Glossary

Anthracite: A hard, black, lustrous coal containing

a high percentage of fixed carbon and a low percentage of volatile matter. It is often referred to as

hard coal.

Barrel: A volumetric unit of measure equivalent to

42 U.S. gallons.

Biomass: Organic (animal waste), nonfossil plant

material constituting an exploitable energy source.

Bituminous Coal: A soft coal (the most common

solid fossil fuel), which is high in carbonaceous

matter, with a volatility greater than anthracite.

Blast Furnace: A shaft furnace in which solid fuel

is burned with an air blast to smelt ore in a continuous operation.

Blast Furnace Gas: The waste combustible gas

generated in a blast furnace when iron ore is being

reduced with coke to metallic iron. It is commonly

used as a fuel within the steel works.

Breeze: The residue from the fine screenings of

crushed coke.

British Thermal Unit (Btu): The amount of energy

required to raise the temperature of one pound of

water one degree Fahrenheit.

Butane (C4H10): A normally gaseous, paraffinic

hydrocarbon extracted from natural gas or refinery

gas streams. It includes isobutane (a branch-chain

configuration) and isobutane (a straight-chain configuration). It is used primarily for blending into highoctane gasoline, for residential and commercial

heating, and for industrial uses, especially the manufacture of chemicals and rubber.

Butylene (C4H8): A normally gaseous, olefinic

hydrocarbon recovered from the refinery processes,

and converted to alkylate, a high-octane gasoline

blending component.

Byproduct: A secondary or additional product

resulting from the feedstock use of energy or the

processing of nonenergy materials. For example, the

more common byproducts of coke ovens are coal gas,

tar, and a mixture of benzene, toluene, and xylenes

(BTX).

Census Region: A geographic area defined by the

Bureau of the Census, consisting of various States

selected according to population size and physical

location. The States are grouped into four regions:

1. Northeast: Connecticut, Maine, Massachusetts,

New Hampshire, New Jersey, New York, Pennsylvania, Rhode Island, and Vermont.

2. South: Alabama, Arkansas, Delaware, District of

Columbia, Florida, Georgia, Kentucky, Louisiana,

Maryland, Mississippi, North Carolina, Oklahoma, South Carolina, Tennessee, Texas, Virginia,

and West Virginia.

3. Midwest: Illinois, Indiana, Iowa, Kansas, Michigan, Minnesota, Missouri, Nebraska, North Dakota, Ohio, South Dakota, and Wisconsin.

4. West: Alaska, Arizona, California, Colorado,

Hawaii, Idaho, Montana, Nevada, New Mexico,

Oregon, Utah, Washington, and Wyoming.

Coal Coke: The strong, porous residue, consisting of

carbon and mineral ash, which is formed when the

volatile constituents of bituminous coal are driven off

by heat in the absence of or with a limited supply of

air. Coal coke is used primarily in blast furnaces.

Cogeneration: The production of electrical energy

and another form of useful energy (such as heat or

steam) through the sequential use of energy.

Coke Oven Gas: The mixture of permanent gases

produced by the carbonization of coal in a coke oven

at temperatures in excess of 1,000 degrees Celsius.

Consumption: The use of energy as a source of heat

or power, or as an input to the manufacturing process.

Conversion Factor: A number that translates units

of one system into corresponding values of another

system. Conversion factors are used to translate

physical units of measure for various energy sources

into their Btu equivalents.

Crude Oil: A mixture of hydrocarbons that exists in

a liquid state in natural underground reservoirs and

remains liquid at atmospheric pressure after passing

through surface separating facilities. Crude oil is

reported as liquid equivalents at the surface (excluding basic sediment and water), measured in terms of

stock tank barrels of 42 U.S. gallons at atmospheric

pressure, and corrected to 60 degrees Fahrenheit.

Energy Information Administration/Manufacturing Consumption of Energy 1991 533
Distillate Fuel Oil: A general classification for light

fuel oils distilled during the refining process. The

classification includes products known as Nos. 1, 2,

and 4 fuel oils; and Nos. 1, 2, and 4 diesel fuels.

Distillate fuel oil is used primarily for space heating,

on-and-off highway engine fuel, and electric power

generation.

Embodied Energy for Electricity: See Primary

Energy.

Energy: The capacity for doing work as measured in

the capability of doing work (potential energy) or the

conversion of this capability to motion (kinetic

energy).

Energy Source: A substance such as natural gas,

coal, or electricity that supplies heat or power.

Establishment: As defined by the 1987 Standard

Industrial Classification Manual, "...an economic

unit, generally at a single physical location, where

business is conducted or where services or industrial

operations are performed." (See Manufacturing

Establishment).

Ethane (C2H6): A colorless, odorless, gaseous

hydrocarbon extracted from natural gas or refinery

gas streams. Ethane is used primarily as a petrochemical feedstock for the production of chemicals

and plastic materials.

Ethylene (C2H4): A colorless, flammable, gaseous

olefinic hydrocarbon recovered from natural gas and

petroleum. Ethylene is used primarily as a petrochemical feedstock for numerous chemical applications and the production of consumer goods.

Expenditures: Funds spent for energy purchased and

paid for, or delivered to a manufacturer during a

calendar year. For the purposes of the MECS, the

expenditure dollar includes State and local taxes and

delivery charges.

Fossil Fuel: Any naturally occurring organic fuel,

such as coal crude oil, and natural gas.

Fuel: Any substance that can be burned to produce

heat.

Fuel Use (of Energy): Use of energy in the production of heat, steam, power, or the generation of

electricity.

Generation: The process of producing steam or

electrical energy by transforming other forms of

energy.

Geothermal Energy: Hot water or steam, extracted

from reservoirs in the earth’s crust, which is generally

supplied to steam turbines that drive generators to

produce electricity.

Hydroelectric Power: Electricity generated by a

turbine driven by falling water.

Hydrogen (H2): A colorless, odorless, highly flammable gaseous element; the lightest of all gases and

the most abundant element in the universe.

Industrial Sector: A subdivision of U.S. economic

activity defined by the Energy Information Administration to include manufacturing, construction,

mining, agriculture, fishing, and forestry establishments.

Kilowatthour (kWh): A unit of work or energy,

measured as 1,000 watts (1 kilowatt) of power expended for 1 hour. Once generated, one kWh is

equivalent to 3,412 Btu.

Liquefied Petroleum Gases (LPG): Ethane, ethylene, propane, propylene, normal butane, butylene,

ethane-propane mixtures, propane-butane mixtures,

and isobutane produced at refineries or natural gas

processing plants, including plants that fractionate raw

natural gas plant liquids.

Lease Condensate: A natural gas liquid recovered

from gas well gas (associated and nonassociated) in

lease separators or field facilities. Lease condensate

consists primarily of pentanes and heavier hydrocarbons. Volumes are reported in terms of barrels of 42

U.S. gallons, at atmospheric pressure, and corrected

to 60 degrees Fahrenheit.

Lease Separator: A facility located at the surface

for the purposes of (1) separating casinghead gas

from produced crude oil and water at the temperature

and pressure conditions of the separator; and (2)

separating gas from that portion of associated gas and

nonassociated gas which liquefies at temperature and

pressure conditions of the separator.

Lignite: A brownish-black coal of low rand with a

high percentage of inherent moisture and volatile

matter content. It is also referred to as brown coal.

534 Energy Information Administration/Manufacturing Consumption of Energy 1991
Manufacturing Division: One of 10 fields of

economic activity defined by the Standard Industrial

Classification Manual. The manufacturing division

includes all establishments engaged in the mechanical

or chemical transformation of materials or substances

into new products. Other divisions of the U.S. economy are agriculture, forestry, fishing, hunting, and

trapping; mining; construction; transportation, communications, electric, gas, and sanitary services; wholesale trade; retail trade; finance, insurance, and real

estate; personal, business, professional, repair, recreation, and other services; and public administration.

The establishments in the manufacturing division

constitute the universe for the MECS.

Manufacturing Establishment: An economic unit

at a single physical location where mechanical or

chemical transformation of materials or substances

into new products are performed. These operations

are generally conducted in facilities described as

plants, factories, or mills, and characteristically use

power-driven machines and materials-handling equipment. In addition, the assembly of components of

manufactured products is considered manufacturing,

as in the blending of materials such as lubricating

oils, plastics, resins, or liquors. (See Establishment).

Motor Gasoline: A complex mixture of relatively

volatile hydrocarbons, with or without small quantities

of additives, obtained by blending appropriate refinery

streams to form a fuel suitable for use in sparkignition engines. Motor gasoline includes both leaded

and unleaded grades of finished motor gasoline,

blending components, and gasohol.

Natural Gas: A mixture of hydrocarbon compounds

and small quantities of various nonhydrocarbons

existing in the gaseous phase or in solution with oil in

natural underground reservoirs at reservoir conditions.

Natural gas may be subclassified as:

1. Associated Gas: Free natural gas, commonly

known as gas-cap gas, which overlies and is in

contact with crude oil in the reservoir.

2. Dissolved Gas: Natural gas which is in solution

with crude oil in the reservoir at reservoir conditions.

3. Nonassociated Gas: Free natural gas not in

contact with crude oil in the reservoir.

All natural gas volumes are reported in cubic feet at

a pressure base of 14.73 psia, at 60 degrees Fahrenheit.

Nonfuel Use (of Energy): Use of energy as a

feedstock or raw material input.

Petroleum Coke: A solid residue, high in carbon

content and low in hydrogen, which is the final

product of thermal decomposition in the condensation

process in cracking crude oil. Petroleum coke can

yield almost pure carbon or artificial graphite suitable

for the production of carbon or graphite electrodes,

structural graphite, motor brushes, dry cells, and

similar products.

Petrochemical Feedstock: Chemical feedstocks

derived from petroleum, and used principally for the

manufacture of chemicals, synthetic rubber, and a

variety of plastics.

Plant: Commonly used as a synonym for an establishment. However, the term can also be used to

refer to a particular process within an establishment.

Primary Energy: All energy consumed by end

users, excluding electricity but including the energy

consumed at electric utilities to generate electricity.

Propane (C3H8): A colorless, gaseous hydrocarbon

extracted from natural gas or refinery gas streams. It

is used primarily for residential and commercial

heating and cooling, and also as a fuel for transportation. Industrial applications include use as a

petrochemical feedstock.

Propylene (C3H6): A gaseous hydrocarbon recovered

from refinery processes. Propylene is used primarily

as a petrochemical feedstock.

Pulping Liquor (Black Liquor): The alkaline spent

liquor removed from the digesters in the process of

chemically pulping wood. After evaporation, the

liquor is burned as a fuel in a recovery furnace that

permits the recovery of certain basic chemicals.

Quadrillion Btu: Equivalent to 1015 Btu.

Refinery: A plant, device, or process which heats

crude oil so that it separates into chemical components, which are then distilled off as more usable

substances.

Relative Standard Error (RSE): A percentage

measure of the precision of a survey statistic. The

RSE is defined as the standard error of a survey

estimate divided by the survey estimate and multiplied

by 100. The standard error is the square root of the

variance.

Energy Information Administration/Manufacturing Consumption of Energy 1991 535
Residual Fuel Oil: The general classification for the

heavier oils that remain after the distillate fuel oils

and lighter hydrocarbons are distilled away in refinery

operations. The classification includes No. 5 (light

and heavy), No. 6 (including heavy-grade, so called

Bunker C oil), and Navy Special fuel oil.

Roundwood: Wood cut specifically for use as a fuel.

Short Ton: A unit of weight equal to 2,000 pounds.

Solar Energy: The radiant energy of the sun, which

can be converted into other forms of energy, such as

heat or electricity.

Standard Industrial Classification (SIC): A classification scheme developed by the Office of Management and Budget, which categorizes establishments

into groups with similar economic activities.

Still Gas (Refinery Gas): Any form or mixture of

gas produced in refineries by distillation, cracking,

reforming, and other processes, the principal constituents of which are methane, hydrogen, ethane, ethylene, propane, propylene, butanes, butylene, etc. Still

gas is used as a petrochemical feedstock and as a fuel

in refineries.

Storage Capacity: For the purposes of the MECS,

storage capacity includes any volumetric capacity

(including tank tops and tank bottoms) that is on the

establishment site even it is dedicated or leased for

the storage of an energy source by other establishments.

Subbituminous Coal: A dull, black coal of intermediate rank between lignite and bituminous coal.

Subbituminous coal, like bituminous coal, is used as

a fuel.

Turbine: A machine for generating rotary mechanical power from an energy stream (such as water,

steam, or hot gas). Turbines convert kinetic energy

to mechanical energy through the principles of impulse and reaction, or a mixture of the two.

Waste Materials: Otherwise discarded combustible

materials which, when burned, produce energy for

such purposes as space heating and electric power

generation. The size of the waste may be reduced by

shredders, grinders, or hammermills. Noncombustible

materials, if any, may be removed. The waste may

be dried and then burned, either alone or in combination with fossil fuels.

Waste Oils and Tar: Petroleum-based materials that

are worthless for any purpose other than fuel use.

Wind Energy: Energy present in wind motion that

can be converted to mechanical energy for driving

pumps, mills, and electric power generators. Wind

pushes against sails, vanes, or blades radiating from

a central rotating shaft.

Wood Waste: Wood byproducts used as a fuel.

Included are limb wood, wood chips, bark, sawdust,

forest residues, charcoal, and pulp waste.

536 Energy Information Administration/Manufacturing Consumption of Energy 1991