DOE/EIA-0512(94)

Distribution Category UC-950

Manufacturing Consumption of Energy 1994

December 1997

Energy Information Administration

Office of Energy Markets and End Use

U.S. Department of Energy

Washington, DC 20585

This report was prepared by the Energy Information Administration, the independent statistical and analytical agency within the U.S.

Department of Energy. The information contained herein should be attributed to the Energy Information Administration and should not be

construed as advocating or reflecting any policy position of the Department of Energy or any other organization.
ii Energy Information Administration/Manufacturing Consumption of Energy 1994

Contacts

This publication was prepared by the Energy Information Administration (EIA) under the general direction of W. Calvin

Kilgore, Director of the Office of Energy Markets and End Use (202-586-1617). The project was directed by Dwight K.

French, Director of the Energy Consumption Division (ECD) (202-586-1126). Specific technical information may be

obtained from the Manufacturing Energy Consumption Survey (MECS) Manager, Robert Adler (202-586-1134). The fax

number for all ECD personnel is 202-586-0018.

Detailed technical questions on the topics indicated may be referred to the following members of the ECD:

Robert Adler MECS Manager 202-586-1134

Robert.Adler@eia.doe.gov

Stephanie J. Battles Product Manager, Overview, 202-586-7237

Chapters 1-3, Chapter 4 (electricity), Stephanie.Battles@eia.doe.gov

 and Report Production

Mary Carlson Chapter 4 (natural gas) 202-586-4749

Office of Oil and Gas Mary.Carlson@eia.doe.gov

Barbara Fichman Report Editing 202-586-5737

Barbara.Fichman@eia.doe.gov

LaVerne Gilchrist Appendix D 202-586-1112

LaVerne.Gilchrist@eia.doe.gov

Christy Hall Table Production, Report Editing 202-586-1068

and Production, Appendices B, C, Christy.Hall@eia.doe.gov

F, G, and Glossary

Michael Margreta Appendix A (detailed tables) 202-586-2327

Michael.Margreta@eia.doe.gov

Hattie Ramseur Report Editing and Production and 202-586-1124

Appendices E and H Hattie.Ramseur@eia.doe.gov

The ECD would like to thank Mark Schipper, whose role of MECS manager for the past 2 years made this publication

possible. At the present time, he is on a leave of absence obtaining further education.

Data in these reports are in the public domain and may be reproduced without permission. Appropriate credit is appreciated.

 Suggested citations are “Energy Information Administration, Manufacturing Consumption of Energy 

1994” or “Energy Information Administration, 1994 Manufacturing Energy Consumption Survey.”
Energy Information Administration/Manufacturing Consumption of Energy 1994 iii

For More Information

As part of the Energy Information Administration’s (EIA) mission to provide meaningful data from end-use

energy surveys, EIA conducts ongoing user needs efforts to ascertain users’ data requirements. If you have

any data or report-related requirements or suggestions regarding any of the other EIA consumption surveys,

please contact the appropriate survey manager directly, or use the address below.

Commercial Buildings Energy Consumption Survey (CBECS): Martha Johnson,

Survey Manager, at 202-586-1135.

Residential Energy Consumption Survey (RECS): Robert Latta, Survey Manager,

at 202-586-1385.

You are encouraged to provide your comments to the survey managers. Your feedback is important to us.

 EI-63, Mail Stop 2G-090

 1000 Independence Avenue, SW

 Washington, DC 20585

 Fax: 202-586-0018

 

 
Energy Information Administration/Manufacturing Consumption of Energy 1994 v

Contents

Page

Manufacturing Sector Overview, 1991-1994 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . xiii

1. Introduction ................................................................................. 1

Manufacturing Energy Consumption Surveys . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1

Organization of This Report . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1

2. New in the 1994 MECS ........................................................................ 3

What Type of Cogeneration Technologies Did the Largest Cogenerator Use in 1994? ...................... 3

What Types of Biomass Are Used as an Energy Source, How Much Is Used, and by Whom? . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3

Do the Industries That Consume the Most Energy Also Have the Largest Number of Establishments? ......... 4

Do the Industries That Have the Most Square Footage Also Have High Energy Intensities? .................. 4

3. Industry Profiles: Major Energy Consumers ..................................................... 5

The Four Major Energy Consumers in the Manufacturing Sector . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5

Quantities of Energy and Expenditures for the Four Major Energy Consumers ............................ 5

Petroleum and Coal Products (SIC 29) ............................................................ 6

Chemicals and Allied Products (SIC 28) .......................................................... 7

Paper and Allied Products (SIC 26) .............................................................. 8

Primary Metal Industries (SIC 33) ............................................................... 9

4. Feature Article: How Changing Energy Markets Affect Manufacturing . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11

Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11

Natural Gas Market . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12

 Impetus for Change in the Natural Gas Market . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12

 Change in the Natural Gas Market . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12

 Natural Gas Usage in the Manufacturing Sector . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13

Electricity Market . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 19

 Impetus for Change in the Electricity Market . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 19

 Change in the Electricity Market . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 20

 Electricity Usage in the Manufacturing Sector . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 20

 How Electricity Restructuring Might Affect Manufacturing . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 21

Lessons From Natural Gas Restructuring . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 24

Appendices

A. Detailed Tables . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 27

B. Survey Design, Implementation, and Estimates . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 409

C. Quality of the Data . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 433

D. Manufacturing Energy Consumption Survey Forms . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 449

E. Map of U.S. Census Regions and Divisions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 487

F. Descriptions of Major Industrial Groups and Selected Industries . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 491

G. Metric Conversion Factors . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 499

H. Related EIA Publications on Energy Consumption . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 503

Glossary . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 513
vi Energy Information Administration/Manufacturing Consumption of Energy 1994

Tables

Page

Chapter 4

4.1. Comparing EIA’s Surveys of Manufacturing Energy Consumption and Natural Gas Suppliers . . . . . . . . . . . . . 16

Appendix A

A1. Total First Use (formerly Primary Consumption) of Energy for All Purposes by Census Region and Industry

Group, 1994: Part 1 (Btu or Physical Units) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 29

A1. Total First Use (formerly Primary Consumption) of Energy for All Purposes by Industry Group and Selected

Industries, 1994: Part 2 (Btu or Physical Units) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 32

A1. Total First Use (formerly Primary Consumption) of Energy for All Purposes by Census Region and Industry

Group, 1994: Part 3 (Trillion Btu) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 34

A1. Total First Use (formerly Primary Consumption) of Energy for All Purposes by Industry Group and Selected

Industries, 1994: Part 4 (Trillion Btu) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 37

A1. Number of Establishments by Total First Use (formerly Primary Consumption) of Energy for All Purposes, by

Industry Group and Selected Industries, 1994: Part 5 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 39

A2. Total Consumption of LPG, Distillate Fuel Oil, and Residual Fuel Oil for Selected Purposes by Census Region

and Industry Group, 1994: Part 1 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 41

A2. Total Consumption of LPG, Distillate Fuel Oil, and Residual Fuel Oil for Selected Purposes by Industry Group

and Selected Industries, 1994: Part 2 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 44

A3. Total First Use (formerly Primary Consumption) of Combustible Energy for Nonfuel Purposes by Census

Region and Industry Group, 1994: Part 1 (Btu or Physical Units) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 46

A3. Total First Use (formerly Primary Consumption) of Combustible Energy for Nonfuel Purposes by Industry

Group and Selected Industries, 1994: Part 2 (Btu or Physical Units) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 49

A3. Total First Use (formerly Primary Consumption) of Combustible Energy for Nonfuel Purposes by Census

Region and Industry Group, 1994: Part 3 (Trillion Btu) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 51

A3. Total First Use (formerly Primary Consumption) of Combustible Energy for Nonfuel Purposes by Industry

Group and Selected Industries, 1994: Part 4 (Trillion Btu) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 54

A3. Number of Establishments by Total First Use (formerly Primary Consumption) of Combustible Energy for

Nonfuel Purposes, by Industry Group and Selected Industries, 1994: Part 5 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 56

A4. Total Inputs of Energy for Heat, Power, and Electricity Generation by Census Region and Industry Group,

1994: Part 1 (Btu or Physical Units) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 58

A4. Total Inputs of Energy for Heat, Power, and Electricity Generation by Industry Group and Selected Industries,

1994: Part 2 (Btu or Physical Units) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 61

A4. Total Inputs of Energy for Heat, Power, and Electricity Generation by Census Region and Industry Group,

1994: Part 3 (Trillion Btu) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 63

A4. Total Inputs of Energy for Heat, Power, and Electricity Generation by Industry Group and Selected Industries,

1994: Part 4 (Trillion Btu) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 66

A4. Number of Establishments by Total Inputs of Energy for Heat, Power, and Electricity Generation, by Industry

Group and Selected Industries, 1994: Part 5 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 68

A5. Total Consumption of Offsite-Produced Energy for Heat, Power, and Electricity Generation by Census Region

and Industry Group, 1994: Part 1 (Btu or Physical Units) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 70

A5. Total Consumption of Offsite-Produced Energy for Heat, Power, and Electricity Generation by Industry Group

and Selected Industries, 1994: Part 2 (Btu or Physical Units) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 73

A5. Total Consumption of Offsite-Produced Energy for Heat, Power, and Electricity Generation by Census Region

and Industry Group, 1994: Part 3 (Trillion Btu) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 75
Tables (Continued)

Page

Energy Information Administration/Manufacturing Consumption of Energy 1994 vii

A5. Total Consumption of Offsite-Produced Energy for Heat, Power, and Electricity Generation by Industry Group

and Selected Industries, 1994: Part 4 (Trillion Btu) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 78

A5. Number of Establishments by Total Consumption of Offsite-Produced Energy for Heat, Power, and Electricity

Generation, by Industry Group and Selected Industries, 1994: Part 5 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 80

A6. Total Inputs of Selected Byproduct Energy for Heat, Power, and Electricity Generation by Census Region and

Industry Group, 1994: Part 1 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 82

A6. Total Inputs of Selected Byproduct Energy for Heat, Power, and Electricity Generation by Industry Group and

Selected Industries, 1994: Part 2 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 85

A7. Enclosed Floorspace and Conditioned Floorspace by Industry Group and Selected Industries, 1994 . . . . . . . . . 87

A8. Total Inputs of Energy for Heat, Power, and Electricity Generation by Fuel Type, Industry Group, Selected

Industries, and End Use, 1994: Part 1 (Btu or Physical Units) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 89

A8. Total Inputs of Energy for Heat, Power, and Electricity Generation by Fuel Type, Industry Group, Selected

Industries, and End Use, 1994: Part 2 (Trillion Btu) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 114

A8. Number of Establishments by Total Inputs of Energy for Heat, Power, and Electricity Generation, by Fuel Type,

Industry Group, Selected Industries, and End Use, 1994: Part 3 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 139

A8. Number of Establishments by Conditioned Floorspace and Energy Sources Used for Facility HVAC, by

Industry Group and Selected Industries, 1994: Part 4 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 164

A9. Total Inputs of Energy for Heat, Power, and Electricity Generation by Fuel Type, Census Region, and End Use,

1994: Part 1 (Btu or Physical Units) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 166

A9. Total Inputs of Energy for Heat, Power, and Electricity Generation by Fuel Type, Census Region, and End Use,

1994: Part 2 (Trillion Btu) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 168

A10. Selected Combustible Inputs of Energy for Heat, Power, and Electricity Generation and Net Demand for

Electricity by Fuel Type and End Use, 1994: Part 1 (Btu or Physical Units) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 170

A10. Selected Combustible Inputs of Energy for Heat, Power, and Electricity Generation and Net Demand for

Electricity by Fuel Type and End Use, 1994: Part 2 (Trillion Btu) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 195

A11. Components of Net Demand for Electricity by Census Region and Industry Group, 1994: Part 1 . . . . . . . . . . 220

A11. Components of Net Demand for Electricity by Industry Group and Selected Industries, 1994: Part 2 . . . . . . . 223

A12. Components of Onsite Electricity Generation by Census Region and Industry Group, 1994: Part 1 . . . . . . . . . 225

A12. Components of Onsite Electricity Generation by Industry Group and Selected Industries, 1994: Part 2 . . . . . 228

A13. Onsite Electricity Cogeneration by Congeneration Technologies, Industry Group, and Selected Industries, 1994:

Part 1 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 230

A13. Number of Establishments by Onsite Electricity Cogeneration, by Congeneration Technologies, Industry

Group, and Selected Industries, 1994: Part 2 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 232

A14. Quantity of Electricity Sold to Utility and Nonutility Purchasers by Census Region and Industry Group, 1994:

Part 1 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 234

A14. Quantity of Electricity Sold to Utility and Nonutility Purchasers by Industry Group and Selected Industries,

1994: Part 2 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 237

A15. Total Quantity of Purchased Energy Sources by Census Region and Industry Group, 1994: Part 1 . . . . . . . . . 239

A15. Total Quantity of Purchased Energy Sources by Industry Group and Selected Industries, 1994: Part 2 . . . . . . 242
Tables (Continued)

Page

viii Energy Information Administration/Manufacturing Consumption of Energy 1994

A16. Quantity of Purchased Electricity and Steam by Type of Supplier, Census Region, and Industry Group, 1994:

Part 1 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 244

A16. Quantity of Purchased Electricity and Steam by Type of Supplier, Industry Group, and Selected Industries,

1994: Part 2 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 247

A17. Total Expenditures for Purchased Energy Sources by Census Region and Industry Group, 1994: 

Part 1 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 249

A17. Total Expenditures for Purchased Energy Sources by Industry Group and Selected Industries, 1994:

Part 2 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 252

A18. Total Expenditures for Purchased Electricity and Steam by Type of Supplier, Census Region, and Industry

Group, 1994: Part 1 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 254

A18. Total Expenditures for Purchased Electricity and Steam by Type of Supplier, Industry Group, and Selected

Industries, 1994: Part 2 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 257

A19. Total Expenditures for Purchased Electricity and Steam by Type of Supplier, Census Region, and Economic

Characteristics of the Establishment, 1994 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 259

A20. Average Prices of Selected Purchased Energy Sources by Census Region and Industry Group, 1994:

Part 1 (Dollars per Physical Units) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 262

A20. Average Prices of Selected Purchased Energy Sources by Industry Group and Selected Industries, 1994: Part

2 (Dollars per Physical Units) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 265

A20. Average Prices of Selected Purchased Energy Sources by Census Region and Industry Group, 1994:

Part 3 (Dollars per Million Btu) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 267

A20. Average Prices of Selected Purchased Energy Sources by Industry Group and Selected Industries, 1994: Part

4 (Dollars per Million Btu) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 270

A21. Average Prices of Purchased Electricity and Steam by Type of Supplier, Census Region, and Industry Group,

1994: Part 1 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 272

A21. Average Prices of Purchased Electricity and Steam by Type of Supplier, Industry Group, and Selected

Industries, 1994: Part 2 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 275

A22. Average Prices of Purchased Electricity and Steam by Type of Supplier, Census Region, and Economic

Characteristics of the Establishment, 1994 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 277

A23. Selected Energy Operating Ratios for Total Energy Consumption for Heat, Power, and Electricity Generation

by Census Region and Industry Group, 1994: Part 1 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 280

A23. Selected Energy Operating Ratios for Total Energy Consumption for Heat, Power, and Electricity Generation

by Industry Group and Selected Industries, 1994: Part 2 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 283

A24. Total Inputs of Energy for Heat, Power, and Electricity Generation by Program Sponsorship, Industry Group,

Selected Industries, and Type of Energy-Management Program, 1994: Part 1 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 285

A24. Number of Establishments by Total Inputs of Energy for Heat, Power, and Electricity Generation, by Program

Sponsorship, Industry Group, Selected Industries, and Type of Energy-Management Program, 1994: Part 2 . 322

A25. Number of Establishments by Sponsorship of Any Programs of Demand-Side Management through Electric

Utility and Natural Gas Utility, by Industry Group and Selected Industries, 1994 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 359

A26. Total Inputs of Energy for Heat, Power, and Electricity Generation by Employment Size Categories and

Presence of General Technologies and Cogeneration Technologies, 1994 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 361
Tables (Continued)

Page

Energy Information Administration/Manufacturing Consumption of Energy 1994 ix

A27. Total Inputs of Energy for Heat, Power, and Electricity Generation by Value of Shipment Categories and

Presence of General Technologies and Cogeneration Technologies, 1994 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 362

A28. Percent of Establishments that Actually Switched Fuels from Natural Gas to Residual Fuel Oil and from

Residual Fuel Oil to Natural Gas, by Industry Group and Selected Industries, 1994 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 363

A29. Capability to Switch from Natural Gas to Alternative Energy Sources by Industry Group, Selected Industries,

and Selected Characteristics, 1994: Part 1 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 365

A29. Number of Establishments by Capability to Switch from Natural Gas to Alternative Energy Sources, by

Industry Group and Selected Industries, 1994: Part 2 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 367

A30. Number of Establishments that Actually Switched Fuels from Natural Gas to Residual Fuel Oil, by Industry

Group and Selected Industries, 1994 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 369

A31. Percent of Establishments by Primary Reasons for Actually Switching Fuels from Natural Gas to Residual Fuel

Oil, by Industry Group and Selected Industries, 1994 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 371

A32. Percent of Establishments by Levels of Price Difference between Natural Gas and Less Expensive Residual

Fuel Oil that Would Cause Fuel Switching from Natural Gas to Residual Fuel Oil, by Industry Group and

Selected Industries, 1994 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 373

A33. Capability to Switch from Residual Fuel Oil to Alternative Energy Sources by Industry Group, Selected

Industries, and Selected Characteristics, 1994: Part 1 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 375

A33. Number of Establishments by Capability to Switch from Residual Fuel Oil to Alternative Energy Sources, by

Industry Group and Selected Industries, 1994: Part 2 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 377

A34. Number of Establishments that Actually Switched Fuels from Residual Fuel Oil to Natural Gas, by Industry

Group and Selected Industries, 1994 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 379

A35. Percent of Establishments by Primary Reasons for Actually Switching Fuels from Residual Fuel Oil to Natural

Gas, by Industry Group and Selected Industries, 1994 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 381

A36. Percent of Establishments by Levels of Price Difference between Residual Fuel Oil and Less Expensive 

Natural Gas that Would Cause Fuel Switching from Residual Fuel Oil to Natural Gas, by Industry

 Group and Selected Industries, 1994 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 383

A37. Capability to Switch from Electricity to Alternative Energy Sources by Industry Group, Selected Industries,

 and Selected Characteristics, 1994: Part 1 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 385

A37. Number of Establishments by Capability to Switch from Electricity to Alternative Energy Sources, 

by Industry Group and Selected Industries, 1994: Part 2 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 387

A38. Capability to Switch from Distillate Fuel Oil to Alternative Energy Sources by Industry Group, 

Selected Industries, and Selected Characteristics, 1994: Part 1 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 389

A38. Number of Establishments by Capability to Switch from Distillate Fuel Oil to Alternative Energy 

Sources, by Industry Group and Selected Industries, 1994: Part 2 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 391

A39. Capability to Switch from Coal to Alternative Energy Sources by Industry Group, Selected Industries,

 and Selected Characteristics, 1994: Part 1 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 393

A39. Number of Establishments by Capability to Switch from Coal to Alternative Energy Sources, by Industry 

Group and Selected Industries, 1994: Part 2 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 395
Tables (Continued)

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x Energy Information Administration/Manufacturing Consumption of Energy 1994

A40. Capability to Switch from LPG to Alternative Energy Sources by Industry Group, Selected Industries,

and Selected Characteristics, 1994: Part 1 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 397

A40. Number of Establishments by Capability to Switch from LPG to Alternative Energy Sources, by Industry 

Group and Selected Industries, 1994: Part 2 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 399

A41. Number of Establishments by Activities Related to Electric Motor Systems and Their Method of Evaluation,

by Industry Group and Selected Industries, 1994 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 401

A42. Number of Establishments by Activities Related to Listings of Electric Motor Systems, by Industry Group and

Selected Industries, 1994 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 403

A43. Total Inputs of Selected Wood and Wood-Related Products for Heat, Power, and Electricity Generation by

Census Region, Industry Group, and Selected Industries, 1994 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 405

A44. Total First Use (formerly Primary Consumption) of Energy for All Purposes by Selected Energy Sources, 1994

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 407

Appendix B

B1. Sample Size by Census Division, Selected Industries and Industry Group, 1994 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 416

B2. Number of Establishments in the Census of Manufactures Universe by Major Group, 1994 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 418

B3. Conversion of Physical Units to British Thermal Units . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 431

Appendix C

C1. Calculation of Generalized Relative Standard Error (RSE) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 437

C2. Number of Establishments and Weighted and Unweighted Percentages of the Imputed Value of Shipments and

Value Added . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 444

Appendix G

G1. Metric Conversion Factors . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 501
Energy Information Administration/Manufacturing Consumption of Energy 1994 xi

Figures

Page

Chapter 3

Figure 3.1. Percent of Total Energy Measure by the Four Major Energy Consumers, 1994 ..................... 5

Chapter 4

Figure 4.1. Percent of Total Natural Gas Consumption by Type of End Use, 1991 and 1994 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 14

Figure 4.2. Percent of Total Natural Gas Consumption for Selected Industries, 1991 and 1994 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 14

Figure 4.3. Onsystem Percent of Industrial Deliveries of Natural Gas, 1991-1994 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 17

Figure 4.4 Range of Average Natural Gas Prices and Industries Paying the Highest and Lowest Prices

by Census Region, 1991 and 1994 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 17

Figure 4.5 Range of Average Natural Gas Prices for the Top Three Consumers and Industries Paying the 

Highest and Lowest Prices by Census Region, 1991 and 1994 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 18

Figure 4.6 Manufacturing Purchases and Industrial Deliveries of Natural Gas and Average Natural Gas Prices, 

1994 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 18

Figure 4.7 Average Price of Electricity by Census Division, 1994 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 20

Figure 4.8 Electricity Demand for the Three Industries by Each Industry’s Major End Uses, 1994 . . . . . . . . . . . . . 22

Figure 4.9 Cogeneration of Electricity by Census Region, 1994 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 23