# Patent

## Title
Feed network and method for an offset stacked patch antenna array

## Abstract

A feed network for, and method of feeding, an array of antenna elements has multiple feed points. Two feed lines extend from the feed points, one having a longer length that the other to provide a phase difference in the two feed lines. The feed lines split into main feed lines, which in turn split into secondary feed lines that connect to the antenna elements. The connections to the elements fed from one of the feed lines are rotated with respect to the connections to the elements fed from the other to provide another phase difference between the elements. The antenna elements may be fed from the longer of the feed lines from one of the feed points and the shorter of the feed lines from an adjacent feed point, with the connections from the feed points providing for right hand and left hand circular polarized elements, respectively.

## Background
RELATED APPLICATIONS
This application is co-pending with related patent application entitled “Offset Stacked Patch Antenna and Method” Ser. No. 10/290,666, by the same inventor and having assignee in common, each filed concurrently herewith, and incorporated by reference herein in its entirety.


FIELD
This application relates to the field of patch antennas, and more particularly to feed networks for stacked patch antennas using offset multiple elements to control the direction of maximum antenna sensitivity.
BACKGROUND
Many satellite mobile communication applications require that the direction of maximum sensitivity or gain of a receiving antenna be adjusted; i.e., that the receiving antenna be directed towards the satellite and track the satellite while the vehicle is moving and turning.
Typically, in the continental United States television satellites may be between 30° and 60° above the horizon. In mobile satellite television applications, operating in a 12 GHz range, standard dish antennas may be mounted on the vehicle and mechanically rotated to the appropriate azimuth and tilted to the appropriate elevation to track the satellite.
While such systems may provide adequate signal acquisition and tracking, the antenna, tracking mechanism and protective dome cover may present a profile on the order of 15 inches high and 30 inches or more in diameter. This size profile may be acceptable on marine vehicles, commercial vehicles and large recreational vehicles, such as motor homes. However, for applications where a lower profile is desirable, a special low profile dish antenna, or a planar antenna element, or array of elements may be preferred. However, low profile dish antennas may only decrease overall height by two to four inches. Planar antennas suffer in that maximum gain may be orthogonal to the plane of the antenna, thus not optimally directed at a satellite, which may be 60° from that direction.
In a planar phased array antenna, a stationary array of antenna elements may be employed. The array elements may be produced inexpensively by conventional integrated circuit manufacturing techniques, e.g., photolithography, on a continuous dielectric substrate, and may be referred to as microstrip antennas. The direction of spatial gain or sensitivity of the antenna can be changed by adjusting the relative phase of the signals received from the antenna elements. However, gain may vary as the cosine of the angle from the direction of maximum gain, typically orthogonal to the plane of the array; and this may result in inadequate gain at typical satellite elevations. Attempts have been made to change the direction of maximum gain by arranging microstrip elements in a Yagi configuration. For example, see U.S. Pat. No. 4,370,657, “Electrically end coupled parasitic microstrip antennas” to Kaloi; U.S. Pat. No. 5,008,681, “Microstrip antenna with parasitic elements” to Cavallaro, et al.; and U.S. Pat. No. 5,220,335, “Planar microstrip Yagi antenna array” to Huang.
In another configuration described in “MSAT Vehicular Antennas with Self Scanning Array Elements,” L. Shafai, Proceedings of the Second International Mobile Satellite Conference, Ottawa, 1990, and referred to herein as a dual mode patch antenna, an element tuned to a fundamental mode can be stacked above an element tuned to a second mode. To date, these attempts have had limited success as mobile communications antenna and have proved impractical as phased array antenna in general.
SUMMARY
A feed network for an array of antenna elements disposed in a plurality of columns may comprise a plurality of feed points, for each of a plurality of antenna elements in the array, a first connection point on the element and a second connection point on the element, for each of two or more of the feed points, one or more feed lines connecting the feed point to connection points of a plurality of antenna elements, wherein the locations of the first and second connection points on a specified element are disposed such that the feed lines connected thereto preferentially collect radiation of differing polarizations and the connection points connected to a specified feed point are selected such that all feed lines connected to the said feed point preferentially collect radiation of the same polarization and wherein a length of each feed line and orientations of the antenna elements connected to a specified feed point are disposed to provide a phase delay between signals received at the said feed point from antenna elements in adjoining columns in the array. The differing polarizations can be right hand circular polarization and left hand circular polarization.
In one embodiment the feed network may comprise a plurality of feed points, for each of two or more of the feed points, a first primary feed line extending from the feed point to a first specified primary intersection point, and a second primary feed line extending from the feed point to a second specified primary intersection point, the second primary feed line having a length greater than a length of the first primary feed line to provide a first phase delay in the second primary feed line relative to the first primary feed line, for each of two or more of the primary intersection points, a first secondary feed line extending from the primary intersection point to a first specified secondary intersection point, and a second secondary feed line extending from the primary intersection point to a second specified secondary intersection point, the second secondary feed line having a length substantially equal to a length of the first secondary feed line and, for each of two or more of the secondary intersection points, a first element feed line extending from the secondary intersection point to a first specified antenna element, and a second element feed line extending from the secondary intersection point to a second specified antenna element, the second element feed line having a length greater than a length of the first element feed line to provide a second phase delay in the second element feed line relative to the first element feed line, wherein an orientation of the specified antenna element associated with the first element feed line can be rotated with respect to an orientation of the specified antenna element associated with the second element feed line to provide a third phase delay between the antenna element connected to the second element feed line and the antenna element connected to the first element feed line.
The difference between the length of the first element feed lines and the second element feed lines, and the difference between the orientations of the first and second antenna elements, may be disposed such that the second phase delay can be substantially equal and opposite to the third phase delay. The element feed lines may be disposed such that each of a plurality of antenna elements can be connected to two first element feed lines, and each of a different plurality of antenna elements can be connected to two second element feed lines. The connections between each antenna element and the two respective specified element feed lines connected thereto may be disposed such that the two specified element feed lines connected to a specified antenna element preferentially collect radiation of differing polarizations and wherein the two specified element feed lines connected to a specified antenna element can be connected through respective specified primary and secondary feed lines to different feed points. Each feed point may be connected through respective primary and secondary feed lines to respective element feed lines which preferentially collect radiation of the same polarization. The differing polarizations can be right hand circular polarization and left hand circular polarization.
In one embodiment, the feed network for an array of antenna elements disposed in a plurality of columns may comprise a plurality of feed points, for each of two or more of the feed points, a first primary feed line extending from the feed point to a first specified primary intersection point, and a second primary feed line extending from the feed point to a second specified primary intersection point, the second primary feed line having a length greater than a length of the first primary feed line to provide a first phase delay in the second primary feed line relative to the first primary feed line, for each of two or more of the primary intersection points, a first secondary feed line extending from the primary intersection point to a first specified secondary intersection point, and a second secondary feed line extending from the primary intersection point to a second specified secondary intersection point, the second secondary feed line having a length substantially equal to a length of the first secondary feed line and, for each of two or more of the secondary intersection points, a first element feed line extending from the secondary intersection point to a first specified antenna element, and a second element feed line extending from the secondary intersection point to a second specified antenna element, the second element feed line having a length substantially equal to a length of the first element feed line, wherein an orientation of the specified antenna element associated with the first element feed line may be substantially the same as an orientation of the specified antenna element associated with the second element feed line.
The element feed lines may be disposed such that each of a plurality of antenna elements can be connected to two first element feed lines, and each of a different plurality of antenna elements can be connected to two second element feed lines. The connections between each antenna element and the two respective specified element feed lines connected thereto may be disposed such that the two specified element feed lines connected to a specified antenna element preferentially collect radiation of differing polarizations. The two, specified element feed lines connected to a specified antenna element can be connected through respective specified primary and secondary feed lines to different feed points, and each feed point can be connected through respective primary and secondary feed lines to respective element feed lines which preferentially collect radiation of the same polarization. The differing polarizations can be right hand circular polarization and left hand circular polarization.
A method for feeding an array of antenna elements disposed in a plurality of columns from a plurality of feed points may comprise, for each of a plurality of antenna elements in the array, providing a first connection point on the element and a second connection point on the element, for each of two or more of the feed points, connecting the feed point to connection points of a plurality of antenna elements with one or more feed lines, such that the feed lines connected to the first and second connection points on a specified element preferentially collect radiation of differing polarizations, selecting the connection points connected to a specified feed point such that all feed lines connected to the specified feed point preferentially collect radiation of the same polarization and varying a length of each feed line and varying orientations of the antenna elements connected to a specified feed point to provide a phase delay between signals received at the said feed point from antenna elements in adjoining columns in the array. The connection points may be selected such that the differing polarizations can be right hand circular polarization and left hand circular polarization.
In one embodiment, a method for feeding an array of antenna elements disposed in a plurality of columns from a plurality of feed points may comprise, for each of two or more of the feed points, connecting the feed point to a first specified primary intersection point using a first primary feed line and connecting the feed point to a second specified primary intersection point using a second primary feed line, the second primary feed line having a length greater than a length of the first primary feed line to provide a first phase delay in the second primary feed line relative to the first primary feed line, for each of two or more of the primary intersection points, connecting the primary intersection point to a first specified secondary intersection point using a first secondary feed line and connecting the primary intersection point to a second specified secondary intersection point using a second secondary feed line, the second secondary feed line having a length substantially equal to a length of the first secondary feed line, for each of two or more of the secondary intersection points, connecting the secondary intersection point to a first specified antenna element using a first element feed line, and connecting the secondary intersection point to a second specified antenna element using a second element feed line, the second element feed line having a length greater than a length of the first element feed line to provide a second phase delay in the second element feed line relative to the first element feed line and rotating the specified antenna element associated with the first element feed line with respect to an orientation of the specified antenna element associated with the second element feed line to provide a third phase delay between the antenna element connected to the second element feed line and the antenna element connected to the first element feed line.
The method may comprise corresponding the difference between the length of the first element feed lines and the second element feed lines, and the difference between the orientations of the first and second antenna elements, such that the second phase delay can be substantially equal and opposite to the third phase delay. The method may also comprise connecting each of a plurality of antenna elements to two first element feed lines and connecting each of a different plurality of antenna elements to two second element feed lines, such that the two specified element feed lines connected to a specified antenna element preferentially collect radiation of differing polarizations and can be connected through respective specified primary and secondary feed lines to different feed points, and such that each feed point can be connected through respective primary and secondary feed lines to respective element feed lines which preferentially collect radiation of the same polarization. The connections of the two specified element feed lines to the specified antenna element may be selected such that the differing polarizations can be right hand circular polarization and left hand circular polarization.
In one embodiment, a method for feeding an array of antenna elements disposed in a plurality of columns from a plurality of feed points may comprise, for each of two or more of the feed points, connecting the feed point to a first specified primary intersection point using a first primary feed line, and connecting the feed point to a second specified primary intersection point using a second primary feed line, the second primary feed line having a length greater than a length of the first primary feed line to provide a first phase delay in the second primary feed line relative to the first primary feed line, for each of two or more of the primary intersection points, connecting the primary intersection point to a first specified secondary intersection point using a first secondary feed line, and connecting the primary intersection point to a second specified secondary intersection point using a second secondary feed line, the second secondary feed line having a length substantially equal to a length of the first secondary feed line, for each of two or more of the secondary intersection points, connecting the secondary intersection point to a first specified antenna element using a first element feed line, and connecting the secondary intersection point to a second specified antenna element using a second element feed line, the second element feed line having a length substantially equal to a length of the first element feed line and orienting the specified antenna element associated with the first element feed line in substantially the same orientation as the specified antenna element associated with the second element feed line.
The method may comprise connecting each of a plurality of antenna elements to two first element feed lines and connecting each of a different plurality of antenna elements to two second element feed lines, such that the two specified element feed lines connected to a specified antenna element preferentially collect radiation of differing polarizations and may be connected through respective specified primary and secondary feed lines to different feed points, and such that each feed point may be connected through respective primary and secondary feed lines to respective element feed lines which preferentially collect radiation of the same polarization. The connections of the two specified element feed lines to the specified antenna element may be selected such that the differing polarizations can be right hand circular polarization and left hand circular polarization.



BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS
The following figures depict certain illustrative embodiments in which like reference numerals refer to like elements. These depicted embodiments are to be understood as illustrative and not as limiting in any way.
FIG. 1 is a schematic representation of an offset stacked patch antenna;
FIG. 2 is a cross sectional representation of an offset stacked patch antenna;
FIG. 3 is a cross sectional representation of another embodiment of an offset stacked patch antenna.
FIG. 4 is a gain pattern diagram for an offset stacked patch antenna;
FIG. 5 is a top view of a group of patch antenna elements illustrating a portion of an antenna receiving network;
FIG. 6 is a detailed view of one of the elements of FIG. 5;
FIG. 7 is a top view of a group of patch antenna elements illustrating another embodiment of a portion of a feed network; and
FIG. 8 is a top view of a phased array of patch antenna elements.



DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF CERTAIN ILLUSTRATED EMBODIMENTS
Referring now to FIG. 1, there is illustrated a schematic view of a stacked patch antenna 10. In the illustrative embodiment of FIG. 1, antenna 10 may include three antenna elements 12, 14 and 16. However, it can be understood that the number of elements may not be limited to three and that two or more elements may be used. The antenna elements may be fabricated of metal, metal alloy, or other conducting materials as are known in the art. In one embodiment, the elements 12, 14 and 16 are preferably microstrip antenna elements. Microstrip antenna elements are known in the art and are planar metallic elements that are formed on a continuous dielectric substrate using conventional integrated circuit manufacturing techniques, e.g., photolithography. Other forms and fabrications of antenna elements known to those of ordinary skill in the art also may be employed.
It will be appreciated that elements 12, 14 and 16 are shown in a side view in FIG. 1, with the planar surfaces of elements 12, 14 and 16 extending orthogonally to the plane of FIG. 1. In the embodiment shown in FIG. 1, element 12 can have a feed 18 and may be tuned near a fundamental mode for the frequencies of interest. Element 12 may be maintained a distance d over, i.e., normal to, ground plane 20. Elements 14 and 16 are parasitic elements, i.e., elements without a feed, as are known in the art. In the context of the discussion herein, it can be understood that in general an antenna may operate in either a receiving or a transmitting mode. In a transmitting mode, the elements are powered through a feed, such as feed 18, and signals are radiated from the elements. In a receiving mode, such as in the embodiments described herein, signals picked up by the antenna elements are carried from the elements to receiving components via the feed.
Elements 14 and 16 can be spaced apart from element 12 at distances y1 and y2, respectively, in a direction normal to element 12. With respect to their geometric centers, elements 14 and 16 also can be offset distances x1 and x2, respectively, from the geometric center of element 12 within their respective planes. In one embodiment, elements 12, 14 and 16 can have substantially identical shapes and the spacings and offsets between elements can be substantially identical, such that y2≅2*y1 and x2≅2*x1. It can be understood that spacings and offsets may be varied to optimize performance of the antenna. Additionally, parasitic elements may differ in shape and size with respect to one another and with respect to element 12. However, the sizes and shapes of parasitic elements 14 and 16 may be such as to be near resonance with element 12.
Referring now to FIG. 2, a cross sectional representation of a microstrip stacked patch antenna embodiment of antenna 10 may be shown. Ground plane 20 can be provided with opening 22 at which coaxial line 24 may be connected. Center conductor 18 of coaxial line 24 may pass through opening 22 to connect to element 12. It can be seen that conductor 18 may be run in the same plane as element 12 and may be formed using the same integrated circuit manufacturing techniques. Other forms of feed lines, as are known to those skilled in the art, may be used, e.g., element 12 may be fed through a slot in ground plane 20. Ground plane 20 may be a solid metallic plate, or may be a metallized dielectric plate. Other forms of electrical conductors at microwave frequencies, as are known in the art, may be used for ground plane 20, e.g., a wire grid.
In one embodiment, dielectric sheet 26 may be disposed on ground plane 20 and element 12 may be disposed on dielectric sheet 26. Alternatively, in the embodiment shown in FIG. 2, element 12 may be disposed on a separate support sheet 28. Similarly, elements 14 and 16 may be disposed on dielectric sheets 30 and 32, respectively, or may be disposed, as shown in FIG. 2, on separate support sheets 34 and 36, respectively. It can be noted that support sheets 28, 34 and 36 may be fabricated of dielectric material. Dielectric spacers 38 and 40 may be disposed on elements 12 and 14 and may extend over elements 26 and 30, or elements 28 and 34, respectively, to maintain the spacings y1 and y2. In one embodiment, dielectric sheet 26 may be formed of a high density polyolefin material, dielectric sheets 30 and 32 may be formed of a thin film polyester material and spacers 38 and 40 may be formed of insulating material, e.g., expanded polystyrene. Other materials and manner of support known to those skilled in the art also may be used.
For example, spacers 38 and 40 may be incorporated with dielectric sheets 30 and 32, respectively, such that one single layer of dielectric material may be disposed between elements 12 and 14 and another single layer of dielectric material may be disposed between elements 14 and 16. FIG. 3 illustrates such an embodiment with element 12 disposed directly on dielectric sheet 26, dielectric sheet 30 extending to dielectric sheet 26 and dielectric sheet 32 extending to support layer 34.
It will be appreciated that embodiments having other than microstrip antenna elements can be fabricated. As an example, elements 12, 14 and 16 may be fabricated from plate material, similar to the metallic plate ground plane 20 described for the microstrip antenna of FIG. 2. Referring back to FIG. 1, the spacings and offsets between elements formed of plate material can be maintained by suitable supports, such as supports 42, that may not interfere with the radiation pattern of antenna 10. Design of such supports may follow guidelines known in the art. In such embodiments, dielectric sheets 26, 30 and 32, support sheets 28, 34 and 36 and spacers 38 and 40 (as described in relation to the microstrip element embodiment of FIG. 2) may be replaced by a layer of air between the layers, identified as 46 in FIG. 1.
Thus, it may be evident that the means and methods for providing the spacings (y1 and y2) and the offsets (x1 and x2) can be chosen to suit the geometry and materials of stacked patch antenna 10 and particularly of elements 12, 14 and 16, in accordance with means and methods known in the art. In operation, the stacking, or spaced apart relationship, of parasitic elements 14 and 16 over element 12 may provide antenna 10 with broad bandwidth as may be known in the art. Additionally, the offsets between the elements may result in a maximum gain rotated from the direction orthogonal to the plane of the antenna elements as will be explained in further detail.
Referring to FIG. 1, it has been found that for an antenna having the configuration of stacked patch antenna 10 and with antenna element 12 tuned to near the fundamental mode, the resulting maximum gain direction may be at an angle θ with respect to an axis (Y-Y) orthogonal to the elements. The angle θ may depend on the spacing, offset and size of the antenna elements 12, 14 and 16. Conceptually, antenna 10 may be compared to a dual mode patch antenna. As may be known, a dual mode patch antenna may consist of two elements, one directly above the other, without an offset. The upper element of a dual mode patch antenna may be tuned to a fundamental mode, while the lower element may be tuned to a second mode, with both elements having feed lines connected thereto. The resulting mode superposition can result in a direction of maximum gain rotated from the direction orthogonal to the plane of the antenna elements. However, this approach may require multiple feed points for each patch and for each sense of polarization, making it impractical as an antenna array element. Further, there may be no parameter available for rotating the direction of maximum gain other than that which is inherent to the approach. The limitation in rotation for this approach can be approximately 30° from the direction orthogonal to the plane of the antenna element.
The lower element, i.e., element 12 of stacked patch antenna 10 may have a feed 18 and be tuned to a fundamental mode. Unlike the dual mode patch antenna, antenna 10 may have layers of parasitic elements positioned above element 12 (e.g., layers 14 and 16 of FIGS. 1 and 2). By correctly choosing the spacings (y1, y2) and offsets (x1, x2) for a given size of the elements and frequency range, the superposition of the fundamental mode of element 12 and the parasitic fundamental modes of elements above the lower element, e.g., the fundamental modes of elements 14 and 16 of FIG. 1, can also result in a tilted direction of maximum gain. It may be known in the art that direct mathematical design for unbounded radiating structures, such as elements 12, 14 and 16, may not be feasible. Such structures may best be characterized using mathematical modeling algorithms and computer simulations as are available to those in the art, such as method of moments, or finite element modeling.
As an example of such a design, an offset stacked patch antenna (referred to hereafter as Example 1) may be constructed with circular elements 12, 14 and 16 having diameters in the range of 0.30 inches, a stacking height between elements in the range of 0.12 inches and an offset between neighboring elements in a range of 0.18 inches. The element diameter may vary so as to correspond with (i.e., be tuned to) a desired frequency response, as may be known in the art. The diameter chosen for the Example 1 antenna may correspond to a frequency of 12.45 GHz so as to receive broadcast signals from a television satellite. It may be known, however, that stacking of elements may increase gain and bandwidth, such that the antenna of Example 1 may be operable in a range of between about 8 GHz and about 16 GHz. Based on the above relationships, the Example 1 antenna so constructed may have direction of maximum gain tilted at an angle θ in a range of about 45° with respect to an axis orthogonal to the plane of the antenna elements. FIG. 4 shows a gain pattern for the beam of an antenna at 12.45 GHz. The antenna on which FIG. 4 is based may have the general configuration of the Example 1 antenna, however, the elements may be truncated circles in lieu of the full circles as described for the Example 1 antenna. It will be understood that element shapes, sizes, stack heights and offsets may be varied in accordance with the above described design methods for such structures so as to obtain desired frequencies and to provide beam angles θ in a range of up to about 60°.
The tilted gain of antenna 10 can be of use in a variety of applications. Such an antenna may be advantageously utilized in mobile communications applications. As can be seen by the above Example 1, antenna 10 may be fabricated with a total height on the order of less than 1.0 cm, considering stack heights and the thickness of ground plane 20 and dielectric sheet 26.
Tracking of geosynchronous communications satellites, such as television satellites, from moving platforms within the continental United States may require an antenna to acquire a signal at elevations from about 30° to 60°. For the antenna of Example 1, this may require a ±15° tilt to aim the antenna of Example 1 at the satellite. When antenna tilting and rotation mechanisms, such as mechanism 44 of FIGS. 1 and 2, are considered, the total thickness for an antenna as in Example 1 capable of acquiring and tracking such a satellite from a moving vehicle may be on the order of 4 inches. In comparison with previously identified antennas, the antenna of Example 1 may provide greater than a twofold reduction in height.
FIG. 5 illustrates the base layer of a subassembly of antenna elements that can be advantageous in constructing antennas for satellite television reception in a moving vehicle. Array 100 may be a four row by three column array of antenna elements 102, though other configurations of rows and columns may be used. It may be noted that dashed line portions of FIG. 5 are not part of the four by three subassembly of FIG. 5 and may reflect connections to incorporate the subassembly of FIG. 5 into a larger array, as will be described in relation to FIG. 8.
Television signals may be broadcast from two satellites co-located in geosynchronous orbit. The signals may be circularly polarized, with one satellite signal being right hand circularly polarized and the other left hand circularly polarized. Elements 102 may have a truncated circular shape, as shown in FIG. 5, which may have application where circular polarization may be used, though elements having other shapes may be used. It may be noted that an element 102 may correspond to element 12 in FIGS. 1 and 2.
FIG. 6 shows a detailed view of an element 102, having a central axis 102a parallel to the truncated sides 102b of element 102. Considering a viewpoint looking from the center of element 102 along the axis 102a and outward from the center of element 102, it can be seen that a truncated circular element, such as element 102, may have a feed point to the right of axis 102a, such as at one of the points labeled r in FIG. 6, or a feed point to the left of axis 102a of element 102, such as at one of the points labeled l in FIG. 6.
If the feed point is to the right of axis 102a, the signal from element 102 can be right hand circular (RHC) polarized, as depicted by arrow R. Similarly, if the feed point is to the left of axis 102a, the signal from element 102 can be left hand circular (LHC) polarized, as depicted by arrow L. Thus, the network of FIG. 5 may be seen to provide an antenna array capable of receiving both RHC and LHC polarized signals from the co-located satellites, as the antenna elements 102 of array 100 may have both right and left feed point locations with respect to the viewpoint described previously. Additionally, it may be known that a phase shift of 180° may be provided between one of the feeds labeled r and the other feed labeled r, or between one of the feeds labeled l and the other feed labeled l.
Similarly, by appropriate choice of element shape and feed points, one can obtain any two mutually orthogonal polarizations, such as dual-linear or dual-elliptical polarizations.
Referring back to FIG. 5, it can be seen that elements 102 having common feed 104 may receive RHC polarized signals and elements 102 having common feed 106 may receive LHC polarized signals. It can be noted that elements 102 between common feeds 104 and 106, i.e. elements of the column designated C2 in FIG. 5, may receive RHC or LHC polarized signals depending on whether the signal can be received through common feed 104 or common feed 106, respectively.
In reference to common feed 104, the signals from element 102 at row R1, column C1 (1,1), and from element 102 at row R3, column C1 (3,1) can be in phase as they may have identical feed lengths and orientation, the feed being from element 102 to f2, to f1 and to common feed 104. The longer feed length from elements (2,1) and (4,1), as shown by offsets δ, can result in a 90° phase shift for the signals from elements (2,1) and (4,1) relative to the signals from elements (1,1) and (3,1). However, the −90° rotation of elements (2,1) and (4,1) with respect to elements (1,1) and (3,1) can result in the signals from the elements of column C1 being in phase with one another with respect to common feed 104.
In the embodiment of FIG. 7, the elements 102 may not be rotated, i.e., the axes 102a of the elements 102 can be parallel. In this embodiment, the elements in a column may have the same feed orientation, thus the lengths of the feeds from the elements 102 to f2 may be the same for each element 102 and offset δ may be zero. As with the embodiment of FIG. 5, the element orientation and feed lengths shown in FIG. 7 can result in the elements of column C1 being in phase with one another.
In the embodiments of FIGS. 5 and 7, it can easily be seen that the signals from the elements of column C2 with respect to common feed 104 can be similarly in phase with one another. Looking now at elements 102 of column C2 in relation to elements 102 of column C1, the added feed length resulting from the jog at f3 can result in a 66.5° phase shift for the signals from elements 102 of column C2 as compared to the elements 102 of column C1. Considering feed 104, elements 102 of column C2 may have a 180° rotation from corresponding elements 102 of column C1. (Compare, for example, elements (2,2) and (1,1) having diametrically opposed feeds.) Thus, the 66.5° phase shift resulting from the differing feed lengths and the 180° phase shift resulting from the rotation may result in a total phase shift of 246.5° between the signals from the elements of column C1 and the signals from the elements of column C2 with respect to common feed 104.
It can be seen from FIGS. 5 and 7, that elements 102 in columns C2 and C3 have feed lengths and rotations with respect to common feed 106 analogous to those of the elements 102 of columns C1 and C2 with respect to common feed 104. Thus, the differences in feed lengths and rotations of the elements 102 of column C3 with respect to the elements 102 of column C2 can result in an analogous 246.5° phase shift in the signals from the elements 102 of column C3 as compared to the elements 102 of column C2, with respect to common feed 106.
It may be known in the art that adjusting the relative phase between signals from antenna elements in an array of elements can result in shifting the spatial gain orientation of the antenna. It may be further known that the phase progression between columns, such as between C1 and C2, can be calculated from the expression 



  
    
      Relative
      ⁢
      
         
      
      ⁢
      Phase
    
    =
    
      
        (
        
          
            360
            ⁢
            d
          
          λ
        
        )
      
      ⁢
      
        sin
        ⁡
        
          (
          
            θ
            0
          
          )
        
      
    
  
  ,




where d is the spacing between columns, λ is the operating wavelength and θ0 is the desired scan angle. For example, if the operating frequency is 12.45 GHz, i.e., λ=0.948 inches, the spacing d=0.91725 inches between columns, and the desired scan angle θ0=45°, then phase may be 246.5°. Thus, a progressive phase shift or relative phase of 246.5° between signals from antenna elements in an array can result in a 45° spatial gain orientation and the feed network of FIG. 5 can provide a direction of spatial gain or sensitivity at a 45° angle from the vertical for both RHC and LHC polarized signals. It can be seen that by altering the feed lengths other phase shifts may be obtained.

To optimally track the co-located television satellites at elevations of from 30° to 60°, array 100 may need to tilt on the order of ±15°, (i.e., 45°-30°, or 45°-60°). When compared to an antenna with a spatial gain or sensitivity in the vertical direction, i.e., normal to the plane of the antenna, which requires a 60° tilt to track a satellite at a 30° elevation, the 45° direction of spatial gain orientation of array 100 can result in a substantial decrease in height requirements.
In a phased array of conventional patch elements, in which the maximum gain may be directed normal to the plane of the element, the gain, if phase scanned, may have a functional dependence on scan angle θ0 in proportion to cosinen(θ0), where n is typically greater than 2 for conventional patch elements. In a phased array using stacked patch elements as shown in FIGS. 1 and 2, such as array 100, in which the maximum gain may be directed at an angle θ away from normal to the plane of the element, the gain if phase scanned may have a functional dependence on scan angle θ0 in proportion to cosinen(θ0−0), facilitating a benefit to array gain at scan angles θ0 around θ. As an illustration, a conventional phased array scanned to 45° may have a gain of about 70% compared to the gain of array 100, in which the maximum gain of the patch elements 102 is prescanned to 45° by proper offset and spacing of the parasitic elements 14 and 16.
Thus, the direction of gain sensitivity resulting from the 246.5° phase shift of the feed network of FIG. 5 may correspond with the direction of maximum gain resulting from the offset, stacked patch configuration, so as to enhance signal acquisition at an angle of 45° from the plane of the antenna. Offset, stacked patch antennas having a base array 100 with a feed network as shown in FIG. 5 and having two corresponding parasitic arrays of elements spaced and offset in the manner of FIGS. 1 and 2 and the antenna of Example 1, can provide planar, low height antennas with maximum gain at an angle of 45° with respect to an axis orthogonal to the plane of the antennas. It can be appreciated by those of skill in the art, that maximum gain angles and phase shifts can be optimized for tracking satellites at other elevations, i.e., corresponding to other coverage areas besides the continental United States.
Referring now to FIG. 8, there is shown a top view of a phased array 200 of antenna elements 202, which, together with corresponding parasitic arrays (not shown), may be configured to provide maximum gain at 45° as described above. (For clarity, only one element per row is identified in FIG. 8.) It can be seen that array 200 may be configured of multiple iterations of the subassembly of FIG. 5 (as indicated within outline A in FIG. 8), with the connections 108, shown as dashed lines in FIG. 5, completed between additional columns of elements 202 in order to complete the feed networks. Thus, with respect to one of the common feeds 204 or 206, corresponding respectively to common feeds 104 and 106 of FIG. 5, array 200 may have the same feed network configuration as shown for array 100, with the network configuration of array 100 simply extended to accommodate additional columns of elements.
For the embodiment of FIG. 8, six rows of the extended feed network and additional columns of elements can be provided. In the embodiment of FIG. 8, array 200 can be arranged to fit within a circular shape (shown in phantom as shape 208) so as to minimize the rotation footprint of the array 200. In order to accommodate the circular shape 208, the number of columns of elements within the rows may vary. The rows as shown in FIG. 8, may include 17, 23 and 27 columns of elements. It may be understood that shapes containing the array 200 and configurations and numbers of rows and columns of elements in array 200 are not limited to those indicated in FIG. 8. The shapes, configurations and numbers of rows and columns of elements may be varied as is known in the art to suit the geometry and frequency requirements of a desired application.
Acquisition and tracking of RHC and LHC polarized television satellites having an elevation in a range of about 30° to 60° can be accomplished by mechanically tilting array 200 at an angle of up to about ±15°. When mounted on a vehicle, the array may require further mechanical tilting to compensate for the tilt of the vehicle.
While means and methods for accomplishing the proper tilt and rotation of the antenna of FIG. 8 are known, the mechanism could be simplified and the height required reduced if tilting is not required. This may be accomplished by the use of phased array technology as may be known in the art. As noted, a 246.5° phase shift between adjacent columns, e.g., C1 and C2 of FIG. 5, of elements can be obtained with the feed network of arrays 100 and 200 so as to provide a spatial gain or sensitivity at 45°. By varying the phase shift, the spatial gain may be steered through a variety of angles, including those that may provide tracking of the aforementioned satellites. Given that the maximum gain for the offset stacked patch antenna may be at 45° and that the satellites have an elevation in a range of about 30° to 60°, a steering angle of ±15° with respect to maximum gain may be required for acquisition of the satellite.
Considering possible vehicle tilt caused by terrain or vehicle maneuvers, a total steering range of about ±20° may be required to track the satellite from a moving vehicle. Because the offset stacked patch configuration disclosed herein can provide an array element which has superior gain over the required coverage range, an array which utilizes such offset stacked patch elements will have performance superior to that achieved by an array of elements having maximum gain normal to the plane of the array. The gain achievable with the array of offset stacked elements will approach the theoretical limit represented by the projected area of the array in the direction of scan. Thus a phased array antenna wherein the phase shift can be varied to steer the spatial gain in elevation and wherein the antenna can be mechanically rotated in direction can be advantageous in tracking a satellite from a moving vehicle.
In order to vary the phasing of array 200, and thus to adjust the angle of spatial gain or sensitivity, a network of phase shifters 210 (shown in phantom in FIG. 8) may provide the necessary phase delays at common feeds 204, 206 (only some of which are identified for clarity) of array 200. Such phase shifters and their methods of use for controlling uniform progressive phase may be known to those of skill in the art.
While the systems and methods have been disclosed in connection with the illustrated embodiments, various modifications and improvements thereon will become readily apparent to those skilled in the art. For example, those skilled in the art may recognize that, in addition to use with circularly polarized signals as provided by television satellites directed to the continental United States, the system and method may also find use with dual linearly polarized signals as used with satellites in Europe. The materials for, and sizing of the antenna elements and other components of the arrays and antennas described herein may be varied in accordance with the guidelines herein provided depending on frequencies, power levels, acquisition directions and properties desired. Accordingly, the spirit and scope of the present methods and systems is to be limited only by the following claims.

## Claims

1. A feed network for an array of antenna elements, where the array elements are disposed in a plurality of columns, the feed network comprising:
a plurality of feed points; 
for each of at least some of the plurality of feed points: 
a first primary feed line extending from said feed point to a first primary intersection point, and 
a second primary feed line extending from said feed point to a second primary intersection point, the second primary feed line having a length different than a length of the first primary feed line to provide a first phase shift in the second primary feed line relative to the first primary feed line; 

for each of the respective first and second primary intersection points: 
a first secondary feed line extending from said respective primary intersection points to a respective first secondary intersection point, and 
a second secondary feed line extending from said respective primary intersection points to a respective second secondary intersection point, the second secondary feed line having a length substantially equal to a length of the first secondary feed line; and, 

for each of the respective first and second secondary intersection points: 
a first element feed line extending from said respective secondary intersection points to a respective first antenna element, and 
a second element feed line extending from said respective secondary intersection points to a respective second antenna element, the second element feed lines having a length different than a length of the first element feed lines to provide a second phase shift in the second element feed line relative to the first element feed line, 

where an orientation of the antenna element associated with the first element feed lines is rotated with respect to an orientation of the antenna element associated with the second element feed lines to provide a third phase shift between the antenna element connected to the second element feed lines and the antenna element connected to the first element feed lines.

2. The feed network of claim 1, where the difference between the length of the respective first and second element feed lines, and the difference between the orientations of the respective first and second antenna elements, are such that the second phase shift is substantially equal and opposite to the third phase shift.

3. The feed network of claim 2, where:
the first and second element feed lines are disposed such that each of a plurality of antenna elements is connected to two of such first element feed lines, and each of a different plurality of antenna elements is connected to two of such second element feed lines, and where: 
connections between each said antenna element and the two respective element feed lines connected thereto are disposed such that the two element feed lines connected to an antenna element collect radiation of differing polarizations, 
the two element feed lines connected to an antenna element are connected by primary and secondary feed lines to different of said plurality of feed points; and 
each of said different feed point is connected by primary and secondary feed lines to element feed lines which collect radiation of the same polarization.

4. The feed network of claim 3, where the differing polarizations are right hand circular polarization and left hand circular polarization.

5. A feed network for an array of antenna elements, wherein the array elements are disposed in a plurality of columns, comprising:
a plurality of feed points; 
for each of at least some of the plurality of feed points: 
a first primary feed line extending from said feed point to a first primary intersection point, and 
a second primary feed line extending from said feed point to a second primary intersection point, the second primary feed line having a length different than a length of the first primary feed line to provide a first phase shift in the second primary feed line relative to the first primary feed line; 

for each of the respective first and second primary intersection points: 
a first secondary feed line extending from said respective primary intersection points to a respective first secondary intersection point, and 
a second secondary feed line extending from said respective primary intersection points to a respective second secondary intersection point, the second secondary feed line having a length substantially equal to a length of the first secondary feed line; and, 
for each of the respective first and second secondary intersection points: 
a first element feed line extending from said secondary intersection points to a first antenna element, and 
a second element feed line extending from the said secondary intersection point to a second antenna element, the second element feed line having a length substantially equal to a length of the first element feed line, and, 

where: 
an orientation of the antenna element associated with the first element feed line is substantially the same as an orientation of the antenna element associated with the second element feed line, 
the first and second element feed lines are disposed such that each of a plurality of antenna elements is connected to two of such first element feed lines, and each of a different plurality of antenna elements is connected to two of such second element feed lines, 
connections between each said antenna element and the two element feed lines connected thereto are disposed such that the two element feed lines connected to an antenna element collect radiation of differing polarization, 
the two element feed lines connected to an antenna element are connected by primary and secondary feed lines to different of said plurality of feed points, and, 
each of said different feed point is connected by primary and secondary feed lines to element feed lines which collect radiation of the same polarization.

6. The feed network of claim 5, where the differing polarizations are right band circular polarization and left hand circular polarization.

7. A method for feeding an array of antenna elements disposed in a plurality of columns from a plurality of feed points, the method comprising:
for each of at least some of the plurality of feed points: 
connecting said feed point to a first primary intersection point using a first primary feed line, and 
connecting said feed point to a second primary intersection point using a second primary feed line, the second primary feed line having a length different than a length of the first primary feed line to provide a first phase shift in the second primary feed line relative to the first primary feed line; 

for each of the respective first and second primary intersection points: 
connecting said respective primary intersection points to a respective first secondary intersection point using a first secondary feed line, and 
connecting said respective primary intersection points to a respective second secondary intersection point using a second secondary feed line, the second secondary feed line having a length substantially equal to a length of the first secondary feed line; 

for each of the respective first and second secondary intersection points: 
connecting said respective secondary intersection points to a respective first antenna element using a first element feed line, and 
connecting said respective secondary intersection points to a respective second antenna element using a second element feed line, the second element feed line having a length different than a length of the first element feed line to provide a second phase shift in the second element feed line relative to the first element feed line; and 

rotating the antenna element associated with the first element feed line with respect to the antenna element associated with the second element feed line to provide a third phase shift between the antenna element connected to the second element feed lines and the antenna element connected to the first element feed lines.

8. The method of claim 7, further comprising selecting the difference between the length of the respective first and second element feed lines, and the difference between the rotation of the antenna elements associated with the first element feed lines with respect to the antenna elements associated with the second element feed lines, such that the second phase shift is substantially equal and opposite to the third phase shift.

9. The method of claim 8, further comprising:
connecting each of a plurality of antenna elements to two of such first element feed lines; and 
connecting each of a different plurality of antenna elements to two such second element feed lines, such that the two element feed lines connected to a antenna element collect radiation of differing polarizations and are connected by primary and secondary feed lines to different feed points, such that each said different feed point is connected by primary and secondary feed lines to element feed lines which collect radiation of the same polarization.

10. The method of claim 9, further comprising selecting connections of the two element feed lines to the antenna element such that the differing polarizations are right hand circular polarization and left hand circular polarization.

11. A method for feeding an array of antenna elements disposed in a plurality of columns from a plurality of feed points, the method comprising:
for each of at least some of the feed points: 
connecting said feed point to a first primary intersection point using a first primary feed line, and 
connecting said feed point to a second primary intersection point using a second primary feed line, the second primary feed line having a length different than a length of the first primary feed line to provide a first phase shift in the second primary feed line relative to the first primary feed line; 

for each of the respective first and second primary intersection points: 
connecting said respective primary intersection points to a respective first secondary intersection point using a first secondary feed line, and 
connecting said respective primary intersection points to a respective second secondary intersection point using a second secondary feed line, the second secondary feed line having a length substantially equal to a length of the first secondary feed line; 

for each of the respective first and second secondary intersection points: 
connecting said secondary intersection points to a first antenna element using a first element feed line, and 
connecting said secondary intersection points to a second antenna element using a second element feed line, the second element feed line having a length substantially equal to a length of the first element feed line; 

orienting the antenna element associated with the first element feed line in substantially the same orientation as the antenna element associated with the second element feed line, 
connecting each of a plurality of antenna elements to two first element feed lines; and, 
connecting each of a different plurality of antenna elements to two second element feed lines, such that the two element feed lines connected to an antenna element collect radiation of differing polarizations and are connected by primary and secondary feed lines to different feed points, such that each of said different feed point is connected by respective primary and secondary feed lines to respective element feed lines which collect radiation of the same polarization.

12. The method of claim 11, further comprising selecting connections of the two element feed lines to the antenna element such that the differing polarizations are right hand circular polarization and left hand circular polarization.