p.1 

OAR Box 1147 

Prepped by Ollie Stewart 

Document Number: 

154) IV-E-27 

Docket Number: 

A-87-11 

Printed 4/22/2008 2:42:55 PM Sheet 154 of 242 
P.2 

UNITED STATES ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION AGENCY 

ANN ARBOR. MICHIGA N 48105 

OFFICE OF 

AIR AND RADIATION 

FEB 2 5 1988 

MEMORANDUM 

SUBJECT: EPA/Exxon Meeting Regarding Onboard Controls 

FROM: Glenn W. Passavant, Senior Project Manager /Wt*~-^i*******"^ 

Standards Development and Support Branch 

TO: Public Dockets A-87-11 and A-85-21 

THRU: Chester J. France, Chief 

Standards Development and i 

On January 25, 1988 representatives of Exxon Research and 

Engineering Company met with representatives of EPA's Office of 

Mobile Sources at the Motor Vehicle Emission Laboratory in Ann 

Arbor, Michigan to discuss recent research Exxon has done to 

develop onboard refueling emission controls. Representatives 

of the American Petro.leum Institute and the National Highway 

Traffic Safety Administration were also present. Copies of the 

handouts that were followed at the meeting and a list of the 

attendees is attached. Most of the material discussed at the 

meeting is detailed in the handouts, 

pieces of information should be added. 

However, several other 

First, during discussion of Exxon's study of service 

station storage tank vent emissions, Exxon stated that a 

pressure/vacuum relief valve installed at the end of the vent 

pipe seemed to eliminate most of the emissions. A 1/2 oz 

vacuum/8 oz pressure valve such as those now commercially 

available was discussed as a possible option. However, Exxon 

felt that they needed to do more work to complete their study. 

Second, with regard to the onboard hardware work conducted 

by Exxon, it should be noted that the vehicle did not use a 

mechanical seal , or J-seal, but a flowing liquid seal was 

achieved, b>y..-t,-h'ea"inward air flow during refueling and the fact 

that •'the,. • tank had a partially submerged fillpipe during 

refueling. The refueling emissions work done on the vehicle 

used 9.0 RVP^fuel with dispensed and tank temperatures of 83°F. 
P.3 

Third, during the discussion of the information on tank 

pressures and running losses, Exxon provided the following tank 

temperature rise data for the tank pressure measurements: 

Trans AM (31F°), Corolla (22F°), Cressida (16F°), 1985 LeBaron 

(26F°), 1988 LeBaron (29°F), Accord (13F0), Civic (14F°), 

LeSabre (18F°), Spectrum (18F°) and Chrysler 600 (22F°). Data 

was not available for the other vehicles. 

Finally, in addition to the material contained in the 

handouts, API described some additional contract work they now 

had underway regarding vapor flammability and a Failure Modes 

and Effects Analysis for onboard equipped vehicles. They.also 

described some preliminary results. API planned to submit 

information on both of these areas as part of their formal 

comments. 

Finally, in response to questions, EPA shared with Exxon 

and API our view of NHTSA's concerns regarding onboard vapor 

recovery systems. The NHTSA representative concurred that in 

general our understanding of NHTSA's concerns was correct. 

Attachment 
P.4 

EPA/APl-Exxon/NHTSA Meeting 

Onboard Vapor Recovery Systems 

January 25, 1988 

R.J. Campion Exxon USA 

Hugh Shannon Exxon USA 

Ed Crockett API 

George Musser Exxon USA 

J.J. Liu NHTSA 

Charles Gray EPA 

Chet France EPA 

John Anderson EPA 

Glenn Passavant EPA 

Peter Hutchins EPA 

Paul Laing EPA 

Kathy Steilen EPA 

Jean Schwendeman EPA 
P.5 

RATE OF AIR IN VS GASOLINE SOLD 

K 

D 

O 

r 

tt 

tti 

CL 

a. 

IA 

Z 

o 

400 — 

300 -

200 -

100 -

100 -

o 

- ! " 1 '" 

UNOEN 

Q rf> ^ 

^ ^ °cP 

' 1 1 " 

a a 

... . T .. 

a 

i —iTMM 

100 200 300 400 

GALLONS FUEL PER HOUR 

UN DEN DATA REGRESSION 
P.6 

D 

O 

r 

£ 

UJ 

a 

tt 

IA 

Z 

0 

400 

300 -

200 -

100 -

RATE OF AIR IN VS GASOLINE SOLD 

WASH. D.C. 

-10 0 

300 

GALLONS FUEL PER HOUR 

D WASH. D.C. DATA REGRESSION 

400 
P.7 

RATE OF AIR IN VS GASOLINE SOLD 

0. 

o 

r 

UJ 

CL 

(L. 

IA 

Z 

0 

_l 

i 

o 

300 -

200 -

100 -

WASH. D.C. WITH ONBOARD VEHICLES 

S^*-""""*^ 

- ^ 

IIII I 

--"a 

a 

i 

a 

i 

100 

D WASH. D.C. DATA 

200 

GALLONS FUEL PER HOUR 

300 

REGRESSION 

400 
P.8 

29. 

50. 

098 

034 

58. 18 

112. 

162. 

169. 

173. 

184. 

193. 

198. 

mil. .*-:.8 . 

242. 

3 3 0 -

745 

994 

542 

615 

693 

804 

104 

103 

554 

243 

225 

LINDEN SERVICE STATION 

GPH FUEL GPH AIR GPH AIR CALC AIR 

-37.091 -37.0909 -77.5129 Regression Output: 

-72.976 -72.9756 -57.5899 Constant -105.203 

0 0 -49.8380 Std Err of V Est 69.17116 

0 0 2.086720 R Squared 0.630177 

71.808 71.808 49.90437 No. of Observations 15 

74.132 74.18181 56.13554 Degrees of Freedom 13 

82.349 82.34862 60.01146 

36.488 36.48730 70.55344 X Coefficient(s) 0.951614 

33 33 79.22359 Std Err of Coef. 0.202187 

39.026 39.02603 83.31553 

42.743 42.74235 111.8630 

.123.229 .1.23.2285 125.6147 

41.556 41.55555 126.0392 

400.714 400.7142 209.0437 

335.331 - 163.2 163.2 214.3784 

194.161 - 70.125 70.125 77.70096 WASH DC WITHOUT ONBOARD 

190.034 75.429 75.42857 75.79124 

98.087 39.026 39.02608 33.24744 Regression Output: 

45.322 . 0 0 3.833196 Constant -12.1373 

4.426 0 O -10.0894 Std Err of Y Est 29.21260 

23.9 0 0 1.234576 R Squared 0.721963 

205.991 33.244 33.24444 83.17479 No. of Observations 18 

292.686 179.52 179.52 123.2836 Degrees of Freedom 16 

243.244 36.4SS 36.48780 100.4116 

201.779 76.713 76.71794 81.22607 X Coefficient !s) 0.462700 

206.224 75.429 75.42857 83.28233 Std Err of Coef. 0.071785 

239.649 1.52.136 152.1355 93.74340 

276.778 107.712 107.712 115.9277 

120 38.69 38.68965 43.38663 

138.605 75.429 75.42857 51.99520 WASH WITH ONBOARD 

21 0 0 -2.42076 

9.508 0 0 -7.73739 Regression Output: 

30.432 0 0. 1.943434 Constant -32.7434 

Std Err of V Est 28.40244 

204.912 107.712 107.712 96.74180 R Squared 0.706366 

300.435 144.774 144.7741 157.1037 No. of Observations 4 

338.589 207.778 207.7777 181.2131 Degrees of Freedom 2 

299.072 131.036 131.0364 156.2418 

0 -32.74- X Coef f i ci ent (s) 0.631906 

Std Err of Coef. 0.288033 
P.9 

DATE 

03DEC87 

033ECB7: 

03DEC87: 

03DEC87: 

03DEC87: 

03DEC87: 

03DEC87: 

03DEC87: 

03DEC87: 

04DEC87: 

04DEC87: 

04DEC87: 

04DEC87: 

04DEC87: 

04DEC97: 

04DEC87: 

04DEC87: 

0BDEC87: 

08DEC87: 

08DEC87: 

08DEC87: 

09DEC87: 

09DEC87: 

09DEC87: 

09DEC87: 

09DEC87: 

09DEC87: 

09DEC87: 

09DEC87: 

09DEC87: 

09DEC97: 

09DEC87: 

09DEC37: 

10DECB7: 

10DEC87: 

10DEC87: 

11DEC87: 

11DEC87: 

11DEC87: 

11DEC97: 

110EC97: 

TIME LDC 

10:09 

11:57 LINDEN 

13:42 LINDEN 

15:58 LINDEN 

17:06 LINDEN 

18:02 LINDEN 

19:52 LINDEN 

21:57 LINDEN 

23:57 LINDEN 

01:57 LINDEN 

04:00 LINDEN 

06:01 LINDEN 

07:50 LINDEN 

09:53 LINDEN 

11:54 LINDEN 

13:49 LINDEN 

14:59 LINDEN 

17:55 UASHDC 

20:03 UASHDC 

22:02 UASHDC 

23:57 UASHDC 

01:58 UASHDC 

04:00 UASHDC 

06:00 UASHDC 

08:15 UASHDC 

09:55 UASHDC 

11:58 UASHDC 

13:55 UASHDC 

15:54 UASHDC 

17:52 UASHDC 

19:57 UASHDC 

21:53 UASHDC 

23:52 UASHDC 

02:02 UASHDC 

04:00 UASHDC 

06:05 UASHDC 

05:55 UASHOB 

08:00 UASHOB 

10:04 UASHOB 

11:52 UASHOB 

14:09 UASHOB 

VAPORIN 

74.8 

74.8 

74.8 

0 

299.2 

299.2 

149.6 

0 

0 

0 

-74.8 

149.6 

74.8 

149.6 

74.8 

149.6 

0 

149.6 

149.6 

74.3 

0 

0 

0 

74.8 

299.2 

74.8 

149.6 

149.6 

224.4 

224.4 

74.8 

149.6 

0 

0 

74.8 

0 

149.6 

299.2 

299.2 

224.4 

VAPOROUT VAPOR 

0 

0 

0 

0 

-74.8 

0 

0 

0 

• 0 

149.6 

0 

0 

0 

0 

0 

0 

0 

0 

0 

0 

0 

0 

0 

0 

0 

0 

0 

o 

-74.8 

0 

0 

0 

0 

0 

74.8 

0 

-74.8 

0 

-74.8 

-74.3 

74.8 

74.8 

74.8 

0 

374 

299.2 

149.6 

0 

0 

-149.6 

-74.8 

149.6 

74.8 

149.6 

74.8 

149.6 

0 

149.6 

149.6 

74.8 

0 

0 

0 

74.8 

299.2 

. 74.8 

149.6 

149.6 

299.2 

224.4 

74.8 

149.6 

0 

0 

0 

0 

224.4 

299.2 

374 

299.2 

YAPORUITHDROP 

74.8 

74.8 

74.8 

972.4 

374 

299.2 

149.6 

0 

0 

-149.6 

-74.8 

149.6 

74.8 

149.6 

74.8 

149.6 

0 

149.6 

149.6 

74.8 

0 

0 

0 

74.8 

299.2 

74.8 

149.6 

149.6 

299.2 

224.4 

74.3 

149.6 

0 

0 

0 

o 

224.4 

299.2 

374 

299.2 

TOTVAP 

0 

74.8 

149.6 

224.4 

224.4 

598.4 

897.6 

1047.2 

1047.2 

1047.2 

897.6 

822.8 

972.4 

1047.2 

1196.8 

1271.6 

1421.2 

0 

149.6 

299.2 

374 

374 

374 

374 

448.8 

.748 

822.8 

972.4 

1122 

1421.2 

1645.6 

1720.4 

1870 

1370 

1870 

1870 

0 

224.4 

523.6 

897.6 

1196.8 

T0TVAPU1THDR0P RATEVAP 8HHC1 

0 

74.8 

149.6 

224.4 

1196.8 

1570.8 

1870 

2019.6 

2019.6 

2019.6 

1870 

1795.2 

1944.8 

2019.6 

2169.2 

2244 

2393.6 

149.6 

299.2 

374 

374 

374 

374 

448.8 

748 

S22.8 

972.4 

1122 

1421.2 

1645.6 

1720.4 

1870 

1870 

1870 

1870 

224.4 

523.6 

897.6 

1196.3 

41.556 

42.743 

33 

0 

400.714 

163.2 

71.808 

0 

0 

-72.976 

-37.091 

82.349 

36.488 

74.182 

39.026 

128.229 

, 

70.125 

75.429 

39.026 

0 

0 

0 

33.244 

179.52 

36.483 

76.718 

75.429 

152.136 

107.712 

38.69 

75.429 

0 . 

0 

0 

, 

107.712 

144.774 . 

207.778 

131.036 

0 

0 

0 

0 

0 

38.4818 

0 

-0.6926 

-0.0385 
P.10 

DATE TINE LOC 

03DEC87 10:09 

03DEC87 

03DEC87 

03DEC87 

03DEC87 

03DEC87 

03DEC87 

03DEC87 

03DEC87 

04DEC87 

04DEC87 

04DEC87 

04DEC87 

04DEC87 

04DEC87 

04DEC87 

04DEC87 

0BDECB7 

08DEC37 

0BDEC87 

08DEC37 

090EC87 

09DEC87 

09DEC87 

09DEC87 

09DEC87 

09DEC87 

09DEC37. 

09DEC37 

09DEC37: 

09DEC87: 

09DEC87: 

09DEC87: 

10DEC87: 

10DEC37: 

10DEC87: 

11DEC87: 

11DEC87: 

11DEC87: 

11DEC87: 

11DEC87: 

: 11:57 LINDEN 

: 13:42 LINDEN 

: 15:53 LINDEN 

: 17:06 LINDEN 

: 18:02 LINDEN ' 

: 19:52 LINDEN 

: 21:57 LINDEN 

: 23:57 LINDEN 

01:57 LINDEN 

: 04:00 LINDEN 

06:01 LINDEN 

07:50 LINDEN 

09:53 LINDEN 

11:54 LINDEN 

13:49 LINDEN 

14:59 LINDEN 

17:55 UASHDC 

20:03 UASHDC 

22:02 UASHDC 

23:57 UASHDC 

01:58 UASHDC 

04:00 UASHDC 

06:00 UASHDC 

08:15 UASHDC 

09:55 UASHDC 

11:53 UASHDC 

13:55 UASHDC 

i5:54 UASHDC 

17:52 UASHDC 

19:57 UASHDC 

21:53 UASHDC 

23:52 UASHDC 

02:02 UASHDC 

04:00 UASHDC 

06:05 UASHDC 

05:55 UASHOB 

08:00 UASHOB 

10:04 UASHOB 

11:52 UASHOB 

14:09 UASHOB 

DELTIME 

0 

1.8 

1.75 

2.26667 

1.13333 

0.93333 

1.83333 

TOTIHE 

0 

1.8 

3.55 

5.81667 

6.95 

7.38333 

9.71666 

2.08333 11.79999 

2 

2 

2.05 

2.01667 

1.81667 

2.05 

2.01667 

13.79999 

15.79999 

17.84999 

19.86666 

21.68333 

23.73333 

25.75 

1.91667 27.66667 

1.16667 

0 

<L« 1 i-3 00 

1.9B333 

1.91667 

2.01667 

1 r,7TTT 

. . . IJm>m>Jm1 

2.25 

1.66667 

2.05 

1.95 

1.9S333 

1.96667 

2.08333 

1.93333 

1.98333 

28.83334 

0 

T 17777. 

Am. 1 jJw" J 

4.11666 

6.03333 

8.05 

10.08333 

12.03333 

14.33333 

16 

18.05 

20 

21.98333 

23.95 

26.03333 

27.96666 

29.94999 

2.16667 32.11666 

1.96667 34.08333 

2.08333 36.16666 

0 

2.08333 

2.06667 

1.3 

1 90777 

mml fcC JO ^ 

0 

2.08333 

4.15 

5.95 

•3 T777? 

O l A-tJsi<J-> 

SALFUEL 

0 

437.4 

399.18 

439.29 

406.67 

308.21 

615.69 

339.57 

225.49 

116.36 

102.57 

58.68 

315.4 

373.62 

341.91 

379.7 

282.98 

0 

414.21 

376.9 

188 

91.4 

9 

57.8 

463.48 

487.81 

498.65 

393.47 

409.01 

471.31 

576.62 

232 

274.9 

45.5 

18.7 

63.4 

0 

426.9 

620.9 

609.46 

682.38 

TOTFUEL 

0 

437.4 

836.58 

1275.37 

1682.54 

1990.75 

2606.44 

2946.01 

3171.5 

3287.86 

3390.43 

3449.11 

3764.51 

4143.13 

4485.04 

4864.74 

5147.72 

o 

414.21 

791.11 

979.11 

1070.51 

1079.51 

1137.31 

1600.79 

2088.6 

2587.25 

2980.72 

3339.73 

3B61.04 

4437.66 

4669.66 

4944.56 

4990.06 

5008.76 

5072.16 

0 

426.9 

1047.8 

1657.26 

2340.14 

RATEFUEL 

243 

228.103 

193.804 

358.826 

330.225 

335.831 

162.994 

112.745 

58.18 

50.034 

29.098 

173.615 

184.693 

169.542 

198.104 

242.554 

, 

194.161 

190.034 

98.087 

45.322 

4.426 

28.9 

205.991 

292.686 

243.244 

201.779 

206.224 

239.649 

276.779 

120 

133.605 

21 

9.503 

30.432 

, 

204.912 

300.435 

338.589 

299.072 
SERVICE STATION STORAGE TANK VENT EMISSIONS 

PRODUCTS RESEARCH DIVISION 

EXXON RESEARCH & ENGINEERING COMPANY 

JANUARY 25, 1988 
OBJECTIVE 

DETERMINE EFFECT OF ONBOARD VEHICLES ON STORAGE TANK VENT 

EMISSIONS IN SERVICE STATIONS WITH STAGE I I 

APPROACH 

• DETERMINE STORAGE TANK VENT FLOWS BOTH I N AND OUT WITH LOW 

PRESSURE DROP DRY GAS METERS 

CONTINUOUSLY MONITOR THE VENT FLOW FOR HC BY NDIR 

y 

to 
EQUIPMENT 

• 2 AMERICAN METER CO./SINGER CO. DRY GAS METERS MODEL AL-425 

(425 CTH AT 0.5 IN. H20) 

• SUN INFRA 2 MODEL 102 NDIR HC ANALYZER 

• 2 PING PONG BALL CHECK VALVES 

SERVICE STATIONS 

LINDEN RESEARCH SERVICE STATION 

- 1/4 IN. ORIFICE IN RAIN CAP ON 3 IN. VENT PIPE 

- PV VALVE 2 IN. (0.5 OZ VAC. 8 OZ PRESSURE) 

WASHINGTON, D.C. 

- STAGE II 

- 2 IN. VENT PIPE WITHOUT RAIN CAP 
P.14 

Ping Pong 

FLOW SCHEMATIC 
P.15 

O 

-I 

0 

in 

lllr-m 

z « 

il 

3 

GASOLINE VOLUME THROUGHPUT 

RESEARCH SERVICE STATION 2ND TIME 

120 

HOURS MONITORED 

GALLONS FUEL PUMPED 
P.16 

400 

RATE OF AIR IN VS GASOLINE SOLD 

RESEARCH STATION WFTH ORIFICE 

300 -

(E 

D 

O 

r 

a. 

a 

200 

ta 

z 

2 

i 

100 

D a 

-100 

~ I 

100 

I I 

200 300 400 

GALLONS FUEL PER HOUR 

a WITH ORIFICE DATA REGRESSION 
P.17 

a. 

D 

o 

r 

K 

UJ 

a 

a. 

IA 

A. 

S 

400 

300 -

200 -

100 -

RATE OF AIR IN VS GASOLINE SOLD 

RESEARCH STATION WITH PV VALVE 

-100 

200 300 400 

GALLONS FUEL PER HOUR 

a wrm PV VALVE REGRESSION 
P.18 

" T r 

STORAGE TANK VENT AIR INTAKE 

RESEARCH SERVICE STATION 2ND TIME 

z 

is 

<§ 

%r- 0 ~ 

J 

-I 

< 

End of Drop 

Qooooaoa o 

End of Drop 

*—i—i—i—i—i—i—i-

-fh-h I 

End of Drop 

r~ e-eH 1 1 1 r-1 

T 

O WfTH ORIFICE 

_ , j , , 

20 40 

HOURS MONfTORED 

+ wrm PV VALVE 

a a a ^ 

-~r~ 

60 
P.19 

GASOLINE VOLUME THROUGHPUT 

AT UNDEN Se WASH. D.C. 

L) r^ 

z « 

n 

n 

lArZ ^ 

s 

5 -

4 -

3 -

2 -

1 -

Q UNDEN 

HOURS MONITORED 

WASH. D.C. O D.C. w ONB 
z 

0 ~ 

-J 

-I 

STORAGE TANK VENT AIR INTAKE 

AT LINDEN & WASH. D.C. 

•H H 1-

n 

20 

—r~ 

30 40 

UNDEN 

HOURS MONITORED 

+ WASH. D.C. D.C. w ONB 
P.21 

STORAGE TANK VENT AIR INTAKE W/O DROP 

4- N-/ 

-J 

AT UNDEN ie WASH. D.C. 

Q UNDEN 

HOURS MONITORED 

WASH. D.C. D.C. w ONB 
EXPLOSIVITY OF LOW RVP GASOLINES 

PRODUCTS RESEARCH DIVISION 

EXXON RESEARCH & ENGINEERING COMPANY 

JANUARY 25, 1988 
OBJECTIVES 

APPROACH 

DETERMINE WHETHER THE VAPOR SPACE IN A VEHICLE'S GASOLINE 

TANK IS WITHIN THE FLAMMABILITY LIMITS WITH LOW RVP 

GASOLINES AT LOW TEMPERATURES 

• MEASURE HC CONCENTRATION IN AN ACTUAL VEHICLE GASOLINE TANK 

• DETERMINE COMPOSITION BY GC TO CALCUUTE FLAMMABILITY 

LIMITS (AS BY COWARD 1952) 

TJ 

ho • co 
EXPERIMENTAL 

1987 CHEVROLET SPECTRUM 

10 GALLONS IN 14 GALLON TANK 

20 HOUR SOAK AT TEMPERATURE 

SAMPLE VAPOR IN VAPOR DOME 

DILUTE TO FID RANGE 

COLLECT GC SAMPLE 

3 FUELS (6.5 PSI RVP, 7.5 PSI RVP, 8.5 PSI RVP) 
LOW RVP FUELS CAN BE EXPLOSIVE 

FUEL RVP. 

6.5 

7.5 

8.5 

P$I 5flfi£ 

20.2 

MOLE PERCENT IN VAPOR SPACE 

4Q0F 

10.2 

(AS HEXANE) 

30OF 20OF 

7.7 6.0 

8.5 6.1 

10.5 

IQOF 

6.6 

QOF 

4.7 

FLAMMABILITY 

LIMITS 

1.2 - 6.2 

1.2 - 6.2 

1.2 - 6.2 

• VAPOR CONCENTRATIONS WILL BE FURTHER WITHIN EXPLOSIVE LIMITS IF 

- TANK IS LESS THAN 2/3 FULL 

- FUEL IS WEATHERED 

- LOWER TEMPERATURES ARE ENCOUNTERED 

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CM ^- co co n NnN N AZ 38 ue, NM 23 M 21 C la 0 13 ction, CO 21 CO 16 0 14 

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o 113087 
CONCLUSIONS 

• BOTH A 6.5 PSI AND A 7.5 PSI RVP GASOLINE WAS AT THE UPPER 

FLAMMABILITY LIMIT AT 20OF 

• AN 8.5 PSI RVP GASOLINE WAS AT THE UPPER FLAMMABILITY LIMIT 

AT 80F 

• POTENTIAL HAZARD FOR BOTH CARS AND DELIVERY TRUCKS 

ro 
ONBOARD CONTROL OF REFUELING EMISSIONS 

INVESTIGATION OF MINIMUM HOSE SIZE REQUIRED 

PRODUCTS RESEARCH DIVISION 

EXXON RESEARCH & ENGINEERING COMPANY 

JANUARY 25, 1988 
APPROACH 

• START WITH PRODUCTION EVAPORATIVE CONTROL SYSTEM 

INCREASE TANK VENT TO ONBOARD CANISTER HOSE SIZE UNTIL 

ACHIEVE SATISFACTORY CONTROL OF REFUELING EMISSIONS 

NO SEAL APPROACH 

• CHECK REGULATED EMISSIONS AND CANISTER PURGE 
PRINCIPAL ELEMENTS OF 

ENHANCED ON-BOARD SYSTEM 

Rollover Shutoff 

Overfill/Shutoff 

Entrained 

Liquid 

Separator 

/ 

Purged 

HC Vapors 

To Engine 

Standard 

Fillpipe 

With tent 

Rerouted to 

Cannister 

Enlarged 

Charcoal 

Cannister 

CO 
VEHICLE 

1987 BUICK LESABRE 

PFI 

3.8L 

18 GALLON TANK 

SIDE FILL 

1/2" TANK VENT SEPARATE 

io 
RESULTS (CONTINUED) 

Step No. Canister Vent Hose Size 

in. ID 

Other 

Average 

Fuel Rate 

gpm 

Refueling Emissions 

Grams/Gal % Control 

ERE 3.5L 3/8" burp 

ERE 3.5L 1/2' 10 0.19 96% 

10 ERE 3.5L 3/8" Moved canister 

to trunk 

9.5 0.06 99% 

11 ERE 3.5L 3/8" 9.6 0.05 99% 

12 ERE 3.5L 5/16' 9.5 0.04 99% 

13 ERE 3.5L 1/4" 9.3 0.06 99% 
PARAMETER 

VARIED 

Standard canister (GM 1£) 

Enlarged canister 

(ERE 3.5£, standard location) 

Enlarged canister 

(ERE 3.5£, trunk location) 

RESULTS OF CANISTER DESIGN STUDY 

PERCENT REFUELING 

EMISSIONS CONTROLLED 

0 - 82 

90 - 98 

»n) 

99+ 

COMMENTS 

• No refueling emissions controlled 

with production system 

4 

• Fuel flow restriction experienced 

with small vent hose 

- 30-60% fill rate 

- "burp-back" of fuel 

• Enlarged vent hose improves 

refueling control diameter 

• Enlarged vent hose diamter • 

improves fill and emissions 

capture 

• Achieved with 2ft of 1/4 inch hose 
CONCLUSIONS 

• 1/2 " HOSE FROM THE TANK TO ONBOARD CANISTER IS SUFFICIENT I F 

THE ONBOARD CANISTER IS LOCATED IN THE ENGINE COMPARTMENT 

• 1/4" HOSE FROM THE TANK TO ONBOARD CANISTER IS SUFFICIENT I F 

THE ONBOARD CANISTER IS LOCATED IN THE TRUCK 

NOTE: THE PRODUCTION TANK VENT IS 1/2 " 

FUTURE WORK 

• DETERMINE REGULATED EMISSIONS WITH CANISTER IN THE TRUNK 

• DETERMINE CANISTER PURGE CHARACTERISTICS 

ico 

J** 
VEHICLE TANK PRESSURE AND HOT SOAK RUNNING LOSSES 

PRODUCTS RESEARCH DIVISION 

EXXON RESEARCH & ENGINEERING COMPANY 

JANUARY 25, 1988 

co 

.mTl 
UNCONTROLLED VEHICLE EMISSIONS STUDY 

a UNCONTROLLED EMISSIONS COULD BE GREATER THAN REGULATED EVAPORATIVE EMISSIONS 

- HOT SOAK RUNNING LOSSES DUE TO ENGINE, AMBIENT TEMPERATURE 

- GAS CAP "OFF-ON" LOSSES DUE TO HIGH TANK PRESSURES 

• REAL WORLD CONDITIONS SIMULATED IN SHED STUDY 

- STABILIZED VEHICLE TANK TEMPERATURES AND PRESSURES AT 

55-60 MPH 

- EMISSIONS DETERMINED USING STANDARD SHED MEASUREMENT 

PROCEDURES 

a LIMITED NUMBER (12) OF DOMESTIC AND IMPORT VEHICLES SURVEYED 
OBJECTIVE 

a DETERMINE FUEL TANK PRESSURES WITH 9 RVP FUEL AT THE ASTM 

CUSS C DESIGN 90% TEMPERATURE 

APPROACH 

MEASURE FUEL TANK TEMPERATURES AND PRESSURES UNDER REAL 

WORLD ROAD CONDITIONS 
EXPERIMENTAL 

DETERMINE STABILIZED FUEL TANK TEMPERATURES AND PRESSURES 

ON-THE-ROAD AT A CONSTANT 55-60 MPH 

a MATCH FUEL TANK TEMPERATURE INCREASE IN THE 

SEMI-AERODYNAMIC CONTROLLED TEMPERATURE ROOM (CTR) 

a USE IN-TANK THERMOCOUPLE WHENEVER POSSIBLE 

a USE 80" H20 (3 PSI) MAGNEHELIC GAUGE (DWYER INST. CO) 

a DETERMINE HOT SOAK RUNNING LOSSES IN SHED AFTER 

TEMPERATURE/PRESSURE STABILIZATION 

a DETERMINE GAS CAP OFF-ON HC LOSSES IN SHED 

co 

JOO 
RESULTS OF UNCONTROLLED EMISSIONS STUDY 

MANY VEHICLES OPERATE WITH PRESSURIZED FUEL TANKS 

- LIKELY DUE TO ORIFICE RESTRICTION IN CURRENT ECS 

UNCONTROLLED VEHICLES EMISSIONS DUE TO DESIGN 

- INADEQUATE CANISTER CAPACITY/PURGE 

- PRESSURIZED FUEL TANK 

UNCONTROLLED EMISSIONS ARE SIGNIFICANT HYDROCARBON SOURCE 

- HOT SOAK RUNNING LOSSES VARY FROM 4 TO 35 GM 

- GAS CAP "OFF-ON" LOSSES VARY FROM 0.5 TO 1.7 GM/GAL 

- RANGE COULD BE GREATER THAN REGUUTED EVAPORATIVE 

EMISSIONS 
VEHICLE 

1986 PONTIAC TRANS AM 

1986 TOYOTA COROLLA 

1986 TOYOTA CRESSIDA WAGON 

RESULTS 

VEHICLE TANK PRESSURES 

AMBIENT TEMPERATURE(2) 

OF 

64 

97 

67 

96 

-64 

97 

TANK PRESSURES(l) 

AVERAGE 

PSI 

0.5 

0.8 

0.4 

0.4 

0.5 

0.5 

RANGE 

PSI 

0.4-0.5 

0.6-0.9 

0.4-0.4 

0.3-0.5 

0.4-0.7 

0.4-0.6 

1985 CHRYSLER LEBARON TURBO 96 1.0 0.8-1.3 

1988 CHRYSLER LEBARON TURBO 61 

95 

0.1 

0.5 

(1) 14 PSI RVP FUEL USED FOR AMBIENT TEMPERATURE UNDER 75°F 

9 PSI RVP FUEL USED FOR AMBIENT TEMPERATURE UNDER 90<>F 

(2) 970F IS ASTM CLASS C DESIGN 90% TEMPERATURE 
VEHICLE 

1986 HONDA ACCORD 

1985 HONDA CIVIC 

1987 BUICK LESABRE 

1987 CHEVROLET SPECTRUM 

1987 FORD F-150 

1986 CHRYSLER 600 

1986 FORD TAURUS 

RESULTS (CONTINUED) 

VEHICLE TANK PRESSURES 

AMBIENT TEMPERATURE(2) 

OF 

TANK PRESSURESd) 

AVERAGE RANGE 

PSI PSI 

97 

56 

97 

74 

96 

64 

96 

66 

55 

0.9 

0.7 

0.8 

0.1 

0.1 

0 

0.1 

0.1 

0 

0.9-0.9 

0.6-0.9 

0-0.1 
HOT SOAK 

VEHICLE 

PONTIAC TRANS AM 

TOYOTA COROLLA 

TOYOTA CRESSIDA 

1985 CHRYSLER LEBARON TURBO 

1988 CHRYSLER LEBARON TURBO 

HONDA CIVIC 

HONDA ACCORD 

DODGE 600 

HYDROCARBON 

AMBIENT 

TEMPERATURE 

OF 

96 

98 

97 

96 

95 

97 

98 

96 

LOSSES 

GAS CAP OFF-ON 

GMS 

NOT TESTED 

NOT TESTED 

49+ 

17 

NOT TESTED 

8 

5 

NOT TESTED 

HOT SOAK 

GMS 

35 

4 

10 

17-77 

9 

0.8 

0.2 

19 
CONCLUSIONS 

a POTENTIAL SAFETY ISSUES ARE EFFECTIVELY ADDRESSED WITH ENHANCED 

EVAPORATIVE SYSTEM 

- OPTIMIZED SYSTEM FOR LOW PRESSURE OPERATION 

- MINIMAL VAPOR/LIQUID LOSS INTO HOT ENGINE COMPARTMENT OR 

AT SERVICE STATIONS 

a CURRENT UNCONTROLLED VEHICLE EMISSIONS CAN BE CONTROLLED USING 

ENHANCED EVAPORATIVE SYSTEM 

- REFUELING EMISSIONS 

- RUNNING LOSSES 

- GAS CAP "OFF-ON" LOSSES 

_:CO 
APPENDIX 
PURGE 

OPENING 

SCREEN 

SCREEN 

OPENING 

OPENING 

SCREEN 

INLET 

OUTLET 
K C VIE* CC FOR MMJ. HEICNT 

S/8 - HOLE VALVE IN CLOSED POSITION 

VN.VE IN OPEN 

POSITION 

PIVOT POINT 

^ 

-BXP*?, •at a c mimo.. N J . ffiex 

M S W W CANISTER 

=«a£ 2P 

UNLESS 0THCRN1S6 SPECIFIED 
Base car 

REGULATED EMISSIONS 

CO 

g/m 

2.029 

2.107 

HC 

g/m 

0.271 

0.291 

NOx 

9/m 

0.270 

0.284 

Diurnal 

9/T 

0.24 

0.92 

Hot Soak 

g/T 

0.27 

0.22 

Total EvaD 

g/T 

0.51 

0.64 

GM Canister 1.517 0.234 0.319 0.48 0.19 0.67 

1/2" hose 

ERE 3.5L Canister 1.814 0.252 0.273 0.10 0.16 0.26 

5/8" hose 
IF 

P.48 

Z 

IS 

a. 

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Z 

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900 -9-

800 H 

700 H 

600 -\ 

600 -\ 

400 -\ 

300 H 

200 -\ 

100 H 

STORAGE TANK VENT AIR INTAKE 

RESEARCH SERVICE STATION 2N0 TIME 

BOO - T 

-i—i—i—i— t -

i 1 1 1 1 h 

I 

10 

Q WITH ORIFICE 

20 

-r20 40 

HOURS MONITORED 

+ WITH PV VALVE 

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CANISTER DESIGN PARAMETER STUDY 

EXPERIMENTAL DESIGN 

- PRODUCTION 1987 BUICK LESABRE 

+ EVAPORATIVE CONTROL SYSTEM (ECS) INCLUDES: 

SEPARATE 1/2" FUEL TANK VENT 

0.057" ORIFICE BETWEEN TANK AND CANISTER 

- PARAMETERS VARIED 

+ VENT HOSE DIAMETER/LENGTH 

+ CANISTER SIZE/LOCATION 

- PARAMETERS NOT CHANGED 

+ ELECTRONIC CONTROL MODULE 

+ CANISTER PURGE RATES