Release date: September 2021

Revised date: December 2022

All

buildings

NortheastMidwest South West

All

buildings

NortheastMidwest South West

All buildings 5,918 793 1,719 2,143 1,264 96,423 15,951 25,932 34,907 19,633

Building floorspace (square feet)

1,001 to 5,000 2,833 373 810 1,076 573 8,025 1,126 2,269 2,979 1,651

5,001 to 10,000 1,359 157 416 459 328 10,204 1,154 3,021 3,542 2,488

10,001 to 25,000 981 145 288 338 209 15,838 2,371 4,469 5,656 3,342

25,001 to 50,000 386 58 115 128 86 13,957 2,140 4,064 4,716 3,036

50,001 to 100,000 218 30 57 89 41 15,302 2,195 3,942 6,312 2,853

100,001 to 200,000 93 19 20 36 18 13,003 2,659 2,759 4,999 2,586

200,001 to 500,000 40 8 10 15 7 11,776 2,397 3,062 4,203 2,115

Over 500,000 9 2 2 3 2 8,317 1,908 2,347 2,500 1,562

Principal building activity

Education 437 44 90 153 150 13,623 2,545 3,837 4,967 2,275

Food sales 163 Q 58 71 Q 1,006 Q 404 249 Q

Food service 286 29 72 110 75 1,385 138 279 563 405

Health care 137 23 20 50 45 4,018 779 1,076 1,173 990

Inpatient 9 1 1 3 3 2,259 367 712 716 463

Outpatient 129 21 18 47 42 1,760 412 364 457 527

Lodging 207 34 68 55 50 6,976 1,207 1,661 2,379 1,729

Mercantile 517 60 139 207 112 10,781 1,394 2,625 4,463 2,300

Retail (other than mall) 350 49 97 138 67 5,193 606 1,482 2,163 943

Enclosed and strip malls 167 11 42 69 45 5,588 788 1,143 2,300 1,357

Office 970 138 265 375 193 16,662 3,196 4,336 5,703 3,427

Public assembly 488 91 141 168 88 7,192 1,107 1,890 2,711 1,485

Public order and safety 81 Q Q 28 28 1,538 Q Q 673 323

Religious worship 439 61 122 201 55 5,471 585 1,444 2,569 873

Service 867 144 305 237 181 6,240 1,268 2,223 1,684 1,066

Warehouse and storage 1,004 119 307 366 212 17,483 2,398 4,714 6,365 4,006

Other 113 22 41 36 15 2,435 744 601 809 281

Vacant 208 Q 78 87 35 1,612 Q 544 599 260

Year constructed

Before 1920 329 101 116 72 40 3,600 1,285 1,113 790 412

1920 to 1945 379 70 142 109 58 5,646 1,589 1,914 1,251 891

1946 to 1959 517 80 135 170 132 6,937 1,539 1,714 2,420 1,264

1960 to 1969 685 122 207 204 152 10,360 2,045 2,806 3,758 1,752

1970 to 1979 831 79 256 311 184 13,061 2,263 3,889 4,243 2,666

1980 to 1989 794 92 180 329 193 13,465 2,015 2,933 5,244 3,272

1990 to 1999 921 107 237 354 223 15,535 1,948 4,110 6,158 3,320

2000 to 2009 924 82 281 377 183 17,500 2,107 4,846 7,050 3,497

2010 to 2018 537 59 164 215 99 10,319 1,159 2,609 3,994 2,557

Climate zonea

Cold or very cold 539 117 326 N 95 7,044 1,099 4,814 N 1,131

Cool 1,727 393 1,019 N 315 26,768 6,984 15,176 N 4,608

Mixed mild 1,216 283 374 386 Q 25,096 7,868 5,942 7,660 3,626

Warm 1,606 N N 1,109 497 25,085 N N 17,361 7,725

Hot or very hot 831 N N 648 183 12,429 N N 9,886 2,543

Number of buildings (thousand) Total floorspace (million square feet)

Table B3. Census region, number of buildings and floorspace, 2018
All

buildings

NortheastMidwest South West

All

buildings

NortheastMidwest South West

All buildings 5,918 793 1,719 2,143 1,264 96,423 15,951 25,932 34,907 19,633

Number of buildings (thousand) Total floorspace (million square feet)

Table B3. Census region, number of buildings and floorspace, 2018

Number of floors

1 4,106 365 1,145 1,636 959 43,576 4,478 11,650 17,683 9,765

2 1,286 258 419 375 234 23,300 4,001 6,929 7,821 4,549

3 370 117 121 90 42 10,516 2,409 3,505 3,188 1,414

4 to 9 142 47 33 37 25 13,031 3,313 2,649 4,427 2,642

10 or more 16 7 2 5 3 6,000 1,751 1,199 1,787 1,262

Elevators and escalators 

(more than one may apply)

Any elevators 503 119 135 154 95 36,501 8,202 9,377 12,038 6,885

1 elevator 366 86 108 106 65 14,215 3,109 4,062 4,660 2,384

2 to 5 elevators 121 29 25 42 26 13,316 3,009 3,326 4,455 2,526

6 or more elevators 16 4 3 6 4 8,970 2,085 1,988 2,924 1,974

Any escalators 14 3 Q 3 3 3,753 890 766 1,292 805

Number of workers (main shift)

Fewer than 5 3,270 461 1,039 1,140 629 21,065 3,059 6,270 7,676 4,060

5 to 9 1,116 114 294 450 259 10,323 1,322 2,749 4,122 2,129

10 to 19 713 93 185 258 177 11,348 1,471 3,544 3,911 2,421

20 to 49 492 64 133 175 119 16,132 2,296 4,507 5,858 3,470

50 to 99 201 35 44 73 50 12,961 2,347 3,136 4,836 2,642

100 to 249 90 19 18 32 21 12,442 2,652 3,151 4,425 2,214

250 or more 37 8 6 14 9 12,152 2,803 2,576 4,078 2,695

Weekly operating hours

Fewer than 40 1,370 155 491 486 236 10,766 1,390 3,282 4,043 2,051

40 to 48 1,483 156 387 595 344 18,826 2,318 4,905 7,411 4,191

49 to 60 1,250 233 321 410 287 22,845 4,062 5,738 8,352 4,693

61 to 84 645 92 145 266 143 14,736 2,746 4,062 5,016 2,912

85 to 167 465 59 138 163 105 10,038 1,822 2,935 3,138 2,143

Open continuously 705 98 237 223 148 19,213 3,612 5,011 6,948 3,642

Ownership and occupancy

Nongovernment owned 4,982 708 1,483 1,803 988 74,728 12,696 20,467 26,255 15,311

Owner occupied 3,249 490 1,022 1,204 533 45,355 7,704 12,897 16,788 7,966

Leased to tenant or tenants 1,581 212 412 533 424 28,382 4,824 7,282 9,140 7,136

Unoccupied 152 Q Q 66 Q 990 Q Q 326 Q

Government owned 937 85 236 340 276 21,695 3,255 5,466 8,653 4,322

Federal 70 10 Q 31 13 1,946 288 406 914 337

State 256 16 47 106 87 6,888 919 1,329 3,215 1,425

Local 610 58 173 203 176 12,861 2,048 3,730 4,523 2,559

Party responsible for operation

of energy systems

Building owner 4,872 682 1,463 1,746 980 79,282 13,448 21,859 28,685 15,290

Business owner or tenant 831 93 199 327 213 12,842 2,034 2,842 4,674 3,292

Property management 97 Q Q 32 45 1,994 265 430 725 573

Other 118 9 47 38 25 2,306 205 801 823 477
All

buildings

NortheastMidwest South West

All

buildings

NortheastMidwest South West

All buildings 5,918 793 1,719 2,143 1,264 96,423 15,951 25,932 34,907 19,633

Number of buildings (thousand) Total floorspace (million square feet)

Table B3. Census region, number of buildings and floorspace, 2018

Provider of direct input on energyrelated equipment purchases

Building owner 5,127 710 1,522 1,850 1,045 82,862 13,953 22,684 30,258 15,967

Business owner or tenant 483 55 104 188 136 7,585 1,234 1,729 2,704 1,918

Property management 49 Q Q 17 Q 1,072 Q Q 393 Q

Other 260 25 86 88 61 4,904 617 1,265 1,552 1,470

Number of establishments

1 4,719 629 1,383 1,707 1,001 65,391 10,254 18,669 23,733 12,736

2 to 5 811 127 214 298 172 16,431 2,796 3,859 5,957 3,820

6 to 10 135 21 43 34 36 5,539 1,172 1,311 1,908 1,148

11 to 20 63 6 Q 26 17 3,894 759 736 1,533 867

More than 20 19 3 Q 7 5 3,999 785 967 1,412 835

Currently unoccupied 170 Q 61 71 Q 1,168 Q 390 365 Q

Campus or complex activity

Not part of a campus or complex 3,622 494 1,099 1,350 680 56,609 10,146 16,521 19,547 10,395

Primary or secondary school 247 20 20 86 122 5,106 711 990 2,112 1,293

College or university 103 12 Q 44 24 3,761 712 653 1,725 671

Office complex 141 20 32 51 37 3,823 666 602 1,468 1,087

Retail complex 250 26 76 69 79 4,573 547 1,125 1,679 1,223

Storage complex 418 36 144 147 91 5,684 673 1,825 2,012 1,174

Religious campus or complex 253 Q 52 123 46 3,209 Q 541 1,825 528

Health care complex 60 Q 12 25 14 2,838 485 911 754 687

Lodging or resort complex 102 Q Q 34 31 1,575 Q Q 572 638

Transportation complex 36 Q Q 10 Q 774 Q Q Q Q

Government complex 124 Q 50 44 18 1,706 Q 581 574 377

Other 563 101 182 160 119 6,765 1,152 1,885 2,231 1,497

Predominant exterior wall material

Brick, stone, or stucco 2,490 303 613 1,014 561 46,134 8,079 11,616 18,335 8,104

Concrete (block or poured) 935 152 236 335 212 19,357 3,608 4,672 6,316 4,761

Concrete panels 137 7 28 58 44 8,331 883 2,110 3,015 2,323

Siding or shingles 948 218 333 218 178 5,992 1,294 2,217 1,124 1,357

Metal panels 1,250 84 485 462 220 12,198 1,147 4,378 4,899 1,774

Window glass 19 3 2 8 6 2,192 396 450 685 661

Other 139 26 22 48 43 2,219 544 489 532 653

Predominant roof material

Metal surfacing 2,198 159 665 942 432 20,936 1,852 5,702 9,752 3,629

Synthetic or rubber 940 188 272 266 214 31,563 7,029 8,655 9,849 6,030

Built-up 708 62 190 256 200 19,308 3,081 5,119 6,955 4,154

Slate or tile shingles 376 63 76 144 93 3,997 710 892 1,318 1,077

Wooden materials (including

shingles) 166 Q Q 45 71 1,568 Q Q 227 814

Asphalt, fiberglass, or 

other shingles 1,311 257 468 394 192 14,058 2,351 4,528 4,588 2,591

Concrete 83 Q Q 39 16 1,968 249 Q 989 513

Other 136 21 11 57 47 3,026 393 577 1,231 825
All

buildings

NortheastMidwest South West

All

buildings

NortheastMidwest South West

All buildings 5,918 793 1,719 2,143 1,264 96,423 15,951 25,932 34,907 19,633

Number of buildings (thousand) Total floorspace (million square feet)

Table B3. Census region, number of buildings and floorspace, 2018

Roof tilt

Flat 1,914 259 462 643 551 54,253 10,648 13,377 18,431 11,797

Shallow pitch 2,313 247 744 891 431 27,609 2,699 8,448 10,882 5,580

Steeper pitch 1,691 287 514 608 282 14,561 2,604 4,108 5,594 2,255

Cool roof characteristics (more than one 

may apply)

White or reflective coating or paint 1,285 94 371 434 386 32,799 3,767 7,627 12,470 8,934

White or reflective tiles or shingles 140 17 28 60 35 2,713 452 515 1,215 532

Aluminum coating 528 58 108 268 94 6,149 1,114 956 3,100 978

Ballasted roof system 114 20 36 24 33 6,277 1,273 2,295 1,623 1,085

Other cool roof property 35 Q Q 16 13 1,603 386 Q 698 241

Renovations since 2000 

(more than one may apply)

Any type of renovation 2,032 343 565 747 377 45,165 8,419 12,619 15,951 8,176

Addition or annex 327 56 112 116 44 10,854 1,893 4,018 3,410 1,534

Reduction in floorspace 35 5 6 18 Q 1,784 422 538 585 238

Roof replacement 847 161 202 350 133 20,862 4,394 5,933 7,265 3,270

Interior wall reconfiguration 709 103 213 262 131 21,283 4,209 6,338 7,074 3,661

Window replacement 484 105 152 144 83 10,977 2,667 3,264 3,124 1,922

HVAC equipment upgrade 1,006 181 254 393 178 27,575 5,893 7,252 9,635 4,794

Lighting upgrade 1,012 192 304 324 192 29,098 5,958 8,390 9,312 5,438

Electrical upgrade 565 109 144 210 102 15,761 3,872 4,485 4,924 2,480

Plumbing system upgrade 584 113 151 218 103 15,537 3,759 4,158 4,908 2,711

Insulation upgrade 307 79 77 112 39 7,980 2,257 2,055 2,406 1,263

Fire, safety, or security upgrade 570 120 151 199 101 19,985 4,398 5,671 6,570 3,347

Structural upgrade 147 43 24 60 20 4,203 1,045 1,150 1,126 882

Other 43 Q Q 10 21 1,168 Q Q 606 233

No renovations 3,530 415 1,048 1,262 805 43,832 6,619 11,442 16,367 9,403

Buildings constructed 2013 or later 357 35 107 133 81 7,426 913 1,871 2,589 2,053

Energy sources

(more than one may apply)

Electricity 5,613 769 1,647 2,011 1,186 94,844 15,811 25,488 34,353 19,192

Natural gas 2,974 373 982 894 725 67,722 11,331 20,410 21,895 14,086

Fuel oil 583 230 120 144 89 21,185 5,930 4,585 6,794 3,875

District heat 86 29 15 25 17 6,745 1,823 1,507 2,130 1,284

District chilled water 55 5 3 33 14 4,288 520 746 2,059 963

Propane 676 157 225 219 75 10,157 2,470 2,381 3,358 1,948

Solar 99 20 14 12 53 3,820 1,214 650 531 1,424

Wood, coal, and other 180 47 61 45 26 2,113 415 617 676 405

Space-heating energy sources 

(more than one may apply)

Electricity 2,563 264 534 1,185 580 45,603 6,375 9,632 19,917 9,679

Natural gas 2,587 334 930 712 611 58,042 9,984 18,816 17,479 11,764

Fuel oil 266 183 Q 39 Q 4,134 2,515 710 728 180

District heat 83 29 15 22 17 6,547 1,779 1,428 2,092 1,247

Propane 431 74 191 128 38 3,896 920 1,111 1,264 601

Other sourcesb 127 Q 50 Q Q 927 Q 375 Q Q
All

buildings

NortheastMidwest South West

All

buildings

NortheastMidwest South West

All buildings 5,918 793 1,719 2,143 1,264 96,423 15,951 25,932 34,907 19,633

Number of buildings (thousand) Total floorspace (million square feet)

Table B3. Census region, number of buildings and floorspace, 2018

Primary space-heating 

energy source

Electricity 1,856 134 328 990 404 27,618 2,650 4,676 14,237 6,054

Natural gas 2,344 313 878 615 538 50,060 8,893 17,082 14,158 9,927

Fuel oil 222 162 Q 28 Q 2,223 1,632 Q 408 Q

District heat 78 29 15 19 16 6,090 1,696 1,363 1,873 1,159

Propane 338 57 163 91 Q 2,290 508 797 751 Q

Other sourcesb 63 Q Q Q Q 380 Q Q Q Q

Cooling energy sources

(more than one may apply)

Electricity 4,584 580 1,207 1,838 960 84,526 14,054 22,160 31,905 16,406

Natural gas 4 Q Q Q Q 400 Q Q Q Q

District chilled water 55 5 3 33 14 4,288 520 746 2,059 963

Water-heating energy sources

(more than one may apply)

Electricity 2,785 368 712 1,184 521 47,125 7,664 10,882 19,834 8,745

Natural gas 1,885 215 613 557 500 46,652 6,978 14,118 14,834 10,722

Fuel oil 72 63 Q Q Q 1,807 1,154 194 322 Q

District heat 38 14 7 11 6 4,206 1,380 958 1,167 700

Propane 145 37 Q 59 Q 1,947 482 Q 860 Q

Cooking energy sources

(more than one may apply)

Electricity 1,216 152 381 445 237 30,509 5,198 9,198 10,589 5,523

Natural gas 727 94 197 222 214 27,705 5,216 7,671 9,205 5,614

Propane 159 35 18 66 40 3,101 1,017 290 1,227 566

Energy end uses

(more than one may apply)

Buildings with space heating 4,901 710 1,417 1,755 1,019 88,661 15,465 24,096 31,527 17,572

Buildings with cooling 4,631 585 1,209 1,865 972 87,506 14,557 22,577 33,255 17,118

Buildings with water heating 4,595 655 1,284 1,690 966 87,717 15,001 23,634 31,781 17,301

Buildings with cooking 1,738 242 499 615 382 43,580 8,071 12,282 15,176 8,051

Buildings with manufacturing 322 34 106 101 81 6,871 979 2,302 2,067 1,522

Buildings with electricity

generation 706 140 195 236 135 29,457 6,798 7,193 9,746 5,720

Buildings with lighting 5,503 758 1,591 1,981 1,174 94,103 15,760 25,183 34,055 19,106

Percentage of floorspace heated

Not heated 1,017 83 302 388 245 7,762 486 1,837 3,380 2,060

1 to 50% 693 87 172 270 165 10,620 1,095 1,661 4,818 3,046

51 to 99% 905 131 193 362 218 20,174 3,212 4,032 8,281 4,648

100% 3,303 492 1,052 1,122 636 57,867 11,158 18,402 18,428 9,878

Percentage of floorspace cooled

Not cooled 1,288 208 510 278 292 8,917 1,394 3,356 1,652 2,515

1 to 50% 1,111 170 311 394 236 19,722 3,624 5,427 6,519 4,152

51 to 99% 998 168 247 388 195 26,277 5,243 6,607 9,780 4,647

100% 2,522 246 652 1,083 541 41,507 5,691 10,543 16,955 8,319
All

buildings

NortheastMidwest South West

All

buildings

NortheastMidwest South West

All buildings 5,918 793 1,719 2,143 1,264 96,423 15,951 25,932 34,907 19,633

Number of buildings (thousand) Total floorspace (million square feet)

Table B3. Census region, number of buildings and floorspace, 2018

Percentage lit when open

0% Q N Q Q Q Q N Q Q Q

1 to 50% 1,280 203 455 425 197 14,172 2,018 4,754 5,048 2,352

51 to 99% 1,784 249 500 611 424 38,847 6,450 10,568 13,858 7,971

100% 2,272 293 547 899 533 39,877 7,115 9,323 14,811 8,628

Building never open or electricity

not used 513 47 174 186 105 2,998 367 1,040 945 646

Percentage lit during off hours

0% 2,062 303 641 658 461 15,578 2,230 4,352 5,419 3,577

1 to 50% 3,246 428 904 1,244 669 69,800 11,610 19,201 25,236 13,753

51 to 100% 240 28 82 87 42 7,243 1,480 1,524 2,778 1,461

Building always open with 

no off hours 64 10 20 21 13 2,223 492 410 921 401

Electricity not used 305 Q Q 132 78 1,579 Q Q 554 440

Heating equipment 

(more than one may apply)

Packaged heating units 2,187 212 467 963 545 48,064 6,568 12,471 18,507 10,518

Furnaces 1,621 221 743 403 254 17,272 2,562 7,055 4,552 3,103

Individual space heaters 1,246 185 393 380 288 21,122 3,794 6,298 6,794 4,236

Boilers 703 226 217 130 131 28,831 7,386 8,614 7,445 5,385

Heat pumps 673 90 113 314 157 15,110 2,502 3,025 6,318 3,265

District heat 83 29 15 22 17 6,547 1,779 1,428 2,092 1,247

Duct reheat 134 17 26 65 26 7,418 1,069 1,694 3,660 996

Other 17 Q Q Q Q 821 Q Q Q Q

Cooling equipment 

(more than one may apply)

Packaged air-conditioning units 2,565 300 569 1,089 607 56,290 9,366 14,019 21,324 11,581

Residential-type central air

conditioners 1,309 132 541 460 176 18,270 2,790 6,687 6,230 2,563

Individual air conditioners 735 168 170 258 140 13,619 3,657 3,387 4,428 2,146

Central chillers 202 37 54 64 46 17,926 3,722 4,575 6,522 3,107

Heat pumps 492 83 87 217 105 11,098 2,394 2,034 4,170 2,501

District chilled water 55 5 3 33 14 4,288 520 746 2,059 963

Swamp coolers 85 Q Q 16 65 2,070 Q Q 439 1,311

Other Q Q N Q Q Q Q N Q Q

HVAC features 

(more than one may apply)

Economizer cycle 747 116 202 200 229 34,087 6,948 10,004 9,425 7,711

Variable air volume (VAV) system 698 74 218 248 158 29,268 5,195 7,959 10,180 5,934

Dedicated outside air system (DOAS) 249 39 61 83 66 9,027 1,743 2,202 3,426 1,655

Demand controlled ventilation (DCV) 349 69 80 114 85 10,474 2,763 2,445 3,399 1,866

Regular HVAC maintenance 3,554 496 903 1,364 792 78,015 13,396 19,821 28,848 15,949

Building automation system (BAS) 

controls heating or cooling 933 132 229 333 240 40,462 7,665 10,073 14,346 8,378

Internet-connected or smart

thermostat 325 42 53 148 82 5,966 652 1,229 2,899 1,185

Programmable thermostat 1,545 246 405 516 379 20,882 3,733 5,846 6,437 4,865
All

buildings

NortheastMidwest South West

All

buildings

NortheastMidwest South West

All buildings 5,918 793 1,719 2,143 1,264 96,423 15,951 25,932 34,907 19,633

Number of buildings (thousand) Total floorspace (million square feet)

Table B3. Census region, number of buildings and floorspace, 2018

Main equipment replaced since 

2000 (more than one may apply)

Heating 1,937 306 557 696 378 32,451 6,012 9,489 11,249 5,701

Cooling 1,269 243 364 449 213 23,013 5,307 6,184 7,636 3,886

Water-heating equipment

Centralized system 3,538 483 1,045 1,297 714 59,280 9,881 16,972 21,111 11,316

Distributed system 782 139 173 284 187 14,307 2,886 3,220 5,109 3,093

Combination of centralized and

distributed systems 274 33 66 109 66 14,129 2,234 3,442 5,561 2,892

Generation technologies 

(more than one may apply)

Reciprocating engine generators 580 112 173 214 80 25,163 5,771 6,335 8,899 4,158

Solar panels 94 20 14 12 48 3,750 1,211 636 520 1,384

Other generation technology 43 12 11 11 9 2,055 470 541 548 497

Lighting equipment types

(more than one may apply)

Incandescent 1,100 191 381 357 170 21,081 4,136 5,931 7,274 3,740

Standard fluorescent 4,012 552 1,128 1,493 839 72,912 12,356 19,199 26,601 14,756

Compact fluorescent 1,130 182 363 351 235 33,691 6,318 9,007 11,489 6,876

High-intensity discharge (HID) 238 44 74 72 48 11,356 2,096 3,054 4,244 1,962

Halogen 552 71 129 222 130 15,012 2,581 3,297 5,936 3,198

LED 2,593 439 716 851 587 61,849 11,641 16,613 20,663 12,931

Other Q N Q Q Q Q N Q Q Q

Refrigeration equipment

(more than one may apply)

Any refrigeration 3,850 533 1,061 1,453 803 77,589 12,962 21,011 28,694 14,922

Walk-in units 706 101 201 238 166 29,384 5,493 8,043 10,369 5,479

Cases or cabinets 837 107 242 319 168 28,517 5,324 7,642 10,221 5,331

Large cold storage areas 69 11 19 26 13 3,592 540 705 1,343 1,004

Commercial ice makers 872 88 221 347 217 34,672 5,157 8,764 13,922 6,829

Residential-type or compact units 3,321 461 938 1,262 661 64,735 10,759 17,793 23,691 12,492

Vending machines 800 105 207 338 150 42,071 7,167 11,359 16,051 7,494

No refrigeration 2,068 259 659 689 461 18,834 2,989 4,921 6,213 4,710

Office equipment

(more than one may apply)

Desktop computers 3,804 526 978 1,448 851 82,012 13,897 21,432 30,192 16,492

With multiple monitors 1,504 213 421 543 327 50,844 8,928 12,903 18,299 10,714

Laptop computers 2,786 395 796 1,037 558 69,375 11,999 18,798 25,117 13,461

Dedicated servers 1,400 192 361 512 335 51,595 9,474 13,726 17,711 10,685

Tablets charged in building 1,556 234 409 577 336 48,778 8,447 12,818 17,690 9,823

Large floor-standing office devicesc 1,456 217 381 557 300 54,088 9,853 14,091 19,509 10,636

Smaller desktop office devicesc 3,560 508 962 1,344 746 74,467 13,145 19,163 27,409 14,750

Interactive whiteboards 262 34 67 93 68 16,939 3,542 4,667 5,892 2,838

Televisions or video displays 2,451 347 663 940 501 63,618 11,323 16,168 23,646 12,481

Point-of-sale devices or cash 

registers 1,420 197 376 532 316 33,606 6,127 9,093 11,564 6,822
All

buildings

NortheastMidwest South West

All

buildings

NortheastMidwest South West

All buildings 5,918 793 1,719 2,143 1,264 96,423 15,951 25,932 34,907 19,633

Number of buildings (thousand) Total floorspace (million square feet)

Table B3. Census region, number of buildings and floorspace, 2018

Food preparation or serving areas 

in non-food service buildings

(more than one may apply)

Snack bar, concession stand, or coffee 

shop 144 12 46 49 38 10,361 1,614 2,935 3,369 2,443

Fast food or small restaurant 160 18 47 49 46 9,759 1,657 2,581 3,165 2,356

Cafeteria or large restaurant 129 28 39 38 25 14,531 3,161 4,250 4,837 2,283

Commercial kitchen or

food preparation area 284 52 68 106 58 17,698 3,289 4,923 6,243 3,244

Small kitchen area 1,018 149 315 346 208 20,519 3,784 6,211 6,683 3,840

Separate computer areas

(more than one may apply)

Server closet 1,237 159 327 482 270 48,722 8,779 12,544 17,501 9,898

Data center 116 25 16 43 32 11,383 2,570 3,036 3,409 2,369

Computer-based training room 228 23 53 90 61 16,556 2,945 4,509 5,745 3,356

Student or public computer center 236 22 52 92 70 12,527 2,273 3,202 4,635 2,418

Window and interior lighting 

features (more than one may

apply)

Multipaned windows 3,527 512 1,108 1,191 716 72,694 12,812 20,761 25,145 13,977

Tinted window glass 1,679 145 386 724 424 44,363 6,274 10,859 17,061 10,169

Reflective window glass 497 50 137 164 146 17,929 2,618 4,768 5,450 5,093

External overhangs or awnings 1,513 131 378 601 403 28,718 3,445 6,990 11,241 7,042

Skylights or atriums 509 66 105 189 149 19,815 3,193 5,228 6,385 5,009

Light scheduling 910 133 227 314 236 33,552 6,304 8,096 11,521 7,630

Occupancy sensors 1,025 150 302 291 282 44,304 9,010 11,768 14,044 9,482

Multilevel lighting or dimming 332 56 95 105 77 14,424 2,189 4,420 4,496 3,318

Daylight harvesting 138 14 32 54 38 7,244 1,350 1,390 2,488 2,017

Plug-load control 58 3 12 25 18 1,961 181 569 764 446

Demand responsive lighting 98 Q Q 13 24 2,045 354 684 538 468

Building automation system (BAS) for 

lighting 317 31 59 124 103 16,645 2,713 3,673 6,054 4,205

Electric vehicle (EV) charging

Charging stations associated with the 

building 132 21 24 41 46 10,165 1,658 2,083 3,348 3,075

Data source: U.S. Energy Information Administration, Form EIA-871A of the 2018 Commercial Buildings Energy Consumption Survey 

Notes: Because of rounding, data may not sum to totals. The Guide to the 2018 CBECS Tables and CBECS Terminology contain definitions of terms used in these 

tables and comparisons between previous CBECS tables. You can access both references from http://www.eia.gov/consumption/commercial/data/2018/. 

Data are sample survey estimates with relative standard errors published in a tab on the Excel worksheet for this table. 

a

Climate zones are based on ASHRAE Standard 169-2021; see https://www.eia.gov/consumption/commercial/maps.php#defined.

b

Other sources includes wood, coal, solar, and all other energy sources.

c

Office devices refers to any combination of printers, copiers, scanners, or FAX machines.

Q = Data withheld either because the relative standard error was greater than 50% or the reporting sample had fewer than 20 buildings. 

N = No buildings in reporting sample.
RSE

Release date: September 2021

Revised date: December 2022

All

buildings

NortheastMidwest South West

All

buildings

NortheastMidwest South West

All buildings 3.9 9.9 10.9 7.7 8.1 3.1 7.2 7.4 6.1 7.1

Building floorspace (square feet)

1,001 to 5,000 4.9 12.9 13.2 9.3 9.6 5.3 14.6 14.5 9.7 8.7

5,001 to 10,000 5.9 14.6 16.6 9.9 10.2 5.8 14.0 16.1 10.3 10.1

10,001 to 25,000 5.6 12.6 13.0 10.5 11.4 6.1 14.6 13.5 11.6 12.3

25,001 to 50,000 5.6 12.5 12.9 9.8 12.0 5.6 12.8 13.6 9.2 11.8

50,001 to 100,000 5.3 12.7 14.1 8.6 10.3 5.3 11.6 14.2 8.6 10.5

100,001 to 200,000 5.6 10.8 11.0 10.0 12.5 5.5 11.3 10.6 9.2 13.2

200,001 to 500,000 5.0 11.7 11.8 7.6 11.4 5.0 11.4 12.1 7.3 11.1

Over 500,000 7.8 15.2 13.5 14.7 24.3 8.6 14.3 14.2 15.7 29.3

Principal building activity

Education 7.8 17.4 20.2 14.5 13.1 5.3 8.9 11.6 10.5 11.5

Food sales 14.3 53.7 24.3 22.2 37.1 17.0 59.3 29.8 27.3 26.2

Food service 7.7 21.5 14.2 13.2 16.9 8.5 27.4 12.5 13.6 16.9

Health care 9.8 20.8 31.0 15.9 18.1 5.5 15.2 11.5 9.7 14.5

Inpatient 19.4 43.4 19.6 27.0 48.2 7.2 20.9 14.9 10.6 19.9

Outpatient 10.3 21.4 33.6 16.3 19.2 8.0 17.8 19.7 15.6 15.8

Lodging 9.4 22.6 18.7 17.3 16.7 8.3 18.3 12.9 13.9 21.9

Mercantile 7.3 19.1 21.3 11.5 12.6 6.0 13.6 16.2 10.3 9.7

Retail (other than mall) 10.1 23.2 26.4 15.6 18.6 8.6 15.9 22.3 13.2 16.2

Enclosed and strip malls 7.6 25.5 26.3 17.3 18.4 7.6 25.5 17.5 14.0 13.0

Office 7.2 21.4 18.4 11.9 13.1 5.5 12.1 11.9 10.7 10.2

Public assembly 9.1 22.7 16.6 17.8 13.3 5.8 13.5 11.9 10.7 13.2

Public order and safety 20.2 52.1 48.6 37.6 29.4 15.9 27.1 38.1 28.3 26.6

Religious worship 9.5 22.8 15.3 16.2 25.8 9.3 26.2 18.8 14.4 20.5

Service 7.4 15.1 16.9 14.6 12.7 8.1 13.5 16.3 18.1 17.4

Warehouse and storage 7.4 18.8 15.9 13.6 15.1 7.2 17.2 12.5 14.0 15.0

Other 17.1 31.4 30.7 31.0 42.9 15.1 26.5 33.9 26.2 27.0

Vacant 17.2 37.3 31.8 27.4 37.1 14.1 37.7 28.8 20.1 39.1

Year constructed

Before 1920 12.8 20.6 29.7 17.8 31.3 10.8 19.4 16.8 21.6 42.3

1920 to 1945 10.7 20.7 23.6 19.5 18.1 8.8 13.9 19.8 16.7 19.6

1946 to 1959 8.1 20.9 16.3 14.3 17.7 7.6 17.3 18.9 14.6 13.0

1960 to 1969 6.4 19.5 12.8 11.4 13.6 5.2 11.8 12.2 8.1 14.5

1970 to 1979 7.4 20.1 16.1 13.8 15.9 6.0 15.9 10.9 10.3 17.1

1980 to 1989 7.0 14.5 16.3 13.1 10.2 5.9 10.2 12.7 9.6 14.3

1990 to 1999 7.5 17.0 16.9 13.2 12.1 6.6 13.5 16.4 9.5 12.0

2000 to 2009 8.0 23.2 15.2 14.4 15.0 6.3 16.0 11.1 11.5 11.3

2010 to 2018 11.0 23.0 25.0 17.6 18.9 7.6 16.8 16.1 12.9 16.8

Climate zonea

Cold or very cold 18.8 27.6 26.6 0.0 43.7 17.0 16.8 22.1 0.0 44.5

Cool 11.8 14.6 18.7 0.0 19.2 8.3 13.7 12.4 0.0 16.5

Mixed mild 15.1 16.2 27.9 28.7 57.4 10.5 12.3 23.0 20.8 39.9

Warm 11.4 0.0 0.0 15.0 16.7 10.0 0.0 0.0 13.8 10.7

Hot or very hot 18.8 0.0 0.0 21.4 38.4 14.1 0.0 0.0 15.1 33.9

Relative standard errors (RSEs) for Table B3. Census region, number of buildings and floorspace, 2018

RSEs for number of buildings RSEs for total floorspace 
RSE

All

buildings

NortheastMidwest South West

All

buildings

NortheastMidwest South West

All buildings 3.9 9.9 10.9 7.7 8.1 3.1 7.2 7.4 6.1 7.1

Relative standard errors (RSEs) for Table B3. Census region, number of buildings and floorspace, 2018

RSEs for number of buildings RSEs for total floorspace 

Number of floors

1 4.3 11.6 10.7 8.7 8.6 4.5 9.7 9.5 8.8 8.1

2 5.8 12.3 13.4 10.2 13.3 4.4 9.6 10.3 8.1 8.8

3 10.5 13.5 25.6 20.1 26.6 7.6 16.7 14.3 15.1 19.4

4 to 9 9.4 18.7 23.8 15.3 16.3 6.3 10.9 12.4 13.0 13.3

10 or more 9.8 16.5 19.7 17.7 17.9 11.0 12.2 25.1 22.5 30.1

Elevators and escalators 

(more than one may apply)

Any elevators 6.5 14.5 12.3 13.7 11.6 4.5 8.0 7.5 9.5 11.8

1 elevator 7.7 17.5 14.3 16.8 14.5 6.0 10.8 9.8 13.8 14.3

2 to 5 elevators 6.7 14.2 11.6 13.1 12.7 5.2 11.3 10.7 10.6 9.6

6 or more elevators 7.8 16.1 14.0 14.3 17.6 8.4 12.8 13.9 16.0 23.7

Any escalators 28.9 25.3 78.5 30.9 13.7 13.7 17.5 20.5 23.6 43.9

Number of workers (main shift)

Fewer than 5 5.5 13.7 14.4 9.7 11.2 5.9 15.6 13.9 10.6 13.4

5 to 9 6.1 13.4 14.4 10.5 10.5 6.9 15.4 17.6 10.3 13.8

10 to 19 6.5 15.7 12.3 13.3 12.3 7.4 15.2 18.6 11.4 11.5

20 to 49 6.3 11.6 13.6 12.5 10.0 4.8 7.9 10.9 9.6 8.6

50 to 99 6.7 15.9 15.3 12.9 13.6 5.9 12.6 10.2 11.7 11.8

100 to 249 7.1 14.3 20.2 11.0 15.6 5.6 13.7 10.2 8.4 15.4

250 or more 7.2 14.5 11.1 13.7 12.2 6.4 10.5 12.2 11.0 16.6

Weekly operating hours

Fewer than 40 6.1 16.0 12.1 11.4 14.3 6.6 19.3 11.0 12.5 15.5

40 to 48 6.2 15.7 18.1 10.7 11.6 5.1 13.2 12.1 9.4 9.9

49 to 60 5.2 12.5 12.2 10.4 8.7 4.3 9.2 11.6 7.2 8.7

61 to 84 7.6 19.8 22.1 12.5 11.5 5.3 12.6 9.3 10.9 10.6

85 to 167 8.6 16.5 14.5 17.6 17.0 6.2 11.9 12.3 10.7 16.0

Open continuously 8.1 16.7 17.9 11.5 18.2 5.0 9.1 9.8 9.1 13.3

Ownership and occupancy

Nongovernment owned 3.8 9.8 10.0 6.9 10.0 3.3 8.2 7.9 6.0 8.0

Owner occupied 4.3 11.7 11.1 8.0 9.8 3.3 10.2 7.0 6.2 8.9

Leased to tenant or tenants 5.5 10.9 11.9 7.6 13.2 4.8 10.1 11.9 8.1 9.3

Unoccupied 20.3 41.5 35.9 34.2 44.3 19.2 45.3 44.0 28.3 46.0

Government owned 9.5 18.2 23.7 19.8 11.1 6.0 11.1 11.9 12.5 11.1

Federal 26.0 40.2 61.5 45.2 45.7 16.1 31.7 25.7 28.3 33.5

State 12.9 37.1 37.8 22.2 16.5 11.8 25.5 21.8 22.0 17.8

Local 10.1 25.9 23.4 20.8 13.9 6.0 10.8 12.0 11.8 13.8

Party responsible for operation

of energy systems

Building owner 4.4 10.3 12.8 8.2 8.6 3.2 7.5 8.1 6.4 7.2

Business owner or tenant 6.5 19.1 12.1 11.0 13.3 7.2 16.2 16.4 10.4 14.0

Property management 20.7 53.8 51.5 31.1 35.0 11.7 24.1 30.3 18.5 24.0

Other 18.8 34.8 33.2 22.5 44.4 11.1 28.6 19.6 18.2 22.6
RSE

All

buildings

NortheastMidwest South West

All

buildings

NortheastMidwest South West

All buildings 3.9 9.9 10.9 7.7 8.1 3.1 7.2 7.4 6.1 7.1

Relative standard errors (RSEs) for Table B3. Census region, number of buildings and floorspace, 2018

RSEs for number of buildings RSEs for total floorspace 

Provider of direct input on energyrelated equipment purchases

Building owner 4.4 10.3 12.4 8.4 8.7 3.1 7.6 8.1 6.3 7.1

Business owner or tenant 8.9 17.8 15.2 15.0 18.0 8.8 15.1 16.2 13.0 19.5

Property management 25.5 51.8 41.6 34.1 49.6 16.2 30.7 38.2 25.5 33.4

Other 10.5 30.3 21.5 15.0 17.3 8.1 20.7 19.0 13.4 13.7

Number of establishments

1 4.6 10.6 12.3 9.0 8.7 3.6 7.6 8.2 7.6 7.6

2 to 5 6.0 14.5 13.5 8.6 14.5 5.5 14.8 8.5 8.5 14.8

6 to 10 11.5 21.8 23.3 20.1 26.5 7.9 17.6 22.5 10.8 16.1

11 to 20 18.0 24.7 57.0 24.6 27.7 8.9 21.3 24.2 13.8 12.0

More than 20 18.6 28.2 63.2 19.9 28.4 10.1 17.9 29.1 14.8 16.1

Currently unoccupied 18.7 39.8 31.9 32.4 40.4 16.5 42.0 32.7 25.2 43.0

Campus or complex activity

Not part of a campus or complex 4.3 8.9 10.9 8.3 10.8 3.7 8.5 8.5 7.0 9.4

Primary or secondary school 12.1 32.4 34.0 24.4 16.6 9.4 18.4 18.3 17.5 18.9

College or university 21.8 34.3 63.5 35.1 32.1 15.9 19.5 25.5 32.3 20.9

Office complex 12.7 32.3 33.7 21.7 17.1 10.0 22.0 20.7 19.0 16.3

Retail complex 13.2 36.5 34.3 20.6 14.9 9.2 23.6 21.6 15.6 12.3

Storage complex 14.4 44.2 23.6 26.5 28.0 11.0 33.3 20.4 19.0 18.8

Religious campus or complex 11.5 30.1 19.9 18.9 24.9 12.0 41.9 18.7 17.5 26.9

Health care complex 18.0 58.0 31.0 29.7 36.1 8.2 21.1 15.1 13.5 20.1

Lodging or resort complex 15.1 44.6 39.3 24.1 26.5 13.7 50.2 39.2 22.5 19.9

Transportation complex 34.3 61.9 57.7 50.0 61.6 33.2 35.2 24.7 61.8 56.2

Government complex 18.1 46.2 28.6 34.1 36.7 17.0 39.4 39.2 23.2 27.2

Other 9.2 26.7 20.2 15.3 17.8 7.4 19.6 14.7 12.1 16.6

Predominant exterior wall material

Brick, stone, or stucco 5.3 13.9 11.6 9.8 10.9 3.9 8.4 7.7 7.7 8.6

Concrete (block or poured) 5.3 11.3 13.7 9.4 8.9 4.8 11.4 13.9 7.6 9.2

Concrete panels 12.1 26.4 23.6 19.6 21.3 8.4 22.2 20.3 11.9 15.7

Siding or shingles 7.3 13.4 15.8 15.4 19.0 9.3 21.7 17.2 14.6 24.1

Metal panels 7.6 27.0 16.5 10.7 19.3 6.0 18.8 13.2 8.1 15.4

Window glass 21.3 43.7 37.8 41.7 34.2 11.4 23.8 18.5 18.5 23.4

Other 14.7 36.2 26.1 27.7 24.0 13.7 33.2 38.3 21.3 18.1

Predominant roof material

Metal surfacing 6.2 14.3 13.7 11.4 12.2 5.6 9.3 11.6 10.1 11.5

Synthetic or rubber 6.0 12.6 12.2 11.0 15.5 4.1 9.2 7.5 7.5 9.8

Built-up 7.7 20.6 19.7 12.3 15.6 4.8 10.9 12.5 6.8 12.8

Slate or tile shingles 10.1 18.7 30.5 17.4 14.3 10.1 19.1 28.4 17.4 19.3

Wooden materials (including

shingles) 12.9 30.2 41.3 24.1 20.5 17.8 54.3 48.0 26.3 23.2

Asphalt, fiberglass, or 

other shingles 6.2 12.6 12.8 12.8 13.9 5.6 13.6 12.4 9.5 14.2

Concrete 20.6 50.9 56.5 29.9 29.0 11.9 26.3 29.6 19.4 15.7

Other 15.6 40.2 32.5 17.7 32.5 9.8 19.8 16.4 15.4 21.9
RSE

All

buildings

NortheastMidwest South West

All

buildings

NortheastMidwest South West

All buildings 3.9 9.9 10.9 7.7 8.1 3.1 7.2 7.4 6.1 7.1

Relative standard errors (RSEs) for Table B3. Census region, number of buildings and floorspace, 2018

RSEs for number of buildings RSEs for total floorspace 

Roof tilt

Flat 4.9 13.2 12.3 8.9 10.8 3.3 7.7 7.1 5.2 9.0

Shallow pitch 5.0 13.9 12.8 8.3 10.9 4.8 12.0 10.4 9.3 9.2

Steeper pitch 7.5 14.8 14.6 14.9 16.3 5.7 13.5 12.4 9.8 15.8

Cool roof characteristics (more than one 

may apply)

White or reflective coating or paint 5.8 15.6 11.2 11.6 11.2 4.4 10.9 8.9 6.6 9.9

White or reflective tiles or shingles 15.4 38.6 25.8 27.4 32.1 10.4 22.0 24.7 18.9 15.7

Aluminum coating 8.8 23.7 19.4 11.1 30.2 9.2 18.4 24.3 11.8 30.9

Ballasted roof system 14.8 32.3 27.1 25.8 35.1 9.5 11.9 19.5 15.4 27.6

Other cool roof property 29.3 71.6 80.6 48.6 44.4 19.2 33.4 31.9 34.8 27.6

Renovations since 2000 

(more than one may apply)

Any type of renovation 5.0 10.8 13.6 7.6 14.5 3.4 7.1 8.2 6.0 8.9

Addition or annex 9.4 32.2 17.4 13.4 17.8 6.0 12.2 12.3 9.3 13.9

Reduction in floorspace 22.2 45.9 40.3 33.8 57.5 13.2 26.1 25.7 23.8 33.2

Roof replacement 6.8 14.6 18.7 11.4 18.0 4.3 9.9 8.6 8.0 13.5

Interior wall reconfiguration 6.0 16.1 13.3 8.8 14.0 4.2 10.3 7.5 5.7 13.5

Window replacement 9.5 13.7 26.8 12.6 18.9 5.8 9.7 12.3 10.3 18.9

HVAC equipment upgrade 7.0 15.2 20.8 10.9 14.0 4.2 9.6 8.9 7.3 12.1

Lighting upgrade 5.9 12.2 16.3 7.7 14.1 3.9 8.2 8.7 6.5 10.7

Electrical upgrade 7.1 12.5 20.4 10.7 17.7 5.6 9.4 11.6 10.9 15.3

Plumbing system upgrade 7.8 14.5 24.3 10.6 16.0 5.2 10.8 11.7 8.5 14.3

Insulation upgrade 9.2 20.4 23.9 13.0 25.6 7.8 14.6 16.1 10.8 27.4

Fire, safety, or security upgrade 6.2 16.5 15.6 8.2 11.7 4.4 9.7 8.9 7.2 14.0

Structural upgrade 13.9 26.2 21.1 24.9 36.8 10.2 15.5 19.3 15.7 32.7

Other 29.5 35.6 66.5 40.4 47.5 14.9 28.3 59.9 17.0 30.5

No renovations 4.3 12.2 9.9 9.5 8.4 3.9 9.9 8.4 8.2 7.4

Buildings constructed 2013 or later 11.9 22.6 30.3 15.8 21.6 8.3 19.9 18.4 14.8 15.6

Energy sources

(more than one may apply)

Electricity 3.9 9.8 10.8 7.6 7.8 3.0 7.1 7.3 6.0 7.0

Natural gas 4.8 10.5 12.0 7.1 11.6 3.4 8.2 7.5 6.3 8.6

Fuel oil 9.7 15.2 33.2 12.8 14.7 5.4 10.3 10.3 7.9 17.2

District heat 14.7 23.2 29.3 35.2 26.8 11.4 9.5 18.6 30.2 16.5

District chilled water 20.1 34.2 35.1 30.8 31.2 13.7 18.4 25.4 26.8 17.1

Propane 10.0 17.1 21.3 18.5 21.9 7.6 13.8 14.8 13.9 22.7

Solar 15.5 32.1 34.8 43.4 22.4 11.5 24.6 19.0 26.4 16.2

Wood, coal, and other 17.3 30.6 35.9 24.5 38.6 14.0 33.3 30.7 18.5 33.9

Space-heating energy sources 

(more than one may apply)

Electricity 4.7 9.7 14.3 8.9 6.7 3.7 9.1 9.4 6.3 7.9

Natural gas 5.2 10.4 12.0 8.0 11.5 3.6 8.6 8.0 6.5 9.0

Fuel oil 13.9 16.2 52.8 25.3 54.6 11.6 16.6 18.5 23.4 41.6

District heat 15.4 23.4 29.1 40.0 28.3 11.6 10.2 17.7 30.8 16.2

Propane 13.5 26.5 22.8 25.5 36.4 13.1 18.6 21.0 26.6 44.9

Other sourcesb 21.3 32.6 40.8 33.9 47.1 19.6 34.8 34.1 48.7 42.3
RSE

All

buildings

NortheastMidwest South West

All

buildings

NortheastMidwest South West

All buildings 3.9 9.9 10.9 7.7 8.1 3.1 7.2 7.4 6.1 7.1

Relative standard errors (RSEs) for Table B3. Census region, number of buildings and floorspace, 2018

RSEs for number of buildings RSEs for total floorspace 

Primary space-heating 

energy source

Electricity 6.4 11.8 18.8 10.5 10.2 5.5 12.5 16.4 8.5 10.4

Natural gas 5.5 10.8 12.2 8.6 12.6 4.1 8.5 8.5 7.6 10.1

Fuel oil 16.1 18.0 66.3 35.0 79.6 15.3 18.7 30.9 29.8 74.0

District heat 15.8 23.6 30.6 43.0 29.2 12.6 11.8 18.8 33.0 17.9

Propane 17.5 25.9 29.3 33.3 39.0 16.9 22.0 26.3 38.9 40.6

Other sourcesb 22.4 38.5 32.6 45.7 55.6 30.3 43.6 37.9 85.5 58.7

Cooling energy sources

(more than one may apply)

Electricity 3.9 9.3 11.2 7.5 7.5 3.0 7.7 7.0 5.9 6.7

Natural gas 37.3 38.8 55.7 60.5 82.2 24.2 30.0 52.7 48.3 52.5

District chilled water 20.1 34.2 35.1 30.8 31.2 13.7 18.4 25.4 26.8 17.1

Water-heating energy sources

(more than one may apply)

Electricity 4.0 11.2 11.0 8.2 6.8 3.6 9.3 9.3 6.5 6.5

Natural gas 5.5 11.2 12.7 8.8 11.3 3.7 8.6 8.5 6.5 8.7

Fuel oil 24.0 27.0 71.7 75.3 60.1 15.4 20.3 28.2 40.6 39.2

District heat 17.4 30.9 36.2 35.4 34.2 12.8 11.1 31.5 31.9 19.4

Propane 15.8 30.3 32.8 28.7 40.6 14.7 27.5 33.4 26.1 35.5

Cooking energy sources

(more than one may apply)

Electricity 5.7 11.3 12.2 10.1 11.9 3.9 7.1 7.7 6.8 10.9

Natural gas 5.4 14.1 11.1 9.1 11.8 3.4 8.5 6.8 5.6 10.4

Propane 14.8 29.2 31.4 25.7 30.8 11.7 22.1 24.6 21.1 21.0

Energy end uses

(more than one may apply)

Buildings with space heating 4.1 9.6 11.3 8.1 7.5 3.0 7.2 7.0 6.0 7.4

Buildings with cooling 3.9 9.3 11.2 7.5 7.3 3.0 7.5 6.8 5.9 6.7

Buildings with water heating 3.9 9.6 10.6 7.6 7.7 2.9 7.2 7.1 5.6 7.1

Buildings with cooking 5.0 10.5 11.3 9.0 10.7 3.1 6.5 7.0 5.5 9.0

Buildings with manufacturing 11.3 25.9 18.2 20.9 27.5 7.9 22.9 15.6 12.6 15.4

Buildings with electricity

generation 7.4 16.5 21.3 9.8 11.9 4.4 9.0 7.1 7.3 12.7

Buildings with lighting 3.9 9.8 11.0 7.7 7.8 3.0 7.1 7.2 5.9 6.9

Percentage of floorspace heated

Not heated 8.2 18.5 15.5 16.5 15.6 10.0 23.4 22.8 17.4 16.9

1 to 50% 8.5 18.8 25.4 13.3 15.0 7.1 19.7 19.2 10.6 14.1

51 to 99% 6.7 15.6 13.9 11.3 14.0 5.3 11.3 10.4 9.6 8.6

100% 4.1 10.2 10.9 8.2 7.7 3.2 7.3 7.3 6.6 9.0

Percentage of floorspace cooled

Not cooled 7.1 17.2 13.0 15.0 18.3 8.0 16.6 14.9 16.1 18.6

1 to 50% 5.9 13.4 14.8 9.7 16.2 5.2 11.9 9.8 10.3 11.9

51 to 99% 6.6 12.7 14.3 10.4 16.4 5.1 8.9 10.0 9.3 10.2

100% 4.3 14.1 11.7 8.3 8.5 3.5 10.4 8.0 6.6 9.0
RSE

All

buildings

NortheastMidwest South West

All

buildings

NortheastMidwest South West

All buildings 3.9 9.9 10.9 7.7 8.1 3.1 7.2 7.4 6.1 7.1

Relative standard errors (RSEs) for Table B3. Census region, number of buildings and floorspace, 2018

RSEs for number of buildings RSEs for total floorspace 

Percentage lit when open

0% 35.1 0.0 49.4 42.6 81.6 38.5 0.0 49.8 61.1 61.7

1 to 50% 6.7 18.0 15.3 10.2 16.5 6.0 16.3 13.0 10.8 14.9

51 to 99% 4.8 10.2 11.0 9.1 9.5 3.6 7.2 7.1 6.3 8.7

100% 4.7 10.3 15.1 8.6 9.1 3.8 7.6 10.9 7.4 7.7

Building never open or electricity

not used 11.6 31.0 21.4 22.7 24.3 12.1 29.6 24.1 20.2 27.8

Percentage lit during off hours

0% 6.5 14.9 14.4 12.3 14.5 6.7 14.8 12.2 14.0 15.4

1 to 50% 3.8 11.6 10.0 7.1 6.9 3.0 7.6 7.6 5.5 7.1

51 to 100% 10.6 24.1 23.3 13.4 25.9 6.7 16.2 13.4 10.8 12.8

Building always open with 

no off hours 15.2 29.9 27.0 26.9 37.6 11.6 24.3 28.2 17.8 28.5

Electricity not used 16.0 38.1 32.1 28.1 30.6 17.6 54.1 38.7 26.6 34.4

Heating equipment 

(more than one may apply)

Packaged heating units 4.0 8.4 10.3 8.3 7.8 3.6 7.7 8.0 7.1 8.4

Furnaces 7.2 19.0 13.1 14.2 11.7 5.7 15.0 10.0 10.3 11.0

Individual space heaters 5.9 11.3 12.4 11.1 12.8 4.8 10.4 10.2 7.9 11.7

Boilers 6.2 13.2 14.2 12.2 10.2 4.0 9.3 7.6 5.9 12.7

Heat pumps 7.7 15.6 18.5 12.3 16.2 5.4 12.5 13.9 7.9 12.4

District heat 15.4 23.4 29.1 40.0 28.3 11.6 10.2 17.7 30.8 16.2

Duct reheat 12.6 45.1 26.7 16.6 32.8 7.0 17.4 16.3 9.7 16.8

Other 46.4 93.8 101.0 38.2 46.1 24.1 61.9 62.6 34.3 29.9

Cooling equipment 

(more than one may apply)

Packaged air-conditioning units 4.3 10.6 10.9 8.7 8.0 3.4 8.0 7.7 6.6 7.0

Residential-type central air

conditioners 7.6 17.4 12.2 15.7 15.7 5.2 11.5 8.1 10.8 13.4

Individual air conditioners 6.6 15.0 19.9 9.3 14.2 5.3 11.9 12.0 9.4 13.0

Central chillers 9.0 18.2 24.3 10.8 15.7 5.0 9.5 10.0 9.6 9.6

Heat pumps 11.0 22.0 25.7 17.2 25.7 6.8 16.2 17.0 10.3 15.5

District chilled water 20.1 34.2 35.1 30.8 31.2 13.7 18.4 25.4 26.8 17.1

Swamp coolers 12.8 58.5 54.1 49.6 11.6 13.1 71.5 31.2 39.0 13.7

Other 53.2 70.2 0.0 81.6 88.7 36.4 70.2 0.0 59.8 50.8

HVAC features 

(more than one may apply)

Economizer cycle 5.6 13.6 10.0 13.6 11.9 3.9 8.2 6.1 7.9 11.1

Variable air volume (VAV) system 8.4 15.6 16.2 18.4 12.4 4.9 10.2 6.7 11.0 11.0

Dedicated outside air system (DOAS) 11.0 26.8 22.6 22.6 16.9 7.8 10.9 14.2 14.9 23.1

Demand controlled ventilation (DCV) 8.8 20.7 24.3 14.4 19.6 5.5 12.1 11.9 9.3 13.6

Regular HVAC maintenance 4.2 10.0 10.5 8.4 8.9 3.2 8.0 6.9 6.2 7.8

Building automation system (BAS) 

controls heating or cooling 6.4 13.9 10.3 14.2 10.3 3.7 7.1 5.1 7.4 9.7

Internet-connected or smart

thermostat 12.2 25.5 26.6 22.4 19.1 10.5 17.9 26.3 17.6 16.3

Programmable thermostat 4.7 12.9 10.6 10.2 8.9 5.4 11.8 11.2 13.3 7.3
RSE

All

buildings

NortheastMidwest South West

All

buildings

NortheastMidwest South West

All buildings 3.9 9.9 10.9 7.7 8.1 3.1 7.2 7.4 6.1 7.1

Relative standard errors (RSEs) for Table B3. Census region, number of buildings and floorspace, 2018

RSEs for number of buildings RSEs for total floorspace 

Main equipment replaced since 

2000 (more than one may apply)

Heating 4.9 10.6 13.2 8.9 9.2 3.8 10.1 8.4 7.8 8.0

Cooling 4.8 11.7 15.5 6.0 8.2 4.3 11.8 9.3 5.6 12.6

Water-heating equipment

Centralized system 4.4 10.6 10.3 8.5 7.9 3.4 7.1 7.8 6.5 7.8

Distributed system 8.9 24.7 21.9 17.1 14.8 6.4 11.8 13.6 13.7 10.8

Combination of centralized and

distributed systems 8.8 18.9 13.9 17.3 19.5 5.2 12.6 8.1 10.2 11.2

Generation technologies 

(more than one may apply)

Reciprocating engine generators 8.8 18.0 25.2 9.9 18.4 4.8 9.3 8.7 7.4 16.1

Solar panels 15.4 32.1 35.0 43.6 22.2 11.5 24.7 19.4 27.1 15.9

Other generation technology 21.4 37.8 46.9 44.2 36.2 14.4 24.6 31.9 25.6 28.7

Lighting equipment types

(more than one may apply)

Incandescent 7.8 14.1 18.3 10.7 17.3 4.5 10.7 9.9 7.4 11.4

Standard fluorescent 4.2 10.4 10.2 8.3 8.8 3.4 8.5 8.0 6.4 7.7

Compact fluorescent 5.2 12.3 9.8 11.4 9.1 4.2 8.7 9.1 8.0 8.4

High-intensity discharge (HID) 9.8 23.7 17.2 15.5 22.7 7.1 10.7 12.5 13.1 19.2

Halogen 8.0 14.9 27.5 12.7 9.7 4.2 10.2 11.3 6.6 12.0

LED 3.6 10.5 10.5 6.7 5.6 2.9 7.4 6.6 5.7 6.9

Other 57.3 0.0 64.3 67.0 51.3 24.1 0.0 26.9 53.5 51.3

Refrigeration equipment

(more than one may apply)

Any refrigeration 4.1 10.0 10.4 8.3 8.3 3.0 7.8 7.0 5.8 7.4

Walk-in units 5.4 11.8 11.0 10.1 10.6 3.4 6.1 6.7 5.6 9.3

Cases or cabinets 5.8 16.2 12.7 10.3 11.6 3.7 7.2 8.3 5.8 11.3

Large cold storage areas 17.2 38.1 42.1 27.0 21.0 11.3 16.8 21.9 14.7 29.8

Commercial ice makers 5.5 12.4 10.7 8.8 13.3 3.5 7.0 6.4 6.4 9.6

Residential-type or compact units 4.3 10.3 10.6 8.6 9.3 3.2 8.2 7.3 6.3 7.7

Vending machines 6.1 10.9 12.8 10.9 15.6 3.8 7.8 7.3 6.8 10.8

No refrigeration 5.3 12.5 13.4 10.8 10.5 5.3 7.7 12.6 10.1 11.6

Office equipment

(more than one may apply)

Desktop computers 4.0 9.8 11.1 8.1 7.3 2.9 7.2 6.9 5.6 7.1

With multiple monitors 5.0 12.1 11.6 8.5 10.7 3.5 7.9 6.4 6.1 10.3

Laptop computers 4.0 10.1 11.3 7.3 6.3 3.0 7.6 7.0 5.4 7.5

Dedicated servers 4.9 11.8 12.7 7.6 10.6 3.3 8.9 6.5 5.5 8.9

Tablets charged in building 4.4 13.4 10.5 8.8 8.2 3.3 7.7 7.1 5.8 8.5

Large floor-standing office devicesc 4.4 12.3 10.6 7.5 9.1 3.0 7.6 6.0 5.4 9.1

Smaller desktop office devicesc 4.1 8.5 11.1 8.1 8.0 3.1 7.0 7.8 5.8 7.4

Interactive whiteboards 8.7 23.6 15.8 14.5 18.3 4.5 8.1 8.0 8.1 15.1

Televisions or video displays 3.8 10.8 9.2 7.5 8.2 3.0 8.0 7.1 5.5 8.0

Point-of-sale devices or cash 

registers 5.2 13.2 13.6 9.4 10.8 3.4 7.7 7.4 5.1 10.8
RSE

All

buildings

NortheastMidwest South West

All

buildings

NortheastMidwest South West

All buildings 3.9 9.9 10.9 7.7 8.1 3.1 7.2 7.4 6.1 7.1

Relative standard errors (RSEs) for Table B3. Census region, number of buildings and floorspace, 2018

RSEs for number of buildings RSEs for total floorspace 

Food preparation or serving areas 

in non-food service buildings

(more than one may apply)

Snack bar, concession stand, or coffee 

shop 11.0 23.4 21.6 19.5 20.5 6.7 12.7 12.3 11.7 15.9

Fast food or small restaurant 9.4 21.0 15.0 20.3 20.2 5.9 11.6 11.5 9.3 15.9

Cafeteria or large restaurant 7.7 17.0 14.9 9.0 23.8 4.6 7.0 7.5 7.2 19.1

Commercial kitchen or

food preparation area 8.5 20.2 16.8 15.0 17.3 4.4 10.7 9.7 6.5 12.6

Small kitchen area 6.5 13.3 14.9 11.3 13.4 4.7 9.1 10.5 8.0 12.6

Separate computer areas

(more than one may apply)

Server closet 5.3 14.4 13.4 9.2 11.5 3.4 8.3 7.2 5.7 9.6

Data center 13.1 15.3 17.2 24.8 30.6 6.7 14.7 10.3 8.9 22.1

Computer-based training room 8.4 14.2 15.4 13.9 20.4 4.6 8.3 7.4 7.6 16.1

Student or public computer center 8.0 18.1 22.4 14.2 13.6 4.6 9.8 7.3 7.1 17.0

Window and interior lighting 

features (more than one may

apply)

Multipaned windows 4.2 10.1 11.0 8.5 6.7 3.2 7.0 7.1 6.5 8.1

Tinted window glass 4.2 13.1 10.2 7.2 9.7 3.4 8.3 7.3 6.1 8.4

Reflective window glass 7.0 18.9 17.1 11.4 11.1 5.6 9.9 11.3 9.2 12.2

External overhangs or awnings 5.0 13.5 10.0 9.5 7.2 4.5 12.0 9.5 7.7 10.3

Skylights or atriums 7.1 16.7 16.7 12.9 13.7 4.5 12.1 9.2 6.1 11.4

Light scheduling 5.2 12.8 11.9 9.2 9.9 4.1 9.7 8.8 6.8 9.5

Occupancy sensors 6.5 9.8 15.7 13.5 9.4 3.8 7.8 7.4 7.2 9.8

Multilevel lighting or dimming 10.0 24.1 21.6 17.1 15.5 6.6 12.0 10.3 13.0 15.2

Daylight harvesting 12.0 47.9 23.2 19.1 22.3 6.3 14.3 17.1 10.3 10.2

Plug-load control 18.4 40.8 26.1 29.4 39.6 12.2 25.1 26.0 20.5 21.2

Demand responsive lighting 30.7 77.7 50.1 36.8 36.8 15.2 28.1 36.6 24.4 24.7

Building automation system (BAS) for 

lighting 9.3 21.9 22.6 14.8 17.1 5.2 13.3 8.9 6.7 13.6

Electric vehicle (EV) charging

Charging stations associated with the 

building 11.5 24.2 28.8 23.6 16.7 7.2 17.4 16.7 11.9 12.6

Data source: U.S. Energy Information Administration, Forms EIA-871A of the 2018 Commercial Buildings Energy Consumption Survey 

Note: RSE is a measure of the reliability or precision of a survey statistic. Variability occurs in survey statistics because the different samples that could be drawn 

would each produce different values for the survey statistics. Estimation of Standard Errors and What is a Relative Standard Error (RSE)? contain more information 

on how RSEs are estimated and used. Both references can be accessed from https://www.eia.gov/consumption/commercial/survey-background-technicalinformation.php.

a

Climate zones are based on ASHRAE Standard 169-2021; see https://www.eia.gov/consumption/commercial/maps.php#defined.

b

Other sources includes wood, coal, solar, and all other energy sources.

c

Office devices refers to any combination of printers, copiers, scanners, or FAX machines.