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### 4ljiieirt s an dFaun ao f aSmal l Midwester n Stteai u ERJu/MRlieSt^lCe K

RW
. Larimore , M

. J
. Wetze l .i-

- Illinoi s Stat e Natura l Histor y Surve y Natura l Resource s Bldg . Urbana , Illinois , U.S.A .

6180 1
Th e combustio

no f gasoline containin g tetraethy l lea

d ha s cause

d a signini cant redistributio

no f lea

d inth e environment . Lea d emission s fro

m automobil e exhausts , whichcommonl y excede 0. 5 g/ 1 o f gasoline burned , tota l nearl y 1. 7 k g pe r ca r pe r yea r Mor e tha n60 % o f thes e lea

d emission s ar e particulate s wit h
a naverage atmospheri c residenc e tim e o f about on

e mont h2 . Win

d dispersa l o f
suc hparticle s cause s widespread , low-leve l contamination . Lea d levels , althoug

h excessiv

e i nterrestria l environment s adjacent t o road s wit hhig htraffi c volumes , rapidl y approachbackgroun d value s a s th

e distanc e fro

m a roa d increase s 3fl * . Lea d fro m terrestria l ecosystem s enter s mos t aquati c system s primaril y

in th e surfac e runof f containin g lea d as suspende

d particles , i nsolution , or ad sorbe d to_jojl_pj 1rticle s 5 ' 6 . Atmospheri c fallout , aerosal s scrubbe d fro m th e ai r b y precipitation , an

d direc t contac t wit hproduct s containin g lea d ar e othe r
source s o f lea

d i na naquati c ecosystem . Al l o f thes e potentia l source s o f lea d inth e hydrospher e are likel y t o occu

r i nurba

nareas . Sinc e aquati c system s hav e n o majo r export s o f lead , the y mus t b e considered potentia l sink s for lea d pollution . Thi s investigatio

no f lea

d accumulatio

ni n th

e fish , invertebrates , mac rophytes , an

d sediment s o f a smal l strea m syste m wa s undertakena s a portio no f
a tota l ecosyste

m analysis . Appropiat e measurement s wer e made t o compar e lea d 3paccumulation s i norganism s o f rura l an

d urba nstrea m ecosystem

s an d t o determine th e distributio

no f lea

d i nth e drainag e system .P. 3
McNurney , e t al ,

STUD YARE A Th e Saline Ditchdrainage abov e Mayview , Champaig nCounty , Illinois , wa s divided int o four stud y areas ; th

e Rura l Compartment , th e Urba nCompartment , Th e Margina l Compartment , an d th e Combine

d Compartmen t (Fig . 1) . Samplin g station s wer e assigned i neac hcompartmen t t o include a variety o f habitat s an

d localities . Th

e informatio

nfro m eac hsamplin

g sit e wa s extrapolate d to a rep resentativ

e portiono f th

e strea m withi neachcompartment . Th e Rura l Compartment consiste d o f th e mai nstrea

m o f th e Saline Ditc

h
an d it s headwate r tributarie s nort ho f Champaig nan d Urbana , Illinois . /Th e drainag e basi nencompassed 13,62 6 h a o f predominatel y agricultura l land . Tw o majo r highways , Interstat e 5 7 an d U.S . 45 , crosse

d th e basin . Mos t o f th e 47. 5 k m o f stream

s hav e beenchannelize

d o nsevera l occasion s to facilitat e drainage . Four samplin g station s (I-IV ) wer e established o nprimar

y an d secon dar y tributarie s a s wel l a s thre e (V-VII ) o nth e mai nchanne l (Fig . 1) . Th e strea m gradien t varied fro m 0.19 % for th

e trubutarie s to 0.06 % for th e mai n 

### 3 

### ? channel . Th

e discharg e o f th

e Rura l Compartmen t wa s normall y about 2 0 m

/min . \, Th e predominan t substrat e wa s sil t i nth e tributarie s an

d san d an d grave l in th e mai nstrea

m (Tabl e 1) . Cm^r\ OAJLtx. —, Th e Margina l Compartment , a strea m sectio n5. 5 k m lon g wit ha catohmont
o f onl y 2,28 7 ha , wa s considere d a transitiona l are a betweenth e rura l an

d urba nareas . Du e t o th e complexit

y o f externa l influences , minima l effor t wa s expende d o nth e tw o station s (VII I an d IX ) inthi s area . Th e gradient , dis charge , an

d substrat e compositio nwer e ver

y simila r t o thos e o f th e Rura l Compartmen t mai nchannel . Th e allochthonou s influence s o nthi s extensio

no f th eP. 4
McNurney , e t al .

rura l channe l wer e principall y o f urba

norigin . Boneyar d Creek , a 4.8-k

m tributar

y t o th e Saline Ditch , wa s designated

a s th e Urba nCompartment . Th e entir e 1,611-h

a drainage basi nwa s withi nth e city limit s o f Champaig n an d Urbana . The be d gradient wa s abou t 0.15% , an d 3 th e norma l discharg e wa s about 5. 0 m /rain . Almos t 20 % o f Boneyar d Creek wa s routed throug

hpoured concret e channels , segment s o f whichwer e entirel y under ground . Th

e natura l strea

m bed wa s almos t entirel y san d an d grave l (Tabl e 1) . Hig htota l dissolved solid s an d periodi c occurrence s o f ammoni a characterized th e chemica l natur e o f th e stream . Th e Combine

d Compartmen t wa s comprise d o f th e discharge s fro

m th e Saline Ditc hheadwaters , Boneyard Creek , an d th e Urbana Sewage Treatmen t Plant . Tw o station s (XII I an

d XIV ) wer e locate d alon g it s 10.6-k

m length . The strea m be d ha d a naverage gradien t o f 0.07% . Th e discharge fro

m th e stud y are a wa s 3 usuall y about 6 0 m

/min . Urba

nan d rura l lan

d as wel l a s a sanitar y landfil l
wer e foun

d withi nth

e 3,774-h

a drainago baoi-n . Th e substrat e wa s almos t en tirel y san d an d grave l (Tabl e 1) . Th e wate r wa s generall y hig hi nnutrients .

METHOD S Essentia l measurement s o f th e siz e an

d characte r o f th

e strea m wer e made
an d updated throughou t th e stud y period . Width , depth , curren t velocity , an d substrat e typ

e wer e measured o

ntransect s a

t 400- m interval s alon

g th e strea m length . Discharge , botto m composition , an

d strea m area fo r eac

hstatio

nwer e calculate

d fro m thes e data . Quantitativ

e sample s o f invertebrate s an d plant s wer e takenwit hsub 2 2 strat e sampler s o f thre e size s (1/4- m ope ncylinder , 1/25-

m gra bsampler , or 2 1/300-m corer) . The siz e use d depende

d o nth e density

o f organism

s a t a par -P. 5
McNurney , e t al , -4 -

ticula r site . Benthi c sample s wer e take na t eachstatio

nfro m eac ho f avail abl e silt , sand , an d grave l substrates . Sample s wer e washe d o na #3 0 seiv

e an d sorte d b y hand . I

nmos t cases , sinc e th e mas s fro

m quantitativ

e sample s wa s C insufficien t for accurat e lea d analyses , supplementar y sample s wer e selective - ^r l y take ninorde r t o acquir e specifi c organism s for analyses . Thes e sample s
wer e rinsed an

d sorted t o allo

w seperatio

no f organism

s o f interest . Inverte brate s wer e washed i n95 % ethyl alcohol , drie d a t approximatel y

10 0 C , an

d groun d t o a homogeneou s powder . Aquati c plant s wer e washed wit hwater , dried , an d groun d t o a powder . Mos t sample s containe d man y individuals . 

## J7°

- Fishwer e confined ina measured portio no f strea

m wit htw

o 6- m seine s e o f 0.5-cr

a mesh . Th

e upstrea

m sein

A wa s slowl y

moved downstream , drivin g th e fis hint o a bag seine a t th e lower en

d o f th e blocked-of f segment . A serie s
o f sample s o f a

nisolated sectio

nindicate

d tha t thi s technique effectivel y
remove d 50 % o f th

e fishpopulatio

nwithou t specifi c selectio nexcep t tha t larg e " '
car p (Cyprinus carpio ) wer e successfu l inavoidin g capture . Th

e uniformit y
o f th e bank s an

d botto m o f th e Salin e Ditch , du

e t o earlie r channelization , permitted effectiv

e us e o f thi s technique . Fishwer e sorte d afte r capture , ove n dried withou t a preservative , an d groun d t o homogeneou s powder . Mos t sample s 3 r teste d for content consisted o f on e t o thre e individuals . A t th e analytica l laboratory , drie d biologica l sample s (2- g portion s o f larger samples ) wer e transferred t o weighed , tall-for m Pyre xbeaker s an

d drie d
a t 10 5 C for 3 ht o obtai nreferenc e weights . Th e sample s wer e the nplaced ina muffl e furnac e a t roo m temperature . Th e furnac e temperatur e wa s programme d fo r a 4- hris e tim

e t o 49 0 C , maintained
a t 490+ 5 C for 5 h , an d allowe

d t o retur

nt o roo

m temperatur e befor e th e sample s
wer e removed . A

flo w o f supplementar

y ai r a t approximatel y

3 1/hwa s maintain -P. 6

j, e t .ii ,

e d throug

hth e furnac e durin

g th e ashin g cycle . Th e ashed sample s wer e digest e d in1 0 time s th

e drie d sampl e weigh t o f 3 N HC I for 4 ha

t approximatel y

8 0 C
an d allowe

d to cool . Deionize d wate r wa s adde

d t o restor e th

e origina l weight . Sample s containin

g visibl e suspended matte r o r residue wer e filtere d throug

h Whatma nNo . 1 cellulos e filters . Lea d concentration s wer e determined b y atomi c absorptio

nspectrophotometr y wit happropriat e correctio nmad e for nonspecifi c absorption . Absorbanc e val ue s for lea

d wer e measured a

t 283. 3 nm , an

d nonspecifi c absorptio nwa s simul taneousl y

measured a

t a "nonabsorbing " lea d lin e at 287. 3 nm . Appropriat e reagent blan

k correction s wer e made . Analytica l curve s wer e calibrated fro m lea d standard s in3

N HCI ; lea

d concentration s wer e reporte d a s part s pe r mil lio no nth e dried sampl e basis . 2 Sedimen t sample s wer e takenwit ha 1/300-m pisto ncorin g devic e t o a deptho f 1 0 cm . Mos t o f th e penetrationo f bentho s an d circulatio

no f wate r
wa s judge

d t o occu r i nth

e uppe r 1 0 c

m o f sediment . Sample s wer e screened t o
remov e materia l large r tha n2. 0 m m i ndiameter , sinc e preliminar y work indi - S/°. cate d tha t mor e tha

n90 % o f th

e lea d wa s associate

d wit hsmalle r particles . Sample s wer e dried an d thoroughl y

mixed befor e subsamplin g for analysis . Analytica l sample s o f 1 t o 2 g , obtained b y mean s o f a riffle-type sampl e splitter , wer e transferred t o weighed Pyre xbeaker s an

d wer e dried , weighed , ashed , an

d digested i n3

N HC I accordin

g t o th e procedur e for determinin g lea d i nanima l tissue . The digested sample s wer e allowe d t o cool , an

d deionized wate r wa s adde

d t o restor e th

e origina l weights . Th e leachat e wa s obtained for analysi s b

y suctio nfiltratio

nthroug

ha Whatma

nNo . 1 filter . Lea d concentration s wer e determined b y atomi c absorptio

nspectrophotometr yP. 7
McNurney , et al , -6 -

withappropriat e correctio nfor nonspecifi c absorption . Absorbanc e value s for lea d wer e measured a

t 287. 3 nm . Nonspecifi c absorbanc e wa s simultaneousl y meas ure d a t a "nonabsorbing " lea d lin e at 287. 3 nm . Analytica l curve s wer e cali brated fro

m lea d standard s in3

N HCI . Lea

d concentration s wer e reported a s part s pe r millio

no nth e basi s o f th

e <2-m m fraction .

RESULT S AN

D DISCUSSIO

N Th e distributio

no f bentho s i nthe stud y area wa s highl y

variabl e (Tabl e 2) . Th e tota l populationdensity i nth e Combine

d Compartment wa s consistentl y highe r tha

ninth e Rura l o r Urba

ncompartments . Althoug hth e overal l biomas s densitie s (correcte d for substrat e availability ) wer e no t ver y differen t between th e Rura l an

d Urba ncompartments , th e density

o nsuitabl e substrate s wa s much highe r inth

e urba narea . I

nal l compartment s inal l season s th e biomas s den sity wa s consistentl y

highes t o

nsil t substrate . Inth e entir e Rura l Compart ment nearl y

70 % o f th

e biomas s an

d 80 % o f th

e differen t specie s o f bentho s wer e foun d o nth e 25 % o f th

e strea m botto m covere d b y silt . I

nmos t instance s thes e wereareas_of_depositio n compose d o f fine s an

d organi c detritus . Thes e type s of^sediment s ar

e mor e effectiv

e a t bindin

g lea d tha nare th

e san d an d grave l type s becaus e o f thei r smal l average particl e siz e an d organi c constituents, 7 . Benthi c organism

s were , therefore , congregated inarea s o f highes t sediment lea d levels . j Substantia l tempora l variation s inbiomas s occurre d i nal l compartment s witha pea

k biomas s eviden t inwinter . Statisticall y significan t seasona l change s inlea

d level s wer e determined onl y fo r Tubificida e fro

m th e Urba n Compartment . V

Ther e wa s n o difference , a t th e 0.5 % level , between "seasona l **+** Ar*****"^* --fro m spring , summer , an d fall j Wnwrvrr, th o mea nlea d concentratio

n** •P. 8
McNurney , e

t al , -7 -
twbifieid

a increase

d b y ove r 60 % t o 48 4 ppm , M I winHay , Thi s pea k valu e corre sponde d t o a perio

d o f hig

hsurfac e runof f whe nth e groun d wa s impermeabl e du e t o freezing . Lea d level s (pp

m o f dr y weight ) o f aquati c organism s varie d substiantiall

y bot hwithi nan

d betweencompartment s (Fig . 2) . Lea d level s i norganism s fro m th e Combine

d Compartment wer e generall y 2- 4 time s highe r tha nthe y wer e inth

e
sam e kind s o f organism s fro m th e Rura l Comaprtment . Simila r organism s i nth e Urba nCompartmen t ha

d level s 10-2 0 time s highe r tha nthos e fro

m th e Rura l Com partment . Th

e mea nlevel s for differen t specie s withi nan y compartment wer e markedl y

different . Th

e range o f specifi c mean s extende d fro m about 1. 5 t o 3 0 pp m inth e Rura l Compartment , 3 0 t o 9 0 pp m inth e Combine

d Compartment , an

d 1 0 t o 37 0 pp

m inth e Urba nCompartment . Standar d deviations , usuall y between 30 % t o 100 % o f mea

nvalues , indicate

d hig hindividua l variability withi na taxonomi c group . Analytica l error , a s determined fro m replicat e samples , wa s foun d t o be onl y

about 10% . Significan t difference s occurred i nlea d level s o f sedimen t sample s fro m variou s section s o f th e Saline Ditc

hdrainag e (Tabl e 3) . Th e lea d concentra tion s inBoneyar

d Cree k sediment s reache

d a maximu

m o f 110 0 ppm . Th

e meanvalue
wa s mor e tha

n1 0 time s greate r tha ntha t o f th

e Combine

d Compartment . Rura l sediment s had level s les s tha nhal f thos e o f th e Combine

d Compartment . Ther e
wa s no significan t differenc e insedimen t lea d level s betweenstation s o n th e
rura l tributarie s an d thos e i

nth e Margina l Compartment . Th e are a between , th e mai nstrea

m rura l stations , ha d significantl y

lowe r levels . Th e importanc e o f urba nrunof f a s a sourc e o f lead , an d potentiall y

o f othe r heav

y metals , wa s obvious . Lea d concentration s instrea m sediment s an

d thre e organism

s (Figur

e 2 ) showe

d progressiv

e increase s correlated wit hth eP. 9
McNurney , e t al . -8 -

relativ e amoun t o f urba

nrunof f received b y th e sectio

no f strea

m represented . I nth e Rura l Compartment , lea d level s wer e th

e sam e a s thos e insurroundin g fiel d soils . Value s fro m th e rura l channe l an d tributarie s (considere d base lin e data ) wer e exceeded , successively , b y value s fro

m th e Marginal , Combined ,
an d Urba ncompartments . Th e highes t lea

d levels , inal l case s muchgreate r tha n
an y others , wer e foun

d i nthe UrbanCompartment . Sediment s a t Statio

nX , th e headwater s o f Boneyar d Creek , had a mea nlea d conten t o f 58 4 pp m (dr y weight) ,
a value significantl y highe r tha

nthos e o f al l othe r stations . Th e relativel y hig hconcentratio

no f lea

d inth e sediment s o f th

e rura l tributarie s resulted fro m the ability

o f thes e ver

y fine , highl y

organi c sediment s t o bin d lea d mor e successfull y

tha nth e san d materia l whichpredominate d elsewher e i nthewater shed . Perhap s th

e mos t strikin

g resul t o f thi s stud y wa s th e variability

o f lea d level s of - differen t specie s fro m th e sam e community . Suchvariatio nwa s A
mos t eviden t inth e Rura l Compartment , wher e th e mos t comple

xcommunit

y struc ture existed . Lea

d concentration s o f dr y anima l tissue range d fro m 1. 4 t o 16. 0 pp m (Fig . 3) . Whe

nth e faun a o f th e strea m wa s divide

d int o gToup s based
o nthei r foo

d an d habita t requirements , a ver y logica l sequenc e developed . The firs t group , wit hth e highes t lea

d burdens , wa s compose d o f th

e may fly , Hexageni a limbata , th e Tubificidae , an

d th e non-tubifici d oliochaetes . Thes e organism

s burro w int o an

d inges t th

e substrat e e ' 9 . Inth e presen t study , thes e specie s showe d a definit e preferenc e for sil t substrate , wher e the y wer e continuall y

exposed , bot hinternall y an d externally , t o hig hlea d sediments . Th e secon d grou p wa s compose

d o f benthi c faun

a inhabitin

g th e sediment wate r interface . Orconecte s virilis , whichfeed s o nvegetatio

nan d detritu s 10 *

t . » th e pelecypods , whichare filte r feeder s utilizin g suspended detritus , an d jP.1 0
McNurney , e t al . -9 -

Etheostom

a nigrum , a benthic , carnivorou s fishwhichoccasionall y ingest s detri tu s an d sil t u , wer e include d inthi s category . Thes e organisms , whichocca sionall y

contacted lead-ric hmateria l inthei r foo d sourc e an

d environment , ha

d intermediat e lea

d levels . Th e remainin

g tw o division s wer e compose d o f fishe s wit hver y littl e bod

y contac t wit hsettled or suspended sedimen t materia l and , therefore , lo w lea d levels . Catostomu s commerson i an d Pimephale s notatu s are botto m feedin g omni vore s ofte

ningestin

g mu d an d detritu s 12,13,1 \ Semotilu s atromaculatus , Ericymb a buccata , an

d Notropi s umbratilus , o nth e othe r hand , are principall y , carnivore s 1< *' 15 » l6 * l7 » 1 8 whos e mos t likel y lea d sourc e i s thei r food . S_ . atromaculatus , whos e mea nlea d leve l wa s significantl y lowe r (a

t th e 5 % level ) tha nthos e o f al l othe r species , tend s t o be a piscivore , whil e E . buccat a an d N_ . umbratilu s are usuall y restricted t o eatin g invertebrates . Th e lac k o f accumulatio

n o f lea

d throug

htrophi c level s wa s clearl y in dicated b

y thes e an

d othe r dat a 19 . Th e result s o f thi s stud y implie d tha t in terna l (throug

hingestion ) an

d externa l contac t wit hlea d source s ma

y simultane ousl y o r independentl y

increas e bod

y burden s o f lea

d inaquati c organisms . Inthi s strea

m systemjSediment s acte d a s a sin

k for lea

d whichentere

d inassociatio

nwit hsurfac e runoff . Sinc e organism s accumulated lea

d fro m con tac t withhigh-leve l sediment s materia l a s wel l a s fro m foo d sources , th

e lea d burdeno f a particula r organis m coul d b e predicted fro m it s niche an

d habita t requirement s an

d measurement s o f th e sedimen t lea

d level . Sedimen t lea d level s couldb e predicted b y determinin

g th e relativ

e amount o f urbanrunof f t o a strea m sectio nan d th e substrat e compositio ninth e area .P.1 1 McNurney , et al , -10 -

ACKNOWLEDGMENT S

Thi s wor k wa s funde d b y th e Nationa l Scienc e Foundation-RAN N Grant GI 3160 5 throug

hth e Universit y

o f Illinois , a s par t o f a ninterdisciplinar

y stud y
o f th e effect s an

d distributio

no f lea

d inth e environment . Lea d analyse s wer e performed a

t th e Institut e o f Environmenta l Studies ' Environmenta l Research Laborator

y a t th e Universit y

o f Illinois .P.1 2



### -11 - Reference s

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e Ronal d Pres s Co. , Ne w York , 1953 .P.13 .

-12 - 

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o f northwesternIowa , Orconecte s virili s an d Orconecte s immunis , Proc . Iow a Acad . Sci . 76:463-472 , 1969 . 11 . Turner , C . L. , Foo d o f the commo

nOhi o darters , Ohi o J . Sci . 22:41-62 , 1921 .
12 . Stewart , N . H. , Development , growth , an d foo d habit s o f th

e whit e sucker , Catostomu s commersoni , Bull . U.S . Bur . Fish . 42:147-184 , 1926 .
13 . Draatz , W . C. , Stud y o f th e foo d o f th e bluntnos e minnow , Pimfrephale s n j*btatus_ , Ohi o J . Sci . 28(2):86-98 , 1928 .
14 . Forbes , S . A. , an d R . E . Richardson , The fishe s o f Illinois , Secon d ed , 111 . Lab . Nat . Hist . Survey , Urbana , 357pp. , 1920 .
15 . Hubbs , C . L. , an d G . P . Cooper , Minnows o f Michigan , Cranbrook Inst . Sci . Bull . 8:1-95 , 1936 .
16 . Dinsmore , J . S. , Lif e histor y o f th e cree k chub , wit hemphasi s o n growth , Proc . Iow

a Acad . Sci . 69:296-301 , 1962 .
17 . Hoyt , R . D. , Foo d habit s o f th

e silverja

w minnow , Ericymb

a buccat a (Cope) , ina n intermittan t strea m i nKentucky , Am . Midi . Nat . 84(1):226-237 , 1970 .
18 . Forbes , S . A. , The foo d o f fishes , Bull . 111 . St . Lab . Nat . Hist . 1(3) : 18-80 , 188 0
19 . Mathis , B . J. , an d T . F . Cummings , Distributio no f selected metal s i n botto m sediments , water , clams , tubifici d annelids , an d fishe s o f th

e middl e Illinoi s River , Univ . o f 111 . Wate r Resour . Cent . Res . Rep . 41 : 1-45 , 1971 .P.1 4


### -13

- Tabl e 1--Substrat e compositio n o f th e bentho s samplin g station s i n variou s part s o f th e Salin e Ditc h drainage

. 2 Tabl e 2--Biomas s densit y (wet grams/ m) o f bentho s fro

mth e Salin e Ditc hand Boneyar d Creek . Tabl e 3--Mea

nlea d level s i nsediments , t o a deptho f 1 0 cm , fro m th e variou s compartment s o f Saline Ditc han d Boneyar

d Creek .

Figur e 1—Th e Saline Ditc hdrainag e basin , stud y are a divisions , an d samplin

g stations . Figur e 2—Mea n lea

d level s o f representativ e organism

s an d sediment s o f th

e compartment s o f th e Saline Ditch . Figur e 3»Mea nlea

d level s o f representativ e organism

s fro m th e Rura l Compart ment o f th

e Saline Ditch .P.15 .

Tabl e 1 Substrat e compositio no f th

e bentho s samplin

g station s i nvariou s part s o f th e Salin e Ditchdrainage , Compartment-Statio

n% San

d % Sil t % Grave l % Rubbl e % Concret e ira l Tributarie s I I I II I I V Rura l Channe l V V I VI I Margina l VII I I X Urba n X X I XI I Combine d XII I XIV 2 6 5 4 2

5 4 8 2 3 5

4 4 5 0

9 6 5 7 1 3

3 4 5 2 5 0

9 5 9 6 9 8

2 8 7 4 0

2 1 1 1

2 8

8 7 

### 2 4

1 8 1 1 2 5

2 5 2 4



### 31

4 4 4 1 1 0

1 5

2 9 3 6


### 1 4 2 6

2 0Tabl e 2 2 Biomas s density

(wet grams/ m

) o f bentho s fro

m th e Saline Ditc

han d Boneyar

d Creek . P.1 6

Compartmen t Rura l

Urba n

Combined Substrat e Sil t San d Grave l Summe r Fal l

Weighte d Averag e %/

6. 5 Sil t San d Grave l Weighted Average V Sil t San d Grave l Weighted Average« # 56. 1 Winte r Sprin g 9. 2 1. 7 0. 6 6. 5 34. 2 9. 8 3. 7 6. 0 177. 5 28. 2 47. 1 16. 9

1. 8 1. 3 12. 4 5. 0 12. 8 51. 8 11. 2 587. 6 32. 5 23. 9 20. 5

3. 9 2. 3 13. 8 64. 2 80. 1 41. 8 1251. 3 272. 8

- 18. 9

1. 9 0. 7 12. 2 63. 7 19. 1

- 15. 8 313. 9 5. 0

. 

### 73. 1 299. 4 49. 1
J£//W.. « l^c^assJe.shy ccr,\ctcd -Pars i/A,7W c OV O ,' lo hi 1,+/Tabl e 3

Mea nlea d level s i nsediments , t o a deptho f 1 0 cm , fro m the variou s compartment s o f Saline Ditchan d Boneyar

d Creek .

Urba nCombine

d Headwater s Margina l Mai nRura l Station s Numbe r o f sample s P bleve l (pp

m dr y wt ) Significance * X-XI I 

### 10 4 387. 5 XIII-XI V



### 6 8 37. 8 I-I

V 

### 75 15. 8 VIII-I X



### 1 5 13. 8 V-VI I



### 4 7 10. 2

* Commo nunderscor e indicate s mean s whichar e no t significantl y differen t a

t th e 5 % level .P.1 8



## RURA L COMPARTMEN

T

MARGINA L

URBA N COMPARTMENT

_ l Champaig n - Urban a CityLimit s

O Samplin g station s V 7 Sewag e treatmen t plan tP.1 9 

# JQPV

JZ 'a >
> % i

_ T ? E CX CL
tn a > >

O 0 > 

### 30 0



## 2£& -

.10 0

Urba n Compartment ^ 1 Combine

d Compartmen

t Margina l Compartment Rura l Mai n Channe l Rura l Tributarie s Sediment s Tubificido e Cladophorocea e Chironomido

e,:

•' • P.2 0



### Semotilu s atromaculotu s Ericymb o buccot o Notropi s umbratilu s Cotostomu s commerson i Pimephole s nototu s Etheostom a nigru m Pelecypod a Orconecte s virili s Hexageni a limbat a Hirudine a Oligochaet a Tubificida e 1.4



# [T O 2. 4 2. 7 4. 1 

## 5. 3 5. 4 10. 4 12. 6 13. 2 16. 0 Lea d level s (ppm-dr y weigh t )