Special Topic: Energy-Related Carbon Dioxide Emissions in U.S. Manufacturing 1 

Report #: DOE/EIA-0573(2005) 

Released Date: November 2006 

Next Release Date: Not applicable 

Energy-Related Carbon Dioxide Emissions in U.S. Manufacturing 

Mark Schipper1

, Energy Information Administration (EIA) 

Abstract 

Based on the Manufacturing Energy Consumption Survey (MECS) conducted by the U.S. 

Department of Energy, Energy Information Administration (EIA), this paper presents historical 

energy-related carbon dioxide emission estimates for energy-intensive sub-sectors and 23 

industries. Estimates are based on surveys of more than 15,000 manufacturing plants in 1991, 

1994, 1998, and 2002. EIA is currently developing its collection of manufacturing data for 2006. 

1

 Corresponding author with the Energy Information Administration (EIA), 1000 Independence 

Avenue S.W. MS: EI-63, Washington, DC 20585; e-mail: mark.schipper@eia.doe.gov; phone: (202) 586-

1136; fax: (202) 586-0018. For specific details, see Contact list in this paper. 

EIA would like to express its gratitude to Ernst Worrell, who conducted estimate reviews of this 

paper and is currently working in the Netherlands while on a sabbatical from the U.S. Department of 

Energy’s Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory (Berkeley Lab). 

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Table of Contents 

1. Introduction ................................................................................................................. 3

2. Energy-Related Carbon Dioxide Emissions (2002) ........................................................... 6

Petroleum Refineries Emit 277.6 Million Metric Tons of Carbon Dioxide ..................... 6

Natural Gas and Electricity Account for Two-Thirds of Emissions in Chemicals............ 7

Iron and Steel Mills Emit 126.0 Million Metric Tons of Carbon Dioxide........................ 7

Nonmetallic Mineral Products Rank as the Lowest of the Top-Six Emitters ................. 8

3. Trends (1991 to 2002) .................................................................................................. 8

4. Abbreviations.............................................................................................................. 14

Tables 

Table 1. Carbon Dioxide Emissions from Manufacturing by Industry and Industry Group, 2002 

(units as noted)............................................................................................................. 4

Table 2. Carbon Dioxide Emissions from Manufacturing by Industry and Industry Group, 2002 

(million metric tons, or as noted).................................................................................... 5

Table 3. Carbon Dioxide Emissions from Manufacturing by Fuel and Industry Group, 2002 ..... 11

Table 4. Carbon Dioxide Emissions from Manufacturing by Fuel and Industry Group, 1998 ..... 11

Table 5. Carbon Dioxide Emissions from Manufacturing by Fuel and Industry Group, 1994 ..... 12

Table 6. Carbon Dioxide Emissions from Manufacturing by Fuel and Industry Group, 1991 ..... 12

Table 7. Changes in Key Measures of Carbon Intensity in Manufacturing, 1991-2002 ............. 13

Figure 

Figure 1. Carbon Dioxide Emission and Aggregate Emission Coefficient by Selected NAICS 

Industries and Sub-Sectors, 2002................................................................................... 6

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Special Topic: Energy-Related Carbon Dioxide Emissions in U.S. Manufacturing 3 

1. Introduction 

Manufacturing is the single largest source of energy-related carbon dioxide emissions in 

the U.S. industrial sector, which also includes agriculture, forestry, fisheries, mining, and 

construction. The manufacturing sector accounted for about 84 percent of energy-related 

carbon dioxide emissions and 90 percent of the energy consumption in the industrial sector in 

2002. The table below shows estimates of energy-related carbon dioxide emissions from 

manufacturing in 2002, based on the latest end-use energy consumption statistics from EIA’s 

Manufacturing Energy Consumption Survey (MECS), which queries more than 15,000 

manufacturing plants every 4 years. Previous surveys were conducted in 1985, 1988, 1991, 

1994, and 1998; however, only the data collected after 1988 support industry estimates of 

emissions under the North American Industry Classification System (NAICS).2

 In 2007, EIA will 

again conduct the MECS, collecting energy consumption and expenditure data for 2006. 

The tables in this paper present estimates of manufacturing emissions by fuel, based on 

statistics from the 1991, 1994, 1998 and 2002 surveys.3

 And for the first time, based on the 

latest available data, EIA reports on emissions by selected NAICS industries. Of the 473 6-digit 

NAICS industries, 23 industries are presented.4

 In addition to restrictions on the number of 

industry estimates, no historical industry-level series is presented because 1) critical non-fuel 

data are missing, as the 1998 MECS eliminated its industry-level non-fuel estimates and 2) the 

current historical MECS data series is missing a common industry classification system, as 

federal statistics, in 1997, replaced the Standard Industrial Classification (SIC) system with 

NAICS, a new classification designed by the U.S. Office of Management and Budget, North 

American governments, and other varied and interested party to provide new comparability in 

statistics about business activity across North America. 

2

 NAICS was developed in cooperation with the U.S. Economic Classification Policy Committee, 

Statistics Canada, and Mexico's Instituto Nacional de Estadistica, Geografia e Informatica. 

3

 Even though a time series is not possible for detailed industries, this paper does present a timeseries of energy-related carbon dioxide emissions for broad industry groups. 

4

 The MECS is conducted under Title 13 of the U.S. Code. Title 13 strictly prohibits disclosing Title 

13-protected information to any other federal, state, or local agency or any foreign government. 

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Special Topic: Energy-Related Carbon Dioxide Emissions in U.S. Manufacturing 4 

Table 1. Carbon Dioxide Emissions from Manufacturing by Industry and Industry Group, 

2002 (units as noted) 

Carbon 

Dioxide 

Emissions

(Million 

Metric 

Tons) 

Share of 

Total 

Manufacturing 

Emissions 

(Percent) 

Aggregate 

Carbon Dioxide 

Emission 

Coefficient 

Industry and Industry Group (NAICSa) (Million Metric 

Tons per 

Quadrillion Btu 

of Energy 

Consumed) 

a

North American Industry Classification System (2002). 

[C] % of [C] [C]/[E] 

Petroleum (324) 304.8 21.8 43.2

 Petroleum Refineries (324110) 277.6 19.8 41.9

Chemicals (325) 311.0 22.2 41.5

 Other Basic Organic Chemicals (325199) 80.5 5.7 40.5

 Plastics Materials and Resins (325211) 63.3 4.5 32.2

 Other Basic Inorganic Chemicals (325188) 23.9 1.7 60.8

 Industrial Gases (325120) 17.0 1.2 52.9

 Nitrogenous Fertilizers (325311) 12.4 0.9 23.8

 Carbon Black (325182) 5.3 0.4 58.0

 Cyclic Crudes and Intermediates (325192) 5.1 0.4 41.7

 Noncellulosic Organic Fibers (325222) 5.0 0.4 62.0

 Synthetic Rubber (325212) 3.5 0.2 50.5

 Phosphatic Fertilizers (325312) 2.5 0.2 57.2

Primary Metals (331) 212.8 15.2 68.7

 Iron and Steel Mills (331111) 126.0 9.0 75.4

 Alumina and Aluminum (331300) 48.0 3.4 56.1

 Foundries (331500) 17.9 1.3 65.8

 Iron Foundries (331511) 10.2 0.7 71.4

 Nonferrous Metals, less Aluminum (331400) 10.8 0.8 64.3

 Electrometallurgical Ferroalloy (331112) 3.1 0.2 61.5

Paper (322) 102.4 7.3 36.5

 Paper Mills, except Newsprint (322121) 44.4 3.2 38.4

 Paperboard Mills (322130) 31.8 2.3 31.2

Food (311) 94.7 6.8 60.0

 Wet Corn Milling (311221) 18.9 1.3 72.0

 Sugar (311310) 5.3 0.4 46.1

 Fruit and Vegetable Canning (311421) 3.4 0.2 55.6

Nonmetallic Mineral Products (327) 91.1 6.5 68.1

 Cements (327310) 39.0 2.8 78.9

 Glass Products (327200) 16.2 1.2 56.9

 Glass Containers (327213) 5.2 0.4 56.9

 Flat Glass (327211) 4.0 0.3 53.0

 Lime (327410) 10.3 0.7 89.0

 Mineral Wool (327993) 4.7 0.3 60.0

All Other Manufacturing Industries 284.3 20.3 57.7

Total 1,401.2 100.0 49.5

Sources: Energy Information Administration, Form EIA-846, “Manufacturing Energy Consumption Survey,” and 

Form EIA-810, “Monthly Refinery Report” (2002). 

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Table 2. Carbon Dioxide Emissions from Manufacturing by Industry and Industry Group, 2002 (million metraNorth American Industry Classification System (2002). Notes: Emissions exclude processes and flaring. Emissions from energy input

(including associated losses), derived by calculating the manufacturing share of the electric power sector’s total carbon dioxide emisweighted share of electricity retail sales to (receipts by) the manufacturing sector. W = withheld. * = estimate rounds to zero. 

Sources: Energy Information Administration, “Manufacturing Energy Consumption Survey,” and “Monthly Refinery Report” (2002). 

Industry and Industry Groupa Total Net Electricity Natural Gas Petroleum Coal 

[C] 

Petroleum 304.8 24.6 46.4 153.9 19.3  Petroleum Refineries 277.6 23.0 43.3 151.2 * Chemicals 311.0 99.4 106.2 70.2 32.8  Other Basic Organic Chemicals 80.5 14.8 31.0 

W

W 

 Plastics Materials and Resins 63.3 13.9 21.9 24.8 2.5  Other Basic Inorganic Chemicals 23.9 16.7 4.1 0.9 2.0  Industrial Gases 17.0

W W 0.3 0.0 

 Nitrogenous Fertilizers 12.4 2.3 10.0 0.1 *  Carbon Black 5.3 0.4 1.1 3.8 0.0  Cyclic Crudes and Intermediates 5.1 2.3 2.3 0.4 *  Noncellulosic Organic Fibers 5.0

W 1.6 0.4

W 

 Synthetic Rubber 3.5 1.1 1.5 0.3 0.5  Phosphatic Fertilizers 2.5 0.6 1.6 0.2 0.2 Primary Metals 212.8 93.8 37.2 2.4 72.4  Iron and Steel Mills 126.0 35.0 22.0 1.1 66.7  Alumina and Aluminum 48.0 36.7 7.1 0.1 0.0  Foundries 17.9 10.3 4.1 0.1 3.4  Iron Foundries 10.2 5.3 1.4 0.1 3.3  Nonferrous Metals, except Aluminum 10.8 6.5 2.3 0.2 1.8  Electrometallurgical Ferroalloy Products 3.1 2.3 0.4 * 0.5 Paper 102.4 42.4 26.6 10.0 22.5  Paper Mills, except Newsprint 44.4 14.8 10.9 4.8 13.4  Paperboard Mills 31.8 10.7 9.9 3.0 7.8 Food 94.7 43.8 30.7 2.9 17.3  Wet Corn Milling 18.9 4.4 3.2 * 11.3  Sugar 5.3 0.4 1.2 0.2 3.6  Fruit and Vegetable Canning 3.4 1.3 1.9 0.2 0.0 Nonmetallic Mineral Products 91.1 26.8 22.3 11.4 30.1  Cements 39.0 8.2 1.1 6.4 23.0  Glass and Glass Products 16.2 8.0 8.1 

W * 

 Glass Containers 5.2 2.5 2.7 * 0.0  Flat Glass 4.0 1.1 2.7 

W * 

 Lime 10.3 1.0 0.4 2.8 6.2  Mineral Wool 4.7 2.5 1.8 * 0.3 All Other Manufacturing Industries 284.3 209.9 56.5 6.8 8.3 Total 1,401.2 540.7 325.9 257.6 202.8 
Manufacturing is complex. Whether in its consuming energy or emitting carbon dioxide, 

it is clear from Figure 1 that manufacturing’s 21 three-digit manufacturing sub-sectors and 

some of its 473 national industries operate and consume energy differently and that plants, on 

average, vary considerably between sub-sectors. Only a few of the eligible industries are 

displayed herein, mainly due to confidentiality and sample size constraints associated with 

sampling manufacturers and reporting on their activities. Table 1 provides estimates that relate 

emissions with primary energy consumption measures and Table 7 presents relationships 

between emissions and economic output: gross output. The complexity of these relationships is 

not only due to the prices paid for manufactured products, but also to the inputs and processes 

used in transforming raw or intermediate materials into manufactured products. Figure 1 

reveals this lack of simplicity in manufacturing emissions. 

Special Topic: Energy-Related Carbon Dioxide Emissions in U.S. Manufacturing 6 

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2. Energy-Related Carbon Dioxide Emissions (2002) 

Figure 1. Carbon Dioxide Emission and Aggregate Emission Coefficient by Selected NAICS 

Industries and Sub-Sectors, 2002 

0

50

100

150

200

250

300

350

324000324110325000325199325211325188325120325311325182325192325222325212325312331000331111331300331500331511331400331112322000322121322130311000311221311310311421327000327310327200327213327211327410327993

other

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

80

90

100

= [C] = [C]/[E]

Million Metric Tons Million Metric Tons per Quadrillion Btu

49.5 (mfg average)

= sub-sector

SOURCE: Table 1. 

In the petroleum sub-sector (NAICS 324), the petroleum refining industry (NAICS 

324110) dominates emission totals, accounting for over 90 percent in 2002, or 277.6 million 

metric tons of the 304.8 million metric tons emitted. Of the sources tracked and subsequently 

reported by refineries, the largest share of emitted carbon dioxide is from the use of petroleum 

– mostly in the form of by-product energy sources such as waste gas (commonly known as still 

or refinery gas) and petroleum coke – which represented over half, or 151.2 million metric tons, 

Petroleum Refineries Emit 277.6 Million Metric Tons of Carbon Dioxide 
Special Topic: Energy-Related Carbon Dioxide Emissions in U.S. Manufacturing 7 

of refineries’ carbon dioxide emissions. The remaining emissions result mainly from the use of 

natural gas and electricity, though coal contributes a significant share to emissions by nonrefinery establishments of the petroleum sub-sector. 

Natural Gas and Electricity Account for Two-Thirds of Emissions in Chemicals 

In 2002, the chemicals sub-sector emitted 311.0 million metric tons. Chemical plants are 

also heavy users of natural gas; and as a result, their aggregate carbon coefficients are lower 

than industries whose primary energy sources are more carbon-intensive. Although the shares 

of natural gas vary among chemical industries, it accounts for a little over one-third (106.2 

million metric tons) of the sub-sector’s energy-related emissions, with electricity contributing 

another third (99.4 million metric tons) and the remaining third attributed to a combined coal 

(32.8 million metric tons) and petroleum (70.2 million metric tons) use. 

Chemical products can also sequester carbon, as do asphalt, lubricants and waxes 

produced at petroleum refineries. Nitrogenous fertilizer is one such chemical product, as its 

carbon content is presumed to be released during its ultimate use as an agricultural product for 

growing crops. Because of that sequestering process, in 2002, the nitrogenous fertilizer industry 

recorded an aggregate carbon coefficient of 23.8 million metric tons of carbon dioxide emitted 

per quadrillion British thermal units which is significantly lower than the overall manufacturing 

average: 49.5 million metric tons per quadrillion British thermal units. In addition, four of the 

chemical industries – other basic organic chemicals, plastics materials and resins, nitrogenous 

fertilizers, and cyclic crudes and intermediates – report an average aggregate carbon coefficient 

lower than the overall manufacturing, and these industries are also responsible for a little over 

half of the emissions from the chemicals sub-sector. 

Iron and Steel Mills Emit 126.0 Million Metric Tons of Carbon Dioxide 

Producing molten iron and steel products requires a mix of carbon-intensive energy 

sources: coal and electricity. Because of this use, over half of the energy-related carbon dioxide 

emitted by the primary metals sub-sector (NAICS 331) is due to production at iron and steel 

mills. In 2002, the primary metals sub-sector emitted 212.8 million metric tons of emissions, of 

which nearly 60 percent were from these mills. At 75.4 million metric tons per quadrillion British 

thermal units consumed, producing iron and steel ranks as one of the top carbon-rich outputs in 

manufacturing for use by consumers, largely because of its use of coal-based resources to 

reduce iron ores in blast furnaces or heat metal in electric arc furnaces. 

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Special Topic: Energy-Related Carbon Dioxide Emissions in U.S. Manufacturing 8 

Nonmetallic Mineral Products Rank as the Lowest of the Top-Six Emitters 

With 91.1 million metric tons of carbon dioxide, in 2002, the nonmetallic mineral 

products sub-sector emitted 7 percent of energy-related manufacturing emissions. Petroleum 

(304.8), chemicals (311.0), primary metals (212.8), paper (102.4) and food (94.7) all emitted 

larger absolute amounts, but nonmetallic minerals, with an aggregate carbon coefficient of 68.1 

million metric tons per quadrillion Btu, tops these sub-sectors for its use of carbon-intensive 

sources. Of the nonmetallic mineral industries, the cement and lime industries, based on their 

heavy use of coal, push the average coefficient higher -- just as the heavy use of coal by iron 

and steel mills (75.4) and wet corn milling (72.0) results in their higher-than-average carbon 

coefficients. 

3. Trends (1991 to 2002) 

The 1991 MECS reported energy consumption (for fuel and nonfuel purposes) that 

yielded carbon dioxide emissions from the manufacturing sub-sector as a whole totaling 1,251.4 

million metric tons. The corresponding estimate for 2002 is 1,401.2 million metric tons — an 

increase of 150 million metric tons, growing at an annual rate of 1.0 percent. Over the same 

interval, the demand for manufacturing products (as measured by gross output5

) increased by 

1.3 percent per year. Therefore, the overall carbon intensity of U.S. manufacturing, measured 

as metric tons of carbon dioxide emitted per million 2000 dollars of gross output, was 420.4 in 

1991 but had dropped to 358.4 by 2002, representing an average decrease of 1.4 percent per 

year. 

The overall carbon intensity of the U.S. manufacturing sub-sector is the ratio of its total 

carbon dioxide emissions (C) to manufacturing output (Y), as measured by the gross output (in 

chained 2000 dollars). That ratio (C/Y) can be calculated as the product of the sub-sector’s 

aggregate carbon intensity of energy demand — carbon dioxide emissions (C) per unit of 

energy consumed (E) — and its energy intensity — energy consumed (E) per unit of gross 

output (Y). That is: 

Y

E

E

C

Y

C ∗= . 

For the manufacturing sub-sector as a whole, energy intensity (the ratio E/Y) is a 

function primarily of the energy intensities of different production groups and their contributions 

5

 Consists of sales, or receipts, and other operating income, plus commodity taxes and changes 

in inventories. 

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Special Topic: Energy-Related Carbon Dioxide Emissions in U.S. Manufacturing 9 

to the total gross output mix in the sub-sector. The sub-sector’s carbon intensity of energy 

supply (the ratio C/E) is determined primarily by the mix of energy fuel inputs and the mix of 

fuel and nonfuel (sequestering) uses of the inputs. Thus, the overall carbon intensity of 

manufacturing (C/Y) is a combination of the energy intensity of manufacturing gross output and 

the carbon intensity of the energy consumed to meet manufacturing’s energy demand.6

 

The manufacturing C/Y ratio fell by 1.2 percent per year from 1991 to 2002 (not shown 

in Figure 1); however, the reduction was largely the result of a structural shift (i.e., a change in 

relative market shares in the sub-sector). In 1991 the four most energy-intensive industries 

(petroleum, chemicals, primary metals, and paper) accounted for 29.0 percent of total 

manufacturing gross output, but by 2002 their share had fallen to 23.9 percent. For three of the 

six manufacturing industry group categories, energy intensity increased from 1991 to 2002 

(petroleum by 0.4 percent per year, chemicals 1.5 percent, and nonmetallic minerals 0.1 

percent). For paper; primary metals; and other manufacturing, energy intensity declined by 0.4 

percent per year, 0.9 percent, and 1.6 percent, respectively. The energy intensity for the “all 

other manufacturing” category declined by 1.0 percent per year, and at the same time its share 

of total manufacturing gross output grew from 3.2 percent per year, from $2.0 trillion in 1991 

to $2.9 trillion (in chained 2000 dollars) in 2002, as newer, less energy-intensive industries 

accounted for an increasing share of manufacturing activity. 

The mix and quantity of energy fuels consumed by manufacturers (for both fuel and 

nonfuel uses) affect the sub-sector’s aggregate carbon intensity of energy supply. Overall, 

manufacturing industries had C/E ratios equal to 50.9 million metric tons carbon dioxide 

equivalent per quadrillion Btu in 1991 and 49.5 million metric tons carbon dioxide equivalent per 

quadrillion Btu in 2002; however, the carbon dioxide factors of the various industries differed 

markedly. 

The petroleum and chemical industries both transform some energy products into 

products that sequester carbon, such as petrochemical feedstocks, asphalt, and plastics. 

Because of that use, both the petroleum and chemical industries have lower aggregate C/E 

ratios than the manufacturing average (45.3 and 43.2 million metric tons carbon dioxide 

6

 The ratios presented here are estimated as aggregations of several manufacturing industries. 

Specifically, 22 manufacturing industry groups were aggregated into 6 groups for calculations of industryspecified E/Y and C/Y ratios. Therefore, quantifying influences on the change in overall carbon intensity is 

valuable to extent that these groupings represent the changes occurring in the U.S. manufacturing 

sector. It should be noted, however, that these ratios are based on survey data that are subject to 

sampling errors and other uncertainties. 

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Special Topic: Energy-Related Carbon Dioxide Emissions in U.S. Manufacturing 10 

equivalent per quadrillion Btu for the petroleum industry and 45.8 and 41.5 for the chemicals 

industry in 1991 and 2002, respectively). 

The paper industry makes extensive use of wood byproducts as an energy source. 

Carbon dioxide emissions from wood consumption are considered to be zero, because the 

carbon that is emitted has been sequestered recently, and the regrowing of trees will again 

sequester an equivalent amount of carbon dioxide. Consequently, the paper industry has a 

relatively low C/E ratio, at 37.4 and 36.5 million metric tons carbon dioxide equivalent per 

quadrillion Btu in 1991 and 2002, respectively. In contrast, the primary metals industry, which 

uses large amounts of coal and other carbon-intensive fuels (e.g., electricity), has a high C/E

ratio: 68.2 in 1991 and 68.7 in 2002. 

Between 1998 and 2002, manufacturing industries had decreases in carbon dioxide 

emissions associated with their use of electricity (20.9 million metric tons) and natural gas (49.0 

million metric tons). Even with that decrease in emissions, electricity use continues to account 

for the largest share of manufacturers’ energy-related carbon dioxide emissions: 37.8 percent 

(561.6 million metric tons) in 1994 and 38.6 percent (540.7 million metric tons) in 2002. 

As a result of the above changes in energy intensity, in combination with the structural 

shift in the sub-sector, the overall manufacturing energy intensity (E/Y) declined by 1.2 percent 

per year from 1991 to 2002. When the influence of the structural shift is removed, however, 

decomposition analysis suggests that the aggregate energy intensity of the manufacturing 

sector is virtually unchanged.7

7

 There are several approaches that, based on index number theory, can be used to decompose 

aggregate values. The values reported here are based on a discrete approximation of the Divisia integral 

index. 

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Table 3. Carbon Dioxide Emissions from Manufacturing by Fuel and Industry Group, 2002 

a

North American Industry Classification System: 324, petroleum products; 325, chemicals; 331, primary metals; 

322, paper; 327, nonmetallic minerals (includes stone, clay, and glass). 

Notes: Totals may not equal sum of components due to independent rounding. To calculate intensity and 

consumption values, electricity was calculated as primary electricity: 10,436 Btu per kilowatthour for 1991, 

10,316 for 1994, 10,346 for 1998, and 10,173 for 2002. These conversion factors represent the average energy 

input to the generation process for fossil-fired utility plants in the United States. See Energy Information 

Administration, “Monthly Energy Review,” DOE/EIA-0035(2003/09) (Washington, DC, September 2003), Table 

A6. Emissions exclude processes and flaring. Emissions from energy inputs to produce electricity (including 

associated losses), derived by calculating the manufacturing share of the electric power sector’s total carbon 

dioxide emissions based upon the weighted share of electricity retail sales to (receipts by) the manufacturing 

sector. 

Sources: Energy Information Administration, Form EIA-846, “Manufacturing Energy Consumption Survey,” and 

Form EIA-810, “Monthly Refinery Report” (2002); and U.S. Department of Commerce, Bureau of Economic 

Analysis, Industry Economics Division. North American Industry Classification System (2002). 

Table 4. Carbon Dioxide Emissions from Manufacturing by Fuel and Industry Group, 1998 

a

North American Industry Classification System: 324, petroleum products; 325, chemicals; 331, primary metals; 

322, paper; 327, nonmetallic minerals (includes stone, clay, and glass). 

Notes: Totals may not equal sum of components due to independent rounding. To calculate intensity and 

consumption values, electricity was calculated as primary electricity: 10,436 Btu per kilowatthour for 1991, 

10,316 for 1994, 10,346 for 1998, and 10,173 for 2002. These conversion factors represent the average energy 

input to the generation process for fossil-fired utility plants in the United States. See Energy Information 

Administration, “Monthly Energy Review,” DOE/EIA-0035(2003/09) (Washington, DC, September 2003), Table 

A6. Emissions exclude processes and flaring. Emissions from energy inputs to produce electricity (including 

associated losses), derived by calculating the manufacturing share of the electric power sector’s total carbon 

dioxide emissions based upon the weighted share of electricity retail sales to (receipts by) the manufacturing 

sector. 

Sources: Energy Information Administration, Form EIA-846, “Manufacturing Energy Consumption Survey,” and 

Form EIA-810, “Monthly Refinery Report” (1998); and U.S. Department of Commerce, Bureau of Economic 

Analysis, Industry Economics Division. North American Industry Classification System (2002). 

NAICSa

Fuel Type 324 325 331 322 327 

Other 

Mfg. Total 

2002 

CO2 Emissions (Million Metric Tons) 

 Electricity 24.6 99.4 93.8 42.4 26.8 253.7 540.7

 Natural Gas 46.4 106.2 37.2 26.6 22.3 87.3 325.9

 Petroleum 153.9 70.2 2.4 10.0 11.4 9.6 257.6

 Coal 19.3 32.8 72.4 22.5 30.1 25.6 202.8

 Other 60.8 2.4 7.0 0.8 0.4 2.8 74.2

 Total 304.8 311.0 212.8 102.4 91.1 379.0 1,401.2

 Share of Total Gross Output (Percent) 5.9 10.5 3.6 3.9 2.2 73.9 100.0

 Share of Total Energy Use (Percent) 24.9 26.5 10.9 8.4 4.7 24.5 100.0

 Share of Total CO2 Emissions (Percent) 21.8 22.2 15.2 7.3 6.5 27.0 100.0

NAICS 

Fuel Type 324 325 331 322 327 

Other 

Mfg. Total 

1998 

CO2 Emissions (Million Metric Tons) 

 Electricity 22.9 103.2 101.8 45.6 24.4 263.7 561.6

 Natural Gas 53.2 127.7 47.9 31.1 23.4 91.5 374.9

 Petroleum 174.8 56.5 3.6 15.1 6.7 13.4 270.1

 Coal 0.0 26.9 94.3 25.8 27.7 23.7 198.3

 Other 69.5 4.9 3.4 0.8 0.7 1.6 80.9

 Total 320.4 319.2 251.0 118.4 82.9 393.9 1,485.8

 Share of Total Gross Output (Percent) 5.7 11.0 4.2 4.2 2.4 72.5 100.0

 Share of Total Energy Use (Percent) 25.2 24.0 7.4 10.8 4.1 28.5 100.0

 Share of Total CO2 Emissions (Percent) 21.6 21.5 16.9 8.0 5.6 26.5 100.0
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Table 5. Carbon Dioxide Emissions from Manufacturing by Fuel and Industry Group, 1994 

a

North American Industry Classification System: 324, petroleum products; 325, chemicals; 331, primary metals; 

322, paper; 327, nonmetallic minerals (includes stone, clay, and glass). 

Notes: Totals may not equal sum of components due to independent rounding. To calculate intensity and 

consumption values, electricity was calculated as primary electricity: 10,436 Btu per kilowatthour for 1991, 

10,316 for 1994, 10,346 for 1998, and 10,173 for 2002. These conversion factors represent the average energy 

input to the generation process for fossil-fired utility plants in the United States. See Energy Information 

Administration, “Monthly Energy Review,” DOE/EIA-0035(2003/09) (Washington, DC, September 2003), Table 

A6. Emissions exclude processes and flaring. Emissions from energy inputs to produce electricity (including 

associated losses), derived by calculating the manufacturing share of the electric power sector’s total carbon 

dioxide emissions based upon the weighted share of electricity retail sales to (receipts by) the manufacturing 

sector. 

Sources: Energy Information Administration, Form EIA-846, “Manufacturing Energy Consumption Survey,” and 

Form EIA-810, “Monthly Refinery Report” (1994); and U.S. Department of Commerce, Bureau of Economic 

Analysis, Industry Economics Division. North American Industry Classification System (2002). 

Table 6. Carbon Dioxide Emissions from Manufacturing by Fuel and Industry Group, 1991 

a

North American Industry Classification System: 324, petroleum products; 325, chemicals; 331, primary metals; 

322, paper; 327, nonmetallic minerals (includes stone, clay, and glass). 

Notes: Totals may not equal sum of components due to independent rounding. To calculate intensity and 

consumption values, electricity was calculated as primary electricity: 10,436 Btu per kilowatthour for 1991, 

10,316 for 1994, 10,346 for 1998, and 10,173 for 2002. These conversion factors represent the average energy 

input to the generation process for fossil-fired utility plants in the United States. See Energy Information 

Administration, “Monthly Energy Review,” DOE/EIA-0035(2003/09) (Washington, DC, September 2003), Table 

A6. Emissions exclude processes and flaring. Emissions from energy inputs to produce electricity (including 

associated losses), derived by calculating the manufacturing share of the electric power sector’s total carbon 

dioxide emissions based upon the weighted share of electricity retail sales to (receipts by) the manufacturing 

sector. 

Sources: Energy Information Administration, Form EIA-846, “Manufacturing Energy Consumption Survey,” and 

Form EIA-810, “Monthly Refinery Report” (1991); and U.S. Department of Commerce, Bureau of Economic 

Analysis, Industry Economics Division. North American Industry Classification System (2002). 

NAICS 

Fuel Type 324 325 331 322 327 

Other 

Mfg. Total 

1994 

CO2 Emissions (Million Metric Tons) 

 Electricity 21.9 94.1 89.2 40.4 22.3 212.8 480.6

 Natural Gas 42.8 117.7 42.8 30.4 22.8 86.4 343.0

 Petroleum 174.8 42.3 4.9 15.7 7.4 14.3 259.4

 Coal 0.0 28.5 96.1 28.6 26.4 28.5 208.2

 Other 60.6 4.4 3.5 1.1 0.2 2.0 71.8

 Total 300.1 287.1 236.5 116.0 79.1 344.0 1,363.0

 Share of Total Gross Output (Percent) 6.3 11.7 4.4 5.0 2.4 70.1 100.0

 Share of Total Energy Use (Percent) 24.4 23.6 12.8 11.5 4.4 23.3 100.0

 Share of Total CO2 Emissions (Percent) 22.0 21.1 17.4 8.5 5.8 25.2 100.0

NAICS 

Fuel Type 324 325 331 322 327 

Other 

Mfg. Total 

1991 

CO2 Emissions (Million Metric Tons) 

 Electricity 19.8 83.1 94.3 38.0 19.8 192.7 447.8

 Natural Gas 44.2 102.3 37.4 29.1 20.1 73.4 306.6

 Petroleum 149.9 42.1 3.4 13.6 6.4 14.1 229.6

 Coal 1.4 25.2 83.2 28.3 27.9 27.2 193.2

 Other 61.0 9.7 3.0 0.2 0.0 0.5 74.3

 Total 276.3 262.4 221.3 109.2 74.3 307.8 1,251.4

 Share of Total Gross Output (Percent) 7.1 12.4 4.4 5.1 2.4 68.6 100.0

 Share of Total Energy Use (Percent) 24.8 23.3 13.2 11.9 4.5 22.3 100.0

 Share of Total CO2 Emissions (Percent) 22.1 21.0 17.7 8.7 5.9 24.6 100.0
Special Topic: Energy-Related Carbon Dioxide Emissions in 

Table 7. Changes in Key Measures of Carbon Intensity in Manufacturing, 1991-2002 

Industry Group (NAICSa) 1991 2002 Annu

[E]/[Y] [C]/[E] [C]/[Y] [E]/[Y] [C]/[E] [C]/[Y] [E]/[Y] 

Petroleum (324) 29 45.3 1,310.6 30 43.2 1,312.2 0.Chemicals (325) 15 45.8 708.0 18 41.5 758.0 1.Metals (331) 25 68.2 1,688.3 22 68.7 1,532.2 -0Paper (322) 19 37.4 717.9 18 36.5 668.2 -0Minerals (327) 15 67.8 1,048.2 16 68.1 1,058.7 0.Other Mfg. 

3 56.1 150.8

2 58.3 131.2 -1

Total 

8

aNorth American Industry Classification System: 324, petroleum products; 325, chemicals; 331, primary metals; 322, paper; 327, no

(includes stone, clay, and glass). 

Notes: [E]/[Y] = energy consumed (thousand Btu) per chained 2000 dollar value of gross output. [C]/[E] = million metric tons carbo

quadrillion Btu of energy consumed. [C]/[Y] = metric tons carbon dioxide emitted per million chained 2000 dollars of gross output. * zero. NA = not applicable. Annual percent change for [E]/[Y] is not statistically significant. 

Sources: Energy Information Administration, Form EIA-846, “Manufacturing Energy Consumption Survey,” and Form EIA-810, “Monthly Refinery Report” (1991 and 2002). 

50.9 420.4 7 49.5 358.4 -1.

Total Without Structural Shift 

8 NA NA

8 NA NA 

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Special Topic: Energy-Related Carbon Dioxide Emissions in U.S. Manufacturing 14 

4. Abbreviations 

Btu is British Thermal Units 

EIA is Energy Information Administration 

MECS is Manufacturing Energy Consumption Survey 

NAICS is North American Industry Classification System 

SIC is Standard Industrial Classification system 

E NERGY I NFORMATION ADMINISTRATION 

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Special Topic: Energy-Related Carbon Dioxide Emissions in U.S. Manufacturing 15 

Works Cited 

Energy Information Administration. “2002 Energy Consumptions by Manufacturers -- Data 

Tables.” Manufacturing Energy Consumption Survey (March 2005): Date Accessed: 

September 2005 <www.eia.doe.gov/emeu/mecs/mecs2002/data02/shelltables.html>. 

Bureau of Economic Analysis. “Annual Industry Accounts.” Industry Economic Accounts (May 

2006): Date Accessed: September 2005 <bea.gov/bea/dn2/gdpbyind_data.htm>. 

Office of Management and Budget. North American Industry Classification System: United 

States 2002 Manual. Washington, DC: Bernan Press, 2002. 

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Special Topic: Energy-Related Carbon Dioxide Emissions in U.S. Manufacturing 16 

Contacts 

For information on this Special Topic: 

Mark Schipper 

Mark.Schipper@eia.doe.gov

Phone: +1 202.586.1136 

Fax: +1 202.586.0018 

For information on the Manufacturing Energy Consumption Survey: 

Robert Adler 

Robert.Adler@eia.doe.gov

Phone: +1 202.586.1134 

Fax: +1 202.586.0018 

For information on EIA’s Emissions Inventory report: 

Perry Lindstrom 

Perry.Lindstrom@eia.doe.gov

Phone: +1 202.586.0934 

Fax: +1 202.586.3045 

E NERGY I NFORMATION ADMINISTRATION 

S PECIAL T OPIC