Release date: September 2021

Revised date: December 2022

All

buildings

Food

service Lodging

Food 

sales

All health 

care

InpatientOutpatient

All buildings 96,423 1,385 6,976 1,006 4,018 2,259 1,760 1,538

Building floorspace (square feet)

1,001 to 10,000 18,229 1,159 377 454 424 N 424 Q

10,001 to 100,000 45,098 Q 3,706 449 1,195 199 997 704

Over 100,000 33,096 Q 2,893 Q 2,399 2,060 339 615

Year constructed

Before 1946 9,246 254 333 Q 305 Q Q Q

1946 to 1979 30,358 338 1,993 247 1,220 895 325 273

1980 to 1999 29,000 340 2,268 227 925 426 499 580

2000 to 2018 27,819 453 2,383 464 1,568 771 798 557

Census region

Northeast 15,951 138 1,207 Q 779 367 412 Q

Midwest 25,932 279 1,661 404 1,076 712 364 Q

South 34,907 563 2,379 249 1,173 716 457 673

West 19,633 405 1,729 Q 990 463 527 323

Climate zonea

Cold or very cold 7,044 131 416 Q 246 Q Q Q

Cool 26,768 337 1,944 291 1,200 725 475 354

Mixed mild 25,096 318 1,860 Q 1,173 647 526 547

Warm 25,085 402 1,879 202 961 494 467 421

Hot or very hot 12,429 197 877 Q 438 268 170 Q

Number of floors

1 43,576 963 908 832 683 Q 570 549

2 23,300 292 1,399 Q 598 Q 465 Q

3 10,516 Q 1,145 Q 423 168 255 Q

4 to 9 13,031 Q 2,100 Q 1,711 1,307 404 280

10 or more 6,000 N 1,424 N 602 537 Q 197

Elevators and escalators 

(more than one may apply)

Any elevators 36,501 Q 4,723 Q 3,117 2,138 979 803

1 elevator 14,215 Q 1,144 Q 338 Q 316 Q

2 to 5 elevators 13,316 Q 2,472 Q 977 399 578 305

6 or more elevators 8,970 N 1,107 N 1,801 1,717 Q 332

Any escalators 3,753 Q Q N Q Q Q Q

Number of workers (main shift)

Fewer than 10 31,388 680 1,912 519 255 N 255 441

10 to 99 40,441 678 3,949 433 1,191 213 978 418

100 or more 24,594 Q 1,115 Q 2,572 2,046 527 680

Table B14. Selected principal building activity: part 2, floorspace, 2018

Total floorspace (million square feet)

Principal building activity

Public

order and

safety

Health care
All

buildings

Food

service Lodging

Food 

sales

All health 

care

InpatientOutpatient

All buildings 96,423 1,385 6,976 1,006 4,018 2,259 1,760 1,538

Table B14. Selected principal building activity: part 2, floorspace, 2018

Total floorspace (million square feet)

Principal building activity

Public

order and

safety

Health care

Weekly operating hours

Fewer than 49 29,592 201 N Q 689 N 689 369

49 to 84 37,581 694 Q Q 813 N 813 123

85 to 167 10,038 429 N 488 Q N Q Q

Open continuously 19,213 Q 6,951 276 2,437 2,259 179 1,039

Ownership and occupancy

Nongovernment owned 74,728 1,098 6,564 1,006 3,556 1,893 1,663 Q

Owner occupied 45,355 663 4,574 708 2,812 1,776 1,036 Q

Leased to tenant or tenants 28,382 435 1,990 298 744 Q 627 Q

Unoccupied 990 N N N N N N N

Government owned 21,695 Q 412 N 462 365 Q 1,269

Federal 1,946 Q Q N 173 Q Q Q

State 6,888 Q Q N Q Q Q 457

Local 12,861 Q Q N 158 Q Q 731

Party responsible for operation

of energy systems

Building owner 79,282 1,104 6,319 846 3,616 2,154 1,462 1,378

Business owner or tenant 12,842 260 Q Q 271 Q 247 Q

Property management 1,994 Q 294 N Q Q Q N

Other 2,306 Q 238 Q Q Q Q Q

Provider of direct input on energyrelated equipment purchases

Building owner 82,862 1,137 6,369 876 3,679 2,144 1,535 1,445

Business owner or tenant 7,585 184 Q Q 162 Q Q Q

Property management 1,072 Q Q Q Q Q Q N

Other 4,904 Q 387 Q 160 Q Q Q

Number of establishments

1 65,391 1,253 5,717 765 2,398 1,494 904 1,076

2 to 5 16,431 Q 1,000 242 1,200 622 578 362

6 to 10 5,539 Q Q N 233 Q Q Q

11 to 20 3,894 N Q N Q Q Q Q

More than 20 3,999 N Q N Q Q Q Q

Currently unoccupied 1,168 N N N N N N N
All

buildings

Food

service Lodging

Food 

sales

All health 

care

InpatientOutpatient

All buildings 96,423 1,385 6,976 1,006 4,018 2,259 1,760 1,538

Table B14. Selected principal building activity: part 2, floorspace, 2018

Total floorspace (million square feet)

Principal building activity

Public

order and

safety

Health care

Campus or complex activity

Not part of a campus or complex 56,609 1,026 4,395 866 1,724 643 1,081 853

Primary or secondary school 5,106 Q N N N N N N

College or university 3,761 Q 576 N Q Q Q Q

Office complex 3,823 Q N N Q N Q Q

Retail complex 4,573 Q Q Q Q N Q N

Storage complex 5,684 N N N N N N N

Religious campus or complex 3,209 Q Q N N N N N

Health care complex 2,838 Q 272 N 2,190 1,609 581 Q

Lodging or resort complex 1,575 Q 1,155 N N N N N

Transportation complex 774 N N N N N N N

Government complex 1,706 Q N N N N N 194

Other 6,765 Q 505 Q Q N Q Q

Predominant exterior wall material

Brick, stone, or stucco 46,134 923 4,136 333 2,796 1,608 1,188 540

Concrete (block or poured) 19,357 231 1,262 316 408 225 183 334

Concrete panels 8,331 Q 148 Q 361 263 Q Q

Siding or shingles 5,992 146 973 Q 215 Q 192 Q

Metal panels 12,198 Q Q Q Q Q Q Q

Window glass 2,192 Q Q N Q Q Q Q

Other 2,219 Q 242 Q Q Q Q Q

Predominant roof material

Metal surfacing 20,936 300 400 330 Q Q Q Q

Synthetic or rubber 31,563 347 1,763 424 2,062 1,378 684 503

Built-up 19,308 267 1,372 Q 1,012 568 444 411

Slate or tile shingles 3,997 Q 648 Q Q Q Q Q

Wooden materials (including

shingles) 1,568 Q 329 Q Q Q Q Q

Asphalt, fiberglass, or 

other shingles 14,058 195 1,910 Q 577 215 362 Q

Concrete 1,968 Q 294 Q Q Q Q Q

Other 3,026 Q Q Q Q Q Q Q

Roof tilt

Flat 54,253 675 3,568 563 3,334 2,074 1,260 888

Shallow pitch 27,609 349 1,781 271 305 Q 244 456

Steeper pitch 14,561 361 1,627 Q 379 Q 256 Q
All

buildings

Food

service Lodging

Food 

sales

All health 

care

InpatientOutpatient

All buildings 96,423 1,385 6,976 1,006 4,018 2,259 1,760 1,538

Table B14. Selected principal building activity: part 2, floorspace, 2018

Total floorspace (million square feet)

Principal building activity

Public

order and

safety

Health care

Cool roof characteristics (more than one 

may apply)

White or reflective coating or paint 32,799 450 2,116 347 1,675 1,123 552 379

White or reflective tiles or shingles 2,713 Q 348 Q 195 Q Q Q

Aluminum coating 6,149 Q Q Q Q Q Q Q

Ballasted roof system 6,277 Q 592 Q 513 366 147 Q

Other cool roof property 1,603 Q Q N Q Q Q Q

Renovations since 2000 

(more than one may apply)

Any type of renovation 45,165 586 3,492 382 2,528 1,785 743 716

Addition or annex 10,854 163 531 Q 1,304 1,135 169 Q

Reduction in floorspace 1,784 Q Q Q 255 Q Q N

Roof replacement 20,862 281 1,954 Q 1,465 1,087 377 378

Interior wall reconfiguration 21,283 140 1,165 Q 1,810 1,259 551 291

Window replacement 10,977 186 987 Q 675 575 Q Q

HVAC equipment upgrade 27,575 362 2,118 Q 1,981 1,432 549 403

Lighting upgrade 29,098 339 2,505 280 1,901 1,463 439 391

Electrical upgrade 15,761 257 1,108 Q 1,339 1,043 296 Q

Plumbing system upgrade 15,537 280 1,380 Q 1,278 1,032 246 338

Insulation upgrade 7,980 88 658 Q 730 555 175 Q

Fire, safety, or security upgrade 19,985 276 2,052 Q 1,532 1,182 350 Q

Structural upgrade 4,203 Q Q Q 503 415 Q Q

Other 1,168 Q Q N Q N Q Q

No renovations 43,832 673 2,793 509 1,064 279 784 791

Buildings constructed 2013 or later 7,426 126 691 Q 427 Q Q Q

Energy sources

(more than one may apply)

Electricity 94,844 1,385 6,976 1,006 4,018 2,259 1,760 1,538

Natural gas 67,722 987 5,842 662 3,370 2,105 1,265 1,271

Fuel oil 21,185 Q 2,161 Q 2,499 2,040 458 896

District heat 6,745 Q 813 N 887 743 Q Q

District chilled water 4,288 Q 371 N 665 535 Q Q

Propane 10,157 219 1,101 Q 234 186 Q Q

Solar 3,820 Q Q Q Q Q Q Q

Wood, coal, and other 2,113 Q Q Q Q Q Q N

Space-heating energy sources 

(more than one may apply)

Electricity 45,603 657 4,725 550 1,845 905 939 546

Natural gas 58,042 694 3,879 584 2,725 1,670 1,055 1,105

Fuel oil 4,134 Q Q Q 478 457 Q Q

District heat 6,547 Q 794 N 784 641 Q Q

Propane 3,896 Q Q Q Q Q Q Q

Other sourcesb 927 N Q Q Q Q Q N
All

buildings

Food

service Lodging

Food 

sales

All health 

care

InpatientOutpatient

All buildings 96,423 1,385 6,976 1,006 4,018 2,259 1,760 1,538

Table B14. Selected principal building activity: part 2, floorspace, 2018

Total floorspace (million square feet)

Principal building activity

Public

order and

safety

Health care

Primary space-heating 

energy source

Electricity 27,618 523 3,378 259 851 153 698 Q

Natural gas 50,060 650 2,695 540 2,291 1,401 890 1,024

Fuel oil 2,223 Q Q Q Q Q Q Q

District heat 6,090 Q 682 N 762 618 Q Q

Propane 2,290 Q Q Q Q Q Q Q

Other sourcesb 380 N N Q Q Q N N

Cooling energy sources

(more than one may apply)

Electricity 84,526 1,319 6,696 916 3,610 2,013 1,597 1,501

Natural gas 400 Q Q N Q Q Q N

District chilled water 4,288 Q 371 N 665 535 Q Q

Water-heating energy sources

(more than one may apply)

Electricity 47,125 610 1,973 484 1,240 477 763 477

Natural gas 46,652 757 4,921 534 2,881 1,772 1,109 1,002

Fuel oil 1,807 Q Q Q 271 251 Q Q

District heat 4,206 Q 529 N 487 427 Q Q

Propane 1,947 Q Q Q Q Q Q Q

Cooking energy sources

(more than one may apply)

Electricity 30,509 823 3,528 611 1,737 1,475 263 681

Natural gas 27,705 900 3,574 438 2,017 1,887 129 606

Propane 3,101 179 479 Q Q Q N Q

Energy end uses

(more than one may apply)

Buildings with space heating 88,661 1,274 6,850 919 4,006 2,249 1,757 1,507

Buildings with cooling 87,506 1,343 6,907 916 4,009 2,259 1,750 1,519

Buildings with water heating 87,717 1,385 6,904 986 4,014 2,256 1,757 1,528

Buildings with cooking 43,580 1,358 5,527 816 2,437 2,109 328 1,008

Buildings with manufacturing 6,871 Q Q Q Q Q Q Q

Buildings with electricity

generation 29,457 Q 2,908 370 2,864 2,241 623 1,044

Buildings with lighting 94,103 1,385 6,976 1,006 4,018 2,259 1,760 1,538

Percentage of floorspace heated

Not heated 7,762 Q Q Q Q Q Q Q

1 to 50% 10,620 Q 448 Q Q Q Q Q

51 to 99% 20,174 264 1,650 334 729 450 279 445

100% 57,867 893 4,752 551 3,139 1,744 1,395 1,049
All

buildings

Food

service Lodging

Food 

sales

All health 

care

InpatientOutpatient

All buildings 96,423 1,385 6,976 1,006 4,018 2,259 1,760 1,538

Table B14. Selected principal building activity: part 2, floorspace, 2018

Total floorspace (million square feet)

Principal building activity

Public

order and

safety

Health care

Percentage of floorspace cooled

Not cooled 8,917 Q Q Q Q N Q Q

1 to 50% 19,722 203 373 Q Q Q Q Q

51 to 99% 26,277 315 2,309 477 1,138 734 404 543

100% 41,507 825 4,226 383 2,828 1,521 1,307 542

Percentage lit when open

0% Q N N N N N N N

1 to 50% 14,172 200 940 Q Q N Q Q

51 to 99% 38,847 426 3,375 415 1,833 1,081 752 590

100% 39,877 759 2,662 534 2,119 1,178 942 738

Building never open or electricity

not used 2,998 N N N N N N Q

Percentage lit during off hours

0% 15,578 358 Q Q Q N Q Q

1 to 50% 69,800 950 4,636 551 2,484 966 1,517 1,004

51 to 100% 7,243 Q 1,400 Q 1,238 1,117 121 Q

Building always open with 

no off hours 2,223 Q 859 Q 212 176 Q Q

Electricity not used 1,579 N N N N N N N

Heating equipment 

(more than one may apply)

Packaged heating units 48,064 871 3,586 669 1,873 846 1,027 773

Furnaces 17,272 220 1,110 Q 270 Q 185 Q

Individual space heaters 21,122 139 2,494 Q 655 435 219 Q

Boilers 28,831 188 3,026 Q 2,243 1,612 631 598

Heat pumps 15,110 Q 1,796 Q 681 318 363 Q

District heat 6,547 Q 794 N 784 641 Q Q

Duct reheat 7,418 Q 445 Q 563 473 Q Q

Other 821 N Q Q Q Q N N

Cooling equipment 

(more than one may apply)

Packaged air-conditioning units 56,290 1,033 3,378 732 2,493 1,309 1,184 903

Residential-type central air

conditioners 18,270 232 1,589 Q 974 657 317 539

Individual air conditioners 13,619 135 3,358 Q 596 518 Q Q

Central chillers 17,926 Q 1,361 Q 1,829 1,524 305 419

Heat pumps 11,098 Q 1,281 Q 720 443 276 282

District chilled water 4,288 Q 371 N 665 535 Q Q

Swamp coolers 2,070 Q 214 Q Q Q Q Q

Other Q Q N N Q Q Q N
All

buildings

Food

service Lodging

Food 

sales

All health 

care

InpatientOutpatient

All buildings 96,423 1,385 6,976 1,006 4,018 2,259 1,760 1,538

Table B14. Selected principal building activity: part 2, floorspace, 2018

Total floorspace (million square feet)

Principal building activity

Public

order and

safety

Health care

HVAC features 

(more than one may apply)

Economizer cycle 34,087 363 2,561 308 2,819 1,981 838 668

Variable air volume (VAV) system 29,268 272 1,782 Q 2,837 2,025 811 546

Dedicated outside air system (DOAS) 9,027 Q 1,203 Q 1,004 870 Q Q

Demand controlled ventilation (DCV) 10,474 Q 685 Q 597 505 Q Q

Regular HVAC maintenance 78,015 1,138 6,490 752 3,784 2,254 1,530 1,415

Building automation system (BAS) 

controls heating or cooling 40,462 306 2,439 441 3,033 2,119 914 691

Internet-connected or smart

thermostat 5,966 Q 575 Q Q Q Q Q

Programmable thermostat 20,882 455 1,381 249 541 Q 487 Q

Main equipment replaced since 

2000 (more than one may apply)

Heating 32,451 469 2,300 214 967 478 489 379

Cooling 23,013 263 2,719 Q 1,111 763 349 271

Water-heating equipment

Centralized system 59,280 1,030 5,825 766 2,800 1,372 1,428 1,325

Distributed system 14,307 266 482 Q 369 201 168 Q

Combination of centralized and

distributed systems 14,129 Q 597 Q 844 682 162 153

Generation technologies 

(more than one may apply)

Reciprocating engine generators 25,163 Q 2,514 Q 2,685 2,138 547 982

Solar panels 3,750 Q Q Q Q Q Q Q

Other generation technology 2,055 Q 293 N 219 Q Q Q

Lighting equipment types

(more than one may apply)

Incandescent 21,081 380 2,092 Q 1,314 918 396 396

Standard fluorescent 72,912 940 5,110 558 3,363 2,021 1,341 1,204

Compact fluorescent 33,691 318 3,609 Q 2,365 1,679 686 607

High-intensity discharge (HID) 11,356 Q 942 Q 829 742 Q 248

Halogen 15,012 217 1,128 Q 1,068 769 299 Q

LED 61,849 910 5,553 688 3,081 2,049 1,032 1,077

Other Q Q N N N N N N
All

buildings

Food

service Lodging

Food 

sales

All health 

care

InpatientOutpatient

All buildings 96,423 1,385 6,976 1,006 4,018 2,259 1,760 1,538

Table B14. Selected principal building activity: part 2, floorspace, 2018

Total floorspace (million square feet)

Principal building activity

Public

order and

safety

Health care

Refrigeration equipment

(more than one may apply)

Any refrigeration 77,589 1,385 6,529 1,006 3,831 2,259 1,573 1,462

Walk-in units 29,384 1,214 3,458 865 2,316 2,142 174 484

Cases or cabinets 28,517 907 2,819 855 2,084 1,784 300 364

Large cold storage areas 3,592 Q Q Q 250 232 Q Q

Commercial ice makers 34,672 1,080 4,908 533 2,612 2,158 454 712

Residential-type or compact units 64,735 625 5,574 373 3,559 2,083 1,475 1,149

Vending machines 42,071 153 4,100 402 2,838 2,142 695 767

No refrigeration 18,834 N 448 N Q N Q Q

Office equipment

(more than one may apply)

Desktop computers 82,012 1,041 5,976 918 3,983 2,228 1,755 1,509

With multiple monitors 50,844 209 2,908 Q 3,167 2,125 1,042 954

Laptop computers 69,375 473 5,023 310 3,707 2,198 1,509 973

Dedicated servers 51,595 289 3,449 349 3,360 2,132 1,228 896

Tablets charged in building 48,778 542 3,337 232 3,013 1,907 1,106 700

Large floor-standing office devicesc 54,088 Q 3,447 Q 3,355 2,100 1,255 1,023

Smaller desktop office devicesc 74,467 826 5,478 692 3,700 2,044 1,656 1,421

Interactive whiteboards 16,939 Q 765 Q 925 775 Q 389

Televisions or video displays 63,618 744 5,880 509 3,444 2,179 1,265 1,250

Point-of-sale devices or cash 

registers 33,606 1,215 2,229 857 2,299 1,751 548 279

Food preparation or serving areas 

in non-food service buildings

(more than one may apply)

Snack bar, concession stand, or coffee 

shop 10,361 N 1,485 Q 1,003 930 Q Q

Fast food or small restaurant 9,759 N 1,113 244 604 561 Q Q

Cafeteria or large restaurant 14,531 N 1,284 Q 1,677 1,611 Q Q

Commercial kitchen or

food preparation area 17,698 N 3,064 390 1,641 1,574 Q 514

Small kitchen area 20,519 N 3,429 177 999 766 232 532

Separate computer areas

(more than one may apply)

Server closet 48,722 187 3,556 429 3,201 2,021 1,180 792

Data center 11,383 N 1,085 Q 1,577 1,348 229 286

Computer-based training room 16,556 Q 929 Q 1,542 1,301 241 400

Student or public computer center 12,527 N 1,291 Q 445 394 Q Q
All

buildings

Food

service Lodging

Food 

sales

All health 

care

InpatientOutpatient

All buildings 96,423 1,385 6,976 1,006 4,018 2,259 1,760 1,538

Table B14. Selected principal building activity: part 2, floorspace, 2018

Total floorspace (million square feet)

Principal building activity

Public

order and

safety

Health care

Window and interior lighting 

features (more than one may

apply)

Multipaned windows 72,694 1,050 6,091 812 3,544 2,157 1,388 1,112

Tinted window glass 44,363 468 2,144 335 2,659 1,743 916 809

Reflective window glass 17,929 Q 1,298 Q 1,301 1,012 290 430

External overhangs or awnings 28,718 605 2,255 403 1,515 1,053 462 375

Skylights or atriums 19,815 Q 1,574 Q 1,676 1,335 341 358

Light scheduling 33,552 417 2,863 403 1,748 1,129 619 486

Occupancy sensors 44,304 269 2,774 299 2,801 1,877 924 688

Multilevel lighting or dimming 14,424 233 1,481 Q 1,155 957 198 Q

Daylight harvesting 7,244 Q 480 Q 570 464 Q Q

Plug-load control 1,961 Q 216 Q Q Q Q Q

Demand responsive lighting 2,045 Q Q Q Q Q Q Q

Building automation system (BAS) for 

lighting 16,645 Q 1,032 325 881 568 312 Q

Electric vehicle (EV) charging

Charging stations associated with the 

building 10,165 N 1,249 Q 649 580 Q Q

Data source: U.S. Energy Information Administration, Form EIA-871A of the 2018 Commercial Buildings Energy Consumption Survey 

Notes: Because of rounding, data may not sum to totals. The Guide to the 2018 CBECS Tables and CBECS Terminology contain definitions of terms used in these 

tables and comparisons between previous CBECS tables. You can access both references from http://www.eia.gov/consumption/commercial/data/2018/. 

Data are sample survey estimates with relative standard errors published in a tab on the Excel worksheet for this table. 

a

Climate zones are based on ASHRAE Standard 169-2021; see https://www.eia.gov/consumption/commercial/maps.php#defined.

b

Other sources includes wood, coal, solar, and all other energy sources.

c

Office devices refers to any combination of printers, copiers, scanners, or FAX machines.

Q = Data withheld either because the relative standard error was greater than 50% or the reporting sample had fewer than 20 buildings. 

N = No buildings in reporting sample.
RSE

Release date: September 2021

Revised date: December 2022

All

buildings

Food

service Lodging

Food 

sales

All health 

care

InpatientOutpatient

All buildings 3.1 8.5 8.3 17.0 5.5 7.2 8.0 15.9

Building floorspace (square feet)

1,001 to 10,000 4.7 9.3 19.5 16.1 12.9 0.0 12.9 30.4

10,001 to 100,000 3.8 27.4 10.4 30.4 12.9 32.8 13.8 24.5

Over 100,000 4.1 76.6 16.0 36.8 6.7 7.5 14.6 22.4

Year constructed

Before 1946 7.8 15.4 25.4 42.4 34.2 42.8 55.6 41.3

1946 to 1979 4.0 16.8 16.3 24.4 9.6 11.2 20.6 35.5

1980 to 1999 5.0 17.5 17.7 22.9 11.0 16.8 16.4 24.3

2000 to 2018 5.6 20.5 11.1 29.6 10.9 17.2 13.7 25.8

Census region

Northeast 7.2 27.4 18.3 59.3 15.2 20.9 17.8 27.1

Midwest 7.4 12.5 12.9 29.8 11.5 14.9 19.7 38.1

South 6.1 13.6 13.9 27.3 9.7 10.6 15.6 28.3

West 7.1 16.9 21.9 26.2 14.5 19.9 15.8 26.6

Climate zonea

Cold or very cold 17.0 26.0 20.6 52.5 18.0 22.3 38.0 54.4

Cool 8.3 19.5 15.8 25.3 13.9 18.0 17.1 23.5

Mixed mild 10.5 23.9 21.9 31.5 16.6 20.1 18.0 35.0

Warm 10.0 18.2 18.9 36.1 12.6 14.6 16.0 32.3

Hot or very hot 14.1 23.8 19.2 36.4 12.5 19.1 13.0 33.3

Number of floors

1 4.5 10.4 21.0 20.2 12.2 30.2 13.4 28.0

2 4.4 19.9 15.6 38.1 18.3 50.2 16.3 29.1

3 7.6 33.7 20.7 42.3 16.1 27.7 21.2 45.8

4 to 9 6.3 45.2 11.9 50.1 8.6 10.2 17.5 39.2

10 or more 11.0 0.0 26.9 0.0 13.4 13.7 39.2 33.5

Elevators and escalators 

(more than one may apply)

Any elevators 4.5 49.4 10.7 53.0 6.1 7.3 10.8 21.1

1 elevator 6.0 53.8 15.7 60.1 22.3 81.6 22.3 40.8

2 to 5 elevators 5.2 51.5 10.7 51.0 10.9 17.6 14.1 35.5

6 or more elevators 8.4 0.0 32.8 0.0 9.0 9.3 32.1 23.7

Any escalators 13.7 99.8 50.3 0.0 38.8 51.7 53.0 74.9

Number of workers (main shift)

Fewer than 10 5.2 10.9 13.1 22.9 19.1 0.0 19.1 27.8

10 to 99 3.6 11.8 8.8 24.7 12.1 29.6 12.5 23.6

100 or more 4.7 52.6 29.6 53.2 6.4 7.5 13.4 24.2

Relative standard errors (RSEs) for Table B14. Selected principal building activity: part 2, floorspace, 2018

RSEs for total floorspace 

Principal building activity

Health care

Public

order and

safety
RSE

All

buildings

Food

service Lodging

Food 

sales

All health 

care

InpatientOutpatient

All buildings 3.1 8.5 8.3 17.0 5.5 7.2 8.0 15.9

Relative standard errors (RSEs) for Table B14. Selected principal building activity: part 2, floorspace, 2018

RSEs for total floorspace 

Principal building activity

Health care

Public

order and

safety

Weekly operating hours

Fewer than 49 4.4 25.6 0.0 61.3 16.4 0.0 16.4 22.3

49 to 84 3.6 13.9 50.1 48.3 10.4 0.0 10.4 31.2

85 to 167 6.2 12.7 0.0 22.2 34.2 0.0 34.2 52.0

Open continuously 5.0 31.2 8.3 22.6 7.0 7.2 28.2 20.6

Ownership and occupancy

Nongovernment owned 3.3 8.2 8.0 17.0 5.7 7.5 8.5 34.9

Owner occupied 3.3 10.0 10.5 21.4 6.5 8.2 11.8 43.4

Leased to tenant or tenants 4.8 11.6 11.4 24.2 12.8 28.6 13.6 64.7

Unoccupied 19.2 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0

Government owned 6.0 26.4 44.6 0.0 18.8 22.4 38.9 17.1

Federal 16.1 7.7 82.3 0.0 40.6 47.3 84.7 32.2

State 11.8 35.4 57.9 0.0 44.9 52.2 76.8 38.6

Local 6.0 36.2 67.8 0.0 27.1 31.4 46.3 17.7

Party responsible for operation

of energy systems

Building owner 3.2 9.3 8.9 19.1 5.8 7.6 9.1 16.0

Business owner or tenant 7.2 18.9 38.0 31.8 21.9 54.0 24.1 67.3

Property management 11.7 99.7 27.1 0.0 38.7 60.7 48.4 0.0

Other 11.1 56.4 29.7 48.3 26.6 29.7 61.4 50.5

Provider of direct input on energyrelated equipment purchases

Building owner 3.1 9.2 8.7 18.7 5.9 7.6 9.0 16.1

Business owner or tenant 8.8 20.0 63.8 38.7 23.3 42.2 27.2 80.9

Property management 16.2 71.4 39.3 99.6 60.2 67.4 84.2 0.0

Other 8.1 50.3 27.1 60.9 22.5 29.3 34.9 70.0

Number of establishments

1 3.6 9.1 7.8 20.7 7.8 10.3 12.9 18.5

2 to 5 5.5 32.1 33.2 29.1 12.8 17.9 13.7 24.2

6 to 10 7.9 108.7 39.8 0.0 20.7 39.5 23.8 32.2

11 to 20 8.9 0.0 62.1 0.0 31.1 64.6 32.1 59.8

More than 20 10.1 0.0 78.9 0.0 31.7 44.8 43.8 90.4

Currently unoccupied 16.5 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0
RSE

All

buildings

Food

service Lodging

Food 

sales

All health 

care

InpatientOutpatient

All buildings 3.1 8.5 8.3 17.0 5.5 7.2 8.0 15.9

Relative standard errors (RSEs) for Table B14. Selected principal building activity: part 2, floorspace, 2018

RSEs for total floorspace 

Principal building activity

Health care

Public

order and

safety

Campus or complex activity

Not part of a campus or complex 3.7 8.6 10.4 16.7 8.7 14.9 11.3 15.8

Primary or secondary school 9.4 39.5 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0

College or university 15.9 68.7 24.0 0.0 40.6 56.1 57.7 7.9

Office complex 10.0 57.6 0.0 0.0 57.8 0.0 57.8 70.3

Retail complex 9.2 48.9 5.5 38.0 50.4 0.0 50.4 0.0

Storage complex 11.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0

Religious campus or complex 12.0 50.3 62.6 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0

Health care complex 8.2 99.9 27.5 0.0 8.4 8.6 20.6 45.3

Lodging or resort complex 13.7 72.3 16.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0

Transportation complex 33.2 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0

Government complex 17.0 70.8 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 34.1

Other 7.4 53.2 26.0 51.2 57.3 0.0 57.3 34.7

Predominant exterior wall material

Brick, stone, or stucco 3.9 10.6 12.6 22.5 7.5 9.1 11.5 18.0

Concrete (block or poured) 4.8 28.1 13.9 23.7 17.3 19.2 28.6 28.0

Concrete panels 8.4 100.0 27.8 51.9 19.2 22.7 32.6 36.7

Siding or shingles 9.3 22.8 20.9 56.8 24.9 44.7 26.3 50.4

Metal panels 6.0 52.7 28.4 33.7 32.0 52.2 32.9 53.9

Window glass 11.4 53.7 56.2 0.0 34.9 47.1 51.1 77.0

Other 13.7 52.2 36.1 63.4 45.0 47.5 100.1 71.6

Predominant roof material

Metal surfacing 5.6 16.6 18.8 33.8 24.2 80.3 27.7 40.0

Synthetic or rubber 4.1 16.9 12.6 25.5 8.2 10.0 13.4 17.9

Built-up 4.8 26.0 23.4 39.1 12.9 13.1 23.5 30.9

Slate or tile shingles 10.1 29.5 24.1 56.8 33.9 60.6 37.9 67.4

Wooden materials (including

shingles) 17.8 37.0 25.6 56.7 89.5 51.4 93.2 50.9

Asphalt, fiberglass, or 

other shingles 5.6 20.4 13.1 36.8 20.2 37.1 16.7 36.9

Concrete 11.9 78.8 25.8 72.4 47.0 62.7 58.6 54.8

Other 9.8 45.9 39.5 46.6 63.1 54.5 92.7 71.3

Roof tilt

Flat 3.3 12.9 13.4 23.5 5.8 7.1 9.6 18.4

Shallow pitch 4.8 15.6 12.9 20.6 21.7 46.7 23.7 32.1

Steeper pitch 5.7 16.3 11.7 50.3 28.1 59.1 21.3 34.1
RSE

All

buildings

Food

service Lodging

Food 

sales

All health 

care

InpatientOutpatient

All buildings 3.1 8.5 8.3 17.0 5.5 7.2 8.0 15.9

Relative standard errors (RSEs) for Table B14. Selected principal building activity: part 2, floorspace, 2018

RSEs for total floorspace 

Principal building activity

Health care

Public

order and

safety

Cool roof characteristics (more than one 

may apply)

White or reflective coating or paint 4.4 14.6 17.5 36.1 10.7 12.4 18.2 26.5

White or reflective tiles or shingles 10.4 59.5 26.4 48.9 25.8 50.5 30.0 50.8

Aluminum coating 9.2 28.0 30.9 43.8 40.0 61.5 51.4 59.5

Ballasted roof system 9.5 86.5 46.0 66.6 13.8 15.8 29.3 38.0

Other cool roof property 19.2 60.7 39.6 0.0 33.4 42.2 55.3 73.9

Renovations since 2000 

(more than one may apply)

Any type of renovation 3.4 12.4 11.6 26.4 6.8 7.6 12.3 19.1

Addition or annex 6.0 23.7 19.6 50.4 9.3 10.1 26.4 31.9

Reduction in floorspace 13.2 52.9 57.3 50.1 32.9 37.6 57.5 0.0

Roof replacement 4.3 18.8 18.8 34.1 10.6 11.8 18.9 28.7

Interior wall reconfiguration 4.2 22.5 26.3 44.6 9.0 10.2 14.1 37.7

Window replacement 5.8 23.2 30.4 38.2 17.1 18.3 32.0 54.4

HVAC equipment upgrade 4.2 17.2 15.9 46.1 8.0 8.8 15.0 27.1

Lighting upgrade 3.9 15.4 15.0 23.5 7.8 8.7 17.7 25.8

Electrical upgrade 5.6 16.0 29.5 32.2 10.0 10.5 22.3 58.8

Plumbing system upgrade 5.2 17.3 23.8 38.6 10.2 11.2 21.7 31.4

Insulation upgrade 7.8 26.4 43.7 42.1 14.7 16.0 28.1 32.9

Fire, safety, or security upgrade 4.4 18.6 17.9 33.5 9.7 10.3 19.0 38.4

Structural upgrade 10.2 37.3 52.1 50.1 20.6 23.5 38.4 59.9

Other 14.9 63.5 95.5 0.0 3.2 0.0 3.2 65.0

No renovations 3.9 11.1 10.2 24.9 12.7 25.3 13.4 25.0

Buildings constructed 2013 or later 8.3 26.6 22.4 40.0 24.6 48.0 25.5 56.9

Energy sources

(more than one may apply)

Electricity 3.0 8.5 8.3 17.0 5.5 7.2 8.0 15.9

Natural gas 3.4 10.4 8.7 17.1 6.3 7.5 10.3 16.9

Fuel oil 5.4 38.5 18.8 49.6 7.1 8.0 16.4 18.7

District heat 11.4 81.8 24.8 0.0 16.4 15.9 53.1 47.5

District chilled water 13.7 88.1 26.5 0.0 20.2 20.0 58.4 66.8

Propane 7.6 18.7 27.8 46.2 28.2 35.4 43.0 49.7

Solar 11.5 72.3 40.4 78.4 47.1 50.6 53.7 39.5

Wood, coal, and other 14.0 58.3 63.6 65.7 54.0 70.2 59.8 0.0

Space-heating energy sources 

(more than one may apply)

Electricity 3.7 10.6 9.9 24.7 9.7 15.8 10.9 29.7

Natural gas 3.6 12.1 11.1 18.1 7.1 9.3 10.2 17.1

Fuel oil 11.6 82.1 36.4 67.2 23.6 23.4 85.8 56.3

District heat 11.6 81.8 24.9 0.0 15.5 13.9 53.4 47.5

Propane 13.1 31.1 72.5 84.3 42.8 60.3 63.0 87.3

Other sourcesb 19.6 0.0 49.8 62.8 62.5 49.5 71.0 0.0
RSE

All

buildings

Food

service Lodging

Food 

sales

All health 

care

InpatientOutpatient

All buildings 3.1 8.5 8.3 17.0 5.5 7.2 8.0 15.9

Relative standard errors (RSEs) for Table B14. Selected principal building activity: part 2, floorspace, 2018

RSEs for total floorspace 

Principal building activity

Health care

Public

order and

safety

Primary space-heating 

energy source

Electricity 5.5 12.9 10.3 38.6 11.0 26.4 12.0 32.9

Natural gas 4.1 12.8 14.4 18.3 7.8 10.4 11.0 18.2

Fuel oil 15.3 82.1 51.6 67.2 56.6 59.0 70.9 80.9

District heat 12.6 81.8 24.9 0.0 15.6 13.9 53.4 51.9

Propane 16.9 39.1 70.6 89.6 56.7 51.2 63.0 51.4

Other sourcesb 30.3 0.0 0.0 64.3 49.5 49.5 0.0 0.0

Cooling energy sources

(more than one may apply)

Electricity 3.0 8.2 8.7 16.1 5.4 6.7 8.3 16.2

Natural gas 24.2 50.2 66.8 0.0 31.5 35.4 69.6 0.0

District chilled water 13.7 88.1 26.5 0.0 20.2 20.0 58.4 66.8

Water-heating energy sources

(more than one may apply)

Electricity 3.6 11.0 12.5 23.7 10.1 18.7 10.8 28.2

Natural gas 3.7 12.8 9.3 19.1 6.2 7.1 11.1 19.1

Fuel oil 15.4 83.5 40.0 50.1 28.4 27.0 85.8 92.7

District heat 12.8 51.1 26.8 0.0 22.4 24.2 32.2 66.5

Propane 14.7 35.2 38.4 70.2 61.9 104.2 72.8 72.4

Cooking energy sources

(more than one may apply)

Electricity 3.9 12.1 11.7 23.9 8.2 8.8 19.5 23.6

Natural gas 3.4 10.8 11.2 21.6 7.2 7.4 32.8 24.4

Propane 11.7 21.9 25.0 61.6 55.0 55.0 0.0 62.3

Energy end uses

(more than one may apply)

Buildings with space heating 3.0 8.4 8.5 18.1 5.6 7.3 8.0 16.2

Buildings with cooling 3.0 8.4 8.4 16.1 5.5 7.2 8.0 16.1

Buildings with water heating 2.9 8.5 8.2 17.3 5.6 7.2 8.0 16.0

Buildings with cooking 3.1 8.6 8.8 19.4 6.2 6.5 18.1 18.8

Buildings with manufacturing 7.9 31.3 40.3 41.4 44.9 61.2 58.1 50.4

Buildings with electricity

generation 4.4 33.4 15.3 34.2 6.4 7.3 13.9 18.1

Buildings with lighting 3.0 8.5 8.3 17.0 5.5 7.2 8.0 15.9

Percentage of floorspace heated

Not heated 10.0 31.7 34.6 35.7 87.0 101.1 80.8 72.7

1 to 50% 7.1 25.7 29.0 81.3 36.9 37.1 56.6 71.1

51 to 99% 5.3 21.9 13.6 32.0 14.4 18.5 18.0 34.3

100% 3.2 10.9 9.8 23.2 6.3 8.6 9.3 18.3
RSE

All

buildings

Food

service Lodging

Food 

sales

All health 

care

InpatientOutpatient

All buildings 3.1 8.5 8.3 17.0 5.5 7.2 8.0 15.9

Relative standard errors (RSEs) for Table B14. Selected principal building activity: part 2, floorspace, 2018

RSEs for total floorspace 

Principal building activity

Health care

Public

order and

safety

Percentage of floorspace cooled

Not cooled 8.0 58.7 46.9 93.3 50.1 0.0 50.1 79.4

1 to 50% 5.2 18.5 26.1 47.6 49.4 71.0 52.9 36.4

51 to 99% 5.1 18.2 12.7 24.0 13.3 15.6 18.5 18.3

100% 3.5 11.4 10.6 21.3 6.7 9.4 9.7 19.4

Percentage lit when open

0% 38.5 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0

1 to 50% 6.0 20.3 14.5 42.3 35.6 0.0 35.6 32.3

51 to 99% 3.6 17.9 12.6 31.8 8.4 10.4 13.3 28.2

100% 3.8 10.7 11.0 17.3 8.5 12.1 9.9 23.5

Building never open or electricity

not used 12.1 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 62.9

Percentage lit during off hours

0% 6.7 17.4 47.4 40.9 31.4 0.0 31.4 46.3

1 to 50% 3.0 10.3 9.7 26.5 8.0 12.5 8.9 16.6

51 to 100% 6.7 38.6 15.2 26.2 10.0 10.9 25.5 38.2

Building always open with 

no off hours 11.6 47.7 19.6 35.7 20.1 21.5 59.4 49.2

Electricity not used 17.6 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0

Heating equipment 

(more than one may apply)

Packaged heating units 3.6 10.5 12.3 19.6 8.3 13.3 10.0 21.2

Furnaces 5.7 18.4 18.4 26.9 25.1 59.3 25.1 41.2

Individual space heaters 4.8 27.7 15.7 47.0 19.5 28.7 23.2 42.2

Boilers 4.0 27.3 14.0 69.4 8.0 9.5 13.5 19.4

Heat pumps 5.4 26.0 19.8 44.2 12.7 18.8 15.3 33.3

District heat 11.6 81.8 24.9 0.0 15.5 13.9 53.4 47.5

Duct reheat 7.0 35.4 23.0 84.1 17.6 20.0 33.9 61.3

Other 24.1 0.0 49.7 45.0 49.5 49.5 0.0 0.0

Cooling equipment 

(more than one may apply)

Packaged air-conditioning units 3.4 9.5 9.7 19.8 6.2 8.4 9.3 22.8

Residential-type central air

conditioners 5.2 18.6 13.6 23.4 12.3 14.2 17.0 32.5

Individual air conditioners 5.3 21.9 10.3 50.3 12.6 13.8 30.5 45.9

Central chillers 5.0 49.3 13.4 71.8 7.3 7.4 17.1 22.9

Heat pumps 6.8 31.2 26.8 48.9 12.6 15.6 20.3 32.6

District chilled water 13.7 88.1 26.5 0.0 20.2 20.0 58.4 66.8

Swamp coolers 13.1 54.3 27.2 64.8 35.5 39.8 70.4 81.9

Other 36.4 50.8 0.0 0.0 79.4 88.1 99.6 0.0
RSE

All

buildings

Food

service Lodging

Food 

sales

All health 

care

InpatientOutpatient

All buildings 3.1 8.5 8.3 17.0 5.5 7.2 8.0 15.9

Relative standard errors (RSEs) for Table B14. Selected principal building activity: part 2, floorspace, 2018

RSEs for total floorspace 

Principal building activity

Health care

Public

order and

safety

HVAC features 

(more than one may apply)

Economizer cycle 3.9 19.4 16.2 32.0 6.6 8.1 10.3 23.8

Variable air volume (VAV) system 4.9 25.9 20.8 31.9 6.6 7.9 12.5 20.7

Dedicated outside air system (DOAS) 7.8 31.6 29.3 47.4 13.1 14.5 27.6 47.5

Demand controlled ventilation (DCV) 5.5 33.8 23.1 50.5 14.8 16.4 31.0 44.9

Regular HVAC maintenance 3.2 9.9 8.9 18.3 5.8 7.3 8.7 17.3

Building automation system (BAS) 

controls heating or cooling 3.7 21.1 17.4 30.5 6.2 7.3 11.8 20.4

Internet-connected or smart

thermostat 10.5 34.9 23.9 39.3 33.8 66.1 38.7 48.8

Programmable thermostat 5.4 13.2 15.3 30.2 15.8 62.6 16.4 32.6

Main equipment replaced since 

2000 (more than one may apply)

Heating 3.8 13.9 12.6 26.1 12.5 19.6 16.1 23.8

Cooling 4.3 20.0 15.1 32.4 12.3 14.5 18.8 24.6

Water-heating equipment

Centralized system 3.4 10.6 9.0 20.4 7.0 10.4 10.0 17.1

Distributed system 6.4 16.5 30.6 40.5 16.3 24.3 21.0 53.5

Combination of centralized and

distributed systems 5.2 29.9 24.6 47.2 14.0 16.8 26.5 39.8

Generation technologies 

(more than one may apply)

Reciprocating engine generators 4.8 44.0 16.8 36.6 6.5 7.1 15.1 18.7

Solar panels 11.5 62.0 42.6 78.4 49.6 52.8 58.9 42.4

Other generation technology 14.4 56.8 35.9 0.0 38.5 48.7 43.9 80.7

Lighting equipment types

(more than one may apply)

Incandescent 4.5 15.4 16.2 28.5 9.7 12.0 14.9 38.2

Standard fluorescent 3.4 10.3 10.1 20.3 6.5 7.9 10.2 19.3

Compact fluorescent 4.2 18.3 10.7 36.3 7.3 7.8 13.2 21.4

High-intensity discharge (HID) 7.1 72.1 29.7 62.6 12.8 14.2 31.0 38.4

Halogen 4.2 20.7 26.0 60.4 10.2 12.1 21.1 56.6

LED 2.9 11.5 9.2 19.5 6.0 7.8 10.0 19.4

Other 24.1 51.3 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0
RSE

All

buildings

Food

service Lodging

Food 

sales

All health 

care

InpatientOutpatient

All buildings 3.1 8.5 8.3 17.0 5.5 7.2 8.0 15.9

Relative standard errors (RSEs) for Table B14. Selected principal building activity: part 2, floorspace, 2018

RSEs for total floorspace 

Principal building activity

Health care

Public

order and

safety

Refrigeration equipment

(more than one may apply)

Any refrigeration 3.0 8.5 8.5 17.0 5.6 7.2 8.0 15.7

Walk-in units 3.4 9.8 12.1 18.3 7.1 7.5 29.0 30.6

Cases or cabinets 3.7 11.4 13.6 16.8 7.2 8.0 17.0 37.3

Large cold storage areas 11.3 30.1 57.3 39.7 19.7 19.5 62.7 66.1

Commercial ice makers 3.5 9.9 9.5 18.9 6.6 7.5 13.2 24.0

Residential-type or compact units 3.2 12.2 9.0 19.7 6.0 7.9 8.4 14.7

Vending machines 3.8 29.0 10.5 20.7 6.5 7.5 12.3 17.0

No refrigeration 5.3 0.0 29.1 0.0 38.7 0.0 38.7 56.8

Office equipment

(more than one may apply)

Desktop computers 2.9 10.8 9.0 18.2 5.6 7.4 8.0 16.2

With multiple monitors 3.5 25.5 16.2 30.2 6.4 7.7 10.3 17.5

Laptop computers 3.0 17.5 9.9 21.5 5.7 7.4 8.9 17.4

Dedicated servers 3.3 18.3 12.8 29.3 6.4 7.9 9.5 19.0

Tablets charged in building 3.3 14.7 13.1 23.9 6.6 8.0 10.4 22.0

Large floor-standing office devicesc 3.0 35.1 13.4 34.5 6.3 7.5 9.8 19.0

Smaller desktop office devicesc 3.1 10.2 9.3 20.8 5.7 7.6 8.5 16.7

Interactive whiteboards 4.5 55.1 43.3 71.5 14.0 15.1 33.8 30.3

Televisions or video displays 3.0 11.7 9.3 21.7 6.0 7.5 8.9 16.4

Point-of-sale devices or cash 

registers 3.4 8.9 17.8 16.8 6.9 8.5 12.7 30.4

Food preparation or serving areas 

in non-food service buildings

(more than one may apply)

Snack bar, concession stand, or coffee 

shop 6.7 0.0 23.0 24.5 11.8 12.6 28.9 50.5

Fast food or small restaurant 5.9 0.0 27.7 23.8 16.0 16.6 42.9 106.3

Cafeteria or large restaurant 4.6 0.0 25.2 84.6 7.7 7.9 35.6 46.4

Commercial kitchen or

food preparation area 4.4 0.0 13.2 29.5 7.5 7.4 52.6 28.9

Small kitchen area 4.7 0.0 12.0 29.6 11.9 13.4 21.6 22.6

Separate computer areas

(more than one may apply)

Server closet 3.4 26.0 12.8 25.8 6.8 8.0 10.9 19.4

Data center 6.7 0.0 36.1 53.8 10.2 11.3 22.7 36.1

Computer-based training room 4.6 100.0 36.4 46.8 8.5 8.8 23.4 31.0

Student or public computer center 4.6 0.0 24.8 6.5 16.6 17.6 49.3 44.5
RSE

All

buildings

Food

service Lodging

Food 

sales

All health 

care

InpatientOutpatient

All buildings 3.1 8.5 8.3 17.0 5.5 7.2 8.0 15.9

Relative standard errors (RSEs) for Table B14. Selected principal building activity: part 2, floorspace, 2018

RSEs for total floorspace 

Principal building activity

Health care

Public

order and

safety

Window and interior lighting 

features (more than one may

apply)

Multipaned windows 3.2 10.5 8.8 20.1 6.1 7.5 9.3 16.4

Tinted window glass 3.4 16.7 18.0 23.8 6.6 8.6 10.2 21.2

Reflective window glass 5.6 34.5 23.6 31.3 10.5 12.7 16.0 26.8

External overhangs or awnings 4.5 12.2 15.7 25.2 12.0 14.1 18.3 27.2

Skylights or atriums 4.5 39.2 22.1 28.5 11.1 12.0 18.9 28.7

Light scheduling 4.1 18.3 14.8 27.4 9.5 11.6 14.7 27.4

Occupancy sensors 3.8 24.9 14.6 30.6 6.4 7.7 11.6 18.1

Multilevel lighting or dimming 6.6 27.8 24.2 42.4 11.2 12.8 21.2 34.0

Daylight harvesting 6.3 79.3 18.2 45.6 19.9 22.8 33.2 56.6

Plug-load control 12.2 38.2 31.3 91.6 43.4 61.8 49.4 48.6

Demand responsive lighting 15.2 72.8 38.5 5.6 39.1 37.4 69.2 71.7

Building automation system (BAS) for 

lighting 5.2 32.9 36.6 30.7 13.0 15.4 22.2 31.5

Electric vehicle (EV) charging

Charging stations associated with the 

building 7.2 0.0 26.1 70.1 17.1 18.5 31.9 37.5

Data source: U.S. Energy Information Administration, Forms EIA-871A of the 2018 Commercial Buildings Energy Consumption Survey 

Note: RSE is a measure of the reliability or precision of a survey statistic. Variability occurs in survey statistics because the different samples that could be drawn 

would each produce different values for the survey statistics. Estimation of Standard Errors and What is a Relative Standard Error (RSE)? contain more 

information on how RSEs are estimated and used. Both references can be accessed from https://www.eia.gov/consumption/commercial/survey-backgroundtechnical-information.php.

a

Climate zones are based on ASHRAE Standard 169-2021; see https://www.eia.gov/consumption/commercial/maps.php#defined.

b

Other sources includes wood, coal, solar, and all other energy sources.

c

Office devices refers to any combination of printers, copiers, scanners, or FAX machines.