NOT FOR PUBLICATION

UNITED STATES COURT OF APPEALS

FOR THE NINTH CIRCUIT

RYAN CROWNHOLM; CROWN 

CAPITAL ADVENTURES, INC., DBA 

mysiteplan.com, a Delaware corporation, 

registered as a foreign corporation in 

California, 

Plaintiffs-Appellants, 

 v. 

RICHARD B. MOORE, in his Official 

Capacity as Executive Officer of the

California Board for Professional Engineers, 

Land Surveyors, and Geologists; et al., 

Defendants-Appellees.

No. 23-15138 

D.C. No. 

2:22-cv-01720-DAD-CKD 

MEMORANDUM*

Appeal from the United States District Court

for the Eastern District of California

Dale A. Drozd, District Judge, Presiding

Argued and Submitted December 14, 2023

San Francisco, California

Before: KOH, H.A. THOMAS, and DESAI, Circuit Judges.

In 2021, Plaintiffs Ryan Crownholm and Crown Capital Adventures, Inc.

(collectively, “Plaintiffs”), were cited by the California Board for Professional 

* This disposition is not appropriate for publication and is not precedent 

except as provided by Ninth Circuit Rule 36-3.

FILED

MAR 7 2024

MOLLY C. DWYER, CLERK

U.S. COURT OF APPEALS
2 

Engineers, Land Surveyors, and Geologists (“the Board”) for practicing land 

surveying without a license. The Board issued its citation order because Plaintiffs 

produce and sell site plans on their website, MySitePlan.com, to customers in 

California. Plaintiffs filed suit under 42 U.S.C. § 1983, raising constitutional 

challenges to the California Professional Land Surveyors’ Act (“the Act”), Cal. 

Bus. & Prof. Code § 8700 et seq. The district court denied Plaintiffs’ motion for a 

preliminary injunction and subsequently granted Defendants’ motion to dismiss 

under Federal Rule of Civil Procedure 12(b)(6). Plaintiffs timely appealed. We 

have jurisdiction under 28 U.S.C. § 1291, and we affirm.

The denial of a motion for a preliminary injunction is reviewed for abuse of 

discretion, but the underlying legal decisions are reviewed de novo. Washington v. 

U.S. Dep’t of State, 996 F.3d 552, 560 (9th Cir. 2021). We review a district court’s 

grant of a motion to dismiss de novo. Am. Soc’y of Journalists & Authors, Inc. v. 

Bonta (ASJA), 15 F.4th 954, 960 (9th Cir. 2021).

1. Plaintiffs first argue that the Act is unconstitutional as applied to them. 

In assessing this challenge, we must first determine whether Plaintiffs have been 

regulated based on their speech or based on their conduct. Expressions Hair 

Design v. Schneiderman, 581 U.S. 37, 46–47 (2017); see also Holder v. 

Humanitarian Law Project, 561 U.S. 1, 28 (2010) (even if a law generally 

regulates conduct, the key question is whether “the conduct triggering coverage 
3 

under the statute consists of communicating a message”). We conclude that 

Plaintiffs have been regulated based on their conduct.

As the Supreme Court has long held, “it has never been deemed an 

abridgement of freedom of speech or press to make a course of conduct illegal 

merely because the conduct was in part initiated, evidenced, or carried out by 

means of language, either spoken, written, or printed.” Giboney v. Empire Storage 

& Ice Co., 336 U.S. 490, 502 (1949); see also, e.g., Ohralik v. Ohio State Bar 

Ass’n, 436 U.S. 447, 456 (1978) (“[T]he State does not lose its power to regulate 

commercial activity deemed harmful to the public whenever speech is a component 

of that activity.”); Arcara v. Cloud Books, Inc., 478 U.S. 697, 706 (1986) (“[E]very 

civil and criminal remedy imposes some conceivable burden on First Amendment 

protected activities.”); Nat’l Inst. of Fam. & Life Advocs. v. Becerra (NIFLA), 585 

U.S. 755, 768 (2018) (“[U]nder our precedents, States may regulate professional 

conduct, even though that conduct incidentally involves speech.” (citing Ohralik, 

436 U.S. at 456)).

Indeed, the Ninth Circuit has held that practicing psychoanalysis and 

performing conversion therapy are conduct, not speech, even though both require

the use of spoken words. See Nat’l Ass’n for the Advancement of Psychoanalysis 

v. Cal. Bd. of Psych. (NAAP), 228 F.3d 1043, 1054 (9th Cir. 2000) (“[T]he key 

component of psychoanalysis is the treatment of emotional suffering and 
4 

depression, not speech.”); Pickup v. Brown, 740 F.3d 1208, 1229 (9th Cir. 2014) 

(finding that conversion therapy ban regulated conduct), abrogated in part by 

NIFLA, 585 U.S. at 767; Tingley v. Ferguson, 47 F.4th 1055, 1077–78 (9th Cir. 

2022) (relying on Pickup to conclude “identical” conversion therapy ban also 

regulated conduct), cert. denied, 144 S. Ct. 33 (2023).

By the same token, the fact that Plaintiffs’ site plans convey information 

through language and graphics does not ipso facto subject the Act to First 

Amendment scrutiny. Rather, as they describe, Plaintiffs assess their clients’ 

needs, access Geographic Information System (“GIS”) information and “other 

publicly available imagery,” and use a computer-aided design program to 

electronically draft site plans. These site plans are (again in Plaintiffs’ words) “by 

definition, . . . drawing[s] that provide[] a visual image of property by depicting 

property boundaries, structures, and measurements.” By citing Plaintiffs, the 

Board has simply penalized unlicensed land surveying conduct. See NAAP, 228 

F.3d at 1054; see also Del Castillo v. Sec’y, Fla. Dep’t of Health, 26 F.4th 1214, 

1225–26 (11th Cir. 2022) (“Assessing a client’s nutrition needs, conducting 

nutrition research, developing a nutrition care system, and integrating information 

from a nutrition assessment are not speech. They are ‘occupational conduct’; 

they’re what a dietician or nutritionist does as part of her professional services.”), 

cert. denied sub nom. Del Castillo v. Ladapo, 143 S. Ct. 486 (2022).
5 

Moreover, the Act is content neutral: its application is not limited to site 

plans depicting only certain types of properties, such as wedding venues or midcentury modern homes, and nothing in the Act’s “text, structure, or purpose 

reflects a legislative content preference.” ASJA, 15 F.4th at 963; cf. NAAP, 228 

F.3d at 1055 (“California’s mental health licensing laws are content-neutral; they 

do not dictate what can be said between psychologists and patients during 

treatment.”). The Act also in no way prohibits Plaintiffs from engaging in public 

discourse or “advocat[ing] for a position,” including for a change in the law. 

Tingley, 47 F.4th at 1073.

Even to the extent Plaintiffs’ activity has some expressive component, the 

Act’s effect on this component is merely incidental to its primary effect of

regulating Plaintiffs’ unlicensed land surveying activities. See Pickup, 740 F.3d at 

1229–31; cf. Cap. Associated Indus., Inc. v. Stein, 922 F.3d 198, 208 (4th Cir. 

2019) (“Licensing laws inevitably have some effect on the speech of those who are 

not (or cannot be) licensed. But that effect is merely incidental to the primary 

objective of regulating the conduct of the profession.”); Del Castillo, 26 F.4th at 

1226. In short, just as the state may constitutionally ban a particular medical 

treatment that requires the use of speech, see Tingley, 47 F.4th at 1073, so too may 

the state bar unlicensed persons from creating maps that have the effect of 

providing a “professional opinion as to the spatial relationship between fixed 
6 

works or natural objects and the property line.”1

We thus conclude that the Act regulates Plaintiffs’ conduct and imposes only 

incidental burdens on their speech. See Expressions Hair Design, 581 U.S. at 47 

(noting that if a law required sandwiches to be sold at a certain price, and that price 

was reflected on a menu, “[t]hose written or oral communications would be 

speech, and the law — by determining the amount charged — would indirectly 

dictate the content of that speech[, b]ut the law’s effect on speech would be only 

incidental to its primary effect on conduct”). As such, the Act is subject to rational 

basis review and will be upheld if it is “rationally-related to a legitimate 

governmental interest.” ASJA, 15 F.4th at 964 (quoting Honolulu Weekly, Inc. v. 

Harris, 298 F.3d 1037, 1047 (9th Cir. 2002)); accord Pickup, 740 F.3d at 1231 

(applying rational basis review). The state carries a “light burden” under this 

standard, Tingley, 47 F.4th at 1077 (citation omitted), and Plaintiffs have not 

1 Sorrell v. IMS Health Inc., 564 U.S. 552 (2011), is distinguishable. Notably, the 

statute at issue in Sorrell imposed both content- and speaker-based burdens on 

speech. See id. at 563–65. Indeed, the presence of these forms of discrimination 

made it possible for the Supreme Court to resolve the case “even assuming . . . that 

prescriber-identifying information is a mere commodity” rather than speech. Id. at 

571. No such discrimination is present here. IMDb.com Inc. v. Becerra, 962 F.3d 

1111 (9th Cir. 2020), is distinguishable for the same reason. See id. at 1120 

(finding challenged statute “restrict[ed] speech because of its content” and 

“restrict[ed] only a single category of speakers”).
7 

plausibly shown that the Act cannot meet it.2

The district court correctly found that California’s interests in

“safeguard[ing] property and public welfare,” Cal. Bus. & Prof. Code § 8708, are 

well served by preventing “incompetent people and entities [from] disseminating 

land surveying products” that could be used for, among other things, applying for 

building permits. MySitePlan.com clearly advertises that Plaintiffs’ site plans are 

“[w]idely accepted by building departments and HOA’s for residential permitting 

purposes”; that the plans “meet or exceed requirements”; and that they are 

“GREAT FOR . . . Demolition permits . . . Conditional Use Permits . . . 

Construction Permits . . . Sign Permits . . . Residential and Commercial Site Plans 

. . . [and] Tree Removal Permits.”

Plaintiffs’ “most popular” site plan specifically shows eight precise 

measurements to property boundaries and the boundaries themselves, with no 

disclaimer as to the plan’s accuracy, and the exemplar is intended to be used for 

2 We note briefly that the Ninth Circuit has stated, in at least one case, that “[i]f 

legislation regulates conduct but incidentally burdens expression, we review that 

legislation under ‘intermediate scrutiny.’” Pac. Coast Horseshoeing Sch. v. 

Kirchmeyer (PCHS), 961 F.3d 1062, 1068 (9th Cir. 2020); cf. NAAP, 228 F.3d at 

1055–56 (not clearly stating what standard it was applying). Given that this 

statement from PCHS was ultimately unnecessary to the panel’s holding and thus 

is dicta (as Plaintiffs conceded at oral argument), it is not binding on us. See 

United States v. McAdory, 935 F.3d 838, 843 (9th Cir. 2019) (“[W]e are not bound 

by a prior panel’s comments . . . done as a prelude to another legal issue that 

commands the panel’s full attention.” (cleaned up)).
8 

“[pl]anning for [a] propane tank.” Even where Plaintiffs’ site plans could initially 

be obtained for ostensibly benign purposes (like planning a farmers’ market), the 

Board notes that once they are created, the site plans “can be improperly used, 

even years later, to support a permitting or planning decision, or to settle a property 

line dispute between neighbors.” Finally, the fact that local permitting departments 

may accept Plaintiffs’ site plans is immaterial. The Act is aimed at what Plaintiffs 

may produce, not what consumers or departments accept, and in any event, local 

departments do not have the legal right to allow the unlicensed practice of land 

surveying.

On this record, the Act as applied to Plaintiffs is rationally related to 

California’s legitimate governmental interests. Plaintiffs’ as-applied challenge was 

thus properly dismissed.

2. Next, Plaintiffs argue that the Act is facially unconstitutional because it is 

impermissibly vague. The veracity of this claim is undermined by the fact that 

Plaintiffs conceded at oral argument that their site plans are subject to regulation 

under the Act. See Ledezma-Cosino v. Sessions, 857 F.3d 1042, 1047 (9th Cir. 

2017) (“Because Petitioner has engaged in conduct that is clearly covered, he 

‘cannot complain of the vagueness of the law as applied to the conduct of others.’” 

(quoting Holder, 561 U.S. at 19)). Regardless, we conclude that the Act is 

“sufficiently clear so as to allow persons of ‘ordinary intelligence a reasonable 
9 

opportunity to know what is prohibited.’” Foti v. City of Menlo Park, 146 F.3d 

629, 638 (9th Cir. 1998) (quoting Grayned v. City of Rockford, 408 U.S. 104, 108 

(1972)). Although the Act’s language is not crystal clear, “perfect clarity and 

precise guidance have never been required even of regulations that restrict 

expressive activity.”3 Edge v. City of Everett, 929 F.3d 657, 664 (9th Cir. 2019) 

(quoting United States v. Williams, 553 U.S. 285, 304 (2008)). Plaintiffs’ 

argument that the Act relies on a subjective standard (namely, whether a given site 

map is “too fancy”) is unsupported by the Act’s text, and nothing in the record or 

the complaint indicates that the Act has ever been enforced in such a selective or 

arbitrary manner. E.g., Coates v. City of Cincinnati, 402 U.S. 611, 615 (1971)

(finding unconstitutional ordinance that barred “annoying” conduct).

3. Plaintiffs also raise a facial overbreadth challenge to the Act under the 

First Amendment, arguing that the Act requires a land surveyor’s license to create 

a map “show[ing] farmers’ market vendors where to set up shop . . . or even for 

simple artwork depicting the location of a house.” Beyond providing no evidence 

that the Act has actually been enforced so broadly, Plaintiffs’ “string of 

hypotheticals” depends on an expansive and unsupported reading of the Act. 

United States v. Hansen, 599 U.S. 762, 782 (2023). Even granting that the Act is 

3 Regardless, the Act clearly does not purport to allow unlicensed persons to avoid 

being cited simply by disclaiming the accuracy of their site plans.
10 

worded broadly, it plainly only covers maps produced “as an integral step in 

designing and locating specific projects,” not any and all “map making in the 

abstract.” 23 Ops. Cal. Atty. Gen. 86, 90 (1954); see Cal. Bus. & Prof. Code § 

8726(a)(7) (barring unlicensed persons from “[d]etermin[ing] the information 

shown or to be shown on any map or document prepared or furnished in 

connection with any one or more of the [land surveying] functions” described in 

the preceding six subparagraphs (emphasis added)). Thus, “[e]ven assuming that 

[the Act] reaches some protected speech, and even assuming that its application to 

all of that speech is unconstitutional,” Plaintiffs have not plausibly shown that “the 

ratio of unlawful-to-lawful applications is . . . lopsided enough to justify the 

‘strong medicine’ of facial invalidation for overbreadth.” Hansen, 599 U.S. at 784

(quoting Broadrick v. Oklahoma, 413 U.S. 601, 613 (1973)).

4. Plaintiffs sought a preliminary injunction only with respect to their First 

Amendment challenges. Because we conclude that none of these challenges are 

stated plausibly, we necessarily find that none of these challenges are “likely to 

succeed on the merits.” Winter v. Nat. Res. Def. Council, Inc., 555 U.S. 7, 20 

(2008). As such, we affirm the district court’s denial of Plaintiffs’ motion for a 

preliminary injunction.

5. Plaintiffs’ challenge under the Fourteenth Amendment’s Due Process 

Clause is also meritless. Although the Due Process Clause “includes some 
11 

generalized due process right to choose one’s field of private employment,” that 

right is “nevertheless subject to reasonable government regulation.” Conn v. 

Gabbert, 526 U.S. 286, 291–92 (1999). Moreover, a substantive due process claim 

invoking this right will generally only lie where there is “a complete prohibition of 

the right to engage in a calling.” Id. at 292 (emphasis added). 

Plaintiffs have not plausibly shown this is the case here. Indeed, 

Crownholm states that only “approximately sixteen percent of MySitePlan.com’s

existing total business” has been impacted by ceasing sales of site plan drawings in 

California.4 A sixteen percent decline in revenue is not a complete prohibition.

Even if it was sufficient to establish an infringed due process right, the Act would 

still only be subject to rational basis review. Slidewaters LLC v. Wash. State Dep’t 

of Lab. & Indus., 4 F.4th 747, 758 (9th Cir. 2021) (rational basis review is the 

proper test for “judging the constitutionality of statutes regulating economic 

activity”). As established above, the Act survives under this standard.

6. Plaintiffs also challenge the Act under the Fourteenth Amendment’s 

Equal Protection Clause. They essentially argue that they have been irrationally 

4 Furthermore, Richard Moore, the Board’s Executive Officer, attested in a 

declaration to the district court that, “[h]ad Mr. Crownholm requested and attended 

an informal conference” after receiving the citation order, “he would have learned 

that it is possible for an unlicensed person to engage in the activities [Crownholm 

described] without violating” the portions of the Act for which he was cited.
12 

classified as producing “fancy” maps that are subject to regulation under the Act, 

despite the fact that their site plans contain the same information included in other 

“rough” maps “created by homeowners and contractors” that are not barred. Yet 

the Act makes no such distinction on its face, and Plaintiffs provide no evidence 

that the Act is actually enforced on the basis of whether a map is “too fancy,”

5 or 

that the Board would decline to investigate and cite similar maps created by others. 

See also Cal. Bus. & Prof. Code § 8790 (charging the Board with investigating and 

prosecuting violations of the Act “coming to its notice”). To the extent Plaintiffs 

allege that there are other site plans that “similarly violated [the Act], were 

reported to the Board, and despite that, [D]efendants chose only to investigate and 

cite [P]laintiffs,” the Opening Brief disclaims that Plaintiffs are making this

argument.

7. Finally, the district court correctly declined to abstain under Younger v. 

Harris, 401 U.S. 37 (1971). Plaintiffs did not administratively appeal their citation 

order, and the mere fact that they could have done so and raised their constitutional 

challenges in the process does not mean there are any “ongoing state proceedings” 

for the purposes of Younger abstention. See Potrero Hills Landfill, Inc. v. County 

5 Plaintiffs’ emphasis on “fancy” maps appears to come from a comment made by 

Defendants’ counsel at the preliminary injunction hearing. Read in context, 

however, Defendants’ counsel simply used this word to indicate that Plaintiffs’ site 

plans are sufficiently detailed that they are functionally indistinguishable from 

those produced by licensed land surveyors.
13 

of Solano, 657 F.3d 876, 885 (9th Cir. 2011) (“Where a federal plaintiff seeks 

relief not from past state actions but merely from prospective enforcement of state 

law, federal court adjudication would not interfere with the state’s basic executive 

functions in a way Younger disapproves.”); Duke v. Gastelo, 64 F.4th 1088, 1096

(9th Cir. 2023) (criticizing as unsupported the argument that Younger requires a 

court to “look at all state-court proceedings — past, present, and future — afforded 

to the plaintiff” and abstain under Younger “if that plaintiff had or will have any 

chance to raise constitutional challenges in a state forum”).

6

AFFIRMED.7

6 Defendants request judicial notice of (a) the fact that Plaintiffs were cited a 

second time by the Board in October 2023, and (b) the fact that Plaintiffs have 

administratively appealed that second citation order. ECF Nos. 46, 52. Plaintiffs

do not oppose either request. We grant the requests, but we note that the 

information contained therein has no bearing on the disposition of this case or, 

specifically, on the Younger abstention issue. See Cook v. Harding, 879 F.3d 

1035, 1041 (9th Cir. 2018) (“We may not consider events after the filing of the 

complaint for purposes of our Younger analysis.”).

7 Plaintiffs’ motion to expedite, ECF No. 26, is denied as moot.