## Importation of Fresh Arugula, Eruca sativa P. Mill. ,

into the Continental United States from Colombia

A Pathway
- Initiated Risk Assessment

Rev. 03 March 29, 2010

Agency Contact Center for Plant Health Science and Technology Plant Epidemiology and Risk Analysis Laboratory United States Department of Agriculture Animal and Plant Health Inspection Service Plant Protection and Quarantine 1730 Varsity Drive, Suite 300 Raleigh, NC 27606Pest Risk Assessment for Arugula from Colombia

Rev. 03 17 August 2010 ii 

### Executive Summary The Republic of Colombia, South America, requested to export fresh arugula [Eruca sativa P. Mill. ] to the Continental United States. In this document, we considered fresh arugula to include leaves and stems, but no other plant parts. We prepared a list of arugula pests in Colombia based on documents submitted by the Colombian Ministry

for Agriculture and Rural Development, the Instituto Colombiano Agropecuario (ICA), USDA

- APHI S

- PPQ (Plant Protection and Quarantine) records on intercepted pests at ports of entry , and the scientific literature. We found no quarantine pests likely to be associated with commercial shipments of fresh arugula when exported from Colombia to the Continental United States; therefore, no pests were anal yz ed. Species found as external feeders of arugula from Colombia are unlikely to remain with the vegetable because the product will not be harvested or selected for exportation if the pests are present or if it shows any damage from these pests.Pest Risk Assessment for Arugula from Colombia

Rev. 03 17 August 2010 iii 

### Table of Contents Executive Summary ................................ ................................ ................................ ...................... ii 1. Introduction ................................ ................................ ................................ ............................... 1 1.1. Background

................................ ................................ ................................ .......................... 1 1.2. Commodity

information

................................ ................................ ................................ ...... 1 2. Risk Assessment ................................ ................................ ................................ ........................ 2 2.1. Initiating Event: Proposed Action

................................ ................................ ........................ 3 2.2. Assessment of Weed Potential of Arugula

................................ ................................ .......... 3 2.3. Current Status, Decision

- Making History and Pest Interceptions

................................ ...... 4 2.4. Pest Categorization

- Id entification of Eruca sativa P. Mill. pests in Colombia

................. 4 2.5. Quarantine Pests Likely to Follow the Pathway

................................ ................................ 11 2.6. Conclusion

................................ ................................ ................................ ......................... 12 3. Prep arers and Reviewers ................................ ................................ ................................ ....... 12 4. Literature Cited ................................ ................................ ................................ ...................... 13 5. Appendix ................................ ................................ ................................ ................................ .. 18 5.1. Interception Records for Eruca sp. entering the United States.

................................ ......... 18Pest Risk Assessment for Arugula from Colombia

Rev. 03 17 August 2010 1 

### 1. Introduction 1.1. Background This risk assessment was prepared b y the Plant Protection and Quarantine (PPQ), Animal and Plant Health Inspection Service (APHIS) of the United States Department of Agriculture (USDA). It was prepared to examine potential pest risks associated with the importation of fresh arugula [Eruca sativa P. Mill. ] from Colomb ia into the continental United States. For the purpose of this document, fresh arugula is considered to include leaves and stems, but no other plant parts. This pest risk assessment is called pathway

- initiated because it is based upon the risks that may be associated with the importation of this commodity . This risk assessment is qualitative and risk is expressed in descriptive terms (high, medium, and low) rather than in probabilities or frequencies. The methodology

and rating criteria are explained in Pathway

-Initiated Pest Risk Assessments: Guidelines for Qualitative Assessments , Version 5.02 (PPQ, 2000). Regional and international plant protection organizations, such as the North American Plant Protection Organization (NAPPO) and the International Plant Protection Convention (IPPC), provide standards for conducting pest risk anal ys es (IPPC, 2004, 2006, 2007b; NAPPO, 2004). The methods used to initiate, conduct, and report this assessment, as well as the use of biological and phy tosanitary terms, are base d on these standards. The IPPC standards describe three stages of pest risk anal ys is: Stage 1, Initiation; Stage 2, Risk Assessment; and Stage 3, Risk Management. This document satisfies the requirements of IPPC Stages 1 and 2. 1.2. Commodity information Arugula is an herbaceous plant indigenous to the Mediterranean basin and western Asia where it is commonly

cultivated. It was a crop highl y appreciated by the ancient Romans. In recent years, the area dedicated to its cultivation has grown considerably

. The average production per hectare is approximately

16

- 18 tons. Harvesting of leaves can begin 20

- 60 day s post
- emergence or transplanting depending on the variety used for cultivation, the crop period, and environmental conditions. After the first harvest, 4

- 5 harvests at intervals of 10

- 20 day s are possible. As a general rule, continued cultivation is not suggested beyond the third harvest, but the favorable climatic conditions prolong the productive crop cycle often making it economically viable for many harvests. Leaf morphology

of arugula varies greatl y between harvests. In fact, with every regrowth cycle , leaves tend to take on an increasingl y lobate form. The length varies between 5 and 8 cm (2

- 3 inches) at the first harvest and from 8 to 15 cm (3

- 6 i nches) in subsequent harvests. Temperate and wet climates are most appropriate to achieve high quality and acceptable yi elds. Eruca sativa Miller is a diploid, annual species which flowers in spring and which seeds are ready for harvesting in late spring. It seems to prefer rich soils even though it can be found mixed with ruderal flora in very

marginal areas. A wild ty pe, subspecies Eruca vesicaria (L .) Cav. ssp. sativa (P. Mill.) Thellung, is also well

- represented in the Mediterranean flora. Eruca vesica ria ssp. sativa is a sy nony m of Eruca sativa , which is already present in 26 states. It is an annual herb found in many areas of the United States and grows wild in the Mediterranean (NRCS, 2010; Padulosi, andPest Risk Assessment for Arugula from Colombia

Rev. 03 17 August 2010 2 Pignone, 1997). The global demand and intere st in arugula is growing. This is due to the popularity of ready- to
- use salads that extend the shelf life of arugula leaves and preserve their freshness. Green fresh leaves are typicall y used as appetizers with traditional European dishes, or for preparing fresh salads (Padulosi, and Pignone, 1997).
Fig 1. Beds of Arugula, Eruca sativa P. Mill. (www.hort.purdue.edu/ newcrop/hfresh/arugula.html)

Fig 2. Leaves of Arugula, Eruca sativa P. Mill. (www.hort.purdue.edu/ newcrop/hfresh/arugula.html)



### 2. Risk Assessment In this pest risk assessment, we first identify the initiating event, screen the weed potential of arugula, and discuss the decision history for the commodity . We included pests reported to attack arugul a and be present in Colombia in a comprehensive pest list.Pest Risk Assessment for Arugula from Colombia

Rev. 03 17 August 2010 3 2.1. Initiating Event: Proposed Action We developed this commodity

- based, pathway

- initiated assessment in response to a request by the Instituto Colombiano Agropecuario (ICA) (letter No. 06720 d ated July 16 th , 2004) to the USDA for their authorization to allow the importation of fresh arugula into the Continental United States. Title 7 of the Code of Federal Regulations 319, Part 56 (7CFR § 319.56) (USDA, 2003) provides regulatory

authority for the importation of fruits and vegetables from foreign sources into the United States. 2.2. Assessment of Weed Potential of Arugula The results of the screening for weed potential for arugula did not require a separate weed risk assessment (Table 1).

Table 1. Assessment of Weed Potential of Eruca sativa P. Mill. Commodity : Arugula Scientific name and author: Eruca sativa P. Mill. (NRCS, 2004). Sy nony ms: Brassica eruca, Eruca eruca, Raphanus eruca; Eruca vesicaria; Eruca vesicaria ssp. sativa (NRCS, 200 4). Plant family : Brassicaceae Common name: Arugula, Rocket salad, Roquette, Rucola, Rugula. Phase 1: Eruca sativa is reported present within the United States. This plant was introduced into the United States from other countries and is widel y prevalent in 25 states of the United States. (NatureServe, 2004; NRCS, 2004; Palada and Crossman, 1999). Phase 2: Is the species listed in: YES Geographical Atlas of World Weeds (Holm et al ., 1991). NO World’s Worst Weeds (Holm et al ., 1991). YES AGRI COLA, CAB (Kaszonyi, 1974; Verdejo et al ., 1983), AGRIS Other literature and database search indicating weediness: NO World Weeds: Natural Histories and Distributions (Holm et al ., 1997). NO Noxious Weed L ist for Australian States and Territories ( AWC, 2004). NO Florida's Invasive Species List, Florida Exotic Pest Plant Council (FLEPPC, 2003). NO Federal Noxious Weed List (APHI S

- USDA, 2000). YES State Regulated Noxious Weeds (NPB, 2004). YES Global Compendium of Weeds ( GCW, 2001). Phase 3: Some ev idence exists that Eruca sativa is a weed in some places of the world, but this species is not listed as a noxious weed in the Federal Noxious Weed L ist (APHIS

- USDA, 2000). Eruca vesicaria ssp. s ativa (considered a s ynonymof E. sativa and a wild ty pe of arugula) appears in the “ Proposed Rules Noxious Weed Control Board” as a noxious weed in Washington that needs to be deleted from “The State Noxious Weed Control Board”. The first proposal was to amend the “State Noxious Weed L ist” to add a species determi ned to be noxious, to change areasPest Risk Assessment for Arugula from Colombia

Rev. 03 17 August 2010 4 designated for control of some noxious weeds, and to delete a noxious weed from the list (Statutory Authority for Adoption: Chapter 17.10 RCW; Statute Being Implemented: Chapter 17.10 RCW). The “Summary

of Amendment” in the “Washington State Register” proposes the following change: Delete one nonnative species (Eruca vesicaria ssp. sativa ) from the State Noxious Weed List, Class B noxious weeds. Recent evaluation indicates that this species has not been highly destructive, competitive, or difficult to control in Washington (WSR, 2000). According to the above

- mentioned and to the list of the “State Regulated Noxious Weeds” (NPB, 2004), Washington is the only place within the United States where Eruca vesicaria ssp. sativa wa s considered to be a weed. This plant was not judged to be harmful, however, and is widely prevalent in the rest of the Continental United States, therefore, it did not require a weed

- initiated risk assessment.
2.3. Current Status, Decision
- Making Hist ory and Pest Interceptions Currently , arugula (Eruca sativa ) is authorized entry into the United States from Costa Rica, Is rael, Mexico and Peru (USDA, 2007). During 1985

- 2007, numerous species of pests were intercepted on Eruca vesicaria enteri ng the United States (Appendix 1; PestID, 2007). 2.4. Pest Categorization
- Identification of Eruca sativa P. Mill. pests in Colombia There are no reports available regarding pests attacking arugula in Colombia. Therefore, pests that are reported to atta ck arugula anywhere in the world were gathered and from these pests, the pests that are present in Colombia and that could affect the plant are included in the pest list. Table 2 includes: (1) the pests reported as present in Colombia, (2) the generall y a ffected plant part or parts, (3) the quarantine status of the pest in the United States, (4) whether the pest is likely to follow the pathway

into the United States on arugula, and (5) pertinent citations for either the distribution or the biology of the p est. Many

organisms are eliminated from further consideration as sources of phy tosanitary risk on arugula from Colombia because they do not satisfy the definition of a quarantine pest (IPPC, 2007a). A quarantine pest is defined as, “A pest of potential eco nomic importance to the area endangered thereby and not yet present there, or present but not widel y distributed and being officially controlled” (IPPC, 2007a).Pest Risk Assessment for Arugula from Colombia

Rev. 03 17 August 2010 5 Table 2. Pests reported on Eruca sativa (in any country) and present in Colo mbia (on any host) Scientific Name (Taxonomy) Geographic distribution 1 Plant part

affected Quaran
tine pest Follow

pathway References ARTHROPODA INSECTA Agromyzidae sp. (Diptera: Agromyzidae) CO Leaf Yes Yes PestID, 2004 Aleyrodinae sp. (Homoptera: Aley rodidae) CO Leaf Yes Yes PestID, 2004

Amorbia sp . (Lepidoptera: Tortricidae) CO Leaf, Stem Yes Yes PestID, 2004 Aphididae sp. (Homoptera: Aphididae) CO Leaf, Stem Yes Yes PestID, 2004 Bemisia argentifolii Bellows Perring Gill & Hendrick Sy

n: Bemisia tabaci (B biotype) (Gennadius) (Homoptera: Aley rodidae) CO; US Leaf No Yes CABI, 2004; Dimson, 2001; Hamon, 2002

Bemisia tabaci (Gennadius) (Homoptera: Aley rodidae) CO; US Leaf No Yes Arnett, 2000; CABI, 2004; Dimson, 2001; Figueroa, 1977; Hamon, 2002 Cerotoma sp . (Coleoptera: Chry somelidae) CO Leaf Yes Yes PestID, 2004; Posada, 1989; Vélez, 1997 Chaetocnema sp. (Coleoptera: Chry somelidae) CO Leaf, Stem Yes Yes Figueroa, 1977; PestID, 2004; Posada, 1989 Cicadellidae sp. (Hemiptera: Cicadellidae) CO Leaf, Stem Yes Yes PestID, 2004

Contarina sp. (Diptera: Cecidomyiidae) CO Leaf Yes Yes PestID, 2004 Corythucha gossypii (F.) (Hemiptera: Tingidae) CO; US (FL) Leaf No Yes CABI, 2004; PestID, 2004 Crambidae sp. (Lepidoptera: Crambidae) CO Leaf Yes Yes PestID, 2004

1 Distribution Legend: CO = Colombia; US = United States; FL = Florida; HI = Hawaii.Pest Risk Assessment for Arugula from Colombia

Rev. 03 17 August 2010 6 Scientific Name (Taxonomy) Geographic distribution 1 Plant part

affected Quaran
tine pest Follow

pathway References Curculionidae sp. (Coleoptera: Curculionidae) CO Leaf, Stem Yes Yes PestID, 2004

Diabrotica balteata Leconte (Coleoptera: Chry somelidae) CO; US Leaf No Yes CABI, 2004

Diabrotica sp. (Coleoptera: Chry somelidae) CO Leaf Yes Yes PestID, 2004; Posada, 1989; Vélez, 1997 Ecdytolopha sp. (Lepidoptera: Tortricidae) CO Leaf Yes Yes PestID, 2004
Epitrix cucumeris (Harris) (Coleoptera: Chry somelidae) CO; US Leaf, Root No Yes Arnett, 2000; Dimson, 2001; Figueroa, 1977; Vélez, 1997 Estigmene acraea Drury (Lepidoptera: Arctiidae) CO; US Leaf, Seedling No Yes Adams, 2003; Arnett, 2000; CABI, 2004; Dimson, 2001; Figueroa, 1977; Posada, 1989 Frankliniella occidentalis (Pergande) (Thy sanoptera: Thripidae) CO; US Leaf No Yes Arnett, 2000; CABI, 2004; Dimson, 2001

Frankliniella schultzei (Try bom) (Thy sanoptera: Thripidae) CO; US (FL, HI ) Flower,

Leaf Yes No 2 CABI, 2004; PestID, 2004
Geometridae sp. (Lepidoptera: Geometridae) CO Leaf, Stem Yes Yes PestID, 2004
Gryllidae sp. ( Orthoptera: Gryllidae) CO Leaf Yes Yes PestID, 2004 Gryllus sp. ( Orthoptera: Gryllidae) CO Seedling Yes No Dimson, 2001; PestID, 2004; Posada, 1989 Helicoverpa sp. (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae) CO Leaf Yes Yes PestID, 2004

2 Frankliniella schultzei has only been found associated with fresh aru gula once from Israel (PestID, 2004). We found n o other reports of this thrips feeding on arugula. Additionally, this pest is an external feeder, generally on flowers. Consequently, F. sc hultzei is unlikely to follow the pathway of fresh arugula from Colombia into the continental United States.Pest Risk Assessment for Arugula from Colombia

Rev. 03 17 August 2010 7 Scientific Name (Taxonomy) Geographic distribution 1 Plant part

affected Quaran
tine pest Follow

pathway References Helicoverpa zea (Boddie) (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae) CO; US Leaf, Seedling No Yes Adams, 2003; Arnett, 2000; CABI, 2004; Dimson, 2001; Figueroa, 1977 Heliothis virescens (Fabricius) (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae) CO; US Leaf, Seedling No Yes Adams, 2003; Arnett, 2000; CABI, 2004; Dimson, 2001; Figueroa, 1977; Posada, 1989 Liriomyza sativae Blanchard (Diptera: Agromyzidae) CO; US Leaf No Yes CABI, 2004; Dimson, 2001 Liriomyza sp. (Diptera: Agromyzidae) CO Leaf Yes Yes Dimson, 2001; Padulosi and Pignone, 1997; PestID, 2004; Posada, 1989 Lycaenidae sp. ( Lepidoptera: Lycaenidae) CO Leaf Yes Yes PestID, 2004
Macrosiphum euphorbiae (Thomas) (Homoptera: Aphididae) CO; US Leaf No Yes CABI, 2004; Dimson, 2001; Figueroa, 1977; Goth and Webb, 1980; Posada, 1989 Miridae sp. (Hemiptera: Miridae) CO Leaf, Stem Yes Yes PestID, 2004 Myzus persicae Sulzer (Homoptera: Aphididae) CO; US Leaf No Yes Bakhetia and Sharma, 1979; CABI, 2004; Dimson, 2001; Elnagar et al., 1982; Figueroa, 1977; Goth and Webb, 1980; Posada, 1989; Singh et al ., 1987; Singh and Singh, 1988 Noctuidae sp. ( Lepidoptera: Noctuidae) CO Leaf Yes Yes PestID, 2004
Nysius sp. ( Hemiptera: Lygaeidae) CO Leaf, Stem Yes Yes PestID, 2004 Pentatomidae, sp. ( Homoptera: Pentatomidae) CO Leaf Yes Yes PestID, 2004Pest Risk Assessment for Arugula from Colombia

Rev. 03 17 August 2010 8 Scientific Name (Taxonomy) Geographic distribution 1 Plant part

affected Quaran
tine pest Follow

pathway References Phyllotreta sp. (Coleoptera: Chry somelidae) CO Leaf Yes Yes PestID, 2004
Plusiinae sp. (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae) CO Leaf, Stem Yes Yes PestID, 2004
Plutella xylostella Linnaeus (Lepidoptera: Plutellidae) CO; US Leaf, Seedling No Yes CABI, 2004; Dimson, 2001; Posada, 1989 Plutellidae sp. (Lepidoptera: Plutellidae) CO Leaf Yes Yes PestID, 2004
Pterophoridae sp. (Lepidoptera: Pterophoridae) CO Leaf Yes Yes PestID, 2004
Pyralidae sp. (Lepidoptera: Py

ralidae) CO Leaf Yes Yes PestID, 2004 Pyraustinae, sp. (Lepidoptera: Py

ralidae) CO Leaf, Stem Yes Yes PestID, 2004 Sitona sp. (Coleoptera: Curculionidae) CO Leaf Yes Yes PestID, 2004 Spodoptera sp. (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae) CO Leaf, Stem Yes Yes PestID, 2004; Posada, 1989 Systena sp. (Coleoptera: Chry somelidae) CO Leaf Yes Yes PestID, 2004; Posada, 1989 Tetranychus urticae Koch (Acari: Tetranyc hidae) CO; US Leaf No Yes CABI, 2006; Bolland, 1998 Thripidae sp. (Thy sanoptera: Thripidae) CO Leaf Yes Yes PestID, 2004
Thrips tabaci Li ndeman (Thy sanoptera: Thripidae) CO; US Leaf No Yes Arnett, 2000; CABI, 2004; Dimson, 2001; Figueroa, 1977; Posada, 1989 Tortricidae sp. (Lepidoptera: Tortricidae) CO Leaf Yes Yes PestID, 2004
Trichoplusia ni (Hübner) (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae) CO; US Leaf, Seedling No Yes Arnett, 2000; CABI, 2004; Dimson, 2001; Figueroa, 1977; Posada, 1989Pest Risk Assessment for Arugula from Colombia

Rev. 03 17 August 2010 9 Scientific Name (Taxonomy) Geographic distribution 1 Plant part

affected Quaran
tine pest Follow

pathway References BACTERIA Erwinia carotovora subsp. carotovora (Jones) Bergey (Enterobacteraceae) CO; US Leaf, Stem No Yes Buritica, 1999; CABI, 2004; Malavolta et al., 1999 Xanthomonas campestris pv. campestris (Pammel) Dowson (Xanthomonadaceae) CO; US Leaf No Yes Buritica, 1999; CABI, 2004; Henz et al ., 1987

FUNGI and CHROMISTANS 3 Albugo candida (Pers.) Kunze Sy n: Albugo cruciferarum (Oomycetes: Peronosporales) CO; US Flower, Leaf, Seed No Yes Alfieri et al ., 1994; Buritica, 1999; CABI, 2004, 2006; Farr et al ., 2007; Minuto et al ., 1997; Scheck and Koike, 1999 Alternaria alternata (Fr.) Keissl Sy n: Alternaria tenuis (Ascom ycetes: Pleosporales) CO; US Leaf, Root No Yes Bhargava et al ., 1980; Buritica, 1999; CABI, 2004 Alternaria brassicae (Berk.) Sacc. (Ascom ycet es: Pleosporales) CO; US Leaf, Stem No Yes Buritica, 1999; CABI, 2004; Farr et al

. , 1989; Farr et al ., 2007; Sushil and Kaushik, 1993 Alternaria brassicicola (Schwein.) Wiltshire (Ascom ycet es: Pleosporales) CO; US Leaf No Yes Buritica, 1999; CABI, 2004; Farr et al ., 2007; Sushil and Kaushik, 1993 Alternaria sp. (Ascom ycet es: Pleosporales) CO Leaf Yes Yes Alfieri et al ., 1994; Buritica, 1999; Padulosi and Pignone, 1997; PestID, 2004 Aspergillus flavus Li nk: Fr. (Ascom ycet es: Eurotiales) CO; US Flower, No No Abdel

- Mallek, 1994; Buritica, 1999; CABI, 2006; Farr et al

. , 1989 Aspergillus niger Tiegh. (Ascom ycet es: Eurotiales) CO; US Flower, Root, Stem, Seed No No Abdel

- Mallek, 1994; Buritica, 1999; CABI, 2004, 2006

3 Fungal names and synonyms are presented as in Farr et al

. , 2007.Pest Risk Assessment for Arugula from Colombia

Rev. 03 17 August 2010 10 Scientific Name (Taxonomy) Geographic distribution 1 Plant part

affected Quaran
tine pest Follow

pathway References Cercospora sp. (Ascom ycet es: Mycosphaerellales) CO Leaf Yes Yes PestID, 2004
Erysiphe cichoracearum D.C. (Ascom ycet es: Ery siphales) CO; US Leaf No Yes Buritica, 1999; CABI, 2004; Farr et al

. , 1989; Farr et al ., 2007 Erysiphe cruciferarum Opiz ex L

. Junell (Ascom ycet es: Ery siphales) CO; US Leaf, Stem No Yes CABI, 2006; Farr et al

. , 2007; Glawe, 2006; Karakaya et al

. , 1993; Purnell and Sivanesan, 1998; Rimmer et al

. , 2007 Fusarium oxysporum Schlechtend.:Fr. (Ascom ycet es: Hy pocreales) CO; US Leaf, Root, Stem No Yes Buritica, 1999; CABI, 2004; Chatterjee and Rai, 1974; Farr et al ., 2007; Garibaldi et al

. , 2003 Fusarium sp. (Ascom ycet es: Hy pocreales) CO Root, Seedling Yes No Alfieri et al ., 1994; Padulosi and Pignone, 1997; PestID, 2004 Leveillula taurica (L ev.) Arnaud (Ascom ycet es: Ery siphales) CO; US Leaf No Yes CABI, 2004; Farr et al

. , 1989; Farr et al ., 2007 Oidium sp. (Ascomycetes: Incertae sedis ) CO Leaf Yes Yes Farr et al ., 2007; PestID, 2004 Peronospora parasitica (Pers. Fr.) Fr. (Oomycetes: Peronosporales) CO; US Flower, Leaf, Seed, Stem No Yes Buritica, 1999; CABI, 2004, 2006; Dimson, 2001; Farr et al ., 2007; Koike, 1998; Minuto et al ., 1997 Plasmodiophora brassicae Woronin (Plasmodiophoromycete s: Plasmodiophorales) CO; US Root, Stem No Yes CABI, 2004; Farr et al

. , 1989; Farr et al ., 2007; Lima et al., 2004 Pythium sp. (Oomycetes: Incertae sedis ) CO; US Root, Seedling Yes No Alfieri et al ., 1994; Buriticá, 1999 ; Padulosi and Pignone. 1997Pest Risk Assessment for Arugula from Colombia

Rev. 03 17 August 2010 11 Scientific Name (Taxonomy) Geographic distribution 1 Plant part

affected Quaran
tine pest Follow

pathway References Thanatephorus cucumeris (Frank) Donk Anamorph: Rhizoctonia solani Kuhn (Basidiom ycet es : Ceratobasidiales) CO, US Flower, Leaf, Root, Seed, Stem No No Alfieri et al ., 1994; Buriticá, 1999; CABI, 2006 ; Farr et al

. , 1989

Rhizopus stolonifer (Ehrenb. Fr) Vuill. (Zygom yc etes : Mucorales) CO; US Seed No No Abdel

- Mallek, 1994; Buritica, 1999; CABI, 2004; Farr et al

. , 1989 Sclerotinia sclerotiorum (L ib.) de Bary (Ascom ycet es: Helotiales0 CO, US Leaf, Seed, Seedling, Stem, Root No Yes CABI, 2006; Farr et al, 2007; Gilardi, et al., 2006

Sclerotinia sp. (Ascom ycet es: Incertae sedis) CO Seedling Yes No Buritica, 1999; Padulosi and Pignone. 1997 Septoria sp. CO Leaf Yes Yes Buritica, 1999; PestID, 2004 NEMATODES Meloidogyne incognita (Kofoid and White) Chitwood (Meloidogy

nidae) CO, US Root No No CABI, 2006; Walker et al., 1995

MOLLUSKS Hygromiidae sp. (H ygromiidae) CO Leaf Yes Yes PestID, 2004 VIRUS Cucumber mosaic virus ( Bromoviridae) CO; US Leaf, Root, Stem No Yes Brunt et al ., 1996; CABI, 2004; CDFA, 2004; Gracia et al ., 1990 Tobacco mosaic virus (Tobamovirus) CO; US Leaf, Root, Stem No Yes Brunt et al ., 1996; Buritica, 1999; CABI, 2004; CDFA, 2004; Gracia et al ., 1990

2.5 . Quarantine Pests Likely to Follow the Pathway We found no quarantine pests that could reasonably be expected to follow commercial shipments of arugula leaves and stems (Table 2). Other plant pests in this assessment, not chosen for furtherPest Risk Assessment for Arugula from Colombia

Rev. 03 17 August 2010 12 scrutiny , may

be detrimental to the agricultural production sy stems of the United States; however, there were a variety of reasons for not subjecting them to further anal ys is. First, the pest’s primary

association is with plant parts other than arugula leaves and stems. This is the case for the following: (a) fungi: Aspergillus flavus, Aspergillus niger, and Rhizopus stolonifer ; and (b) nematodes: Meloidogyne incognita

. Should these pests be intercepted in shipments of arugula, quarantine action will be taken and additional risk analy sis may be conducted. Second, organisms identified only to the genus or higher taxonomic level are not anal yz ed further if they

already occur in the United S tates , even though individual species within those taxonomic groups are potential pests that may or may not occur within the United States. This applies to any

pests listed (Table 2) at a higher taxonomic level than species (i.e. genus, famil y, etc). The IP PC guidelines do not require risk assessment of pests identified only by genus name (IPPC, 2004). By

necessity , pest risk assessments focus on those organisms for which adequate biological and taxonomic information is available. Often there are many species within a genus, and it is not reasonable to assume that the biology of all organisms within a genus is identical. Lack of species identification may indicate the limits of the current taxonomic knowledge or the life stage or the quality

of th e specimen submitted for identification. The lack of identification at the specific level does not rule out the possibility that either a high

- risk quarantine pest was intercepted or that the intercepted pest was not a quarantine pest. By developing detail ed assessments for known pests that inhabit a variety of niches on the parent commodity, e.g
. , on the surface of or within the stem or leaf, etc ., effective mitigation measures may be developed to eliminate the known pests and any similar unknown ones that inhabit the same niches. Lack of biological information on any given insect or pathogen should not be equated with low risk

. If these or other pests that are identified onl y to higher taxa are intercepted on arugula, quarantine action has to be taken and a reevaluation of their risk may occur. 2.6 . Conclusion Because we found no quarantine pests expected to follow the pathway , the PRA concludes here ( PPQ, 2000). Other species of external feeders on arugula from Colombia are unlikely to remain with the leaf because the leaf will not be collected or selected for exportation if it shows any damage caused by pests. In addition, visual inspection could be used as a measure to detected sporadic hitchhiker pests. 

### 3 . Preparers a nd Reviewers Preparers: Guiovanni Zambrano, Christie Bertone, and Heather Hartzog, USDA APHIS PPQ Center for Plant Health Science and Technology , Plant Epidemiology and Risk Anal ys is L aboratory , Raleigh, NC and Bogota, ColombiaPest Risk Assessment for Arugula from Colombia

Rev. 03 17 August 2010 13 Reviewers: Hernan Arango, M. Sc. Phy tosanitary Prot ection Colombian Agricultural Institute (I CA), Risks Analy sis Group, Agricultural and Rural Development Heather Hartzog. Plant Pathologist. USDA

- APHIS

- PPQ

- CPHST

- PERAL Christie Bertone. Entomologist. USDA

- APHIS

- PPQ

- CPHST

- PERAL 

### 4. Literature Cited Abdel

- Mallek, A. 1994. Seedborne fungi of five cruciferous vegetables and relative efficacy of aqueous seed extracts against some associated fungi. Botany Department, Faculty of Science, Assiut University , Egy

pt. Assiut Journal of Agricultural Sciences 25 (5), 1994 p.251

- 260. Adams, J. 2003. Moths and Butterflies of Georgia and the Southeastern United States. Dept. of Natural Science, Dalton State College, Dalton, GA. http://www.daltonstate.edu/galeps/index.htm. Agostini de Manero, E. and S. Muruaga de l’ argentier. 1990. Biological studies and the damage produced b y species of thrips species (Th ys anoptera: Thripidae) found on crops of common bean ( Phaseolus vulgaris ) in the Jujuy Province (Argentina). Revista de Investigacion Centro de Investigaciones para la Regulacion de Poblaciones de Organismos Nocivos 8 (1

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.Pest Risk Assessment for Arugula from Colombia

Rev. 03 17 August 2010 18 

### 5. Appendix 5.1. Interception Records for Eruca sp. entering the United States. Table A1. Pest interceptions on Arugula ( Eruca sp
. ) entering the U.S. from 1985 to 200 7 by name, famil y, origin of passenger or cargo, where found, how imported, and number of interceptions (P estID, 2007) Pest Fa mily Origin Where found 4 Imported

as Intcpts

(no.) Acrolophididae, species of Acrolophididae Mexico Permit Leaf 1 Aeolothrips deserticola Priesner Aeolothripidae Is rael Permit Leaf 1 Aeolothrips intermedius Bagnall Aeolothripidae Is rael Permit Leaf 1 Agromizydae, species of Agromyzidae Colombia , Costa Rica , Hawaii , It aly , Mexico , Peru Baggage ,

Permit Leaf

, Stem , 1

22 Aley rodinae, species of Aley rodidae Mexico , Is rael Permit Leaf 5 Amorbia sp. Tortricidae Costa Rica Permit Leaf 1 Aphididae, species of Aphididae Costa Rica , Is rael , Mexico General ,

Permit Leaf

, 2

22 Aphodius sp. Scarabaeidae Mexico Permit Leaf 1 Ascidae sp. Mite Is rael Permit Leaf 2 Asphodelus fistulosus L. Pathogen India Baggage Seed 1 Autographa gamma (L innaeus) Noctuidae Is rael Permit Leaf 1 Bradybaena similaris (Rang) Bradyb aenidae Hawaii Permit Leaf 1 Cercospora sp. Pathogen Costa Rica , Mexico Permit , Leaf , 2 Cernuella virgata (Da Costa) Hygromiidae Is rael Permit Leaf 1
Cerotoma sp. Chry somelidae Mexico Permit Leaf 1 Chaetocnema sp. Chry somelidae Mexico Permit CutFl 1 Cicadellidae, species of Cicadellidae Mexico , Is rael Permit Leaf 6 Collembola species of Mexico , Is rael Permit Leaf 3 Contarinia sp. Cecidomyiidae El Salvador Baggage Leaf 1 Corticariidae species of Mexico Permit Leaf 1

4 General = General cargo, Permit = Permit cargoPest Risk Assessment for Arugula from Colombia

Rev. 03 17 August 2010 19 Pest Fa mily Origin Where found 4 Imported

as Intcpts

(no.) Corythucha gossypii (Fabricus) Tingidae Mexico Permit Fruit, Cut f l ower 2 Crambidae, species of Crambidae Peru Permit Leaf 1 Curculionidae, species of Curculionidae Costa Rica , Mexico Permit Cut f l ower, Leaf 3

Diabrotica sp. Chry somelidae Mexico Permit Leaf 1 Ecdytolopha sp. Tortricidae Mexico Permit Leaf 1 Empoasca sp. Cicadellidae Mexico Permit Leaf 1 Frankliniella fusca (Hinds) Thripidae Mexico Permit Leaf 1 Frankliniella occidentalis (Pergande) Thripidae Is rael , Mexico Permit Leaf 4 Frankliniella schultzei (Try bom) Thripidae Is rael Permit Leaf 1 Frankliniella sp. Thripidae Is rael , Mexico Permit Leaf 2 Gelechiidae, species of Mexico Baggage Leaf 1 Geometridae, species of Geometridae Costa Rica Permit Leaf 1 Gryllidae, species of Gryllidae Mexico Permit Fruit 1 Halticus bractatus (Say) Miridae Mexico Permit Leaf , Cutting 2 Helicoverpa sp. Noctuidae Is rael Permit Leaf 3 Heliothis sp. Noctuidae Is rael Permit Leaf 1 Heteroptera, species of Is rael Permit Leaf 1 Hyadaphis erysimi (Kaltenbach) Aphididae Is rael Permit Leaf 1 Hygromiidae, species of Hygromiidae Is rael Permit Leaf 2 Hy menoptera, species of Mexico Permit Leaf 1 Lepidoptera, species of Mexico , Is rael Permit Leaf 7 Linepithema humile Mayer Formicidae Mexico Permit Leaf 1 Lipahis pseudobrassicae Davis Aphididae Is rael Permit Leaf 4 Longitarsus sp. Chry somelidae Is rael Permit Leaf 1 Lycaenidae, species of Lycaenidae Mexico Permit Leaf 1 Micrapate labialis Lesne Bostrichidae Mexico Permit Leaf 1 Miridae, species of Miridae Costa Rica , Mexico Permit Leaf 5 Mollusca species of Is rael Permit Leaf 2Pest Risk Assessment for Arugula from Colombia

Rev. 03 17 August 2010 20 Pest Fa mily Origin Where found 4 Imported

as Intcpts

(no.) Monacha obstructa Ferussac Hygromiidae Is rael Permit Cut f lo wer 1 Monacha sp. Hygromiidae Is rael Permit Leaf 1 Myzus persicae Sulzer Aphididae Is rael Permit Cutting , Leaf 3 Noctuidae, species of Noctuidae Costa Rica , Is rael , Mexico , Peru Permit , Leaf , Cutting, Stem 38
Nysius raphanus Howard Lygaeidae Mexico Permit Leaf 1 Nysius sp. Lygaeidae Mexico , Costa Rica , Peru Permit , Leaf , Cut f l ower 12 Ovatus crataegarious Walker Aphididae Mexico Permit Leaf 1 Papilionidae, species of Papilionidae Mexico Permit Leaf 1 Parapiesma cinereum (Say) Piesmatidae Mexico Permit Leaf 1 Pentatomidae, species of Pentatomidae Costa Rica Permit Leaf 3 Phyllotreta sp. Chry somelidae Mexico Permit Cutting , Leaf 3 Phytoseiidae species of Is rael Permit Leaf 1 Pieridae species of Is rael Baggage Leaf 1 Pieris rapae (L innaeus) Pieridae Mexico Permit Leaf 1 Pieris sp. Pieridae Ital y Permit Stem 1 Plusiinae, species of sp. Noctuidae Is rael , Mexico , Peru Permit , Leaf , Fruit , Cut f l ower 5
Plutella xylostella (L innaeus) Plutellidae Is rael Permit Leaf 1 Plutellidae, species of sp. Plutellidae Costa Rica , Is rael , Peru Permit , Leaf , Stem 3 Psocoptera, species of sp. Mexico Permit Leaf 1 Pterophoridae, species of sp. Pterophoridae Is rael Mexico Permit Leaf 3 Py ralidae sp. Py ralidae Peru Mexico Permit Leaf , Stem 2 Py raustinae sp. Crambidae Is rael Permit Leaf 1 Pyrrhocoris apterus L. Py rrhocoridae Is rael Permit Leaf 1 Septoria sp. Pathogen Mexico Permit Leaf 1 Sitona sp. Curculionidae Ital y Baggage Leaf 1 Spodoptera littoralis Noctuidae Is rael Permit Leaf 1 Spodoptera sp. Noctuidae Is rael Permit Leaf 2Pest Risk Assessment for Arugula from Colombia

Rev. 03 17 August 2010 21 Pest Fa mily Origin Where found 4 Imported

as Intcpts

(no.) Sy rphidae sp. Mexico Permit Cutting 1 Systena sp. Chry somelidae Mexico Permit Leaf 2 Tetranychus sp. Tetranychidae Is rael Permit Leaf 1 Theba pisana Muller Helicidae Is rael Permit Cutti 2 Thripidae sp. Thripidae Mexico Permit Leaf 1 Tortricidae sp. Tortricidae Costa Rica , Peru Permit , Cutting , Leaf , Stem 3 Xestocephalus sp. Cicadellidae Mexico Permit Leaf 1