1

United States Court of Appeals,

Fifth Circuit.

No. 95-20653.

Christopher FELCH, Individually and as Representative of the Estate of Carol Hoffman Stein,

Deceased, Plaintiff-Appellee,

v.

TRANSPORTES LAR-MEX SA DE CV, et al., Defendants,

Transportes Lar-Mex SA DE CV, Defendant-Appellant.

Aug. 22, 1996.

Appeal from the United States District Court for the Southern District of Texas.

Before GARWOOD, HIGGINBOTHAM and BENAVIDES, Circuit Judges.

GARWOOD, Circuit Judge:

Plaintiff-appelleeChristopher Felch(Felch)filed this wrongfuldeath and survivalsuit inTexas

state court. Defendant-appellant Transportes Lar-Mex (Lar-Mex), a carrier of goods incorporated

in Mexico, removed the case to the court below and shortly thereafter filed a motion to dismiss for

lack of personal jurisdiction. Following a hearing on the issue of personal jurisdiction, the district

court denied Lar-Mex's motion. Lar-Mex thereafter gave notice to the district court that it would

not participate in the litigation other than to continue asserting its jurisdictional defense. When LarMex failed to appear at a pre-trial conference, the district court entered default judgment against LarMex. Thereafter, following a hearing to assess Felch's damages, the district court entered judgment

in Felch's favor. Lar-Mex appeals.

Facts and Proceedings Below

Carol Hoffman Stein, Felch's mother, was operating her vehicle on a Mexican highway,

between Monterrey, Mexico and Nuevo Laredo, Mexico, on November 27, 1991, when she was

killed in a head-on collision with a Lar-Mex tractor trailer operated by Lar-Mex employee Clemente

Alvarez Velasquez.

On September 15, 1993, Felch, individually and asrepresentative ofthe estate of his deceased
 

1

Julio Garcia was apparently named as a defendant by mistake. He was never served with

process, never made any appearance, and Felch has not indicated that he is seeking relief from this

defendant. 

 

2Lar-Mex never filed an answer in this lawsuit. 

 

3Felch contends that Garcia's testimony revealed that Lar-Mex "collects" various products

from all over Mexico, transports these products by truck to Nuevo Laredo, Mexico (a town on

the south side of the border between Mexico and Texas), and then attempts to secure agreements

with customers to truck these products across the border and deliver them to warehouses located

in the Laredo, Texas, area for a fee. Lar-Mex's characterization of Garcia's testimony in this

regard seems to suggest different activity; Lar-Mex contends that Lar-Mex trailers will

occasionally be taken "to the Texas border" (emphasis added), but that these trailers immediately

depart south from the border into Mexico immediately after being unloaded, with all fees being

received in Mexico; additionally, Lar-Mex argues that there is no evidence as to whether or not

these services were continuous and systematic. Finally, Lar-Mex contends that nothing in the

record supports Felch's assertion that Lar-Mex pursues agreements with its customers to

transport merchandise across the border and into Texas. In his deposition, Garcia testified that

Lar-Mex would, under certain circumstances, drop loaded trailers off in Laredo, Texas:

"Q: So, sometimes Lar-Mex will drop the trailer and leave the trailer in Nuevo

Laredo [Mexico]; and other times when the customer will pay for it, you'll bring

the trailer into Laredo [Texas] itself?

2

mother, filed this wrongful death and survival suit in Texas state court against Lar-Mex and Julio

Cesar Gonzalez Garcia1. In response, Lar-Mex filed a special appearance objecting to jurisdiction.

Lar-Mex subsequently removed the case to the district court below on the basis of diversity

jurisdiction. Then, shortly following removal, Lar-Mex filed a motion to dismiss for lack of personal

jurisdiction.2

Counselfor Felch and Lar-Mex met in San Antonio, Texas, and agreed upon a discovery plan

asrequired by Fed.R.Civ.P. 26. Counsel agreed to limit discovery to the jurisdictional issue until the

district court ruled on Lar-Mex's motion to dismiss. Accordingly, on May 17, 1994, Felch took the

depositionofAmericoRaymonGarcia-Rodriguez (Garcia), the designated representative of Lar-Mex,

in Laredo, Texas. This deposition testimony revealed the following:

(1) Lar-Mex is a corporation incorporated in Monterrey, Mexico;

(2) None of Lar-Mex's offices are located in the United States;

(3) Lar-Mex conducts business as a carrier of goods in Mexico and, to a very limited degree,

in the United States;3
A: Uh-huh.

Q: And how far in Laredo does Lar-Mex go to drop the trailer for the customer?

A: About 15 miles into Laredo.

... Q: Okay. If the customer requests and pays for it, can you, for example, take a

shipment of goods or merchandise to a customer's warehouse within the 15 miles

that you've already talked about?

A: Yes, we do."

This is essentially the only evidence on this matter. 

 

4Lar-Mex denies the existence of any indication in the record that any of the merchandise

collected by Lar-Mex in Nuevo Laredo, Mexico, originates in Texas. However, when asked

whether Lar-Mex ships goods, merchandise, or commodities "that come from the United States

originally," Garcia responded affirmatively. There is, however, no evidence that any of the

mentioned merchandise originated in Texas. Garcia also stated that Lar-Mex is "not allowed to

pick up merchandise in Texas" (and there is no evidence that it does). 

 

5Lar-Mex suggests that this transaction had gone no further than the placement of a purchase

order. In his deposition, Garcia referred to the purchase order and to the "boxes [trailers] that we

are going to be buying." There is no other evidence in this respect. 

3

(4) Lar-Mex does not have any representatives or employees in the United States;

(5) Lar-Mex is not licensed in the United States to operate as a motor carrier;

(6) Lar-Mex collects merchandise in Nuevo Laredo and distributes this merchandise in

Mexico;4

(7) Lar-Mex does not advertise in Texas; it does not carry a yellow page ad in Texas;

(8) Lar-Mex does not have a telephone line in Texas or anywhere else in the United States,

although its name does appear in the Laredo, Texas, telephone book within the section relating to

Nuevo Laredo, Mexico;

(9) It is ordinary in the course of Lar-Mex's business to make telephone calls to and receive

telephone calls from customers officing in Laredo, Texas—coordinating shipments and receiving

orders and communications;

(10) Lar-Mex contracted to purchase trailers from the Laredo, Texas, office of Xtra Lease;5

(11) Lar-Mex purchased an air pistol used to repair flat tires on its trucks from a Laredo,
 

6Felch notes that Garcia signed an equipment lease agreement with Strick Lease on behalf of

Lar-Mex and listed his title as "G & E Laredo." 

 

7One such agreement, detailed in a document entered into evidence during Garcia's deposition,

defines how Lar-Mex is to use, insure and maintain that company's trailers. Additionally, this

agreement contemplates that disputes are to be settled in a United States court employing U.S.

law. Moreover, Garcia signed this agreement on behalf of Lar-Mex, listing his title as "Gerente

General (Laredo)". 

 

8Felch further characterizes Garcia's testimony as asserting that Lar-Mex "hoped" that it would

be hired by the customer financing this shipment to take the shipment on from Nuevo Laredo,

Mexico, to a designated location in Laredo, Texas. Lar-Mex responds that there is nothing in the

record to indicate that this shipment was destined for Texas. In fact, Lar-Mex contends that the

record contains no indication that any of the goods transported by Lar-Mex are destined for

Texas. Furthermore, Lar-Mex denies any indication in the record that it "hoped" to be hired to

take the merchandise involved in the accident into Laredo, Texas. In his deposition, Garcia

simply stated, "And if they were to hire me, to contract me, then I might have delivered [the

shipment involved in the accident] in Texas." That is the only evidence on this matter. 

4

Texas company, and additionally purchased wheels for which payment was due in Laredo, Texas;

(12) Lar-Mex leased several trailers from Strick Lease, the predecessor of Xtra Lease; LarMex made monthly lease payments which were sometimes sent by mail to Laredo, Texas; on

occasion, these payments were picked up at Lar-Mex's Nuevo Laredo office;6

(13) Lar-Mex has agreements with companies officingin Laredo, Texas, warranting that LarMex will return trailers belonging to those companies in the same condition in which Lar-Mex

received these trailers;7

(14)Lar-Mexemployed a specific designation on its invoices to identify shipments transported

by Lar-Mex across the Mexico-Texas border and into Laredo, Texas;

(15) Lar-Mex procured an insurance policy to cover "vehicles" for which Lar-Mex is

responsible and which Lar-Mex operates within Texas; this coverage is conditioned on Lar-Mex

taking these vehicles (into Texas) no further than 26 miles from the Mexico-U.S. border; and

(16) At the time of the accident, Clemente Alvarez Velasquez was driving a Lar-Mex tractor

trailer in the course of Lar-Mex's business;8 the truck was going from Monterrey, Mexico, to Nuevo

Laredo, Mexico.

On June 7, 1994, Felch filed his opposition to Lar-Mex's motion to dismiss for lack of
5

personal jurisdiction, attaching excerptsfromGarcia's deposition. Then, on June 21, 1994, Lar-Mex

filed a reply to this opposition, attaching the entire transcript of Garcia's deposition.

The district court subsequently scheduled a hearing on Lar-Mex's motion to dismiss. After

receiving an additional reply filed by Felch, the court held this hearing on July 29, 1994. The court

denied Lar-Mex's motion on August 30, 1994.

Lar-Mex then filed a motion to reconsider, and Felch filed his opposition thereto. The district

court denied this motion on November 22, 1994.

Lar-Mex filed no other pleading in the case until April 3, 1995, when it gave notice to the

court that it would not participate in the litigation any further other than to rely on its jurisdictional

defense.

Thereafter, the court set a pre-trial conference for June 22, 1995. When Lar-Mex did not

appear at this hearing, the district court entered a default judgment against Lar-Mex. Accordingly,

the district court conducted an evidentiary hearing on Felch's damages. No evidence was presented

at this hearing on the jurisdictional issue concerning Lar-Mex's contacts with Texas. The district

court entered final judgment on August 18, 1995, awarding Felch a total of $1,120,591.51 in

damages, plus interest and costs. Lar-Mex appeals.

Discussion

The exercise of personal jurisdiction over a nonresident defendant comports with principles

of due process when two requirements are met. First, the nonresident defendant must have

"purposefully availed himself of the benefits and protections of the forum state by establishing

"minimum contacts' with that forum state." Wilson v. Belin, 20 F.3d 644, 647 (5th Cir.) (citing

International Shoe Co. v. Washington, 326 U.S. 310, 315-17, 66 S.Ct. 154, 158, 90 L.Ed. 95

(1945)), cert. denied, --- U.S. ----, 115 S.Ct. 322, 130 L.Ed.2d 282 (1994). Second, the exercise of

jurisdiction over the nonresident defendant must not "offend "traditional notions of fair play and

substantial justice.' " Wilson, at 647 (quoting Asahi Metal Industry Co., Ltd. v. Superior Court of

California, Solano County, 480 U.S. 102, 113, 107 S.Ct. 1026, 1033, 94 L.Ed.2d 92 (1987)).
 

9The factors that should be considered in conducting this "fairness" inquiry are:

"[T]he burden upon the nonresident defendant; (2) the interests of the forum state; 

(3) the plaintiff's interest in securing relief; (4) "the interstate judicial system's

interest in obtaining the most efficient resolution of controversies'; and (5) "the

shared interest of the several States in furthering fundamental substantive social

policies.' " Wilson, at 647 n. 3 (citations omitted). 

6

"The "minimum contacts' prong of the inquiry may be further subdivided into contacts that

give rise to "specific' personal jurisdiction and those that give rise to "general' personal

jurisdiction. Specific jurisdiction is appropriate when the nonresident defendant's contacts

with the forum state arise from, or are directly related to, the cause of action. General

jurisdiction, however, will attach, even ifthe nonresident defendant's contacts with the forum

state are not directly related to the cause of action, if the defendant's contacts with the forum

state are both "continuous and systematic.' " Wilson, at 647 (citations omitted).

Finally, if the nonresident defendant's related or unrelated minimum contacts with the forum

state are sufficient, "[W]e must then consider whether the "fairness' prong ofthe jurisdictional inquiry

is satisfied." Id. (citations omitted).9

I. Specific Personal Jurisdiction

"When the facts are not in dispute, we review de novo a district court's determination that

its exercise of personal jurisdiction over a nonresident defendant is proper." Wilson v. Belin, 20 F.3d

644, 647 (5th Cir.), cert. denied, --- U.S. ----, 115 S.Ct. 322, 130 L.Ed.2d 282 (1994); see also

Kevlin Services, Inc. v. Lexington State Bank, 46 F.3d 13, 14 (5th Cir.1995).

In considering whether Lar-Mex had contacts with Texas sufficient to warrant the exercise

ofspecific personal jurisdiction (specific jurisdiction), this Court must determine whether the present

litigation resulted from injuries arising out of or related to the nonresident defendant's contacts with

the forum state. See Helicopteros Nacionales de Colombia, S.A. v. Hall, 466 U.S. 408, 413-16 &

n. 8, 104 S.Ct. 1868, 1872 & n. 8, 80 L.Ed.2d 404 (1984); Jones v. Petty-Ray Geophysical

Geosource, Inc., 954 F.2d 1061, 1068 (5th Cir.) (specific jurisdiction is proper only if the cause of

action arisesfroma particular act or activity in the forum), cert. denied, 506 U.S. 867, 113 S.Ct. 193,

121 L.Ed.2d 136 (1992).

In the present case, the following facts are undisputed: (1) the fatal accident underlying

Felch's cause of action occurred on a highway in Mexico between Nuevo Laredo and Monterrey; (2)
 

10During the hearing held on July 29, 1994, the nature of which we will return to, infra, the

district court questioned counsel for both parties regarding personal jurisdiction. The following

exchanges took place concerning specific jurisdiction:

"THE COURT: Okay. What about specific jurisdiction? Does that apply when

any contacts would arise on an occasional delivery, or is it too remote? Relative to

the concept of specific jurisdiction. Why doesn't specific jurisdiction apply when

contacts with the U.S. would arise, or would it arise from delivery of goods

occasionally by your trucking company, as you say, just occasionally?

[Counsel for Lar-Mex]: Are you saying if those particular goods, for example this

accident?

THE COURT: Well, by specific jurisdiction, the concept of specific jurisdiction,

would that arise at all by occasional delivery, or would that be just general

jurisdiction? I mean—

[Counsel for Lar-Mex]: That would be general jurisdiction.

THE COURT: Not specific to this suit, in other words?

[Counsel for Lar-Mex]: Yes.

THE COURT: All right. Anything further?

At this July 29, 1994, hearing, counsel for the plaintiff argued that the facts of the

present case created specific jurisdiction:

"[Counsel for Felch]: So my client on the roadways in Mexico at the time of the

occurrence is hit by this truck that is on its way to Nuevo Laredo with goods that

are going to be brought into Texas.

That is a specific connection between this accident and the jurisdictional

facts of this case. That is what makes for specific jurisdiction here.

Later in the hearing, the district court returned to this contention:

"THE COURT: Well, was [the load of goods involved in the fatal accident]

definitely coming to the U.S. or not?

[Counsel for Felch]: The goods were destined for the United States. There is no

question about that. The question was who was to bring them across the border

and that would be negotiated once it got to Nuevo Laredo but for this accident,

which of course interrupted the journey.

7

CarolHoffman Stein, Felch's mother, died in Mexico; and (3) all of the defendant's negligence, if any,

occurred in Mexico. These facts preclude a finding that the instant litigation resulted from injuries

arising out of or related to contacts between Lar-Mex and Texas.10
THE COURT: But nothing was said at the time of the accident as to who was

going to bring it in or whether it would be transferred to another carrier?

[Counsel for Felch]: That was always negotiated in Nuevo Laredo upon arrival.

THE COURT: Okay ..." 

 

11Because the facts in Bullion were disputed, and because the district court ruled on defendant

Bullion's motion to dismiss for lack of personal jurisdiction without conducting an evidentiary

hearing, the party seeking to invoke the jurisdiction of the district court, plaintiff Bullion, bore the

burden "of establishing contacts by the nonresident defendant sufficient to invoke the jurisdiction

of the court." 895 F.2d at 216-17; see also Wilson v. Belin, 20 F.3d 644, 648 (5th Cir.1994). In

satisfying this burden, Bullion "need[ed] only present facts sufficient to constitute a prima facie

case of personal jurisdiction." 895 F.2d at 217 (citation omitted); 20 F.3d at 648 (citation

omitted). 

 

12Both parties acknowledged that the facts in Bullion did not present a general jurisdiction

claim and that the court's jurisdiction hinged entirely on the nonresident defendant's "relationship

to the alleged tort in Texas." 895 F.2d at 216 (emphasis added). 

 

13We observed in Bullion that, "[O]n a motion to dismiss for lack of jurisdiction,

uncontroverted allegations in the plaintiff's complaint must be taken as true, and conflicts between

the facts contained in the parties' affidavits must be resolved in the plaintiff's favor for purposes of

determining whether a prima facie case for personal jurisdiction exists." 895 F.2d at 217. 

 

14This Court also observed that: (1) Bullion was Gillespie's patient for purposes of the drug

program; (2) Gillespie received compensation for her services; (3) Gillespie maintained regular

telephone contact with Dr. Reeves, Bullion's local urologist, who implemented Gillespie's

prescribed medical treatment; and (4) Gillespie administered to the needs of other patients in

Texas, as well. Id. 

8

This conclusion is supported by other decisions in this Circuit. In Bullion v. Gillespie, 895

F.2d 213, 217 (5th Cir.1990), this Court held that the plaintiff had made a prima facie showing11 of

specific jurisdiction.12 In reaching this conclusion, we held that certain of the plaintiff's

assertions—accepted by the district court for purposes of the jurisdictional analysis in Bullion13—bore

directly on the existence of specific jurisdiction in that case: (1) defendant Gillespie, a California

physician, shipped drugs directly to plaintiff Bullion in Texas; (2) these drugs proximately caused

Bullion'sinjuries; and (3) the alleged tort "took place in whole or in part in Texas." 895 F.2d at 217

(emphasis added).14

In Arkwright Mut. Ins. Co. v. Transportes de Nuevo Laredo S.A. de C.V., 879 F.Supp. 699

(S.D.Tex.1994), the court considered a factualscenario bearing some similarity to that in the present
 

15According to the affidavit of Carlos Luis Hinojosa, offered as primary support for

Transportes' motion to dismiss for lack of jurisdiction, a transfer company retained by the

plaintiff's agents was responsible for moving the shipment (including the trailer) from Transportes'

yard in Nuevo Laredo, through Mexican and United States customs, and to a yard in Laredo,

Texas. At that point, a United States transportation company took possession of the trailer and

hauled it to its final destination in South Carolina. Id. 

9

case. Arkwright involved a claimfor negligence and breach of contract. The defendant in Arkwright,

Transportes de Nuevo Laredo (Transportes), a carrier of goods incorporated in Mexico, was hired

to transport pallets ofmachinery partsfromPueblo, Mexico, to Nuevo Laredo, Mexico. Transportes

"completed all of its contractual obligations in this matter by delivery of the trailer to its yard in

Nuevo Laredo, Tamps., Mexico and performed no services of any type in Texas." Id. at 700.15

According to the plaintiff,the pallets ofmachinery parts, loaded in good condition in Pueblo, Mexico,

were damaged somewhere between Pueblo and South Carolina. Both Transportes and the United

States transportation company hired to transport the pallets from Laredo, Texas, to South Carolina

were named as defendants. In considering Transportes' motion to dismiss this case for lack of

personal jurisdiction, the court held that:

"Specific jurisdiction arises when the defendant has undertaken some activities in the forum

state and plaintiff's claim arises out of or results from those activities. Such does not appear

to be the case here. The undisputed evidence indicates that Transportes' handling of this

cargo commenced and ended in the Republic ofMexico. Plaintiff's cause of action in this case

does not arise out of the Texas contacts which it relies upon to establish jurisdiction." Id. at

700.

As in Arkwright, and in contrast with Bullion, the facts here do not suffice to sustain

jurisdiction over Lar-Mex on the instant claim on a specific jurisdiction basis.

II. General Personal Jurisdiction

Turning to general personal jurisdiction (general jurisdiction), this Court must determine

whether Lar-Mex's contacts withTexas are both "continuous and systematic." See Helicopteros, 466

U.S. at 414 & n. 9, 104 S.Ct. at 1872 & n. 9. This Court may find general jurisdiction to attach even

in the absence ofspecific jurisdiction. See Holt Oil & Gas Corp. v. Harvey, 801 F.2d 773, 779 (5th

Cir.1986), cert. denied, 487 U.S. 1015, 107 S.Ct. 1892, 95 L.Ed.2d 499 (1987).

As noted above, when the facts are not in dispute, we review de novo a district court's
 

16Lar-Mex contends that, at the time when the district court denied Lar-Mex's motion to

dismiss for lack of personal jurisdiction, the facts in evidence before the court were

"uncontroverted." Lar-Mex correctly notes that the evidence before the district court consisted of

the following: (1) the transcript of Garcia's deposition, (2) the deposition of Luis Ramon Balmori

Macbeth (Balmori) and (3) the testimony of Felch. Balmori, a commandante of the Mexican

federal highway police, gave deposition testimony regarding the accident report which

documented the fatal collision underlying Felch's causes of action, and also concerning the status

of the official investigation of Clemente Velasquez, Lar-Mex's driver. Felch testified solely

regarding his mother's professional background, the nature of the relationship he had enjoyed with

his mother, and the content of the accident report, which was written in Spanish. Observing that

the interpretation of this evidence before the district court was disputed, Lar-Mex nevertheless

maintains that "[t]hose three pieces of evidence in no way contradict each other, and are therefore

uncontroverted." According to Felch, however, the facts which may be distilled from these pieces

of evidence are very much in dispute. We conclude that the evidence is essentially undisputed; to

the extent of any actual conflicts in the evidence, we resolve these in favor of appellee, as we do

also any choice of reasonable inferences to be drawn from the evidence; we likewise credit the

nonconclusional factual allegations of the complaint to the extent those are not controverted by

any of the evidence; however, the facts thus arrived at must be sufficient to affirmatively show

personal jurisdiction, where, as here, that has been properly challenged. 

10

determination that its exercise of personal jurisdiction over a nonresident defendant is proper.

Bullion, 895 F.2d at 216. However, "where ... the alleged facts are disputed,16"the party who seeks

to invoke the jurisdiction of the district court bears the burden of establishing contacts by the

nonresident defendant sufficient to invoke the jurisdiction of the court.' " Id. at 216-17 (quoting

WNS, Inc. v. Farrow, 884 F.2d 200, 203 (5th Cir.1989)). Pertaining to this burden, it is well

established that where the district court rules on a motion to dismiss for lack of jurisdiction without

conducting an evidentiary hearing, the plaintiffmay bear his burden by presenting a prima facie case

of jurisdiction. See Wilson v. Belin, 20 F.3d at 648. However, this Court has recognized that

"deposition testimony or evidence adduced at a hearing under Fed.R.Civ.P. 12 or at trial might

mandate a different conclusion." Bullion, 895 F.2d at 217. In Travelers Indem. Co. v. Calvert Fire

Ins. Co., 798 F.2d 826 (5th Cir.1986), modified on rehearing in unrelated part, 836 F.2d 850 (5th

Cir.1988), this Court held that, with regard to the plaintiff's burden of proofin responding to a motion

to dismiss for lack of jurisdiction, "Eventually, of course, the plaintiff must establish jurisdiction by

a preponderance of the evidence, either at a pretrial evidentiary hearing or at a trial." Id. at 831

(citation and footnote omitted); see also DeMelo v. Toche Marine, Inc., 711 F.2d 1260, 1270-71

& n. 12 (5th Cir.1983) (only where the district court decides a motion to dismissfor lack of personal
 

17In an order dated June 29, 1994, the district court advised the parties that a hearing would be

held on July 29, 1994, and that "[c]ounsel shall at that time be prepared to address Defendant's

Motion to Dismiss." Felch contends that the July 29, 1994, hearing was not an evidentiary

hearing because no evidence was actually presented. However, the transcript of this hearing

reveals that the district court on several occasions opened the door to the presentation of

evidence.

The court initiated the July 29 hearing by asking counsel for Lar-Mex, "What is the

story?" Once counsel clarified that the issue before the court was whether or not the court

possessed personal jurisdiction over the defendant, the following exchange occurred:

"THE COURT: What have you got?

[Counsel for Lar-Mex]: I believe they have the burden of proof. We have—as

evidence?

THE COURT: I'm not saying you need to have evidence, but I'm saying what

is—it is your motion to dismiss. They have got to, you know, they have got to

retain it here. But what do you have, since it is technically your motion? Then I'm

going to shift it to them."

This established, the parties advanced their respective arguments concerning the

court's jurisdiction. In the course of presenting his argument, counsel for Felch

specifically referred to the deposition testimony of Raymon Garcia; this reference

comported with Felch's reliance, in his Opposition to the Motion to Dismiss, on Garcia's

deposition testimony, excerpts from which were attached to Felch's Opposition to the

Motion to Dismiss. Similarly, counsel for Lar-Mex stated at the hearing that an expert

witness would testify on a particular point. Moreover, the court asked on several

occasions whether the parties had "anything further" to bring to the court's attention. For

example, following a discussion of whether or not the shipment involved in the accident

was destined for the United States, and how this shipment was going to be transported

across the border between the United States and Mexico, the court stated, "I think I have

got basically what I need, but certainly, Counsel, if you have anything else to discuss, I

will be glad to." And, approaching the conclusion of the hearing, the court asked the

parties, "... [I]s there anything additional you want to bring to my attention?" If either

party had any additional evidence to put before the court regarding personal jurisdiction,

this hearing certainly afforded them the opportunity to do so. 

11

jurisdictionwithout an evidentiaryhearing maythe plaintiffssatisfytheir burdenbypresenting a prima

facie case for jurisdiction); Rano v. Sipa Press, Inc., 987 F.2d 580, 587 n. 3 (9th Cir.1993) ("If the

trial court holds an evidentiary hearing or the case proceeds to trial, [ ] the burden on the plaintiff

shifts to the preponderance of the evidence").

In the present case, the district court did convene and afford an evidentiary hearing

concerning Lar-Mex's motion to dismiss for lack of personal jurisdiction.17 Ultimately, however,

whether or not an evidentiary hearing was held is irrelevant to our disposition of this appeal.
12

Appellant properlyraised the issue of personaljurisdiction and submitted evidence, including Garcia's

entire deposition. As the plaintiff prevailed below, we apply the approach stated in Bullion, viz:

"[O]n a motion to dismissfor lack of jurisdiction, uncontroverted allegationsin the plaintiff's

complaint must be taken as true, and conflicts between the facts contained in the parties'

affidavitsmust be resolved in the plaintiff'sfavor for purposes of determining whether a prima

facie case for personal jurisdiction exists." Id. 895 F.2d at 217.

Similarly, allreasonable inferencesfrom the factsthus established are drawn in favor ofthe prevailing

plaintiff. However, the facts thus arrived at must be sufficient to affirmatively show personal

jurisdiction. We hold the facts as thus ascertained fail to establish that Lar-Mex's contacts with Texas

were so "continuous and systematic" as to subject it to the general jurisdiction of Texas courts, state

or federal. See Helicopteros, 466 U.S. at 414 & n. 9, 104 S.Ct. at 1872 & n. 9 (due processrequires

that there be "continuous and systematic" contacts between the forum state and the nonresident

defendant to support an exercise of general jurisdiction in that forum).

This Court has considered the requirement of "continuous and systematic" contacts, and it

is wholly clear that the thus ascertained contacts between Lar-Mex and Texas do not satisfy that

requirement. In Wilson v. Belin, 20 F.3d 644 (5th Cir.1994), this Court held that:

"We simply cannot say that because of these various brief contacts with Texas that either of

these defendants should have reasonably expected to be sued in Texas on any matter,

however remote from these contacts. They simply were not substantial enough to give rise

to such an expectation. Neither Blakely nor Belin conducted regular business in Texas. They

never made all or even a substantial part of their business decisions in Texas, did not hold

directors' meetings in Texas, and did not maintain their files in Texas." Id. at 650-51

(footnote and citation omitted).

In Bearry v. Beech Aircraft Corp., 818 F.2d 370 (5th Cir.1987), we elaborated on what

"conducting" business entails—albeit in a manufacturing/distribution, and not shipping, context—in

a particular forum:

"[D]istributors selling Beech manufactured products for their own account do not create

minimum contactssufficient to warrant general jurisdiction over Beech. Beech has no office

in Texas, has no agents in Texas, and has no control over the Texas dealers. As such, Beech

is not "doing business' in Texas." Id. at 376 (citation omitted).

Additionally, in Holt Oil & Gas Corp. v. Harvey, 801 F.2d 773 (5th Cir.1986), cert. denied,

481 U.S. 1015, 107 S.Ct. 1892, 95 L.Ed.2d 499 (1987), this Court found "continuous and
 

18In DeMelo v. Toche Marine, Inc., 711 F.2d 1260 (5th Cir.1983), a Mississippi resident,

injured when vapors from the paint he was spraying in the course of his work at a shipyard in

Biloxi, Mississippi, caught fire, brought suit in the Mississippi federal court against, among others,

Woolsey Marine, a New York corporation that had manufactured the allegedly defective paint. 

Although Woolsey carried on no activities in Mississippi, Woolsey admitted "that it sold its

products to various Mississippi entities at its New Orleans office, and most important, that it

shipped these products into Mississippi. Thus ... this is not a pure "stream of commerce' case...." 

Id. at 1271. We held that this sufficed prima facie for jurisdiction, even though the volume and

number of shipments to Mississippi was not shown. However, we expressly recognized that at a

preliminary hearing it might be shown that the volume of shipments was so de minimis as to

preclude jurisdiction, id. at 1271 n. 13, and that "[e]ventually, of course, the plaintiff must

establish jurisdiction by a preponderance of the evidence, either at a pretrial evidentiary hearing or

at trial." Id. n. 12. Plaintiff here has had the full opportunity to produce evidence showing

jurisdiction. We further note that DeMelo was handed down before Helicopteros and appears to

be a specific, rather than a general, jurisdiction case, although the opinion does not discuss

jurisdiction in those terms or expressly recognize or distinguish between those two concepts. 

13

systematic" contacts where: (1) the defendant attended college and was formerly employed in the

forum; (2) the defendant owned real estate in the forum; (3) the defendant traveled frequently to the

forum; and (4) the defendant conducted a great deal of business in the forum. Id. at 779. Moreover,

in recognizing that those contacts rose to the level of "continuous and systematic," we recognized

that each of those contacts alone would not support general jurisdiction. Id.18

In the present case, Felch failed to provide any evidence, at the July 29, 1994, hearing or

otherwise, that Lar-Mex's transportation of goods across the border and into Laredo, Texas, was

sufficiently substantialsuch that the exercise of jurisdiction on a general jurisdiction basis comported

with the requirements of the due process clause.

Finally, the district court's decision in Arkwright Mut. Ins. v. Transportes de Nuevo Laredo,

879 F.Supp. 699 (S.D.Tex.1994), is instructive in the context of general jurisdiction, as well. In

Arkwright, the court considered the contacts between the nonresident defendant and Texas, and

concluded that these contacts were insufficient to support general jurisdiction:

"The certificate from the Texas Railroad Commission is of little effect. "Applying for the

privilege of doing business is one thing, but the actual exercise of that privilege is quite

another.' There is no evidence that Transportes [the nonresident defendant] operated any of

the trucks in Texas, much less that any such truck had any connection with the incident in

question. Similarly, Transportes' hiring of attorneys to represent it in this case cannot support

the exercise of jurisdiction in Texas.

The fact that some of the merchandise which Transportes brings to Nuevo Laredo,
 

19In his deposition, Garcia was asked, "So, sometimes Lar-Mex will drop the trailer and leave

the trailer in Nuevo Laredo; and other times when the customer will pay for it, you'll bring the

trailer into Laredo itself?" Garcia responded affirmatively. Felch failed to present any additional

evidence on this point, and so there was no evidence before the district court quantifying or

otherwise elaborating on the "other times" in which Lar-Mex would deliver trailers in the United

States. 

 

20As Felch failed to establish sufficient "minimum contacts" with Texas, we need not address

whether the exercise of personal jurisdiction in this case would offend traditional notions of fair

play and substantial justice. See Asahi Metal Ind. v. Superior Court, 480 U.S. 102, 119-21, 107

S.Ct. 1026, 1036, 94 L.Ed.2d 92 (1987); Bearry, at 377. However, we observe that this case

14

Mexico is ultimately destined for the United States is also insufficient ... The fact that

Transportes is insured by an Illinois company through a policy sold by a Mexican agent

furnishes no jurisdictional contacts with Texas. Finally, the undefined "communications' with

Hiser, Inc. are virtually meaningless. There is no evidence as to when or where these

communications occurred. In any event, simply communicating with a Texas resident is not

a purposeful availment of the privilege of conducting activitiesin Texassuch asto invoke the

benefits and protections of Texas law." Id. at 700-01 (citations omitted).

Among the facts established by Garcia's deposition testimony were the following: (1) LarMex is a corporation incorporated in Monterrey, Mexico; (2) none of Lar-Mex's offices are located

in the United States; (3) Lar-Mex does not have any representatives or employees in the United

States; (4) Lar-Mex is not licensed in the United States to operate as a motor carrier; (5) Lar-Mex

picks up no merchandise in Texas; (6) Lar-Mex does not advertise in Texas; it does not carry a

yellow page advertisement in Texas; (7) Lar-Mex does not have a telephone line in Texas or

anywhere else in the United States, although its name does appear in the Laredo, Texas, telephone

book within the section relating to Nuevo Laredo, Mexico; (8) Lar-Mex does lease trailers from at

least one United States company; (9) there is no evidence that the trailer which was involved in the

fatal accident underlying this lawsuit was leased from a United States company; (10) Lar-Mex will

enter into an agreement to transport a trailer acrossthe border between the United States and Mexico

and drop it off in Laredo, Texas;19 (11) when Lar-Mex enters into an agreement to drop off a trailer

in Laredo, Texas, payment for such "crossing" is received by Lar-Mex in Mexico; and, (12) there is

no evidence that Lar-Mex had contracted to transport the shipment involved in this accident into

Texas. Therefore, in light of the decisions cited above, Lar-Mex's contacts with Texas were not so

"continuous and systematic" as to support the district court's exercise of general jurisdiction.20
stems from an accident that occurred in Mexico, involving a Mexican corporation and a decedent

who had been "living" and practicing medicine in Mexico. Moreover, it is unclear whether a

Mexican court would recognize the district court's assertion of jurisdiction under these

circumstances. 

15

Conclusion

For the foregoing reasons, we reverse the district court's exercise of personal jurisdiction and

entry of judgment against Lar-Mex, and we render judgment dismissing thissuit for want of personal

jurisdiction.

REVERSED and RENDERED.