Total U.S.a

Before 

1950

1950 to 

1959

1960 to 

1969

1970 to 

1979

1980 to 

1989

1990 to 

1999

2000 to 

2009

2010 to 

2015

2016 to 

2020

All homes 123.53 20.26 12.48 12.76 18.34 16.30 17.16 16.16 5.53 4.56

Census region and division

Northeast 21.92 7.15 3.02 2.56 2.62 2.20 1.80 1.58 0.56 0.43

New England 5.88 1.85 0.66 0.60 0.78 0.75 0.50 0.45 0.14 0.14

Middle Atlantic 16.04 5.30 2.36 1.97 1.84 1.45 1.30 1.13 0.42 0.29

Midwest 27.04 6.11 3.18 2.90 4.05 2.71 3.56 2.95 0.86 0.73

East North Central 18.55 4.33 2.34 2.04 2.74 1.79 2.45 1.95 0.44 0.47

West North Central 8.50 1.79 0.83 0.86 1.31 0.92 1.11 1.00 0.42 0.25

South 46.84 3.73 3.55 4.35 6.97 7.44 7.75 7.74 2.94 2.38

South Atlantic 24.84 2.00 1.84 2.25 3.58 4.12 4.35 4.19 1.33 1.19

East South Central 7.38 0.70 0.61 0.76 1.17 1.06 1.27 1.09 0.44 0.28

West South Central 14.62 1.03 1.10 1.34 2.21 2.26 2.13 2.46 1.17 0.91

West 27.72 3.27 2.73 2.95 4.71 3.95 4.05 3.89 1.16 1.02

Mountain 9.22 0.63 0.59 0.67 1.49 1.33 1.74 1.75 0.50 0.50

Mountain North 4.62 0.48 0.34 0.35 0.77 0.58 0.77 0.75 0.28 0.29

Mountain South 4.60 0.15 0.25 0.32 0.72 0.75 0.97 1.00 0.23 0.21

Pacific 18.51 2.63 2.14 2.27 3.22 2.62 2.31 2.14 0.66 0.53

Census urban-rural classificationb

Urban 100.44 17.09 11.16 11.12 14.81 13.35 12.99 12.68 4.05 3.17

Urbanized area 89.24 14.78 9.92 9.86 13.09 11.96 11.55 11.45 3.74 2.88

Urban cluster 11.20 2.31 1.24 1.27 1.73 1.39 1.45 1.22 0.31 0.29

Rural 23.09 3.16 1.32 1.63 3.53 2.95 4.16 3.48 1.47 1.39

Climate regionc

Very cold/Cold 42.50 10.28 4.85 4.32 6.26 4.50 5.21 4.43 1.36 1.28

Mixed-humid 36.79 6.02 3.92 4.16 4.69 5.01 5.30 4.83 1.69 1.17

Mixed-dry/Hot-dry 15.06 1.40 1.79 1.67 2.63 2.35 2.07 2.19 0.55 0.40

Hot-humid 22.31 1.25 1.28 1.82 3.67 3.61 3.69 3.97 1.61 1.41

Marine 6.87 1.31 0.63 0.78 1.09 0.81 0.89 0.74 0.32 0.30

Housing unit type

Single-family detached 77.07 13.58 9.90 8.23 10.46 8.67 10.65 9.98 3.05 2.53

Single-family attached 7.45 1.14 0.40 0.63 0.97 1.26 1.08 1.31 0.37 0.29

Apartment in buildings with 2–4 units 9.34 2.36 0.77 1.12 1.56 1.43 0.95 0.72 0.26 0.18

Apartments in buildings with 5 or 

more units 22.84 3.08 1.25 2.41 4.01 3.60 2.55 3.17 1.52 1.26

Mobile homes 6.83 0.09 0.16 0.37 1.34 1.33 1.92 0.98 0.32 0.31

Number of stories

1 story 47.15 6.18 7.54 6.34 7.35 5.23 5.87 5.45 1.71 1.49

2 stories 32.47 7.96 2.28 1.83 3.12 4.01 5.23 5.33 1.55 1.17

3 or more stories 2.61 0.49 0.22 0.23 0.32 0.35 0.35 0.38 0.13 0.14

Split-level 2.28 0.08 0.26 0.45 0.65 0.35 0.29 0.13 Q Q

Not asked (apartments and mobile 

homes) 39.01 5.54 2.18 3.90 6.90 6.36 5.42 4.87 2.11 1.74

Table HC2.3 Structural and geographic characteristics of U.S. homes, by year of construction, 2020

Number of housing units (million)

Year of construction

Preliminary data release date: March 2022

Final data release date: March 2023
Total U.S.a

Before 

1950

1950 to 

1959

1960 to 

1969

1970 to 

1979

1980 to 

1989

1990 to 

1999

2000 to 

2009

2010 to 

2015

2016 to 

2020

All homes 123.53 20.26 12.48 12.76 18.34 16.30 17.16 16.16 5.53 4.56

Table HC2.3 Structural and geographic characteristics of U.S. homes, by year of construction, 2020

Number of housing units (million)

Year of construction

Preliminary data release date: March 2022

Final data release date: March 2023

Major outside wall construction

Siding (aluminum, fiber cement, vinyl, 

or steel) 45.44 7.91 4.27 3.66 6.03 5.33 7.50 6.64 2.17 1.93

Brick 33.37 5.44 3.64 4.76 5.40 4.33 3.72 3.56 1.43 1.09

Wood 18.80 3.90 1.83 1.91 2.88 3.45 2.52 1.47 0.48 0.36

Stucco 15.65 1.62 1.60 1.34 2.20 1.97 2.36 3.00 0.89 0.69

Concrete block 6.42 0.52 0.70 0.73 1.33 0.88 0.67 1.02 0.27 0.30

Shingle (composition) 1.89 0.44 0.25 0.24 0.27 0.18 0.20 0.17 0.10 0.03

Stone 1.46 0.36 0.14 0.10 0.13 0.08 0.13 0.26 0.16 0.10

Some other material 0.50 Q Q Q 0.11 Q Q Q Q Q

Major roofing material

Shingles (composition or asphalt) 76.03 12.94 8.97 8.21 10.75 9.16 10.76 9.66 3.14 2.45

Metal 9.69 1.85 0.86 0.86 1.80 1.49 1.59 0.83 0.20 0.21

Wood shingles or shakes 5.19 0.87 0.71 0.60 0.74 0.81 0.56 0.57 0.21 0.12

Ceramic or clay tiles 4.89 0.56 0.25 0.30 0.44 0.68 0.98 1.15 0.28 0.26

Concrete tiles 2.14 0.10 0.16 0.10 0.27 0.32 0.49 0.50 0.08 0.13

Slate or synthetic slate 1.49 0.53 0.11 0.09 0.14 0.14 0.16 0.20 0.06 Q

Some other material 1.26 0.33 0.18 0.19 0.19 0.09 0.07 0.09 0.05 0.07

Not asked (apartments in buildings 

with 5 or more units) 22.84 3.08 1.25 2.41 4.01 3.60 2.55 3.17 1.52 1.26

Total number of rooms (excluding 

bathrooms)

1 or 2 4.59 0.87 0.40 0.50 0.62 0.60 0.56 0.50 0.32 0.23

3 8.73 1.53 0.69 1.02 1.58 1.34 0.89 0.81 0.51 0.36

4 15.95 2.69 1.42 1.72 2.74 2.56 1.63 1.86 0.69 0.64

5 19.54 3.22 2.37 2.08 3.08 2.90 2.43 2.13 0.72 0.61

6 22.10 3.77 2.75 2.26 3.29 2.73 3.25 2.46 0.89 0.71

7 18.86 3.10 2.23 2.04 2.72 2.09 2.67 2.55 0.73 0.71

8 13.87 2.07 1.23 1.37 1.96 1.57 2.26 2.19 0.64 0.56

9 or more 19.90 3.00 1.39 1.75 2.35 2.51 3.46 3.64 1.04 0.75

Number of bedrooms

0 1.82 0.42 0.21 0.26 0.23 0.20 0.14 0.22 0.10 Q

1 14.52 3.05 1.17 1.62 2.37 1.98 1.31 1.51 0.81 0.72

2 30.67 5.78 2.97 2.94 4.95 4.93 3.93 3.16 1.13 0.88

3 48.27 7.10 5.89 5.23 7.25 5.97 7.17 6.21 1.86 1.61

4 22.08 2.88 1.84 2.27 2.90 2.63 3.58 3.76 1.23 0.97

5 or more 6.16 1.03 0.40 0.45 0.63 0.58 1.03 1.31 0.40 0.34

Number of other rooms (excluding 

bathrooms)

1 8.41 1.37 0.73 0.83 1.14 1.12 1.11 1.00 0.65 0.48

2 27.88 4.27 3.08 3.29 4.95 4.38 3.09 2.75 1.11 0.97

3 32.82 5.43 3.71 3.55 4.90 4.20 4.29 4.15 1.42 1.19

4 26.77 4.77 2.80 2.57 3.94 3.15 3.94 3.60 1.07 0.95

5 or more 27.64 4.43 2.16 2.52 3.42 3.46 4.73 4.66 1.28 0.97

Number of full bathrooms

0 0.15 Q Q Q Q Q Q Q Q Q

1 50.32 12.88 7.54 6.71 8.19 5.95 3.74 3.07 1.29 0.95

2 56.85 5.91 4.06 4.92 8.61 8.47 10.33 9.18 2.91 2.46

3 or more 16.21 1.44 0.87 1.11 1.52 1.84 3.07 3.91 1.32 1.13
Total U.S.a

Before 

1950

1950 to 

1959

1960 to 

1969

1970 to 

1979

1980 to 

1989

1990 to 

1999

2000 to 

2009

2010 to 

2015

2016 to 

2020

All homes 123.53 20.26 12.48 12.76 18.34 16.30 17.16 16.16 5.53 4.56

Table HC2.3 Structural and geographic characteristics of U.S. homes, by year of construction, 2020

Number of housing units (million)

Year of construction

Preliminary data release date: March 2022

Final data release date: March 2023

Number of half bathrooms

0 86.83 15.41 9.42 9.37 13.14 11.30 10.94 10.41 3.75 3.09

1 33.79 4.43 2.85 3.15 4.81 4.57 5.61 5.37 1.65 1.37

2 or more 2.91 0.42 0.21 0.24 0.39 0.43 0.61 0.38 0.13 0.10

Basement

Yes 36.83 9.97 5.12 3.86 4.40 3.46 4.51 3.80 1.02 0.68

Finished basement 21.71 3.88 2.97 2.65 3.11 2.43 3.08 2.57 0.66 0.37

Unfinished basement 15.12 6.10 2.15 1.21 1.29 1.03 1.43 1.24 0.36 0.31

No 47.68 4.75 5.18 5.00 7.04 6.48 7.23 7.48 2.40 2.14

Not asked (apartments and mobile 

homes) 39.01 5.54 2.18 3.90 6.90 6.36 5.42 4.87 2.11 1.74

Attic

Yes 56.50 10.11 6.30 5.54 7.29 6.60 8.10 8.16 2.47 1.93

Finished attic 7.68 2.30 0.97 0.60 0.72 0.92 0.76 0.94 0.21 0.25

Unfinished attic 48.83 7.81 5.33 4.95 6.56 5.68 7.34 7.23 2.25 1.68

No 28.01 4.61 4.00 3.31 4.15 3.34 3.63 3.13 0.95 0.89

Not asked (apartments and mobile 

homes) 39.01 5.54 2.18 3.90 6.90 6.36 5.42 4.87 2.11 1.74

Attached garage

Yes 51.79 3.05 4.83 5.08 7.51 6.83 9.43 9.61 2.91 2.55

1-car garage 11.27 1.73 2.54 1.80 1.58 1.33 0.88 0.94 0.28 0.20

2-car garage 34.18 1.22 2.13 3.12 5.63 4.87 7.09 6.55 1.92 1.66

3 or more car garage 6.34 0.10 0.16 0.15 0.30 0.63 1.45 2.13 0.71 0.70

No 32.72 11.67 5.47 3.78 3.93 3.10 2.31 1.68 0.51 0.27

Not asked (apartments and mobile 

homes) 39.01 5.54 2.18 3.90 6.90 6.36 5.42 4.87 2.11 1.74

Adequacy of insulation

Well insulated 34.34 3.25 2.49 2.54 4.28 4.45 5.37 6.34 2.82 2.80

Adequately insulated 64.27 9.82 6.30 7.04 10.10 9.08 9.68 8.41 2.32 1.53

Poorly insulated 21.29 5.86 3.07 2.84 3.35 2.52 1.92 1.26 0.28 0.18

Not insulated 3.63 1.33 0.62 0.33 0.60 0.24 0.18 0.15 0.11 Q

Home is too drafty during the winter

Never 55.37 5.97 4.66 5.34 7.94 7.66 8.43 8.89 3.40 3.07

Some of the time 52.63 10.33 5.81 5.59 7.90 6.87 7.17 5.89 1.83 1.25

Most of the time 10.39 2.52 1.33 1.27 1.58 1.22 1.06 0.99 0.25 0.16

All of the time 5.14 1.43 0.68 0.57 0.91 0.54 0.50 0.39 Q 0.08

Any ceilings higher than 8 feet

Yes 55.18 9.36 3.15 2.87 5.55 6.97 9.59 10.69 3.77 3.24

No 61.52 10.81 9.16 9.52 11.46 8.00 5.65 4.49 1.44 1.01

Not asked (mobile homes) 6.83 0.09 0.16 0.37 1.34 1.33 1.92 0.98 0.32 0.31
Total U.S.a

Before 

1950

1950 to 

1959

1960 to 

1969

1970 to 

1979

1980 to 

1989

1990 to 

1999

2000 to 

2009

2010 to 

2015

2016 to 

2020

All homes 123.53 20.26 12.48 12.76 18.34 16.30 17.16 16.16 5.53 4.56

Table HC2.3 Structural and geographic characteristics of U.S. homes, by year of construction, 2020

Number of housing units (million)

Year of construction

Preliminary data release date: March 2022

Final data release date: March 2023

Number of windows

1 to 2 6.95 0.53 0.25 0.65 1.35 1.52 0.88 1.00 0.36 0.41

3 to 5 18.15 1.66 0.92 2.00 3.44 3.30 2.60 2.43 1.00 0.80

6 to 9 29.35 3.85 3.04 3.13 5.09 4.48 3.88 3.56 1.32 0.99

10 to 15 38.42 6.76 5.28 4.59 5.52 4.03 5.08 4.52 1.48 1.17

16 to 19 13.61 3.12 1.65 1.20 1.49 1.31 1.93 1.84 0.55 0.52

20 to 29 12.43 3.08 1.11 0.96 1.19 1.26 1.89 1.87 0.59 0.48

30 or more 4.62 1.26 0.23 0.22 0.26 0.40 0.89 0.94 0.23 0.19

Type of glass in windows

Single-pane glass 43.51 8.70 4.93 4.90 7.31 6.09 5.52 3.97 1.24 0.86

Double-pane glass 77.95 11.29 7.38 7.60 10.75 9.91 11.29 11.96 4.20 3.57

Triple-pane glass 2.07 0.26 0.17 0.26 0.28 0.30 0.34 0.24 0.09 0.13

Window frame material

Metal (aluminum) 47.40 4.60 3.59 5.01 7.80 7.76 7.04 7.50 2.67 1.43

Wood 40.31 9.86 4.95 4.25 5.41 4.47 5.58 4.00 0.96 0.83

Vinyl 31.85 5.31 3.51 3.19 4.60 3.54 3.99 4.07 1.65 1.98

Fiberglass 1.72 0.22 0.20 0.11 0.19 0.23 0.23 0.25 0.14 0.15

Composite 2.25 0.27 0.24 0.20 0.34 0.29 0.31 0.34 0.10 0.17

Number of sliding glass or French 

doors

0 60.38 15.02 7.82 6.18 7.57 6.44 6.65 6.17 2.66 1.86

1 39.81 3.33 2.99 4.36 6.63 5.93 6.38 6.42 1.97 1.80

2 15.19 1.23 0.99 1.38 2.60 2.62 2.63 2.39 0.69 0.65

3 or more 8.16 0.68 0.68 0.83 1.54 1.30 1.49 1.18 0.20 0.25

Electricity meter is a smart meter

Yes 34.30 5.63 3.66 3.68 4.95 4.24 5.10 4.51 1.31 1.21

No 36.81 6.18 3.94 3.73 5.60 4.80 5.16 4.84 1.52 1.05

Don't know 52.42 8.45 4.88 5.35 7.79 7.26 6.90 6.81 2.70 2.29

Park a car within 20 feet of electrical 

outlet

Yes 67.83 9.48 6.87 6.68 9.51 8.48 10.86 10.04 3.18 2.74

No 32.87 7.70 4.37 3.67 4.82 4.23 3.74 2.94 0.83 0.56

Not asked (apartments in buildings 

with 5 or more units) 22.84 3.08 1.25 2.41 4.01 3.60 2.55 3.17 1.52 1.26

Own or lease an all-electric or plug-in 

hybrid electric vehicle

Yes 1.82 0.30 0.18 0.15 0.25 0.14 0.23 0.33 0.11 0.12

Charge at home 1.39 0.21 0.15 0.12 0.15 0.14 0.20 0.25 0.08 0.10

No 121.71 19.96 12.30 12.61 18.09 16.15 16.92 15.83 5.41 4.43

Natural gas available in neighborhood

Yes 89.60 17.18 10.69 10.35 12.87 10.46 11.06 10.57 3.61 2.81

Uses natural gas 75.31 15.34 9.23 8.78 9.89 8.22 9.36 9.03 2.97 2.48

Does not use natural gas 14.29 1.83 1.46 1.57 2.98 2.25 1.70 1.54 0.64 0.33

No 33.93 3.08 1.79 2.41 5.47 5.83 6.10 5.59 1.91 1.75
Total U.S.a

Before 

1950

1950 to 

1959

1960 to 

1969

1970 to 

1979

1980 to 

1989

1990 to 

1999

2000 to 

2009

2010 to 

2015

2016 to 

2020

All homes 123.53 20.26 12.48 12.76 18.34 16.30 17.16 16.16 5.53 4.56

Table HC2.3 Structural and geographic characteristics of U.S. homes, by year of construction, 2020

Number of housing units (million)

Year of construction

Preliminary data release date: March 2022

Final data release date: March 2023

Distributed solar generation

Yes 3.65 0.45 0.38 0.37 0.44 0.55 0.44 0.65 0.19 0.16

No 87.70 14.37 10.08 8.86 12.33 10.72 13.22 11.62 3.55 2.96

Not asked (apartments) 32.18 5.44 2.01 3.53 5.56 5.03 3.50 3.89 1.78 1.43

Experienced power outage lasting 

more than 24 hours

Yes 22.72 3.60 2.47 2.54 3.54 3.32 3.06 2.50 1.00 0.69

Natural disaster or weather event 19.00 2.99 2.09 2.18 2.95 2.67 2.59 2.13 0.84 0.56

Unable to pay electric bill 0.25 Q Q Q Q Q Q Q Q Q

Utility had planned or unplanned 

blackout 3.08 0.41 0.32 0.29 0.50 0.57 0.42 0.33 0.13 0.11

Other reason for outage 0.39 0.14 Q Q Q Q Q Q N Q

No 100.81 16.66 10.01 10.22 14.80 12.98 14.10 13.66 4.53 3.86

Back-up generator in home

Yes 17.66 2.54 1.59 1.93 2.53 2.37 2.71 2.41 0.83 0.76

No 105.87 17.71 10.89 10.83 15.81 13.93 14.45 13.75 4.70 3.79

Swimming pool

Yes 8.52 0.74 0.74 0.75 1.34 1.33 1.67 1.36 0.36 0.23

No 82.83 14.08 9.72 8.48 11.44 9.94 11.98 10.91 3.39 2.89

Not asked (apartments) 32.18 5.44 2.01 3.53 5.56 5.03 3.50 3.89 1.78 1.43

Months swimming pool is used

0 to 3 1.90 0.24 0.24 0.23 0.36 0.26 0.29 0.21 Q Q

4 to 7 5.08 0.43 0.44 0.41 0.79 0.80 1.02 0.81 0.23 0.16

8 to 12 1.54 Q Q 0.10 0.19 0.27 0.36 0.33 0.08 Q

No swimming pool 82.83 14.08 9.72 8.48 11.44 9.94 11.98 10.91 3.39 2.89

Not asked (apartments) 32.18 5.44 2.01 3.53 5.56 5.03 3.50 3.89 1.78 1.43

Heated swimming pool and fuel

Heated swimming pool 2.88 0.20 0.17 0.23 0.27 0.50 0.63 0.57 0.17 0.14

Electricity 0.85 Q Q Q Q 0.18 0.21 0.17 0.08 Q

Natural gas 1.32 0.12 0.08 0.13 0.12 0.16 0.27 0.27 0.07 0.10

Propane 0.29 Q Q Q Q Q 0.09 Q Q Q

Some other fuel 0.42 Q Q Q Q 0.12 0.07 Q Q Q

Unheated swimming pool 5.64 0.54 0.57 0.52 1.07 0.84 1.04 0.79 0.18 0.09

No swimming pool 82.83 14.08 9.72 8.48 11.44 9.94 11.98 10.91 3.39 2.89

Not asked (apartments) 32.18 5.44 2.01 3.53 5.56 5.03 3.50 3.89 1.78 1.43
Total U.S.a

Before 

1950

1950 to 

1959

1960 to 

1969

1970 to 

1979

1980 to 

1989

1990 to 

1999

2000 to 

2009

2010 to 

2015

2016 to 

2020

All homes 123.53 20.26 12.48 12.76 18.34 16.30 17.16 16.16 5.53 4.56

Table HC2.3 Structural and geographic characteristics of U.S. homes, by year of construction, 2020

Number of housing units (million)

Year of construction

Preliminary data release date: March 2022

Final data release date: March 2023

Hot tub

Yes 8.84 0.73 0.67 0.50 1.06 1.17 1.80 2.08 0.54 0.28

No 114.69 19.53 11.81 12.25 17.28 15.13 15.36 14.08 4.98 4.27

Months hot tub is used

0 to 3 4.22 0.34 0.31 0.20 0.44 0.46 0.82 1.18 0.35 0.11

4 to 7 1.27 0.11 0.10 0.09 0.15 0.21 0.23 0.29 Q Q

8 to 12 3.35 0.27 0.27 0.21 0.48 0.49 0.74 0.61 0.14 0.13

No hot tub 114.69 19.53 11.81 12.25 17.28 15.13 15.36 14.08 4.98 4.27

Hot tub heating fuel

Electricity 4.41 0.48 0.34 0.31 0.59 0.57 0.86 0.91 0.22 0.12

Natural gas 1.47 0.08 0.11 Q 0.14 0.20 0.37 0.37 0.08 0.07

Some other fuel 0.36 Q Q Q Q Q 0.07 0.08 Q Q

Hot tub used 0 months 2.60 0.16 0.19 0.13 0.31 0.34 0.50 0.72 0.19 Q

No hot tub 114.69 19.53 11.81 12.25 17.28 15.13 15.36 14.08 4.98 4.27

Data source: U.S. Energy Information Administration, Office of Energy Demand and Integrated Statistics, Form EIA-457A of the 2020 Residential Energy Consumption Survey

Notes: Because of rounding, data may not sum to totals. See RECS Terminology for definition of terms used in these tables.

a Total U.S. includes all primary occupied housing units in the 50 states and the District of Columbia. Vacant housing units, seasonal units, second homes, military houses, and 

group quarters are excluded.

b Housing units are classified using criteria created by the U.S. Census Bureau based on 2010 Census data. Urbanized areas are densely settled groupings of blocks or tracts with 

50,000 or more people, while urban clusters have at least 2,500 but less than 50,000 people. All other areas are rural.

c The Building America program, sponsored by the U.S. Department of Energy’s Office of Energy Efficiency and Renewable Energy (EERE), created these climate regions. We 

combined climate regions for this publication. The Subarctic region is included with data for Very-cold/Cold .

Q = Data withheld because either the relative standard error (RSE) was greater than 50% or fewer than 10 households in reporting sample.

N = No households in reporting sample.
Total U.S.a

Before 

1950

1950 to 

1959

1960 to 

1969

1970 to 

1979

1980 to 

1989

1990 to 

1999

2000 to 

2009

2010 to 

2015

2016 to 

2020

All homes 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 2.84 3.44

Census region and division

Northeast 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 7.00 9.20

New England 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 11.93 12.13

Middle Atlantic 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 8.00 11.67

Midwest 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 5.75 6.83

East North Central 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 9.62 8.89

West North Central 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 6.89 11.60

South 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 3.94 4.87

South Atlantic 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 5.61 6.25

East South Central 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 9.58 15.34

West South Central 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 6.68 8.57

West 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 5.40 6.14

Mountain 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 8.14 8.26

Mountain North 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 10.98 10.61

Mountain South 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 10.09 10.92

Pacific 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 7.21 9.03

Census urban-rural classificationb

Urban 0.28 0.87 0.86 0.84 0.90 1.00 1.32 0.99 3.62 4.01

Urbanized area 0.42 1.12 1.16 1.27 1.11 1.33 1.71 1.33 4.00 4.39

Urban cluster 2.74 5.65 8.57 6.96 6.22 8.04 7.26 7.35 14.24 14.77

Rural 1.23 4.72 7.31 5.74 3.78 4.52 4.11 3.59 5.68 7.60

Climate regionc

Very cold/Cold 0.54 1.50 1.62 1.85 1.72 1.66 1.98 1.56 5.30 5.90

Mixed-humid 0.77 2.88 2.57 3.08 2.53 2.63 3.02 2.40 5.35 7.13

Mixed-dry/Hot-dry 1.23 5.96 4.28 5.43 3.98 4.59 4.39 3.96 10.95 10.92

Hot-humid 0.69 5.57 6.38 5.63 2.73 3.07 2.89 2.83 5.76 7.54

Marine 2.39 6.12 10.20 9.66 8.49 10.72 8.73 9.18 12.73 13.11

Housing unit type

Single-family detached 0.00 1.61 1.78 2.13 1.62 1.96 2.24 1.85 4.44 4.42

Single-family attached 0.00 9.37 14.71 8.12 8.76 6.65 13.94 11.69 19.11 20.19

Apartment in buildings with 2–4 units 0.00 5.51 11.47 9.03 8.32 7.86 12.86 10.93 20.10 28.25

Apartments in buildings with 5 or 

more units 0.00 5.22 10.56 5.45 4.03 4.45 6.83 5.36 6.87 7.33

Mobile homes 0.00 36.55 24.48 15.91 6.65 6.79 5.51 7.71 12.80 16.12

Number of stories

1 story 0.71 2.59 1.93 2.46 2.41 2.98 2.50 2.98 5.82 7.00

2 stories 0.92 2.37 4.88 6.20 4.19 3.62 3.55 2.86 6.16 7.17

3 or more stories 5.12 12.37 17.16 14.66 15.35 11.32 14.41 12.85 22.26 20.61

Split-level 5.35 29.63 18.00 11.66 10.14 14.17 15.91 21.17 47.01 38.44

Not asked (apartments and mobile 

homes) 0.00 4.10 7.28 4.49 2.76 2.93 4.18 3.74 5.84 7.47

Relative standard errors (RSEs) for Table HC2.3 Structural and geographic characteristics of U.S. homes, by year of 

construction, 2020

RSEs for number of housing units

Year of construction

Preliminary data release date: March 2022

Final data release date: March 2023
Total U.S.a

Before 

1950

1950 to 

1959

1960 to 

1969

1970 to 

1979

1980 to 

1989

1990 to 

1999

2000 to 

2009

2010 to 

2015

2016 to 

2020

All homes 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 2.84 3.44

Relative standard errors (RSEs) for Table HC2.3 Structural and geographic characteristics of U.S. homes, by year of 

construction, 2020

RSEs for number of housing units

Year of construction

Preliminary data release date: March 2022

Final data release date: March 2023

Major outside wall construction

Siding (aluminum, fiber cement, vinyl, 

or steel) 1.00 2.60 3.85 3.94 2.43 2.98 2.38 2.21 5.10 4.91

Brick 1.25 4.14 5.26 3.20 2.90 3.61 4.05 3.89 6.82 8.39

Wood 1.71 3.91 7.36 5.67 4.26 4.67 5.49 7.18 10.97 13.68

Stucco 1.69 6.74 5.58 7.83 5.53 5.93 4.83 4.56 9.04 10.76

Concrete block 4.22 14.76 12.96 13.22 9.00 9.93 13.02 9.27 17.81 17.41

Shingle (composition) 7.23 14.91 18.26 17.25 18.89 23.97 20.88 17.58 27.55 35.20

Stone 7.06 15.23 25.56 26.07 19.97 37.56 27.33 18.68 26.94 35.71

Some other material 13.54 34.22 44.51 46.28 28.12 45.35 46.30 38.52 44.91 45.71

Major roofing material

Shingles (composition or asphalt) 0.47 1.42 1.89 2.00 1.66 2.15 1.97 1.99 4.07 4.52

Metal 2.36 6.47 9.58 9.67 5.77 6.77 6.96 9.44 16.96 19.49

Wood shingles or shakes 4.40 11.05 10.18 13.32 9.26 10.64 12.93 10.31 16.64 26.33

Ceramic or clay tiles 3.55 12.26 20.85 19.95 12.43 12.11 8.11 7.33 16.86 15.07

Concrete tiles 6.39 37.65 26.32 33.16 18.93 15.61 11.51 11.99 27.30 25.63

Slate or synthetic slate 7.60 11.72 25.82 32.31 25.14 31.91 25.21 19.38 33.34 40.13

Some other material 7.69 15.44 20.91 24.47 15.70 26.61 32.81 28.09 35.62 40.02

Not asked (apartments in buildings 

with 5 or more units) 0.00 5.22 10.56 5.45 4.03 4.45 6.83 5.36 6.87 7.33

Total number of rooms (excluding 

bathrooms)

1 or 2 4.95 11.33 15.69 15.93 13.14 12.03 15.43 13.29 17.88 19.94

3 2.52 8.30 12.55 8.68 7.04 8.61 10.27 9.11 12.07 16.21

4 2.05 6.81 8.64 6.57 4.96 5.59 6.96 7.67 12.79 14.33

5 1.99 4.69 5.81 5.95 4.98 5.66 7.06 5.34 9.71 11.51

6 1.80 4.20 4.91 5.40 4.80 5.50 5.73 5.25 8.73 10.76

7 1.81 4.84 5.38 5.90 4.38 5.80 5.08 5.05 8.70 9.65

8 2.06 5.60 6.74 5.92 5.80 6.58 6.89 6.14 9.12 11.61

9 or more 1.53 5.04 7.35 5.77 4.93 4.69 4.27 3.65 6.63 8.89

Number of bedrooms

0 8.69 17.93 24.44 22.21 24.22 22.44 28.23 25.39 32.64 42.91

1 1.88 5.79 10.08 6.66 5.76 5.76 8.19 7.88 10.65 12.10

2 1.21 3.38 5.11 4.37 3.35 3.09 4.64 4.35 9.49 10.25

3 1.16 2.68 3.20 2.74 2.11 3.05 2.73 2.67 5.49 5.81

4 1.86 5.44 5.75 5.51 5.27 5.11 5.09 4.35 7.60 7.91

5 or more 2.93 8.72 12.94 10.99 9.17 10.57 8.49 6.31 11.04 13.55

Number of other rooms (excluding 

bathrooms)

1 3.23 8.63 11.10 9.91 8.77 8.38 9.81 10.06 12.03 12.83

2 1.53 4.22 4.39 4.90 3.22 4.11 5.55 5.58 7.63 9.74

3 1.28 3.55 4.08 4.36 4.36 4.08 4.13 3.78 5.60 6.87

4 1.51 3.83 4.79 4.76 3.85 5.04 4.61 3.93 9.31 9.53

5 or more 1.32 3.43 5.63 5.32 4.94 3.48 3.75 3.34 6.62 6.54

Number of full bathrooms

0 26.23 63.37 89.54 74.28 49.88 50.95 71.66 81.57 100.94 101.22

1 0.88 1.51 2.51 2.68 1.88 2.57 5.21 5.11 8.48 11.00

2 0.79 2.96 4.34 3.52 2.00 1.85 1.81 1.94 4.48 5.90

3 or more 1.67 6.57 9.07 7.64 6.82 5.75 4.15 2.87 6.98 7.11
Total U.S.a

Before 

1950

1950 to 

1959

1960 to 

1969

1970 to 

1979

1980 to 

1989

1990 to 

1999

2000 to 

2009

2010 to 

2015

2016 to 

2020

All homes 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 2.84 3.44

Relative standard errors (RSEs) for Table HC2.3 Structural and geographic characteristics of U.S. homes, by year of 

construction, 2020

RSEs for number of housing units

Year of construction

Preliminary data release date: March 2022

Final data release date: March 2023

Number of half bathrooms

0 0.58 1.20 1.57 1.50 1.41 1.51 1.84 1.62 3.74 4.46

1 1.57 4.02 5.01 4.59 3.68 3.65 3.68 3.17 5.80 7.00

2 or more 5.06 15.44 22.12 18.58 13.34 13.91 11.05 11.77 17.67 29.47

Basement

Yes 0.64 2.15 2.78 4.03 3.18 3.32 3.23 3.15 7.82 9.16

Finished basement 1.13 4.33 4.15 4.27 4.31 4.36 4.69 3.85 8.47 12.33

Unfinished basement 1.50 3.04 4.55 8.10 6.22 7.43 7.83 5.98 14.45 15.42

No 0.49 2.92 2.43 2.52 2.24 2.97 2.31 2.38 5.30 5.45

Not asked (apartments and mobile 

homes) 0.00 4.10 7.28 4.49 2.76 2.93 4.18 3.74 5.84 7.47

Attic

Yes 0.65 2.07 2.54 2.90 2.66 2.70 2.77 2.31 4.89 5.53

Finished attic 3.10 5.36 8.04 10.82 11.55 7.65 11.60 7.69 20.07 13.76

Unfinished attic 0.75 2.61 3.12 3.28 2.93 3.05 3.07 2.66 5.06 5.80

No 1.31 3.53 3.61 4.97 4.02 4.85 4.35 4.70 7.80 7.40

Not asked (apartments and mobile 

homes) 0.00 4.10 7.28 4.49 2.76 2.93 4.18 3.74 5.84 7.47

Attached garage

Yes 0.74 5.15 3.42 3.18 2.58 2.45 2.24 2.08 4.47 4.47

1-car garage 2.46 6.75 5.21 5.65 7.19 7.05 8.87 8.51 15.22 17.08

2-car garage 1.22 8.48 5.51 4.45 3.30 3.29 2.59 3.18 5.62 6.20

3 or more car garage 3.67 26.29 21.15 24.22 15.21 9.77 7.81 5.81 8.03 9.44

No 1.17 2.03 2.87 3.22 4.19 4.54 6.39 5.80 8.71 14.75

Not asked (apartments and mobile 

homes) 0.00 4.10 7.28 4.49 2.76 2.93 4.18 3.74 5.84 7.47

Adequacy of insulation

Well insulated 1.43 4.64 5.27 5.46 3.85 3.99 3.61 2.96 5.31 4.64

Adequately insulated 0.76 2.18 3.12 2.27 2.03 2.06 2.21 2.22 5.59 8.16

Poorly insulated 1.85 3.25 4.50 4.87 5.38 5.81 7.02 8.52 16.06 19.88

Not insulated 5.49 9.11 13.36 14.55 11.94 21.37 23.52 26.17 29.62 44.10

Home is too drafty during the winter

Never 0.88 3.64 2.91 3.16 2.63 2.17 2.38 2.10 3.83 4.06

Some of the time 0.87 2.10 3.09 3.04 2.34 2.62 2.57 2.83 6.03 7.29

Most of the time 2.99 5.40 9.00 9.87 7.08 8.38 8.49 10.50 16.40 20.83

All of the time 4.40 9.05 11.81 12.63 10.75 10.74 14.49 16.96 40.40 30.65

Any ceilings higher than 8 feet

Yes 0.84 2.42 4.78 5.17 3.02 2.54 2.07 1.84 3.80 4.54

No 0.76 2.19 1.64 1.60 1.66 2.00 3.29 4.12 6.04 7.87

Not asked (mobile homes) 0.00 36.55 24.48 15.91 6.65 6.79 5.51 7.71 12.80 16.12
Total U.S.a

Before 

1950

1950 to 

1959

1960 to 

1969

1970 to 

1979

1980 to 

1989

1990 to 

1999

2000 to 

2009

2010 to 

2015

2016 to 

2020

All homes 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 2.84 3.44

Relative standard errors (RSEs) for Table HC2.3 Structural and geographic characteristics of U.S. homes, by year of 

construction, 2020

RSEs for number of housing units

Year of construction

Preliminary data release date: March 2022

Final data release date: March 2023

Number of windows

1 to 2 3.87 13.63 22.37 13.43 8.72 6.10 10.14 9.99 17.35 16.12

3 to 5 1.88 7.57 10.11 6.84 5.00 4.35 6.66 5.69 9.82 9.70

6 to 9 1.54 4.36 5.16 4.28 3.36 3.47 4.38 4.65 6.68 8.69

10 to 15 0.97 2.87 3.80 3.73 2.70 4.45 3.52 3.42 5.32 7.69

16 to 19 2.24 5.05 7.07 7.87 6.83 6.58 6.17 6.27 9.63 11.84

20 to 29 2.05 4.38 10.20 8.01 7.60 7.09 7.18 5.29 9.25 11.22

30 or more 3.72 7.50 19.87 16.10 15.53 15.10 8.72 7.58 15.20 21.40

Type of glass in windows

Single-pane glass 1.08 2.74 3.35 3.09 2.52 2.95 3.74 3.49 7.84 9.76

Double-pane glass 0.61 2.06 2.23 1.97 1.67 1.72 1.79 1.20 3.29 4.51

Triple-pane glass 6.23 18.23 23.74 16.43 14.85 17.92 14.22 16.71 25.81 22.77

Window frame material

Metal (aluminum) 0.90 4.06 4.72 3.57 2.86 2.42 2.61 2.36 4.25 6.97

Wood 1.09 2.52 3.13 3.67 3.32 3.65 3.27 3.58 7.98 9.24

Vinyl 1.32 4.14 3.56 4.34 3.32 4.25 3.76 3.44 5.89 5.89

Fiberglass 7.57 22.19 21.35 28.63 21.31 20.67 17.43 19.76 27.32 23.77

Composite 5.39 18.98 16.76 15.94 14.46 16.16 16.06 14.02 26.57 19.84

Number of sliding glass or French 

doors

0 0.92 1.42 1.87 2.80 2.39 2.97 3.23 2.51 4.70 6.10

1 1.35 5.36 4.53 3.27 2.76 3.83 2.98 2.64 4.92 5.80

2 2.38 8.07 8.62 6.73 4.77 4.80 5.16 4.62 10.90 10.60

3 or more 2.64 9.80 12.09 9.28 6.21 7.05 6.25 8.38 16.61 15.51

Electricity meter is a smart meter

Yes 1.41 3.46 4.46 4.61 3.49 3.86 4.16 3.77 7.28 7.90

No 1.05 2.68 4.05 3.41 3.25 3.08 3.34 3.20 6.88 8.39

Don't know 0.87 2.44 3.64 2.97 2.39 2.33 2.83 2.31 4.54 5.41

Park a car within 20 feet of electrical 

outlet

Yes 0.57 2.37 2.81 2.14 2.05 2.45 1.66 1.91 3.98 4.48

No 1.17 2.73 3.59 3.96 3.34 4.16 4.49 4.41 8.84 11.99

Not asked (apartments in buildings 

with 5 or more units) 0.00 5.22 10.56 5.45 4.03 4.45 6.83 5.36 6.87 7.33

Own or lease an all-electric or plug-in 

hybrid electric vehicle

Yes 5.29 21.01 24.72 25.19 15.92 20.30 20.77 13.77 21.83 23.28

Charge at home 6.49 23.72 25.81 26.23 20.04 21.14 24.06 15.50 24.58 25.15

No 0.08 0.31 0.36 0.29 0.22 0.18 0.29 0.29 2.93 3.39

Natural gas available in neighborhood

Yes 0.41 0.89 1.07 1.08 1.33 1.60 1.89 1.36 3.68 4.36

Uses natural gas 0.57 1.19 1.56 1.59 1.80 2.09 2.19 1.58 4.34 4.91

Does not use natural gas 2.51 6.65 8.71 7.28 4.45 6.06 7.05 6.37 9.09 15.08

No 1.08 4.96 6.38 4.65 3.12 2.88 3.42 2.58 5.71 5.98
Total U.S.a

Before 

1950

1950 to 

1959

1960 to 

1969

1970 to 

1979

1980 to 

1989

1990 to 

1999

2000 to 

2009

2010 to 

2015

2016 to 

2020

All homes 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 2.84 3.44

Relative standard errors (RSEs) for Table HC2.3 Structural and geographic characteristics of U.S. homes, by year of 

construction, 2020

RSEs for number of housing units

Year of construction

Preliminary data release date: March 2022

Final data release date: March 2023

Distributed solar generation

Yes 3.96 15.12 15.12 13.00 12.15 10.14 13.63 9.66 17.73 21.18

No 0.16 1.56 1.48 1.78 1.54 1.59 1.64 1.48 4.04 4.10

Not asked (apartments) 0.00 4.06 7.64 4.45 3.37 3.56 5.77 4.65 6.03 7.60

Experienced power outage lasting 

more than 24 hours

Yes 1.76 4.50 4.20 4.81 4.86 4.93 4.18 4.69 8.97 9.50

Natural disaster or weather event 2.16 5.32 5.20 5.19 5.24 5.68 4.81 5.52 9.59 11.95

Unable to pay electric bill 21.61 50.85 75.32 72.74 40.66 43.80 57.54 69.90 56.28 100.85

Utility had planned or unplanned 

blackout 5.22 15.28 18.02 19.46 14.86 13.12 14.26 16.86 30.09 33.77

Other reason for outage 17.58 32.47 39.63 51.34 41.63 39.99 71.12 65.46 0.00 72.27

No 0.40 0.97 1.04 1.19 1.16 1.26 0.91 0.86 3.46 3.60

Back-up generator in home

Yes 1.83 5.71 6.43 7.15 5.18 6.14 4.98 4.79 7.77 10.13

No 0.31 0.82 0.94 1.27 0.83 1.04 0.93 0.84 3.04 4.36

Swimming pool

Yes 2.84 11.51 9.18 9.60 7.46 6.91 6.24 6.84 12.53 16.44

No 0.29 1.65 1.56 1.87 1.53 1.77 1.77 1.81 4.05 4.02

Not asked (apartments) 0.00 4.06 7.64 4.45 3.37 3.56 5.77 4.65 6.03 7.60

Months swimming pool is used

0 to 3 5.86 17.98 15.98 16.13 16.97 17.16 15.44 18.27 35.17 52.35

4 to 7 4.70 13.94 11.93 12.52 10.43 9.94 9.30 10.52 16.75 21.83

8 to 12 7.88 40.79 50.81 27.17 21.55 16.80 13.99 14.60 26.77 38.73

No swimming pool 0.29 1.65 1.56 1.87 1.53 1.77 1.77 1.81 4.05 4.02

Not asked (apartments) 0.00 4.06 7.64 4.45 3.37 3.56 5.77 4.65 6.03 7.60

Heated swimming pool and fuel

Heated swimming pool 5.05 21.98 19.75 17.52 19.26 11.67 10.27 9.09 19.72 22.78

Electricity 10.05 42.02 52.31 40.55 38.04 21.24 22.21 20.68 29.39 54.03

Natural gas 9.08 24.86 32.66 24.17 26.91 19.96 17.30 16.04 29.33 26.99

Propane 14.72 100.13 70.92 49.34 47.28 41.55 30.31 35.24 58.19 100.99

Some other fuel 12.80 100.13 41.65 44.01 36.14 29.33 32.42 38.64 100.60 100.26

Unheated swimming pool 3.57 13.00 12.08 11.99 8.12 10.09 8.25 9.94 19.26 28.53

No swimming pool 0.29 1.65 1.56 1.87 1.53 1.77 1.77 1.81 4.05 4.02

Not asked (apartments) 0.00 4.06 7.64 4.45 3.37 3.56 5.77 4.65 6.03 7.60
Total U.S.a

Before 

1950

1950 to 

1959

1960 to 

1969

1970 to 

1979

1980 to 

1989

1990 to 

1999

2000 to 

2009

2010 to 

2015

2016 to 

2020

All homes 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 2.84 3.44

Relative standard errors (RSEs) for Table HC2.3 Structural and geographic characteristics of U.S. homes, by year of 

construction, 2020

RSEs for number of housing units

Year of construction

Preliminary data release date: March 2022

Final data release date: March 2023

Hot tub

Yes 2.50 8.54 10.84 12.78 7.04 7.74 6.07 5.42 12.14 17.53

No 0.19 0.32 0.62 0.52 0.43 0.60 0.71 0.80 3.18 3.58

Months hot tub is used

0 to 3 4.05 14.60 18.42 21.56 12.61 14.04 10.89 7.97 15.30 26.44

4 to 7 7.56 29.20 25.53 31.12 19.75 19.44 18.81 17.88 44.03 41.86

8 to 12 4.76 17.58 15.80 16.02 10.78 12.43 10.20 10.83 19.94 23.21

No hot tub 0.19 0.32 0.62 0.52 0.43 0.60 0.71 0.80 3.18 3.58

Hot tub heating fuel

Electricity 4.25 12.00 13.78 14.37 9.16 11.14 10.79 9.32 18.97 28.93

Natural gas 6.82 29.16 29.52 41.92 20.63 20.49 15.66 13.36 25.75 30.28

Some other fuel 14.27 100.03 48.47 100.22 52.90 37.96 32.92 29.30 40.21 66.03

Hot tub used 0 months 5.39 24.54 22.85 30.44 15.86 18.19 14.83 11.02 22.05 37.20

No hot tub 0.19 0.32 0.62 0.52 0.43 0.60 0.71 0.80 3.18 3.58

Data source: U.S. Energy Information Administration, Office of Energy Demand and Integrated Statistics, Form EIA-457A of the 2020 Residential Energy Consumption Survey

Notes: See RECS Terminology for definition of terms used in these tables.

a Total U.S. includes all primary occupied housing units in the 50 states and the District of Columbia. Vacant housing units, seasonal units, second homes, military houses, and 

group quarters are excluded.

b

 Housing units are classified using criteria created by the U.S. Census Bureau based on 2010 Census data. Urbanized areas are densely settled groupings of blocks or tracts with 

50,000 or more people, while urban clusters have at least 2,500 but less than 50,000 people. All other areas are rural.

c

 The Building America program, sponsored by the U.S. Department of Energy’s Office of Energy Efficiency and Renewable Energy (EERE), created these climate regions. We 

combined climate regions for this publication. The Subarctic region is included with data for Very-cold/Cold.