TEXAS COURT OF APPEALS, THIRD DISTRICT, AT AUSTIN

NO. 03-17-00691-CR

Eddie Lynn Tackett, Appellant

v.

The State of Texas, Appellee

FROM THE DISTRICT COURT OF TOM GREEN COUNTY, 391ST JUDICIAL DISTRICT

NO. D-16-0544-SB, HONORABLE BRAD GOODWIN, JUDGE PRESIDING

M E M O R A N D U M O P I N I O N

A jury found appellant Eddie Lynn Tackett guilty of aggravated robbery, see Tex.

Penal Code § 29.03, and assessed his punishment, enhanced by one previous felony conviction, at

confinementfor thirty-five years in the Texas Department of Criminal Justice, Institutional Division,

see id. § 12.42. In one point of error, appellant argues that the trial court erred by admitting medical

records that contained harmful testimonial statements that were not subject to cross-examination in

violation of appellant’s Sixth Amendment and Due Process constitutional rights. See U.S. Const.

amend. VI; Crawford v. Washington, 541 U.S. 36, 59 (2004). For the following reasons, we affirm

the trial court’s judgment of conviction.
Background1

In the early morning hours of February 3, 2016, police officers and paramedics were

dispatched to a motel in San Angelo. Appellant and his wife were staying at the motel, and Kenneth

Riza, who was sixty-nine years of age at the time, also was staying at the motel. According to Riza,

(i) he was traveling on business and, after checking into the motel around 9:30 p.m., began walking

around the motel’s parking lot, following his doctor’s advice to walk 10,000 steps a day; (ii) while

he was walking around the parking lot, he encountered appellant who eventually stabbed, beat, hit,

kicked, and left Riza tied up, naked, and covered with a bed sheet in Riza’s motel room; (iii) when

appellant left Riza’s room, he took all of Riza’s property that Riza had with him, including his

personal computer, gun, phone, all of his clothes, and other personal items; (iv) appellant also took

Riza’s company truck that was in the motel’s parking lot; and (v) after appellant left Riza’s room,

Riza untied himself, called the front desk, and asked the front desk to call the police. After the

police and paramedics arrived, Riza was taken to a hospital by ambulance where he was admitted

and received treatment for the injuries that he sustained during the incident. Riza was released from

the hospital in the late afternoon of February 3rd, and the company truck was recovered sometime

later, although it had been damaged.

Based on this incident, appellant was charged by indictment with the offense of

aggravated robbery, and the jury trial occurred in July 2017. In addition to Riza, the State’s

 Because the parties are familiar with the facts of the case, its procedural history, and the 1

evidence adduced at trial, we provide only a general overview of the facts of the case here. We

provide additional facts in the opinion as necessary to advise the parties of the Court’s decision and

the basic reasons for it. See Tex. R. App. P. 47.1, 47.4. The facts recited are taken from the

testimony and exhibits admitted at trial.

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witnesses included responding police officers and investigators and the general manager of the

motel. During his testimony, Riza identified appellant in open court as the “man who beat and

robbed and tied [him] up,” and described in detail what appellant did to him, including testifying that

appellant stabbed him with a knife in the stomach and left hand and that the knife had an

approximatelyfour-inch blade. The officers and investigators also testified about their investigation,

observations, and documentation of the scene and Riza. According to the investigators, Riza

identified appellant and his wife in photo lineups, and a fingerprint found in the room rented by

appellant and his wife was a positive match with appellant.

The State’s exhibits included photographs taken at the scene and of Riza’s injuries

and, relevant here, a copy of Riza’s medical records from the hospital where he was treated for the

injuries that he sustained during the incident. The clinical report in the medical records reflects that

Riza arrived by ambulance around 2:00 a.m. in the earlymorning hours of February 3, 2016, and that

his “chief complaint” was a “reported physical assault” with injuries to the “head, face, abdomen and

left hand,” which “occurred today.” The clinical report includes a section titled “Clinical

Impression” with the following statements:

Multiple superficial lacerations left lower quadrant of the abdomen and to the left

hand. No foreign body present. Multiple contusions to the head.

Immediately below this section, the clinical report is electronically signed by “James Slauson, MD.”

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The State offered the medical records supported by a business records affidavit after

its last witness and before the close of evidence. Defense counsel objected to the admission of the 2

records with the “clinical impression” of Dr. Slauson. Defense counsel argued: “[O]nce it comes

to a clinical impression and diagnosis, I believe that that crosses the line into testimonial, and that

to admit the records with that in it, without a redaction, would violate Crawford and my client’s right

to cross examination and due process.” The trial court overruled the objection and admitted the 3

medical records without redacting the complained-of statements in the clinical report signed by

Dr. Slauson.

The defense theory at trial was that Riza’s account of what happened was not

believable, and defense counsel sought to discount Riza’s credibility and truthfulness, focusing on

inconsistencies in his testimony and prior statements. Among the areas of Riza’s testimony that

defense counsel attacked was his testimony concerning the severity of his injuries, and, in this line

of questioning, defense counsel specifically referred to and questioned Riza about the description

in the medical records from the hospital that “[i]t was a superficial laceration.”4

 See Tex. R. Evid. 803(6), 902(10). 2

See Crawford v. Washington, 541 U.S. 36, 59 (2004) (“Testimonial statements of witnesses 3

absent from trial have been admitted only where the declarant is unavailable, and only where the

defendant has had a prior opportunity to cross-examine.”)

Defense counsel also referred to a statement in the medical records during closing argument 4

that reflects that Riza did not have a loss of consciousness. Riza testified that he lost consciousness

when appellant was beating him and that no one at the hospital asked him if he had lost

consciousness, but Riza’s medical records from the hospital state in a section titled “History of

Present Illness” that Riza “did not have a loss of consciousness.”

4
The jury found appellant guilty of aggravated robbery. Following the sentencing

phase of the trial, the jury found the enhancement paragraph true and assessed punishment at thirtyfive years’ confinement. The trial court rendered judgment in accordance with the jury’s verdict. 

Appellant filed a motion for new trial, which was overruled by operation of law. This

appeal followed.

Discussion

In his sole point of error, appellant contends that the trial court erred by admitting

Riza’s medical records as an exhibit because they contained testimonial statements not subject to

cross-examination in violation of his Sixth Amendment and Due Process constitutional rights. 

Specifically, appellant argues that the above-quoted section titled “Clinical Impression” signed

electronically by Dr. Slauson, who did not testify at trial, contained testimonial statements that were

not subjected to cross-examination. Appellant also contends that the trial court’s error in admitting

the medical records was harmful.

Were the complained-of statements testimonial in nature?

As a threshold matter, whether appellant’s right to confrontation was violated turns

on whether the complained-of statements by Dr. Slauson were testimonial in nature. See Crawford,

541 U.S. at 59; Woodall v. State, 336 S.W.3d 634, 642 (Tex. Crim. App. 2011) (“[T]o implicate the

Confrontation Clause, an out-of-court statement must: (1) have been made by a witness absent from

trial and (2) be testimonial in nature.”); see also Vinson v. State, 252 S.W.3d 336, 338 (Tex. Crim.

App. 2008) (explaining distinction between testimonial and non-testimonial statements (citingDavis

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v. Washington, 547 U.S. 813, 821–22 (2006))). We review de novo a trial court’s determination as

to whetherstatements are testimonial or non-testimonial in nature. See Wall v. State, 184 S.W.3d 730,

742 (Tex. Crim. App. 2006).

Here the complained-of statements are part of Dr. Slauson’s clinical report and

describe Riza’s injuries, and the record reflects that Dr. Slauson was one of the physicians who

treated Riza at the hospital for the injuries that he sustained during the incident. See Melendez-Diaz

v. Massachusetts, 557 U.S. 305, 312 n.2 (2009) (noting that medical records created for treatment

purposes “would not be testimonial under [court’s] decision today”); Smith v. State,

No. 05-09-01408-CR, 2011 Tex. App. LEXIS 5990, at *6 (Tex. App.—Dallas Aug. 2, 2011, pet.

ref’d) (mem. op., not designated for publication) (concluding that “medical records—minus

two-page social worker form—were created for treatment purposes and were therefore

not ‘testimonial’ within the meaning of Crawford”); Casillas v. State, No. 04-09-00393-CR,

2010 Tex. App. LEXIS 6928, at *8–11 (Tex. App.—San Antonio Aug. 25, 2010, pet. ref’d) (mem.

op., not designated for publication) (reviewing record to determine whetherreport prepared bydoctor

“was created for treatment purposes” and concluding that it was because report was “generated for

the purpose of diagnosing ortreating” victim ofsexual assault); Weiss v. State, No. 02-07-00390-CR,

2009 Tex. App. LEXIS 9453, at *38 (Tex. App.—Fort Worth Dec. 10, 2009, no pet.) (mem. op., not

designated for publication) (“Medical records created for purposes of treatment and admitted under

the business records exception are not testimonial under Crawford.”).

Riza’s testimonywas unchallenged that he was transported to the hospital in the early

morning hours of February 3, 2016, for medical treatment after paramedics treated him at the scene

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and that he was admitted to the hospital and then released in the late afternoon. Consistent with this

testimony, the medical records from the hospital, including the complained-of statements in the

clinical report, reflect that theywere created for purposes of diagnosing and treating Riza during that

time period. See Melendez-Diaz, 557 U.S. at 312 n.2; Casillas, 2010 Tex. App. LEXIS 6928, at 5

*8–11. Thus, we conclude that the complained-of statements were not testimonial in nature and that

the trial court did not err in admitting the medical records with those statements included. See

Melendez-Diaz, 557 U.S. at 312 n.2; Crawford, 541 U.S. at 59.

Harm Analysis

We further conclude that, even if the trial court erred in admitting the complained-of

statements, such error would have been harmless. See Tex. R. App. P. 44.2(a) (addressing

constitutional error); Langham v. State, 305 S.W.3d 568, 582 (Tex. Crim. App. 2010)

(describing harm analysis for Confrontation Clause error); Barron v. State, No. 03-11-00519-CR,

2013 Tex. App. LEXIS 9268, at *11–12 (Tex. App.—Austin July 26, 2013, no pet.) (mem. op., not

designated for publication) (same). The following factors are relevant to the harm analysis for

Confrontation Clause error:

1) how important was the out-of-court statement to the State’s case; 2) whether the

out-of-court statement was cumulative of other evidence; 3) the presence or absence

of evidence corroborating or contradicting the out-of-court statement on material

points; and 4) the overall strength of the prosecution’s case.

Riza testified that after the police and paramedics arrived at the motel, the paramedics 5

treated him by “put[ting] a bandage over the incision on [his] stomach and [getting him] ready to

transport,” that he was then transported to the hospital where he was admitted, and that he “was

released from the hospital on February 3rd, late in the afternoon.”

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Langham, 305 S.W.3d at 582 (quoting Scott v. State, 227 S.W.3d 670, 690–91 (Tex. Crim.

App. 2007)).

Appellant argues that the admission of the medical records was harmful error

“because it established crucial medical evidence, and medicallycorroborated [Ritz]’s injuries, which

are an essential element of the crime of aggravated robbery.” Appellant further argues that the

evidence “was not cumulative testimony from a medical expert because none was offered by the

State” and that the jury “afforded great weight” to the medical records “as evidenced by the fact that

the jury requested the complainant’s medical record during its deliberations.” The record, however,

reflects that the complained-of statements, providing a description of Riza’s injuries without any

description of how the injuries were sustained, were not crucial to the State’s case against appellant.

As charged here, the State’s burden was to prove that appellant had committed theft

and, in the course of committing theft and with intent to obtain or maintain control of the property,

threatened or placed Riza in fear of imminent bodily injury or death. See Tex. Penal Code

§ 29.03(a)(3)(A) (listing elements of aggravated robbery when victim is sixty-five years of age or

older and, in that case, requiring defendant to have committed robbery and to have “cause[d] bodily

injury to another person or threaten[ed] or place[d] another person in fear of imminent bodily injury

or death”); see also id. §§ 1.07(a)(8) (defining “bodily injury” to mean “physical pain, illness, or any

impairment of physical condition”), 29.02 (listing elements of robbery). The State’s evidence was

unchallenged that Riza was older than sixty-five years of age; his company truck, clothes, and all of

his other personal property were taken from Riza; and he sustained injuries, including lacerations

on his abdomen and hand and bruises and contusions to his face.

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Riza testified in detail about what happened, including listing the property that was

taken from his motel room as well as the company truck and describing what appellant did to him

and his resulting injuries. In addition to stabbing him, Riza testified that appellant hit Riza with “his

fists” on the side of Riza’s head and “kicked [Riza] there multiple times” before Riza “lost

consciousness” and that Riza “was in pain.” Riza also answered, “Yes, I was,” when asked, “[A]t

the time all this was happening and when [appellant] was holding this knife on you, were you in fear

of imminent bodily injury or death from the situation?” And he answered, “Yes, sir,” when asked

the follow-up question, “And were you afraid that that knife that [appellant] had might be something

that he might be able to use to kill you with if things didn’t go right?” As to the gun that Riza had

with him at the time of the incident, he testified that it was in his coat pocket, but that he did not try

to pull it out because appellant threatened to kill him, testifying as follows:

Apparently [appellant] had detected the pistol because he told me if I pulled that gun

out, he would kill me, and [appellant’s wife] said, “Yes, he will,” and I froze and that

was too much.

He then explained that he did not try to pull the gun out from his coat pocket because he

“was scared.”

The complained-of statements by Dr. Slauson describing the injuries also were

cumulative of and corroborated by other evidence. As noted above, Riza testified about his injuries,

including that he had been stabbed, and he identified the photographs that were taken at the scene

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that showed “the incision” on Riza’s abdomen and “bruising and contusions to the left side of [his]

face and [his] left eye.”6

Finally, the overall strength of the State’s case was substantial. The defense theory

was that Riza’s version of what happened was not believable, but Riza identified appellant in a photo

lineup and then again at trial as the “man who beat and robbed and tied [him] up,” and the evidence

that appellant and his wife were at the motel on the night of the offense was not challenged. This

evidence included appellant’s fingerprint and the video from the motel’s front desk showing

appellant’s wife. Further, Riza testified that, after appellant tied him up and left the room, he heard

“[his] company truck start,” and that appellant “cleaned out [his] room,” taking “everything,”

including all of his clothes. Finally, the responding officers confirmed in their testimony that Riza

was “wearing nothing but a bedsheet” and had lacerations on his abdomen and hand when

they arrived.

During cross-examination of Riza, defense counsel actually referred to one of the

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complained-of statements—that the lacerations were “superficial”—when asking Riza about the

extent of the wound on his abdomen from the knife:

Q. It was a superficial penetration; isn’t that what the hospital said?

A. I don’t know if they called it a superficial.

Q. You were not stabbed? The knife did not go inside of you?

A. It went in a certain distance, it sure did.

Q. The cut that you have on your stomach looks like a cut you could get from

walking by a table not seeing where you are going, right? It could

be anything?

A. But it was a knife wound from Eddie Tackett.

Q. You didn’t get stitches, did you?

A. No, they said that I wouldn’t have to have stitches.

Q. Because it just—the cut that you had just barely scraped the surface, right?

A. Well, they said it wouldn’t have to have stitches, but I was stabbed by

Eddie Tackett.

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Considering the relevant factors, we conclude that, even if the trial court erred in

admitting the medical records with the complained-of statements, such error would have been 

harmless. See Langham, 305 S.W.3d at 582; Scott, 227 S.W.3d at 690–91.7

Conclusion

Having overruled appellant’s sole point of error, we affirm the trial court’s judgment

of conviction.

__________________________________________

Melissa Goodwin, Justice

Before Chief Justice Rose, Justices Goodwin and Field

Affirmed

Filed: August 15, 2018

Do Not Publish

“[T]he reviewing court may also consider the source and nature of the error, to what extent, 7

if any, it was emphasized by the State, and how weighty the jury may have found the erroneously

admitted evidence to be compared to the balance of the evidence with respect to the element or

defensive issue to which it is relevant.” Langham v. State, 305 S.W.3d 568, 582 (Tex. Crim. App.

2010) (quoting Scott v. State, 227 S.W.3d 670, 690–91 (Tex. Crim. App. 2007)). On this record,

these additional factors provide further support for our conclusion that, even if the trial court

erred in admitting the medical records with the complained-of statements, such error would have

been harmless.

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