing establishments in the universe 

are sent a report form.

The ASMis conducted during non-CMyears to provide 

estimates of economic characteristics for the universe 

of manufacturing establishments. The ASM contains 

two components. The mail portion is a probability 

sample of manufacturing establishments selected from 

the list of establishments that are sent the CM report 

form (see above). Those establishments are weighted 

so that they represent the mail portion of the CM uni 

verse. There are approximately 56,000 manufacturing 

establishments in the ASM mail sample. Prior to mail 

ing the ASMmaterials, the sample is updated by adding 

new manufacturing establishments and removing those 

that went out of business or out of scope.

The second component of the ASMis the nonmail por 

tion of the CM. These small establishments are not sent 

an ASM questionnaire, but their contribution is esti 

mated based on selected information obtained annually 

from other Federal agencies.

The mail portion of the 1985 ASM, in turn, serves as 

the frame for the MEGS sample. Thus, the universe 

covered by the MECS is the same universe covered 

by the ASM mail sample (that is, active CM establish 

ments that are sent a report form, plus establishments 

that began operations since the last CM).

Sample Design

The overall size of the MECS sample was set at ap 

proximately 12,000 establishments based upon avail 

able resources and preliminary estimates of sampling 

error. The desired sample was allocated among 30 

industry-based strata consisting of the 10 most energyconsumptive four-digit SIC industries and the remain 

ing portions of the 20 two-digit SIC industry groups. 

Because of random variability in the sample selection 

process, the actual sample contained 12,065 establish 

ments. For the 10 most energy-consumptive industries, 

all 1,907 establishments in the 1984 ASM sample were 

included in the 1985 MECS sample with certainty. The 

remaining 10,158 establishments were sampled from 

the 20 two-digit groups in a pattern designed to keep 

sampling errors within pre-established bounds for es 

timates of total consumption and consumption of four 

types of energy: electricity, natural gas, residual oil, 

and coal.

The procedure for subselecting ASM sample establish 

ments into the MECS sample was such that their over 

all probabilities of selection for the MECS were pro 

portional to an estimated energy measure of size. The 

overall probabilities for selection of the MECS sample 

establishments ranged from 0.002 to 1.000.

The selection of the MECS sample is, therefore, a twostage selection process, with the first stage being the 

selection of the ASM mail sample, and the second, be 

ing the subselection of the MECS sample from the 

ASM sample. Thus, a MECS sample establishment is 

selected conditional upon it having been selected into 

the ASM mail sample. Its probability of selection from 

the ASM sample is a conditional probability so that 

the overall probability of selection into the MECS sam 

ple is represented by the product of this conditional 

probability and its ASM selection probability.

Of the initial sample of 12,065 establishments, 381 were 

determined to be out of business or out of scope based 

on updating procedures used by the Census Bureau. 

Thus, a final sample of 11,684 establishments were 

mailed the consumption portion of the MECS. How 

ever, for Part II, the fuel-switching portion, only 8,750 

establishments were mailed a questionnaire. (The re 

sponses from the full sample of 11,684 establishments 

were used to prepare the estimates in this report. Fuelswitching status was imputed for the cases that were 

not mailed Part II of the questionnaire. See Develop 

ment of the Data Files and The Estimation Process in 

this appendix for details.)

There were two reasons for excluding 2,934 establish 

ments from the mailing of the Part II questionnaire. 

The first reason relates to consistency between the 

data reported in Parts I and II, and to the timing of 

Part II. To estimate fuel-switching capability, it was 

necessary for the respondent to determine the energy 

quantities that had been consumed for the production 

of heat and power. Those consumption data had al 

ready been submitted by the respondent on the con 

sumption portion of the survey. To assure consistency 

of reporting between Parts I and II, the respondentreported consumption values from the consumption 

survey form (Part I) were preprinted onto the 

fuel-switchingsurvey form (Part II), prior to mailing, 

To meet the November 26, 1986, mailout date for the 

fuel-switching form, the fuel-switching sample was re 

stricted to the establishments whose Part I survey 

forms had arrived at the Census Bureau as of November 

6, 1986, and whose consumption data were judged to

Energy Information Administration/Manufacturing Energy Consumption Survey: Fuel Switching, 1985 23
be of acceptable quality. Establishments for which 

Part I responses were received subsequent to Novem 

ber 6 were not mailed a Part II questionnaire.

The second reason relates to reducing respondent bur 

den. Those establishments listing electricity for heat 

and power consumpton as their only use of energy 

were excused from submitting a Part II questionnaire. 

Those establishments were generally small and be 

longed to industries with low-intensity energy use, and 

would not be expected to have the capability to con 

sume alternative energy in place of electricity.

Fieldwork, Editing, and 

Quality Control

Returned questionnaires for Part II of the MECS were 

subjected to initial screening procedures for complete 

ness, and incomplete forms or responses with obvious 

inconsistencies were set aside for review by industry 

specialists. Valid returned questionnaires were for 

warded directly to check-in and then to data entry.

All forms that were incomplete or failed the initial 

screening procedures were carefully reviewed by the 

industry specialists. The specialists retrieved missing 

data and verified questionable items by telephone con 

tact with the individual who completed the question 

naire. Once the forms were completed and verified, 

they were forwarded to check-in and to data entry.

The resulting MECS data file was then subjected to a 

series of computer edits. These edits included internal 

consistency checks, as well as checks for outliers in 

the distribution of individual variables. Records with 

failed edits were reviewed and followed up by industry 

specialists.

Development of the Data File

because purchased electricity was the only type 

of energy reported in Part I.

3. Establishments that responded to Part I and were 

sent a Part II questionnaire, but which did i;.o: 

respond to Part II.

4. Establishments that were excluded because a re 

sponse to Part I had not been received by 

November 6, 1986, but which submitted a fair 

I response subsequent to that date.

Each fuel-switching data record contained the quanti 

ties of purchased electricity, natural gas, distillate iud 

oil, residual fuel oil, and coal and coke combined that 

were consumed onsite for heat, power, and internal 

generation of electricity in 1985, as reported on Pan: I 

of the survey. Thus, estimated total consumption values 

published in this fuel-switching report correspond ;;;s: 

actly to analogous values published in the consurapti ;m 

report. (There were some cases where a respond Em: 

changed one or more of the preprinted values. Duri rig 

the editing process, those cases were followed up ':iy 

an industry specialist and the entries were changed, as 

appropriate, on Part I and/or Part II.)

Those records for the respondents to Parts I and II of 

the survey (Group 1, above) contained fuel-switching 

information in addition to the consumption data. Foi 

those establishments that were not sent a Part II ques 

tionnaire because their only energy consumption was: 

purchased electricity (Group 2), all electricity con 

sumption was imputed as not switchable. Tht 

respondent-provided data for Group 1, and the imput ed 

data from Giroup 2 were the basis for ascertained 

switching capability.

No fuel-switching information was available for the: 

remaining records, that is, the nonrespondents to Part 

II (Group 3), and those excluded because a Part I ques 

tionnaire had not been received by November 6, 19i56 

(Group 4). For those two groups, fuel-switching cap-a 

bility was categorized as "not ascertained" for all con 

sumption that would have been covered by Part II.

The estimates in this report were computed from a 

basic data file consisting of individual records for all 

establishments with a valid response to Part I, the con 

sumption portion, of the MECS questionnaire. As noted 

previously (see Sample Design in this appendix), not 

all of the Part I respondents were mailed a Part II 

questionnaire. Therefore, the establishment records on 

the fuel-switching data file may be divided into four 

groups as follows:

1. Establishments that responded to Part I, the con 

sumption portion, and Part II, the fuel-switching 

portion, of the MECS questionnaire.

2. Establishments that responded to Part I, but 

which were excluded from the Part II mailing

In addition to consumption and fuel-switching claim, 

each record contained the following economic data.:

 Value of shipments and receipts

 Value added by manufacturing

 Total employment.

Those economic data were not collected by the 198: 

MECS, but were provided by the Census Bureau. Th. 

was made possible by designing the MECS sample s 

a subsample of the ASM, allowing direct linkage o 

the 1985 ASM economic data and MECS energy dat 

at the establishment level.

24 Energy Information Administration/Manufacturing Energy Consumption Survey: Fuel Switching, 1985
Response to the Survey

A total of 8,206 establishments responded to Part II, 

the fuel-switching portion of the survey. To these were 

added 433 establishments which consumed only pur 

chased electricity and were imputed to have zero as 

certained switching capability. Thus, the total number 

of sample establishments in the data file with ascer 

tained values of fuel-switching capability was 8,639, 

or 74 percent of the final sample (see Sample Design 

in Appendix A) of 11,684 establishments for Part I, the 

Consumption portion of the MECS. However, those 

8,639 establishments represent approximately 85 per 

cent of the total unweighted 1985 value of shipments 

and receipts of the establishments in the final sample.

Another measure of response is the proportion of esti 

mated total energy consumption that was ascertained 

as switchable or ridnswitchable by the survey. For 

purchased electricity, ascertained capability (switchable plus nonswitchable) accounts for 87 percent of 

the total estimated 1985 consumption. For natural gas, 

distillate, residual, and coal and coke combined, the 

percentages were 92,79,91, and 93 respectively. Those 

quantities can be Calculated directly from the estimates 

provided in Tables 3 through 7 of this report by adding 

the ascertained switehable quantity (column 2) and the 

ascertained nonswitchable quantity (column 3) and 

comparing the sum to the quantity consumed (column 

1).

The Estimation Process

noncoverage from Part I, the consumption portion of 

the survey. Noncoverage resulted from the exclusion 

of two groups of establishments from the frame. One 

group was those establishments that began operations 

in 1984 and continued through 1985. The other was 

establishments that ceased operations during 1985, but 

should have reported for the time that they were still 

in business.

Adjustment factors to account for nonresponse and 

noncoverage were calculated using the estimated 1984 

consumption of purchased fuels and electricity. Basi 

cally, those factors are ratios of the estimated energy 

consumption of the population covered by the original 

MECS sample plus exclusions to the estimated energy 

consumption of the population covered by MECS re 

spondents.

Because the nonresponding establishments and exclu 

sions were not evenly distributed by SIC or by size of 

establishment (with respect to fuel consumption), a 

separate adjustment factor was calculated for large, 

medium, and small establishments within each of the 

30 sampling strata. Within each of the 90 adjustment 

cells, the appropriate adjustment factor was then mul 

tiplied by the sampling weight for all responding 

MECS establishments. The product of the sampling 

weight and the adjustment factor is the final adjusted 

MECS weight, which is used to produce all MECS 

population estimates in this report. The adjustment fac 

tors, in effect, ratio adjust the weighted data from the 

MECS respondents to estimated totals for the universe 

that was initially targeted by the MECS frame and 

sample design, that is, manufacturers represented by 

the 1985 ASM mail sample.

Estimates in this report represent the entire population 

of manufacturers in the CM universe that were covered 

in the 1985 ASM mailing. Full representation is accom 

plished by weighting the data from the establishment 

records in the fuel-switching data file. Weighting is 

the process of multiplying the reported or imputed val 

ues by a case-specific constant designed to inflate the 

data from each sample case to that portion of the pop 

ulation which it represents.

As noted in the preceding section, the fuel-switching 

and consumption data files contained the same estab 

lishments. Accordingly, the weights used to inflate the 

fuel-switching sample cases were the same as the 

weights used to inflate the consumption sample cases. 

The first, basic factor in the MECS weights was the 

sampling weight, which accounted for the MECS sam 

pling process. The sampling weight for a MECS sample 

case is the reciprocal of its overall probability of se 

lection, that is, its probability of selection into the ASM 

and subsequent selection for the final MECS sample of 

12,065 establishments.

Prior to producing the estimates, the MECS sampling 

weights were adjusted to account for nonresponse and

Survey Estimates

All estimates of fuel-switching capability appearing in 

this report were calculated by combining the data col 

lected from the sampled establishments with the ad 

justed sampling weights. Those weights establish the 

relationship between the responding establishments 

and the manufacturing sector as defined for the MECS.

Table 1 presents estimates of nonswitchable minimum 

requirements and the maximum consumption potential 

of the different types of energy covered by Part II of 

the MECS. An estimate of the actual consumption of 

each type of energy is provided as a reference point. 

That consumption estimate represents the quantity that 

was consumed onsite for the production of heat, power, 

and the generation of electricity in 1985.

One of the purposes of Table 1 is to provide an estimate 

of the quantity of a given type of energy that would 

have been required in 1985, after all possible ascer 

tained switching away from that type of energy had 

taken place. The quantities given in the minimum conEnergy Information Administration/Manufacturing Energy Consumption Survey: Fuel Switching, 1985 25
sumption column of Table 1 are likely to be higher 

than the true minimum energy requirements because 

they include the quantity of 1985 consumption for 

which switching capability was not ascertained. Some 

unknown proportion of this latter quantity could likely 

have been replaced.

Table 1 also provides estimates of the maximum energy 

consumption that would have been possible if the ac 

tual consumption had been maintained at its 1985 level 

and all ascertained switching to that type of energy 

had occurred, Two estimates of maximum consumption 

potential are provided. The "low" estimate assumes 

that when a type of energy was reported as an alter 

native for two or more other types of energy at an 

establishment, only a single substitution was possible 

at any one time. The substitutable amount consists of 

the single, largest switchable amount from any type of 

energy to the designated energy type. The "high" es 

timate assumes that all indicated substitutions were si 

multaneously possible and the substitutable amount 

consists of the sum of all possible switches to the des 

ignated type of energy.

The "low" and "high" estimation techniques may be 

illustrated by an example. Assume a respondent re 

ported that the total consumption of natural gas for 

1985 was 15 million cubic feet, and that 2 million and 

5 million cubic feet of natural gas could have been 

consumed as alternatives for residual fuel oil and coal, 

respectively. The "low" estimate of the maximum con 

sumption of natural gas for that respondent would have 

been 20 million cubic feet, and the "high" estimate 

would have been 22 million cubic feet.

Table 2 presents estimates of the 1985 quantities of 

specific types of energy that could have been switched 

to an alternate energy type, categorized by the time 

required to make that switch. The Part II questionnaire 

did not collect information on the minimum leadtime 

to convert to each possible alternative (see Appendix 

C). Rather, respondents were instructed to indicate the 

minimum leadtime required to convert to the primary 

replacement; that is, the alternative which could have 

replaced the largest quantity of the fuel that was actu 

ally consumed in 1985. If two or more replacements 

had equivalent substitutability, respondents were in 

structed to indicate the shortest leadthne among those 

replacements. The resulting estimates for each type of 

energy are shown in Table 2 in the row entries labeled 

"less than one day", "one day through one week", and 

"more than one week but within 30 days". The remain 

ing row contains estimates of the quantities for which

the leadtime was not ascertainable. For Part II respon 

dents, that quantity represents the difference, if an;/, 

between the total quantity substitutable (see Row 3 of 

the questionnaire) and the amount that could. hav<: 

been replaced by the primary alternative, for which 

the minimum leadtime to switch was ascertainable,

Tables 3 through 7 present estimates of the capability 

of substituting specific alternative types of energy fc;r 

those actually consumed. Each table contains inform;;.- 

tion for the specific type of energy that was actual! y 

consumed for the production of heat, power, and gen 

erated electricity in 1985. It should be noted that the 

first column of Table 3 refers to "total purchased " 

electricity, while the first column of Tables 4 throng li 

7 refer to "total consumed " natural gas, distillate fuel 

oil, residual fuel oil, and coal and coke, respectively, 

Thus, the quantities of electricity generated onsite are 

excluded as are the quantities of electricity transfer re.:! 

to or from the establishment site. Only purchased elec 

tricity was preprinted on the Part II questionnaire to 

(1) facilitate processing to meet the November 26, 

1986, mailing deadline, and (2) to provide the respon 

dent with an immediately recognizable quantity.

Tables 3 through 7 are divided into four panels. Tin: 

first panel contains estimates for the 30 industrial strata 

used in the sample design and the second contains es 

timates by Census region. The third and fourth panels 

contain estimates by classes of value of shipments an d 

employment size, respectively.

In Tables 3 through 7, the estimates provided in tin: 

columns labeled "alternative types of energy" should 

be read independently of each other because respon 

dents were instructed to enter the maximum amount 

of the quantity of the energy actually consumed, which. 

could have been replaced by a given alternative. For 

example, Table 4 shows that for Paper and Allied Prod 

ucts (SIC 26), a total of 238 billion cubic feet of natural 

gas was ascertained switchable. Purchased electricity 

could have replaced 11 billion cubic feet of thai; quan 

tity. The other replacement quantities are distillate fu«l 

oil, 88 billion cubic feet; residual fuel oil, 161 billion 

cubic feet; coal and coke, 6 billion cubic feet; LPG. 

10 billion cubic feet; and other, 6 billion cubic feel. 

Because each value represents the maximum quantity 

of natural gas that could have been replaced, their sum 

exceeds the total quantity of natural gas that was as 

certained as switchable. This difference indicates that 

some establishments had more than one type of energy 

that could have been substituted for natural gasi usage 

during 1985.

Energy Information Administration/Manufacturing Energy Consumption Survey; Fuel Switching, 1985
Appendix B

Quality of the Data

Appendix B

Quality of the Data

Introduction

All data collection activities and the estimates pro 

duced from them are subject to a variety of errors. 

These errors may be broadly classified under two gen 

eral types, sampling error and nonsampling error.

Sampling error is defined as the variability in a survey 

estimator that arises because data are collected from a 

sample of units rather than the entire population. Each 

possible sample produpes different estimates of popu 

lation parameters, depending on the set of respondents 

that are selected. ISfonsampling errors, on the other 

hand, occur hi any data collection activity, whether a 

sample survey or a complete census. Nonsampling er 

rors are attributable to ail aspects of the total survey 

design other than the sampling process, and can include 

both random and systematic (biasing) errors. Com 

monly recognized sources of nonsampling error in 

clude undercoverage, random and systematic response 

errors, nonresponse, dataprocessing errors, and tabu 

lation errors. Thisl|ppeft3ix describes the effect of both 

sampling and nonsampling errors on data from the 

MECS. More details are presented in the methodolog 

ical report for the MECS.6

Sampling Error

The estimated values appearing in this report were de 

veloped from a sampieTQif manufacturing establishments 

and, as a result, will differ from true population values 

that would be obtained from a complete census. This 

is because the MECS sample is only one of a very large 

number of samples that could have been selected under 

the same sampling specifications. Each possible sample 

would yield its own estimates of the true population 

values, with the differences attributable to the partic 

ular set of establishments selected into each sample.

One measure of variability due to sampling is the av 

erage difference between the estimates that would be

produced by all possible samples and the mean value 

of these estimates. This type of measure is commonly 

known as sampling error. Estimates of the magnitude 

of these sampling errors based on data from a single 

sample are provided by a statistic known as the stan 

dard error of an estimate. Standard errors for MECS 

estimates are computed from the reported data using 

the formula:

SA —

r

(1)

A

where Y = 2?,-« W, is the MECS survey estimator, y, is 

the reported value of characteristic Y for the itlt MECS 

sample case, W{ is the final adjusted weight used to 

inflate the sample data to population estimates, and n 

is the number of MECS respondents. Justification for 

this formula is found in the MECS methodological re 

port.

Estimates of standard errors have been computed from 

the MECS sample data for the estimated aggregate val 

ues and ratios appearing in this report. They are pre 

sented in the form of relative standard errors (RSE), 

that is, the standard error divided by the estimated 

value to which it refers. The RSE's are given in Tables 

Bl through B7 of this appendix.

The estimates in this report can be used to produce 

proportion statistics based on the ratio of various esti 

mates reported in Tables 1 through 7. Proportions are 

not given in the detailed tables but are used in the 

summary of findings to clarify the analysis. A propor 

tion is the statistic of the form

(2)

A A

where Y and Xase survey-based estimates of aggregate 

parameters 7 and X, respectively, and characteristic X 

"encompasses" characteristic Y. That is, each popula 

tion element (and, thus, each sample case) that contrib-

'Energy Information Administration, Manufacturing Energy Consumption Survey: Methodological Report, DOE/EIA-0514 (Washington, DC, 

1988).

Energy Information Administration/Manufacturing Energy Consumption Survey: Fuel Switching, 1985 29
utes to False contributes to X, and the value of X for 

each element is greater than or equal to the value of Y.

The RSE's of those proportion statistics are not in 

cluded in Tables Bl through B7. However, the RSE's 

of aggregate statistics can be used to produce approx 

imate errors for them. The straightforward additive 

error formula shown in (1) gives rise to a similarly 

straightforward upper bound approximation to the er 

ror of an estimated proportion. The approximation can 

be expressed in terms of relative error as

-(3)

Justification for this formula is found in the MECS 

methodological report.

Basically, these RSE's can be used to evaluate how 

precisely a given sample statistic estimates the corre 

sponding population parameter. The larger the RSE, 

the less precise the estimate. For example, the minimum 

consumption potential of natural gas by the manufac 

turing sector for 1985 was estimated to be 2,618 billion 

cubic feet (Table 1), and that estimate has a RSE of 2 

percent (Table Bl). Similarly, the minimum consump 

tion potential of natural gas in the Northeast Census 

Region was estimated to be 235 billion cubic feet with 

an associated RSE of 4 percent. The estimate of min 

imum natural gas consumption potential in the North 

east Census Region is relatively less precise than the 

estimate for the entire United States, primarily because, 

all other things being equal, larger samples result in 

smaller RSE's. Naturally, the MECS sample for the 

entire United States is larger than the sample for the 

Northeast Census Region.

Confidence intervals can also be developed from an 

estimate and its associated RSE using the central limit 

theorem to claim normal distribution properties for the 

MECS estimator. A confidence interval is a range of 

values which, due to its method of construction, has a 

known probability of containing the true, but unknown 

population parameter with repeated sampling. Confi 

dence intervals are formed by adding and subtracting 

multiples of the standard error from the estimate, and 

are an alternative method of expressing precision.

Again, for the example of minimum natural gas con 

sumption potential of 2,618 billion cubic feet in the 

United States and its associated RSE of 2 percent, the 

standard error is approximately 52 billion cubic feet (2 

percent of 2,618 quadrillion Btu). The estimated value 

plus and minus one standard error will provide a range 

that includes the true population parameter for about 

68 percent of all samples. The 68 percent confidence 

interval for minimum natural gas consumption poten 

tial is 2,618 billion cubic feet 52, or 2,566 to 2,67'' 

billion cubic feet. The estimated value plus and minus 

two standard errors includes the true population pa 

rameter for about 95 percent of all samples. The 9: 

percent confidence interval is 2,514 to 2,722 billion 

cubic feet. Finally, a confidence interval formed b;y 

the estimated value plus and minus three standard er 

rors provides more than 99 percent confidence that the 

range contains the true population parameter. The: ?:; 

percent confidence interval for estimated minimum 

natural gas consumption potential is 2,462 to 2,774 bil 

lion cubic feet.

Standard errors may also be used to compare: two :c 

more survey estimates. For example, the estimated 

quantity of switchable natural gas for the Paper and 

Allied Products Industries (SIC 26) in 1985 was 2:58 

billion cubic feet, and the estimate for the Primary 

Metal Industries (SIC 33) was 247 billion cubic fee; 

(Table 4). The relative standard errors (Table B4) fcr 

these estimates are 5 and 3 percent, respectively.

From a comparison of these two estimates, one migb: 

conclude that SIC 33 had slightly more potential for 

switching away from natural gas than did SIC 26. This 

may not be a valid conclusion, however, because the 

difference between the two estimates may be due to 

sampling variability rather than to a difference in the 

true population values. Such comparisons, therefore. 

are subject to statistical testing.

The appropriate statistical test is the standard normal 

deviate test. By appeal to the central limit theorem, 

this test assumes that a sampling distribution of ih>= 

differences between two estimates is normal. The t sst 

is most appropriate when the distributions of the two 

estimates in question are independent. Therefore, it can 

be used to test for differences between industrial strata, 

geographic regions, etc.7 The test statistic is given as;

A A 

X - Y

C.A A, — 

X- Y

(4)

V "J A

X

A A

where X and Y are the survey estimates of the pop a

lation values X arid Y, respectively, and SA and S*. :i r «

X }'

the estimated standard errors. The test statistic, Z/< / 

.X- V

is then compared to a predetermined critical value, Zr., 

and if the value of the test statistic exceeds the critical 

value, the hypothesis of no difference is rejected in 

favor of the alternative. If, on the other hand, the ter.i: 

statistic is equal to or less than the the critica] value 

the hypothesis of no difference is not rejected, and it 

is concluded that the evidence provided by the sample 

data does not support the alternative hypothesis.

7For a more complete discussion of the central limit theorem and the standard normal deviate test, the reader is referred to any introductory 

statistics textbook.

30 Energy Information Administration/Manufacturing Energy Consumption Survey: Fuel Switching, 1985
Ordinarily, the critical value, Z<> is set so that the level 

of significance of the test is ,05 (that is, the probability 

of incorrectly detecting a significant difference is .05), 

Two values correspond to this level of significance -- 

1.96 and 1.65. The former is the appropriate value 

when the test is nondirectional, that is, when the rele 

vant question is, "Is there any difference in the two 

population values?" In this case, the absolute value of 

the test statistic ZA A , would be compared to 1.96. X-Y

The value of 1.65 is appropriate when the test is direc 

tional, that is, when the relevant question is, "Is one 

population value greater than the other?" In this case, 

the true value of the test statistic would be compared 

to 1.65.

Returning to the previous example, the standard errors 

for the estimates of switchable natural gas consumption 

in SIC 26 and SIC 33 are 12 billion cubic feet (5 percent 

of 238 billion cubic feet) and 7 billion cubic feet (3 

percent of 247 cubic feet), respectively. The test is di 

rectional because the relevant question is, "Is the 

switching potential of natural gas in SIC 33 greater 

than the switchuig polsntial of natural gas in SIC 26?", 

and the relevant critical value is 1,65. The test statistic 

is computed as:

ZA A =

247 - 238

13.9 = 0.7. (5)

Because the value of ZA A does not exceed the critical

; X-Y

value of 1.65, it must be concluded that there is insuf 

ficient sample evidence to reject the null hypothesis, 

and that there is no difference between the true popu 

lation values. Based upon the results of this test, the 

sample estimates do not support the conclusion that 

SIC 33 had a greater potential for switching away from 

natural gas than did SIC 26, and a statement such as 

that should be avoided.

Finally, situations may arise in which it is desirable to 

compare more than two estimates. For example, one 

might wish to state "The four Census regions in de 

creasing order of switchable natural gas are: the South 

with 843 billion cubic feet, the Midwest with 563 bil 

lion cubic feet, the West with 257 billion cubic feet, 

and the Northwest with 232 billion cubic feet." Before 

such a statement can be made, it is necessary to deter 

mine whether all possible pairs of estimates are signif 

icantly different in the stated direction. The number 

of possible comparisons among the four Census regions 

is given as the combinatorial 402 = 6. Conducting each 

test at a .05 level of significance results in a probability 

of incorrectly detecting at least one significant differ 

ence, when none in fact exist, of 1 - (1 - .05) = 0.26. 

This overall probability can be kept within .05 by con 

ducting each test at .05/6 = .0083 level of significance, 

which has a corresponding critical value of 2.40 for a 

directional test. The following table lists the appropri 

ate critical values for up to 10 directional and 

nondirectional multiple hypothesis tests. These critical 

values result in an overall level of significance of .05.

Suggested Critical Values for 

Multiple Hypothesis Test

Number of 

Compari 

sons

1

2

3

4

5

6

7

8

9

10

Directional

Tests

1.65

1.96

2.13

2.24

2.33

2.39

2.45

2.50

2.54

2.58

Nondirec 

tional Tests

1.96

2.24

2.39

2.50

2.58

2.64

2.70

2.74

2.77

2.81

Nonsampling Errors and Bias

Nonsampling errors that affect MECS fuel-switching 

data can be divided into three major categories:

1. Operational errors, including editing, coding, and 

tabulation errors.

2. Errors of measurement, including a lack of preci 

sion by the respondent, failure of the respondent 

to understand instructions, etc..

3. Errors of nonobservation, including nonresponse 

and noncoverage.

These errors are collectively referred to as 

nonsampling errors because they are not related to the 

sampling process, and thus would be equally likely to 

occur in a complete census or a sample survey.

It is felt that operational errors are not a major concern 

for the estimates included in this report. The quality 

control procedures that were employed for check-in, 

editing, coding and keying the returned questionnaires 

(see Appendix A) are standard procedures that are in 

place at the Bureau of the Census and have withstood 

the test of tune. Data tabulations were verified by com 

paring marginal totals in tables generated from files 

supplied to EIA with corresponding totals generated 

directly from microdata files held at the Census Bureau.

Errors of measurement are a concern in any data col 

lection activity. The survey results for the MECS were 

subjected to extensive editing procedures which were

Energy Information Administration/Manufacturing Energy Consumption Survey: Fuel Switching, 1985 31
specifically designed to detect errors of measurement. 

Responses that failed these tests for reasonableness and 

consistency were recalled by analysts familiar with 

manufacturing processes and energy use. Major errors, 

including omissions and misreporting by orders of mag 

nitude, were corrected. No editing procedure is capa 

ble of identifying all measurement errors, however, 

and some small errors will remain. To the extent that 

these errors are due to random, rather than systematic 

misjudgments, they are compensating in the aggregate 

totals presented in this report, and it is believed that 

there are few large systematic biases that result from 

them.

Finally, several potential sources of nonsampling error 

and bias result from errors of nonobservation. One 

source of noncoverage error results from the MECS 

target universe not being identical to the total manu 

facturing universe. As previously described, the pop 

ulation of interest for the MECS is the same universe 

covered by the ASM mail sample (Appendix A). That 

target universe excludes very small establishments, and 

thus, noncoverage represents a source of bias with re 

spect to estimated energy consumption by the universe 

of manufacturing establishments. The effect of this 

noncoverage is generally not large (estimated only to 

be a few percent for most industry groups) because 

energy consumption is highly concentrated among the 

larger manufacturing establishments, and the MECS 

sample was specifically designed to capture those es 

tablishments with substantial energy consumption. 

Nevertheless, users should be aware of this 

noncoverage bias when attempting to relate the MECS 

estimates to the universe of all manufacturing estab 

lishments.

In addition, Appendix A describes the adjustments that 

were made to the MECS sampling weights to account 

for nonresponse and noncoverage of specific portions 

of the MECS target universe. Basically, the procedure 

was to ratio adjust the weighted data from the MECS 

respondents to the estimated totals for the universe 

that was initially targeted by the MECS frame and 

sample design. Clearly, had these adjustments not been 

performed, the estimates produced from only the re 

sponding establishments would not have been repre 

sentative of the target universe for the MECS. Such 

estimates would potentially have been biased. Adjust 

ing the sampling weights to reflect the target universe 

is an attempt to mitigate the potential effects of such a 

bias.

As described in Appendix A, separate adjustment factors were developed by size of establishment within 

sampling strata, resulting in 90 separate adjustment fac 

tors. Adjustment factors were calculated for each of 

the 90 cells using estimated 1984 fuel consumption for 

heat and power. Each cell represents a relatively ho 

mogeneous subgrouping of establishments with respect 

to primary output and level of fuel consumption. Im 

plicit in that procedure is the assumption that primary 

output and level of fuel consumption are highly corre 

lated with energy consumption patterns, so that the 

establishments within a cell would also be homoge 

neous with respect to the quantities, types, and shares; 

of energy consumed as fuels and for nonfuel purpose?

To the extent thai; the nonresponding establishments 

within the adjustment cells share the energy consump 

tion patterns of the responding establishments within. 

those cells, the resulting adjustments to the MECS es 

timates will tend to be minimally biased. If, on 1:1::. ;: 

other hand, the energy consumption patterns of the 

responding and nonresponding establishments differ 

substantially, the resulting adjustments are potential];, 

biased, and may not represent the originally targeted 

MECS universe.

That approach to adjustment for nonresponse and. 110:11 - 

coverage was not extended to account for the part of 

the population represented by respondents to MECS 

Part I who did not complete Part II of the survey. 

Fuel-switching capability as measured by the MECS 

was a new, relatively complex concept whose degree 

of penetration was expected to be quite variable and 

unpredictable, especially in certain industries. Also, i: 

seemed highly possible that the later respondents lo 

Part I, who were not included in the sample for Pa ft 

II, may not have been at all like earlier respondents lo 

Part I with regard to fuel switching capability, for rea 

sons associated with their delayed response to Pant I. 

For these reasons, supplemental weight adjustment, 

which assumes that the unrepresented part of the pop 

ulation in an adjustment cell is like the part represented 

by survey respondents, was not considered appropri 

ate. Item imputation for Part I respondents withoi.vt 

Part II data was also rejected, for the same reasons.

The final disposition of those incomplete cases was ix> 

classify all reported consumption from Part I that be 

longed in Row 1 of the Part II questionnnaire into a 

"not ascertained" category of fuel-switching capabil 

ity. The only exception to this procedure was for es 

tablishments excused from Part II because their oin; y 

reported consumption for heat and power in Pan: I 

was purchased electricity. All consumption for those 

cases was classified as nonswitchable, since they were. 

for the most part, small establishments in less energyintensive industries. Such establishments were pre 

sumed to have neither the physical capability nor the 

motivation to switch away from their electricity use.

To the extent that some of that consumption may be 

switchable, the procedure for all-electric establish 

ments represents a negative bias in switchable con 

sumption of electricity. However, the effect is most 

like negligible, because the weighted total electric::;;/ 

consumption of these establishments represents only a 

few percent of the national total, and the substitutability of electricity among respondents to Part II w.;.s 

very low.

The larger issue, of course, is the amount of substitution 

capability embedded in the "not ascertained" categoi y.

32 Energy Information Administration/Manufacturing Energy Consumption Survey: Fuel Switching, 1985
That category encompasses a substantial proportion of 

total consumption in main population subgroups, and 

it is reasonable to expect that some part of it would 

have been classified as substitutable if responses to 

Part II of the MEGS had been obtained from all re 

spondents to Part I. As explained earlier, the extent of 

substitutability in this category is very uncertain. Large 

errors in assigning substitutability could rival, or even 

exceed sampling error in some population subgroups. 

Therefore, all analyses hi this report are based on es 

timates of ascertained switching capability. No attempt

has been made to adjust these values to account for 

substitutability in the "not ascertained" category. The 

reader is advised to be extemely careful in attempting 

to produce any such adjustment.

More detailed information on sources of nonsampling 

error in the MECS can be found in the methodological 

report. Tables Bl through B7 on the following pages 

contain estimated relative standard errors for the esti 

mated quantities presented in Tables 1 through 7.

Energy Information Administration/Manufacturing Energy Consumption Survey: Fuel Switching, 1985 33
Table B1. Relative Standard Errors for Table 1 of Detailed Statistics Section

(Percent)

Type of Energy Actual Consumption Minimum Consumption Maximum Consumption

Low Estimate High Estimate

Purchased Electricity , 

Natural Gas,,.,...,.......,

Distillate Fuel Oil........

Residual Fuel Oil........

Coal and Coke ...........

Purchased Electricity . 

Natural Gas...,,,,....,

Distillate Fuel Oil ,,,, 

Residual Fuel Oil ........

Coal and Coke ...........

Purchased Electricity . 

Natural Gas................

Distillate Fuel Oil ........

Residual Fuel Oil ........

Coal and Coke ...........

Purchased Electricity . 

Natural Gas.,..,,..,.., 

Distillate Fuel Oil ........

Residual Fuel Oil........

Coal and Coke ...........

Total United States

2

2

6

3

3

2

2

6

3

3

2

1

2

2

3

2

1

2

2

3

Northeast Census Region

Midwest Census Region

Purchased Electricity ...,„,,,,,,„,,,„.,

Distillate Fuel Oil ........................................

Coal and Coke ............................................

............... 4

............... 2

............... 13

............... 7

............... 4

4

3

15

7

4

South Census Region

West Census Region

4

2

4

3

4

4

2

4

3

4

2

2

11

4

3

2

3

10

5

4

2

2

3

3

3

2

2

3

3

3

Source: Energy Information Administration, Office of Energy Markets and End Use, Energy End Use Division, Form EIA-846(S), "1985 Manufactur 

ing Energy Consumption Survey: Part Il-Fuel-Switohing Capability."

34 Energy Information Administration/Manufacturing Energy Consumption Survey: Fuel Switching, 1985
Table B2. Relative Standard Errors for Table 2 of Detailed Statistics Section

(Percent)

Type of Energy and 

Minimum Leadtime to Switch Total United States

Purchased Electricity

Less Wan one day.....................................

One day through one week.......................

More than one week but within 30 days . 

Leadtime not ascertainable .......................

Total ..........................................................

Natural Gas Less than one day ......................................

One day through one week.......................

More than one week but within 30 days . 

Leadtime not ascertainable.......................

Total ..........................................................

Distillate Fuel Oil Less than one day......................................

One day through one week.......................

More than one week but within 30 days . 

Leadtime not ascertainable .......................

Total ..........................................................

Residual Fuel Oil

Less than one day ......................................

One day through one week.......................

More than one week but within 30 days . 

Leadtime not ascertainable .......................

Total ..........................................................

Coal and Coke

Less than one day .....................................

One day through one week.......................

More than one week but within 30 days . 

Leadtime not ascertainable .......................

Total ..........................................................

6

8

11

27

4

11

41

18

33

15

4

7

7

15

4

4

4

12

Quantity Switehable

Census Region

Northeast Midwest

12

14

43

47

10

14 

16 

25 

Q 

13

6

9

12

16

5

5

13

9

11

5

10

26

26

37

9

13 

26 

45 

Q 

18

6

15 

W 

W

6

7

33

8

6

South

10

15

21

6

23 

Q 

19 

Q 

33

6 

10 

W 

W

6

16

4

West

19 

16 

15 

Q 

11

9

14

4

30

18

19

24

22

7

11

18

22

4

10

15

26

26

W=Withheld to avoid disclosing data for individual companies. Data are included in higher level totals. 

Q=Relative standard error greater than or equal to 50 percent.

Source: Energy Information Administration, Office of Energy Markets and End Use, Energy End Use Division, Form EIA-846(F), "1985 Manufactur 

ing Energy Consumption Survey: Part Il-Fuel-Switching Capability."

Energy Information Administration/Manufacturing Energy Consumption Survey: Fuel Switching, 1985 35
Table B3. Relative Standard Errors for Table 3 of Detailed Statistics Section

(Percent)

Purchased Electricity

Selected Characteristics Total Pur 

chased

Switchable

Not

Switchable

Alternative Types of Energy

Natural 

Gas

SIC Code" and Industries

20 Food and Kindred Products ............. 4

21 Tobacco Manufactures..................... 6

22 Textile Mill Products.......................... 3

23 Apparel and Other Textile Products 8

24 Lumber and Wood Products ............ 7

25 Furniture and Fixtures....................... 7

26 Paper and Allied Products................ 3

2621 Paper Mills, Except Building

Paper ............................................. 4

2631 Papertoard Mills ........................... 7

27 Printing and Publishing ..................... 7

28 Chemicals and Allied Products........ 6

2819 Industrial Inorganic Chemicals .... 18

2821 Plastics Materials and Resins ..... 3

2869 Industrial Organic Chemicals....... 2

2973 Nitrogenous Fertilizers .................. 9

29 Petroleum and Coal Products .......... 3

2911 Petroleum Refining........................ 4

30 Rubber and Misc. Plastics Products 5

31 Leather and Leather Products......... 19

32 Stone, Clay and Glass Products ..... 3

3241 Cement, Hydraulic......................... 4

33 Primary Metal Industries ................... 4

3312 Blast Furnaces and Steel Mills ... 4

3334 Primary Aluminum......................... 8

34 Fabricated Metal Products............... 5

35 Machinery, Except Electrical............ 4

36 Electric and Electronic Equipment.. 4

37 Transportation Equipment................ 3

38 Instruments and Related Products.. 9

39 Misc. Manufacturing Industries ........ 7

Total.................................................... 2

Census Region

Northeast ........................................................... 3

Midwest.............................................................. 4

South .................................................................. 2

West ................................................................... 4

Total ................................................................ 2

Value of Shipments6 (million dollars)

Under 20 ............................................................ 3

20-49 .................................................................. 3

50-99 .................................................................. 3

100-249 .............................................................. 3

250-499 .............................................................. 5

500 and Over ..................................................... 6

Total ................................................................ 2

Employment Size6

Under 50 ............................................................ 6

50-99 .................................................................. 4

100-249 .............................................................. 3

250-499 .............................................................. 2

500-999 .............................................................. 3

1,000 and Over ................................................. 4

Total ................................................................ 2

18 

W 

22 

Q 

37 

Q 

8

10

15

29

13

24

7

5

7

6

6

37

43

41

22

9

10

W

43

37

28

16

15

Q

4

10

9

6

11

4

20

17

14

9

7

5

4

36

26

15

9

7

5

4

4

9

8

8

3

4

8

8

6

19

3

2

10

4

4

5

24

3

5

4

4

8

5

5

5

3

10

22 

Q

W 

0 

Q 

Q

10

12 

18 

27 

19 

29 

W 

6 

W 

6 

6 

Q 

W 

Q 

22 

10 

10 

W 

30 

32 

28 

21 

Q 

Q 

5

14

11

6

13

5

25

25

15

11

9

5

5

42

34

19

10

8

6

5

Distillate 

Fuel Oil

Residual 

Fuel Oil

Coal and 

Coke LPG

29

W 

Q 

Q 

0

0

17

W

35

34

42

35

8

6

W

10

10

22

0

26

0

17 

W 

W 

47 

18 

43 

16 

Q 

Q 

9

32

17

12

22

9

32

39

22

15

11

11

Q 

32 

29 

27 

13 

11

16 

0

Q 

0

W 

0 

9

10

19

Q

28

45

9

W

0

7

7

Q

0

0

0

11

11

0

20

19

Q

W

14

Q

6

9

13

17

6

36

38

15

11

7

47

47

33

12

8

8

6

31 

0

W 

0 

0 

0

13

14

28 

0

W

37 

0 

0 

0

42

W 

0 

0 

0 

0

29 

0 

0

W 

0

15

W

W 

0

10

11

15

13

44

10

46 

W 

W

17

18

16

10

Q 

Q 

48 

18 

18 

12 

10

Q 

0 

0 

0 

Q 

0 

Q

0 

0 

Q

43 

0 

0

W 

0 

7 

7 

Q 

0

46 

0 

Q 

0 

0 

Q 

Q 

Q

W 

0 

0

10

45

18

14

14

10

46 

Q 

W

47

11

8

10

Q 

Q 

28 

12 

10 

12 

10

Othfir

Q 

0 

Q 

0

41 

Q

13

13 

0 

0

W

0

W

0

16

16

Q

0

Q

0

W

W

0

Q

Q

0

0

0

0

13

18

23

19

20

13

0

26

23

22

W 

15 

13

Q 

Q 

44 

17 

14 

W 

13

• See Appendices A and D for descriptions of the Standard Industrial Classification system.

" Value of Shipments and Employment Size were supplied by the Bureau of the Census. See Appendix A.

'=Corresponding estimate in Detailed Statistics Tables is less than 0.5 rounded to zero.

W=Withheld to avoid disclosing data for individual companies. Data are included in higher level totals.

Q=Relative standard error greater than or equal to 50 percent.

Source: Energy Information Administration, Office of Energy Markets and End Use, Energy End Use Division, Form EIA-846(S), "1985 Manufacturing 

Energy Consumption Survey: Part Il--Fuel-Switching Capability."

36 Energy Information Administration/Manufacturing Energy Consumption Survey: Fuel Switching, 1985
Table B4. Relative Standard Errors for Table 4 of Detailed Statistics Section

(Percent)

Selected Characteristics

Natural Gas

Total Con 

sumed

Switchable

Not 

Switctiable

Alternative Types of Energy

Purchased 

Electricity

Distillate 

Fuel Oil

Residual 

Fuel Oil

Coal and 

Coke LPG

SIC Code" and Industries

20 Food and Kindred Products ............. 3

21 Tobacco Manufactures ................... 11

22 Textile Mill Products.......................... 4

23 Apparel and Other Textile Products 12

24 Lumber and Wood Products............ 8

25 Furniture and Rxfures..........___ 8

26 Paper and Allied Products................ 4

2621 Paper Mills, Except Building

Paper ............................................. 4

2631 Paperijoard Mills ........................... 9

27 Printing and Publishing ..................... 7

28 Chemicals and Allied Products........ 2

2819 Industrial Inorganic Chemicals .... 10

2821 Plastics Materials and Resins ..... W

2869 Industrial Organic Chemicals ....... 4

2873 Nitrogenous Fertilizers.................. 3

29 Petroleum and Coal Products.......... 4

2911 Petroleum\Reffning........................ 5

30 Rubber and Misc. Plastics Products 4

31 Leather and Leather Products......... 15

32 Stone, Clay and Glass Products ..... 3

3241 Cement, Hydraulic......................... 8

33 Primary Metal Industries................... 3

3312 Blast Furnaces and Steel Mills ... 4

3334 Primary Aluminum ......................... W

34 Fabricated Metal Products............... 5

35 Machinery, Except Electrical............ 5

36 Electric and Electronic Equipment.. 3

37 Transportation Equipment................ 3

38 Instruments and Related Products.. 9

39 Misc. Manufacturing Industries........ 9

Total.................................................... 2

Census Region

Northeast ........................................................... 3

Midwest.............................................................. 2

South .................................................................. 2

West ................................................................... 3

Total ................................................................ 2

Value of Shipments" (million dollars)

Under 20 ............................................................ 3

20-49 .................................................................. 2

50-99 .................................................................. 2

100-249 .............................................................. 2

250-499 .............................................................. 3

500 and Over..................................................... 3

Total ................................................................ 2

Employment Size"

Under 50 ............................................................ 5

50-99 .................................................................. 4

100-249 .............................................................. 3

250-499.............................................................. 2

500-999 .............................................................. 3

1,000 and Over................................................. 3

Total ................................................................ 2

3

13

4

16

12

14

5

5

9

11

3

10

5

3

7

5

5

5

17

4

12

3

4

9

8

6

5

3

10

12

2

6

16

7

13

13

10

7

5

16

11

3

13

6

5

4

6

6

9

22

6

11

4

4

13

6

8

5

4

16

12

2

33 

0 

Q 

Q 

0 

Q 

15

17

33

42

17

Q 

W 

0 

9 

9

Q

32

0

19

W

0

19

26

22

20

Q

0

7

14

9

9

24

7

20

21

22

12

14

10

7

31

29

28

16

10

11

7

5

34

7

18

19

23

7

7

14

17

4

10

9

4

7

8

9

5

11

5

8

5

6

11

15

9

6

5

12

16

2

11

7

4

4

5

5

2

4

16

5

23

24

40

6

6

11

37

4

16

5

3

9

6

6

5

9

8

24

5

5

20

9

10

7

5

13

23

2

12

9

5

4

4

4

2

12

0

0 

Q 

19

19

23

0

11

44

9

0

25

22

*

0

18

20

12

13

0

11

26

9

0

19

7

12

24

25

13

12

12

10

Q

39

14

11

9

7

6

38

20

16

11

24 

36 

16

5 

25 

W

5

7 

7

22 

Q 

5

5

9

10

11

11

8

7

26

14

3

16

11

6

4

5

6

3

Other

28 

Q 

0 

Q 

Q 

Q

29

32

*

13 

Q 

W

12 

12 

Q 

0 

Q 

0 

18 

W 

32 

46

13 

0 

Q 

9

21

20

11

18

9

42

34

25

25

11

12

Q 

39 

30 

22 

10 

21

9

» See Appendices A and D for descriptions of the Standard Industrial Classification system.

b Value of Shipments and Employment Size were supplied by the Bureau of the Census. See Appendix A.

*=Corresponding estimate in Detailed Statistics Tables is less than 0.5 rounded to zero.

W=Withheld to avoid disclosing data for individual companies. Data are included in higher level totals.

Q=Relative standard error greater than or equal to 50 percent.

Source: Energy Information Administration, Office of Energy Markets and End Use, Energy End Use Division, Form EIA-846(S), "1985 Manufacturing 

Energy Consumption Survey: Part Il-Fuel-Switching Capability."

Energy Information Administration/Manufacturing Energy Consumption Survey: Fuel Switching, 1985 37
Table B5. Relative Standard Errors for Table 5 of Detailed Statistics Section (Percent)

Selected Characteristics

Distillate Fuel Oil

Total Con 

sumed

Switchable

Not 

Switchable

Alternative Types of Energy

Purchased 

Electricity

SIC Code* and Industries

20 Food and Kindred Products ............. 22

21 Tobacco Manufactures..................... 29

22 Textile Mill Products.......................... 24

23 Apparel and Other Textile Products 16

24 Lumber and Wood Products ............ 20 25 Furniture and Fixtures....................... 20

26 Paper and Allied Products................ 9

2621 Paper Mills, Except Building

Paper............................................. 9

2631 Papertoard Mills ........................... 10

27 Printing and Publishing ..................... 21

28 Chemicals and Allied Products........ 11

2819 Industrial Inorganic Chemicals .... 14

2821 Plastics Materials and Resins ..... 11

2869 Industrial Organic Chemicals....... 34

2873 Nitrogenous Fertilizers.................. 6

29 Petroleum and Coal Products .......... 18

2911 Petroleum Refining........................ 12

30 Rubber and Misc. Plastics Products W

31 Leather and Leather Products......... 41

32 Stone, Clay and Glass Products ..... 15

3241 Cement, Hydraulic......................... 6

33 Primary Metal Industries ................... 7

3312 Blast Furnaces and Steel Mills ... 5

3334 Primary Aluminum ......................... 12

34 Fabricated Metal Products............... 13

35 Machinery, Except Electrical............ 12

36 Electric and Electronic Equipment.. W

37 Transportation Equipment................ 7

38 Instruments and Related Products.. W

39 Misc. Manufacturing Industries........ 17

Total.................................................... 6

Census Region

Northeast ........................................................... 8

Midwest.............................................................. 13

South .................................................................. 11

West ................................................................... 8

Total ................................................................ 6

Value of Shipments'1 (million dollars) Under 20 ............................................................ 9

20-49 .................................................................. 9

50-99 .................................................................. 7

100-249 .............................................................. W

250-499 .............................................................. W

500 and Over..................................................... W

Total ................................................................ 6

Employment Size"

Under 50 ............................................................ 14

50-99 .................................................................. 15

100-249 .............................................................. 10

250-499 ............................................................... 11

500-999.............................................................. 5

1,000 and Over ................................................. 4

Total ................................................................ 6

43 

Q 

48 

Q 

31 

43 

13

12 

19 

35 

16 

39 

18 

48

8 

25 

14 

23

Q 

30 

14 

16

9 

W 

26 

21 

19 

10 

37 

34 

15

13

18

33

22

15

27

13

10

7

8

9

15

40

24

12

23

8

6

15

18 

W 

22 

22 

24 

22 

13

11 

13 

27 

17 

15

4 

44

7

26 

18 

21

Q 

21

7

7

5

13 

17 

14 

20

9 

27 

23

7

11

17

12

10

7

12

12

10

7

6

5

7

16

23

14

14

6

4

7

Q 

0 

Q 

0 

Q 

Q 

Q

Q

36

0

0 

0 

Q

24 

Q 

0 

Q

W 

Q 

0 

0 

Q

40 

Q

18 

Q 

0

40

26 

Q 

38 

24 

40

Q 

49 

37 

31 

48 

W 

40

Q 

Q 

Q 

48 

13 

20 

40

Natural 

Gas

Residual 

Fuel Oil

Coal and 

Coke LPG

21 

Q 

Q 

Q

38 

Q

15

15 

23 

36 

16 

40 

18 

3 

8 

34 

W 

22 

Q 

34 

16 

11 

10 

W 

27 

23 

22 

14 

39 

45 

10

16

22

18

23

10

19

13

11

8

9

12

10

27

28

14

25

10

7

10

29 

15 

38Q' 

W

Q' 

31

20 

45 

Q 

28 

35

7 

W 

34 

W 

44 

Q 

29 

27 

W 

W 

0 

Q 

32 

42 

W 

Q 

Q 

17

26

44

18

41

17

28

26

22

16

7

12

17

37

47

20

35

17

13

17

Q 

0 

Q 

0 

0 

Q 

20

23

24 

0

W 

0

W

10 

0 

Q

24 

0 

Q

29 

0

W 

0 

0 

0 

Q

W

W 

0 

0

27

32 

Q 

Q 

21 

27

Q 

28 

15 

22 

14 

W 

27

Q 

37 

26 

15 

20 

11 

27

Q 

15 

38 

0 

Q 

Q 

43

W

45

Q

Q

21

0

Q

0

23 

18 

24 

Q 

13 

W 

Q 

W 

32 

Q 

Q 

Q 

18 

0 

0 

Q

33 

32 

Q 

26 

Q

Q 

39 

39 

20 

28 

18

Q

Q 

48 

48 

44 

17 

16

Q

Other

0 

Q 

Q 

W

W 

0 

0

17 

C!

W*

0

W

W 

0 

0

Q 

t)

Q 

0 

0

Q 

0

Q

Q 

0 

0

3S)

Q 

Q 

40 

24 

39

Q 

45

11 

W 

W 

39

Q 

Q 

Q 

C!

30

20

.39

• See Appendices A and D for descriptions of the Standard Industrial Classification system. b Value of Shipments and Employment Size were supplied by the Bureau of the Census. See Appendix A. *=Corresponding estimate in Detailed Statistics Tables is less than 0.5 rounded to zero. W=Withheld to avoid disclosing data for individual companies. Data are included in higher level totals. 

Q=Relative standard error greater than or equal to 50 percent.

Source: Energy Information Administration, Office of Energy Markets and End Use, Energy End Use Division, Form EIA-846(S), "1985 Manufacturing Energy Consumption Survey: Part Il-Fuel-Switching Capability."

38 Energy Information Administration/Manufacturing Energy Consumption Survey: Fuel Switching, 1985
Table B6. Relative Standard Errors for Table 6 of Detailed Statistics Section (Percent)

Selected Characteristics

Residual Fuel Oil

Total Con 

sumed

Switchable

Not Switchable

Alternative Types of Energy

Purchased Electricity Natural Gas Distillate 

Fuel Oil

Coal and Coke LPG Other

SIC Code- and Industrie* 20 Food and Kindred Products............. 7 8 11 W 8 17 40 33 0

21 Tobacco Manufactures..................... 7 11 9 0 11 0 0 Q Q

22 Textile Mill Products.......................... 7 10 13 Q 11 29 11 Q Q

23 Apparel and Other Textile Products 2934QOQ40000

24 Lumber and Wood Products............ W 24 30 0 37 19 0 0 0

25 Furniture and Fixtures....................... 20 23 32 0 12 36 0 0 o

26 Paper and Allied Products ..„..„.,„.,., W 7 s 19 7 14 16 28 17 

2621 Paper Mills, Swept Bunding

Paper.........,......,,..,,,.,,,..,.,.,,..,,..,,., 5 9 7W 9 15 20 W 20

2631 PapoitmartMills ........................... 10 15 13 45 15 38 40 Q o

27 28 Printing Chemicals and and Publishing Allied Products........ .................... WQ200QQOQO 5 7 7 20 6 16 21 w 38

2819 Industrial inorganic Chemicals.... 11 15 17 37 21 19 30 0 0

2869 

2821 

Industrial 

P/astlcs Materials 

Organic 

and 

Chemicals....... 

Resins .,. w 4570570WW 11 18 0 13 5 W 0 w

29 2873 Petroleum Nitrogemous and Fertilizers.................. Coal Products.......... WWOOWWOOO 7 8 10 10 9 11 w 9 14

2911 Petroleum Refining.,...,.................. 7 8 10 10 9 11 w 9 14

30 31 Rubber Leather and and Misc. Leather Plastics Products......... Products 13 77150710WQO 12 20 0 13 W 0 0 o

32 Stone, Clay and Glass Products..... 13 15 25 0 11 24 16 W o

3241 Cement, Hydraulic......................... W 35 W 0 46 17 W 0 0

33 Primary Metal Industries................... 7 10 8 W 11 23 W W W

3312 Blast Furnaces and Steel Mills... 8 10 8 W 12 W W W w

34 3334 Fabricated Primary Aluminum......................... Metal Products............... WWOOWWOOO 12 17 18 W 15 41 W 47 o

35 Machinery, Except Electrical............ 14 20 18 Q 16 28 W Q 0

36 Electric and Electronic Equipment.. 8 11 13 Q 11 19 W W 0

37 38 Transportation Instruments and Equipment................ Related Products.. W 5 15 6 11 615 0 13 8 23 9WWW 0 0 o

39 Misc. Manufacturing Industries........ 17 17 11 Q 12 26 0 0 0

Total.................................................... 3 4 3 7 4 6 8 810

Census Region Northeast ........................................................... 4 5 5 13 5 9 14 15 14

Midwest.............................................................. 7 9 7 47 10 12 13 17 20

South .................................................................. 4 5 6 12 6 10 13 13 20

West ................................................................... 5 6 811 6 12 23 9 13

Total ................................................................ 3 4 3 7 4 6 8 810

Value of Shipments" (million dollars)

Under 20 ............................................................ 8 11 13 Q 12 18 30 Q Q

20-49 .................................................................. 6 9 8 37 8 14 23 48 20

50-99 .................................................................. 5 8 7 17 6 14 21 19 13

100-249 .............................................................. 5 5 719 6 8 12 12 21

250-499.............................................................. 5 6 7 W 4 15 13 11 W

500 and Over..................................................... 5 7 6 8 8 11 15 10 14

Total ................................................................ 3 4 3 7 4 6 8 810

Employment Size*

Under 50 ............................................................ 16 23 23 W 27 30 0 0 Q

50-99 .................................................................. 11 13 24 W 14 22 Q 19 46

100-249 .............................................................. 5 7 7 22 6 11 18 12

250-499 .............................................................. 5 6 7 25 5 14 10 10 24

500-999 .............................................................. 4 6 613 6 12 17 16 12

1,000 and Over................................................. 4 6 5 9 7 10 9 15 15

Total ................................................................ 3 4 3 7 4 6 8 810

* See Appendices A and D for descriptions of the Standard Industrial Classification system.

b Value of Shipments and Employment Size were supplied by the Bureau of the Census. See Appendix A.

'^Corresponding estimate in Detailed Statistics Tables is less than 0.5 rounded to zero.

W=Withheld to avoid disclosing data for individual companies. Data are included in higher level totals.

Q=Relative standard error greater than or equal to 50 percent.

Source: Energy Information Administration, Office of Energy Markets and End Use, Energy End Use Division, Form EIA-846(S), "1985 Manufacturing 

Energy Consumption Survey. Part Il-Fuel-Switching Capability."

Energy Information Administration/Manufacturing Energy Consumption Survey: Fuel Switching, 1985 39
Table B7. Relative Standard Errors for Table 7 of Detailed Statistics Section

(Percent)

Coal and Coke

Selected Characteristics I Total Con 

sumed

Switchable

Not 

Switchable

Alternative Types of Energy

Purchased 

Electricity

SIC Code* and Industries

20 Food and Kindred Products ............. 5

21 Tobacco Manufactures..................... 8

22 Textile Mill Products .......................... 7

23 Apparel and Other Textile Products 21

24 Lumber and Wood Products ............ W

25 Furniture and Fixtures....................... 15

26 Paper and Allied Products................ 5

2621 Paper Mills, Except Building

Paper............................................. 5

2631 Paperboard Mills ........................... 10

27 Printing and Publishing ..................... W

28 Chemicals and Allied Products........ 3

2819 Industrial Inorganic Chemicals .... 16

2821 Plastics Materials and Resins ..... 5

2869 Industrial Organic Chemicals....... W

2873 Nitrogenous Fertilizers.................. 0

29 Petroleum and Coal Products .......... 9

2911 Petroleum Refining........................ 9

30 Rubber and Misc. Plastics Products W

31 Leather and Leather Products......... 33

32 Stone, Clay and Glass Products ..... 5

3241 Cement, Hydraulic......................... W

33 Primary Metal Industries ................... 6

3312 Blast Furnaces and Steel Mills ... 6

3334 Primary Aluminum......................... 0

34 Fabricated Metal Products............... 6

35 Machinery, Except Electrical............ 5

36 Electric and Electronic Equipment.. W

37 Transportation Equipment................ 4

38 Instruments and Related Products.. W

39 Misc. Manufacturing Industries........ 17

Total.................................................... 3

Census Region

Northeast ........................................................... 8

Midwest.............................................................. 4

South .................................................................. 3

West ................................................................... 6

Total ................................................................ 3

Value of Shipments" (million dollars)

Under 20 ............................................................ W

20-49 .................................................................. 5

50-99 .................................................................. 4

100-249 .............................................................. W

250-499 .............................................................. W

500 and Over ..................................................... 6

Total ................................................................ 3

Employment Size*

Under 50 ............................................................ 21

50-99 .................................................................. 15

100-249 .............................................................. 5

250-499 .............................................................. 4

500-999 .............................................................. 4

1,000 and Over ................................................. 4

Total ................................................................ 3

8

8

6

36

0

17

8

11

0

3

16

7

5

0

11

11

12

Q

5

5

10

10

0

9

5

6

6

W

W

3

12

12

6

4

5

5

3

49

14

9

5

6

4

3

6

W 

9

29 

0

20 

6

6

16

40

3

20

7

5

0

16

16

11

36

9

9

6

6

0

5

6 

5 

5 

W 

Q 

3

11

5

4

11

3

17

5

5

4

5

19

23

7

5

6

4

3

W 

0 

0 

0 

0 

0

13

13

37 

0

W

37 

0

W 

0 

Q 

0 

0 

Q 

Q 

0

29 

0 

0 

Q 

0 

0

W

W 

0

10

15 

W 

13 

W 

10

Q 

29 

17 

W 

W 

16 

10

Q 

0 

W 

W 

16 

13 

10

Natural 

Gas

Distillate 

Fuel Oil

Residual 

Fuel Oil LPG

W 

7

40 

0

0

14

0

3

15

10

5

0

15

15

22

0

6

6

10

11

0

9

6

6

7

0

W

3

13

6

7

6

5

7

3

49

17

6

6

8

5

3

14

W

10

36

0

0

24

11

22

0

3

21

10

6

0

13

14 

W 

Q

16

17 

25 

W 

0 

W

7

9 

11

0 

W

9

7

20

7

16

26

42

9

8

12

16

Q 

16 

30

9

13

13 

W

7

0

0

W

7

7 

15

0

4 

21 

W 

W

0 

11 

11 

W

0 

11 

11 

W 

W

0 

W 

11 

W 

W 

W

0

4

5

9

5

17

4

22

8

10

7

7

4

4

Q 

20

10

10

9

4

4

0

0

W

0

0

W

24

0 

45

0 

W

0 

W 

W

0 

23 

W

0

0 

39

0 

17 

W

0 

W 

W 

15 

W

0

0 

12

W

W

16

0

12

41 

W 

13 

W 

12 

W 

12

Q 

Q 

W 

W 

16 

9 

12

Other

40 

0

W 

0 

0

43

23

14 

36 

0 

0 

0 

0 

0 

0 

0 

0 

0 

Q 

Q 

Q 

0 

0 

0 

0 

0 

0 

0 

0 

0 

21

0

22

17

42

Q 

38 

W 

33 

W

0 

21

0 

Q 

Cl 

31 

45 

15 

2'.

* See Appendices A and D for descriptions of the Standard Industrial Classification system.

b Value of Shipments and Employment Size were supplied by the Bureau of the Census. See Appendix A.

W=Withheld to avoid disclosing data for individual companies. Data are included in higher level totals.

Q=Relative standard error greater than or equal to 50 percent.

Source: Energy Information Administration, Office of Energy Markets and End Use, Energy End Use Division, Form EIA-846(S), "1985 Manufacturing 

Energy Consumption Survey: Part Il-Fuel-Switching Capability."

40 Energy Information Administration/Manufacturing Energy Consumption Survey: Fuel Switching, 1985
Appendix C

Fuel-Switching 

Survey Forms

Appendix C

Fuel-Switching Survey Forms

OMBNo. 19Q5-Q169:

f

EIA-846IS) 86.^ us ^:zTMrRC£

riftj. IS «CT»«A5CChl€CnM!*WCOM*l «NGAG(M <O* Ffl tift K '3 ^Lw^ i""Tro,$,irTELD.sTM"TM»s °TMFlcv vss^sX

1985 MANUFACTURING ENERGY 

CONSUMPTION SURVEY

PART 11 - FUEL SWITCHING CAPABILITY

^^^H^Mt BUREAU OF THE CENSUS 

affiB&KmsH^B l2Ot East Tenth Street 

[QJBl^^H^ Jcfferaonville, IN 47132

QUEOATE: Oec«mb*t 31 , 1986

If you cannot file by: the due date, a time extension request should be sent to 

the above address. Please incSude your 1 1 -digit Census File Number fCFNI. 

Call (301} 763-7066 if you require any assistance with this form.

ttOTlCE

amended. P.L. 93-27SI BvSe

law also provides thai copies r

In coTTvipondmtc

r

iquiry 1» r»qulr»d by taw (Fodera! Energy Adm.msuauon Acl of 1974. as 

ciion9 o' Tit e 13. U.S. Code, your report to the Census Bureau .s co"''dent,ai

eiamed in youi files 8'C tmmun* from tege! pro-coat

• pertaining to 1hi» report r»f«r to 

Jumbwr (First 1 1 d(gH* of top Una)

i

Pioace copy the 1 1 -digit Census File Number (CFNI from th« mulline labsl

1

KEEP THIS COPY FOR YOUR FILES

PLEASE COMPLETE AND RETURN THE FORM WHICH 

SHOWS YOUR NAME AND ADDRESS

Ptsase correct errors in name, address, and ZIP Code ENTER street and numbs' < nor snown

NOTE -Please read the enclosed instructions before filling out this form. See reverse side for examples.

* CONTACT — This survey is a supplement to Form EIA-846IFI 

"1 985 Manufacturing Energy Consumption 

Survey." The person given as this 

establishment's contact was —

Name

Telephone j Area code Number i Extension

i

> FUEL SWITCHING

I3i

Line 

No

1

2

3

4

5

6

7

8

9

10

11

fbl

Item

1985 fuel consumption data as reported on the EIA-846(F) 

"1985 Manufacturing Energy Consumption Survey."

-4ns wer lines 2 through 77 as appropriate- DO not consider

Enter the amount of the quantity on tine 1 that could not 

have been replaced within 30 ctays by another fuel in 1 985.

Subtract Sine 2 frontline 1 and enter the results. This 

represents the sutsstttutabie portion of line l .

Report the maximum amount ] Purchased electricity

3 that could have been j w» t,,. a i na. switched to each of the Natural gas

replacement fuels listed to ] the right. Do not tepori j Distillate fuel oil

switching capability that | •""•»»»•" 

would have required more i Residuai fuel oil 

than TM ffays to impiffmpnt j ,

| Coal and coke

no nnt rneittippr fftfff>rAnff<: j ,. .

in fuel prices when \ 

estimating amounts, I ^"^

j Other - Specify -^

1

/VOTE — The sum of lines 4 through TO should be at least as 

large as the amount on fine 3, and may be larger.

Minimum lead time required to convert to your primary 

replacement fuel under the conditions described in the 

general instructions. If two or more replacement fuels 

have equivalent substitutabilitY' select the one with the 

shortest lead time.

FUEL TYPE FROM THE E1A

(0

Purchased 

eiectricttv

581 J109

582J I.OOOltWh

h

b3«', l.QOOkWh

586 j l.OOQkWn

5B7 ! 1.000 kWh

Hi; ! '°°°*Wfi

59 li I.OOOkWh

592] ———————————— '

i LJ Less tha

aCJMore th wsekbu wilhirt 3

n 1 day

rt 1

t

846(F) 1985 MANUFACTURING ENERQV CONSUMPTION SURVEY

id) 

Natural gas

561 J307

582 , 1,000 cu. ft

b&t 1,000 cu h

537 j 1 OOC

6881 1.000

cu fi

CU (1

—— ' '°°° e " '

^J •«»-"•«

S9lJ 1,000 eu. ti.

5921 

lG Less than 1 day

3d More than 1 

week but

(el

Distillate fuel oil

(No.'s 1, 2. end 4 

fuel oils and dieseti

581 J2Z4

582 1 Ba.-'els

—— ^

586 1 Sarreh

585] Sard's

586; Barieis

588 1 Saneis

5891 8«V«H ——————

^ B,.,

592J 

I LJ less than \ dav

sDMoreihar* 1 

week but

!!i

Residua! fuel oil

navy specta;. ana 

bunker C)

56' 716

582 Bs^eis

__'

bS4 ; Ba^eis

58fc Ba-sii

Sbf . Ba^eis

5S7 ' Ba-e's

--1' 3

590^, Ba e s

59_^j Babels

592J 

1 G Less than 1 day

3 OMore than 1

O' 

Coal and coke

('Anr/iMc/ro. 

biiurr.mcijs and

hgmte. coa* cake, 

and b'ee/ei

S8i :jsc.

582 S^cn tons

S8->' Sr-:-: ten;

585 ShCr: ; 3 -, s

586 She-: :o-i

587 : ShO'T tons

^88 Sno". ions

—— J h °" '°nS

592

1 .J Less Than 1 day33More lhan 1 

wee^ &ui

I ays

K COMMENTS — Please use this space oranach a separate sheet for any explanations that may be essential in understanding your reported data.

541 i

* CERTIFICATION — The data in this report are approximations, prepared in accordance with instructions.

Nam

thisr

5A2J

e of person to contact reqardinq 5J»3 i Telephone

eport - Print or type Area code j Number Extension

Address — Number and street

c"v jstate ZIP Code

« , _, _, ! FROM: Mo. | Day ! Year Period covered I I ' 

by thr* report — *•; t 

TO: Mo. ' Day i Year

Signature of authorized person

Title

COMPLETION TIME — Enter the estimated number of hours spent completing this form 

to read the instructions, assemble any necessary information, an

{Include time required 

d enter the data.)

Date

Hours

15fJ

Energy Information Administration/Manufacturing Energy Consumption Survey: Fuel Switching, 1985 43
Fuel-Switching Survey Forms (Continued)

EXAMPLES OF FUEL SWITCHING SITUATIONS

Example 1: Equipment Capability

The XYZ Manufacturing Plant consumed three energy sources as fuel in 1 935: purchased electricity, natural gas, and 

residual fuel oil. The only use of natural gas and residual fuel oil was to fire, at an average 75 percent operating capacity, a 

gas/oil capable boiler where the switch in operating fuel could be made in a few hours. This boner consumed 1 5 million 

cubic feet of natural gas (equivalent to 1 5 billion Btu) and 1,600 barrels of residual oil (equivalent to 1 0 billion Btul. Of the 

6 million kWh of electricity. 5.3 million kWh was used for lighting and the running of machinery. The remaining 0.7 million 

kWh (equivalent to 2.5 billion Btu} was consumed in an electric boiler. This boiler was operatec at an average 33 percent 

of its operating capacity, given the ongoing plant operation in 1 985. However, the only times the electric boiler was 

actually in operation were during scattered peak periods when it supplemented the other boiler, and during times when 

the gas/oil boiler was down for maintenance or repairs. Altogether, the two boilers consumed 27.5 billion Btu of fuel 

during 1 985, providing steam to the plant through a single piping system.

None of the 6 million kWh of electricity consumed is switchable because, {a) there were no alternate fuels for lighting and 

running machinery, and (b) the gas'oii boiler, even though it had unused capacity during 1985, could not have been 

"turned up" to produce the steam generated by the electric boiler at the times when the electric boiler was operating.

The 1 5 million cubic feet of natural gas that were consumed in the gas/oil boiler could have been totally replaced by 

residual fuel oil. The other substitution possibility involves burning one-third l«»s natural gas in the gas'oii boiler, and 

running the electric boiler at full operating capacity. Under both of these alternatives, total fuel consumption would have 

remained at 27.5 billion Btu.

The fuel switching capability of the residual fuel oil is derived in the same manner. All of the resicual oil could have been 

replaced by natural gas and half (800 barrels! could have been replaced by purchased electricity

Example 2: Practical Limitations

Assume the same equipment configuration and fuel consumption as Example 1, with the following additional 

considerations:

11) The XYZ plant has entered into a binding contract to purchase 600 barrels of residual fuel c:i Et a negotiated price;

(2) The gas/oil boiler is derated Dy 10 percent when oil is burned m place of natural gas;

(3) 1 million of the 1 5 million cubic feet of natural gas was burned during a 2 week penod when oil supplies were 

interruped because of a strike by delivery personnel;

(4} the price for additional elecincsty above the 6 million kWh level is 3 cents per kWh higher than the price for the first 6 

million.

As in Example 1, none of the G million kWh of electricity is switchable. The residual fuel or contract prevents 600 barrels 

from being switched; however, the remaining 1,000 barrels is switchable. Eight huncred barrels can be replaced by 

increased use of the electric boiler ar> before. Any increased use of electricity beyond the 6 million kWh may have been 

economically inadvisable because of the increased price, but this is not a constraint to switching capability. All 1,000 

switchable barrels can be replaced with natural gas.

Finally, the capability of switching from natural gas to electricity is the same as in Example 1. However, the capability to 

switch from gas to oil ir. the gas.'oi! boiler is reduced from 1 5 million to 14 million cubic feet to account for the period when 

residual fuel oil deliveries were interruped. All 14 million cubic feet can be switched by substituting residual fuel oil and 

running the boiler at a higher percentage of capacity to counteract the derating of the boiler.

Example 3: Exclusions to Fuel-Switching Capability

None of the 6 million kWh cf electncity consumption is switchable because there were no alternate fuels for lighting and 

the running of machinery. Even though distillate fuel oil could have been substituted for natural gas in the drying ovens, 

this would not be reported as switching capability because of the resulting changes in tint (i.e., consistent color is a 

requirement of the manufacturing process). Thus, none of the natural gas consumption is switchable.

The consumption of waste packaging materials could have been replaced by increasing the output of the coal/residual 

fuel oil boiler (if that boiier had unused capacity). However, we are not interested in this capability, and There is no place in 

the fuel switching table to record it.

Under the equipment configuration and plant operations as described at the beginning of this example, all of the coal 

consumption could have been replaced by residual fuel oil in the coal/oil boiler. On the other hand, none of the coal could 

have been replaced by waste packaging materials, because the "garbage gulper" was being used to the maximum 

possible extent, given the plant operations during 1985. However, the definition of switching capability does allow a 

respondent some latitude in determining switching capability in these circumstances,. This latitude is based upon the 

respondent's understanding of the availability of alternate fuels and the condition of energy-using equipment during 

1985. If the respondent for the ABC Manufacturing Plant knew that residual fuel oil was not available to the plant during 

1 985, switching capability from coal to residual fuel oil should be recorded as zero, regardless of the capability of the 

equipment to accept residus'i fuel oil. Conversely, fuel switching from coa! to waste materials could be nonzero if the 

respondent knew of additional supplies of waste that could have been hauled in and used to fuel the "garbage gulper" in 

an emergency.

44 Energy Information Administration/Manufacturing Energy Consumption Survey: Fuel Switching, 1985
Fuel-Switching Survey Forms (Continued)

EIA-846ISM

(11.4-86)

U.S. DEPARTMENT OF COMMERCE 

BUREAU Of THE GENUS

ACTIWG AS COLLECTING AND CQMPtUWQ AGENT FQfi

UNITED STATES DEPARTMENT OF ENERGY

£N RGY Mf OBMATIOH ADMINISTRATION

INSTRUCTIONS FOR FORM E1A-846CS)

1985 MANUFACTURING ENERGY CONSUMPTION SURVEY 

PART II - FUEL SWITCHING CAPABILITY

GENERAL INSTRUCTIONS

PURPOSE — This survey is a supplement to the EIA-846IF) "1985 

Manufacturing Energy Consumption Survey." tt is intended to 

measure the short-term (within 30 days) capability of your 

establishment to have used substitute fuels in place of those 

actually consumed in 1985.

• For purposes of this survey, capability to use substitute fuels 

means that this establishment's combustors (e.g., boilers, 

furnaces, ovens, Mast furnaces! had the machinery or equipment 

in place lor available for installation) in 1985 so that fuel 

substitutions could actually have been introduced within 30 days, 

without extensive modifications.

• This survey is designed to collect information on your 

establishment's fuel switching capability in 1985. Capability is not 

determined by the relative prices of fuels; it depends only on the 

characteristics of ;your equipment and certain legal constraints. 

Fuel switching capability sets limits on the extent to which you 

couUl switch to a substitute fuel if you wanted to or needed to. It 

has nothing to do with whether you would switch if you could. 

THEREFORE, RELATIVE PRICES OF FUELS ARE NOT RELATED 

TO FUEL SWITCHING CAPABILITY AND SHOULD BE IGNORED 

WHEN COMPLETING THIS QUESTIONNAIRE.

SPECIFIC INSTRUCTIONS

FUEL SWITCHING

Une 1 — The fuel consumption numbers reported on form 

EIA-846IF) have been preprinted on line 1 to assist you in 

completing this form. If any of these numbers are incorrect please 

line through the incorrect number and enter the correct figure 

above it. :

Una 2 — Report the amount of the quantity preprinted in line 1 that 

could NOT have bean replaced within 30 days by another fuel in 

1985, even given a severe curtailment. Amounts may be 

nonswitchable due to limitations such as the following:

• The characteristics of your physical plant (e.g., single-fired 

combustors or the absence of redundant and/or standby 

combustors}, or the requirements of your manufacturing process, 

limit switching.

• Binding fuei contracts are in place that limit your ability to switch 

fuels.

• Environmental regulations limit the amounts of potential 

replacement fuels that could be burned.

Une 3 — Subtract line 2 from line 1 and enter the results. These 

values represent the quantities of fuels actually burned that COULD 

HAVE BEEN REPLACED within 30 days by another fuel in 1985.

Lino 4 through 10 Report the maximum amount of the quantity 

shown on line 3 that could have been replaced within 30 days by each 

of the fuels oh lines 4 through 10, UNDER THE CONSTRAINTS 

LISTED IN THE INSTRUCTIONS FOR LINE 2.

Una 11 Mark the minimum lead time required to convert to the 

primary replacement fuel. If two or more replacement fuels have 

equivalent substitutabilitv, select the one with the shortest toad time.

• Base your approximations of fuei switching capabil 

recollection of the availability of substitute fuels ar 

condition of your equipment during 1985.

bility on your best 

nd the physical

' Include switching capability that resulted from the use of 

redundant and/or standby combustors, and from combustors that 

were already equipped to fire alternative fuels.

1 We recognize that records of fuel switching capability are not 

regularly maintained. Accordingly, reasonable approximations of 

fuel switching capability are acceptable for this survey. These 

approximations should be based on the judgement of a person 

knowledgeable about the fuel switching capability and operations 

of your establishment. They are not expected to be format 

engineering estimates based on a day-by-day analysis of the 

operating levels of individual combustors and interactions 

between them. However, please try to respond as realistically as 

possible, given your actual operations in 1985.

Definition!: kWh - Kilowatthour

LPG — ethane, ethylene, propane, propylene,

butane, isobutane, butylene, and mixtures 

Barrels — 42 gallons 

mcf — 1,000 cubic feet (10 ccf)

BTU conversion factor*: If you need Btu conversions to 

approximate fuel switching capability, the values in the following 

table should be used. The resulting fuel switching approximations are 

to be reported in the units specified in the questionnaire, however.

Electricity ..... 

Natural gas ..... 

Distillate fuel oil . . 

Residual fuel oil . . 

Coal and coke . .

COMMENTS

.... 1 kWh= 3,412 Btu 

1 cubic foot = 1,000 Btu 

. . . 1 barrel= 5.8 million Btu 

... 1 barrel = 6.3 million Btu

. 1 short ton = 23 million Btu

Please provide any explanations that may be essential in understanding 

your reported data. Attach a separate sheet if necessary.

CERTIFICATION

Period covered by this report — Enter the month and day of the

beginning and the end of the period your report covers. If a calendar year 

report: "From January 1 to December 31, 1985," if a fiscal year, specify 

which (such as "From December 1, 1984, to November 30, 1985)."Ifa 

part-year report is submitted because the establishment was not in 

operation or under your company's control for the entire year, specify the 

actual period covered: For example, "January 1 1985 to August 15 

1986,"or "June 1, 198S to December 31, 1985."

If you need further Information to help hi Interpreting thaae 

tawtructtona, aee reverae aide of report form for examplei of fuel 

awttcMng artuattona.

Call {301) 763-7066 if you require any assistance in completing tha form.

Energy Information Administration/Manufacturing Energy Consumption Survey: Fuel Switching, 1985 45

Appendix D

Descriptions of 

Industry Groups 

and Selected 

industries

Appendix D

Descriptions of Industry Groups and Selected

Industries

This appendix contains descriptions of industrial 

groups and selected industries taken from the SIC Man 

ual,8 1972. That manual was complied by the Office of 

Management and Budget's Statistical Policy Division. 

The 20 major industrial groups and the 10 selected 

industries in this appendix, comprise the 30 strata of 

the MECS. (The manufacturing establishment and the 

SIC system were generally described in Appendix A.)

SIC 23-Apparel

The major group, known as the cutting-up and needle 

trades, includes establishments producing clothing and 

fabricating products by cutting and sewing purchased 

woven or knit textile fabrics and related materials such 

as leather, rubberized fabrics, plastics, and furs.

SIC 20-Food and Kindred Products

This major group includes establishments manufactur 

ing or processing foods and beverages for human con 

sumption, and certain related products, such as manu 

factured ice, chewing gum, vegetable and animal fats 

and oils, and prepared feeds for animals and fowls.

SIC 21--Tobacco Manufactures

This major group includes establishments engaged hi 

manufacturing cigarettes, cigars, smoking and chewing 

tobacco, and snuff, and in stemming and redrying to 

bacco.

SIC 22-Textfle Mill Products

This major group includes establishments engaged in 

performing any of the following operations: (1) prep 

aration of fiber and subsequent manufacturing of yarn, 

thread, braids, twine, and cordage; (2) manufacturing 

broad woven fabric, narrow woven fabric, knit fabric, 

and carpets and rugs from yarn; (3) dyeing and finishing 

fiber, yarn, fabric, and knit apparel; (4) coating, water 

proofing, or otherwise treating fabric; (5) the integrated 

manufacture of knit apparel and other finished articles 

from yarn; and (6) the manufacture of felt goods, lace 

goods, nonwoven fabrics, and miscellaneous textiles.

SIC 24--Lumber and Wood Products, Except 

Furniture

This major group includes logging camps engaged hi 

cutting timber and pulpwood; merchant sawmills, lath 

mills, shingle mills, cooperage stock mills, planing 

mills, and plywood mills and veneer mills engaged hi 

producing lumber and wood basic materials; and es 

tablishments engaged in manufacturing finished arti 

cles made entirely or mainly of wood or wood substi 

tutes.

SIC 25--Furniture and Fixtures

This major group includes establishments engaged in 

manufacturing household, office, public building, and 

restaurant furniture; and office and store fixtures.

SIC 26-Paper and Allied Products

This major group includes the manufacture of pulps 

from wood and other cellulose fibers, and from rags; 

the manufacture of paper and paperboard; and the 

manufacture of paper and paperboard into converted 

products such as paper coated off the paper machine, 

paper bags, paper boxes and envelopes.

2621--Paper Mill, Except Building Paper Mills.

Establishments primarily engaged in manufactur 

ing paper from wood pulp and other fibers, and 

which may also manufacture converted paper 

products.

8Office of Management and Budget, Standard Industrial Classification Manual, pp. 59-211.

Energy Information Administration/Manufacturing Energy Consumption Survey: Fuel Switching, 1985 49
2631-Paperboard Mills. Establishments prima 

rily engaged in manufacturing paperboard, in 

cluding paperboard coated on the paperboard 

machine, from wood pulp and other fibers; and 

which may also manufacture converted 

paperboard products.

SIC 27--Printing and Publishing, and Allied 

Industries

This major group includes establishments engaged in 

printing by one or more of the common processes, 

such as letterpress, lithography, gravure, or screen; 

and those establishments which perform services for 

the printing trade, such as bookbinding, typesetting, 

engraving, photoengraving, and electrotyping. This 

major group also includes establishments engaged in 

publishing newspapers, books, and periodicals, regard 

less of whether or not they do their own printing.

SIC 28--Chemicals and Allied Products

This major group includes establishments producing 

basic chemicals, and establishments manufacturing 

products by predominantly chemical processes. Estab 

lishments classified in this major group manufacture 

three general classes of products: (1) basic chemicals 

such as acids, alkalies, salts, and organic chemicals; (2) 

chemical products to be used in further manufacture 

such as synthetic fibers, plastics materials, dry colors, 

and pigments; (3) finished chemical products to be 

used for ultimate consumption such as drugs, cosmetics, 

and soaps; or to be used as materials or supplies in 

other industries such as paints, fertilizers, and explo 

sives.

2819-Industrial Inorganic Chemicals, Not Else 

where Classified. Establishments primarily en 

gaged in manufacturing industrial inorganic 

chemicals, not elsewhere classified. Important 

products of this industry include inorganic salts 

of sodium (excluding refined sodium chloride), 

potassium, aluminum, calcium, chromium, mag 

nesium, mercury, nickel, silver, tin; inorganic 

compounds such as alums, calcium carbide, hy 

drogen peroxide, sodium silicate, ammonia com 

pounds (except fertilizers), rare earth metal salts 

and elemental bromine, fluorine, iodine, phos 

phorus, and alkali metals (sodium, potassium, lith 

ium, etc.).

2821-Plastics, Synthetic Resins, and 

Nonvulcanizable Elastomers. Establishments pri 

marily engaged in manufacturing synthetic res 

ins, plastics materials and nonvulcanizable 

elastomers. Important products of this industry 

include: cellulose plastic materials; phenolic and 

other tar acid resins; urea and melamine resins; 

vinyl resins; styrene resins; alkyd resins; acrylic 

resins; polyethylene resins; polypropylene resins;

rosin modified resins; coumarone-indene and ";>?,•• 

troleum polymer resins; and miscellaneous resin:; 

including polyamide resins, silicon us, 

polyisobutylenes, polyesters, polycarbonate r;:s>-- 

ins, acetal resins, fluorohydrocarbon resins; and 

casein plastics.

2869--I:n.dusl;rial Organic Chemicals, Not Else 

where 'Classified. Establishments primarily ::::i 

gaged in manufacturing industrial organic die i:a 

icals, not elsewhere classified. Important prod 

ucts of this industry include: noncyclic organic 

chemicals; solvents; polyhydric alcohols; syn 

thetic perfume and flavoring materials; rubber 

processing chemicals; plasticizers; synthetic t-uri 

ning agents; chemical warfare gases; and ester;;. 

amines, etc., of polyhydric alcohols and fatty end. 

other acids.

2873-Nitrogenous Fertilizers. Establishments:

primarily engaged in manufacturing nitrogenou;; 

fertilizer materials or mixed fertilizers from ni 

trogenous materials produced in the same estab 

lishment.

SIC 29-Petroleum Refining and Related Industries

This major group includes establishments primar.ly 

engaged in petroleum refining, manufacturing paving 

and roofing materials, and compounding lubricating 

oils and greases from purchased materials.

29ll--Fetroleum Refining. Establishments prima 

rily engaged in manufacturing industrial distillate 

fuel oils, residual fuel oils, lubricants, and otisiproducts from crude petroleum and its fraction 

ation products, through straight distillation ;>f 

crude oil, redistillation of unfinished petroleum 

derivatives, cracking or other processes.

SIC 30-Rubber and Miscellaneous Plastics Products

This major group includes establishments manufactur 

ing rubber products such as tires, rubber footwear, 

mechanical rubber goods, heels and soles, flooring, 

and rubber sundries.

SIC 31-Leather and Leather Products

This major group includes establishments engaged in 

tanning, currying, and finishing hides and skins, and 

establishments manufacturing finished leather and ar 

tificial leather products and some similar products 

made of other materials. Leather converters are £.?o 

included.

50 Energy Information Administration/Manufacturing Energy Consumption Survey: Fuel Switching, 1985
SIC 32-Stone, day, Glass, and Concrete Products SIC 35--Machinery, Except Electrical

This major group includes establishments engaged in 

manufacturing flat glass and other glass products, ce 

ment, structural clay products, pottery, concrete and 

gypsum products, cut stone, abrasive and asbestos 

products, etc., from materials taken principally from 

the earth in the form of stone, clay, and sand.

3241-Cement, Hydraulic. Establishments prima 

rily engaged in manufacturing hydraulic cement, 

including portland, natural, masonry, and 

pozzolan cements.

SIC 33--Primary Metal Industries

This major group includes establishments engaged in 

the smelting and refining of ferrous and nonferrous 

metals from ore, pig, or scrap; in the rolling, drawing, 

and alloying of ferrous and nonferrous metals; in the 

manufacture of castings and other basic products of 

ferrous and nonferrous metals; and in the manufacture 

of nails, spikes, and insulated wire and cable. This ma 

jor group also includes the production of coke.

3312-Blast Furnace (Including Coke Ovens), Steel 

Works, and Rolling Mills. Establishments prima 

rily engaged in manufacturing hot metal, pig 

iron, silvery pig iron, and ferroalloys from iron 

ore and iron and steel scrap; converting pig iron, 

scrap iron and scrap steel into steel; and in hot 

rolling iron and steel into basic shapes such as 

plates, sheets, strips, rods, bars, and tubing.

3334--Primary Production of Aluminum. Estab 

lishments primarily engaged in producing 

aluminun from alumina, and in refining aluminum 

by any process.

SIC 34--Fabricated Metal Products, Except 

Machinery and Transportation Equipment

This major group includes establishments engaged in 

fabricating ferrous and nonferrous metal products such 

as metal cans, tinware, hand tools, cutlery, general 

hardware, nonelectric heating apparatus, fabricated 

structural metal products, metal forgings, metal 

stampings, ordnance (except vehicles and guided mis 

siles), and a variety of metal and wire products not 

elsewhere classified.

This major group includes establishments manufactur 

ing machinery and equipment, other than electrical 

equipment and transportation equipment.

SIC 36--Electrical and Electronic Machinery, 

Equipment, and Supplies

This major group includes establishments manufactur 

ing machinery, apparatus, and supplies for the gener 

ation, storage, transmission, transformation, and utili 

zation of electrical energy. The manufacture of house 

hold appliances is included in this group, but industrial 

machinery and equipment powered by built-in or de 

tachable electric motors are classified in Major Group 

35.

SIC 37--Transportation Equipment

This major group includes establishments engaged in 

manufacturing equipment for transportation of passen 

gers and cargo by land, air, and water. Important prod 

ucts produced by establishments classified in this major 

group include motor vehicles, aircraft, guided missiles 

and space vehicles, ships, boats, railroad equipment, 

and miscellaneous transportation equipment such as 

motorcycles, bicycles, and snowmobiles.

SIC 38-Instruments and Related Products

This major group includes establishments engaged in 

manufacturing instruments (including professional and 

scientific) for measuring, testing, analyzing, and con 

trolling, and their associated sensors and accessories; 

optical instruments and lenses; surveying and drafting 

instruments; surgical, medical, and dental instruments, 

equipment, and supplies; ophthalmic goods; photo 

graphic equipment and supplies; and watches and 

clocks.

SIC 39--Miscellaneous Manufacturing Industries

This major group includes establishments primarily 

engaged in manufacturing products not classified in 

any other manufacturing major group. Industries in 

this group fall into the following categories: jewelry, 

silverware and plated ware; musical instruments; toys, 

sporting and athletic goods; pens, pencils, and other 

office and artists' materials; buttons, costume novelties, 

miscellaneous notions; brooms and brushes; caskets; 

and other miscellaneous manufacturing industries.

Energy Information Administration/Manufacturing Energy Consumption Survey: Fuel Switching, 1985 51

Appendix E

Map of U.S. 

Census Regions

Appendix E

Map of U.S. Census Regions

WEST MIDWEST NORTHEAST

Source: U.S. Bureau of the Census

Energy Information Administration/Manufacturing Energy Consumption Survey: Fuel Switching, 1985 55

Appendix F

Related

Publications on 

Energy 

Consumption

Appendix F

Related Publications on Energy Consumption

See inside front cover for information concerning cop 

ies of these publications.

Industrial Sector

Manufacturing Energy Consumption Survey: Methodo 

logical Report, 1985; 1988.

Manufacturing Energy Consumption Survey: Consump 

tion of Energy, 1985; 1988.

"Manufacturing Sector Energy Consumption, 1985 

Provisional Estimates," Monthly Energy Review, Janu 

ary 1987, DOE/EIA-0035(87/01), pp. vii-x.

Nonresidential Buildings Energy Consumption Survey: 

Characteristics of Commercial Buildings, 1983; A Sup 

plemental Reference, DOE/EIA-M008. Available 

from the National Technical Information Service 

(NTIS), Order Number DE-85015581.

Nonresidential Buildings Energy Consumption Survey: 

Fuel Characteristics and Conservation Practices; June 

1981, DOE/EIA-0278, GPO Stock No. 061-003- 

00200-5.

Nonresidential Buildings Energy Consumption Survey: 

Building Characteristics; March 1981, DOE/EIA-0246, 

GPO Stock No. 061-003-00171-8.

Consumption and Expenditures

Report on the 1980 Manufacturing Industries' Energy 

Consumption Study and Survey of Large Combustors; 

February 1983, DOE/EIA-0358, GPO Stock No. 

061-003-00293-5.

Industrial Energy Consumption, "Survey of Large Com 

bustors: Report on Alternate Fuel-Burning Capabilities 

of Large Boilers in 1979" ; February 1982, DOE/ 

EIA-0304, GPO Stock No. 061-003-0233-1.

Methodological Report of the 1980 Manufacturing Indus 

tries Survey of Large Combustors (EIA-463); March 

1982, DOE/EIA-0306 (no GPO Stock No.).

Nonresidential Building Energy Consumption Survey: 

Commercial Buildings Consumption and Expenditures, 

1983; September 1986, DOE/EIA-0318(83), GPO 

Stock No. 061-003-00496-2.

Nonresidential Buildings Energy Consumption Survey: 

1979 Consumption and Expenditures, Part 1: Natural 

Gas and Electricity; March 1983, DOE/EIA-0318/1, 

GPO Stock No. 061-003-00298-6.

Nonresidential Buildings Energy Consumption Survey: 

1979 Consumption and Expenditures, Part 2: Steam, 

Coal, Fuel Oil, LPG, and Total Fuels; December 1983, 

DOE/EIA-0318(79)/2, GPO Stock No. 061- 

003-00366-4.

Commercial Sector

Characteristics of Buildings

Nonresidential Buildings Energy Consumption Survey: 

Characteristics of Commercial Buildings, 1983; July 

1985, DOE/EIA-0246(83), GPO Stock No. 061-003- 

00439-3.

Energy Information Administration/Manufacturing Energy Consumption Survey: Fuel Switching, 1985 59
Residential Sector

Housing Characteristics

Residential Energy Consumption Survey: Housing Char 

acteristics 1984; September 1986, DOE/EIA-0314(84), 

GPO Stock No. 061-003-00499-7.

Residential Energy Consumption Survey: Housing Char 

acteristics, 1982; August 1984, DOE/EIA-0314(82), 

GPO Stock No. 061-003-00393-1.

Residential Energy Consumption Survey: Housing Char 

acteristics, 1981; August 1983, DOE/EIA-0314(81), 

GPO Stock No. 061-003-00330-3.

Residential Energy Consumption Survey: Housing Char 

acteristics, 1980; June 1982, DOE/EIA-0314, GPO 

Stock No. 061-003-00256-1.

Residential Energy Consumption Survey: Characteristics 

of the Housing Stock and Households, 1978; February 

1980, DOE/EIA-0207/2, GPO Stock No. 061- 

003-00093-2.

Residential Energy Consumption Survey: Conservation; 

February 1980, DOE/EIA-0207/3, GPO Stock No. 

061-003-00087-8.

Preliminary Conservation Tables from the National In 

terim Energy Consumption Survey; August 1979, DOE/ 

EIA-0193/P (no GPO Stock No.).

Characteristics of the Housing Stock and Households: 

Preliminary Findings from the National Interim Energy 

Consumption Survey; October 1979, DOE/EIA0199/P (no GPO Stock No.).

Residential Energy Consumption Survey: Consumption 

and Expenditures, April 1982 Through March 1983 

Part 2: Regional Data; December 1984, DOE/ELA. 

0321/2(82), GPO Stock No. 061-003-00414-8.

Residential Energy Consumption Survey: Consumption 

and Expenditures, April 1981 Through March 1982, 

Part 1: National Data; September 1983, DOE/'EI A 

0321/1(81), GPO Stock No. 061-003-00340-1.

Residential Energy Consumption Survey: Consumption 

and Expenditures, April 1981 Through March 1W2, 

Part 2: Regional Data; October 1983, DOE7EIA0321/2(81), GPO Stock No. 061-003-00357-5.

Residential Energy Consumption Survey: Consumption 

and Expenditures, April 1980 Through March 1981 

Part 1: National Data; September 1982, DOE/ELA' 

0321/1(80), GPO Stock No. 061-003-00278-1.

Residential Energy Consumption Survey: Consumption 

and Expenditures, April 1980 Through March 1981, Pat2: Regional Data ; June 1983, DOE/EIA-0321/2C30'! 

GPO Stock No. 061-003-00319-2.

Residential Energy Consumption Survey: 1979-1980 Co*-;. 

sumption arid Expenditures, Part 1: National Data '!.->•.<. 

eluding Conservation); April 1981, DOE/EIA-0262/:. 

GPO Stock No. 061-003-00191-2.

Residential Energy Consumption Survey: 1979-1980 Con 

sumption and Expenditures, Part 2: Regional Data; MH. 

1981, DOE/EIA-0262/2, GPO Stock No. 061- 

003-00189-1.

Residential Energy Consumption Survey: Consumption 

and Expenditures, April 1978 Through March 1979; Ji;iK 

1980, DOE/EIA-0207/5, GPO Stock No. 061- 

003-00131-9.

Consumption and Expenditures

Residential Energy Consumption Survey: Consumption 

and Expenditures, April 1984 through March 1985 Part 

1: National Data; March 1987, DOE/EIA-0321(84), 

GPO Stock No. 061-003-00519-5.

Residential Energy Consumption Survey: Consumption 

and Expenditures, April 1984 through March 1985 Part 

2: Regional Data; May 1987, DOE/EIA-0321/2(84), 

GPO Stock No. 061-003-00528-4.

Residential Energy Consumption Survey: Consumption 

and Expenditures, April 1982 Through March 1983, 

Part 1: National Data; November 1984, DOE/EIA0321/1(82), GPO Stock No. 061-003-00411-3.

Single-Family Households: Fuel Oil Inventories and Ex 

penditures: National Interim Energy Consumption Sinvey; December 1979, DOE/EIA-0207/1, GPO' Slo;> 

No. 061-003-00075-4.

Other Publications on the 

Residential Sector

"End-Use Consumption of Residential Ene:n;;y: 

Monthly Energy Review, July 1987, DOE/EIA0035(87/07), pp. vii-xiv.

Residential Energy Consumption Survey: Trends in Cc< 

sumption and Expenditures, 1978-1984; June !98' 

DOE/EIA-0482, GPO Stock No. 061-003-00:53-';'

60 Energy Information Administration/Manufacturing Energy Consumption Survey: Fuel Switching, 1985
Residential Conservation Measures; July 1986, SR/ 

EEUD/86/01 (no GPO Stock No.).

An Economic Evaluation of Energy Conservation and 

Renewable Energy Tax Credits; October 1985, Service 

Report (no GPO Stock No.).

Residential Energy Consumption and Expenditures by 

End Use for 1978, 1980, and 1981; December 1984, 

DOE/EIA-0458, GPO Stock No. 061-003-00415-6.

Weatherization Program Evaluation, SR-EEUD-84-1; 

August 1984 (available from the Office of the Assistant 

Secretary for Conservation and Renewable Energy, 

Department of Energy).

Residential Energy Consumption Survey: Regression 

Analysis of Energy Consumption by End Use; October 

1983, DOE/EIA-0431, GPO Stock No. 061-003- 

00347-8.

National Interim Energy Consumption Survey: Exploring 

the Variability In Energy Consumption; July 1981, 

DOE/EIA-0272, GPO Stock No. 061-003-00205-6.

National Interim Energy Consumption Survey: Exploring 

the Variability in Energy Consumption~A Supplement; 

October 1981, DOE/EIA-0272/S, GPO Stock No. 

061-003-00217-0.

Energy Use by U.S. Households; November 1980, DOE/ 

EIA-0248 (brochure, no GPO Stock No.).

uary 1985, DOE/EIA/0464(83), GPO Stock No. 

061-003-00420-2.

Residential Energy Consumption Survey: Consumption 

Patterns of Household Vehicles, Supplement: January 

1981 to September 1981; February 1983, DOE/ 

EIA-0328, GPO Stock No. 061-003-00297-8.

Residential Energy Consumption Survey: Consumption 

Patterns of Household Vehicles, June 1979 to December 

1980; April 1982, DOE/EIA-0319 (no GPO Stock 

No.).

Cross-Sector

Natural Gas: Use and Expenditures; April 1983, DOE/ 

EIA-0382, GPO Stock No. 061-003-00307-9.

Planned Publications for 1989

Manufacturing Energy Consumption Survey: Energy 

Efficiency In Manufacturing, 1985.

Nonresidential Buildings Energy Consumption Survey: 

Commercial Buildings Consumption and Expenditures, 

1986.

Residential Transportation 

Sector

Residential Transportation Energy Consumption Survey: 

Consumption Patterns of Household Vehicles 1985; April 

1987, DOE/EIA-0464(85), GPO Stock No. 061- 

003-00521-7.

Residential Transportation Energy Consumption Survey: 

Consumption Patterns of Household Vehicles, 1983; JanResidential Energy Consumption Survey: Housing Char 

acteristics, 1987.

Residential Energy Consumption Survey: Consumption 

and Expenditures, January 1987 Through December 

1987, Part 1: National Data.

Residential Energy Consumption Survey: Consumption 

and Expenditures, January 1987 Through December 

1987, Part 2: Regional Data.

Residential Transportation Energy Consumption Survey: 

Consumption Patterns of Household Vehicles, 1988.

Energy Information Administration/Manufacturing Energy Consumption Survey: Fuel Switching, 1985 61

Glossary

Anthracite: A hard, black, lustrous coal containing a 

high percentage of fixed carbon and a low percentage 

of volatile matter. It jjs often referred to as hard coal. 

For purposes of the Manufacturing Energy Consump 

tion Survey (MECS), anthracite contains approxi 

mately 23.031 million Btu per short ton.

Barrel: A volumetric unit of measure equivalent to 

42 U.S. gallons.

Biomass: Organic (animal waste), nonfossil plant ma 

terial constituting aa exploitable energy resource.

Butane ( C^jo): A normally gaseous, paraffinic hy 

drocarbon extracted from natural gas or refinery gas 

streams. It includes isobutane (a branch-chain config 

uration) and normal butane (a straight-chain configu 

ration). It is used primarily for blending into highoctane gasoline, for residential and commercial heat 

ing, and for industrial uses, especially the manufacture 

of chemicals and synthetic rubber.

Butylene ( Gjffg): A normally gaseous, olefmic hy 

drocarbon recovered from the refinery processes, and 

converted to alkylate, a high-octane gasoline blending 

component.

Bituminous Coal: A soft coal (the most common solid 

fossil fuel), is highL in<:a5rh<^ceous matter, with a 

volatility greater than anthracite and a calorific value 

greater than lignite. For purposes of the MECS, 

bituminous coal used as a fuel contains approximately 

22.012 million Btu f^r short ton; bitummous coal used 

for coking, contains approximately 26.8 million Btu 

per short ton.

Blast Furnace: A shaft furnace in which solid fuel is 

burned with an air blast to smelt ore in a continuous 

operation.

Blast Furnace Gas: Waste combustible gas generated 

in a blast furnace when iron ore is being reduced with 

coke to metallic iron. It is commonly used as a fuel 

within the steel works.

Breeze: The residue from the fine screenings of 

crushed coke.

British Thermal Unit (Btu): The amount of energy 

required to raise the temperature of 1 pound of water 

1 degree Fahrenheit at or near 39.2 F.

Byproduct: A secondary or additional product result 

ing from the feedstock use of energy or processing of 

nonenergy materials. For example, the more common 

byproducts of coke ovens are coal gas, tar, and a 

mixture of benzene, toluene, and xylenes (BTX).

Census Region: A geographic area defined by the 

Bureau of Census, consisting of various States selected 

according to population size and physical location. 

The States are grouped into four regions:

L Northeast: Connecticut, Maine, Massachusetts, New 

Hampshire, New Jersey, New York, Pennsylvania, 

Rhode Island, and Vermont

2. South: Alabama, Arkansas, Delaware, the District 

of Columbia, Florida, Georgia, Kentucky, Louisi 

ana, Maryland, Mississippi, North Carolina, Okla 

homa, South Carolina, Tennessee, Texas, Virginia, 

and West Virginia

3. Midwest: Illinois, Indiana, Iowa, Kansas, Michigan, 

Minnesota, Missouri, Nebraska, North Dakota, 

Ohio, South Dakota, and Wisconsin

4. West: Alaska, Arizona, California, Colorado, Ha 

waii, Idaho, Montana, Nevada, New Mexico, Ore 

gon, Utah, Washington, and Wyoming

Energy Information Administration/Manufacturing Energy Consumption Survey: Fuel Switching, 1985 63
Coal Coke: The strong, porous residue, consisting of 

carbon and mineral ash, that is formed when the vol 

atile constituents of bituminous coal are driven off by 

heat in the absence of or with a limited supply of air, 

Coal Coke is used primarily in blast furnaces.

Cogeneration: The production of electrical energy 

and another form of useful energy (such as heat or 

steam) through the sequential use of energy.

Cubic Foot: The amount of gas contained in a cub:: 

with an edge that is 1-foot long.

Distillate Fuel Oil: A general classification for ligln 

fuel oils distilled during the refining process. Include;; 

products known as Nos. 1, 2, and 4 fuel oils; and Nos 

1, 2, and 4 diesel fuels. It is used primarily for spac;. 

heating, on-and-off-highway engine fuel, and electri; 

power generation.

Coke Oven Gas: The mixture of permanent gases 

produced by the carbonization of coal in a coke oven 

at temperatures in excess of 1000 C.

Energy: The capacity for doing work as measured, it 

the capability of doing work (potential energy) or the 

conversion of this capability to motion (kinetic en 

ergy).

Company (Firm): As used in the MECS, a company 

is an economic entity consisting of one or more phys 

ical locations, at least one of which is involved in 

manufacturing. If the company consists of a single 

physical location, the term is synonymous with man 

ufacturing establishment. (See Manufacturing Estab 

lishment.)

Consumption: The use of energy as a source of heat 

or power, or as an input in the manufacturing process.

Conversion Factor: A number which translates units 

of one system into corresponding values of another 

system. Conversion factors are used to translate phys 

ical units of measures for various fuels into Btu equiv 

alents.

Crude Oil: A mixture of hydrocarbons that exists in 

a liquid state in natural underground reservoirs and 

remains liquid at atmospheric pressure after passing 

through surface separating facilities. Crude oil includes 

liquids technically defined as crude oil and small 

amounts of nonhydrocarbons produced with the oil, 

as well as small amounts of hydrocarbons that exist 

in the gaseous phase in natural underground reservoirs, 

but are liquid at atmospheric pressure after being re 

covered from oil well (casinghead) gas in lease sepa 

rators. Crude oil is reported as liquid equivalents at 

the surface (excluding basic sediment and water), mea 

sured in terms of stock tank barrels of 42 U.S. gallons 

at atmospheric pressure, and corrected to 60 F.

Establishment: As defined by the 7972 Standard In 

dustrial Classification Manual, ". . . an economic unit 

generally at a single physical location where busbies;: 

is conducted or where services or industrial operation : 

are performed."

Ethane ( Cjflf)'. A colorless, odorless, gaseous hydro 

carbon extracted from natural gas or refinery gas 

streams. Ethane is used primarily as petrochemical 

feedstock for production of chemicals and plastic .TE 

terials.

Ethylene ( CjH^)-. A colorless, flammable, gaseous 

olefinic hydrocarbon recovered from natural gas. an: 

petroleum. Ethylene is used primarily as a petroeher 

ical feedstock for numerous chemical applications an 

the production of consumer goods.

Expenditures: Funds spent for energy purchased an;: 

paid for, or delivered to a manufacturer during tb 

365-day period of calendar year 1985. For purpose: 

of the MECS, the expenditure dollar amount include:' 

State and local taxes and delivery charges.

Fossil Fuel: Any naturally occurring organic (TI<: 

such as coal, crude oil, and natural gas.

Fuel: Any substance that can be burned to prodiu 

heat.

64 Energy Information Administration/Manufacturing Energy Consumption Survey: Fuel Switching, 1965
Fuel Use (of Energy); Use of energy in the production 

of heat, steam, power, or the generation of electricity.

Generation: The process of producing steam or elec 

trical energy by transforming other forms of energy.

Geothermal Energy: Hot water or steam, extracted 

from reservoirs in the earth's crust, which is generally 

supplied to steam turbines that drive generators to 

produce electricity.

Hydroelectric Po^er: Electricity generated by a tur 

bine driven by falling water.

ter content. It is also referred to as brown coal. For 

purposes of MECS, lignite contains approximately 

22.012 million Btu per short ton.

Manufacturing Establishment: An economic unit at a 

single physical location where the mechanical or 

chemical transformation of materials or substances 

into new products is performed. These operations are 

generally conducted in facilities described as plants, 

factories, or mills and characteristically use powerdriven machines and material-handling equipment. In 

addition, the assembly of components of manufactured 

products is considered manufacturing, as is the blend 

ing of materials such as lubricating oil, plastics, resins, 

or liquors.

Hydrogen: A colorless, odorless, highly flammable, 

gaseous element; the lightest of all gases and the most 

abundant element in the universe.

Manufacturing Sector: The universe of manufacturing 

establishments within the 50 States and the District 

of Columbia. (See Standard Industrial Classification.)

Kilowatthour (kWh): A unit of work or energy, mea 

sured as 1,000 watts (1 kilowatt) of power expended 

for 1 hour. Once generated, 1 kWh is equivalent to 

3,412 Btu.

Liquefied Petroleum Gases (LPG): Ethane, ethylene, 

propane, propylene, normal butane, butylene, ethanepropane mixtures, propane-butane mixtures, and 

isobutane produced at refineries or natural gas pro 

cessing plants, including plants that fractionate raw 

natural gas plant liquids.

Megawatthours (MWh): A unit of work of energy, 

measured as 1 million watts (1 megawatt) of power 

expended for 1 hour.

Motor Gasoline: A complex mixture of relatively vol 

atile hydrocarbons, with or without small quantities 

of additives, obtained by blending appropriate refinery 

streams to form a fuel suitable for use in spark-ignition 

engines. Motor gasoline includes both leaded and un 

leaded grades of finished motor gasoline, blending 

components, and gasohol.

Lease Condensate: A natural gas liquid recovered 

from gas well gas (associated and nonassociated) in 

lease separators or field facilities. Lease condensate 

consists primarily of pentanes and heavier hydrocar 

bons. Volumes are reported in terms of barrels of 42 

U.S. gallons, at atmospheric pressure, and corrected 

to60 F.

Lease Separator: A facility located at the surface for 

the purpose of (1) separating casinghead gas from pro 

duced crude oil and water at the temperature and 

pressure conditionsofthe separator; and (2) separating 

gas from that portion of associated gas and nonassociated gas which liquefies at temperature and pres 

sure conditions of the separator.

Lignite: A brownish-black coal of low rank with a 

high percentage of inherent moisture and volatile matNatural Gas: A mixture of hydrocarbon compounds 

and small quantities of various nonhydrocarbons ex 

isting in the gaseous phase or in solution with oil in 

natural underground reservoirs at reservoir conditions. 

Natural gas may be subclassified as:

1. Associated Gas: Free natural gas, commonly known 

as gas-cap gas, which overlies and is in contact 

with crude oil in the reservoir.

2. Dissolved Gas: Natural gas which is in solution 

with crude oil in the reservoir at reservoir condi 

tions.

3. Nonassociated Gas: Free natural gas not in contact 

with crude oil in the reservoir.

All natural gas volumes are reported in cubic feet at a 

pressure base of 14.73 psia, at 60 F. For the purposes 

of the MECS, natural gas contains 1,032 Btu per cubic 

foot.

Energy Information Administration/Manufacturing Energy Consumption Survey: Fuel Switching, 1985 65
Nonfiiel Use (of Energy): Use of energy as feedstock 

(for example, coal used to produce coke, crude oil 

used to produce petroleum products), raw materials, 

additives, or ingredients for products manufactured, 

or for any other purpose besides fuel use.

Petroleum Coke: A solid residue, high in carbon con 

tent and low in hydrogen, which is the final product 

of thermal decomposition in the condensation process 

in cracking crude oil. Petroleum coke can yield almost 

pure carbon or artificial graphite suitable for produc 

tion of carbon or graphite electrodes, structural graph 

ite, motor brushes, dry cells, and similar products. 

For the purposes of the MECS, petroleum coke con 

tains approximately 6.024 million Btu per barrel.

Petrochemical Feedstock: Chemical feedstocks de 

rived from petroleum, and used principally for the 

manufacture of chemicals, synthetic rubber, and a va 

riety of plastics.

and diesel range middle distillates, atmospheric gas 

oil, and atmospheric residual.

Relative Standard Error (RSE): A measure of :;he 

reliability or precision of a survey statistic. Relative 

Standard Error, or RSE, is a measure of precision on 

a percentage scale. The RSE is defined as the stand arc 

error of a survey estimate, divided by the survey in 

timate and multiplied by 100. (Standard error is ;lie 

square root of the variance.)

Residual Fuel Oil: General classification for the heav 

ier oils that remain after the distillate fuel oils ;:.rid 

lighter hydrocarbons are distilled away in refinery 

operations. Includes Grades No. 5 (Light and Heavy). 

No. 6 (including heavy-grade, so called Bunker C oil), 

and Navy Special fuel oil.

Roundwood: Wood cut specifically for use as a flid.

Plant: Commonly used as a synonym for establish 

ment. However, the term can also be used to refer to 

a particular process within an establishment.

Propane ( Ca/fg): A colorless, gaseous hydocarbon 

extracted from natural gas or refinery gas streams. It 

is used primarily for residential and commercial heat 

ing and cooling, and also as a fuel for transportation. 

Industrial applications include use as a petrochemical 

feedstock.

Short Ton: A unit of weight equal to 2,000 pounds.

Solar Energy: The radiant energy of the sun, which 

can be converted into other forms of energy, sue;: itheat or electricity.

Standard Industrial Classification (SIC): A set of codes 

developed by the Office of Management and Budget 

which categorizes businesses into groups with simihu 

economic activities.

Propylene ( C^H^)'. A gaseous hydrocarbon recovered 

from refinery processes. Propylene is used primarily 

as a petrochemical feedstock.

Pulping Liquor (Black Liquor): The alkaline spent 

liquor removed from the digesters in the process of 

chemically pulping wood. After evaporation, the liq 

uor is burned as fuel in a furnace that permits the 

recovery of certain reusable chemicals.

Quadrillion Btu (Quad): Equivalent to 1015 Btu.

Still Gas (Refinery Gas): Any form or mixture of gas 

produced in refineries by distillation, cracking, reform 

ing and other processes, the principal constituents; «:;:' 

which are methane, hydrogen, ethane, ethylene, prc 

pane, propylene, butanes, butylene, etc. Still gas it, 

used for petrochemical feedstock use and refinery Pus: 

use.

Storage Capacity: For the purposes of the MECS, 

storage capacity includes any capacity that is on the: 

establishment site even if it is dedicated or leased fir 

storage of energy owned by other establishments.

Refinery: A plant, device, or process which heats 

crude oil so that it separates into chemical components, 

which are then distilled off as more usable substances. 

Simple structure components vaporize first. Typical 

crude fractions are unstabilized gas, naphtha, kerosene

Subbituminous Coal: A dull, black coal of intermedia!:.f 

rank between lignite and bituminous coal. For pur 

poses of the MECS, subbituminous coal, like: 

bituminous coal, is used as a fuel and has approximate,:. * 

22.012 million Btu per short ton.

Energy Information Administration/Manufacturing Energy Consumption Survey: Fuel Switching, 1985
Turbine: A machine for geaerating rotary mechanical 

power from an energy stream (such as water, steam, 

or hot gas). Turbines convert kinetic energy to me 

chanical energy through the principles of impulse and 

reaction, or a mixture of the two.

Waste Oils and Tar: Petroleum-based materials that 

are worthless for any purpose other than fuel use; for 

example, residual byproducts of chemical processes, 

residue from refining processes, or unsaleable refinery 

byproducts.

Waste Materials: Otherwise discarded combustible 

materials which, when burned, produce energy for 

such purposes as space heating and electric power 

generation. The size of the waste may be reduced by 

shredders, grinders^ or hammermills. Noncombustible 

materials, if any, may be removed. The waste may be 

dried and then burned, either alone or in combination 

with fossil fuels.

Wind Energy: Energy present in wind motion that 

can be converted to mechanical energy for driving 

pumps, mills, and electric power generators. Wind 

pushes against sails, vanes, or blades radiating from a 

central rotating shaft.

Wood Waste: Wood byproducts used as a fuel. In 

cluded are limb wood, wood chips, bark, sawdust, 

forest residues, charcoal, and pulp waste.

Energy information Administration/Manufacturing Energy Consumption Survey: Fuel Switching, 1985 67

AFT E DECLARATION 

INDEPENDENCE 

OUNDING FATHERS

O

OUR

WROTE SOMETHING 

EVEN MORE IMPORTANT.

Ten years after the signing of the Declaration of Independence 

our founding fathers created what historians have called the greatest single 

document struck off by the hand and mind of man.

Our founding fathers created the Constitution of the United States.

For the first time in history, power was granted by the people to the 

government, and not by the government to the people.

The freedom unleashed by the Constitution allowed Americans 

to develop their talents and abilities to the iullest. And attain what is now 

known the world over as the American Dream.

As we commemorate the Bicentennial of the Constitution, there is 

no better way for you as an American to reaffirm the principles for which 

our country stands than to learn more about the Constitution.

The words we live by,

THE CONSTITUTION

The words we live by

To learn more about the Constitution write: Constitution, Washington, D.C. 20599. '^lc Commission on the Bicentennial of The U.S. Constitution.
Energy information Administration

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