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**Subpart AA**
**— Pulp and Paper Manufacturing**  **§98.270 Definition of source category.**  (a) The pulp and paper manufacturing source category consists of facilities that produce market pulp (i.e., stand - alone pulp facilities), manufacture pulp and paper (i.e., integrated facilities), produce paper products from purchased pulp, produce secondary fiber from recycled paper, convert paper into paperboard products (e.g., containers), or operate coating and laminating processes. (b) The emission units for which GHG emissions must be reported are listed in paragraphs (b) (1) through (b)(5) of this section: (1) Chemical recovery

furnaces at kraft and soda mills (including recovery furnaces that burn spent pulping liquor produced b y both the kraft and semichemical process). (2) Chemical recovery

combustion units at sulfite f acilities. (3) Chemical recovery

combustion units at stand - alone semichemical facilities. (4) Pulp mill lime kilns at kraft and soda facilities. (5) Sy stems for adding makeup chemicals (CaCO 3 , Na2 CO 3 ) in the chemical recovery areas of chemical pulp mills. **§98.271 Reporting threshold.**  You must report GHG emissions under this subpart if your facility contains a pulp and paper manufacturing process and the facility meets the requirements of either §98.2(a)(1) or (a)(2). **§98.272 GHGs to report.**  You must report the emissions listed in paragraphs (a) through (f) of this section: (a) CO 2 , biogenic CO 2 , CH 4 , and N 2 O emissions from each kraft or soda chemical recovery furnace.Page 2 of 13

(b) CO 2 , biogenic CO 2 , CH 4 , and N 2 O emissions from each sulfite chemical recovery combustion unit. (c) CO 2 , biogenic CO 2 , CH 4 , and N 2 O emissions from each stand - alone semichemical chemical recovery

combustion unit. (d) CO 2 , biogenic CO 2 , CH 4 , and N 2 O emissions from each kraft or soda pulp mill lime kiln. (e) CO 2 emissions from addition of makeup chemicals (CaCO 3 , Na2 CO 3 ) in the chemical recovery areas of chemical pulp mills. (f) CO 2 , CH 4 , and N 2 O combustion emissions from each stationary combustion unit. You must calculate and report these emissions under subpart C of this part (General Stationary Fuel Combustion Sources) by

following the requirements of subpart C. **§98.273 Calculating GHG emissions.**  (a) For each chemical recovery furnace located at a kraft or soda facility , you must determine CO 2 , biogenic CO 2 , CH 4 , and N2 O emissions usin g the procedures in paragraphs (a)(1) through (a)(3) of this section. CH 4 and N 2 O emissions must be calculated as the sum of emissions from combustion of fossil fuels and combustion of biomass in spent liquor solids. (1) Calculate fossil fuel - based CO 2 emi ssions from direct measurement of fossil fuels consumed and default emissions factors according to the Tier 1 methodology for stationary combustion sources in §98.33(a)(1). Tiers 2 or 3 from § 98.33(a)(2) or (3) may be used to calculate fossil fuel - based CO2 emissions if the respective monitoring and QA/QC requirements described in §98.34 are met. (2) Calculate fossil fuel - based CH 4 and N 2 O emissions from direct measurement of fossil fuels consumed, default or site - specific HHV, and default emissions factors and convert toPage 3 of 13

metric tons of CO 2 equivalent according to the methodology for stationary combustion sources in §98.33(c). (3) Calculate biogenic CO 2 emissions and emissions of CH 4 and N 2 O from biomass using measured quantities of spent liquor solids fired, site - specific HHV, and default emissions factors, according to Equation AA - 1 of this section:
View or download PDF Where: CO 2 , CH 4 , or N2 O, from Biomass = Biogenic CO 2 emissions or emissions of CH 4 or N 2 O from spent liquor solids combustion (metric tons per year). Solids = Mass of spent liquor solids combusted (short tons per year) determined according to §98.274(b). HHV = Annual high heat value of the spent liquor solids (mmBtu per kilogram) determined according to §98.274(b). (EF) = Default emission factor for CO 2 , CH 4 , or N 2 O, from Table AA - 1 of this subpart (kg CO 2 , CH 4 , or N 2 O per mmBtu). 0.90718 = Conversion factor from short tons to metric tons. (b) For each chemical recovery combustion unit located at a sulfite or stand - alone semichemical facility , you must determin e CO 2 , CH 4 , and N 2 O emissions using the procedures in paragraphs (b)(1) through (b)(4) of this section: (1) Calculate fossil CO 2 emissions from fossil fuels from direct measurement of fossil fuels consumed and default emissions factors according to the Tier 1 Calculation Methodology for stationary

combustion sources in §98.33(a)(1). Tiers 2 or 3 from § 98.33(a)(2) or (3) may bePage 4 of 13

used to calculate fossil fuel - based CO2 emissions if the respective monitoring and QA/QC requirements described in § 98.34 are met. (2) Calculate CH 4 and N 2 O emissions from fossil fuels from direct measurement of fossil fuels consumed, default or site - specific HHV, and default emissions factors and convert to metric tons of CO 2 equivalent according to the methodology for stationary

combustion sources in §98.33(c). (3) Calculate biogenic CO 2 emissions using measured quantities of spent liquor solids fired and the carbon content of the spent liquor solids, according to Equation AA - 2 of this sectio n:

Where: Biogenic CO 2 = Annual CO 2 mass emissions for spent liquor solids combustion (metric tons per year). Solids = Mass of the spent liquor solids combusted (short tons per ye ar) determined according to §98.274(b). CC = Annual carbon content of the s pent liquor solids, determined according to §98.274(b) (percent b y weight, expressed as a decimal fraction, e.g., 95% = 0.95). 44/12 = Ratio of molecular weights, CO 2 to carbon. 0.90718 = Conversion from short tons to metric tons. (4) Calculate CH 4 and N 2 O emissions from biomass using Equation AA - 1 of this section and the default CH 4 and N 2 O emissions factors for kraft facilities in Table AA - 1 of this subpart and convert the CH 4 or N 2 O emissions to metric tons of CO 2 equivalent by multiplying eachPage 5 of 13

annual CH 4 and N 2 O emissions total by the appropriate global warming potential (GWP) factor from Table A - 1 of subpart A of this part. (c) For each pulp mill lime kiln located at a kraft or soda facility , you must determine CO 2 , CH 4 , and N2 O emissions using the proc edures in paragraphs (c)(1) through (c)(3) of this section:(1) Calculate CO 2 emissions from fossil fuel from direct measurement of fossil fuels consumed and default HHV and default emissions factors, according to the Tier 1 Calculation Methodology

for stationary

combustion sources in §98.33(a)(1). Tiers 2 or 3 from §98.33(a)(2) or (3) may

be used to calculate fossil fuel - based CO 2 emissions if the respective monitoring and QA/QC requirements described in § 98.34 are met. (2) Calculate CH 4 and N 2 O emissions from fossil fuel from direct measurement of fossil fuels consumed, default or site - specif ic HHV, and default emissions factors and convert to metric tons of CO 2 equivalent according to the methodology for stationary

combustion sources in §98.33(c); use the default HHV listed in Table C - 1 of subpart C and the default CH 4 and N 2 O emissions facto rs listed in Table AA - 2 of this subpart. (3) Biogenic CO 2 emissions from conversion of CaCO 3 to CaO are included in the biogenic CO 2 estimates calculated for the chemical recovery furnace in paragraph (a)(3) of this section.(d) For makeup chemical use, yo u must calculate CO 2 emissions by using direct or indirect measurement of the quantity of chemicals added and ratios of the molecular weights of CO 2 and the makeup chemicals, according to Equation AA - 3 of this section:

Where:Page 6 of 13

CO 2 = CO 2 mass emissions from makeup chemicals (kilograms/yr). M (CaCO 3 ) = Make - up quantity of CaCO 3 used for the reporting ye ar (metric tons per ye ar). M (NaCO 3 ) = Make - up quantity of Na2 CO 3 used for the reporting ye ar (metric tons per ye ar). 44 = Molecular weight of CO 2 . 100 = Molecular weight of CaCO 3 . 105.99 = Molecular weight of Na2 CO 3 . **§98.274 Monitoring and QA/QC requirements.**  (a) Each facility

subject to this subpart must quality assure the GHG emissions data according to the applicable requirements in §98.3 4. All QA/QC data must be available for inspection upon request. (b) Fuel properties needed to perform the calculations in Equations AA - 1 and AA - 2 of this subpart must be determined according to paragraphs (b)(1) through (b)(3) of this section. (1) High he at values of black liquor must be determined no less than annually using T684 om - 06 Gross Heating Value of Black Liquor, TAPPI(incorporated b y reference, see §98.7). If measurements are performed more frequentl y than annually, then the high heat value use d in Equation AA - 1 of this subpart must be based on the average of the representative measurements made during the ye ar. (2) The annual mass of spent liquor solids must be determined using either of the methods specified in paragraph (b)(2)(i) or (b)(2)(ii ) of this section. (i) Measure the mass of spent liquor solids annually (or more frequently) using T - 650 om - 05 Solids Content of Black Liquor, TAPPI(incorporated by reference in §98.7). IfPage 7 of 13

measurements are performed more frequentl y than annually, then the mass of spent liquor solids used in Equation AA - 1 of this subpart must be based on the average of the representative measurements made during the ye ar. (ii) Determine the annual mass of spent liquor solids based on records of measurements made with an onl ine measurement s ys tem that determines the mass of spent liquor solids fired in a chemical recovery

furnace or chemical recovery combustion unit. (3) Carbon anal ys es for spent pulping liquor must be determined no less than annually using ASTM D5373 - 08 Stan dard Test Methods for Instrumental Determination of Carbon, Hydrogen, and Nitrogen in L aboratory Samples of Coal (incorporated by reference, see §98.7). If measurements using ASTM D5373 - 08 are performed more frequentl y than annually, then the spent pulping liquor carbon content used in Equation AA - 2 of this subpart must be based on the average of the representative measurements made during the ye ar. (c) Each facility

must keep records that include a detailed explanation of how company records of measurement s are used to estimate GHG emissions. The owner or operator must also document the procedures used to ensure the accuracy of the measurements of fuel, spent liquor solids, and makeup chemical usage, including, but not limited to calibration of weighing equipment, fuel flow meters, and other measurement devices. The estimated accuracy of measurements made with these devices must be recorded and the technical basis for these estimates must be provided. The procedures used to convert spent pulping liquor flow rates to units of mass (i.e., spent liquor solids firing rates) also must be documented. (d) Records must be made available upon request for verification of the calculations and measurements.Page 8 of 13

**§98.275 Procedures for estimating missing data.**  A complete record of all measured parameters used in the GHG emissions calculations is required. Therefore, whenever a quality- assured value of a required parameter is unavailable (e.g., if a meter malfunctions during unit operation or if a required sample is not taken), a substitute data value for the missing parameter shall be used in the calculations, according to the requirements of paragraphs (a) through (c) of this section: (a) There are no missing data procedures for measurements of heat content and carbon content o f spent pulping liquor. A re - test must be performed if the data from any annual measurements are determined to be invalid. (b) For missing measurements of the mass of spent liquor solids or spent pulping liquor flow rates, use the lesser value of either th e maximum mass or fuel flow rate for the combustion unit, or the maximum mass or flow rate that the fuel meter can measure. Alternativel y, records of the daily spent liquor solids firing rate obtained to comply with § 63.866(c)(1) may be used, adjusting f

or the duration of the missing measurements, as appropriate. (c) For the use of makeup chemicals (carbonates), the substitute data value shall be the best available estimate of makeup chemical consumption, based on available data (e.g., past accounting rec ords, production rates). The owner or operator shall document and keep records of the procedures used for all such estimates **§ 98. 276**  **Data reporting requirements.** In addition to the information required b y § 98. 3(c) and the applicable information required by § 98. 36, each annual report must contain the information in paragraphs (a) through ( l ) of this section as applicable:Page 9 of 13

(a) Annual emissions of CO 2 , biogenic CO 2 , CH 4 , biogenic CH 4 N 2 O, and biogenic N 2 O (metric tons per ye ar). (b) Reserved . (c) B asis for determining the annual mass of the spent liquor solids combusted (whether based on T650 om - 05 Solids Content of Black Liquor, TAPPI(incorporated by reference, see § 98. 7) or an online measurement s ys tem). (d) Reserved . (e) The default emission factor for CO 2 , CH 4 , or N 2 O, used in Equation AA - 1 of this subpart (kg CO 2 , CH 4 , or N 2 O per mmBtu). (f) Reserved . (g) Reserved . (h) Reserved . (i) Reserved . (j) Annual steam purchases (pounds of steam per year). (k) Total annual production of unbleached virgin chemical pulp produced onsite during the reporting ye ar in air- dried metric tons per ye ar. This total annual production value is the sum of all kraft, semichemical, soda, and sulfite pulp produced onsite, prior to bleaching, through all virgin pulping li nes. Do not include mechanical pulp or secondary fiber repulped for paper production in the virgin pulp production total. (l) For each pulp mill lime kiln, report the information specified in paragraphs (l)(1) and (2) of this section. (1) The quantity of c alcium oxide (CaO) produced (metric tons). (2) The percent of annual heat input, individually for each fossil fuel ty

pe.Page 10 of 13

**§ 98. 277**  **Records that must be retained.** In addition to the information required b y § 98. 3(g), you must retain the records in paragraphs (a) through ( g ) of this section. (a) GHG emission estimates (including separate estimates of biogenic CO 2 ) for each emissions source listed under § 98. 270(b). (b) Annual anal ys es of spent pulping liquor HHV for each chemical recovery furnace at kraft and soda facilities. (c) Annual anal ys es of spent pulping liquor carbon content for each chemical recovery combustion unit at a sulfite or semichemical pulp facility . (d) Annual quantity of spent liquor solids combusted in each chemical recovery furnace and ch emical recovery

combustion unit, and the basis for detemining the annual quantity of the spent liquor solids combusted (whether based on T650 om - 05 Solids Content of Black Liquor, TAPPI(incorporated by

reference, see § 98. 7) or an online measurement system). If an online measurement s ys tem is used, you must retain records of the calculations used to determine the annual quantity

of spent liquor solids combusted from the continuous measurements. (e) Annual steam purchases. (f) Annual quantities of makeup ch emicals used. (g) Verification software records . You must keep a record of the file generated by the verification software specified in § 98.5(b) for the applicable data specified in paragraphs (g)(1) through (27) of this section. Retention of this file satisfies the recordkeeping requirement for the data in paragraphs (g)(1) through (27) of this section. (1) Mass of the solid fuel combusted (tons/year) (Equation C - 1 of § 98.33 ). (2) Volume of the liquid fuel combusted (gallons/year) (Equation C - 1).Page 11 of 13

(3) V olume of the gaseous fuel combusted (scf/year) (Equation C - 1). (4) Annual natural gas usage (therms/year) (Equation C - 1a of § 98.33 ). (5) Annual natural gas usage (mmBtu/ye ar) (Equation C - 1b of § 98.33 ). (6) Mass of the solid fuel combusted (tons/year) (Equation C - 2a of § 98.33 ). (7) Volume of the liquid fuel combusted (gallons/year) (Equation C - 2a). (8) Volume of the gaseous fuel combusted (scf/year) (Equation C - 2a). (9) Annual mass of the solid fuel combusted (short tons/year) (Equation C - 3 of § 98.33 ). (10) Annual average carbon content of the solid fuel (percent by weight, expressed as a decimal fraction) (Equation C - 3). (11) Annual volume of the liquid fuel combusted (gallons/year) (Equation C - 4 of § 98.33 ). (12) Annual average carbon content of the li quid fuel (kg C per gallon of fuel) (Equation C - 4). (13) Annual volume of the gaseous fuel combusted (scf/year) (Equation C - 5 of § 98.33 ). (14) Annual average carbon content of the gaseous fuel (kg C per kg of fuel) (Equation C - 5). (15) Annual average mole cular weight of the gaseous fuel (kg/kg - mole) (Equation C - 5). (16) Molar volume conversion factor at standard conditions, as defined in § 98.6 (scf per kg - mole) (Equation C - 5). (17) Identify

if you will use the default high heat value from Table C - 1, or ac tual HHV data (Equation C - 8 of § 98.33 ). (18) High heat value of the fuel (mmBTU/tons) (Equation C - 8). (19) High heat value of the fuel (mmBTU/gallons) (Equation C - 8).Page 12 of 13

(20) High heat value of the fuel (mmBTU/scf) (Equation C - 8). (21) Mass of spent liquor s olids combusted from each chemical recovery furnace located at a kraft or soda facility , in short tons in year, determined according to § 98.274(b) (tons/year) (Equation AA - 1 of § 98.273 ). (22) Annual high heat value of the spent liquor solids from each ch emical recovery furnace located at a kraft or soda facility determined according to § 98.274(b) (mmBtu per kilogram) (Equation AA - 1). (23) Annual high heat value of the spent liquor solids from each chemical recovery combustion unit located at a sulfite or stand - alone semichemical facility , determined according to § 98.274(b) (mmBtu per kilogram) (Equation AA - 1). (24) Mass of the spent liquor solids combusted in short tons per year determined according to § 98.274(b) (tons/year) (Equation AA - 2 of § 98.273 ). (25) Annual carbon content of the spent liquor solids, determined according to § 98.274(b) (percent b y weight, expressed as a decimal fraction (e.g., 95% = 0.95)) (Equation AA 2). (26) Make - up quantity of CaCO 3 used for the reporting ye ar (metric tons/year) (Equation AA - 3 of § 98.273 ). (27) Make - up quantity

of Na2 CO 3 used for the reporting ye ar metric tons/year) (Equation AA - 3). **§98.278 Definitions.**  All terms used in this subpart have the same meaning given in the Clean Air Act and subpart A of this part .Page 13 of 13

**Table AA -**  **1 to Subpart AA of Part 98**
**— Kraft Pulping Liquor Emissions Factors for**  **Biomass -**  **Based CO 2**  **, CH 4**  **, and N 2**  **O**

**Wood furnish Biomass**  **- based emissions factors**  **(kg/mmBtu HHV) a**  **CO 2**  **CH 4**  **N 2**  **O** North American Softwood 94.4 0.0019 0.00042 North American Hardwood 93.7 0.0019 0.00042 Bagasse 95.5 0.0019 0.00042 Bamboo 93.7 0.0019 0.00042 Straw 95.1 0.0019 0.00042

a In cludes emissions from both the recovery furnace and pulp mill lime kiln. **Table AA -**  **2 to Subpart AA of Part 98**
**— Kraft Lime Kiln and Calciner**  **Emissions Factors for CH**  **4 and N**  **2 O** 

**Fuel Fossil fuel**  **- based emissions factors (kg/mmBtu HHV)** 

**Kraft rotary**  **lim e kilns**  **Kraft calciners a**  **CH 4**  **N 2**  **O CH**  **4 N**  **2 O**  Residual Oil (any

typ e) 0.0027 0 0.0027 0.0003 Distillate Oil (any

type) 0.0027 0 0.0027 0.0004 Natural Gas 0.0027 0 0.0027 0.0001 Biogas 0.0027 0 0.0027 0.0001 Petroleum coke 0.0027 0 bNA bNA Other Fuels See Table C - 2 0 See Table C - 2 See Table C - 2 a In cludes, for example, fluidized bed calciners at kraft mills. b Emission factors for kraft calciners are not available.