# Patent

## Title
Converter for converting an AC power main voltage to a voltage suitable for driving a lamp

## Abstract

An electronic converter converts high-voltage AC power main voltage, such as 120V, 240V or 277V, to a low-voltage suitable for driving a halogen lamp. The converter includes a rectifier circuit, starter circuit, a driver circuit, a current sensing circuit and a transformer circuit with an optional synchronous output rectifier. The current sensing circuit senses an output current of the converter. The sensed current is used to govern pulse-width modulation of the lamp drive voltage, to provide over-voltage protection. Temperature protection can also be provided to reduce drive current when the converter overheats. This enables reliable operation of the converter over an extended temperature range, and reduces the occurrence of converter component failures due to ground faults or overheating.

## Background
CROSS-REFERENCE TO RELATED APPLICATIONS
The present application is a continuation in part of U.S. patent application Ser. No. 09/899,769 filed Jul. 2, 2001, now U.S. Pat. No. 6,633,139.


TECHNICAL FIELD
The present invention relates to converters for converting alternating current (AC) power main voltage to a voltage suitable for driving a lamp.
BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION
Most electronic converters for converting AC power main voltage to a voltage for driving a lamp, such as a halogen lamp, are based on self-oscillating technology using bipolar transistors. Since bipolar transistors are current operating devices, obtaining feedback for oscillation is relatively simple. However, bipolar transistor converters with or without diode rectification suffer from several disadvantages. For example they are subject to secondary breakdown phenomena, increased current leakage and increased power losses at elevated temperatures. The practical limit for junction temperature is 100° C. (case temperature typically 85° C.). Bipolar transistor converters are also expensive for high voltage applications (for example 277V, 240V and 220V). They also are less efficient in operation than field-effect transistors, because a typical limitation on frequency of operation is 35 kHz due to switching losses. Precise protection against fault conditions is difficult in a simple circuit using bipolar transistors. In addition, size reduction is limited due to operating frequency limitations, and it is difficult to achieve UL Class B temperature classification (130° C. maximum insulation limitation) without a sacrifice in reliability.
U.S. Pat. No. 6,157,551 to Barak, et al., assigned to Lightech Electronic Industries Ltd., which issued Dec. 5, 2000, teaches a power converter using bipolar transistors. However, this converter suffers from the foregoing disadvantages.
U.S. Pat. No. 6,208,806 to Nerone, assigned to General Electric, which issued Mar. 21, 2001, teaches a power converter using N-channel and P-channel field effect transistors (FETs). Nerone achieves size reduction and improves efficiency by operating at higher frequencies (30 kHz-90 kHz). However, Nerone fails to address the issue of high temperature operation and fault protection. Besides, P-channel FETs are expensive and difficult to obtain compared to N-channel FETs.
There therefore exists a need for a converter that is simple and inexpensive to construct, while providing fault protection and achieving reliable, sustained operation at elevated operating temperatures.
SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION
The present invention provides a converter for converting alternating current (AC) power main voltage to a voltage suitable for driving a lamp. The converter comprises a rectifier circuit connectable to the AC power main, adapted to rectify the AC power main voltage and adapted to provide a direct current (DC) voltage; a driver circuit adapted to receive the unsmoothed DC voltage from the rectifier circuit, and provide a driver output voltage and a driver output current, and further adapted to receive an output current limiting signal; a starter circuit for providing a starter signal that initiates oscillation at an operating frequency in the driver circuit; a sensing circuit for sensing the driver output current and providing the output current limiting signal in response to the sensed driver output current; and a transformer for transforming the driver output voltage to a voltage suitable for driving a lamp such as a halogen lamp.
The sensing circuit may be further adapted to provide overheating protection for the converter. Overheating protection can be provisioned in a plurality of ways. In one embodiment, the sensing circuit includes a Negative Temperature Coefficient (NTC) thermistor that is in good thermal contact with the converter. A resistance of the NTC thermistor is reduced as a temperature of the converter rises. This causes the output current limiting signal to reduce output current from the driver circuit when the converter overheats. The reduction in driver output current permits the converter to cool and inhibits component failure. In another embodiment, a silicon diode is used rather than a NTC thermistor. A switching threshold of the silicon diode is reduced as a temperature of the converter rises. This causes the output current limiting signal to output current from the driver circuit to halt the rise in temperature.
In accordance with another aspect of the invention, a method is provided for controlling an output voltage of a driver circuit in response to an output current of a converter for converting an AC (alternating current) power main voltage to a voltage suitable for driving a lamp. The method comprises the steps of sensing the converter output current; testing whether the sensed converter output current exceeds a threshold; sensing the extent to which the converter output current exceeds the threshold; triggering a latch when the sensed converter output current exceeds the threshold and stopping an oscillation of the driver circuit; re-setting the latch after a period of time related to an extent to which the converter output current exceeds the threshold, and re-starting the oscillation of the driver circuit.
Advantages of the invention include power savings, extended service life for converter components, reduced power loss, and reduced heat generation.
A further advantage of the invention is an avoidance of high cost tantalum capacitors, and improved reliability at high temperature operation.
Another advantage of the invention is a precise control of output current in addition to protection against fault conditions, such as output short circuits.
A further advantage of the invention is an extended operational temperature range for the converter, which enables the converter to achieve an Underwriters Laboratories (UL) Class B temperature classification up to 130° C., which is a maximum insulation limitation.
Yet another advantage of the invention is providing a converter with an operating frequency that is greater than 30 kHz, which enables smaller converter packages and more power efficient converters especially when output rectification is MOSFET synchronous.
Still another advantage of the invention relates to decreased current leakage and switching losses at elevated temperature resulting from the use of MOSFET (metal oxide silicon field-effect) transistors for switching drive current and rectifying output current.
The invention also provides a converter that is reliable, versatile, compact and efficient, with a reduced parts count.



BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS
Further features and advantages of the present invention will become apparent from the following detailed description, taken in combination with the appended drawings, in which:
FIG. 1A is a block diagram of a converter in accordance with the present invention;
FIG. 1B is another block diagram of a converter in accordance with the present invention;
FIG. 2 is a schematic diagram of an exemplary rectifier circuit for use in the converter shown in FIGS. 1A and 1B;
FIG. 3A is a schematic diagram of an exemplary starter circuit for use in the converter shown in FIG. 1A;
FIG. 3B is a schematic diagram of an exemplary starter circuit for use in the converter shown in FIG. 1B;
FIG. 4A is a schematic diagram of an exemplary driver circuit for use in the converter shown in FIG. 1A;
FIG. 4B is a schematic diagram of an exemplary driver circuit for use in the converter shown in FIG. 1A;
FIG. 4C is a schematic diagram of an exemplary driver circuit for use in the converter shown in FIG. 1B;
FIG. 5A is a schematic diagram of an exemplary sensing circuit for use in the converter shown in FIG. 1A;
FIG. 5B is a schematic diagram of an exemplary sensing circuit for use in the converter shown in FIG. 1A;
FIG. 5C is a schematic diagram of an exemplary sensing circuit for use in the converter shown in FIG. 1A;
FIG. 5D is a schematic diagram of an exemplary sensing circuit for use in the converter shown in FIG. 1A;
FIG. 5E is a schematic diagram of an exemplary sensing circuit for use in'the converter shown in FIG. 1A;
FIG. 5F is a schematic diagram of an exemplary sensing circuit for use in the converter shown in FIG. 1B;
FIG. 6A is a schematic diagram of an exemplary transformer circuit for use in the converter shown in FIGS. 1A and 1B;
FIG. 6B is a schematic diagram of another exemplary transformer circuit for use in the converter shown in FIGS. 1A and 1B;
FIG. 7 is a plot of an output voltage of the rectifier circuit shown in FIG. 2, versus time;
FIG. 8 is a plot of an output voltage of the driver circuits shown in FIGS. 4A, 4B, and 4C, versus time;
FIG. 9 is a plot of an output current of the transformer circuit shown in FIG. 6A, versus time;
FIG. 10 is a plot of an output voltage of the transformer circuit shown in FIG. 6A, versus time; and
FIG. 11 is a flowchart of a method of controlling pulse-width modulation in a converter in accordance with the present invention.



It will be noted that throughout the appended drawings, like features are identified by like reference numerals.
DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE PREFERRED EMBODIMENT
FIG. 1A illustrates a converter 100A in accordance with the invention. The converter 100 includes a rectifier circuit 104, a starter circuit 106A, a driver circuit 108A, a sensing circuit 110A, and a transformer circuit 112A. The rectifier circuit 104 has a first and second input 118,120 connectable to an AC (alternating current) power main 102 (shown in dotted outline), a first terminal 122 connected to a power supply node 117 and a second terminal 124 connected to a ground reference node 116. The starter circuit 106A has a first terminal 126 connected to power supply node 117, a second terminal 132 connected to ground reference node 116, a clamp output 128, and a starter output 130. The driver circuit 108A has a first output 134 connected to the clamp output 128 of starter circuit 106A, a first input 136 connected to the starter output 130 of starter circuit 106A, a second input 138, a first terminal 140 connected to the power supply node 117, a second output 142 and a second terminal 144. The sensing circuit 110A has an output 146 connected to the second input 138 of the driver circuit 108A, a first terminal 148 connected to the second terminal 144 of the driver circuit 108A and a second terminal 150 connected to ground reference node 116. The transformer circuit 112A has an input 152 connected to the second output 142 of the driver circuit 108A, a first terminal 154 connected to the power supply node 117, a second terminal 160 connected to ground reference node 116 and a first and second output 156,158 connectable to a lamp 114 (shown in dotted outline).
FIG. 1B illustrates an alternative embodiment of a converter 100B in accordance with the invention. The converter 100B shown in FIG. 1B is identical to the converter 100A shown in FIG. 1A except that a starter circuit 106B has a charging output 129 connected to a thermal shutdown terminal 147 of a sensing circuit 10F.
FIG. 2 illustrates a conventional embodiment of the rectifier circuit 104. The rectifier circuit 104 includes a fuse 202, an inductor 204, a resistor 206, a capacitor 208, a metal oxide varistor (MOV) 210, a first diode 212, a second diode 214, a third diode 216 and a fourth diode 218. The fuse 202 is connected between the first input 118 of the rectifier circuit 104 and a first node 220. Inductor 204 is connected between the first node 220 and a second node 222. The resistor 206 is connected between the second node 222 and a third node 224. The capacitor is 208 is connected between the third node 224 and the second input 120 of the rectifier circuit 104. The MOV 210 is connected between the second node 222 and the second input 120 of the rectifier circuit 104. The first diode 212 has an anode 226 connected to the second input 120 of the rectifier circuit 104 and a cathode 228 connected to the first terminal 122 of the rectifier circuit 104. The second diode 214 has an anode 230 connected to the second terminal 124 of the rectifier circuit 104 and a cathode 232 connected to the second input 120 of the rectifier circuit 104. The third diode 216 has an anode 234 connected to the second node 222 and a cathode 236 connected to the first terminal 122 of the rectifier circuit 104. The fourth diode 218 has an anode 238 connected to the second terminal 124 of the rectifier circuit 104 and a cathode 240 connected to the second node 222.
FIG. 3A illustrates a conventional embodiment of the starter circuit 106A that includes a resistor 302, a capacitor 305, a capacitor 306, a diode 308 and a diac 314. The resistor 302 is connected between the first terminal 126 of the starter circuit 106A and a charging node 316. The capacitor 305 is connected across the resistor 302, and improves lamp dimming performance in a manner known in the art. The capacitor 306 is connected from the charging node 316 to the second terminal 132 of the starter circuit 106A. The diode 308 has an anode 310 connected to the charging node 316 and a cathode 312 connected to the clamp output 128 of the starter circuit 106A. The diac 314 is connected between the charging node 316 and the starter output 130 of the starter circuit 106A.
A starter circuit 106B of FIG. 3B is identical to the starter circuit 106A shown in FIG. 3A except that the charging node 316 is connected to the charging output 129.
FIG. 4A illustrates a preferred embodiment of the driver circuit 108A, which includes a high-side switch, preferably a first N-channel FET (field effect transistor) 402, a low-side switch, preferably a second N-channel FET 410, a first bi-directional voltage clamping circuit 418A, a second bi-directional voltage clamping circuit 432A and a feedback transformer 446.
The first N-channel FET 402 has a gate 404 connected to a first node 472, a source 406 connected to the first output 134 of the driver circuit 108A and a drain 408 connected to the first terminal 140 of the driver circuit 108A. The second N-channel FET 410 has a gate 412 connected to the second input 138, a source 414 connected to the second terminal 144 of the driver circuit 108A and a drain 416 connected to the first output 134 of the driver circuit 108A.
The first bi-directional voltage clamping circuit 418A includes a first zener diode 420 having an anode 422 connected to a second node 474 and a cathode 424 connected to the first node 472; and a second zener diode 426A having an anode 428A connected to the second node 474 and a cathode 430A connected to the first output 134 of the driver circuit 108A. This arrangement of diodes is known as a “back to back” connection. The second bi-directional voltage clamping circuit 432A includes a third zener diode 434 having an anode 436 connected to a third node 476 and a cathode 438 connected to the second input 138 of the driver circuit 108A; and a fourth zener diode 440A having an anode 442A connected to the third node 476 and a cathode 444A connected to the second terminal 144 of the driver circuit 108A.
The feedback transformer 446 includes a first winding 448 having a first terminal 450 and a second terminal 452, a second winding 454 having a first terminal 456 and a second terminal 458, a third winding 460 having a first terminal 462 and a second terminal 464, and a fourth winding 466 having a first terminal 468 and a second terminal 470. The first terminal 450 of the first winding 448 is connected to the second terminal 144 of the driver circuit 108A. The second terminal 452 of the first winding 448 is connected to the second input 138 of the driver circuit 108A. The first terminal 456 of the second winding 454 is connected to the ground reference node 116. The second terminal 458 of the second winding 454 is connected to the first input 136 of the driver circuit 108A. The first terminal 462 of the third winding 460 is connected to the first node 472. The second terminal 464 of the third winding 460 is connected to the first output 134 of the driver circuit 108A. The first terminal 468 of the fourth winding 466 is connected to the first output 134 of the driver circuit 108A. The second terminal 470 of the fourth winding 466 is connected to the second output 142 of the driver circuit 108A.
The first winding 448, the second winding 454, the third winding 460 and the fourth winding 466 of the feedback transformer 446 are arranged so that current flowing into the first terminal 136 of the second winding 454 causes current to flow out of terminal 452 into node 412 and out of node 404 into terminal 462.
FIG. 4B illustrates an alternative embodiment of the driver circuit 108B. The embodiment shown in FIG. 4B is identical to the embodiment shown in FIG. 4A except that the second zener diode 426A and the fourth zener diode 440A may be replaced by a first silicon diode 426B in series with a first resistor 480 and a second silicon diode 440B in series with a second resistor 484 respectively. Also, the source 414 of the first N-channel FET 410 is connected to the ground reference node 116; and the anode 436 of the third zener diode 434 and the anode 442B of the second silicon diode 440B are connected to the second terminal 144 of the driver circuit 108B.
FIG. 4C illustrates another alternative embodiment of the driver circuit 108C. The embodiment shown in FIG. 4B is identical to the embodiment shown in FIG. 4A except that the second zener diode 426A and the fourth zener diode 440A are in series with the first resistor 480 and the second resistor 484 respectively. Also, the source 414 of the first N-channel FET 410 is connected to the ground reference node 116; and the cathode 444A of the third zener diode 440A are connected to the second terminal 144 of the driver circuit 108B.
FIG. 5A illustrates a preferred embodiment of the sensing circuit 110A, which includes a first resistor 502, a second resistor 506, a first diode 508 which is preferably a schottky diode, a first capacitor 514, a third resistor 516, a second capacitor 520, a fourth resistor 522, an NPN transistor 524, a PNP transistor 532, a fifth resistor 540, a third capacitor 542, a fourth capacitor 544 and a second diode 546.
The first resistor 502 is connected between the first terminal 148 of the sensing circuit 110A and the second terminal 150. of the sensing circuit 110A. The second resistor 506 is connected between the first terminal 148 of the sensing circuit 110A and a first node 552. The first diode 508 has an anode 510 connected to the first node 552 and a cathode 512 that is connected to a second node 554. The first capacitor 514 is connected between the second node 554 and the second terminal 150 of the sensing circuit 110A. The third resistor 516 is connected between the second node 554 and a third node 556. The second capacitor 520 is connected between the third node 556 and the second terminal 150 of the sensing circuit 110A. The fourth resistor 522 is connected between the third node 556 and the second terminal 150 of the sensing circuit 110A. The NPN transistor 524 has a base 526 connected to the third node 556, an emitter 528 connected to the second terminal 150 of the sensing circuit 110A and a collector 530 connected to a fourth node 558. The PNP transistor 532 has a base 534 connected to the fourth node 558, an emitter 536 connected to a fifth node 560 and a collector 538 connected to the third node 556. The fifth resistor 540 is connected between the fourth node 558 and the fifth node 560. The third capacitor 542 is connected between the fourth node 558 and the fifth node 560. The fourth capacitor 544 is connected between the fifth node 560 and the second terminal 150 of the sensing circuit 110A. The second diode 546 has an anode 548 connected to the output 146 of the sensing circuit 110A and a cathode 550 connected to the fifth node 560. For convenience, a portion of sensing circuit 110A that includes the fourth resistor 522, the NPN transistor 524, the PNP transistor 532, the fifth resistor 540, the third capacitor 542, the fourth capacitor 544 and the second diode 546 is hereinafter referred to as a latch 562.
FIG. 5B illustrates an alternate embodiment of a sensing circuit 110B. The sensing circuit 110B is identical to the sensing circuit 110A except that a negative temperature coefficient (NTC) thermistor 518 has been added in parallel with third resistor 516. The NTC thermistor 518 provides thermal protection for the converter 100, as will be explained below in detail.
FIG. 5C shows another alternate embodiment of a sensing circuit 110C. The sensing circuit 110C is identical to the sensing circuit 110A except that the first diode 508 has been replaced with a silicon diode 509 having a cathode 511 connected to the first node 552 and an anode 513 connected to the second node 554. The silicon diode 509 also provides thermal protection for the converter 100, as will likewise be explained below in detail.
FIG. 5D shows another alternate embodiment of a sensing circuit 110D. The sensing circuit 110D is identical to the sensing circuit 110B except that the first diode 508 has been replaced with a silicon diode 509 having a cathode 511 connected to first node 552 and an anode 513 connected to second node 554. Also, the first resistor 502 has been removed.
FIG. 5E shows still another alternate embodiment of a sensing circuit 110E. The sensing circuit 110E is identical to the sensing circuit 110B except that the first resistor 502 has been removed.
FIG. 5F shows yet another alternate embodiment of a sensing circuit 110F. The sensing circuit 110E is identical to the sensing circuit 110D shown in FIG. 5D except that: the third resistor 516 and the second capacitor 520 have been removed; a first zener diode 564 having an anode 564A connected to the third node 556 and a cathode 564B connected to the second node 554 replaces the third resistor 516; the NTC thermistor 518 is connected from the third node 556 to a sixth node 568; and a second zener diode 570 has an anode 570A connected to the sixth node 568 and a cathode 570B connected to the thermal shutdown terminal 147.
FIG. 6A shows a conventional embodiment of the transformer circuit 112A that includes a first capacitor 602, a second capacitor 604, and a transformer 606. The first capacitor 602 is connected between the first terminal 154 of the transformer circuit 112A and a node 620. The second capacitor 604 is connected between the node 620 and the second terminal 160 of the transformer circuit 112A. The transformer 606 has a first winding 608 having a first terminal 610 and a second terminal 612; and a second winding 614 having a first terminal 616 and a second terminal 618. The first terminal 610 of the first winding 608 is connected to the input 152 of the transformer circuit 112A. The second terminal 612 of the first winding 608 is connected to the node 620. The first terminal 616 of the second winding 614 is connected to the first output 156 of the transformer circuit 112A. The second terminal 618 of the second winding 614 is connected to the second output 158 of the transformer circuit 112A.
FIG. 6B shows an alternative embodiment of the transformer circuit 112B. The first capacitor 602 is connected between the first terminal 154 of the transformer circuit 112A and a first node 620. The second capacitor 604 is connected between the first node 620 and the second terminal 160 of the transformer circuit 112B. A transformer 630 has: a first winding 632 having a first terminal 632A connected to the first node 620 and a second terminal 632B connected to the input 152 of the transformer circuit 112B; a second winding 634 having a first terminal 634A connected to the second output 158 of the transformer circuit 112B and a second terminal 634B connected to a second node 658; a third winding 636 having a first terminal 636A connected to a third node 666 and a second terminal 636B connected to the second output 158 of the transformer circuit 112B; a fourth winding 638 having a first terminal 638A connected to the second node 658 and a second terminal 638B connected to a fourth node 646; and a fifth winding 640 having a first terminal 640A connected to a fifth node 652 and a second terminal 640B connected to the third node 666. The transformer circuit 112B also includes: a first N-channel FET 642 having a gate 642A connected to a sixth node 650, a source 642B connected to the seventh node and a drain connected to the first output 156 of the transformer circuit 112B; a second N-channel FET 644 having a gate 644A connected to a seventh node, a source 644B connected to the third node 666 and a drain connected to the first output 156 of the transformer circuit 112B; a first resistor 648 connected between the fourth node 646 and sixth node 650; a second resistor 654 connected between the fifth node 652 and the seventh node 656; a third capacitor 660 connected between a the second node 658 and a eighth node 662; and a third resistor 664 connected between the eighth node 662 and the third node 666.
The first winding 632, the second winding 634, the third winding 636, the fourth winding 638, and the fifth winding 640 of the transformer 630 are arranged so that current flowing into the first terminal 632A of the first winding 632 causes current to flow out of the first terminal 634A of the second winding 634, the first terminal 636A of the third winding 636, the first terminal 638A of the fourth winding 638, and the first terminal 640A of the fifth winding 640.
In operation, the rectifier circuit 104 (FIG. 1) receives a 60 Hz, 120V power main voltage applied to first and second inputs 118,120 and outputs a semi-sinusoidal voltage 702 at 120 Hz, as shown in FIG. 7. In FIG. 7, the x-axis 704 represents time (seconds) and the y-axis 706 represents voltage (Volts). The operation of the rectifier circuit 104 is understood by those skilled in the art.
Oscillation of the driver circuit 108A starts each cycle when the voltage applied to the charging node 316 in the starter circuit 106A rises sufficiently to turn on the diac 314. When the diac 314 turns on, a pulse of current is provided to the second winding 454 of the feedback transformer 446. The pulse of current is coupled through the third winding 460 to the gate 404 of the first N-channel FET 402 and through the second winding 454 to the gate 412 of the second N-channel FET 410. The direction of the third winding 460 and the second winding 454 are selected so that the pulse of current from the starter circuit 106A will turn off the first N-channel FET 402 and turn on the second N-channel FET 410. This causes the voltage on the first output 134 of the driver circuit 108A to fall. If a load, such as a lamp 114, is connected to the first and second outputs 156,158 of the transformer circuit 112, then a driver output current will flow through the fourth winding 466. The direction of the fourth winding 466 is selected so that a positive feedback is supplied to the gate 404 of the first N-channel FET 402 and the gate 412 of the second N-channel FET 410. The voltage of the first output 134 of the driver circuit 108A falls to the voltage of the ground reference node 116. After a period of time determined by the size and a maximum flux density of the core used in the feedback transformer 446, the feedback to the gate 404 of the first N-channel FET 402 and the gate 412 of the second N-channel FET 410 is removed. The voltage of the first output 134 of the driver circuit 108A starts to rise, creating a positive feedback that turns on the first N-channel FET 402 and turns off the second N-channel FET 410. The voltage of the first output 134 of the driver circuit 108A rises to the voltage of the power supply node 117. Again, after a period of time determined by the size and the maximum flux density of the core used in feedback transformer 446, the feedback to the gate 404 of the first N-channel FET 402 and the gate 412 of the second N-channel FET 410 is removed. The voltage of the first output 134 of the driver circuit 108A then starts to fall, creating positive feedback that turns off the first N-channel FET 404 and turns on the second N-channel FET 410. Thus, oscillation is established at an operating frequency in the driver circuit 108. If no load is present, there is no positive feedback and no oscillation occurs.
Once oscillation has been established, the diode 312 of the starter circuit 106A (FIG. 3) maintains a voltage of the charging node 316 of the starter circuit 106A at a value that is less than a conduction threshold voltage of the diac 314.
Voltage waveform 802 of the first output 134 of the driver circuit 108A is shown in FIG. 8, in which the x-axis 804 represents time (seconds) and the y-axis 806 represents voltage (Volts). The resulting current waveform 902 in the lamp 114 is shown in FIG. 9, wherein the x-axis 904 represents time (seconds) and the y-axis 906 represents current (Amperes). It should be noted that the operating frequency illustrated in FIGS. 8, 9, and 10 is much lower than the normal operating frequency for purposes of clarity, and that normal operating frequency is preferably greater than 43 kHz.
The converter 100 provides current overload protection. When a current overload condition occurs, such as a short circuit between the first and second outputs 156,158 of transformer circuit 112 causing the output current of driver circuit 108A to rise above a predetermined threshold, a voltage across the first resistor 502 of the sensing circuit 110A (FIG. 5A) is large enough to turn on the first diode 508 of the sensing circuit 110A. The first capacitor 514 and the second capacitor 520 are charged so that latch 562 is triggered. The triggering of latch 562 causes current to be drawn into the output 146 of the sensing circuit 110A and to reduce voltage on the gate 412 of the second N-channel FET 410 and the gate 404 of the first N-channel FET 402 by mutual coupling (FIG. 4). This turns off the second N-channel FET 410, which causes the voltage on the first terminal 148 of the sensing circuit 110A to decrease, oscillation of the driver circuit 106 then stops, which turns off the first diode 508 of the sensing circuit 110A. After a period of time determined by values of the first capacitor 514, the third resistor 516, the second capacitor 520, the fourth resistor 522, the fifth resistor 540, the third capacitor 542, the fourth capacitor 544, and the extent to which the output current of the driver circuit 106 exceeded the predetermined threshold, the latch 562 re-sets to permit oscillation of driver circuit 106 to re-start. The resulting waveform 1002 of the voltage across the lamp 114 is shown in FIG. 10, wherein the x-axis 1004 represents time (seconds) and the y-axis 1006 represents voltage (Volts). The voltage across the lamp 114 is thus pulse-width modulated by the current limiting signal on the output 146 of the sensing circuit 110A.
The embodiment shown in FIG. 5B introduces the NTC thermistor 518 to provide temperature protection for the converter 100. The NTC thermistor 518 is placed in good thermal contact with converter 100. As the temperature of the converter 100 rises, the impedance of the NTC thermistor 518 is reduced. This has the effect of reducing the predetermined threshold for the current overload condition described above. Consequently, as the temperature of the converter 100 increases beyond a threshold determined by resistance characteristics of the NTC thermistor 518, the driver output current provided to the lamp 114 is reduced, permitting the converter 100 to cool. As cooling occurs, the driver output current is increased. The cycle automatically repeats, as required.
In the embodiment shown in FIG. 5C, the silicon diode 509 serves the same function as the NTC thermistor 518. The silicon diode 509 is placed in good thermal contact with the converter 100. As the temperature of the converter 100 rises, the switching threshold of the silicon diode 509 is reduced. This also has the effect of reducing the predetermined threshold of the current limiting circuit described above, to provide thermal protection as described with reference to FIG. 5B.
The embodiment shown in FIG. 5D functions substantially the same as the embodiment shown in FIG. 5B. The removal of the first resistor 502 permits the use of the silicon diode 509 having a higher forward voltage than the schottky diode 508.
The embodiment shown in FIG. 5E functions substantially the same as the embodiment shown in FIG. 5B.
In the embodiment shown in FIG. 5F, the current sensing functions substantially the same as in the embodiment shown in FIG. 5C. However, the thermal protection functions differently. When the impedance of the thermistor 518 is reduced as the temperature of the converter 100 rises above a predetermined threshold, the latch 562 is triggered by a voltage of the shutdown node 127.
The embodiment of the driver circuit 108B shown in FIG. 4B has the advantage sensing the driver output current indirectly. That is, the driver output current is fed back via the fourth winding 466 of the transformer 468 through the first winding 448 to the second bi-directional voltage clamping circuit 432. The second resistor 484 of the driver circuit of FIG. 4B is used for sensing the driver output current instead of the first resistor 502 of the sensing circuits shown in FIGS. 5A, 5B, and 5C.
The embodiment of the driver circuit 108A shown in FIG. 4A is used in conjunction with the embodiment of the starter circuit 106A shown in FIG. 3A and with the embodiments of the sensing circuit 110A,110B, or 110C shown in FIGS. 5A, 5B and 5C respectively. The embodiment of the driver circuit 108B shown in FIG. 4B is used in conjunction with the embodiment of the starter circuit 106A shown in FIG. 3A and with the embodiments of the sensing circuit 110D or 110E shown in FIGS. 5D and 5E respectively. The embodiment of the driver circuit 108C shown in FIG. 4C is used in conjunction with the embodiment of the starter circuit 106B shown in FIG. 3B and with the embodiment of the sensing circuit 110F shown in FIG. 5F.
The embodiment of the transformer circuit 112A shown in FIG. 6A is used in conjunction with any of the above combinations of starter circuits 106A or 106B, driver circuits 108A,108B or 108C and sensing circuits 110A,110B,110C,110D,110E or 110F for providing an AC voltage suitable for driving the lamp 114. The embodiment of the transformer circuit 112B shown in FIG. 6B is used in conjunction with any of the above combinations of starter circuits 106A or 106B, driver circuits 108A,108B or 108C and sensing circuits 110A,110B,110C,110D,110E or 110F for providing a DC voltage suitable for driving the lamp 114 wherein the first output 156 is a positive terminal and the second output 158 is a negative terminal.
The embodiment shown in FIG. 6B functions as a synchronous full-wave rectifier, in which the fourth winding 638 provides a gating voltage to the first FET 642 and the fifth winding 640 provides a gating voltage to the second FET 644. The third capacitor 660 and second resistor 664 provide filtering of the DC voltage.
The invention also provides a method for controlling an output voltage of the driver circuit 106 to provide current limiting protection for the converter 100. FIG. 11 is a flowchart 1100 illustrating the method. The method starts (step 1102) when power is supplied to the AC inputs 118,120 of the rectifier 104. The driver output current is sensed (step 1104) by the sensing circuit 110A, 110B, 110C, 110D, 110E, or 110F to determine whether the sensed driver output current exceeds a threshold (step 1106) determined by the component values of the components of the sensing circuit 110A, as described above. If the driver current is not greater than the threshold, the sensing of the driver output current continues (step 1104). If, however, the sensed driver output current exceeds the threshold, then the extent to which the driver output current exceeds the threshold is sensed (step 1108). The latch 562 is triggered when the sensed driver output current exceeds the threshold. This stops an oscillation of the driver circuit (step 1110). The latch 562 is re-set after a period of time related to an extent to which the driver output current exceeded the threshold (step 1112). Meanwhile, the sensing circuit 110A continues to sense the driver output current (step 1102).
As explained above, if the NTC thermistor 518 (FIGS. 5B, 5D, 5E, or 5F) or the silicon diode 509 (FIG. 5C) are added to the sensing circuit 110, the converter 100 is further provided with temperature protection, which permits the converter 100 to continue to operate at elevated temperatures without component damage. Experimentation has shown that the converter 100 in accordance with the invention can be operated for extended periods of time at case temperatures of at least 110° C., provided that the sensing circuit 110 is constructed as shown in FIGS. 5B, 5C, 5D, 5E, or 5F.
The invention therefore provides a simple, high-frequency, light-weight, compact converter 100 that is inexpensive to construct and more robust than converters known from the prior art. The high operating frequency permits all capacitors: 306 shown in FIGS. 3A and 3B; 514,520,542,544 shown in FIGS. 5A-F; 602,604 shown in FIGS. 6A and 6B; and 606 shown in FIG. 6B; to be solid-state non-polarized capacitors, thereby reducing the weight and package size of the converter 100.
The embodiment(s) of the invention described above is (are) intended to be exemplary only. The scope of the invention is therefore intended to be limited solely by the scope of the appended claims.

## Claims

1. A converter for converting an AC (alternating current) power main voltage to a voltage suitable for driving a lamp, the converter comprising:
a rectifier circuit connectable to the AC power main, adapted to rectify the AC power main voltage and adapted to provide a DC (direct current) voltage; 
a driver circuit adapted to receive the DC voltage from the rectifier circuit, and provide a driver output voltage and a driver output current and further adapted to receive an output current limiting signal, the driver circuit comprising a high-side switch, a low-side switch, and a feedback transformer having a first winding for providing feedback to the low-side switch, and a third winding for providing feedback to the high-side switch; 
a starter circuit for providing a starter signal that initiates oscillation at an operating frequency in the driver circuit; 
a sensing circuit for sensing an output current of the driver circuit and providing the output current limiting signal in response to the sensed output current of the driver circuit; 
a transformer circuit for transforming the driver output voltage to a voltage suitable for driving the lamp; and 
a first bi-directional voltage clamping circuit comprising a zener diode, a silicon diode and a resistor connected between the control terminal and second terminal of the high-side switch, and a second bi-directional voltage clamping circuit comprising a zener diode, a silicon diode and a resistor connected between the control terminal and second terminal of the low-side switch.

2. The converter as claimed in claim 1 wherein the driver circuit further comprises a second winding for receiving the starter signal from the starter circuit, and a fourth winding for receiving the driver output voltage.

3. The converter as claimed in claim 2 wherein the high-side switch has a control terminal, a first terminal and a second terminal; the low-side switch has a control terminal, a first terminal and a second terminal; the first, second, third and fourth windings of the feedback transformer respectively have a first terminal and a second terminal; and, the first terminal of the first winding is connected to a second terminal of the driver circuit, the second terminal of the first winding is connected to a second input of the driver circuit, the first terminal of the second winding is connected to a ground reference node, the second terminal of the second winding is connected to a first input of the driver circuit, the first terminal of the third winding is connected to the control terminal of the high-side switch, the second terminal of the third winding is connected to a first output of the driver circuit, the first terminal of the fourth winding is connected to the first output of the driver circuit, the second terminal of the fourth winding is connected to a second output of the driver circuit, the first terminal of the high-side switch is connected to the first terminal of the driver circuit, the second terminal of the high-side switch is connected to the first output of the driver circuit, the first terminal of the low-side switch is connected to the first output of the driver circuit and the second terminal of the low-side switch is connected to the second terminal of the driver circuit.

4. The converter as claimed in claim 3 wherein the first, second, third and fourth windings of the feedback transformer are arranged such that current flowing into the first terminal of the first winding causes current to flow out of the first terminal of the second, third and fourth windings.

5. The converter as claimed in claim 1 wherein the transformer circuit is adapted to provide an alternating current (AC) voltage suitable for driving the lamp.

6. The converter as claimed in claim 1 wherein the transformer circuit is adapted to provide a direct current (DC) voltage suitable for driving the lamp by means of synchronous MOSFET rectification.

7. The convener as claimed in claim 1 wherein the first bi-directional voltage clamping circuit comprises two zener diodes connected back to back and a resistor; and the second bi-directional voltage clamping circuit comprises two zener diodes connected back to back and a resistor.

8. The converter as claimed in claim 1 wherein the starter circuit comprises:
a resistor connected between a positive supply node and a charging node; 
a capacitor connected between the charging node and a ground reference node; 
a diode having an anode connected to the charging node and a cathode connected to an input of the starter circuit; 
a diac connected between the charging node and an output of the starter circuit; and 
a thermal shutdown terminal connected to the charging node.

9. The converter as claimed in claim 1 wherein the sensing circuit comprises a first resistor connected between an input of the sensing circuit and a first node; a first diode having an anode connected to the first node and a cathode connected to a second node; a first capacitor connected between the second node and a ground reference node; a second resistor connected between the second node and a third node; a thermistor connected between the second node and the third node; a second capacitor connected between the third node and the ground reference node; a third resistor connected between the third node and the ground reference node; an NPN transistor having a base connected to the third node, an emitter connected to the ground reference node and a collector connected to a fourth node; a PNP transistor having a collector connected to the third node, a base connected to the fourth node and an emitter connected to a fifth node; a fourth resistor connected between the fourth node and the fifth node; a third capacitor connected between the fourth node and fifth node; a fourth capacitor connected between the fifth node and the ground reference node; and a second diode having an anode connected to an output of the sensing circuit and a cathode connected to the fifth node.

10. The converter as claimed in claim 9 wherein the first, second, third and fourth capacitors are solid-state non-polarized capacitors.

11. The converter as claimed in claim 9 wherein the first diode is a schottky diode.

12. The converter as claimed in claim 9 wherein the first diode is a silicon diode.

13. The converter as claimed in claim 8 wherein the sensing circuit comprises a first resistor connected between the input of the sensing circuit and a first node; a first diode having an anode connected to the first node and a cathode connected to a second node; a first capacitor connected between the second node and the ground reference node; a first zener diode having a cathode connected to the second node and an anode connected to a third node; a thermistor connected between the third node and a fourth node; a second zener diode having an anode connected to the fourth node and a cathode connected to the thermal shutdown terminal of the sensing circuit; a third resistor connected between the third node and the ground reference node; an NPN transistor having a base connected to the third node, an emitter connected to the ground reference node and a collector connected to a fifth node; a PNP transistor having a collector connected to the third node, a base connected to the fifth node and an emitter connected to a sixth node; a fourth resistor connected between the fifth node and the sixth node; a second capacitor connected between the fifth node and sixth node; a third capacitor connected between the sixth node and the ground reference node; and a second diode having an anode connected to an output of the sensing circuit and a cathode connected to the sixth node.

14. The converter as claimed in claim 13 wherein the first, second, and third capacitors can be solid-state non-polarized capacitors.