Release date: September 2021

Revised date: December 2022

All

buildings

Before 

1946

1946 to 

1959

1960 to 

1969

1970 to 

1979

1980 to 

1989

1990 to 

1999

2000 to 

2009

2010 to 

2018

All buildings 5,918 709 517 685 831 794 921 924 537

Building floorspace (square feet)

1,001 to 5,000 2,833 401 267 328 399 372 409 411 246

5,001 to 10,000 1,359 144 114 164 208 206 203 175 145

10,001 to 25,000 981 103 83 116 124 112 174 203 66

25,001 to 50,000 386 32 25 46 54 54 79 63 35

50,001 to 100,000 218 18 19 19 27 31 33 44 27

100,001 to 200,000 93 8 7 7 11 13 16 18 13

200,001 to 500,000 40 3 2 5 6 5 6 8 5

Over 500,000 9 1 Q 1 1 1 1 2 1

Principal building activity

Education 437 35 65 51 59 55 86 60 26

Food sales 163 Q Q Q Q Q Q Q Q

Food service 286 64 Q 32 26 26 34 50 32

Health care 137 11 6 11 17 27 18 32 15

Inpatient 9 Q 1 1 1 1 0 2 1

Outpatient 129 Q Q Q 16 25 18 30 14

Lodging 207 11 14 28 16 26 36 27 49

Mercantile 517 45 48 95 65 63 49 100 52

Retail (other than mall) 350 42 Q 63 43 40 30 59 33

Enclosed and strip malls 167 Q Q 32 22 22 19 41 19

Office 970 163 54 82 159 164 130 152 67

Public assembly 488 104 33 61 63 35 70 78 43

Public order and safety 81 Q Q Q Q Q Q 18 Q

Religious worship 439 98 44 59 74 34 58 55 Q

Service 867 67 68 135 143 108 125 139 82

Warehouse and storage 1,004 38 113 68 121 150 235 162 117

Other 113 Q Q 11 Q 12 35 16 Q

Vacant 208 41 Q 17 Q Q Q Q Q

Census region

Northeast 793 171 80 122 79 92 107 82 59

Midwest 1,719 259 135 207 256 180 237 281 164

South 2,143 182 170 204 311 329 354 377 215

West 1,264 98 132 152 184 193 223 183 99

Climate zonea

Cold or very cold 539 87 61 54 72 65 65 93 42

Cool 1,727 267 127 219 253 190 235 247 190

Mixed mild 1,216 180 119 128 133 155 214 193 94

Warm 1,606 132 136 213 244 249 239 281 111

Hot or very hot 831 43 74 71 128 134 169 111 101

Table B8. Year constructed, number of buildings, 2018

Year constructed

Number of buildings (thousand)
All

buildings

Before 

1946

1946 to 

1959

1960 to 

1969

1970 to 

1979

1980 to 

1989

1990 to 

1999

2000 to 

2009

2010 to 

2018

Table B8. Year constructed, number of buildings, 2018

Year constructed

Number of buildings (thousand)

Number of floors

1 4,106 259 348 484 610 590 696 719 400

2 1,286 244 117 154 184 153 176 155 103

3 370 164 40 32 24 33 30 26 20

4 to 9 142 39 12 15 12 14 17 22 12

10 or more 16 4 Q 1 2 4 1 2 1

Elevators and escalators 

(more than one may apply)

Any elevators 503 89 32 49 45 61 68 104 56

1 elevator 366 67 26 39 31 38 50 76 38

2 to 5 elevators 121 20 6 9 11 19 16 26 16

6 or more elevators 16 2 1 1 2 4 2 3 2

Any escalators 14 Q Q 1 1 2 1 Q Q

Number of workers (main shift)

Fewer than 5 3,270 453 292 407 465 380 521 478 275

5 to 9 1,116 129 113 133 143 181 147 169 102

10 to 19 713 64 51 68 135 107 120 92 74

20 to 49 492 35 42 42 48 74 79 118 54

50 to 99 201 16 10 26 27 32 32 38 20

100 to 249 90 8 7 7 8 12 16 23 8

250 or more 37 4 2 3 4 8 5 7 4

Weekly operating hours

Fewer than 40 1,370 249 146 154 219 163 195 169 75

40 to 48 1,483 165 115 188 220 228 215 247 104

49 to 60 1,250 157 137 151 173 148 217 160 106

61 to 84 645 53 52 76 71 105 89 125 75

85 to 167 465 32 29 55 45 62 78 118 46

Open continuously 705 52 38 61 103 88 127 104 131

Ownership and occupancy

Nongovernment owned 4,982 593 442 592 690 682 772 760 452

Owner occupied 3,249 434 310 377 440 405 528 486 269

Leased to tenant or tenants 1,581 143 108 203 213 236 231 270 178

Unoccupied 152 Q Q Q Q Q Q Q Q

Government owned 937 116 75 94 141 112 149 164 86

Federal 70 Q Q 9 Q Q 8 Q Q

State 256 37 21 30 33 33 34 49 20

Local 610 77 53 54 95 74 107 93 58

Party responsible for operation

of energy systems

Building owner 4,872 619 449 551 639 656 769 749 440

Business owner or tenant 831 65 66 109 169 107 99 151 66

Property management 97 Q Q Q Q Q 38 17 Q

Other 118 20 Q Q 18 18 Q 8 Q
All

buildings

Before 

1946

1946 to 

1959

1960 to 

1969

1970 to 

1979

1980 to 

1989

1990 to 

1999

2000 to 

2009

2010 to 

2018

Table B8. Year constructed, number of buildings, 2018

Year constructed

Number of buildings (thousand)

Provider of direct input on energyrelated equipment purchases

Building owner 5,127 628 476 583 693 683 799 799 466

Business owner or tenant 483 41 32 66 71 77 70 85 41

Property management 49 Q Q Q Q Q Q Q Q

Other 260 38 Q 33 63 32 31 34 Q

Number of establishments

1 4,719 576 414 552 631 591 761 733 462

2 to 5 811 96 64 95 140 121 110 132 54

6 to 10 135 7 14 19 14 21 23 29 8

11 to 20 63 Q Q Q 8 14 7 Q Q

More than 20 19 2 Q 3 3 6 1 3 Q

Currently unoccupied 170 Q Q Q Q Q Q Q Q

Campus or complex activity

Not part of a campus or complex 3,622 494 335 464 566 516 485 477 286

Primary or secondary school 247 15 32 34 16 20 68 42 19

College or university 103 7 16 14 11 11 12 Q Q

Office complex 141 17 Q 32 Q 27 14 30 Q

Retail complex 250 Q Q Q 18 36 47 62 29

Storage complex 418 Q Q Q 39 42 146 98 50

Religious campus or complex 253 45 48 32 49 Q 25 33 Q

Health care complex 60 Q Q Q 6 6 13 18 4

Lodging or resort complex 102 Q Q Q Q 10 Q Q Q

Transportation complex 36 Q Q Q Q Q Q Q Q

Government complex 124 17 Q Q Q Q Q 29 Q

Other 563 71 Q 48 75 86 73 104 81

Predominant exterior wall material

Brick, stone, or stucco 2,490 432 238 367 299 283 322 365 186

Concrete (block or poured) 935 59 161 124 210 123 122 85 51

Concrete panels 137 Q Q 12 13 23 24 34 16

Siding or shingles 948 165 71 71 126 153 155 119 87

Metal panels 1,250 Q 31 96 168 186 274 281 183

Window glass 19 N Q Q 2 4 2 7 4

Other 139 Q Q Q 13 21 23 33 Q

Predominant roof material

Metal surfacing 2,198 150 105 173 297 314 482 432 245

Synthetic or rubber 940 131 123 127 124 111 101 124 98

Built-up 708 99 87 126 106 95 74 82 40

Slate or tile shingles 376 63 44 46 45 61 50 47 Q

Wooden materials (including

shingles) 166 Q Q Q Q Q Q 36 Q

Asphalt, fiberglass, or 

other shingles 1,311 218 120 173 205 145 176 176 99

Concrete 83 Q Q Q Q Q Q 9 Q

Other 136 11 Q 22 23 22 14 18 Q
All

buildings

Before 

1946

1946 to 

1959

1960 to 

1969

1970 to 

1979

1980 to 

1989

1990 to 

1999

2000 to 

2009

2010 to 

2018

Table B8. Year constructed, number of buildings, 2018

Year constructed

Number of buildings (thousand)

Roof tilt

Flat 1,914 223 193 298 314 233 256 252 145

Shallow pitch 2,313 191 184 243 347 330 393 391 234

Steeper pitch 1,691 296 140 144 170 231 272 280 159

Cool roof characteristics (more than one 

may apply)

White or reflective coating or paint 1,285 121 124 124 179 176 214 232 115

White or reflective tiles or shingles 140 13 Q 21 Q 20 12 33 11

Aluminum coating 528 48 Q 66 86 75 104 97 36

Ballasted roof system 114 17 Q 13 18 11 17 11 9

Other cool roof property 35 Q Q Q Q Q Q 7 Q

Renovations since 2000 

(more than one may apply)

Any type of renovation 2,032 349 234 293 326 281 308 225 16

Addition or annex 327 40 43 37 44 34 58 62 9

Reduction in floorspace 35 Q Q Q 4 Q Q Q Q

Roof replacement 847 198 105 130 132 118 108 52 Q

Interior wall reconfiguration 709 111 64 81 119 108 120 102 5

Window replacement 484 120 80 88 84 39 49 22 Q

HVAC equipment upgrade 1,006 193 131 158 156 137 143 82 7

Lighting upgrade 1,012 188 123 164 150 129 168 84 6

Electrical upgrade 565 148 76 80 89 57 70 41 Q

Plumbing system upgrade 584 146 60 80 110 88 63 35 Q

Insulation upgrade 307 81 59 28 50 31 24 31 Q

Fire, safety, or security upgrade 570 114 65 81 94 88 73 52 Q

Structural upgrade 147 42 18 26 19 7 13 19 Q

Other 43 Q Q Q Q Q Q Q Q

No renovations 3,530 360 283 392 505 513 613 698 165

Buildings constructed 2013 or later 357 N N N N N N N 357

Energy sources

(more than one may apply)

Electricity 5,613 691 496 673 787 752 844 860 508

Natural gas 2,974 356 310 420 400 372 412 454 250

Fuel oil 583 105 56 57 87 69 73 94 41

District heat 86 21 20 14 8 6 8 6 4

District chilled water 55 7 Q 10 6 4 10 6 4

Propane 676 114 52 61 115 85 113 91 45

Solar 99 4 Q 19 Q 21 14 21 11

Wood, coal, and other 180 Q Q Q 25 Q Q Q Q

Space-heating energy sources 

(more than one may apply)

Electricity 2,563 225 211 285 328 410 405 421 279

Natural gas 2,587 325 277 375 352 307 343 403 205

Fuel oil 266 79 40 39 23 28 27 Q Q

District heat 83 21 19 13 8 6 6 6 3

Propane 431 95 Q 38 78 66 58 40 27

Other sourcesb 127 Q Q Q Q Q Q Q Q
All

buildings

Before 

1946

1946 to 

1959

1960 to 

1969

1970 to 

1979

1980 to 

1989

1990 to 

1999

2000 to 

2009

2010 to 

2018

Table B8. Year constructed, number of buildings, 2018

Year constructed

Number of buildings (thousand)

Primary space-heating 

energy source

Electricity 1,856 156 118 169 244 302 327 319 221

Natural gas 2,344 299 263 358 320 272 307 343 181

Fuel oil 222 71 33 34 Q Q Q Q Q

District heat 78 20 17 13 8 6 5 6 3

Propane 338 84 Q Q Q 57 51 37 Q

Other sourcesb 63 Q Q Q Q Q Q Q Q

Cooling energy sources

(more than one may apply)

Electricity 4,584 558 409 545 643 650 677 710 392

Natural gas 4 Q Q Q Q Q Q Q Q

District chilled water 55 7 Q 10 6 4 10 6 4

Water-heating energy sources

(more than one may apply)

Electricity 2,785 341 272 289 409 395 376 436 269

Natural gas 1,885 211 152 309 247 257 259 298 151

Fuel oil 72 19 Q Q Q Q Q Q Q

District heat 38 7 11 4 5 Q Q 2 2

Propane 145 Q Q Q Q Q 28 Q Q

Cooking energy sources

(more than one may apply)

Electricity 1,216 150 102 113 149 174 184 217 126

Natural gas 727 114 62 111 79 83 83 129 67

Propane 159 33 Q 19 20 Q 24 29 6

Energy end uses

(more than one may apply)

Buildings with space heating 4,901 635 462 598 661 668 724 729 425

Buildings with cooling 4,631 563 416 552 650 653 686 715 396

Buildings with water heating 4,595 579 430 573 635 632 634 699 412

Buildings with cooking 1,738 254 157 211 209 225 240 284 158

Buildings with manufacturing 322 30 38 23 58 34 47 53 38

Buildings with electricity

generation 706 67 29 65 115 83 130 136 81

Buildings with lighting 5,503 682 478 663 784 752 824 839 481

Percentage of floorspace heated

Not heated 1,017 74 55 88 169 126 197 195 112

1 to 50% 693 96 106 77 73 88 111 68 74

51 to 99% 905 160 92 115 104 124 113 137 60

100% 3,303 379 264 405 484 455 499 524 292

Percentage of floorspace cooled

Not cooled 1,288 146 102 133 181 141 235 208 142

1 to 50% 1,111 124 140 132 168 185 186 114 61

51 to 99% 998 184 85 151 122 115 118 138 85

100% 2,522 254 191 269 359 353 383 463 250
All

buildings

Before 

1946

1946 to 

1959

1960 to 

1969

1970 to 

1979

1980 to 

1989

1990 to 

1999

2000 to 

2009

2010 to 

2018

Table B8. Year constructed, number of buildings, 2018

Year constructed

Number of buildings (thousand)

Percentage lit when open

0% Q N Q Q N N Q Q Q

1 to 50% 1,280 216 118 158 216 125 206 142 98

51 to 99% 1,784 251 160 238 223 243 229 294 146

100% 2,272 191 179 256 318 342 375 383 227

Building never open or electricity

not used 513 50 Q 29 73 84 100 84 Q

Percentage lit during off hours

0% 2,062 305 172 245 299 201 349 313 179

1 to 50% 3,246 363 296 401 429 520 454 478 305

51 to 100% 240 22 24 21 46 24 33 51 20

Building always open with 

no off hours 64 Q Q Q 12 8 8 18 Q

Electricity not used 305 Q Q Q Q Q Q Q Q

Heating equipment 

(more than one may apply)

Packaged heating units 2,187 161 168 261 304 313 342 388 250

Furnaces 1,621 293 161 192 211 226 237 204 97

Individual space heaters 1,246 129 155 156 182 165 199 174 86

Boilers 703 135 71 120 70 74 79 94 62

Heat pumps 673 62 41 74 72 115 83 119 106

District heat 83 21 19 13 8 6 6 6 3

Duct reheat 134 Q 9 16 17 21 11 35 13

Other 17 Q Q Q Q Q Q Q Q

Cooling equipment 

(more than one may apply)

Packaged air-conditioning units 2,565 246 219 316 371 353 382 452 226

Residential-type central air

conditioners 1,309 216 115 135 174 167 205 186 113

Individual air conditioners 735 138 87 119 86 101 95 76 35

Central chillers 202 22 19 29 26 38 30 26 13

Heat pumps 492 36 42 61 67 89 48 75 74

District chilled water 55 7 Q 10 6 4 10 6 4

Swamp coolers 85 Q Q Q Q 16 22 12 Q

Other Q Q N Q N Q Q Q Q

HVAC features 

(more than one may apply)

Economizer cycle 747 63 47 82 72 100 109 162 111

Variable air volume (VAV) system 698 75 62 59 100 85 99 124 93

Dedicated outside air system (DOAS) 249 20 21 41 54 16 27 47 23

Demand controlled ventilation (DCV) 349 47 51 29 32 34 48 55 53

Regular HVAC maintenance 3,554 406 341 402 483 447 522 597 355

Building automation system (BAS) 

controls heating or cooling 933 66 84 97 106 121 130 192 137

Internet-connected or smart

thermostat 325 43 Q 30 43 28 73 58 27

Programmable thermostat 1,545 200 106 157 229 240 237 255 123
All

buildings

Before 

1946

1946 to 

1959

1960 to 

1969

1970 to 

1979

1980 to 

1989

1990 to 

1999

2000 to 

2009

2010 to 

2018

Table B8. Year constructed, number of buildings, 2018

Year constructed

Number of buildings (thousand)

Main equipment replaced since 

2000 (more than one may apply)

Heating 1,937 331 238 324 337 397 310 N N

Cooling 1,269 270 166 199 209 204 221 N N

Water-heating equipment

Centralized system 3,538 472 332 463 483 481 506 515 285

Distributed system 782 83 82 83 120 110 87 126 91

Combination of centralized and

distributed systems 274 24 17 28 31 40 42 57 36

Generation technologies 

(more than one may apply)

Reciprocating engine generators 580 62 24 51 100 58 110 105 69

Solar panels 94 4 Q 14 Q 21 14 21 11

Other generation technology 43 Q Q Q 11 5 6 14 Q

Lighting equipment types

(more than one may apply)

Incandescent 1,100 213 104 140 134 151 134 143 80

Standard fluorescent 4,012 517 346 503 578 605 609 579 275

Compact fluorescent 1,130 148 92 157 132 155 122 191 133

High-intensity discharge (HID) 238 25 12 26 34 30 37 48 26

Halogen 552 68 46 69 85 62 80 92 50

LED 2,593 330 275 301 325 322 374 385 282

Other Q N Q N Q Q Q Q Q

Refrigeration equipment

(more than one may apply)

Any refrigeration 3,850 496 334 483 513 513 572 603 336

Walk-in units 706 88 56 106 78 99 76 130 74

Cases or cabinets 837 134 75 116 93 89 94 150 87

Large cold storage areas 69 10 Q 15 10 Q 3 12 Q

Commercial ice makers 872 96 62 109 107 100 124 166 107

Residential-type or compact units 3,321 423 300 414 448 446 503 497 290

Vending machines 800 50 63 100 95 128 131 140 92

No refrigeration 2,068 212 183 203 318 281 349 321 202

Office equipment

(more than one may apply)

Desktop computers 3,804 417 317 454 528 528 580 620 360

With multiple monitors 1,504 176 120 160 187 206 223 291 142

Laptop computers 2,786 344 255 339 373 368 417 414 274

Dedicated servers 1,400 132 106 157 178 185 224 261 157

Tablets charged in building 1,556 169 128 160 208 184 267 267 174

Large floor-standing office devicesc 1,456 163 111 160 200 190 241 265 127

Smaller desktop office devicesc 3,560 422 341 415 455 501 532 575 319

Interactive whiteboards 262 18 26 33 23 35 45 55 25

Televisions or video displays 2,451 272 187 289 287 362 394 382 277

Point-of-sale devices or cash 

registers 1,420 165 122 226 165 181 188 231 142
All

buildings

Before 

1946

1946 to 

1959

1960 to 

1969

1970 to 

1979

1980 to 

1989

1990 to 

1999

2000 to 

2009

2010 to 

2018

Table B8. Year constructed, number of buildings, 2018

Year constructed

Number of buildings (thousand)

Food preparation or serving areas 

in non-food service buildings

(more than one may apply)

Snack bar, concession stand, or coffee 

shop 144 7 9 27 14 21 18 24 25

Fast food or small restaurant 160 26 6 21 16 22 19 30 19

Cafeteria or large restaurant 129 13 17 26 11 14 13 21 13

Commercial kitchen or

food preparation area 284 26 27 38 39 37 32 59 26

Small kitchen area 1,018 148 100 114 127 150 154 147 77

Separate computer areas

(more than one may apply)

Server closet 1,237 106 62 132 152 172 215 247 150

Data center 116 13 10 7 14 10 21 20 21

Computer-based training room 228 15 25 23 24 34 48 39 19

Student or public computer center 236 20 21 35 33 27 44 26 30

Window and interior lighting 

features (more than one may

apply)

Multipaned windows 3,527 385 264 371 464 489 530 631 391

Tinted window glass 1,679 147 120 161 252 272 250 295 183

Reflective window glass 497 42 26 46 56 66 81 107 73

External overhangs or awnings 1,513 153 155 186 178 175 231 253 183

Skylights or atriums 509 50 27 61 45 87 100 68 72

Light scheduling 910 78 73 73 98 138 122 196 134

Occupancy sensors 1,025 78 83 102 127 122 150 200 163

Multilevel lighting or dimming 332 66 26 39 33 23 43 61 42

Daylight harvesting 138 Q 11 15 6 17 29 21 30

Plug-load control 58 Q Q Q Q Q 15 6 8

Demand responsive lighting 98 Q Q Q Q Q Q 10 Q

Building automation system (BAS) for 

lighting 317 15 14 19 24 22 50 83 91

Electric vehicle (EV) charging

Charging stations associated with the 

building 132 5 Q 15 16 17 22 36 14

Data source: U.S. Energy Information Administration, Form EIA-871A of the 2018 Commercial Buildings Energy Consumption Survey 

Notes: Because of rounding, data may not sum to totals. The Guide to the 2018 CBECS Tables and CBECS Terminology contain definitions of terms used in these tables 

and comparisons between previous CBECS tables. You can access both references from http://www.eia.gov/consumption/commercial/data/2018/. 

Data are sample survey estimates with relative standard errors published in a tab on the Excel worksheet for this table. 

a

Climate zones are based on ASHRAE Standard 169-2021; see https://www.eia.gov/consumption/commercial/maps.php#defined.

b

Other sources includes wood, coal, solar, and all other energy sources.

c

Office devices refers to any combination of printers, copiers, scanners, or FAX machines.

Q = Data withheld either because the relative standard error was greater than 50% or the reporting sample had fewer than 20 buildings.

N = No buildings in reporting sample.
RSE

Release date: September 2021

Revised date: December 2022

All

buildings

Before 

1946

1946 to 

1959

1960 to 

1969

1970 to 

1979

1980 to 

1989

1990 to 

1999

2000 to 

2009

2010 to 

2018

All buildings 3.9 8.6 8.1 6.4 7.4 7.0 7.5 8.0 11.0

Building floorspace (square feet)

1,001 to 5,000 4.9 10.8 12.8 9.4 11.7 11.4 10.2 10.8 15.7

5,001 to 10,000 5.9 15.2 18.8 14.8 14.7 13.9 16.7 16.1 19.9

10,001 to 25,000 5.6 14.4 16.8 13.9 14.4 13.5 15.1 12.9 18.9

25,001 to 50,000 5.6 16.6 17.2 14.3 16.3 13.1 14.1 14.2 14.8

50,001 to 100,000 5.3 19.5 17.0 13.9 12.8 12.1 11.5 10.0 13.7

100,001 to 200,000 5.6 16.4 22.2 14.8 15.2 12.3 10.5 10.9 16.1

200,001 to 500,000 5.0 14.5 18.6 12.6 15.2 9.8 8.8 10.5 15.9

Over 500,000 7.8 24.3 35.3 23.1 13.4 17.0 14.3 18.8 24.5

Principal building activity

Education 7.8 27.2 20.7 24.3 28.8 24.6 16.4 23.5 32.4

Food sales 14.3 41.1 53.4 32.6 34.7 33.6 33.1 35.7 38.2

Food service 7.7 15.4 24.6 23.3 27.0 23.7 24.3 18.5 22.7

Health care 9.8 28.1 41.1 38.6 33.0 27.7 24.8 21.4 24.9

Inpatient 19.4 83.3 37.3 26.6 19.4 44.4 27.6 36.4 34.9

Outpatient 10.3 29.7 46.0 42.4 34.6 29.1 25.4 22.2 26.5

Lodging 9.4 38.0 44.1 24.6 29.4 18.7 19.9 26.3 27.6

Mercantile 7.3 24.2 27.6 21.5 19.0 17.5 21.7 13.6 26.5

Retail (other than mall) 10.1 25.2 31.9 27.8 26.6 20.7 28.4 19.8 38.2

Enclosed and strip malls 7.6 67.4 47.1 35.0 27.3 31.3 32.7 18.3 29.5

Office 7.2 15.6 20.6 15.9 13.3 12.3 15.1 16.8 25.5

Public assembly 9.1 18.2 19.9 22.9 20.4 26.9 19.3 21.8 27.3

Public order and safety 20.2 51.3 98.0 92.4 62.8 39.2 51.3 35.2 49.3

Religious worship 9.5 19.2 21.5 20.2 22.5 23.2 26.4 19.5 36.3

Service 7.4 20.7 21.4 16.8 16.2 18.5 22.5 18.5 25.3

Warehouse and storage 7.4 27.0 19.4 20.1 16.6 18.9 15.6 19.5 21.7

Other 17.1 55.6 40.5 43.7 39.2 26.0 39.2 46.0 62.7

Vacant 17.2 29.8 46.0 30.5 34.3 35.9 42.6 76.1 85.6

Census region

Northeast 9.9 14.9 20.9 19.5 20.1 14.5 17.0 23.2 23.0

Midwest 10.9 21.1 16.3 12.8 16.1 16.3 16.9 15.2 25.0

South 7.7 14.8 14.3 11.4 13.8 13.1 13.2 14.4 17.6

West 8.1 16.9 17.7 13.6 15.9 10.2 12.1 15.0 18.9

Climate zonea

Cold or very cold 18.8 23.8 30.5 23.0 28.9 15.8 32.6 21.8 19.6

Cool 11.8 19.0 19.5 15.2 16.1 18.1 17.0 17.2 25.3

Mixed mild 15.1 19.8 19.5 17.9 19.2 17.2 20.5 21.0 26.2

Warm 11.4 16.9 19.9 13.7 17.5 15.9 16.8 18.7 16.8

Hot or very hot 18.8 36.1 25.8 15.0 27.7 20.8 26.0 23.0 32.5

Relative Standard Errors (RSEs) for Table B8. Year constructed, number of buildings, 2018

RSEs for number of buildings 

Year constructed
RSE

All

buildings

Before 

1946

1946 to 

1959

1960 to 

1969

1970 to 

1979

1980 to 

1989

1990 to 

1999

2000 to 

2009

2010 to 

2018

Relative Standard Errors (RSEs) for Table B8. Year constructed, number of buildings, 2018

RSEs for number of buildings 

Year constructed

Number of floors

1 4.3 10.8 10.8 8.0 9.2 9.0 8.4 9.1 12.4

2 5.8 12.6 14.6 12.6 12.3 11.1 13.2 12.4 19.5

3 10.5 18.4 17.0 28.3 20.9 22.3 26.1 21.0 23.1

4 to 9 9.4 16.9 23.9 27.3 19.3 19.1 24.5 38.4 16.7

10 or more 9.8 37.5 52.0 21.6 26.2 16.2 29.8 25.6 29.7

Elevators and escalators 

(more than one may apply)

Any elevators 6.5 15.9 16.2 17.3 11.7 11.5 16.2 13.1 16.3

1 elevator 7.7 18.7 18.6 21.0 16.1 16.1 20.0 18.0 23.1

2 to 5 elevators 6.7 20.2 21.9 16.2 15.0 17.8 14.8 12.0 15.4

6 or more elevators 7.8 21.6 29.2 14.5 20.4 13.6 16.2 12.5 19.9

Any escalators 28.9 58.1 89.4 47.9 31.5 39.6 19.5 52.2 81.5

Number of workers (main shift)

Fewer than 5 5.5 10.9 11.7 9.1 10.0 10.1 10.1 10.5 16.7

5 to 9 6.1 16.6 15.6 13.9 17.9 14.7 11.9 16.0 18.0

10 to 19 6.5 17.5 24.0 20.3 12.3 14.4 20.3 15.2 16.2

20 to 49 6.3 18.5 24.4 17.9 14.7 12.0 14.4 14.6 16.0

50 to 99 6.7 19.9 19.1 17.3 23.9 16.5 21.1 13.4 18.9

100 to 249 7.1 21.6 19.9 14.2 15.7 16.7 13.6 13.0 18.3

250 or more 7.2 25.2 35.0 19.1 19.4 12.4 13.0 18.7 21.2

Weekly operating hours

Fewer than 40 6.1 12.3 16.3 14.0 13.3 14.4 13.7 16.7 25.3

40 to 48 6.2 16.1 16.4 15.5 12.2 11.6 11.1 12.6 22.3

49 to 60 5.2 10.4 15.8 13.6 14.5 11.9 12.1 12.2 16.1

61 to 84 7.6 18.2 25.9 17.0 19.4 16.7 21.0 18.6 22.8

85 to 167 8.6 25.4 24.1 24.3 25.8 18.5 19.3 18.3 21.4

Open continuously 8.1 27.8 32.8 19.0 21.4 15.6 21.4 16.6 20.4

Ownership and occupancy

Nongovernment owned 3.8 8.1 9.1 7.2 7.5 7.2 8.5 7.8 11.9

Owner occupied 4.3 9.6 10.1 10.2 9.5 9.8 9.9 8.5 16.5

Leased to tenant or tenants 5.5 12.4 18.0 11.8 11.0 9.8 12.7 12.4 15.8

Unoccupied 20.3 53.3 46.5 40.2 34.5 40.9 62.3 77.4 87.6

Government owned 9.5 25.6 14.9 17.0 17.5 15.7 12.7 19.2 17.7

Federal 26.0 57.0 51.8 44.0 76.1 98.0 35.0 43.9 54.4

State 12.9 46.9 38.5 30.4 30.0 26.0 23.7 27.1 42.6

Local 10.1 20.8 21.3 20.6 21.6 19.6 15.4 23.0 22.7

Party responsible for operation

of energy systems

Building owner 4.4 8.8 8.4 7.4 9.0 7.8 8.3 8.2 12.4

Business owner or tenant 6.5 19.7 22.1 16.1 13.4 15.5 18.4 18.5 24.2

Property management 20.7 60.2 84.4 54.5 49.3 54.6 43.8 39.0 53.9

Other 18.8 45.3 89.9 47.9 46.1 43.2 57.7 39.4 67.2
RSE

All

buildings

Before 

1946

1946 to 

1959

1960 to 

1969

1970 to 

1979

1980 to 

1989

1990 to 

1999

2000 to 

2009

2010 to 

2018

Relative Standard Errors (RSEs) for Table B8. Year constructed, number of buildings, 2018

RSEs for number of buildings 

Year constructed

Provider of direct input on energyrelated equipment purchases

Building owner 4.4 8.8 8.4 7.3 8.7 7.2 8.6 8.4 11.8

Business owner or tenant 8.9 22.2 23.5 22.6 20.4 21.9 23.8 22.6 30.6

Property management 25.5 86.9 79.2 59.1 54.3 77.3 51.1 46.6 56.8

Other 10.5 26.5 47.3 27.8 24.4 32.1 36.5 27.2 67.7

Number of establishments

1 4.6 9.9 8.2 7.5 8.5 8.2 8.8 9.0 12.0

2 to 5 6.0 15.5 22.2 16.1 14.6 14.5 16.8 13.3 21.4

6 to 10 11.5 39.4 34.3 33.3 36.4 23.5 34.6 18.1 41.6

11 to 20 18.0 50.6 53.9 52.5 37.3 24.0 27.2 55.5 58.3

More than 20 18.6 38.3 61.4 40.9 30.6 37.4 24.2 36.3 35.4

Currently unoccupied 18.7 46.1 46.5 36.2 34.4 40.9 48.4 76.2 87.6

Campus or complex activity

Not part of a campus or complex 4.3 8.9 10.2 7.5 8.0 7.9 8.8 8.6 13.0

Primary or secondary school 12.1 47.2 24.0 30.7 32.2 38.7 18.8 28.2 43.3

College or university 21.8 36.1 44.1 37.2 26.1 49.2 33.9 51.0 64.2

Office complex 12.7 49.9 65.0 28.4 52.3 24.7 45.8 31.6 42.4

Retail complex 13.2 53.0 40.0 34.3 31.7 34.9 28.5 21.8 35.2

Storage complex 14.4 45.5 44.4 49.4 37.3 43.7 23.3 24.3 29.2

Religious campus or complex 11.5 25.7 25.5 24.9 29.0 33.4 29.4 29.6 52.2

Health care complex 18.0 60.3 52.7 52.1 42.5 45.7 44.9 40.4 42.1

Lodging or resort complex 15.1 44.6 88.7 41.2 35.2 34.7 31.0 37.6 73.4

Transportation complex 34.3 49.8 53.3 78.7 78.4 65.8 71.5 63.9 110.9

Government complex 18.1 41.6 52.9 62.9 42.7 46.4 43.9 44.6 55.1

Other 9.2 22.8 44.6 24.3 23.8 23.2 24.8 21.1 29.5

Predominant exterior wall material

Brick, stone, or stucco 5.3 11.6 11.1 8.1 11.5 11.0 11.8 9.7 12.0

Concrete (block or poured) 5.3 17.5 15.8 13.2 13.7 20.7 19.2 15.0 20.1

Concrete panels 12.1 46.3 75.8 45.2 37.5 34.5 28.4 24.5 23.6

Siding or shingles 7.3 12.7 26.7 28.1 20.4 14.5 15.1 18.4 24.5

Metal panels 7.6 39.7 33.6 22.5 14.1 14.8 13.4 14.4 21.1

Window glass 21.3 0.0 40.8 81.8 47.9 39.3 31.0 48.7 32.7

Other 14.7 42.3 50.1 56.0 40.5 33.4 39.0 29.7 50.3

Predominant roof material

Metal surfacing 6.2 15.3 17.8 16.2 11.6 11.5 10.8 12.3 17.1

Synthetic or rubber 6.0 15.1 17.5 13.5 13.5 14.5 14.6 10.3 16.0

Built-up 7.7 16.9 19.6 14.3 18.4 16.4 18.0 18.8 22.9

Slate or tile shingles 10.1 26.2 25.5 22.9 37.1 19.3 20.5 23.0 31.8

Wooden materials (including

shingles) 12.9 34.9 59.1 51.8 34.9 30.8 53.2 31.5 48.4

Asphalt, fiberglass, or 

other shingles 6.2 12.4 16.0 14.9 12.9 12.2 14.9 12.0 24.9

Concrete 20.6 56.3 43.3 49.4 52.6 55.4 47.9 44.4 48.9

Other 15.6 44.4 42.9 34.0 35.8 30.7 31.1 30.8 46.7
RSE

All

buildings

Before 

1946

1946 to 

1959

1960 to 

1969

1970 to 

1979

1980 to 

1989

1990 to 

1999

2000 to 

2009

2010 to 

2018

Relative Standard Errors (RSEs) for Table B8. Year constructed, number of buildings, 2018

RSEs for number of buildings 

Year constructed

Roof tilt

Flat 4.9 14.9 14.1 8.2 13.0 10.6 11.5 10.1 14.7

Shallow pitch 5.0 12.2 13.6 11.8 10.2 11.5 10.5 12.5 12.3

Steeper pitch 7.5 10.8 15.3 16.9 13.5 14.2 11.1 12.3 25.2

Cool roof characteristics (more than one 

may apply)

White or reflective coating or paint 5.8 15.7 16.1 9.7 12.5 12.9 15.9 10.6 16.4

White or reflective tiles or shingles 15.4 41.6 43.8 37.8 63.7 36.7 37.0 24.3 31.4

Aluminum coating 8.8 22.2 41.9 28.3 20.7 18.9 22.8 19.3 26.4

Ballasted roof system 14.8 36.3 57.5 49.5 30.8 34.3 24.4 22.7 49.6

Other cool roof property 29.3 50.7 63.1 64.4 60.9 77.8 49.8 42.7 36.4

Renovations since 2000 

(more than one may apply)

Any type of renovation 5.0 10.5 14.0 10.5 9.1 8.7 8.5 12.5 32.2

Addition or annex 9.4 24.6 18.6 27.7 20.8 22.3 20.1 21.9 46.4

Reduction in floorspace 22.2 61.9 56.3 71.4 38.9 67.7 45.8 37.6 86.4

Roof replacement 6.8 12.0 19.5 14.1 16.8 13.8 13.8 19.2 58.3

Interior wall reconfiguration 6.0 18.3 18.9 16.4 13.2 14.4 14.4 16.9 45.4

Window replacement 9.5 19.9 23.1 18.8 20.6 25.7 27.5 23.8 74.6

HVAC equipment upgrade 7.0 13.7 17.4 13.6 13.9 12.2 12.0 16.9 38.3

Lighting upgrade 5.9 11.1 18.0 14.5 12.4 14.2 12.3 15.3 35.1

Electrical upgrade 7.1 12.4 20.1 22.1 18.0 20.4 18.5 22.6 55.5

Plumbing system upgrade 7.8 16.5 24.3 22.0 16.4 17.1 16.4 21.0 59.7

Insulation upgrade 9.2 16.8 26.7 31.8 20.1 24.7 27.7 32.3 59.3

Fire, safety, or security upgrade 6.2 14.6 18.9 19.5 16.3 13.7 15.2 19.1 54.9

Structural upgrade 13.9 27.6 41.2 43.0 38.6 39.5 37.0 39.7 67.5

Other 29.5 65.7 80.0 68.8 68.5 49.7 53.6 66.8 49.4

No renovations 4.3 9.1 11.7 7.9 9.2 9.2 10.0 9.1 16.1

Buildings constructed 2013 or later 11.9 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 11.9

Energy sources

(more than one may apply)

Electricity 3.9 8.9 8.1 6.2 7.2 6.7 7.2 8.4 11.1

Natural gas 4.8 12.0 11.3 7.5 9.4 7.6 9.4 9.1 11.3

Fuel oil 9.7 15.1 21.6 24.2 28.2 17.9 20.8 23.6 25.7

District heat 14.7 33.9 34.5 36.4 32.4 33.9 36.6 28.3 32.8

District chilled water 20.1 39.2 64.7 48.0 33.7 31.4 39.3 33.7 33.3

Propane 10.0 17.8 22.7 21.8 22.8 25.3 18.7 19.2 24.3

Solar 15.5 44.4 47.5 33.4 51.0 31.7 47.5 35.6 28.8

Wood, coal, and other 17.3 48.6 39.0 52.3 35.2 41.6 38.5 50.6 42.3

Space-heating energy sources 

(more than one may apply)

Electricity 4.7 12.4 10.3 8.2 8.7 9.1 8.3 11.0 15.2

Natural gas 5.2 12.8 12.0 7.9 9.8 8.2 10.0 9.2 11.9

Fuel oil 13.9 19.2 25.8 33.4 39.4 31.8 33.2 52.5 44.5

District heat 15.4 34.0 36.3 38.5 32.5 34.1 31.9 28.4 33.9

Propane 13.5 18.2 28.4 29.9 30.9 30.8 26.2 27.5 33.0

Other sourcesb 21.3 65.9 42.5 62.6 49.7 50.3 40.3 91.2 52.7
RSE

All

buildings

Before 

1946

1946 to 

1959

1960 to 

1969

1970 to 

1979

1980 to 

1989

1990 to 

1999

2000 to 

2009

2010 to 

2018

Relative Standard Errors (RSEs) for Table B8. Year constructed, number of buildings, 2018

RSEs for number of buildings 

Year constructed

Primary space-heating 

energy source

Electricity 6.4 13.4 15.8 12.3 10.8 11.2 9.8 12.8 16.6

Natural gas 5.5 13.6 12.1 8.2 10.6 8.6 10.4 9.5 12.7

Fuel oil 16.1 20.3 28.6 36.5 48.4 35.5 32.4 58.1 48.3

District heat 15.8 34.8 38.3 39.3 33.9 35.7 33.1 28.4 36.5

Propane 17.5 21.1 32.8 34.9 40.5 34.9 28.4 28.7 46.8

Other sourcesb 22.4 53.0 57.9 50.4 43.8 57.1 49.5 74.9 70.9

Cooling energy sources

(more than one may apply)

Electricity 3.9 10.1 7.9 6.6 6.9 7.3 7.0 8.8 12.2

Natural gas 37.3 68.0 50.2 59.0 39.3 59.7 51.4 51.9 49.6

District chilled water 20.1 39.2 64.7 48.0 33.7 31.4 39.3 33.7 33.3

Water-heating energy sources

(more than one may apply)

Electricity 4.0 10.7 10.6 9.8 8.9 8.8 10.4 9.6 17.3

Natural gas 5.5 12.5 13.6 8.8 11.6 8.7 11.9 10.1 15.2

Fuel oil 24.0 27.0 49.1 89.1 70.7 54.0 40.4 54.6 34.6

District heat 17.4 38.5 37.8 35.4 43.4 57.6 60.1 33.4 34.2

Propane 15.8 28.1 36.9 40.4 52.0 37.1 35.4 36.4 43.0

Cooking energy sources

(more than one may apply)

Electricity 5.7 13.6 15.8 13.9 14.9 12.8 14.0 12.2 17.5

Natural gas 5.4 13.1 16.7 14.0 16.4 14.4 14.7 11.6 15.6

Propane 14.8 24.1 39.5 28.5 39.8 57.8 32.1 25.7 41.5

Energy end uses

(more than one may apply)

Buildings with space heating 4.1 9.4 8.3 6.1 7.5 7.3 7.4 9.2 11.8

Buildings with cooling 3.9 10.0 8.1 6.4 6.8 7.3 6.9 8.7 12.2

Buildings with water heating 3.9 9.2 8.8 6.6 7.6 7.1 8.1 8.6 12.4

Buildings with cooking 5.0 11.3 12.9 11.7 11.7 10.9 12.2 10.5 14.8

Buildings with manufacturing 11.3 29.6 36.5 31.9 24.1 29.5 30.6 24.5 34.6

Buildings with electricity

generation 7.4 20.7 18.5 18.3 24.0 16.1 17.1 13.5 17.9

Buildings with lighting 3.9 9.0 8.3 6.3 7.2 6.7 6.9 8.5 11.2

Percentage of floorspace heated

Not heated 8.2 20.0 24.7 21.7 20.4 18.6 17.1 15.2 21.7

1 to 50% 8.5 16.0 16.7 22.8 21.4 21.9 16.6 23.1 21.8

51 to 99% 6.7 16.4 16.8 16.5 14.6 16.6 16.5 17.9 22.4

100% 4.1 10.4 11.4 7.4 8.4 7.6 8.9 8.7 13.7

Percentage of floorspace cooled

Not cooled 7.1 15.6 22.4 18.8 17.8 17.1 16.7 14.7 19.6

1 to 50% 5.9 13.8 11.6 16.2 13.3 14.2 13.7 17.5 22.4

51 to 99% 6.6 13.8 17.0 14.8 14.8 13.5 14.4 16.3 19.7

100% 4.3 14.1 13.7 8.4 9.6 9.1 8.9 8.9 15.0
RSE

All

buildings

Before 

1946

1946 to 

1959

1960 to 

1969

1970 to 

1979

1980 to 

1989

1990 to 

1999

2000 to 

2009

2010 to 

2018

Relative Standard Errors (RSEs) for Table B8. Year constructed, number of buildings, 2018

RSEs for number of buildings 

Year constructed

Percentage lit when open

0% 35.1 0.0 95.7 109.5 0.0 0.0 83.2 39.1 63.4

1 to 50% 6.7 12.7 16.7 15.7 16.2 19.1 11.9 15.6 22.8

51 to 99% 4.8 13.0 14.6 9.5 10.3 10.2 12.5 12.5 13.1

100% 4.7 11.0 16.1 11.5 9.7 9.2 9.4 10.2 14.9

Building never open or electricity

not used 11.6 24.5 27.6 28.6 30.7 24.4 29.9 29.2 27.5

Percentage lit during off hours

0% 6.5 14.7 16.3 11.7 11.8 16.1 10.7 13.2 17.7

1 to 50% 3.8 8.9 10.5 8.6 8.5 8.4 8.8 9.2 11.6

51 to 100% 10.6 36.3 28.8 27.0 32.0 26.6 16.6 28.7 32.5

Building always open with 

no off hours 15.2 50.5 52.2 56.6 38.6 33.2 36.0 24.0 48.5

Electricity not used 16.0 49.9 47.8 46.0 40.0 36.1 33.7 33.4 33.9

Heating equipment 

(more than one may apply)

Packaged heating units 4.0 14.6 12.0 9.9 10.4 8.7 8.1 9.8 13.5

Furnaces 7.2 17.0 14.2 11.6 17.0 14.4 11.6 15.8 19.3

Individual space heaters 5.9 14.1 15.2 12.9 13.5 15.1 14.1 12.1 20.7

Boilers 6.2 10.9 15.0 14.3 22.8 14.8 14.0 13.5 12.9

Heat pumps 7.7 17.5 22.4 16.5 15.0 15.5 17.9 17.4 18.4

District heat 15.4 34.0 36.3 38.5 32.5 34.1 31.9 28.4 33.9

Duct reheat 12.6 52.0 47.6 40.2 32.1 24.1 45.0 23.1 36.4

Other 46.4 111.3 110.2 50.5 68.6 66.8 60.3 58.7 49.8

Cooling equipment 

(more than one may apply)

Packaged air-conditioning units 4.3 11.7 12.2 8.7 11.2 9.7 9.0 10.1 13.6

Residential-type central air

conditioners 7.6 17.8 14.8 15.9 15.1 14.6 12.1 16.3 26.3

Individual air conditioners 6.6 13.4 15.0 17.7 14.3 19.0 14.4 18.2 34.3

Central chillers 9.0 18.9 27.2 20.4 21.6 30.7 16.7 14.4 16.5

Heat pumps 11.0 24.1 32.1 19.7 13.6 25.0 20.0 19.1 26.6

District chilled water 20.1 39.2 64.7 48.0 33.7 31.4 39.3 33.7 33.3

Swamp coolers 12.8 55.3 69.8 40.8 55.2 43.7 34.0 37.2 52.9

Other 53.2 80.5 0.0 50.9 0.0 68.5 82.0 50.8 70.3

HVAC features 

(more than one may apply)

Economizer cycle 5.6 18.0 17.5 15.4 15.9 12.7 13.3 10.8 15.8

Variable air volume (VAV) system 8.4 26.2 21.0 17.8 18.8 17.9 19.9 12.9 19.6

Dedicated outside air system (DOAS) 11.0 34.6 33.1 27.5 28.4 36.9 25.4 20.3 48.5

Demand controlled ventilation (DCV) 8.8 25.2 24.1 23.1 22.8 23.3 18.1 20.9 29.1

Regular HVAC maintenance 4.2 9.5 9.0 8.2 8.4 8.8 7.4 9.2 12.0

Building automation system (BAS) 

controls heating or cooling 6.4 14.9 17.5 17.6 15.5 13.4 12.0 10.8 16.7

Internet-connected or smart

thermostat 12.2 30.1 38.7 31.1 23.5 23.6 26.9 21.9 28.9

Programmable thermostat 4.7 10.7 15.4 12.9 9.7 10.9 10.9 11.8 16.8
RSE

All

buildings

Before 

1946

1946 to 

1959

1960 to 

1969

1970 to 

1979

1980 to 

1989

1990 to 

1999

2000 to 

2009

2010 to 

2018

Relative Standard Errors (RSEs) for Table B8. Year constructed, number of buildings, 2018

RSEs for number of buildings 

Year constructed

Main equipment replaced since 

2000 (more than one may apply)

Heating 4.9 10.1 13.2 9.0 9.3 9.0 9.9 0.0 0.0

Cooling 4.8 12.1 11.9 11.3 13.0 9.8 12.2 0.0 0.0

Water-heating equipment

Centralized system 4.4 9.8 9.8 7.6 8.4 8.9 8.6 9.3 12.7

Distributed system 8.9 20.9 22.5 17.9 18.0 18.1 22.3 17.1 25.2

Combination of centralized and

distributed systems 8.8 30.0 24.1 29.1 30.5 18.5 20.7 19.9 27.0

Generation technologies 

(more than one may apply)

Reciprocating engine generators 8.8 22.2 20.7 20.4 27.1 17.9 18.3 14.5 20.1

Solar panels 15.4 44.6 47.6 41.6 51.0 31.7 47.9 35.6 31.0

Other generation technology 21.4 87.8 47.6 87.6 46.7 38.7 44.8 41.6 51.2

Lighting equipment types

(more than one may apply)

Incandescent 7.8 13.7 18.1 14.6 19.0 14.3 10.3 17.4 30.3

Standard fluorescent 4.2 10.1 9.5 7.4 8.3 7.9 7.6 9.9 12.1

Compact fluorescent 5.2 14.0 18.0 12.9 15.2 11.2 11.6 12.7 16.4

High-intensity discharge (HID) 9.8 37.5 34.3 30.1 34.5 35.1 21.3 19.0 34.8

Halogen 8.0 22.6 20.5 27.0 17.7 18.5 15.3 13.5 23.0

LED 3.6 10.1 10.5 9.1 8.5 8.5 8.1 8.7 14.0

Other 57.3 0.0 81.2 0.0 101.0 10.2 70.9 70.9 51.8

Refrigeration equipment

(more than one may apply)

Any refrigeration 4.1 9.2 9.4 6.9 8.6 8.1 7.8 9.1 11.8

Walk-in units 5.4 13.9 16.0 14.1 16.6 14.3 11.8 11.0 14.5

Cases or cabinets 5.8 13.1 15.3 15.4 15.8 15.6 18.6 10.5 15.3

Large cold storage areas 17.2 47.9 52.7 47.9 33.2 58.8 32.6 35.7 38.3

Commercial ice makers 5.5 13.3 14.6 12.7 16.9 14.9 10.4 9.4 13.9

Residential-type or compact units 4.3 10.2 10.0 7.6 9.2 8.4 8.9 10.5 11.5

Vending machines 6.1 15.5 19.8 14.9 14.9 12.6 11.5 13.6 14.0

No refrigeration 5.3 12.2 15.8 12.8 12.9 10.6 12.1 12.1 17.3

Office equipment

(more than one may apply)

Desktop computers 4.0 9.7 9.8 7.4 8.6 7.2 8.3 9.0 10.8

With multiple monitors 5.0 14.1 14.9 13.0 12.1 9.9 12.5 11.1 17.8

Laptop computers 4.0 10.6 11.4 8.5 9.6 8.0 7.8 9.0 13.3

Dedicated servers 4.9 12.8 12.9 11.8 10.5 9.2 10.6 11.3 14.2

Tablets charged in building 4.4 10.5 13.0 12.6 10.0 10.6 9.4 11.8 14.2

Large floor-standing office devicesc 4.4 12.3 13.4 11.8 11.7 8.3 9.6 10.8 11.8

Smaller desktop office devicesc 4.1 10.4 9.7 8.3 8.0 7.6 8.0 8.8 12.3

Interactive whiteboards 8.7 19.6 18.7 26.4 16.7 26.3 26.8 22.8 20.5

Televisions or video displays 3.8 10.7 11.1 9.5 11.3 8.2 8.2 8.8 10.6

Point-of-sale devices or cash 

registers 5.2 11.5 14.2 10.7 12.9 11.4 11.8 10.9 18.0
RSE

All

buildings

Before 

1946

1946 to 

1959

1960 to 

1969

1970 to 

1979

1980 to 

1989

1990 to 

1999

2000 to 

2009

2010 to 

2018

Relative Standard Errors (RSEs) for Table B8. Year constructed, number of buildings, 2018

RSEs for number of buildings 

Year constructed

Food preparation or serving areas 

in non-food service buildings

(more than one may apply)

Snack bar, concession stand, or coffee 

shop 11.0 32.7 28.5 29.6 31.5 28.0 29.6 27.7 24.8

Fast food or small restaurant 9.4 25.9 48.3 31.0 33.1 22.7 23.7 17.4 34.8

Cafeteria or large restaurant 7.7 36.9 19.5 25.0 21.9 15.3 16.5 17.9 20.0

Commercial kitchen or

food preparation area 8.5 30.4 20.7 22.1 26.7 21.1 20.1 13.7 25.7

Small kitchen area 6.5 16.8 18.6 16.7 15.5 14.5 15.7 14.1 21.9

Separate computer areas

(more than one may apply)

Server closet 5.3 16.6 13.7 13.6 9.8 10.4 11.1 11.3 15.2

Data center 13.1 29.9 39.0 23.7 32.4 19.6 43.8 32.3 39.8

Computer-based training room 8.4 21.7 24.7 21.3 22.0 18.8 20.0 18.3 30.5

Student or public computer center 8.0 31.6 27.1 32.3 21.5 30.6 20.7 12.2 26.1

Window and interior lighting 

features (more than one may

apply)

Multipaned windows 4.2 11.9 9.2 8.4 10.0 8.1 8.2 8.4 12.2

Tinted window glass 4.2 12.8 14.4 11.7 9.5 10.9 9.7 10.7 13.6

Reflective window glass 7.0 21.3 27.9 23.6 18.3 14.3 19.6 13.8 22.5

External overhangs or awnings 5.0 12.8 12.9 14.0 11.4 15.3 11.8 10.6 13.7

Skylights or atriums 7.1 20.4 30.2 19.5 20.1 19.0 17.3 21.5 19.0

Light scheduling 5.2 14.3 19.2 17.8 17.4 15.0 13.8 11.6 15.3

Occupancy sensors 6.5 18.7 15.2 16.8 19.5 14.3 13.8 11.9 13.3

Multilevel lighting or dimming 10.0 21.1 23.6 33.8 22.0 16.0 26.8 17.6 21.2

Daylight harvesting 12.0 85.5 30.3 39.7 34.1 37.3 25.3 24.6 36.5

Plug-load control 18.4 49.2 52.7 61.1 79.3 54.6 44.1 30.3 34.6

Demand responsive lighting 30.7 60.0 50.1 66.6 81.9 62.0 104.4 32.2 70.7

Building automation system (BAS) for 

lighting 9.3 39.8 44.9 28.0 21.5 22.8 23.0 14.6 20.9

Electric vehicle (EV) charging

Charging stations associated with the 

building 11.5 43.5 64.0 29.6 36.5 15.3 29.3 27.5 26.9

Data source: U.S. Energy Information Administration, Forms EIA-871A of the 2018 Commercial Buildings Energy Consumption Survey 

Note: RSE is a measure of the reliability or precision of a survey statistic. Variability occurs in survey statistics because the different samples that could be drawn would 

each produce different values for the survey statistics. Estimation of Standard Errors and What is a Relative Standard Error (RSE)? contain more information on how 

RSEs are estimated and used. Both references can be accessed from https://www.eia.gov/consumption/commercial/survey-background-technical-information.php.

a

Climate zones are based on ASHRAE Standard 169-2021; see https://www.eia.gov/consumption/commercial/maps.php#defined.

b

Other sources includes wood, coal, solar, and all other energy sources.

c

Office devices refers to any combination of printers, copiers, scanners, or FAX machines.