Release date: September 2021

Revised date: December 2022

All

buildings

1,001

to

5,000 

square 

feet

5,001

to

10,000 

square 

feet

10,001

to

25,000 

square 

feet

25,001

to

50,000 

square 

feet

50,001

to

100,000 

square 

feet

100,001

to

200,000 

square 

feet

200,001

to

500,000 

square 

feet

Over

500,000 

square 

feet

All buildings 96,423 8,025 10,204 15,838 13,957 15,302 13,003 11,776 8,317

Principal building activity

Education 13,623 396 761 1,224 1,510 4,018 3,321 2,157 236

Food sales 1,006 265 Q Q Q Q Q Q N

Food service 1,385 549 610 Q Q Q Q N N

Health care 4,018 171 253 374 327 494 399 799 1,201

Inpatient 2,259 N N Q Q Q 176 715 1,168

Outpatient 1,760 171 253 354 286 356 223 84 Q

Lodging 6,976 Q Q 653 1,483 1,569 1,378 788 727

Mercantile 10,781 534 804 2,181 1,736 1,752 1,854 1,325 596

Retail (other than mall) 5,193 458 597 1,250 807 578 938 564 N

Enclosed and strip malls 5,588 Q Q 930 930 1,174 915 761 596

Office 16,662 1,380 1,446 2,172 1,899 2,380 2,412 2,541 2,432

Public assembly 7,192 655 886 1,545 1,514 1,024 470 416 683

Public order and safety 1,538 Q Q Q Q Q Q 322 Q

Religious worship 5,471 463 825 2,028 1,383 595 Q Q N

Service 6,240 1,428 1,644 1,505 846 569 Q Q Q

Warehouse and storage 17,483 1,409 1,885 3,049 2,199 2,254 2,056 2,588 2,043

Other 2,435 Q Q Q Q Q 444 490 Q

Vacant 1,612 340 Q Q Q Q Q Q Q

Year constructed

Before 1920 3,600 571 491 741 673 381 425 243 Q

1920 to 1945 5,646 558 599 981 489 866 620 653 881

1946 to 1959 6,937 748 808 1,325 953 1,339 977 612 Q

1960 to 1969 10,360 919 1,288 1,797 1,698 1,257 1,058 1,478 864

1970 to 1979 13,061 1,088 1,536 2,029 1,954 1,926 1,573 1,697 1,258

1980 to 1989 13,465 1,067 1,509 1,844 1,928 2,263 1,774 1,649 1,431

1990 to 1999 15,535 1,167 1,559 2,782 2,734 2,259 2,192 1,663 1,179

2000 to 2009 17,500 1,183 1,318 3,272 2,212 3,168 2,570 2,242 1,535

2010 to 2018 10,319 725 1,097 1,068 1,315 1,842 1,813 1,538 920

Census region

Northeast 15,951 1,126 1,154 2,371 2,140 2,195 2,659 2,397 1,908

Midwest 25,932 2,269 3,021 4,469 4,064 3,942 2,759 3,062 2,347

South 34,907 2,979 3,542 5,656 4,716 6,312 4,999 4,203 2,500

West 19,633 1,651 2,488 3,342 3,036 2,853 2,586 2,115 1,562

Climate zonea

Cold or very cold 7,044 768 813 1,619 1,036 984 870 701 Q

Cool 26,768 2,451 3,111 4,273 4,770 3,950 3,162 3,254 1,797

Mixed mild 25,096 1,581 1,844 3,180 3,051 3,893 4,045 3,640 3,863

Warm 25,085 2,027 3,039 4,553 3,579 4,352 3,320 2,863 1,351

Hot or very hot 12,429 1,198 1,397 2,213 1,521 2,123 1,605 1,319 1,054

Table B7. Building size, floorspace, 2018

Total floorspace (million square feet)

Building size
All

buildings

1,001

to

5,000 

square 

feet

5,001

to

10,000 

square 

feet

10,001

to

25,000 

square 

feet

25,001

to

50,000 

square 

feet

50,001

to

100,000 

square 

feet

100,001

to

200,000 

square 

feet

200,001

to

500,000 

square 

feet

Over

500,000 

square 

feet

All buildings 96,423 8,025 10,204 15,838 13,957 15,302 13,003 11,776 8,317

Table B7. Building size, floorspace, 2018

Total floorspace (million square feet)

Building size

Number of floors

1 43,576 6,107 7,414 9,371 6,163 6,052 4,027 3,168 1,274

2 23,300 1,518 2,297 4,794 4,357 3,902 3,541 1,884 1,006

3 10,516 370 432 1,306 2,477 2,472 1,348 1,420 691

4 to 9 13,031 Q Q 368 960 2,723 3,404 3,384 2,102

10 or more 6,000 N N N N Q 682 1,920 3,244

Elevators and escalators 

(more than one may apply)

Any elevators 36,501 Q 341 2,520 4,418 6,912 7,423 8,088 6,764

1 elevator 14,215 Q 330 2,436 3,539 3,575 2,615 1,215 470

2 to 5 elevators 13,316 N Q Q 879 3,336 4,519 3,898 588

6 or more elevators 8,970 N N N N Q 289 2,974 5,706

Any escalators 3,753 Q N Q Q Q Q 561 2,917

Number of workers (main shift)

Fewer than 5 21,065 5,655 5,550 5,645 2,727 949 Q 304 Q

5 to 9 10,323 1,727 2,274 3,165 1,651 688 616 Q N

10 to 19 11,348 555 1,546 3,362 3,044 1,681 711 405 Q

20 to 49 16,132 Q 772 2,818 3,981 4,886 2,411 1,004 Q

50 to 99 12,961 N Q 842 1,877 4,472 3,548 1,628 532

100 to 249 12,442 N N Q 654 2,243 3,672 4,428 1,440

250 or more 12,152 N N N Q 384 1,855 3,805 6,084

Weekly operating hours

Fewer than 40 10,766 2,213 2,262 2,797 1,324 1,000 492 462 Q

40 to 48 18,826 2,013 2,864 4,159 2,761 3,151 2,233 1,401 Q

49 to 60 22,845 1,613 2,009 4,121 3,617 4,397 3,436 2,544 1,107

61 to 84 14,736 760 1,235 1,919 2,096 2,252 2,418 2,355 1,702

85 to 167 10,038 617 780 814 1,640 1,903 1,640 1,431 1,213

Open continuously 19,213 809 1,055 2,029 2,518 2,599 2,783 3,584 3,835

Ownership and occupancy

Nongovernment owned 74,728 6,785 8,799 13,682 11,612 10,026 8,889 8,397 6,538

Owner occupied 45,355 4,505 5,966 8,912 7,483 5,716 4,856 3,823 4,094

Leased to tenant or tenants 28,382 2,022 2,537 4,701 4,029 4,193 3,980 4,493 2,427

Unoccupied 990 258 Q Q Q Q Q Q Q

Government owned 21,695 1,240 1,406 2,157 2,345 5,276 4,113 3,379 1,779

Federal 1,946 Q Q Q Q Q Q 258 624

State 6,888 324 Q 520 681 1,957 1,237 1,178 593

Local 12,861 820 941 1,501 1,373 3,065 2,656 1,943 562

Party responsible for operation of 

energy systems

Building owner 79,282 6,610 8,645 12,427 11,196 12,901 10,908 9,972 6,623

Business owner or tenant 12,842 1,082 1,353 2,668 2,149 1,727 1,407 1,376 1,082

Property management 1,994 Q Q Q Q 315 306 261 Q

Other 2,306 Q Q 486 315 359 382 168 Q
All

buildings

1,001

to

5,000 

square 

feet

5,001

to

10,000 

square 

feet

10,001

to

25,000 

square 

feet

25,001

to

50,000 

square 

feet

50,001

to

100,000 

square 

feet

100,001

to

200,000 

square 

feet

200,001

to

500,000 

square 

feet

Over

500,000 

square 

feet

All buildings 96,423 8,025 10,204 15,838 13,957 15,302 13,003 11,776 8,317

Table B7. Building size, floorspace, 2018

Total floorspace (million square feet)

Building size

Provider of direct input on energyrelated equipment purchases

Building owner 82,862 6,887 9,082 13,504 11,664 13,309 11,253 10,304 6,858

Business owner or tenant 7,585 662 790 1,322 1,331 970 1,011 849 650

Property management 1,072 Q Q Q Q Q Q 146 Q

Other 4,904 393 307 832 800 864 584 478 646

Number of establishments

1 65,391 6,936 8,127 10,999 10,154 10,480 8,603 6,476 3,618

2 to 5 16,431 799 1,559 3,427 2,162 2,415 2,076 2,377 1,617

6 to 10 5,539 N Q 997 853 1,028 895 1,024 629

11 to 20 3,894 Q Q Q 532 887 816 709 557

More than 20 3,999 N Q Q Q 327 529 1,100 1,879

Currently unoccupied 1,168 287 Q Q Q Q Q Q Q

Campus or complex activity

Not part of a campus or complex 56,609 5,135 5,776 9,024 8,665 8,925 7,993 6,957 4,134

Primary or secondary school 5,106 277 456 804 645 1,195 916 765 Q

College or university 3,761 Q Q Q 543 1,062 877 576 Q

Office complex 3,823 171 Q Q 439 538 822 644 736

Retail complex 4,573 285 Q 777 725 832 686 533 Q

Storage complex 5,684 535 1,023 1,356 Q 563 523 488 Q

Religious campus or complex 3,209 254 645 1,199 612 343 Q Q Q

Health care complex 2,838 Q Q Q Q 302 303 625 1,045

Lodging or resort complex 1,575 156 Q Q 541 Q Q Q Q

Transportation complex 774 Q Q Q Q Q Q Q Q

Government complex 1,706 207 Q Q Q Q 251 219 Q

Other type of campus or complex 6,765 836 1,010 1,457 941 942 464 613 Q

Predominant exterior wall material

Brick, stone, or stucco 46,134 2,962 4,411 7,672 7,423 8,538 6,917 5,161 3,050

Concrete (block or poured) 19,357 1,043 1,638 2,865 3,104 3,399 3,208 2,541 1,559

Concrete panels 8,331 Q Q 502 823 1,351 1,440 2,085 1,905

Siding or shingles 5,992 1,740 1,290 1,141 1,010 Q Q 198 Q

Metal panels 12,198 1,973 2,490 3,199 1,457 1,148 577 675 679

Window glass 2,192 Q Q Q Q Q 396 685 673

Other 2,219 182 Q Q Q Q 254 432 Q
All

buildings

1,001

to

5,000 

square 

feet

5,001

to

10,000 

square 

feet

10,001

to

25,000 

square 

feet

25,001

to

50,000 

square 

feet

50,001

to

100,000 

square 

feet

100,001

to

200,000 

square 

feet

200,001

to

500,000 

square 

feet

Over

500,000 

square 

feet

All buildings 96,423 8,025 10,204 15,838 13,957 15,302 13,003 11,776 8,317

Table B7. Building size, floorspace, 2018

Total floorspace (million square feet)

Building size

Predominant roof material

Metal surfacing 20,936 3,335 4,118 5,650 3,007 2,321 1,077 721 705

Synthetic or rubber 31,563 973 1,227 2,943 4,483 5,876 6,566 5,813 3,681

Built-up 19,308 721 1,182 2,249 2,328 3,866 3,124 3,097 2,740

Slate or tile shingles 3,997 509 655 995 816 420 355 131 Q

Wooden materials (including

shingles) 1,568 252 Q 563 Q Q Q Q Q

Asphalt, fiberglass, or 

other shingles 14,058 1,954 2,352 3,066 2,400 1,705 1,076 1,120 385

Concrete 1,968 Q Q Q 413 Q 350 330 Q

Other 3,026 146 Q Q Q 580 415 512 420

Roof tilt

Flat 54,253 2,136 3,161 5,548 7,297 10,330 9,801 9,343 6,637

Shallow pitch 27,609 3,057 4,415 6,440 4,412 3,535 2,396 2,052 1,302

Steeper pitch 14,561 2,831 2,629 3,851 2,248 1,437 806 380 Q

Cool roof characteristics (more than one 

may apply)

White or reflective coating or paint 32,799 1,410 2,008 4,368 4,337 6,036 5,558 5,293 3,790

White or reflective tiles or shingles 2,713 202 Q Q 505 497 589 241 Q

Aluminum coating 6,149 742 1,070 1,243 1,046 814 605 353 Q

Ballasted roof system 6,277 Q Q 542 568 1,001 1,045 1,439 1,463

Other cool roof property 1,603 Q Q Q Q Q Q 428 494

Renovations since 2000 

(more than one may apply)

Any type of renovation 45,165 2,453 3,455 5,836 6,326 7,293 7,204 7,067 5,531

Addition or annex 10,854 284 625 1,007 1,556 1,618 2,026 1,547 2,190

Reduction in floorspace 1,784 Q Q Q Q Q Q 419 656

Roof replacement 20,862 1,009 1,530 2,398 2,582 3,349 3,138 3,819 3,037

Interior wall reconfiguration 21,283 789 1,108 2,283 2,665 3,385 3,129 3,647 4,277

Window replacement 10,977 525 912 1,426 1,148 1,684 1,396 1,556 2,329

HVAC equipment upgrade 27,575 912 2,043 3,178 3,443 4,150 4,401 4,989 4,459

Lighting upgrade 29,098 1,128 1,839 2,826 3,808 4,703 4,438 5,426 4,931

Electrical upgrade 15,761 641 1,127 1,262 1,593 2,198 2,541 2,974 3,423

Plumbing system upgrade 15,537 705 1,101 1,376 1,742 2,146 2,196 3,051 3,219

Insulation upgrade 7,980 439 475 908 662 881 1,403 1,238 1,974

Fire, safety, or security upgrade 19,985 573 787 1,859 2,348 3,366 3,375 4,069 3,606

Structural upgrade 4,203 142 Q Q 459 388 583 554 1,368

Other 1,168 Q Q Q Q Q 327 321 Q

No renovations 43,832 5,109 5,928 9,276 6,704 6,667 4,608 3,455 2,085

Buildings constructed 2013 or later 7,426 462 822 727 927 1,342 1,190 1,254 701
All

buildings

1,001

to

5,000 

square 

feet

5,001

to

10,000 

square 

feet

10,001

to

25,000 

square 

feet

25,001

to

50,000 

square 

feet

50,001

to

100,000 

square 

feet

100,001

to

200,000 

square 

feet

200,001

to

500,000 

square 

feet

Over

500,000 

square 

feet

All buildings 96,423 8,025 10,204 15,838 13,957 15,302 13,003 11,776 8,317

Table B7. Building size, floorspace, 2018

Total floorspace (million square feet)

Building size

Energy sources 

(more than one may apply)

Electricity 94,844 7,471 9,644 15,464 13,935 15,269 12,983 11,761 8,317

Natural gas 67,722 3,292 5,200 9,523 10,467 11,988 10,516 9,674 7,062

Fuel oil 21,185 726 774 1,827 1,774 2,893 3,266 4,541 5,383

District heat 6,745 Q Q Q 390 1,117 952 1,450 2,281

District chilled water 4,288 Q Q Q 295 831 757 988 1,155

Propane 10,157 1,047 995 1,700 1,336 1,325 1,198 1,256 1,299

Solar 3,820 Q Q 467 389 391 675 661 978

Wood, coal, and other 2,113 218 505 Q Q Q Q Q Q

Space-heating energy sources

(more than one may apply)

Electricity 45,603 3,267 3,941 7,398 7,443 7,465 6,416 5,431 4,241

Natural gas 58,042 2,830 4,493 8,764 9,055 10,192 9,281 8,190 5,238

Fuel oil 4,134 468 400 630 Q 541 513 615 510

District heat 6,547 Q Q Q 384 1,117 950 1,323 2,253

Propane 3,896 722 678 914 516 Q 234 Q Q

Other sourcesb 927 192 Q Q Q Q Q Q N

Primary space-heating

energy source

Electricity 27,618 2,507 2,850 4,883 4,530 4,905 3,338 2,768 1,836

Natural gas 50,060 2,602 4,322 7,819 7,851 8,201 7,995 7,094 4,175

Fuel oil 2,223 445 Q 560 Q Q 292 Q Q

District heat 6,090 Q Q Q 346 1,044 873 1,221 2,117

Propane 2,290 638 461 Q Q Q Q Q Q

Other sourcesb 380 Q Q Q Q N Q Q N

Cooling energy sources 

(more than one may apply)

Electricity 84,526 5,685 7,718 13,785 12,894 14,245 12,133 10,370 7,696

Natural gas 400 Q N N Q Q Q Q Q

District chilled water 4,288 Q Q Q 295 831 757 988 1,155

Water-heating energy sources

(more than one may apply)

Electricity 47,125 3,699 4,613 8,250 7,325 7,031 6,343 5,699 4,165

Natural gas 46,652 1,873 3,464 6,092 7,083 9,051 7,859 6,862 4,368

Fuel oil 1,807 Q Q Q Q Q 431 272 340

District heat 4,206 N Q Q Q 628 608 975 1,638

Propane 1,947 167 Q 551 Q 367 Q Q Q

Cooking energy sources 

(more than one may apply)

Electricity 30,509 1,398 2,187 3,281 4,224 5,220 5,409 4,939 3,851

Natural gas 27,705 621 1,101 2,290 3,252 4,604 5,664 5,539 4,633

Propane 3,101 241 Q 496 Q 630 648 210 Q
All

buildings

1,001

to

5,000 

square 

feet

5,001

to

10,000 

square 

feet

10,001

to

25,000 

square 

feet

25,001

to

50,000 

square 

feet

50,001

to

100,000 

square 

feet

100,001

to

200,000 

square 

feet

200,001

to

500,000 

square 

feet

Over

500,000 

square 

feet

All buildings 96,423 8,025 10,204 15,838 13,957 15,302 13,003 11,776 8,317

Table B7. Building size, floorspace, 2018

Total floorspace (million square feet)

Building size

Energy end uses 

(more than one may apply)

Buildings with space heating 88,661 6,322 8,191 14,194 13,237 14,609 12,603 11,304 8,201

Buildings with cooling 87,506 5,704 7,781 13,940 13,151 14,841 12,645 11,129 8,317

Buildings with water heating 87,717 5,721 7,987 13,843 13,137 14,721 12,628 11,542 8,137

Buildings with cooking 43,580 2,020 2,960 4,932 5,778 7,387 7,750 6,950 5,803

Buildings with manufacturing 6,871 392 388 1,096 1,282 1,214 854 781 864

Buildings with electricity

generation 29,457 556 1,212 2,478 2,886 4,755 5,180 6,041 6,347

Buildings with lighting 94,103 7,290 9,306 15,445 13,812 15,269 12,956 11,708 8,317

Percentage of floorspace heated

Not heated 7,762 1,703 2,013 1,644 721 693 400 472 Q

1 to 50% 10,620 928 1,142 2,354 1,227 1,348 1,511 1,228 883

51 to 99% 20,174 943 1,813 2,752 2,994 3,361 2,822 2,810 2,680

100% 57,867 4,451 5,237 9,088 9,015 9,900 8,270 7,267 4,639

Percentage of floorspace cooled

Not cooled 8,917 2,321 2,424 1,899 807 461 358 647 N

1 to 50% 19,722 1,241 2,288 4,051 2,579 3,100 2,509 2,273 1,680

51 to 99% 26,277 1,000 1,792 3,074 3,747 4,741 4,249 3,944 3,730

100% 41,507 3,463 3,701 6,815 6,824 7,000 5,886 4,911 2,907

Percentage lit when open

0% Q Q Q N Q N Q Q N

1 to 50% 14,172 1,857 2,610 4,104 2,124 1,337 887 648 604

51 to 99% 38,847 1,960 2,874 5,866 5,777 6,844 5,936 5,869 3,720

100% 39,877 3,201 3,483 5,348 5,783 6,922 6,072 5,091 3,976

Building never open or electricity 

not used 2,998 927 960 Q Q Q Q Q Q

Percentage lit during off hours

0% 15,578 3,370 3,885 3,889 2,241 1,115 553 488 Q

1 to 50% 69,800 3,748 5,403 10,855 10,370 12,735 10,804 9,287 6,597

51 to 100% 7,243 283 Q 622 882 1,127 1,258 1,488 1,307

Building always open with 

no off hours 2,223 Q Q Q Q 292 368 498 376

Electricity not used 1,579 554 Q Q Q Q Q Q N
All

buildings

1,001

to

5,000 

square 

feet

5,001

to

10,000 

square 

feet

10,001

to

25,000 

square 

feet

25,001

to

50,000 

square 

feet

50,001

to

100,000 

square 

feet

100,001

to

200,000 

square 

feet

200,001

to

500,000 

square 

feet

Over

500,000 

square 

feet

All buildings 96,423 8,025 10,204 15,838 13,957 15,302 13,003 11,776 8,317

Table B7. Building size, floorspace, 2018

Total floorspace (million square feet)

Building size

Heating equipment (more than one may 

apply)

Packaged heating units 48,064 2,511 3,648 6,773 8,523 8,565 7,676 6,190 4,176

Furnaces 17,272 2,428 2,813 4,346 2,702 2,214 1,618 938 Q

Individual space heaters 21,122 1,469 2,062 3,747 3,682 3,248 2,509 2,511 1,894

Boilers 28,831 511 862 2,724 4,013 6,097 6,043 5,093 3,488

Heat pumps 15,110 752 1,049 2,344 1,965 2,544 2,293 2,468 1,694

District heat 6,547 Q Q Q 384 1,117 950 1,323 2,253

Duct reheat 7,418 Q Q 469 696 1,230 1,336 1,692 1,763

Other 821 N Q Q Q Q Q Q Q

Cooling equipment (more than one may 

apply)

Packaged air-conditioning units 56,290 2,666 4,659 8,465 9,766 10,185 8,736 6,971 4,841

Residential-type central air

conditioners 18,270 1,920 2,008 3,873 2,603 2,887 1,920 1,845 1,214

Individual air conditioners 13,619 954 1,074 2,071 1,888 2,356 2,450 1,604 1,219

Central chillers 17,926 Q Q 718 1,398 3,069 3,805 4,758 4,000

Heat pumps 11,098 485 821 1,888 1,001 1,918 1,648 1,692 1,644

District chilled water 4,288 Q Q Q 295 831 757 988 1,155

Swamp coolers 2,070 Q Q Q Q 403 231 326 Q

Other Q Q N Q Q N Q Q Q

HVAC features 

(more than one may apply)

Economizer cycle 34,087 427 996 3,005 4,138 6,140 6,717 6,652 6,013

Variable air volume (VAV) system 29,268 525 1,215 2,265 2,648 5,223 5,636 5,957 5,798

Dedicated outside air system (DOAS) 9,027 237 346 844 986 1,472 1,475 1,714 1,953

Demand controlled ventilation (DCV) 10,474 345 607 1,087 1,439 1,782 1,392 1,985 1,838

Regular HVAC maintenance 78,015 4,098 6,216 11,594 10,956 13,779 12,113 11,061 8,196

Building automation system (BAS) 

controls heating or cooling 40,462 759 1,158 3,580 4,310 7,455 8,465 7,915 6,818

Internet-connected or smart

thermostat 5,966 335 663 1,124 990 1,031 950 437 Q

Programmable thermostat 20,882 2,043 2,976 4,505 4,257 3,249 1,438 1,738 675

Main equipment replaced since 2000 

(more than one may apply)

Heating 32,451 2,167 3,811 5,758 5,471 4,643 4,436 4,015 2,151

Cooling 23,013 1,496 2,168 4,291 2,927 3,225 3,260 3,047 2,599

Water-heating equipment

Centralized system 59,280 4,544 6,339 10,549 9,593 10,093 8,155 6,498 3,508

Distributed system 14,307 957 1,305 2,290 2,112 2,483 1,597 2,099 1,464

Combination of centralized and 

distributed systems 14,129 220 344 1,004 1,432 2,144 2,875 2,945 3,165
All

buildings

1,001

to

5,000 

square 

feet

5,001

to

10,000 

square 

feet

10,001

to

25,000 

square 

feet

25,001

to

50,000 

square 

feet

50,001

to

100,000 

square 

feet

100,001

to

200,000 

square 

feet

200,001

to

500,000 

square 

feet

Over

500,000 

square 

feet

All buildings 96,423 8,025 10,204 15,838 13,957 15,302 13,003 11,776 8,317

Table B7. Building size, floorspace, 2018

Total floorspace (million square feet)

Building size

Generation technologies (more than one 

may apply)

Reciprocating engine generators 25,163 458 1,020 1,894 2,337 4,161 4,264 5,211 5,818

Solar panels 3,750 Q Q 456 389 391 662 637 978

Other generation technology 2,055 Q Q Q Q Q 532 439 360

Lighting equipment types 

(more than one may apply)

Incandescent 21,081 1,408 1,996 2,897 2,859 3,463 2,895 3,076 2,487

Standard fluorescent 72,912 5,262 6,657 11,798 10,623 12,052 10,197 9,202 7,121

Compact fluorescent 33,691 1,141 1,807 3,695 4,279 5,869 5,711 6,164 5,024

High-intensity discharge 11,356 Q Q 973 1,093 1,912 2,023 2,385 2,421

Halogen 15,012 527 1,021 1,946 2,151 2,306 2,126 2,789 2,147

LED 61,849 2,850 4,128 8,614 8,686 10,901 9,520 9,651 7,499

Other Q Q N Q N Q Q Q N

Refrigeration equipment

(more than one may apply)

Any refrigeration 77,589 4,913 6,273 11,252 11,606 13,172 11,772 10,645 7,956

Walk-in units 29,384 682 1,055 1,530 2,597 5,652 6,270 6,383 5,216

Cases or cabinets 28,517 812 1,317 2,282 2,931 5,034 5,591 5,679 4,870

Large cold storage areas 3,592 Q Q Q Q 682 629 540 1,195

Commercial ice makers 34,672 807 1,188 2,824 3,933 6,429 6,706 6,737 6,048

Residential-type or compact units 64,735 4,309 5,210 10,051 10,311 10,450 9,238 8,433 6,732

Vending machines 42,071 510 741 3,259 4,990 8,234 8,648 8,616 7,073

No refrigeration 18,834 3,112 3,931 4,587 2,352 2,130 1,230 1,131 Q

Office equipment

(more than one may apply)

Desktop computers 82,012 4,350 6,881 12,400 12,530 14,338 12,360 11,216 7,938

With multiple monitors 50,844 1,482 2,179 5,476 6,580 9,824 8,710 9,405 7,189

Laptop computers 69,375 2,803 5,040 9,519 10,116 12,471 11,135 10,737 7,555

Dedicated servers 51,595 1,085 2,154 5,249 7,263 10,335 9,099 9,305 7,105

Tablets charged in building 48,778 1,512 2,483 5,840 5,980 9,521 9,039 8,330 6,073

Large floor-standing office devicesc 54,088 976 2,312 5,799 7,758 10,723 9,806 9,342 7,372

Smaller desktop office devicesc 74,467 4,306 5,786 11,602 11,094 12,609 11,104 10,402 7,564

Interactive whiteboards 16,939 Q Q 919 1,510 3,908 3,740 3,484 2,964

Televisions or video displays 63,618 2,632 4,012 8,311 9,157 11,467 11,052 9,500 7,488

Point-of-sale devices or cash 

registers 33,606 1,832 2,086 3,553 4,325 5,422 5,662 5,825 4,900
All

buildings

1,001

to

5,000 

square 

feet

5,001

to

10,000 

square 

feet

10,001

to

25,000 

square 

feet

25,001

to

50,000 

square 

feet

50,001

to

100,000 

square 

feet

100,001

to

200,000 

square 

feet

200,001

to

500,000 

square 

feet

Over

500,000 

square 

feet

All buildings 96,423 8,025 10,204 15,838 13,957 15,302 13,003 11,776 8,317

Table B7. Building size, floorspace, 2018

Total floorspace (million square feet)

Building size

Food preparation or serving areas 

in non-food service buildings

(more than one may apply)

Snack bar, concession stand, or coffee 

shop 10,361 Q Q 449 822 1,322 1,769 2,343 3,445

Fast food or small restaurant 9,759 118 Q 493 856 1,129 1,813 2,069 3,085

Cafeteria or large restaurant 14,531 N Q Q 901 2,728 3,105 3,484 3,944

food preparation area 17,698 Q Q 1,407 1,675 3,163 3,819 3,975 3,343

Small kitchen area 20,519 1,279 1,921 2,849 3,217 3,011 2,968 2,372 2,902

Separate computer areas

(more than one may apply)

Server closet 48,722 915 1,992 4,249 6,701 10,384 9,289 8,742 6,450

Data center 11,383 Q Q Q 476 1,192 2,046 3,205 3,877

Computer-based training room 16,556 Q Q 872 1,244 3,241 3,499 3,679 3,738

Student or public computer center 12,527 Q Q 763 1,242 2,937 3,025 2,871 1,274

Window and interior lighting 

features (more than one may

apply)

Multipaned windows 72,694 4,109 5,995 11,470 10,573 12,719 11,098 9,380 7,350

Tinted window glass 44,363 1,576 2,884 6,298 5,880 7,837 6,884 7,243 5,761

Reflective window glass 17,929 354 809 2,311 2,211 2,920 3,313 3,258 2,753

External overhangs or awnings 28,718 2,019 2,328 4,702 4,462 5,047 3,815 3,633 2,713

Skylights or atriums 19,815 492 773 2,007 2,279 2,695 3,111 4,278 4,180

Light scheduling 33,552 809 1,334 3,352 3,899 6,011 6,615 6,100 5,432

Occupancy sensors 44,304 604 1,524 4,109 4,886 8,677 8,530 8,863 7,112

Multilevel lighting or dimming 14,424 236 606 1,015 1,267 2,519 2,472 3,329 2,979

Daylight harvesting 7,244 Q Q 532 535 843 1,249 1,967 1,866

Plug-load control 1,961 Q Q Q Q Q 449 439 294

Demand responsive lighting 2,045 Q Q Q Q Q 234 382 349

Building automation system (BAS) for 

lighting 16,645 232 Q 1,314 1,432 2,715 3,481 3,446 3,663

Electric vehicle (EV) charging

Charging stations associated with the 

building 10,165 Q Q 504 894 1,278 1,414 2,474 3,437

Data source: U.S. Energy Information Administration, Form EIA-871A of the 2018 Commercial Buildings Energy Consumption Survey 

Notes: Because of rounding, data may not sum to totals. The Guide to the 2018 CBECS Tables and CBECS Terminology contain definitions of terms used in these tables 

and comparisons between previous CBECS tables. You can access both references from http://www.eia.gov/consumption/commercial/data/2018/. 

Data are sample survey estimates with relative standard errors published in a tab on the Excel worksheet for this table. 

a

Climate zones are based on ASHRAE Standard 169-2021; see https://www.eia.gov/consumption/commercial/maps.php#defined. b

Other sources includes wood, coal, solar, and all other energy sources. c

Office devices refers to any combination of printers, copiers, scanners, or FAX machines.

Q = Data withheld either because the relative standard error was greater than 50% or the reporting sample had fewer than 20 buildings. 

N = No buildings in reporting sample.
RSE

Release date: September 2021

Revised date: December 2022

All

buildings

1,001

to

5,000 

square 

feet

5,001

to

10,000 

square 

feet

10,001

to

25,000 

square 

feet

25,001

to

50,000 

square 

feet

50,001

to

100,000 

square 

feet

100,001

to

200,000 

square 

feet

200,001

to

500,000 

square 

feet

Over

500,000 

square 

feet

All buildings 3.1 5.3 5.8 6.1 5.6 5.3 5.5 5.0 8.6

Principal building activity

Education 5.3 18.7 21.7 18.9 10.8 8.7 10.3 7.3 23.3

Food sales 17.0 16.2 27.8 51.9 59.0 49.2 41.0 41.2 0.0

Food service 8.5 10.1 14.5 27.3 79.3 70.4 76.6 0.0 0.0

Health care 5.5 17.9 21.7 23.4 20.3 18.2 15.3 13.5 9.6

Inpatient 7.2 0.0 0.0 90.6 72.3 31.1 24.0 15.0 9.6

Outpatient 8.0 17.9 21.7 23.7 23.9 22.9 18.9 29.1 45.6

Lodging 8.3 27.8 31.2 16.4 18.9 13.9 15.8 16.4 48.2

Mercantile 6.0 12.9 22.3 13.2 12.7 17.5 12.3 13.8 21.4

Retail (other than mall) 8.6 13.8 27.7 17.3 19.2 28.8 13.8 13.6 0.0

Enclosed and strip malls 7.6 29.4 30.6 19.1 15.3 19.2 20.0 21.4 21.4

Office 5.5 11.7 11.9 15.4 14.1 13.6 11.0 9.3 15.9

Public assembly 5.8 19.4 13.7 15.3 13.9 12.6 18.0 21.9 20.9

Public order and safety 15.9 38.1 50.2 28.9 40.3 44.1 29.7 31.6 64.8

Religious worship 9.3 17.7 24.9 13.0 18.3 22.9 37.0 43.6 0.0

Service 8.1 9.8 15.1 18.7 22.9 21.7 54.0 91.0 76.4

Warehouse and storage 7.2 12.9 14.1 14.1 17.7 14.9 15.3 13.1 18.2

Other 15.1 29.8 32.1 38.0 36.9 38.4 32.6 26.7 68.7

Vacant 14.1 21.2 35.2 51.3 53.5 37.0 37.0 41.2 56.4

Year constructed

Before 1920 10.8 18.4 21.0 19.7 26.9 27.2 29.0 34.1 45.1

1920 to 1945 8.8 12.5 21.3 19.5 21.6 20.2 19.4 13.9 33.2

1946 to 1959 7.6 13.4 18.9 17.7 16.7 17.1 21.9 19.1 33.0

1960 to 1969 5.2 10.0 15.6 14.5 14.4 13.4 14.6 12.4 19.1

1970 to 1979 6.0 12.6 15.9 13.9 16.5 12.2 15.4 15.4 14.6

1980 to 1989 5.9 12.8 13.3 14.3 13.7 11.6 12.5 9.9 25.5

1990 to 1999 6.6 11.5 17.2 15.1 14.8 11.4 10.0 8.9 16.2

2000 to 2009 6.3 11.8 16.2 13.3 13.9 9.8 11.0 10.5 18.7

2010 to 2018 7.6 15.8 18.9 19.7 14.5 13.7 16.1 16.7 27.6

Census region

Northeast 7.2 14.6 14.0 14.6 12.8 11.6 11.3 11.4 14.3

Midwest 7.4 14.5 16.1 13.5 13.6 14.2 10.6 12.1 14.2

South 6.1 9.7 10.3 11.6 9.2 8.6 9.2 7.3 15.7

West 7.1 8.7 10.1 12.3 11.8 10.5 13.2 11.1 29.3

Climate zonea

Cold or very cold 17.0 22.0 21.9 20.9 31.6 16.2 24.8 26.2 35.2

Cool 8.3 14.6 17.4 10.9 12.5 14.5 10.8 13.7 15.9

Mixed mild 10.5 17.5 20.5 17.2 14.2 14.9 12.5 10.5 16.0

Warm 10.0 13.2 14.2 12.6 11.8 14.8 16.1 10.3 20.8

Hot or very hot 14.1 19.9 21.8 24.5 20.4 15.0 16.1 14.2 14.5

Relative Standard Errors (RSEs) for Table B7. Building size, floorspace, 2018

RSEs for total floorspace

Building size
RSE

All

buildings

1,001

to

5,000 

square 

feet

5,001

to

10,000 

square 

feet

10,001

to

25,000 

square 

feet

25,001

to

50,000 

square 

feet

50,001

to

100,000 

square 

feet

100,001

to

200,000 

square 

feet

200,001

to

500,000 

square 

feet

Over

500,000 

square 

feet

All buildings 3.1 5.3 5.8 6.1 5.6 5.3 5.5 5.0 8.6

Relative Standard Errors (RSEs) for Table B7. Building size, floorspace, 2018

RSEs for total floorspace

Building size

Number of floors

1 4.5 5.4 6.8 7.7 8.7 7.7 11.1 10.3 23.1

2 4.4 10.1 12.2 10.2 11.4 8.0 10.4 10.9 19.0

3 7.6 18.9 23.8 14.2 13.2 14.2 14.0 12.7 24.9

4 to 9 6.3 37.5 33.2 47.6 15.8 9.6 10.1 8.4 12.4

10 or more 11.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 22.6 17.0 11.4 15.5

Elevators and escalators 

(more than one may apply)

Any elevators 4.5 54.6 29.6 14.3 9.2 7.0 6.1 5.5 9.4

1 elevator 6.0 54.6 30.5 15.1 10.0 8.9 10.2 14.3 25.8

2 to 5 elevators 5.2 0.0 73.0 36.7 20.0 9.6 7.7 8.2 22.3

6 or more elevators 8.4 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 98.6 28.6 8.5 10.4

Any escalators 13.7 80.2 0.0 50.3 60.7 44.3 41.4 18.3 16.1

Number of workers (main shift)

Fewer than 5 5.9 6.4 9.5 8.7 14.6 18.9 30.6 36.8 75.0

5 to 9 6.9 9.3 11.8 12.7 15.7 18.9 23.8 36.3 0.0

10 to 19 7.4 15.9 9.7 15.1 13.9 14.8 24.6 31.1 55.9

20 to 49 4.8 30.8 17.0 10.5 8.0 9.0 12.0 14.5 49.9

50 to 99 5.9 0.0 34.6 21.4 11.5 7.9 9.5 14.3 34.7

100 to 249 5.6 0.0 0.0 48.7 21.3 12.0 8.6 6.9 20.2

250 or more 6.4 0.0 0.0 0.0 65.7 28.8 11.6 7.2 9.5

Weekly operating hours

Fewer than 40 6.6 8.9 12.1 13.9 18.4 17.0 19.3 19.0 40.1

40 to 48 5.1 9.0 12.3 12.1 11.6 12.0 13.9 12.8 37.9

49 to 60 4.3 10.7 12.1 11.4 12.3 9.1 9.1 9.5 20.5

61 to 84 5.3 13.1 17.0 13.8 11.8 13.0 10.6 11.2 16.3

85 to 167 6.2 14.5 19.0 18.6 16.0 12.1 14.8 10.9 21.8

Open continuously 5.0 14.0 17.6 14.3 13.6 9.9 9.7 8.4 12.4

Ownership and occupancy

Nongovernment owned 3.3 5.3 6.0 5.8 6.5 6.7 6.6 6.4 9.8

Owner occupied 3.3 6.4 8.4 6.1 8.3 7.8 8.1 7.8 12.7

Leased to tenant or tenants 4.8 7.2 10.9 11.1 10.0 9.7 9.8 9.2 14.7

Unoccupied 19.2 24.6 39.6 67.8 64.7 63.4 48.7 53.7 50.2

Government owned 6.0 14.1 18.2 16.0 9.7 8.5 9.0 8.4 17.6

Federal 16.1 40.5 50.1 45.5 33.4 30.3 32.3 23.1 35.6

State 11.8 25.1 28.1 31.2 24.2 16.7 16.5 19.2 34.1

Local 6.0 14.3 21.2 17.1 11.3 9.9 10.9 9.6 16.3

Party responsible for operation of 

energy systems

Building owner 3.2 6.2 6.9 6.4 6.6 5.8 5.4 5.7 9.6

Business owner or tenant 7.2 9.7 14.4 15.4 14.5 13.5 20.1 15.2 25.8

Property management 11.7 33.4 61.2 39.6 35.6 25.5 30.1 21.8 26.1

Other 11.1 31.1 63.5 27.0 31.0 28.1 21.3 22.3 36.8
RSE

All

buildings

1,001

to

5,000 

square 

feet

5,001

to

10,000 

square 

feet

10,001

to

25,000 

square 

feet

25,001

to

50,000 

square 

feet

50,001

to

100,000 

square 

feet

100,001

to

200,000 

square 

feet

200,001

to

500,000 

square 

feet

Over

500,000 

square 

feet

All buildings 3.1 5.3 5.8 6.1 5.6 5.3 5.5 5.0 8.6

Relative Standard Errors (RSEs) for Table B7. Building size, floorspace, 2018

RSEs for total floorspace

Building size

Provider of direct input on energyrelated equipment purchases

Building owner 3.1 6.2 6.5 6.3 6.2 5.8 5.4 5.4 9.4

Business owner or tenant 8.8 14.1 19.1 25.6 14.8 15.9 21.7 19.0 31.0

Property management 16.2 47.5 59.8 42.0 41.6 36.5 47.7 27.9 42.7

Other 8.1 18.4 25.0 21.0 22.6 16.2 22.1 21.3 29.9

Number of establishments

1 3.6 6.2 7.2 7.2 6.5 6.6 6.1 6.5 11.7

2 to 5 5.5 11.7 11.4 10.5 14.3 12.1 11.4 11.2 24.3

6 to 10 7.9 0.0 34.9 20.9 14.6 17.6 16.6 18.8 22.9

11 to 20 8.9 71.0 59.3 52.1 19.7 16.7 17.6 14.6 20.8

More than 20 10.1 0.0 71.7 74.9 38.2 38.6 25.4 11.3 14.9

Currently unoccupied 16.5 22.8 36.8 67.7 56.1 45.3 37.5 48.3 50.2

Campus or complex activity

Not part of a campus or complex 3.7 6.2 7.3 7.7 7.9 7.5 6.6 6.6 13.1

Primary or secondary school 9.4 22.9 25.2 25.4 17.3 16.7 16.1 15.0 60.5

College or university 15.9 59.1 43.0 35.2 25.1 23.6 21.0 23.4 27.6

Office complex 10.0 24.1 28.0 47.5 22.4 23.4 19.6 17.2 28.0

Retail complex 9.2 25.4 24.6 20.2 22.6 22.4 21.8 22.5 32.4

Storage complex 11.0 23.8 22.6 25.1 34.5 25.5 25.1 21.6 30.2

Religious campus or complex 12.0 25.2 22.8 20.3 24.6 27.7 36.3 38.7 99.6

Health care complex 8.2 46.7 48.1 29.6 40.1 29.7 17.4 17.0 10.3

Lodging or resort complex 13.7 20.0 38.9 29.7 30.2 49.6 58.9 45.3 22.8

Transportation complex 33.2 48.1 55.1 50.8 107.6 51.1 103.6 37.1 45.7

Government complex 17.0 26.3 54.5 32.4 49.1 44.3 30.2 23.3 47.6

Other type of campus or complex 7.4 16.1 16.9 20.3 21.0 18.3 23.0 15.1 33.3

Predominant exterior wall material

Brick, stone, or stucco 3.9 7.3 7.6 8.0 5.9 6.2 7.7 7.0 14.7

Concrete (block or poured) 4.8 11.1 14.6 11.6 11.9 10.0 9.4 10.7 21.3

Concrete panels 8.4 38.0 42.5 28.1 23.3 15.0 16.6 13.1 16.5

Siding or shingles 9.3 8.1 19.5 23.0 23.2 36.5 33.4 34.8 55.7

Metal panels 6.0 11.7 11.0 10.9 19.4 20.3 20.5 15.6 27.6

Window glass 11.4 99.8 76.5 46.3 42.1 35.0 29.5 14.8 18.2

Other 13.7 22.3 28.5 35.8 77.7 35.0 23.3 29.6 36.6
RSE

All

buildings

1,001

to

5,000 

square 

feet

5,001

to

10,000 

square 

feet

10,001

to

25,000 

square 

feet

25,001

to

50,000 

square 

feet

50,001

to

100,000 

square 

feet

100,001

to

200,000 

square 

feet

200,001

to

500,000 

square 

feet

Over

500,000 

square 

feet

All buildings 3.1 5.3 5.8 6.1 5.6 5.3 5.5 5.0 8.6

Relative Standard Errors (RSEs) for Table B7. Building size, floorspace, 2018

RSEs for total floorspace

Building size

Predominant roof material

Metal surfacing 5.6 9.0 8.7 9.8 13.4 10.6 14.2 17.4 28.6

Synthetic or rubber 4.1 12.9 12.2 11.3 10.2 8.2 7.3 6.1 10.1

Built-up 4.8 11.9 15.6 14.5 10.9 8.4 10.7 9.2 16.2

Slate or tile shingles 10.1 18.0 22.7 18.0 20.3 22.4 30.7 34.5 35.1

Wooden materials (including

shingles) 17.8 18.1 42.5 34.9 37.5 32.9 63.5 78.3 96.6

Asphalt, fiberglass, or 

other shingles 5.6 7.8 13.9 10.8 13.2 14.2 17.7 18.7 32.1

Concrete 11.9 27.5 67.4 46.8 38.9 24.1 22.8 20.9 28.0

Other 9.8 24.9 24.8 38.8 26.1 20.9 21.8 16.9 27.0

Roof tilt

Flat 3.3 8.4 11.0 10.2 5.9 6.0 6.0 5.2 9.9

Shallow pitch 4.8 7.7 8.5 8.2 11.8 11.2 13.6 13.2 22.2

Steeper pitch 5.7 9.0 13.0 10.4 12.0 13.8 16.2 19.4 31.0

Cool roof characteristics (more than one 

may apply)

White or reflective coating or paint 4.4 11.0 11.8 11.2 10.5 7.6 8.7 7.7 13.4

White or reflective tiles or shingles 10.4 25.3 35.0 22.9 27.7 26.9 23.1 22.4 27.9

Aluminum coating 9.2 11.7 18.9 19.1 25.4 18.2 18.9 23.6 28.6

Ballasted roof system 9.5 80.6 33.5 25.7 22.0 15.5 16.0 14.9 22.5

Other cool roof property 19.2 63.4 49.1 77.3 52.2 50.6 37.2 32.7 34.2

Renovations since 2000 

(more than one may apply)

Any type of renovation 3.4 8.4 8.8 8.2 9.0 6.7 6.6 5.6 8.6

Addition or annex 6.0 20.3 20.4 18.6 19.0 14.9 13.6 8.9 11.1

Reduction in floorspace 13.2 81.0 39.7 53.7 42.4 33.3 32.4 23.4 26.6

Roof replacement 4.3 11.7 14.5 12.7 14.7 8.9 9.7 7.6 12.7

Interior wall reconfiguration 4.2 11.1 13.8 13.9 13.7 10.0 9.5 7.0 10.2

Window replacement 5.8 13.3 16.6 17.3 15.2 11.9 13.3 12.9 18.8

HVAC equipment upgrade 4.2 11.5 12.3 10.5 9.9 8.6 8.5 6.3 10.1

Lighting upgrade 3.9 10.0 13.1 11.2 10.5 8.0 8.3 6.8 9.2

Electrical upgrade 5.6 11.3 16.4 16.2 14.2 12.2 11.5 8.0 13.0

Plumbing system upgrade 5.2 12.8 14.8 18.6 12.5 10.1 11.9 8.4 13.5

Insulation upgrade 7.8 15.9 24.2 19.1 15.3 15.9 13.9 12.7 22.0

Fire, safety, or security upgrade 4.4 13.8 16.7 13.9 10.3 9.2 9.7 7.0 12.2

Structural upgrade 10.2 20.5 33.3 28.5 21.3 20.7 20.7 13.5 27.0

Other 14.9 60.4 57.8 60.8 40.6 45.1 23.2 20.1 38.5

No renovations 3.9 6.2 6.8 7.4 7.7 7.8 8.8 8.5 17.6

Buildings constructed 2013 or later 8.3 18.6 22.7 23.0 16.2 14.8 19.3 19.5 30.4
RSE

All

buildings

1,001

to

5,000 

square 

feet

5,001

to

10,000 

square 

feet

10,001

to

25,000 

square 

feet

25,001

to

50,000 

square 

feet

50,001

to

100,000 

square 

feet

100,001

to

200,000 

square 

feet

200,001

to

500,000 

square 

feet

Over

500,000 

square 

feet

All buildings 3.1 5.3 5.8 6.1 5.6 5.3 5.5 5.0 8.6

Relative Standard Errors (RSEs) for Table B7. Building size, floorspace, 2018

RSEs for total floorspace

Building size

Energy sources 

(more than one may apply)

Electricity 3.0 5.5 5.7 6.2 5.6 5.3 5.5 5.0 8.6

Natural gas 3.4 8.1 8.2 7.2 6.6 5.6 6.2 5.5 9.2

Fuel oil 5.4 16.3 27.5 15.3 14.4 8.8 9.4 7.4 11.3

District heat 11.4 76.8 41.3 28.6 27.1 20.3 21.8 18.2 13.2

District chilled water 13.7 71.4 73.2 33.1 34.7 28.5 24.2 19.7 15.4

Propane 7.6 13.7 16.7 18.9 17.5 15.3 14.8 12.8 29.1

Solar 11.5 43.4 36.1 26.2 25.9 23.0 18.3 14.7 24.9

Wood, coal, and other 14.0 28.9 28.4 31.8 35.7 38.8 38.6 45.3 49.3

Space-heating energy sources

(more than one may apply)

Electricity 3.7 6.9 8.4 8.2 7.6 7.3 7.3 7.1 12.0

Natural gas 3.6 8.7 9.1 7.9 6.9 6.2 6.2 5.9 11.8

Fuel oil 11.6 22.8 25.8 27.5 32.2 23.9 25.7 20.7 31.6

District heat 11.6 76.8 44.4 29.3 27.5 20.3 21.8 19.0 13.2

Propane 13.1 16.1 21.7 22.7 33.9 28.6 33.3 32.8 99.5

Other sourcesb 19.6 31.6 36.9 40.9 41.7 89.2 49.3 67.6 0.0

Primary space-heating

energy source

Electricity 5.5 8.6 11.2 11.9 8.6 10.2 8.7 9.3 13.9

Natural gas 4.1 9.3 9.4 8.5 7.8 6.6 6.6 6.2 13.5

Fuel oil 15.3 24.1 30.9 30.8 46.5 33.9 36.8 33.2 62.5

District heat 12.6 76.8 44.4 30.4 26.6 21.5 23.4 20.1 14.2

Propane 16.9 19.8 25.5 32.3 40.0 41.6 58.6 70.4 70.8

Other sourcesb 30.3 36.4 60.4 57.4 77.4 0.0 64.3 49.5 0.0

Cooling energy sources 

(more than one may apply)

Electricity 3.0 6.0 6.0 6.2 5.9 5.2 5.6 4.7 9.0

Natural gas 24.2 68.8 0.0 0.0 69.6 63.5 59.9 48.1 34.8

District chilled water 13.7 71.4 73.2 33.1 34.7 28.5 24.2 19.7 15.4

Water-heating energy sources

(more than one may apply)

Electricity 3.6 5.8 7.9 8.3 7.0 8.6 7.0 6.5 10.1

Natural gas 3.7 10.1 10.4 8.6 7.9 5.8 6.4 6.3 12.5

Fuel oil 15.4 34.9 58.8 37.6 46.0 42.6 29.0 33.0 44.7

District heat 12.8 0.0 54.2 41.0 45.9 27.0 24.1 18.0 17.9

Propane 14.7 26.1 34.0 29.8 32.6 29.1 38.0 38.0 50.6

Cooking energy sources 

(more than one may apply)

Electricity 3.9 8.1 10.7 11.0 9.3 8.0 7.2 5.5 11.7

Natural gas 3.4 12.8 14.6 13.0 10.3 7.2 8.1 5.5 10.3

Propane 11.7 20.4 36.5 26.7 33.6 20.4 23.4 25.4 42.8
RSE

All

buildings

1,001

to

5,000 

square 

feet

5,001

to

10,000 

square 

feet

10,001

to

25,000 

square 

feet

25,001

to

50,000 

square 

feet

50,001

to

100,000 

square 

feet

100,001

to

200,000 

square 

feet

200,001

to

500,000 

square 

feet

Over

500,000 

square 

feet

All buildings 3.1 5.3 5.8 6.1 5.6 5.3 5.5 5.0 8.6

Relative Standard Errors (RSEs) for Table B7. Building size, floorspace, 2018

RSEs for total floorspace

Building size

Energy end uses 

(more than one may apply)

Buildings with space heating 3.0 5.7 6.7 6.3 5.8 5.3 5.5 5.0 8.7

Buildings with cooling 3.0 5.9 6.0 6.1 5.8 5.1 5.5 4.7 8.6

Buildings with water heating 2.9 5.9 6.4 5.9 5.9 5.2 5.5 5.0 8.7

Buildings with cooking 3.1 7.8 9.0 8.2 7.9 6.2 6.6 4.9 9.3

Buildings with manufacturing 7.9 24.2 25.8 18.8 22.5 15.1 15.1 15.7 25.8

Buildings with electricity

generation 4.4 13.8 21.8 12.8 12.3 6.9 7.3 5.8 10.7

Buildings with lighting 3.0 5.4 5.8 6.2 5.6 5.3 5.5 5.0 8.6

Percentage of floorspace heated

Not heated 10.0 9.3 13.7 21.4 29.5 25.8 34.2 27.7 41.2

1 to 50% 7.1 12.1 19.2 14.6 17.9 17.5 14.4 14.0 26.9

51 to 99% 5.3 13.5 12.7 12.6 12.1 11.1 12.6 11.3 15.0

100% 3.2 5.9 8.3 6.8 7.2 6.4 6.3 6.2 10.3

Percentage of floorspace cooled

Not cooled 8.0 8.6 13.7 18.7 28.2 32.1 26.3 30.4 0.0

1 to 50% 5.2 13.0 10.9 10.6 12.3 10.4 12.5 11.0 18.9

51 to 99% 5.1 11.1 13.1 11.6 10.5 9.5 10.4 9.6 12.9

100% 3.5 6.1 8.5 7.2 8.7 6.9 7.2 6.2 13.0

Percentage lit when open

0% 38.5 46.3 41.7 0.0 50.4 0.0 10.0 50.8 0.0

1 to 50% 6.0 11.2 13.9 12.1 15.4 15.5 21.3 24.2 23.9

51 to 99% 3.6 7.8 8.1 8.2 8.5 7.5 6.9 5.9 15.0

100% 3.8 6.1 9.4 8.9 7.3 7.0 8.3 7.2 9.1

Building never open or electricity 

not used 12.1 14.9 23.1 33.7 46.8 41.4 28.4 36.2 50.2

Percentage lit during off hours

0% 6.7 7.9 10.7 11.1 16.1 16.0 20.5 21.1 76.1

1 to 50% 3.0 6.4 7.4 6.9 6.0 5.8 6.1 5.3 9.9

51 to 100% 6.7 19.9 27.1 24.3 21.1 17.2 17.4 14.2 12.2

Building always open with 

no off hours 11.6 27.0 31.6 39.3 25.2 26.5 33.4 25.6 29.2

Electricity not used 17.6 18.1 30.3 43.7 5.5 54.4 95.0 75.8 0.0
RSE

All

buildings

1,001

to

5,000 

square 

feet

5,001

to

10,000 

square 

feet

10,001

to

25,000 

square 

feet

25,001

to

50,000 

square 

feet

50,001

to

100,000 

square 

feet

100,001

to

200,000 

square 

feet

200,001

to

500,000 

square 

feet

Over

500,000 

square 

feet

All buildings 3.1 5.3 5.8 6.1 5.6 5.3 5.5 5.0 8.6

Relative Standard Errors (RSEs) for Table B7. Building size, floorspace, 2018

RSEs for total floorspace

Building size

Heating equipment (more than one may 

apply)

Packaged heating units 3.6 7.1 8.0 8.3 6.7 6.8 7.1 6.6 14.6

Furnaces 5.7 11.3 11.8 10.1 13.8 14.3 15.4 15.6 40.9

Individual space heaters 4.8 8.0 13.3 10.0 12.5 9.6 10.3 9.3 19.3

Boilers 4.0 13.9 17.9 13.5 8.9 6.6 6.7 5.9 14.0

Heat pumps 5.4 12.4 16.4 13.6 15.1 11.2 12.2 10.3 22.8

District heat 11.6 76.8 44.4 29.3 27.5 20.3 21.8 19.0 13.2

Duct reheat 7.0 32.6 34.7 27.1 25.2 18.9 12.2 10.8 13.1

Other 24.1 0.0 50.1 83.4 64.6 55.7 39.5 38.7 77.8

Cooling equipment (more than one may 

apply)

Packaged air-conditioning units 3.4 7.4 7.7 8.3 6.6 5.9 6.9 6.0 9.3

Residential-type central air

conditioners 5.2 11.5 11.6 10.4 14.4 11.2 12.5 10.6 14.1

Individual air conditioners 5.3 10.7 13.9 13.0 14.7 10.7 14.0 12.4 18.8

Central chillers 5.0 58.9 41.9 20.7 14.3 9.6 7.7 7.0 11.2

Heat pumps 6.8 19.4 23.1 16.0 17.4 12.4 11.3 11.5 23.6

District chilled water 13.7 71.4 73.2 33.1 34.7 28.5 24.2 19.7 15.4

Swamp coolers 13.1 31.7 31.9 25.1 29.3 23.9 31.6 23.2 37.1

Other 36.4 50.8 0.0 70.2 74.1 0.0 3.9 53.9 81.1

HVAC features 

(more than one may apply)

Economizer cycle 3.9 16.2 16.3 10.6 8.6 6.2 6.9 5.3 10.3

Variable air volume (VAV) system 4.9 15.7 19.4 14.1 9.4 8.8 6.9 6.3 9.9

Dedicated outside air system (DOAS) 7.8 25.1 24.0 19.6 20.1 14.1 13.3 12.2 21.5

Demand controlled ventilation (DCV) 5.5 18.7 18.0 21.3 15.6 13.8 13.4 9.9 17.4

Regular HVAC maintenance 3.2 7.0 7.3 7.1 6.2 5.0 5.7 5.1 8.8

Building automation system (BAS) 

controls heating or cooling 3.7 12.4 16.2 11.7 8.3 6.1 5.7 5.2 9.2

Internet-connected or smart

thermostat 10.5 19.9 17.6 21.9 18.9 17.5 21.5 26.7 53.9

Programmable thermostat 5.4 7.1 10.4 10.0 10.9 10.0 15.1 15.7 26.5

Main equipment replaced since 2000 

(more than one may apply)

Heating 3.8 8.6 10.1 8.1 11.5 8.6 7.8 8.1 13.1

Cooling 4.3 8.5 10.1 10.2 10.6 8.0 10.1 8.2 17.6

Water-heating equipment

Centralized system 3.4 7.2 6.8 6.2 6.6 6.2 6.3 6.8 15.9

Distributed system 6.4 12.9 15.7 15.3 12.4 11.7 13.5 14.2 15.7

Combination of centralized and 

distributed systems 5.2 20.7 27.6 19.3 14.6 12.1 9.8 7.2 11.1
RSE

All

buildings

1,001

to

5,000 

square 

feet

5,001

to

10,000 

square 

feet

10,001

to

25,000 

square 

feet

25,001

to

50,000 

square 

feet

50,001

to

100,000 

square 

feet

100,001

to

200,000 

square 

feet

200,001

to

500,000 

square 

feet

Over

500,000 

square 

feet

All buildings 3.1 5.3 5.8 6.1 5.6 5.3 5.5 5.0 8.6

Relative Standard Errors (RSEs) for Table B7. Building size, floorspace, 2018

RSEs for total floorspace

Building size

Generation technologies (more than one 

may apply)

Reciprocating engine generators 4.8 16.1 26.5 13.8 13.9 7.7 8.1 6.2 11.4

Solar panels 11.5 40.0 36.1 26.7 25.9 23.0 18.6 15.0 24.9

Other generation technology 14.4 37.7 50.2 52.7 45.5 42.5 21.3 25.4 27.9

Lighting equipment types 

(more than one may apply)

Incandescent 4.5 12.0 11.7 12.0 11.1 10.5 10.5 9.1 15.6

Standard fluorescent 3.4 6.6 6.5 7.4 6.6 6.0 6.2 5.4 8.6

Compact fluorescent 4.2 10.1 11.6 9.5 9.2 7.8 7.8 6.5 11.0

High-intensity discharge 7.1 27.8 33.7 24.3 17.1 11.3 14.8 9.9 16.7

Halogen 4.2 17.5 19.6 13.1 11.9 11.9 11.9 10.0 16.6

LED 2.9 6.6 7.0 6.8 7.2 5.4 6.2 5.7 9.0

Other 24.1 51.3 0.0 50.3 0.0 57.7 10.2 70.9 0.0

Refrigeration equipment

(more than one may apply)

Any refrigeration 3.0 6.4 6.9 6.8 6.2 5.3 5.5 5.0 9.1

Walk-in units 3.4 10.4 13.4 13.2 11.6 6.9 6.9 5.1 10.5

Cases or cabinets 3.7 9.8 13.0 11.5 11.3 8.4 7.4 5.6 11.3

Large cold storage areas 11.3 32.6 46.1 58.4 36.7 21.5 19.8 17.9 27.2

Commercial ice makers 3.5 9.9 14.3 11.0 9.9 6.4 6.3 5.9 10.4

Residential-type or compact units 3.2 6.9 7.8 7.0 6.1 5.7 6.0 5.9 9.7

Vending machines 3.8 15.8 19.6 14.6 7.9 6.3 5.8 5.3 9.9

No refrigeration 5.3 7.2 10.1 11.8 14.9 13.6 14.4 17.7 25.3

Office equipment

(more than one may apply)

Desktop computers 2.9 6.3 6.8 6.5 5.6 5.1 5.6 5.0 8.8

With multiple monitors 3.5 11.1 9.8 9.0 8.1 6.7 6.7 5.1 9.1

Laptop computers 3.0 6.8 7.5 8.1 6.4 5.5 5.3 5.2 8.8

Dedicated servers 3.3 10.0 10.3 9.4 7.6 5.7 5.7 5.4 9.5

Tablets charged in building 3.3 9.2 10.0 9.0 7.4 5.7 6.3 5.4 9.7

Large floor-standing office devicesc 3.0 11.6 9.9 8.8 6.7 5.2 5.7 5.3 9.5

Smaller desktop office devicesc 3.1 5.8 7.5 6.8 6.2 5.4 5.5 5.4 9.4

Interactive whiteboards 4.5 32.2 41.7 23.5 12.4 8.2 8.4 6.8 14.9

Televisions or video displays 3.0 6.3 8.9 7.4 5.1 5.4 5.4 5.3 9.2

Point-of-sale devices or cash 

registers 3.4 7.8 11.4 10.6 9.2 8.5 6.7 5.5 10.8
RSE

All

buildings

1,001

to

5,000 

square 

feet

5,001

to

10,000 

square 

feet

10,001

to

25,000 

square 

feet

25,001

to

50,000 

square 

feet

50,001

to

100,000 

square 

feet

100,001

to

200,000 

square 

feet

200,001

to

500,000 

square 

feet

Over

500,000 

square 

feet

All buildings 3.1 5.3 5.8 6.1 5.6 5.3 5.5 5.0 8.6

Relative Standard Errors (RSEs) for Table B7. Building size, floorspace, 2018

RSEs for total floorspace

Building size

Food preparation or serving areas 

in non-food service buildings

(more than one may apply)

Snack bar, concession stand, or coffee 

shop 6.7 30.8 50.7 30.0 16.0 14.0 12.4 8.3 14.5

Fast food or small restaurant 5.9 24.1 30.5 21.8 22.9 13.5 11.0 9.7 14.0

Cafeteria or large restaurant 4.6 0.0 45.3 35.2 16.2 11.5 8.3 6.2 11.9

food preparation area 4.4 38.0 29.7 15.5 12.9 9.4 8.2 6.7 14.0

Small kitchen area 4.7 10.8 11.7 12.1 9.7 9.3 11.1 7.4 15.5

Separate computer areas

(more than one may apply)

Server closet 3.4 13.8 10.8 8.9 7.8 5.6 5.5 5.5 9.5

Data center 6.7 53.2 47.5 33.1 20.6 13.3 11.0 8.0 14.2

Computer-based training room 4.6 33.4 36.9 17.6 13.3 8.3 8.9 6.6 13.4

Student or public computer center 4.6 29.7 25.2 23.8 12.1 9.1 9.6 7.8 26.4

Window and interior lighting 

features (more than one may

apply)

Multipaned windows 3.2 6.3 7.4 6.6 6.6 5.5 6.0 5.7 9.5

Tinted window glass 3.4 8.7 8.9 7.8 6.7 7.0 7.6 6.5 10.1

Reflective window glass 5.6 19.3 20.1 13.4 12.0 12.0 9.9 8.4 16.0

External overhangs or awnings 4.5 7.1 9.7 9.6 10.6 8.9 9.6 8.0 16.7

Skylights or atriums 4.5 20.5 17.9 13.6 10.9 10.5 8.6 7.7 12.9

Light scheduling 4.1 12.1 13.1 11.2 8.0 6.9 6.9 7.1 11.0

Occupancy sensors 3.8 16.5 18.9 10.6 7.8 5.8 7.0 6.2 9.6

Multilevel lighting or dimming 6.6 24.0 25.1 16.2 14.0 12.3 11.3 9.1 16.1

Daylight harvesting 6.3 30.0 40.4 23.2 15.7 16.0 14.0 12.8 12.4

Plug-load control 12.2 33.5 45.7 42.8 76.4 26.7 23.0 24.2 34.3

Demand responsive lighting 15.2 52.0 59.8 35.4 38.1 39.4 34.4 22.0 33.2

Building automation system (BAS) for 

lighting 5.2 26.3 28.8 16.6 13.7 10.1 9.0 7.4 13.6

Electric vehicle (EV) charging

Charging stations associated with the 

building 7.2 47.0 43.7 24.2 20.9 13.9 13.5 10.0 14.9

Data source: U.S. Energy Information Administration, Forms EIA-871A of the 2018 Commercial Buildings Energy Consumption Survey 

Note: RSE is a measure of the reliability or precision of a survey statistic. Variability occurs in survey statistics because the different samples that could be drawn would 

each produce different values for the survey statistics. Estimation of Standard Errors and What is a Relative Standard Error (RSE)? contain more information on how 

RSEs are estimated and used. Both references can be accessed from https://www.eia.gov/consumption/commercial/survey-background-technical-information.php.

a

Climate zones are based on ASHRAE Standard 169-2021; see https://www.eia.gov/consumption/commercial/maps.php#defined. b

Other sources includes wood, coal, solar, and all other energy sources.

c

Office devices refers to any combination of printers, copiers, scanners, or FAX machines.