# United States

Department of Agriculture
Animal and Plant Health Inspection Service January 20 11 

# Pests and mitigations for manufactured

**wood décor and craft products from China for importation into the United States** 

**Agency Contact** : Plant Epidemiology and Risk Analysis Laboratory Center for Plant Health Science and Technology Plant Protection and Quarantine 1730 Varsity Drive, Suite 300 Raleigh, NC 27606

## China Wood Products



# 1



# Executive Summary Since 2002, 304 emergency action notifications have been issued for wood décor and craft products from China, including: trees manufactured from a composite of natural and sy nthetic materials, garden trellis towers, home and garden wood décor, and craft items. In2004, the USDA intercepted live Callidiellum villosulum beetles from wood décor and craft products imported from China , and shipments of the commodity were recalled

. Options to mitigate the risk of introducing quarantine arthropod pests in wood décor and craft products (non

-p alleting and non- crating) from China into the United States include fumigation and heat treatment described in the PPQ Treatment Manual. This document was updated in 2011 to reflect the removal of 7 CFR 319.40

- 7 from the CFRs. The 319.40

- 7 regulations were replaced with 305.8 and the updated sections in the Treatment M anual.

## China Wood Products



# 2



# Table of Contents
**I. Introduction**
**................................ ................................**  **................................ ...............................**  **2 II. Background**  **................................ ................................**  **................................ ..............................**  **3** A. Initiating Event

................................ ................................ ................................ ....................... 3 **III. Pest Categorization**
**................................ ................................**  **................................ .................**  **5** A. Pest Identification and Categorization

................................ ................................ ................... 5 Table 1

– Arthropod Pests Associated with W ood from China

................................ .................. 5 B. Identification of Quarantine

-Significant Pests Likely to Follow the Pathway

..................... 44 Table 2

– Quarantine arthropod pests reported on manufactured wood products from China and likely to follow the pathway

................................ ................................ ........................... 44 C. Likelihood and Consequences of introduction of the quarantine pests in Table 2

.............. 66 Consequences of Introduction

................................ ................................ ............................... 69 Likelihood of Introduction

................................ ................................ ................................ .... 92 Cumulative Pest Risk Potential

................................ ................................ ............................. 97 **IV. Risk Mitigation (Treatment Options) for Quarantine Pests Likely to Follow the**  **Pathway ................................**  **................................ ................................**  **................................ ........**  **98** Table 6. Categorization of Manufactured W ood Products from China and Likelihood that Internal Feeders will Follow the Pathway

................................ ................................ ................ 98 **V. Conclusion**
**................................ ................................**  **................................ ............................**  **101**
**VI. References**
**................................ ................................**  **................................ ...........................**  **102 VII. Preparers and Reviewers** 
**................................ ................................**  **................................ ..**  **114 VII. Appendices** 
**................................ ................................**  **................................ ........................**  **115** Appendix 1

– Climate/Host Interaction

– Hardiness Zones

................................ ................... 115

## China Wood Products



# 2

**I .**  **Introduction** Since 2002, 3 04 Emergency Action Notifications have been issued for wood décor and craft products from China, including: trees manufactured from a composite of natural and sy nthetic materials ; garden trellis towers ; home and garden wood décor ; and craft items. In2004, the USDA intercepted live Callidiellum villosulum manufactured wood décor and craft products imported from China and shipments of the commodity were recalled. Options to mitigate the risk of introducing quarantine arthropod pests in wood décor and craft products (non

-palleting and non- crating) from China into the United States were requested of P lant Epidemiology and Risk Analysis Laboratory in 2004 , with priority given to identifying mitigation options for internal and external arthropod pests. This analysis list s possible arthropod pests in the pathway, identifies risks associated with the major quarantine pests and pest groups and describes the mitigation options currently available. The products are of an undefined nature being composites of p lant and sy nthetic materials. The species of plants used and their origin are mostly undefined and unknown. Itis assumed that most of the plant species and their pests originate in China, but that is uncertain because the raw wood products may

have originated in other countries and been shipped to China for manufacturing. If, in the future, any of these commodities are better defined, more detailed risk analys e s can be done and miti gations options can more narrowly targeted.

## China Wood Products



# 3

**II .**  **Background**
**A. Initiati ng Event**  **1. Initiating Event: Proposed Action**  Based on the live insect pest interceptions in 2003 and 2004 which occurred in stores at the point of sale , USDA/APHI S/PPQ Phy toisanitary

I ssues Management staff requested the Center for Plant Health Science and T echnology (C PHST ) to complete a report on pests and possible mitigations for home and garden décor and handcrafted manufactured wood product items from China on November 24, 2004. A letter of notification (F ebruary 15 , 2005) to Mr. Lu Houlin, Deputy Director General, Department for Supervision on Animal and Plant Quarantine, China, indicates that e ffective on April 1 , 2005, USDA APHI S will suspend the importation of wood craft items that contain logs, limbs, branches , or twigs greater than 1 centimeter (0. 39 inches) in diameter and having intact bark. Over the past 38 months (2002, 2003, 2004, early 2005), 304 Emergency

Action Notifications (EANs ) were issued on manufactured wood product s from China

. The pests listed in these EANs are noted in Table 1 as having been intercepted.
**2. Decision to initiate**  **this report** It has been demonstrated by the interceptions that the importation of home and garden décor and wooden handi craft items provide a pathway for the entry and possible establishment of potentially harmful live plant arthropod pests

. Mitigation options are required for trade to continue.
**3**
**. Commodity Information**  The article in question consist o f manufactured wood product s including articles with/without bar

k, with/without seeds, and with/without non

-wood components of varied size ( e.g., plastic, paper, metal parts). For each item, the degree of processing , the tree species and parts used , and the geographic origins are unspecified and unknown. Because of the similarity

between some of these products and wood packaging material, pests of wood packaging material are included here. The following partial list categoriz es manufactured wood product s imported into the United States from China within the last ten years: **Categorization of**  **Manufactured Wood Product**  **s from China**

 

# Animal Artifacts (deer, other animals made from wood)

 

# Art Décor/Wood Carvings

 

# Baskets/Boxes

 

# Bird Houses (with supporting poles)

 

# Garden and Lawn/Patio (Rustic) Furniture

 

# Potpourri (possibly including wood/ seeds of trans

- shipped origin s)

 

# Artificial Trees (ty

pically Ficus, could include wood not of Chinese origins)

 

# Trellis Towers ( including garden fencing , some hardwoods, mainly of bamboo species )

 

# Bamboo slats and bamboo garden stakes

## China Wood Products



# 4  

# Unspecified Wood Items (var ying in size, origin, and description)

## China Wood Products



# 5

**III .**  **Pest Categorization**
**A**
**. Pest Identification and Categorization**  The accepted international definitions of a quarantine pest is : “...a pest of potential economic importance to the area endangered thereby and not yet present there, or pres ent but not widely distributed and being officially controlled” (IPPC, 1997). Table 1 is a collection of data {from PPQ interception records [pests found in cargo at a port of entry and reported in the USDA Database PEST ID (Previously known as PI

N 309)], various journal articles, texts, online databases, etc. } of pests that are known to be found on/in trees, shrubs, bamboo, wood, and wood products from China. All pests in Table 1 are likely to be found on/in manufactured wood products from China (the pathway ), but not all species have quarantine status.
**Table 1** 

**– Arthropod**  **Pests Associated with Wood from China**

**Pest China and US**  **Distribution Plant Part(s)** 

**As sociation**  **Intercepted**

**in the US United** 

**States Quarantine**  **Pest Likely** 

**to Follow**  **Pathway Ar** **thropod s: A** **carina**
1. Acalitus phloeocoptes

(Nalepa) Eriophyoidea CH (Hong et al., 1996) Bud and Shoot

Galls (Hong et al., 1996) No Ye s Ye s

2. Aceria abalis (Keifer)

Eriophyoidea CH, US (Hong et al., 1996) Galls (Hong et

al., 1996) No No Ye s
3. Aceria bromi (Kua ng et

Zhang) Eriophyoidea CH (Hong et al., 1996) Galls (Hong et

al., 1996) No Ye s Ye s
4. Aceria chinensis (Trotter)

Eriophyoidea CH (Hong et al., 1996) Galls (Hong et

al., 1996) No Ye s Ye s
5. Aceria jiangsuensis (Kuang)

Eriophyoidea CH (Hong et al., 1996) Ga lls (Hong et

al., 1996) No Ye s Ye s
6. Aceria milli (Xin and Dong)

Eriophyoidea CH (Hong et al., 1996) Stems (Hong et

al., 1996) No Ye s Ye s
7. Aceria sheldoni (Ewing)

Eriophyoidea CH, US (Hong et al., 1996) Bud (Hong et

al., 1996) No No Ye s

8. Aceria sheldoni chinensis

(Kuang and Hong) Eriophyoidea CH (Hong et al., 1996) Galls (Hong et

al., 1996) No Ye s Ye s

9. Aculops atypta Hall and

Keifer Eriophyoidea CH, US (Hong et al., 1996) Galls (Hong et

al., 1996) No No Ye s

10. Cecidophyopsis persicae

Kuang and Luo Eriophyoidea CH (Hong et al., 1996) Wo od Galls

(Hong et al., 1996) No Ye s Ye s

11. Cecidophyopsis ribis

(W estwood) Eriophyoidea CH (Hong et al., 1996) Bud Galls (Hong

et al., 1996) No Ye s Ye s

12. Eotetranychus

sexmaculatus (Riley) Tetranychidae CH; US (CABI, 2005a) O n or under

bark (Xiao, 1991b) No No Ye s

13. Eutetranychus orientalis

Klein Tetranychidae CH On or under bark (CABI, 2005b) No Ye s Ye s

14. Oligonychus clavatus

(Ehara) Tetranychidae CH On or under bark (Xiao, 1991b) No Ye s Ye s

## China Wood Products



# 6 **Pest China and US**  **Distribution Plant Part(s)** 

**As sociation**  **Intercepted**

**in the US United** 

**States Quarantine**  **Pest Likely** 

**to Follow**  **Pathway**

15. Oligonychus coffeae

(Nietner) Te tranychidae CH; US (CABI, 2005a) On or under

bark (CABI, 2005b; Xiao, 1991b) No No Ye s

16. Oligonychus perditus

Pritchard and Baker Tetranychidae CH; US (CABI, 2005a) On or under

bark (CABI, 2005a) No No Ye s

17. Oligonychus punicae (Hirst)

Tetranychidae CH O n or under bark (Xiao, 1991b) No Ye s Ye s

18. Oligonychus ununguis

(Jacobi) Tetranychidae CH; US (CABI, 2005a) On or under

bark (CABI, 2005c; Xiao, 1991b) No No Ye s

19. Panonychus citri McGregor

Tetranychidae CH; US (CABI, 2005a) On or under

bark (CABI, 2005b ) No No Ye s

20. Panonychus ulmi Koch

Tetranychidae CH; US (CABI, 2005a) On or under

bark (CABI, 2005a; Xiao, 1991b) No No Ye s

21. Polyphagotarsonemus latus

Banks Tarsonemidae CH; US (CABI, 2005a) On or under

bark (CABI, 2005b) No No Ye s

22. Schiz

otetranychus s p. Tetranychidae CH On or under bark (ARS, 2005a) No No Ye s

23. Tetranychus cinnabarinus

(Boisduval) Tetranychidae CH; US (CABI, 2005a) On or under

bark (CABI, 2005a; Xiao, 1991b) No No Ye s

24. Tetranychus kanz awai Kishida Tetranychidae CH On or under bark (CABI, 2005a) No Ye s Ye s

25. Tetranychus piercei

McGregor Tetranychidae CH On or under bark (CABI, 2005b) No Ye s Ye s

26. Tetranychus sp.

Tetranychidae CH, US On or under bark (Xiao, 1991b) No No Ye s

27. Tetranychus truncatus

Ehara Tetranychidae CH On or under bark (CABI, 2005a) No Ye s Ye s

28. Tetranychus urticae Koch

Tetranychidae CH; US (CABI, 2005a) On or under

bark (CABI, 2005a) No No Ye s

29. Tetranychus viennensis

(Zacher) Tetranychidae CH On or under bark (Xiao, 1991b) No Ye s Ye s

**Ar thropods: Coleoptera** 
30. Acalolepta cervina (Hope)

Cerambycidae CH On or under bark (CABI, 2005c) No Ye s Ye s

31. Acanthocinus griseus

(Fabricius) Cerambycidae CH On or under bark (Xiao, 1991a) No Ye s Ye s

32. Adoretus sinicus Burmeister

Scarabaeidae CH; US (CABI, 2005a) On or under

bark (CABI, 2005c) No No Ye s

33. Aeolesthes induta

(Neumann, 1842) Cerambycidae CH On or under bark (CABI, 2005c) No Ye s Ye s

## China Wood Products



# 7 **Pest China and US**  **Distribution Plant Part(s)** 

**As sociation**  **Intercepted**

**in the US United** 

**States Quarantine**  **Pest Likely** 

**to Follow**  **Pathway**

34. Agelastica alni orientalis

Baly , 1878 Chrysomelidae CH On or under bark (Xiao, 1991b) No Ye s Ye s

35. Agrilus macr opoli Obenberger Buprestidae CH On or under bark (Xiao, 1991a) No Ye s Ye s

36. Agrilus planipennis Fairmair

Buprestidae CH; US (CABI, 2005a) On or under

bark (CABI, 2005a) No Ye s Ye s

37. Agrilus ro tundicollis

Saunders,1873 Buprestidae CH On or under bark (Xiao, 1991a) No Ye s Ye s

38. Agrilus z

anthoxylumi Hou Buprestidae CH On or under bark (Xiao, 1991a) No Ye s Ye s

39. Agriotes obscurus (L.)

Elateridae CH On or under bark (Xiao, 1991a) No Ye s No

40. Agriotes subv ittatus Motschulsky , 1859 Elateridae CH On or under bark (Xiao, 1991 a) No Ye s Ye s

41. Agrypninae sp. Elateridae CH On or under bark (PEST ID, 2006) Ye s Ye s Ye s

42. Ahasverus sp. Silvanidae CH (PEST ID, 2006), US (CPC, 2006) Under Bark Ye s No Ye s

43. Altica sp. Chrysomelidae CH, US (CPC, 2006) On or under

bark (PEST ID, 2006) Ye s No Ye s

44. Altica weisei (Jacobson,

1892) Chrysomelidae CH On or under bark (Xiao, 1991b) No Ye s Ye s

45. Amphimallon solstitiale (L.)

Scarabaeidae CH On or under bark (CABI, 2005c) No Ye s Ye s

46. Anelaphus parallelus

(Newman) Cerambycidae CH On or under bark (A RS, 2005a) No Ye s Ye s

47. Anelaphus sp.

Cerambycidae CH On or under bark (ARS, 2005a) No Ye s Ye s

48. Anelaphus villosus (Fab.)

Cerambycidae CH On or under bark (ARS, 2005a) No Ye s Ye s

49. Anobiidae sp. Anobiidae CH (PEST ID, 2006), US (CPC, 2006) In Wo od Ye s No Ye s

50. Anomala corpulenta

(Motschulsky) Scarabaeidae CH On or under bark (CABI, 2005c) No Ye s Ye s

51. Anomala cupripes Hope

Scarabaeidae CH On or under bark (CABI, 2005c) No Ye s Ye s

52. Anoplophora chinensis

(Forter,1771) Cerambycidae CH; US (CABI, 2005a) On o r under

bark (CABI, 2005a; Dix et. al., 2004; Xiao, 1991a) No No Ye s

53. Anoplophora glabripennis

(Motschulsky) Cerambycidae CH; US (under official control and of limited dist.) (CABI, 2005a) In wood (CABI,

2005a; Dix et. al., 2004; PEST ID, 2006; Xiao, 199 1a) Ye s Ye s Ye s

## China Wood Products



# 8 **Pest China and US**  **Distribution Plant Part(s)** 

**As sociation**  **Intercepted**

**in the US United** 

**States Quarantine**  **Pest Likely** 

**to Follow**  **Pathway**

54. Anoplophora leechi (Gahan,

1888) Cerambycidae CH On or under bark (Xiao, 1991a) No Ye s Ye s

55. Anoplophora nobilis

(Ganglbauer) Cerambycidae CH On or under bark (CABI, 2005c; Xiao, 1991a) No Ye s Ye s

56. Anoplophora sp.

Cerambycidae CH, US (CP C, 2006) In wood; On or

under bark (PEST ID, 2006) Ye s No Ye s

57. Anthaxia sp. Buprestidae CH On or under bark (PEST ID, 2006) Ye s No Ye s

58. Anthicidae sp. Anthicidae CH (PEST ID, 2006), US (CPC, 2006) Under Bark Ye s No Ye s

59. Apriona germari (Hope)

Cerambycid ae CH On or under bark (CABI, 2005c; Dix et. al., 2004; Xiao, 1991a) No Ye s Ye s

60. Apriona sp. Cerambycidae CH On or under bark (PEST ID, 2006) Ye s Ye s Ye s

61. Apriona swainsoni (Hope)

Cerambycidae CH On or under bark (Xiao, 1991a) No Ye s Ye s

62. Araecerus fasciculatus (De

Geer) Curculionidae CH; US (CABI, 2005a) On or under

bark (CABI, 2005a) No No Ye s

63. Argopistes hoenei Maulik,

1934 Chrysomelidae CH On or under bark (Xiao, 1991b) No Ye s Ye s

64. Arhopalus rusticus (L.)

Cerambycidae CH (PEST ID, 2006) In Wo od Ye s Ye s Ye s
65. Arhopalus sp.

Cerambycidae CH (PEST ID, 2006) In Wo od Ye s Ye s Ye s

66. Aristobia hispida Saunders,

1853) Cerambycidae CH On or under bark (Xiao, 1991a) No Ye s Ye s

67. Aromia bungii (Faldermann,

1835) Cerambycidae CH On or under bark (Xiao, 1991a) No Ye s Ye s

68. Aromia mo schata (L.)

Cerambycidae CH On or under bark (Xiao, 1991a) Ye s Ye s Ye s

69. Aseminae sp.

Cerambycidae CH (PEST ID, 2006) In Wo od Ye s No Ye s

70. Asemum sp. Cerambycidae CH On or under bark (PEST ID, 2006) Ye s Ye s Ye s

71. Asemum striatum L.

Cera mbycidae CH (PEST ID, 2006) In Wo od Ye s Ye s Ye s

72. Asias halodendri (Pallas,

1776) Cerambycidae CH On or under bark (Xiao, 1991a) No Ye s Ye s

73. Astyleiopus variegatus

(Haldeman) Cerambycidae CH On or under bark (ARS, 2005a) No Ye s Ye s

74. Bacchisa atritarsis ( Pic,

1912) Cerambycidae CH On or under bark (Xiao, 1991a) No Ye s Ye s

## China Wood Products



# 9 **Pest China and US**  **Distribution Plant Part(s)** 

**As sociation**  **Intercepted**

**in the US United** 

**States Quarantine**  **Pest Likely** 

**to Follow**  **Pathway**

75. Batocera davidis Deyrolle,

1878 Cerambycidae CH On or under bark (Xiao, 1991a) No Ye s Ye s

76. Batocera horsfieldi (Hope)

Cerambycidae CH On or under bark (Xiao, 1991a) No Ye s Ye s

77. Batoce ra rubus (L., 1758)

Cerambycidae CH On or under bark (CABI, 2005a) No Ye s Ye s

78. Batocera rufomaculata De

Geer, 1775 Cerambycidae CH On or under bark (CABI, 2005a) No Ye s Ye s

79. Batocera sp. Cerambycidae CH On or under bark (PEST ID, 2006) Ye s Ye s Ye s

80. Bost richidae sp. CH, US (CPC, 2006) In wood; On or

under bark (PEST ID, 2006) Ye s No Ye s

81. Brentidae sp. Brentidae CH (PEST ID, 2006) In Wo od Ye s No Ye s

82. Brontispa longissima

Gestro, 1885 Chrysomelidae CH On or under bark (CABI, 2005a; Dix et. al., 2004) No Ye s Ye s

83. Bruchus pisorum L., 1758

Chrysomelidae CH; US (CABI, 2005a) On or under

bark (CABI, 2005c) No No Ye s

84. Buprestidae sp. CH, US (CPC, 2006) In wood; On or

under bark (PEST ID, 2006) Ye s No Ye s

85. Buprestis sp. Buprestidae CH (PEST ID, 2006) In Wo o d Ye s No Ye s

86. Callidiellum rufipenne

(Motschulsky , 1860) Cerambycidae CH; US (CABI, 2005a) On or under

bark (CABI, 2005a; ARS, 2005b) Ye s No Ye s

87. Callidiellum sp.

Cerambycidae CH, US (CPC, 2006) On or under

bark (PEST ID, 2006) Ye s No Ye s

88. Callidiellum villosulum

(Fairmaire) Cerambycidae CH On or under bark (PEST ID, 2006; ARS, 2005b; Xiao, 1991a) Ye s Ye s Ye s

89. Callidium sp. Cerambycidae CH, US (CPC, 2006) On or under

bark (PEST ID, 2006) Ye s No Ye s

90. Callidium violaceum (L.)

Cerambycidae CH (PEST ID, 2 006) In Wo od Ye s Ye s Ye s

91. Callosobruchus chinensis

(L.) Bruchidae CH On or under bark (CABI, 2005b) No Ye s Ye s

92. Carpophilus sp. Nitidulidae CH, US (CPC, 2006) On or under

bark (CABI, 2005a) No No Ye s

93. Cerambycidae sp. CH, US (CPC, 2006) In wood; On or

under bark (PEST ID, 2006) Ye s No Ye s

94. Cerambycinae sp.

Cerambycidae CH (PEST ID, 2006), US (CPC, 2006) In Wo od Ye s No Ye s

95. Ceresium sinicum

ornaticolle Pic, Cerambycidae CH On or under bark (Xiao, 1991a) No Ye s Ye s

## China Wood Products



# 10 **Pest China and US**  **Distribution Plant Part(s)** 

**As sociation**  **Intercepted**

**in the US United** 

**States Quarantine**  **Pest Likely** 

**to Follow**  **Pathway**

96. Ceresium sp.

Cerambycidae CH On or u nder bark (PEST ID, 2006) Ye s Ye s Ye s

97. Chalcophora georgiana

(LeConte) Buprestidae CH (PEST ID, 2006) In Wo od Ye s Ye s Ye s

98. Chalcophora sp.

Buprestidae CH On or under bark (PEST ID, 2006) Ye s Ye s Ye s

99. Chlorophorus annularis

(Fabricius) Cerambycidae CH On or under bark (ARS, 2005a; ARS, 2005b) Ye s Ye s Ye s

100. Chlorophorus diadema

(Motschulsky) Cerambycidae CH On or under bark (PEST ID, 2006) Ye s Ye s Ye s

101. Chondracris rosea (De

Geer) Scarabaeidae CH On or under bark (CABI, 2005b) No Ye s Ye s

102. Chrysobothris ch rysostigma

(L.) Buprestidae CH On or under bark (PEST ID, 2006) Ye s Ye s Ye s

103. Chrysobothris sp.

Buprestidae CH, US (CPC, 2006) On or under

bark (PEST ID, 2006) Ye s No Ye s

104. Chrysomela adamsi Baly

Chrysomelidae CH On or under bark (Xiao, 1991b) No Ye s Ye s

105. Chrysomela lapponica L.

Chrysomelidae CH On or under bark (Xiao, 1991b) No Ye s Ye s

106. Chrysomela populi L.

Chrysomelidae CH On or under bark (Xiao, 1991b) No Ye s Ye s

107. Chrysomela salicith orax

(Fairmaire ) Chrysomelidae CH On or under bark (Xiao, 1991b) No Ye s Ye s

108. Chrysomela vigintipunctata

(Scopoli) Chrysomelidae CH On or under bark (Xiao, 1991b) No Ye s Ye s

109. Cleroclytus strigicollis

Jakowlew Cerambycidae CH On or under bark (Xiao, 1991a) No Ye s Ye s

110. Clytus validus Fairmaire

Cerambycidae CH On or under bark (Xiao, 1991a) No Ye s Ye s

111. Colaspoides femoralis

Lefevre Chrysomelidae CH On or under bark (Xiao, 1991b) No Ye s Ye s

112. Coptocycla sordida

Bakeman Chrysomelidae CH On or under bark (PEST ID, 2006) No Ye s Ye s

113. Corticeus sp. Tenebrionidae CH (PEST ID, 20 06), US (CPC, 2006) In Wo od Ye s No Ye s

114. Cryphalus sp. Scoly tidae CH, US (CPC,

2006) On or under

bark (Xiao, 1991a) Ye s No Ye s

115. Cryphalus tabulaefomis

Tsai et Li, 1963 Scoly

tidae CH On or under bark (PEST ID, 2006) No Ye s Ye s

116. Cryptophagidae sp. CH (PES T ID, 2006) Under Bark Ye s No Ye s
117. Cryptophilinae sp.

Erotylidae CH (PEST ID, 2006) Under Bark Ye s No Ye s

## China Wood Products



# 11 **Pest China and US**  **Distribution Plant Part(s)** 

**As sociation**  **Intercepted**

**in the US United** 

**States Quarantine**  **Pest Likely** 

**to Follow**  **Pathway**
118. Cryptophilus sp. Erotylidae CH (PEST ID, 2006) Under Bark Ye s No Ye s

119. Cryptorhynchinae sp.

Curculionidae CH On or under bark (PEST ID, 2006) Ye s N o Ye s

120. Cryptorhynchus lapathi

(Linne, 1758) Curculionidae CH; US (CABI, 2005a) On or under

bark (CABI, 2005a; Dix et. al., 2004; Xiao, 1991a) No No Ye s

121. Cryptorhynchus sp.

Curculionidae CH, US (CPC, 2006) On or under

bark (PEST ID, 2006) Ye s No Ye s

122. Cr

ypturgus pusillus (Gyllenhal, 1813) Scoly tidae CH (PEST ID, 2006) In W ood Ye s Ye s Ye s

123. Curculio chinensis (L.,

1758) Curculionidae CH On or under bark (Xiao, 1991a) No Ye s Ye s

124. Curculio davidi (Fairmaire)

Curculionidae CH On or under bark (Xiao, 1991a) N o Ye s Ye s

125. Curculio dentipes (Roelofs)

Curculionidae CH On or under bark (Xiao, 1991a) No Ye s Ye s

126. Curculio dieckmanni (Faust,

1887) Curculionidae CH On or under bark (Xiao, 1991a) No Ye s Ye s

127. Curculio hippophes Zhang

Curculionidae CH On or under bark (Xiao, 1991a) No Ye s Ye s

128. Curculio robustus (Roelofs,

1874) Curculionidae CH On or under bark (Xiao, 1991a) No Ye s Ye s

129. Curculionidae sp. CH (PEST ID, 2006), US (CPC, 2006) In Wo od; On or

under bark (PEST ID, 2006) Ye s No Ye s

130. Cyllorhynchites ursulus

(R oelofs) Rhynchitidae CH On or under bark (Xiao, 1991a) No Ye s Ye s

131. Cyrtogenius luteus

(Blandford, 1894) Scoly tidae CH On or under bark (Xiao, 1991a) Ye s Ye s Ye s

132. Cyrtogenius sp. Scoly tidae CH On or under bark (PEST ID, 2006) Ye s Ye s Ye s

133. Cyrtotrachelus buqueti

Faust Curculionidae CH On or under bark (Xiao, 1991a) No Ye s Ye s

134. Cyrtotrachelus longimanus

Fabricius, 1775 Curculionidae CH On or under bark (Xiao, 1991a) No Ye s Ye s

135. Dendroctonus armandi Tsai

and Li Scoly

tidae CH On or under bark (CABI, 2005a; PEST ID, 2006; Xiao, 1991a) No Ye s Ye s

136. Dendroctonus micans

(Kugelann, 1794) Scoly tidae CH On or under bark (Dix et. al., 2004) No Ye s Ye s

137. Dendroctonus valens

Leconte Scoly

tidae CH; US (CABI,

2005a) On or under

bark (CABI, 2005a; Xiao, 1991a) No No Ye s

## China Wood Products



# 12 **Pest China and US**  **Distribution Plant Part(s)** 

**As sociation**  **Intercepted**

**in the US United** 

**States Quarantine**  **Pest Likely** 

**to Follow**  **Pathway**

138. Dere thoracica Wh ite, 1855

Cerambycidae CH On or under bark (PEST ID, 2006) Ye s Ye s Ye s

139. Dermestes sp. Dermestidae CH (PEST ID, 2006), US (CPC, 2006) Under Bark Ye s No Ye s

140. Dinoderinae sp.

Bostrichidae CH (PEST ID, 2006) In Wo od Ye s No Ye s

141. Dinoderus japonicus Lesne

Bostrichidae CH On or under bark (Xiao, 1991a) No Ye s Ye s

142. Dinoderus minutus

(Fabricius) Bostrichidae CH; US (CABI, 2005a) On or under

bark (CABI, 2005a; ARS, 2005a; Xiao, 1991a) Ye s No Ye s

143. Dinoderus sp. Bostrichidae CH (PEST ID, 2006) , US (CPC, 2006) In Wo od Ye s No Ye s

144. Diorhabda elongata

deserticola Chen, 1961 Chrysomelidae CH On or under bark (Xiao, 1991b) No Ye s Ye s

145. Diorhabda rybakowi We ise,

1890 Chrysomelidae CH On or under bark (Xiao, 1991b) No Ye s Ye s

146. Dryocoetes sp. Scoly tid ae CH, US (CPC,

2006) On or under

bark (Dix et. al., 2004) Ye s No Ye s

147. Dyscerus cribripennis

Matsumura et Kono, 1927 Curculionidae CH On or under bark (Xiao, 1991a) No Ye s Ye s

148. Dyscerus juglans Chao,

1980 Curculionidae CH On or under bark (Xiao, 1991a) N o Ye s Ye s

149. Dyscerus longiclavis

Marshall, 1919 Curculionidae CH On or under bark (Xiao, 1991a) No Ye s Ye s

150. Dyscerus pustulatus (Kono,

1933) Curculionidae CH On or under bark (Xiao, 1991a) No Ye s Ye s

151. Dysdercus cingulatus

(Fabricius, 1775) Curculionidae CH On or under bark (CABI, 2005a) No Ye s Ye s

152. Ectator

hinus adamsi Pascoe, 1871 Curculionidae CH On or under bark (Xiao, 1991a) No Ye s Ye s

153. Elaphidion mucronatum

(Say) Cerambycidae CH On or under bark (ARS, 2005a) No Ye s Ye s

154. Elaphidion sp.

Cerambycidae CH On or under bark (PEST ID, 2006) Ye s No Ye s

155. Elateridae sp. CH, US On or under bark (PEST ID, 2006) Ye s No Ye s

156. Embrikstrandia bimaculata

(W hite, 1853) C erambycidae CH On or under bark (Xiao, 1991a) No Ye s Ye s

157. Endomychidae s p. CH (PEST ID, 2006), US (CPC, 2006) Under Bark Ye s No Ye s

158. Entiminae sp. Curculionidae CH (PEST ID, 2006) In Wo od Ye s No Ye s

## China Wood Products



# 13 **Pest China and US**  **Distribution Plant Part(s)** 

**As sociation**  **Intercepted**

**in the US United** 

**States Quarantine**  **Pest Likely** 

**to Follow**  **Pathway**

159. Ergania doriae yunnanus

Heller, 1927 Curculioninae CH On or under bark (Xiao, 1991a) No Ye s Ye s

160. Eucryptorrhynchus brandti

(Harold, 1881) Curculioni dae CH On or under bark (Xiao, 1991a) No Ye s Ye s

161. Eucryptorrhynchus

chinensis (Olivier, 1790) Curculionidae CH On or under bark (Xiao, 1991a) No Ye s Ye s

162. Euwallacea destruens

(Blandford) Scoly

tidae CH On or under bark (PEST ID, 2006) No Ye s Ye s

163. Euwalla cea fornicatus

(Eichhoff, 1868) Scoly

tidae CH; US (CABI,

2005a) On or under

bark (CABI, 2005a) No No Ye s

164. Euwallacea validus

(Eichhoff, 1875) Scoly

tidae CH On or under bark (CABI, 2005a) Ye s Ye s Ye s

165. Gastrolina

depressathoracica Chrysomelidae CH On or u nder bark (Xiao, 1991b) No Ye s Ye s

166. Glenea sp. Cerambycidae CH On or under bark (PEST ID, 2006) Ye s Ye s Ye s

167. Gonipterus gibberus

Boisduval, 1835 Curculionidae CH; US (CABI, 2005a) On or under

bark (CABI, 2005a) No No Ye s

168. Grammographus notabilis

(Pasco e) Cerambycidae CH On or under bark (ARS, 2005b) No Ye s Ye s

169. Harmonia axyridis Pallas

Coccinellidae CH (PEST ID, 2006), US (CPC, 2006) Under Bark Ye s No Ye s

170. Harmonia sp. Coccinellidae CH (PEST ID, 2006), US (CPC, 2006) Under Bark Ye s No Ye s

171. Hesperopha nes campestris

Faldermann, 1835) Cerambycidae CH On or under bark (ARS, 2005b) Ye s Ye s Ye s

172. Hesperophanes sp.

Cerambycidae CH On or under bark (PEST ID, 2006; ARS, 2005a) Ye s Ye s Ye s

173. Heterobostrychus aequalis

(W aterhouse) Bostrichidae CH; US (CABI, 2005 a) On or under

bark (PEST ID, 2006; ARS, 2005a; ARS, 2005b; Xiao, 1991a) Ye s No Ye s

174. Heterobostrychus brunneus

(Murray) Bostrichidae CH (PEST ID, 2006) In Wo od Ye s Ye s Ye s

175. Heterobostrychus

hamatipennis (Lesne) Bostrichidae CH (PEST ID, 2006) In Wo od Ye s Ye s Ye s

176. Heterobostrychus sp.

Bostrichidae CH, US (CPC, 2006) On or under

bark (PEST ID, 2006; ARS, 2005b) Ye s No Ye s

177. Holotrichia diomphalia

(Bates) Scarabaeidae CH On or under bark (CABI, 2005c) No Ye s Ye s

178. Holotrichia oblita

(Falderman) Scarabaeidae CH On or under bark (CABI, 2005c) No Ye s Ye s

## China Wood Products



# 14 **Pest China and US**  **Distribution Plant Part(s)** 

**As sociation**  **Intercepted**

**in the US United** 

**States Quarantine**  **Pest Likely** 

**to Follow**  **Pathway**

179. Hylastes ater (Paykull,

1800) Curculionidae CH On or under bark (CABI, 2005a) No Ye s Ye s

180. Hylesininae sp. Scoly tidae CH On or under bark (PEST ID, 2006) Ye s No Ye s

181. Hylesinus fraxini (Fabricius)

Scoly tidae CH On or under bark (PEST ID, 2006) No Ye s Ye s

182. Hylobitelus xiaoi Zhang

Runzhi Curculionidae CH On or under bark (CABI, 2005a) No Ye s Ye s

183. Hylobius abietis (L., 1758)

Curculionidae CH On or under bark (CABI, 2005a) No Ye s Ye s

184. Hylobius abietis haroldi

( Faust) Curculionidae CH On or under bark (Xiao, 1991a) No Ye s Ye s

185. Hylobius sp. Curculionidae CH, US (CPC, 2006) In wood; On or

under bark (PEST ID, 2006) Ye s No Ye s

186. Hylotrupes bajulus (L.,

1758) Cerambycidae CH; US (CABI, 2005a) On or under

bark (CABI , 2005a) Ye s No Ye s

187. Hylurgops palliatus

(Gyllenhal, 1813) Scoly tidae CH; US (CABI, 2005a) On or under

bark (Xiao, 1991a) No No Ye s

188. Hylurgops sp. Scoly tidae CH, US (CPC,

2006) On or under

bark (CABI, 2005a) Ye s No Ye s

189. Hylurgus ligniperda

(Fabricius, 1787) Scoly tidae CH On or under bark (PEST ID, 2006) No Ye s Ye s

190. Hypocryphalus sp.

Scoly tidae CH, US (CPC, 2006) On or under

bark (CABI, 2005b) Ye s No Ye s

191. Hypomeces squamosus

(Fabricius, 1792) Curculionidae CH On or under bark (CABI, 2005a) No Ye s Ye s

192. Hypothenemus sp.

Scoly tidae CH On or under bark (PEST ID, 2006) Ye s No Ye s

193. Ips acuminatus Gyllenhal

Scoly tidae CH On or under bark (PEST ID, 2006; Xiao, 1991a) Ye s Ye s Ye s

194. Ips cembrae (Heer, 1836)

Scoly tidae CH On or under bark (PEST ID, 2006) No Ye s Ye s

195. Ips duplicatus (Sahlberg,

1836) Scoly

tidae CH On or under bark (CABI, 2005a; PEST ID, 2006) No Ye s Ye s

196. Ips erosus (W ollaston,

1857) Scoly

tidae CH On or under bark (Xiao, 1991a) Ye s Ye s Ye s

197. Ips hauseri Reitter, 1894

Scoly tidae CH On or under bark (PEST ID, 2006) No Ye s Ye s

198. Ips nitidus Egger, 1933

Scoly tidae CH On or under bark (Xiao, 1991a) No Ye s Ye s

199. Ips pini (Say , 1826)

Scoly tidae CH; US (CABI, 2005a) On or under

bark (Xiao, 1991a) No No Ye s

## China Wood Products



# 15 **Pest China and US**  **Distribution Plant Part(s)** 

**As sociation**  **Intercepted**

**in the US United** 

**States Quarantine**  **Pest Likely** 

**to Follow**  **Pathway**

200. Ips sexdentatus (Borner,

1776) Scoly

tidae CH On or under bark (CABI, 2005a; Xiao, 1991a) No Ye s Ye s

201. Ips sp. Scoly tidae CH; US (CABI,

2005a) On or under

bark (Xiao, 1991a) Ye s No Ye s

202. Ips subelongatus

(Motschulsky , 1860) Scoly tidae CH On or under bark (CABI, 2005a; PEST ID, 2006) No Ye s Ye s

203. Ips typ ographus (L., 1758)

Scoly tidae CH On or under bark (CABI, 2005a; Xiao, 1991a) Ye s Ye s Ye s

204. Lamiinae sp. Cerambycidae CH On or under bark (PEST ID, 2006) Ye s No Ye s

205. Lepidiota stigma (Fabricius)

Scarabaeidae CH On or under bark (CABI, 2005a) No Ye s Ye s

206. Leptura sp. Cerambycidae CH (PEST ID, 2006) In Wo od Ye s No Ye s

207. Lepyrus japonicus Roelofs,

1873 Curculionidae CH On or under bark (Xiao, 1991a) No Ye s Ye s

208. Litargus sp.

Mycetophagidae CH (PEST ID, 2006) Under Bark Ye s No Ye s

209. Longitarsus sp.

Chrysomelid ae CH, US (CPC, 2006) On or under

bark (PEST ID, 2006) Ye s No Ye s

210. Luprops sp. Tenebrionidae CH (PEST ID, 2006) Under Bark Ye s Ye s Ye s

211. Lyctidae sp. Lyctidae CH On or under bark (PEST ID, 2006) Ye s No Ye s

212. Lyctinae sp. Lyctidae CH (PEST ID, 2006) In Wo o d Ye s No Ye s

213. Lyctus brunneus Stephens

Lyctidae CH On or under bark (Xiao, 1991a) No Ye s Ye s

214. Lyctus linearis (Goeze,

1777) Lyctidae CH On or under bark (Xiao, 1991a) No Ye s Ye s

215. Lyctus sp. Lyctidae CH On or under bark (PEST ID, 2006) Ye s No Ye s

216. Maladera orientalis

(Motschulsky) Scarabaeidae CH On or under bark (CABI, 2005c) No Ye s Ye s

217. Mallodon sp. Cerambycidae CH (PEST ID, 2006) In Wo od Ye s Ye s Ye s

218. Megopis sinica (W hite)

Cerambycidae CH On or under bark (Xiao, 1991a) No Ye s Ye s

219. Melanophila picta (Pallas,

1793) Buprestidae CH On or under bark (Xiao, 1991a) No Ye s Ye s

220. Melanophila sp.

Buprestidae CH, US (CPC, 2006) On or under

bark (PEST ID, 2006) Ye s No Ye s

## China Wood Products



# 16 **Pest China and US**  **Distribution Plant Part(s)** 

**As sociation**  **Intercepted**

**in the US United** 

**States Quarantine**  **Pest Likely** 

**to Follow**  **Pathway**

221. Melolontha melolontha L.,

1758 Scarabaeidae CH On or under bark (CABI, 2005a) No Ye s No

222. Melolontha sp.

Scarabaeidae CH On or under bark (CABI, 2005c) No No Ye s

223. Mesosa myops (Dalman,

1817) Cerambycidae CH On or under bark (Xiao, 1991a) No Ye s Ye s

224. Minthea rugicollis (W alker)

Lyctidae CH On or under bark (CABI, 2005c; Xiao, 1991a) No Ye s Yes

225. Monochamus alternatus

Hope, 1843 Cerambycidae CH On or under bark (CABI, 2005a; PEST ID, 2006; Xiao, 1991a) Ye s Ye s Ye s

226. Monochamus saltuarius

Gebler, 1830 Cerambycidae CH On or under bark (CABI, 2005a; Xiao, 1991a) No Ye s Ye s

227. Monochamus sp.

Ceramb ycidae CH, US (CPC, 2006) In wood; On or

under bark (CABI, 2005c; PEST ID, 2006) Ye s No Ye s

228. Monochamus sutor (L.)

Cerambycidae CH On or under bark (CABI, 2005a; Xiao, 1991a) No Ye s Ye s

229. Monochamus te ss erula

Wh ite Cerambycidae CH On or under bark (PEST I D, 2006) Ye s Ye s Ye s

230. Monochamus urussovii

(Fischer, 1806) Cerambycidae CH On or under bark (CABI, 2005c; Xiao, 1991a) No Ye s Ye s

231. Mycetophagidae sp.

Mycetophagidae CH (PEST ID, 2006), US (CPC, 2006) Under Bark Ye s No Ye s

232. Myocalandra sp.

Curculionidae CH (PEST ID, 2006) In Wo od Ye s Ye s Ye s

233. Niphades castanea Chao,

1980 Curculionidae CH On or under bark (Xiao, 1991a) No Ye s Ye s

234. Niphades sp. Curculionidae CH On or under bark (PEST ID, 2006) Ye s Ye s Ye s

235. Niphades verrucosus (Voss,

1932) Curculionidae C H On or under bark (Xiao, 1991a) No Ye s Ye s

236. Niphona furcata (Bates,

1873) Cerambycidae CH On or under bark (Xiao, 1991a) No Ye s Ye s

237. Niphona sp. Cerambycidae CH On or under bark (ARS, 2005a) No Ye s Ye s

238. Nitidulidae sp. CH (PEST ID, 2006), US (CPC, 200 6) Under Bark Ye s No Ye s

239. Oberea fusciventris

Fairmaire, 1895 Cerambycidae CH On or under bark (Xiao, 1991a) No Ye s Ye s

## China Wood Products



# 17 **Pest China and US**  **Distribution Plant Part(s)** 

**As sociation**  **Intercepted**

**in the US United** 

**States Quarantine**  **Pest Likely** 

**to Follow**  **Pathway**

240. Oberea inclusa Pascoe,

1858 Cerambycidae CH On or under bark (Xiao, 1991a) No Ye s Ye s

241. Oberea oculata (L., 1758)

Cerambycidae CH On or under bark (Xiao, 1991a) No Ye s Ye s

242. Oides leucomeluena We ise

Chrysomelidae CH On or under bark (Xiao, 1991b) No Ye s Ye s

243. Olenecamptus sp.

Cerambycidae CH (PEST ID, 2006) In W ood Ye s Ye s Ye s

244. Ophrida scaphoides (Baly ,

1865) Chrysomelidae CH On or und er bark (Xiao, 1991b) No Ye s Ye s

245. Ophrida xanthospilota (Baly ,

1881) Chrysomelidae CH On or under bark (Xiao, 1991b) No Ye s Ye s

246. Orthotomicus erosus

(W ollaston, 1857) Scoly tidae CH On or under bark (PEST ID, 2006) Ye s Ye s Ye s

247. Orthotomicus sp. Scoly tida e CH, US (CPC, 2006) On or under

bark (CABI, 2005a) Ye s No Ye s

248. Oryctes rhinoceros (L.)

Scarabaeidae CH On or under bark (CABI, 2005a) No Ye s Ye s

249. Otidognathus davidis

(Fairmaire) Curculionidae CH On or under bark (Xiao, 1991a) No Ye s Ye s

250. Oulema melanopus (L.)

Chrysomelidae CH (PEST ID, 2006), US (CPC, 2006) Under Bark Ye s No Ye s

251. Ovalisia sp. Buprestidae CH (PEST ID, 2006) In Wo od Ye s Ye s Ye s

252. Phloeosinus aubei Perris

Scoly tidae CH On or under bark (ARS, 2005b) No Ye s Ye s

253. Phloeosinus sinensis

Sched l Scoly

tidae CH On or under bark (Xiao, 1991a) No Ye s Ye s

254. Phloeosinus sp. Scoly tidae CH (PEST ID,

2006), US (CA

- unconfirmed) (CPC, 2006) Wo od; On or

under bark (PEST ID, 2006; Xiao, 1991a Ye s No Ye s

255. Phyllophaga sp.

Scarabaeidae CH; US (CABI, 2005a) On or under

bark (CABI, 2005b) No No Ye s

256. Phymatodes sp.

Cerambycidae CH On or under bark (ARS, 2005a) Ye s No Ye s

257. Phymatodes testaceus (L.)

Cerambycidae CH On or under bark (ARS, 2005a) No Ye s Ye s

258. Piaz

omia validus Motschulsky , 1853 Curculionidae CH On or under bark (Xiao, 1991a) No Ye s Ye s

259. Pissodes nitidus Roelofs

Curculionidae CH On or under bark (Xiao, 1991a) No Ye s Ye s

260. Pissodes sp. Curculionidae CH, US On or under bark (PEST ID, 2006; Dix. et.al., 2004) Ye s No Ye s

## China Wood Products



# 18 **Pest China and US**  **Distribution Plant Part(s)** 

**As sociation**  **Intercepted**

**in the US United** 

**States Quarantine**  **Pest Likely** 

**to Follow**  **Pathway**

261. Pissodes validirostris

Gyllen hal Curculionidae CH On or under bark (CABI, 2005c; Xiao, 1991a) No Ye s Ye s

262. Pissodes yunnanensis

Langor Curculionidae CH On or under bark (CABI, 2005a) No Ye s Ye s

263. Pityogenes chalcographus

(L., 1761) Scoly

tidae CH On or under bark (CABI, 2005a; PEST ID, 2006; Xiao, 1991a) Ye s Ye s Ye s

264. Pityogenes hopk insi Swaine Scoly tidae CH On or under bark (PEST ID, 2006) No Ye s Ye s

265. Pityogenes serindensis

Murayama, 1929 Scoly tidae CH On or under bark (Xiao, 1991a) No Ye s Ye s

266. Plagiodera versicolora

Laicharting Chrysomelidae CH; US (CABI, 2005a) On or under

bark (Xiao, 1991b) No No Ye s

267. Plagionotus christophi

Kraatz Cerambycidae CH On or under bark (PEST ID, 2006) Ye s Ye s Ye s

268. Plagionotus sp.

Cerambycidae CH (PEST ID, 2006) In Wo od Ye s Ye s Ye s

269. Platypodidae sp. CH On or under bark (PEST ID, 2006) Ye s No Ye s

270. Platypus sp. Platypodidae CH On or under bark (PEST ID, 2006) Ye s No Ye s

271. Pleonomus canaliculatus

(Faldermann) Elateridae CH On or under bark (Xiao, 1991b) No Ye s Ye s

272. Plocaederus obesus

Gahan, 1890 Ceramb ycidae CH On or under bark (CABI, 2005a) No Ye s Ye s

273. Podagricomela cyanea

Chen Chrysomelidae CH On or under bark (Xiao, 1991b) No Ye s Ye s

274. Podagricomela shirahatai

Chujo Chrysomelidae CH On or under bark (Xiao, 1991b) No Ye s Ye s

275. Podontia lutea (Olivier ,

1890) Chrysomelidae CH On or under bark (Xiao, 1991b) No Ye s Ye s

276. Poecilomorpha cyanipennis

(Kroatz) Chrysomelidae CH On or under bark (Xiao, 1991b) No Ye s Ye s

277. Poecilonota variolosa

(Paukull, 1799) Buprestidae CH On or under bark (Xiao, 1991a) No Ye s Ye s

278. Polygraphus poligraphus

(L.) Scoly

tidae CH On or under bark (Xiao, 1991a) Ye s Ye s Ye s

279. Polygraphus sp. Scoly tidae CH On or under bark (PEST ID, 2006) Ye s Ye s Ye s

280. Polyz

onus fasciatus (Fabricius, 1781) Cerambycidae CH On or under bark (Xiao, 1991a) No Ye s Ye s

281. Popillia japonica Newman

Scarabaeidae CH; US (CABI, 2005a) On or under

bark (CABI, 2005b) No No Ye s

## China Wood Products



# 19 **Pest China and US**  **Distribution Plant Part(s)** 

**As sociation**  **Intercepted**

**in the US United** 

**States Quarantine**  **Pest Likely** 

**to Follow**  **Pathway**
282. Prioninae sp. Cerambycidae CH (PEST ID, 2006) In Wo od Ye s No Ye s

283. Prionus sp. Cerambycidae CH On or under bark (ARS, 2005b) No No Ye s

284. Pte rolophia sp.

Cerambycidae CH (PEST ID, 2006) In Wo od Ye s Ye s Ye s

285. Purpuricenus sideriger

Fairmaire, 1888 Cerambycidae CH On or under bark (Xiao, 1991a) No Ye s Ye s

286. Purpuricenus temminckii

Guerin

– Meniville, 1844) Cerambycidae CH On or under bark (Xiao, 1991a) No Ye s Ye s

287. Pyrrhalta aenescens

(Fairmaire) Chrysomelidae CH On or under bark (Xiao, 1991b) No Ye s Ye s

288. Pyrrhalta maculicollis

(Motschulsky , 1853) Chrysomelidae CH On or under bark (Xiao, 1991b) No Ye s Ye s

289. Pyrrhidium sanguineum (L)

Cerambycidae CH (PEST ID, 2006) In Wo od Ye s Ye s Ye s
290. Rhagium sp. Cerambycidae CH (PEST ID, 2006) In Wo od Ye s No Ye s

291. Rhynchaenus alini (L.,

1759) Curculionidae CH On or under bark (Xiao, 1991a) No Ye s Ye s

292. Rhynchaenus empopulifolis

Chen et Zang, 1988 Curculionidae C H On or under bark (Xiao, 1991a) No Ye s Ye s

293. Rhynchophorus ferrugineus

(Olivier, 1790) Curculionidae CH On or under bark (CABI, 2005a) No Ye s Ye s

294. Ropica sp. Cerambycidae CH (PEST ID, 2006) In Wo od Ye s Ye s Ye s

295. Saperda balsamifera

(Motschulsky , 1860) Ce rambycidae CH On or under bark (Xiao, 1991a) No Ye s Ye s

296. Saperda carcharias (L.,

1758) Cerambycidae CH On or under bark (Xiao, 1991a) No Ye s Ye s

297. Saperda populnea (L.,

1758) Cerambycidae CH On or under bark (CABI, 2005a; Dix et. al., 2004; Xiao, 1991a) N o Ye s Ye s

298. Saperda sp. Cerambycidae CH, US (CPC, 2006) On or under

bark (PEST ID, 2006) No No Ye s

299. Scaphidiinae sp. CH (PEST ID, 2006) , US (CPC, 2006) Under Bark Ye s No Ye s

300. Scoly

tidae sp. CH, US (CPC, 2006) On or under

bark (PEST ID, 2006) Ye s No Ye s

301. Scolytus morawitz i Semenov, 1902 Scoly

tidae CH On or under bark (PEST ID, 2006) No Ye s Ye s

302. Scolytus multistriatus

(Marsham, 1802) Scoly tidae CH; US (CABI, 2005a) On or under

bark (CABI, 2005a) No No Ye s

## China Wood Products



# 20 **Pest China and US**  **Distribution Plant Part(s)** 

**As sociation**  **Intercepted**

**in the US United** 

**States Quarantine**  **Pest Likely** 

**to Follow**  **Pathway**

303. Scolytus schevyrewi

Semenov, 1902 Scoly

tidae CH; US (CABI,

2005a) On or under

bark (CABI, 2005a; Xiao, 1991a) Ye s No Ye s

304. Scolytus sp. Scoly tidae CH, US (CPC,

2006) On or under

bark (Dix et.al., 2004) Ye s No Ye s

305. Semanotus bifasciatus

(Motschulsky) Cerambycidae CH On or under bark (CABI, 2005c; Xi ao, 1991a) No Ye s Ye s

306. Semanotus sinoauster

Gressitt Cerambycidae CH On or under bark (CABI, 2005c; Xiao, 1991a) No Ye s Ye s

307. Semanotus sp.

Cerambycidae CH On or under bark (PEST ID, 2006) Ye s Ye s Ye s

308. Shirahoshiz o coniferae Chao, 1980 Curculionidae CH O n or under bark (Xiao, 1991a) No Ye s Ye s

309. Shirahoshiz o patruelis (Voss, 1937) Curculionidae CH On or under bark (Xiao, 1991a) No Ye s Ye s

310. Shirahoshiz o sp. Curculionidae CH On or under bark (PEST ID, 2006) Ye s Ye s Ye s

311. Silvanidae sp. CH (PEST ID, 2006), US (CPC, 2006) In Wo od Ye s No Ye s

312. Silvanus sp. Silvanidae CH (PEST ID, 2006), US (CPC, 2006) In Wo od Ye s No Ye s

313. Sinoxylon anale Lesne

Bostrichidae CH On or under bark (PEST ID, 2006; Xiao, 1991a) Ye s Ye s Ye s

314. Sinoxylon conigerum

Gerstaecker, 1855 Bos trichidae CH; US (CABI, 2005a) On or under

bark (PEST ID, 2006) Ye s No Ye s

315. Sinoxylon sp. Bostrichidae CH (PEST ID, 2006) On or under

bark (PEST ID, 2006) Ye s No Ye s

316. Sipalinus gigas (Fab)

Curculionidae CH On or under bark (PEST ID, 2006) Ye s Ye s Ye s

317. Sipalinus sp. Curculionidae CH On or under bark (PEST ID, 2006) Ye s Ye s Ye s

318. Sitophilus sp. Curculionidae CH (PEST ID, 2006), US (CPC, 2006) In Wo od Ye s No Ye s

319. Sphaerotrypes

coimbatorensis Stebbing, 1903 Scoly

tidae CH On or under bark (PEST ID, 2006) No Ye s Ye s

320. Stenhomalus taiwanus

Matsushita Cerambycidae CH On or under bark (Xiao, 1991a) No Ye s Ye s

321. Stenodontes dasytomus

Browne and Peck Cerambycidae CH On or under bark (ARS, 2005b) No Ye s Ye s

322. Stenodontes sp.

Cerambycidae CH On or under bark (ARS, 2 005b) No No Ye s

## China Wood Products



# 21 **Pest China and US**  **Distribution Plant Part(s)** 

**As sociation**  **Intercepted**

**in the US United** 

**States Quarantine**  **Pest Likely** 

**to Follow**  **Pathway**

323. Sternidius variegatus

(Haldeman) Cerambycidae CH On or under bark (ARS, 2005a) No Ye s Ye s

324. Stromatium barbatum

(Fabricius) Cerambycidae CH On or under bark (PEST ID, 2006) No Ye s Ye s

325. Stromatium longicorne

(Newman, 1842) Cerambycidae CH On or under bark (PEST ID, 2006; Xiao, 1991a) No Ye s Ye s

326. Stromatium sp.

Cerambycidae CH In wood; On or under bark (ARS, 2005b) Ye s Ye s Ye s

327. Tenebrionidae sp.

Tenebrionidae CH, US (CPC, 2006) On or under

bark (PEST ID, 2006) Ye s No Ye s

328. Tetropium casta neum (L.,

1758) Cerambycidae CH On or under bark (CABI, 2005a; PEST ID, 2006; Xiao, 1991a) Ye s Ye s Ye s

329. Tetropium fuscum

(Fabricius, 1787) Cerambycidae CH On or under bark (PEST ID, 2006) Ye s Ye s Ye s

330. Tetropium gabrieli We ise

Cerambycidae CH (PEST ID, 2 006) In Wo od Ye s Ye s Ye s

331. Tetropium gracilicorne

Reitter, 1889 Cerambycidae CH On or under bark (CABI, 2005a) No Ye s Ye s

332. Tetropium sp.

Cerambycidae CH, US (CPC, 2006) On or under

bark (PEST ID, 2006) Ye s No Ye s

333. Thylactus simulans Gahan,

1890 Cerambyci dae CH On or under bark (Xiao, 1991a) No Ye s Ye s

334. Tomicus minor (Hartig,

1834) Scoly

tidae CH On or under bark (CABI, 2005a; Xiao, 1991a) No Ye s Ye s

335. Tomicus pilifer

(Spessivtsev, 1919) Scoly tidae CH On or under bark (Xiao, 1991a) No Ye s Ye s

336. Tomicus pin iperda (L.,

1758) Scoly

tidae CH; US (CABI,

2005a) On or under

bark (CABI, 2005a; Dix et.al., 2004; PEST ID, 2006; Xiao, 1991a) Ye s Ye s (Official Control ) Ye s

337. Tribolium castaneum

(Herbst) Tenebrionidae CH; US (CABI, 2005a) On or under

bark (CABI, 2005a) No No Ye s

338. Tribolium sp. Tenebrionidae CH (PEST ID, 2006), US (CPC, 2006) Under Bark Ye s No Ye s

339. Trichoferus campestris

(Faldermann, 1835) Cerambycidae CH On or under bark (CABI, 2005a; Xiao, 1991a) No Ye s Ye s

340. Trichoferus sp.

Cerambycidae CH In wood; On or under bark (PEST ID, 2006) Ye s Ye s Ye s

341. Trigonorhinus sp.

Anthribidae CH (PEST ID, 2006) Under Bark Ye s No Ye s

## China Wood Products



# 22 **Pest China and US**  **Distribution Plant Part(s)** 

**As sociation**  **Intercepted**

**in the US United** 

**States Quarantine**  **Pest Likely** 

**to Follow**  **Pathway**

342. Trirachys orientalis Hope,

1841 Cerambycidae CH On or under bark (Xiao, 1991a) No Ye s Ye s

343. Trypodendron lineatum

(Olivier, 1795) Scoly

t idae CH; US (CABI,

2005a) On or under

bark (CABI, 2005b) No No Ye s

344. Typhaea stercorea (L.)

Mycetophagidae CH (PEST ID, 2006), US (CPC, 2006) Under Bark Ye s No Ye s

345. Urgleptes sp.

Cerambycidae CH In wood; On or under bark (PEST ID, 2006) Ye s Ye s Ye s

346. Xyleborinus saxesenii

(Ratzeburg) Scoly

tidae CH; US (CABI,

2005a) On or under

bark (CABI, 2005a) No No Ye s

347. Xyleborinus sp. Scoly tidae CH, US (CPC,

2006) On or under

bark (PEST ID, 2006) Ye s No Ye s

348. Xyleborus dispar (Fabricius)

Scoly tidae CH; US (CABI, 200 5a) On or under

bark (CABI, 2005a) No No Ye s

349. Xyleborus emarginatus

Eichhoff Scoly

tidae CH On or under bark (CABI, 2005a) No Ye s Ye s

350. Xyleborus glabratus

Eichhoff, 1877 Scoly

tidae CH On or under bark (PEST ID, 2006) No Ye s Ye s

351. Xyleborus interjectus

Bl andford Scoly

tidae CH On or under bark (Xiao, 1991a) No Ye s Ye s

352. Xyleborus perforans

(W ollaston) Scoly

tidae CH; US (CABI,

2005a) On or under

bark (CABI, 2005a) No No Ye s

353. Xyleborus similis Ferrari

S coly tidae CH; US (CABI, 2005a) On or under

bark (CABI, 2005a) No No Ye s

354. Xyleborus sp. Scoly tidae CH, US (CPC,

2006) On or under

bark (PEST ID, 2006) Ye s No Ye s

355. Xylinophorus mongolicus

Faust Curculionidae CH On or under bark (Xiao, 1991a) No Ye s Ye s

356. Xylobiops texanus (Horn)

Bostrichidae CH On or under ba rk (ARS, 2005b) No Ye s Ye s

357. Xyloperthella picea (Olivier)

Bostrichidae CH (PEST ID, 2006) In Wo od Ye s Ye s Ye s

358. Xylopsocus capucinus (Fab)

Bostrichidae CH On or under bark (PEST ID, 2006) Ye s Ye s Ye s

359. Xylosandrus ater (Eggers)

Chrysomelidae CH On or unde r bark (CABI, 2005a) No Ye s Ye s

360. Xylosandrus compactus

(Eichhoff, 1875) Chrysomelidae CH; US (CABI, 2005a) On or under

bark (CABI, 2005a) No No Ye s

361. Xylosandrus crassiusculus

(Motschulsky) Chrysomelidae CH; US (CABI, 2005a) On or under

bark (CABI, 2005 a) Ye s No Ye s

362. Xylosandrus discolor

(Blandford) Chrysomelidae CH On or under bark (CABI, 2005a) No Ye s Ye s

363. Xylothrips flavipes Illiger

Bostrichidae CH (PEST ID, 2006) In Wo od Ye s Ye s Ye s

## China Wood Products



# 23 **Pest China and US**  **Distribution Plant Part(s)** 

**As sociation**  **Intercepted**

**in the US United** 

**States Quarantine**  **Pest Likely** 

**to Follow**  **Pathway**

364. Xylotrechus chinensis

(Chevrolat) Cerambycidae CH In wood; On or under bark (Xiao, 1991a) No Ye s Ye s

365. Xylotrechus colonus (F

. )

Cerambycidae CH On or under bark (ARS, 2005a) No Ye s Ye s

366. Xylotrechus grayi (W hite)

Cerambycidae CH On or under bark (PEST ID, 2006) Ye s Ye s Ye s

367. Xylotrechus magnicollis

(Fairmaire) Cerambyc idae CH On or under bark (PEST ID, 2006) Ye s Ye s Ye s

368. Xylotrechus rusticus (L.)

Cerambycidae CH On or under bark (Dix et.al., 2004; PEST ID, 2006; Xiao, 1991a) Ye s Ye s Ye s

369. Xylotrechus sagittatus

Germar Cerambycidae CH In wood; On or under bark (ARS, 200 5a) No Ye s Ye s

370. Xylotrechus sp.

Cerambycidae CH, US (CPC, 2006) On or under

bark (PEST ID, 2006) Ye s No Ye s

371. Xylotrupes gideon (L.)

Scarabaeidae CH On or under bark (CABI, 2005c) No Ye s No

372. Zeugophora scutellaris

Suffrian Chrysomelidae CH On or under ba rk (Xiao, 1991b) No Ye s Ye s

**Ar thropods: Diptera** 
373. Algedonia coclesalis Wa lker

Syrphidae CH On or under bark (CABI, 2005c) No Ye s Ye s

374. Camptomyia sp.

Cecidomyiidae CH (PEST ID, 2006) Under Bark Ye s Ye s Ye s

375. Cecidomyia yunnanensis

Wu et Zh ou Cecidomyiidae CH On or under bark (Xiao, 1991b) No Ye s Ye s

376. Cecidomyiidae sp. CH (PEST ID, 2006), US (CPC, 2006) On or under

bark (PEST ID, 2006) Ye s No Ye s

377. Ceratopogonidae sp. CH (PEST ID, 2006), US (CPC, 2006) Under Bark Ye s No Ye s

378. Dasineura datifolia Jiang

Cecidomyiidae CH On or under bark (Xiao, 1991b) No Ye s Ye s

379. Delia platura (Meigen)

Anthomyiidae CH; US (CABI, 2005a) On or under

bark (CABI, 2005b) No No Ye s

380. Giraudiella inclusa

(Frauenfeld) Cecidomyiidae CH (PEST ID, 2006) Under Bark Ye s Ye s Ye s
381. Lestremiinae sp.

Cecidomyiidae CH (PEST ID, 2006) Under Bark Ye s Ye s Ye s

382. Liriomyz

a sativae Blanchard Agromy zidae CH; US (CABI, 2005a) On or under

bark (CABI, 2005b) No No Ye s

383. Phoridae sp. CH (PEST ID, 2006), US (CPC, 2006) Under Bark Ye s No Ye s

## China Wood Products



# 24 **Pest China and US**  **Distribution Plant Part(s)** 

**As sociation**  **Intercepted**

**in the US United** 

**States Quarantine**  **Pest Likely** 

**to Follow**  **Pathway**

384. Planetella conesta Jiang

Cecidomyiidae CH On or under bark (Xiao, 1991b) No Ye s Ye s

385. Rhabdophaga salicis

Schrank Cecidomyiidae CH On or under bark (Xiao, 1991b) No Ye s Ye s

386. Stratiomyidae sp. CH (PEST ID, 2006) Under Bark Ye s No Ye s

387. Strobilomy

ia infrequens (Ackland) Anthomyiidae CH On or under bark (CABI, 2005c) No Ye s Ye s

388. Strobilomyia laricicola (Karl)

Anthomyiidae CH On or under bark (CABI, 2005c) No Ye s Ye s

389. Thecodiplosis japonensis

Uchida and Inouye, 1955 Cecidomyiidae CH On or under bar k (CABI, 2005a) No Ye s Ye s

**Ar thropods: Dicty** **optera**
390. Blattidae sp. CH (PEST ID, 2006), US (CPC, 2006) Under Bark Ye s No Ye s

**Ar thropods: Hemiptera,**  **Heteroptera, and Homoptera**  391. Acanthocephala femorata

(Fab) Coreidae CH (PEST ID, 2006) Under Bark Ye s Ye s Ye s

392. Acyrthosiphon pisum Harris

Aphididae CH; US (CABI, 2005a) On or under

bark (CABI, 2005b) No No Ye s

393. Aleurocanthus woglumi

Ashby Aleyrodidae CH; US (CABI, 2005a) On or under

bark (CABI, 2005b) No No Ye s

394. Aonidiella aur antii (Maskell) Diaspididae CH; US (CABI, 2005a) On or under

bark (CABI, 2005b) No No Ye s

395. Aonidiella orientalis

(Newstead) Diaspididae CH; US (CABI, 2005a) On or under

bark (CABI, 2005a) No No Ye s

396. Aphis craccivora Koch

Aphididae CH; US (CABI, 2005a) On or under

bark (CABI, 2005a) No No Ye s

397. Aphis gossypii Glover

Aphididae CH; US (CABI, 2005a) On or under

bark (CABI, 2005b) No No Ye s

398. Aradidae sp. CH ; US (CABI, 2005a) On or under

bark (PEST ID, 2006) Ye s No Ye s

399. Aradus betulae (L) Aradidae CH (PE ST ID, 2006) Under Bark Ye s Ye s Ye s

400. Aradus sp. Aradidae CH (PEST ID, 2006) ; US (CABI, 2005a) Under Bark Ye s No Ye s

401. Arma chinensis (Fallou)

Pentatomidae CH On or under bark (Xiao, 1991a) No Ye s No

402. Aspidiotus destructor

Signoret Diaspididae CH; US (CAB I, 2005a) On or under

bark (CABI, 2005a) No No Ye s

## China Wood Products



# 25 **Pest China and US**  **Distribution Plant Part(s)** 

**As sociation**  **Intercepted**

**in the US United** 

**States Quarantine**  **Pest Likely** 

**to Follow**  **Pathway**

403. Aspidiotus nerii Bouche

Diaspididae CH; US (CABI, 2005a) On or under

bark (CABI, 2005b) No No Ye s

404. Atraz

onatus umbrosus (Distant) Lygaeidae CH (PEST ID, 2006) Under Bark Ye s Ye s Ye s

405. Aulacaspis rosar um Borchsenius Diaspididae CH On or under bark (Xiao, 1991b) No Ye s Ye s

406. Aulacaspis sassafris Chen

Diaspididae CH On or under bark (Xiao, 1991b) No Ye s Ye s

407. Aulacorthum solani

Kaltenbach, 1843 Aphididae CH (PEST ID, 2006), US (CPC, 2006) Under Bark Ye s N o Ye s

408. Bemisia tabaci (Gennadius)

Aleyrodidae CH; US (CABI, 2005a) On or under

bark (CABI, 2005a) No No Ye s

409. Brochymena

quadripustulata (Fabricius) Pentatomidae CH (PEST ID, 2006), US (CPC, 2006) Under Bark Ye s No No

410. Ceroplastes ceriferus

(Fabricius, 1798) Coccidae CH; US (CABI, 2005a) On or under

bark (CABI, 2005a) No No Ye s

411. Ceroplastes floridensis

Comstock Coccidae CH; US (CABI, 2005a) On or under

bark (CABI, 2005b) No No Ye s

412. Ceroplastes japonicus

Green Coccidae CH On or under bark (CABI, 2005a ) No Ye s Ye s

413. Ceroplastes rubens Maskell

Coccidae CH; US (CABI, 2005a) On or under

bark (CABI, 2005b) No No Ye s

414. Chionaspis salicis L.

Diaspididae CH On or under bark (Xiao, 1991b) No Ye s Ye s

415. Chloropulvinaria floccifera

We stwood Coccidae CH On or unde r bark (CABI, 2005c) No Ye s Ye s

416. Chrysomphalus

dictyospermi (Morgan) Diaspididae CH; US (CABI, 2005a) On or under

bark (CABI, 2005a) No No Ye s

417. Dialeurodes citri (Ashmead,

1885) Aleyrodidae CH; US (CABI, 2005a) On or under

bark (CABI, 2005b) No No Ye s

418. Diaphorina citri Kuwayama

Psyllidae CH; US (CABI, 2005a) On or under

bark (CABI, 2005a) No No Ye s

419. Diaspidiotus ostreaeformis

(Curtis) Diaspididae CH; US (CABI, 2005a) On or under

bark (CABI, 2005a) No No Ye s

420. Diaspidiotus perniciosus

(Comstock) Dias pididae CH; US (CABI, 2005a) On or under

bark (CABI, 2005b) No No Ye s

421. Dolycoris baccarum L.

Pentatomidae CH On or under bark (CABI, 2005c) No Ye s Ye s

422. Drosicha corpulenta

(Kuwana) Margarodidae CH On or under bark (CABI, 2005c) No Ye s Ye s

423. Drosicha ste bbingi (Green)

Margarodidae CH On or under bark (CABI, 2005c) No Ye s Ye s

## China Wood Products



# 26 **Pest China and US**  **Distribution Plant Part(s)** 

**As sociation**  **Intercepted**

**in the US United** 

**States Quarantine**  **Pest Likely** 

**to Follow**  **Pathway**
424. Erthesina fullo (Thunberg)

Pentatomidae CH (PEST ID, 2006) Under Bark Ye s Ye s Ye s

425. Ferrisia virgata Cockerell

Pseudococcidae CH; US (CABI, 2005a) On or under

bark (CABI, 2005a) No No Ye s

426. Fiorinia japonica (Cockerell)

Diaspididae CH On or under bark (Xiao, 1991b) No Ye s Ye s

427. Fulvius sp. Miridae CH (PEST ID, 2006), US (CPC, 2006) Under Bark Ye s No Ye s

428. Gonocerus sp. Coreidae CH On or under bark (PEST ID, 2006) Ye s Ye s Ye s

429. Gonocerus yunnanensis

Hsiao Coreidae CH On or under bark (Xiao, 1991b) No Ye s Ye s

430. Halyomorpha halys (Stal)

Pentatomidae CH (PEST ID, 2006), US (CPC, 2006) Under Bark Ye s No Ye s

431. Halyomorpha picus F.

Pentatomidae CH (PEST ID, 2006) Under Bark Ye s Ye s Ye s

432. He miberlesia lataniae

(Signoret) Diaspididae CH; US (CABI, 2005a) On or under

bark (CABI, 2005b) No No Ye s

433. Hemiberlesia pitysophila

Takagi Diaspididae CH On or under bark (Dix et.al., 2004; Xiao, 1991b) No Ye s Ye s

434. Heteropsylla cubana D. L.

Crawford Psyl lidae CH; US (CABI, 2005a) On or under

bark (CABI, 2005a) No No Ye s

435. Homoeocerus walkerianus

Lethierry and Serville Coreidae CH On or under bark (Xiao, 1991b) No Ye s Ye s

436. Icerya aegyptiaca Douglas

Margarodidae CH On or under bark (CABI, 2005a) No Ye s Ye s

437. Icerya purchasi Maskell

Margarodidae CH; US (CABI, 2005a) On or under

bark (CABI, 2005a) No No Ye s

438. Icerya seychellarum

(W estwood) Margarodidae CH On or under bark (CABI, 2005b) No Ye s Ye s

439. Lawana imitata Melichar

Cicadellidae CH On or under bark (CABI, 2005c) No Ye s Ye s

440. Lepidopsyche asiatica

Staudinger Diaspididae CH On or under bark (Xiao, 1991b) No Ye s Ye s

441. Lepidosaphes salicina

Borchsenius Diaspididae CH On or under bark (Xiao, 1991b) No Ye s Ye s

442. Lepidosaphes sp.

Diaspididae CH, US (CPC, 2006 ) On or under

bark (Xiao, 1991b) No No Ye s

443. Lepidosaphes ulmi (L.)

Diaspididae CH; US (CABI, 2005a) On or under

bark (CABI, 2005a; Xiao, 1991b) No No Ye s

444. Leptocorisa acuta Thunberg

Alydidae CH On or under bark (CABI, 2005b) No Ye s Ye s

## China Wood Products



# 27 **Pest China and US**  **Distribution Plant Part(s)** 

**As sociation**  **Intercepted**

**in the US United** 

**States Quarantine**  **Pest Likely** 

**to Follow**  **Pathway**

445. Leptoglossus go nagra

(Fabricius) Coreidae CH On or under bark (CABI, 2005c) No Ye s Ye s

446. Leptoglossus oppositus Say

Coreidae CH (PEST ID, 2006) Under Bark Ye s Ye s Ye s

447. Lopholeucaspis japonica

(Cockerell) Diaspididae CH; US (CABI, 2005a) On or under

bark (Xiao, 1991b) N o No Ye s

448. Maconellicoccus hirsutus

(Green) Pseudococcidae CH; US (CABI, 2005a) On or under

bark (CABI, 2005a) No Ye s (Official Control add to Table 2) Ye s

449. Matsucoccus matsumurae

(Kuwana) Margarodidae CH On or under bark (CABI, 2005c) No Ye s Ye s

450. Miridae sp. Miridae CH (PEST ID, 2006), US (CPC, 2006) Under Bark Ye s No Ye s

451. Mytilaspis conchiformis

(Gmelin) Diaspididae CH On or under bark (Xiao, 1991b) No Ye s Ye s

452. Myzus persicae Sulzer

Aphididae CH; US (CABI, 2005a) On or under

bark (CABI, 2005a) No N o Ye s

453. Nesticoccus sinensis Tang

Pseudococcidae CH On or under bark (Xiao, 1991b) No Ye s Ye s

454. Nez

ara viridula (L.) Pentatomidae CH; US (CABI, 2005a) On or under

bark (CABI, 2005b) No No Ye s

455. Nipaecoccus nipae

(Maskell) Pseudococcidae CH; US (CABI, 2005 a) On or under

bark (CABI, 2005b) No No Ye s

456. Nipaecoccus viridis

(Newstead) Pseudococcidae CH; US (CABI, 2005a) On or under

bark (CABI, 2005a) No No Ye s

457. Oracella acuta (Lobdell)

Pseudococcidae CH; US (CABI, 2005a) On or under

bark (CABI, 2005c) No No Ye s

458. Orthez

ia insignis Browne Ortheziidae CH; US (CABI, 2005a) On or under

bark (CABI, 2005a) No No Ye s

459. Palmicultor lumpurensis

(Takahashi) Pseudococcidae CH On or under bark (ARS, 2005a) No Ye s Ye s

460. Parabemisia myricae

(Kuwana) Aleyrodidae CH; US (CABI, 2005a) On or under

bark (CABI, 2005b) No No Ye s

461. Paracoccus pasaniae

(Green) Pseudococcidae CH On or under bark (Xiao, 1991b) No Ye s Ye s

462. Parasaissetia nigra

(Nietner) Coccidae CH; US (CABI, 2005a) On or under

bark (CABI, 2005b) No No Ye s

463. Parlatoria pergandii

Comstock Diaspididae CH; US (CABI, 2005a) On or under

bark (CABI, 2005b) No No Ye s

464. Parthenolecanium corni

(Bouche) Coccidae CH; US (CABI, 2005a) On or under

bark (CABI, 2005a) No No Ye s

465. Pentatomidae sp. CH (PEST ID, 2006), US (CPC, 20 06) Under Bark Ye s No Ye s

## China Wood Products



# 28 **Pest China and US**  **Distribution Plant Part(s)** 

**As sociation**  **Intercepted**

**in the US United** 

**States Quarantine**  **Pest Likely** 

**to Follow**  **Pathway**

466. Phenacaspis camphora

Chen Diaspididae CH On or under bark (Xiao, 1991b) No Ye s Ye s

467. Phenacoccus fraxinus Tang

Pseudococcidae CH On or under bark (Xiao, 1991b) No Ye s Ye s

468. Philaenus spumarius (L.)

Cercopidae CH; US (CABI, 2005a ) On or under

bark (CABI, 2005a) No No Ye s

469. Phloeomyzus passerinii

(Signoret, 1875) Aphididae CH; US (CABI, 2005a) On or under

bark (CABI, 2005a) No No Ye s

470. Pineus pini (L.) Adelgidae CH; US (CABI, 2005a) On or under

bark (CABI, 2005a) No No Ye s

471. Pin naspis strachani

(Cooley) 1899 Diaspididae CH; US (CABI, 2005a) On or under

bark (CABI, 2005a) No No Ye s

472. Planococcus citri (Risso)

Pseudococcidae CH; US (CABI, 2005a) On or under

bark (CABI, 2005b) No No Ye s

473. Pseudaonidia duplex

(Cockerell) Diaspidida e CH On or under bark (CABI, 2005c; Xiao, 1991b) No Ye s Ye s

474. Pseudaulacaspis cockerelli

(Cooley) Diaspididae CH; US (CABI, 2005a) On or under

bark (CABI, 2005a) No No Ye s

475. Pseudaulacaspis

pentagona (Targioni Tozzetti) Diaspididae CH; US (CABI, 2005a) O n or under

bark (CABI, 2005a; Xiao, 1991b) No No Ye s

476. Pseudococcus longispinus

Ta rgioni Tozzetti Pseudococcidae CH; US (CABI, 2005a) On or under

bark (CABI, 2005a) No No Ye s

477. Pulvinaria psidii Maskell,

Coccidae CH; US (CABI, 2005a) On or under

bark (CA BI, 2005b) No No Ye s

478. Quadraspidiotus gigas

(Thiem et Gerneck) Diaspididae CH On or under bark (Xiao, 1991b) No Ye s Ye s

479. Quadraspidiotus

perniciosus (Comstock) Cockerell Diaspididae CH On or under bark (Xiao, 1991b) No Ye s Ye s

480. Quadraspidiotus slavonicus

Ferris Diaspididae CH On or under bark (Xiao, 1991b) No Ye s Ye s

481. Rastrococcus invadens

Wi lliams Pseudococcidae CH On or under bark (CABI, 2005a) No Ye s Ye s

482. Reduviidae sp. CH (PEST ID, 2006), US (CPC, 2006) Under Bark Ye s No Ye s

483. Rhopalosiphum padi L

.

Aphididae CH; US (CABI, 2005a) On or under

bark (CABI, 2005b) No No Ye s

484. Saissetia coffeae (W alker)

Coccoidea CH; US (CABI, 2005a) On or under

bark (CABI, 2005a) No No Ye s

485. Saissetia oleae (Olivier)

Coccoidea CH; US (CABI, 2005a) On or under

bark (CABI, 2005a) No No Ye s

486. Sophonia rufofascia Kuoh

and Kuoh Cicadellidae CH; US (CABI, 2005a) On or under

bark (CABI, 2005b) No No Ye s

## China Wood Products



# 29 **Pest China and US**  **Distribution Plant Part(s)** 

**As sociation**  **Intercepted**

**in the US United** 

**States Quarantine**  **Pest Likely** 

**to Follow**  **Pathway**

487. Toxoptera aurantii Boyer de

Fonscolombe Aphididae CH; US (CABI, 2005a) On or under

bark (CABI, 2005a) No No Ye s

488. Trialeurodes vaporariorum

We stwood Aleyrodidae CH; US (CABI, 2005a) On or under

bark (CABI, 2005b) No No Ye s

489. Unaspis citri (Comstock)

Diaspididae CH; US (CABI, 2005a) On or under

bark (CABI, 2005b) No No Ye s

490. Unaspis euonymi Comstock

Diaspididae CH; US (CA BI, 2005a) On or under

bark (Xiao, 1991b) No No Ye s

**Ar thropods: Hy** **menoptera**
491. Bethylidae sp. CH (PEST ID, 2006), US (CPC, 2006) Under Bark ; In

seed pods Ye s No Ye s

492. Caliroa cerasi L.

Tenthredinidae CH; US (CABI, 2005a) On or under

bark ( CABI, 2005b) No No Ye s

493. Camponotus japonicus

Mayr Formicidae CH On or under bark (Xiao, 1991a) No Ye s Ye s

494. Cataulacus sp. Formicidae CH On or under bark (ARS, 2005a) No No Ye s

495. Cephalcia abietis L.

Pamphilidae CH On or under bark (CABI, 2005c) No Ye s Ye s

496. Chinolyda flagellicornis F.

Smith Pamphiliidae CH On or under bark (CABI, 2005a) No Ye s Ye s

497. Crematogaster sp.

Formicidae CH, US (CPC, 2006) On or under

bark (PEST ID, 2006) Ye s No Ye s

498. Diprion jingyuanensis Xiao

and Zhang Diprionidae CH On or under bark (Dix et.al., 2004) No Ye s Ye s

499. Diprion similis (Hartig)

Diprionidae CH; US (CABI, 2005a) On or under

bark (CABI, 2005a) No No Ye s

500. Dryocosmus kuriphilus

Ya sumatsu Cynipidae CH; US (CABI, 2005a) In seed pods;

On or under bark (CABI, 2005c) No No Ye s

501. Formica fukaii Wh eeler

Formicidae CH On or under bark (Xiao, 1991a) No Ye s Ye s

502. Formica japonica

Motschulsky Formicidae CH On or under bark (Xiao, 1991a) No Ye s Ye s

503. Formica sanguinea Latreille

Formicidae CH On or under bark (Xiao, 1991a) No Ye s Ye s

504. Formica sp. Formicidae CH, US (CPC, 2006) On or under

bark (Xiao, 1991a) No No Ye s

505. Formica superba Wh eeler

Formicidae CH On or under bark (Xiao, 1991a) No Ye s Ye s

506. Formica transkaucasia L.

Formicidae CH On or under bark (Xiao, 1991a) No Ye s Ye s

## China Wood Products



# 30 **Pest China and US**  **Distribution Plant Part(s)** 

**As sociation**  **Intercepted**

**in the US United** 

**States Quarantine**  **Pest Likely** 

**to Follow**  **Pathway**

507. Ibal iidae sp. Ibaliidae CH (PEST ID, 2006), US (CPC, 2006) Under Bark Ye s No Ye s

508. Iridomyrmex anceps

(Roger) Formicidae CH On or under bark (Xiao, 1991a) No Ye s Ye s

509. Iseropus himalayensis

(Cameron) Formicidae CH On or under bark (Xiao, 1991a) No Ye s Ye s

510. Is eropus stercorator

(Fabricius) Formicidae CH On or under bark (Xiao, 1991a) No Ye s Ye s

511. Megaspilidae sp.

Megaspilidae CH (PEST ID, 2006), US (CPC, 2006) In Wo od Ye s No Ye s

512. Megastigmus aculeatus

(Swederus) Torymidae CH; US (CABI, 2005a) On or under

bark (CABI, 2005b) No No Ye s

513. Megastigmus cryptomeriae

Ya no Torymidae CH On or under bark (CABI, 2005b; Xiao, 1991b) No Ye s Ye s

514. Megastigmus duclouxiana

Roques and Pan Torymidae CH On or under bark (CABI, 2005b) No Ye s Ye s

515. Megastigmus lasiocarpae

Crosby To rymidae CH; US (CABI, 2005a) On or under

bark (CABI, 2005b) No No Ye s

516. Megastigmus pictus

(Forster) Torymidae CH On or under bark (CABI, 2005b) No Ye s Ye s

517. Megastigmus pistaciae

Wa lker Torymidae CH; US (CABI, 2005a) On or under

bark (CABI, 2005b) No No Ye s

518. Megastigmus sabinae Xu

and He Torymidae CH On or under bark (Xiao, 1991b) No Ye s Ye s

519. Monodontomerus minor

(Torymidae) Torymidae CH On or under bark (Xiao, 1991b) No Ye s Ye s

520. Monodontomerus sp.

Torymidae CH, US (CPC, 2006) On or under

bark (Xiao, 1991b) No No Ye s

521. Monomorium sp.

Formicidae CH (PEST ID, 2006), US (CPC, 2006) In Wo od Ye s No Ye s

522. Neodiprion xiangyunicus

(Xiao and Huang) Diprionidae CH On or under bark (Dix et.al., 2004) No Ye s Ye s

523. Oecophylla smaragdina

Fabricius Formicidae CH On o r under bark (Xiao, 1991a) No Ye s Ye s

524. Paratrechina sp. Formicidae CH, US (CPC, 2006) On or under

bark (Xiao, 1991a) No No Ye s

525. Pheidole sp. Formicidae CH (PEST ID, 2006), US (CPC, 2006) Wo od; On or

under bark (PEST ID, 2006) Ye s No Ye s

526. Podagrion chine nsis Ishii

Torymidae CH On or under bark (Xiao, 1991b) No Ye s Ye s

527. Polistes rothneyi grahami

Van der Vecht Vespidae CH On or under bark (Xiao, 1991b) No No Ye s

## China Wood Products



# 31 **Pest China and US**  **Distribution Plant Part(s)** 

**As sociation**  **Intercepted**

**in the US United** 

**States Quarantine**  **Pest Likely** 

**to Follow**  **Pathway**

528. Polistes snelleni de

Saussure Vespidae CH On or under bark (Xiao, 1991b) No No Ye s

529. Polyrhachis dives Fred

Smith Formicidae CH On or under bark (Xiao, 1991a) No Ye s Ye s

530. Pristiphora erichsonii

(Hartig, 1837) Tenthredinidae CH; US (CABI, 2005a) On or under

bark (CABI, 2005a) No No Ye s

531. Pristomyrmex pungens

Mayr Formicidae CH On or under bark (X iao, 1991a) No Ye s Ye s

532. Psenulus sp. Sphecidae CH (PEST ID, 2006) Under Bark Ye s No Ye s

533. Sirex juvencus (L., 1758)

Siricidae CH; US (CABI, 2005a) On or under

bark (CABI, 2005a) No No Ye s

534. Sirex nitobei Matsumura

Siricidae CH (PEST ID, 2006) In Wo od Ye s Ye s Ye s

535. Sirex rufiabdominis Xiao

and W u Siricidae CH On or under bark (Xiao, 1991a) No Ye s Ye s

536. Sirex siricius (RIFEEP in Dix

et al., 2004) Siricidae CH On or under bark (Dix et al., 2004) No Ye s Ye s

537. Sirex sp. Siricidae CH, US (CPC, 2006) In wood; On or

under bark (PEST ID, 2006) Ye s No Ye s

538. Siricidae sp. Siricidae CH, US (CPC, 2006) On or under

bark (PEST ID, 2006) Ye s No Ye s

539. Sympiesis sp. Eulophidae CH (PEST ID, 2006), US (CPC, 2006) Under Bark Ye s No Ye s

540. Torymus gerani (W alker)

Torymidae CH On or under bark (Xiao, 1991b) No Ye s Ye s

541. Torymus sinensis Kamijo

Torymidae CH On or under bark (Xiao, 1991b) No Ye s Ye s

542. Torymus sp. Torymidae CH ; US (CPC, 2006) On or under

bark (PEST ID, 2006) Ye s No Ye s

543. Tremex fuscicornis

(Fabricius) Siricidae CH On or under bark (CABI, 2005a; Xiao, 1991a) No Ye s Ye s

544. Tremex sp. Siricidae CH (PEST ID, 2006) ; , US (CPC, 2006) In Wo od Ye s No Ye s

545. Trisetacus juniperinus

(Nalepa) Cynipidae CH; US (CABI, 2005a) On or under

bark (CABI, 2005a) No No Ye s

546. Urocerus gigastiaganus L.

Siricidae CH On or under bark (Xiao, 1991a) No Ye s Ye s

547. Urocerus sp. Siricidae CH (PEST ID, 2006) In Wo od Ye s No Ye s

548. Vespidae sp. Vespidae CH (PEST ID, 2006), US (CPC, 2006) Under Bark Ye s No Ye s

549. Xiphydriidae sp.

Xiphydriidae CH (PEST ID, 20 06) , US (CPC, 2006) In Wo od Ye s No Ye s

## China Wood Products



# 32 **Pest China and US**  **Distribution Plant Part(s)** 

**As sociation**  **Intercepted**

**in the US United** 

**States Quarantine**  **Pest Likely** 

**to Follow**  **Pathway**

**Ar thropods: Isoptera** 
550. Coptotermes formosanus

Shiraki Rhinotermitidae CH; US (CABI, 2005a) In wood (CABI,

2005a; Xiao, 1991a) Ye s No Ye s

551. Coptotermes sp.

Rhinotermitidae CH, US (CPC, 2006) In wood (CABI,

2005a; PEST ID, 2006) Ye s No Ye s

552. Cryptotermes brevis

(W alker, 1853) Kalotermitidae CH; US (CABI, 2005a) In wood (CABI,

2005a) No No Ye s

553. Cryptotermes declivis Tsai

and Chen Kalotermitidae CH In wood (Xiao, 1991a) No Ye s Ye s
554. Cryptotermes domest icus (Haviland) Kalotermitidae CH In wood (Xiao, 1991a) No Ye s Ye s

555. Cryptotermes sp.

Kalotermitidae CH, US (CPC, 2006) In wood (PEST

ID, 2006; CABI, 2005c) Ye s No Ye s

556. Glyptotermes chinpingensis

Tsai and Chen Kalotermitidae CH In wood (Xiao, 1991a) No Ye s Ye s

557. Glyptotermes fuscus

Oshima Kalotermitidae CH In wood (PEST ID, 2006) No Ye s Ye s
558. Glyptotermes satsumensis

(Matsumura) Kalotermitidae CH In wood (Xiao, 1991a) No Ye s Ye s

559. Kalotermes sp.

Kalotermitidae CH (PEST ID, 2006), US (CPC, 2006) In Wo od Ye s No Ye s

560. Macrotermes barneyi Light

Termitidae CH In wood (CABI, 2005c; Xiao, 1991a) No Ye s Ye s

561. Nasutitermes erectinasus

(Tsai and Chen) Termitidae CH In wood (Xiao, 1991a) No Ye s Ye s
562. Nasutitermes parvonasutus

Nawa Termitidae CH In wood (Xiao, 1991a) N o Ye s Ye s
563. Neotermes sp.

Kalotermitidae CH (PEST ID, 2006) In Wo od Ye s No Ye s

564. Odontotermes formosanus

Shiraki Termitidae CH In wood (CABI, 2005c; Xiao, 1991a) No Ye s Ye s

565. Reticulitermes chinensis

Snyder Rhinotermitidae CH In wood (PEST ID, 2006; Xiao, 1991a) Ye s Ye s Ye s

566. Reticulitermes flaviceps

(Oshima) Rhinotermitidae CH In wood (Xiao, 1991a) No Ye s Ye s
567. Reticulitermes sp.

Rhinotermitidae CH, US (CPC, 2006) In wood (PEST

ID, 2006) No No Ye s
568. Reticulitermes speratus

(Kolbe) Rhinotermitidae CH In woo d (Xiao, 1991a) No Ye s Ye s
569. Rhinotermitidae sp.

Rhinotermitidae CH, US (CPC, 2006) In wood (PEST

ID, 2006) Ye s No Ye s
570. Stylotermes valvules Tsai

and Ping Rhinotermitidae CH In wood (Xiao, 1991a) No Ye s Ye s

**Ar thropods: Ixodidae**  571. Rhipicepha lus sanguineus

Latreille Ixodidae CH (PEST ID, 2006), US Under Bark Ye s No Ye s

## China Wood Products



# 33 **Pest China and US**  **Distribution Plant Part(s)** 

**As sociation**  **Intercepted**

**in the US United** 

**States Quarantine**  **Pest Likely** 

**to Follow**  **Pathway**

**Ar thropods: Lepidoptera** 
572. Abraxas flavisinuata Wa rren

Geometridae CH On or under bark (Xiao, 1991b) No Ye s Ye s

573. Abraxas sp. Geometridae CH On or under bark (Dix et.al., 2004) No No Ye s

574. Acanthopsyche nigraplaga

(W ileman) Psychidae CH On or under bark (Xiao, 1991a) No Ye s Ye s

575. Acanthopsyche

subferalbata Hampson Psychidae CH On or under bark (Xiao, 1991a) No Ye s Ye s

576. Achaea janata (L.)

Noctuidae CH On or under b ark (CABI, 2005a) No Ye s Ye s

577. Acleris fimbriana

(Thunberg) Tortricidae CH On or under bark (Xiao, 1991b) No Ye s Ye s

578. Acleris submaccana

(Filipjev) Tortricidae CH On or under bark (Xiao, 1991b) No Ye s Ye s

579. Acleris ulmicola Meyrick

Tortricidae CH On or un der bark (Xiao, 1991b) No Ye s Ye s

580. Acronicta rumicis (L.)

Noctuidae CH On or under bark (CABI, 2005a) No Ye s Ye s

581. Adoxophyes orana Fischer

von Roeslerstamm Tortricidae CH On or under bark (Xiao, 1991b) No Ye s Ye s

582. Agrotis ipsilon (Hufnagel)

Noctuidae CH ; US (CABI, 2005a) On or under

bark (CABI, 2005a; Xiao, 1991a) No No Ye s

583. Agrotis segetum Dennis and

Schiffermuller Noctuidae CH On or under bark (CABI, 2005a; Xiao, 1991a) No Ye s Ye s

584. Alphaea phasma (Leech)

Arctiidae CH On or under bark (Xiao, 1991b) N o Ye s Ye s

585. Amata germana (Felder)

Amatidae CH On or under bark (Xiao, 1991b) No Ye s Ye s

586. Amata pascus (Leech)

Amatidae CH On or under bark (Xiao, 1991b) No Ye s Ye s

587. Amatissa snelleni Heylaets

Psychidae CH On or under bark (Xiao, 1991a) No Ye s Ye s

588. Anar

sia lineatella Zeller Gelechiidae CH; US (CABI, 2005a) On or under

bark (CABI, 2005a; Xiao, 1991b) No No Ye s

589. Anomis sabulifera (Guenee)

Noctuidae CH On or under bark (CABI, 2005b) No Ye s Ye s

590. Apocheima cinerarium

(Ershov) Geometridae CH On or under bar k (CABI, 2005c; Xiao, 1991b) No Ye s Ye s

## China Wood Products



# 34 **Pest China and US**  **Distribution Plant Part(s)** 

**As sociation**  **Intercepted**

**in the US United** 

**States Quarantine**  **Pest Likely** 

**to Follow**  **Pathway**

591. Aporia crataegi L. Pieridae CH On or under bark (CABI, 2005c) No Ye s Ye s

592. Archips oporanus (L.)

Tortricidae CH On or under bark (Xiao, 1991b) No Ye s Ye s

593. Arctiidae sp. Arctiidae CH, US (CPC, 2006) On or under

bar k (PEST ID, 2006) No No Ye s

594. Argyroploce ineptana

Kennel Tortricidae CH On or under bark (Xiao, 1991b) No Ye s Ye s

595. Ascotis selenaria (Denis

and Schiffermuller) Geometridae CH On or under bark (CABI, 2005c; Xiao, 1991b) No Ye s Ye s

596. Attacus atlas (L.)

Sat urniidae CH On or under bark (CABI, 2005a) No Ye s Ye s

597. Autographa californica

Speyer Noctuidae CH (PEST ID, 2006), US (CPC, 2006) Under Bark Ye s No Ye s

598. Biston marginata Shiraki

Geometridae CH On or under bark (Xiao, 1991b) No Ye s Ye s

599. Blastobasinae sp.

Coleophoridae CH (PEST ID, 2006) Under Bark Ye s No Ye s

600. Blumeriella jaapii (Rehm)

Arx Tortricidae CH; US (CABI, 2005a) On or under

bark (CABI, 2005a) No No Ye s

601. Bombyx mandarina Moore

Bombycidae CH On or under bark (CABI, 2005c) No Ye s Ye s

602. Bupalus mughusaria

Gumppenberg Geometridae CH On or under bark (Xiao, 1991b) No Ye s Ye s

603. Buzura suppressaria

Guenee Geometridae CH On or under bark (Xiao, 1991b) No Ye s Ye s

604. Cadra cautella Wa lker

Pyralidae CH; US (CABI, 2005a) On or under

bark (CABI, 2005b) No No Ye s

605. Cadra sp. Pyralidae CH (PEST ID, 2006), US (CPC, 2006) Under Bark Ye s No Ye s

606. Calliteara horsfieldii

(Saunders) Lymantridae CH On or under bark (CABI, 2005c) No Ye s Ye s

607. Carposina sasakii

Matsumura Carposinidae CH On or under bark (CABI, 2005a) No Ye s Ye s

608. Cephonodes hylas (L.)

Trochilidae CH On or under bark (CABI, 2005c) No Ye s Ye s

609. Chalioides kondonis Kondo,

1922 Psychidae CH On or under bark (Xiao, 1991a) No Ye s Ye s

610. Cheimophila salicellum

(Hubner) Oecophoridae CH On or under bark (Xiao, 199 1b) No Ye s Ye s

611. Chihuo z

ao Ya ng, 1978 Geometridae CH On or under bark (Xiao, 1991b) No Ye s Ye s

## China Wood Products



# 35 **Pest China and US**  **Distribution Plant Part(s)** 

**As sociation**  **Intercepted**

**in the US United** 

**States Quarantine**  **Pest Likely** 

**to Follow**  **Pathway**

612. Chilo sp. Crambidae CH (PEST ID, 2006), US (HI) (CPC, 2006) Under Bark Ye s No Ye s

613. Chilo suppressalis (W alker,

1863) Crambidae CH On or under bark (Xiao, 199 1a) Ye s Ye s Ye s

614. Choreutis pariana (Clerck)

Choreutidae CH; US (CABI, 2005a) On or under

bark (CABI, 2005c) No No Ye s

615. Choristoneura lafaur y ana (Ragonot, 1875) Tortricidae CH On or under bark (Xiao, 1991b) No Ye s Ye s

616. Clania minuscula (Butler)

Psychida e CH On or under bark (Xiao, 1991a) No Ye s Ye s

617. Clania variegata (Snellen)

Psychidae CH On or under bark (Xiao, 1991a) No Ye s Ye s

618. Clostera anachoreta Denis

and Schiffermuller Notodontidae CH On or under bark (CABI, 2005c; Dix et.al., 2004) No Ye s Ye s

619. Coccus hesperidum (L.)

Coccidae CH; US (CABI, 2005a) On or under

bark (CABI, 2005b) No No Ye s

620. Coleophora laricella Hubner

Coleophoridae CH; US (CABI, 2005a) On or under

bark (CABI, 2005c; Dix et.al., 2004) No No Ye s

621. Conogethes punctiferalis

(Guenee) Pyralidae CH On or under bark (CABI, 2005a) No Ye s Ye s

622. Conopomorpha cramerella

Snellen Gracillariidae CH On or under bark (CABI, 2005b) No Ye s Ye s

623. Cosmotriche saxosimilis

Lajonquiere Lasiocampidae CH On or under bark (Dix et.al., 2004) No Ye s Ye s

624. Cossidae sp. Cossidae CH, US (CPC, 2006) On or under

bark (PEST ID, 2006) Ye s No Ye s

625. Cossus cossus (L.)

Cossidae CH On or under bark (CABI, 2005a; Xiao, 1991a) No Ye s Ye s

626. Cossus cossus orientalis

Gaede Cossidae CH On or under bark (Xiao, 1991a) No Ye s Ye s

627. Crambidae sp. Crambidae CH (PEST ID, 2006), US (CPC, 2006) Under Bark Ye s No Ye s

628. Crambinae sp. Crambidae CH (PEST ID, 2006), US (CPC, 2006) Under Bark Ye s No Ye s

629. Cryptophlebia ombrodelta

(Lower) Tortricidae CH On or under bark (CABI, 2005c; Xiao, 19 91b) No Ye s Ye s

630. Cydia glandicolana

(Danilevskii) Tortricidae CH On or under bark (Xiao, 1991b) No Ye s Ye s

631. Cydia strobilella (L.)

Tortricidae CH On or under bark (CABI, 2005c) No Ye s Ye s

## China Wood Products



# 36 **Pest China and US**  **Distribution Plant Part(s)** 

**As sociation**  **Intercepted**

**in the US United** 

**States Quarantine**  **Pest Likely** 

**to Follow**  **Pathway**

632. Cydia z

ebeana (Ratzeburg) Tortricidae CH On or under bark (Dix e t.al., 2004) No Ye s Ye s

633. Cymolomia hartigiana

(Saxeson, 1840) Tortricidae CH On or under bark (Xiao, 1991b) No Ye s Ye s

634. Dappula tertia (Templeton)

Psychidae CH On or under bark (Xiao, 1991a) No Ye s Ye s

635. Dargida procincta (Grote)

Noctuidae CH (PEST ID, 2 006), US (OR

- unconfirmed) (CPC, 2006) Under Bark Ye s Ye s Ye s

636. Dasychira axutha Colenette

Lymantriidae CH On or under bark (Xiao, 1991a) No Ye s Ye s

637. Dasychira baibarana

Matsumura Lymantriidae CH On or under bark (Xiao, 1991a) No Ye s Ye s

638. Dasychira grotei (Moore)

Lymantriidae CH On or under bark (Xiao, 1991a) No Ye s Ye s

639. Dasychira sp. Lymantriidae CH On or under bark (Xiao, 1991a) No No Ye s

640. Dendrolimus houi

Lajongquiere Lasiocampidae CH On or under bark (Dix et.al., 2004) No Ye s Ye s

641. Dendrolimus pini L.

Lasiocampidae CH On or under bark (CABI, 2005c) No Ye s Ye s

642. Dendrolimus punctatus

Wa lker Lasiocampidae CH On or under bark (CABI, 2005a; Dix et.al., 2004) No Ye s Ye s

643. Dendrolimus spectabilis

(Butler) Lasiocampidae CH On or under bark (CABI, 2005c) No Ye s Ye s

644. Dendrolimus superans

(Butler) Lasiocampidae CH On or under bark (CABI, 2005a; CABI, 2005c; Dix et.al., 2004) No Ye s Ye s

645. Dendrolimus tabulaeformis

Tsai and Liu Lasiocampidae CH On or under bark (CABI, 2005a) No Ye s Ye s

646. Dioryctria abietella De nis

and Schiffermuller Pyralidae CH On or under bark (CABI, 2005a) No Ye s Ye s

647. Dioryctria sylvestrella

(Ratzeburg) Pyralidae CH On or under bark (CABI, 2005c) No Ye s Ye s

648. Ectropis oblique hypulina

We hrli Geometridae CH On or under bark (Xiao, 1991b) No Yes Ye s

649. Epinotia rubiginosana

(Herrish

– Schaffer) Tortricidae CH On or under bark (Xiao, 1991b) No Ye s Ye s

650. Erannis ankeraria

Staudinger Geometridae CH On or under bark (Xiao, 1991b) No Ye s Ye s

651. Erannis dira Butler

Geometridae CH On or under bark (Xiao , 1991b) No Ye s Ye s

## China Wood Products



# 37 **Pest China and US**  **Distribution Plant Part(s)** 

**As sociation**  **Intercepted**

**in the US United** 

**States Quarantine**  **Pest Likely** 

**to Follow**  **Pathway**

652. Euctenurapteryx

nigrociliaria Leech Geometridae CH On or under bark (Xiao, 1991b) No Ye s Ye s

653. Eudocima fullonia (Clerck)

Noctuidae CH; US (CABI, 2005a) On or under

bark (CABI, 2005b) No No Ye s

654. Eumeta variegate (Snellen)

Psychidae CH On or under bark (CABI, 2005c) No Ye s Ye s

655. Euproctis bipunctapex

(Hampson) Lymantriidae CH On or under bark (CABI, 2005c; Xiao, 1991a) No Ye s Ye s

656. Euproctis chrysorrhoea (L.)

Lymantriidae CH; US (CABI, 2005a) On or under

bark (CABI, 2005a; Xiao, 1991 a) No No Ye s

657. Euproctis cryptosticta

Collenette Lymantriidae CH On or under bark (Xiao, 1991a) No Ye s Ye s

658. Euproctis flavotriangulata

Gaede Lymantriidae CH On or under bark (Xiao, 1991a) No Ye s Ye s

659. Euproctis karghalica Moore

Lymantriidae CH On or under bark (Xiao, 1991a) No Ye s Ye s

660. Euproctis pseudoconspersa

(Stran) Lymantriidae CH On or under bark (Xiao, 1991a) No Ye s Ye s

661. Euproctis varians (W alker)

Lymantriidae CH On or under bark (Xiao, 1991a) No Ye s Ye s

662. Eurema hecabe (L.)

Pieridae CH On or under bark (CABI, 2005c) No Ye s Ye s

663. Exoteleia dodecella (L.)

Gelechiidae CH On or under bark (Xiao, 1991b) No Ye s Ye s

664. Gelechia pinguinella Treits.

Gelechiidae CH On or under bark (Xiao, 1991b) No Ye s Ye s

665. Gelechiidae sp. CH, US (CPC, 2006) On or under

bar k (PEST ID, 2006) Ye s No Ye s

666. Geometridae sp. CH , US (CPC, 2006) On or under

bark (PEST ID, 2006) Ye s No Ye s

667. Grapholita molesta (Busck)

Tortricidae CH; US (CABI, 2005a) On or under

bark (CABI, 2005a; Xiao, 1991b) No No Ye s

668. Gravitarmata margarotana

( Heinemann) Tortricidae CH On or under bark (Xiao, 1991b) No Ye s Ye s

669. Gypsonoma minutana

(Hubner) Tortricidae CH On or under bark (Xiao, 1991b) No Ye s Ye s

670. Haritalodes derogata

Fabricius Crambidae CH On or under bark (CABI, 2005b) No Ye s Ye s

671. Helicoverpa armigera

(Hubner) Noctuidae CH On or under bark (CABI, 2005a) No Ye s Ye s

## China Wood Products



# 38 **Pest China and US**  **Distribution Plant Part(s)** 

**As sociation**  **Intercepted**

**in the US United** 

**States Quarantine**  **Pest Likely** 

**to Follow**  **Pathway**

672. Hepialidae sp. Hepialidae CH, US (CPC, 2006) On or under

bark (PEST ID, 2006) No No Ye s

673. Holcocerus arenicolus

Staudinger Cossidae CH On or under bark (CABI, 2005c) No Ye s Ye s

674. Homona coffearia (Nietner)

Tortricidae CH On or under bark (CABI, 2005a) No Ye s Ye s

675. Homona issikii Ya suda

Tortricidae CH On or under bark (Xiao, 1991b) No Ye s Ye s

676. Hoshinoa longicellana

(W alsingham) Tortricidae CH On or under bark (Xiao, 1991b) No Ye s Ye s

677. Hyblaea puera (Cramer)

Hyblaeidae CH On or under bark (CABI, 2005a) No Ye s Ye s

678. Hyphantria cunea Drury

Arctiidae CH; US (CABI, 2005a) On or under

bark (CABI, 2005a; Dix et.al., 2004; Xiao, 1991b) No No Ye s

679. Indarbela dea (Swinhoe)

Metarbelidae CH On or under bark (CABI, 2005a) No Ye s Ye s

680. Inurois fletcheri Inoue

Geometridae CH On or under bark (Xiao, 1991b) No Ye s Ye s

681. Ivela eshanensis Chao

Lymantriidae CH On or under bark (Xiao, 1991a) No Ye s Ye s

682. Ivela ochropoda

(Eversmann) Lymantriidae CH On or under bark (Xiao, 1991a) No Ye s Ye s

683. Lampides boeticus L.

Lycaenidae CH; US (CABI, 2005a) On or under

bark (CABI, 2005b) No No Ye s

684. Larerannis filipjevi We hrli

Geometridae CH On or under bark (Xiao, 1991b) No Ye s Ye s

685. Larerannis orthogrammaria

(W herl i) Geometridae CH On or under bark (Xiao, 1991b) No Ye s Ye s

686. Laspeyresia coniferana

(Saxeson) Tortricidae CH On or under bark (Xiao, 1991b) No Ye s Ye s

687. Laspeyresia gruneriana

Ratzeburg Tortricidae CH On or under bark (Xiao, 1991b) No Ye s Ye s

688. Laspeyresia pomonella L.

Tortricidae CH , US (CPC, 2006) On or under

bark (Xiao, 1991b) No No Ye s

689. Laspeyresia z ebeana (Ratzeburg) Tortricidae CH On or under bark (Xiao, 1991b) No Ye s Ye s

690. Leucoma candida

(Staudinger) Lymantriidae CH On or under bark (CABI, 2005c) No Ye s Ye s

691. Leucoma salicis (L.)

Lymantriidae CH; US (CABI, 2005a) On or under

bark (CABI, 2005a) No No Ye s

692. Loxostege sticticalis L.

Crambidae CH On or under bark (CABI, 2005b) No Ye s Ye s

## China Wood Products



# 39 **Pest China and US**  **Distribution Plant Part(s)** 

**As sociation**  **Intercepted**

**in the US United** 

**States Quarantine**  **Pest Likely** 

**to Follow**  **Pathway**

693. Lymantria dispar (L.)

Lymantriidae CH; US (CABI, 2005a) On or under

bark (CABI, 2005a; Dix et.al., 2004; Xiao, 1991a) No Ye s (Official Control) Ye s

694. Lymantria dissoluta

(Swinhoe) Lymantriidae CH On or under bark (Xiao, 1991a) No Ye s Ye s

695. Lymantria mathura Moore

Lymantriidae CH On or under bark (CABI, 2005a) No Ye s Ye s

696. Lymantria monacha (L.)

Lymantriidae CH On or under bark (CABI, 2005a; Dix et.al., 2004; Xiao, 1991a) No Ye s Ye s

697. Lymantria viola Swinhoe

Lymantriidae CH On or under bark (Xiao, 1991a) No Ye s Ye s

698. Lymantria xylina Swinhoe

Lymantriidae CH On or unde r bark (Xiao, 1991a) No Ye s Ye s

699. Lymantriidae sp.

Lymantriidae CH, US (CPC, 2006) Leaves; On or

under bark (PEST ID, 2006) Ye s No Ye s

700. Lyonetia clerkella L.

Lyonetiidae CH On or under bark (CABI, 2005c) No Ye s Ye s

701. Mahasena colona Sonan

Psychidae CH On or under bark (Xiao, 1991a) No Ye s Ye s

702. Malacosoma neustria (L.)

Lasiocampidae CH On or under bark (CABI, 2005a; Dix et.al., 2004) No Ye s Ye s

703. Maruca vitrata Fab.

Pyralidae CH; US (CABI, 2005a) On or under

bark (CABI, 2005a) No No Ye s

704. Melanitis leda C ramer

Nymphalidae CH On or under bark (CABI, 2005b) No Ye s Ye s

705. Metanastria hyrtaca Cramer

Lasiocampidae CH On or under bark (CABI, 2005c) No Ye s Ye s

706. Monema flavescens Wa lker

Limacodidae CH On or under bark (CABI, 2005c) No Ye s Ye s

707. Naxa angustaria Lee ch,

1897 Geometridae CH On or under bark (Xiao, 1991b) No Ye s Ye s

708. Naxa seriaria (Guenee,

1857) Geometridae CH On or under bark (Xiao, 1991b) No Ye s Ye s

709. Nemapogon granella (L.)

Tineidae CH (PEST ID, 2006), US (MI

- unconfirmed) (CPC, 2006) Under Bark Ye s Ye s Ye s

710. Noctuidae sp. Noctuidae CH (PEST ID, 2006), US (CPC, 2006) Under Bark Ye s No Ye s

711. Nymphalidae sp.

Nymphalidae CH (PEST ID, 2006), US (CPC, 2006) Under Bark Ye s No Ye s

## China Wood Products



# 40 **Pest China and US**  **Distribution Plant Part(s)** 

**As sociation**  **Intercepted**

**in the US United** 

**States Quarantine**  **Pest Likely** 

**to Follow**  **Pathway**

712. Nymphalis antiopa (L.)

Nymphalidae CH; US (CABI, 2005a) On or under

bark (CABI, 2005c) No No Ye s

713. Odontopera urania (W ehrli)

Geometridae CH On or under bark (Xiao, 1991b) No Ye s Ye s

714. Oecophoridae sp. CH (PEST ID, 2006), US (CPC, 2006) Under Bark Ye s No Ye s

715. Opogona sp. Tineidae CH (PEST ID, 2006), US (CPC, 2006) Under Bark Ye s No Ye s

716. Orgyia antiqua (L., 1758)

Lymantriidae CH; US (CABI, 2005a) On or under

bark (CABI, 2005b; Xiao, 1991a) No No Ye s

717. Orgyia ericae Germar

Lymantriidae CH On or under bark (Xiao, 1991a) No Ye s Ye s

718. Orgyia gonostigma Hubner

Lymantriidae CH On o r under bark (Xiao, 1991a) No Ye s Ye s

719. Orgyia parallela Gaede,

1932 Lymantriidae CH On or under bark (Xiao, 1991a) No Ye s Ye s

720. Orgyia postica (W alker,

1855) Lymantriidae CH On or under bark (CABI, 2005a; Xiao, 1991a) No Ye s Ye s

721. Pandemis corylana (Fab.)

Tortricidae CH On or under bark (Xiao, 1991b) No Ye s Ye s

722. Pandemis heparana Denis

and Schiffermuller Tortricidae CH On or under bark (Xiao, 1991b) No Ye s Ye s

723. Paranthrene tabaniformis

Rottemburg, 1775 Sesiidae CH; US (CABI, 2005a) On or under

bark (CAB I, 2005a; Dix et.al., 2004) No No Ye s

724. Parasa lepida (Cramer,

1799) Limacodidae CH On or under bark (CABI, 2005a) No Ye s Ye s

725. Parocneria furva (Leech,

1888) Lymantriidae CH On or under bark (Xiao, 1991a) No Ye s Ye s

726. Parocneria orienta (Chao,

1978) Lyman triidae CH On or under bark (Xiao, 1991a) No Ye s Ye s

727. Pectinophora gossypiella

Saunders, 1843 Gelechiidae CH; US (CABI, 2005a) On or under

bark (Xiao, 1991b) No No Ye s

728. Pelopidas mathias

(Fabricius) Hesperiidae CH On or under bark (CABI, 2005b) No Ye s Yes

729. Penicillaria jocosatrix

(Guenee) Noctuidae CH; US (CABI, 2005a) On or under

bark (CABI, 2005a) No No Ye s

730. Percnia giraffata (Guenee,

1857) Geometridae CH On or under bark (Xiao, 1991b) No Ye s Ye s

731. Peridroma saucia (Hubner,

1808) Noctuidae CH; US (CABI, 2005a) On or under

bark (CABI, 2005b) No No Ye s

## China Wood Products



# 41 **Pest China and US**  **Distribution Plant Part(s)** 

**As sociation**  **Intercepted**

**in the US United** 

**States Quarantine**  **Pest Likely** 

**to Follow**  **Pathway**

732. Phalera flavescens alticola

Mell, 1930 Notodontidae CH On or under bark (Dix et.al., 2004) No Ye s Ye s

733. Phassus excrescens

(Butler) Hepialidae CH On or under bark (Dix et.al., 2004; Xiao, 1991b) No Ye s Ye s

734. Phassus nodus Chu and

Wa ng, 1985 Hepialidae CH On or under bark (Xiao, 1991b) No Ye s Ye s

735. Phassus signifer a sinensis Moore, 1877 Hepialidae CH On or under bark (Xiao, 1991b) No Ye s Ye s

736. Phthonandria atrilineata

Butler Geometridae CH On or under b ark (Xiao, 1991b) No Ye s Ye s

737. Phycitinae sp. Pyralidae CH (PEST ID, 2006), US (CPC, 2006) On Leaves; In

Seed pods; Under Bark Ye s No Ye s

738. Plodia interpunctella

(Hubner) Pyralidae CH (PEST ID, 2006), US (CPC, 2006) Under Bark Ye s No Ye s

739. Polychrosis

cun ninghamiacola Liu and Pai Tortricidae CH On or under bark (Xiao, 1991b) No Ye s Ye s

740. Porthesia kurosawai Inoue,

1956 Lymantriidae CH On or under bark (Xiao, 1991a) No Ye s Ye s

741. Porthesia scintillans

(W alker) Lymantriidae CH On or under bark (Xiao, 1991a) N o Ye s Ye s

742. Porthesia similis Fuessly

Lymantriidae CH On or under bark (Xiao, 1991a) No Ye s Ye s

743. Porthesia xanthocampa

Dyer Lymantriidae CH On or under bark (Xiao, 1991a) No Ye s Ye s

744. Pseudotomoides strobilellus

(L.) Tortricidae CH On or under bark (Xiao, 1991b) No Ye s Ye s

745. Psychidae s p. CH, US (CPC, 2006) On branched;

On or under bark (PEST ID, 2006) No No Ye s

746. Ptycholomoides aeriferanus

(Herrich

- Schaffer) Tortricidae CH On or under bark (Xiao, 1991b) No Ye s Ye s

747. Pyralidae sp. CH (PEST ID, 2006), US (CPC, 2006) In seed pods

and nuts; Under Bark Ye s No Ye s

748. Pyralis farinalis L. Pyralidae CH (PEST ID, 2006) Under Bark Ye s Ye s Ye s
749. Pyraustinae sp. Crambidae CH (PEST ID, 2006) Under Bark Ye s No Ye s

750. Retinia cristata

(W alsingham) Tortricidae CH On or un der bark (Xiao, 1991b) No Ye s Ye s

751. Retinia monopunctata (Oky)

Tortricidae CH On or under bark (Xiao, 1991b) No Ye s Ye s

752. Retinia perangustana

(Snellen) Tortricidae CH On or under bark (Xiao, 1991b) No Ye s Ye s

## China Wood Products



# 42 **Pest China and US**  **Distribution Plant Part(s)** 

**As sociation**  **Intercepted**

**in the US United** 

**States Quarantine**  **Pest Likely** 

**to Follow**  **Pathway**

753. Retinia resinella (L.)

Tortricidae CH On or under bark (Xiao, 1991b) No Ye s Ye s

754. Rhyacionia duplana

(Hubner) Tortricidae CH On or under bark (Xiao, 1991b) No Ye s Ye s

755. Rhyacionia insulariana Liu

and Bai Tortricidae CH On or under bark (Xiao, 1991b) No Ye s Ye s

756. Rhyacionia pinicolana

(Zeller) Tortri cidae CH On or under bark (Xiao, 1991b) No Ye s Ye s

757. Saliciphaga caesia

Falkovitsh Tortricidae CH On or under bark (Xiao, 1991b) No Ye s Ye s

758. Scirpophaga nivella

Fabricius Pyralidae CH On or under bark (Xiao, 1991a) No Ye s Ye s

759. Semiothisa cinerearia

Breme r and Gray Geometridae CH On or under bark (Xiao, 1991b) No Ye s Ye s

760. Sesia molybdoceps

Hampson Sesiidae CH On or under bark (Xiao, 1991a) No Ye s Ye s

761. Sesia rhynchioides (Butler)

Sesiidae CH On or under bark (Xiao, 1991a) No Ye s Ye s

762. Sitotroga cerealella (Olivier)

Gelechiidae CH; US (CABI, 2005a) On or under

bark (Xiao, 1991b) No No Ye s

763. Sphecia siningensis Hsu

Sesiidae CH On or under bark (Xiao, 1991a) No Ye s Ye s

764. Spilarctia melli Daniel, 1943

Arctiidae CH On or under bark (Xiao, 1991b) No Ye s Ye s

765. Spilarctia oblique Wa lker

Arctiidae CH On or under bark (CABI, 2005c) No Ye s Ye s

766. Spilonota laricianaa

(Heinemann) Tortricidae CH On or under bark (Xiao, 1991b) No Ye s Ye s

767. Spilonota ocellana Denis

and Schiffermuller Tortricidae CH; US (CABI, 2005a) On or under

bark (Xiao, 1991b) No No Ye s

768. Spodoptera litura

(Fabricius) Noctuidae CH; US (CABI, 2005a) On or under

bark (CABI, 2005a) No Ye s Ye s

769. Stathmopoda masinissa

Meyrick Oecophoridae CH On or under bark (Xiao, 1991b) No Ye s Ye s

770. Stauropus alternus ( Wa lker)

Notodontidae CH On or under bark (CABI, 2005c) No Ye s Ye s

771. Stilpnotia candida

(Staudinger) Lymantriidae CH On or under bark (Xiao, 1991a) No Ye s Ye s

772. Stilpnotia salicis (L.)

Lymantriidae CH On or under bark (Xiao, 1991a) No Ye s Ye s

773. Syndemis per pulchrana (Kennel) Tortricidae CH On or under bark (Xiao, 1991b) No Ye s Ye s

## China Wood Products



# 43 **Pest China and US**  **Distribution Plant Part(s)** 

**As sociation**  **Intercepted**

**in the US United** 

**States Quarantine**  **Pest Likely** 

**to Follow**  **Pathway**

774. Thalassodes quadraia

Guenee Geometridae CH On or under bark (Xiao, 1991b) No Ye s Ye s

775. Thysanoplusia orichalcea

(F

. ) Noctuidae CH On or under bark (CABI, 2005b) No Ye s Ye s

776. Tine idae sp. CH (PEST ID, 2006), US (CPC, 2006) In seed pods;

on leaves; Under Bark Ye s No Ye s

777. Tirathaba rufivena (W alker)

Pyralidae CH On or under bark (CABI, 2005b) No Ye s Ye s

778. Tortricidae sp. CH, US (CPC, 2006) In seed pods

and nuts; On or under bark ( PEST ID, 2006) Ye s No Ye s

779. Yponomeuta padellus (L.)

Yp onomeutidae CH On or under bark (CABI, 2005c) No Ye s Ye s

780. Zamacra excavata Dyar

Geometridae CH On or under bark (Xiao, 1991b) No Ye s Ye s

781. Zeiraphera grise ana

(Hubner) Tortricidae CH On or under bark (Xiao, 1991b) No Ye s Ye s

782. Zethenia rufescentaria

Motschulsky Geometridae CH On or under bark (Xiao, 1991b) No Ye s Ye s

783. Zeuz

era coffeae Nietner Cossidae CH In wood; On or under bark (CABI, 2005a; Xiao, 1991a) No Ye s Ye s

784. Zeuz

era multistrigata Moore Cossi dae CH In wood; On or under bark (CABI, 2005c; Xiao, 1991a) No Ye s Ye s

**Ar thropods: Psocoptera** 
785. Psocoptera sp. CH (PEST ID, 2006), US (CPC, 2006) Under Bark Ye s No Ye s

**Ar thropods: Orthoptera**  786. Atractomorpha sp.

Acrididae C H (PEST ID, 2006) On leaves;

Under Bark Ye s Ye s Ye s
787. Diestrammena tachycines

Adelung Gryllacrididae CH (PEST ID, 2006) Under Bark Ye s Ye s Ye s

788. Gryllodes sigillatus (W alker)

Gryllidae CH (PEST ID, 2006), US (CPC, 2006) Under Bark Ye s No Ye s

789. Mogoplistida e sp. CH On or under bark (PEST ID, 2006) Ye s No Ye s

790. Oxya velox (Thunberg)

Acrididae CH (PEST ID, 2006) Under Bark Ye s Ye s Ye s
791. Teleogryllus mitratus

(Burmeister) Gryllidae CH (PEST ID, 2006) Under Bark Ye s Ye s Ye s

792. Teleogryllus sp. Gryllidae CH (PEST ID, 2006), US (CPC, 2006) Under Bark Ye s No Ye s

## China Wood Products



# 44 **Pest China and US**  **Distribution Plant Part(s)** 

**As sociation**  **Intercepted**

**in the US United** 

**States Quarantine**  **Pest Likely** 

**to Follow**  **Pathway**

793. Tessaratoma papillosa

(Drury) Acridoidea CH On or under bark (CABI, 2005a) No Ye s Ye s

**Ar thropods: Thy** 

**sanoptera** 794. Haplothrips gowdeyi

Franklin Phlaeothripidae CH (PEST ID, 2006) Under Bark Ye s Ye s Ye s

795. Heliothrips haemorrhoidalis

Bouche Aeolothripidae CH; US (CABI, 2005a) On or under

bark (CABI, 2005a) No No Ye s

796. Megalurothrips distalis

(Karny) Thripidae CH On or under bark (CABI, 2005a) No Ye s Ye s

797. Rhipiphorothrips cruentatus

Hood Thri pidae CH On or under bark (CABI, 2005b) No Ye s Ye s

798. Scirtothrips dorsalis Hood

Thripidae CH; US (CABI, 2005a) On leaves; On

or under bark (CABI, 2005a) No Ye s Ye s

799. Selenothrips rubrocinctus

(Giard) Thripidae CH; US (CABI, 2005a) On or under

bark (CABI , 2005a) No No Ye s

800. Thrips hawaiiensis (Morgan)

Phlaeothripidae CH; US (CABI, 2005a) On or under

bark (CABI, 2005b) No No Ye s

801. Thrips tabaci Lindeman

Phlaeothripidae CH; US (CABI, 2005a) On or under

bark (CABI, 2005b) No No Ye s



# B **. Identification of**  **Quarantine**
**- Significant**  **Pests Likely to Follow the Pathway** To be a quarantine pest, an organism must satisfy geographic and regulatory criteria; specifically, the pest must have been “not yet present there, or present but not widely distributed and being officially controlled” (IPPC, 1997). The pests in Table 1 that are found to be quarantine pests and associated with the pathway (manufactured wood products from China) are listed in Table 2.
**Table 2**

**– Quarantine**  **arthropod pests reported on manufactured wo**  **od products from China and likely to follow the pathway** 

**Family Name**  **Common Name**  **Life Stage Plant Part(s)**  **As sociation**  **Biology Ar** **thropods: Ac**  **arina**

1. Eriophyoidea Acalitus phloeocoptes Mite All life stages (CPC, 2006) In Bud and Shoot

Galls (Hong et al., 1996) External (CPC, 2006)

2. Eriophyoidea Aceria bromi Mite All life stages (CPC, 2006) In Galls (Hong et al.,

1996) External (CPC, 2006) 3. Eriophyoidea Aceria chinensis Mite All life stages (CPC, 2006) In Galls (Hong et al.,

1996) External (CPC, 200 6) 4. Eriophyoidea Aceria jiangsuensis Mite All life stages (CPC, 2006) In Galls (Hong et al.,

1996) External (CPC, 2006)

## China Wood Products



# 45 **Family Name**  **Common Name**  **Life Stage Plant Part(s)**  **As sociation**  **Biology**
5. Eriophyoidea Aceria milli Mite All life stages (CPC, 2006) In Stems (Hong et

al., 1996) External (CPC, 2006) 6. Eriophyoidea Aceria sh eldoni chinensis Mite All life stages (CPC, 2006) In Galls (Hong et al.,

1996) External (CPC, 2006)
7. Eriophyoidea Cecidophyopsis persicae Mite All life stages (CPC, 2006) In Wo od Galls

(Hong et al., 1996) External (CPC, 2006) 8. Eriophyoidea Cecidophyopsis ribis Black Currant Gall Mite All life stages

(CPC, 2006) In Bud Galls (Hong

et al., 1996) External (CPC, 2006) 9. Tetranychidae Eutetranychus orientalis Citrus Brown Mite All life stages

(CPC, 2006) On or under bark

(CPC, 2006) External (CPC, 2006) 10. Tet ranychidae Oligonychus clavatus Mite Adult (CPC, 2006) On or under bark (Xiao, 1991b) External (CPC, 2006) 11. Tetranychidae Oligonychus punicae Avocado Brown Mite Adult (CPC, 2006) On or under bark (Xiao, 1991b) External (CPC, 2006) 12. Tetranychidae Tetranychus kanz awai Kanzawa

Spider Mite Adult (CPC, 2006) On or under bark (CABI, 2005a) External (CPC, 2006) 13. Tetranychidae Tetranychus piercei Mite Adult (CPC, 2006) On or under bark (CABI, 2005b) External (CPC, 2006) 14. Tetranychidae Tetranychus truncatus Mite Adult (CPC, 2006) On or under bark (CABI, 2005a) External (CPC, 2006) 15. Tetranychidae Tetranychus viennensis Hawthorn Spider Mite Adult (CPC, 2006) On or under bark (Xiao, 1991b) External (CPC, 2006)

**Ar thropods:**  **Coleoptera** 16. Bostrichidae Dinoderus japonicus Borer All life stages On or under bark (Xiao, 1991a) Borer (CPC, 2006)
17. Bostrichidae Heterobostrychus brunneus Borer Adult (PEST ID, 2006) In Wo od (PEST ID,

2006) Borer (CPC, 2006)
18. Bostrichidae Heterobostrychus hamatipennis Borer Adu lt (PEST ID, 2006) In Wo od (PEST ID,

2006) Borer (CPC, 2006)

19. Bostrichidae Sinoxylon anale False Powder Post Beetle Immature, Adult

(PEST ID, 2006) On or under bark

(PEST ID, 2006; PEST ID, 2006; Xiao, 1991a) Borer (CPC, 2006)

20. Bostrichidae Xylobiops texanus Borer All life stages On or under bark (ARS, 2005b) Borer (CPC, 2006)
21. Bostrichidae Xyloperthella picea Borer Adult (PEST ID, 2006) In Wo od (PEST ID,

2006) Borer (CPC, 2006)
22. Bostrichidae Xylopsocus capucinus Borer Adult (PEST ID, 2006) On or under bark

(PEST ID, 2006) Borer (CPC, 2006)
23. Bostrichidae Xylothrips flavipes Borer Adult (PEST ID, 2006) In Wo od (PEST ID,

2006) Borer (CPC, 2006)
24. Bruchidae Callosobruchus chinensis Chinese Bruchid Eggs (CPC, 2006) On or under bark (CABI, 2005b) Borer (CPC, 2006)
25. Buprestidae Agrilus marcopoli Borer All life stages On or under bark (Xiao, 1991a) Borer (CPC, 2006)

26. Buprestidae Agrilus planipennis Emerald Ash Borer Eggs, larvae,

pupae (CPC, 2006) In Stem, Shoot,

Trunk, Branch (CPC, 2006) Borer (under officia l control) (CPC, 2006) 27. Buprestidae Agrilus ratundicollis Borer All life stages On or under bark (Xiao, 1991a) Borer (CPC, 2006)
28. Buprestidae Agrilus za nthoxylumi Borer All life stages On or under bark (Xiao, 1991a) Borer (CPC, 2006)

## China Wood Products



# 46 **Family Name**  **Common Name**  **Life Stage Plant Part(s)**  **As sociation**  **Biology**

29. Buprestidae Chalcophora georgiana Borer Pupae, Immature, Adult (PEST ID, 2006) In Wo od (PEST ID,

2006) Borer (CPC, 2006)

30. Buprestidae Chalcophora sp. Borer Immature, Pupae, Adult (PEST ID, 2006) On or under bark

(PEST ID, 2006) Borer (CPC, 2006)

31. Buprestidae Chrysobothris chrysostigma Borer Adult (PEST ID, 2006) On or under bark

(PEST ID, 2006) Borer (CPC, 2006)
32. Buprestidae Melanophila picta Borer All life stages (CPC, 2006) On or under bark

(Xiao, 1991a) Borer (CPC, 2006)
33. Buprestidae Ovalisia sp. Borer Adult (PEST ID, 2006) In Wo od (PEST ID,

2006) Borer (CPC, 2006)
34. Buprestidae Poecilonota variolosa Borer All life stages On or under bark (Xiao, 1991a) Borer (CPC, 2006)
35. Cerambycidae Acalolepta cervina Coffee Longhorn All life stages On or under bark (CABI, 2005c) Borer (CPC, 2006)
36. Cerambycidae Acanthocinus griseus Longhorned Beetle All life stages On or under bark (Xiao, 1991a) Borer (CPC, 2006)
37. Cerambycidae Aeolesthes induta Longhorned Beetle All life stages On or under bark (CABI, 2005c) Borer (CPC, 2006)
38. Cera mbycidae Anelaphus parallelus Longhorned Beetle All life stages On or under bark (ARS, 2005a) Borer (CPC, 2006)
39. Cerambycidae Anelaphus sp. Longhorned Beetle All life stages On or under bark (ARS, 2005a) Borer (CPC, 2006)
40. Cerambycidae Anelaphus villosus Oak Pruner All life stages On or under bark (ARS, 2005a) Borer (CPC, 2006)

41. Cerambycidae Anoplophora glabripennis Asian Longhorned Beetle Egg, Immature,

Adult (PEST ID, 2006) On or under bark

(CABI, 2005a; Dix et. al., 2004; PEST ID, 2006; PEST ID, 2006; Xiao, 1991a) Borer (CPC, 2006 ; under official control )

42. Cerambycidae Anoplophora leechi Longhorned Beetle All life stages On or under bark (Xiao, 1991a) Borer (CPC, 2006)

43. Cerambycidae Anoplophora nobilis Ye llow Spotted Cerambycid All life stages On or under bark (CABI, 2005c; Xiao, 1991a) Borer (CPC, 2006)

44. Cerambycidae Apriona germari Longhorned Stem Borer All life stages On or under bark (CABI, 2005c; Dix et. al., 2004; Xiao, 1991a) Borer (CPC, 2006)

45. Cerambycidae Apriona sp. Longhorned Borer Immatu re (PEST

ID, 2006) On or under bark

(PEST ID, 2006) Borer (CPC, 2006)
46. Cerambycidae Apriona swainsoni Longhorned Beetle All life stages On or under bark (Xiao, 1991a) Borer (CPC, 2006)
47. Cerambycidae Arhopalus rusticus Rust Pine Borer Immature (PEST

ID, 2 006) In Wo od (PEST ID,

2006) Borer (CPC, 2006)
48. Cerambycidae Arhopalus sp. Longhorned Beetle Immature (PEST

ID, 2006) In Wo od (PEST ID,

2006) Borer (CPC, 2006)
49. Cerambycidae Aristobia hispida Longhorned Beetle All life stages On or under bark (Xiao, 1991 a) Borer (CPC, 2006)
50. Cerambycidae Aromia bungii Longhorned Beetle All life stages On or under bark (Xiao, 1991a) Borer (CPC, 2006)
51. Cerambycidae Aromia maschata Longhorned Beetle Adult (PEST ID,

2006) On or under bark

(Xiao, 1991a) Borer (CPC, 2006)

## China Wood Products



# 47 **Family Name**  **Common Name**  **Life Stage Plant Part(s)**  **As sociation**  **Biology**
52. C erambycidae Asemum sp. Borer Pupae, Adult (PEST ID, 2006) On or under bark

(PEST ID, 2006) Borer (CPC, 2006)
53. Cerambycidae Asemum striatum Opaque Sawyer Adult (PEST ID,

2006) In Wo od (PEST ID,

2006) Borer (CPC, 2006)
54. Cerambycidae Asias halodendri Longho rned Beetle All life stages On or under bark (Xiao, 1991a) Borer (CPC, 2006)

55. Cerambycidae Astyleiopus variegatus Longhorned Beetle All life stages On or under bark (ARS, 2005a) Borer (CPC, 2006)
56. Cerambycidae Bacchisa atritarsis Longhorned Beetle All li fe stages On or under bark (Xiao, 1991a) Borer (CPC, 2006)
57. Cerambycidae Batocera davidis Longhorned Beetle All life stages On or under bark (Xiao, 1991a) Borer (CPC, 2006)
58. Cerambycidae Batocera horsfieldi Longhorned Beetle All life stages On or under b ark (Xiao, 1991a) Borer (CPC, 2006)

59. Cerambycidae Batocera rubus Lateral Banded Mango Longhorn Larvae, Adult

(CPC, 2006) On or under bark

(CABI, 2005a) Borer (CPC, 2006)

60. Cerambycidae Batocera rufomaculata Mongo Stem Borer Larvae, Adult

(CPC, 2006) On or under bark

(CABI, 2005a) Borer (CPC, 2006)

61. Cerambycidae Batocera sp. Stem Borer Immature (PEST ID, 2006) On or under bark

(PEST ID, 2006; PEST ID, 2006) Borer (CPC, 2006)

62. Cerambycidae Callidiellum villosulum Longhorned Beetle Adult (PEST ID,

2006) On or under bark

(PEST ID, 2006; ARS, 2005b; Xiao, 1991a) Borer (CPC, 2006)

63. Cerambycidae Callidium violaceum Longicorne Blue Violet Adult (PEST ID,

2006) In Wo od (PEST ID,

2006) Borer (CPC, 2006)
64. Cerambycidae Ceresium sinicumornaticolle Longhorned Beetle All life stages On or under bark (Xiao, 1991a) Borer (CPC, 2006)

65. Cerambycidae Ceresium sp. Longhorned Beetle Immature, Pupae,

Adult (PEST ID, 2006) On or under bark

(PEST ID, 2006; PEST ID, 2006) Borer (CPC, 2006)

66. Cerambycidae Chlorophorus annularis Ba mboo Tiger Longicorn Immature, Adult

(PEST ID, 2006) On or under bark

(ARS, 2005a; ARS, 2005b) Borer (CPC, 2006)

67. Cerambycidae Chlorophorus diadema Borer Adult (PEST ID, 2006) On or under bark

(PEST ID, 2006) Borer (CPC, 2006)
68. Cerambycidae Cleroclytus s trigicollis Longhorned Beetle All life stages On or under bark (Xiao, 1991a) Borer (CPC, 2006)
69. Cerambycidae Clytus validus Longhorned Beetle All life stages On or under bark (Xiao, 1991a) Borer (CPC, 2006)
70. Cerambycidae Dere thoracica Longhorned Beetle Adult (PEST ID,

2006) On or under bark

(PEST ID, 2006) Borer (CPC, 2006)
71. Cerambycidae Elaphidion mucronatum Longhorned Beetle All life stages On or under bark (ARS, 2005a) Borer (CPC, 2006)
72. Cerambycidae Embrikstrandia bimaculata Longhorned Beetle All l ife stages On or under bark (Xiao, 1991a) Borer (CPC, 2006)
73. Cerambycidae Glenea sp. Longhorned Beetle Adult (PEST ID,

2006) On or under bark

(PEST ID, 2006) Borer (CPC, 2006)
74. Cerambycidae Grammographus notabilis Longhorned Beetle All life stages On or under bark (ARS, 2005b) Borer (CPC, 2006)
75. Cerambycidae Hesperophanes campestris jiarong tianniu Immature (PEST ID, 2006) On or under bark

(ARS, 2005b) Borer (CPC, 2006)

## China Wood Products



# 48 **Family Name**  **Common Name**  **Life Stage Plant Part(s)**  **As sociation**  **Biology**

76. Cerambycidae Hesperophanes sp. Borer Immature, Pupae, Adult (PEST ID, 2006) On or u nder bark

(PEST ID, 2006; PEST ID, 2006; ARS, 2005a) Borer (CPC, 2006)

77. Cerambycidae Mallodon sp. Cacao Stem Borer Adult (PEST ID,

2006) In Wo od (PEST ID,

2006) Borer (CPC, 2006)
78. Cerambycidae Megopis sinica Longhorned Beetle All life stages On or under bark (Xiao, 1991a) Borer (CPC, 2006)
79. Cerambycidae Mesosa myops Longhorned Beetle All life stages On or under bark (Xiao, 1991a) Borer (CPC, 2006)

80. Cerambycidae Monochamus alternatus Japanese Pine Sawyer Adult (PEST ID,

2006) On or under bark

(CABI, 2005 a; PEST ID, 2006; PEST ID, 2006; Xiao, 1991a) Borer (CPC, 2006)

81. Cerambycidae Monochamus saltuarius Japanese Pine Sawyer Adult (CPC, 2006) On or under bark (CABI, 2005a; Xiao, 1991a) Borer (CPC, 2006)

82. Cerambycidae Monochamus sutor small white

marmorated longicorn All life stages

(CPC, 2006) On or under bark

(CABI, 2005a; Xiao, 1991a) Borer (CPC, 2006)

83. Cerambycidae Monochamus teserula Longhorned Beetle Adult (PEST ID,

2006) On or under bark

(PEST ID, 2006) Borer (CPC, 2006)

84. Cerambycidae Monochamus urussovii Longhorned Beetle All life stages

(CPC, 2006) On or under bark

(CABI, 2005c; Xiao, 1991a) Borer (CPC, 2006)

85. Cerambycidae Niphona furcata Longhorned Beetle All life stages On or under bark (Xiao, 1991a) Borer (CPC, 2006)
86. Cerambycidae Niphona sp. Longhorned Beetle All life stages On or under bark (ARS, 2005a) Borer (CPC, 2006)
87. Cerambycidae Oberea fusciventris Longhorned Beetle All life stages On or under bark (Xiao, 1991a) Borer (CPC, 2006)
88. Cerambycidae Oberea inclusa Longhorned Beetle All life stages On or under bark (Xiao, 1991a) Borer (CPC, 2006)
89. Cerambycidae Oberea oculata Longhorned Beetle All life stages On or under bark (Xiao, 1991a) Borer (CPC, 2006)
90. Cerambycidae Olenecamptus sp. Longhorned Beetle Immature (PEST

ID, 2006) In Wo od (PE ST ID,

2006) Borer (CPC, 2006)
91. Cerambycidae Phymatodes testaceus Tanbark Borer Immature (PEST ID, 2006) On or under bark

(ARS, 2005a) Borer (CPC, 2006)

92. Cerambycidae Plagionotus christophi Longhorned Beetle Immature, Adult

(PEST ID, 2006) On or under ba rk

(PEST ID, 2006; PEST ID, 2006) Borer (CPC, 2006)

93. Cerambycidae Plagionotus sp. Longhorned Beetle Immature, Adult

(PEST ID, 2006) In Wo od (PEST ID,

2006) Borer (CPC, 2006)
94. Cerambycidae Plocaederus obesus Cashew Stem Borer All life stages

(CPC, 2006) O n or under bark

(CABI, 2005a) Borer (CPC, 2006)
95. Cerambycidae Polyz onus fasciatus Longhorned Beetle All life stages On or under bark (Xiao, 1991a) Borer (CPC, 2006)
96. Cerambycidae Pterolophia sp. Longhorned Beetle Pupae (PEST ID,

2006) In Wo od (PEST ID,

2 006) Borer (CPC, 2006)
97. Cerambycidae Purpuricenus sideriger Longhorned Beetle All life stages On or under bark (Xiao, 1991a) Borer (CPC, 2006)

## China Wood Products



# 49 **Family Name**  **Common Name**  **Life Stage Plant Part(s)**  **As sociation**  **Biology**
98. Cerambycidae Purpuricenus temminckii Longhorned Beetle All life stages On or under bark (Xiao, 1991a) Borer (C PC, 2006)

99. Cerambycidae Pyrrhidium sanguineum Longhorned Beetle Pupae, Immature,

Adult (PEST ID, 2006) In Wo od (PEST ID,

2006) Borer (CPC, 2006)

100. Cerambycidae Ropica sp. Longhorned Beetle Adult (PEST ID,

2006) In Wo od (PEST ID,

2006) Borer (CPC, 2006)
101. Cerambycidae Saperda balsamifera Poplar Borer All life stages (CPC, 2006) On or under bark

(Xiao, 1991a) Borer (CPC, 2006)
102. Cerambycidae Saperda carcharias Large Poplar Borer Larvae, Pupae

(CPC, 2006) On or under bark

(Xiao, 1991a) Borer (CPC, 2006)

103. Cerambycidae Saperda populnea Small Poplar Borer Egg, Larvae,

Pupae (CPC, 2006) On or under bark

(CABI, 2005a; Dix et. al., 2004; Xiao, 1991a) Borer (CPC, 2006)

104. Cerambycidae Semanotus bifasciatus Longhorned Beetle All life stages On or under bark (CABI, 200 5c; Xiao, 1991a) Borer (CPC, 2006)

105. Cerambycidae Semanotus sinoauster Longhorned Beetle All life stages On or under bark (CABI, 2005c; Xiao, 1991a) Borer (CPC, 2006)

106. Cerambycidae Semanotus sp. Longhorned Beetle Adult (PEST ID,

2006) On or under bark

(PE ST ID, 2006) Borer (CPC, 2006)
107. Cerambycidae Stenhomalus taiwanus Longhorned Beetle All life stages On or under bark (Xiao, 1991a) Borer (CPC, 2006)
108. Cerambycidae Stenodontes dasytomus Longhorned Beetle All life stages On or under bark (ARS, 2005b) Borer (CPC, 2006)
109. Cerambycidae Sternidius variegatus Longhorned Beetle All life stages On or under bark (ARS, 2005a) Borer (CPC, 2006)
110. Cerambycidae Stromatium barbatum Longhorned Beetle All life stages On or under bark (PEST ID, 2006) Borer (CPC, 2006)

111. Ce rambycidae Stromatium longicorne Longhorned Beetle All life stages On or under bark (PEST ID, 2006; Xiao, 1991a) Borer (CPC, 2006)

112. Cerambycidae Stromatium sp. Longhorned Beetle Immature (PEST

ID, 2006) On or under bark

(ARS, 2005b) Borer (CPC, 2006)

113. Ce rambycidae Tetropium castaneum Black Spruce Beetle Adult (PEST ID,

2006) On or under bark

(CABI, 2005a; PEST ID, 2006; Xiao, 1991a) Borer (CPC, 2006)

114. Cerambycidae Tetropium fuscum Brown Spruce Longhorned Beetle Adult (PEST ID,

2006) On or under bark

(PES T ID, 2006) Borer (CPC, 2006)

115. Cerambycidae Tetropium gabrieli Larch Longhorned Beetle Adult (PEST ID,

2006) In Wo od (PEST ID,

2006) Borer (CPC, 2006)

116. Cerambycidae Tetropium gracilicorne Longhorned Beetle All life stages

(CPC, 2006) On or under bark

(CA BI, 2005a) Borer (CPC, 2006)
117. Cerambycidae Thylactus simulans Longhorned Beetle All life stages On or under bark (Xiao, 1991a) Borer (CPC, 2006)

118. Cerambycidae Trichoferus campestris jiarong tianniu Larvae (CPC, 2006) On or under bark

(CABI, 2005a; Xiao, 1991a) Borer (CPC, 2006)

## China Wood Products



# 50 **Family Name**  **Common Name**  **Life Stage Plant Part(s)**  **As sociation**  **Biology**

119. Cerambycidae Trichoferus sp

. Longhorned Beetle Adult (PEST ID,

2006) On or under bark

(PEST ID, 2006; PEST ID, 2006) Borer (CPC, 2006)

120. Cerambycidae Trirachys orientalis Longhorned Beetle All life stages On or under bark (Xiao, 1991a) Borer (CPC, 2006)
121. Cerambycidae Urgleptes sp. Longhorned Beetle All life stages In wood (CPC, 2006) Borer (CPC, 2006)

122. Cerambycidae Xylotrechus chinensis Tiger Longicorn Beetle All life stages On or under bark (Xiao, 1991a) Borer (CPC, 2006)

123. Cerambycidae Xylotrechus colonus Longhorned Beetle All life stages On or under bark (ARS, 2005a) Borer (CPC, 2006)
124. Cerambycidae Xylotrechus grayi Longhorned Beetle Adult (PEST ID,

2006) On or under bark

(PEST ID, 2006) Borer (CPC, 2006)

125. Cerambycidae Xylot rechus magnicollis Longhorned Beetle Adult (PEST ID,

2006) On or under bark

(PEST ID, 2006; PEST ID, 2006) Borer (CPC, 2006)

126. Cerambycidae Xylotrechus rusticus Longhorned Beetle Adult (PEST ID,

2006) On or under bark

(Dix et.al., 2004; PEST ID, 2006; Xiao , 1991a) Borer (CPC, 2006)

127. Cerambycidae Xylotrechus sagittatus Longhorned Beetle All life stages On or under bark (ARS, 2005a) Borer (CPC, 2006)
128. Chrysomelidae Agelastica alniorientalis Beetle All life stages On or under bark (Xiao, 1991b) Internal (CPC , 2006) 129. Chrysomelidae Altica weisei Beetle All life stages On or under bark (Xiao, 1991b) Internal (CPC, 2006) 130. Chrysomelidae Argopistes hoenei Beetle All life stages On or under bark (Xiao, 1991b) Internal (CPC, 2006)

131. Chrysomelidae Brontispa longissi ma Coconut

Hispine Beetle Larvae, Adult

(CPC, 2006) On or under bark

(CABI, 2005a; Dix et. al., 2004) Internal (CPC, 2006)

132. Chrysomelidae Chrysomela adamsiornaticollis Beetle All life stages On or under bark (Xiao, 1991b) Internal (CPC, 2006) 133. Chrysomeli dae Chrysomela lapponica Beetle All life stages On or under bark (Xiao, 1991b) Internal (CPC, 2006) 134. Chrysomelidae Chrysomela populi Beetle All life stages On or under bark (Xiao, 1991b) Internal (CPC, 2006) 135. Chrysomelidae Chrysomela salicivorax Beetle A ll life stages On or under bark (Xiao, 1991b) Internal (CPC, 2006) 136. Chrysomelidae Chrysomela vigintipunctata Beetle All life stages On or under bark (Xiao, 1991b) Internal (CPC, 2006) 137. Chrysomelidae Colaspoides femoralis Beetle All life stages On or unde r bark (Xiao, 1991b) Internal (CPC, 2006) 138. Chrysomelidae Coptocycla sordida Beetle All life stages On or under bark (PEST ID, 2006) Internal (CPC, 2006)

139. Chrysomelidae Diorhabda elongatadeserticola Beetle All life stages On or under bark (Xiao, 1991b) In ternal (CPC, 2006)

140. Chrysomelidae Diorhabda rybakowi Beetle All life stages On or under bark (Xiao, 1991b) Internal (CPC, 2006) 141. Chrysomelidae Gastrolina depressathoracica Beetle All life stages On or under bark (Xiao, 1991b) Internal (CPC, 2006)

## China Wood Products



# 51 **Family Name**  **Common Name**  **Life Stage Plant Part(s)**  **As sociation**  **Biology**
142. Chrys omelidae Oides leucomeluena Beetle All life stages On or under bark (Xiao, 1991b) Internal (CPC, 2006) 143. Chrysomelidae Ophrida scaphoides Beetle All life stages On or under bark (Xiao, 1991b) Internal (CPC, 2006) 144. Chrysomelidae Ophrida xanthospilota Beetl e All life stages On or under bark (Xiao, 1991b) Internal (CPC, 2006) 145. Chrysomelidae Podagricomela cyanea Beetle All life stages On or under bark (Xiao, 1991b) Internal (CPC, 2006) 146. Chrysomelidae Podagricomela shirahatai Beetle All life stages On or unde r bark (Xiao, 1991b) Internal (CPC, 2006) 147. Chrysomelidae Podontia lutea Beetle All life stages On or under bark (Xiao, 1991b) Internal (CPC, 2006) 148. Chrysomelidae Poecilomorpha cyanipennis Beetle All life stages On or under bark (Xiao, 1991b) Internal (CP C, 2006) 149. Chrysomelidae Pyrrhalta aenescens Beetle All life stages On or under bark (Xiao, 1991b) Internal (CPC, 2006) 150. Chrysomelidae Pyrrhalta maculicollis Beetle All life stages On or under bark (Xiao, 1991b) Internal (CPC, 2006) 151. Chrysomelidae Xylosa ndrus ater Beetle All life stages (CPC, 2006) On or under bark

(CABI, 2005a) Internal (CPC, 2006) 152. Chrysomelidae Xylosandrus discolor Beetle All life stages (CPC, 2006) On or under bark

(CABI, 2005a) Internal (CPC, 2006) 153. Chrysomelidae Zeugophora scutellaris Beetle All life stages On or under bark (Xiao, 1991b) Internal (CPC, 2006) 154. Curculionidae Curculio chinensis Chinese Bruchid Eggs, Adult (CPC,

2006) On or under bark

(Xiao, 1991a) Internal (CPC, 2006) 155. Curculionidae Curculio davidi Beetle All life s tages On or under bark (Xiao, 1991a) Internal (CPC, 2006) 156. Curculionidae Curculio dentipes Chestnut Circulio All life stages On or under bark (Xiao, 1991a) Internal (CPC, 2006) 157. Curculionidae Curculio dieckmanni Beetle All life stages On or under bark (X iao, 1991a) Internal (CPC, 2006) 158. Curculionidae Curculio hippophes Beetle All life stages On or under bark (Xiao, 1991a) Internal (CPC, 2006) 159. Curculionidae Curculio robustus Beetle All life stages On or under bark (Xiao, 1991a) Internal (CPC, 2006) 160. Cu rculionidae Cyrtotrachelus buqueti Beetle All life stages On or under bark (Xiao, 1991a) Internal (CPC, 2006) 161. Curculionidae Cyrtotrachelus longimanus Beetle All life stages On or under bark (Xiao, 1991a) Internal (CPC, 2006) 162. Curculionidae Dyscerus crib ripennis Beetle All life stages On or under bark (Xiao, 1991a) Internal (CPC, 2006) 163. Curculionidae Dyscerus juglans Beetle All life stages On or under bark (Xiao, 1991a) Internal (CPC, 2006) 164. Curculionidae Dyscerus longiclavis Beetle All life stages On o r under bark (Xiao, 1991a) Internal (CPC, 2006) 165. Curculionidae Dyscerus pustulatus Beetle All life stages On or under bark (Xiao, 1991a) Internal (CPC, 2006) 166. Curculionidae Dysdercus cingulatus Red Cotton Stainer All life stages

(CPC, 2006) On or under b ark

(CABI, 2005a) External (CPC, 2006) 167. Curculionidae Ectatorrhinus adamsi Beetle All life stages On or under bark (Xiao, 1991a) Internal (CPC, 2006) 168. Curculionidae Eucryptorrhynchus brandti Beetle All life stages On or under bark (Xiao, 1991a) Internal (CPC, 2006)

## China Wood Products



# 52 **Family Name**  **Common Name**  **Life Stage Plant Part(s)**  **As sociation**  **Biology**
169. Curculionidae Eucryptorrhynchus chinensis Beetle All life stages On or under bark (Xiao, 1991a) Internal (CPC, 2006) 170. Curculionidae Hylastes ater Black Pine Bark Beetle All life stages

(CPC, 2006) On or under bark

(CABI, 2005a) External (CPC , 2006) 171. Curculionidae Hylobitelus xiaoi xiao shi song jing xiang All life stages On or under bark (CABI, 2005a) Internal (CPC, 2006) 172. Curculionidae Hylobius abietis Large Pine We evil All life stages

(CPC, 2006) On or under bark

(CABI, 2005a) External (C PC, 2006) 173. Curculionidae Hylobius abietis haroldi Large Pine We evil All life stages

(CPC, 2006) On or under bark

(Xiao, 1991a) External (CPC, 2006) 174. Curculionidae Hypomeces squamosus Gold Dust Beetle Adult (CPC, 2006) On or under bark (CABI, 2005a) Exter nal (CPC, 2006) 175. Curculionidae Lepyrus japonicus Beetle All life stages On or under bark (Xiao, 1991a) Internal (CPC, 2006) 176. Curculionidae Myocalandra sp. Beetle Adult (PEST ID, 2006) In Wo od (PEST ID,

2006) Internal (CPC, 2006) 177. Curculionidae Niphades castanea Beetle All life stages On or under bark (Xiao, 1991a) Internal (CPC, 2006) 178. Curculionidae Niphades sp. Beetle Immature (PEST ID, 2006) On or under bark

(PEST ID, 2006) Internal (CPC, 2006) 179. Curculionidae Niphades verrucosus Beetle All life stage s On or under bark (Xiao, 1991a) Internal (CPC, 2006) 180. Curculionidae Otidognathus davidis Beetle All life stages On or under bark (Xiao, 1991a) Internal (CPC, 2006) 181. Curculionidae Piaz omias validus Beetle All life stages On or under bark (Xiao, 1991a) In ternal (CPC, 2006) 182. Curculionidae Pissodes nitidus Ye llow Spotted Pine W eevil All life stages On or under bark (Xiao, 1991a) Internal (CPC, 2006)

183. Curculionidae Pissodes validirostris Pine Cone We evil All life stages On or under bark (CABI, 2005c; Xiao, 1991a) Internal (CPC, 2006)

184. Curculionidae Pissodes yunnanensis yu n nan song mu du xiang Larvae, Adult

(CPC, 2006) On or under bark

(CABI, 2005a) Internal, External (CPC, 2006) 185. Curculionidae Rhynchaenus alini Beetle All life stages On or under bark (Xia o, 1991a) Internal (CPC, 2006) 186. Curculionidae Rhynchaenus empopulifolis Beetle All life stages On or under bark (Xiao, 1991a) Internal (CPC, 2006) 187. Curculionidae Rhynchophorus ferrugineus Asiatic Palm We evil All life stages

(CPC, 2006) On or under bark

( CABI, 2005a) Internal (CPC, 2006) 188. Curculionidae Shirahoshiz o coniferae Beetle All life stages On or under bark (Xiao, 1991a) Internal (CPC, 2006) 189. Curculionidae Shirahoshiz o patruelis Beetle All life stages On or under bark (Xiao, 1991a) Internal (CPC , 2006)

190. Curculionidae Shirahoshiz o sp

. Beetle Immature, Pupae, Adult (PEST ID, 2006) On or under bark

(PEST ID, 2006; PEST ID, 2006) Internal (CPC, 2006)

191. Curculionidae Sipalinus gigas Beetle Adult (PEST ID, 2006) On or under bark

(PEST ID, 2006) Inte rnal (CPC, 2006) 192. Curculionidae Sipalinus sp

. Beetle Adult (PEST ID, 2006) On or under bark

(PEST ID, 2006) Internal (CPC, 2006) 193. Curculionidae Xylinophorus mongolicus Beetle All life stages On or under bark (Xiao, 1991a) Internal (CPC, 2006) 194. Curcul ioninae Ergania doriaeyunnanus Beetle All life stages On or under bark (Xiao, 1991a) Internal (CPC, 2006)

## China Wood Products



# 53 **Family Name**  **Common Name**  **Life Stage Plant Part(s)**  **As sociation**  **Biology**
195. Elateridae Agriotes subrittatus Click Beetles Immature (PEST ID, 2006) On or under bark

(Xiao, 1991a) External (Bug Guide, 2006) 196. Elateridae Agryp ninae sp

. Click Beetles Immature (PEST ID, 2006) On or under bark

(PEST ID, 2006) External (Bug Guide, 2006) 197. Elateridae Pleonomus canaliculatus Click Beetles Immature (PEST ID, 2006) On or under bark

(Xiao, 1991b) External (Bug Guide, 2006)

198. Lyctidae Ly ctus brunneus Common

Powder Post Beetle Immature, Pupae,

Adult (PEST ID, 2006) On or under bark

(Xiao, 1991a) Internal (Groden et al., 2006)

199. Lyctidae Lyctus linearis Beetle Immature, Pupae, Adult (PEST ID, 2006) On or under bark

(Xiao, 1991a) Internal (G roden et al., 2006)

200. Lyctidae Minthea rugicollis Beetle Immature, Pupae, Adult (PEST ID, 2006) On or under bark

(CABI, 2005c; Xiao, 1991a) Internal (Groden et al., 2006)

201. Rhynchitidae Cyllorhynchites ursulus Beetle All Life Stages On or under bark (Xiao, 1991a) External (Legalov, 2006) 202. Scarabaeidae Amphimallon solstitiale Chafer Adult (CPC, 2006) On or under bark (CABI, 2005c) External (Foltz, 2003) 203. Scarabaeidae Anomala corpulenta Copper Green Chafer Adult (CPC, 2006) On or under bark (CABI, 2005c) External (Foltz, 2003) 204. Scarabaeidae Anomala cupripes Large Green Chafer Beetle Adult (CPC, 2006) On or under bark (CABI, 2005c) External (Foltz, 2003) 205. Scarabaeidae Chondracris rosea Citrus Locust Adult (CPC, 2006) On or under bark (CABI, 2005b) External (CPC, 2006)
206. Scarabaeidae Holotrichia diomphalia Northeast Larger Black Chafer Adult (CPC, 2006) On or under bark (CABI, 2005c) External (Foltz, 2003)
207. Scarabaeidae Holotrichia oblita Chafer Adult (CPC, 2006) On or under bark (CABI, 2005c) External (Foltz, 2003) 208. Scarabaeidae Lepidiota stigma Sugarcane Wh ite Grub Adult (CPC, 2006) On or under bark (CABI, 2005a) External (CPC, 2006) 209. Scarabaeidae Maladera orientalis Smaller Velvet Chafer Adult (CPC, 2006) On or under bark (CABI, 2005c) External (Foltz, 2 003)

210. Scoly

tidae Cryphalus

tabulaefomis Borer Immature, Pupae, Adult (PEST ID, 2006) On or under bark

(PEST ID, 2006; PEST ID, 2006) Borer (CPC, 2006)

211. Scoly

tidae Crypturgus pusillus Borer Adult (PEST ID, 2006) Wo od (PEST ID,

2006) Borer (CPC, 2006)
212. Scoly

tidae Cyrtogenius luteus Borer Immature, Adult (PEST ID, 2006) On or under bark

(Xiao, 1991a) Borer (CPC, 2006)

213. Scoly

tidae Cyrtogenius sp. Borer Immature, Adult (PEST ID, 2006) On or under bark

(PEST ID, 2006; PEST ID, 2006) Borer (CPC, 2006)

214. Scoly

t idae Dendroctonus

armandi da ningzhi xiaodu Eggs, Larvae,

Nymphs, Pupae, Adults (CPC, 2006) On or under bark

(CABI, 2005a; PEST ID, 2006; Xiao, 1991a) Borer (CPC, 2006)

215. Scoly

tidae Dendroctonus

micans Great Spruce Bark Beetle Eggs, Larvae,

Nymphs, Pupae, Adults (CPC, 2006) On or under bark

(Dix et. al., 2004) Borer (CPC, 2006)

216. Scoly

tidae Euwallacea

destruens Borer All life stages (CPC, 2006) On or under bark

(PEST ID, 2006; PEST ID, 2006) Borer (CPC, 2006)

## China Wood Products



# 54 **Family Name**  **Common Name**  **Life Stage Plant Part(s)**  **As sociation**  **Biology**
217. Scoly

tidae Euwallacea validus Borer Adult (PES T ID, 2006) On or under bark

(CABI, 2005a) Borer (CPC, 2006)
218. Scoly

tidae Hylesinus fraxini Ash Bark Beetle Immature, Pupae

(PEST ID, 2006) On or under bark

(PEST ID, 2006) Borer (CPC, 2006)
219. Scoly

tidae Hylurgus ligniperda Shoot Beetle Immature, Adult (PE ST ID, 2006) On or under bark

(PEST ID, 2006) Borer (CPC, 2006)

220. Scoly

tidae Ips acuminatus Sharp Dentated Bark Beetle Adult (PEST ID,

2006) On or under bark

(PEST ID, 2006; Xiao, 1991a) Borer (CPC, 2006)

221. Scoly

tidae Ips cembrae Large Larch Bark Beetle Ad ult (CPC, 2006) On or under bark (PEST ID, 2006) Borer (CPC, 2006)

222. Scoly

tidae Ips duplicatus Double Spined Bark Beetle Adult (CPC, 2006) On or under bark (CABI, 2005a; PEST ID, 2006) Borer (CPC, 2006)

223. Scoly

tidae Ips erosus Mediterranean Pine Beetle Imm ature, Pupae,

Adult (PEST ID, 2006) On or under bark

(Xiao, 1991a) Borer (CPC, 2006)

224. Scoly

tidae Ips hauseri Kyrgyz mountain engraver All life stages

(CPC, 2006) On or under bark

(PEST ID, 2006; PEST ID, 2006) Borer (CPC, 2006)

225. Scoly

tidae Ips nitidus Ba rk Beetle All life stages (CPC, 2006) On or under bark

(Xiao, 1991a) Borer (CPC, 2006)

226. Scoly

tidae Ips sexdentatus Pine Stenographer Beetle All life stages

(CPC, 2006) On or under bark

(CABI, 2005a; Xiao, 1991a) Borer (CPC, 2006)

227. Scoly

tidae Ips subelongatus Larch Bark Beetle All life stages

(CPC, 2006) On or under bark

(CABI, 2005a; PEST ID, 2006; PEST ID, 2006) Borer (CPC, 2006)

228. Scoly

tidae Ips typographus Eight Toothed Bark Beetle Adult (PEST ID,

2006) On or under bark

(CABI, 2005a; Xiao, 1991a) Borer (CPC, 2006)

229. Scoly

tidae Orthotomicus

erosus Mediterranean Pine Beetle Adult (PEST ID,

2006) On or under bark

(PEST ID, 2006) Borer (CPC, 2006)
230. Scoly

tidae Phloeosinus aubei Borer Immature, Adult (PEST ID, 2006) On or under bark

(ARS, 2005b) Borer (CPC, 2006)
231. Scoly

tidae Phloeosinus

sinensis Borer Immature, Adult (PEST ID, 2006) On or under bark

(Xiao, 1991a) Borer (CPC, 2006)

232. Scoly

tidae Pityogenes

chalcographus Six Toothed Spruce Bark Beetle Adult (PEST ID,

2006) On or under bark

(CABI, 2005a; PEST ID, 2006; PEST ID, 2006; Xiao, 1991a) Borer (CPC, 2006)

233. Scoly

tidae Pityogenes

hopkkinsi Borer Adult (PEST ID, 2006) On or under bark

(PEST ID, 2006) Borer (CPC, 2006)
234. Scoly

tidae Pityogenes

serindensis Borer Adult (PEST ID, 2006) On or under bark

(Xiao, 1991a) Borer (CPC, 2006)
235. Scoly

tidae Polygraphus

poligraphus Borer Pupae, Adult (PEST ID, 2006) On or under bark

(Xiao, 1991a) Borer (CPC, 2006)

236. Scoly

tidae Polygraphus sp. Borer Immature, Pupae, Adult (PEST ID, 2006) On or under bark

(PEST ID, 2006; PE ST ID, 2006) Borer (CPC, 2006)

## China Wood Products



# 55 **Family Name**  **Common Name**  **Life Stage Plant Part(s)**  **As sociation**  **Biology**

237. Scoly

tidae Scolytus morawitz i scoly

tid of Morawitz All life stages

(CPC, 2006) On or under bark

(PEST ID, 2006; PEST ID, 2006) Borer (CPC, 2006)

238. Scoly

tidae Sphaerotrypes

coimbatorensis Borer Immature, Pupae, Adult (PEST I D, 2006) On or under bark

(PEST ID, 2006; PEST ID, 2006) Borer (CPC, 2006)

239. Scoly

tidae Tomicus minor Lesser Pine Shoot Beetle All life stages

(CPC, 2006) On or under bark

(CABI, 2005a; Xiao, 1991a) Borer (CPC, 2006)

240. Scoly

tidae Tomicus pilifer Borer All life stages (CPC, 2006) On or under bark

(Xiao, 1991a) Borer (CPC, 2006)
241. Scoly

tidae Tomicus p niperda Borer All life stages (CPC, 2006) On or under bark

(Xiao, 1991a) Borer (CPC, 2006)
242. Scoly

tidae Xyleborus

emarginatus Borer All life stages (CPC, 2006) O n or under bark

(CABI, 2005a) Borer (CPC, 2006)
243. Scoly

tidae Xyleborus

glabratus Borer All life stages (CPC, 2006) On or under bark

(PEST ID, 2006) Borer (CPC, 2006)
244. Scoly

tidae Xyleborus

interjectus Borer All life stages (CPC, 2006) On or under bark

(Xia o, 1991a) Borer (CPC, 2006)
245. Tenebrionidae Luprops sp. Beetle Adult (PEST ID, 2006) In Wo od (PEST ID,

2006) External (Foltz, 2003)

**Ar thropods:**  **Diptera** 246. Anthomyiidae Strobilomyia infrequens Root Maggot Fly Larvae On or under bark (CABI, 2 005c) External
247. Anthomyiidae Strobilomyia laricicola Root Maggot Fly Larvae On or under bark (CABI, 2005c) External
248. Cecidomyiidae Camptomyia sp. Gall Gnats Pupae (PEST ID, 2006) In Wo od (PEST ID,

2006) Externa l
249. Cecidomyiidae Cecidomyia yunnanensis Gal l Gnats Immature, Adult (PEST ID, 2006) On or under bark

(Xiao, 1991b) External
250. Cecidomyiidae Dasineura datifolia Gall Gnats Larvae On or under bark (Xiao, 1991b) External
251. Cecidomyiidae Giraudiella inclusa Gall Gnats Adult (PEST ID, 2006) In Wo od (PES T ID,

2006) External
252. Cecidomyiidae Lestremiinae sp. Gall Gnats Immature (PEST ID, 2006) In Wo od (PEST ID,

2006) External
253. Cecidomyiidae Planetella conesta Gall Gnats Larvae On or under bark (Xiao, 1991b) External
254. Cecidomyiidae Rhabdophaga salicis Gal l Gnats Larvae On or under bark (Xiao, 1991b) External
255. Cecidomyiidae Thecodiplosis japonensis Japan pine gall midge All life stages

(CPC, 2006) On or under bark

(CABI, 2005a) External
256. Syrphidae Algedonia coclesalis Hover Fly Larvae (Foltz, 2003) On or under bark

(CABI, 2005c) External (Foltz, 2003)

**Ar thropods:**  **Hemiptera and Homoptera**  257. Alydidae Leptocorisa acuta Rice Seed Bug All life stages (CPC, 2006) On or under bark

(CABI, 2005b) External (CPC, 2006) 258. Aradidae Aradus betulae Flatbug s Adult (PEST ID, 2006) In Wo od (PEST ID,

2006) External (CPC, 2006)

## China Wood Products



# 56 **Family Name**  **Common Name**  **Life Stage Plant Part(s)**  **As sociation**  **Biology**
259. Cicadellidae Lawana imitata Leafhoppers Nymphs, Adults (Bug Guide, 2006) On or under bark

(CABI, 2005c) External (CPC, 2006) 260. Coccidae Ceroplastes japonicus Japanese W ax Scale Adult (P EST ID,

2006) On or under bark

(CABI, 2005a) External (CPC, 2006) 261. Coccidae Chloropulvinaria floccifera Camellia Cottony Scale Adult (PEST ID,

2006) On or under bark

(CABI, 2005c) External (CPC, 2006) 262. Coreidae Acanthocephala femorata Squash Bug Adult (P EST ID, 2006) In Wo od (PEST ID,

2006) External (CPC, 2006) 263. Coreidae Gonocerus sp. Squash Bug Adult (PEST ID, 2006) On or under bark

(PEST ID, 2006) External (CPC, 2006) 264. Coreidae Gonocerus yunnanensis Squash Bug Adult (PEST ID, 2006) On or under bark

(X iao, 1991b) External (CPC, 2006) 265. Coreidae Homoeocerus walkerianus Squash Bug Adult (PEST ID, 2006) On or under bark

(Xiao, 1991b) External (CPC, 2006) 266. Coreidae Leptoglossus gonagra Squash Bug Adult (PEST ID, 2006) On or under bark

(CABI, 2005c) Externa l (CPC, 2006) 267. Coreidae Leptoglossus oppositus Squash Bug Adult (PEST ID, 2006) In Wo od (PEST ID,

2006) External (CPC, 2006) 268. Diaspididae Aulacaspis rosarum Scale All life stages (CPC, 2006) On or under bark

(Xiao, 1991b) External (CPC, 2006) 269. Diaspidid ae Aulacaspis sassafris Scale All life stages (CPC, 2006) On or under bark

(Xiao, 1991b) External (CPC, 2006) 270. Diaspididae Chionaspis salicis Black W illow Scale All life stages

(CPC, 2006) On or under bark

(Xiao, 1991b) External (CPC, 2006)
271. Diaspididae Fiorinia japonica Japanese baton shaped scale All life stages

(CPC, 2006) On or under bark

(Xiao, 1991b) External (CPC, 2006)

272. Diaspididae Hemiberlesia pitysophila pine needle hemiberlesian scale Egg, Larvae,

Adults (CPC, 2006) On or under bark

(Dix et.al ., 2004; Xiao, 1991b) External (CPC, 2006)

273. Diaspididae Lepidopsyche asiatica Scale All life stages (CPC, 2006) On or under bark

(Xiao, 1991b) External (CPC, 2006) 274. Diaspididae Lepidosaphes salicina Scale All life stages (CPC, 2006) On or under bark

(Xia o, 1991b) External (CPC, 2006) 275. Diaspididae Mytilaspis conchiformis Oystershell scale Adult (CPC, 2006) On or under bark (Xiao, 1991b) External (CPC, 2006) 276. Diaspididae Phenacaspis camphora Scale All life stages (CPC, 2006) On or under bark

(Xiao, 1991b) External (CPC, 2006)

277. Diaspididae Pseudaonidia duplex Camphor Scale All life stages (CPC, 2006) On or under bark

(CABI, 2005c; Xiao, 1991b) External (CPC, 2006)

278. Diaspididae Quadraspidiotus gigas Scale All life stages (CPC, 2006) On or under bark

(Xiao, 1991b) External (CPC, 2006) 279. Diaspididae Quadraspidiotus perniciosus San Jose Scale Larvae (CPC, 2006) On or under bark

(Xiao, 1991b) External (CPC, 2006) 280. Diaspididae Quadraspidiotus slavonicus Scale All life stages (CPC, 2006) On or under bark

(Xiao, 1991b) External (CPC, 2006) 281. Lygaeidae Atraz onatus umbrosus Seed Bug Adult (PEST ID, 2006) In Wo od (PEST ID,

2006) External (Brisbane, 2006) 282. Margarodidae Drosicha corpulenta Mealybug All Life Stages On or under bark (CABI, 2005c) External (CPC, 2006) 283. Margarodidae Drosicha stebbingi Giant Mealybug All Life Stages On or under bark (CABI, 2005c) External (CPC, 2006)

## China Wood Products



# 57 **Family Name**  **Common Name**  **Life Stage Plant Part(s)**  **As sociation**  **Biology**
284. Margarodidae Icerya aegyptiaca Breadfruit Mealybug All Life Stages On or under bark (CABI, 2005a) External (CPC, 2006) 285. Margarodidae Icery a seychellarum Okada cottony

cushion scale All Life Stages On or under bark (CABI, 2005b) External (CPC, 2006) 286. Margarodidae Matsucoccus matsumurae Mealybug All Life Stages On or under bark (CABI, 2005c) External (CPC, 2006) 287. Pentatomidae Dolycoris bacca rum Stink Bug Adult (PEST ID, 2006) On or under bark

(CABI, 2005c) External (Bug Guide, 2006) 288. Pentatomidae Erthesina fullo Stink Bug Adult (PEST ID, 2006) In Wo od (PEST ID,

2006) External (Bug Guide, 2006) 289. Pentatomidae Halyomorpha picus Stink Bug Adult (PEST ID, 2006) In Wo od (PEST ID,

2006) External (Bug Guide, 2006) 290. Pseudococcidae Nesticoccus sinensis Mealybug All life stages (CPC, 2006) On or under bark

(Xiao, 1991b) External (CPC, 2006) 291. Pseudococcidae Palmicultor lumpurensis Mealybug All life stages (CPC, 2006) On or under bark

(ARS, 2005a) External (CPC, 2006) 292. Pseudococcidae Paracoccus pasaniae Pink Hibiscus Meaybug All life stages

(CPC, 2006) On or under bark

(Xiao, 1991b) External (CPC, 2006) 293. Pseudococcidae Phenacoccus fraxinus Mealybug Al l life stages (CPC, 2006) On or under bark

(Xiao, 1991b) External (CPC, 2006) 294. Pseudococcidae Rastrococcus invadens Mango Mealybug All life stages

(CPC, 2006) On or under bark

(CABI, 2005a) External (CPC, 2006)

**Ar thropods:**  **Hy menoptera**  295. Di prionidae Diprion jingyuanensis Confier Sawflies Larvae (Foltz,

2003) On or under bark

(Dix et.al., 2004) External (CPC, 2006) 296. Diprionidae Neodiprion xiangyunicus Confier Sawflies Larvae (Foltz,

2003) On or under bark

(Dix et.al., 2004) External (CPC, 20 06) 297. Formicidae Camponotus japonicus Ant Adult (PEST ID, 2006) On or under bark

(Xiao, 1991a) External (CPC, 2006) 298. Formicidae Formica fukaii Ant Adult (PEST ID, 2006) On or under bark

(Xiao, 1991a) External (CPC, 2006) 299. Formicidae Formica japonica Ant Adult (PEST ID, 2006) On or under bark

(Xiao, 1991a) External (CPC, 2006) 300. Formicidae Formica sanguinea Ant Adult (PEST ID, 2006) On or under bark

(Xiao, 1991a) External (CPC, 2006) 301. Formicidae Formica superba Ant Adult (PEST ID, 2006) On or under bark

(Xiao, 1991a) External (CPC, 2006) 302. Formicidae Formica transkaucasia Ant Adult (PEST ID, 2006) On or under bark

(Xiao, 1991a) External (CPC, 2006) 303. Formicidae Iridomyrmex anceps Ant Adult (PEST ID, 2006) On or under bark

(Xiao, 1991a) External (CPC, 2006) 304. Formicidae Iseropus himalayensis Ant Adult (PEST ID, 2006) On or under bark

(Xiao, 1991a) External (CPC, 2006) 305. Formicidae Iseropus stercorator Ant Adult (PEST ID, 2006) On or under bark

(Xiao, 1991a) External (CPC, 2006) 306. Formicidae Oecophylla smarag dina We aver Ant Adult (PEST ID, 2006) On or under bark

(Xiao, 1991a) External (CPC, 2006) 307. Formicidae Polyrhachis dives Ant Adult (PEST ID, 2006) On or under bark

(Xiao, 1991a) External (CPC, 2006) 308. Formicidae Pristomyrmex pungens Ant Adult (PEST ID, 200 6) On or under bark

(Xiao, 1991a) External (CPC, 2006)

## China Wood Products



# 58 **Family Name**  **Common Name**  **Life Stage Plant Part(s)**  **As sociation**  **Biology**

309. Pamphilidae Cephalcia abietis Sawfly Egg, Larvae, Pupae (CPC, 2006) On or under bark

(CABI, 2005a) External

310. Pamphilidae Chinolyda flagellicornis Cypress Sawfly Egg, Larvae, Pupae (CPC, 2006) On or under bark

(CABI, 2005a) External

311. Siricidae Sirex nitobei Wa sp Immature, Adult (PEST ID, 2006) In Wo od (PEST ID,

2006) Internal Borer (CPC, 2006)s 312. Siricidae Sirex rufiabdominis Wa sp Immature, Adult (PEST ID, 2006) On or under bark

(Xiao, 1991a) Inter nal Borer (CPC, 2006)s 313. Siricidae Sirex siricius Wa sp Immature, Adult (PEST ID, 2006) On or under bark

(Dix et.al., 2004) Internal Borer (CPC, 2006)s

314. Siricidae Tremex fuscicornis Tremex W asp All life stages (CPC, 2006) On or under bark

(CABI, 2005a; Xia o, 1991a) Internal Borer (CPC, 2006)s

315. Siricidae Urocerus gigastiaganus Tremex W asp All life stages (CPC, 2006) On or under bark

(Xiao, 1991a) Internal Borer (CPC, 2006)s

316. Torymidae Megastigmus cryptomeriae Japanese cedar seed chalcid Adult (PEST ID,

200 6) On or under bark

(CABI, 2005b; Xiao, 1991b) External, Internal (NHM, 2006)

317. Torymidae Megastigmus duclouxiana Chinese cypress seed chalcid Adult (PEST ID,

2006) On or under bark

(CABI, 2005b) External, Internal (NHM, 2006)
318. Torymidae Megastigmus pictus larch seed chalcid Adult (PEST ID,

2006) On or under bark

(CABI, 2005b) External, Internal (NHM, 2006) 319. Torymidae Megastigmus sabinae Chalcid Adult (PEST ID, 2006) On or under bark

(Xiao, 1991b) External, Internal (NHM, 2006) 320. Torymidae Monodontomerus minor Chalcid Adult (PEST ID, 2006) On or under bark

(Xiao, 1991b) External, Internal (NHM, 2006) 321. Torymidae Podagrion chinensis Chalcid Adult (PEST ID, 2006) On or under bark

(Xiao, 1991b) External, Internal (NHM, 2006) 322. Torymidae Torymus grerani Chalci d Adult (PEST ID, 2006) On or under bark

(Xiao, 1991b) External, Internal (NHM, 2006) 323. Torymidae Torymus sinensis Chalcid Adult (PEST ID, 2006) On or under bark

(Xiao, 1991b) External, Internal (NHM, 2006)

**Ar thropods:**  **Isoptera**

324. Kalotermit idae Cryptotermes declivis Termite All life stages (CPC, 2006) In W ood (PEST ID,

2006) (Xiao, 1991a) Internal (CPC, 2006)

325. Kalotermitidae Cryptotermes domesticus Termite All life stages (CPC, 2006) In W ood (PEST ID,

2006) (Xiao, 1991a) Internal (CPC, 200 6)

326. Kalotermitidae Glyptotermes chinpingensis Termite All life stages (CPC, 2006) In W ood (PEST ID,

2006) (Xiao, 1991a) Internal (CPC, 2006)

327. Kalotermitidae Glyptotermes fuscus Termite All life stages (CPC, 2006) In W ood (PEST ID,

2006) (PEST ID, 2006) Internal (CPC, 2006)

328. Kalotermitidae Glyptotermes satsumensis Termite All life stages (CPC, 2006) In W ood (PEST ID,

2006) (Xiao, 1991a) Internal (CPC, 2006)

329. Rhinotermitidae Reticulitermes chinensis Termite Adult (PEST ID, 2006) In W ood (PEST ID,

2006 ) (PEST ID, 2006; Xiao, 1991a) Internal (CPC, 2006)

## China Wood Products



# 59 **Family Name**  **Common Name**  **Life Stage Plant Part(s)**  **As sociation**  **Biology**

330. Rhinotermitidae Reticulitermes flaviceps Termite Adult (PEST ID, 2006) In W ood (PEST ID,

2006) (Xiao, 1991a) Internal (CPC, 2006)

331. Rhinotermitidae Reticulitermes speratus Japanese Termite Adult (PEST ID,

2006) In W ood (PEST ID,

2006) (Xiao, 1991a) Internal (CPC, 2006)

332. Rhinotermitidae Stylotermes valvules Termite Adult (PEST ID, 2006) In W ood (PEST ID,

2006) (Xiao, 1991a) Internal (CPC, 2006)

333. Termitidae Macrotermes barneyi Termite All Life Stages In W ood (PEST ID, 2006) (CABI, 2005c; Xiao, 1991a) Internal (CPC, 2006)

334. Termitidae Nasutitermes erectinasus Termite All Life Stages In W ood (PEST ID, 2006) (Xiao, 1991a) Internal (CPC, 2006)

335. Termitidae Nasutitermes parvonasutus Termite All Life Stag es In W ood (PEST ID, 2006) (Xiao, 1991a) Internal (CPC, 2006)

336. Termitidae Odontotermes formosanus formosan subterranean termite All Life Stages In W ood (PEST ID, 2006) (CABI, 2005c; Xiao, 1991a) Internal (CPC, 2006)

**Ar thropods:**  **Lepidoptera** 337. Amatidae Amata germana Moth Unknown On or under bark (Xiao, 1991b) Internal (Xiao, 1991b) 338. Amatidae Amata pascus Moth Unknown On or under bark (Xiao, 1991b) Internal (Xiao, 1991b) 339. Arctiidae Alphaea phasma Tiger Moths Larvae (Brisbane, 2006) On or under bark

(Xiao, 1991b) External (Brisbane, 2006) 340. Arctiidae Spilarctia melli Tiger Moths Larvae (Brisbane, 2006) On or under bark

(Xiao, 1991b) External (Brisbane, 2006) 341. Arctiidae Spilarctia obliqua Tiger Moths Larvae (Brisbane, 2006) On or under bark

(CABI, 2005c) External (Brisbane, 2006) 342. Bombycidae Bombyx mandarina Silk W orm All Life Stages On or under bark (CABI, 2005c) External Borneo, 2006) 343. Carposinidae Carposina sasakii Peach Fruit Moth All life stages

(CPC, 2006) On or under bark

(CABI, 200 5a) Internal (CPC, 2006)

344. Cossidae Cossus cossus Carpenterworm Moth All life stages

(CPC, 2006) In wood; On or

under bark (CABI, 2005a; Xiao, 1991a) External (CPC, 2006)

345. Cossidae Cossus cossus orientalis Carpenterworm Moth All life stages

(CPC, 2006) O n or under bark

(Xiao, 1991a) External (CPC, 2006) 346. Cossidae Holcocerus arenicolus Moth All life stages (CPC, 2006) On or under bark

(CABI, 2005c) External (CPC, 2006)

347. Cossidae Zeuz era coffeae Carpenterworm

Moth All life stages

(CPC, 2006) On or under b ark

(CABI, 2005a; Xiao, 1991a) Internal (CPC, 2006)

348. Cossidae Zeuz era multistrigata Moth All life stages (CPC, 2006) On or under bark

(CABI, 2005c; Xiao, 1991a) External (CPC, 2006)

## China Wood Products



# 60 **Family Name**  **Common Name**  **Life Stage Plant Part(s)**  **As sociation**  **Biology**
349. Crambidae Chilo suppressalis Striped Rice Stalkborer Immature, Adult

(P EST ID, 2006) On or under bark

(Xiao, 1991a) External, Borer (CPC, 2006) 350. Crambidae Haritalodes derogata Cotton Leaf Roller Larvae (CPC,

2006) On or under bark

(CABI, 2005b) External, Borer (CPC, 2006) 351. Crambidae Loxostege sticticalis Beet W ebworm Eggs, Larvae (CPC, 2006) On or under bark

(CABI, 2005b) External, Borer (CPC, 2006) 352. Gelechiidae Exoteleia dodecella Pine Bud Moth Immature, Adult (PEST ID, 2006) On or under bark

(Xiao, 1991b) Internal
353. Gelechiidae Gelechia pinguinella Moth Immature, Adult ( PEST ID, 2006) On or under bark

(Xiao, 1991b) Internal
354. Geometridae Abraxas flavisinuata Geometrid Moth All life stages

(CPC, 2006) On or under bark

(Xiao, 1991b) External (CPC, 2006)

355. Geometridae Apocheima cinerarium Geometrid Moth All life stages

(CPC , 2006) On or under bark

(CABI, 2005c; Xiao, 1991b) External (CPC, 2006)

356. Geometridae Ascotis selenaria Cotton Geometrid All life stages

(CPC, 2006) On or under bark

(CABI, 2005c; Xiao, 1991b) External (CPC, 2006)

357. Geometridae Biston marginata Geometrid Moth All life stages

(CPC, 2006) On or under bark

(Xiao, 1991b) External (CPC, 2006) 358. Geometridae Bupalus mughusaria Geometrid Moth All life stages

(CPC, 2006) On or under bark

(Xiao, 1991b) External (CPC, 2006) 359. Geometridae Buzura suppressaria Tea Loope r All life stages (CPC, 2006) On or under bark

(Xiao, 1991b) External (CPC, 2006) 360. Geometridae Chihuo z ao Geometrid

Moth All life stages

(CPC, 2006) On or under bark

(Xiao, 1991b) External (CPC, 2006) 361. Geometridae Ectropis obliquahypulina Geometrid Moth All life stages

(CPC, 2006) On or under bark

(Xiao, 1991b) External (CPC, 2006) 362. Geometridae Erannis ankeraria Geometrid Moth All life stages

(CPC, 2006) On or under bark

(Xiao, 1991b) External (CPC, 2006) 363. Geometridae Erannis dira Geometrid Moth All life stages

(CPC, 2006) On or under bark

(Xiao, 1991b) External (CPC, 2006) 364. Geometridae Euctenurapteryx nigrociliaria Geometrid Moth All life stages

(CPC, 2006) On or under bark

(Xiao, 1991b) External (CPC, 2006) 365. Geometridae Inurois fletcheri Geometrid Mo th All life stages

(CPC, 2006) On or under bark

(Xiao, 1991b) External (CPC, 2006) 366. Geometridae Larerannis filipjevi Geometrid Moth All life stages

(CPC, 2006) On or under bark

(Xiao, 1991b) External (CPC, 2006) 367. Geometridae Larerannis orthogrammaria Geo metrid Moth All life stages

(CPC, 2006) On or under bark

(Xiao, 1991b) External (CPC, 2006) 368. Geometridae Naxa angustaria Geometrid Moth All life stages

(CPC, 2006) On or under bark

(Xiao, 1991b) External (CPC, 2006) 369. Geometridae Naxa seriaria Geometrid M oth All life stages

(CPC, 2006) On or under bark

(Xiao, 1991b) External (CPC, 2006) 370. Geometridae Odontopera urania Geometrid Moth All life stages

(CPC, 2006) On or under bark

(Xiao, 1991b) External (CPC, 2006) 371. Geometridae Percnia giraffata Geometrid Mot h All life stages

(CPC, 2006) On or under bark

(Xiao, 1991b) External (CPC, 2006) 372. Geometridae Phthonandria atrilineata Geometrid Moth All life stages

(CPC, 2006) On or under bark

(Xiao, 1991b) External (CPC, 2006) 373. Geometridae Semiothisa cinerearia Geom etrid Moth All life stages

(CPC, 2006) On or under bark

(Xiao, 1991b) External (CPC, 2006) 374. Geometridae Thalassodes quadraia Geometrid Moth All life stages

(CPC, 2006) On or under bark

(Xiao, 1991b) External (CPC, 2006)

## China Wood Products



# 61 **Family Name**  **Common Name**  **Life Stage Plant Part(s)**  **As sociation**  **Biology**
375. Geometridae Zamacra excavata Geom etrid Moth All life stages

(CPC, 2006) On or under bark

(Xiao, 1991b) External (CPC, 2006) 376. Geometridae Zethenia rufescentaria Geometrid Moth All life stages

(CPC, 2006) On or under bark

(Xiao, 1991b) External (CPC, 2006) 377. Gracillariidae Conopomorpha cra merella Cocoa Moth All life stages (CPC, 2006) On or under bark

(CABI, 2005b) Internal (CPC, 2006)

378. Hepialidae Phassus excrescens Japanese Swift Moth Immature (PEST

ID, 2006) On or under bark

(Dix et.al., 2004; Xiao, 1991b) Internal, External

379. Hepialid ae Phassus nodus Moth Immature (PEST ID, 2006) On or under bark

(Xiao, 1991b) Internal, External
380. Hepialidae Phassus signifersinensis Moth Immature (PEST ID, 2006) On or under bark

(Xiao, 1991b) Internal, External
381. Hesperiidae Pelopidas mathias Rice Sk ipper All life stages (CPC, 2006) On or under bark

(CABI, 2005b) External (CPC, 2006) 382. Hyblaeidae Hyblaea puera Teak defoliator Eggs, Larvae (CPC, 2006) On or under bark

(CABI, 2005a) External (CPC, 2006)
383. Lasiocampidae Cosmotriche saxosimilis Pine Cater pillar Egg, Larvae, Pupae (CPC, 2006) On or under bark

(Dix et.al., 2004) External (CPC, 2006)
384. Lasiocampidae Dendrolimus houi Pine Caterpillar Egg, Larvae, Pupae (CPC, 2006) On or under bark

(Dix et.al., 2004) External (CPC, 2006)
385. Lasiocampidae Dendrol imus pini Pine Tree

Lappet Egg, Larvae,

Pupae (CPC, 2006) On or under bark

(CABI, 2005c) External (CPC, 2006)

386. Lasiocampidae Dendrolimus punctatus Masson Pine Caterpillar Egg, Larvae,

Pupae (CPC, 2006) On or under bark

(CABI, 2005a; Dix et.al., 2004) Exte rnal (CPC, 2006)

387. Lasiocampidae Dendrolimus spectabilis Pine Caterpillar Egg, Larvae, Pupae (CPC, 2006) On or under bark

(CABI, 2005c) External (CPC, 2006)

388. Lasiocampidae Dendrolimus superans Japanese Hemlock Caterpillar Egg, Larvae,

Pupae (CPC, 2006) On or under bark

(CABI, 2005a; CABI, 2005c; Dix et.al., 2004) External (CPC, 2006)

389. Lasiocampidae Dendrolimus tabulaeformis Chinese Pine Caterpillar Egg, Larvae,

Pupae (CPC, 2006) On or under bark

(CABI, 2005a) Internal, External (CPC, 2006)

390. Lasiocampidae Malacosoma neustria Common Lackey All life stages

(CPC, 2006) On or under bark

(CABI, 2005a; Dix et.al., 2004) External (CPC, 2006)

391. Lasiocampidae Metanastria hyrtaca Pine Caterpillar All life stages (CPC, 2006) On or under bark

(CABI, 2005c) External (C PC, 2006) 392. Limacodidae Monema flavescens Oriental Moth All life stages (CPC, 2006) On or under bark

(CABI, 2005c) External (CPC, 2006) 393. Limacodidae Parasa lepida Nettle Caterpillar All life stages

(CPC, 2006) On or under bark

(CABI, 2005a) External (CPC, 2006)
394. Lymantridae Calliteara horsfieldii Moth Egg, Larvae, Pupae (CPC, 2006) On or under bark

(CABI, 2005c) Internal, External (CPC, 2006)
395. Lymantriidae Dasychira axutha Moth Egg, Larvae, Pupae (CPC, 2006) On or under bark

(Xiao, 1991a) Internal, Exter nal (CPC, 2006)
396. Lymantriidae Dasychira baibarana Moth Egg, Larvae, Pupae (CPC, 2006) On or under bark

(Xiao, 1991a) Internal, External (CPC, 2006)
397. Lymantriidae Dasychira grotei Moth Egg, Larvae, Pupae (CPC, On or under bark

(Xiao, 1991a) Internal , External (CPC, 2006)

## China Wood Products



# 62 **Family Name**  **Common Name**  **Life Stage Plant Part(s)**  **As sociation**  **Biology** 2006)

398. Lymantriidae Euproctis bipunctapex Moth Egg, Larvae, Pupae (CPC, 2006) On or under bark

(CABI, 2005c; Xiao, 1991a) Internal, External (CPC, 2006)

399. Lymantriidae Euproctis cryptosticta Moth Egg, Larvae, Pupae (CPC, 2006) On or under bark

(Xiao, 1991a) Internal, External (CPC, 2006)
400. Lymantriidae Euproctis flavotriangulata Moth Egg, Larvae, Pupae (CPC, 2006) On or under bark

(Xiao, 1991a) Internal, External (CPC, 2006)
401. Lymantriidae Euproctis karghalica Moth Egg, Larvae, Pupae (CPC, 2006) On or under bark

(Xiao, 1991a) Internal, External (CPC, 2006)

402. Lymantriidae Euproctis pseudoconspersae Moth Egg, Larvae, Pupae (CPC, 2006) On or under bark

(Xiao, 1991a) Internal, External (CPC, 2006)

403. Lymantriidae Euproctis varians Moth Egg, Larv ae, Pupae (CPC, 2006) On or under bark

(Xiao, 1991a) Internal, External (CPC, 2006)
404. Lymantriidae Ivela eshanensis Moth Egg, Larvae, Pupae (CPC, 2006) On or under bark

(Xiao, 1991a) Internal, External (CPC, 2006)
405. Lymantriidae Ivela ochropoda Moth Egg, L arvae, Pupae (CPC, 2006) On or under bark

(Xiao, 1991a) Internal, External (CPC, 2006)
406. Lymantriidae Leucoma candida Moth Egg, Larvae, Pupae (CPC, 2006) On or under bark

(CABI, 2005c) Internal, External (CPC, 2006)
407. Lymantriidae Lymantria dispar Gypsy Mo th Egg, Larvae, Pupae (CPC, 2006) Bark, Stems,

Shoots, Branches, Trunk (CPC, 2006) Official control

408. Lymantriidae Lymantria dissoluta Moth Egg, Larvae, Pupae (CPC, 2006) On or under bark

(Xiao, 1991a) Internal, External (CPC, 2006)
409. Lymantriidae Lymantria mathura Pink Gypsy Moth Egg, Larvae,

Pupae (CPC, 2006) On or under bark

(CABI, 2005a) Internal, External (CPC, 2006)

410. Lymantriidae Lymantria monacha Nun Moth All life stages (CPC, 2006) On or under bark

(CABI, 2005a; Xiao, 1991a) Internal, External (CPC , 2006)

411. Lymantriidae Lymantria viola Moth All life stages (CPC, 2006) On or under bark

(Xiao, 1991a) Internal, External (CPC, 2006) 412. Lymantriidae Lymantria xylina Moth All life stages (CPC, 2006) On or under bark

(Xiao, 1991a) Internal, External (CPC, 2 006) 413. Lymantriidae Orgyia ericae Moth All life stages (CPC, 2006) On or under bark

(Xiao, 1991a) Internal, External (CPC, 2006) 414. Lymantriidae Orgyia gonostigma Moth All life stages (CPC, 2006) On or under bark

(Xiao, 1991a) Internal, External (CPC, 2006) 415. Lymantriidae Orgyia parallela Moth All life stages (CPC, 2006) On or under bark

(Xiao, 1991a) Internal, External (CPC, 2006)

416. Lymantriidae Orgyia postica Cocoa Tussock Moth All life stages

(CPC, 2006) On or under bark

(CABI, 2005a; Xiao, 1991a) Interna l, External (CPC, 2006)

417. Lymantriidae Parocneria furva Moth All life stages (CPC, 2006) On or under bark

(Xiao, 1991a) Internal, External (CPC, 2006)
418. Lymantriidae Parocneria orienta baimaochong Eggs, Larvae, Pupae (CPC, 2006) On or under bark

(Xiao, 199 1a) Internal, External (CPC, 2006)

## China Wood Products



# 63 **Family Name**  **Common Name**  **Life Stage Plant Part(s)**  **As sociation**  **Biology**
419. Lymantriidae Porthesia kurosawai Moth All life stages (CPC, 2006) On or under bark

(Xiao, 1991a) Internal, External (CPC, 2006) 420. Lymantriidae Porthesia scintillans Moth All life stages (CPC, 2006) On or under bark

(Xia o, 1991a) Internal, External (CPC, 2006) 421. Lymantriidae Porthesia similis Gold Tail Moth All life stages (CPC, 2006) On or under bark

(Xiao, 1991a) Internal, External (CPC, 2006) 422. Lymantriidae Porthesia xanthocampa Moth All life stages (CPC, 2006) On or u nder bark

(Xiao, 1991a) Internal, External (CPC, 2006) 423. Lymantriidae Stilpnotia candida Moth All life stages (CPC, 2006) On or under bark

(Xiao, 1991a) Internal, External (CPC, 2006) 424. Lymantriidae Stilpnotia salicis Satin Moth Eggs, Larvae (CPC, 2006) On or under bark

(Xiao, 1991a) Internal, External (CPC, 2006) 425. Lyonetiidae Lyonetia clerkella Apple Leaf Miner Larvae (HY PPZ,

2006) On or under bark

(CABI, 2005c) External, Internal (HY PPZ, 2006) 426. Metarbelidae Indarbela dea Bark Borer All life stages (CPC, 2006) On or under bark

(CABI, 2005a) Borer (CPC, 2006)
427. Noctuidae Achaea janata castor semilooper All life stages

(CPC, 2006) On or under bark

(CABI, 2005a) Internal, External (CPC, 2006) 428. Noctuidae Acronicta rumicis Knotgrass moth All life stages

(CPC, 2006) On or under bark

(CABI, 2005a) Internal, External (CPC, 2006)

429. Noctuidae Agrotis segetum Black Cutworm All life stages (CPC, 2006) On or under bark

(CABI, 2005a; Xiao, 1991a) Internal, External (CPC, 2006)

430. Noctuidae Anomis sabulifera Jute Semi Lo oper All life stages

(CPC, 2006) On or under bark

(CABI, 2005b) Internal, External (CPC, 2006) 431. Noctuidae Dargida procincta Looper All life stages (CPC, 2006) In Wo od (PEST ID,

2006) Internal, External (CPC, 2006) 432. Noctuidae Helicoverpa armigera Cotton B ollworm All life stages

(CPC, 2006) On or under bark

(CABI, 2005a) Internal, External (CPC, 2006) 433. Noctuidae Spodoptera litura Cluster Caterpillar All life stages

(CPC, 2006) On or under bark

(CABI, 2005b) Internal, External (CPC, 2006) 434. Noctuidae Thysan oplusia orichalcea Fax Caterpillar All life stages (CPC, 2006) On or under bark

(CABI, 2005b) Internal, External (CPC, 2006)

435. Notodontidae Clostera anachoreta Rauhfuss

Spinner Larvae On or under bark (CABI, 2005c; Dix et.al., 2004) External

436. Notodontid ae Phalera fiavescens alticola Moth Larvae On or under bark (Dix et.al., 2004) External
437. Notodontidae Stauropus alternus Lobster Caterpillar Larvae On or under bark (CABI, 2005c) External
438. Nymphalidae Melanitis leda Rice Butterfly All life stages (CP C, 2006) On or under bark

(CABI, 2005b) External (CPC, 2006) 439. Oecophoridae Cheimophila salicellum Moth Immature (PEST ID, 2006) On or under bark

(Xiao, 1991b) Internal, External (CPC, 2006) 440. Oecophoridae Stathmopoda masinissa Persimmon Fruit Moth Immature (PEST

ID, 2006) On or under bark

(Xiao, 1991b) Internal, External (CPC, 2006) 441. Pieridae Aporia crataegi Wh ite (Butterflies) Larvae On or under bark (CABI, 2005c) External
442. Pieridae Eurema hecabe Common Grass Yellow Larvae On or under bark (CABI, 2005c ) External
443. Psychidae Acanthopsyche nigraplaga Bagworm Moth Immature, Pupae (PEST ID, 2006) On or under bark

(Xiao, 1991a) External (CPC, 2006) 444. Psychidae Acanthopsyche subferalbata Bagworm Moth Immature, Pupae (PEST ID, 2006) On or under bark

(Xiao, 19 91a) External (CPC, 2006)

## China Wood Products



# 64 **Family Name**  **Common Name**  **Life Stage Plant Part(s)**  **As sociation**  **Biology**
445. Psychidae Amatissa snelleni Bagworm Moth Immature, Pupae (PEST ID, 2006) On or under bark

(Xiao, 1991a) External (CPC, 2006) 446. Psychidae Chalioides kondonis Bagworm Moth Immature, Pupae (PEST ID, 2006) On or under bark

(Xiao, 19 91a) External (CPC, 2006) 447. Psychidae Clania minuscula Tea Bagworm Immature, Pupae (PEST ID, 2006) On or under bark

(Xiao, 1991a) External (CPC, 2006) 448. Psychidae Clania variegata Bagworm Moth Immature, Pupae (PEST ID, 2006) On or under bark

(Xiao, 1991a) External (CPC, 2006) 449. Psychidae Dappula tertia Bagworm Moth Immature, Pupae (PEST ID, 2006) On or under bark

(Xiao, 1991a) External (CPC, 2006) 450. Psychidae Eumeta variegata Bagworm Moth Immature, Pupae (PEST ID, 2006) On or under bark

(CABI, 2005c) Extern al (CPC, 2006) 451. Psychidae Mahasena colona Bagworm Moth Immature, Pupae (PEST ID, 2006) On or under bark

(Xiao, 1991a) External (CPC, 2006) 452. Pyralidae Conogethes punctiferalis Pyralid Moths All life stages (CPC, 2006) On or under bark

(CABI, 2005a) Borer (CPC, 2006)
453. Pyralidae Dioryctria abietella Cone Pyralid All life stages (CPC, 2006) On or under bark

(CABI, 2005a) Borer (CPC, 2006)
454. Pyralidae Dioryctria sylvestrella Japanese Pine Tip Moth All life stages

(CPC, 2006) On or under bark

(CABI, 2005c) Borer (CPC, 2006)
455. Pyralidae Pyralis farinalis Meal Moth All life stages (CPC, 2006) In Wo od (PEST ID,

2006) Borer (CPC, 2006)
456. Pyralidae Scirpophaga nivella Wh ite Rice Borer All life stages

(CPC, 2006) On or under bark

(Xiao, 1991a) Borer (CPC, 2006)
457. Pyralidae Tirathaba rufivena Coconut Spike Moth All life stages

(CPC, 2006) On or under bark

(CABI, 2005b) Borer (CPC, 2006)
458. Saturniidae Attacus atlas Atlas Moth All life stages (CPC, 2006) On or under bark

(CABI, 2005a) External (CPC, 2006) 459. Sesiidae Sesia molybdoceps Clearwing Moths Larvae On or under bark (Xiao, 1991a) Borers
460. Sesiidae Sesia rhynchioides Clearwing Moths Larvae On or under bark (Xiao, 1991a) Borers
461. Sesiidae Sphecia siningensis Clearwing Moths Larvae On or under bark (Xiao, 1991a) Borers
462. Tineidae Nemapogon granella Corn Moth Adult (PEST ID, 2006) In Wo od (PEST ID,

2006) External (CPC, 2006) 463. Tortricidae Acleris fimbriana Tortrix Egg, Larvae (CPC, 2006) On or under bark

(Xiao, 1991b) Internal, External (CPC, 2006) 464. Tortricidae A cleris submaccana Tortrix Egg, Larvae (CPC, 2006) On or under bark

(Xiao, 1991b) Internal, External (CPC, 2006) 465. Tortricidae Acleris ulmicola Tortrix Egg, Larvae (CPC, 2006) On or under bark

(Xiao, 1991b) Internal, External (CPC, 2006) 466. Tortricidae Adoxophyes orana summer fruit tortrix Egg, Larvae (CPC,

2006) On or under bark

(Xiao, 1991b) Internal, External (CPC, 2006) 467. Tortricidae Archips oporanus Tortrix Egg, Larvae (CPC, 2006) On or under bark

(Xiao, 1991b) Internal, External (CPC, 2006) 468. Tortricida e Argyroploce ineptana Tortrix Egg, Larvae (CPC, 2006) On or under bark

(Xiao, 1991b) Internal, External (CPC, 2006) 469. Tortricidae Choristoneura lafauriana Tortrix Egg, Larvae (CPC, 2006) On or under bark

(Xiao, 1991b) Internal, External (CPC, 2006)

470. Tort ricidae Cryptophlebia ombrodelta Macadamia Nut Borer Egg, Larvae (CPC,

2006) On or under bark

(CABI, 2005c; Xiao, 1991b) Internal, External (CPC, 2006)

## China Wood Products



# 65 **Family Name**  **Common Name**  **Life Stage Plant Part(s)**  **As sociation**  **Biology**
471. Tortricidae Cydia glandicolana Tortrix Egg, Larvae (CPC, 2006) On or under bark

(Xiao, 1991b) Internal , External (CPC, 2006) 472. Tortricidae Cydia strobilella Spruce Seed Moth Egg, Larvae (CPC,

2006) On or under bark

(CABI, 2005c) Internal, External (CPC, 2006) 473. Tortricidae Cydia z ebeana Wi ckler Egg, Larvae (CPC, 2006) On or under bark

(Dix et.al., 2004) In ternal, External (CPC, 2006) 474. Tortricidae Cymolomia hartigiana Tortrix Egg, Larvae (CPC, 2006) On or under bark

(Xiao, 1991b) Internal, External (CPC, 2006) 475. Tortricidae Epinotia rubiginosana Tortrix Egg, Larvae (CPC, 2006) On or under bark

(Xiao, 1991b) Internal, External (CPC, 2006) 476. Tortricidae Gravitarmata margarotana Tortrix Egg, Larvae (CPC, 2006) On or under bark

(Xiao, 1991b) Internal, External (CPC, 2006) 477. Tortricidae Gypsonoma minutana Tortrix Egg, Larvae (CPC, 2006) On or under bark

(Xiao, 19 91b) Internal, External (CPC, 2006) 478. Tortricidae Homona coffearia Coffee Tortrix Egg, Larvae (CPC, 2006) On or under bark

(CABI, 2005a) Internal, External (CPC, 2006) 479. Tortricidae Homona issikii Tortrix Egg, Larvae (CPC, 2006) On or under bark

(Xiao, 199 1b) Internal, External (CPC, 2006) 480. Tortricidae Hoshinoa longicellana Common Apple Leafroller Egg, Larvae (CPC,

2006) On or under bark

(Xiao, 1991b) Internal, External (CPC, 2006) 481. Tortricidae Laspeyresia coniferana Wi ckler Egg, Larvae (CPC, 2006) On or under bark

(Xiao, 1991b) Internal, External (CPC, 2006) 482. Tortricidae Laspeyresia gruneriana Tortrix Egg, Larvae (CPC, 2006) On or under bark

(Xiao, 1991b) Internal, External (CPC, 2006) 483. Tortricidae Laspeyresia ze beana Wi ckler Egg, Larvae (CPC, 2006) On or under bark

(Xiao, 1991b) Internal, External (CPC, 2006) 484. Tortricidae Pandemis corylana Tortrix Egg, Larvae (CPC, 2006) On or under bark

(Xiao, 1991b) Internal, External (CPC, 2006) 485. Tortricidae Pandemis heparana Apple Brown Tortrix Egg, Larvae (CPC,

2 006) On or under bark

(Xiao, 1991b) Internal, External (CPC, 2006) 486. Tortricidae Polychrosis cunninghamiacola Tortrix Egg, Larvae (CPC, 2006) On or under bark

(Xiao, 1991b) Internal, External (CPC, 2006) 487. Tortricidae Pseudotomoides strobilellus Spruce See d Moth Egg, Larvae (CPC,

2006) On or under bark

(Xiao, 1991b) Internal, External (CPC, 2006) 488. Tortricidae Ptycholomoides aeriferanus Tortrix Egg, Larvae (CPC, 2006) On or under bark

(Xiao, 1991b) Internal, External (CPC, 2006) 489. Tortricidae Retinia crista ta Tortrix Egg, Larvae (CPC, 2006) On or under bark

(Xiao, 1991b) Internal, External (CPC, 2006) 490. Tortricidae Retinia monopunctata Tortrix Egg, Larvae (CPC, 2006) On or under bark

(Xiao, 1991b) Internal, External (CPC, 2006) 491. Tortricidae Retinia perangus tana Tortrix Egg, Larvae (CPC, 2006) On or under bark

(Xiao, 1991b) Internal, External (CPC, 2006) 492. Tortricidae Retinia resinella Gall Pine Resin Moth Egg, Larvae (CPC,

2006) On or under bark

(Xiao, 1991b) Internal, External (CPC, 2006) 493. Tortricidae Rhya cionia duplana Radish W ing Tipped Moth Egg, Larvae (CPC,

2006) On or under bark

(Xiao, 1991b) Internal, External (CPC, 2006) 494. Tortricidae Rhyacionia insulariana Tortrix Egg, Larvae (CPC, 2006) On or under bark

(Xiao, 1991b) Internal, External (CPC, 2006) 495. Tortricidae Rhyacionia pinicolana Tortrix Egg, Larvae (CPC, 2006) On or under bark

(Xiao, 1991b) Internal, External (CPC, 2006) 496. Tortricidae Saliciphaga caesia Tortrix Egg, Larvae (CPC, 2006) On or under bark

(Xiao, 1991b) Internal, External (CPC, 2006) 497. Tortricidae Spilonota laricianaa Tortrix Egg, Larvae (CPC, 2006) On or under bark

(Xiao, 1991b) Internal, External (CPC, 2006)

## China Wood Products



# 66 **Family Name**  **Common Name**  **Life Stage Plant Part(s)**  **As sociation**  **Biology**
498. Tortricidae Syndemis perpulchrana Tortrix Egg, Larvae (CPC, 2006) On or under bark

(Xiao, 1991b) Internal, External (CPC, 20 06) 499. Tortricidae Zeiraphera grisecana Tortrix Egg, Larvae (CPC, 2006) On or under bark

(Xiao, 1991b) Internal, External (CPC, 2006) 500. Trochilidae Cephonodes hylas Coffee Hawk Moth Egg, Larvae (CPC,

2006) On or under bark

(CABI, 2005c) Internal, External ( CPC, 2006) 501. Yp onomeutidae Yponomeuta padellus Cherry Ermine Moth Larvae, Pupae

(Fauske, 2002) On or under bark

(CABI, 2005c) External (Fauske, 2002)

**Ar thropods:**  **Orthoptera** 502. Acrididae Atractomorpha sp. Grasshopper Adult (PEST ID, 2006) On Wo od (PEST ID,

2006) External (CPC, 2006) 503. Acrididae Oxya velox Chinese Rice Grasshopper Adult (PEST ID,

2006) On Wo od (PEST ID,

2006) External (CPC, 2006) 504. Acridoidea Tessaratoma papillosa Litchi Stink Bug All life stages (CPC, 2006) On or under bark

( CABI, 2005a) External (CPC, 2006) 505. Gryllacrididae Diestrammena tachycines Raspy Cricket Adult (PEST ID,

2006) On Wo od (PEST ID,

2006) External (CPC, 2006) 506. Gryllidae Teleogryllus mitratus Cricket Adult (PEST ID, 2006) On Wo od (PEST ID,

2006) External (CP C, 2006)

**Ar thropods:**  **Thy sanoptera**  507. Phlaeothripidae Haplothrips gowdeyi Thrips Adult (PEST ID, 2006) On Wo od (PEST ID,

2006) External (CPC, 2006) 508. Thripidae Megalurothrips distalis Thrips Adult (PEST ID, 2006) On or under bark

(CABI, 2005 a) External (CPC, 2006) 509. Thripidae Scirtothrips dorsalis Thrips All life stages (CPC, 2006) On or under bark

(CABI, 2005a) External (CPC, 2006) 510. Thripidae Rhipiphorothrips cruentatus Grapevine Thrips All life stages

(CPC, 2006) On or under bark

(CABI, 20 05b) External (CPC, 2006)



# C. **Likelihood and Consequences of introduction of the quarantine pests in Table 2** Of the pests in Table 2, several are Emergency and Domestic Program (EDP) pests under official control and 12 are in the same genus as an EDP pe st. EDP is the group in PPQ that provides national coordination for domestic preparedness, response, and recovery from plant pests, diseases, and noxious weeds that threaten America's agricultural and natural resources. Current EDP pests include Agrilus p lannipennis (Emerald Ash Borer or EAB) , Lymantria dispar (Gy psy moth or GM and Asian Gy psy moth or AGM) , Tomicus piniperda (Pine shoot beetle), and Anoplophora glabripennis (Asian Longhorned Beetle or ALB). Representative G enera which are the same as those of program pests and which have similar biologies are listed below as well as whether the pest Family

is found internally

or externally

on wood products . Pests below in bold were analy

zed further. **Coleoptera Buprestidae: Agrilus**  **(Internal) Cerambycidae:**  **Anoplophora (Internal)** 

## China Wood Products



# 67

Cerambycidae: Batocera (Internal) **Hymenoptera Siricidae: Sirex**  **(Internal)** Of the pests in Table 2, thirteen are Cooperative Agricultural Pest Survey (CAPS) Program pests and forty are in the same genus as a CAPS pest. The CAPS program is responsible for supplying means of detection, documentation and rapid dissemination of information on survey of plant pests and weeds in the United States. The program provides PPQ and cooperators with distribution information on pests in the U.S. Representative G enera which are the same as those of CAPS pests and which have similar biologies are listed below as well as whether the pest Family is found internally

or externally

on wood products

. Pests below in bold were analy zed further.
**Acarina** Eriophyoidea: Cecidophyopsis (External) **Tetranych oidea: Eutetranychus**  **(External) Coleoptera**  **Buprestidae: Agrilus (Internal)**  **Cerambycidae: Chlorophorus (Internal)**  **Cerambycidae: Monochamus (Internal)**  Chrysomelidae: Xylosandrus (External) **Circulionidae: Hylobi us**  **(Internal)** Circulionidae: Rhy

nchophorus (Internal) **Scolytidae: Dendroctonus (Internal)**  **Scolytidae: Hylurgus (Internal)**  **Scolytidae: Scolyt i**  **d (Internal)**  **Scolytidae: Tomicus (Internal)**  Scoly tidae: Xyleborus (Internal) **Homoptera Coccidae: Ceroplastes**  **(Exter nal)**  Pseudococcidae: Palmicultor (External) **Hymenoptera Siricidae: Sirex**  **(Internal)** Siricidae: Urocerus (Internal) **Isoptera Kalotermididae: Cryptotermes**  **(Internal) Lepidoptera**  **Crambidae: Chilo (External)**  **Lasiocampidae: Dendrolimus (External)**  **Lymantriidae: Lymantria**  **(External)** Noctuidae: Helicoverpa (External) **Tortricidae: Adoxophyes (External)**  Tortricidae: Cydia (External)
The EANs for Chinese wood products concern entry of wood boring beetles in the products.

## China Wood Products



# 68

APHI S currently

has experience with two very large and costly programs to eradicate coleopterous borers , Agrilus plannipennis (EAB) and Anoplophora glabripennis (ALB)

. Of the above species in Table 2, the ones of greatest quarantine concern are wood boring beetles of the families Buprestidae and Cerambycidae. Scoly tidae may be added to the list of borers of concern because, although there are currently no official APHI S eradication programs for them, they have similar destructive capability and habits. Because they are highly

poly phagous, borers are generally considered to be of high consequence to e cosystems in the United States if they should become established. Because they pass their immature stages inside wood, wood boring beetles are considered highly

likely to enter the United States with the wo od. As has been demonstrated by the ALB and EAB, establishment can be disastrous. 228 of the species in Table 2 are wood boring beetles

. There is high uncertainty about the likelihood of introduction of most of the se species mainly

because the species of wood in the products and their geographic origin are unknown for any

given consignment

. Given the high uncertainty, it is not possible to assign levels of risk to any

particular product or consignment, so it is assumed that all are equally high risk and mitigation listed later therefore target the broadest group of pests.

## China Wood Products



# 69

**Consequences of Introduction** This portion of the analysis considers negative outcomes that may occur when the quarantine pests identified in Table 2 are introduced into the United States . The potential consequences are evaluated using the following five Risk Elements: Climate

- Host Interaction, Host Range, Dispersal Potential, Economic Impact, and Environmental Impact. These risk elements reflect the biology, host range and climatic and geographic distribution of each pest, and are supported by biological information on each of the analy zed pests. For each risk element, pests are assigned a rating of Low (1 point), Medium (2 points), or High (3 points) based on the criteria as stated in the PRA Guidelines (APHI S, 2000). The summation of the points for each risk rating is the cumulative value for the Consequences of Introduction (Table 5). A cumulative value of 5 to 8 points is considered Low risk for the Consequences of Introduction, 9 to 1 2 points is Medium, and 13 to 15 points is considered High (APHI S, 2000).
**Table 3 -**  **Risk Rating for Consequences of Introduction for Representative Genera from Table 2 Risk Element**  **#1 #2**  **#3 #4**  **#5**
**Pest Climate/**  **Host Interaction**  **Host**

**Range Dispers**  **al**

**Potential Economic** 

**Impact Envir.** 

**Impact Cumulative** 

**Risk Rating** 1 Adoxophyes spp. 3 3 3 3 3 15 2 Agrilus spp. 3 3 3 3 3 15 3 Anoplophora spp. 3 3 3 3 3 15 4 Ceroplastes spp. 3 3 2 3 3 14 5 Chilo spp. 3 3 3 3 3 15 6 Chlorophorus spp. 3 3 3 3 3 15 7 Cryptotermes spp. 3 3 2 3 1 12 8 Dendroctonus spp. 3 3 3 3 3 15 9 Dendrolimus spp. 3 3 3 3 3 15 10 Eutetranychus spp. 3 3 2 3 3 14 11 Hylobius spp. 3 3 3 3 2 14 12 Hylurgus spp. 3 3 3 3 3 15 13 Lyma ntria spp. 3 3 3 3 3 15 14 Monochamus spp. 3 3 2 3 3 14 15 Scoly

tus spp. 3 3 3 3 3 15 16 Sirex spp. 3 3 3 3 3 15 17 Tomicus spp. 3 3 3 2 3 14


# Risk Element 1: Climate/Host Interaction This risk element considers ecological zonation and the interactions of quarantine pests with their biotic and abioti c environments. When introduced into new areas, pests are expected to behave as they do in their native areas if the potential host plants and suitable climate are present. Broad availability

of suitable climates and a wide distribution of suitable hosts a re assumed to increase the impact of a pest introduction. The ratings for this risk element are based on the relative number of United States Plant Hardiness Zones (ARS, 19 9 0) with potential host plants and suitable climate.

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All Pests: High Risk China and the United States have very similar Hardiness Zones (Appendix 1). There are also several host genera that are found in both countries

. Therefore, each pest is given a rating of High for Climate/Host interaction. **Risk Element 2: Host Range** The risk posed by

a plant pest depends on both its ability to establish a viable, reproductive population and its potential for causing plant damage. This risk element assumes that the consequences of pest introduction are positively correlated with the pest’s host range. Aggressiveness, virulence and pathogenicity also may be factors. The consequences are rated as a function of host range and consider whether the pest can attack a single species or multiple species within a single genus, a single plant family, or multip le families. All pests were rated high due to the large number of genera attacked. Adoxophyes spp. : High Risk Acer (field maple), Alnus (alders), Arachis (groundnut), Betula (birches), Carpinus (hornbeam), Crataegus (hawthorn) , Cydonia (quince), Fagus (c ommon beech), Forsythia (forsy thia) , Gossypium (short staple cotton), Humulus (hop) , Jasminum (jasmine), Laburnum (laburnum), Ligustrum (privet) , Lonicera (Fly honeysuckle), Malus (apple), Mangifera (mango), Medicago (alfalfa) , Nephelium (rambutan), Nerium (oleander), Pistacia (mastic), Populus (poplars), Prunus (apricot, sweet cherry, plum, peach), Pyrus (European pear), Ribes (blackcurrant), Ricinus (castor bean), Rosa (roses), Rubus (raspberry ), Salix (willow), Symphoricarpos (common snowberry ), Syringa (lilac), Tilia (limes), Ulmus (European field elm), Vaccinium (blueberries) (CPC, 2006) Agrilus spp.: High Risk Carpinus (hornbeam), Castanea (chestnut), Fagus (b eech), Fraxinus (ash), Malus (apple), Quercus (oak) (CPC, 2006) Anoplophora spp.: High Risk Acacia (wattle), Acer (maple), Aesculus (buckeye), Albizia (silk tree), Alnus (alders), Aralia (spikenard), Atalantia (box

- orange) , Betula (birch), Broussonetia (mulberry ), Cajanus (pigeon pea), Carpinus (hornbeam) , Carya (pecan), Castanea (chestnut), Castanopsis (chinkapin), Casuarina (casuarina), Citrus (citrus) , Cryptomeria (cedar), Elaeagnus (elaeagnus), Eriobotrya (loquat), Fagus (beech), Ficus (fig), Fortunella (kumquat), Fraxinus (ashes), Hedera (ivy ) , Hibiscus (rosemallow) , Juglans (walnuts), Lagers troemia (lagerstroemia) , Lindera (spicebush) , Liriodendron (tuliptree), Litchi (lychee) , Mallotus (mallotus) , Malus (apple), Melia (Chinaberry ), Morus (mora), Persea (avocado) , Pinus (pine), Platanus (planetree), Poncirus (Trifoliate orange), Populus (popl ars), Prunus (apricot), Psidium (guava), Pyracantha (Narrow

- leaf firethorn), Pyrus (pear), Quercus (oak), Rhus (sumac) , Robinia (locust), Rosa (rose), Rubus (blackberry

) , Salix (willow), Sapium (tallow tree), Sophora (necklacepod) , Styrax (snowbell) , Ulmus (elm), Vernicia (wood oil tree), Ziziphus (jujube) (CPC, 2006) Ceroplastes spp.: High Risk

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Abutilon (mallow), Acacia (wattles), Acer (maple), Actinidia (kiwifruit), Aglaonema (aglaonema) , Allamanda (allamanda) , Alpinia (gingerlily ), Alstonia (cheesewood), Amaranthus (grain amaranth), Anacardium (cashew nut), Annona (annona) , Anthurium (laceleaf) , Aralia ( 

# spikenard) , Arbutus (madrone) , Ardisia (marlberry ) , Artemisia (wormwoods), Artocarpus (breadfruit trees), Asplenium (spleenworts), Azadirachta (neem tre e), Berberis (barberries), Betula (birch), Bixa (bixa) , Blechnum (fern) , Buxus (boxwood), Callistemon (Bottle brush), Calophyllum (calophyllum) , Camellia (tea), Carissa (Carissa) , Celosia (celosia), Celtis (hackberry

) , Chaenomeles (quince), Chrysanthemum ( chrysanthemum), Cinnamomum (cinnamon), Citrus (citrus) , Cleyera (cleyera) , Coccoloba (seaside grape), Cocos (coconut), Coffea (coffee), Convolvulus (morning glory ), Cornus (cherry

), Crataegus (hawthorns), Cucurbita (cucurbits) , Cycas (sago palm) , Cydonia ( quince), Cytisus (Broom), Daphne (laurel) , Deutzia (pride

- of

- Rochester) , Dimocarpus (longan tree), Diospyros (persimmon), Dizygotheca (False aralia), Dodonaea (hopbush) , Ehretia (ehretia) , Elaeagnus (oleaster), Elaeocarpus (elaeocarpus) , Elaeodendron (marb le tree) , Eremocitrus (lime), Eriobotrya (loquat), Eucalyptus (Eucaly ptus), Eugenia (stopper) , Euonymus (spindle trees), Euphorbia (spurges), Fatsia (aralia), Feijoa (Horn of plenty

), Ficus (fig) , Garcinia (mangosteen), Gardenia (gardenia) , Gossy pium (cotton), Hedera (Ivy

), Helianthus (helianthus, sunflower) , Heliconia (heliconia) , Hibiscus (rosemallows), Ilex (Holly ), Illicium (anisetree) , Inocarpus (moonpod) , Ipomoea (sweet potato), Ixora (ixora) , Jasminum (jasmine), Juncus (rushes), Lagerstroemia (lagerstroemia) , Laurus (laurel) , Ligustrum (privet) , Lindera (spicebush), Litchi (lichi), Magnolia (magnolia) , Malpighia (acerola), Malus (apple), Mangifera (mango), Manilkara (sapodilla), Melia (Chinaberry ), Mespilus (medlar), Monstera (monstera) , Morus (mora), Musa (banana), Myristica (nutmeg), Myrtus (my

rtle), Nandina (bamboo), Nephelium (rambutan), Nephrolepis (fern), Nerium (oleander), Olea (olive) , Persea (avocado), Philodendron (philodendron) , Pimenta (Allspice), Pinus (pines), Piper (pepper), Pistacia (ma stic), Pittosporum (cheesewood) , Platanus (planes), Plumeria (frangipani), Podocarpus (plum pine) , Polyscias (aralia) , Poncirus (Trifoliate orange), Populus (poplar), Prunus (stone fruit), Psidium (guava), Pteridium (brackenfern) , Punica (pomegranate), Pyracantha (firethorn), Py rus (pears), Rhododendron (Azalea), Rhus (sumac) , Ruscus (ruscus) , Salix (willow), Schefflera (schefflera) , Schinus (pepper tree), Solanum (nightshade), Spartium (Spanish broom), Spiraea (spiraea) , Sy zygium (malay

- apple), Tamarix (tamarisk) , Theobroma (cocoa), Ternstroemia (ternstroemia) , Thevetia (thevetia) , Trachelospermum (trachelospermum) , Ulmus (elm), Vaccinium (huckleberry ), Viburnum (viburnum) , Vitis (grape), Zingiber (ginger), Ziziphus (jujube) (CPC, 2006)
Chilo spp.: High Ri sk Avena (oats), Cymbopogon (grass) , Cynodon (grass), Cyperaceae (Sedges), Cyperus (nutsedge), Echinochloa (junglerice), Eleusine (millet), Hordeum (barley ), Oryza (rice), Panicum (millets), Pennisetum (millet), Phragmites (reed), Poaceae (grasses), Saccha rum (sugarcane), Sclerostachya (sclerostachya) , Setaria (millet), Sorghum (sorghum), Triticum (wheat), Ty pha (bulrush), Zea (maize), Zizania (wildrice) (CPC, 2006) Chlorophorus spp.: High Risk Bambusa (bamboo), Citrus (citrus) , Dendrocalamus (bamboo), Derris (derris) , Dipterocarpus (dipterocarpus) , Gossypium (cotton), Indosasa (indosasa) , Liquidambar (sweetgum) , Phyllostachys (bamboo) , Saccharum (sugarcane), Shorea (shorea) , Sinocalamus (bamboo) ,

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Spondias (purple mombin), Tectona (teak), Vitis (grape) , Zea (maize) (CPC, 2006) Cryptotermes spp.: High Risk Aceraceae (maple) , Cupressaceae (cy press) , Fagaceae (oak) , Hevea (hevea) , Malvaceae (hibiscus) , Oleaceae (ash) , Pinaceae (pine) , Tiliaceae (basswood) , Ulmaceae (elm) (CPC, 2006)
Dendroctonus spp.: High Ri sk Abies (fir), Larix (larch), Picea (spruce), Pinus (pine), Pseudotsuga (Douglas

- fir), Tsuga (hemlocks) (CPC, 2006)
Dendrolimus spp.: High Risk Abies (fir), Larix (larch), Picea (spruce), Pinus (pine) (CPC, 2006) Eutetranychus spp.: High Risk Abelmoschus (okra), Arachis (groundnut), Brassica (broccoli), Camellia (tea), Capsicum (peppers), Carica (papaw), Citrullus (watermelon), Citrus (citrus) , Codiaeum (croton), Colocasia (taro), Cucumis (melon), Cucurbitaceae (cucurbits), Cynara (artichoke), Dianthus ( carnation), Dioscorea (yam), Durio (durian), Ficus (fig), Fragaria (strawberry ), Gerbera (Barbeton daisy

), Glycine (soyabean), Gossypium (cotton), I pomoea (sweet potato), Lablab (hyacinth bean), Luffa (loofah), Lycopersicon (tomato), Malus (apple), Manihot (cassava), Medicago (lucerne), Morus (mora), Musa (plantain, banana), Nephelium (rambutan), Olea (olive), Phaseolus (beans), Piper (betel pepper), Plumeria (frangipani), Prunus (almond), Psidium (guava) Ricinus (castor bean), Sechium (sechium) , Solanum (a ubergine), Sorghum (sorghum), Spinacia (spinach), Vigna (cowpea), Vitis (grapevine), Xanthosoma (yautia), Zea (maize), Ziziphus (jujube) (CPC, 2006) Hylobius spp.: High Risk Betula (birch), Fagus (beech), Larix (larches), Picea (spruces), Picea (spruce), Pinus (pines), Pseudotsuga (Douglas

- fir), Quercus (oak) (CPC, 2006) Hylurgus spp.: High Risk Abies (fir), Juniperus (juniper), Larix (larch), Picea (spruce), Pinus (pine) (CPC, 2006) Lymantria spp.: High Risk Abies (firs), Acer (maples), Alnus (alders), Averrhoa (carambola), Betula (birches), Carpinus (hornbeams), Carya (hickories), Castanea (chestnut), Corylus (hazelnut) , Eucalyptus (red gum), Fagus (beeches), Fraxinus (white ash), Glycine (soy bean), Hamamelis (Virginian witch

-hazel), Larix (larches), Liquidambar (Sweet gum), Litchi (lichi), Lithocarpus (tanoak) , Malus (ornamental species apple), Mangifera (mango), Neolamarckia (common bur

- flower tree), Ostrya (American hophornbeam), Picea (common spruce), Pinus (pines), Pistacia (pistachio), Platanus (London planetree), Populus (poplars), Prunus (stone fruit), Pseudotsuga (Douglas

- fir), Pyrus (pears), Quercus (oak), Robinia (locust), Salix (willow), Shorea (sal), Syzygium (black plum), Taxodium (bald cy

press), Terminalia (arjun), Tilia (basswood), Vaccinium (blueberries), Zea (maize) (CPC, 2006)

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Monochamus spp.: High Risk Abies (fir), Cedrus (cedar), Larix (larch), Picea (spruce), Pinus (pine) (CPC, 2006) Scolytus spp.: High Risk Aesculus (buckeye), Betula (birch), Caragana (pea shrub), Carpinus (hornbeam s), Castanea (chestnut), Corylus (hazelnut) , Elaeagnus (ornamental olive) , Fagus (beeches), Larix (larch), Ostrya (hophornbeam) , Pinus (pine) , Populus (poplar) , Prunus (stone fruit) , Pyrus (crabapple) , Quercus (oak) , Rhamnus (Buckthorn), Salix (willow), S orbus (mountain ash) , Tilia (limes), Ulmus (elms) (CPC, 2006)
Sirex spp.: High Risk Abies (fir), Cupressus (cy press), Larix (larch), Picea (spruce), Pinus (pine), Pseudotsuga (Douglas

- fir) (CPC, 2006)
Tomicus spp.: High Risk Abies (fir) , Juniperus (junip er) , Larix (larch) , Picea (spruce) , Pinus (pine) , Pseudotsuga (Douglas fir) (GPDD, 2006) **Risk Element 3: Dispersal Potential** Pests may disperse after introduction into new areas. The dispersal potential indicates how rapidly and widely

the pests may

spre ad within the importing country or region and is related to the pest’s reproductive potential, inherent mobility, and external dispersal facilitation modes. Factors for rating the dispersal potential include: the presence of multiple generations per year or growing season, the relative number of offspring or propagules per generation, any inherent capabilities for rapid movement, the presence of natural barriers or enemies, and dissemination enhanced by

wind, water, vectors, or human assistance. Adoxophyes spp. : High Risk Adoxophyes orana adults are active in summer and fall, though emergence may vary according to climatic conditions. Flight periods of the first and second generation may overlap (Whittle, 1985). Duration of the adult stage depends primarily on temperature and relative humidity

. Under natural conditions, the longest recorded life span is 23 days (Barel, 1973a). Flight lasts approximately

4 weeks and is greatest in the first half of the flight period when conditions are optimal for egg and larval development (Barel, 1973). Moths fly at temperatures above 13 oC (55.4 oF) (Whittle, 1985). Males precede females in flight by a few days and may

disperse up to 400 meters (437 yards)

. Female dispersal is limited (Barel, 1973; CPC, 2006). First, second, and third generation flight in northwestern Europe occurs from late May to late June, late July

to early September, and October, respectively (CPC, 2006). Mating occurs at night or in the early morning hours, about a day after emergence (de Jong et al. , 1971; Whittle, 1985; He et al., 1996). Adults rest on leaves within the tree canopy during the day

and become active at dusk (Bradley et al., 1973). Inthe Netherlands and in much of Europe, Adoxophyes orana has two generations annually (Davis et al., 20 05). Agrilus spp.: High Risk

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Interms of estimated spread, the natural spread capability of Agrilus planipennis is unknown. The maximum natural spread capability of the bronze birch borer, A. anxius , is estimated to be 16

- 32 kilometers / 10

- 20 miles per ye ar. These beetles may also spread with the help of people

. F or example , this beetle has been spread by illegal human movement of nursery stock from a quarantined area in Michigan to the state of Maryland, a distance of over 960 kilometers /600 miles ). There is risk of nursery trade and other means (e.g., lumber trade, logs for firewood) spreading the beetle. There is more risk for nursery stock and logs (especially if not debarked) than for lumber. There is also concern about the potential entry of A. plani

pennis into the United States with wood packaging materials, especially those that are not debarked or properly treated (NPAG, 2002). The life cycle for the genus Agrilus includes egg, larva, pupa, and adult, taking about one year to complete. Pupation of Agrilus spp. occurs in the gallery within the heartwood of the tree during spring or early summer. Emergence of Agrilus spp. adults usually occurs around June and July, but may take place between May

and September depending on climate (Hill, 1987). Anoplo phora spp.: High Risk Ina dispersal study

by Smith et al. (2001), it has been shown that the mean dispersal distance in a single season for Anoplophora glabripennis was approximately 266 meters (0.166 miles) , whereas the 98% A. glabripennis recapture radius was 560 meters /0.35 miles with a maximum dispersal distance recorded at 1,442 meters (0.90 miles) , which includes the female beetles carrying mature eggs. Although it is reported that adults can fly weakly 30 to 225 meters /98

- 738 feet in a single f

light on a clear day, short

- distance flight is ty pical of many

cerambycids. In China, the number of annual generations varies with climate and latitude. The further north A. glabripennis is found, the longer it takes for a generation to develop. In Taiwan, there is one generation per year. In eastern China, a generation may take 1 or 2 years to develop, whereas in northern China (Neimenggu), a single generation takes 2 years to develop. Thus, there can be one or two overlapping generations per year, depending upon the climate and feeding conditions. Adults emerge between May and October and live for about a month. The most active period for adult activity

is late June to early

July (Li and Wu, 1993). The adults usually remain on the tree from which they

emerged, or fly

short distances to nearby trees, and feed there on leaves, petioles and young bark. Egg deposition begins a week after copulation. The eggs, about 32 per female (Wong and Mong, 1986), are laid one by one under the bark, in oviposition slits chewed out by the female. Slits are generally cut on the eastern side of the trunk or of branches greater than 5 centimeters / 1.96 inches in diameter (Li and Wu, 1993). Eggs hatch after about 2 weeks. The larva feeds in the cambial layer of bark in the branches and trunk and later enters the woody tissues. Pupation takes place in chambers in the heartwood, accompanied by the presence of characteristic wood 'shavings' that are packed into the chamber. Adults emerge from circular holes, millimeters/ 0.39 inches across, above the sites where the eggs were laid. Ceroplastes spp.: Medium Risk Inthe United States, all species of Ceroplastes appear to have similar life histories with 4 instars in the female and 5 in the male. Inmost areas of the US, species of Cero plastes have only

1 generation per year. Inthe spring, each overwintering female lays from several hundred to several thousand eggs beneath her body

. The crawlers hatch in late spring or early summer, and 2 or 3 days later leave the brood chamber and begin to settle. Insome species, the crawlers settle mainly

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on the stem of the host and remain at the site for the duration of their life cycle, whereas others usually settle on the leaves as crawlers and migrate to the stems as third instars (Gimpel, 1974). Dispersal occurs in the first and third instar crawler stage. The dispersal rate, pattern, and distance depend largely

on population density, host availability, location on host (height or distance from the soil surface), and other environmental factors including wind speed, humidity, and temperature (Wakgari and Giliomee, 1999; Wakgari, 2000; Wakgari and Giliomee, 2000; Ben

- dov et al. , 2005).
Chilo spp.: High Risk Adults are nocturnal and become active early in the evening. Some early larval instars may disperse to other plants by ballooning on extruded silk threads or by floating on leaf fragments (CPC, 2006). All rice stem borers lay eggs in masses usually

containing 50

- 250 eggs. A single female can lay

several egg masses per week. Chilo suppressalis adults lay their eggs on the basal half of rice leaves. The eggs hatch in about 5 days and the larva is fully grown in about 25 days. Young stem borer larvae feed on young rice leaves then penetrate and feed on the leaf sheath and the inner tissues. Later, they eat their way

into the stem and feed inside it. Moths emerge after about 5 days of pupation. The life cycle requires about 35 days to complete. Stem borers generally produce about 6 generations a year, although the number depends on environmental factors. Intemperate areas such as central Japan and Korea, where only one rice crop per year is grown, there are two stem borer generations per year. Intropical and subtropical regions with single rice cropping regimes, they occur in 3

- 4 generations per year (Exosect, 2005). Chlorophorus spp.: High Risk Various cerambycids are capable of long

- distance aerial transport. Several cerambycine species have strong powers of dispersal because adults feed on host plant species different from the larval host (CPC, 200 6). Strong dispersal abilities are considered adaptive because adults must disperse alternately

between their food plants and the stressed host plants where they mate and oviposit. Males are usually more active than females because they play a role in mate location; however, convincing evidence of long

-range pheromones in the cerambycids has been limited to a few species. Pheromones produced by females operate over at least moderate distances (>1.5 kilometers/0.9375 miles ). If capable of long

- distance aerial transport, C hlorophorus annularis could be expected to move rapidly beyond infested sites (Auclair et al., 2006). In spection data (PEST ID, 2006) show over 300 live Chlorophorus spp. were intercepted on bamboo commodities from China either at US ports of entry and on interdictions inland from 1992 through 2005. Hence, it is known that live eggs and/or larvae of the species can survive harvesting, dyeing, packing, and shipment into the US on infested commodities. Commercial distribution of bamboo stakes with C. annularis infestation move quickly and widely

throughout the US and hence this pathway greatly accelerates spread of the pest. The larvae are frequently carried to Europe within bamboo canes from China, India, and Thailand (Auclair et al., 2006). Acc ording to Weidner (1982), development usually occurs in one year; however, because of drying of the bamboo, development may be extended to two or more years (Schall, 2000). Cryptotermes spp.: Medium Risk Cryptotermes spp. spread slowly (15 to 300 meters per year /0.932

- 984 feet), and less than 1% of the alates eventually

establish a new colony. However, an important factor concerning

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subterranean termites is that infested untreated Wood Packaging Material (WPM), moved by humans in commerce, spread termite s at a much faster rate than their natural spread. Also, once established at the receiving seaport, airport, or inland destinations (warehouses, etc.), subterranean termites are often not detected because of their cry ptic habits; colonies are quite large b efore the first evidence of their activities is apparent. By this time, multiple colonies will already be established adjacent to the invading colony, and additional WPM could become infested and distributed within the continental United States or its poss essions (Pasek, 2000).
Dendroctonus spp.: High Risk The Eurasian bark beetle attacks trunks of living, mature trees in either vigorous or weakened condition. Emerging adults frequently attack the same or a neighboring tree but can fly considerable distanc e to attack distant trees. Incontrast to most bark beetles, this species usually mates before emerging, attack singly instead of en masse, and thus kills a small patch of the cambial zone but seldom the entire tree. Over time, however, the tree can be weakened and predisposed to other bark beetles. Except for dispersal and host

- finding by emerged adults, all stages occur beneath the bark in the cambial zone. The entire life cycle requires 1 to 3 years, depending on variations in ambient temperatures and other factors. Because of these variations, adults can be present at any season, and under controlled lab conditions, are ready to emerge after 44 days at 20 oC (68 oF)

. The spread potential of Dendroctonus spp. is very high because it attacks healthy

as wel l as low vigor hosts that are widespread and common, particularly in coastal Pacific Northwest and Alaska and the continuous belt of spruce forests in Northern North America (Tkacz, 1991).
Dendrolimus spp.: High Risk Adult Dendrolimus sibericus and D. pin i are good fliers. Although the larvae do not balloon, they are well known for their crawling tenacity

. A relentless spread within their main and secondary hosts would be expected. The adults are active from late June through August. Females oviposit 150 to 200 eggs in linear clusters on twigs and needles. Caterpillar activity is noted in July

August when they

devour needles up to the fascicles. Infall, about mid

- September to early October, the caterpillars are approximately 25 millimeters/ 1 inch long and they drop to the ground. There they

crawl into the litter and enter diapause. Inspring, perhaps about April, when soil temperatures reach 4 to 5 oC (39.2 to 41 oF) , the caterpillars emerge from overwintering sites, crawl back up their hosts, and begin to feed on old needles as well as on newly flushing buds. Most of the population begin to pupate in June and July; they form silken cocoons on branchlets intertwined with foliage. Apparently these insects also pupate in bark crevices (Tkacz, 1991).
Eutetranychus spp.: Medium Risk Spider mites mainly

disperse by

wind currents, and in the field this is probably the main means of dispersal for Eutetranychus orientalis

. Ininternational trade, they might be carried on citrus plants. Under conditions in I srael, females oviposit along the midrib on the upper side of the leaf but in winter may

deposit eggs on the lower side. Up to eight eggs a day or 35 in a lifetime may be deposited by

one female. Under optimum laboratory conditions, eggs hatch in 2.5 to 3.0 days
. Depending on the season, an adult emerges in 7 to 24 days and lives for 12 to 21 days. Up to 18 generations a year have been recorded. Climatic conditions which favor the development of this

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mite are high temperatures ranging from 21 to 27 oC ( 69.8 to 80 .6 oF ) and a medium relative humidity ranging from 59 to 70 percent (USDA, 1969). Hylobius spp.: High Risk Inspring or early

summer, the beetles migrate by flight or by

walking to clear cuttings from adjoining stands. Adults are strong fliers and can travel considerable distances to find suitable host material. They

are attracted by

volatiles (mainly

alpha

-pinene and ethanol) emanating from the resin of fresh conifer stumps left during clear

- felling (Tilles et al., 1986; GPDD, 2006). From May to September, females lay eggs in punctures they

gnaw in the bark of fresh pine and spruce stumps; but in regions with short growing seasons, they lay eggs from May

to the end of July

. Each female oviposits from 60 to 100 eggs during this period. Hatching takes place in about 2 weeks, and the larvae bore into the phloem and excavate longitudinal feeding tunnels in the root

phloem. There are five instars that develop over a period of 13 to 14 months. Mature larvae pupate in cells cut into the sapwood (chip cocoons) or in the outer bark. The pupal stage lasts about 2 to 3 weeks, and teneral adults remain in their chip cocoons or cells cut in the bark for an additional 2 to 3 weeks. Then, the sexually undeveloped adults emerge and do maturational feeding on young coniferous seedlings from July through August. For maturational feeding, the adults feed on seedling bark and phloem tissues of Douglas

- fir, Scotch pine, white pine, Norway spruce, larch, and fir. This feeding causes significant seedling mortality, especially when a harvested area is regenerated soon after timber removal (Tkacz, 1991). Hylurgus spp.: High Risk Hylurgus spp. adults can disperse over distances of several kilometers (Fabre et al., 1975), and an infestation can spread as long as host material is avail able. This strong capability of spread has been demonstrated in Australia (Neumann, 1987), where H. ligniperda spread up to 25 kilometers/15.625 miles from a fire

-killed area within 18 months, and in Chile, where the beetle now occupies the entire distribution on Monterey pine after being introduced into the country in the mid

- 1980s (Pasek, 2000). H. ligniperda usually has one generation per year in Europe, although up to three generations may occur in the southern regions. Two generations were recorded in the Mediterranean region of France. InNew Zealand, the development from initiation of brood galleries to the first appearance of recently

-molted adults takes 10 to 11 weeks. In southern France at 25 oC (77 oF), the beetle requires 45 days to develop from egg to adult (Tribe, 1991). Flight time for the adults occurs from March to April in Europe (Grune, 19 79 ). In southeastern France where two generations occur, the major activity peak is in the spring followed by

a shorter peak in the autumn. The peak in the autumn coincides with the second generation; adult beetles then enter a winter hibernation. InSouth Africa, the major activity peak is in the autumn with minor peaks in spring and summer (Tribe, 1991). Lymantria spp.: High Risk Intemperate environment s, masses of eggs (500 to 1,000) pass the winter on or under tree bark, rocks, fallen branches, or manmade objects (signs, litter, etc.) (Campbell et al., 1975). One generation appears each year, and hatching occurs from April to late May, depending upon l ocation and weather, though egg hatching usually coincides with budbreak of most hardwood trees (Leonard, 1981). Natural dispersal of Lymantria dispar occurs when newly hatched larvae climb to the tops of trees or other tall objects and suspend themselves from silken threads,

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allowing the wind to move them to potential hosts. Innon-mountainous terrain, the larvae may be deposited within 0.8 kilometer ( 1⁄2 mile) of their source; however, in mountainous terrain, the larvae may

be dispersed up to 4.8 kilometers /3 miles (Taylor and Reling, 1986). During the next 1

- 1 1⁄2 months, they

pass through five to six instars, feeding during the evening on the foliage and migrating to rest in protected locations during the day

. Pupation occurs in these resting locations, although at outbreak densities, pupation occurs in less protected sites; adults emerge in about 2 weeks, mate, and lay

their eggs (Campbell et al., 1975). The gy psy moth is often spread artificially

when egg masses or pupae are transported to new areas on vehicles or outdoor articles. Egg masses may

be deposited on Wood Packaging Material when cargo originates near areas infested by

gy psy moths. Crates carrying household goods are a common substrate for hitchhiking gy

psy moth egg masses (Pasek, 2000).
Monocha mus spp.: Medium Risk Susceptible host tree genera range from Central America north through Canada and the Pacific to Atlantic Oceans. Rate of natural spread may be slow (probably

only a few miles per year), but spread would be greatly

enhanced by

the tran sportation of logs, firewood and lumber (non

-kiln dried). Monochamus sutor females can lay at least 50 eggs. Eggs are laid in the phloem at the base of niches excavated by the females in the bark of tree boles and logs. From one to six eggs may be found in individual niches and thousands of eggs may be laid in a single log or tree. The neonate larvae feed on the phloem and sapwood throughout their first year. The larvae overwinter primarily as second instars and resume feeding the following spring. During the second year, the larvae continue feeding and bore deeper into the wood. There are five larval instars. The mature larvae form pupal cells in the wood near the surface where they spend the second winter. Pupation and adult emergence occurs the following spring. Ty pically Monochamus adults become sexually

mature 7 to 10 days after emergence. The sexually mature beetles are attracted by volatile compounds to weakened, dying, or recently dead trees or logs to mate and oviposit. Trees weakened by

fire, defoli ation, or other disturbances are particularly susceptible to attack. Windthrown trees and logs are also highly attractive to breeding adult beetles (Tkacz, 1991). Scolytus spp.: High Risk The bioloogy

of Scolytus morawitzi is presumed to be very similar to the biology

of S. intricatus

. Sinc e the biology

of S. intricatus has been published, it will be describe d here to represent that of S. morawitzi

. S

. intricatus (as an example of a quarantine pest wood borer) has the potential to spread throughout the contiguous 48 states given that at least one species of oak in native to each state except for Alaska and Hawaii. Although adult flight is generally less than 100 meters/ 328 feet , adults can easily

be moved longer distanced by wind and through human transport of infested host material, particularly in oak firewood, which is highly preferred for heating (Pasek, 2000). Except when adults are seeking new host material for breeding or shoots for maturation feeding, all life stated occur under bark within the c ambial region. InEngland, S. intricatus completes one generation per year (Yates, 1984), whereas two generations per year are completed in southern Germany

(Kamp, 1951). S. intricatus ty pically overwinters in the late larval stages (Lekander et al., 1977; Yates, 1984), or occasionally in the pupal stage (Doganlar and Schopf, 1984). Overwintering and subsequent pupation usually take place in the outer bark if the bark is over 4 millimeters / 0.16 thick or in the outer sapwood if the bark is thinner (Lekander et al., 1977; Yates, 1984). Pupation usually occurs in late spring or early summer and lasts for 1 to 2

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weeks (Yates, 1984). InEngland, adult emergence usually spans 2

- 3 weeks and, depending on local temperatures, occurs from mid

- May through late June (Yates, 1984). Upon emergence, adults fly to the crowns of trees, primarily oaks, and conduct maturation feeding on the twigs, usually at the juncture of current

-ye ar and 1

-ye ar- old growth (Lekander et al., 1977; Munro, 1926; Yates, 1984). After shoot feeding, adults seek breeding sites, which are usually the trunks and branches (> 5 centimeters/ 2 inches in diameter) of weakened and dying oaks as well as recently fallen branches (Gibbs, 1978; Lekander et al., 1977; Yates, 1981, 1984). Depending on the loc ation and the number of generations per year, adult activity usually occurs between May and September (Doganlar and Schopf, 1984; Lekander et al., 1977; Yates, 1981, 1984). There is little evidence that reemergence of parent adults occurs (Yates, 1984).
Sirex spp.: High Risk If Sirex spp. becomes established, it is likely to spread throughout the United States. Natural dispersal of Sirex spp. has been estimated at 8 to 24 kilometers / 5 to 15 miles per year in Australia (Haugen et al., 1990). Adult females are capable of long dispersal flights and have high fecundity

. Both males and females are strong fliers and known to fly long distances to forest fires. Also, populations could be transported and established throughout the United States by movement of infe sted logs and lumber. Adults have also commonly emerged from finished lumber in homes, pallets, boxes, and so forth. So, spread could also take place over very long distances (transcontinental) in finished products unless all lumber is kiln treated immediately after milling (Tkacz, 1991; Pasek, 2000). Sirex spp. normally completes one generation per year in southeastern Australia, but a portion of a population may take 2 years in the cooler climates of Tasmania and New Zealand (Taylor, 1981). InAustralia, adults emerge from early summer to early winter with peak emergence in late summer or early autumn (Morgan and Stewart, 1966; Neumann and Minko, 1981). Females are attracted to physiologically stressed trees after an initial flight, which is usually less than 3.2 kilometers /2 miles but with the potential of 160 kilometers/ 100 miles

. They drill their ovipositors into the outer sapwood to inject a sy mbiotic fungus ( Amylostereum areolatum ) and a toxic mucus. If the suitable, eggs are laid into the sapwood (up to three separate eggs at a drill site) (Pasek, 2000). Fecundity ranges from 21 to 458 eggs, depending upon size of the female (Neumann and Minko, 1981). The eggs usually hatch within 10 to 15 days, but some may overwinter in cooler climates. Unfertilized eggs develop into males and fertilized eggs develop into females. All larval instars feed on the fungus as they tunnel through the wood. Larval galleries may penetrate to the center of a tree. The number of instars varies from 6 to 12, and the larval stage generally takes 10 to 11 months. Mature larvae pupate close to the bark surface, and adults emerge about 3 weeks later (Taylor, 1981).
Tomicus spp.: High Risk Tomicus piniperda is currently under official control in the United States. Pine shoot beetles spread naturally

by flying to suitable host material. Populations may accumulate in log yards and then move on to healthy

trees nearby

. Infestation spread from a concentrated source of breeding material to adjoining pine stands may generally be limited to about 2 kilometers/ 1.25 miles per ye ar (Langstrom and Hellqvist, 1990). Although the pine shoot beetle may fly up to a kilometer or more, it may

spread farther on wind currents, perhaps tens of kilometers downwind. Pine shoot beetles may

be transported as brood in infested logs or wood articles containing bark or as adult beetles in pine shoots or in overwintering sites at the base of tree trunks. The primary

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means of new introductions to the United States is likely to be through infested wood articles containing bark, such as in wood packaging material (WPM) made of pine. Redistribution from established populations in the United States to other regions of North America may occur on recently dug or cut plant stock, logs, rough lumber with bark intact, or nursery stock (Pasek, 2000). One generation per year is the norm for the pine shoot beetle (Langstrom, 1983). Overwintering adults initiate flight on the first warm ( 10

- 12.22 oC / 50

- 54 oF ) days of spring, which probably

occurs in February

or March in the Gre at Lake States and in the Northeastern United States (Haack and Lawrence, 1995; Haack et al., 1998). Adults quickly colonize either recently cut pine stumps and logs, or, at times, infest the trunks of weakened trees. Some adults will disperse at least several hundred meters after emerging from brood material even when material suitable for colonization is abundant nearby (Poland et al., 2000), and marked adults have been recaptured as far as 2 kilometers/ 1.25 miles from a release point (Barak et al., 2000)

. Male and female pairs construct individual longitudinal egg galleries within the inner bark and outer sapwood (USDA, 1972). After eggs hatch, larvae construct irregular feeding galleries of 4

- 9 centimeters 1.5 to 3.5 inches in length that radiate from the egg gallery

. Most larvae complete development, pupate, and transform into adults in May and June (Pasek, 2000). **Risk Element 4: Economic Impact**
Introduced pests cause a variety of direct and indirect economic impacts, such as reduced y ield, reduced commodity

value, loss of foreign or domestic markets, and non

- crop impacts. Factors considered during the ranking process included whether the pest would: effect yield or commodity

quality, cause plant mortality, act as a disease vector, increase costs of pro duction including pest control costs, lower market prices, effect market availability, increase research or extension costs, or reduce recreational land use or aesthetic value. Adoxophyes spp. : High Risk The economic impact of Adoxophyes orana is difficult to measure because it frequently occurs in mixed populations with other closely related species, and damage can result from the activity of secondary pests (Whittle, 1985). A

. orana is a leafroller and immature forms will use foliage for shelter while f

eeding on fruit (Whittle, 1985; CPC, 2006). Larvae will feed externally on fruit creating a “gnawed” or misshapen appearance. Feeding directly on fruit can cause tremendous reductions in the quantity and quality

of fruit. Crop losses from 10

- 50% have been attributed to this insect in fruit growing regions. Inthe Netherlands, damage in 33,000 hectare/81543 acre of apples amounted to $1.2 million in the late 1980s (de Jong et al., 1971; Whittle, 1985). External feeding may

also enable the attack of secondary organisms which further damage the crop, and reduce shelf and storage life (de Jong and Van Dieren, 1974; Whittle, 1985; I NRA, 2005). Although this insect feeds on foliage and young shoots in addition to fruit (CPC, 2006), this feeding may

not significantly

affect plant growth (I

NRA, 2005). The impact of A. orana on forest productivity

has not been well studied. Establishment of A. orana in the United States could also adversely impact domestic and international trade. Australia considers this insect a high risk pest (CPC, 2006). Consequently, establishment of the insect would likely result in domestic or international quarantines and/or additional quarantine treatments to prevent the spread of this pest (Davis et al., 2005).

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Agrilus spp.: High Risk The ec onomic impact of Agrilus planipennis (under official control in the United States) has already been substantial, and it would be staggering if this exotic pest continues to spread. Ithas the potential to virtually

eliminate ash as a component of North American forests, with dramatic effects on ecosystem processes as well as plant and animal communities. Ash species, which inhabit a variety

of soils and ecosystems, are dominant throughout the forests of eastern North America. Michigan and Ohio have already experienced a serious economic impact from A. planipennis

. Ash has been one of the most commonly planted trees in landscapes and urban forests. InMichigan, A. planipennis has already caused an estimated $11.6 million in damage to landscapes and woodlots, and quarantines have restricted the sale of $2 million worth of nursery stock. Inaddition, costs of removing dead and dying ash trees have overwhelmed municipal budgets in the affected counties, and private property owners must often pay

in excess of $1,0 00 per tree for removal of large shade trees. A quarantine on ash timber has also had a negative economic impact on sawmills, tool handle factories, and firewood dealers in Michigan and Ohio. Eradication costs for the localized A. planipennis infestation in Lucas County, Ohio in April 2003 exceeded $300,000, while projected costs of eradication in southeastern Michigan will exceed $350 million over the next 10 to 13 years (Herms et al., 2006). Anoplophora spp.: High Risk Anoplophora glabripennis (ALB) is a major forest pest in China. Recent introductions into the US demonstrate a formidable potential for causing damage to many important forest and urban trees in North America. Cavey (2000) rates A. glabripennis as a pest of High Economic Risk Potential beca

use: a) the organism attacks hosts or products with significant commercial value (such as for timber, pulp, or wood products); b) the organism directly causes tree mortality

or predisposes the host to mortality by other organisms; c) the damage by the organism causes a decrease in value of the host affected, for instance, by lowering its market price, increasing cost of production, maintenance, or mitigation, or reducing value of property where it is located; d) the organism may

cause loss of markets (domestic or foreign) due to presence and quarantine significant status; and e) no effective control measure exists. Cavey (2000) also states that “eradication efforts in New York and Illinois have resulted in the destruction of thousands of trees. Affected areas lose aesthetic and property values as large infested trees are replaced by young, often less desirable ALB resistant trees. Because control options are presently limited to tree removal, control costs are and will likely remain high.” Regarding A. chinensis , McDougall (2001) also gives it a rating of High for Economic Risk Potential because “the ability of this insect to attack a wide range of fruit and nut trees is expected to have a negative impact on fruit crops. This would result in higher production costs and higher costs to the consumer.” Nowak et al. (2001) have estimated that the maximum potential national urban impact of A. glabripennis would be a loss of 34.9% of total canopy cover, 30.3% tree mortality (1.2 billion trees) and value loss of $669 billion USD. Ceroplastes spp.: High Risk Several Ceroplastes species are considered to be serious economic pests for a number of reasons. Most secrete large quantities of honeydew which often covers the leaves and stems of the host, and acts as a medium f

or black sooty

molds that give the host plant an unsightly appearance. The large size and light color of most species cause their presence to be readily noticeable and

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therefore detracts from the appearance of the host. Plants with heavy infestations often show evidence of a general decline in vigor and develop an unsightly “leggy” appearance with the leaves of most branches confined to rosettes of new growth at the tips. Severe infestations may cause dieback of the host. Innurseries, infestations of wax sc ale are a particular problem since many states require nursery

stock to be free of disease and insect pests before sale, and costly spray programs may

be necessary

to destroy

infestations (Gimpel, 1974).
Chilo spp.: High Risk Chilo suppressalis is a serious pest of rice in Asia and causes heavy damage to corn, sorghum, and sugarcane in India, Iraq, and Egy pt. Innorthern areas of Indochina, China, Formosa, and Japan, the insect is responsible for annual damage of 5 to 10 percent of rice crop with local damage up to 60 percent. All parts of sugarcane, sorghum, and corn plants are attacked except the roots (USDA, 1957). Larval infestation results in extensive damage and crop loss (Kanno, 1984). One larva may

destroy up to 10 plants (Hill, 1983). Damage to ric e was so heavy for several years in Hawaii that the crop became unprofitable and much of the land was abandoned. Likewise, cultivation of corn was discontinued in the Mesopotamia area of Iraq in 1918 following severe infestations in that region. Severely infested rice has a high percentage of dead shoots and laves and fails to set grain (USDA, 1957). InAsia, yield losses due to the two most important species of rice stem borer, the yellow and striped stem borers, range from 1

- 20%. However, during outbreak conditions, yield losses may range from 30 to 100% (Exosect, 2005). Chlorophorus spp.: High Risk Cerambycidae are all plant feeders, most feeding as larvae on woody material (trees, shrubs, bamboo) including leaves, stems, and roots. A few larvae species are specialized to develop in the stems of herbaceous plants. They attack mostly

dead or damaged plants, but some may attack healthy and living individuals. Because of their moderate to large size and long developmental period, they

can cause considerable damage to commercial timber trees or crops (CPC, 2006). Given the breath of the potential tree and crop hosts in the US, it is estimated that more than $30 billion in agriculture and forest production is at risk annually, including $20 billion of crop exports. Alone, US corn (maize) production in 2005 was valued at about $21 billion, of which $14.7 billion was exported. Inaddition to potential loss of crops, the cost of treatment with insecticide and integrated pest management is assumed to be considerable if the pest was to establish and spread widely in the US (Auclair et al., 2006). Cryptotermes spp.: High Risk Dry wood termites ( Cryptotermes spp.) cause a small portion of the economic losses due to wood

destroying insects in the United States. However, where they are abundant (southern Florida, southern California, and Hawaii), the costs for control and repair of their damage rival that of subterranean termites. Potential economic losses caused by all species of Cryptotermes , but primarily C. havilandi and C. dudleyi , could be comparable with those currently caused by

the exotic C. brevis

. If C. havilandi or C. dudleyi were to be as aggressive as C. brevis , an additional $100 million in damage and control costs within 30 years could result (Pasek, 2000).
Dendroctonus spp.: High risk The economic damage potential for Dendroctonu s spp. is high because it attacks, weakens, and

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sometimes kills mature trees of commercially important conifer species. This pest has successfully

attacked Sitka, white, black, and blue spruces where these North American species have been planted in Europe, and Sitka spruce has been repeatedly shown to be even more susceptible than Norway

spruce, its primary

European host (Tkacz, 1991).
Dendrolimus spp.: High Risk Dendrolimus spp. f

eed primarily

on conifers which are widely distributed and are an economically

important North American timber and ornamental crop

. The greatest potential damage would be a reduction in expected yields of intensively managed stands. All Dendrolimus species are large and voracious feeders and possess urticating hairs. Accordingly, not only would defoliation foster high forest protection costs, but the presence of larvae would cause allergic responses in humans (Tkacz, 1991)

. Undoubtedly, the American public would react strongly against this “high

-profile” pest, and the government would be pressured into spending millions in pest eradication programs (Tkacz, 1991). Eutetranychus spp.: High Risk Heavy infestations of Eutetranychus orientalis have occurred on c itrus in Ethiopia and Iran. The species prefers citrus leaves, sucking the sap from the upper side of the leaf. The chlorotic leaves appear finely

stippled and silvered. As the leaves drop from the tree, the twigs and branches dry

. As a result of the defol iation by the oriental red mite, very young trees die but older trees lose the outer branches. Insevere cases, the species may affect blossoming or fruit set. Under drought conditions, damage from a light infestation may be as serious as from a heavy one (USDA, 1969). E. orientalis was found to cause severe damage to both citrus and papaya. E. orientalis is recognized as an important pest of citrus in the Middle East, Africa, Asia, and Australia (Jeppson et al., 1975). E. orientalis is a major pest of citr us in India (Das and Gupta, 1991). The mite has been known as a pest on citrus in the Jordan Valley for almost a century

(Palevsky

et al., 2001). This species is not considered to be an important economic pest throughout most of Queensland in Australia (Walter et al., 1995). However, it does occur in the Emerald area of Queensland where it is a serious problem on citrus. Pesticide spray drift from adjacent cotton fields to citrus is believed to exacerbate the spider mite problem. High densities of spider mites then develop in the citrus orchards (Childers, no date). A severe infestation of Eutetranychus spp. could have a large impact in Florida and California. Because of its ability to cause severe economic damage, it is a pest of concern to the North American Citrus industry

. Hylobius spp.: High Risk The economic damage potential for Hylobius spp. is high; they would readily

breed in pines and spruce breeding material, and maturational feeding would destroy planted seedlings. Worse would be the potential vectoring of the black stain root disease. As carefully planned harvesting operations; thinking regimes; and replanting programs, utilizing expensively selected planting stock, become routing forestry practices, little growth loss or stand mortality will b e tolerated. In other words, as the economic damage level allowed in intensively managed stands drops, Hylobius spp. will become an increasingly important economic pest (Tkacz, 1991). Hylobius abietis is a pest of great economic importance damaging young c onifer plantations. In the UK, the protection of forest plantations against beetles of H. abietis costs the Forestry Commission approximately

£2 million (≈ 4.2 million USD in 2005 dollars) per annum (Leather et al., 1999).

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Hylurgus spp.: High Risk A concern over the introduction of H. ligniperda is its potential as a vector of black

- stain root disease [caused by Leptographium wageneri (Kendrick) M. J. Wingfield], which affects pines in the United States. The association of Leptographium spp. with H. lignip erda is very high (MacKenzie, 1992). Even if exotic species of this fungal group did not produce pathogenic effects similar to the native black

- stain root disease, there could also be the potential for H. ligniperda to become a more efficient vector for bl ack

- stain root disease than the native vectors in the United States on the basis of the efficiency of spread it has demonstrated in other environments such as Chilean plantations of Monterey pine (Cogollor, 1991). H. ligniperda is occasionally

a mortality agent (Neumann, 1987; Ciesla, 1988) and can infest seedlings or pole

sized trees if they

are growing under stressed conditions. Lymantria spp.: High Risk Lymantria dispar is a serious pest of hardwood forests and shade trees in the United States. Even otherwise healthy

trees defoliated by

gy psy moths are seriously

weakened, and defoliation over 2 consecutive years can kill a tree. Urban trees have a much greater value than those grown for timber, and the loss of an urban tree results not only in removal and replacement costs, but also a reduction in esthetic and property values. In1973, the value of trees lost to the gy psy moth was estimated at $375 (≈ $1656 in 2005 dollars) per tree. An owner’s willingness to pay to prevent damage has been estimated at $27 to $494 (≈ $119 to $2181 in 2005 dollars) per household in various studie s (Leuschner et al., 1996). Loss of property value given 15 percent tree mortality due to gy psy moth defoliation has been estimated at about $1175 (≈ $5188 in 2005 dollars) per acre (Pay ne et al., 1973). Because forests are used for many ty pes of activitie s, the value loss caused by the gy psy moth is more difficult to predict than for urban areas. Value loss to Northeastern forests, assessed in 1978, ranged from $0 to $468 (≈ $0 to $2066 in 2005 dollars) per acre, depending on use, and averaged $14 (≈ $62 in 2005 dollars). Since 1924, gy psy moth defoliation has fluctuated widely from a low of 50.5 hectare/ 125 acres in 1958 to a high of 52,151,09 hectare/ 12,886,535 acres in 1981 with an average defoliation per year of 42,593,2 hectare/ 1,052,479 acres per year (USDA Forest Service, 2006). Annual costs to control the gy psy moth since 1980 exceeded $35 million (≈ $42.5 million in 2005 dollars) (Wallner, 1996), and the USDA Forest Service has spent about $11 million (≈ $14 million in 2005 dollars) annually (Campbell and Schlarbaum, 1994).
Mon ochamus spp.: High Risk Monochamus spp. represent a serious economic threat to Pacific Northwest forests and the forest industry

. Larval feeding can significantly degrade the value of salvageable timber or logs in storage. Current outbreaks of western spruce budworm, Douglas fir tussock moth, and numerous bark beetle species are creating abundant breeding sites for these cerambycids if they were to be introduced into the United States. Monochamus spp. could drastically reduce the potential for salvaging timber damaged or killed by native pests or wildfires. Inthe Eastern United States, Monochamus spp. “often causes heavy losses in windthrown or fire

-killed timber in sawlogs left too long in the woods before milling, and in improperly handled pulpwood” (USDA Forest Service, 1985). Monochamus spp. are vectors of the pine wood nematode species complex ( Bursaphelenchus spp.). Direct damage by these beetles could be less important than their role in

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introducing or vectoring nematode

- induced pine wilt disease (Tkacz, 1991). Scolytus spp.: High Risk If Scolytus spp. were only to colonize trunks and branches of trees that had recently died or been cut, then there would be relatively little economic impact. However, because Scolytus spp. can attack and kill stressed oaks in its native range, it would likely behave similarly

if introduced into the United States. The major concern with Scolytus spp. is that it is likely to serve as an efficient vector of oak wilt fungus. Oak wilt, which occurs in the Eastern United States, is now transmitted primarily

by native sap beetles in the family Nitidulidae and to a lesser degree by the native branch

- and twig

- infesting bark beetles in the genus Pseudopityophthorus

. Because Scolytus spp. is known to carry the spores of other wilt disease pathogens in Europe, it is possible that it could also transmit the oak wilt fungus. If Scolytus spp. were to spread the oak wilt fungus, then the potential losses of the oak resources of the United States would be great. Oaks are common trees in cities, yards, parks, campgrounds, and forests throughout the United States. If oak wilt reached outbreak levels, huge dollar amounts would have to be spent by governments and private citizens on tree removal and replanting efforts (Pasek, 2000).
Sirex spp.: High Risk Sirex spp. has the potential to cause significant mortality in overstocked pine plantations and stressed forest stands. InAustralia, Sirex noctilio caused up to 80% tree mortality in Pinus radiata plantations. In1 year, S. noctilio killed 1 .75 million trees in 570 , 619 hectare s/ 141,000 acres of plantations aged 10 to 30 years (Haugen and Underdown, 1990). The potential damage due to S. noctilio in Australia was estimated at $Aus 1

- 4 billion (≈ $1

- 2 billion in 1998 US dollars) for each rotation (Pasek, 2000). An introduced population of S. noctilio would potentially

have significant economic losses in P. taeda plantations in the Southeastern United States. The species is currently under official control in the United States. Pine forests of the Western United States could be impacted by S. noctilio introduction. The susceptibility of the commercial western pine species to S. noctilio attack is not known. However, even with a conservative estimation of tree mortality, an economic analysis projected losses of $24

- $130 million (≈ $32.5

- $176 million in 2005 dollars) in the Western United States (USDA Forest Service, 1992). An efficient biological control agent is available that can reduce and maintain S. noctilio populations below the economic damage threshold. A parasitic nematode, Deladenus siricidicola Bedding, can be mass produced and inoculated into S. noctilio populations as they invade and colonize new territories (Bedding, 1972; Bedding and Akhurst, 1974, 1978). The minimum cost to establish the nematode was estimated at $3.50 per acre (≈ $4.81 per acre in 2005 dollars), but a less intensive program could be implemented in natural stands compared with pine plantations.
Tomicus spp.: Medium Risk Most often Tomicus spp. breeds in dead, dying, and downed pine material, and feeding by larvae seldom results in economic loss. Exceptions have been observed in Yunnan, China, where extensive tree mortality

occurred because of trunk attacks in Yunnan pine stands stressed by winter drought and in areas affected by fires during the 1970’s (Haack et al., 1999). InRussia, beetle populations have built up after fires and in some cases have caused serious damage (Pasek, 2000).

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**Risk Element 5: Environmental Impact** The ratings for this risk element are based on three aspects. The first aspect is whether the pest appears capable of disrupting native plants based on the pest’s habits exhibited within its current geographic range. The second aspect is whether the pest’s presence will stimulate the need for additi onal chemical or biological control programs. The third aspect is whether the pest is likely to directly

or indirectly

impact species listed as Threatened or Endangered (50 CFR § 17.12) by infesting or infecting a listed plant that is in the same genus as its hosts. When a pest is known to infest or infect other plants within the same genera, and feeding preference data does not exist with the listed plant, then the listed plant is assumed to be a potential host. Adoxophyes spp. : High Risk Adoxophyes oran a has the potential to directly affect forest composition and ecosystem function because it feeds and develops on a number of forest understory species. A. orana may

indirectly harm the environment by stimulating management actions that inadvertently impact non

- target species. Parasitoids have been identified for A. orana , so biological control seems like a viable management option (Cross et al., 1999). The establishment of A. orana or any new pests of fruits and vegetables destined for fresh markets is likely to stimulate greater use of either chemical or biological controls to ensure market access (Davis et al., 2005). Adoxophyes spp. is known to infest three genera on the Threatened and Endangered (T&E) Species list: Betula , Prunus , and Ribes ( 50 CFR § 17 .12 ). Agrilus spp.: High Risk While most borers native to the United States only kill severely

weakened trees, Agrilus planipennis also kills healthy trees. Some of the trees attacked by the insect appear to have been stressed or weakened by

drought, dise ase, or poor soil. However, many healthy ashes have been infested and killed as well. A. planipennis larvae tunnel under the bark of the host tree, feeding on the phloem tissue. The damage caused by the larvae disrupts the flow of nutrients between the tre e’s roots and canopy

. This damage results in canopy thinning, branch dieback, and eventually tree death. Larvae can destroy ashes within two to four years, but a heavy infestation could kill a tree in as little as one year. If not contained, A. planipennis has the potential to wipe out ash as a component of US forests and landscapes. Ash is one of the most common Ohio trees. Itis also one of the primary

commercial hardwoods in the United States and a very popular landscape tree. The spread of this insect threatens natural resources, as well as the wood manufacturing, nursery, landscaping, and firewood industries that rely on ashes (OSU, 2004). Agrilus spp. is known to infest one genera on the Threatened and Endangered (T&E) Species list: Quercus ( 50 CFR § 1 7.12 ). Anoplophora spp.: High Risk According to Cavey

(2000), because of its wide host range and ability to kill both healthy

and stressed trees, Anoplophora glabripennis (ALB) has the potential to alter many North American ecosystems. This insect has attacked trees in North America not recorded as hosts in Asia (e. g. horse chestnut) and may

find more suitable hosts in areas not presently infested. New hosts could include trees with limited natural ranges. ALB is likely to alter tree species composition and age

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structure in broadleaf forests, especially those comprised largely

of maples or poplar. Because willows are among ALB’s preferred hosts, additional adverse impacts may occur in wetlands. Moreover, protection of urban areas could involve use of chemi cal insecticides with accompanying effects on non

- target organisms. Cavey (2000) rates A. glabripennis as a pest of High Environmental Risk Potential because: a) the organism is expected to cause significant direct environmental effects, such as extensive ecological disruption or large scale reduction of biodiversity; b) the organism is expected to have direct impacts on species listed by Federal, Provincial, or State agencies and endangered, threatened, or a candidate; c) the organism is expected to have indirect impacts on species listed by Federal, Provincial, or State agencies and endangered, threatened, or a candidate; d) the organism may attack a host with a small native range; and e) the introduction of the organism would likely result in control/eradication programs that may have potential adverse environmental affects. Anoplophora spp . is known to infest nine genera on the Threatened and Endangered (T&E) Species list: Betula , Hibiscus , Juglans , Lindera , Prunus , Quercus , Rhus , Styrax , and Ziziphus ( 50 CFR § 17.12 ). Ceroplastes spp.: High risk Infestations of Ceroplastes japonicus occur on the foliage, stems, and branches. This results in reduced vigor and general debility of the host plant. Heavy

infestations may

result in chlorotic spotting and premature shedding of leaves, wilting, and dieback of stems. Honeydew deposited on the leaves and fruit serves as a medium for the growth of black sooty molds. The sooty

mold results in a reduction of photosy nthetic area and lowers the market value of ornamental plants and produce (GPDD, 2006)

. Ceroplastes spp. is known to infest 21 genuses on the Threatened and Endangered (T&E) Species list: Abutilon, Amaranthus, Asplenium, Berberis, Betula, Buxus, Cucurbita, Eugenia, Euphorbia, Gardenia, Helianthus, Hibiscus, Ilex, Lindera, Prunus, Rhododendron, Rhus, Solanum, Spiraea, Ternstroemia, and Ziziphus ( 50 CFR § 17.12 ).
Chilo spp.: High Risk Rice stem borers are serious pests of rice. They infest plants from the seedling stage to maturity

. Sy mptoms of stem borer damage are deadhearts and whiteheads. These physical sy mptoms on affected plants vary

with the growth stage at which plant infestation began. Young stem borer larvae feed on young rice leaves then penetrate and feed on the leaf sheath and the inner tissues. Later, they

eat their way

into the stem and feed inside it. Stem borer larvae may feed within the stem without severing the growing plant parts at the base. This can redult in reduced plant vigor and many unfilled grains. Because the larvae and pupae, which cause the most damage, are concealed inside the stem, these pests are very difficult to control with insecticides (Exosect, 2005)

. Chilo spp. is known to infest three genuses on the T&E Species List: Cyperus , Panicum , and Zizania ( 50 CFR § 17.12 ). Chlorop horus spp.: High Risk Once established, Chlorophorus annularis would have the potential to damage the environment both directly, through feeding on crop and timber species, and indirectly because of environmentally

harsh methods used to control pest populations. Several insecticides would probably be effective against the adults. In secticide treatments may be of little or no value because of the expense for broad

- scale under forest conditions. Indirect environmental damage could be caused when pesticides applied to control C. annularis leave the field, either as drift or

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contaminated groundwater, and affect other species in the ecosystem. There is no literature indicating C. annularis serves as a vector of other pests or plant diseases if introduced into the US. Experience with other exotic species acting as disease vectors, however, suggests that this possibility

should not be disregarded (Auclair et al., 2006). Chlorophorus spp. i s not known to infest any genera on the T&E Species List ( 50 CFR § 17.12 ).
Cr yptotermes spp.: Low Risk Cryptotermes spp. would not likely cause large outbreaks or kill an excessive number of trees. Dry wood termites would most likely feed on dead wood in live trees or dead wood on the ground (Pasek, 2000). Cryptotermes spp. is known to infest several genera listed on the T&E Species Li st ( 50 CFR § 17.12 ).
Dendroctonus spp.: High Risk Alaskan and Pacific Northwest forests are largely composed of susceptible hosts for Dendroctonus spp. and these forests are often on steep watersheds important for the spawning of valuable stock of anadromous fish. Also, remnant, ancient forests with aesthetic and biological values could be affected if Dendroctonus spp. were to become established in the United States (Tkacz, 1991). Dendroctonus spp. is known to infest one genera on the T&E Species List: Abies ( 50 CFR § 17.12 ).
Dendrolimus spp.: High Risk Damage by

the Dendrolimus spp. is dramatic because even relatively few larvae can completely defoliate small conifers. Repeated defoliations of conifers result in severe attacks of secondary insects, such as Ips sublongatus and various species of Buprestids and Cerambycids, e.g., Monochamus urussovii on Abies sibirica and P. sibirica

. A characteristic that makes Dendrolimus spp. particularly threatening i s their wide ecological niche. They are found on a variety of coniferous hosts and have significant variations in their life cycles to “accommodate” different hosts and climatic conditions. Further indications of this plasticity is noted in the number of different species of the genus found in the coniferous forests of Northern China, e.g., D. huashanensis , D. rubripennis , and D. taibaiensis

. Besides these examples, there is considerable taxonomic debate on the affinity of several other Lasiocampid genera that also attack conifers (Tkacz, 1991). Dendrolimus spp. is known to infest one genera on the T&E Species List: Abies ( 50 CFR § 17.12 ). Eutetranychus spp.: High Risk Feeding by

this species on the upper leaf surface produces a multitude of gray spots, whi ch gives leaves a chlorotic appearance. Infested leaves weaken and finally drop; twigs dry, which results in bare trees in the nursery or young neglected orchards. In jury is most severe in the fall, especially if the trees lack moisture. The combined effect of insufficient water and a few mites causes as much leaf drop and twig dieback as does a heavy mite population. InI srael, high populations can cause extensive defoliation and fruit drop (Childers, no date). Bodenheimer (1951) states that the mite is present on citrus trees in I srael all year, but damage does not become apparent until summer. The mites feed on the upper leaf surface, forming gray patches which cause the leaf to become chlorotic and to eventually drop. On young trees, the feeding causes the leaves to become chlorotic within a few weeks. Untreated, fruit

-bearing trees become

## China Wood Products



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severely affected, suffering leaf drop and dried twigs and branches; blossoming appears to be affect and fruit drop occurs as well (Baker, no date). Eutetranychus spp. is known to infest five genuses on the T&E Species List: Manihot, Prunus , Solanum , Vigna , and Ziziphus ( 50 CFR § 17.12 ). Hylobius spp.: Medium Risk Although the economic damage caused by these insects would not cause environmental problems, one of the suggested control strategies would. Seedling mortality can be reduced by dipping bare rooted seedlings in a slurry containing a pesticide. This potential practice would raise environmental concerns (Tkacz, 1991). Inthe absence of control measures, more than 50% of all planted trees will die in the first few years of establishment of Hylobius abietis (Heritage and Moore, 2000). In Northern Ireland, damage is highly variable and on some sites it may be minimal whereas on others it may cause the death of up to 9 0% of newly

-planted seedlings (Wilson and Day, 1996). In southern and central Sweden, reforestations planted with unprotected conifer seedlings revealed an average of over 30% plant mortality caused by H. abietis after the first 2 years (Eidmann, 1981). Hylobius spp. is known to infest two genuses on the T&E Species Li st: Betula and Quercus ( 50 CFR § 17.12 ). Hylurgus spp.: High Risk If Hylurgus ligniperda was introduced and became a more efficient vector of the fungus that causes black

- stain root disease, its activity could result in greater damage to the pine component of mixed

- species forests. There could also be environmental concerns if this beetle

- fungus relationship led to greater levels of pesticide use as a result of increased tree damage. Currently, the fungus Leptographium procerum is uncommon in the Northwestern United States (Sinclair et al., 1987), although it has been detected there on occasion (CPC, 2006). The introduction of H. ligniperda could broaden the distribution of this occasionally pathogenic fungus to pine forests or Northwestern Christmas tree plantations not previously exposed to the fungus that causes procera root disease. Other ecological effects of introduction could include the displacement of native bark beetles, such as Hylastes spp. and Dendroctonus valens , which occupy the same niche as H. ligniperda (Pasek, 2000). Hylurgus spp. is known to infest one genera on the T&E Species List: Abies ( 50 CFR § 17.12 ). Lymantria spp.: High Risk The capacity

to colonize new environments has consistently been demonstrated by

the European gypsy moth. Itis anticipated that the Asian gy psy moth, with its vagile females and broader host preferences, will spread more rapidly and more aggressively

colonize a variety

of habitats (and especially l arch forests) that can be found in North America. Negative impacts upon tree growth and mortality

can be expected, as has been the experience with the European gy psy moth. However, the behavioral and physiological traits of the Asian gy psy moth will necess itate developing and adopting new techniques and management strategies at additional costs. Defoliation by

the European gy

psy moth has altered the composition of eastern forests, and the Asian gy psy moth can be expected to exacerbate the problem there. Per haps the highest risk is to Western North America forests where larch, Douglas fir, and a variety of oak forests abound (Tkacz, 1991; Pasek, 2000). Lymantria spp. is known to infest 3 genuses on the T&E Species Li st: Abies , Betula , and Prunus ( 50 CFR § 17. 12 ).

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Monochamus spp.: High Risk If Monochamus spp. populations reach high densities by breeding in damaged or dead trees, they could exacerbate problems associated with outbreaks of indigenous pests and wildfires. Feeding by adults could weaken healthy trees predisposing them to attack by indigenous insects. This could lead to more frequent or prolonged pest outbreaks. The larvae could also impact the natural community

of organisms decomposing logs. Because these beetles feed on living trees, there is also the possibility

that they could become important vectors of native or introduced pathogens (e.g., Bursaphelenchus spp. or Ceratocystis spp.). If adults introduce and vector an exotic pathogenic species/pathoty pe of pine wood nematode, for example, to healthy trees, great environmental damage resulting from tree mortality and tree species composition shifts could occur (Tkacz, 1991). Monochamus spp. is known to infest one genera on the T&E Species List: Abies ( 50 CFR § 17.12 ). Scolytus spp.: High Risk If S colytus spp. were only

to colonize recently

dead host material, then there would be relatively little environmental damage. However, given that Scolytus spp. will attack and kill drought

stressed oaks and is likely to be an efficient vector of the oak wilt fungus, the potential environmental damage that would result from its introduction would be great. Because oaks (a) are the dominant tree species in many forest ty pes throughout the United States, and (b) provide food and shelter to numerous wildlife spec ies, including several game species, any sudden decline in oak coverage would have major impacts on ecosystem stabilization and biodiversity (Pasek, 2000). Scolytus spp. is known to infest three genuses on the T&E Species List: Betula , Quercus , and Prunus ( 50 CFR § 17.12 ).
Sirex spp.: High Risk The effect of Sirex noctilio on the native pine forests of the United States could be significant. Changes in stand composition could occur with the selective mortality of pines. The potential damage to these stands would be increased during droughts or other climatic events that reduce tree vigor. Also, an increase in S. noctilio

- associated tree mortality may enlarge the populations of other destructive pests such as bark beetles or root rots. The introduction of S. noctilio into the forests of the United States would affect the populations of other insects. S. noctilio would be in competition with native siricids, and because S. noctilio is more aggressive, it might reduce populations of native species. An expanding S. noctilio population would result in population increases of the native parasites of siricids [e.g., Rhyssa spp., Megarhyssa nortoni (Cresson), Schlettererius cinctipes (Cresson), and Ibalia spp.)], which could further decrease the native siricids fauna (Kirk, 1974, 1975; Taylor, 1978). A significant reduction in the genetic base of Pinus radiata could occur if S. noctilio became established in the remaining native stands. Sirex spp. is known to infest one genera on the T&E Species List: Abies ( 50 CFR § 17.12 ).
Tomicus spp.: High Risk Generally, the greatest impact from infestation by the pine shoot beetle (except in instance s of trunk attack when outbreak levels are reached) results from shoot feeding of the adults in stressed and apparently

healthy tre es. Shoot feeding can cause a loss of growth and disfigurement of the tree. With severe shoot feeding, some trees may be killed. Shoot attack can be increased by

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recent fires, the presence of log decks or slash, or downed material resulting from storm damage that provides breeding sites fro population buildup. Large accumulations of breeding material are most likely

to occur in natural pine stands where removal of such material is not feasible. Breeding material is commonly generated by

thinning and harvest activities, storm damage, windthrow, or fire. Unknowing landowners may cut and pile infested trees near healthy stands or nurseries, thereby

increasing damage (Pasek, 2000). The pine shoot beetle is a vector of several blue stain fungi in the genera Ophiostoma , Leptographium , Graphium , Hormonema , and Aureobasidium in Europe (Gibbs and Inman, 1991; Solheim and Langstrom, 1991). Further, the pine shoot beetle, by

means of its shoot

- feeding and overwintering behaviors, may be able to transmit pathogenic fungi such as Fusarium circinatum [= Fusarium subglutinans (Wollenw. and Reinking) Nelson et al. f. sp. pini Correll et al.] found in the United States (Pasek, 2000). Tomicus spp. is known to infest one genera on the T&E Species List: Abies ( 50 CFR § 17.12 ).

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**Likelihood of Introduction** The Likelihood of Introduction for a pest is rated relative to six factors (APHI S, 2000). The assessment rates five of these areas based on the biological features exhibited by the pest’s interaction with the commodity. These areas represent a series of independent events that must all take place before a pest outbreak occurs. These five areas are: the availability of post

-harvest treatments, whether the pest can survive through the interval of normal shipping procedures, whether the pest can be detected during a port of entry inspection, the likelihood that the pest will be imported or subsequently moved into a suitable environment, and the likelihood that the pest will come into contact with suitable hosts. The value for the Likelihood of Introduction is the sum of the ratings for the Quantity Imported Annually

and these biologically

based areas (Table 6). The following scale is used to interpret this total: Low is 6

- 9 points, Medium is 10

- 14 points and High is 15

- 18 points.
**Ta ble 4**  **- Risk Rating for Likelihood of Introduction for Representative Genera from Table 2**  **Risk Element #1**  **#2 #3**  **#4 #5**  **#6**

**Pest Quantity**  **Imported An**  **nually Survive** 

**Post**   ** Harvest** **Treatment Survive** 

**Shipment Not** 

**Detected at Port**  **** **of -**  **Entry Moved** 

**to Suitab**  **le Habitat**  **Contact**

**with Host**  **Ma terial**  **Cumulative**

**Risk Rating**  1 Adoxophyes spp. 3 3 3 2 3 3 17 2 Agrilus spp. 3 3 3 3 3 3 18 3 Anoplophora spp. 3 3 3 3 3 3 18 4 Ceroplastes spp. 3 3 3 1 3 3 16 5 Chilo spp. 3 3 3 1 3 3 16 6 Chlorophorus spp. 3 3 3 3 3 3 18 7 Cryptotermes spp. 3 3 3 3 3 3 18 8 Dendroctonus spp. 3 3 1 3 3 3 16 9 Dendrolimus spp. 3 3 3 3 3 3 18 10 Eutetranychus spp. 3 3 3 2 3 3 17 11 Hylobius spp. 3 3 3 2 3 3 17 12 Hylurgus spp. 3 3 3 2 3 3 17 13 Lyma ntria spp. 3 3 3 3 3 3 18 14 Mo nochamus spp. 3 3 3 2 3 3 17 15 Scoly

tus spp. 3 3 3 3 3 3 18 16 Sirex spp. 3 3 3 3 3 3 18 17 Tomicus spp. 3 3 3 3 3 3 18 

# Risk Element 6, sub
**- element 1: Quantity Imported Annually**  All Pests: High Risk The rating for this risk element is based on the amount reported by the country

of proposed export converted into standard units of 40

- foot long shipping containers (APHI S, 2000). Itis estimated that over 1000 containers per annum are imported, but no official estimates are available. For example, a single recall in late 2004 on artificial trees involved 30

- 40 containers and over 100,000 trees. Due to the large number of containers, all pests were given a risk rating

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of high. **Risk Element 6, sub**
**- element 2: Survive Post** 
**- harvest Treatment**  All Pests: High Risk The transit survival risk ratings for all the pests is high, based on the absence of any approved growing season inspections for pathway pests, that no pre

- clearance program is in place, and no post harvest treatment program is in place.
**Risk Element 6, sub** 
**- element 3: Survive Shipment**  This sub

- element evaluates the mortality of the pest population during shipment of the commodity

. Dendrolimus spp: Low Risk; All Other Pests: High Risk Since all the pests (except for Dendrolimus spp.) have been interc epted as live pests (PEST ID, 2006), the possibility

of each surviving shipment is high. Dendrolimus spp. is given a risk rating of low due to the fact that it hasn’t been intercepted alive. **Risk Element 6, sub**
**- element 4: Not Detected at Port of Entry** 
In general, careful inspection for the mobile life stages of insect pests can detect them despite the fact that some are small in size (Carter, 1984; Borror et al., 1989; Hill, 1987; Rosen, 1990). The very high number of interceptions of these pests from various countries and commodities confirms that trained inspectors can detect these insect pests in shipments (PEST ID, 2006). However, the presence of bark on the wood products where pests can be concealed greatly reduces likelihood of pest detection.
Ad oxophyes spp. : Medium Risk Alive immature Adoxophyes spp. have been intercepted 3 times at a US port of entry (PEST ID, 2006). However, the sy

mptoms of Adoxophyes spp. are external and easy to see. During the summer, larvae and/or pupae can be found by vi sual inspection of the leaves. Especially when the leaves are attached to each other, to a fruit or to a branch, the larvae can be found between the two. Shoot damage after the first summer generation, which is mostly evidenced by

the shredding of the upper shoots of the tree, indicates the presence of the pest. Finally, the presence of fruit damage is a useful detection method since control measurements can still be taken for the next generation. Therefore, Adoxophyes spp. is given a risk rating of medium. Agrilus spp.: High Risk Alive immature and adult Agrilus spp. have been intercepted 44 times at a US port of entry (PEST ID, 2006). Previous introductions of Agrilus spp. are evidence that it should be considered a high quarantine risk. Because Agrilus spp. is a wood borer, larvae may be difficult to detect during routine quarantine inspections at ports of entry and because it’s an internal pest

. Adults may be more easily

detected on the surface of wood products.

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Anoplophora spp.: High Risk Alive immature and adult Anoplophora spp. have been intercepted 44 times at a US port of entry (PEST ID, 2006). Regardless of how many interceptions actually

represent Anoplophora spp., this beetle has repeatedly entered North America. Asian Longhorned Beetle (ALB) populations currently infest trees in New York, New Jersey, and Illinois. ALB and larvae identified as

“ Anoplophora sp.” associated with Chinese cargo have escaped detection at ports of entry and were found in warehouses in numerous states within the US and in Canada (Pasek, 2000). Ceroplastes spp.: Low Risk Alive immature, pupae, adult, and eggs of Ceroplastes spp. have been intercepted 5,030 times at a US port of entry

(PEST ID, 2006). Ceroplastes spp. has a frequent interception rate and therefore has a l ow risk of not being detected at the port of entry

. Chilo spp.: Low Risk Alive immature, pupae, and adult Chilo spp. have been intercepted 93 times at a US port of entry (PEST ID, 2006). Infestations of Chilo spp. in rice crops may be detected by

looking for dead hearts in young crops and white heads in older crops. Stems showing sy mptoms should then be dissected to retrieve larvae and pupae in order to rear adults for positive identification (CPC, 2006). Since Chilo spp. is relatively easy to detect and has a history of being intercepted, it is given a risk rating of Low. Chlorophorus spp.: High Risk Alive immature, pupae, and adult Chlorophorus spp. have been intercepted 40 times at a US port of entry (PEST ID, 2006). The risk rating of not detecting the pests at US ports of entry was high for Chlorophorus spp. The fact that some cerambycids can enter the growing tip of the bamboo without leaving entry

/exit holes makes detection especially uncertain. Due to the cry ptic nature of Chlorophorus spp., it can be difficult to detect in trade. Cryptotermes spp.: High Risk Alive immature, pupae, adults, and eggs of Cryptotermes spp. have been intercepted 122 times at a US port of entry

(PEST ID, 2006). Dry

wood termites could survive quite well during transit and may not be detected if they

are within the wood. The most like indication of the presence of dry wood termites is the appearance of piles of characteristic fecal pellets on horizontal surfaces, but these pellets are usually not obvious until colonies are we ll established in the wood (Pasek, 2000).
Dendroctonus spp.: High Risk Alive immature, pupae, and adult Dendroctonus spp. have been intercepted 48 times at a US port of entry (PEST ID, 2006). Except for dispersal and host

- finding by emerged adults, all li fe stages occur beneath the bark in the cambial zone. The entire life cycle requires 1 to 3 years, depending on variations in ambient temperatures and other factors (Tkacz, 1991). Therefore, Dendroctonus spp. is given a risk rating of high because of its 1 to 3 year longevity beneath the bark.
Dendrolimus spp.: High Risk Dendrolimus spp. have never been intercepted at a US port of entry (PEST ID, 2006). Because

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Dendrolimus spp. overwinter in the duff and litter on the ground , diapausing larvae could be introduced if sufficient duff, litter, and soil were included in the product shipments (Tkacz, 1991). Since this pest has never been detected at a US port of entry, it is given a risk rating of high. Eutetranychus spp.: Medium Risk Alive immature, pupae, and adult Eutetranychus spp. have been intercepted 20 times at a US port of entry (PEST ID, 2006). The presence of Eutetranychus spp. can be detected by discoloration of the host leaves and pale

-ye llow streaks along the midribs and veins. Adult females are larger than the males. They

are oval and flattened and are often pale brown through brownish

- green to dark green. Eutetranychus spp. is relatively easy to detect but has only

been intercepted 20 times, so it is given a risk rating of Medium. Hylobius spp.: Medium Risk Alive immature, pupae, and adult Hylobius spp. have been intercepted 234 times at a US port of entry (PEST ID, 2006). If only larch were imported, the entry of this insect group would be potentially

low. Since there are several species of wood being imported, the entry potential is markedly increased (Tkacz, 1991). Hylurgus spp.: Medium Risk Alive immature, pupae, and adult Hylurgus spp. have been intercepted 312 times at a US port of entry (PEST ID, 2006). See Hylobius spp. above. Lymantria spp.: High Risk Alive immature, pupae, and eggs of Lymantria spp. have been intercepted 3 times at a US port of entry (PEST ID, 2006). A low interception rate and previous introductions of the gy psy moth ( Lymantria dispar) are evidence that it should be con sidered a high quarantine risk. Egg masses are perceived to be the major threat of the introduction because the resilient life stage remains viable for up to 9 months. The egg masses are often laid in cracks or crevices in the bark or wood and thus are dif

ficult to detect. The widespread distribution of this insect makes it a virtual certainty that an outbreak is occurring annually somewhere (Montgomery and Wallner, 1988), and the potential for infesting pallets and wood packing is an annual threat (Pasek, 2000).
Monochamus spp.: Medium Risk Alive immature, pupae, and adult Monochamus spp. have been intercepted 586 times at a US port of entry

(PEST ID, 2006). There is a high probability that untreated wood products entering the United States would harbor living Monochamus spp. (all life stages, but especially larvae in the wood). Monochamus sutor is frequently found in timber imported in to Great Britain from Europe. Older larvae and pupae could be transported in debarked and green or air

- dried wood (Tkacz, 1991). However, due to the large number of interceptions, Monochamus spp. is given a risk rating of medium. Scolytus spp.: High Risk Alive immature, pupae, adult, and eggs of Scolytus spp. have been intercepted 119 times at a US port of entry

(PEST ID, 20 06). Scolytus spp. have been intercepted on dunnage, crating, pallets,

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lumber, and inside live host material. Previous introductions of Scolytus spp. (Scolytus schevyrewi) are evidence that it should be considered a high quarantine risk.
Sirex spp.: High Risk Alive immature, pupae, adult, and eggs of Sirex spp. have been intercepted 75 times at a US port of entry (PEST ID, 2006). Siricids are the most common Hy menoptera intercepted at ports of entry (Haack and Cavey, 1997). Survival of Sirex noctilio larvae in wood packaging material can be very high. Survival greatly

depends on a suitable moisture content for fungal growth (Talbot, 1977). Survival of pupae and adults within the untreated wood would be very high. Because its life cycle is generally

a year or longer, S. noctilio could easily survive the transit period within the wood and escape detection at the port of entry (Pasek, 2000). Because eggs, larvae, and pupae are found deep in the sapwood, there is a high probability that siricid broods would survive storage and shipment to the United States and emerge from logs after arrival (Tkacz, 1991).
Tomicus spp.: High Risk Alive immature, pupae, and adult Tomicus spp. have been intercepted 215 times at a US port of entry (PEST ID, 2006). In1992, the pine shoot beetle ( Tomicus piniperda ) was discovered in a Christmas tree farm in Ohio and was probably introduced into the United States with solid wood packing material associated with maritime cargo from Europe (Haack, 1997; Haack and Kucera, 1993; Haack et al., 1997b). The pine shoot beetle was the seventh most commonly intercepted bark beetle found on wood articles at US ports of entry between 1985 and 1996 (Haack and Cavey, 1997). Within a month of the initial discovery, surveys indicated that populations were present in at least six states. Even though Tomicus spp. has been intercepted 215 times since 1985, previous introductions of Tomicus piniperda are evidence that it should be considered a high quarantine risk (Pasek, 2000). **Risk Element 6, sub**
**- element**  **5: Imported or Moved to an Area Suitable for Survival** All Pests: High Risk The risk rating for domestic movement and site survival of all pests is high. Given the fact that a large number of wood products are entering into the Unites States and the fact that these items are distributed to all states and points of sale in the US by major retailers gives great cause for concern. **Risk Element 6, sub**
**- element 6: Contact with Host Material**  All Pests: High Risk Lack of suitable hosts restricts the opportunitie s for pests to establish populations. While passive factors such as wind, water, or animals may aid in the dispersal of stages of the insect pests (Kosztarab and Kozar, 1988; Rosen, 1990), suitable hosts must be available to sustain a pest population over time. The risk rating for the pests’ survival at domestic sites was high for all pests based on the broad availablility of potential hosts within climatically suitable areas. That many of the products are meant for use outdoors in gardens and backyards supports the high risk rating. Affected hosts are several keystone forest genera and economically important agricultural crops.

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There may

be a low likelihood of spread by contact with live hosts for scales and mites under some circumstances, because of the ir lack of high mobility and high exposure to detection. In the case of wood products with bark, the likelihood of contact is considered high because the scales and mites may

be concealed and protected under bark which could increase their ability to survive.
**Cumulative Pest Risk Potential** The sum of the Cumulative Risk Ratings for the Consequences of Introduction and the Cumulative Risk Rating for the pests from Table 3 and 4. The estimated levels of risk were all high (27

- 33 points). Results clearly indicated that each species poses a High Pest Risk Potential. **Table 5. Cumulative Pest Risk Potential for Representative Genera from Table 2** Cumulative score = results from Table 3 and Table 4

**Pest Consequences of**  **Introduction Cumulative Risk**  **Rating Lik** **elihood of**

**Introduction Cumulative Risk**  **Rating Pest** 

**Risk Potential**  1 Adoxophyes spp. 15 17 32 2 Agrilus spp. 15 18 33 3 Anoplophora spp. 15 18 33 4 Ceroplastes spp. 14 16 30 5 Chilo spp. 15 16 31 6 Chlorophorus spp. 15 18 33 7 Cryptotermes spp. 12 1 8 30 8 Dendroctonus spp. 15 16 31 9 Dendrolimus spp. 15 18 33 10 Eutetranychus spp. 14 17 31 11 Hylobius spp. 14 17 31 12 Hylurgus spp. 15 17 32 13 Lyma ntria spp. 15 18 33 14 Monochamus spp. 14 17 31 15 Scoly

tus spp. 15 18 33 16 Sirex spp. 15 18 3 3 17 Tomicus spp. 14 18 32

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**I V**  **. Risk Mitigation (Treatment Options) for Quarantine Pests**  **Likely to Follow the**  **Pathway** During the period from 2002 to early 2005, over 300 quarantine pest detections associated with wooden products from China has resulted in regulatory measures being implemented. Currently, the importation of wooden products from China has been discontinued (USDA APHI S, 2005a and USDA APHI S, 2005b). The pest risk associated with the importation of these products can likely be managed using fumigation or heat treatment options described below. The suggested mitigations for arthropods could allow trade in these products to continue. Because of the undefined nature of the commodity regarding its origin, plant species, and parts represented, risks will vary depending on many variables that are situational and cannot be anticipated or defined in advance. The information provided in Table 2 assisted recommendations for mitigation options provided below: 1) life stage of the organism likely to fo llow the pathway, 2) the plant parts likely to be associated with organisms potentially following the pathway, and 3) the biology of the organism with regard to its feeding pattern.
Arthropods with an internal ( includes those referred to as borers) feeding pattern require a more rigorous treatment procedure. The categories in Table 6 used for this analysis were derived from importation data on wooden commodities from China within the last ten years (USDA, 2005a, USDA, 2005b)

. Those pests in Table 2 that live in wood as internal feeders would be likely to follow the pathway

and enter with wood products.
**Table 6** 
**. Categorization of Manufactured Wood Products from China and Likelihood that**  **Internal Feeders will Follow the Pathway Category of Wood Product**  **I nternal Feeders Likely to Follow**  **Pathway** Animal artifacts made from wood Yes Art décor/wood c arvings Yes Baskets and boxes Yes Bird houses (with wooden support poles) Yes Garden and lawn/patio furniture (wooden) Yes Potpourri (possibly

including woo d/fruit of trans

- shipped origins) Yes
Artificial trees (ty

pically Ficus sp., possibly including wood of trans

- shipped origins) Yes Trellis towers (including garden fencing, some hardwoods, mainly

of bamboo species) Yes
Bamboo slats and bamboo garden stakes Yes Unspecified wood items (varying in size, origin, and description) Yes
**Fumigation.** When fumigation is chosen as a mitigation option, APHI S approved Treatment

## China Wood Products



# 99

404

- d should be used for all categories of wood products under 15.2 centimeters/6 inches in diameter (USDA, 2006). This treatment is effective for all known external and internal feeders, including wood borers. Any handicraft items that contain wood that is larger than 15.2 centimeters/6 inches in diameter should be treated with heat treatment only because f umigation is not an effective phy

tosanitary option for those articles.
**Pest:** Borers and Trogoderma granarium (khapra beetle)
**Treatment:** T404

- d MB at NAP

- tarpaulin or chamber Tempreature °F (°C) Dosage rate

(Ib/1000 ft3 

# ) Minimum concentration readings (in ounces ) at :

0.5 hrs. 2 hrs. 4 hrs. 16 hrs *



# . 24 hrs. 80 (26.66) or above 3.5 36 33 30 25 17 70

- 79 (21.11 to 26.11) 4.5 50 45 40 25 22 60

- 69 (15.56 to 20.56) 6 65 55 50 42 29 50

- 59 (10.0 to 15.0) 7.5 80 70 60 42 36 40

- 49 (4.44 to 9.44 9 85 76 70 42 42

* If the 16 hour reading is not performed, the 24 hour reading must have the following minimum concentrations: Temperature °F (°C) Minimum concentration readings (ounces) at : 24 hrs 80 (26.66) or above 25 70

- 79 (21.11 to 26.1 1) 25 60

- 69 (15.56 to 20.56) 42 50

- 59 (10.0 to 15.0) 42 40

- 49 (4.44 to 9.44 ) 42

 Due to label restrictions, use MB

- 100 gas may not be used at 60°F (15.56 °C) or below.

 MB Q

- gas may

be used at any

temperature above 40°F (4.44 °C) .

 An Ascarite® filter must be mounted on the T/C analy zer when taking concentration readings for the above treatment. The methyl bromide treatment 404

- d was chosen for handicrafts due to the possible presence of boring insects infesting all handicrafts. All packaging must be a pproved by

the USDA for fumigation as outlined on pages 2

- 3

- 5 and 2

- 3

- 6 of the USDA Treatment Manual (USDA 2006)

. Other applicable guidelines for chemical treatments using methyl bromide are to be followed as outlined in sections 2

- 3, 2

- 4 and 2

- 5 of the US DA Treatment Manual (USDA 2006).

## China Wood Products



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**Heat treatment and safeguards.** When using heat treatments for mitigating the risk of pests associated with handicrafts, the requirements outlined in 7 CFR 305.8 (USDA, 2011) and the procedures outlined in the treatment ma nual as pertaining to heat treatment or heat treatment with moisture reduction should be used.

**305.8 Tre**  **atments and safeguards (CFR 2011 ).**  (a) **Certified facility.** The treatment facility must be certified by

APHI S. Recertification is required annually, or as often as APHI S directs, depending upon treatments performed, commodities handled, and operations conducted at the facility. In order to be certified, a heat treatment facility

must: (1) Have equipment that is capable of adequately circulating air or water (as relevant to the treatment), changing the temperature, and maintaining the changed temperature sufficient to meet the treatment schedule parameters in the PPQ Treatment Manual. (2) Have equipment used to record, monitor, or sense temperature, maintained in proper working order. (3) Keep treated and untreated articles separate so as to prevent reinfestation and spread of pests. (b) **Monitoring**
**.** Treatment must be monitored by an official authorized by APHI S to ensure proper administration of the treatment. An official authorized by APHI S approves, adjusts, or rejects the treatment. (c) **Workplans .**  Facilities located outside the United States must operate in accordance with a workplan. The workplan must be signed by a representative of the heat treatment faciliti es located outside the United States, the national plant protection organization of the country

of origin (NPPO), and APHI S. The workplan must contain requirements for equipment, temperature, water quality, circulation, and other measures to ensure that he at treatments are administered properly. Workplans for facilities outside the United States must include trust fund agreement information regarding pay ment of the salaries and expenses of APHI S employees on site. Workplans must allow officials of the NPPO and APHI S to inspect the facility to monitor compliance with APHI S regulations. (d) **Treatment procedures. (**  1) Before each treatment can begin, an official authorized by APHI S must approve the loading of the commodity in the treatment container. (2) Sensor equipment must be adequate to monitor the treatment, its ty pe and placement must be approved by

an official authorized by APHI S, and the equipment must be tested by an official authorized by APHI S prior to beginning the treatment. Sensor equipment must be locked before each treatment to prevent tampering. (3) The treatment period begins when the temperature specified by the treatment schedule has been reached. An official authorized by APHI S may

abort the treatment if the facility requires an unreasonably

long time to achieve the required temperature

.

## China Wood Products



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**V .**  **Conclusion**
Phy tosanitary measures for both internal and external arthropod pests have been identified

. The use of methyl bromide f

umigation and/or heat treatment is appropriate for all categories of China wood products.

## China Wood Products



# 102

**VI .**  **References**
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**V I** **I .**  **Preparers and Reviewers Preparers:**  Project Lead: Michael K. Hennessey Risk Analyst : Stephanie M. Kubilus and Allan N. D. Auclair Economist: Lynn Garrett Entomologist: Michael K. Hennessey Plant Pathologist: Heather M. Hartzog Mitigation: Larry Fowler, Dean Komm, Michael K. Hennessey, and Stephanie M. Kubilus
**Reviewers:** Michael K. Hennessey Heather M. Hartzog

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**VII. Appendices**  **Appendix 1**

**– Climate/Host Interaction** 

**– Hardiness Zones**