Release date: September 2021

Revised date: December 2022

All

buildings

All

buildings

Owner 

occupied

Leased to 

tenant or 

tenants

UnoccupiedAll

buildings Federal State Local

All buildings 96,423 74,728 45,355 28,382 990 21,695 1,946 6,888 12,861

Building floorspace (square feet)

1,001 to 5,000 8,025 6,785 4,505 2,022 258 1,240 Q 324 820

5,001 to 10,000 10,204 8,799 5,966 2,537 Q 1,406 Q Q 941

10,001 to 25,000 15,838 13,682 8,912 4,701 Q 2,157 Q 520 1,501

25,001 to 50,000 13,957 11,612 7,483 4,029 Q 2,345 Q 681 1,373

50,001 to 100,000 15,302 10,026 5,716 4,193 Q 5,276 Q 1,957 3,065

100,001 to 200,000 13,003 8,889 4,856 3,980 Q 4,113 Q 1,237 2,656

200,001 to 500,000 11,776 8,397 3,823 4,493 Q 3,379 258 1,178 1,943

Over 500,000 8,317 6,538 4,094 2,427 Q 1,779 624 593 562

Principal building activity

Education 13,623 3,015 2,603 412 N 10,608 Q 3,178 7,313

Food sales 1,006 1,006 708 298 N N N N N

Food service 1,385 1,098 663 435 N Q Q Q Q

Health care 4,018 3,556 2,812 744 N 462 173 Q 158

Inpatient 2,259 1,893 1,776 Q N 365 Q Q Q

Outpatient 1,760 1,663 1,036 627 N Q Q Q Q

Lodging 6,976 6,564 4,574 1,990 N 412 Q Q Q

Mercantile 10,781 10,766 4,455 6,312 N Q Q Q Q

Retail (other than mall) 5,193 5,178 3,005 2,173 N Q Q Q Q

Enclosed and strip malls 5,588 5,588 1,450 4,138 N N N N N

Office 16,662 13,301 6,701 6,600 N 3,361 762 1,035 1,563

Public assembly 7,192 4,418 3,743 675 N 2,774 Q 1,001 1,709

Public order and safety 1,538 Q Q Q N 1,269 Q 457 731

Religious worship 5,471 5,471 5,308 Q N N N N N

Service 6,240 5,115 3,252 1,863 N 1,125 344 Q 626

Warehouse and storage 17,483 16,866 8,867 7,999 N 616 237 Q Q

Other 2,435 1,877 1,356 521 N 558 Q 297 Q

Vacant 1,612 1,403 Q 278 990 208 Q Q Q

Year constructed

Before 1920 3,600 2,805 2,215 461 Q 795 Q Q 585

1920 to 1945 5,646 3,733 2,710 990 Q 1,913 276 647 991

1946 to 1959 6,937 4,584 3,159 1,297 Q 2,353 Q 747 1,456

1960 to 1969 10,360 7,492 4,816 2,591 Q 2,868 361 1,126 1,381

1970 to 1979 13,061 10,354 6,265 3,916 Q 2,707 241 1,064 1,402

1980 to 1989 13,465 11,390 6,230 4,978 Q 2,075 Q 644 1,344

1990 to 1999 15,535 12,124 7,435 4,607 Q 3,411 351 879 2,181

2000 to 2009 17,500 13,822 7,929 5,801 Q 3,678 Q 1,117 2,339

2010 to 2018 10,319 8,425 4,597 3,740 Q 1,894 Q 514 1,183

Nongovernment-owned buildings Government-owned buildings

Table B18. Occupancy of nongovernment-owned and government-owned buildings, floorspace, 2018

Total floorspace (million square feet)
All

buildings

All

buildings

Owner 

occupied

Leased to 

tenant or 

tenants

UnoccupiedAll

buildings Federal State Local

All buildings 96,423 74,728 45,355 28,382 990 21,695 1,946 6,888 12,861

Nongovernment-owned buildings Government-owned buildings

Table B18. Occupancy of nongovernment-owned and government-owned buildings, floorspace, 2018

Total floorspace (million square feet)

Census region

Northeast 15,951 12,696 7,704 4,824 Q 3,255 288 919 2,048

Midwest 25,932 20,467 12,897 7,282 Q 5,466 406 1,329 3,730

South 34,907 26,255 16,788 9,140 326 8,653 914 3,215 4,523

West 19,633 15,311 7,966 7,136 Q 4,322 337 1,425 2,559

Climate zonea

Cold or very cold 7,044 5,422 3,703 1,713 Q 1,622 Q 362 1,124

Cool 26,768 21,279 13,668 7,273 Q 5,490 451 1,387 3,652

Mixed mild 25,096 19,123 11,102 7,768 Q 5,973 715 1,920 3,338

Warm 25,085 19,442 11,694 7,489 258 5,644 495 2,275 2,875

Hot or very hot 12,429 9,462 5,187 4,139 Q 2,967 Q 946 1,872

Number of floors

1 43,576 35,603 19,481 15,632 491 7,973 605 2,272 5,096

2 23,300 17,831 11,293 6,275 Q 5,468 426 1,263 3,779

3 10,516 7,246 5,458 1,685 Q 3,270 Q 1,233 1,930

4 to 9 13,031 9,082 6,089 2,875 Q 3,949 366 1,882 1,700

10 or more 6,000 4,965 3,035 1,915 Q 1,035 442 238 355

Elevators and escalators 

(more than one may apply)

Any elevators 36,501 24,874 16,394 8,196 Q 11,627 1,268 4,035 6,324

1 elevator 14,215 9,031 6,495 2,451 Q 5,185 317 1,528 3,340

2 to 5 elevators 13,316 9,098 5,339 3,586 Q 4,218 299 1,759 2,160

6 or more elevators 8,970 6,745 4,560 2,158 Q 2,225 652 749 824

Any escalators 3,753 2,548 1,672 873 Q 1,204 Q Q 453

Number of workers (main shift)

Fewer than 5 21,065 18,284 12,933 4,361 990 2,781 Q 815 1,825

5 to 9 10,323 8,906 5,916 2,990 N 1,416 Q 528 762

10 to 19 11,348 9,689 6,468 3,221 N 1,658 Q 657 918

20 to 49 16,132 12,295 6,783 5,513 N 3,837 Q 963 2,595

50 to 99 12,961 7,926 3,703 4,223 N 5,035 Q 1,838 2,942

100 to 249 12,442 8,277 3,932 4,344 N 4,166 291 1,230 2,644

250 or more 12,152 9,349 5,620 3,730 N 2,802 769 858 1,175

Weekly operating hours

Fewer than 40 10,766 8,989 6,219 1,779 990 1,777 Q 559 1,163

40 to 48 18,826 13,203 8,293 4,910 N 5,622 460 1,531 3,632

49 to 60 22,845 16,464 9,088 7,376 N 6,381 344 1,662 4,374

61 to 84 14,736 11,720 6,121 5,599 N 3,016 156 1,127 1,733

85 to 167 10,038 8,380 4,587 3,794 N 1,658 Q 686 722

Open continuously 19,213 15,971 11,048 4,923 N 3,242 683 1,323 1,236
All

buildings

All

buildings

Owner 

occupied

Leased to 

tenant or 

tenants

UnoccupiedAll

buildings Federal State Local

All buildings 96,423 74,728 45,355 28,382 990 21,695 1,946 6,888 12,861

Nongovernment-owned buildings Government-owned buildings

Table B18. Occupancy of nongovernment-owned and government-owned buildings, floorspace, 2018

Total floorspace (million square feet)

Party responsible for operation

of energy systems

Building owner 79,282 58,825 42,692 15,248 885 20,456 1,786 6,558 12,113

Business owner or tenant 12,842 12,374 1,610 10,659 Q 468 Q Q 341

Property management 1,994 1,725 393 1,331 N Q Q Q Q

Other 2,306 1,804 660 1,144 N 502 Q Q Q

Provider of direct input on energyrelated equipment purchases

Building owner 82,862 62,229 43,086 18,267 876 20,633 1,797 6,569 12,267

Business owner or tenant 7,585 7,346 877 6,372 Q 240 Q Q Q

Property management 1,072 914 Q 638 N Q Q Q Q

Other 4,904 4,239 1,117 3,105 Q 664 Q Q 322

Number of establishments

1 65,391 47,362 34,023 13,339 N 18,029 1,282 5,949 10,798

2 to 5 16,431 14,253 7,090 7,163 N 2,178 329 695 1,154

6 to 10 5,539 4,968 1,683 3,285 N 571 Q Q 431

11 to 20 3,894 3,630 902 2,728 N 264 Q Q Q

More than 20 3,999 3,523 1,657 1,867 N 475 Q Q Q

Currently unoccupied 1,168 990 N N 990 Q Q Q Q

Campus or complex activity

Not part of a campus or complex 56,609 45,678 26,618 18,341 719 10,931 917 2,653 7,361

Primary or secondary school 5,106 574 513 Q Q 4,532 Q 1,216 3,257

College or university 3,761 1,777 1,506 Q N 1,984 N 1,935 Q

Office complex 3,823 3,416 1,545 1,812 Q 406 Q Q Q

Retail complex 4,573 4,566 1,833 2,659 Q Q N N Q

Storage complex 5,684 5,550 3,022 2,512 Q Q Q Q Q

Religious campus or complex 3,209 3,209 3,084 Q Q N N N N

Health care complex 2,838 2,467 2,128 330 Q 370 Q Q Q

Lodging or resort complex 1,575 1,530 1,019 472 Q Q Q Q Q

Transportation complex 774 Q Q Q N 377 N Q 313

Government complex 1,706 Q Q Q N 1,683 400 298 985

Other 6,765 5,540 3,733 1,768 Q 1,225 Q 497 615

Predominant exterior wall material

Brick, stone, or stucco 46,134 31,870 20,400 11,097 374 14,263 1,166 4,468 8,629

Concrete (block or poured) 19,357 15,802 9,172 6,341 289 3,555 217 1,101 2,237

Concrete panels 8,331 7,177 3,181 3,970 Q 1,154 Q 410 501

Siding or shingles 5,992 5,385 3,941 1,328 Q 608 Q Q 374

Metal panels 12,198 10,689 6,777 3,771 Q 1,509 Q 516 773

Window glass 2,192 1,752 755 974 Q 440 Q Q Q

Other 2,219 2,053 1,130 901 Q 166 Q Q Q
All

buildings

All

buildings

Owner 

occupied

Leased to 

tenant or 

tenants

UnoccupiedAll

buildings Federal State Local

All buildings 96,423 74,728 45,355 28,382 990 21,695 1,946 6,888 12,861

Nongovernment-owned buildings Government-owned buildings

Table B18. Occupancy of nongovernment-owned and government-owned buildings, floorspace, 2018

Total floorspace (million square feet)

Predominant roof material

Metal surfacing 20,936 16,696 10,855 5,511 329 4,240 Q 1,146 2,838

Synthetic or rubber 31,563 23,760 13,301 10,212 Q 7,803 712 2,388 4,702

Built-up 19,308 13,664 7,688 5,814 Q 5,644 450 1,906 3,288

Slate or tile shingles 3,997 3,200 2,242 886 Q 797 Q Q 409

Wooden materials (including

shingles) 1,568 1,432 855 563 Q Q Q Q Q

Asphalt, fiberglass, or 

other shingles 14,058 12,219 8,546 3,535 Q 1,839 226 553 1,060

Concrete 1,968 1,405 645 760 N 563 Q 319 Q

Other 3,026 2,352 1,223 1,101 Q 674 Q Q 330

Roof tilt

Flat 54,253 39,943 21,658 17,779 506 14,310 1,336 4,600 8,374

Shallow pitch 27,609 22,956 14,376 8,278 302 4,653 430 1,362 2,861

Steeper pitch 14,561 11,829 9,321 2,325 Q 2,732 Q 927 1,625

Cool roof characteristics (more than 

one may apply)

White/reflective coating or paint 32,799 25,611 14,119 11,233 Q 7,188 638 2,293 4,257

White/reflective tiles or shingles 2,713 2,002 1,348 642 Q 711 Q 293 348

Aluminum coating 6,149 4,988 3,058 1,834 Q 1,161 Q 518 627

Ballasted roof system 6,277 4,658 2,651 1,991 Q 1,619 Q 308 1,126

Other cool roof property 1,603 1,140 468 672 N 463 Q Q Q

Renovations since 2000 

(more than one may apply)

Any type of renovation 45,165 34,265 21,199 12,712 355 10,900 822 3,506 6,572

Addition or annex 10,854 6,985 5,173 1,779 Q 3,869 276 916 2,676

Reduction in floorspace 1,784 1,495 896 599 N 289 Q Q Q

Roof replacement 20,862 15,656 9,909 5,552 Q 5,206 469 1,411 3,326

Interior wall reconfiguration 21,283 16,601 9,749 6,728 Q 4,681 489 1,572 2,620

Window replacement 10,977 8,076 5,709 2,340 Q 2,902 282 772 1,848

HVAC equipment upgrade 27,575 20,626 12,944 7,483 Q 6,949 529 2,127 4,293

Lighting upgrade 29,098 21,987 13,875 7,964 Q 7,111 670 2,198 4,242

Electrical upgrade 15,761 11,703 7,539 4,041 Q 4,058 456 1,442 2,160

Plumbing system upgrade 15,537 11,174 7,347 3,679 Q 4,363 411 1,385 2,566

Insulation upgrade 7,980 5,878 3,946 1,904 Q 2,102 243 560 1,299

Fire, safety, or security upgrade 19,985 14,570 9,537 4,973 Q 5,415 475 1,568 3,372

Structural upgrade 4,203 3,258 2,570 677 Q 945 238 252 455

Other 1,168 984 728 256 N 184 Q Q Q

No renovations 43,832 34,124 20,793 12,722 610 9,707 1,094 2,991 5,622

Buildings constructed 2013 or later 7,426 6,338 3,364 2,948 Q 1,088 Q 391 666
All

buildings

All

buildings

Owner 

occupied

Leased to 

tenant or 

tenants

UnoccupiedAll

buildings Federal State Local

All buildings 96,423 74,728 45,355 28,382 990 21,695 1,946 6,888 12,861

Nongovernment-owned buildings Government-owned buildings

Table B18. Occupancy of nongovernment-owned and government-owned buildings, floorspace, 2018

Total floorspace (million square feet)

Energy sources

(more than one may apply)

Electricity 94,844 73,201 44,617 27,937 647 21,644 1,946 6,854 12,843

Natural gas 67,722 51,735 31,586 19,934 Q 15,987 1,323 4,940 9,725

Fuel oil 21,185 14,809 9,593 5,162 Q 6,375 793 1,768 3,814

District heat 6,745 3,637 2,933 688 Q 3,107 475 2,007 625

District chilled water 4,288 1,937 1,553 352 Q 2,351 141 1,577 633

Propane 10,157 8,634 5,362 3,157 Q 1,523 Q 537 796

Solar 3,820 2,121 1,239 878 Q 1,699 253 510 935

Wood, coal, and other 2,113 1,813 1,318 495 N 300 Q Q Q

Space-heating energy sources 

(more than one may apply)

Electricity 45,603 37,333 21,298 15,915 Q 8,270 732 2,451 5,088

Natural gas 58,042 44,582 26,936 17,462 Q 13,461 1,084 3,811 8,566

Fuel oil 4,134 2,557 1,929 620 Q 1,577 Q Q 1,191

District heat 6,547 3,507 2,803 688 Q 3,040 471 1,943 625

Propane 3,896 3,495 2,377 1,003 Q 401 Q Q 214

Other sourcesb 927 900 759 Q N Q Q Q Q

Primary space-heating 

energy source

Electricity 27,618 22,928 12,591 10,273 Q 4,690 407 1,201 3,082

Natural gas 50,060 37,959 23,480 14,314 Q 12,101 928 3,437 7,735

Fuel oil 2,223 1,404 871 524 Q 820 Q Q 682

District heat 6,090 3,283 2,648 619 Q 2,807 462 1,774 571

Propane 2,290 2,045 1,565 373 Q 245 Q Q Q

Other sourcesb 380 362 352 Q N Q N N Q

Cooling energy sources

(more than one may apply)

Electricity 84,526 65,574 39,465 25,849 260 18,952 1,740 5,543 11,669

Natural gas 400 229 Q Q N Q N Q Q

District chilled water 4,288 1,937 1,553 352 Q 2,351 141 1,577 633

Water-heating energy sources

(more than one may apply)

Electricity 47,125 39,407 21,095 18,212 Q 7,719 767 2,023 4,928

Natural gas 46,652 33,953 21,375 12,519 Q 12,699 1,013 3,756 7,930

Fuel oil 1,807 996 798 Q Q 811 Q Q 582

District heat 4,206 2,265 1,885 381 N 1,941 392 1,277 272

Propane 1,947 1,562 1,150 403 Q 384 Q Q Q

Cooking energy sources

(more than one may apply)

Electricity 30,509 21,521 13,776 7,736 Q 8,988 606 2,489 5,893

Natural gas 27,705 18,823 12,268 6,546 Q 8,882 610 2,571 5,701

Propane 3,101 2,317 1,623 694 N 784 Q Q 461
All

buildings

All

buildings

Owner 

occupied

Leased to 

tenant or 

tenants

UnoccupiedAll

buildings Federal State Local

All buildings 96,423 74,728 45,355 28,382 990 21,695 1,946 6,888 12,861

Nongovernment-owned buildings Government-owned buildings

Table B18. Occupancy of nongovernment-owned and government-owned buildings, floorspace, 2018

Total floorspace (million square feet)

Energy end uses

(more than one may apply)

Buildings with space heating 88,661 67,980 41,507 26,113 360 20,680 1,868 6,567 12,246

Buildings with cooling 87,506 66,906 40,664 25,950 292 20,600 1,811 6,591 12,198

Buildings with water heating 87,717 67,295 41,291 25,847 Q 20,422 1,838 6,524 12,060

Buildings with cooking 43,580 30,621 20,384 10,219 Q 12,959 926 3,696 8,337

Buildings with manufacturing 6,871 6,133 3,649 2,483 N 738 Q 250 331

Buildings with electricity

generation 29,457 20,191 12,695 7,442 Q 9,266 963 2,778 5,526

Buildings with lighting 94,103 72,480 44,295 27,573 612 21,624 1,946 6,841 12,836

Percentage of floorspace heated

Not heated 7,762 6,747 3,848 2,269 630 1,015 Q Q 615

1 to 50% 10,620 9,765 5,385 4,310 Q 855 Q Q 459

51 to 99% 20,174 15,445 9,465 5,862 Q 4,729 656 1,849 2,224

100% 57,867 42,770 26,657 15,941 Q 15,096 1,026 4,508 9,563

Percentage of floorspace cooled

Not cooled 8,917 7,821 4,691 2,432 699 1,095 Q Q 663

1 to 50% 19,722 16,930 9,148 7,655 Q 2,792 257 775 1,759

51 to 99% 26,277 18,787 11,348 7,426 Q 7,491 811 2,565 4,115

100% 41,507 31,190 20,168 10,869 Q 10,318 743 3,251 6,324

Percentage lit when open

0% Q Q Q Q N N N N N

1 to 50% 14,172 12,440 9,010 3,430 N 1,732 Q 537 1,103

51 to 99% 38,847 30,159 17,417 12,742 N 8,688 1,033 2,984 4,671

100% 39,877 28,901 17,585 11,317 N 10,975 821 3,301 6,854

Building never open or electricity

not used 2,998 2,699 1,149 559 990 300 Q Q 232

Percentage lit during off hours

0% 15,578 12,929 9,073 3,821 Q 2,649 Q 769 1,771

1 to 50% 69,800 52,727 30,866 21,423 438 17,073 1,502 5,363 10,208

51 to 100% 7,243 5,645 3,442 2,030 Q 1,598 316 548 734

Building always open with 

no off hours 2,223 1,900 1,237 663 N 324 Q Q Q

Electricity not used 1,579 1,527 739 Q 344 Q N Q Q
All

buildings

All

buildings

Owner 

occupied

Leased to 

tenant or 

tenants

UnoccupiedAll

buildings Federal State Local

All buildings 96,423 74,728 45,355 28,382 990 21,695 1,946 6,888 12,861

Nongovernment-owned buildings Government-owned buildings

Table B18. Occupancy of nongovernment-owned and government-owned buildings, floorspace, 2018

Total floorspace (million square feet)

Heating equipment 

(more than one may apply)

Packaged heating units 48,064 39,126 21,598 17,435 Q 8,938 684 2,451 5,802

Furnaces 17,272 15,345 9,245 5,913 Q 1,927 Q 618 1,191

Individual space heaters 21,122 17,958 11,332 6,574 Q 3,164 414 1,103 1,648

Boilers 28,831 17,956 11,774 6,134 Q 10,876 949 2,802 7,124

Heat pumps 15,110 11,650 6,973 4,661 Q 3,460 205 1,147 2,108

District heat 6,547 3,507 2,803 688 Q 3,040 471 1,943 625

Duct reheat 7,418 5,774 2,802 2,920 Q 1,644 Q 554 931

Other 821 800 Q 468 N Q Q Q Q

Cooling equipment 

(more than one may apply)

Packaged air-conditioning units 56,290 45,023 25,634 19,171 Q 11,266 1,192 3,181 6,892

Residential-type central air

conditioners 18,270 14,011 8,809 5,184 Q 4,259 251 1,284 2,724

Individual air conditioners 13,619 10,598 6,946 3,650 Q 3,020 255 806 1,960

Central chillers 17,926 10,351 6,844 3,482 Q 7,575 969 2,413 4,192

Heat pumps 11,098 8,131 5,208 2,906 Q 2,967 329 1,021 1,617

District chilled water 4,288 1,937 1,553 352 Q 2,351 141 1,577 633

Swamp coolers 2,070 1,608 903 687 Q 463 Q Q Q

Other Q Q Q Q N Q Q Q N

HVAC features 

(more than one may apply)

Economizer cycle 34,087 22,524 13,828 8,596 Q 11,563 1,103 3,832 6,629

Variable air volume (VAV) system 29,268 19,201 11,711 7,352 Q 10,067 1,022 3,577 5,467

Dedicated outside air system (DOAS) 9,027 5,679 4,127 1,486 Q 3,347 295 1,292 1,760

Demand controlled ventilation (DCV) 10,474 6,518 3,834 2,614 Q 3,956 343 1,201 2,412

Regular HVAC maintenance 78,015 58,414 34,916 23,177 Q 19,600 1,696 6,271 11,634

Building automation system (BAS) 

controls heating or cooling 40,462 26,257 16,163 9,993 Q 14,205 1,121 4,734 8,350

Internet-connected or smart

thermostat 5,966 4,868 3,589 1,279 N 1,098 Q 431 543

Programmable thermostat 20,882 18,613 10,396 8,133 Q 2,269 Q 540 1,553

Main equipment replaced since 

2000 (more than one may apply)

Heating 32,451 25,411 16,148 9,087 Q 7,040 621 1,658 4,760

Cooling 23,013 17,141 11,750 5,338 Q 5,872 488 1,483 3,900

Water-heating equipment

Centralized system 59,280 44,179 29,541 14,532 Q 15,101 1,343 5,032 8,726

Distributed system 14,307 12,511 5,860 6,623 Q 1,797 Q 503 1,220

Combination of centralized and

distributed systems 14,129 10,605 5,891 4,692 Q 3,524 422 990 2,113
All

buildings

All

buildings

Owner 

occupied

Leased to 

tenant or 

tenants

UnoccupiedAll

buildings Federal State Local

All buildings 96,423 74,728 45,355 28,382 990 21,695 1,946 6,888 12,861

Nongovernment-owned buildings Government-owned buildings

Table B18. Occupancy of nongovernment-owned and government-owned buildings, floorspace, 2018

Total floorspace (million square feet)

Generation technologies 

(more than one may apply)

Reciprocating engine generators 25,163 17,397 11,158 6,185 Q 7,765 804 2,143 4,818

Solar panels 3,750 2,108 1,234 871 Q 1,642 244 484 914

Other generation technology 2,055 1,486 795 691 N 569 Q 312 Q

Lighting equipment types

(more than one may apply)

Incandescent 21,081 16,778 10,502 6,213 Q 4,302 445 1,330 2,527

Standard fluorescent 72,912 55,216 32,962 21,710 544 17,696 1,594 5,623 10,479

Compact fluorescent 33,691 25,891 15,121 10,651 Q 7,800 756 2,842 4,201

High-intensity discharge (HID) 11,356 7,686 4,945 2,720 Q 3,670 662 978 2,030

Halogen 15,012 12,156 6,582 5,507 Q 2,856 325 1,017 1,514

LED 61,849 47,924 29,098 18,741 Q 13,925 1,328 4,955 7,642

Other Q Q Q Q N N N N N

Refrigeration equipment

(more than one may apply)

Any refrigeration 77,589 58,701 36,611 22,040 Q 18,889 1,731 5,926 11,232

Walk-in units 29,384 18,876 11,399 7,461 Q 10,508 653 3,114 6,742

Cases or cabinets 28,517 20,438 12,102 8,316 Q 8,079 784 2,045 5,249

Large cold storage areas 3,592 2,775 1,573 1,194 Q 817 Q 337 410

Commercial ice makers 34,672 24,368 15,595 8,757 Q 10,304 907 3,074 6,323

Residential-type or compact units 64,735 49,571 30,746 18,795 Q 15,164 1,512 4,549 9,103

Vending machines 42,071 29,510 17,372 12,131 Q 12,561 1,423 3,876 7,262

No refrigeration 18,834 16,027 8,744 6,342 941 2,807 Q 963 1,629

Office equipment

(more than one may apply)

Desktop computers 82,012 62,270 37,179 25,085 Q 19,743 1,684 6,314 11,745

With multiple monitors 50,844 38,166 21,616 16,550 N 12,678 1,310 4,218 7,150

Laptop computers 69,375 51,724 30,342 21,382 N 17,651 1,569 5,444 10,639

Dedicated servers 51,595 37,274 20,610 16,665 N 14,321 1,401 3,840 9,081

Tablets charged in building 48,778 35,093 19,589 15,504 N 13,684 1,037 4,319 8,329

Large floor-standing office devicesc 54,088 38,165 22,190 15,975 N 15,923 1,453 4,964 9,507

Smaller desktop office devicesc 74,467 56,886 34,024 22,846 Q 17,582 1,437 5,705 10,440

Interactive whiteboards 16,939 7,290 4,881 2,410 N 9,649 336 2,688 6,624

Televisions or video displays 63,618 47,479 28,830 18,649 N 16,139 1,315 5,165 9,659

Point-of-sale devices or cash 

registers 33,606 24,631 14,111 10,520 N 8,975 896 2,388 5,690
All

buildings

All

buildings

Owner 

occupied

Leased to 

tenant or 

tenants

UnoccupiedAll

buildings Federal State Local

All buildings 96,423 74,728 45,355 28,382 990 21,695 1,946 6,888 12,861

Nongovernment-owned buildings Government-owned buildings

Table B18. Occupancy of nongovernment-owned and government-owned buildings, floorspace, 2018

Total floorspace (million square feet)

Food preparation or serving areas 

in non-food service buildings

(more than one may apply)

Snack bar, concession stand, or coffee 

shop 10,361 6,738 4,541 2,197 N 3,623 497 1,157 1,969

Fast food or small restaurant 9,759 8,223 4,403 3,819 N 1,536 Q 488 746

Cafeteria or large restaurant 14,531 6,902 5,079 1,823 N 7,629 539 2,093 4,997

Commercial kitchen or

food preparation area 17,698 12,164 8,137 4,018 Q 5,535 214 1,734 3,587

Small kitchen area 20,519 15,204 10,765 4,430 Q 5,315 398 1,355 3,562

Separate computer areas

(more than one may apply)

Server closet 48,722 34,804 19,127 15,677 N 13,919 977 4,143 8,798

Data center 11,383 7,763 4,869 2,894 N 3,620 673 1,136 1,812

Computer-based training room 16,556 8,870 5,514 3,355 N 7,687 757 2,329 4,601

Student or public computer center 12,527 4,801 3,049 1,752 N 7,726 152 2,247 5,327

Window and interior lighting 

features (more than one may

apply)

Multipaned windows 72,694 55,377 34,359 20,447 571 17,317 1,482 5,255 10,580

Tinted window glass 44,363 34,187 18,734 15,117 336 10,176 1,095 3,158 5,922

Reflective window glass 17,929 14,600 7,295 7,238 Q 3,329 209 1,010 2,110

External overhangs or awnings 28,718 22,580 13,247 9,230 Q 6,139 437 1,546 4,155

Skylights or atriums 19,815 14,843 9,035 5,738 Q 4,973 472 1,365 3,136

Light scheduling 33,552 25,217 13,953 11,108 Q 8,335 783 2,820 4,732

Occupancy sensors 44,304 31,951 18,058 13,813 Q 12,353 1,250 3,959 7,144

Multilevel lighting or dimming 14,424 10,832 6,891 3,922 Q 3,592 306 1,263 2,023

Daylight harvesting 7,244 5,554 2,997 2,519 Q 1,691 411 414 866

Plug-load control 1,961 1,293 867 411 Q 667 Q Q 344

Demand responsive lighting 2,045 1,412 937 465 Q 633 Q Q 301

Building automation system (BAS) for 

lighting 16,645 11,263 6,059 5,185 Q 5,381 478 1,565 3,338
All

buildings

All

buildings

Owner 

occupied

Leased to 

tenant or 

tenants

UnoccupiedAll

buildings Federal State Local

All buildings 96,423 74,728 45,355 28,382 990 21,695 1,946 6,888 12,861

Nongovernment-owned buildings Government-owned buildings

Table B18. Occupancy of nongovernment-owned and government-owned buildings, floorspace, 2018

Total floorspace (million square feet)

Electric vehicle (EV) charging

Charging stations associated with the 

building 10,165 8,260 5,028 3,221 Q 1,904 510 547 847

Data source: U.S. Energy Information Administration, Form EIA-871A of the 2018 Commercial Buildings Energy Consumption Survey 

Notes: Because of rounding, data may not sum to totals. The Guide to the 2018 CBECS Tables and CBECS Terminology contain definitions of terms used in 

these tables and comparisons between previous CBECS tables. You can access both references from 

http://www.eia.gov/consumption/commercial/data/2018/. 

Data are sample survey estimates with relative standard errors published in a tab on the Excel worksheet for this table.

a

Climate zones are based on ASHRAE Standard 169-2021; see https://www.eia.gov/consumption/commercial/maps.php#defined. b

Other sources includes wood, coal, solar, and all other energy sources.

c

Office devices refers to any combination of printers, copiers, scanners, or FAX machines.

Q = Data withheld either because the relative standard error was greater than 50% or the reporting sample had fewer than 20 buildings.

N = No buildings in reporting sample.
RSE

Release date: September 2021

Revised date: December 2022

All

buildings

All

buildings

Owner 

occupied

Leased to 

tenant or 

tenants

UnoccupiedAll

buildings Federal State Local

All buildings 3.1 3.3 3.3 4.8 19.2 6.0 16.1 11.8 6.0

Building floorspace (square feet)

1,001 to 5,000 5.3 5.3 6.4 7.2 24.6 14.1 40.5 25.1 14.3

5,001 to 10,000 5.8 6.0 8.4 10.9 39.6 18.2 50.1 28.1 21.2

10,001 to 25,000 6.1 5.8 6.1 11.1 67.8 16.0 45.5 31.2 17.1

25,001 to 50,000 5.6 6.5 8.3 10.0 64.7 9.7 33.4 24.2 11.3

50,001 to 100,000 5.3 6.7 7.8 9.7 63.4 8.5 30.3 16.7 9.9

100,001 to 200,000 5.5 6.6 8.1 9.8 48.7 9.0 32.3 16.5 10.9

200,001 to 500,000 5.0 6.4 7.8 9.2 53.7 8.4 23.1 19.2 9.6

Over 500,000 8.6 9.8 12.7 14.7 50.2 17.6 35.6 34.1 16.3

Principal building activity

Education 5.3 9.9 10.8 22.7 0.0 6.1 36.2 10.7 8.1

Food sales 17.0 17.0 21.4 24.2 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0

Food service 8.5 8.2 10.0 11.6 0.0 26.4 7.7 35.4 36.2

Health care 5.5 5.7 6.5 12.8 0.0 18.8 40.6 44.9 27.1

Inpatient 7.2 7.5 8.2 28.6 0.0 22.4 47.3 52.2 31.4

Outpatient 8.0 8.5 11.8 13.6 0.0 38.9 84.7 76.8 46.3

Lodging 8.3 8.0 10.5 11.4 0.0 44.6 82.3 57.9 67.8

Mercantile 6.0 6.0 7.7 8.4 0.0 64.1 51.5 68.7 25.3

Retail (other than mall) 8.6 8.6 10.7 12.2 0.0 64.1 51.5 68.7 25.3

Enclosed and strip malls 7.6 7.6 15.4 9.5 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0

Office 5.5 5.6 6.0 8.3 0.0 14.8 29.9 25.5 14.0

Public assembly 5.8 7.6 8.2 20.6 0.0 9.8 66.7 21.3 10.3

Public order and safety 15.9 34.9 43.4 64.7 0.0 17.1 32.2 38.6 17.7

Religious worship 9.3 9.3 9.6 39.2 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0

Service 8.1 8.8 11.0 14.9 0.0 16.8 30.2 29.9 21.3

Warehouse and storage 7.2 7.4 8.0 10.9 0.0 24.9 29.9 67.7 41.1

Other 15.1 18.2 22.3 32.1 0.0 23.4 49.6 31.7 46.8

Vacant 14.1 15.8 39.3 27.1 19.2 28.4 71.6 58.2 33.4

Year constructed

Before 1920 10.8 12.0 13.0 20.3 66.7 19.9 48.7 49.7 20.5

1920 to 1945 8.8 10.4 12.9 12.8 71.6 18.7 45.3 36.6 16.7

1946 to 1959 7.6 9.3 10.2 18.9 52.4 11.9 41.2 20.1 16.0

1960 to 1969 5.2 6.3 8.1 10.3 46.8 11.4 28.0 21.6 13.0

1970 to 1979 6.0 7.1 7.8 10.4 43.5 9.8 28.6 15.0 12.7

1980 to 1989 5.9 6.2 9.2 8.1 44.4 11.4 40.7 21.0 15.1

1990 to 1999 6.6 7.6 9.0 9.9 62.5 9.6 21.3 20.3 12.3

2000 to 2009 6.3 7.0 7.6 10.4 49.4 10.5 30.2 18.2 10.1

2010 to 2018 7.6 8.8 10.4 12.0 59.7 12.9 72.2 21.0 16.2

Relative standard errors (RSEs) for Table B18. Occupancy of nongovernment-owned and government-owned 

buildings, floorspace, 2018

RSEs for total floorspace 

Nongovernment-owned buildings Government-owned buildings
RSE

All

buildings

All

buildings

Owner 

occupied

Leased to 

tenant or 

tenants

UnoccupiedAll

buildings Federal State Local

All buildings 3.1 3.3 3.3 4.8 19.2 6.0 16.1 11.8 6.0

Relative standard errors (RSEs) for Table B18. Occupancy of nongovernment-owned and government-owned 

buildings, floorspace, 2018

RSEs for total floorspace 

Nongovernment-owned buildings Government-owned buildings

Census region

Northeast 7.2 8.2 10.2 10.1 45.3 11.1 31.7 25.5 10.8

Midwest 7.4 7.9 7.0 11.9 44.0 11.9 25.7 21.8 12.0

South 6.1 6.0 6.2 8.1 28.3 12.5 28.3 22.0 11.8

West 7.1 8.0 8.9 9.3 46.0 11.1 33.5 17.8 13.8

Climate zonea

Cold or very cold 17.0 17.7 18.8 22.6 71.7 19.7 39.1 25.7 21.8

Cool 8.3 8.5 8.9 11.3 35.6 11.5 23.4 17.5 13.6

Mixed mild 10.5 10.3 12.1 10.5 33.2 13.7 32.8 21.4 15.8

Warm 10.0 10.6 11.6 10.6 32.5 18.4 30.9 28.9 15.9

Hot or very hot 14.1 13.3 14.9 15.6 55.5 19.0 45.6 31.2 17.6

Number of floors

1 4.5 4.6 4.8 6.8 25.2 8.3 24.5 15.3 9.0

2 4.4 5.0 5.4 8.8 47.7 7.4 29.9 15.4 9.6

3 7.6 7.6 8.8 13.3 61.8 14.6 58.7 28.1 13.5

4 to 9 6.3 7.0 7.5 12.8 41.2 12.8 23.8 24.4 12.6

10 or more 11.0 11.2 15.4 12.6 49.4 22.2 44.3 37.4 27.1

Elevators and escalators 

(more than one may apply)

Any elevators 4.5 5.1 5.7 7.6 34.3 7.5 22.0 16.3 7.3

1 elevator 6.0 6.7 8.0 11.8 40.9 10.5 32.1 25.0 10.1

2 to 5 elevators 5.2 6.6 7.9 10.9 51.8 8.6 27.2 16.3 10.0

6 or more elevators 8.4 9.0 11.6 12.3 59.5 15.3 36.4 27.6 14.8

Any escalators 13.7 16.6 23.9 16.9 2.7 20.6 53.8 33.2 16.6

Number of workers (main shift)

Fewer than 5 5.9 6.2 6.5 12.1 19.2 11.4 46.0 18.4 12.8

5 to 9 6.9 7.3 8.1 12.5 0.0 15.8 52.4 28.2 19.5

10 to 19 7.4 7.7 9.7 12.0 0.0 14.7 49.0 24.8 20.4

20 to 49 4.8 5.7 6.9 8.4 0.0 9.6 36.7 19.9 10.2

50 to 99 5.9 7.5 10.0 9.9 0.0 9.0 36.8 16.9 9.9

100 to 249 5.6 7.0 8.7 10.0 0.0 8.5 28.8 17.0 10.5

250 or more 6.4 7.1 8.9 9.7 0.0 12.1 31.2 21.2 11.6

Weekly operating hours

Fewer than 40 6.6 7.3 7.8 15.6 19.2 12.8 48.5 20.0 15.1

40 to 48 5.1 6.3 7.5 10.2 0.0 7.5 26.8 14.9 9.4

49 to 60 4.3 5.1 5.8 7.7 0.0 9.4 21.7 17.2 11.3

61 to 84 5.3 5.8 9.3 7.9 0.0 11.2 31.3 22.4 11.8

85 to 167 6.2 7.1 7.6 11.6 0.0 12.4 35.5 19.1 15.3

Open continuously 5.0 5.2 6.1 7.7 0.0 14.6 29.7 26.0 14.1
RSE

All

buildings

All

buildings

Owner 

occupied

Leased to 

tenant or 

tenants

UnoccupiedAll

buildings Federal State Local

All buildings 3.1 3.3 3.3 4.8 19.2 6.0 16.1 11.8 6.0

Relative standard errors (RSEs) for Table B18. Occupancy of nongovernment-owned and government-owned 

buildings, floorspace, 2018

RSEs for total floorspace 

Nongovernment-owned buildings Government-owned buildings

Party responsible for operation

of energy systems

Building owner 3.2 3.4 3.4 5.7 20.2 6.0 16.2 12.0 5.9

Business owner or tenant 7.2 7.4 16.8 7.8 63.9 28.1 61.2 53.6 35.9

Property management 11.7 12.0 23.4 14.4 0.0 38.2 50.2 56.1 50.8

Other 11.1 13.1 20.4 17.7 0.0 23.3 51.6 41.0 29.7

Provider of direct input on energyrelated equipment purchases

Building owner 3.1 3.4 3.4 5.5 20.1 6.1 16.2 12.0 6.0

Business owner or tenant 8.8 9.1 26.8 9.4 67.4 21.3 51.0 58.3 33.1

Property management 16.2 17.2 29.7 19.9 0.0 42.3 50.2 77.6 54.9

Other 8.1 9.1 15.5 11.3 50.2 18.2 46.3 30.6 26.3

Number of establishments

1 3.6 3.9 3.8 6.6 0.0 7.0 17.5 13.1 6.7

2 to 5 5.5 5.7 7.7 6.9 0.0 12.9 26.2 27.8 14.6

6 to 10 7.9 8.3 11.6 10.7 0.0 17.5 22.0 34.7 22.2

11 to 20 8.9 9.3 14.8 10.7 0.0 25.9 45.7 51.2 39.3

More than 20 10.1 10.5 12.2 14.6 0.0 35.8 71.3 50.6 35.3

Currently unoccupied 16.5 19.2 0.0 0.0 19.2 31.2 101.1 68.3 35.4

Campus or complex activity

Not part of a campus or complex 3.7 4.2 4.6 5.8 23.7 7.3 19.3 16.4 6.9

Primary or secondary school 9.4 25.3 27.5 59.7 70.4 10.1 58.7 17.4 11.9

College or university 15.9 24.6 27.8 34.4 0.0 20.2 0.0 20.6 49.1

Office complex 10.0 10.2 16.3 11.3 59.7 41.3 65.6 48.7 45.0

Retail complex 9.2 9.2 13.8 12.4 82.6 62.3 0.0 0.0 62.3

Storage complex 11.0 11.0 12.9 16.0 50.8 69.6 65.2 44.1 84.0

Religious campus or complex 12.0 12.0 11.9 43.7 51.6 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0

Health care complex 8.2 8.1 8.9 20.6 55.4 23.3 44.1 55.7 33.2

Lodging or resort complex 13.7 14.1 19.8 27.4 95.1 58.5 50.2 74.4 70.2

Transportation complex 33.2 57.5 66.5 59.1 0.0 19.4 0.0 47.5 21.2

Government complex 17.0 82.2 50.7 90.0 0.0 17.0 29.1 46.5 18.0

Other 7.4 8.9 10.2 15.1 58.5 16.3 46.8 31.6 21.3

Predominant exterior wall material

Brick, stone, or stucco 3.9 4.1 4.9 6.2 34.5 7.7 19.2 16.3 7.3

Concrete (block or poured) 4.8 5.5 6.5 7.7 34.8 9.6 25.8 16.6 12.7

Concrete panels 8.4 9.4 8.3 14.7 81.6 19.2 59.7 31.0 17.1

Siding or shingles 9.3 9.9 9.8 16.4 63.7 14.9 56.1 34.2 18.6

Metal panels 6.0 6.2 6.8 11.4 51.7 17.4 42.5 30.5 17.1

Window glass 11.4 12.7 17.0 15.5 91.3 19.8 50.1 36.8 24.5

Other 13.7 14.4 19.4 21.6 60.5 27.4 67.9 57.2 35.4
RSE

All

buildings

All

buildings

Owner 

occupied

Leased to 

tenant or 

tenants

UnoccupiedAll

buildings Federal State Local

All buildings 3.1 3.3 3.3 4.8 19.2 6.0 16.1 11.8 6.0

Relative standard errors (RSEs) for Table B18. Occupancy of nongovernment-owned and government-owned 

buildings, floorspace, 2018

RSEs for total floorspace 

Nongovernment-owned buildings Government-owned buildings

Predominant roof material

Metal surfacing 5.6 5.6 5.8 9.6 33.5 11.7 37.2 19.4 11.5

Synthetic or rubber 4.1 4.6 4.7 6.6 32.8 8.8 24.2 18.8 10.1

Built-up 4.8 6.3 8.1 8.3 41.1 7.8 30.3 14.5 9.0

Slate or tile shingles 10.1 11.2 13.7 19.1 89.6 25.9 40.1 68.7 23.1

Wooden materials (including

shingles) 17.8 19.3 26.2 24.5 94.5 27.7 88.5 51.6 65.2

Asphalt, fiberglass, or 

other shingles 5.6 6.6 7.0 12.0 54.6 13.4 36.1 22.1 17.4

Concrete 11.9 15.3 16.7 24.0 0.0 22.5 63.0 32.7 35.7

Other 9.8 11.2 13.4 17.8 73.0 19.5 42.2 30.5 27.8

Roof tilt

Flat 3.3 4.0 4.4 5.6 24.7 6.0 19.4 13.0 6.7

Shallow pitch 4.8 5.1 5.8 7.7 31.2 10.6 26.8 18.6 10.1

Steeper pitch 5.7 6.3 6.1 13.4 52.2 10.6 52.5 17.7 13.9

Cool roof characteristics (more than 

one may apply)

White/reflective coating or paint 4.4 4.9 5.4 7.0 32.1 8.1 30.0 15.3 9.4

White/reflective tiles or shingles 10.4 11.7 13.8 16.1 58.5 20.9 35.5 37.1 28.9

Aluminum coating 9.2 10.0 12.1 15.1 31.8 20.2 52.6 31.7 21.1

Ballasted roof system 9.5 10.9 14.3 14.1 49.4 14.6 35.4 25.0 18.1

Other cool roof property 19.2 18.4 27.6 23.0 0.0 40.1 82.6 36.8 37.3

Renovations since 2000 

(more than one may apply)

Any type of renovation 3.4 4.3 4.8 6.4 30.7 6.5 17.4 13.2 7.8

Addition or annex 6.0 7.3 7.5 15.0 67.7 9.6 30.9 19.2 11.4

Reduction in floorspace 13.2 14.7 18.8 23.1 0.0 31.7 64.6 82.2 31.7

Roof replacement 4.3 5.5 6.5 8.0 34.4 8.5 23.8 15.7 10.4

Interior wall reconfiguration 4.2 5.1 6.4 7.9 50.7 8.2 23.7 16.1 11.1

Window replacement 5.8 7.3 8.6 12.3 72.6 10.4 31.1 21.3 12.1

HVAC equipment upgrade 4.2 4.7 5.6 7.4 45.6 9.0 21.9 17.7 9.9

Lighting upgrade 3.9 4.6 5.4 6.7 47.0 8.7 20.2 17.7 9.8

Electrical upgrade 5.6 6.1 7.4 9.2 43.9 11.2 22.5 21.2 13.8

Plumbing system upgrade 5.2 6.2 7.8 8.1 46.5 9.6 26.4 18.9 12.6

Insulation upgrade 7.8 9.7 12.5 14.9 46.0 10.9 34.8 19.5 15.0

Fire, safety, or security upgrade 4.4 5.4 6.8 7.8 40.4 7.9 24.0 13.2 11.1

Structural upgrade 10.2 12.9 15.4 17.1 48.9 14.7 35.8 30.1 21.5

Other 14.9 15.8 18.3 24.1 0.0 36.2 71.8 65.8 43.0

No renovations 3.9 3.9 4.5 6.1 23.0 7.8 22.6 15.5 7.0

Buildings constructed 2013 or later 8.3 9.3 11.0 13.3 98.7 17.7 38.9 22.1 25.1
RSE

All

buildings

All

buildings

Owner 

occupied

Leased to 

tenant or 

tenants

UnoccupiedAll

buildings Federal State Local

All buildings 3.1 3.3 3.3 4.8 19.2 6.0 16.1 11.8 6.0

Relative standard errors (RSEs) for Table B18. Occupancy of nongovernment-owned and government-owned 

buildings, floorspace, 2018

RSEs for total floorspace 

Nongovernment-owned buildings Government-owned buildings

Energy sources

(more than one may apply)

Electricity 3.0 3.3 3.3 4.7 22.9 6.0 16.1 11.9 6.0

Natural gas 3.4 3.9 4.2 5.1 36.0 5.8 18.5 11.0 7.0

Fuel oil 5.4 6.2 7.5 8.4 45.1 6.9 29.1 12.1 8.9

District heat 11.4 13.0 14.1 19.7 51.6 17.3 34.9 26.0 17.8

District chilled water 13.7 20.8 24.9 25.8 79.1 18.3 30.2 26.7 15.7

Propane 7.6 8.1 9.0 12.0 62.6 15.5 36.3 30.0 15.1

Solar 11.5 14.8 17.6 18.1 2.7 16.2 33.9 30.6 19.7

Wood, coal, and other 14.0 14.2 16.8 27.1 0.0 38.7 58.7 95.0 49.8

Space-heating energy sources 

(more than one may apply)

Electricity 3.7 4.0 4.6 5.6 37.3 8.4 19.8 12.7 10.7

Natural gas 3.6 4.1 4.5 5.2 39.8 5.7 20.2 11.3 7.2

Fuel oil 11.6 13.9 15.2 21.3 55.4 15.3 61.4 29.9 16.5

District heat 11.6 13.1 14.3 19.7 51.6 17.6 35.2 26.8 17.8

Propane 13.1 13.9 16.5 19.3 62.6 22.3 50.7 43.5 30.2

Other sourcesb 19.6 19.3 22.1 36.6 0.0 75.8 25.2 49.4 104.4

Primary space-heating 

energy source

Electricity 5.5 5.3 6.1 7.2 43.8 13.6 28.0 16.5 16.3

Natural gas 4.1 4.5 5.0 5.8 43.2 5.8 21.9 12.2 7.4

Fuel oil 15.3 19.5 22.2 24.4 55.4 20.9 79.5 44.9 23.1

District heat 12.6 14.1 15.0 22.6 51.6 18.4 34.9 28.1 16.4

Propane 16.9 17.4 18.7 28.1 66.9 27.7 50.7 60.6 36.8

Other sourcesb 30.3 31.6 32.6 64.2 0.0 47.7 0.0 0.0 47.7

Cooling energy sources

(more than one may apply)

Electricity 3.0 3.3 3.6 4.6 30.7 6.0 16.7 12.1 6.4

Natural gas 24.2 21.7 25.2 48.1 0.0 49.4 0.0 68.3 57.3

District chilled water 13.7 20.8 24.9 25.8 79.1 18.3 30.2 26.7 15.7

Water-heating energy sources

(more than one may apply)

Electricity 3.6 3.7 4.4 5.0 31.4 9.2 24.7 14.6 10.1

Natural gas 3.7 4.5 5.1 5.6 46.6 5.8 21.6 11.8 6.9

Fuel oil 15.4 19.1 23.3 28.9 55.4 22.9 92.6 44.1 22.4

District heat 12.8 17.9 18.7 23.9 0.0 15.9 38.1 22.8 28.2

Propane 14.7 15.5 16.2 33.1 55.4 22.7 55.9 41.3 29.6
RSE

All

buildings

All

buildings

Owner 

occupied

Leased to 

tenant or 

tenants

UnoccupiedAll

buildings Federal State Local

All buildings 3.1 3.3 3.3 4.8 19.2 6.0 16.1 11.8 6.0

Relative standard errors (RSEs) for Table B18. Occupancy of nongovernment-owned and government-owned 

buildings, floorspace, 2018

RSEs for total floorspace 

Nongovernment-owned buildings Government-owned buildings

Cooking energy sources

(more than one may apply)

Electricity 3.9 4.6 5.1 6.2 49.2 7.1 21.3 13.4 8.5

Natural gas 3.4 4.5 5.4 6.1 55.4 5.9 29.8 11.5 8.9

Propane 11.7 12.9 15.6 23.0 0.0 22.0 57.4 40.3 21.3

Energy end uses

(more than one may apply)

Buildings with space heating 3.0 3.4 3.5 4.8 29.6 6.0 16.2 12.0 6.3

Buildings with cooling 3.0 3.3 3.5 4.6 29.9 6.0 16.5 12.0 6.2

Buildings with water heating 2.9 3.2 3.3 4.6 27.1 5.9 16.4 12.1 6.0

Buildings with cooking 3.1 3.8 4.1 5.1 80.2 5.5 22.1 10.8 7.4

Buildings with manufacturing 7.9 8.5 10.8 12.6 0.0 21.8 46.3 33.1 31.6

Buildings with electricity

generation 4.4 5.3 6.1 7.4 45.1 6.3 26.5 11.5 7.6

Buildings with lighting 3.0 3.2 3.3 4.6 23.4 6.0 16.1 12.0 6.0

Percentage of floorspace heated

Not heated 10.0 10.5 12.2 15.3 25.1 17.0 62.3 36.9 18.9

1 to 50% 7.1 7.5 9.1 10.7 87.1 18.8 38.2 38.9 25.4

51 to 99% 5.3 5.6 5.8 8.5 61.0 13.0 29.6 23.5 13.5

100% 3.2 3.5 3.8 5.3 28.9 5.8 17.1 9.7 7.0

Percentage of floorspace cooled

Not cooled 8.0 8.7 8.2 16.2 23.7 16.4 48.9 32.1 18.8

1 to 50% 5.2 5.8 7.2 9.1 57.4 10.7 34.7 22.6 11.9

51 to 99% 5.1 5.0 5.7 7.2 78.3 11.0 28.7 22.4 9.9

100% 3.5 3.8 4.5 5.8 32.5 6.5 16.7 11.5 8.0

Percentage lit when open

0% 38.5 38.5 40.4 55.4 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0

1 to 50% 6.0 6.2 6.9 13.0 0.0 16.7 40.8 35.4 17.0

51 to 99% 3.6 4.3 5.1 5.8 0.0 8.4 21.3 18.7 7.4

100% 3.8 4.1 5.0 6.5 0.0 6.4 21.2 9.7 7.9

Building never open or electricity

not used 12.1 13.2 18.0 26.1 19.2 21.3 101.1 41.3 25.7

Percentage lit during off hours

0% 6.7 7.3 7.4 12.4 61.9 15.6 46.8 24.7 16.3

1 to 50% 3.0 3.3 3.7 4.7 28.1 6.3 17.5 12.6 6.3

51 to 100% 6.7 7.9 9.3 13.3 35.6 13.3 29.9 23.9 23.0

Building always open with 

no off hours 11.6 12.1 14.2 20.8 0.0 35.1 48.4 62.0 26.3

Electricity not used 17.6 18.1 24.5 31.0 30.8 55.6 0.0 78.7 58.3
RSE

All

buildings

All

buildings

Owner 

occupied

Leased to 

tenant or 

tenants

UnoccupiedAll

buildings Federal State Local

All buildings 3.1 3.3 3.3 4.8 19.2 6.0 16.1 11.8 6.0

Relative standard errors (RSEs) for Table B18. Occupancy of nongovernment-owned and government-owned 

buildings, floorspace, 2018

RSEs for total floorspace 

Nongovernment-owned buildings Government-owned buildings

Heating equipment 

(more than one may apply)

Packaged heating units 3.6 4.2 4.6 5.8 32.6 6.5 20.4 12.5 8.6

Furnaces 5.7 5.6 6.6 8.1 50.0 18.6 51.9 34.7 17.7

Individual space heaters 4.8 5.4 7.0 7.4 67.3 8.5 29.1 15.1 11.4

Boilers 4.0 5.7 6.5 8.3 72.6 5.4 21.5 12.0 6.7

Heat pumps 5.4 6.1 8.6 7.6 63.2 10.7 30.0 18.0 13.8

District heat 11.6 13.1 14.3 19.7 51.6 17.6 35.2 26.8 17.8

Duct reheat 7.0 8.3 10.2 10.9 52.2 12.4 45.0 28.5 16.6

Other 24.1 24.4 44.2 26.3 0.0 44.6 72.6 67.1 70.6

Cooling equipment 

(more than one may apply)

Packaged air-conditioning units 3.4 3.9 4.4 5.7 34.7 6.4 20.0 12.3 7.9

Residential-type central air

conditioners 5.2 5.1 6.2 7.8 72.4 11.3 30.9 25.0 11.4

Individual air conditioners 5.3 6.0 7.3 9.9 2.7 10.7 28.4 18.8 12.7

Central chillers 5.0 6.1 6.9 10.5 84.0 7.9 22.7 17.9 8.5

Heat pumps 6.8 7.9 9.6 12.2 68.3 11.7 46.4 19.1 15.5

District chilled water 13.7 20.8 24.9 25.8 79.1 18.3 30.2 26.7 15.7

Swamp coolers 13.1 13.4 13.1 27.6 102.4 33.2 49.9 51.0 41.7

Other 36.4 43.5 57.7 57.5 0.0 77.2 69.2 102.0 0.0

HVAC features 

(more than one may apply)

Economizer cycle 3.9 5.1 5.8 6.6 44.7 6.7 23.0 12.8 7.9

Variable air volume (VAV) system 4.9 5.3 6.6 6.9 35.3 7.6 24.5 16.7 7.5

Dedicated outside air system (DOAS) 7.8 9.4 12.1 12.9 46.3 13.9 49.7 26.7 12.9

Demand controlled ventilation (DCV) 5.5 7.8 9.1 13.4 72.9 9.6 43.9 17.3 13.3

Regular HVAC maintenance 3.2 3.6 3.8 4.9 32.5 6.0 17.4 12.3 6.4

Building automation system (BAS) 

controls heating or cooling 3.7 4.8 6.0 6.2 47.3 4.9 23.5 10.2 6.7

Internet-connected or smart

thermostat 10.5 11.1 12.6 18.8 0.0 20.6 56.2 43.2 19.6

Programmable thermostat 5.4 5.4 7.1 7.0 73.7 14.0 39.5 30.1 14.4

Main equipment replaced since 

2000 (more than one may apply)

Heating 3.8 4.6 5.3 6.8 42.6 7.2 20.6 12.7 9.2

Cooling 4.3 5.2 5.8 9.1 47.2 6.9 23.5 16.6 7.8

Water-heating equipment

Centralized system 3.4 3.7 3.9 5.4 32.9 7.0 18.8 14.7 6.9

Distributed system 6.4 6.0 8.1 8.3 80.7 17.0 30.4 27.3 19.1

Combination of centralized and

distributed systems 5.2 5.6 6.7 7.9 59.3 8.9 26.5 15.6 11.9
RSE

All

buildings

All

buildings

Owner 

occupied

Leased to 

tenant or 

tenants

UnoccupiedAll

buildings Federal State Local

All buildings 3.1 3.3 3.3 4.8 19.2 6.0 16.1 11.8 6.0

Relative standard errors (RSEs) for Table B18. Occupancy of nongovernment-owned and government-owned 

buildings, floorspace, 2018

RSEs for total floorspace 

Nongovernment-owned buildings Government-owned buildings

Generation technologies 

(more than one may apply)

Reciprocating engine generators 4.8 5.7 6.8 7.8 45.1 6.8 28.6 11.7 8.0

Solar panels 11.5 14.9 17.6 18.3 2.7 16.4 35.1 31.4 20.2

Other generation technology 14.4 16.2 20.3 23.0 0.0 20.7 55.2 32.4 30.0

Lighting equipment types

(more than one may apply)

Incandescent 4.5 4.8 6.0 6.4 59.0 11.0 27.0 21.6 11.5

Standard fluorescent 3.4 3.5 4.1 4.9 25.9 6.7 17.8 14.0 6.3

Compact fluorescent 4.2 4.4 5.6 5.7 33.6 9.3 24.7 18.2 8.5

High-intensity discharge (HID) 7.1 8.0 10.0 10.2 60.1 10.0 29.1 19.4 11.9

Halogen 4.2 5.1 7.3 6.9 77.9 11.5 31.7 18.0 13.7

LED 2.9 3.5 4.1 4.7 39.2 6.4 19.4 12.7 6.8

Other 24.1 24.1 60.2 26.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0

Refrigeration equipment

(more than one may apply)

Any refrigeration 3.0 3.4 3.6 4.6 37.7 5.8 16.8 12.4 6.0

Walk-in units 3.4 4.3 5.5 5.5 69.4 5.5 32.3 11.6 8.0

Cases or cabinets 3.7 4.4 5.4 5.8 79.4 7.0 29.8 12.2 9.4

Large cold storage areas 11.3 13.6 19.9 16.4 70.6 20.5 42.1 34.6 28.4

Commercial ice makers 3.5 4.2 4.5 6.4 69.4 7.7 26.6 18.7 7.7

Residential-type or compact units 3.2 3.5 3.8 5.0 34.0 6.8 17.4 15.5 6.3

Vending machines 3.8 4.4 4.8 6.3 70.6 6.7 19.2 15.5 6.7

No refrigeration 5.3 5.7 6.0 9.5 19.6 13.1 39.2 17.8 14.8

Office equipment

(more than one may apply)

Desktop computers 2.9 3.2 3.4 4.5 49.2 6.0 17.2 12.2 6.1

With multiple monitors 3.5 3.9 4.5 5.2 0.0 8.0 20.9 17.7 6.9

Laptop computers 3.0 3.6 4.0 4.7 0.0 6.1 17.7 13.3 6.5

Dedicated servers 3.3 4.1 4.7 5.2 0.0 5.1 19.3 10.5 7.1

Tablets charged in building 3.3 3.7 4.2 5.3 0.0 6.9 23.0 15.8 6.8

Large floor-standing office devicesc 3.0 3.9 4.3 5.6 0.0 5.7 19.2 12.3 6.2

Smaller desktop office devicesc 3.1 3.4 3.5 4.6 49.2 5.8 18.0 12.4 6.4

Interactive whiteboards 4.5 7.5 10.9 8.2 0.0 5.3 28.7 12.4 7.5

Televisions or video displays 3.0 3.4 3.9 4.6 0.0 5.8 18.8 12.6 6.5

Point-of-sale devices or cash 

registers 3.4 4.1 5.1 5.7 0.0 5.6 23.1 13.1 7.2
RSE

All

buildings

All

buildings

Owner 

occupied

Leased to 

tenant or 

tenants

UnoccupiedAll

buildings Federal State Local

All buildings 3.1 3.3 3.3 4.8 19.2 6.0 16.1 11.8 6.0

Relative standard errors (RSEs) for Table B18. Occupancy of nongovernment-owned and government-owned 

buildings, floorspace, 2018

RSEs for total floorspace 

Nongovernment-owned buildings Government-owned buildings

Food preparation or serving areas 

in non-food service buildings

(more than one may apply)

Snack bar, concession stand, or coffee 

shop 6.7 8.4 10.5 10.9 0.0 8.7 32.5 17.1 10.2

Fast food or small restaurant 5.9 6.5 9.6 7.7 0.0 16.6 51.6 33.1 16.0

Cafeteria or large restaurant 4.6 7.7 9.5 11.7 0.0 6.3 34.4 12.2 8.3

Commercial kitchen or

food preparation area 4.4 5.7 7.1 8.3 55.4 7.4 32.0 15.3 10.8

Small kitchen area 4.7 5.4 6.4 7.7 49.2 8.4 25.0 16.4 9.8

Separate computer areas

(more than one may apply)

Server closet 3.4 4.3 4.9 5.6 0.0 4.9 15.6 9.9 6.6

Data center 6.7 8.7 11.0 11.2 0.0 8.8 32.3 13.5 12.8

Computer-based training room 4.6 7.3 10.3 10.0 0.0 5.8 21.8 12.7 7.5

Student or public computer center 4.6 9.2 12.2 12.2 0.0 6.0 28.9 10.2 8.0

Window and interior lighting 

features (more than one may

apply)

Multipaned windows 3.2 3.6 3.7 5.1 24.8 5.8 18.8 12.2 6.5

Tinted window glass 3.4 4.1 4.8 5.5 31.8 6.5 21.5 12.3 8.5

Reflective window glass 5.6 6.3 9.3 7.8 38.1 9.6 24.9 14.7 14.3

External overhangs or awnings 4.5 5.5 6.8 6.0 32.6 7.0 24.3 15.2 8.6

Skylights or atriums 4.5 5.5 6.7 8.5 39.4 7.2 23.3 15.1 9.9

Light scheduling 4.1 4.6 6.2 5.6 48.3 8.4 25.4 17.2 8.4

Occupancy sensors 3.8 4.5 5.5 5.6 39.8 6.3 20.9 12.8 6.9

Multilevel lighting or dimming 6.6 6.9 8.8 7.9 94.4 13.5 26.2 32.7 12.2

Daylight harvesting 6.3 6.5 9.0 9.2 71.8 15.4 39.5 21.0 18.9

Plug-load control 12.2 15.1 17.6 27.2 94.5 20.9 35.3 30.7 37.0

Demand responsive lighting 15.2 15.6 20.1 20.1 42.6 28.2 71.0 55.1 31.9

Building automation system (BAS) for 

lighting 5.2 6.5 8.5 8.2 91.6 8.5 35.2 16.2 11.0
RSE

All

buildings

All

buildings

Owner 

occupied

Leased to 

tenant or 

tenants

UnoccupiedAll

buildings Federal State Local

All buildings 3.1 3.3 3.3 4.8 19.2 6.0 16.1 11.8 6.0

Relative standard errors (RSEs) for Table B18. Occupancy of nongovernment-owned and government-owned 

buildings, floorspace, 2018

RSEs for total floorspace 

Nongovernment-owned buildings Government-owned buildings

Electric vehicle (EV) charging

Charging stations associated with the 

building 7.2 7.7 10.0 10.2 58.5 14.7 39.7 24.3 12.6

Data source: U.S. Energy Information Administration, Form EIA-871A of the 2018 Commercial Buildings Energy Consumption Survey 

Note: RSE is a measure of the reliability or precision of a survey statistic. Variability occurs in survey statistics because the different samples that could be 

drawn would each produce different values for the survey statistics. Estimation of Standard Errors and What is a Relative Standard Error (RSE)? contain more 

information on how RSEs are estimated and used. Both references can be accessed from https://www.eia.gov/consumption/commercial/survey-backgroundtechnical-information.php.

a

Climate zones are based on ASHRAE Standard 169-2021; see https://www.eia.gov/consumption/commercial/maps.php#defined. b

Other sources includes wood, coal, solar, and all other energy sources.

c

Office devices refers to any combination of printers, copiers, scanners, or FAX machines.