Release date: September 2021

Revised date: December 2022

All

buildings

ElectricityNatural

gas

Fuel

oil

District

heat

District

chilled

water Propane Solar

Wood, 

coal, and 

other

All buildings 96,423 94,865 94,844 67,722 21,185 6,745 4,288 10,157 3,820 2,113

Building floorspace (square feet)

1,001 to 5,000 8,025 7,475 7,471 3,292 726 Q Q 1,047 Q 218

5,001 to 10,000 10,204 9,660 9,644 5,200 774 Q Q 995 Q 505

10,001 to 25,000 15,838 15,464 15,464 9,523 1,827 Q Q 1,700 467 Q

25,001 to 50,000 13,957 13,935 13,935 10,467 1,774 390 295 1,336 389 Q

50,001 to 100,000 15,302 15,269 15,269 11,988 2,893 1,117 831 1,325 391 Q

100,001 to 200,000 13,003 12,983 12,983 10,516 3,266 952 757 1,198 675 Q

200,001 to 500,000 11,776 11,761 11,761 9,674 4,541 1,450 988 1,256 661 Q

Over 500,000 8,317 8,317 8,317 7,062 5,383 2,281 1,155 1,299 978 Q

Principal building activity

Education 13,623 13,623 13,623 10,254 2,709 1,375 1,049 1,182 847 Q

Food sales 1,006 1,006 1,006 662 Q N N Q Q Q

Food service 1,385 1,385 1,385 987 Q Q Q 219 Q Q

Health care 4,018 4,018 4,018 3,370 2,499 887 665 234 Q Q

Inpatient 2,259 2,259 2,259 2,105 2,040 743 535 186 Q Q

Outpatient 1,760 1,760 1,760 1,265 458 Q Q Q Q Q

Lodging 6,976 6,976 6,976 5,842 2,161 813 371 1,101 Q Q

Mercantile 10,781 10,781 10,776 8,992 925 Q N 807 501 Q

Retail (other than mall) 5,193 5,193 5,188 3,585 442 Q N Q Q Q

Enclosed and strip malls 5,588 5,588 5,588 5,407 Q N N 495 Q Q

Office 16,662 16,662 16,662 11,283 5,419 1,853 786 664 724 Q

Public assembly 7,192 7,192 7,192 5,233 1,359 942 916 844 553 Q

Public order and safety 1,538 1,538 1,538 1,271 896 Q Q Q Q N

Religious worship 5,471 5,471 5,471 4,083 393 Q Q 730 Q Q

Service 6,240 6,208 6,208 3,343 1,463 Q N 681 Q 590

Warehouse and storage 17,483 16,351 16,335 10,309 2,098 Q Q 2,749 412 Q

Other 2,435 2,407 2,407 1,596 736 433 283 Q Q Q

Vacant 1,612 1,246 1,246 497 Q Q Q Q Q N

Year constructed

Before 1920 3,600 3,568 3,568 2,459 748 333 Q 385 Q Q

1920 to 1945 5,646 5,581 5,581 3,859 1,594 1,023 316 523 Q Q

1946 to 1959 6,937 6,823 6,823 5,019 1,346 686 296 771 Q Q

1960 to 1969 10,360 10,258 10,258 7,811 1,858 1,174 711 1,013 414 Q

1970 to 1979 13,061 12,902 12,902 9,088 2,842 985 661 1,604 323 342

1980 to 1989 13,465 13,298 13,298 8,770 3,200 727 469 1,557 544 Q

1990 to 1999 15,535 15,066 15,066 10,386 3,031 585 562 1,524 623 Q

2000 to 2009 17,500 17,254 17,254 12,833 4,069 721 569 1,540 817 Q

2010 to 2018 10,319 10,115 10,094 7,498 2,498 511 500 1,241 529 Q

Table B20. Energy sources, floorspace, 2018

Total floorspace (million square feet)

Energy sources used (more than one may apply)

Buildings 

using any 

energy 

source
All

buildings

ElectricityNatural

gas

Fuel

oil

District

heat

District

chilled

water Propane Solar

Wood, 

coal, and 

other

All buildings 96,423 94,865 94,844 67,722 21,185 6,745 4,288 10,157 3,820 2,113

Table B20. Energy sources, floorspace, 2018

Total floorspace (million square feet)

Energy sources used (more than one may apply)

Buildings 

using any 

energy 

source

Census region and division

Northeast 15,951 15,816 15,811 11,331 5,930 1,823 520 2,470 1,214 415

New England 3,749 3,737 3,737 1,861 1,639 394 Q 1,154 268 Q

Middle Atlantic 12,202 12,079 12,074 9,470 4,291 1,430 365 1,316 947 Q

Midwest 25,932 25,488 25,488 20,410 4,585 1,507 746 2,381 650 617

East North Central 17,561 17,374 17,374 14,491 2,913 1,204 656 1,293 425 412

West North Central 8,372 8,114 8,114 5,919 1,672 303 Q 1,088 Q Q

South 34,907 34,353 34,353 21,895 6,794 2,130 2,059 3,358 531 676

South Atlantic 17,923 17,732 17,732 10,285 4,355 1,234 1,027 2,260 378 404

East South Central 5,404 5,272 5,272 4,122 803 294 Q 376 Q Q

West South Central 11,580 11,349 11,349 7,488 1,637 Q 721 722 Q Q

West 19,633 19,208 19,192 14,086 3,875 1,284 963 1,948 1,424 405

Mountain 7,680 7,411 7,411 5,948 1,899 401 267 700 396 Q

Pacific 11,952 11,797 11,781 8,138 1,976 883 696 1,248 1,028 Q

Climate zonea

Cold or very cold 7,044 6,950 6,934 4,971 1,624 372 Q 1,339 Q Q

Cool 26,768 26,343 26,339 20,476 5,783 1,677 838 2,725 698 781

Mixed mild 25,096 24,731 24,731 18,756 7,834 2,747 1,273 2,853 1,614 406

Warm 25,085 24,605 24,605 17,686 3,526 1,588 1,344 1,867 753 459

Hot or very hot 12,429 12,235 12,235 5,833 2,418 360 731 1,374 578 Q

Number of workers (main shift)

Fewer than 5 21,065 19,556 19,535 9,828 1,835 Q Q 2,102 376 597

5 to 9 10,323 10,285 10,285 6,877 968 352 Q 1,203 Q Q

10 to 19 11,348 11,346 11,346 7,981 1,000 387 Q 1,507 Q Q

20 to 49 16,132 16,132 16,132 12,607 2,868 737 539 1,863 582 439

50 to 99 12,961 12,961 12,961 10,039 2,811 1,019 884 1,361 638 Q

100 to 249 12,442 12,433 12,433 10,867 3,839 930 608 1,072 767 Q

250 or more 12,152 12,152 12,152 9,523 7,864 2,934 1,703 1,049 1,131 Q

Weekly operating hours

Fewer than 40 10,766 10,196 10,191 6,020 1,110 Q Q 1,235 Q Q

40 to 48 18,826 18,744 18,744 12,381 2,800 560 521 1,918 545 414

49 to 60 22,845 22,739 22,739 16,045 4,410 1,253 677 1,875 956 474

61 to 84 14,736 14,613 14,613 11,214 2,839 1,235 1,001 1,327 704 376

85 to 167 10,038 9,803 9,803 7,378 2,330 654 477 1,515 559 Q

Open continuously 19,213 18,770 18,754 14,684 7,696 2,821 1,424 2,286 934 442

Ownership and occupancy

Nongovernment owned 74,728 73,221 73,201 51,735 14,809 3,637 1,937 8,634 2,121 1,813

Owner occupied 45,355 44,637 44,617 31,586 9,593 2,933 1,553 5,362 1,239 1,318

Leased to tenant or tenants 28,382 27,937 27,937 19,934 5,162 688 352 3,157 878 495

Unoccupied 990 647 647 Q Q Q Q Q Q N

Government owned 21,695 21,644 21,644 15,987 6,375 3,107 2,351 1,523 1,699 300

Federal 1,946 1,946 1,946 1,323 793 475 141 Q 253 Q

State 6,888 6,854 6,854 4,940 1,768 2,007 1,577 537 510 Q

Local 12,861 12,843 12,843 9,725 3,814 625 633 796 935 Q
All

buildings

ElectricityNatural

gas

Fuel

oil

District

heat

District

chilled

water Propane Solar

Wood, 

coal, and 

other

All buildings 96,423 94,865 94,844 67,722 21,185 6,745 4,288 10,157 3,820 2,113

Table B20. Energy sources, floorspace, 2018

Total floorspace (million square feet)

Energy sources used (more than one may apply)

Buildings 

using any 

energy 

source

Energy sources

(more than one may apply)

Electricity 94,844 94,844 94,844 67,722 21,185 6,745 4,288 10,152 3,803 2,113

Natural gas 67,722 67,722 67,722 67,722 14,958 4,333 2,925 4,568 3,321 1,282

Fuel oil 21,185 21,185 21,185 14,958 21,185 2,990 1,859 3,144 1,025 615

District heat 6,745 6,745 6,745 4,333 2,990 6,745 3,471 327 664 Q

District chilled water 4,288 4,288 4,288 2,925 1,859 3,471 4,288 Q 428 Q

Propane 10,157 10,157 10,152 4,568 3,144 327 Q 10,157 349 588

Solar 3,820 3,820 3,803 3,321 1,025 664 428 349 3,820 Q

Wood, coal, and other 2,113 2,113 2,113 1,282 615 Q Q 588 Q 2,113

Energy end uses

(more than one may apply)

Buildings with space heating 88,661 88,661 88,661 67,111 20,667 6,726 4,239 9,406 3,624 2,028

Buildings with cooling 87,506 87,506 87,506 65,200 20,304 6,554 4,288 9,237 3,743 1,807

Buildings with water heating 87,717 87,717 87,712 66,205 20,659 6,657 4,232 9,525 3,669 1,897

Buildings with cooking 43,580 43,580 43,580 36,167 12,946 3,553 2,041 5,559 2,558 930

Buildings with manufacturing 6,871 6,871 6,871 5,261 1,356 284 Q 1,319 Q Q

Buildings with electricity

generation 29,457 29,457 29,441 23,977 18,298 3,848 2,298 3,533 3,784 1,272

Buildings with lighting 94,103 94,103 94,103 67,507 21,185 6,745 4,288 10,131 3,803 2,113

Food preparation or serving areas 

in non-food service buildings

(more than one may apply)

Snack bar, concession stand, or coffee 

shop 10,361 10,361 10,361 9,183 4,763 1,722 1,138 1,276 1,034 Q

Fast food or small restaurant 9,759 9,759 9,759 8,725 3,272 1,064 798 1,153 838 Q

Cafeteria or large restaurant 14,531 14,531 14,531 12,499 6,481 2,009 1,216 1,620 1,236 Q

Commercial kitchen or

food preparation area 17,698 17,698 17,698 16,013 6,549 1,960 1,238 2,477 1,266 555

Small kitchen area 20,519 20,519 20,519 16,505 6,252 1,725 1,054 2,993 1,176 Q

Data source: U.S. Energy Information Administration, Form EIA-871A of the 2018 Commercial Buildings Energy Consumption Survey 

Notes: Because of rounding, data may not sum to totals. The Guide to the 2018 CBECS Tables and CBECS Terminology contain definitions of terms used in these tables and 

comparisons between previous CBECS tables. You can access both references from http://www.eia.gov/consumption/commercial/data/2018/. 

Data are sample survey estimates with relative standard errors published in a tab on the Excel worksheet for this table.

a

Climate zones are based on ASHRAE Standard 169-2021; see https://www.eia.gov/consumption/commercial/maps.php#defined.

Q = Data withheld either because the relative standard error was greater than 50% or the reporting sample had fewer than 20 buildings.

N = No buildings in reporting sample.
RSE

Release date: September 2021

Revised date: December 2022

All

buildings

ElectricityNatural

gas

Fuel

oil

District

heat

District

chilled

water Propane Solar

Wood, 

coal, and 

other

All buildings 3.1 3.0 3.0 3.4 5.4 11.4 13.7 7.6 11.5 14.0

Building floorspace (square feet)

1,001 to 5,000 5.3 5.5 5.5 8.1 16.3 76.8 71.4 13.7 43.4 28.9

5,001 to 10,000 5.8 5.7 5.7 8.2 27.5 41.3 73.2 16.7 36.1 28.4

10,001 to 25,000 6.1 6.2 6.2 7.2 15.3 28.6 33.1 18.9 26.2 31.8

25,001 to 50,000 5.6 5.6 5.6 6.6 14.4 27.1 34.7 17.5 25.9 35.7

50,001 to 100,000 5.3 5.3 5.3 5.6 8.8 20.3 28.5 15.3 23.0 38.8

100,001 to 200,000 5.5 5.5 5.5 6.2 9.4 21.8 24.2 14.8 18.3 38.6

200,001 to 500,000 5.0 5.0 5.0 5.5 7.4 18.2 19.7 12.8 14.7 45.3

Over 500,000 8.6 8.6 8.6 9.2 11.3 13.2 15.4 29.1 24.9 49.3

Principal building activity

Education 5.3 5.3 5.3 6.6 12.0 21.0 23.7 15.2 17.5 50.1

Food sales 17.0 17.0 17.0 17.1 49.6 0.0 0.0 46.2 78.4 65.7

Food service 8.5 8.5 8.5 10.4 38.5 81.8 88.1 18.7 72.3 58.3

Health care 5.5 5.5 5.5 6.3 7.1 16.4 20.2 28.2 47.1 54.0

Inpatient 7.2 7.2 7.2 7.5 8.0 15.9 20.0 35.4 50.6 70.2

Outpatient 8.0 8.0 8.0 10.3 16.4 53.1 58.4 43.0 53.7 59.8

Lodging 8.3 8.3 8.3 8.7 18.8 24.8 26.5 27.8 40.4 63.6

Mercantile 6.0 6.0 6.0 6.3 19.5 70.4 0.0 18.5 21.1 30.0

Retail (other than mall) 8.6 8.6 8.6 10.9 32.4 70.4 0.0 27.9 38.5 48.7

Enclosed and strip malls 7.6 7.6 7.6 7.7 28.3 0.0 0.0 27.2 23.4 42.2

Office 5.5 5.5 5.5 6.3 10.1 15.2 16.9 20.1 20.5 41.0

Public assembly 5.8 5.8 5.8 6.9 12.2 16.9 19.5 19.2 26.8 37.5

Public order and safety 15.9 15.9 15.9 16.9 18.7 47.5 66.8 49.7 39.5 0.0

Religious worship 9.3 9.3 9.3 11.7 28.0 104.2 83.0 20.7 2.8 52.2

Service 8.1 8.0 8.0 10.5 16.1 64.1 0.0 18.7 52.9 25.2

Warehouse and storage 7.2 7.4 7.4 8.6 17.2 86.2 45.5 14.0 32.1 33.0

Other 15.1 15.4 15.4 19.3 25.7 32.8 31.5 36.4 67.5 107.2

Vacant 14.1 15.8 15.8 19.7 31.3 62.3 74.0 54.5 2.7 0.0

Year constructed

Before 1920 10.8 10.8 10.8 12.7 22.4 33.8 44.3 31.3 53.5 56.9

1920 to 1945 8.8 8.9 8.9 11.1 20.0 29.6 35.0 21.6 46.2 65.9

1946 to 1959 7.6 7.8 7.8 9.4 16.9 23.5 34.6 17.8 26.7 34.0

1960 to 1969 5.2 5.2 5.2 6.2 10.3 22.8 30.8 15.9 22.6 38.7

1970 to 1979 6.0 5.8 5.8 6.5 10.7 14.9 19.4 14.7 25.2 29.8

1980 to 1989 5.9 5.9 5.9 6.9 13.9 16.2 20.3 21.4 22.4 37.7

1990 to 1999 6.6 6.5 6.5 7.0 11.1 20.2 26.2 15.8 19.7 29.7

2000 to 2009 6.3 6.4 6.4 6.4 9.2 16.7 20.4 13.8 19.4 32.9

2010 to 2018 7.6 7.7 7.7 9.0 14.5 30.4 26.4 20.3 16.4 36.6

Relative standard errors (RSEs) for Table B20. Energy sources, floorspace, 2018

RSEs for total floorspace 

Buildings 

using any 

energy 

source

Energy sources used (more than one may apply)
RSE

All

buildings

ElectricityNatural

gas

Fuel

oil

District

heat

District

chilled

water Propane Solar

Wood, 

coal, and 

other

All buildings 3.1 3.0 3.0 3.4 5.4 11.4 13.7 7.6 11.5 14.0

Relative standard errors (RSEs) for Table B20. Energy sources, floorspace, 2018

RSEs for total floorspace 

Buildings 

using any 

energy 

source

Energy sources used (more than one may apply)

Census region and division

Northeast 7.2 7.1 7.1 8.2 10.3 9.5 18.4 13.8 24.6 33.3

New England 10.8 10.8 10.8 11.8 16.7 29.5 40.2 16.2 24.0 48.6

Middle Atlantic 8.8 8.7 8.8 9.6 12.6 9.4 20.0 21.5 30.9 45.1

Midwest 7.4 7.3 7.3 7.5 10.3 18.6 25.4 14.8 19.0 30.7

East North Central 10.4 10.3 10.3 9.3 13.2 24.2 27.3 18.7 22.2 32.5

West North Central 7.9 7.7 7.7 13.6 17.9 17.2 41.2 23.0 36.6 65.2

South 6.1 6.0 6.0 6.3 7.9 30.2 26.8 13.9 26.4 18.5

South Atlantic 6.8 6.7 6.7 7.1 10.2 44.2 40.5 18.5 32.9 21.0

East South Central 20.3 20.1 20.1 22.3 24.2 49.6 51.2 26.6 58.9 43.2

West South Central 11.5 11.7 11.7 8.6 13.4 53.4 47.5 25.5 47.8 53.0

West 7.1 7.0 7.0 8.6 17.2 16.5 17.1 22.7 16.2 33.9

Mountain 13.1 13.4 13.4 16.2 31.4 33.8 31.0 40.8 31.9 46.6

Pacific 8.1 7.7 7.7 8.9 15.7 18.4 20.5 27.3 18.7 48.7

Climate zonea

Cold or very cold 17.0 17.3 17.3 23.3 16.4 24.8 44.4 15.8 42.5 43.2

Cool 8.3 8.2 8.2 8.9 11.1 20.6 21.4 14.2 21.4 26.3

Mixed mild 10.5 10.6 10.6 10.8 12.4 17.9 31.8 21.5 23.3 35.6

Warm 10.0 10.0 10.0 11.1 11.1 31.8 31.2 17.3 12.7 21.6

Hot or very hot 14.1 13.6 13.6 13.3 13.6 25.5 17.0 15.5 27.5 39.4

Number of workers (main shift)

Fewer than 5 5.9 5.9 5.9 8.1 14.7 26.8 38.3 12.2 24.7 25.5

5 to 9 6.9 6.9 6.9 9.0 18.7 24.8 44.1 19.1 41.8 28.8

10 to 19 7.4 7.4 7.4 8.6 18.3 25.6 32.3 14.4 35.7 68.8

20 to 49 4.8 4.8 4.8 5.6 10.3 23.1 29.8 12.5 20.7 28.7

50 to 99 5.9 5.9 5.9 6.4 9.0 26.1 29.4 17.0 22.8 39.1

100 to 249 5.6 5.6 5.6 6.1 8.8 17.4 21.7 13.3 20.0 45.1

250 or more 6.4 6.4 6.4 6.9 8.5 12.0 11.4 32.2 21.7 44.4

Weekly operating hours

Fewer than 40 6.6 6.7 6.8 9.5 13.7 27.7 41.7 14.2 56.2 45.0

40 to 48 5.1 5.0 5.0 5.8 10.0 25.2 28.4 13.1 25.7 32.2

49 to 60 4.3 4.4 4.4 5.2 9.8 20.9 22.6 14.8 17.1 22.6

61 to 84 5.3 5.3 5.3 5.3 10.4 26.8 31.1 18.8 19.3 35.7

85 to 167 6.2 6.2 6.2 6.5 14.1 18.1 21.8 17.7 18.3 29.8

Open continuously 5.0 5.0 5.0 5.6 7.7 13.5 14.2 15.5 26.9 31.3

Ownership and occupancy

Nongovernment owned 3.3 3.3 3.3 3.9 6.2 13.0 20.8 8.1 14.8 14.2

Owner occupied 3.3 3.3 3.3 4.2 7.5 14.1 24.9 9.0 17.6 16.8

Leased to tenant or tenants 4.8 4.7 4.7 5.1 8.4 19.7 25.8 12.0 18.1 27.1

Unoccupied 19.2 22.9 22.9 36.0 45.1 51.6 79.1 62.6 2.7 0.0

Government owned 6.0 6.0 6.0 5.8 6.9 17.3 18.3 15.5 16.2 38.7

Federal 16.1 16.1 16.1 18.5 29.1 34.9 30.2 36.3 33.9 58.7

State 11.8 11.9 11.9 11.0 12.1 26.0 26.7 30.0 30.6 95.0

Local 6.0 6.0 6.0 7.0 8.9 17.8 15.7 15.1 19.7 49.8
RSE

All

buildings

ElectricityNatural

gas

Fuel

oil

District

heat

District

chilled

water Propane Solar

Wood, 

coal, and 

other

All buildings 3.1 3.0 3.0 3.4 5.4 11.4 13.7 7.6 11.5 14.0

Relative standard errors (RSEs) for Table B20. Energy sources, floorspace, 2018

RSEs for total floorspace 

Buildings 

using any 

energy 

source

Energy sources used (more than one may apply)

Energy sources

(more than one may apply)

Electricity 3.0 3.0 3.0 3.4 5.4 11.4 13.7 7.6 11.6 14.0

Natural gas 3.4 3.4 3.4 3.4 6.2 12.0 13.4 11.4 12.1 18.6

Fuel oil 5.4 5.4 5.4 6.2 5.4 13.3 14.0 14.0 21.6 25.6

District heat 11.4 11.4 11.4 12.0 13.3 11.4 14.4 32.5 22.2 56.6

District chilled water 13.7 13.7 13.7 13.4 14.0 14.4 13.7 37.9 26.4 58.2

Propane 7.6 7.6 7.6 11.4 14.0 32.5 37.9 7.6 28.8 26.5

Solar 11.5 11.5 11.6 12.1 21.6 22.2 26.4 28.8 11.5 56.5

Wood, coal, and other 14.0 14.0 14.0 18.6 25.6 56.6 58.2 26.5 56.5 14.0

Energy end uses

(more than one may apply)

Buildings with space heating 3.0 3.0 3.0 3.4 5.5 11.4 13.9 8.2 11.9 14.2

Buildings with cooling 3.0 3.0 3.0 3.3 5.4 11.6 13.7 8.3 11.7 14.5

Buildings with water heating 2.9 2.9 2.9 3.3 5.5 11.5 13.8 7.8 11.8 14.7

Buildings with cooking 3.1 3.1 3.1 3.3 6.3 11.9 11.9 9.7 12.0 21.3

Buildings with manufacturing 7.9 7.9 7.9 9.2 18.2 29.5 34.6 14.1 33.4 35.3

Buildings with electricity

generation 4.4 4.4 4.4 4.5 5.9 12.6 12.1 14.5 11.5 17.2

Buildings with lighting 3.0 3.0 3.0 3.3 5.4 11.4 13.7 7.7 11.6 14.0

Food preparation or serving areas 

in non-food service buildings

(more than one may apply)

Snack bar, concession stand, or coffee 

shop 6.7 6.7 6.7 7.1 11.6 18.9 16.1 26.6 17.9 39.8

Fast food or small restaurant 5.9 5.9 5.9 5.9 12.2 16.7 16.7 28.6 20.4 38.6

Cafeteria or large restaurant 4.6 4.6 4.6 5.0 8.8 13.7 13.6 20.1 17.5 37.3

Commercial kitchen or

food preparation area 4.4 4.4 4.4 4.6 8.2 17.5 15.4 16.1 17.0 28.8

Small kitchen area 4.7 4.7 4.7 5.4 9.4 19.7 15.2 13.4 18.8 38.8

Data source: U.S. Energy Information Administration, Form EIA-871A of the 2018 Commercial Buildings Energy Consumption Survey 

Note: RSE is a measure of the reliability or precision of a survey statistic. Variability occurs in survey statistics because the different samples that could be drawn would each 

produce different values for the survey statistics. Estimation of Standard Errors and What is a Relative Standard Error (RSE)? contain more information on how RSEs are 

estimated and used. Both references can be accessed from https://www.eia.gov/consumption/commercial/survey-background-technical-information.php.

a

Climate zones are based on ASHRAE Standard 169-2021; see https://www.eia.gov/consumption/commercial/maps.php#defined.