Release date: February 2023

All

buildings

Cold or 

very cold Cool

Mixed 

mild Warm

Hot or 

very hot

All

buildings

Cold or 

very cold Cool

Mixed 

mild Warm

Hot or 

very hot

All buildings 5,918 539 1,727 1,216 1,606 831 96,423 7,044 26,768 25,096 25,085 12,429

Building floorspace (square feet)

1,001 to 5,000 2,833 270 812 578 754 419 8,025 768 2,451 1,581 2,027 1,198

5,001 to 10,000 1,359 115 420 247 390 187 10,204 813 3,111 1,844 3,039 1,397

10,001 to 25,000 981 100 271 208 266 136 15,838 1,619 4,273 3,180 4,553 2,213

25,001 to 50,000 386 29 131 84 99 42 13,957 1,036 4,770 3,051 3,579 1,521

50,001 to 100,000 218 14 58 55 61 30 15,302 984 3,950 3,893 4,352 2,123

100,001 to 200,000 93 7 23 28 24 11 13,003 870 3,162 4,045 3,320 1,605

200,001 to 500,000 40 2 11 12 10 5 11,776 701 3,254 3,640 2,863 1,319

Over 500,000 9 Q 2 4 2 1 8,317 Q 1,797 3,863 1,351 1,054

Principal building activity

Education 437 35 101 76 143 82 13,623 1,279 3,748 3,931 2,947 1,718

Food sales 163 Q 36 Q 45 Q 1,006 Q 291 Q 202 Q

Food service 286 28 78 68 70 42 1,385 131 337 318 402 197

Health care 137 9 28 31 49 20 4,018 246 1,200 1,173 961 438

Inpatient 9 Q 3 1 2 1 2,259 Q 725 647 494 268

Outpatient 129 Q 25 30 46 19 1,760 Q 475 526 467 170

Lodging 207 24 71 43 47 22 6,976 416 1,944 1,860 1,879 877

Mercantile 517 37 147 99 155 80 10,781 742 2,884 2,050 3,295 1,810

Retail (other than mall) 350 30 101 74 99 47 5,193 505 1,424 1,017 1,354 892

Enclosed and strip malls 167 Q 46 25 56 33 5,588 Q 1,459 1,033 1,941 918

Office 970 83 239 215 285 149 16,662 1,252 4,442 5,307 3,648 2,013

Public assembly 488 24 157 118 122 68 7,192 435 2,046 1,695 1,829 1,187

Public order and safety 81 Q 26 20 19 Q 1,538 Q 354 547 421 Q

Religious worship 439 Q 115 98 136 60 5,471 Q 1,453 1,070 1,797 814

Service 867 111 330 131 206 90 6,240 586 2,762 953 1,418 522

Warehouse and storage 1,004 117 288 220 239 140 17,483 1,219 3,896 4,829 5,314 2,226

Other 113 Q 37 29 27 Q 2,435 Q 853 769 637 Q

Vacant 208 Q 75 27 64 31 1,612 Q 558 423 335 262

Year constructed

Before 1920 329 42 157 80 43 Q 3,600 419 1,560 1,162 407 Q

1920 to 1945 379 44 109 100 89 37 5,646 376 1,972 1,966 1,043 289

1946 to 1959 517 61 127 119 136 74 6,937 676 1,688 2,017 1,853 702

1960 to 1969 685 54 219 128 213 71 10,360 810 2,890 2,485 3,192 983

1970 to 1979 831 72 253 133 244 128 13,061 998 4,116 2,842 3,545 1,560

1980 to 1989 794 65 190 155 249 134 13,465 844 2,925 3,553 3,840 2,303

1990 to 1999 921 65 235 214 239 169 15,535 1,012 4,222 4,062 3,917 2,322

2000 to 2009 924 93 247 193 281 111 17,500 1,312 4,380 4,436 4,667 2,706

2010 to 2018 537 42 190 94 111 101 10,319 598 3,016 2,572 2,622 1,511

Census region

Northeast 793 117 393 283 N N 15,951 1,099 6,984 7,868 N N

Midwest 1,719 326 1,019 374 N N 25,932 4,814 15,176 5,942 N N

South 2,143 N N 386 1,109 648 34,907 N N 7,660 17,361 9,886

West 1,264 95 315 Q 497 183 19,633 1,131 4,608 3,626 7,725 2,543

Number of floors

1 4,106 346 1,076 748 1,261 675 43,576 3,109 11,169 8,450 13,741 7,108

2 1,286 146 455 300 256 128 23,300 2,242 6,704 6,184 5,552 2,618

3 370 38 141 113 62 16 10,516 1,006 3,641 2,845 2,321 703

4 to 9 142 8 51 47 24 11 13,031 515 3,695 4,779 2,629 1,413

10 or more 16 1 4 8 2 1 6,000 173 1,559 2,839 843 586

Number of buildings (thousand) Total floorspace (million square feet)

Table B23. Climate zonea, number of buildings and floorspace, 2018
All

buildings

Cold or 

very cold Cool

Mixed 

mild Warm

Hot or 

very hot

All

buildings

Cold or 

very cold Cool

Mixed 

mild Warm

Hot or 

very hot

All buildings 5,918 539 1,727 1,216 1,606 831 96,423 7,044 26,768 25,096 25,085 12,429

Number of buildings (thousand) Total floorspace (million square feet)

Table B23. Climate zonea

, number of buildings and floorspace, 2018

Elevators and escalators 

(more than one may apply)

Any elevators 503 39 164 146 103 52 36,501 2,095 10,359 12,849 7,125 4,074

1 elevator 366 33 122 102 72 38 14,215 1,080 4,278 4,523 2,747 1,587

2 to 5 elevators 121 5 38 37 28 13 13,316 687 4,050 4,323 2,938 1,317

6 or more elevators 16 1 4 7 3 2 8,970 327 2,030 4,003 1,440 1,170

Any escalators 14 Q Q 4 3 2 3,753 Q 732 1,769 439 709

Number of workers (main shift)

Fewer than 5 3,270 323 1,022 647 877 400 21,065 1,606 6,460 4,173 6,366 2,461

5 to 9 1,116 92 270 235 339 180 10,323 1,099 2,549 2,622 2,900 1,152

10 to 19 713 62 218 134 178 121 11,348 1,065 3,775 2,000 2,887 1,621

20 to 49 492 44 135 111 128 73 16,132 1,293 4,518 3,796 4,604 1,921

50 to 99 201 12 48 51 52 38 12,961 897 3,237 3,628 3,276 1,922

100 to 249 90 3 26 26 23 12 12,442 594 3,329 4,159 2,821 1,540

250 or more 37 2 8 12 9 6 12,152 490 2,900 4,717 2,232 1,813

Weekly operating hours

Fewer than 40 1,370 114 443 321 355 137 10,766 747 3,283 2,267 3,211 1,258

40 to 48 1,483 121 397 236 504 227 18,826 1,503 4,960 3,709 6,076 2,578

49 to 60 1,250 135 357 270 302 186 22,845 1,814 6,187 6,437 5,363 3,043

61 to 84 645 45 181 134 175 109 14,736 1,022 4,354 4,235 3,194 1,932

85 to 167 465 33 128 122 115 67 10,038 761 2,910 2,608 2,401 1,358

Open continuously 705 91 220 134 155 105 19,213 1,198 5,073 5,841 4,841 2,259

Ownership and occupancy

Nongovernment owned 4,982 478 1,481 1,040 1,291 691 74,728 5,422 21,279 19,123 19,442 9,462

Owner occupied 3,249 331 1,020 661 826 411 45,355 3,703 13,668 11,102 11,694 5,187

Leased to tenant or tenants 1,581 145 409 355 412 260 28,382 1,713 7,273 7,768 7,489 4,139

Unoccupied 152 Q Q Q 53 Q 990 Q Q Q 258 Q

Government owned 937 61 246 176 314 140 21,695 1,622 5,490 5,973 5,644 2,967

Federal 70 Q 9 Q 22 Q 1,946 Q 451 715 495 Q

State 256 Q 61 39 90 53 6,888 362 1,387 1,920 2,275 946

Local 610 33 176 121 202 79 12,861 1,124 3,652 3,338 2,875 1,872

Party responsible for operation

of energy systems

Building owner 4,872 473 1,447 994 1,327 631 79,282 6,101 22,841 20,773 20,140 9,426

Business owner or tenant 831 56 203 189 231 154 12,842 734 2,740 3,335 3,764 2,269

Property management 97 Q 32 18 27 16 1,994 Q 531 459 534 323

Other 118 Q 45 15 21 30 2,306 Q 656 529 648 411

Provider of direct input on energyrelated equipment purchases

Building owner 5,127 477 1,510 1,060 1,399 680 82,862 6,262 23,703 21,456 21,087 10,354

Business owner or tenant 483 34 101 106 142 100 7,585 400 1,510 2,025 2,362 1,288

Property management 49 Q Q 18 Q Q 1,072 Q Q 365 Q Q

Other 260 27 100 32 53 47 4,904 304 1,283 1,250 1,371 697

Number of establishments

1 4,719 432 1,382 965 1,284 656 65,391 5,103 18,515 16,144 17,250 8,378

2 to 5 811 84 217 178 203 128 16,431 1,274 4,120 4,598 4,434 2,005

6 to 10 135 Q 46 32 36 12 5,539 Q 1,619 1,691 1,348 631

11 to 20 63 Q 18 12 20 Q 3,894 Q 1,086 1,109 1,031 484

More than 20 19 Q Q 4 5 5 3,999 Q 1,018 1,234 746 791

Currently unoccupied 170 Q 59 25 56 Q 1,168 Q 409 321 276 Q
All

buildings

Cold or 

very cold Cool

Mixed 

mild Warm

Hot or 

very hot

All

buildings

Cold or 

very cold Cool

Mixed 

mild Warm

Hot or 

very hot

All buildings 5,918 539 1,727 1,216 1,606 831 96,423 7,044 26,768 25,096 25,085 12,429

Number of buildings (thousand) Total floorspace (million square feet)

Table B23. Climate zonea

, number of buildings and floorspace, 2018

Campus or complex activity

Not part of a campus or complex 3,622 331 1,059 745 1,005 483 56,609 4,647 16,769 14,285 14,207 6,702

Primary or secondary school 247 14 35 26 107 66 5,106 301 1,118 1,095 1,573 1,019

College or university 103 Q Q 24 21 28 3,761 Q 760 1,493 983 Q

Office complex 141 Q 38 34 46 15 3,823 Q 814 1,453 946 458

Retail complex 250 Q 79 53 56 27 4,573 322 1,291 1,045 1,197 718

Storage complex 418 59 126 72 96 65 5,684 492 1,244 1,684 1,513 750

Religious campus or complex 253 Q 48 67 92 34 3,209 Q 477 720 1,323 525

Health care complex 60 5 18 9 18 Q 2,838 170 937 854 625 251

Lodging or resort complex 102 Q 25 33 20 12 1,575 Q 335 297 430 394

Transportation complex 36 Q Q Q Q Q 774 Q Q Q Q Q

Government complex 124 Q 46 22 32 Q 1,706 Q 428 630 421 Q

Other 563 41 204 126 108 84 6,765 403 2,339 1,448 1,560 1,016

Predominant exterior wall material

Brick, stone, or stucco 2,490 148 564 560 825 393 46,134 2,571 11,711 13,008 12,843 6,001

Concrete (block or poured) 935 77 306 171 214 167 19,357 1,714 5,459 4,886 4,403 2,896

Concrete panels 137 7 28 22 42 39 8,331 319 1,957 2,265 2,569 1,220

Siding or shingles 948 109 390 218 160 71 5,992 856 2,619 1,135 1,008 375

Metal panels 1,250 164 408 224 315 138 12,198 1,225 3,844 2,547 3,307 1,274

Window glass 19 Q 4 5 7 2 2,192 Q 550 679 485 375

Other 139 Q 27 17 43 20 2,219 Q 629 576 470 288

Predominant roof material

Metal surfacing 2,198 246 585 417 622 327 20,936 1,924 5,164 4,387 6,363 3,098

Synthetic or rubber 940 77 322 240 185 116 31,563 2,285 9,983 9,477 6,574 3,244

Built-up 708 51 156 131 256 114 19,308 1,254 4,602 5,656 5,527 2,269

Slate or tile shingles 376 Q 90 95 119 67 3,997 Q 1,010 946 1,256 740

Wooden materials (including

shingles) 166 Q 61 Q 46 33 1,568 Q 540 Q 446 335

Asphalt, fiberglass, or 

other shingles 1,311 134 487 271 315 104 14,058 1,193 4,733 3,109 3,568 1,454

Concrete 83 Q 18 11 14 31 1,968 Q 271 613 527 496

Other 136 Q Q 36 47 39 3,026 Q 465 785 824 792

Roof tilt

Flat 1,914 126 460 399 568 361 54,253 3,417 14,113 15,870 13,253 7,600

Shallow pitch 2,313 210 702 478 619 303 27,609 2,012 8,175 5,997 8,029 3,397

Steeper pitch 1,691 202 565 339 418 166 14,561 1,616 4,480 3,230 3,803 1,432

Cool roof characteristics (more than 

one may apply)

White or reflective coating or paint 1,285 101 331 247 342 264 32,799 1,559 7,253 9,056 9,492 5,438

White or reflective tiles or shingles 140 Q 23 33 42 34 2,713 Q 558 654 925 341

Aluminum coating 528 47 117 72 190 102 6,149 469 1,411 1,075 2,200 995

Ballasted roof system 114 8 41 27 33 5 6,277 747 2,260 2,085 902 283

Other cool roof property 35 Q Q 3 Q Q 1,603 Q 522 583 Q Q
All

buildings

Cold or 

very cold Cool

Mixed 

mild Warm

Hot or 

very hot

All

buildings

Cold or 

very cold Cool

Mixed 

mild Warm

Hot or 

very hot

All buildings 5,918 539 1,727 1,216 1,606 831 96,423 7,044 26,768 25,096 25,085 12,429

Number of buildings (thousand) Total floorspace (million square feet)

Table B23. Climate zonea

, number of buildings and floorspace, 2018

Renovations since 2000 

(more than one may apply)

Any type of renovation 2,032 191 642 443 485 270 45,165 3,355 13,300 12,545 10,516 5,449

Addition or annex 327 38 102 62 68 58 10,854 1,330 3,345 2,821 1,937 1,421

Reduction in floorspace 35 Q 5 7 13 Q 1,784 Q 505 677 425 Q

Roof replacement 847 70 254 181 223 120 20,862 1,363 6,353 6,020 4,632 2,495

Interior wall reconfiguration 709 58 232 159 186 74 21,283 1,564 6,274 6,875 4,448 2,121

Window replacement 484 59 188 115 84 38 10,977 862 3,690 3,529 1,890 1,005

HVAC equipment upgrade 1,006 98 295 218 278 117 27,575 1,916 8,035 7,911 6,425 3,288

Lighting upgrade 1,012 97 372 218 219 107 29,098 2,109 9,260 8,356 6,309 3,064

Electrical upgrade 565 34 198 132 133 68 15,761 806 5,266 5,099 3,059 1,530

Plumbing system upgrade 584 50 188 130 156 60 15,537 894 5,019 4,857 3,343 1,424

Insulation upgrade 307 39 106 83 48 32 7,980 572 2,672 2,555 1,375 806

Fire, safety, or security upgrade 570 39 203 134 129 66 19,985 1,358 6,148 6,126 4,006 2,347

Structural upgrade 147 Q 65 26 39 12 4,203 Q 1,569 1,433 823 229

Other 43 Q Q 9 13 1 1,168 Q 326 315 363 151

No renovations 3,530 318 956 712 1,043 501 43,832 3,271 11,149 10,836 12,629 5,947

Buildings constructed 2013 or later 357 30 129 62 77 59 7,426 419 2,320 1,715 1,940 1,033

Energy sources

(more than one may apply)

Electricity 5,613 511 1,644 1,169 1,495 794 94,844 6,934 26,339 24,731 24,605 12,235

Natural gas 2,974 249 972 634 869 251 67,722 4,971 20,476 18,756 17,686 5,833

Fuel oil 583 65 239 146 86 48 21,185 1,624 5,783 7,834 3,526 2,418

District heat 86 9 22 26 25 4 6,745 372 1,677 2,747 1,588 360

District chilled water 55 Q 5 13 23 13 4,288 Q 838 1,273 1,344 731

Propane 676 135 225 140 105 71 10,157 1,339 2,725 2,853 1,867 1,374

Solar 99 Q 15 26 31 22 3,820 Q 698 1,614 753 578

Wood, coal, and other 180 Q 85 24 38 Q 2,113 Q 781 406 459 Q

Space-heating energy sources 

(more than one may apply)

Electricity 2,563 177 537 571 842 437 45,603 2,549 10,464 11,548 13,629 7,412

Natural gas 2,587 229 921 542 741 154 58,042 4,639 18,890 15,512 14,864 4,139

Fuel oil 266 50 119 70 23 Q 4,134 721 1,648 1,423 300 Q

District heat 83 9 22 26 24 1 6,547 372 1,561 2,730 1,579 305

Propane 431 106 142 101 63 19 3,896 738 1,075 1,254 600 228

Other sourcesb 127 Q 62 Q Q N 927 Q 412 Q Q N

Primary space-heating 

energy source

Electricity 1,856 91 309 401 643 412 27,618 1,060 5,143 5,914 9,204 6,297

Natural gas 2,344 228 855 503 635 123 50,060 4,422 16,654 14,053 11,979 2,952

Fuel oil 222 43 101 59 Q Q 2,223 351 912 728 Q Q

District heat 78 Q 22 26 21 1 6,090 317 1,536 2,587 1,345 305

Propane 338 76 132 79 Q Q 2,290 406 800 735 Q Q

Other sourcesb 63 Q Q Q Q N 380 Q Q Q Q N

Cooling energy sources

(more than one may apply)

Electricity 4,584 320 1,205 989 1,343 727 84,526 5,656 22,505 22,669 22,393 11,303

Natural gas 4 Q Q Q Q Q 400 Q Q Q Q Q

District chilled water 55 Q 5 13 23 13 4,288 Q 838 1,273 1,344 731
All

buildings

Cold or 

very cold Cool

Mixed 

mild Warm

Hot or 

very hot

All

buildings

Cold or 

very cold Cool

Mixed 

mild Warm

Hot or 

very hot

All buildings 5,918 539 1,727 1,216 1,606 831 96,423 7,044 26,768 25,096 25,085 12,429

Number of buildings (thousand) Total floorspace (million square feet)

Table B23. Climate zonea

, number of buildings and floorspace, 2018

Water-heating energy sources

(more than one may apply)

Electricity 2,785 223 738 622 786 417 47,125 3,072 11,466 12,272 13,163 7,152

Natural gas 1,885 144 606 404 531 199 46,652 3,338 14,125 12,641 12,131 4,417

Fuel oil 72 25 Q 12 Q Q 1,807 317 662 670 Q Q

District heat 38 Q 10 12 Q Q 4,206 Q 1,183 1,862 724 Q

Propane 145 Q 33 42 Q 19 1,947 Q 381 542 Q 462

Cooking energy sources

(more than one may apply)

Electricity 1,216 94 396 266 292 167 30,509 2,528 9,718 8,049 6,117 4,097

Natural gas 727 40 223 143 232 90 27,705 1,928 8,124 7,959 6,573 3,121

Propane 159 26 42 26 22 43 3,101 396 677 756 387 885

Energy end uses

(more than one may apply)

Buildings with space heating 4,901 456 1,442 1,080 1,373 551 88,661 6,641 25,143 24,088 23,099 9,690

Buildings with cooling 4,631 321 1,211 998 1,360 740 87,506 5,725 23,165 23,604 23,176 11,837

Buildings with water heating 4,595 405 1,325 1,021 1,250 594 87,717 6,499 24,430 23,820 22,553 10,415

Buildings with cooking 1,738 128 545 369 452 244 43,580 3,354 13,086 11,957 9,485 5,698

Buildings with manufacturing 322 31 106 51 79 54 6,871 876 2,007 1,420 1,684 884

Buildings with electricity

generation 706 59 242 144 169 92 29,457 1,791 8,415 9,839 6,079 3,334

Buildings with lighting 5,503 499 1,603 1,141 1,474 787 94,103 6,884 26,134 24,577 24,307 12,202

Percentage of floorspace heated

Not heated 1,017 83 285 136 233 280 7,762 403 1,626 1,008 1,986 2,739

1 to 50% 693 61 170 109 246 107 10,620 632 1,669 2,031 4,219 2,069

51 to 99% 905 63 212 215 303 112 20,174 1,105 5,072 5,211 6,383 2,403

100% 3,303 332 1,059 756 824 332 57,867 4,903 18,402 16,846 12,498 5,218

Percentage of floorspace cooled

Not cooled 1,288 218 516 218 245 91 8,917 1,320 3,604 1,492 1,909 592

1 to 50% 1,111 117 338 216 291 149 19,722 1,822 5,554 5,088 5,026 2,231

51 to 99% 998 66 257 220 297 157 26,277 1,488 7,350 7,569 6,684 3,187

100% 2,522 137 616 562 772 434 41,507 2,415 10,260 10,947 11,466 6,419

Percentage lit when open

0% Q Q Q Q Q Q Q Q Q Q Q Q

1 to 50% 1,280 130 433 251 288 177 14,172 1,352 4,248 2,949 3,789 1,834

51 to 99% 1,784 181 511 364 469 258 38,847 3,126 11,162 9,915 9,784 4,860

100% 2,272 180 574 486 698 335 39,877 2,385 10,183 11,360 10,602 5,346

Building never open or electricity

not used 513 Q 178 98 135 Q 2,998 Q 1,027 781 664 388

Percentage lit during off hours

0% 2,062 210 628 431 566 227 15,578 1,272 4,419 3,119 5,011 1,757

1 to 50% 3,246 277 934 663 843 529 69,800 5,208 19,526 18,918 16,945 9,203

51 to 100% 240 Q 64 60 64 31 7,243 403 1,925 1,988 1,922 1,004

Building always open with 

no off hours 64 Q 18 16 21 6 2,223 Q 468 705 728 271

Electricity not used 305 Q 83 Q 111 Q 1,579 Q 430 Q 480 Q
All

buildings

Cold or 

very cold Cool

Mixed 

mild Warm

Hot or 

very hot

All

buildings

Cold or 

very cold Cool

Mixed 

mild Warm

Hot or 

very hot

All buildings 5,918 539 1,727 1,216 1,606 831 96,423 7,044 26,768 25,096 25,085 12,429

Number of buildings (thousand) Total floorspace (million square feet)

Table B23. Climate zonea

, number of buildings and floorspace, 2018

Heating equipment 

(more than one may apply)

Packaged heating units 2,187 125 449 432 796 386 48,064 2,789 12,408 11,945 14,469 6,452

Furnaces 1,621 202 682 336 313 86 17,272 1,782 6,991 3,561 3,706 1,232

Individual space heaters 1,246 162 401 273 333 77 21,122 2,096 6,458 5,855 5,354 1,359

Boilers 703 99 285 170 110 39 28,831 2,841 9,879 8,892 5,040 2,179

Heat pumps 673 32 158 187 231 65 15,110 780 3,663 4,421 4,766 1,479

District heat 83 9 22 26 24 1 6,547 372 1,561 2,730 1,579 305

Duct reheat 134 Q 37 32 32 27 7,418 Q 1,941 2,347 1,558 1,402

Other 17 Q Q Q Q Q 821 Q Q Q Q Q

Cooling equipment 

(more than one may apply)

Packaged air-conditioning units 2,565 153 554 509 861 488 56,290 3,472 14,245 14,769 16,089 7,714

Residential-type central air

conditioners 1,309 120 473 294 296 126 18,270 1,723 6,057 4,709 4,000 1,781

Individual air conditioners 735 65 204 194 161 111 13,619 991 3,881 4,178 3,336 1,232

Central chillers 202 19 63 53 47 20 17,926 1,270 4,657 6,203 3,778 2,017

Heat pumps 492 29 127 130 160 46 11,098 519 2,966 3,690 2,879 1,044

District chilled water 55 Q 5 13 23 13 4,288 Q 838 1,273 1,344 731

Swamp coolers 85 Q 23 14 27 Q 2,070 Q 498 566 673 Q

Other Q Q Q Q Q Q Q Q Q Q Q Q

HVAC features 

(more than one may apply)

Economizer cycle 747 60 217 175 203 92 34,087 2,788 10,127 11,271 7,061 2,839

Variable air volume (VAV) system 698 54 202 170 144 127 29,268 1,977 7,712 9,977 5,664 3,938

Dedicated outside air system (DOAS) 249 24 77 42 79 28 9,027 894 1,999 3,165 1,985 984

Demand controlled ventilation (DCV) 349 23 92 95 96 42 10,474 671 2,662 3,591 2,397 1,152

Regular HVAC maintenance 3,554 316 917 763 1,011 547 78,015 5,611 20,391 21,878 19,936 10,199

Building automation system (BAS) 

controls heating or cooling 933 67 249 230 231 156 40,462 2,651 10,817 13,056 8,737 5,201

Internet-connected or smart

thermostat 325 Q 71 61 100 69 5,966 Q 1,171 1,376 1,927 1,112

Programmable thermostat 1,545 124 451 333 444 194 20,882 1,504 6,346 4,892 5,638 2,502

Main equipment replaced since 

2000 (more than one may apply)

Heating 1,937 170 601 391 561 215 32,451 2,448 10,206 7,805 8,479 3,512

Cooling 1,269 120 407 298 261 182 23,013 1,889 6,812 6,772 4,723 2,816

Water-heating equipment

Centralized system 3,538 345 1,035 822 929 407 59,280 5,168 17,527 15,889 14,838 5,859

Distributed system 782 46 213 145 228 150 14,307 685 3,389 3,797 3,767 2,669

Combination of centralized and

distributed systems 274 14 76 54 94 36 14,129 646 3,514 4,134 3,948 1,886

Generation technologies 

(more than one may apply)

Reciprocating engine generators 580 51 208 119 132 70 25,163 1,594 7,230 8,523 5,042 2,774

Solar panels 94 Q 15 26 31 18 3,750 Q 694 1,586 741 555

Other generation technology 43 Q 24 3 Q Q 2,055 Q 822 543 421 Q
All

buildings

Cold or 

very cold Cool

Mixed 

mild Warm

Hot or 

very hot

All

buildings

Cold or 

very cold Cool

Mixed 

mild Warm

Hot or 

very hot

All buildings 5,918 539 1,727 1,216 1,606 831 96,423 7,044 26,768 25,096 25,085 12,429

Number of buildings (thousand) Total floorspace (million square feet)

Table B23. Climate zonea

, number of buildings and floorspace, 2018

Lighting equipment types

(more than one may apply)

Incandescent 1,100 114 383 250 242 111 21,081 1,561 6,329 5,959 4,882 2,349

Standard fluorescent 4,012 342 1,113 889 1,074 593 72,912 5,268 19,321 20,105 18,510 9,709

Compact fluorescent 1,130 114 383 233 240 161 33,691 2,526 9,402 9,579 7,702 4,482

High-intensity discharge (HID) 238 23 75 59 64 18 11,356 600 3,260 3,407 2,644 1,445

Halogen 552 41 134 124 124 129 15,012 848 3,609 4,310 3,740 2,505

LED 2,593 262 815 480 713 323 61,849 4,406 18,286 16,306 15,653 7,199

Other Q Q Q Q N Q Q Q Q Q N Q

Refrigeration equipment

(more than one may apply)

Any refrigeration 3,850 305 1,096 833 1,062 553 77,589 5,567 21,218 21,171 19,741 9,892

Walk-in units 706 60 222 156 167 99 29,384 2,138 8,523 8,628 6,162 3,933

Cases or cabinets 837 73 229 201 227 107 28,517 2,055 8,017 8,345 6,713 3,386

Large cold storage areas 69 Q 18 12 15 14 3,592 313 641 1,036 895 707

Commercial ice makers 872 68 235 192 237 140 34,672 2,223 8,776 10,082 8,685 4,907

Residential-type or compact units 3,321 268 956 722 908 467 64,735 4,571 17,938 17,835 16,301 8,090

Vending machines 800 54 223 168 236 119 42,071 2,725 11,216 12,494 10,402 5,234

No refrigeration 2,068 233 631 384 543 277 18,834 1,477 5,550 3,925 5,345 2,537

Office equipment

(more than one may apply)

Desktop computers 3,804 285 1,027 815 1,079 597 82,012 5,601 22,212 22,354 20,947 10,897

With multiple monitors 1,504 140 427 343 391 204 50,844 3,674 13,454 15,082 12,516 6,118

Laptop computers 2,786 233 823 583 747 400 69,375 4,839 19,621 19,223 17,086 8,606

Dedicated servers 1,400 131 380 280 394 216 51,595 3,717 14,203 15,283 11,947 6,446

Tablets charged in building 1,556 138 448 318 425 227 48,778 3,645 13,511 13,319 12,072 6,231

Large floor-standing office devicesc 1,456 108 403 318 419 208 54,088 3,419 14,662 16,048 13,228 6,732

Smaller desktop office devicesc 3,560 298 983 764 985 530 74,467 5,270 20,321 20,338 19,003 9,534

Interactive whiteboards 262 22 63 58 78 41 16,939 1,234 4,771 5,578 3,412 1,944

Televisions or video displays 2,451 200 672 543 641 396 63,618 4,302 17,059 17,956 15,866 8,436

Point-of-sale devices or cash 

registers 1,420 115 393 323 371 218 33,606 2,655 9,928 9,246 7,405 4,372

Food preparation or serving areas 

in non-food service buildings

(more than one may apply)

Snack bar, concession stand, or coffee 

shop 144 11 44 27 32 30 10,361 873 3,101 2,904 2,096 1,387

Fast food or small restaurant 160 9 57 38 39 17 9,759 475 3,035 2,897 1,951 1,401

Cafeteria or large restaurant 129 18 38 33 25 15 14,531 1,198 4,245 4,782 2,564 1,741

Commercial kitchen or

food preparation area 284 25 74 57 81 47 17,698 1,133 5,251 4,874 3,695 2,745

Small kitchen area 1,018 67 340 209 268 134 20,519 1,598 6,536 5,550 4,245 2,589

Separate computer areas

(more than one may apply)

Server closet 1,237 119 313 254 362 190 48,722 3,560 12,941 14,239 11,581 6,401

Data center 116 4 35 27 25 24 11,383 576 3,036 4,448 2,041 1,283

Computer-based training room 228 21 44 52 63 47 16,556 1,332 4,318 5,297 3,287 2,321

Student or public computer center 236 16 55 60 71 35 12,527 818 3,499 4,050 2,704 1,457
All

buildings

Cold or 

very cold Cool

Mixed 

mild Warm

Hot or 

very hot

All

buildings

Cold or 

very cold Cool

Mixed 

mild Warm

Hot or 

very hot

All buildings 5,918 539 1,727 1,216 1,606 831 96,423 7,044 26,768 25,096 25,085 12,429

Number of buildings (thousand) Total floorspace (million square feet)

Table B23. Climate zonea

, number of buildings and floorspace, 2018

Window and interior lighting 

features (more than one may

apply)

Multipaned windows 3,527 365 1,130 752 891 389 72,694 5,850 21,677 19,634 17,628 7,905

Tinted window glass 1,679 82 337 351 586 323 44,363 2,216 10,227 12,476 12,869 6,576

Reflective window glass 497 34 139 89 160 75 17,929 1,206 4,776 4,827 4,530 2,590

External overhangs or awnings 1,513 105 386 297 506 219 28,718 1,695 7,420 6,893 9,005 3,705

Skylights or atriums 509 32 116 121 147 94 19,815 1,364 5,023 6,131 4,605 2,692

Light scheduling 910 66 276 188 229 151 33,552 2,374 9,406 9,557 7,411 4,804

Occupancy sensors 1,025 81 343 209 249 143 44,304 3,174 12,882 13,547 9,850 4,850

Multilevel lighting or dimming 332 26 127 59 69 51 14,424 1,028 4,482 4,056 2,868 1,990

Daylight harvesting 138 3 37 39 43 16 7,244 307 1,978 2,273 1,505 1,181

Plug-load control 58 Q Q 16 17 13 1,961 Q 519 615 353 354

Demand responsive lighting 98 Q 45 30 Q Q 2,045 Q 583 915 Q 212

Building automation system (BAS) for 

lighting 317 22 66 64 97 67 16,645 1,202 4,241 4,595 3,754 2,852

Electric vehicle (EV) charging

Charging stations associated with the 

building 132 Q 40 29 32 20 10,165 486 2,501 3,252 2,433 1,493

Data source: U.S. Energy Information Administration, Form EIA-871A of the 2018 Commercial Buildings Energy Consumption Survey 

Notes: Because of rounding, data may not sum to totals. The Guide to the 2018 CBECS Tables and CBECS Terminology contain definitions of terms used in these tables and 

comparisons between previous CBECS tables. You can access both references from http://www.eia.gov/consumption/commercial/data/2018/. 

Data are sample survey estimates with relative standard errors published in a tab on the Excel worksheet for this table. 

a

Climate zones are based on ASHRAE Standard 169-2021; see https://www.eia.gov/consumption/commercial/maps.php#defined.

b

Other sources includes wood, coal, solar, and all other energy sources. c

Office devices refers to any combination of printers, copiers, scanners, or FAX machines.

Q = Data withheld either because the relative standard error was greater than 50% or the reporting sample had fewer than 20 buildings. 

N = No buildings in reporting sample.
RSE

Release date: February 2023

All

buildings

Cold or 

very cold Cool

Mixed 

mild Warm

Hot or 

very hot

All

buildings

Cold or 

very cold Cool

Mixed 

mild Warm

Hot or 

very hot

All buildings 3.9 18.8 11.8 15.1 11.4 18.8 3.1 17.0 8.3 10.5 10.0 14.1

Building floorspace (square feet)

1,001 to 5,000 4.9 23.2 13.9 17.3 13.3 21.3 5.3 22.0 14.6 17.5 13.2 19.9

5,001 to 10,000 5.9 23.7 18.0 20.3 13.7 21.2 5.8 21.9 17.4 20.5 14.2 21.8

10,001 to 25,000 5.6 20.4 10.5 17.2 11.4 22.0 6.1 20.9 10.9 17.2 12.6 24.5

25,001 to 50,000 5.6 32.0 12.2 14.5 12.3 21.8 5.6 31.6 12.5 14.2 11.8 20.4

50,001 to 100,000 5.3 17.6 15.0 15.1 14.7 14.5 5.3 16.2 14.5 14.9 14.8 15.0

100,001 to 200,000 5.6 25.1 11.2 12.6 16.5 15.0 5.5 24.8 10.8 12.5 16.1 16.1

200,001 to 500,000 5.0 25.1 13.7 10.6 10.9 14.1 5.0 26.2 13.7 10.5 10.3 14.2

Over 500,000 7.8 35.9 13.5 14.1 22.1 16.1 8.6 35.2 15.9 16.0 20.8 14.5

Principal building activity

Education 7.8 30.0 19.3 21.6 15.7 24.4 5.3 20.9 13.2 15.4 13.0 18.0

Food sales 14.3 47.6 28.2 32.2 26.9 42.2 17.0 52.5 25.3 31.5 36.1 36.4

Food service 7.7 24.4 16.8 20.4 16.1 30.5 8.5 26.0 19.5 23.9 18.2 23.8

Health care 9.8 41.3 18.3 28.5 17.5 16.8 5.5 18.0 13.9 16.6 12.6 12.5

Inpatient 19.4 29.2 45.8 20.5 34.2 31.2 7.2 22.3 18.0 20.1 14.6 19.1

Outpatient 10.3 43.5 20.3 29.2 17.7 18.0 8.0 38.0 17.1 18.0 16.0 13.0

Lodging 9.4 25.5 22.5 30.2 20.9 26.4 8.3 20.6 15.8 21.9 18.9 19.2

Mercantile 7.3 31.4 18.2 21.3 15.2 17.5 6.0 24.7 13.1 16.0 14.5 17.2

Retail (other than mall) 10.1 33.4 23.5 23.6 20.5 29.5 8.6 28.4 18.2 20.3 20.0 20.7

Enclosed and strip malls 7.6 63.5 20.8 35.0 20.1 23.3 7.6 34.3 15.8 22.7 16.3 23.5

Office 7.2 17.9 20.9 18.7 14.3 26.5 5.5 17.2 13.3 13.6 11.4 14.8

Public assembly 9.1 21.7 18.2 20.5 23.9 20.5 5.8 23.7 12.9 15.6 17.3 15.4

Public order and safety 20.2 84.3 29.9 49.0 40.2 51.3 15.9 54.4 23.5 35.0 32.3 33.3

Religious worship 9.5 31.8 21.4 19.0 21.5 21.2 9.3 35.3 22.7 15.1 19.7 18.8

Service 7.4 36.2 14.0 19.3 18.3 23.7 8.1 31.3 13.5 21.0 22.9 22.3

Warehouse and storage 7.4 24.5 18.7 19.8 15.4 35.8 7.2 30.9 14.5 13.6 15.0 30.4

Other 17.1 69.2 34.4 24.4 32.6 85.2 15.1 37.1 29.4 22.4 30.0 59.4

Vacant 17.2 82.5 32.1 36.3 35.2 40.3 14.1 67.8 28.0 25.2 24.6 35.4

Year constructed

Before 1920 12.8 27.5 23.2 19.3 23.6 63.1 10.8 31.1 16.8 20.3 25.6 72.5

1920 to 1945 10.7 44.8 18.0 26.7 17.9 40.3 8.8 38.9 15.9 18.5 19.7 30.0

1946 to 1959 8.1 30.5 19.5 19.5 19.9 25.8 7.6 27.2 18.1 16.7 18.1 25.5

1960 to 1969 6.4 23.0 15.2 17.9 13.7 15.0 5.2 21.2 14.9 11.8 10.6 19.9

1970 to 1979 7.4 28.9 16.1 19.2 17.5 27.7 6.0 20.6 12.9 12.2 15.9 19.1

1980 to 1989 7.0 15.8 18.1 17.2 15.9 20.8 5.9 17.3 14.4 15.5 13.2 13.3

1990 to 1999 7.5 32.6 17.0 20.5 16.8 26.0 6.6 21.7 16.6 14.8 13.8 22.2

2000 to 2009 8.0 21.8 17.2 21.0 18.7 23.0 6.3 27.8 11.4 13.4 16.6 18.4

2010 to 2018 11.0 19.6 25.3 26.2 16.8 32.5 7.6 22.5 15.6 19.0 15.8 21.0

Census region

Northeast 9.9 27.6 14.6 16.2 0.0 0.0 7.2 16.8 13.7 12.3 0.0 0.0

Midwest 10.9 26.6 18.7 27.9 0.0 0.0 7.4 22.1 12.4 23.0 0.0 0.0

South 7.7 0.0 0.0 28.7 15.0 21.4 6.1 0.0 0.0 20.8 13.8 15.1

West 8.1 43.7 19.2 57.4 16.7 38.4 7.1 44.5 16.5 39.9 10.7 33.9

Number of floors

1 4.3 18.6 13.7 18.2 12.0 20.8 4.5 15.8 11.1 14.9 11.6 18.5

2 5.8 21.9 11.8 15.6 12.6 18.7 4.4 21.6 10.4 12.3 10.9 14.9

3 10.5 29.6 18.8 15.0 26.3 29.3 7.6 26.6 13.6 15.9 18.0 27.9

4 to 9 9.4 24.9 21.2 16.2 21.9 17.4 6.3 23.3 12.0 14.5 19.1 11.8

10 or more 9.8 45.3 23.5 15.9 18.3 33.8 11.0 20.9 22.1 19.8 17.4 21.3

Relative standard errors (RSEs) for Table B23. Climate zonea, number of buildings and floorspace, 2018

RSEs for number of buildings RSEs for total floorspace 
RSE

All

buildings

Cold or 

very cold Cool

Mixed 

mild Warm

Hot or 

very hot

All

buildings

Cold or 

very cold Cool

Mixed 

mild Warm

Hot or 

very hot

All buildings 3.9 18.8 11.8 15.1 11.4 18.8 3.1 17.0 8.3 10.5 10.0 14.1

Relative standard errors (RSEs) for Table B23. Climate zonea

, number of buildings and floorspace, 2018

RSEs for number of buildings RSEs for total floorspace 

Elevators and escalators 

(more than one may apply)

Any elevators 6.5 23.4 13.3 13.3 17.0 16.6 4.5 19.9 9.1 11.4 12.7 11.0

1 elevator 7.7 26.1 16.1 14.4 21.0 20.9 6.0 24.6 11.9 12.2 18.9 17.2

2 to 5 elevators 6.7 20.5 13.3 15.0 16.2 14.5 5.2 21.4 11.3 13.9 13.5 12.7

6 or more elevators 7.8 21.9 18.2 15.7 15.3 18.8 8.4 20.3 15.3 17.2 13.7 15.4

Any escalators 28.9 13.3 82.9 24.1 12.4 43.2 13.7 25.0 21.0 26.9 21.5 15.6

Number of workers (main shift)

Fewer than 5 5.5 24.4 15.6 16.3 13.4 24.3 5.9 22.9 14.5 15.5 14.4 22.1

5 to 9 6.1 26.7 14.7 16.1 12.6 24.9 6.9 30.6 15.6 15.8 14.8 20.2

10 to 19 6.5 19.2 12.6 22.8 14.0 25.0 7.4 21.8 16.7 20.5 13.0 24.8

20 to 49 6.3 29.6 15.2 21.8 13.3 19.5 4.8 19.1 12.5 15.9 13.5 18.8

50 to 99 6.7 19.8 14.2 19.4 15.2 18.8 5.9 20.1 12.8 14.2 14.1 18.1

100 to 249 7.1 27.9 17.4 11.7 15.3 17.6 5.6 27.2 12.6 11.3 13.0 14.4

250 or more 7.2 26.1 13.6 14.6 20.8 18.1 6.4 19.7 12.6 14.2 12.7 12.4

Weekly operating hours

Fewer than 40 6.1 23.2 15.7 20.7 17.0 27.5 6.6 24.8 12.2 17.3 16.7 23.8

40 to 48 6.2 20.3 16.4 19.7 13.0 22.9 5.1 18.9 13.0 13.9 12.0 21.4

49 to 60 5.2 24.1 12.5 14.4 11.5 19.2 4.3 23.9 11.1 11.8 11.5 16.5

61 to 84 7.6 24.9 19.4 19.3 11.8 25.5 5.3 18.7 11.0 14.3 11.7 17.1

85 to 167 8.6 29.6 15.8 21.0 24.6 25.6 6.2 27.8 12.1 15.6 14.4 18.2

Open continuously 8.1 27.8 17.7 20.1 17.7 22.0 5.0 18.4 11.3 12.6 14.1 15.9

Ownership and occupancy

Nongovernment owned 3.8 18.5 11.3 15.7 11.8 18.0 3.3 17.7 8.5 10.3 10.6 13.3

Owner occupied 4.3 21.3 12.9 17.2 12.2 21.2 3.3 18.8 8.9 12.1 11.6 14.9

Leased to tenant or tenants 5.5 19.0 13.0 16.4 10.9 18.4 4.8 22.6 11.3 10.5 10.6 15.6

Unoccupied 20.3 71.7 33.9 41.7 41.8 52.9 19.2 71.7 35.6 33.2 32.5 55.5

Government owned 9.5 28.8 21.1 17.0 20.7 26.8 6.0 19.7 11.5 13.7 18.4 19.0

Federal 26.0 66.7 35.7 51.6 47.6 97.4 16.1 39.1 23.4 32.8 30.9 45.6

State 12.9 61.1 26.0 28.2 22.8 35.4 11.8 25.7 17.5 21.4 28.9 31.2

Local 10.1 32.8 22.3 18.3 20.9 26.9 6.0 21.8 13.6 15.8 15.9 17.6

Party responsible for operation

of energy systems

Building owner 4.4 20.3 13.0 15.6 12.1 20.6 3.2 17.5 8.6 10.7 10.7 15.9

Business owner or tenant 6.5 18.0 15.7 18.8 15.1 20.2 7.2 23.8 15.8 15.2 12.3 21.0

Property management 20.7 105.0 47.4 32.2 29.8 46.9 11.7 29.3 28.1 22.1 21.1 28.8

Other 18.8 106.0 32.4 36.2 33.9 35.0 11.1 34.3 20.0 28.6 22.6 23.2

Provider of direct input on energyrelated equipment purchases

Building owner 4.4 20.2 12.7 16.0 12.1 20.7 3.1 17.3 8.4 11.2 10.6 15.1

Business owner or tenant 8.9 25.4 17.0 17.5 19.5 27.7 8.8 23.5 16.2 16.1 15.6 29.0

Property management 25.5 32.2 45.6 30.4 71.0 70.0 16.2 72.9 33.6 24.6 30.5 52.3

Other 10.5 42.6 19.5 24.3 20.6 14.1 8.1 46.0 17.2 16.2 14.9 14.3

Number of establishments

1 4.6 20.8 13.1 15.9 12.4 21.1 3.6 16.7 9.1 12.0 11.0 17.0

2 to 5 6.0 25.3 11.3 19.7 10.2 19.9 5.5 22.3 10.0 15.7 13.1 14.1

6 to 10 11.5 42.7 24.2 28.4 25.7 37.9 7.9 24.1 19.2 15.2 16.0 20.6

11 to 20 18.0 78.8 46.6 28.0 23.1 51.1 8.9 47.9 19.3 17.6 14.6 25.6

More than 20 18.6 52.5 57.0 16.2 30.0 28.8 10.1 36.2 27.7 18.0 20.1 16.5

Currently unoccupied 18.7 87.7 31.4 39.1 40.0 52.1 16.5 83.4 31.0 26.1 30.4 54.2
RSE

All

buildings

Cold or 

very cold Cool

Mixed 

mild Warm

Hot or 

very hot

All

buildings

Cold or 

very cold Cool

Mixed 

mild Warm

Hot or 

very hot

All buildings 3.9 18.8 11.8 15.1 11.4 18.8 3.1 17.0 8.3 10.5 10.0 14.1

Relative standard errors (RSEs) for Table B23. Climate zonea

, number of buildings and floorspace, 2018

RSEs for number of buildings RSEs for total floorspace 

Campus or complex activity

Not part of a campus or complex 4.3 18.7 11.3 14.2 12.0 18.8 3.7 17.5 9.0 9.6 11.0 16.1

Primary or secondary school 12.1 40.7 32.0 38.2 21.9 34.3 9.4 40.5 18.0 23.7 21.5 25.0

College or university 21.8 75.5 54.7 35.7 31.4 49.4 15.9 58.3 24.3 31.3 33.5 50.7

Office complex 12.7 38.8 31.4 29.2 23.5 44.8 10.0 40.4 21.2 21.6 13.6 24.5

Retail complex 13.2 62.5 27.0 20.9 27.3 31.0 9.2 32.9 21.2 19.7 20.3 21.6

Storage complex 14.4 38.3 24.4 32.3 30.8 41.5 11.0 36.4 20.9 20.0 23.0 30.2

Religious campus or complex 11.5 47.6 24.5 27.9 22.4 26.8 12.0 47.3 29.4 24.6 23.0 25.5

Health care complex 18.0 48.4 36.2 28.2 35.0 55.2 8.2 32.2 18.7 20.0 14.7 24.4

Lodging or resort complex 15.1 52.9 28.3 36.8 45.8 33.5 13.7 44.7 32.9 34.0 30.3 26.5

Transportation complex 34.3 101.6 53.3 42.3 61.8 97.3 33.2 57.4 24.9 36.0 81.0 33.1

Government complex 18.1 41.2 32.1 34.4 42.7 59.1 17.0 40.9 20.7 33.9 32.1 38.2

Other 9.2 39.1 21.0 23.6 18.1 30.9 7.4 17.6 15.8 19.0 14.1 22.6

Predominant exterior wall material

Brick, stone, or stucco 5.3 24.3 13.4 14.9 12.8 24.3 3.9 17.0 10.2 11.7 11.5 17.0

Concrete (block or poured) 5.3 25.9 13.4 19.0 15.6 13.9 4.8 19.1 11.8 14.5 12.9 12.1

Concrete panels 12.1 43.0 23.7 24.2 18.5 29.8 8.4 22.6 21.0 16.9 14.2 25.1

Siding or shingles 7.3 18.3 15.7 21.7 18.9 31.5 9.3 18.8 18.0 19.3 31.3 34.9

Metal panels 7.6 27.9 18.5 24.4 17.4 31.6 6.0 30.3 14.3 18.0 14.4 23.7

Window glass 21.3 54.5 41.4 28.0 49.6 43.5 11.4 27.5 22.4 18.9 23.9 27.7

Other 14.7 32.5 29.5 32.1 26.7 46.7 13.7 41.7 33.2 22.7 18.3 33.3

Predominant roof material

Metal surfacing 6.2 25.3 15.0 20.6 16.8 24.6 5.6 26.1 11.5 17.7 14.6 23.8

Synthetic or rubber 6.0 25.8 14.7 16.6 13.6 21.8 4.1 15.7 8.9 10.6 12.4 13.7

Built-up 7.7 21.2 21.9 16.8 16.1 23.2 4.8 22.4 14.3 12.9 10.3 15.6

Slate or tile shingles 10.1 41.4 19.5 19.6 19.4 31.9 10.1 40.4 22.9 21.3 22.3 21.3

Wooden materials (including

shingles) 12.9 50.9 24.3 40.5 27.1 22.2 17.8 45.7 36.9 38.4 28.5 32.1

Asphalt, fiberglass, or 

other shingles 6.2 20.1 15.8 17.6 15.7 21.9 5.6 20.3 14.6 14.0 14.6 18.6

Concrete 20.6 94.8 33.8 40.5 35.2 35.5 11.9 51.9 28.1 18.6 27.8 24.0

Other 15.6 51.5 56.4 28.7 22.5 37.6 9.8 29.9 16.8 19.0 20.9 28.4

Roof tilt

Flat 4.9 24.8 10.9 14.6 11.0 21.6 3.3 14.4 8.5 9.9 8.6 14.2

Shallow pitch 5.0 22.8 14.6 17.0 14.3 16.7 4.8 26.8 10.4 14.7 13.6 16.7

Steeper pitch 7.5 22.3 15.7 20.1 18.9 29.5 5.7 19.0 13.4 17.5 15.0 23.9

Cool roof characteristics (more than 

one may apply)

White or reflective coating or paint 5.8 23.6 13.5 18.1 14.1 20.6 4.4 21.0 10.3 12.6 10.2 14.4

White or reflective tiles or shingles 15.4 63.3 26.7 26.7 28.5 43.8 10.4 40.9 23.4 21.5 21.6 28.5

Aluminum coating 8.8 27.9 24.5 22.2 19.2 23.0 9.2 39.3 21.6 19.4 19.2 22.1

Ballasted roof system 14.8 22.9 24.7 30.7 38.2 45.4 9.5 27.3 16.9 19.4 17.7 26.4

Other cool roof property 29.3 27.1 52.1 39.7 46.7 63.0 19.2 26.2 28.0 38.7 35.1 49.9
RSE

All

buildings

Cold or 

very cold Cool

Mixed 

mild Warm

Hot or 

very hot

All

buildings

Cold or 

very cold Cool

Mixed 

mild Warm

Hot or 

very hot

All buildings 3.9 18.8 11.8 15.1 11.4 18.8 3.1 17.0 8.3 10.5 10.0 14.1

Relative standard errors (RSEs) for Table B23. Climate zonea

, number of buildings and floorspace, 2018

RSEs for number of buildings RSEs for total floorspace 

Renovations since 2000 

(more than one may apply)

Any type of renovation 5.0 23.7 11.2 15.9 14.3 17.9 3.4 20.3 8.7 10.5 12.3 13.6

Addition or annex 9.4 26.6 19.9 22.0 21.8 17.3 6.0 25.7 11.4 14.8 15.6 16.4

Reduction in floorspace 22.2 67.3 41.9 35.9 40.5 71.9 13.2 60.4 27.6 18.9 27.4 41.5

Roof replacement 6.8 23.1 14.7 16.3 16.2 29.9 4.3 19.0 9.8 11.5 13.5 21.1

Interior wall reconfiguration 6.0 21.2 13.5 19.2 16.8 22.9 4.2 22.2 10.4 12.7 12.3 12.9

Window replacement 9.5 44.0 16.3 21.3 25.1 26.3 5.8 24.2 11.9 13.3 19.5 23.7

HVAC equipment upgrade 7.0 41.3 13.7 17.0 16.9 20.3 4.2 20.2 10.5 10.6 13.2 15.4

Lighting upgrade 5.9 31.2 11.8 16.1 14.3 18.2 3.9 23.3 9.1 10.2 12.4 12.6

Electrical upgrade 7.1 44.4 15.7 16.8 17.8 17.5 5.6 25.7 11.9 10.2 19.3 14.3

Plumbing system upgrade 7.8 47.3 14.7 19.9 16.5 19.2 5.2 22.2 12.2 11.6 15.2 15.5

Insulation upgrade 9.2 35.4 17.8 21.3 21.3 34.1 7.8 20.7 14.9 17.2 20.1 22.8

Fire, safety, or security upgrade 6.2 25.4 14.3 13.8 15.7 17.0 4.4 22.5 10.9 11.1 14.2 14.2

Structural upgrade 13.9 50.3 19.3 21.1 37.7 46.0 10.2 33.0 16.0 22.8 22.9 28.9

Other 29.5 99.4 52.3 45.3 42.3 50.0 14.9 95.2 35.6 26.1 27.5 38.1

No renovations 4.3 19.6 12.4 15.1 11.5 22.6 3.9 16.1 9.0 11.1 10.1 18.3

Buildings constructed 2013 or later 11.9 25.6 28.9 24.8 18.3 27.5 8.3 25.4 17.1 20.8 17.1 21.6

Energy sources

(more than one may apply)

Electricity 3.9 20.4 11.6 15.4 11.1 17.4 3.0 17.3 8.2 10.6 10.0 13.6

Natural gas 4.8 27.9 12.0 16.0 12.2 21.4 3.4 23.3 8.9 10.8 11.1 13.3

Fuel oil 9.7 26.3 20.4 19.5 17.8 21.1 5.4 16.4 11.1 12.4 11.1 13.6

District heat 14.7 47.6 31.4 24.8 35.3 31.0 11.4 24.8 20.6 17.9 31.8 25.5

District chilled water 20.1 47.7 29.0 42.4 38.6 29.3 13.7 44.4 21.4 31.8 31.2 17.0

Propane 10.0 27.1 19.0 26.7 20.2 25.3 7.6 15.8 14.2 21.5 17.3 15.5

Solar 15.5 52.8 35.5 33.0 27.0 37.0 11.5 42.5 21.4 23.3 12.7 27.5

Wood, coal, and other 17.3 61.0 27.8 31.5 29.8 63.9 14.0 43.2 26.3 35.6 21.6 39.4

Space-heating energy sources 

(more than one may apply)

Electricity 4.7 21.6 14.8 15.4 11.6 21.2 3.7 21.0 9.6 10.6 9.8 15.6

Natural gas 5.2 27.3 12.3 15.8 12.1 25.5 3.6 23.4 9.0 11.1 11.2 13.1

Fuel oil 13.9 29.5 24.8 24.0 36.8 89.6 11.6 19.8 20.9 21.2 32.4 69.1

District heat 15.4 47.6 31.6 24.8 36.0 33.6 11.6 24.8 20.5 18.0 32.0 25.0

Propane 13.5 29.7 27.9 29.7 31.2 41.2 13.1 21.5 24.7 33.3 23.1 33.2

Other sourcesb 21.3 63.0 32.0 34.6 40.7 0.0 19.6 48.5 29.7 38.9 55.5 0.0

Primary space-heating 

energy source

Electricity 6.4 36.1 24.0 16.4 13.0 22.0 5.5 42.7 15.3 12.7 11.2 17.1

Natural gas 5.5 27.4 12.4 16.4 12.8 26.8 4.1 23.6 9.0 11.3 12.2 14.3

Fuel oil 16.1 31.9 29.4 27.8 55.8 90.2 15.3 28.2 29.0 21.8 48.4 83.3

District heat 15.8 50.6 31.7 25.5 38.4 33.6 12.6 25.7 20.7 19.1 35.1 25.0

Propane 17.5 48.9 29.4 33.4 50.8 48.5 16.9 30.6 29.9 38.5 45.8 45.7

Other sourcesb 22.4 48.7 33.5 42.0 49.6 0.0 30.3 47.2 32.5 70.5 72.3 0.0

Cooling energy sources

(more than one may apply)

Electricity 3.9 18.2 11.9 14.7 11.6 16.5 3.0 16.9 8.5 10.0 10.4 13.2

Natural gas 37.3 69.6 47.4 52.0 53.4 50.3 24.2 69.6 52.1 30.4 53.2 50.3

District chilled water 20.1 47.7 29.0 42.4 38.6 29.3 13.7 44.4 21.4 31.8 31.2 17.0
RSE

All

buildings

Cold or 

very cold Cool

Mixed 

mild Warm

Hot or 

very hot

All

buildings

Cold or 

very cold Cool

Mixed 

mild Warm

Hot or 

very hot

All buildings 3.9 18.8 11.8 15.1 11.4 18.8 3.1 17.0 8.3 10.5 10.0 14.1

Relative standard errors (RSEs) for Table B23. Climate zonea

, number of buildings and floorspace, 2018

RSEs for number of buildings RSEs for total floorspace 

Water-heating energy sources

(more than one may apply)

Electricity 4.0 20.2 13.6 15.8 12.7 17.7 3.6 18.0 10.2 9.9 10.8 13.8

Natural gas 5.5 26.2 11.2 17.0 11.4 24.0 3.7 23.0 9.2 12.1 10.7 14.4

Fuel oil 24.0 25.8 51.6 33.3 51.7 81.5 15.4 18.8 29.8 29.1 38.6 70.7

District heat 17.4 48.6 34.0 31.5 50.5 36.3 12.8 28.3 27.2 19.6 33.4 22.1

Propane 15.8 27.1 32.7 35.8 45.4 34.8 14.7 35.0 27.0 36.4 47.8 25.3

Cooking energy sources

(more than one may apply)

Electricity 5.7 22.3 12.8 18.7 14.5 16.8 3.9 19.3 9.7 12.0 11.9 13.5

Natural gas 5.4 28.6 11.4 17.2 12.4 23.6 3.4 21.6 8.7 10.7 11.7 11.7

Propane 14.8 26.6 27.6 43.4 28.8 36.2 11.7 24.2 21.8 30.9 20.2 24.0

Energy end uses

(more than one may apply)

Buildings with space heating 4.1 20.5 11.6 15.1 11.6 19.5 3.0 16.9 8.4 10.6 10.3 14.1

Buildings with cooling 3.9 18.2 11.9 14.9 11.4 16.4 3.0 17.3 8.4 10.4 10.3 13.0

Buildings with water heating 3.9 18.7 11.3 15.0 11.6 17.6 2.9 17.1 8.4 10.4 10.1 13.1

Buildings with cooking 5.0 18.1 11.1 17.4 12.4 16.5 3.1 16.8 8.7 10.2 11.4 11.6

Buildings with manufacturing 11.3 34.8 18.3 26.4 25.7 35.3 7.9 29.1 13.8 18.7 13.3 24.5

Buildings with electricity

generation 7.4 19.1 18.9 19.6 14.6 20.2 4.4 19.2 9.6 11.8 10.3 13.2

Buildings with lighting 3.9 20.6 11.5 15.3 11.2 17.2 3.0 17.1 8.1 10.6 9.9 13.5

Percentage of floorspace heated

Not heated 8.2 21.2 19.5 23.4 16.4 24.5 10.0 31.6 22.1 24.4 15.7 22.4

1 to 50% 8.5 32.4 24.4 20.3 14.8 26.7 7.1 32.9 16.8 17.1 11.9 20.8

51 to 99% 6.7 34.9 13.6 17.7 14.1 20.1 5.3 28.4 10.1 11.5 12.5 18.7

100% 4.1 20.1 11.5 15.3 12.5 21.2 3.2 17.2 8.8 11.6 10.6 14.0

Percentage of floorspace cooled

Not cooled 7.1 22.1 14.6 22.8 15.4 43.0 8.0 25.1 12.2 22.7 16.0 42.8

1 to 50% 5.9 18.3 14.9 15.5 15.5 20.2 5.2 21.0 10.8 12.5 11.4 24.0

51 to 99% 6.6 26.6 12.9 15.2 13.7 20.6 5.1 21.3 10.8 10.1 14.2 13.4

100% 4.3 28.6 13.0 16.7 12.3 17.2 3.5 21.0 9.1 13.8 10.1 13.6

Percentage lit when open

0% 35.1 50.4 64.5 46.0 48.3 49.2 38.5 50.4 71.5 50.5 60.6 49.2

1 to 50% 6.7 28.4 16.3 17.1 15.8 22.8 6.0 25.9 13.2 16.0 14.3 23.0

51 to 99% 4.8 19.9 12.2 17.2 11.8 17.0 3.6 18.3 9.2 11.5 10.4 13.3

100% 4.7 24.7 13.4 15.5 12.9 19.7 3.8 15.1 9.2 10.8 11.4 14.1

Building never open or electricity

not used 11.6 32.5 23.2 22.1 24.4 52.7 12.1 32.6 22.9 23.5 25.2 41.2

Percentage lit during off hours

0% 6.5 23.7 16.4 20.0 15.1 23.3 6.7 25.3 12.1 17.1 15.5 27.6

1 to 50% 3.8 19.8 11.3 14.3 10.8 16.2 3.0 17.5 8.7 10.3 10.1 12.5

51 to 100% 10.6 51.0 25.8 24.1 16.8 31.1 6.7 25.9 15.5 15.1 13.1 20.9

Building always open with 

no off hours 15.2 63.9 28.6 25.9 30.9 34.1 11.6 28.9 20.2 24.9 21.1 28.4

Electricity not used 16.0 48.0 33.6 37.4 28.4 62.8 17.6 40.3 38.8 44.3 25.7 61.2
RSE

All

buildings

Cold or 

very cold Cool

Mixed 

mild Warm

Hot or 

very hot

All

buildings

Cold or 

very cold Cool

Mixed 

mild Warm

Hot or 

very hot

All buildings 3.9 18.8 11.8 15.1 11.4 18.8 3.1 17.0 8.3 10.5 10.0 14.1

Relative standard errors (RSEs) for Table B23. Climate zonea

, number of buildings and floorspace, 2018

RSEs for number of buildings RSEs for total floorspace 

Heating equipment 

(more than one may apply)

Packaged heating units 4.0 22.4 9.4 13.8 11.2 19.2 3.6 18.0 8.3 11.8 11.2 14.2

Furnaces 7.2 26.4 14.2 20.1 20.2 20.8 5.7 26.0 10.5 16.6 14.1 25.4

Individual space heaters 5.9 23.6 11.7 18.6 14.5 26.8 4.8 21.1 10.0 11.1 12.0 17.9

Boilers 6.2 18.8 11.7 13.7 16.0 23.0 4.0 16.4 8.3 11.1 10.8 14.9

Heat pumps 7.7 36.9 28.5 19.9 11.8 35.3 5.4 32.8 15.8 13.0 9.5 24.1

District heat 15.4 47.6 31.6 24.8 36.0 33.6 11.6 24.8 20.5 18.0 32.0 25.0

Duct reheat 12.6 56.3 27.6 24.8 25.5 35.0 7.0 49.7 16.0 14.5 18.2 17.3

Other 46.4 72.8 73.9 46.4 52.7 72.8 24.1 56.8 36.8 45.4 42.5 70.7

Cooling equipment 

(more than one may apply)

Packaged air-conditioning units 4.3 23.3 9.8 12.9 11.8 18.1 3.4 17.1 7.9 9.0 10.7 14.2

Residential-type central air

conditioners 7.6 20.9 14.9 20.1 25.6 16.3 5.2 23.8 10.4 14.6 16.2 18.4

Individual air conditioners 6.6 16.6 16.2 16.5 16.4 15.5 5.3 22.7 10.7 11.8 14.7 18.6

Central chillers 9.0 30.7 26.0 15.4 14.5 17.2 5.0 20.3 12.8 11.6 13.3 12.0

Heat pumps 11.0 40.5 33.9 22.4 17.8 43.8 6.8 32.4 17.9 15.2 9.5 34.4

District chilled water 20.1 47.7 29.0 42.4 38.6 29.3 13.7 44.4 21.4 31.8 31.2 17.0

Swamp coolers 12.8 41.0 18.2 42.9 22.0 25.3 13.1 57.1 17.2 34.3 23.8 29.5

Other 53.2 99.9 94.0 75.8 68.8 108.6 36.4 99.9 70.1 59.7 57.7 91.2

HVAC features 

(more than one may apply)

Economizer cycle 5.6 18.7 11.5 15.6 16.5 27.5 3.9 18.2 8.8 11.8 10.2 12.9

Variable air volume (VAV) system 8.4 17.6 15.3 19.0 17.8 31.1 4.9 18.2 9.7 11.6 13.3 16.9

Dedicated outside air system (DOAS) 11.0 26.9 23.4 18.6 23.7 48.4 7.8 19.9 15.3 15.9 22.6 19.2

Demand controlled ventilation (DCV) 8.8 33.9 17.6 19.9 19.0 27.9 5.5 24.8 14.0 11.4 14.5 19.2

Regular HVAC maintenance 4.2 17.6 10.4 14.8 11.4 19.4 3.2 16.4 8.4 10.6 10.6 13.3

Building automation system (BAS) 

controls heating or cooling 6.4 16.1 12.6 20.0 14.0 23.6 3.7 16.1 8.0 12.0 8.3 12.8

Internet-connected or smart

thermostat 12.2 43.3 23.0 23.5 16.6 47.4 10.5 42.7 23.9 16.3 18.5 36.6

Programmable thermostat 4.7 22.4 11.9 15.4 12.8 20.5 5.4 26.6 11.1 13.4 14.8 20.0

Main equipment replaced since 

2000 (more than one may apply)

Heating 4.9 31.1 12.0 13.9 12.0 21.9 3.8 22.1 10.1 10.4 11.4 17.7

Cooling 4.8 25.2 13.2 16.0 12.5 11.6 4.3 19.8 11.0 12.7 11.8 12.1

Water-heating equipment

Centralized system 4.4 18.1 12.0 15.8 12.4 18.5 3.4 16.3 8.9 11.5 11.3 13.9

Distributed system 8.9 23.6 20.2 16.6 17.8 30.8 6.4 23.7 14.4 11.3 12.0 25.5

Combination of centralized and

distributed systems 8.8 49.4 13.5 24.7 21.5 31.4 5.2 27.0 9.7 12.6 14.7 14.6

Generation technologies 

(more than one may apply)

Reciprocating engine generators 8.8 19.6 22.2 22.0 17.0 22.9 4.8 18.6 10.0 12.3 11.5 13.8

Solar panels 15.4 52.9 35.5 32.3 27.0 38.0 11.5 43.2 21.5 23.1 13.0 28.9

Other generation technology 21.4 60.5 29.5 32.7 53.8 64.8 14.4 46.6 26.6 27.9 27.5 36.0
RSE

All

buildings

Cold or 

very cold Cool

Mixed 

mild Warm

Hot or 

very hot

All

buildings

Cold or 

very cold Cool

Mixed 

mild Warm

Hot or 

very hot

All buildings 3.9 18.8 11.8 15.1 11.4 18.8 3.1 17.0 8.3 10.5 10.0 14.1

Relative standard errors (RSEs) for Table B23. Climate zonea

, number of buildings and floorspace, 2018

RSEs for number of buildings RSEs for total floorspace 

Lighting equipment types

(more than one may apply)

Incandescent 7.8 22.1 19.6 18.6 16.4 15.8 4.5 18.7 10.6 12.3 11.9 14.8

Standard fluorescent 4.2 22.0 11.1 15.1 11.5 17.0 3.4 17.7 8.8 10.1 10.7 13.6

Compact fluorescent 5.2 20.3 11.9 18.6 13.0 21.2 4.2 18.0 10.6 11.8 11.7 12.7

High-intensity discharge (HID) 9.8 30.2 18.6 22.8 22.5 18.7 7.1 21.5 12.4 14.7 20.6 13.2

Halogen 8.0 32.5 22.9 22.5 18.7 18.1 4.2 17.5 11.8 12.1 13.0 14.0

LED 3.6 18.8 12.0 14.8 10.7 16.2 2.9 15.6 8.6 10.4 9.4 13.0

Other 57.3 51.8 64.7 70.9 0.0 70.9 24.1 51.8 26.0 70.9 0.0 70.9

Refrigeration equipment

(more than one may apply)

Any refrigeration 4.1 18.7 11.4 15.6 11.8 17.6 3.0 17.2 8.8 10.9 10.4 13.0

Walk-in units 5.4 20.1 12.3 14.2 12.5 20.0 3.4 18.3 9.1 10.7 10.9 11.4

Cases or cabinets 5.8 26.4 13.9 17.6 15.5 21.9 3.7 18.7 8.8 10.4 11.8 11.5

Large cold storage areas 17.2 50.3 39.2 34.8 37.8 29.2 11.3 35.7 16.8 30.8 15.1 25.0

Commercial ice makers 5.5 19.1 12.9 16.5 13.7 19.1 3.5 17.6 8.7 10.7 12.1 11.2

Residential-type or compact units 4.3 18.8 11.6 16.5 11.5 19.4 3.2 17.1 9.2 11.2 10.3 14.8

Vending machines 6.1 26.0 14.9 15.0 15.6 13.1 3.8 19.6 9.4 11.1 12.1 12.0

No refrigeration 5.3 22.2 14.7 16.0 13.7 25.4 5.3 19.6 10.3 11.6 12.3 22.0

Office equipment

(more than one may apply)

Desktop computers 4.0 18.1 11.5 14.2 10.6 17.9 2.9 16.6 8.5 10.5 9.8 13.1

With multiple monitors 5.0 19.4 11.8 18.3 11.5 14.3 3.5 15.1 8.8 11.3 10.7 10.0

Laptop computers 4.0 17.3 12.7 15.4 10.5 15.5 3.0 17.9 9.3 10.8 9.8 11.5

Dedicated servers 4.9 16.8 10.3 16.8 13.2 18.3 3.3 16.7 8.8 11.2 10.1 12.4

Tablets charged in building 4.4 18.9 12.3 18.1 10.9 18.5 3.3 17.3 9.0 12.0 10.4 10.6

Large floor-standing office devicesc 4.4 15.2 12.4 16.5 10.7 16.9 3.0 16.1 9.1 10.9 9.6 11.2

Smaller desktop office devicesc 4.1 20.6 11.0 15.2 11.0 17.3 3.1 16.5 8.4 10.8 10.1 12.7

Interactive whiteboards 8.7 26.6 24.0 15.2 17.6 24.8 4.5 22.4 10.8 13.6 11.0 12.4

Televisions or video displays 3.8 15.7 11.2 14.8 11.4 16.4 3.0 16.5 8.7 10.8 10.1 12.1

Point-of-sale devices or cash 

registers 5.2 24.4 13.3 13.6 15.1 14.4 3.4 19.5 8.1 10.6 11.7 11.4

Food preparation or serving areas 

in non-food service buildings

(more than one may apply)

Snack bar, concession stand, or coffee 

shop 11.0 33.3 22.7 23.6 20.0 29.3 6.7 21.1 13.9 17.6 14.7 10.9

Fast food or small restaurant 9.4 35.5 15.6 27.0 25.2 34.8 5.9 25.4 11.5 14.0 14.6 13.0

Cafeteria or large restaurant 7.7 26.0 16.9 15.4 22.0 16.9 4.6 23.3 9.5 12.9 11.7 14.4

Commercial kitchen or

food preparation area 8.5 29.1 17.3 18.5 18.5 20.4 4.4 19.6 11.6 11.3 11.5 13.4

Small kitchen area 6.5 25.8 12.7 18.2 14.5 19.5 4.7 22.2 10.4 11.9 14.2 14.3

Separate computer areas

(more than one may apply)

Server closet 5.3 15.9 11.2 17.6 12.2 19.2 3.4 17.1 8.9 11.5 9.9 11.4

Data center 13.1 33.4 24.0 15.5 27.7 42.2 6.7 22.8 12.2 14.8 17.2 15.0

Computer-based training room 8.4 27.6 13.3 18.9 19.5 23.9 4.6 13.2 8.6 14.8 11.4 11.5

Student or public computer center 8.0 37.7 12.7 24.4 16.1 25.0 4.6 20.1 10.4 14.5 12.6 16.8
RSE

All

buildings

Cold or 

very cold Cool

Mixed 

mild Warm

Hot or 

very hot

All

buildings

Cold or 

very cold Cool

Mixed 

mild Warm

Hot or 

very hot

All buildings 3.9 18.8 11.8 15.1 11.4 18.8 3.1 17.0 8.3 10.5 10.0 14.1

Relative standard errors (RSEs) for Table B23. Climate zonea

, number of buildings and floorspace, 2018

RSEs for number of buildings RSEs for total floorspace 

Window and interior lighting 

features (more than one may

apply)

Multipaned windows 4.2 18.8 11.7 16.0 12.3 20.0 3.2 16.7 8.2 11.1 11.1 13.8

Tinted window glass 4.2 15.3 13.2 15.5 11.2 16.7 3.4 16.8 9.6 10.7 10.1 13.2

Reflective window glass 7.0 28.0 18.2 22.4 11.4 20.7 5.6 25.3 12.0 16.5 9.6 16.7

External overhangs or awnings 5.0 19.3 13.5 16.9 13.7 20.1 4.5 20.5 10.2 14.0 12.7 15.2

Skylights or atriums 7.1 21.1 18.6 16.6 11.6 28.7 4.5 15.5 12.1 12.1 9.7 14.0

Light scheduling 5.2 21.3 9.6 18.8 10.1 19.6 4.1 21.9 8.3 11.9 10.6 12.6

Occupancy sensors 6.5 24.0 14.9 18.9 9.9 23.2 3.8 20.3 9.4 11.2 9.7 11.3

Multilevel lighting or dimming 10.0 23.2 19.1 17.5 22.4 25.1 6.6 19.5 11.1 15.5 18.8 12.7

Daylight harvesting 12.0 33.4 29.1 22.5 19.7 36.8 6.3 23.2 14.1 12.9 13.0 15.7

Plug-load control 18.4 60.1 55.2 36.6 42.6 36.1 12.2 53.6 32.4 22.7 29.8 31.3

Demand responsive lighting 30.7 80.1 46.2 44.1 51.3 51.2 15.2 43.8 27.5 25.5 36.8 28.5

Building automation system (BAS) for 

lighting 9.3 30.1 19.4 24.2 14.3 25.0 5.2 19.5 10.0 15.2 9.8 13.1

Electric vehicle (EV) charging

Charging stations associated with the 

building 11.5 52.1 22.9 33.3 19.5 29.2 7.2 25.5 17.3 17.5 10.7 12.8

Data source: U.S. Energy Information Administration, Forms EIA-871A of the 2018 Commercial Buildings Energy Consumption Survey 

Note: RSE is a measure of the reliability or precision of a survey statistic. Variability occurs in survey statistics because the different samples that could be drawn would each produce 

different values for the survey statistics. Estimation of Standard Errors and What is a Relative Standard Error (RSE)? contain more information on how RSEs are estimated and used. 

Both references can be accessed from https://www.eia.gov/consumption/commercial/survey-background-technical-information.php.

a

Climate zones are based on ASHRAE Standard 169-2021; see https://www.eia.gov/consumption/commercial/maps.php#defined.

b

Other sources includes wood, coal, solar, and all other energy sources. c

Office devices refers to any combination of printers, copiers, scanners, or FAX machines.