Release date: September 2021

Revised date: December 2022

All

buildings

New 

England

Middle 

Atlantic

East 

North 

Central

West 

North 

Central

South 

Atlantic

East 

South 

Central

West 

South 

Central

Mountain Pacific

All buildings 5,918 275 518 1,110 609 1,034 347 762 484 780

Building floorspace (square feet)

1,001 to 5,000 2,833 143 230 539 271 540 164 373 203 370

5,001 to 10,000 1,359 59 98 250 166 192 89 178 128 199

10,001 to 25,000 981 47 98 180 108 165 55 118 91 118

25,001 to 50,000 386 13 44 80 35 63 18 47 32 53

50,001 to 100,000 218 7 23 39 18 45 12 31 18 23

100,001 to 200,000 93 4 15 12 7 19 8 9 8 10

200,001 to 500,000 40 1 7 8 2 8 2 4 2 5

Over 500,000 9 Q 2 2 1 2 Q 1 Q 1

Principal building activity

Education 437 21 23 53 37 76 24 53 38 112

Food sales 163 Q Q 47 Q Q Q Q Q Q

Food service 286 Q Q 55 Q 52 Q 40 36 40

Health care 137 6 17 15 Q 24 12 13 25 20

Inpatient 9 Q 1 1 Q 2 Q 1 Q 1

Outpatient 129 Q 16 13 Q 22 Q Q 23 19

Lodging 207 16 18 46 22 29 11 15 14 36

Mercantile 517 Q 37 76 62 94 38 75 56 56

Retail (other than mall) 350 Q 28 40 57 63 35 40 38 28

Enclosed and strip malls 167 Q 9 36 Q 31 Q 35 18 27

Office 970 23 115 172 93 184 47 143 65 129

Public assembly 488 47 44 96 44 101 Q 56 31 57

Public order and safety 81 Q Q Q Q Q Q Q Q 16

Religious worship 439 Q 48 80 42 106 44 50 Q 36

Service 867 45 99 184 120 110 29 98 77 104

Warehouse and storage 1,004 50 70 206 101 154 75 136 81 131

Other 113 Q 13 27 Q 11 Q Q Q Q

Vacant 208 Q Q 44 Q 50 Q Q Q Q

Year constructed

Before 1920 329 41 60 82 Q 48 Q Q Q Q

1920 to 1945 379 27 43 90 53 57 Q 29 20 38

1946 to 1959 517 Q 59 93 42 90 30 49 43 89

1960 to 1969 685 33 88 167 41 86 44 75 41 111

1970 to 1979 831 22 57 154 102 140 56 116 85 100

1980 to 1989 794 35 57 90 90 186 39 105 77 115

1990 to 1999 921 41 66 146 91 164 41 149 81 142

2000 to 2009 924 32 50 183 99 177 77 123 81 102

2010 to 2018 537 Q 38 106 Q 86 28 102 38 61

Table B4. Census region and division, number of buildings, 2018

Number of buildings (thousand)

Northeast Midwest South West
All

buildings

New 

England

Middle 

Atlantic

East 

North 

Central

West 

North 

Central

South 

Atlantic

East 

South 

Central

West 

South 

Central

Mountain Pacific

All buildings 5,918 275 518 1,110 609 1,034 347 762 484 780

Table B4. Census region and division, number of buildings, 2018

Number of buildings (thousand)

Northeast Midwest South West

Climate zonea

Cold or very cold 539 102 15 136 190 N N N Q Q

Cool 1,727 161 231 740 280 N N N 180 135

Mixed mild 1,216 Q 271 235 140 186 Q Q Q Q

Warm 1,606 N N N N 595 270 244 Q 411

Hot or very hot 831 N N N N 253 Q 394 97 Q

Number of floors

1 4,106 125 241 729 416 743 272 621 373 586

2 1,286 83 174 273 146 207 56 112 84 151

3 370 48 69 79 42 58 14 18 Q 25

4 to 9 142 19 28 27 6 23 4 10 9 16

10 or more 16 0 6 1 1 3 1 1 1 1

Elevators and escalators 

(more than one may apply)

Any elevators 503 36 83 90 45 90 18 46 38 57

1 elevator 366 27 60 72 36 62 14 31 26 40

2 to 5 elevators 121 8 20 16 8 24 4 14 11 15

6 or more elevators 16 1 3 2 1 4 1 1 1 2

Any escalators 14 Q 2 Q Q 2 Q Q Q 3

Number of workers (main shift)

Fewer than 5 3,270 158 303 654 385 550 192 398 242 387

5 to 9 1,116 51 63 197 97 217 78 155 72 187

10 to 19 713 30 62 118 68 123 34 102 78 99

20 to 49 492 20 44 91 42 77 30 68 53 66

50 to 99 201 11 24 33 11 38 9 25 26 24

100 to 249 90 4 15 14 4 19 3 10 8 13

250 or more 37 1 7 4 2 8 2 4 4 5

Weekly operating hours

Fewer than 40 1,370 Q 122 318 174 241 100 146 71 165

40 to 48 1,483 61 95 259 128 278 80 237 126 218

49 to 60 1,250 74 159 199 122 221 61 127 118 169

61 to 84 645 37 55 85 60 123 42 100 52 92

85 to 167 465 18 41 97 41 77 Q 57 48 57

Open continuously 705 52 46 152 85 92 35 95 69 79
All

buildings

New 

England

Middle 

Atlantic

East 

North 

Central

West 

North 

Central

South 

Atlantic

East 

South 

Central

West 

South 

Central

Mountain Pacific

All buildings 5,918 275 518 1,110 609 1,034 347 762 484 780

Table B4. Census region and division, number of buildings, 2018

Number of buildings (thousand)

Northeast Midwest South West

Ownership and occupancy

Nongovernment owned 4,982 253 455 955 529 870 285 648 396 592

Owner occupied 3,249 186 303 635 387 586 198 420 223 310

Leased to tenant or tenants 1,581 66 146 295 117 247 83 203 159 265

Unoccupied 152 Q Q Q Q Q Q Q Q Q

Government owned 937 22 63 155 81 164 62 114 88 188

Federal 70 Q Q 6 Q Q Q Q Q Q

State 256 Q 12 Q 14 50 24 33 27 60

Local 610 13 45 116 57 105 34 64 55 121

Party responsible for operation

of energy systems

Building owner 4,872 242 441 924 539 845 269 632 395 585

Business owner or tenant 831 24 68 143 56 155 66 106 65 147

Property management 97 Q Q Q Q 20 Q Q Q 28

Other 118 Q Q 33 Q 14 Q Q Q Q

Provider of direct input on energyrelated equipment purchases

Building owner 5,127 236 473 972 549 896 288 666 415 631

Business owner or tenant 483 Q 32 63 41 91 37 60 39 97

Property management 49 Q Q Q Q Q Q Q Q Q

Other 260 Q 10 68 Q 40 Q 34 21 40

Number of establishments

1 4,719 220 409 887 495 821 299 587 392 608

2 to 5 811 45 82 149 65 144 33 121 58 115

6 to 10 135 Q 13 28 15 15 Q 14 12 25

11 to 20 63 Q 5 6 Q 13 Q 12 Q 10

More than 20 19 Q 2 Q Q 4 Q 2 Q 4

Currently unoccupied 170 Q Q Q Q Q Q Q Q Q

Campus or complex activity

Not part of a campus or complex 3,622 143 351 732 367 680 210 460 296 384

Primary or secondary school 247 Q 4 16 Q 32 Q 42 20 102

College or university 103 Q 8 Q Q 22 Q Q 2 23

Office complex 141 Q 16 Q 14 17 Q 27 8 30

Retail complex 250 Q 19 43 Q 22 Q 42 32 47

Storage complex 418 Q Q 72 Q 61 Q 55 Q 48

Religious campus or complex 253 Q Q 38 Q 72 Q 33 Q Q

Health care complex 60 Q Q 8 4 11 Q Q 10 4

Lodging or resort complex 102 Q Q Q Q 12 Q Q Q Q

Transportation complex 36 Q Q Q Q Q Q Q Q Q

Government complex 124 Q Q Q Q Q Q Q Q 13

Other 563 37 64 112 70 84 Q 52 45 74
All

buildings

New 

England

Middle 

Atlantic

East 

North 

Central

West 

North 

Central

South 

Atlantic

East 

South 

Central

West 

South 

Central

Mountain Pacific

All buildings 5,918 275 518 1,110 609 1,034 347 762 484 780

Table B4. Census region and division, number of buildings, 2018

Number of buildings (thousand)

Northeast Midwest South West

Predominant exterior wall material

Brick, stone, or stucco 2,490 58 244 433 180 455 175 384 250 310

Concrete (block or poured) 935 36 117 184 52 201 28 107 83 128

Concrete panels 137 Q 6 13 16 25 7 26 9 35

Siding or shingles 948 106 112 190 143 144 36 Q 29 149

Metal panels 1,250 49 35 270 215 184 86 192 84 136

Window glass 19 Q 1 1 Q 4 Q Q Q 3

Other 139 Q Q 20 Q 21 Q Q 25 18

Predominant roof material

Metal surfacing 2,198 57 103 363 302 435 155 352 147 285

Synthetic or rubber 940 46 142 191 81 150 36 79 98 116

Built-up 708 13 49 117 74 107 40 110 74 126

Slate or tile shingles 376 Q 45 67 Q 68 Q 58 Q 76

Wooden materials (including

shingles) 166 Q Q Q Q Q Q Q 42 29

Asphalt, fiberglass, or 

other shingles 1,311 105 152 342 125 208 77 109 82 110

Concrete 83 Q Q Q Q 32 Q Q Q 10

Other 136 Q 20 6 Q 16 Q 34 Q 28

Roof tilt

Flat 1,914 53 206 326 136 296 96 251 225 326

Shallow pitch 2,313 104 143 430 314 428 124 339 176 254

Steeper pitch 1,691 118 169 354 159 309 127 172 83 199

Cool roof characteristics (more than one 

may apply)

White or reflective coating or paint 1,285 20 74 194 177 212 51 171 156 230

White or reflective tiles or shingles 140 Q 9 14 Q 26 Q Q Q 17

Aluminum coating 528 Q 32 75 32 132 33 103 29 65

Ballasted roof system 114 1 19 26 10 12 Q 10 21 Q

Other cool roof property 35 Q Q Q Q Q Q Q Q Q
All

buildings

New 

England

Middle 

Atlantic

East 

North 

Central

West 

North 

Central

South 

Atlantic

East 

South 

Central

West 

South 

Central

Mountain Pacific

All buildings 5,918 275 518 1,110 609 1,034 347 762 484 780

Table B4. Census region and division, number of buildings, 2018

Number of buildings (thousand)

Northeast Midwest South West

Renovations since 2000 

(more than one may apply)

Any type of renovation 2,032 116 227 365 200 359 123 266 149 227

Addition or annex 327 Q 28 68 44 56 22 37 20 24

Reduction in floorspace 35 Q 5 5 Q Q Q Q Q Q

Roof replacement 847 59 103 142 61 166 61 123 53 80

Interior wall reconfiguration 709 30 73 134 78 116 37 109 53 78

Window replacement 484 45 59 93 Q 74 24 47 27 56

HVAC equipment upgrade 1,006 64 117 159 94 198 72 122 68 111

Lighting upgrade 1,012 77 116 205 98 155 52 118 82 111

Electrical upgrade 565 52 58 95 Q 106 39 65 47 54

Plumbing system upgrade 584 43 70 83 68 114 38 66 41 62

Insulation upgrade 307 26 53 45 32 52 25 35 21 18

Fire, safety, or security upgrade 570 47 73 94 56 102 27 70 38 63

Structural upgrade 147 Q 25 13 11 29 Q 14 Q 10

Other 43 Q Q Q Q Q Q Q Q Q

No renovations 3,530 149 266 682 366 622 202 438 302 504

Buildings constructed 2013 or later 357 Q 25 63 Q 53 22 59 33 49

Energy sources

(more than one may apply)

Electricity 5,613 274 496 1,074 573 987 313 711 431 755

Natural gas 2,974 65 308 712 270 361 200 333 292 433

Fuel oil 583 103 127 69 Q 83 18 42 45 44

District heat 86 16 13 10 Q Q Q 8 3 14

District chilled water 55 Q 3 3 Q 18 Q 11 2 12

Propane 676 101 56 86 139 138 25 56 18 57

Solar 99 9 11 4 Q 5 Q Q Q 47

Wood, coal, and other 180 Q Q 37 Q 27 Q Q Q Q

Space-heating energy sources

(more than one may apply)

Electricity 2,563 85 179 333 202 612 177 396 200 380

Natural gas 2,587 54 280 679 251 280 185 247 259 352

Fuel oil 266 88 95 Q Q 26 Q Q Q Q

District heat 83 16 13 10 Q Q Q Q 3 14

Propane 431 60 Q 71 120 77 Q Q Q 26

Other sourcesb 127 Q Q Q Q Q Q Q Q Q

Primary space-heating 

energy source

Electricity 1,856 47 87 190 138 530 107 352 133 271

Natural gas 2,344 48 264 633 245 232 165 218 238 300

Fuel oil 222 83 79 Q N 15 Q Q Q Q

District heat 78 16 13 9 Q Q Q Q 3 13

Propane 338 48 Q 62 101 55 Q Q Q Q

Other sourcesb 63 Q Q Q Q Q N Q Q Q
All

buildings

New 

England

Middle 

Atlantic

East 

North 

Central

West 

North 

Central

South 

Atlantic

East 

South 

Central

West 

South 

Central

Mountain Pacific

All buildings 5,918 275 518 1,110 609 1,034 347 762 484 780

Table B4. Census region and division, number of buildings, 2018

Number of buildings (thousand)

Northeast Midwest South West

Cooling energy sources

(more than one may apply)

Electricity 4,584 184 396 804 403 897 293 647 378 582

Natural gas 4 Q Q Q Q Q Q N Q Q

District chilled water 55 Q 3 3 Q 18 Q 11 2 12

Water-heating energy sources

(more than one may apply)

Electricity 2,785 130 238 453 260 628 175 381 165 356

Natural gas 1,885 32 183 458 155 233 101 223 207 293

Fuel oil 72 42 Q Q Q Q Q Q Q Q

District heat 38 Q 8 5 Q Q Q 6 Q 4

Propane 145 32 Q Q Q 34 Q Q Q Q

Cooking energy sources

(more than one may apply)

Electricity 1,216 70 82 247 135 229 76 140 93 144

Natural gas 727 20 74 152 45 99 37 87 76 137

Propane 159 28 Q Q Q 47 Q Q Q 35

Energy end uses

(more than one may apply)

Buildings with space heating 4,901 249 461 921 497 857 291 607 391 628

Buildings with cooling 4,631 187 398 807 403 913 295 657 379 593

Buildings with water heating 4,595 225 430 862 422 839 271 580 354 612

Buildings with cooking 1,738 101 141 337 162 305 97 213 128 255

Buildings with manufacturing 322 Q 23 70 36 44 16 41 38 43

Buildings with electricity generation 706 63 77 118 77 114 36 86 55 81

Buildings with lighting 5,503 274 484 1,029 562 971 303 708 430 744

Percentage of floorspace heated

Not heated 1,017 Q 57 189 113 176 56 155 93 152

1 to 50% 693 Q 52 114 Q 154 37 79 43 122

51 to 99% 905 46 85 142 51 163 66 133 100 118

100% 3,303 169 323 665 388 540 188 395 248 388

Percentage of floorspace cooled

Not cooled 1,288 88 120 303 207 120 53 105 105 186

1 to 50% 1,111 63 106 211 100 207 72 114 81 155

51 to 99% 998 58 110 195 52 188 54 146 86 109

100% 2,522 65 181 401 251 518 169 397 212 329
All

buildings

New 

England

Middle 

Atlantic

East 

North 

Central

West 

North 

Central

South 

Atlantic

East 

South 

Central

West 

South 

Central

Mountain Pacific

All buildings 5,918 275 518 1,110 609 1,034 347 762 484 780

Table B4. Census region and division, number of buildings, 2018

Number of buildings (thousand)

Northeast Midwest South West

Percentage lit when open

0% Q N N Q Q Q Q Q Q Q

1 to 50% 1,280 70 133 311 144 190 56 179 89 108

51 to 99% 1,784 95 154 352 148 306 83 222 133 291

100% 2,272 109 184 325 222 442 160 297 206 326

Building never open or electricity

not used 513 Q 46 86 Q 89 Q 60 Q Q

Percentage lit during off hours

0% 2,062 123 180 426 214 305 127 226 139 322

1 to 50% 3,246 141 287 585 319 622 167 455 274 395

51 to 100% 240 Q 20 46 36 45 15 27 11 31

Building always open with 

no off hours 64 Q 8 17 Q 14 Q Q Q Q

Electricity not used 305 Q Q Q Q Q Q Q Q Q

Heating equipment 

(more than one may apply)

Packaged heating units 2,187 51 161 294 173 428 177 359 225 320

Furnaces 1,621 78 143 474 269 151 77 175 111 142

Individual space heaters 1,246 60 125 282 110 182 84 114 96 192

Boilers 703 95 131 167 50 63 20 47 66 65

Heat pumps 673 32 58 70 42 231 29 54 40 117

District heat 83 16 13 10 Q Q Q Q 3 14

Duct reheat 134 Q Q 19 Q 39 Q 22 Q 15

Other 17 Q Q Q Q Q Q Q Q Q

Cooling equipment 

(more than one may apply)

Packaged air-conditioning units 2,565 84 215 367 202 498 189 402 252 355

Residential-type central air conditioners 1,309 52 80 360 181 217 55 188 79 97

Individual air conditioners 735 59 109 128 41 124 55 79 36 104

Central chillers 202 9 28 46 8 35 15 15 16 31

Heat pumps 492 27 57 48 Q 158 36 23 26 79

District chilled water 55 Q 3 3 Q 18 Q 11 2 12

Swamp coolers 85 Q Q Q Q Q Q Q 36 28

Other Q N Q N N Q Q Q Q Q
All

buildings

New 

England

Middle 

Atlantic

East 

North 

Central

West 

North 

Central

South 

Atlantic

East 

South 

Central

West 

South 

Central

Mountain Pacific

All buildings 5,918 275 518 1,110 609 1,034 347 762 484 780

Table B4. Census region and division, number of buildings, 2018

Number of buildings (thousand)

Northeast Midwest South West

HVAC features 

(more than one may apply)

Economizer cycle 747 36 80 135 67 100 17 82 68 161

Variable air volume (VAV) system 698 22 52 141 77 119 22 106 68 90

Dedicated outside air system (DOAS) 249 14 25 29 32 40 20 22 11 54

Demand controlled ventilation (DCV) 349 18 51 61 19 71 12 31 28 57

Regular HVAC maintenance 3,554 182 314 573 330 707 197 460 313 478

Building automation system (BAS) 

controls heating or cooling 933 48 85 151 78 161 28 144 86 153

Internet-connected or smart

thermostat 325 Q 26 29 24 57 19 72 40 42

Programmable thermostat 1,545 59 187 280 125 267 86 164 146 232

Main equipment replaced since 

2000 (more than one may apply)

Heating 1,937 112 194 339 218 377 118 200 124 253

Cooling 1,269 87 156 249 116 234 71 144 83 130

Water-heating equipment

Centralized system 3,538 151 332 708 337 674 217 406 276 438

Distributed system 782 Q 80 110 63 116 32 136 62 125

Combination of centralized and

distributed systems 274 16 17 45 22 49 Q 38 16 50

Generation technologies (more than 

one may apply)

Reciprocating engine generators 580 49 64 106 Q 102 34 78 46 35

Solar panels 94 9 11 4 Q 5 Q Q Q 42

Other generation technology 43 Q 4 11 Q Q Q Q Q 5

Lighting equipment types

(more than one may apply)

Incandescent 1,100 64 128 243 138 184 67 107 43 127

Standard fluorescent 4,012 202 350 759 369 732 247 514 319 520

Compact fluorescent 1,130 71 111 269 94 177 37 137 77 157

High-intensity discharge (HID) 238 Q 33 51 23 40 18 14 17 32

Halogen 552 27 44 79 Q 102 22 98 41 89

LED 2,593 156 283 495 221 432 126 294 198 389

Other Q N N Q N Q N Q N Q
All

buildings

New 

England

Middle 

Atlantic

East 

North 

Central

West 

North 

Central

South 

Atlantic

East 

South 

Central

West 

South 

Central

Mountain Pacific

All buildings 5,918 275 518 1,110 609 1,034 347 762 484 780

Table B4. Census region and division, number of buildings, 2018

Number of buildings (thousand)

Northeast Midwest South West

Refrigeration equipment

(more than one may apply)

Any refrigeration 3,850 190 343 712 349 731 213 509 302 501

Walk-in units 706 41 60 144 57 127 40 71 73 93

Cases or cabinets 837 35 72 182 61 162 44 112 61 107

Large cold storage areas 69 Q 7 Q Q 13 Q 11 Q 8

Commercial ice makers 872 35 53 162 58 175 47 125 105 112

Residential-type or compact units 3,321 168 293 625 313 637 174 450 240 421

Vending machines 800 35 70 138 69 170 57 110 84 66

No refrigeration 2,068 85 174 398 260 302 134 253 182 279

Office equipment

(more than one may apply)

Desktop computers 3,804 170 355 652 327 705 223 521 307 544

With multiple monitors 1,504 60 152 282 139 274 75 194 116 212

Laptop computers 2,786 131 263 546 249 501 161 376 197 361

Dedicated servers 1,400 55 136 239 122 218 74 220 128 207

Tablets charged in building 1,556 88 146 284 125 270 79 228 128 208

Large floor-standing office devicesc 1,456 53 164 267 114 280 84 193 116 184

Smaller desktop office devicesc 3,560 176 332 659 303 658 187 499 277 469

Interactive whiteboards 262 Q 19 48 19 50 25 18 29 39

Televisions or video displays 2,451 100 247 452 212 433 142 365 197 304

Point-of-sale devices or cash 

registers 1,420 73 124 243 133 259 76 197 153 163

Food preparation or serving areas 

in non-food service buildings

(more than one may apply)

Snack bar, concession stand, or coffee 

shop 144 5 6 33 13 23 Q 21 10 28

Fast food, small restaurant 160 8 10 37 11 28 3 17 11 35

Cafeteria or large restaurant 129 12 16 22 17 19 7 12 11 14

Commercial kitchen or

food preparation area 284 18 33 41 27 60 18 29 18 40

Small kitchen area 1,018 63 86 202 113 173 54 118 66 142

Separate computer areas

(more than one may apply)

Server closet 1,237 41 118 216 110 228 59 194 107 164

Data center 116 9 15 12 5 18 Q 20 Q 17

Computer-based training room 228 5 18 33 21 46 10 33 24 37

Student or public computer center 236 5 17 36 16 45 13 34 16 54
All

buildings

New 

England

Middle 

Atlantic

East 

North 

Central

West 

North 

Central

South 

Atlantic

East 

South 

Central

West 

South 

Central

Mountain Pacific

All buildings 5,918 275 518 1,110 609 1,034 347 762 484 780

Table B4. Census region and division, number of buildings, 2018

Number of buildings (thousand)

Northeast Midwest South West

Window and interior lighting 

features (more than one may

apply)

Multipaned windows 3,527 175 337 704 404 602 182 408 292 424

Tinted window glass 1,679 43 103 247 139 332 108 284 135 289

Reflective window glass 497 15 35 99 38 77 21 66 53 93

External overhangs or awnings 1,513 45 86 244 135 292 98 211 113 290

Skylights or atriums 509 24 42 79 26 104 19 66 38 111

Light scheduling 910 42 90 162 65 161 47 107 97 139

Occupancy sensors 1,025 52 97 219 84 156 29 105 88 194

Multilevel lighting or dimming 332 25 31 60 Q 57 15 34 36 41

Daylight harvesting 138 Q 7 21 11 34 6 14 15 23

Plug-load control 58 Q Q 11 Q Q Q Q Q 15

Demand responsive lighting 98 Q Q Q Q 9 Q Q Q 15

Building automation system (BAS) for 

lighting 317 8 23 35 23 58 10 56 27 77

Electric vehicle (EV) charging

Charging stations associated with the 

building 132 9 12 19 5 25 Q Q 11 35

Data source: U.S. Energy Information Administration, Form EIA-871A of the 2018 Commercial Buildings Energy Consumption Survey 

Notes: Because of rounding, data may not sum to totals. The Guide to the 2018 CBECS Tables and CBECS Terminology contain definitions of terms used in these 

tables and comparisons between previous CBECS tables. You can access both references from http://www.eia.gov/consumption/commercial/data/2018/. 

Data are sample survey estimates with relative standard errors published in a tab on the Excel worksheet for this table. 

a

Climate zones are based on ASHRAE Standard 169-2021; see https://www.eia.gov/consumption/commercial/maps.php#defined.

b

Other sources includes wood, coal, solar, and all other energy sources.

c

Office devices refers to any combination of printers, copiers, scanners, or FAX machines.

Q = Data withheld either because the relative standard error was greater than 50% or the reporting sample had fewer than 20 buildings. 

N = No buildings in reporting sample.
RSE

Release date: September 2021

Revised date: December 2022

All

buildings

New 

England

Middle 

Atlantic

East 

North 

Central

West 

North 

Central

South 

Atlantic

East 

South 

Central

West 

South 

Central

Mountain Pacific

All buildings 3.9 17.8 12.0 13.1 21.0 11.0 18.0 14.7 15.9 9.0

Building floorspace (square feet)

1,001 to 5,000 4.9 21.9 16.2 15.1 27.8 15.0 16.7 15.6 19.3 10.7

5,001 to 10,000 5.9 18.5 20.7 14.7 36.1 13.4 19.9 19.7 21.0 10.3

10,001 to 25,000 5.6 25.4 13.7 18.7 15.3 12.5 34.8 20.0 15.8 16.2

25,001 to 50,000 5.6 28.6 13.8 14.9 26.4 12.3 26.7 18.8 21.4 14.5

50,001 to 100,000 5.3 31.9 13.2 15.8 28.6 12.0 20.6 14.9 14.4 14.0

100,001 to 200,000 5.6 22.1 12.5 16.0 12.6 11.6 33.3 12.5 16.8 17.8

200,001 to 500,000 5.0 24.6 13.1 14.1 18.2 10.7 17.6 13.2 23.3 12.8

Over 500,000 7.8 30.7 16.2 15.7 26.3 20.0 51.0 15.8 53.5 26.1

Principal building activity

Education 7.8 30.0 18.3 27.5 30.0 21.6 31.2 24.9 30.0 14.2

Food sales 14.3 79.4 57.1 26.0 61.6 30.4 37.7 43.1 35.2 56.1

Food service 7.7 27.0 32.8 17.2 27.3 17.1 25.5 26.9 22.7 24.5

Health care 9.8 44.0 23.9 37.0 60.5 16.8 40.2 34.3 14.3 36.6

Inpatient 19.4 78.7 20.0 23.3 35.0 39.6 44.2 33.0 70.9 19.1

Outpatient 10.3 44.6 24.7 39.9 66.1 16.7 40.3 35.6 15.7 38.3

Lodging 9.4 33.2 31.0 21.0 38.7 23.9 39.9 31.1 18.3 22.3

Mercantile 7.3 22.3 27.3 25.5 36.8 15.5 33.7 17.0 18.0 18.3

Retail (other than mall) 10.1 23.4 36.8 29.6 40.3 18.4 36.9 29.9 24.4 29.2

Enclosed and strip malls 7.6 47.4 27.6 28.9 74.3 30.7 48.2 22.4 22.7 28.3

Office 7.2 32.8 25.1 21.1 36.1 16.6 14.7 22.8 21.5 16.7

Public assembly 9.1 20.7 42.3 13.8 43.9 26.8 35.6 21.3 30.4 12.3

Public order and safety 20.2 96.6 60.4 46.4 90.5 72.7 64.4 37.9 43.1 40.0

Religious worship 9.5 53.3 24.9 19.5 24.3 20.8 45.4 24.2 25.9 37.4

Service 7.4 31.2 16.7 17.0 34.5 17.2 28.7 28.8 19.4 17.3

Warehouse and storage 7.4 32.5 23.8 21.9 19.8 24.6 29.7 19.0 30.6 15.7

Other 17.1 66.3 28.2 38.2 51.3 36.9 44.8 56.1 53.3 67.3

Vacant 17.2 100.0 40.2 35.8 56.8 30.0 62.0 63.1 61.6 45.5

Year constructed

Before 1920 12.8 32.5 26.7 33.8 63.7 21.7 31.0 48.6 46.3 42.8

1920 to 1945 10.7 28.5 28.7 28.1 42.8 26.3 39.0 41.0 37.2 19.2

1946 to 1959 8.1 45.4 23.3 15.5 40.6 20.6 27.0 25.7 41.6 17.2

1960 to 1969 6.4 46.0 20.9 12.4 43.5 19.2 32.4 12.6 29.3 15.3

1970 to 1979 7.4 36.5 23.9 21.6 24.7 17.3 17.2 31.2 26.6 19.3

1980 to 1989 7.0 19.5 20.5 26.4 19.9 18.8 22.9 23.5 18.4 11.9

1990 to 1999 7.5 29.9 19.6 16.0 35.3 20.5 45.7 18.9 13.5 17.3

2000 to 2009 8.0 47.2 22.8 19.0 26.0 16.5 39.6 29.0 22.0 20.5

2010 to 2018 11.0 26.4 32.6 20.3 61.6 20.2 33.0 32.2 29.9 24.7

Relative standard errors (RSEs) for Table B4. Census region and division, number of buildings, 2018

RSEs for number of buildings

Northeast Midwest South West
RSE

All

buildings

New 

England

Middle 

Atlantic

East 

North 

Central

West 

North 

Central

South 

Atlantic

East 

South 

Central

West 

South 

Central

Mountain Pacific

All buildings 3.9 17.8 12.0 13.1 21.0 11.0 18.0 14.7 15.9 9.0

Relative standard errors (RSEs) for Table B4. Census region and division, number of buildings, 2018

RSEs for number of buildings

Northeast Midwest South West

Climate zonea

Cold or very cold 18.8 31.5 24.3 43.1 34.1 0.0 0.0 0.0 54.6 66.0

Cool 11.8 22.2 19.6 21.5 39.9 0.0 0.0 0.0 17.4 37.7

Mixed mild 15.1 70.5 16.6 42.6 21.7 22.2 50.0 76.8 55.7 79.1

Warm 11.4 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 12.6 33.4 48.9 70.1 14.1

Hot or very hot 18.8 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 29.8 70.9 30.3 20.3 77.8

Number of floors

1 4.3 25.0 12.8 13.2 19.7 12.8 16.3 16.7 17.1 9.1

2 5.8 20.2 15.2 16.2 24.7 11.6 32.5 21.8 22.2 17.1

3 10.5 17.1 19.6 35.5 34.6 28.6 34.3 33.1 54.9 24.1

4 to 9 9.4 39.7 16.3 27.5 38.5 21.5 30.6 26.3 26.9 19.9

10 or more 9.8 32.6 17.5 21.2 44.3 26.4 29.3 27.8 20.2 27.4

Elevators and escalators 

(more than one may apply)

Any elevators 6.5 37.1 13.1 12.5 27.3 18.4 23.0 28.5 19.1 14.5

1 elevator 7.7 47.2 13.7 14.1 32.5 23.0 30.6 33.9 21.5 19.6

2 to 5 elevators 6.7 24.0 17.6 16.5 11.2 17.7 16.6 24.5 21.7 15.2

6 or more elevators 7.8 33.1 18.2 17.3 18.8 20.9 34.8 15.8 37.8 18.2

Any escalators 28.9 59.7 27.4 83.3 25.1 38.5 31.9 53.7 63.9 13.3

Number of workers (main shift)

Fewer than 5 5.5 23.8 17.3 14.2 32.0 15.6 14.9 18.0 23.1 11.5

5 to 9 6.1 20.6 17.7 20.6 10.6 11.2 32.7 20.6 20.6 12.3

10 to 19 6.5 19.6 21.3 16.9 18.2 18.0 32.6 24.8 18.3 16.9

20 to 49 6.3 22.4 12.9 11.1 35.1 15.3 32.1 23.5 15.7 12.3

50 to 99 6.7 33.0 17.6 19.7 17.6 14.9 32.6 27.4 20.7 17.6

100 to 249 7.1 32.6 15.9 26.2 10.0 15.9 22.6 15.9 30.5 17.1

250 or more 7.2 33.6 16.0 14.0 17.1 18.4 27.9 27.8 20.5 14.3

Weekly operating hours

Fewer than 40 6.1 37.5 18.2 13.1 25.9 18.6 21.4 18.9 28.1 16.3

40 to 48 6.2 20.0 23.1 21.9 34.2 11.1 18.6 23.6 24.5 11.9

49 to 60 5.2 21.5 14.8 17.0 16.4 10.0 28.5 25.2 16.1 10.2

61 to 84 7.6 22.9 29.7 20.5 45.4 12.9 32.5 26.6 22.6 12.9

85 to 167 8.6 32.2 19.0 18.6 22.5 28.3 50.7 21.1 25.1 23.1

Open continuously 8.1 30.2 10.4 22.6 29.4 18.6 26.6 17.0 31.1 21.2
RSE

All

buildings

New 

England

Middle 

Atlantic

East 

North 

Central

West 

North 

Central

South 

Atlantic

East 

South 

Central

West 

South 

Central

Mountain Pacific

All buildings 3.9 17.8 12.0 13.1 21.0 11.0 18.0 14.7 15.9 9.0

Relative standard errors (RSEs) for Table B4. Census region and division, number of buildings, 2018

RSEs for number of buildings

Northeast Midwest South West

Ownership and occupancy

Nongovernment owned 3.8 17.9 11.9 12.0 19.2 10.0 19.8 12.2 15.5 13.3

Owner occupied 4.3 18.7 15.6 10.9 24.6 11.6 21.2 14.9 19.0 10.3

Leased to tenant or tenants 5.5 21.7 12.2 15.6 13.8 10.4 17.0 13.5 17.7 18.2

Unoccupied 20.3 56.0 42.0 47.2 54.7 38.9 83.5 69.7 62.0 61.7

Government owned 9.5 24.8 22.9 31.0 37.6 32.2 15.1 36.0 19.7 13.4

Federal 26.0 62.3 52.2 49.0 91.9 74.1 63.1 70.2 75.4 54.7

State 12.9 48.7 47.3 51.0 49.0 36.7 22.7 43.3 25.5 20.8

Local 10.1 39.3 31.3 28.5 42.3 32.6 24.2 35.6 29.2 15.1

Party responsible for operation

of energy systems

Building owner 4.4 19.5 12.2 16.0 22.6 10.6 20.7 16.5 18.7 7.4

Business owner or tenant 6.5 31.6 23.1 15.0 19.5 15.1 31.3 17.3 16.1 17.7

Property management 20.7 86.8 47.2 52.6 28.2 43.2 69.1 48.5 77.0 30.4

Other 18.8 49.1 48.5 39.5 58.8 30.6 75.4 32.1 36.1 56.4

Provider of direct input on energyrelated equipment purchases

Building owner 4.4 19.5 12.3 15.3 22.6 10.8 23.9 16.3 17.7 8.9

Business owner or tenant 8.9 27.5 23.2 20.6 22.8 25.5 26.8 21.2 19.1 23.8

Property management 25.5 98.6 60.4 44.6 69.2 40.9 62.7 75.4 78.1 64.4

Other 10.5 44.8 33.2 23.1 50.6 18.6 55.1 22.7 44.3 12.4

Number of establishments

1 4.6 20.4 12.2 13.9 24.8 12.3 17.6 18.7 17.1 9.5

2 to 5 6.0 23.0 19.2 14.7 29.6 10.7 16.1 16.3 27.7 17.0

6 to 10 11.5 45.1 19.8 31.9 32.0 26.0 51.5 34.9 30.8 37.2

11 to 20 18.0 52.7 27.7 21.2 95.5 28.7 41.6 43.4 53.5 29.3

More than 20 18.6 88.0 20.2 77.8 45.9 26.4 58.2 34.0 38.0 35.5

Currently unoccupied 18.7 56.0 40.3 39.2 54.7 38.8 62.0 67.6 61.6 52.8

Campus or complex activity

Not part of a campus or complex 4.3 12.7 11.3 14.1 18.1 10.0 17.9 18.5 19.0 12.9

Primary or secondary school 12.1 40.9 27.6 39.3 64.6 36.0 66.5 38.0 36.3 18.5

College or university 21.8 72.6 35.0 79.8 60.9 45.4 59.8 60.5 42.1 34.3

Office complex 12.7 88.8 34.1 53.1 34.6 31.2 66.0 30.9 38.2 19.2

Retail complex 13.2 93.1 35.6 38.0 61.8 43.3 70.4 23.8 27.2 16.0

Storage complex 14.4 49.3 50.2 36.2 30.5 39.0 72.7 39.2 48.9 30.2

Religious campus or complex 11.5 48.0 38.8 18.7 56.5 27.3 39.2 29.2 32.4 30.7

Health care complex 18.0 103.0 50.1 39.2 48.9 43.6 48.1 72.1 48.1 34.4

Lodging or resort complex 15.1 66.6 57.0 57.3 50.2 38.4 11.8 60.5 44.3 33.5

Transportation complex 34.3 61.0 64.8 57.8 51.5 59.5 49.7 74.5 69.1 81.4

Government complex 18.1 54.0 85.4 29.7 74.9 61.3 40.2 79.2 67.1 43.9

Other 9.2 26.6 40.3 19.1 44.2 16.6 47.5 31.8 27.2 23.5
RSE

All

buildings

New 

England

Middle 

Atlantic

East 

North 

Central

West 

North 

Central

South 

Atlantic

East 

South 

Central

West 

South 

Central

Mountain Pacific

All buildings 3.9 17.8 12.0 13.1 21.0 11.0 18.0 14.7 15.9 9.0

Relative standard errors (RSEs) for Table B4. Census region and division, number of buildings, 2018

RSEs for number of buildings

Northeast Midwest South West

Predominant exterior wall material

Brick, stone, or stucco 5.3 23.4 16.5 13.0 25.8 10.7 27.3 19.5 17.0 13.7

Concrete (block or poured) 5.3 22.2 13.2 16.1 27.1 12.7 25.5 16.5 13.5 12.2

Concrete panels 12.1 43.2 31.4 35.1 32.0 30.1 29.6 31.4 44.3 23.9

Siding or shingles 7.3 21.1 15.6 14.4 32.6 20.7 30.4 33.6 30.6 21.9

Metal panels 7.6 37.5 36.4 26.3 18.7 22.0 24.6 12.7 37.6 21.7

Window glass 21.3 61.7 35.6 41.2 54.5 29.7 109.3 56.0 51.7 45.4

Other 14.7 40.4 44.8 27.3 91.3 37.5 53.2 56.8 32.1 35.7

Predominant roof material

Metal surfacing 6.2 33.2 12.9 18.5 21.3 18.3 26.9 18.0 25.3 13.2

Synthetic or rubber 6.0 23.5 14.9 15.2 21.8 13.8 33.0 21.5 27.0 17.3

Built-up 7.7 37.5 24.2 25.2 32.7 19.6 20.2 20.4 34.6 14.4

Slate or tile shingles 10.1 42.9 20.0 34.1 46.7 27.9 17.9 28.4 30.4 16.2

Wooden materials (including

shingles) 12.9 32.8 66.5 48.7 74.0 33.1 78.6 30.7 26.8 32.0

Asphalt, fiberglass, or 

other shingles 6.2 21.6 15.9 15.0 26.2 16.6 37.5 22.0 21.4 18.8

Concrete 20.6 65.1 80.8 47.5 102.8 33.4 87.0 51.1 59.6 28.6

Other 15.6 69.4 42.9 45.8 44.9 15.3 71.7 24.6 51.8 41.5

Roof tilt

Flat 4.9 23.1 15.5 15.2 22.7 10.4 17.6 18.9 19.4 12.4

Shallow pitch 5.0 28.5 12.4 18.2 18.0 11.0 35.3 11.6 20.5 12.6

Steeper pitch 7.5 17.1 22.0 14.9 35.3 22.3 20.1 31.6 25.7 20.4

Cool roof characteristics (more than one 

may apply)

White or reflective coating or paint 5.8 30.9 17.9 17.1 15.2 19.0 17.4 18.3 13.4 16.2

White or reflective tiles or shingles 15.4 74.6 32.0 29.3 42.6 25.2 50.3 55.8 48.8 41.8

Aluminum coating 8.8 31.1 33.6 18.2 49.4 16.4 27.0 18.6 37.5 40.8

Ballasted roof system 14.8 38.5 34.4 32.8 46.8 31.5 90.1 46.2 37.1 71.2

Other cool roof property 29.3 92.9 50.8 81.9 37.7 76.5 96.8 76.9 63.5 45.2
RSE

All

buildings

New 

England

Middle 

Atlantic

East 

North 

Central

West 

North 

Central

South 

Atlantic

East 

South 

Central

West 

South 

Central

Mountain Pacific

All buildings 3.9 17.8 12.0 13.1 21.0 11.0 18.0 14.7 15.9 9.0

Relative standard errors (RSEs) for Table B4. Census region and division, number of buildings, 2018

RSEs for number of buildings

Northeast Midwest South West

Renovations since 2000 

(more than one may apply)

Any type of renovation 5.0 23.8 10.3 18.0 21.6 11.6 17.4 13.0 20.5 20.0

Addition or annex 9.4 62.6 19.1 26.3 19.2 16.4 31.6 28.2 31.1 20.5

Reduction in floorspace 22.2 74.1 46.1 44.7 86.0 54.1 41.1 79.5 82.8 71.3

Roof replacement 6.8 26.4 16.1 24.6 29.4 19.8 9.9 19.8 28.5 23.4

Interior wall reconfiguration 6.0 31.6 18.8 20.4 10.0 10.8 20.2 17.0 21.6 18.9

Window replacement 9.5 20.3 18.4 29.9 53.0 16.0 30.1 27.6 16.3 27.0

HVAC equipment upgrade 7.0 23.1 19.9 20.2 45.3 16.3 22.5 18.7 17.5 19.9

Lighting upgrade 5.9 19.5 15.6 20.2 29.5 12.2 19.1 11.7 17.0 21.3

Electrical upgrade 7.1 16.3 19.2 17.9 50.7 16.1 20.0 20.9 31.7 19.2

Plumbing system upgrade 7.8 25.1 17.8 31.0 39.9 17.1 17.0 16.7 21.0 23.0

Insulation upgrade 9.2 35.3 25.3 27.6 44.0 22.4 18.9 23.0 32.8 40.5

Fire, safety, or security upgrade 6.2 34.4 15.6 16.9 31.6 11.0 26.2 14.3 14.3 16.4

Structural upgrade 13.9 55.5 19.8 25.4 37.4 29.6 61.7 37.7 64.9 38.8

Other 29.5 80.9 38.9 105.6 84.5 55.5 43.0 63.1 93.5 47.5

No renovations 4.3 20.6 15.8 12.1 18.6 12.7 18.6 19.9 16.6 9.0

Buildings constructed 2013 or later 11.9 42.1 26.7 33.6 57.2 17.4 32.3 29.9 32.2 29.0

Energy sources

(more than one may apply)

Electricity 3.9 17.7 11.8 12.8 21.2 10.9 15.9 14.7 15.9 8.6

Natural gas 4.8 16.1 12.1 13.3 28.5 8.8 22.3 9.1 18.5 15.2

Fuel oil 9.7 20.9 21.8 22.4 72.4 12.8 19.4 36.0 26.9 13.2

District heat 14.7 35.8 27.8 33.3 54.5 54.9 74.3 49.4 47.5 31.3

District chilled water 20.1 52.3 45.4 38.1 54.1 46.3 66.3 49.1 34.4 35.2

Propane 10.0 24.5 21.2 28.4 29.8 23.9 25.2 41.2 39.5 25.3

Solar 15.5 42.1 46.5 28.1 46.1 46.1 106.2 70.5 51.8 24.4

Wood, coal, and other 17.3 45.6 40.0 42.6 63.9 25.0 63.2 77.6 41.1 51.2

Space-heating energy sources

(more than one may apply)

Electricity 4.7 17.7 12.0 17.3 25.6 14.6 9.8 15.4 12.8 7.9

Natural gas 5.2 20.1 11.5 13.0 29.7 8.4 21.5 13.0 18.8 14.6

Fuel oil 13.9 22.5 23.5 67.5 60.0 20.9 48.5 81.7 69.6 71.7

District heat 15.4 35.8 28.3 32.8 54.6 54.9 74.3 80.6 47.9 33.2

Propane 13.5 31.9 31.5 30.8 31.6 34.1 29.2 57.9 54.7 46.0

Other sourcesb 21.3 52.3 42.0 49.8 70.8 37.8 91.8 52.1 73.6 55.6

Primary space-heating 

energy source

Electricity 6.4 24.4 12.6 19.4 36.2 15.5 17.3 18.8 15.1 13.3

Natural gas 5.5 24.6 11.6 13.4 29.0 10.9 20.2 14.1 20.0 16.2

Fuel oil 16.1 23.0 28.2 66.3 0.0 33.9 55.1 81.8 75.0 111.6

District heat 15.8 35.8 28.8 33.9 59.4 57.2 63.8 83.1 48.2 34.5

Propane 17.5 29.7 44.1 28.7 44.3 47.0 48.4 65.9 63.0 48.9

Other sourcesb 22.4 52.8 54.6 39.3 56.4 45.9 0.0 52.1 74.9 57.5
RSE

All

buildings

New 

England

Middle 

Atlantic

East 

North 

Central

West 

North 

Central

South 

Atlantic

East 

South 

Central

West 

South 

Central

Mountain Pacific

All buildings 3.9 17.8 12.0 13.1 21.0 11.0 18.0 14.7 15.9 9.0

Relative standard errors (RSEs) for Table B4. Census region and division, number of buildings, 2018

RSEs for number of buildings

Northeast Midwest South West

Cooling energy sources

(more than one may apply)

Electricity 3.9 13.9 12.1 13.6 21.4 11.2 16.9 13.5 14.3 8.3

Natural gas 37.3 66.2 44.0 56.9 44.4 66.1 50.2 0.0 3.9 82.6

District chilled water 20.1 52.3 45.4 38.1 54.1 46.3 66.3 49.1 34.4 35.2

Water-heating energy sources

(more than one may apply)

Electricity 4.0 23.1 12.3 10.8 24.6 11.6 17.6 15.6 12.3 8.6

Natural gas 5.5 22.2 12.4 15.8 22.3 15.5 19.0 12.6 20.2 13.1

Fuel oil 24.0 23.2 65.6 82.5 48.4 42.9 50.1 111.3 74.8 98.4

District heat 17.4 54.1 36.8 43.1 63.2 61.8 93.5 49.0 69.7 36.9

Propane 15.8 30.5 92.9 81.9 32.5 33.9 63.2 64.5 74.4 47.0

Cooking energy sources

(more than one may apply)

Electricity 5.7 18.8 12.6 15.9 18.9 14.5 19.4 18.7 20.8 14.5

Natural gas 5.4 22.8 16.7 13.5 19.2 13.8 14.6 16.0 18.8 15.1

Propane 14.8 31.1 70.6 50.2 33.8 28.9 49.4 57.3 76.4 33.2

Energy end uses

(more than one may apply)

Buildings with space heating 4.1 17.7 11.6 12.1 24.3 13.0 18.0 12.8 14.3 8.5

Buildings with cooling 3.9 14.0 12.0 13.5 21.4 11.0 16.8 13.7 14.2 8.1

Buildings with water heating 3.9 17.4 11.3 12.1 22.1 12.0 15.7 12.6 14.3 9.3

Buildings with cooking 5.0 16.0 13.6 14.9 17.1 14.4 14.2 15.5 15.2 14.3

Buildings with manufacturing 11.3 38.5 33.5 21.0 35.9 28.4 40.5 38.8 37.7 40.0

Buildings with electricity generation 7.4 26.0 20.6 15.3 48.6 12.8 24.7 19.2 23.8 11.9

Buildings with lighting 3.9 17.7 11.8 12.6 22.6 10.9 15.9 14.7 15.8 8.5

Percentage of floorspace heated

Not heated 8.2 22.5 24.6 23.4 15.8 13.5 32.6 37.5 30.7 16.9

1 to 50% 8.5 33.6 21.1 23.2 61.5 20.2 26.2 21.7 27.7 17.8

51 to 99% 6.7 25.7 18.9 15.6 30.5 15.5 28.7 19.5 22.6 17.6

100% 4.1 18.5 12.8 12.7 21.6 13.0 17.4 13.6 12.5 9.9

Percentage of floorspace cooled

Not cooled 7.1 33.0 18.2 16.8 21.7 17.8 36.6 30.6 34.1 21.5

1 to 50% 5.9 21.1 17.3 18.3 25.9 13.6 10.9 24.0 17.7 23.1

51 to 99% 6.6 26.7 12.6 17.3 22.6 14.6 37.4 13.5 29.8 17.5

100% 4.3 23.6 17.8 13.1 23.4 11.8 19.9 15.0 14.8 10.3
RSE

All

buildings

New 

England

Middle 

Atlantic

East 

North 

Central

West 

North 

Central

South 

Atlantic

East 

South 

Central

West 

South 

Central

Mountain Pacific

All buildings 3.9 17.8 12.0 13.1 21.0 11.0 18.0 14.7 15.9 9.0

Relative standard errors (RSEs) for Table B4. Census region and division, number of buildings, 2018

RSEs for number of buildings

Northeast Midwest South West

Percentage lit when open

0% 35.1 0.0 0.0 54.5 50.8 71.5 59.3 111.2 70.2 109.5

1 to 50% 6.7 26.7 23.2 19.7 24.5 13.7 13.2 20.6 31.5 16.2

51 to 99% 4.8 17.8 12.2 14.0 18.1 13.2 24.3 14.7 20.5 10.5

100% 4.7 21.6 11.2 14.4 31.8 12.1 24.4 14.2 15.2 11.1

Building never open or electricity

not used 11.6 66.4 31.9 31.7 30.0 31.4 57.0 42.8 39.1 27.9

Percentage lit during off hours

0% 6.5 25.9 17.9 15.6 31.3 18.0 24.9 22.9 24.7 18.1

1 to 50% 3.8 22.7 12.9 12.7 17.5 9.5 17.1 13.8 13.3 7.5

51 to 100% 10.6 54.1 25.7 28.1 39.9 18.4 36.4 23.8 27.1 34.0

Building always open with 

no off hours 15.2 98.2 31.1 29.8 64.5 36.7 47.5 52.9 49.0 58.8

Electricity not used 16.0 70.9 40.2 44.6 47.9 35.7 62.2 51.6 39.5 45.0

Heating equipment 

(more than one may apply)

Packaged heating units 4.0 14.5 10.0 12.8 18.5 13.2 25.2 11.0 15.2 8.1

Furnaces 7.2 34.0 22.9 14.2 27.9 29.3 18.3 19.2 18.0 15.5

Individual space heaters 5.9 23.9 13.3 14.6 24.6 15.9 24.2 22.0 27.8 13.6

Boilers 6.2 17.6 18.3 17.9 16.4 17.3 16.2 23.4 12.8 16.1

Heat pumps 7.7 23.2 20.6 13.7 43.9 15.1 26.1 28.1 28.5 19.5

District heat 15.4 35.8 28.3 32.8 54.6 54.9 74.3 80.6 47.9 33.2

Duct reheat 12.6 64.9 62.1 31.1 52.2 25.7 43.8 18.2 55.5 39.9

Other 46.4 99.3 73.2 46.3 111.8 41.0 50.7 99.2 20.0 110.3

Cooling equipment 

(more than one may apply)

Packaged air-conditioning units 4.3 15.8 13.3 14.4 16.8 13.0 22.1 14.9 15.4 8.1

Residential-type central air conditioners 7.6 24.1 24.9 14.5 24.3 28.9 20.6 18.9 25.8 19.3

Individual air conditioners 6.6 22.0 19.1 25.1 28.9 15.3 19.9 10.5 30.1 16.3

Central chillers 9.0 36.5 20.8 28.1 28.9 16.6 19.7 17.1 33.4 16.3

Heat pumps 11.0 33.9 27.6 21.6 50.6 21.9 27.9 33.1 25.2 33.3

District chilled water 20.1 52.3 45.4 38.1 54.1 46.3 66.3 49.1 34.4 35.2

Swamp coolers 12.8 60.6 66.7 54.5 66.1 47.8 72.9 69.6 15.4 17.7

Other 53.2 0.0 70.2 0.0 0.0 84.6 50.9 85.2 94.0 24.5
RSE

All

buildings

New 

England

Middle 

Atlantic

East 

North 

Central

West 

North 

Central

South 

Atlantic

East 

South 

Central

West 

South 

Central

Mountain Pacific

All buildings 3.9 17.8 12.0 13.1 21.0 11.0 18.0 14.7 15.9 9.0

Relative standard errors (RSEs) for Table B4. Census region and division, number of buildings, 2018

RSEs for number of buildings

Northeast Midwest South West

HVAC features 

(more than one may apply)

Economizer cycle 5.6 12.4 18.7 12.2 17.9 17.8 25.3 24.9 13.8 15.7

Variable air volume (VAV) system 8.4 25.0 19.1 19.9 28.6 17.7 24.5 37.9 19.9 16.3

Dedicated outside air system (DOAS) 11.0 22.1 40.0 30.9 32.7 40.2 29.4 33.1 38.8 18.9

Demand controlled ventilation (DCV) 8.8 43.9 23.8 30.4 34.4 17.2 25.1 33.6 28.6 25.4

Regular HVAC maintenance 4.2 18.8 11.7 13.6 17.3 10.8 23.0 16.6 16.8 9.8

Building automation system (BAS) 

controls heating or cooling 6.4 22.0 17.4 11.7 20.0 10.1 22.3 30.5 15.5 13.6

Internet-connected or smart 

thermostat 12.2 44.2 30.6 32.2 43.9 17.9 33.2 43.2 34.1 19.4

Programmable thermostat 4.7 26.0 15.3 13.0 20.4 13.2 26.2 20.9 15.6 10.9

Main equipment replaced since 

2000 (more than one may apply)

Heating 4.9 21.7 11.5 14.4 26.0 13.5 22.3 13.0 10.7 12.7

Cooling 4.8 14.7 16.8 18.8 29.2 9.9 9.0 10.0 11.8 11.2

Water-heating equipment

Centralized system 4.4 19.6 12.0 12.1 20.9 14.6 12.4 10.8 13.2 10.1

Distributed system 8.9 53.5 18.5 24.8 42.5 14.3 37.2 32.7 21.9 19.4

Combination of centralized and

distributed systems 8.8 19.5 31.1 17.6 22.6 20.2 58.9 23.5 30.4 24.1

Generation technologies (more than 

one may apply)

Reciprocating engine generators 8.8 27.7 22.8 16.4 59.9 12.6 25.8 19.3 25.1 26.4

Solar panels 15.4 42.2 46.5 28.7 46.1 46.6 106.2 70.5 51.8 24.3

Other generation technology 21.4 52.5 33.5 47.0 2.8 57.3 74.3 32.5 60.3 44.1

Lighting equipment types

(more than one may apply)

Incandescent 7.8 19.9 18.0 11.8 46.8 16.5 26.8 12.6 22.4 21.8

Standard fluorescent 4.2 18.2 12.9 13.0 17.3 12.6 16.9 14.1 16.0 10.7

Compact fluorescent 5.2 21.8 15.1 11.9 18.4 17.5 17.5 18.2 14.3 11.6

High-intensity discharge (HID) 9.8 53.0 26.2 13.9 46.8 23.1 30.5 18.7 38.9 27.7

Halogen 8.0 19.1 20.9 30.8 53.3 15.6 26.3 22.9 13.9 12.8

LED 3.6 18.2 12.5 10.6 26.1 9.1 18.2 12.3 9.3 7.1

Other 57.3 0.0 0.0 64.3 0.0 70.9 0.0 70.9 0.0 51.3
RSE

All

buildings

New 

England

Middle 

Atlantic

East 

North 

Central

West 

North 

Central

South 

Atlantic

East 

South 

Central

West 

South 

Central

Mountain Pacific

All buildings 3.9 17.8 12.0 13.1 21.0 11.0 18.0 14.7 15.9 9.0

Relative standard errors (RSEs) for Table B4. Census region and division, number of buildings, 2018

RSEs for number of buildings

Northeast Midwest South West

Refrigeration equipment

(more than one may apply)

Any refrigeration 4.1 15.6 13.2 12.4 20.7 11.4 21.3 15.0 13.3 10.9

Walk-in units 5.4 18.4 15.1 14.6 14.9 11.5 32.6 19.8 17.6 13.0

Cases or cabinets 5.8 35.6 16.4 13.7 33.7 14.4 22.8 18.8 22.7 12.6

Large cold storage areas 17.2 67.1 46.2 59.0 57.8 42.5 48.2 37.4 18.9 32.3

Commercial ice makers 5.5 16.8 17.0 14.1 12.5 11.3 28.7 15.8 18.9 18.3

Residential-type or compact units 4.3 15.4 14.0 12.8 20.1 10.8 23.5 16.7 15.0 12.1

Vending machines 6.1 18.0 13.6 14.2 26.8 13.7 37.1 16.7 24.5 17.2

No refrigeration 5.3 25.7 13.8 16.4 24.1 15.5 30.1 18.1 23.4 8.7

Office equipment

(more than one may apply)

Desktop computers 4.0 13.2 13.0 12.9 22.3 11.2 20.7 14.5 14.6 8.2

With multiple monitors 5.0 26.1 12.5 15.0 18.7 10.5 27.1 14.9 17.9 13.3

Laptop computers 4.0 15.8 12.9 11.1 27.8 10.2 15.0 14.2 13.8 6.1

Dedicated servers 4.9 22.5 13.7 16.8 19.4 12.4 22.5 10.5 12.3 15.0

Tablets charged in building 4.4 18.7 17.8 12.1 22.6 13.3 19.0 15.2 12.4 11.3

Large floor-standing office devicesc 4.4 16.0 15.5 14.6 11.2 11.1 22.4 11.4 19.7 8.4

Smaller desktop office devicesc 4.1 12.9 11.0 12.1 24.8 12.1 26.3 12.0 14.4 9.6

Interactive whiteboards 8.7 50.4 12.3 19.7 25.7 18.6 34.8 18.0 25.2 25.6

Televisions or video displays 3.8 19.6 12.2 11.2 17.5 10.2 17.8 14.1 14.2 10.3

Point-of-sale devices or cash 

registers 5.2 20.8 16.6 13.6 31.6 15.2 25.0 13.2 15.0 15.9

Food preparation or serving areas 

in non-food service buildings

(more than one may apply)

Snack bar, concession stand, or coffee 

shop 11.0 43.5 22.9 26.3 38.1 29.2 65.9 29.3 24.8 26.0

Fast food, small restaurant 9.4 41.3 18.5 18.7 19.0 30.9 34.4 25.7 36.2 24.0

Cafeteria or large restaurant 7.7 36.2 11.3 9.2 32.4 14.1 22.3 10.9 18.0 40.1

Commercial kitchen or

food preparation area 8.5 29.6 26.9 22.5 25.0 21.4 40.6 23.1 22.0 23.1

Small kitchen area 6.5 24.3 13.9 20.8 18.4 16.4 26.4 20.5 19.8 17.5

Separate computer areas

(more than one may apply)

Server closet 5.3 20.0 18.3 19.4 13.0 14.6 18.3 13.9 18.0 14.9

Data center 13.1 27.2 18.4 21.1 30.5 26.0 59.1 46.3 53.4 33.7

Computer-based training room 8.4 41.9 13.1 20.1 25.3 22.7 19.6 19.7 26.2 29.5

Student or public computer center 8.0 26.2 21.9 30.7 26.4 23.9 16.5 21.1 29.1 15.5
RSE

All

buildings

New 

England

Middle 

Atlantic

East 

North 

Central

West 

North 

Central

South 

Atlantic

East 

South 

Central

West 

South 

Central

Mountain Pacific

All buildings 3.9 17.8 12.0 13.1 21.0 11.0 18.0 14.7 15.9 9.0

Relative standard errors (RSEs) for Table B4. Census region and division, number of buildings, 2018

RSEs for number of buildings

Northeast Midwest South West

Window and interior lighting 

features (more than one may

apply)

Multipaned windows 4.2 19.3 11.3 12.5 22.0 11.3 30.4 13.9 12.0 7.9

Tinted window glass 4.2 30.3 14.2 13.5 16.6 10.1 18.4 13.1 11.9 13.0

Reflective window glass 7.0 28.8 23.9 19.9 35.1 13.5 24.3 22.7 15.0 14.7

External overhangs or awnings 5.0 22.5 16.6 12.3 17.2 12.1 21.0 18.6 14.5 8.4

Skylights or atriums 7.1 24.7 21.6 17.5 42.2 19.5 42.9 17.6 20.1 17.2

Light scheduling 5.2 13.2 17.8 15.2 18.6 11.4 20.3 19.0 14.5 13.6

Occupancy sensors 6.5 18.6 11.2 15.3 42.5 14.3 16.6 30.5 23.4 8.6

Multilevel lighting or dimming 10.0 44.2 23.6 17.7 51.8 27.2 19.4 26.9 23.5 20.5

Daylight harvesting 12.0 91.0 29.6 28.5 40.1 26.7 25.8 34.7 29.9 31.6

Plug-load control 18.4 46.7 44.7 27.6 40.7 55.1 51.0 45.5 45.7 47.6

Demand responsive lighting 30.7 50.0 83.1 56.7 101.1 46.8 99.2 61.5 68.5 43.2

Building automation system (BAS) for 

lighting 9.3 29.1 27.8 25.9 41.4 15.2 33.3 27.9 23.3 21.2

Electric vehicle (EV) charging

Charging stations associated with the 

building 11.5 37.8 31.0 35.2 33.1 26.0 55.3 57.5 38.7 17.7

Data source: U.S. Energy Information Administration, Forms EIA-871A of the 2018 Commercial Buildings Energy Consumption Survey 

Note: RSE is a measure of the reliability or precision of a survey statistic. Variability occurs in survey statistics because the different samples that could be drawn 

would each produce different values for the survey statistics. Estimation of Standard Errors and What is a Relative Standard Error (RSE)? contain more information 

on how RSEs are estimated and used. Both references can be accessed from https://www.eia.gov/consumption/commercial/survey-background-technicalinformation.php.

a

Climate zones are based on ASHRAE Standard 169-2021; see https://www.eia.gov/consumption/commercial/maps.php#defined.

b

Other sources includes wood, coal, solar, and all other energy sources.

c

Office devices refers to any combination of printers, copiers, scanners, or FAX machines.