Release date: September 2021

Revised date: December 2022

All

buildings

Space

heating Cooling

Water

heating Cooking

Manufacturing

Electricity 

generation Lighting

All buildings 96,423 88,661 87,506 87,717 43,580 6,871 29,457 94,103

Building floorspace (square feet)

1,001 to 5,000 8,025 6,322 5,704 5,721 2,020 392 556 7,290

5,001 to 10,000 10,204 8,191 7,781 7,987 2,960 388 1,212 9,306

10,001 to 25,000 15,838 14,194 13,940 13,843 4,932 1,096 2,478 15,445

25,001 to 50,000 13,957 13,237 13,151 13,137 5,778 1,282 2,886 13,812

50,001 to 100,000 15,302 14,609 14,841 14,721 7,387 1,214 4,755 15,269

100,001 to 200,000 13,003 12,603 12,645 12,628 7,750 854 5,180 12,956

200,001 to 500,000 11,776 11,304 11,129 11,542 6,950 781 6,041 11,708

Over 500,000 8,317 8,201 8,317 8,137 5,803 864 6,347 8,317

Principal building activity

Education 13,623 13,386 13,324 13,228 9,616 301 4,542 13,623

Food sales 1,006 919 916 986 816 Q 370 1,006

Food service 1,385 1,274 1,343 1,385 1,358 Q Q 1,385

Health care 4,018 4,006 4,009 4,014 2,437 Q 2,864 4,018

Inpatient 2,259 2,249 2,259 2,256 2,109 Q 2,241 2,259

Outpatient 1,760 1,757 1,750 1,757 328 Q 623 1,760

Lodging 6,976 6,850 6,907 6,904 5,527 Q 2,908 6,976

Mercantile 10,781 10,538 10,500 10,227 5,942 412 2,497 10,776

Retail (other than mall) 5,193 5,031 4,912 4,639 1,683 Q 690 5,188

Enclosed and strip malls 5,588 5,507 5,588 5,588 4,259 Q 1,807 5,588

Office 16,662 16,300 16,380 16,332 6,096 746 6,793 16,662

Public assembly 7,192 6,825 6,775 7,023 4,119 Q 2,336 7,192

Public order and safety 1,538 1,507 1,519 1,528 1,008 Q 1,044 1,538

Religious worship 5,471 5,311 5,315 5,282 3,955 Q 427 5,471

Service 6,240 5,211 4,418 4,914 498 915 1,134 6,139

Warehouse and storage 17,483 13,538 13,180 13,273 1,431 3,191 3,283 15,713

Other 2,435 2,211 2,233 2,175 722 538 926 2,393

Vacant 1,612 785 686 444 Q Q Q 1,209

Year constructed

Before 1920 3,600 3,413 3,019 3,297 1,446 Q 662 3,535

1920 to 1945 5,646 5,212 5,042 5,144 2,848 Q 1,703 5,547

1946 to 1959 6,937 6,525 6,151 6,479 3,401 465 1,526 6,744

1960 to 1969 10,360 9,782 9,369 9,520 5,017 584 2,737 10,205

1970 to 1979 13,061 11,792 11,888 11,726 5,196 1,313 3,892 12,872

1980 to 1989 13,465 12,447 12,648 12,397 6,230 892 4,234 13,298

1990 to 1999 15,535 13,947 13,966 13,593 6,542 1,071 4,337 14,885

2000 to 2009 17,500 16,005 16,243 16,142 8,800 1,351 6,243 17,082

2010 to 2018 10,319 9,537 9,180 9,418 4,101 721 4,123 9,935

Table B22. Energy end uses, floorspace, 2018

Total floorspace (million square feet)

Energy used for (more than one may apply)
All

buildings

Space

heating Cooling

Water

heating Cooking

Manufacturing

Electricity 

generation Lighting

All buildings 96,423 88,661 87,506 87,717 43,580 6,871 29,457 94,103

Table B22. Energy end uses, floorspace, 2018

Total floorspace (million square feet)

Energy used for (more than one may apply)

Census region and division

Northeast 15,951 15,465 14,557 15,001 8,071 979 6,798 15,760

New England 3,749 3,603 3,162 3,475 2,050 Q 1,692 3,737

Middle Atlantic 12,202 11,862 11,395 11,526 6,020 789 5,106 12,023

Midwest 25,932 24,096 22,577 23,634 12,282 2,302 7,193 25,183

East North Central 17,561 16,450 15,447 16,281 8,315 1,489 5,232 17,100

West North Central 8,372 7,646 7,130 7,353 3,967 813 1,961 8,083

South 34,907 31,527 33,255 31,781 15,176 2,067 9,746 34,055

South Atlantic 17,923 15,953 17,134 16,554 7,981 1,006 5,854 17,643

East South Central 5,404 5,076 5,118 4,740 2,116 307 1,171 5,078

West South Central 11,580 10,498 11,003 10,487 5,079 754 2,721 11,334

West 19,633 17,572 17,118 17,301 8,051 1,522 5,720 19,106

Mountain 7,680 7,206 6,911 6,725 3,538 599 2,547 7,390

Pacific 11,952 10,366 10,206 10,576 4,513 923 3,173 11,716

Climate zonea

Cold or very cold 7,044 6,641 5,725 6,499 3,354 876 1,791 6,884

Cool 26,768 25,143 23,165 24,430 13,086 2,007 8,415 26,134

Mixed mild 25,096 24,088 23,604 23,820 11,957 1,420 9,839 24,577

Warm 25,085 23,099 23,176 22,553 9,485 1,684 6,079 24,307

Hot or very hot 12,429 9,690 11,837 10,415 5,698 884 3,334 12,202

Number of workers (main shift)

Fewer than 5 21,065 16,046 14,399 14,430 5,553 786 2,014 18,806

5 to 9 10,323 9,623 9,436 9,758 3,283 649 1,415 10,285

10 to 19 11,348 10,610 10,766 10,648 4,452 1,257 1,784 11,346

20 to 49 16,132 15,662 15,877 15,931 7,152 1,530 4,560 16,132

50 to 99 12,961 12,454 12,630 12,602 6,967 779 4,741 12,961

100 to 249 12,442 12,281 12,331 12,359 7,878 1,144 5,909 12,422

250 or more 12,152 11,986 12,068 11,988 8,295 726 9,034 12,152

Weekly operating hours

Fewer than 40 10,766 8,809 8,213 8,326 3,863 437 1,121 9,961

40 to 48 18,826 17,422 16,866 16,842 6,292 2,051 3,973 18,640

49 to 60 22,845 21,477 21,186 21,403 8,983 1,675 6,172 22,739

61 to 84 14,736 13,884 13,742 14,054 7,092 890 4,613 14,602

85 to 167 10,038 9,325 9,540 9,324 4,973 737 4,086 9,621

Open continuously 19,213 17,743 17,960 17,767 12,377 1,081 9,491 18,541
All

buildings

Space

heating Cooling

Water

heating Cooking

Manufacturing

Electricity 

generation Lighting

All buildings 96,423 88,661 87,506 87,717 43,580 6,871 29,457 94,103

Table B22. Energy end uses, floorspace, 2018

Total floorspace (million square feet)

Energy used for (more than one may apply)

Ownership and occupancy

Nongovernment owned 74,728 67,980 66,906 67,295 30,621 6,133 20,191 72,480

Owner occupied 45,355 41,507 40,664 41,291 20,384 3,649 12,695 44,295

Leased to tenant or tenants 28,382 26,113 25,950 25,847 10,219 2,483 7,442 27,573

Unoccupied 990 360 292 Q Q N Q 612

Government owned 21,695 20,680 20,600 20,422 12,959 738 9,266 21,624

Federal 1,946 1,868 1,811 1,838 926 Q 963 1,946

State 6,888 6,567 6,591 6,524 3,696 250 2,778 6,841

Local 12,861 12,246 12,198 12,060 8,337 331 5,526 12,836

Energy sources

(more than one may apply)

Electricity 94,844 88,661 87,506 87,712 43,580 6,871 29,441 94,103

Natural gas 67,722 67,111 65,200 66,205 36,167 5,261 23,977 67,507

Fuel oil 21,185 20,667 20,304 20,659 12,946 1,356 18,298 21,185

District heat 6,745 6,726 6,554 6,657 3,553 284 3,848 6,745

District chilled water 4,288 4,239 4,288 4,232 2,041 Q 2,298 4,288

Propane 10,157 9,406 9,237 9,525 5,559 1,319 3,533 10,131

Solar 3,820 3,624 3,743 3,669 2,558 Q 3,784 3,803

Wood, coal, and other 2,113 2,028 1,807 1,897 930 Q 1,272 2,113

Energy end uses

(more than one may apply)

Buildings with space heating 88,661 88,661 84,736 85,109 42,729 6,359 28,753 88,398

Buildings with cooling 87,506 84,736 87,506 83,999 42,865 6,182 28,853 87,320

Buildings with water heating 87,717 85,109 83,999 87,717 43,488 6,441 28,818 87,605

Buildings with cooking 43,580 42,729 42,865 43,488 43,580 2,283 18,616 43,565

Buildings with manufacturing 6,871 6,359 6,182 6,441 2,283 6,871 1,962 6,871

Buildings with electricity

generation 29,457 28,753 28,853 28,818 18,616 1,962 29,457 29,318

Buildings with lighting 94,103 88,398 87,320 87,605 43,565 6,871 29,318 94,103

Food preparation or serving areas 

in non-food service buildings

(more than one may apply)

Snack bar, concession stand, or coffee 

shop 10,361 10,276 10,265 10,333 10,306 547 6,245 10,361

Fast food or small restaurant 9,759 9,584 9,622 9,756 9,743 516 4,954 9,759

Cafeteria or large restaurant 14,531 14,325 14,362 14,502 14,345 522 8,538 14,531

Commercial kitchen or

food preparation area 17,698 17,479 17,562 17,685 17,614 919 9,120 17,698

Small kitchen area 20,519 20,231 20,195 20,437 20,351 1,207 8,311 20,503
All

buildings

Space

heating Cooling

Water

heating Cooking

Manufacturing

Electricity 

generation Lighting

All buildings 96,423 88,661 87,506 87,717 43,580 6,871 29,457 94,103

Table B22. Energy end uses, floorspace, 2018

Total floorspace (million square feet)

Energy used for (more than one may apply)

Separate computer areas

(more than one may apply)

Server closet 48,722 47,558 47,975 48,011 26,728 3,267 20,623 48,722

Data center or server farm 11,383 11,263 11,353 11,280 7,293 996 7,966 11,383

Computer-based training room 16,556 16,342 16,467 16,503 11,245 1,101 9,229 16,556

Student or public computer center 12,527 12,452 12,378 12,497 9,652 326 5,889 12,527

Data source: U.S. Energy Information Administration, Form EIA-871A of the 2018 Commercial Buildings Energy Consumption Survey 

Notes: Because of rounding, data may not sum to totals. The Guide to the 2018 CBECS Tables and CBECS Terminology contain definitions of terms used in these 

tables and comparisons between previous CBECS tables. You can access both references from http://www.eia.gov/consumption/commercial/data/2018/. 

Data are sample survey estimates with relative standard errors published in a tab on the Excel worksheet for this table.

a

Climate zones are based on ASHRAE Standard 169-2021; see https://www.eia.gov/consumption/commercial/maps.php#defined.

Q = Data withheld either because the relative standard error was greater than 50% or the reporting sample had fewer than 20 buildings.

N = No buildings in reporting sample.
RSE

Release date: September 2021

Revised date: December 2022

All

buildings

Space

heating Cooling

Water

heating Cooking

Manufacturing

Electricity 

generation Lighting

All buildings 3.1 3.0 3.0 2.9 3.1 7.9 4.4 3.0

Building floorspace (square feet)

1,001 to 5,000 5.3 5.7 5.9 5.9 7.8 24.2 13.8 5.4

5,001 to 10,000 5.8 6.7 6.0 6.4 9.0 25.8 21.8 5.8

10,001 to 25,000 6.1 6.3 6.1 5.9 8.2 18.8 12.8 6.2

25,001 to 50,000 5.6 5.8 5.8 5.9 7.9 22.5 12.3 5.6

50,001 to 100,000 5.3 5.3 5.1 5.2 6.2 15.1 6.9 5.3

100,001 to 200,000 5.5 5.5 5.5 5.5 6.6 15.1 7.3 5.5

200,001 to 500,000 5.0 5.0 4.7 5.0 4.9 15.7 5.8 5.0

Over 500,000 8.6 8.7 8.6 8.7 9.3 25.8 10.7 8.6

Principal building activity

Education 5.3 5.3 5.4 5.3 6.1 26.8 8.9 5.3

Food sales 17.0 18.1 16.1 17.3 19.4 41.4 34.2 17.0

Food service 8.5 8.4 8.4 8.5 8.6 31.3 33.4 8.5

Health care 5.5 5.6 5.5 5.6 6.2 44.9 6.4 5.5

Inpatient 7.2 7.3 7.2 7.2 6.5 61.2 7.3 7.2

Outpatient 8.0 8.0 8.0 8.0 18.1 58.1 13.9 8.0

Lodging 8.3 8.5 8.4 8.2 8.8 40.3 15.3 8.3

Mercantile 6.0 6.0 6.1 5.7 6.8 33.4 11.4 6.0

Retail (other than mall) 8.6 8.5 8.4 8.5 10.2 50.5 20.2 8.6

Enclosed and strip malls 7.6 7.7 7.6 7.6 8.0 39.9 13.0 7.6

Office 5.5 5.6 5.5 5.6 8.0 23.6 9.3 5.5

Public assembly 5.8 6.2 6.1 5.8 7.4 48.4 10.7 5.8

Public order and safety 15.9 16.2 16.1 16.0 18.8 50.4 18.1 15.9

Religious worship 9.3 9.7 9.5 9.5 10.8 49.2 27.5 9.3

Service 8.1 8.9 8.9 9.1 26.6 20.1 17.9 7.9

Warehouse and storage 7.2 7.9 8.1 7.8 14.4 10.5 15.7 7.3

Other 15.1 16.4 16.2 16.8 28.5 34.8 23.1 15.5

Vacant 14.1 17.2 17.7 20.5 37.1 50.2 30.7 16.0

Year constructed

Before 1920 10.8 11.2 11.0 11.0 15.4 29.0 20.3 10.9

1920 to 1945 8.8 9.4 9.7 9.2 12.7 30.8 18.7 9.0

1946 to 1959 7.6 8.1 8.0 7.9 9.7 25.2 12.5 7.8

1960 to 1969 5.2 5.1 4.9 5.0 7.5 17.4 9.2 5.2

1970 to 1979 6.0 5.7 5.7 5.7 7.7 16.3 9.9 5.8

1980 to 1989 5.9 5.9 5.9 6.0 8.1 21.8 11.4 5.9

1990 to 1999 6.6 6.1 5.9 5.7 7.3 23.5 8.8 6.3

2000 to 2009 6.3 6.4 6.4 6.5 6.5 20.7 7.7 6.4

2010 to 2018 7.6 7.9 7.5 7.9 8.2 21.9 11.4 7.7

Relative standard errors (RSEs) for Table B22. Energy end uses, floorspace, 2018

RSEs for total floorspace 

Energy used for (more than one may apply)
RSE

All

buildings

Space

heating Cooling

Water

heating Cooking

Manufacturing

Electricity 

generation Lighting

All buildings 3.1 3.0 3.0 2.9 3.1 7.9 4.4 3.0

Relative standard errors (RSEs) for Table B22. Energy end uses, floorspace, 2018

RSEs for total floorspace 

Energy used for (more than one may apply)

Census region and division

Northeast 7.2 7.2 7.5 7.2 6.5 22.9 9.0 7.1

New England 10.8 11.2 11.3 11.5 11.4 32.7 18.1 10.8

Middle Atlantic 8.8 8.8 9.1 8.8 7.7 27.3 10.3 8.7

Midwest 7.4 7.0 6.8 7.1 7.0 15.6 7.1 7.2

East North Central 10.4 9.5 9.2 9.7 9.6 19.8 8.0 10.2

West North Central 7.9 9.7 9.4 9.4 9.5 26.9 14.8 7.8

South 6.1 6.0 5.9 5.6 5.5 12.6 7.3 5.9

South Atlantic 6.8 7.4 6.5 7.0 7.8 17.9 9.2 6.7

East South Central 20.3 20.6 21.1 17.5 18.0 26.4 29.3 18.4

West South Central 11.5 10.1 10.8 10.0 6.8 22.3 10.2 11.7

West 7.1 7.4 6.7 7.1 9.0 15.4 12.7 6.9

Mountain 13.1 13.7 13.5 14.3 15.3 24.7 24.4 13.4

Pacific 8.1 8.1 6.4 7.2 10.8 19.6 11.8 7.6

Climate zonea

Cold or very cold 17.0 16.9 17.3 17.1 16.8 29.1 19.2 17.1

Cool 8.3 8.4 8.4 8.4 8.7 13.8 9.6 8.1

Mixed mild 10.5 10.6 10.4 10.4 10.2 18.7 11.8 10.6

Warm 10.0 10.3 10.3 10.1 11.4 13.3 10.3 9.9

Hot or very hot 14.1 14.1 13.0 13.1 11.6 24.5 13.2 13.5

Number of workers (main shift)

Fewer than 5 5.9 6.6 6.3 6.4 8.5 22.3 14.2 5.7

5 to 9 6.9 6.9 6.7 7.1 9.8 27.4 16.0 6.9

10 to 19 7.4 7.1 7.0 6.6 7.1 20.0 12.7 7.4

20 to 49 4.8 4.8 4.8 4.8 6.3 16.0 8.4 4.8

50 to 99 5.9 6.0 5.9 5.9 6.2 18.5 8.0 5.9

100 to 249 5.6 5.6 5.6 5.6 5.6 18.8 7.7 5.6

250 or more 6.4 6.5 6.4 6.5 7.5 23.0 8.0 6.4

Weekly operating hours

Fewer than 40 6.6 7.5 8.0 7.7 10.0 34.8 14.3 6.7

40 to 48 5.1 5.0 4.8 4.9 6.7 11.6 8.9 5.0

49 to 60 4.3 4.3 4.4 4.3 6.2 16.2 7.7 4.4

61 to 84 5.3 5.4 5.4 5.3 6.5 21.3 8.1 5.3

85 to 167 6.2 6.3 6.2 6.1 7.6 23.4 11.2 5.9

Open continuously 5.0 5.2 5.0 5.1 5.3 16.5 7.0 4.9
RSE

All

buildings

Space

heating Cooling

Water

heating Cooking

Manufacturing

Electricity 

generation Lighting

All buildings 3.1 3.0 3.0 2.9 3.1 7.9 4.4 3.0

Relative standard errors (RSEs) for Table B22. Energy end uses, floorspace, 2018

RSEs for total floorspace 

Energy used for (more than one may apply)

Ownership and occupancy

Nongovernment owned 3.3 3.4 3.3 3.2 3.8 8.5 5.3 3.2

Owner occupied 3.3 3.5 3.5 3.3 4.1 10.8 6.1 3.3

Leased to tenant or tenants 4.8 4.8 4.6 4.6 5.1 12.6 7.4 4.6

Unoccupied 19.2 29.6 29.9 27.1 80.2 0.0 45.1 23.4

Government owned 6.0 6.0 6.0 5.9 5.5 21.8 6.3 6.0

Federal 16.1 16.2 16.5 16.4 22.1 46.3 26.5 16.1

State 11.8 12.0 12.0 12.1 10.8 33.1 11.5 12.0

Local 6.0 6.3 6.2 6.0 7.4 31.6 7.6 6.0

Energy sources

(more than one may apply)

Electricity 3.0 3.0 3.0 2.9 3.1 7.9 4.4 3.0

Natural gas 3.4 3.4 3.3 3.3 3.3 9.2 4.5 3.3

Fuel oil 5.4 5.5 5.4 5.5 6.3 18.2 5.9 5.4

District heat 11.4 11.4 11.6 11.5 11.9 29.5 12.6 11.4

District chilled water 13.7 13.9 13.7 13.8 11.9 34.6 12.1 13.7

Propane 7.6 8.2 8.3 7.8 9.7 14.1 14.5 7.7

Solar 11.5 11.9 11.7 11.8 12.0 33.4 11.5 11.6

Wood, coal, and other 14.0 14.2 14.5 14.7 21.3 35.3 17.2 14.0

Energy end uses

(more than one may apply)

Buildings with space heating 3.0 3.0 3.0 2.9 3.1 7.9 4.4 3.0

Buildings with cooling 3.0 3.0 3.0 2.8 3.1 8.1 4.3 2.9

Buildings with water heating 2.9 2.9 2.8 2.9 3.1 8.4 4.3 2.9

Buildings with cooking 3.1 3.1 3.1 3.1 3.1 12.6 4.9 3.1

Buildings with manufacturing 7.9 7.9 8.1 8.4 12.6 7.9 15.4 7.9

Buildings with electricity

generation 4.4 4.4 4.3 4.3 4.9 15.4 4.4 4.3

Buildings with lighting 3.0 3.0 2.9 2.9 3.1 7.9 4.3 3.0

Food preparation or serving areas 

in non-food service buildings

(more than one may apply)

Snack bar, concession stand, or coffee 

shop 6.7 6.8 6.7 6.8 6.7 26.3 9.4 6.7

Fast food or small restaurant 5.9 5.9 5.9 5.9 5.9 26.3 9.6 5.9

Cafeteria or large restaurant 4.6 4.7 4.6 4.7 4.7 25.3 7.0 4.6

Commercial kitchen or

food preparation area 4.4 4.4 4.4 4.4 4.4 18.2 6.7 4.4

Small kitchen area 4.7 4.8 4.8 4.8 4.8 18.0 7.7 4.8
RSE

All

buildings

Space

heating Cooling

Water

heating Cooking

Manufacturing

Electricity 

generation Lighting

All buildings 3.1 3.0 3.0 2.9 3.1 7.9 4.4 3.0

Relative standard errors (RSEs) for Table B22. Energy end uses, floorspace, 2018

RSEs for total floorspace 

Energy used for (more than one may apply)

Separate computer areas

(more than one may apply)

Server closet 3.4 3.4 3.4 3.3 3.5 11.7 4.9 3.4

Data center or server farm 6.7 6.7 6.7 6.7 7.7 21.1 8.8 6.7

Computer-based training room 4.6 4.6 4.6 4.6 5.2 20.7 6.8 4.6

Student or public computer center 4.6 4.6 4.6 4.6 5.6 24.9 9.0 4.6

Data source: U.S. Energy Information Administration, Form EIA-871A of the 2018 Commercial Buildings Energy Consumption Survey 

Note: RSE is a measure of the reliability or precision of a survey statistic. Variability occurs in survey statistics because the different samples that could be drawn 

would each produce different values for the survey statistics. Estimation of Standard Errors and What is a Relative Standard Error (RSE)? contain more information 

on how RSEs are estimated and used. Both references can be accessed from https://www.eia.gov/consumption/commercial/survey-background-technicalinformation.php.

a

Climate zones are based on ASHRAE Standard 169-2021; see https://www.eia.gov/consumption/commercial/maps.php#defined.