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This publication is available from the Superintendent of Documents, U.S. Government Printing Office 

(GPO). Information about purchasing this or other Energy Information Administration (EIA) publications 

may be obtained from the GPO or the ElA's National Energy Information Center (NEIC). Questions on 

energy statistics should be directed to the NEIC by mail, telephone or, telecommunications device for the 

deaf (TDD). Addresses, telephone numbers, and hours appear below:

National Energy Information Center, El-231

Energy Information Administration

Forrestal Building, Room 1F-048

Washington, DC 20585

(202) 586-8800

Telecommunications Device for the Deaf Only:

(202)586-1181

Hours: 8 a. m. - 5 p. m., M-F, Eastern Time

Superintendent of Documents 

U. S. Government Printing Office 

Washington, DC 20402 

(202) 783-3238

Note: The title for this report, previously Residential Transportation Energy Consumption Survey: 

Consumption Patterns of Household Vehicles (data year) has been changed to Household Vehicles Energy 

Consumption 1988. The survey has been removed from the title.

Cover Caption: Vehicles traveling back and forth on the freeway illustrate Vehicle Miles Traveled (VMT). VMT 

was collected during the Residential Transportation Energy Consumption Survey. (Southwest Freeway, 

Washington, DC.)

Released for printing February 16, 1990
DOE/EIA-0464(88) 

Distribution Category UC-98

Household Vehicles Energy 

Consumption 1988

Energy Information Administration

Office of Energy Markets and End Use

U.S. Department of Energy

Washington, DC 20585

This report was prepared by the Energy Information Administration, the independent statistical and analytical agency within the 

Department of Energy. The information contained herein should not be construed as advocating or reflecting any policy position of 

the Department of Energy or any other organization.
Contacts

General information concerning the contents of this report may be obtained from Lynda T. Carlson, Director 

of the Energy End Use Division (202 586-1112). Specific information regarding the contents or preparation 

of the publication may be obtained from Nancy L. Leach, Chief of the Residential and Commercial Branch 

(202 586-1114). The RTECS Survey Manager and principal author for this publication is Martha Johnson 

(202 586-1135). Paul Gargiullo (202 586-1137) can be contacted for information related to the estimation 

procedures for vehicle fuel consumption and expenditures, fuel efficiencies, and variances including the 

creation of the row/column factors. Robert Latta (202 586-1385) can be contacted for information related 

to the sample design. Contact Mark Schipper (202 586-1136) for information about imputation procedures. 

For information related to vehicle fuel prices, contact Leigh Carleton (202 586-1132). Public use data files 

and related system design were prepared by Nanno Smith (202 586-5841), Leigh Carleton (202 586-1132), 

and M. Vicki Moorhead (202 586-1133).

Energy Information Administration/Household Vehicies Energy Consumption 1988
Table of Contents

Executive Summary ......................................................... vii

Introduction ............................................................... 1

Background .............................................................. 1

Organization of the Report .................................................. 2

Vehicle Stock ............................................................. 3

Average Number of Vehicles per Household

Did Not Increase Between 1985 and 1988 ........................................ 3

Change in Vehicle Stock .................................................... 5

Vehicle Composition ........................................................ 7

Pickup Trucks Second Most Prevalent

Vehicle Type in 1988 ...................................................... 7

Vehicle Miles Traveled ...................................................... 9

Households Traveled More In 1988 ............................................ 9

Vehicle Fuel Efficiency Increases, While Average Fuel

Consumption and Expenditures Decrease .......................................... 17

Vehicle Fuel Efficiency ..................................................... 17

Vehicle Fuel Consumption .................................................. 19

Vehicle Fuel Expenditures ................................................... 23

Combined Vehicle and Household Energy Expenditures ............................... 25

Detailed Statistics .......................................................... 27

Table Organization ........................................................ 27

Row and Column Factors ................................................... 27

Quick Reference Guide ..................................................... 27

Appendices

A How the Survey Was Conducted ........................................... 79

B. Estimation Methodologies ................................................ 97

C. Quality of the Data ................................................... 115

D. Survey Forms ........................................................ 129

E. U.S. Climate Zone Map ................................................ 183

F. U.S. Census Regions and Divisions ........................................ 187

G. Related EIA Publications on Energy Consumption ............................. 191

Glossary ................................................................ 195

Energy Information Administration/Household Vehicles Energy Consumption 1988
Tables

1. Number of Vehicles by 1987 Family Income as of July 1988 ......................... 4

2. Change in Vehicle Stock by Selected Household

Characteristics, 1988 ..................................................... 6

3. Vehicles by Model Year and Census Region, 1988 ................................ 8

4. Annual Percent Change in Vehicle Miles Traveled,

1983, 1985, and 1988 .................................................... 10

5. Percent of Income Spent for Vehicle Fuel by

Family Income, 1988 .................................................... 24

6. Number of Vehicles, Vehicle Miles, Vehicle

Fuel Consumption and Expenditures, 1988 ..................................... 28

7. U.S. per Household Vehicle Miles Traveled,

Vehicle Fuel Consumption and Expenditures, 1988 ............................... 31

8. U.S. per Vehicle Miles Traveled, Vehicle

Fuel Consumption and Expenditures, 1988 ..................................... 33

9. U.S. Vehicles by Model Year, 1988 .......................................... 36

10. U.S. Vehicle Fuel Efficiency by Model Year, 1988 ............................... 39

11. U.S. Average Vehicle Fuel Consumption by Vehicle

Model Year .......................................................... 42

12. U.S. Vehicle Miles Traveled by Family Income, 1988 ............................. 45

13. U.S. Vehicle Fuel Consumption by Family Income, 1988 ........................... 48

14. U.S. Average Vehicle Miles Traveled by Family

Income, 1988 ......................................................... 51

15. U.S. Average Vehicle Fuel Consumption by Family

Income, 1988 ......................................................... 53

16. U.S. Vehicles by Household Composition, 1988 ................................. 55

17. U.S. Average Vehicle Miles Traveled by Household

Composition, 1988 ..................................................... 58

18. U.S. Average Vehicle Miles Traveled by Vehicle Fuel

Efficiency Category, 1988 ................................................ 60

19. U.S. Vehicle Fuel Consumption by Vehicle Type, 1988 ............................ 63

20. U.S. Average Vehicle Miles Traveled by Vehicle

Type, 1988 ........................................................... 66

21. Number of U.S. Households by Vehicle Fuel

Expenditures, 1988 ..................................................... 69

22. U.S. Average Household Energy and Vehicle

Expenditures, 1988 ..................................................... 71

23. U.S. Households by Changes in Vehicle Stock, 1988 .............................. 75

Al. Comparison of the 1985 and 1988 Residential Transportation

Energy Consumption Survey .............................................. 81

Bl. Distribution of Average Monthly Vehicle Miles Traveled Fractions .................. 100

B2. Distribution of Residential Transportation Energy Consumption Survey

Vehicles by Type of Fuel Used, 1988 ....................................... 110

Cl. Average Bureau of Labor Statistics Gasoline Prices and

1985 Residential Transportation Energy Consumption

Survey Prices by Census Region and Gasoline Type ............................. 120

C2. Average Bureau of Labor Statistics Vehicle Fuel Expenditures

and 1985 Residential Transportation Energy Consumption Survey

Vehicle Fuel Expenditures by Census Region and Gasoline Type .................... 122

Energy Information Administration/Household Vehicles Energy Consumption 1988
Illustrations

1. Percent of Households by Number of Vehicles Used

for Personal Use, 1988 ................................................... 4

2. Vehicle Stock Composition, 1988 ............................................ 7

3. Average Vehicle Miles Traveled per Household, 1983,

1985, and 1988 ........................................................ 11

4. Average Vehicle Miles Traveled per Household

Composition, 1988 ..................................................... 12

5. Average Vehicle Miles Traveled per Household by

Family Income, 1988 .................................................... 13

6. Average Miles Traveled per Vehicle by

Vehicle Type, 1988 ..................................................... 14

7. Average Miles Traveled per Vehicle by Model

Year, 1988 ........................................................... 15

8. Average Miles Traveled per Vehicle by Engine

Size, 1988 ........................................................... 16

9. Fuel Efficiency by Vehicle Type, 1988 ........................................ 18

10. Fuel Efficiency by Engine Size, 1988 ......................................... 18

11. Total U.S. Energy Consumption, 1988 ........................................ 19

12. Average Vehicle Fuel Consumption per Household,

1983, 1985, and 1988 ................................................... 20

13. Average Vehicle Fuel Consumption per Household

by Census Region, 1988 ................................................. 21

14. Percent Change in Consumption of Leaded and Unleaded

Gasoline, 1983 and 1985, and 1985 and 1988 ................................... 22

15. Average Vehicle Fuel Expenditures per Household,

1983, 1985, and 1988 ................................................... 23

16. Energy Expenditures per Household by Census Region,

1985 and 1988 ........................................................ 26

Al. Data Collection Instruments by Data Collection Phase ............................ 86

A2. Example of a Decoded Vehicle Identification Number ............................ 89

A3. Location of the Vehicle Identification Number ................................. 90

Bl. Estimation Schematic ................................................... 98

B2. Miles per Gallon Adjustment Procedures .................................... 102

Cl. Use of RSE Row and Column Factors ...................................... 125

Energy Information Administration/Household Vehicles Energy Consumption 1988
Executive Summary

Several interrelated changes occurred in the residential transportation sector between 1985 and 1988. 

Although there was an increase in the number of miles traveled (both per household and per vehicle), the 

average consumption of motor vehicle fuel decreased. An increase in fuel efficiencies, in miles per gallon 

(MPG), was the primary reason for the decreased consumption. Vehicle fuel expenditures per household 

fell by 22 percent between 1985 and 1988, primarily due to a drop in the price of vehicle fuel. These 

findings are from the 1988 Residential Transportation Energy Consumption Survey (RTECS) conducted by 

the Energy Information Administration (EIA).

Results from the 1988 RTECS indicate that:

 In 1988, the annual vehicle miles traveled (VMT) per household and per vehicle were 18,595 

and 10,246, respectively. In 1985, the VMT per household was 17,402 and the VMT per vehicle 

was 9,855.

 The average number of vehicles per household did not change between the 1983 and the 1985 

RTECS; both surveys reported 1.8 vehicles per household.

 Average fuel consumption per vehicle and per household was less in 1988 than in 1985. Per 

vehicle fuel consumption was 559 gallons in 1988, down from 611 gallons in 1985. Per 

household vehicle fuel consumption was 1,014 gallons in 1988 and 1,079 gallons in 1985.

 In 1988, the average on-road vehicle MPG was 18.3 MPG. In 1985, the average was 16.1 MPG. 1

 In 1988, there were 4.7 million more pickup trucks in the residential sector than in 1985 (25.9 

million and 21.2 million, respectively). In 1988, pickup trucks comprised 18 percent of 

residential vehicles, up from 15 percent in 1985.

 Approximately 13 percent of the vehicle stock consisted of vehicles that were pre-1975 models.

 In 1988, households spent an average of $998 for vehicle fuel compared to $1,274 per household 

in 1985.

 Vehicle fuel expenditures were less than home fuel expenditures. In 1988, combined household 

energy expenditures were $2,115. Approximately 47 percent of this total was used for vehicle fuel. 

This is the reverse of 1985 when vehicle fuel expenditures were 53 percent of the total energy 

expenditures.

This report is based on data from the 1988 RTECS. The 1988 RTECS provides baseline information on 

motor vehicle use in the residential sector. To be included in this survey, vehicles must be owned or used 

by the household on a regular basis for personal transportation. Company vehicles that are not owned by 

the household, but are kept at home and are regularly available to household members are also included. 

Data from the RTECS and a companion survey, the Residential Energy Consumption Survey, are available 

to the public in published reports and on public use tapes.2

The methodologies for calculating fuel efficiency, fuel consumption, and fuel expenditures were different in the 1988 RTECS. 

See Appendix B, "Estimation Methodologies" and Appendix C, "Quality of the Data" for a discussion of these changes.

See Appendix G, "Related EIA Publications on Energy Consumption" for a list of EIA publications available concerning the 

consumption of energy.

Energy Information Administration/Household Vehicles Energy Consumption 1988 vii
Table ESI summarizes selected vehicle energy-related items from the 1988 RTECS. This table allows the 

reader to discern quickly energy information related to vehicle characteristics.

Table ES1. Summary of Vehicle Characteristics by Census Region, 1988

u.o.

Total

Number of Households 

with Vehicles

Number of Vehicles

(million) ..................................................................... 147.5

Number of Vehicles

Vehicle Miles Traveled

(billion) ...................................................................... 1,511

Vehicle Miles Traveled 

per Household ....................................................... 18,595

Vehicle Miles Traveled 

per Vehicle ............................................................. 10,246

Vehicle Fuel Consumption

(billion gallons) ........................................................ 82.4

Vehicle Fuel Efficiency

Vehicle Fuel Expenditures

(billion dollars) ......................................................... 81.1

Census Region

Northeast Midwest South

15.2 20.4 28.3

26.6 37.8 50.6

1.7 1.8 1.8

274 379 534

17,997 18,518 18,859

10,311 10,021 10,550

14.0 20.8 29.6

19.6 18.2 18.0

14.2 20.4 29.1

West

17.3

32.5

1.9

325

18,783

9,980

18.1

18.0

17.5

Note: Because of rounding, data may not sum to totals.

Source: Energy Information Administration, Office of Energy Markets and End Use, 1988 Residential Transportation Energy Consumption Survey.

VIII Energy Information Administration/Household Vehicles Energy Consumption 1988
Introduction

Household Vehicles Energy Consumption 1988 is 

the primary publication from the 1988 Residential 

Transportation Energy Consumption Survey 

(RTECS). It is prepared by the Energy End Use 

Division of the Office of Energy Markets and End 

Use, Energy Information Administration (EIA). 

The EIA collects and publishes comprehensive 

data on energy consumption in the residential 

transportation sector through the RTECS.

Background

The data for this report are based on the house 

hold telephone interviews from the 1988 RTECS, 

conducted during 1988. The 1988 RTECS repre 

sents 91.6 million households and 147.5 million 

household motor vehicles in the 50 States and the 

District of Columbia.

The RTECS is a national multistage probability 

sample survey currently conducted on a triennial 

basis. The 1988 RTECS was the third RTECS 

covering a calendar year. Previous RTECS were 

conducted monthly from June 1979 to September 

1981 and then annually in 1983 and 1985. The 

next RTECS is scheduled in 1991. The RTECS, a 

subsample of the Residential Energy Consumption 

Survey (RECS), is an integral part of a series of 

surveys designed by the EIA to collect data on 

energy use in the residential sector. The EIA 

also conducts energy consumption surveys in the 

commercial and manufacturing sectors. See 

Appendix G, "Related EIA Publications on Ener 

gy Consumption" for a listing of publications from 

the RTECS and other EIA surveys in the residen 

tial, commercial and manufacturing sectors.

Baseline information about the RTECS household 

and vehicle stock was collected during the RECS 

personal interview in the fall of 1987. In 1988, 

further data about the vehicle stock and the 

vehicle miles traveled (VMT) were collected via 

telephone interviews. Mail questionnaires were 

used for households that could not be contacted 

by telephone. Data were collected three times 

during the calendar year. The first data collection 

was in January 1988. The second data collection 

occurred in May and June 1988 and the final data 

collection was during January and February 1989.

The RTECS was designed to collect actual VMT 

for each vehicle in the household by obtaining the 

odometer reading at two points in time. Vehicle 

characteristic information for each vehicle was 

collected directly from the respondent and also 

from the decoded Vehicle Identification Number 

(VIN). Vehicle fuel efficiencies, presented in miles 

per gallon (MPG), vehicle fuel consumption and 

expenditures were estimated, in contrast to previ 

ous RTECS where the efficiencies were calculated 

from the survey data. (See Appendix B, "Estima 

tion Methodologies" for detailed information 

about the procedures used to estimate the MPG 

and the consumption and expenditures.)

This report is primarily a descriptive profile of 

personal vehicle transportation in 1988 in the 

residential sector. Included are data about: the 

number and type of vehicles in the residential 

sector, the characteristics of those vehicles, the 

total annual VMT, the per household and per 

vehicle VMT, the vehicle fuel consumption and 

expenditures, and vehicle fuel efficiencies.

The data presented in this report provide objec 

tive and timely energy information for a wide 

audience including Congress, Federal and State 

agencies, industry, and the general public. These 

data were collected and published by the EIA to 

fulfill its responsibilities as specified in the Feder 

al Energy Administration Act of 1974 (Public Law 

93-275), as amended.

The statistics published in this report are based 

on a sample from the population of all residential 

housing units in the United States as of Novem 

ber 1987. As a result, all the values are estimates 

rather than exact measures for the population. 

As described in Appendix C, "Quality of the 

Data," the accuracy of each estimate is indicated 

by its relative standard error (RSE). In general, 

no estimates were published that were based on 

fewer than 10 sample households or had an RSE 

greater than 50 percent. Tables of estimates in 

the section titled "Detailed Statistics" include row 

and column RSE factors that are shaded on each 

table to help calculate corresponding RSE's. All 

comparisons reported in the text were made at 

the 0.05 level of statistical significance. No 

adjustments were made for simultaneous infer 

ence.

Energy Information Administration/Household Vehicles Energy Consumption 1988
The EIA gratefully acknowledges the cooperation 

of the respondents in supplying the information 

used to produce the estimates in this report.

Organization of the Report

A detailed discussion of the highlights presented 

in the Executive Summary follows this section. 

Tables and figures interspersed throughout the 

text highlight information of special interest or 

summarize a finer breakdown given in the detailed 

tables. The detailed tables that appear in the 

"Detailed Statistics" section following the main 

text contains extensive crosstabulations of house 

hold characteristics, vehicle characteristics, and 

vehicle fuel consumption and expenditures. Ap 

pendices A through C contain information about 

how the survey was conducted, the estimation 

procedures and the quality of the data. Informa 

tion about the VIN is located in Appendix A, 

"How the Survey .Was Conducted" and procedures 

for calculating the RSE's are located in Appendix 

C, "Quality of the Data."

The data for the RTECS are collected on Forms 

EIA-457B and EIA-876A through C found in 

Appendix D, "Survey Forms." Climate zone and 

Census Regions and Divisions maps are located in 

Appendices E and F, respectively. A list of 

related EIA publications on energy consumption 

is found in Appendix G. Definition of the terms 

used in this report are located in the "Glossary."

Change in Survey Design

Two major changes in the survey design and the data collection procedures occurred with the 1988 RTECS:

1) For the first time since the beginning of the RTECS, actual on-road vehicle fuel efficiencies and fuel 

prices were not collected via fuel purchase diaries.

2) Respondents were asked to provide the VIN for each vehicle.

In previous RTECS, the on-road vehicle fuel efficiencies and vehicle fuel prices were obtained by asking 

the respondents to maintain fuel purchase diaries for a 1-month period. The respondents were randomly 

assigned to a 1-month panel covering a calendar year. Fuel efficiencies in terms of MPG were then 

calculated directly using the monthly recorded vehicle fuel consumption and the recorded monthly VMT. 

In the 1988 RTECS, the MPG were estimated using the Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) 

certification files of test laboratory MPG estimates adjusted for on-road use. The vehicle fuel price was 

estimated using the Bureau of Labor Statistics (BLS) price data. The VIN was used to enhance the 

accuracy of vehicle characteristics that were used for matching the RTECS vehicles to the EPA certification 

files. (See Appendix A, "How the Survey was Conducted" for a detailed discussion of the changes in the 

survey design and Appendix B, "Estimation Methodologies" for a discussion of the procedures used for 

calculating the fuel efficiencies, adjusting the MPG for on-road efficiency shortfall, and the motor fuel 

consumption and expenditures data.)

Energy Information Administration/Household Vehicles Energy Consumption 1988
Vehicle Stock

Average Number of Vehicles per

Household Did Not Increase

Between 1985 and 1988

The 1988 RTECS indicates that although the total 

number of motor vehicles increased since 1985, 

the average number of vehicles per household did 

not increase at a statistically significant level. For 

the RTECS, motor vehicles are defined as auto 

mobiles, station wagons, passenger and cargo vans, 

motor homes, pickup trucks and jeeps or similar 

vehicles that are either owned by members of a 

household or used on a regular basis for personal 

transportation. Also included are company cars,

Size of Vehicle Stock as of July 1988

At the midpoint of the RTECS (July 1988), 

approximately 34 percent of the households 

owned or used only one vehicle and approximate 

ly 37 percent of the households owned or used 

two vehicles on a regular basis. Approximately 16 

percent owned three or more vehicles, while 

about 13 percent of the households did not own 

or use a vehicle on a regular basis (Figure 1). The 

proportion of households without vehicles was 

highest in the Northeast Census Region (22 

percent) and lowest in the West Census Region (9 

percent). Approximately 11 percent and 12 per 

cent of the households in the Midwest and South

Measurement of Vehicle Stock

The size of the vehicle stock can be measured in two ways. First, the total number of vehicles in a household 

can be enumerated at one point in time. For example, a household could report the presence of three vehicles 

as of a specific date (for this report, July 1988). Second, the average number of vehicles in a household can 

be measured over a period of time (for this report, calendar year 1988). For example, if a household owned 

or used regularly two vehicles for the entire year and one vehicle- for one-half of the year, the average number 

of vehicles for the household would be 2.5.

For this report, with the exception of the following discussion, "Size of Vehicle Stock as of July 1988," all 

statistics such as vehicle miles traveled, vehicle fuel consumption, and vehicle expenditures are based on the 

households' vehicle use throughout the 1988 calendar year, rather than at one referenced point in time.

not owned by the household but available regular 

ly to the household members for their personal 

use and vehicles that are rented or leased for one 

month or more.

During 1988, 147.5 million motor vehicles were 

owned or used regularly for personal transpor 

tation in the United States. This is an increase of 

10.2 million vehicles (7 percent) over the 1985 

RTECS. The average number of vehicles per 

household remained at 1.8 in both the 1985 and 

1988 surveys. These vehicles were owned or used 

on a regular basis at some period of time in 1988 

by 81.3 million households or approximately 89 

percent of the 91.6 million RTECS households.

Census Regions, respectively, did not own or use 

a motor vehicle on a regular basis.

The number of vehicles in the household at the 

midpoint of the RTECS varied substantially by 

the level of family income. In July 1988, 40 

percent of the 16.4 million households with 

annual family incomes of less than $10,000 did 

not own a vehicle and 43 percent owned only one 

vehicle. In contrast, the proportion of households 

without vehicles or with only one vehicle was 2 

percent and 15 percent, respectively, for the 13.6 

million families with incomes of $50,000 or more. 

Among this higher income group, 35 percent of 

the families reported owning or using three or 

more vehicles on a regular basis (Table 1).

Energy Information Administration/Household Vehicles Energy Consumption 1988
Figure 1. Percent of Households by Number of Vehicles Used for Personal Use, 

1988

33

o

.c

0) 

03

D 

O

I

c 

0

£

<D 

D_

36%

20

10

0

None One Two Three 

Number of Vehicles as of July 1988

Four or 

More

Note: Because of rounding, data may not sum to totals.

Source: Energy Information Administration, Office of Energy Markets and End Use, 1988 Residential Transportation Energy 

Consumption Survey.

Table 1. Number of Vehicles by 1987 Family Income, as of July 1988

(Million Households)

Total

Households 

(million)

Total Households ..................................................... 91 .6

1987 Annual Family Income

Less than $10,000 .................................................. 16.4

$10,000 to $19,999 ................................................ 22.4

$20,000 to $34,999 ................................................ 25.9

$35,000 to $49,999 ................................................ 13.2

$50,000 or More ..................................................... 13.6

None

12.0

6.5

3.2

1.7

.3

.3

Number o

One

31.2

7.0

10.7

9.0

2.4

2.1

f Vehicles

Two

33.4

2.4

6.4

11.2

6.9

6.6

Three 

or More

15.0

.5

2.1

4.0

3.6

4.7

Note: 'Family income is based on the 1987 annual income that is collected in the 1987 Residential Energy Consumption Survey, of which the RTECS 

is a subsample. 'Because of rounding, data may not sum to totals. 

Source: Energy Information Administration, Office of Energy Markets and End Use, 1988 Residential Transportation Energy Consumption Survey.

Energy Information Administration/Household Vehicles Energy Consumption 1988
Average Number of Vehicles

The average number of vehicles in a household 

was determined by the number of vehicles a 

household owned or used on a regular basis over 

a period of time rather than at one referenced 

point in time. In the RTECS, the average number 

of vehicles was the effective number of vehicles in 

a household's possession for a full year. For 

example, if a household owned two vehicles, one 

each for one-half of a year, that household would 

effectively possess an average of one vehicle for 

the entire year. If a household owned two vehi 

cles, one for the full year and one for 6 months, 

that household would effectively possess an 

average of 1.5 vehicles. The "Detailed Statistics" 

section presents the average number of vehicles by 

selected household and vehicle characteristics. 

(See "Glossary" for the definition of Vehicle and 

Vehicle Stock.)

On average, in 1988, households owned or used 

1.8 vehicles per household on a regular basis. 

There was no statistically significant change in the 

average number of vehicles between 1985 and 

1988.

There was a relationship between the average 

number of vehicles per household and annual 

family income,3 number of drivers and the com 

position of the household.

1987 Family Income: As family income increased, 

the average number of vehicles in the household 

increased. Households with annual family incomes 

of less than $10,000 had an average of 1.3 vehicles 

per household compared to an average of 2.4 

vehicles found in households with annual family 

incomes of $75,000 or more. In households with 

family incomes of $35,000 or more, the average 

number of vehicles was 2.3, while households with 

incomes under $35,000 had an average of 1.6 

vehicles per household.

Number of Drivers: As expected, the more drivers 

of vehicles in the household, the greater the aver 

age number of vehicles in the household. House 

holds with only two drivers averaged 1.9 vehicles 

per household, while households with four or 

more drivers averaged 3,2 vehicles per household. 

Approximately 5 percent (4.2 million) of the 

households had 4 or more drivers.

Household Composition: A greater number of 

vehicles per household was found in households 

where the oldest child was aged 16 or 17 years 

old and in two-adult households without children, 

where the householder was between age 35 and 59 

years old (2.4 and 2.3 vehicles per household, 

respectively). Households with the oldest child 

less than 7 years old or between 7 and 15 years 

old had an average of 1.8 and 1.9 vehicles, respec 

tively. Older householders living alone had the 

least number of vehicles.

Change in Vehicle Stock

The average number of vehicles in the household 

is related to the number of different vehicles a 

household acquires or disposes of throughout the 

year. Among the 81.3 million households that 

owned or used vehicles, approximately 41 percent 

of the households made some type of change in 

their vehicle stock during 1988. Of these 33.6 

million households that made a change, 19 per 

cent only acquired one or more vehicles, 30 

percent only disposed of one or more vehicles and 

another 35 percent both acquired and disposed of 

exactly one vehicle. Other changes, such as acquir 

ing and disposing of more than one vehicle, were 

made by 16 percent of the households. House 

holds most likely to make a change were those 

households with a greater number of household 

members (Tables 2 and 18).

Among the 58.0 million households that did not 

change their vehicle stock in 1988, 18 percent of 

the households had no vehicles, 38 percent had 

one vehicle and 44 percent had two or more 

vehicles.

3Annual family income is from the 1987 RECS, of which the RTECS is a subset.

Energy Information Administration/Household Vehicles Energy Consumption 1988
Table 2. Change in Vehicle Stock by Selected Household Characteristics, 

1988

Households not 

Changing Vehicles

(million) (percent)

Households 

Changing Vehicles

(million) (percent)

Total Households.....

Households Composition

Households with Children ................

Households Without Children ..........

58.0

17.6

40.4

100

30.3

69.7

33.6

15.3

18.3

100

45.5

54.5

Household Size

One ...................

Two ...................

Three ................

Four ..................

Five or More ....

17.8

20.6

8.0

7.0

4.6

30.7

35.5

13.8

12.1

7.9

4.4 

10.3 

7.3 

6.5 

5.1

13.1

30.7

21.7

19.3

15.2

Note: Because of rounding, data may not sum to totals.

Source: Energy Information Administration, Office of Energy Markets and End Use, 1988 Residential Transportation Energy Consumption 

Survey.

Energy Information Administration/Household Vehicles Energy Consumption 1988
Vehicle Composition

Pickup Trucks - Second Most 

Prevalent Vehicle Type in 1988

Vehicle Type

The number of pickup trucks increased by 22 

percent between the 1985 RTECS and the 1988 

RTECS. They were the second most prevalent 

type of vehicle, comprising about one-sixth (18 

percent) of the vehicle stock. In 1985, pickup 

trucks comprised 15 percent of the vehicle stock. 

In 1988, RTECS respondents reported owning or 

using 25.9 million pickup trucks on a regular 

basis. This estimate of the number of pickup 

trucks represents 4.7 million more trucks in the 

stock in 1988 over 1985.

Passenger cars, including station wagons and small 

two-seater cars were still the most prevalent type

Figure 2. Vehicle Stock Composition, 1988

of vehicle in 1988. Approximately three-fourths of 

the 147.5 million vehicles owned or used in the 

residential sector on a regular basis were in this 

category. Although the passenger car was still the 

most popular type of motor vehicle, the number 

of them in the vehicle stock did not increase at a 

statistically significant level since the 1985 

RTECS.

Vans comprised only 5 percent of the vehicle 

stock in 1988; however, there was a 47 percent 

increase between 1985 and 1988 in the number of 

vans owned or used regularly. In 1985, there were 

4.7 million vans. This number increased to 6.9 

million in 1988. Although there was also an 

increase in the number of jeep-like vehicles, the 

increase was not statistically significant (Figure 

2).

Jeep-like Vehicle 3% Pickup Truck 18%

Standard 

Passenger Car 65%

Large Van 3% 

 Mini Van 2%

- Station Wagon 6%

2-Seater Car 3% 

Other 0.4%

Total Number of Vehicles = 147.5 million

Note: Because of founding, data may not sum to totals.

Source: Energy Information Administration, Office of Energy Markets and End Use, 1988 Residential Transportation Energy 

Consumption Survey.

Energy Information Administration/Household Vehicles Energy Consumption 1988
Vehicle Model Year

In 1988, approximately 5 percent of the stock was 

comprised of 1988 and 1989 models. Another 42 

percent of the vehicles were model years 1983 

through 1987, and 40 percent were model years 

1975 through 1982. The remaining 13 percent of

the vehicle stock consisted of pre-1975 models. 

The West Census Region had the greatest propor 

tion of pre-1975 vehicles. Approximately 21 

percent of the 32.5 million vehicles that were in 

the West were pre-1975 models. In contrast, only 

8 percent of the 26.6 million vehicles in the 

Northeast Census Region were pre-1975 vintage 

(Table 3).

Table 3. Vehicles by Model Year and Census Region, 1988

Total Vet

(millior

Vehicle IV

(perce 

1 989 to 

1985 to 

1 980 to 

1974 or

U. 

To

icles

1) .................................................................. 14

odel Year

nt) 

1986 ...........................................................

1981 ...........................................................

1975 ...........................................................

Census

tal Northeast Midwest

7.5 26.6 37.8

23 28 22 

35 40 35 

29 24 32 

13 8 11

Region

South

50.6

24 

34 

29 

12

West

32.5

20 

30 

29 

21

Note: Because of rounding, data may not sum to totals.

Source: Energy Information Administration, Office of Energy Markets and End Use, 1988 Residential Transportation Energy Consumption Survey.

Energy Information Administration/Household Vehicles Energy Consumption 1988
Vehicle Miles Traveled

Households Traveled 

More In 1988

Total Vehicle Miles Traveled

Total vehicle miles traveled (VMT) for all vehi 

cles increased by approximately 3.8 percent an 

nually between the 1985 RTECS and the 1988 

RTECS. In 1988, vehicles traveled a total of 1,511 

billion miles compared to 1,353 billion miles in 

1985. Since 1983, total VMT has climbed from 

1,215 billion miles in 1983 to 1,353 billion in 

1985 and 1,511 billion in 1988.

A change in total VMT can be attributed to 

either a change in the number of households with 

vehicles, a change in the number of vehicles per

household, a change in the usage of the vehicles, 

or a combination of factors. Between the 1983 

and the 1985 RTECS, most of the increase in 

total VMT was due to an increase in the number 

of households owning or using vehicles. During 

that period the number of households with vehi 

cles increased by 3.7 percent annually while the 

VMT per household only increased by 1.7 percent 

annually.

Between the 1985 and the 1988 RTECS, the 

combination of an increase in the number of 

households with vehicles and a greater usage of 

the vehicles contributed to the increase in total 

VMT. Greater vehicle usage played the larger 

part in the VMT increase since the number of 

households with vehicles increased by approxi 

mately 1.5 percent annually, while the VMT per 

household increased by 2.2 percent annually.

Measurement of Vehicle Miles Traveled (VMT)

In the RTECS, annual VMT for a vehicle were either calculated using two odometer readings or imputed 

using a regression estimate. For a sample vehicle, beginning-of-year and end-of-year odometer readings were 

collected. If two odometer readings were available, the difference between the two readings (adjusted to 

reflect a 366-day year, since 1988 was a leap year) equaled the VMT. For vehicles that were in the household 

for a period of time that was less than 1 year, the mileage was adjusted to reflect the amount of time the 

household was in possession of the vehicle. For vehicles with less than two odometer readings, a regression 

estimate was used to estimate the annual mileage. If the vehicle was in the possession of the household for 

the entire year, the annual VMT was estimated by the regression estimate. If the vehicle was in the possession 

of the household for less than the full year, the regression estimate was adjusted downward to reflect the 

amount of time the vehicle was in the possession of the household. The total VMT (the number of miles 

traveled nationally for all residential vehicles) equals the weighted sum of the individual VMT for each vehicle. 

(See Appendix B, "Estimation Methodologies" and Appendix C, "Quality of the Data" for further discussion 

about the annual VMT.)

Energy Information Administration/Household Vehicles Energy Consumption 1988
In the longer time period between 1983 and 1988, 

the increase in the number of households with 

vehicles played a larger role in total VMT in 

crease. However, this trend may be changing be 

cause the increase in households with vehicles has 

slowed from an annual increase of 3.7 percent 

between 1983 and 1985 to 1.5 percent between 

1985 and 1988 (Table 4).

Table 4. Annual Percent Change in Vehicle Miles Traveled, 1983, 1985, and 

1988

j Survey Year

!

1983 1985 1988

Number of Households

(million) ............................................................... 84.4 87.3 91.6

Number of Households

with Vehicles

(million) ............................................................... 72.2 77.7 81.3

Number of Vehicles

(million) ............................................................... 129.3 137.3 147.5

Vehicle Miles Traveled

(billion) ................................................................ 1,215 1,353 1,511

Vehicle Miles Traveled

per Household with Vehicles ................... 16,830 17,402 18,595

Vehicle Miles Traveled

per Vehicle ....................................................... 9,399 9,855 10,246

Annual Percent Change

1983 

to 

1985

1.7

3.7

3.0

5.5

1.7

2.4

1985 

to 

1988

1.6

1.5

2.4

3.8

2.2

1.3

1983 

to 

1988

1.7

2.4

2.7

4.5

2.0

1.7

Source: Energy Information Administration, Office of Energy Markets and End Use, 1983, 1985, and 1988 Residential Transportation Energy Consump 

tion Surveys.

Data on vehicle type in the household were collected in the RTECS. Vans were among the different types of 

vehicles.

10 Energy Information Administration/Household Vehicles Energy Consumption 1988
Average Vehicle Miles Traveled

In 1988, an average of 10,246 miles were driven 

per vehicle, and an average of 18,595 miles were 

driven per household (Figure 3).

The average VMT in 1988 varied by household 

composition, family income, vehicle type, and 

model year, and by size of vehicle (measured by 

engine size). More VMT per household were 

reported by households with children (particularly 

if the oldest child was age 16 or 17 years old) and 

by households in the higher income brackets. 

More VMT per vehicle were reported by house 

holds with mini vans, newer vehicles and vehicles 

with smaller engine sizes.

Figure 3. Average Vehicle Miles 

Traveled per Household, 

1983, 1985, and 1988

CO -o

c

co

0

n.

-o

CD

CD

£

CO _CD

i

CD

'.CO

>

30

25

20

15

10

5

n

16.8 17.4 18.6

1983 1985 1988 

Survey Years

Source: Energy Information Administration, Office of 

Energy Markets and End Use, 1983, 1985, and 1988 

Residential Transportation Energy Consumption Surveys.

Data on average vehicle miles traveled were collected in the RTECS.

Energy Information Administration/Household Vehicles Energy Consumption 1988 11
Household Composition: Households with children 

age 16 and 17 years old drove an average of 

12,547 more miles per household than did house 

holds without children. These households also 

drove between an average of 7,553 and 8,242

more miles per household than households with 

younger children. Households comprised of only 

one adult who was age 60 years or over had the 

lowest VMT. These households drove an average 

of 7,229 miles per household (Figure 4).

Figure 4. Average Vehicle Miles Traveled per Household by Household 

Composition, 1988

T3

CO 

CO

O

x: * »

T3

1

rCfl

^)

2

"o

"o

>

30

25

20

15

10

5

0

Households With 

Children

28.9

20.6

Households Without Children

23.4

20.3

14.1

Less 7 to 15 

than 7 Years 

Years

16 to 17 

Years

Less 35 to 59 60 Years 

than 35 Years or Over 

Years

Less 35 to 59 60 Years 

than 35 Years or Over 

Years

Age of Oldest Child Age of Householder 

(One Adult)

Household Composition

Age of Householder 

(Two or More Adults)

Source: Energy Information Administration, Office of Energy Markets and End Use, 1988 Residential Transportation Energy 

Consumption Survey.

12 Energy Information Administration/Household Vehicles Energy Consumption 1988
Family Income: Households with annual family 

incomes of $35,000 or more (as collected in the 

1987 RECS) drove about twice the number of

miles per household than families with incomes 

less than $15,000 (Figure 5).

Figure 5. Average Vehicle Miles Traveled per Household by Family Income, 1988

'fn

 o

c

CO

CO

3

O

.c *-*

T3

0

CD

1

.CD

CD

0

>

30

25

20

15

10

5

0

27.4

24.2

25.6

17.8

15.8

13.0

10.9

Less than $10,000 

$10,000 to

$14,999

$15,000

to 

$19,999

$20,000

to 

$24,999

$25,000

to 

$34,999

$35,000

to 

$49,999

$50,000

to 

$74,999

$75,000

or 

More

1987 Annual Family Income Categories

Note: Family income is based on the 1987 annual income that is collected in the 1987 Residential Energy Consumption Survey 

of which the Residential Transportation Energy Consumption Survey is a subsample.

Source: Energy Information Administration, Office of Energy Markets and End Use, 1988 Residential Transportation Energy 

Consumption Survey.

Energy Information Administration/Household Vehicles Energy Consumption 1988 13
Vehicle Type: The average VMT per vehicle was 

greatest for mini vans (12,650) and jeep-like 

vehicles (11,843), followed by passenger cars 

(10,372), large vans (9,774), and pickup trucks 

(9,433). However, only the differences in VMT

between (1) mini vans and large vans or pickup 

trucks, and (2) jeep-like vehicles and large vans or 

pickup trucks were statistically significant (Figure 

6).

Figure 6. Average Miles Traveled per Vehicle by Vehicle Type, 1988

-a

c

CC

T3

_0>

0)

(f) 0)

141

12

10

6

4

2

0

12.7

11.8

10.2 10.4

9.8 9.4

Total Mini Van Jeep-like 

Vehicle

Passenger 

Car

Large 

Van

Pickup 

Truck

Vehicle Type

Source: Energy Information Administration, Office of Energy Markets and End Use, 1988 Residential Transportation Energy 

Consumption Survey.

14 Energy Information Administration/Household Vehicles Energy Consumption 1988
Model Yean Average VMT per vehicle also varied 

by model year. Newer vehicles, (model years 1985

through 1989) were driven twice the number of 

miles per vehicle than pre-1975 models (Figure 7).

Figure 7. Average Miles Traveled per Vehicle by Model Year, 1988

03 

T3

C 

CO

C/)

_ 

O>

CO

C/)

O

!c 

o

12.9 J3.4

12.6

10.6

10.8

10.0

9.5

1989 1987 1986 1985 1984 1983 1982 1981 1980 1978 1976 1974

or or or or or

1988 1979 1977 1975 Earlier

Vehicle Model Year

Source: Energy Information Administration, Office of Energy Markets and End Use, 1988 Residential Transportation Energy 

Consumption Survey.

Energy Information Administration/Household Vehicles Energy Consumption 1988 15
Engine Size: In 1988, information about the 

vehicle engine size (in liters) was collected via the 

respondents' answers to the RTECS questionnaire 

and the decoded VIN. Vehicles with smaller 

engine sizes (less than 2.5 liters) traveled approx 

imately 11,303 miles per vehicle, while vehicles 

with larger engine sizes (4.5 or more liters) 

traveled approximately 8,196 miles per vehicle 

(Figure 8).

Figure 8. Average Miles Traveled per Vehicle by Engine Size, 1988

CO 

T3

03 

CO

D 

O

.c

-

CD

CO

o

!c

CD

14

12

10

8

6

4

2

0

11.3 11.4

10.2

8.2

Total 2.49 or 

Less

2.50 to 

3.49

3.50 to 

4.49

4.50 or 

Greater

Vehicle Engine Size (Liters)

Source: Energy Information Administration, Office of Energy Markets and End Use, 1988 Residential Transportation Energy 

Consumption Survey.

16 Energy Information Administration/Household Vehicles Energy Consumption 1988
Vehicle Fuel Efficiency Increases,

While Average Fuel Consumption

and Expenditures Decrease

Measurement of Vehicle Fuel Efficiency

The 1988 RTECS methodology for calculating vehicle fuel efficiency changed from previous RTECS. For the 

first time, the RTECS did not use vehicle fuel diaries to calculate the miles per gallon (MPG). Instead, MPG 

were calculated using the Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) laboratory test results adjusted for onroad driving. The vehicle characteristics, obtained from both the Vehicle Identification Number (VIN), 

collected for the first time in the 1988 RTECS, and from the respondent, were used to enhance the matching 

of vehicles to the EPA certification files. Because of this change in methodology, the reader should use 

caution when comparing the 1988 RTECS MPG with MPG in previous RTECS publications. (See Appendices 

A, "How the Survey was Conducted" and B, "Estimation Methodologies" for a discussion about the VIN, and 

the calculation of the 1988 RTECS vehicle fuel efficiencies.)

Vehicle Fuel Efficiency

In 1988, the overall average vehicle fuel efficiency 

was 18.3 MPG. This is an increase of 14 percent 

over the previous estimate of 16.1 MPG obtained 

in the 1985 RTECS. Fuel efficiencies differed by 

vehicle characteristics such as the type, age, and 

engine size of the vehicle, and the type of vehicle 

fuel used.

Type of Vehicle: In 1988, passenger cars and mini 

vans had the highest fuel efficiency with an 

average of 19.7 MPG and 19.4 MPG, respectively. 

These vehicles were followed by jeep-like vehicles 

(15.4 MPG) and pickup trucks, the second most 

prevalent vehicle in the 1988 stock (15.3 MPG).

Large vans had the lowest MPG with an average 

of 13.1 MPG (Figure 9).

Model Yean Fuel efficiencies were higher for 

newer vehicles. These vehicles averaged 22.1 

MPG for model years 1988 or 1989 and 22.9 for 

model years 1987. Fuel efficiency decreased to 

16.6 MPG for model years 1979 or 1980 and to 

11.9 MPG for the pre-1975 models (13 percent of 

the stock were pre-1975 models).

Engine Size: Larger vehicles, as measured by 

engine size and number of cylinders, had lower 

fuel efficiencies than the smaller vehicles. Aver 

age MPG ranged from a high of 25.3 MPG for 

engine sizes of 2.49 liters or less to a low of 11.8 

MPG for vehicles with engine sizes of 4.5 liters or 

more (Figure 10).

Energy Information Administration/Household Vehicle* Energy Consumption 1988 17
Figure 9. Fuel Efficiency by Vehicle Type, 1988

30

c

JD "CO

a

<5

Q. 

CO

25

20

15

10

0

18.3 19.7 19.4

Total Passenger 

Car

Mini Van Jeep-like 

Vehicle

Vehicle Type

15.3

13.1

Pickup 

Truck

Large 

Van

Source: Energy Information Administration, Office of Energy Markets and End Use, 1988 Residential Transportation Energy 

Consumption Survey.

Figure 10. Fuel Efficiency by Engine Size, 1988

Total

25.3

17.8

2.49 or 

Less

2.50 to 

3.49

3.50 to 

4.49

4.50 or 

Greater

Vehicle Engine Size (Liters)

Source: Energy Information Administration, Office of Energy Markets and End Use, 1988 Residential Transportation Energy 

Consumption Survey.

18 Energy Information Administration/Household Vehicles Energy Consumption 1988
Type of Fuel: The average MPG for vehicles using 

unleaded gasoline was 19.1 compared to 13.1 

MPG for vehicles using leaded gasoline. The 2.1 

million vehicles using diesel fuel had the highest 

fuel efficiencies with an average of 21.5 MPG. 

(The difference in fuel efficiency between vehicles 

using diesel fuel and unleaded gasoline was not 

statistically significant.)

Vehicle Fuel Consumption

This accounted for approximately 13 percent of 

the total energy consumption in the United States 

and approximately 30 percent of all petroleum 

consumption. Vehicles owned or used regularly in 

the residential sector accounted for slightly less 

than one-half of the 21.9 quadrillion Btu of 

vehicle fuel used in the transportation sector4 

(Figure 11).

In 1988, household vehicles consumed 10.3 quad 

rillion Btu (82.4 billion gallons) of vehicle fuel.

Figure 11. Total U.S. Energy Consumption, 1988

All Fuels Petroleum

Other 

Sectors

73%

Other Uses 

70%

Household

Vehicles

Transportation

13% 

Other

Transportation 

14%

Total Energy Consumption 

= 80.1 Quadrillion Btu

Household

Vehicles

30%

Total Petroleum Consumption 

= 34.2 Quadrillion Btu

Note: Total energy consumption in the transportation sector is 21.9 quadrillion Btu (quads); "Household Vehicles Transportation" 

consumes 10.3 quads; the remainder is "Other Transportation," which consumes 11.6 quads.

Sources: Energy Information Administration, Office of Energy Markets and End Use, Monthly Energy Review, June 1989, 

DOE/EIA-0035(89/06) and 1988 Residential Transportation Energy Consumption Survey.

^Statistics for 1988 total energy consumption, total petroleum consumption, and total vehicle fuel used in the transportation sector are 

from Energy Information Administration, Monthly Energy Review, June 1989 DOE/EIA-0035(89/06)

Energy Information Administration/Household Vehicles Energy Consumption 1988 19
Average Vehicle Fuel Consumption

The average per household and per vehicle motorfuel consumption in the 1988 RTECS was less 

than in the 1985 RTECS. In 1988, an average of 

559 gallons per vehicle and 1,014 gallons per 

household of vehicle fuel was consumed compared 

to 611 gallons per vehicle and 1,079 gallons per 

household in 1985.

The decrease in household consumption of vehicle 

fuel amounted to a 6 percent decrease per house 

hold. For the first time since the 1983 RTECS, 

the per household vehicle consumption declined 

by a statistically significant amount (Figure 12). 

This decrease occurred even though there was a 

7 percent increase in average miles traveled per 

household between 1985 and 1988. Any con 

clusions pertaining to a drop in vehicle fuel 

consumption between the 1985 RTECS and the 

1988 RTECS must be tempered by the fact that 

the methodology for measuring vehicle fuel 

consumption changed between the 1985 RTECS 

and the 1988 RTECS (See box on this page).

Figure 12. Average Vehicle Fuel 

Consumption per 

Household, 1983, 

1985, and 1988

1,079

O

0

co

3

O

I

Q)

Q.

CO

C

"co _g

1,200

1,000

800

600

400

200

1,014

0

1983 1985 1988

Survey Years

Source: Energy Information Administration, Office of 

Energy Markets and End Use, 1983, 1985, and 1988 

Residential Transportation Energy Consumption Surveys.

Measurement of Vehicle Fuel Consumption

In this report, vehicle fuel consumption is calculated as the annual miles traveled divided by the fuel efficiency, 

given in MPG, for each sample vehicle. In the 1988 RTECS, the methodology for estimating vehicle fuel 

consumption was based on the measured vehicle miles traveled obtained from the 1988 RTECS odometer 

readings and the assigned MPG that were obtained from the EPA laboratory test results, adjusted for onroad driving. In prior RTECS, MPG for sample vehicles were estimated from data reported in fuel purchase 

diaries maintained by the respondents. See Appendix B, "Estimation Methodologies" for a discussion about 

estimating the vehicle fuel consumption.

20 Energy Information Administration/Household Vehicles Energy Consumption 1988
Regional Differences: Households in the North 

east Census Region used less vehicle fuel than 

households in other Census regions. In the 

Northeast, an average of 129 fewer gallons of 

vehicle fuel per household was consumed than in 

either the South or West Census Regions. Al 

though households in the Northeast apparently 

consumed less than in the Midwest Census Re 

gion, the difference was not statistically significant

(Figure 13). Regional differences were also 

evident in per vehicle fuel consumption. How 

ever, only the difference in consumption between 

the Northeast and the South Census Regions was 

statistically significant. Vehicles in the Northeast 

used 11 percent less fuel than they used in the 

South Census Region (525 gallons per vehicle, 

585 gallons per vehicle, respectively).

Figure 13. Average Vehicle Fuel Consumption per Household by Census Region, 

1988

1,200

2 1,000

CD 

CO

o

X

CD 

Q.

CO

c 

o

"cO

1,046 1,046

Total 

U.S.

Northeast Midwest South 

Census Region

West

Source: Energy Information Administration, Office of Energy Markets and End Use, 1988 Residential Transportation Energy 

Consumption Survey.

Energy Information Administration/Household Vehicles Energy Consumption 1988 21
Type of Vehicle Fuel Used

The 1988 RTECS collected information about: (1) 

whether the type of vehicle fuel used was gasoline, 

diesel, or other; (2) whether gasoline was leaded 

or unleaded; and (3) the grade of gasoline used. 

Gasoline was the primary type of vehicle fuel 

consumed, constituting 98 percent of the total 

82.4 billion gallons of vehicle fuel used for per 

sonal transportation. The use of leaded gasoline 

has continued to decline, due to the retiring of 

older vehicles in the stock (Figure 14). Of the 

81.1 billion gallons of gasoline consumed in 1988, 

14 percent was leaded compared to 30 percent in 

1985. The RTECS also collected information 

about the grade of unleaded gasoline used most 

often. In 1988, 29 percent of the unleaded 

gasoline consumed was premium gasoline, 65 

percent was regular gasoline and 6 percent was an 

intermediate grade.

In 1988, 1.1 billion gallons of diesel fuel were 

consumed in the residential sector. Data on the 

use of alternative fuels, such as gasohol, were 

collected in the "other fuels" category of the 

RTECS questionnaire. Respondents reported that 

only .3 million vehicles of the 147.5 million 

vehicles were using an alternative fuel. (See 

Appendix C, "Quality of Data" for a discussion of 

underestimation in the RTECS of the use of 

alternative fuels.)

Figure 14. Percent Change in

Consumption of Leaded 

and Unleaded Gasoline, 

1983 and 1985, and 

1985 and 1988

20.9

1983 to 

1985

Survey Years

1985 to 

1988

Leaded 

Gasoline

Unleaded 

Gasoline

Source: Energy Information Administration, Office of 

Energy Markets and End Use, 1983, 1985, and 1988 

Residential Transportation Energy Consumption Surveys.

Data on leaded, unleaded, and diesel fuels were collected in the RTECS.

22 Energy Information Administration/Household Vehicles Energy Consumption 1988
Vehicle Fuel Expenditures

In 1988, households spent a total of $81.1 billion 

for motor vehicle fuel in the United States. This 

was an average of $998 per household. Between 

the 1985 and the 1988 RTECS, per household 

expenditures for vehicle fuel were approximately

22 percent less (Figure 15). This decrease was 

primarily due to the drop in gasoline prices 

between 1985 and 1988. In 1988, the average price 

paid for vehicle fuel was 98 cents per gallon. 

Vehicle fuel expenditures ranged from $919 per 

household in the Middle Atlantic Census Division 

to $1,058 per household in the Mountain Census 

Division.

Measurement of Vehicle Fuel Expenditures

In this report, vehicle fuel expenditures are calculated as the product of vehicle fuel consumption and the 

price of fuel. In this RTECS, the price of fuel, assigned to each sample vehicle, was obtained from the 

BLS Gasoline Price Series and the Lundberg Survey, Inc., Price Series (See Appendix C, "Quality of the 

Data" for a discussion of the assigned prices). Consumption of vehicle fuel was derived from the recorded 

mileage obtained in the RTECS and the assigned MPG obtained from the EPA laboratory test results, 

adjusted for on-road driving (See Appendix B, "Estimation Methodologies" for a discussion of estimation 

procedures used to determine vehicle fuel expenditures).

Figure 15. Average Vehicle Fuel Expenditures per Household, 1983,1985, and 1988

$1,317

o 

o>

COD 

o

X

CD 

Q.

Q

$1,274

1983 1985

Survey Years

1988

Source: Energy Information Administration, Office of Energy Markets and End Use, 1983, 1985, and 1988 Residential 

Transportation Energy Consumption Surveys.

Energy Information Administration/Household Vehicles Energy Consumption 1988 23
Approximately 34 percent of the 81.3 million 

households with vehicles spent between 2 and 3.9 

percent of their family income for vehicle fuel. 

Another 18 percent of the households spent 

between 4 percent and 5.9 percent of their income 

for vehicle fuel. Approximately 22 percent of the 

RTECS respondents with vehicles spent 6 percent 

or more of their family income for vehicle fuel, 

while 27 percent spent less than 2 percent of their 

income. The percent of income spent for vehicle 

fuel varied considerably by family income, with

over 38 percent of the 22 million households with 

incomes of less than $15,000 spending 8 percent 

or more for vehicle fuel. In comparison, only 2 

percent of households with incomes between 

$25,000 and $49,999 spent 8 percent or more of 

their income for vehicle fuel. Among the higher 

income group ($50,000 or more income), approx 

imately 63 percent of the households spent less 

than 2 percent of their income for vehicle fuel 

(Table 5).

Table 5. Percent of Income Spent for Vehicle Fuel by Family Income, 1988

(Million Households)

Total 

Households 

(million)

1987 Annual Family Income Categories

Less than 

$15,000

$15,000 to 

$24,999

$25,000 to 

$49,999

$50,000 or 

More

81.3 22.0 16.9 28.9 13.2

Percent of Income Categories

2 to 3.9 Percent ...........................

4 to 5.9 Percent...........................

21.8

27.3

14.3

6.8

11.1

2.5

4.3

4.3

2.6

8.3

3.1

5.2

3.9

2.6

2.2

7.7

13.4

5.7

1.4

.5

8.4

4.4

.4

Q

NC

0 Data withheld either because the RSE was greater than 50 percent or fewer than 10 households were sampled. 

Nc No cases in sample.

Notes: 'Family income is based on the 1987 annual income that is collected in the 1987 Residential Energy Consumption Survey, of which the RTECS 

is a subsample. «Data may not sum to totals because of rounding. 

Source: Energy Information Administration, Office of Energy Markets and End Use, 1988 Residential Transportation Energy Consumption Survey.

24 Energy Information Administration/Household Vehicles Energy Consumption 1988
Combined Vehicle and Household 

Energy Expenditures

Household energy data were collected via the 

RECS in 1987. Energy consumption and expendi 

tures data for the RECS households were ob 

tained from the billing records maintained by the 

households' fuel suppliers. For those households 

that participated in both the 1987 RECS and 1988 

RTECS, data were available on energy used 

within the home as well as energy used in per 

sonal vehicles. However, the time periods of 

consumption for these two energy-use components 

do not overlap, therefore, the transportation 

energy data represent energy consumed in per 

sonal vehicles during calendar year 1988. House 

hold energy data represent energy consumed in 

the household during calendar year 1987. The 

assumption has been made of enough stability in 

expenditures over these two years (1987 and 1988) 

to allow summing of expenditures for household 

fuel and motor vehicle fuel.

Among households that had vehicles, the combin 

ed average of energy expenditures for both vehicle

fuel and household energy was $2,115 per house 

hold in 1988. The decrease in vehicle fuel ex 

penditures resulted in households spending less 

for transportation than for household energy, a 

reversal of the situation in 1985. Approximately 

47 percent ($998) of total expenditures was used 

for motor vehicle fuel and 53 percent (Si, 117) 

was used for fuels consumed in the home. In 

1985, the proportion of expenditures used for 

vehicle fuels was 53 percent of the total 1985 

energy expenditures.

In all the Census regions except the West, a 

greater proportion of total energy expenditures 

was spent for energy used in the home. In the 

West Census Region, where there was less con 

sumption of fuel for home heating, a greater 

proportion of expenditures was used for vehicle 

fuel. The proportion of expenditures used for 

household energy was highest in the Northeast 

with almost 60 percent of the energy expenditures 

in the Northeast Census Region used for house 

hold energy (Figure 16).

Pickup trucks were among the vehicle types surveyed in the RTECS.

Energy Information Administration/Household Vehicles Energy Consumption 1988 25
Figure 16. Energy Expenditures per Household by Census Region, 1985 and 1988 

1985 1988

United States

Northeast

Midwest

South

West

2,000 1,500 1,000 500

Dollars per Household

500 1,000 1,500 2,000

Dollars per Household

Transportation Energy Expenditures 

Household Energy Expenditures

Notes: 'Data may differ slightly from the published Residential Energy Consumption Survey (REGS) reports because the 

Residential Transportation Energy Consumption Survey (RTECS) sample is a subsample of the households that participated in 

the RECS. Also, the 1988 RTECS sample is weighted to represent the number of U.S. households as of 1988. The RECS 

sample is weighted to represent the number of U.S. households as of 1987. 'Expenditures cited in this figure are only for 

those households with motor vehicles that are used for personal transportation. 'Transportation Energy Expenditures are the 

total dollar amounts spent for fuel in household motor vehicles. 'Household Energy Expenditures are the total dollar amounts 

spent for energy used in the housing unit.

Source: Energy Information Administration, Office of Energy Markets and End Use, 1984 and 1987 Residential Energy 

Consumption Surveys and 1985 and 1988 Residential Transportation Energy Consumption Surveys.

26 Energy Information Administration/Household Vehicle* Energy Consumption 1988
Detailed Statistics

The following tables present detailed characteris 

tics of vehicles in the residential sector. Data are 

from the 1988 Residential Transportation Energy 

Consumption Survey. The "Glossary" contains the 

definitions of terms used in the tables.

Table Organization

The "Detailed Statistics" section consists of 3 

types of tables: (1) Tables of totals such as num 

ber of vehicle miles traveled (VMT) or gallons 

consumed; (2) Tables of per household statistics 

such as VMT per household; and (3) Tables of 

per vehicle statistics such as vehicle fuel consump 

tion per vehicle. The tables have been grouped 

together by specific topics such as model year 

data, or family income data to facilitate finding 

related information. The Quick Reference Guide

to the detailed statistics indicates major topics of 

each table.

Row and Column Factors

These tables present estimates of characteristics, 

vehicle fuel consumption, miles driven, and fuel 

efficiencies for all vehicles used for personal 

transportation in the United States. Since the 

estimates are based on a sample survey, they are 

subject to error. To help the reader compute an 

approximate relative standard error (RSE) for 

each of the estimates in the detailed tables, row 

and column factors are displayed on the top line 

and in the far right column of each table. To 

calculate the RSE for a specific estimates, multi 

ply the row factor by the column factor. (See 

Figure Cl and the related discussion in Appendix 

C, Quality of the Data," for more details.)

Quick Reference Guide

Topic Table Number

Summary

Total Households

Per Household Data

Total Vehicles

Per Vehicle Data

Vehicle Fuel Consumption

Vehicle Fuel Expenditures

Total Household Energy Expenditures

Vehicle Fuel Efficiency (Miles per Gallon Data)

Vehicle Miles Traveled (VMT)

Model Year Data

Family Income

Household Composition

Vehicle Type

Changes in Vehicle Stock

6

7,21,23

7,14,15,17,22

6,9,16

8,11,18,20

6,7,8,11,13,15,19

6,7,8,21,22

22

8,10,18

6,7,8,12,14,17,18,20

9,10,11

12,13,14,15

16,17

19,20

23

Energy Information Administration/Household Vehicles Energy Consumption 1988 27
Table 6. Number of Vehicles, Vehicle Miles, Vehicle Fuel Consumption and 

Expenditures, 1988

Household and Vehicle 

Characteristics

1.750

.424

1.326

2.593

1.787

.806

3.701

1.827

.698

1.176

2.248

.587

1.661

Total.................................................... 147.5

Census Region and Division

Northeast ......................................... 26.6

New England ................................ 6.6

Middle Atlantic .............................. 20.1

Midwest ............................................ 37.8

East North Central ....................... 26.0

West North Central ...................... 11.8

South ................................................ 50.6

South Atlantic ............................... 25.9

East South Central....................... 9.4

West South Central ..................... 15.2

West ................................................. 32.5

Mountain........................................ 8.5

Pacific ............................................ 24.0

Metropolitan Status

Metropolitan ..................................... 113.9

Central City ................................... 38.7

Outside Central City..................... 75.2

Nonmetropolitan.............................. 33.6

Household Size

1 Person ........................................... 19.8

2 Persons ......................................... 51.3

3 Persons......................................... 28.8

4 Persons ......................................... 26.8

5 or More Persons .......................... 20.8

Household Composition

Households with Children .............. 59.8

Age of Oldest Child 

Under 7 Years ........................... 17.3

7 to 15 Years............................. 28.7

16 or 17 Years .......................... 13.8

Households without Children......... 87.7

One Adult ...................................... 19.8

Age of Householder 

Under 35 Years ...................... 5.7

35 to 59 Years ........................ 7.1

60 Years or More ................... 7.0

Two or More Adults ..................... 67.9

Age of Householder 

Under 35 Years ...................... 14.3

35 to 59 Years ........................ 29.4

60 Years or More ................... 24.2

Origin of Householder

White ................................................ 132.2

Black................................................. 10.6

Other................................................. 4.7

Hispanic Descent

Yes.................................................... 7.6

No ..................................................... 139.9

See footnote at end of table

Energy Information Administration/Household Vehicles Energy Consumption 1988
Table 6. Number of Vehicles, Vehicle Miles, Vehicle Fuel Consumption and 

Expenditures, 1988 (Continued)

(

Nl

Household and Vehicle 

Characteristics (m

1987 Family Income

$10,000 to $14,999 ........................

$15,000 to $19,999 ........................

$20,000 to $24,999 ........................ 

$25,000 to $34,993 ........................ 

$35,000 to $49,999 ........................ 

$50,000 to $74,999 ........................

$75,000 or More ............................. 

Below 100% of Poverty ................ 

Below 125% of Poverty ................

Number of Drivers (fall 1987)

2 ........................................................

3 

4 or More .........................................

Average Number of Vehicles per 

Household per year

Only 1 ...............................................

Between 1 and 2 ............................ 

Only 2 ...............................................

Only 3 ...............................................

Between 3 and 4 ............................ 

4 or More ........................................

Vehicle Characteristics

Model Year

1988 or 1989 ................................... 

1987 ..................................................

1985 ..................................................

1985 .................................................. 

1984 .................................................. 

1983 ..................................................

1982 ..................................................

1981 ..................................................

1979 or 1980 ................................... 

1977 or 1978 ...................................

1974 or Earlier ................................

Type of Vehicle

Passenger Car ................................. 

Mini Van ...........................................

Pickup Truck ....................................

Fuel Efficiency (miles per gallon)

10.9 or Less .................................... 

11 to 12.9 ........................................

13 to 15.9 ........................................ 

16 to 18.9 ......................... ........ ... .

19 to 21.9 ........................................

Vehicle Miles 

imber of Vehicles Traveled

illion) (percent) (billion)

13.3 9.0 111 

17.0 11.5 153 

13.3 9.0 132 

15.1 10.2 154 

29.2 19.8 297 

28.3 19.2 313 

20.5 13.9 226 

10.8 7.3 124

9.4 6.3 82 

16.3 11.1 148

28.7 19.5 262 

83.3 56.5 854 

21.4 14.5 237 

13.2 9.0 152

2.1 1.5 20 

24.5 16.6 249 

13.7 9.3 155 

48.7 33.0 492 

19.9 13.5 209 

17.6 12.0 170 

9.5 6.5 102 

11.4 7.7 113

7.1 4.8 92 

12.0 8.1 160 

15.5 10.5 195 

13.2 8.9 159 

13.3 9.0 153 

8.1 5.5 86 

8.1 5.5 87 

8.4 5.7 84 

17.0 11.5 161 

15.7 10.7 137 

9.9 6.7 76 

19.3 13.1 121

09.3 74.1 1,134 

2.2 1.5 28 

4.8 3.2 56 

4.7 3.2 46 

25.9 17.6 244 

.7 .4 3

15.7 10.6 88 

12.5 8.5 96 

24.3 16.5 216 

24.2 16.4 243 

26.0 17.6 307 

44.1 29.9 561

(per 

cent)

l^%^lilili

7.4 

10.2 

8.7 

10.2 

19.7 

20.7 

15.0 

8.2

5.4 

9.8

17.4 

56.5 

15.7 

10.1

1.4 

16.5 

10.2 

32.6 

13.8 

11.3 

6.8 

7.5

6.1 

10.6 

12.9 

10.5 

10.1 

5.7 

5.8 

5.6 

10.7 

9.1 

5.1 

8.0

75.0 

1.9 

3.7 

3.0 

16.2 

.2

5.8 

6.4 

14.3 

16.1 

20.3 

37.1

Consumption

(billion 

gallons)

6.6

9.0 

7.3 

8.5 

16.4 

16.5 

11.8 

6.3

5.0 

8.9

14.4 

46.7 

13.0 

8.0

1.2 

12.9 

8.5 

26.7 

11.4 

9.5 

5.8 

6.4

4.2 

7.0 

8.9 

7.5 

7.3 

4.1 

4.1 

4.2 

9.7 

9.4 

5.9 

10.2

57.5 

1.4 

3.7 

3.5 

15.9 

.4

9.5 

8.0 

14.9 

13.9 

15.0 

21.1

(gallon 

percent)

 HI

8.0 

10.9 

8.9 

10.3 

19.9 

20.0 

14.3 

7.7

6.1 

10.7

17.4 

56.7 

15.7 

9.7

1.5 

15.6 

10.3 

32.5 

13.8 

11.5 

7.0 

7.8

5.0 

8.5 

10.8 

9.1 

8.9 

5.0 

5.0 

5.1 

11.8 

11.4 

7.1 

12.3

69.8 

1.8 

4.4 

4.2 

19.3 

.5

11.5 

9.7 

18.1 

16.9 

18.2 

25.6

(quadril 

lion Btu)

0.827 

1.130 

.914 

1.060 

2.043 

2.058 

1.471 

.790

.632 

1.105

1.787 

5.839 

1.623 

.997

.153 

1.604 

1.062 

3.337 

1.426 

1.188 

.720 

.802

.520 

.871 

1.111 

.939 

.917 

.512 

.510 

.522 

1.220 

1.172 

.729 

1.268

7.200 

.181 

.454 

.438 

1.971 

.048

1.170 

1.001 

1.858 

1.741 

1.884 

2.637

Expenditures

(billion 

dollars)

 

6.4 

8.8 

7.2 

8.3 

16.1 

16.3 

11.6 

63

4.9 

8.6

14.2 

46.0 

12.8 

7.8

1.2 

12.7 

8.4 

26.4 

11.1 

9.4 

5.6 

6.3

4.2 

7.0 

8.9 

7.5 

7.3 

4.1 

4.1 

4.2 

9.6 

9.2 

5.7 

9.4

57.1 

1.4 

3.6 

3.3 

15.3 

.4

8.9 

7.7 

14.5 

13.8 

15.1 

21.0

(per 

cent)

7.9 

10.8 

8.9 

10.3 

19.9 

20.1 

14.3 

7.8

6.0 

10.6

17.5 

56.6 

15.8 

9.7

1.5 

15.7 

10.3 

32.6 

13.7 

11.5 

6.9 

7.7

5.2 

8.6 

11.0 

9.3 

9.0 

5.0 

5.1 

5.1 

11.8 

11.3 

7.0 

11.6

70.4 

1.8 

4.5 

4.1 

18.8 

.4

11.0 

9.5 

17.9 

17.1 

18.6 

25.9

',<SSfS-S .. -'*W.*'5:

S3SK

: &v|j|||iCj ''

'-("^'' liv^'si;:

flpsflfifi 

:;;ii§K

';-M'-^Z"i. 

'"•^\,i.f^'"^'li

i?: ' £. ?£&."'*: A;,.'

''.' *'' tl '%.; f<'.8.j-"

iH

*:«! «* •n&v IB' : iiifi

^JiSlillt'

, "-^'iS."*!! .? :;,; ,-• t-^'^'Si^-f

H

<n

(0

See footnote at end of table

Energy Information Administration/Household Vehicles Energy Consumption 1988 29
Table 6. Number of Vehicles, Vehicle Miles, Vehicle Fuel Consumption and 

Expenditures, 1988 (Continued)

Vehicle Miles 

Number of Vehicles Traveled

Household and Vehicle 

Characteristics

Engine Size (liters)

2.49 or Less .................................... 49.4

2.50 to 3.49 ..................................... 21.7

3.50 to 4.49 ..................................... 21.3

4.50 or Greater ............................... 55.2

Number of Cylinders

4 ........................................................ 55.3

6 ........................................................ 36.0

55.2 

Other................................................. 1.0

Type of Transmission

Automatic ........................................ 105.6

Manual Shift..................................... 41.9

Type of Drive

Front-Wheel .................................... 47.9

Rear-Wheel ..................................... 89.1

4-Wheel ............................................ 10.4

Type of Fuel System

Carburetor ........................................ 111.5

Fuel Injection ................................... 33.9

Diesel Engine .................................. 2.1

Type of Fuel Purchased

Motor Gasoline ................................ 145.1

Unleaded ....................................... 125.2

Regular Grade ........................... 80.7

Intermediate Grade ................... 7.7

Premium Grade .......................... 36.9

i-eaded........................................... 19.9

Diesel Fuel ....................................... 2.1

Type of Primary Service

Full-Service Pumps ......................... 22.3

Self or Mini-Service Pumps ........... 119.5

Both Equally .................................... 5.5

Vehicle Used on the Job

Yes.................................................... 17.1

No ..................................................... 130.4

2.759

1.518

1.445

4.570

3.130

2.565

4.536

.061

10.138

8.744

5.635

.553

2.556

1.394

.154

Notes: Households with Children include members under age 18 years old unless the member is the householder or spouse. Approximately 0.5 

percent of the vehicle stock was owned by households that had no drivers as of fall 1987. To obtain a Relative Standard Error (RSE) percent for any 

table cell, multiply the cell's corresponding column and row factors. Because of rounding, data may not sum to totals. Data in this table are for 

households with vehicles for personal transportation. See "Glossary" for definition of terms used in this report.

Source: Energy Information Administration, Office of Energy Markets and End Use, Forms EIA-876 A, B, C, of the 1988 Residential Transportation 

Energy Consumption Survey and Form EIA-457 B of the 1987 Residential Energy Consumption Survey, (for specific titles of forms, see Appendix D.)

30 Energy Information Administration/Household Vehicles Energy Consumption 1988
Table 7. U.S. per Household Vehicle Miles Traveled, Vehicle Fuel Consumption 

and Expenditures, 1988

Average per Household

Number

of

Households 

(million)

Household Characteristics

Total

Census Region and Division

Northeast .................................

New England ........................

Middle Atlantic .....................

Midwest ....................................

East North Central ...............

West North Central ..............

South .......... ........................

South Atlantic .......................

East South Central ...............

West South Central..............

West................................... ......

Mountain ...................... ......

Pacific ....................................

Metropolitan Status

Metropolitan .................

Central City ...............

Outside Central City . Nonmetropolitan ..........

Household Size

1 Person ......................

2 Persons ...... ........ .....

3 Persons .....................

4 Persons .....................

5 or More Persons .....

Household Composition

Households with Children ......

Age of Oldest Child 

Under 7 Years ...................

7 to 15 Years .....................

16 or 17 Years.... ..............

Households without Children . 

One Adult ..............................

Age of Householder 

Under 35 Years .............

35 to 59 Years ................

60 Years or More ...........

Two or More Adults .............

Age of Householder 

Under 35 Years ..............

35 to 59 Years ................

60 Years or More ...........

Origin of Householder

White .........................................

Black .........................................

Other .........................................

Hispanic Descent

Yes ............................................

No .............................................

See footnote at end of table

81.3

15.2

3.6

11.6

20.4

14.3

6.1

28.3

14.2

5.4

8.7

17.3

4.3

13.0

63.0

24.0

39.0

18.3

16.9

.28.6

14.2

12.6

8.9

29.9

9.5

14.7

5.7

51.3

16.9

5.0

5.3

6.7

34.4

8.1

12.8

13.5

71.5 

7.2 

2.6

4.2

77.0

1.7

1.8

1.7

1.8

1.8

1.9 

1.8 

1.8 

1.8 

1.7

1.9

2.0 

1.8

1.8 

1.6 

1.9 

1.8

1.2 

1.8

2.0

2.1 

2.3

2.0

1.8

1.9 

2.4 

1.7 

1.2

1.1

1.3 

1.0 

2.0

1.8 

2.3 

1.8

1.8

1.5 

1.8

18,595

17,997

18,581

17,817

18,518

18,350

18,913

18,859

19,525

18,180

18,193

18,783

19,581

18,520

18,586

15,669

20,385

18,627

10,813

16,817

22,679

23,323

25,930

22,519

20,612

21,301

28,854

16,307

10,813

13,841

12,476

7,229

19,015

20,300

23,420

14,058

18,824

16,006

19,441

18,674

18,591

1,014

917

942

909

1.016

996

1,062

1,046

1,028

1,036

1,081

1,046

1,105

1,027

995

852

1,083

1,081

586

928

1.209

1,257

1,449

1,216

1,077

1,188

1,521

896

586

680

689

434

1,049

1,028

1,298

824

1,028

864

1,047

1,049

1,012

998

928

959

919

995

977

1,039

1,027

1,020

1,008

1,051

1,015

1,058

1,001

983

836

1,074

1,050

577

912

1,189

1,245

1,422

1,198

1,057

1,173

1,497

882

577

672

680

426

1,032

1,015

1,277

808

1,011

861

1,029

1,037

996

wa.

Energy Information Administration/Household Vehicles Energy Consumption 1988 31
Table 7. U.S. per Household Vehicle Miles Traveled, Vehicle Fuel Consumption 

and Expenditures, 1988 (Continued)

Average per Household

Household 

Characteristics

Number

of

Households 

(million)

Number of 

Vehicles

Vehicle

Miles

Traveled

Consumption 

(gallons)

Expenditures 

(dollars)

it

1987 Family Income

Less than 510,000 ... 

510,000 to 514.999 . 

515,000 to 519,999 . 

520,000 to 524,999 . 

525,000 to 534,999 . 

535,000 to 549.999 . 

550,000 to 574,999 . 

575,000 or More ......

Below 100% of Poverty ......................

Below 125% of Poverty ......................

Number of Drivers (fall 1987)

1 .......................................... ...................

2 ..............................................................

3 .............................................................

4 or More ..............................................

Average Number of Vehicles per 

Household per year

Part-Year Vehicle .....................................

Only 1 .........................................................

Between 1 and 2 .....................................

Only 2 .......................................................

Between 2 and 3 .....................................

Only 3 ........................................................

Between 3 and 4 .....................................

4 o' More ..................................................

10.2

11.8

8.3

8.6

16.0

12.9

8.8

4.5

6.6

11.3

24.2

43.8

8.3

4.2

3.9

24.5

9.1

24.3

8.2

5.9

2.8

2.7

1.3

1.4

1.6

1.7

1.8

2.2

2.3

2.4

1.4 

1.4

1.2 

1.9 

2.6 

3.2

.6 

1.0 

1.5 

2.0 

2.4 

3.0 

3.4 

4.3

10,932

12.978

15.837

17.813

18.617

24,170

25.555

27.428

12.404

13.136

10,842

19,503

28,536

36,583

5.271

10,170

17,049

20,251

25,456

28,995

36,820

42,332

652

762

879

980

1,025

1,275

1.330

1,391

760

785

594

1,068

1.561

1.920

316

526

936

1,100

1,386

1,614

2,078

2,407

631

743

868

962

1.009

1,261

1.314

1.391

736

762

585

1,050

1,541

1,885

309

521

922

1,087

1.356

1.592

2,023

2,341

Notes: Households with Children include members under age 18 years old unless the member is the householder or spouse. 

 Approximately 0.5 percent of the vehicle stock was owned by households that had no drivers as of fall 1987. To obtain a Relative Standard 

Error (RSE) percent for any table cell, multiply the cell's corresponding column and row factors. Because of rounding, data may not sum to 

totals. Data in this table are for households with vehicles for personal transportation. See "Glossary" for definition of terms used in this 

report.

Source: Energy Information Administration, Office of Energy Markets and End Use, Forms EIA-876 A, B, C. of the 1988 Residential 

Transportation Energy Consumption Survey and Form EIA-457 B of the 1987 Residential Energy Consumption Survey, (for specific titles of forms, 

see Appendix D.)

32 Energy Information Administration/Household Vehicles Energy Consumption 1988
Table 8. U.S. per Vehicle Miles Traveled, Vehicle Fuel Consumption and 

Expenditures, 1988

Household and Vehicle 

Characteristics

Number

of

Vehicles 

(million)

Average per Vehicle

Vehicle

Miles

Traveled

Consumption 

(gallons)

Expenditures 

(dollars)

Miles per 

Gallon

Household Characteristics

Total ............................................................. 147.5 10,246

Census Region and Division

Northeast .................................................. 26.6 10,311

New England ......................................... 6.6 10,195

Middle Atlantic ....................................... 20.1 10,349

Midwest ..................................................... 37.8 10,021

East North Central ............................... 26.0 10,124

West North Central ............................... 11.8 9,794

South ......................................................... 50.6 10,550

South Atlantic ........................................ 25.9 10,701

East South Central................................ 9.4 10,357

West South Central............................... 15.2 10,412

West........................................................... 32.5 9,980

Mountain ................................................. 8.5 9,887

Pacific ..................................................... 24.0 10,013

Metropolitan Status

Metropolitan .............................................. 113.9 10,278

Central City ............................................ 38.7 9,720

Outside Central City.............................. 75.2 10,565

Nonmetropolitan....................................... 33.6 10,137

Household Size

1 Person.................................................... 19.8 9,243

2 Persons.................................................. 51.3 9,381

3 Persons.................................................. 28.8 11,180

4 Persons.................................................. 26.8 11,005

5 or More Persons ................................... 20.8 11,062

Household Composition

Households with Children ....................... 59.8 11,268

Age of Oldest Child 

Under 7 Years .................................... 17.3 11,322

7 to 15 Years ...................................... 28.7 10,947

16 or 17 Years .................................... 13.8 11,865

Households Without Children................. 87.7 9,548

One Adult ............................................... 19.8 9,243

Age of Householder 

Under 35 Years................................ 5.7 12,052

35 to 59 Years ................................. 7.1 9,299

60 Years or More ............................ 7.0 6,890

Two or More Adults .............................. 67.9 9,637

Age of Householder 

Under 35 Years................................ 14.3 11,414

35 to 59 Years ................................. 29.4 10,238

60 Years or More ............................ 24.2 7,852

Origin of Householder

White.......................................................... 132.2 10,182

Black .......................................................... 10.6 10,769

Other.......................................................... 4.7 10,860

Hispanic Descent

Yes ............................................................. 7.6 10,476

No .............................................................. 139.9 10,233

See footnote at end of table

559

525

517

528

550

550

550

585

563

590

619

556

558

555

550

529

561

588

501

518

596

593

618

609

592

611

625

525

501

592

514

413

532

578

567

460

556

581

585

588

557

550

532

526

534

539

539

538

575

559

574

602

540

534

541

544

519

556

571

494

509

586

587

607

599

580

603

615

516

494

585

506

406

523

570

558

451

547

579

575

582

548

18.3

18.5

Energy Information Administration/Household Vehicles Energy Consumption 1988
Table 8. U.S. per Vehicle Miles Traveled, Vehicle Fuel Consumption and 

Expenditures, 1988 (Continued)

Average per Vehicle

Number

of

Vehicles 

(million)

Vehicle

Miles

Traveled

Household and Vehicle 

Characteristics

Consumption 

(gallons)

Expenditure 

(dollars)

1987 Family Income

Less than $10,000 

$10,000 to $14,999 

$15,000 to $19,999 

$20,000 to $24,999 

$25,000 to $34,999 

$35,000 to $49,999 

$50,000 to $74,999 

375,000 or More ...

8,377

9,053

9,884

10,193

10,173

11,053

11,026

11,538

Below 100% of Poverty 

Below 125% of Poverty .......

Number of Drivers (fall 1987)

1 .......

2 .......

3 ...................

4 or More ....

9,144

10,243

11,042

11,530

Average Number of Vehicles per 

Household per year

Part-Year Vehicle 

Only 1

Between 1 and 2 

Only 2

Between 2 and 3 

Only 3 .................

Between 3 and 4 

4 or More .

9,546

10,167

11,262

10,123

10,492

9,664

10,730

9,914

Vehicle Characteristics

12,920

13,408

12,570

12,074

11,506

10,610

10,752

10,021

9,480

8,715

7,706

6,271

10,372

12,650

11,843

9,774

9,433

4,862

5,584

7,682

8,882

10,063

11,836

12,708

Model Year

1988 or 1989 ..............

1987 .............................

1986

1985

1984 ...

1983 ...

1982 ...

1981 ...

1979 or 1980 ....

1977 or 1978 ...............

1975 or 1976 

1974 or Earlier..

Type of Vehicle

Passenger Car......

Mini Van ................

Jeep-Like Vehicle .

Large Van ...

Pickup Truck

Other................................................

Fuel Efficiency (miles per gallon)

10.9 or Less...............

11 to 12.9., 

13 to 15.9. 

16 to 18.9. 

19 to 21.9. 

22 or More

See footnote at end of table

34 Energy Information Administration/Household Vehicles Energy Consumption 1988
Table 8. U.S. per Vehicle Miles Traveled, Vehicle Fuel Consumption and 

Expenditures, 1988 (Continued)

Household and Vehicle 

Characteristics

Engine Size (liters)

2.49 or Less ....

2.50 to 3.49 

3.50 to 4.49 

4.50 or Greater........

Number of Cylinders

4 .................................

6 .................................

8 .................................

Other..........................

Type of Transmission

Automatic ....................

Manual Shift...............

Type of Drive

Front-Wheel 

Rear-Wheel . 

4-Wheel .......

Type of Fuel System

Type of Fuel Purchased

Type of Primary Service

Full-Service Pumps .............................

Both Equally ........................................

Vehicle Used on the Job

Yes

No .........................................................

111.5

33.9

2.1 

145.1

125.2

80.7

7.7

36.9

19.9

2.1

22.3 

119.5

5.5

17.1 

130.4

9,620 

12,248 

11,166

10,230 

10,686 

10,543 

11,312 

10,872 

7,353 

11,166

9,444 

10,396 

10,287

12,383 

9,966

558 

562 

519

559 

558 

558 

577 

554 

561 

519

496 

570 

563

669 

544

545 

568 

530

550 

557 

528 

592 

613 

504 

530

498 

560 

556

659 

536

17.2 

21.8 

21.5

18.3 

19.1 

18.9 

19.6 

19.6 

13.1 

21.5

19.1 

18.2 

18.3

18.5 

18.3

t::-.^S"?"S ::;%' *! . 

. !-..»;--:.;!.--' .,;;< j;'.|, I'M J-K

•S'SSjyttM' 

liliili

Notes: Households with Children include members under age 18 years old unless the member is the householder or spouse. 

 Approximately 0.5 percent of the vehicle stock was owned by households that had no drivers as of fall 1987. To obtain a Relative Standard 

Error (RSE) percent for any table cell, multiply the cell's corresponding column and row factors. Because of rounding, data may not sum to 

totals. Data in this table are for households with vehicles for personal transportation. See "Glossary" for definition of terms used in this 

report.

Source: Energy Information Administration, Office of Energy Markets and End Use, Forms EIA-876 A, B, C, of the 1988 Residential 

Transportation Energy Consumption Survey and Form EIA-457 B of the 1987 Residential Energy Consumption Survey, (for specific titles of 

forms, see Appendix D.)

Energy Information Administration/Household Vehicles Energy Consumption 1988 35
Table 9. U.S. Vehicles by Model Year, 1988

(Million Vehicles)

Household and Vehicle 

Characteristics

Total ........................................................... 147.5

Census Regicn and Division

Northeast ................................................. 26.6

New England ........................................ 6.6

Middle Atlantic ..................................... 20.1

Midwest.................................................... 37.8

East North Central............................... 26.0

West North Central.............................. 11.8

South ........................................................ 50.6

South Atlantic ....................................... 25.9

East South Central .............................. 9.4

West South Central ............................. 15.2

West ......................................................... 32.5

Mountain ............................................... 8.5

Pacific.................................................... 24.0

Metropolitan Status

Metropolitan ............................................ 113.9

Central City ........................................... 38.7

Outside Central City ............................ 75.2

Nonmetropolitan ..................................... 33.6

Household Size

1 Person .................................................. 19.8

2 Persons ................................................ 51.3

3 Persons ................................................ 28.8

4 Persons ................................................ 26.8

5 or More Persons ................................. 20.8

Household Composition

Households with Children ...................... 59.8

Age of Oldest Child 

Under 7 Years ................................... 17.3

7 to 15 Years .................................... 28.7

16 or 17 Years .................................. 13.8

Households without Children ................ 87.7

One Adult.............................................. 19.8

Age of Householder 

Under 35 Years .............................. 5.7

35 to 59 Years ............................... 7.1

60 Years or More ........................... 7.0

Two or More Adults ............................. 67.9

Age of Householder 

Under 35 Years .............................. 14.3

35 to 59 Years ............................... 29.4

60 Years or More ........................... 24.2

Origin of Householder

White ........................................................ 132.2

Black ........................................................ 10.6

Other ........................................................ 4.7

Hispanic Descent

Yes ........................................................... 7.6

No ............................................................. 139.9

See footnote at end of table

36 Energy Information Administration/Household Vehicles Energy Consumption 1988
Table 9. U.S. Vehicles by Model Year, 1988 (Continued)

(Million Vehicles)

Household and Vehicle 

Characteristics

I

(D 

W

1987 Family Income

Less than $10,000 ................................. 13.3

$10,000 to $14,999 ................................ 17.0

$15,000 to $19,999 ................................ 13.3

$20,000 to $24,999 ................................ 15.1

$25,000 to $34,999 ................................ 29.2

$35,000 to $49,999 ................................ 28.3

$50,000 to $74,999 .......................... ..... 20.5

$75.000 or More ........................... ......... 10.8

Below 100% of Poverty ...... ................ 9.4

Below 125% of Poverty ....................... 16.3

Number of Drivers (fall 1987)

1 ..................................... .......................... 28.7

2 ................................................................ 83.3

3 ................................................................ 21.4

4 or More ......................... ....................... 13.2

Average Number of Vehicles per 

Household per year

Part-Year Vehicle .................................... 2.1

Only 1 ...................................................... 24.5

Between 1 and 2 .................................... 13.7

Only 2 ...................................................... 48.7

Between 2 and 3 .................................... 19.9

Only 3 ...................................................... 17.6

Between 3 and 4 .................................... 9.5

4 or Mere ................................................. 11.4

Vehicle Characteristics

Type of Vehicle

Passenger Car ........................................ 109.3

Mini Van ................................................... 2.2

Jeep-Like Vehicle ................................... 4.8

Large Van ................................................ 4.7

Pickup Truck ........................................... 25.9

Other ........................................................ .7

Fuel Efficiency (miles per gallon)

10.9 or Less ............................................ 15.7

11 to 12.9 ................................................ 12.5

13 to 15.9 ................................................ 24.3

16 to 18.9 ................................................ 24.2

19 to 21.9 ................................................ 26.0

22 or More .............................................. 44.1

Engine Size (Liters)

2.49 or Less ............................................ 49.4

2.50 to 3.49 ............................................. 21.7

3.50 to 4.49 ............................................. 21.3

4.50 or Greater ....................................... 55.2

Number of Cylinders

4 ................................................................ 55.3

6 ................................................................ 36.0

8 ................................................................ 55.2

Other ........................................................ 1.0

See footnote at end of table

o 

a

0)

Energy Information Administration/Household Vehicles Energy Consumption 1988 37
Table 9. U.S. Vehicles by Model Year, 1988 (Continued)

(Million Vehicles)

Household and Vehicle 

Characteristics

Type of Transmission

Automatic

Manual Shift .........................................

Type of Drive

Front-Wheel............

Rear-Wheel 

4-Wheel

Type of Fuel System

Carburetor 

Fuel Injection 

Diesel Engine

Type of Fuel Purchased

Motor Gasoline 

Unleaded. ...........

Regular 3rade . 

Intermediate Grade . 

Premium Grade 

Leaded ...............

Diesel Fuel ............

Type of Primary Service

Full-Service Pumps

Self or Mini-Service Pumps

Both Equally ........................

Vehicle Used on the Job

Yes ....................................

No .......................................

17.1

130.4

1.1 

6.0

1.9 

10.1

2.5 

13.0

1.6 

11.5

2.6 

18.8

2.0 

14.5

1.8 

15.2

1.4 

14.3

pM3P"!lK*lr^ 

2.2 «ff 

27.0 "jfiBt

Nc No cases in sample.

0 Data withheld because the RSE was greater than 50 percent or fewer than 10 households were sampled.

Notes: Households with Children include members under age 18 years old unless the member is the householder or spouse. Approximately 

0.5 percent of the vehicle stock was owned by households that had no drivers as of fall 1987. To obtain a Relative Standard Error (RSE) percent 

for any table cell, multiply the cell's corresponding column and row factors. Because of rounding, data may not sum to totals. Data in this table 

are for households with vehicles for personal transportation. « See "Glossary" for definition of terms used in this report.

Source: Energy Information Administration, Office of Energy Markets and End Use, Forms EIA-876 A, B, C, of the 1988 Residential Transportation 

Energy Consumption Survey and Form EIA-457 B of the 1987 Residential Energy Consumption Survey, (for specific titles of forms, see Appendix D.)

38 Energy Information Administration/Household Vehicles Energy Consumption 1988
Table 10. U.S. Vehicle Fuel Efficiency by Model Year, 1988

(Miles per Gallon)

Household and Vehicle 

Characteristics

Household Characteristics

Census Region and Division

Northeast ..

New England ....

Middle Atlantic ........

Midwest

East North Central

West North Central.............................. 17.8

South ........................................................ 18.0

South Atlantic ....................................... 19.0

East South Central .............................. 17.6

West South Central ............................. 16.8

West ......................................................... 18.0

Mountain ............................................... 17.7

Pacific .................................................... 18.0

Metropolitan Status

Metropolitan

Central City ..

Outside Central City 

Nonmetropolitan

Household Size

1 Person ............

2 Persons

3 Persons ...

4 Persons ...

5 or More Persons ...

Household Composition

Households with Children .............

Age of Oldest Child 

Under 7 Years ..........................

7 to 15 Years ..........................

16 or 17 Years .........................

Households without Children .......

One Adult....................................

Age of Householder 

Under 35 Years .....................

35 to 59 Years ......................

60 Years or More ..................

Two or More Adults ...................

Age of Householder 

Under 35 Years .....................

35 to 59 Years ......................

60 Years or More ..................

Origin of Householder

White .............................

Black .............................

Other .............................

Hispanic Descent

Yes .......................

No ..........

17.9

18.5

19.1

17.9

19.0

18.2

18.4

20.3

18.1

16.7

18.1

19.7

18.0

17.1

18.3

18.5

18.6

17.8

18.4

22.6

22.4

21.5

24.3

21.7

21.6

Q 

Q 

Q

21.7

22.1

22.1

21.0

22.1 

Q 

Q

Q 

22.2

22.9

24.1

22.1

22.9

23.0

25.5

0

Q

Q

22.4

23.8

21.6

22.4

22.8

24.4

Q

Q 

22.9

22.1

22.7

21.9

21.8

21.8

22.6

Q

Q

Q

21.7

22.9

21.1

21.3

21.8 

Q 

Q

Q 

21.9

21.2

23.0

20.6

20.8

21.2

22.3

Q

Q

Q

20.9

22.1

20.8

20.0

21.1

23.0

Q

Q 

21.3

21.3

22.4

20.4

21.9

20.6

21.6

Q

22.4 

18.2 

20.3

22.3

20.2

19.4

20.8 

Q 

Q

20.8

20.9

20.5

21.7

19.7

20.6

20.8

20.7

Q 

18.9

Q 

20.8

22.3

20.5

19.8

20.7

19.5

Q

Q 

20.7

17.3

17.7

17.3

16.9

16.0

15.8

Q

Q

Q

16.1

17.5

16.3

15.1

16.6

16.0

Q

Q 

16.6

14.8

15.1

14.6

14.8

14.3

14.5

Q 

Q 

Q

14.3

14.4

14.3

14.1

14.4

15.9

Q

Q 

14.5

12.2

12.2

12.1

12.7

12.3

12.2

Q

12.4 

10.9 

12.4

12.7

12.8

11.5

12.3

12.0

12.1

12.3

See footnote at end of table

Energy Information Administration/Household Vehicles Energy Consumption 1988 39
Table 10. U.S. Vehicle Fuel Efficiency by Model Year, 1988 (Continued)

(Miles per Gallon)

Household and Vehicle 

Characteristics

1987 Family Income

Less than $10,000 . 

$10,000 to $14,999 

$15,000 to $19,999 

$20,000 to $24,999 

$25,000 to $34,999 

$35,000 to $49,999 

$50,000 to $74,999 

$75,000 or More .....

Below 100% of Poverty .................

Below 125% of Poverty ................

Number of Drivers (fall 1987)

1 .........................................................

2 .........................................................

3 .........................................................

4 or More ..........................................

Average Number of Vehicles per 

Household per year

Part-Year Vehicle.............................

Only 1 ...............................................

Between 1 and 2 .............................

Only 2 ...............................................

Between 2 and 3 .............................

Only 3 ...............................................

Between 3 and 4 .............................

4 or More ..........................................

Vehicle Characteristics

Type of Vehicle

Passenger Car ......

Mini Van ................

Jeep-Like Vehicle . 

Large Van .............

Pickup Truck .........

Other .....................

Engine Size (liters)

2.49 or Less ...........

2.50 to 3.49 ............

3.50 to 4.49 ............

4.50 or Greater ......

Number of Cylinders

4 ...................................

6 ...................................

8 ...................................

Other ...........................

Type of Transmission

Automatic .....................

Manual Shift ................

Type of Drive

Front-Wheel .. 

Rear-Wheel .. 

4-Wheel.........

16.3

16.7

18.3

18.3

18.3

19.1

16.7

19.3

18.2

18.4

18.4

18.0

17.7

17.6

19.7

19.4

15.4

13.1

15.3

8.3

25.3

20.4

17.8

13.6

24.9

18.5

13.7

23.4

17.1

22.0

23.9

16.1

15.6

22.3 21.8 20.0

21.5

21.9

23.3

23.4

Q

23.5

20.8

21.2

22.3

21.7

Q

23.6

25.4

22.7

21.9

22.6

Q

24.6

24.5

21.9

23.6

21.9

Q

23.0

23.0

21.6

21.7

22.8

Q

23.7

21.7

22.0

20.1

22.2

21.2

21.9

22.3

20.8

21.7

21.3

Q

22.5

20.8

20.8

22.4

20.5

21.8

Q

21.8

20.7

20.9

21.2

Q

22.0

21.4

20.7

20.9

20.4

19.9

20.2

20.4

20.8

20.6

20.6

Q

22.0

20.4

20.2

20.8

19.9

20.6

20.7

16.5

16.6

16.3

17.1

Q

16.4

16.9

16.5

17.4

15.5

16.9

16.7

15.0

14.4

14.3

14.6

Q

15.1

14.7

14.7

14.2

14.0

14.3

13.9

12.2

12.2

12.1

13.7

Q

12.5

12.1

11.7

12.9

12.7

12.3

12.7

24.1

Q

Q

Q

17.5

Q

26.8

22.3

20.4

17.1

26.2

20.7

17.1

0

21.4

24.6

24.6

19.0

16.8

24.9

Q

19.3

Q

19.2

NC

26.8

21.5

21.2

17.6

25.8

21.1

17.5

Q

21.8

25.4

25.6

20.6

19.5

23.9

19.6

Q

Q

18.4

Q

26.4

21.4

20.4

17.0

25.7

20.2

17.1

Q

20.9

25.1

25.1

19.5

18.7

23.2

Q

Q

Q

17.2

Q

26.1

20.7

19.7

16.2

25.9

19.1

16.3

Q

20.2

24.4

24.0

19.4

15.8

22.3

Q

14.4

15.2

18.8

Q

26.7

20.8

19.0

15.8

26.1

19.4

15.9

Q

19.5

24.8

24.9

19.0

16.3

21.7

NC

Q

Q

18.0

NC

25.4

20.3

18.4

16.0

25.2

19.0

16.1

Q

19.1

24.3

24.1

19.1

16.7

17.8

NC

Q

Q

13.3

Q

22.9

18.7

16.5

13.5

22.8

16.7

13.9

Q

15.3

19.8

21.6

16.1

13.0

15.5

NC

Q

11.2

13.0

Q

22.6

16.2

16.1

13.0

22.0

16.0

13.1

NC

13.8

18.5

18.6

14.4

12.2

12.8

Q

Q

11.2

11.5

Q

19.3

13.7

13.6

11.0

19.0

14.0

11.0

NC

11.6

14.9

12.4

12.4

10.3

See footnote at end of table

40 Energy Information Administration/Household Vehicles Energy Consumption 1988
Table 10. U.S. Vehicle Fuel Efficiency by Model Year, 1988 (Continued)

(Miles per Gallon)

Household and Vehicle 

Characteristics

Type of Fuel System

Carburetor ...........................................

Fuel Injection ......................................

Diesel Engine .....................................

Type of Fuel Purchased

Motor Gasoline ..................................

Unleaded .........................................

Regular Grade ..............................

Intermediate Grade ......................

Premium Grade ...........................

Leaded ............................................

Diesel Fuel .......................................

Type of Primary Service

Full-Service Pumps ...........................

Self or Mini-Service Pumps ..............

Both Equally ............................ .........

Vehicle Used on the Job

Yes ................................... ..................

No ...................... .................................

17.2

21.8

21.5

18.3

19.1

18.9

19.6

19.6

13.1

21.5

19.1

18.2

18.3

18.5

18.3

22.8

21.7

NC

22.1

22.2

22.2

Q

22.3

Q

NC

22.1

22.2

Q

21.1

22.4

23.1

22.9

NC

23.0

23.1

23.2

23.2

22.9

Q

NC

22.9

23.0

Q

22.9

23.0

21.8

22.2

Q

22.0

22.1

22.0

21.5

22.4

Q

Q

23.1

21.8

Q

21.8

22.0

20.2

22.6

Q

21.3

21.3

21.5

21.9

21.0

Q

Q

21.8

21.2

19.9

19.6

21.5

20.5

22.1

22.1

20.9

21.0

21.3

20.6

20.7

Q

22 1

20.2

21.0

22.4

19.8

21.1

20.1

21.9

28.0

20.5

20.4

20.4

21.3

20.2

Q

28.0

21.2

20.6

Q

19.7

20.8

16.2

18.3

Q

16.4

16.5

16.7

17.3

16.1

14.4

Q

16.8

16.5

Q

16.4

16.6

14.5

14.9

Q

14.6

14.9

14.7

Q

14.9

13.2

Q

15.6

14.4

O

13.8

14.6

12.1

Q

Q

12.3

12.4

12.3

Q

13.3

12.1

Q

12.4

12.3

Q

11.6

12.4

rv"^'"!l5^J :;!i

.;: : Jf ss"'^.;^ ' 

.'.,., ';L:"r^.«e**S :

:>'!& 'filll

- ;'.;!:'i6r%«:

ft:fii||f:

 -^'''tiij^'

WaiS

' '''"' ^Tw''"

 M"ti 

i>:3;'«;> . ;,V'«4||;

ifii

NC No cases in sample.

Q Data withheld because the RSE was greater than 50 percent or fewer than 10 households were sampled.

Notes: Households with Children include members under age 18 years old unless the member is the householder or spouse. Approximately 

0.5 percent of the vehicle stock was owned by households that had no drivers as of fall 1987. To obtain a Relative Standard Error (RSE) percent 

for any table cell, multiply the cell's corresponding column and row factors. Because of rounding, data may not sum to totals. Data in this table 

are for households with vehicles for personal transportation. See "Glossary" for definition of terms used in this report.

Source: Energy Information Administration, Office of Energy Markets and End Use, Forms EIA-876 A, B, C, of the 1988 Residential Transportation 

Energy Consumption Survey and Form EIA-457 B of the 1987 Residential Energy Consumption Survey, (for specific titles of forms, see Appendix D.)

(D

O

2L o"

3

O

a

a> o>

Energy Information Administration/Household Vehicles Energy Consumption 1988 41
Table 11. U.S. Average Vehicle Fuel Consumption by Vehicle Model Year, 

1988

(Gallons per Vehicle)

Household and Vehicle 

Characteristics

Household Characteristics

Census Region and Division

Northeast

New England .......

Middle Atlantic 

Midwest

East North Central

West North Central 

South

South Atlantic

East South Central ...

West South Central 

West

Mountain

Pacific

Metropolitan Status

Metropolitan

Central City

Outside Central City 

Nonmetropolitan

Household Size

1 Person .

2 Persons

3 Persons

4 Persons

5 or More Persons

Household Composition

Households with Children

Age of Oldest Child

Under 7 Years

7 to 15 Years ...

16 or 17 Years

Households without Children

One Adult.............................

Age of Householder 

Under 35 Years . 

35 to 59 Years .. 

60 Years or More 

Two or More Adults . 

Age of Householder 

Under 35 Years 

35 to 59 Years 

60 Years or More

Origin of Householder

White ............................

Black ............................

Other ............................

Hispanic Descent

Yes ......................

No ........................

See footnote at end of table

42 Energy Information Administration/Household Vehicles Energy Consumption 1988
Table 11. U.S. Average Vehicle Fuel Consumption by Vehicle Model Year, 

1988 (Continued)

(Gallons per Vehicle)

Household and Vehicle 

Characteristics

Model Year

Q

o

(0

TJ 

<D

IO*

1987 Family Income

Less than $10,000 ................................. 500

$10,000 to $14,999 ................................ 532

$15,000 to $19,999 ................................ 549

$20,000 to $24,999 ................................ 561

$25,000 to $34,999 ................................ 560

$35,000 to $49,999 ................................ 583

$50,000 to $74,999 ................................ 574

$75,000 or More ..................................... 585

Below 100% of Poverty ........................ 540

Below 125% of Poverty ........................ 543

Number of Drivers (fall 1987)

1 ................................................................ 501

2 ................................................................ 561

3 ................................................................ 604

4 or More ................................................. 605

Average Number of Vehicles per 

Household per year

Part-Year Vehicle .................................... 572

Only 1 ...................................................... 526

Between 1 and 2 .................................... 618

Only 2 ...................................................... 550

Between 2 and 3 .................................... 571

Only 3 ...................................................... 538

Between 3 and 4 ............. ...................... 606

4 or More ................................................. 564

Vehicle Characteristics

Type of Vehicle

Passenger Car ........................................ 526

Mini Van ................................................... 653

Jeep-Like Vehicle ................................... 767

Large Van ................................................ 747

Pickup Truck ........................................... 615

Other ........................................................ 584

Fuel Efficiency (miles per gallon)

10.9 or Less ............................................ 606

11 to 12.9 ................................................ 640

13 to 15.9 ................................................ 611

16 to 18.9 ................................................ 576

19 to 21.9 ................................................ 579

22 or More .............................................. 477

Engine Size (liters)

2.49 or Less ............................................ 447

2.50 to 3.49 ............................................. 561

3.50 to 4.49 ............................................. 542

4.50 or Greater ....................................... 664

Number of Cylinders

4 ................................................................ 453

6 ................................................................ 570

8 ................................................................ 659

Other ........................................................ 485

See footnote at end of table

O 

Q

446 

530 

628 

598 

624 

688

Q 

Q

540

575

571

703

Q

529 

559 

589 

593 

536

Q 

726

531 

Q 

Q 

Q

710 

Q

Q 

Q 

0

743 

627 

524

492

607

604

703

507

632

699

Q

O

523 

487 

563 

565 

629 

640 

591

Q 

Q

505

585

651

623

Q

526 

597 

602 

566 

657

Q 

570

547 

Q

750 

Q

645

NC

Q 

Q 

Q

542 

648 

540

509

609

583

778

506

680

744

Q

Q

475 

625 

535 

530 

616 

631 

573

544

478

567

678

611

Q

480 

573 

553 

663 

623 

635 

661

515

767

Q

Q

715 

Q

Q 

Q

722 

604 

639 

495

482

594

577

734

493

618

734

Q

Q

518 

601 

549 

551 

601 

571 

621

Q 

Q

511

584

534

647

Q

548 

628 

578 

552 

567 

534

Q

526 

Q 

Q 

Q

691 

Q

Q 

Q

897 

542 

617 

493

467

586

618

723

472

632

723

Q

416 

432 

483- 

578 

528 

562 

592 

583

503

451

450

541

582

631

Q

478 

557 

537 

552 

543 

626 

557

491 

Q

907

829

621

Q

Q

735 

558 

614 

578 

452

427

556

540

698

435

573

677

Q

512

446

490

499

539

500

501

522

Q 

505

491

498

525

526

Q

486 

605 

479 

478 

513 

577 

497

489

NC

Q

Q

516 

NC

Q 

Q

572 

551 

522 

450

421

479

566

631

410

561

628

Q

503

577

617

563

566

597

588

540

Q 

554

539

562

628

601

O

553 

604 

545 

547 

603 

657 

595

539

NC

Q

Q

635 

Q

520

661

628

607

488

467

440

454

555

696

432

557

672

Q

O

a 

SL

a>

Q>

rllftll

Energy Information Administration/Household Vehicles Energy Consumption 1988 43
Table 11. U.S. Average Vehicle Fuel Consumption by Vehicle Model Year, 

1988 (Continued)

(Gallons per Vehicle)

1989

All Model or 

Years 1968 1987

1978 1976

or j or

1977 Earlier

Household and Vehicle 

Characteristics

Type of Transmission

Automatic 

Manual Shift

Type of Drive

Front-Wheel 

Rear-Wheel 

4-Wheel ......

Type of Fuel System

Carburetor.. 

Fuel Injection . 

Diesel Engine

Type of Fuel Purchased

Motor Gasoline 

Unleaded 

Regular Grade ...................................

Intermediate Grade ...........................

Premium Grade 

Leaded ...............

Diesel Fuel

Type of Primary Service

Full Sen/ice Pumps ............

Self or Mini-Service Pumps 

Both Equally

Vehicle Used on the Job

Yes ...................................

No ......................................

NC No cases in sample.

0 Data withheld because the RSE was greater than 50 percent or fewer than 10 households were sampled.

Notes: Households with Children include members under age 18 years old unless the member is the householder or spouse. Approximately 

0.5 percent of the vehicle stock was owned by households that had no drivers as of fall 1987. To obtain a Relative Standard Error (RSE) percent 

for any table cell, multiply the cell's corresponding column and row factors. Because of rounding, data may not sum to totals. Data in this table 

are for households with vehicles for personal transportation. See "Glossary" for definition of terms used in this report.

Source: Energy Information Administration, Office of Energy Markets and End Use, Forms EIA-876 A, B, C, of the 1988 Residential Transportation 

Energy Consumption Survey and Form EIA-457 B of the 1987 Residential Energy Consumption Survey, (for specific titles of forms, see Appendix D.)

44 Energy Information Administration/Household Vehicles Energy Consumption 1988
Table 12. U.S. Vehicle Miles Traveled by Family Income, 1988

(Billion Miles)

Household and Vehicle 

Characteristics

All Income 

Categories

1987 Family Income

Less i $10,000 $15,000 

than to | to 

$10,000 $14,999 $19,999

$20,000

to 

$24,999

$25,000 . $35,000

to | to 

$34,999 $49,999

$50,000 I $75,000

to or

$74,999 More

Household Characteristics

Total ........................................................ 1,511 111 153

Census Region and Division

Northeast.............................................. 274 14 21

New England ..................................... 67 Q Q

Middle Atlantic .................................. 208 12 17

Midwest................................................. 379 25 42

East North Central............................ 263 18 32

West North Central........................... 115 Q 10

South ..................................................... 534 48 64

South Atlantic.................................... 277 21 29

East South Central ........................... 98 Q 14

West South Central .......................... 159 18 21

West ...................................................... 325 24 27

Mountain ............................................ 84 10 Q

Pacific................................................. 241 14 18

Metropolitan Status

Metropolitan ......................................... 1,171 73 99

Central City ........................................ 376 33 48

Outside Central City ......................... 794 40 51

Nonmetropolitan .................................. 341 38 54

Household Size

1 Person ............................................... 183 37 35

2 Persons ............................................. 481 38 58

3 Persons ............................................. 322 15 25

4 Persons ............................................. 295 11 18

5 or More Persons .............................. 230 Q 16

Household Composition

Households with Children................... 674 34 55

Age of Oldest Child 

Under 7 Years ................................ 196 12 Q

7 to 15 Years ................................. 314 19 29

16 or 17 Years ............................... 164 Q 11

Households without Children ............. 837 77 99

One Adult........................................... 183 37 35

Age of Householder 

Under 35 Years ........................... 69 Q Q

35 to 59 Years ............................ 66 Q 10

60 Years or More........................ 48 19 13

Two or More Adults.......................... 654 41 64

Age of Householder 

Under 35 Years ........................... 164 11 Q

35 to 59 Years ............................ 300 16 15

60 Years or More........................ 190 13 36

Origin of Householder

White ..................................................... 1,346 87 131

Black ..................................................... 115 21 16

Other ..................................................... 51 Q Q

Hispanic Descent

Yes ........................................................ 79 Q Q

No .......................................................... 1,432 107 144

Number of Drivers (fall 1987)

1 ............................................................. 262 53 53

2 ............................................................. 854 48 81

3 ............................................................. 237 O 15

4 or More............................................. 152 Q O

132

15 

Q 

13 

41 

26 

15 

52 

30 

Q 

14 

23 

10 

14

90

29

61

42

23

44

24

21

20

58

18

29

11

74

23

12 

Q 

5

51

16

16

18

119 

Q 

Q

Q 

124

36

72

17

Q

154

28

9

19

41

26

15

59

33

8

18

27

Q

19

106

40

66

48

19

46

33

31

25

75

22

37

16

80

19

Q

Q

Q

60

16

20

24

135

13

7

Q

147

30

90

22

13

297

52

15

37

73

50

23

110

48

28

34

62

17

45

234

90

143

64

42

91

69

50

46

134

43

68

23

164

42

16

21

Q

122

40

41

41

268 

24 

Q

Q 

285

55

183

45

14

313

66

17

49

84

59

25

100

56

18

26

63

13

50

250

60

190

63

16

94

75

68

60

159

49

67

43

154

16

Q

O

Q

139

39

74

25

282

19

12

22

291

22

192

55

44

226

43

10

32

53

41

12

68

36

7

25

62

12

50

202

57

144

25

Q 

76 

60 

63 

21

93

29

40

24

133

O

Q

O

Q

126

24

79

23

207 

10 

Q

218

Q

130 

53 

33

124

36 

8

29

19

11

Q

33

25

Q

Q

36

Q

31

116

19

98

Q 

34 

22 

32 

31

67

Q 

24 

35 

57

Q

Q 

Q 

Q 

52

Q

39

9

117 

Q 

Q

Q 

115

Q 

59 

25 

35

51

r+

0)

(D 

(0

'

Vispsfc >«il'

Tl

fi)

3

o 

o

(D

I'W*

See footnote at end of table

Energy Information Administration/Household Vehicles Energy Consumption 1988 45
Table 12. U.S. Vehicle Miles Traveled by Family Income, 1988 (Continued)

(Billion Miles)

Household and Vehicle 

Characteristics

Less ; $10,000 $15,000

All Income than to to

Categories $10,000 $14,999 $19,999

Average Number of Vehicles per 

Household per year

Part-Year Vehicle ................................. 20

Only 1 ................................................... 249

Between 1 and 2 ................................. 155

Only 2 ................................................... 492

Between 2 and 3 ................................. 209

Only 3 ................................................... 170

Between 3 and 4 ................................. 102

4 or More.............................................. 113

Vehicle Characteristics

Model Year

1988 or 1988 ....................................... 92

1987 ...................................................... 160

1986 ...................................................... 195

1985 ...................................................... 159

1984 ...................................................... 153

1983 ...................................................... 86

1982 ...................................................... 87

1981 ...................................................... 84

1979 or 1980 ....................................... 161

1977 or 1978 ....................................... 137

1975 or 1976 ....................................... 76

1974 or Earlier ..................................... 121

Type ol Vehicle

Passenger Car ..................................... 1,134

Mini Van ................................................ 28

Jeep-Like Vehicle ................................ 56

Large Van ............................................. 46

Pickup Truck ........................................ 244

Other ..................................................... 3

Fuel Efficiency (miles per gallon)

10.9 or Less .........................................

11 to 12.9 ............................................. 96

13 to 15.9 ............................................. 216

16 to 18.9 ............................................. 243

19 to 21.9 ............................................. 307

22 or More ........................................... 561

Engine Size (liters)

2.49 or Less ......................................... 558

2.50 to 3.49 .......................................... 248

3.50 to 4.49 .......................................... 205

4.50 or Greater .................................... 501

Number of Cylinders

4 ............................................................. 623

6 ............................................................. 380

8 ............................................................. 497

Other ..................................................... 11

Type of Transmission

Automatic ..............................................

Manual Shift .........................................

Type of Drive

Front-Wheel...........................

Rear-Wheel ...........................

4-Wheel..................................

See footnote at end of table

46 Energy Information Administration/Household Vehicles Energy Consumption 1988
Table 12. U.S. Vehicle Miles Traveled by Family Income, 1988 (Continued)

(Billion Miles)

Household and Vehicle All Income 

Characteristics Categories

Type of Fuel System

Carburetor ............................................. 1,073

Diesel Engine ....................................... 24 

Type of Fuel Purchased

Unleaded.................................. ......... 1,338

Premium Grade .............................. 401 

Leaded ....................................... ....... 146

Diesel Fuel ................................. ......... 24

Type of Primary Service

Full-Service Pumps ............................. 210 

Self or Mini-Service Pumps ................ 1,242

Vehicle Used on the Job

Yes ........................................................ 211

No .......................................................... 1,300

Less $10,000 $15,000 

than to to 

$10,000 $14,999 $19,999

90 121 99 

20 29 32

Q Q Q 

110 151 130

92 125 119 

64 80 74

Q Q Q

22 -i8 39 

18 26 12

Q Q Q

17 23 14 

89 123 112 

Q Q Q

Q 12 15

104 141 117

1987 Family Income

" ~ "" " " -r-- ----

$20,000 $25,000 $35,000 

to to to 

$24,999 : $34,999 $49,999

117 219 209 

34 75 99

Q Q Q 

151 293 307

138 266 281 

89 171 173

10 17 21

38 78 86 

13 27 26

Q Q Q

17 45 43 

134 242 258 

Q 10 12

18 41 56

136 256 257

:

$50,000 $75,000 

to or 

$74,999 More

146 72 

76 50

Q Q 

222 122

206 112 

136 64

11 Q

59 41 

16 10

Q Q

27 25 

193 91 

6 Q

41 21

185 104

.. =S .' '.'^'- :

BOX

111

 f':!': S

Ms iit

V?fi'ijj|

: . fttSi

:^ifi|

 :*iiS)B'

: -HJNjB'

-Siisfc 

: siisji . . ir***^-r«r-- ri**!* 

: ',Iiir

5. fiflt'

 1-*$f (**§ 

v. ^^&&

 ''"'V^IJlfBj

,. :.' ( ..f.-^^

Ol-t. 

0)

(D

NC No cases in sample.

Q Data withheld because the RSE was greater than 50 percent or fewer than 10 households were sampled.

Notes: Households with Children include members under age 18 years old unless the member is the householder or spouse. Approximately 

0.5 percent of the vehicle stock was owned by households that had no drivers as of fall 1987. To obtain a Relative Standard Error (RSE) 

percent for any table cell, multiply the cell's corresponding column and row factors. Because of rounding, data may not sum to totals. Data in 

this table are for households with vehicles for personal transportation. See "Glossary" for definition of terms used in this report

Source: Energy Information Administration, Office of Energy Markets and End Use, Forms EIA-876 A, B, C, of the 1988 Residential 

Transportation Energy Consumption Survey and Form EIA-457 B of the 1987 Residential Energy Consumption Survey, (for specific titles of forms, 

see Appendix D.)

Tl

Q)

3

3 

O

o

<0

Energy Information Administration/Household Vehicles Energy Consumption 1988 47
Table 13. U.S. Vehicle Fuel Consumption by Family Income, 1988

(Billion Gallons)

Household and Vehicle 

Characteristics

Total ........................................................ 82.4

Census Region and Division

Northeast .............................................. 14.0

New England ..................................... 3.4

Middle Atlantic .................................. 10.6

Midwest................................................. 20.8

East North Central............................ 14.3

West North Central........................... 6.5

South ..................................................... 29.6

South Atlantic.................................... 14.6

East South Central ........................... 5.6

West South Central .......................... 9.4

West ...................................................... 18.1

Mountain ............................................ 4.7

Pacific................................................. 13.3

Metropolitan Status

Metropolitan ......................................... 62.6

Central City ........................................ 20.5

Outside Central City ......................... 42.2

Nonmetropolitan .................................. 19.8

Household Size

1 Person ............................................... 9.9

2 Persons ............................................. 26.6

3 Persons ............................................. 17.2

4 Persons ............................................. 15.9

5 or More Persons .............................. 12.8

Household Composition

Households with Children ................... 36.4

Age of Oldest Child 

Under 7 Years ................................ 10.2

7 to 15 Years ................................. 17.5

16 or 17 Years ............................... 8.7

Households without Children ............. 46.0

One Adult........................................... 9.9

Age of Householder 

Under 35 Years ........................... 3.4

35 to 59 Years ............................ 3.7

60 Years or More ........................ 2.9

Two or More Adults .......................... 36.1

Age of Householder 

Under 35 Years ........................... 8.3

35 to 59 Years ............................ 16.7

60 Years or More ........................ 11.1

Origin of Householder

White ..................................................... 73.5

Black ..................................................... 6.2

Other ..................................................... 2.8

Hispanic Descent

Yes ........................................................ 4.5

No .......................................................... 78.0

Number of Drivers (fall 1987)

1 ............................................................. 14.4

2 ............................................................. 46.7

3 ............................................................. 13.0

4 or More .............................................. 8.0

See footnote at end of table

48 Energy Information Administration/Household Vehicles Energy Consumption 1988
Table 13. U.S. Vehicle Fuel Consumption by Family Income, 1988 (Continued)

(Billion Gallons)

$10,000 ! $15,000 $20,000 $25,000

Household and Vehicle 

Characteristics

2

2L

O 

2L 

o

3 

(0

Average Number of Vehicles per 

Household per year

Part-Year Vehicle................................. 1.2

Only 1 ................................................... 12.9

Between 1 and 2 ................................. 8.5

Only 2 ................................................... 26.7

Between 2 and 3 ................................. 11.4

Only 3 ................................................... 9.5

Between 3 and 4 ................................. 5.8

4 or More .............................................. 6.4

Vehicle Characteristics

Model Year

1988 or 1989 ....................................... 4.2

1987 ...................................................... 7.0

1986 ...................................................... 8.9

1985 ...................................................... 7.5

1984 ...................................................... 7.3

1983 ...................................................... 4.1

1982 ...................................................... 4.1

1981 ...................................................... 4.2

1979 or 1980 ....................................... 9.7

1977 or 1978 ....................................... 9.4

1975 or 1976 ....................................... 5.9

1974 or Earlier ..................................... 10.2

Type of Vehicle

Passenger Car ..................................... 57.5

Mini Van................................................ 1.4

Jeep-Like Vehicle ................................ 3.7

Large Van ............................................. 3.5

Pickup Truck ........................................ 15.9

Other ..................................................... .4

Fuel Efficiency (miles per gallon

10.9 or Less ......................................... 9.5

11 to 12.9 ............................................. 8.0

13 to 15.9 ............................................. 14.9

16 to 18.9 ............................................. 13.9

19 to 21.9 ............................................. 15.0

22 or More ........................................... 21.1

Engine Size (liters)

2.49 or Less ......................................... 22.0

2.50 to 3.49 .......................................... 12.1

3.50 to 4.49 .......................................... 11.5

4.50 or Greater .................................... 36.7

Number of Cylinders

4 ............................................................. 25.0

6............................................................. 20.5

8 ............................................................. 36.4

Other ..................................................... .5

Type of Transmission

Automatic.............................................. 62.3

Manual Shift ......................................... 20.1

Type of Drive

Front-Wheel .......................................... 23.7

Rear-Wheel .......................................... 51.6

4-Wheel................................................. 7.1

See footnote at end of table

 n

Q>

3 

O 

O

(D

Energy Information Administration/Household Vehicles Energy Consumption 1988 49
Table 13. U.S. Vehicle Fuel Consumption by Family Income, 1988 (Continued)

(Billion Gallons)

Household and Vehicle 

Characteristics

Type of Fuel System

Carburetor.................

Fuel Injection ...........

Diesel Engine ...........

Type of Fuel Purchased

Motor Gasoline ...................................

Unleaded...........................................

Regular Grade ...............................

Intermediate Grade.......................

Premium Grade .............................

Leaded ..............................................

Diesel Fuel ..........................................

Type of Primary Se. vice

Full-Service Pumps ............................

Self or Mini-Service Pumps ...............

Both Equally ........................................

Vehicle Used en the Job

Yes ............. .........................................

No ............. ...........................................

11.0

68.1

3.1

11.4

71.0

Q 

6.2

NC No cases in sample.

Q Data withheld because the RSE was greater than 50 percent or fewer than 10 households were sampled.

Notes- Households with Children include members under age 18 years old unless the member is the householder or spouse. Approximately 

0.5 percent of the vehicle stock was owned by households that had no drivers as of fall 1987. To obtain a Relative Standard Error (RSE) 

percent for any table cell, multiply the cell's corresponding column and row factors. Because of rounding, data may not sum to totals. Data in 

this table are for households with vehicles for personal transportation. See "Glossary" for definition of terms used in this report.

Source: Energy Information Administration, Office of Energy Markets and End Use, Forms EIA-876 A, B, C, of the 1988 Residential 

Transportation Energy Consumption Survey and Form EIA-457 B of the 1987 Residential Energy Consumption Survey, (for specific titles of forms, 

see Appendix D.)

50 Energy Information Administration/Household Vehicles Energy Consumption 1988
Table 14. U.S. Average Vehicle Miles Traveled by Family Income, 

1988

(Miles per Household)

1987 Family Income

$15,000

to 

$19,999

$20,000

to 

$24,999

$25,000

to 

$34,999

$35,000

to 

$49,999

$50,000

to 

$74,999

Less

than

$10,000

$10,000

to 

$14,999

All Income 

Categories

Household 

Characteristics

Household Characteristics

Census Region and Division

9,639 

Q

10,315 

10,567 

11,282

9,051 

11,124 

11,782 

10,720 

10,653 

11,877 

13,292 

11,035

10,501 

Q

10,532 

16,261 

17,139 

14,952 

18,435 

18,260 

Q

20,058

15,464

Q

15,455

15,934 

19,690 

14,644 

19,152 

17,928 

21,668 

18,559 

20,102 

16,807 

16,982 

16,579 

Q 

15,232

16,790

16,127

17,070

18,558

18,168

19,459

19,849

18,895

21,888

19,723

18,347

21,299

17,428

22,966

24,687

22,418

24,899

24,169

26,827

25,684

26,136

22,544

27,295

22,431

25,974

21,652

25,564 

28,707 

24,698 

26,788 

27,219 

25,402 

26,579 

25,211 

Q

29,777 

23,619 

23,830 

23,568

28,394 

Q

29,392

25,491

25,578

Q

27,143

28,337

Q

Q

27,857

Q

26,846

Northeast . New England ..

Middle Atlantic 

Midwest....

East North Central

West North Central. 

South

South Atlantic ........

East South Central

West South Central 

West

Mountain .

Pacific .

17,997

18,581

17,817

18,518

18,350

18,913

18,859

19,525

18,180

18,193

18,783

19,581

18,520

12,400 

Q

12,722 

12,433 

12,048 

13,840 

13,413 

13,212 

15,097 

12,697 

13,347 

15,216 

12,642

Metropolitan Status

Metropolitan ........................................

Central City .......................................

Outside Central City 

Nonmetropolitan

15,400

12,418

17,385

16,877

16,836

16,250

17,212

20,408

25,446

22,882

26,633

26,487

28,036

17,955

31,384

Q

18,586

15,669

20,385

18,627

10,886

10,750

11,003

11,021

11,948

11,277

12,654

15.422

17,957

17,152

18,504

21.527

23,398

19,612

24,903

27,832

Household Size

1 Person ........

2 Persons .

3 Persons .

4 Persons ......

5 or More Persons ..............................

O

22,146 

27,572 

31,099 

28,184

10,813

16,817

22,679

23,323

25.930

8,234

12,007

13,241

14,213

Q

9,720

12,514

19,398

14,262

16,987

10,539

15,691

18,102

18,825

22,378

12,085

14,232

20,255

23,376

29,006

13,190

17,274

22,317

19,106

24,769

14,840

20,840

26,070

27,694

29,417

Q

21,992 

29,679 

31,634 

36,921

Household Composition

Households with Children 

Age of Oldest Child 

Under 7 Years ............

7 to 15 Years 

16 or 17 Years 

Households without Children 

One Adult 

Age of Householder 

Under 35 Years ... 

35 to 59 Years ....

60 Years or More 

Two or More Adults . 

Age of Householder 

Under 35 Years 

35 to 59 Years 

60 Years or More .......

25,030 

27,341 

31,132 

24,387 

Q

20,612

21,301

28,854

16,307

10,813

14,113

14,185

Q

10,014 

8,234

Q

15,160

21,865

11,741

9,720

17,933

18,757

19,230

14,196

10,539

21,087

22,652

27.297

14,719

12,085

20,747

20,041

24,583

17,077

13,190

24,728

26,357

32,710

21,658

14,840

Q

28,383 

42,168 

23,290

Q

13,841

12,476

7,229

19,015

13,794

11,696

6,902

13,254

12,036 

Q

6,811 

16,885

15,393

13,058

8,945

18,978

20,776

20,510

12,792

20,300

23,420

14,058

18,695

18,440

13,020

21,526

19,642

16.491

22,240

25,428

18,128

22,536

29,444

19,180

Origin of Householder

White 

Black 

Other

18,824

16,006

19,441

17,648

19,497

18,204

24,508

19,100

26,442

Hispanic Descent

Yes 

No

10,842

19,503

28,536

36,583

9,469

15,187

23,926

Q

11,623

16,665

25,583

Q

10,780

18,975

27,763

Q

14,753

23,009

33,340

35,044

13,474

19,063

26,155

Q

Q

23,444 

30,976 

44.480

Number of Drivers (fall 1987)

1

2

3

4 or More ...............................

See footnote at end of table

(D 

(/>

T3 

(D

O

C 

(/> 

(D

O.

a

 n

Q)

3

3 

O 

O

(D

Energy Information Administration/Household Vehicles Energy Consumption 1988 51
o 

o>

CO

3 

O

Q)

a

a> <u

Table 14. U.S. Average Vehicle Miles Traveled by Family Income, 

1988 (Continued)

(Miles per Household)

1987 Family Income

$20,000

to 

$24,999

$35,000 $50,000 $75,000

Household 

Characteristics Categories $10,000 $14,999 $19,999 $49,999 $74,999

Average Number of Vehicles per 

Household per year

Part-Year Vehicle... 

Only 1

Between 1 and 2 ..... 

Only 2

Between 2 and 3 

Only 3

Between 3 and 4 

4 or More ...........

5,271

10,170

17,049

20,251

25,456

28,995

36,820

42,332

9,437 

17,099 

16,203 

23,546 

23,119 

Q

10,364 

16,796 

16,961 

27,583 

26,821 

Q

10,995 

15,660 

19,930 

25,646 

30,268 

Q

11,231 

17,715 

20,378 

22,954 

24,476 

Q

13.501

19,285

22,873

27,007

28,349

37,079

11,415

17,914

22,093

28,224

32,421

37,515

Q 39,347 42,846 43,918 52,574

0)

o 

o

E 

ro

LL.

Nc No cases in sample.

0 Data withheld because the RSE was greater than 50 percent or fewer than 10 households were sampled.

Notes: Households with Children include members under age 18 years old unless the member is the householder or spouse. Approximately 

0.5 percent of the vehicle stock was owned by households that had no drivers as of fall 1987. To obtain a Relative Standard Error (RSE) 

percent for any table cell, multiply the cell's corresponding column and row factors. Because of rounding, data may not sum to totals. Data in 

this table are for households with vehicles for personal transportation. See "Glossary" for definition of terms used in this report.

Source: Energy Information Administration, Office of Energy Markets and End Use, Forms EIA-876 A, B, C, of the 1988 Residential 

Transportation Energy Consumption Survey and Form EIA-457 B of the 1987 Residential Energy Consumption Survey, (for specific titles of forms, 

see Appendix D.)

52 Energy Information Administration/Household Vehicles Energy Consumption 1988
Table 15. U.S. Average Vehicle Fuel Consumption by Family Income, 

1988

(Gallons per Household)

Household 

Characteristics

1987 Family Income

All Income 

Categories

Less

than

$10,000

$10,000 $15,000 ' $20,000 $25,000 $35,000

to to i to to to

$14,999 i $19,999 $24,999 $34,999 $49,999

$50,000

to 

$74,999

$75,000

or 

More

Q 

SL o"

3 

W

 o

(D

Household Characteristics

Total ........................................................ 1,014 652 762 879 980 1,025 1,275 1,330 1,391 !S;|^

Census Region and Division ••;..,?3

Northeast .............................................. 917 531 654 558 828 859 1,167 1,253 1,388 :*jj

New England .................................. 942 Q O Q 956 803 1,196 1,486 Q f ||

Middle Atlantic .................................. 909 555 649 554 785 883 1,158 1,188 1,438 Sill

Midwest................................................. 1,016 615 734 913 1,073 1,015 1,343 1,376 1,286.-HI!

East North Central........................... 996 661 699 938 1,003 978 1,290 1,390 1,291 'Jjj

West North Central........ .................. 1,062 519 858 875 1,216 1,101 1,481 1,330 O. fll

South .................................................... 1.046 683 816 1,038 1,022 1,091 1,347 1,399 1,411

South Atlantic .................................... 1,028 642 814 935 1,081 1,000 1,285 1,277 1,442

East South Central ........................... 1,036 777 850 Q 1,070 1,177 1,123 Q Q

West South Central .......................... 1,081 679 797 1,279 907 1,159 1,676 1,617 Q

West ...................................................... 1,046 715 775 838 934 1,083 1,206 1,278 1,437

Mountain ............................................ 1,105 774 860 Q Q 1,240 1,486 1,279 Q

Pacific ................................................. 1,027 680 743 845 845 1,034 1,145 1,278 1,377

Metropolitan Status

Metropolitan ......................................... 995 631 688 833 917 977 1,219 1,313 1,413

Central City ........................................ 852 618 629 661 917 936 1,050 1,165 983

Outside Central City ......................... 1,083 642 751 948 916 1,005 1,286 1,382 1,556

Nonmetropoiitan .................................. 1,081 694 938 989 1,146 1,237 1,545 1,476 Q

Household Size

1 Person ............................................... 586 484 559 561 647 702 685 Q Q

2 Persons ............................................. 928 706 740 877 809 956 1,103 1,170 1,155

3 Persons ............................................. 1,209 779 1,099 1,022 1,115 1,225 1,334 1,423 1,396

4 Persons ............................................. 1,257 895 843 1,066 1.281 1,036 1,476 1,583 1,640

5 or More Persons .............................. 1,449 Q 1,067 1,233 1,532 1,421 1,638 1,548 1,897

Household Composition

Households with Children................... 1,216 820 963 1,011 1,239 1,155 1,445 1,383 1,647

Age of Oldest Child 

Under 7 Years ................................ 1,077 772 Q 985 1,069 1,112 1,251 1,173 Q

7 to 15 Years ................................. 1,188 881 923 1,012 1,284 1,124 1,454 1,430 1,474

16 or 17 Years ............................... 1,521 Q 1,266 1,056 1,420 1,365 1,718 1,605 2!o81

Households without Children ............. 896 599 681 800 824 939 1,137 1,298 1,176

One Adult........................................... 586 484 559 561 647 702 685 Q Q

Age of Householder 

Under 35 Years ........................... 680 Q 782 617 Q 728 Q Q O

35 to 59 Years ............................ 689 581 721 Q 794 747 586 Q Q

60 Years or More........................ 434 428 380 439 Q 509 Q Q Q

Two or More Adults.......................... 1,049 756 772 976 898 1,055 1,215 1,360 1,288

Age of Householder 

Under 35 Years ........................... 1,028 Q Q 1,095 993 1,069 1,150 1,048 Q

35 to 59 Years ............................ 1,298 1,045 949 1,243 1,018 1,176 1,341 1,616 1,444

60 Years or More ........................ 824 517 727 768 786 942 1,031 1,065 987

Origin of Householder

White ..................................................... 1,028 649 772 895 981 1,028 1,282 1,341 1,380

Black ..................................................... 864 689 685 Q 992 1,001 1,017 Q Q

Other ..................................................... 1,047 Q Q Q 922 Q 1,673 Q Q

Hispanic Descent

Yes ........................................................ 1,049 Q Q Q Q 938 1,410 Q Q

No .......................................................... 1,012 650 764 895 971 1,030 1,265 1,324 1,376

Number of Drivers (fall 1987)

1 ............................................................. 594 497 542 624 583 714 776 728 Q

2 ............................................................. 1,068 896 911 931 1,049 1,053 1,199 1,187 1,239

3 ............................................................. 1,561 O 1,313 1,502 1,588 1,509 1,584 1,780 1,537

4 or More ............................................. 1,920 Q Q O Q Q 2,040 1,843 2,184

D)

3

See footnote at end of table

Energy Information Administration/Household Vehicles Energy Consumption 1988 53
2 

o

0)

w 

o

X

k. 

0) 

CL

(0

c ,0

To 

O

Table 15. U.S. Average Vehicle Fuel Consumption by Family Income, 

1988 (Continued)

(Gallons per Household)

1987 Family Income

Less $10,000 $15,000 $20,000 $25,000 $35,000 $50,000 $75,000

All Income than to to to to to to or

Categories $10,000 $14,999 $19,999 $24,999 $34,999 $49,999 $74,999 I More

Household 

Characteristics

316

526

936

1,100

1,386

1,614

2,078

2,407

508

1,041

970

1,405

1,470

544

881

1,100

1,375

1,776

553

977

1,132

1,280

1,404

607

970

1,185

1,412

1,567

538

904

1,093

1,467

1,728

2,455 2,364 2,550 2,561

d>

O

o

c

E

<0

Average Number of Vehicles per 

Household per year

Part-Year Vehicle.... 

Only 1

Between 1 and 2 

Only 2

Between 2 and 3 

Only 3

Between 3 and 4 

4 or More

NC No cases in sample.

0 Data withheld because the RSE was greater than 50 percent or fewer than 10 households were sampled.

Notes: Households with Children include members under age 18 years old unless the member is the householder or spouse. Approximately 

0.5 percent of the vehicle stock was owned by households that had no drivers as of fall 1987. To obtain a Relative Standard Error (RSE) 

percent for any table cell, multiply the cell's corresponding column and row factors. Because of rounding, data may not sum to totals. Data in 

this table are for households with vehicles for personal transportation. See "Glossary" for definition of terms used in this report.

Source: Energy Information Administration, Office of Energy Markets and End Use, Forms EIA-876 A, B, C, of the 1988 Residential 

Transportation Energy Consumption Survey and Form EIA-457 B of the 1987 Residential Energy Consumption Survey, (for specific titles of forms, 

see Appendix D.)

54 Energy Information Administration/Household Vehicles Energy Consumption 1988
Table 16. U.S. Vehicles by Household Composition, 1988

(Million Vehicles)

Households with Children Households without Children

Age of Oldest Child

7 16

to or

15 17

Years Years

Under

7 

Total Years

Household and Vehicle 

Characteristics

Household Characteristics

Census Region and Division

Northeast

New England

Middle Atlantic ........

Midwest

East North Central ..

West North Central ............

South

South Atlantic ..

East South Central

West South Central 

West

Mountain

Pacific ....

Metropolitan Status

Metropolitan ...

Central City .............

Outside Central City 

Nonmetropolitan

Household Size

1 Person .........

2 Persons .......

3 Persons

4 Persons ...................

5 or More Persons

Hispanic Descent

Yes 

No

or*

SL

Io"

o"

W

Origin of Householder

White 

Black 

Other

1987 Family Income

Less than $10,000 ........

$10,000 to $14,999 ......

$15,000 to $19,999 ......

$20,000 to $24,999 ......

$25,000 to $34,999 ......

$35,000 to $49,999 ......

$50,000 to $74,999 ......

$75,000 or More .....

Below 100% of Poverty .... 

Below 125% of Poverty ........

Number of Drivers (fall 1987)

1 ................................................

2 ................................................

3 ................................................

4 or More .................................

See footnote at end of table

I

o

0)

CD

=T 

O.

Q.

O 

O

Energy Information Administration/Household Vehicles Energy Consumption 1988 55
Table 16. U.S. Vehicles by Household Composition, 1988 (Continued)

(Million Vehicles)

Households with Children Households without Children

Household and Vehicle 

Characteristics

Xge of Oldest Child

ider

7

,

to

15

Voare

16

or

One Adult,

 

Two or More Adults,

Age of Householder Age of Householder

35

Under

17 35

to

59

VAare

60

Years

or

Under

35

VA«re

35 60

to | Years

59 or

Total Years Years Years Over Years

Average Number of Vehicles per 

Household per year

Part-Year Vehicle 

Only 1

Between 1 and 2 

Only 2

Between 2 and 3 

Only 3 ... 

Between 3 and 4 

4 or More

Vehicle Characteristics

Model Year

1988 or 198W 

1987 ..............

1986 ..

1985.

1984 ..

1983 ..

1982 ..

1981 ..

1979 or 1980 .

1977 or 1978 .

1975 or 1976 ....

or Earlier

Type of Vehicle

Passenger Car.. 

Mini Van 

Jeep-Like Vehicle 

Large Van 

Pickup Truck .... 

Other

Fuel Efficiency (miles per gallon)

12.9 or Less 

13 to 15.9 

16 to 18.9 

19 to 21.9 

22 to 24.9 

25 or More

Engine Size (liters)

2.49 or Less

2.50 to 3.49 

3.50 to 4.49 

4.50 or Greater.

Number of Cylinders

4 

6 ..

Type of Transmission

Automatic 

Manual Shift

See footnote at end of table

Energy Information Administration/Household Vehicles Energy Consumption 1988
Table 16. U.S. Vehicles by Household Composition, 1988 (Continued)

(Million Vehicles)

Households with Children Households without Children

One Adult, 

Age of Householder

Two or More Adults, 

Age of Oldest Child Age of Householder

Household and Vehicle 

Characteristics

Type of Drive

Front-Wheel 

Rear-Wheel . 

4-Wheel

Type of Fuel System

Carburetor .... 

Fuel Injection 

Diesel Engine

Type of Fuel Purchased

Motor Gasoline 

Unleaded 

Regular Grade 

Intermediate Grade 

Premium Grade. 

Leaded 

Diesel Fuel

Type of Primary Service

Full-Service Pumps

Self or Mini-Service Pumps

Both Equally

Vehicle Used on the Job

Yes 

No

Nc No cases in sample.

0 Data withheld because the RSE was greater than 50 percent or fewer than 10 households were sampled.

Notes: Households with Children include members under age 18 years old unless the member is the householder or spouse. 

 Approximately 0.5 percent of the vehicle stock was owned by households that had no drivers as of fall 1987. To obtain a Relative 

Standard Error (RSE) percent for any table cell, multiply the cell's corresponding column and row factors. Because of rounding, data may 

not sum to totals. Data in this table are for households with vehicles for personal transportation. See "Glossary" for definition of terms 

used in this report.

Source: Energy Information Administration, Office of Energy Markets and End Use, Forms EIA-876 A, B, C, of the 1988 Residential 

Transportation Energy Consumption Survey and Form EIA-457 B of the 1987 Residential Energy Consumption Survey, (for specific titles of 

forms, see Appendix D.)

Energy Information Administration/Household Vehicles Energy Consumption 1988 57
Table 17. U.S. Average Vehicle Miles Traveled by Household Composition, 

1988

(Miles per Household)

Total..

Households with Children Households without Children

One Adult, 

Age of Householder

Two or More Adults, 

Age of Oldest Child Age of Householder

7 16

to or

15 17

Years Years Total

35 60 

to Years 

59 or 

Years i Over

Under

7 

Total Years

Household 

Characteristics

Household Characteristics

22,519 20,612 21,301 28,854 16,307 13,841 12,476 7,229 20,300 23,420 14,058

15,955

16,173

15,892

16,183

16,374

15,724

16,403

17,321

14,828

16,026

16,624

17,360

16.362

10,853

Q

10,246 

11,627

Q

10,961 

13,119 

14,064

Q

13,071 

13,233

Q 

13,352

19,395 

Q

20,195 

21,313 

21,157 

21,755 

20,254 

24,600 

Q

16,349

19,775

Q

18,310

13,261

12,271

13,439

14,389

14,577

13,874

13,920

14,101

13,041

14,082

14,582

14,302

14,666

23,891

23,719

23,958

23,847

23,350

25,251

22,795

23,335

21,599

22,621

23,639

23,686

23,621

Census Region and Division

Northeast

New England .......

Middle Atlantic ..... 

Midwest ....................................

East North Central ...............

West North Central ..............

South ........................................

South Atlantic .......................

East South Central...............

West South Central .............

West .........................................

Mountain ................................

Pacific ....................................

21,740

22,486

21,484

22,710

21,965

24,394

22,837

22,707

24,717

21,992

22,420

23,979

21,972

19,134 

21,444 

18,412 

19,878 

19,791 

20,142 

21,990 

21,507 

22,380 

22,643 

20,278 

Q 

20,068

20,834

21,698

20,468

21,506

21,103

22,323

21,435

21,961

24,342

18,843

21,197

20,439

21,485

27,767 

Q

27,850

31,795

29,461

36,153

28,719

26,665

Q

Q

27,464

Q

25,313

Metropolitan Status

Metropolitan ...............

Central City .............

Outside Central City 

Nonmetropolitan ........

Household Size

1 Person .....................

2 Persons ...................

3 Persons ...................

4 Persons ...................

5 or More Persons ....

Origin of Householder

White ................................

Black .................................

Other.................................

Hispanic Descent

Yes ....................................

No .....................................

1987 Family Income

Less than $10,000 ..........

$10,000 to $14,999 ........

$15,000 to $19,999 ........

$20,000 to $24,999 ........

$25,000 to $34,999 ........

$35,000 to $49,999 ........

$50,000 to $74,999 .......

$75,000 or More ............

22,487 20,691 21,403 28,390 16,373 13,610 12,352

18,551 18,652 17,875 20,338 14,282 12,642 10,617

24,537 22,010 23,159 31,508 17,788 14,363 14,075

22,621 20,302 21,010 30,297 16,071 15,103 12,960

NC NC NC NC 10,813 13,841 12,476

14,344 Q 12,282 Q 16,952 NC NC

22,086 21,066 20,271 29,479 23,840 NC NC

21,919 20,653 21,254 27,310 31,964 NC NC

25,303 21,290 23,638 30,207 33,374 NC NC

23,049 20,569 21,598 31,337 16,565 14,197 12,820

19,414 19,436 20,699 Q 12,923 Q Q

20,910 Q 17,935 Q 17,011 NC Q

21,516 21,041 18,614 Q 15,590 Q Q 

22,599 20,585 21,540 28,780 16,337 13,694 12,558

7,016 19,953 23,598 14,148

7,224 17,786 21,446 12,889

6,816 22,131 24,476 14,835

7,876 22,214 22,763 13,815

7,229 NC NC NC

NC 19,954 19,846 12,882

NC 18,049 28,240 19,737

NC Q 34,297 Q

NC Q 36,968 Q

7,284 20,415 23,963 14,108

Q Q 17,671 13,460

Q Q Q Q

Q Q Q Q 

7,258 20,358 23,775 13,985

13,822

16,019

18,580

22,969

20,927

27,233

27,423

32,326

14,113 

Q

17,933 

21,087 

20,747 

24,728 

25,030 

Q

14,185

15,160

18,757

22,652

20,041

26,357

27,341

28,383

Q

21,865 

19,230

10,014

11,741

Q 9,177 

13,794 11,696

6,717

6,902

Q 

Q

16,559

16,399

14,196 12,036

27,297 14,719 Q 13,603

24,583 17,077 15,393 13,058

Below 100% of Poverty ..... 

Below 125% of Poverty .....

See footnote at end of table

14,567 13,381 15,335

32,710 21,658

31,132 24,387

42,168 23,290

Q 10,427

Q 

Q 

Q

12,600 

Q 

Q

6,811 20,776 20,510

Q 18,695 18,440

8,945 21,526 19,642

Q 22,240 25,428

Q 22,536 29,444

Q Q 28,392

8,003

11,999

12,792

13,020

16,491

18,128

19,180

18,108

16,016 14,782 15,520 20,430 10,469

7,876

6,819

Q Q 7,713 

Q 17,098 9,037

58 Energy Information Administration/Household Vehicles Energy Consumption 1988
Miles per Household Household Compositio

oi 3 ra £ o 5

> o Q- O m O

< I
Table 18. U.S. Average Vehicle Miles Traveled by Vehicle Fuel Efficiency 

Category, 1988

(Miles per Vehicle)

Fuel Efficiency 

(miles per gallon)

All Fuel 

Efficiency 

Categories

Household and Vehicle 

Characteristics

Household Characteristics

5,186 

Q

5,144 

4,851 

4,909 

4,741 

5,537 

5,448 

5,810 

5,472 

6,427 

6,247 

6,496

7,312 

Q

7,591 

7,943 

7,397 

8,659 

7,701 

6,420 

8,034 

9,914 

7,531 

8,261 

7,246

8,204

9,519

7,787

8,868

8,769

9,077

9,161

8,824

10,164

9,121

8,943

8,744

9,035

10,051

10,799

9,822

10,293

10,436

9,872

10,513

10,110

10,104

11,232

8,977

9,134

8,928

11,024

10,825

11,089

12,135

12,306

11,687

12,303

12,950

10,681

12.145

11,396

11,072

11,465

12,404

11,342

12,771

12,064

12,031

12,139

13,545

13,507

13,502

13,723

12,631

12,658

12,621

5,470

5,548

5,425

5,847

7,685

7,365

7,855

7,675

8,817

8,401

9,054

9,084

9,842

9,519

9,997

10,872

11,768

11,001

12,155

12,097

12,643

11,952

12,986

12,985

6,259

6,941

8,650

7,594

9,258

8,323

7,453

10,229

9,829

9,838

12,443

11,948

13,233

13,278

13,041

4,739

5,057

6,298

6,100

6,607

8,397

9,696

10,595

10,689

11,204

10,281

11,192

12,395

12,708

12,934

7,333

5,839

6,717

5,128

4,739

8,187

8,470

9,049

7,131

6,259

9,440

10,326

9,846

8,104

8,323

10,586

11,619

11,311

9,407

8,397

12,252

12,725

13,557

11,133

10,281

13,611

12,845

13,974

12,182

12.443

Q

7,581 

6,733 

8,033

Q

9,474 

7,022 

9,635

11,410

10,640

8,469

11,375

13,870

12,793

9,365

12,099

11,176

10,511

7,964

12,237

12,110

10,030

13,119

12,497

10.192

9,998

11,294

8,936

12,632

13,466

13,086

Total ........................................................... 10,246

Census Region and Division

Northeast ................................................. 10,311

New England ........................................ 10,195

Middle Atlantic ..................................... 10,349

Midwest.................................................... 10,021

East North Central............................... 10,124

West North Central.............................. 9,794

South ........................................................ 10,550

South Atlantic ....................................... 10,701

East South Central .............................. 10,357

West South Central ............................. 10,412

West ......................................................... 9,980

Mountain ............................................... 9,887

Pacific.................................................... 10,013

Metropolitan Status

Metropolitan ............................................ 10,278

Central City ........................................... 9,720

Outside Central City ............................ 10,565

Nonmetropolitan ..................................... 10,137

Household Size

1 Person .................................................. 9,243

2 Persons ................................................ 9,381

3 Persons ................................................ 11,180

4 Persons ................................................ 11,005

5 or More Persons ................................. 11,062

Household Composition

Households with Children ...................... 11,268

Age of Oldest Child 

Under 7 Years ................................... 11,322

7 to 15 Years .................................... 10,947

16 or 17 Years .................................. 11,865

Households without Children ................ 9,548

One Adult.............................................. 9,243

Age of Householder 

Under 35 Years .............................. 12,052

35 to 59 Years ............................... 9,299

60 Years or More ........................... 6,890

Two or More Adults ............................. 9,637

Age of Householder 

Under 35 Years .............................. 11,414

35 to 59 Years ............................... 10,238

60 Years or More ........................... 7,852

Origin of Householder

White ........................................................ 10,182

Black ........................................................ 10,769

Other ........................................................ 10,860

Hispanic Descent

Yes ........................................................... 10,476

No ............................................................. 10,233

See footnote at end of table

60 Energy Information Administration/Household Vehicles Energy Consumption 1988
Table 18. U.S. Average Vehicle Miles Traveled by Vehicle Fuel Efficiency 

Category, 1988 (Continued)

(Miles per Vehicle)

Fuel Efficiency 

(miles per gallon)

All Fuel 

Efficiency 

Categories

Household and Vehicle 

Characteristics 11 to 12.9 13 to 15.9 16 to 18.9 19 to 21.9 22 or More

6,124 

7,158 

8,836 

7,435 

7,845 

8,102 

8,732 

Q

7,674

8,466

9,499

9,386

9,011

9,126

9,334

8,242

8,681

9,219

9,372

9,928

10,775

10,204

10,585

10,673

10,020

10,520

10,876

10,919

11,470

12,877

12,400

13,538

11,245

12,376

12,048

12,773

12,357

13,426

13,026

13,298

5,393 

5,371 

5,388 

6,260 

5,265 

6,168 

4,922 

Q

6,405

7,755

8,655

8,101

4,717

5,845

5,510

6,688

8,123

8,662

9,798

10,740

8,556

10,376

10,823

10,055

10,566

11,816

12,800

13,171

12,255

12,526

13,283

13,788

Q

6,663 

10,434 

7,430 

7,729 

7,500

Q 

6,742

Q

11,243 

11,927 

11,532 

12,477 

12,073 

13,308 

11,882

Q

12,608 

13,035 

12,771 

12,175 

12,666 

13,529 

12,914

Q

5,758 

6,213 

5,563 

5,838 

4,819 

6,313 

5,013

Q 

8,579

10,132 

8,137 

9,625 

8,070 

9,670

10,409

Q

9,060

11,405

10,218

10,218

9,683

9,351

10,716

Q

Q

10,625

12,911

9,059

6,767

0

8,389 

9,213 

8,776 

9,476 

7,030

13,037

9,833

10,825

9,609

10,827

10,700

11,219

8,507

10,469

11,601

8,871

6.391

12,822 

13,345 

13,076 

12,453 

11,885 

11,685 

10,412 

10,826 

9,966

Q

Q 

8.682

13,734 

14,482 

13,151 

13,244 

12,408 

11,876 

11,706 

12,413 

12,019 

9,400

Q

Q

6,656

Q

10,787

9,932

8,429

NC

7,887

Q

13,528

11,114

10,108

NC

11,618 

13,584 

14,795

Q

11,496 

NC

5,426 

Q

5,236 

6,590 

5,574 

5,034

9,730 

10,463 

12,463

Q

10,821 

NC

4,873

7,030

7,269

9.806

7,498

9,334

9,985

11,372

9,510

12,310

12,286

15.161

12,448

13,527

15,525

Q

(D 

(/>

 o

(D

i

c[

<D

1987 Family Income

Less than $10,000 ................................. 8,377

$10,000 to $14,999 ................................ 9,053

$15,000 to $19,999 ................................ 9,884

$20,000 to $24,999 ................................ 10,193

525,000 to $34,999 ................................ 10,173

$35,000 to $49,999 ................................ 11,053

$50,000 to $74,999 ................................ 11,026

$75,000 or More ..................................... 11,538

Below 100% of Poverty ........................ 8,805

Below 125% of Poverty ........................ 9,089

Number of Drivers (fall 1987)

1 ................................................................ 9,144

2 ................................................................ 10,243

3 ................................................................ 11,042

4 or More ................................................. 11,530

Average Number of Vehicles per 

Household per year

Part-Year Vehicle .................................... 9,546

Only 1 ...................................................... 10,167

Between 1 and 2 .................................... 11,262

Only 2 ...................................................... 10,123

Between 2 and 3 .................................... 10,492

Only 3 ...................................................... 9,664

Between 3 and 4 .................................... 10,730

4 or More ................................................. 9,914

Vehicle Characteristics

Model Year

1988 or 1989 .......................................... 12,920

1987 ......................................................... 13,408

1986 ......................................................... 12,570

1985 ......................................................... 12,074

1984 ......................................................... 11,506

1983 ......................................................... 10,610

1982 ......................................................... 10,752

1981 ......................................................... 10,021

1979 or 1980 .......................................... 9,480

1977 or 1978 .......................................... 8,715

1975 or 1976 .......................................... 7,706

1974 or Earlier ........................................ 6,271

Type of Vehicle

Passenger Car ........................................ 10,372

Mini Van ................................................... 12,650

Jeep-Like Vehicle ................................... 11,843

Large Van ................................................ 9,774

Pickup Truck ........................................... 9,433

Other ........................................................ 4,862

Engine Size (liters)

2.49 or Less ............................................ 11,303

2.50 to 3.49 ............................................. 11,440

3.50 to 4.49 ............................................. 9,637

4,50 or Greater ....................................... 9,067

See footnote at end of table

0> 

W

(D ^

0 

9L 5"

3

Energy Information Administration/Household Vehicles Energy Consumption 1988 61
Table 18. U.S. Average Vehicle Miles Traveled by Vehicle Fuel Efficiency 

Category, 1988 (Continued)

(Miles per Vehicle)

Fuel Efficiency 

(miles per gallon)

Number of Cylinders

4 .................................

6 .................................

Other

Type of Transmission

Automatic ......................

Manual Shift ................

Type of Drive

Front-Wheel ... 

Rear-Wheel ... 

4-Wheel..........

Type of Fuel System

Carburetor ..................

Fuel Injection..............

Diesel Engine .............

Type o1 rue; Purchased

Motor Gasoline ..................

Unleaded..........................

Regular Grade ..............

Intermediate Grade ......

Premium Grade ............

Leaded .............................

Diesel Fuel .........................

10,116

10,572

11,831

9,345

10,651

9,620

12,248

11,166

10,230

10,686

10,543

11,312

10,872

7,353

11,166

5,783

4,543

Q

5,575 

5,301

5,643 

Q 

Q

5,535 

5,184 

5,661

O

3,963 

5,979

Q

7,913

6,618

Q

7,344 

10,638

7,706

7,159

Q

7,664 

7,875 

8,291

Q

7,005 

7,063

Q

9,099 

7,66?

8,694

8,593

11,918

8,903

8,341

Q

8,847 

9,035 

9,304 

8,519 

8,494 

7,934 

Q

10,244

9,359

8,956

10,147

10,994

9,834

10,816

Q

10,071

10,352

10,114

11,278

10,608

7,630

Q

12,037

11,230

10,800

12,352

13,144

11,555

12,386

Q

11,826 

11,880 

11,627 

12,387 

12,231 

11,015 

Q

12,407 16,099 ••"""-

Q

Q

12,967

12,439

12,780

12,484

12,751

12,139

13,707

11,703

12,733

12,855

12,610

13,917

13,172

9,225

11,703

t»vnmjt

Type of Primary Service

Full-Service Pumps ..............

Self or Mini-Service Pumps . 

Both Equally ..........................

Vehicle Used on the Job

9,444

10,396

10,287

3,635

5,867

Q

6,870

7,820

Q

8,052

9,058

8,139

8,963

10,247

11,128

10,980

12,036

11,242

11,889 12,900 "*8 "

12,104

Yes

No ..................................

.......................... 12,333

.......................... 9,966

6,863

5,434

9,907

7,387

10,837

8,636

12,881

9,743

13,445

1 1 ,605

14,644

12,432

ffifl ss'tjj* pf

i?

Nc No cases in sample.

Q Data withheld because the HSE was greater than 50 percent or 1ewer than 10 households were sampled.

Notes: Households with Children include members under age 18 years old unless the member is the householder or spouse. Approximately 0.5 

percent of the vehicle stock was owned by households that had no drivers as of fall 1987. To obtain a Relative Standard Error (RSE) percent for any 

table cell, multiply the cell's corresponding column and row factors. Because of rounding, data may not sum to totals. Data in this table are for 

households with vehicles tor personal transportation. See "Glossary" for definition of terms used in this report.

Source: Energy Information Administration, Office of Energy Markets and End Use, Forms EIA-876 A, B, C, of the 1988 Residential Transportation 

Energy Consumption Survey and Form El A 457 B of the 1987 Residential Energy Consumption Survey, (for specific titles of forms, see Appendix D.)

62 Energy Information Administration/Household Vehicles Energy Consumption 1988
Table 19. U.S. Vehicle Fuel Consumption by Vehicle Type, 1988

(Billion Gallons)

Household and Vehicle 

Characteristics

Total

Census Region and Division

Northeast ...............................

New England ......................

Middle Atlantic ....................

Midwest ..................................

East North Central .............

West North Central ............

South ......................................

South Atlantic .....................

East South Central.............

West South Central ...........

West .......................................

Mountain ..............................

Pacific ..................................

Metropolitan Status

Metropolitan .................

Central City ...............

Outside Central City. 

Nonmetropolitan ..........

Household Size

1 Person ..................

2 Persons ................

3 Persons ................

4 Persons ................

5 or More Persons .

Household Composition

Households with Children ............

Age of Oldest Child 

Under 7 Years .........................

7 to 15 Years ...........................

16 or 17 Years.........................

Households without children .......

One Adult ....................................

Age of Householder 

Under 35 Years ....................

35 to 59 Years ......................

60 Years or More .................

Two or More Adults ...................

Age of Householder 

Under 35 Years ....................

35 to 59 Years ......................

60 Years or More .................

Origin of Householder

White ....................................... ......

Black ...............................................

Other...............................................

Hispanic Descent

Yes..................................................

No ..................................................

14.0

3.4

10.6

20.8

14.3

6.5

29.6

14.6

5.6

9.4

18.1

4.7

13.3

62.6

20.5

42.2

19.8

9.9

26.6

17.2

15.9

12.8

36.4

10.2

17.5

8.7

46.0

9.9

3.4

3.7

2.9

36.1

8.3

16.7

11.1

73.5 

6.2 

2.8

4.5 

78.0

11.0

2.4

8.6

14.7

10.3

4.4

20.3

10.4

4.1

5.8

11.5

2.7

8.8

45.2

15.3

29.9

12.3

7.8

18.4

12.0

10.8

8.6

24.8

7.1

11.5

6.2

32.7

7.8

2.6

2.8

2.4

25.0

5.7

10.9

8.3

50.3 

5.1 

2.1

3.0 

54.5

9.8

2.1

7.7

12.7

9.0

3.7

18.3

9.3

3.6

5.3

10.0

2.4

7.6

39.6

13.6

26.0

11.1

7.2

16.5

10.8

9.2

7.1

21.2

6.1 

9.8 

5.2 

29.6 

7.2

2.4

2.6

2.2

22.4

5.2 

9.6 

7.6

44.2 

4.7 

1.9

2.7 

48.1

.2 

Q 

0 

.5 

.4 

Q 

.9 

.4 

.2 

O 

.7 

.1 

.5

2.0 

.7

1.3 

.3

.4 

.6 

.4 

.5 

.4

Q 

.3 

.3 

1.5 

.4

Q

Q

Q

1.0

Q 

.6

.1

2.0 

0 

Q

.2 

2.1

1.0 

.2 

.8

1.5

1.0 

.5

1.1 

.7 

Q 

.2 

.9 

.2 

.7

3.6

1.0

2.7

.9

.2 

1.3

.7 

1.2

1.1

2.8

1.4 

.6

1.7 

.2

Q 

0

.1 

1.5

.3 

.7 

.5

4.2 

.2 

.2

.2

4.3

.2

Q

.1

.4

.3

Q

.6

.4

Q

Q

.4

.1

.3

.5

Q

.2

.9

.6

.2

1.3

.6

Q

.5

1.0

.5

.6

.7

Q

.5

1.0

.6

.4

1.1

.6

.1

.3

.8

Q

.6

1.6

.5

1.1

3.7

2.4

1.3

6.4

2.5

1.2

2.7

4.2

1.3

2.9

1.2 

.4

Q 

.3 

.2 

.5 

.4

.2 

.4 

Q

Q

NC

NC

.4

Q 

.2 

.1

1.3 

.1 

Q

Q 

1.3

2.7

1.9 

1.0

.4 

1.1 

.8 

.8 

.5

.5 

.9 

.4 

1.9 

.4

Q

Q

Q

1.5

3.5 

Q 

O

Q 

3.4

2.8

1.0

1.8

.7

Q 

.9

2.0

.5 

1.0

.5 

1.5

Q

Q 

Q 

Q 

1.2

.2 

.6 

.4

3.1 

.2 

Q

Q 

3.3

10.4 

2.9 

7.5 

5.5

1.4 

5.6 

3.4 

3.0 

2.5

6.7

1.9 

3.4 

1.4 

9.2 

1.4

.5

.6

.4

7.8

1.8 

4.0 

1.9

14.9 

.6 

.5

.8

15.1

Q 

Q

NC

Q 

Q 

Q 

Q 

Q

NC

Q 

Q 

Q 

Q

Q 

Q 

Q 

Q 

Q

Q 

Q

NC 

.3

NC 

NC

Q 

Q 

Q

.4 

NC 

NC

See footnote at end of table

Energy Information Administration/Household Vehicles Energy Consumption 1988 63
Table 19. U.S. Vehicle Fuel Consumption by Vehicle Type, 1988 (Continued)

(Billion Gallons)

All 

Household and Vehicle Vehicle 

Characteristics Types

1987 Family Income

510,000 to $14,999 ........................... 9.0 

S15, 000 to $19,999 ...... ................. 7.3

520,000 to $24,999 ........................... 8.5

525,000 to $34,999 ........................... 16.4

$35,000 to $49,999 ........................... 16.5

$50,000 to $74,999 .......................... 11.8

Below 100% of Poverty ................... 5.0 

Below 125% of Poverty ................... 8.9

Number of Drivers (fall 1987)

1 ........................................ .................. 14.4

2 ........................................................... 46.7

3 ........................................................... 13.0

Average Number of Vehicles per 

Household per year

Part-Year Vehicle ............................... 1.2

Only 1 .................................................. 12.9

Between 1 and 2 ............................... 8.5 

Only 2 .................................................. 26.7

Only 3 .................................................. 9.5

Vehicle Characteristics

Model Year

1988 or 1989 ...................................... 4.2

1987 ..................................................... 7.0

1986 ..................................................... 8.9

1985..................................................... 7.5

1984 ..................................................... 7.3

1983 ..................................................... 4.1

1982 4 1

1981 ..................................................... 4.2

1979 or 1980 ...................................... 9.7

1977 or 1978 ...................................... 9.4 

1975 or 1976 ...................................... 5.9

1974 or Earlier ................................... 10.2

Fuel Efficiency (miles per gallon)

11 to 12.9 ........................................... 8.0

13 to 15.9 ........................................... 14.9

16 to 18.9 ........................................... 13.9

19 to 21.9 ........................................... 15.0

22 or More .......................................... 21.1

Engine Size (liters)

2.50 to 3.49 ........................................ 12.1

3.50 to 4.49 ........................................ 11.5 

4.50 or Greater ................................... 36.7

Type of Vehicle

Passenger Cars

All Sedan

4.8 4.5 

6.7 5.9 

4.9 4.5 

5.9 5.3 

11.1 9.8 

10.9 9.6 

8.3 7.2 

4.9 4.0

3.5 3.1 

6.3 5.7

11.3 10.4 

31.2 27.5 

9.1 8.1 

5.6 4.6

1.1 1.0 

10.8 10.0 

6.2 5.6 

17.8 15.6 

7.4 6.4 

6.4 5.5 

3.8 3.3 

4.0 3.4

2.8 2.5 

4.6 3.9 

5.8 5.3 

5.2 4.6 

5.2 4.6 

3.2 3.0 

3.2 2.7 

3.2 2.9 

7.2 6.2 

6.6 5.7 

4.0 3.5 

6.5 5.8

53.3 46.8 

3.9 3.4 

8.6 7.3 

10.6 9.4 

11.2 9.8 

18.9 16.9

18.5 16.0 

8.6 7.3 

9.8 8.9 

20.6 18.5

Two-Seat Station 

Car Wagon

Q 0.2 

Q .6 

Q .3 

Q .4 

0.4 .9 

.4 1.0 

.5 .6 

.3 .6

Q Q 

.2 .4

.5 .4 

1.0 2.8 

.4 .6 

.4 .6

Q Q 

.3 .5 

Q .5 

.5 1.7 

.4 .7 

.3 .5 

.2 .3 

.3 .3

.2 .1 

.2 .4 

Q .3 

.2 .5 

Q .4 

Q .2 

Q .3 

Q .2 

.4 .6 

Q .7 

Q Q 

.3 .4

2.2 4.3 

Q .4 

.4 .8 

.5 .8 

.4 1.0 

.7 1.3

1.0 1.5 

.5 .8 

Q .7 

.6 1.5

Jeep 

Mini or 

Van Similar

Q Q 

Q Q 

Q 0.3 

Q .3 

0.2 .9 

.4 .7 

.3 .8 

Q .3

Q Q 

Q Q

Q .5 

.9 2.2 

.2 .6 

Q .3

Q Q 

Q .4 

Q .5 

.8 1.2 

.2 .6 

.1 .3 

Q .4 

Q .3

.2 .3 

.3 .6 

.5 .6 

.2. A 

Q .6 

Q 0 

NC Q 

NC Q 

NC .3 

NC Q 

Q .1 

Q Q

1.4 3.2 

Q .8 

Q 1.0 

.3 .5 

.8 .7 

.2 .2

.3 .4 

.9 1.1 

.2 .3 

Q 1.8

[

Large Pickup 

Van Truck

0.3 1.3 

.4 1.8 

.3 1.7 

.4 1.8 

.7 3.4 

1.0 3.3 

.3 1.9 

.1 .7

.3 1.2

.4 1.9

.3 2.1 

2.4 9.7 

.5 2.6 

Q 1.5

NC Q 

Q 1.3 

Q 1.4 

1.2 5.7 

.6 2.5 

.4 2.2 

.3 1.2 

.5 1.5

Q .7 

.2 1.3 

.3 1.7 

.2 1.4 

.3 1.1 

.2 .5 

.2 .7 

.1 .7 

.5 1.7 

.7 1.8 

.3 1.4 

.5 2.8

2.4 12.6 

.7 2.6 

1.1 4.0 

.3 2.1 

.2 2.1 

Q 1.8

Q 2.8 

Q 1.5 

.2 1.0 

3.1 10.7

Other

Q 

Q 

Q 

Q 

Q 

Q 

Q 

NC

G 

Q

Q 

0.3 

Q 

Q

NC 

NC 

Q 

Q 

Q 

Q 

Q 

Q

Q 

NC 

Q 

Q 

Q 

Q 

NC 

NC 

Q 

Q 

Q 

Q

NC 

NC 

NC 

NC 

NC 

NC

NC 

NC 

Q

.4

'ysejgff <SjtSlX. "M^S!^'*]!?1!":

'iffllllRf

^^litifeli 

'iifiXiSgi VSSS»

lifisife

 ;ffl?ilfjif8;

 itfffiS?

See footnote at end of table

64 Energy Information Administration/Household Vehicles Energy Consumption 1988
Table 19. U.S. Vehicle Fuel Consumption by Vehicle Type, 1988 (Continued)

(Billion Gallons) £L

O 

£L 

o

CO

Type of Fuel System

Carburetor

Fuel Injection

Diesel Engine ................

Type of Fuel Purchased

Motor Gasoline . 

Unleaded ...................

Regular Grade .......

Intermediate Grade 

Premium Grade 

Leaded ................

Diesel Fuel ............

Type of Primary Service

Full-Service Pumps .

Self or Mini-Service Pumps .

8.9 

46.1

7.9 

40.7

Vehicle Used on the Job

Yes.................................................

No ..................................................

.. . 11.4

71.0

6.3

51.2

5.5

45.2

.2

2.1

.6

3.9

.4

1.0

.7

3.0

.9

2.6

3.1

12.8

NC

.4

'•$} ^ ^l^f^'A- :;*«!!«

sfSJlSim '•'•^ijifiiifli'

^5i|f^4t?

NC No cases in sample.

0 Data withheld because the RSE was greater than 50 percent or fewer than 10 households were sampled.

Notes: Households with Children include members under age 18 years old unless the member is the householder or spouse. Approximately 

0.5 percent of the vehicle stock was owned by households that had no drivers as of fall 1987. To obtain a Relative Standard Error (RSE) percent 

for any table cell, multiply the cell's corresponding column and row factors. Because of founding, data may not sum to totals. Data in this table 

are for households with vehicles for personal transportation. See "Glossary" for definition of terms used in this report.

Source: Energy Information Administration, Office of Energy Markets and End Use, Forms EIA-876 A, B, C, of the 1988 Residential 

Transportation Energy Consumption Survey and Form EIA-457 B of the 1987 Residential Energy Consumption Survey, (for specific titles of forms, 

see Appendix D.)

I

(D

(D

Energy Information Administration/Household Vehicles Energy Consumption 1988 65
Table 20. U.S. Average Vehicle Miles Traveled by Vehicle Type, 1988

(Miles per Vehicle)

Household and Vehicle 

Characteristics

All

Vehicle 

Types

Type of Vehicle

Passenger Cars

All Sedan

Two Seat 

Car

tion 

gon

Mini 

Van

Jeep 

or 

Similar

Large 

Van

Pickup 

Truck Other

Household Characteristics

Total ........................................................... 10,246 10,372 10,410 9,679 10,328 12,650 11,843 9,774 9,433

Census Region and Division

Northeast ................................................. 10,311

New England ........................................ 10,195

Middle Atlantic ..................................... 10,349

Midwest.................................................... 10,021

East North Central............................... 10,124

West North Central.............................. 9,794

South ........................................................ 10,550

South Atlantic ....................................... 10,701

East South Central .............................. 10,357

West South Central ............................. 10,412

West ......................................................... 9,980

Mountain ............................................... 9,887

Pacific .................................................... 10,013

Metropolitan Status

Metropolitan ............................................ 10,278

Central City ........................................... 9,720

Outside Central City ............................ 10,565

Nonmetropolitan ..................................... 10,137

Household Size

1 Person .................................................. 9,243

2 Persons ................................................ 9,381

3 Persons ................................................ 11,180

4 Persons ................................................ 11,005

5 or More Persons ................................. 11,062

Household Composition

Households with Children ...................... 11,268

Age of Oldest Child 

Under 7 Years ................................... 11,322

7 to 15 Years .................................... 10,947

16 or 17 Years .................................. 11,865

Households without children ................. 9,548

One Adult.............................................. 9,243

Age of Householder 

Under 35 Years .............................. 12,052

10,423

10,204

10,489

10,181

10,331

9,839

10,622

11,044

10,505

9,937

10,152

10,348

10,091

10,355

9,715

10,704

10,439

9,309

9,502

11,342

11,171

11,329

10,320

10,299

10,326

10,231

10,319

10,027

10,791

11,212

10,703

10,094

10,085

10,304

10,016

10,398

9,811

10,723

10,456

9,391

9,576

11,440

11,129

11,408

9,663

8,550

10,374

Q

11,696 Q

Q Q

12,780 Q

10,498 Q

11,126 Q

9,439 Q

9,244 15,066

10,025 11,907

Q Q

9,920 Q

10,288 12,708

9,326 12,543

10,676 12,786

10,512 Q

11,814

12,507

11,519

11,937

9,090

9,273

9,008

9,139

8,969

9,475

9,776

8,736

9,812

11,072

9,344

8,786

9,588

9,740 9,566

9,206 9,014

10,049 9,785

9,926 9,179

Q

9,370

9,876

11,838

11,510

Q

Q

Q

14,079

12,956

Q

11,382

13,277

11,375

Q

Q

8,137

10,043

12,323

10,418

8,481

8,826

10,513

9,617

9,916

11,538 11,607 10,388 11,399 13,327 12,494 11,202 9,714

11,541

11,136

12,328

9,617

9,309

11,658

11,258

12,222

9,675

9,391

35 to 59 Years ......

60 Years or More .. 

Two or More Adults ....

Age of Householder 

Under 35 Years .....

............... 9,299

............... 6,890

............... 9,637

............... 11,414

35 to 59 Years ............................... 10,238

60 Years or More ........................... 7,852

12,191 12,371

9,806 9,894

6,742 6,750

9,717 9,770

11,206 11,457

10,311 10,311

8,162 8,205

Origin of Householder

White ........................................................ 10,182 10,297 10,340

Black ........................................................ 10,769 11,034 10,960

Other ........................................................ 10,860 10,738 10,823

Hispanic Descent

Yes ........................................................... 10,476 10,336 10,463

No ............................................................. 10,233 10,374 10,407

10,828 Q

10,865 13,342

13,645 Q

8,940 11,118

Q Q

Q

10,462 

8,075

10,255 12,621

Q Q

Q Q

Q Q 

10,423 12,119

Q Q 9,939

12,256 10,721 9,695

Q 11,514 9,462

11,278 8,204 9,240

Q 0 8,481

Q 12,064

8,287 10,275

Q 6,561

Q 

11,836

Q 9,830 

9,792 9,412

4,862

NC

4,862 

NC 

NC

See footnote at end of table

66 Energy Information Administration/Household Vehicles Energy Consumption 1988
Table 20. U.S. Average Vehicle Miles Traveled by Vehicle Type, 1988 (Continued)

(Miles per Vehicle)

Type of Vehicle

Passenger Cars

Household and Vehicle 

Characteristics

1987 Family Income

Less than 510,000 

310,000 to 514,999 

315,000 to $19,999 

520,000 to $24,999 

325,000 to 334,999 

335,000 to $49,999 

350,000 to $74,999 

375,000 or More .....

Below 100% of Poverty ......

Below 125% of Poverty ......

Number of Drivers (fall 1987)

2 ..................................................

3 ..................................................

4 or More ...................................

8,377

9,053

9,884

10,193

10,173

11,053

11,026

11,538

8,805

9,089

9,144

10,243

11,042

11,530

8,589

9,438

9,830

10,585

10,385

10,986

11,000

11,540

8,764

9,415

9,786

10,418

10,536

11,113

11,116

11,447

9,009 9,233

9,276 9,422

9,275 9,391

10,402 10,475

11,132 11,178

11,816 11,633

Average Number of Vehicles per 

Household per year

Part Year Vehicle

Only 1 ....................................................

Between 1 and 2 .................................. 

Only 2 ....................................................

Only 3 ....................................................

Between 3 and 4 .................................. 

4 or More ...............................................

9,546

.. 10,167

.. 11,262 

.. 10,123 

.. 10,492

9,664

.. 10,730 

9,914

9,730

10,011

11,159 

10,354 

10,540

9,940

10,903 

10,489

10,001

10,067

11,324 

10,374 

10,399

10,073

10,915 

10,574

Vehicle Characteristics

Model Year

1988 or 1989 ........................

1987 .......................................

1986 ......................................

1985 .......................................

1984 ......................................

1983 .......................................

1982 .......................................

1981 .......................................

1979 or 1980 ........................

1977 or 1978 ........................

1975 or 1976 ........................

1974 or Earlier ......................

.................. 12,920

.................. 13,408

................... 12,570

.................. 12,074

.................. 11,506

................... 10,610

.................. 10,752

.................. 10,021

.................. 9,480

.................. 8,715

.................. 7,706

.................. 6,271

12,780

13,635

12,277

12,197

11,210

10,612

11,058

10,162

9,614

8,720

8,061

6,460

12,653

13,787

12,181

12,249

11,241

10,605

10,917

10,257

9,659

8,924

8,034

6,492

Fuel Efficiency (miles per gallon)

10.9 or Less .....................................

11 to 12.9 .........................................

13 to 15.9 .........................................

16 to 18.9 .........................................

19 to 21.9 .........................................

22 or More .......................................

Engine Size (liters)

2.49 or Less ...........

2.50 to 3.49 ............

3.50 to 4.49 ............

4.50 or Greater ......

See footnote at end of table

5,584

7,682

8,882

10,063

11,836

12,708

11,303

11,440

9,637

9,067

5,426 5,463

6,656 6,832

7,887 7,921

9,730 9,716

11,618 11,477

12,684 12,771

11,406 11,519

10,938 11,021

9,884 9,950

9,032 9,003

Q 

Q 

Q 

Q 

Q 

Q

10,855 

Q

0 

Q

Q

8,944 

9,850

Q

Q 

Q 

Q 

Q 

Q 

Q 

Q 

Q

Q 

Q 

Q 

Q 

Q 

12,090

10,357 

Q 

Q 

Q

Q

10,175 

Q

11,549

9,273

10,500 12,116

9,805 Q

Q 

Q 

Q 

Q 

Q

14,050 

Q 

Q

Q 

Q 

Q

7,178 Q

10,262 12,730

11,685 Q

13,123 Q

Q

8,867 

Q

Q 

Q 

Q

10,250 13,191

12,868

10,121

Q

Q

Q 

O 

Q 

Q

Q

6,347

7,926 

10,445 10,463 

13,119 13,584

Q 

Q 

Q

11,938 Q

10,878 Q

10,529 13,936

9,618 Q

9,739 Q

Q 

Q 

Q 

Q 

11,638

Q

Q

Q

Q

Q

Q

Q

Q

Q

Q

Q

Q

Q

12,486

Q

11,726

10,716

0

13,189

Q

10,425

7,228

Q

Q

Q

Q

15,061

Q

Q

Q

NC

NC

NC

NC

Q

Q

Q

14,457

Q

Q

Q

Q

Q

Q

Q

Q

Q

Q

Q 7,504

Q 7,574

Q 10,044

Q 8,687

8,598 9,556

12,592 11,989 10,907

12,851 Q 10,404

Q Q 10,192

Q Q 8,136

Q Q 8,189

Q Q 8,055

11,756 9,671 9,369

12,408 11,555 10,688

Q Q 10,187

Q NC Q

Q Q 10,449

Q Q 10,968

10,966 10,297 8,865

12,270 9,186 10,372

Q 8,082 9,003

Q Q 10,727

Q Q 8,138

Q 12,403

Q 12,406

Q 13,183

Q 11,864

Q 12,554

Q 10,151

Q 9,435

Q 9,180

Q 8,473

8,876 8,633

Q 7,345

Q 5,881

6,590 5,574

9,932 8,429

11,114 10,108

Q 10,821

Q 11,496

Q 12,663

5,236 

10,787 

13,528 

12,463 

14,795 

Q

Q Q 10,463

13,428 Q 12,264

Q Q 7,759

11,046 10,042 8,815

Q 

Q 

Q 

Q 

Q 

Q 

Q

NC

Q 

Q

Q 

O 

Q 

Q

NC 

NC

Q 

Q 

Q 

Q 

Q 

Q

NC

Q 

Q 

Q 

Q

NC 

NC

Q 

Q 

Q 

Q

5,034 

NC 

NC 

NC 

NC 

NC

Energy Information Administration/Household Vehicles Energy Consumption 1988 67
Table 20. U.S. Average Vehicle Miles Traveled by Vehicle Type, 1988 (Continued)

(Miles per Vehicle)

Type of Vehicle

Passenger Cars

Household and Vehicle 

Characteristics

Number of Cylinders

4 ...................................

6 ...................................

Other ......................................

Type of Transmission

Automatic ...............................

Manual Shift ...................... ...

Type of Drive

Front-Wheel .. 

Rear-Wheel .. 

4-Wheel .........

Q 10,515

9,005 10,093

9,940 8,619

NC NC

11,269 11,308 11,373

10,539 10,492 10,562

9,009 9,044 9,033

11,340 11,452 Q

10,116 10,124 10,138

10,572 11,165 11,351

11,831 11,799

9,345 9,353

10,651 9,583

11,795

9,377

8,848

12,365

8,956

Q

11,661

9,373

Q

Type of Fuel System

Carburetor .................... ....................

Fuel Injection ...................................

Diesel Engine ..................................

Type of Fuel Purchased

Motor Gasoline ...............................

Unleaded .......................................

Regular Grade ...........................

Intermediate Grade ...................

Premium Grade .........................

Leaded ..........................................

Diosel Fuel ................. .. .................

Type of Primary Service

Hull-Service Pumps ........................

Self or Mini-Service Pumps ...........

Both Equally ....................................

Vehicle Used on the Job

Yes ...................................................

No .....................................................

9,620

........ 12,248

........ 11,166

........ 10,230

........ 10,686

.. 10,543

........ 11,312

........ 10,872

7,353

. 11,166

........ 9,444

........ 10,396

. 10,287

12,383

........ 9,966

9,721

12,116

11,316

10,358

10,678

10,538

10,954

10,896

7,458

11,316

9,364

10,591

10,416

12,689

10,125

9,747

12,178

11,325

10,395

10,703

10,517

11,193

10,974

7,559

11,325

9,216

10,683

10,302

12,679

10,170

8,738

11,775

NC

9,679

10,434

10,691

Q

10,312

Q

NC

Q

9,616

Q

Q

9,437

9,939

11,573

Q

10.322

1 0.525

10,703

Q

10,363

Q

Q

10,351

10,131

Q

12,684

10,006

13,213

11,850

NC

12,650

12,862

12,242

Q

Q

Q

NC

Q

12,778

Q

Q

12,490

11,072

14,815

Q

11,809

12,554

12,040

Q

13,286

Q

Q

0

11,911

Q

13,459

11,547

9,370

Q

Q

9,646

10,718

10,922

Q

Q

7,289

Q

O

9,713

Q

12,678

9,052

8,978

12,630

Q

9,410

10,164

10,117

11,746

9,896

7,281

Q

9,386

9,458

Q

11,259

9,079

Q

Q

Q

5,133

Q

Q

NC

Q

Q

Q

NC

4,559

Q

NC

4,862

 "W£''^f>Jiii%

^;^A*%'%

s^yjjjjii;

riS*flBJ||>

Nc No cases in sample.

Q Data withheld because the RSE was greater than 50 percent or fewer than 10 households were sampled.

Notes: Households with Children include members under age 18 years old unless the member is the householder or spouse. Approximately 0.5 

percent of the vehicle stock was owned by households that had no drivers as of fall 1987. To obtain a Relative Standard Error (RSE) percent for 

any table cell, multiply the cell's corresponding column and row factors. Because of rounding, data may not sum to totals. Data in this table are for 

households with vehicles for personal transportation. See "Glossary" for definition of terms used in this report.

Source: Energy Information Administration, Office of Energy Markets and End Use, Forms EIA-876 A, B, C, of the 1988 Residential Transportation 

Energy Consumption Survey and Form EIA-457 B of the 1987 Residential Energy Consumption Survey, (for specific titles of forms, see Appendix 0.)

68 Energy Information Administration/Household Vehicles Energy Consumption 1988
Table 21. Number of U.S. Households by Vehicle Fuel Expenditures, 

1988

(Million Households)

Vehicle Fuel Expenditures 

(dollars per household)

All $500 $501 $1,001 

Household Expenditure or to to 

Characteristics Categories : Less $1,000 $1,500

Household Characteristics 

Total. .... ............................. 81.3 19.6 27.2 19.3

Census Region and Division

Northeast .............................................. 15.2 4.2 5.3 3.3

New England ..................................... 3.6 1.0 1.3 .7

Middle Atlantic .................................. 11.6 3.3 4.0 2.6

Midwest................................................. 20.4 5.0 6.7 4.9

East North Central ............................ 14.3 3.4 4.9 3.4 

West North Central........................... 6.1 1.6 1.7 1.5

South..................................................... 28.3 6.1 9.5 7.3

South Atlantic .................................... 14.2 2.7 5.2 3.8

East South Central ........................... 5.4 1.5 1.3 1.5 

West South Central .......................... 8.7 1.9 3.0 2.0

West ...................................................... 17.3 4.2 5.6 3.8

Mountain ............................................ 4.3 1.1 1.2 1.1

Pacific ................................................. 13.0 3.2 4.4 2.7

Metropolitan Status

Metropolitan ......................................... 63.0 15.6 21.1 14.8

Central City ........................................ 24.0 7.7 8.7 4.8 

Outside Central City ......................... 39.0 7.9 12.4 10.1

Household Size

1 Person ............................................... 16.9 8.8 5.7 2.0

2 Persons ............................................. 28.6 6.8 11.5 6.5

3 Persons ............................................. 14.2 2.0 4.0 4.5

4 Persons ............................................. 12.6 1.3 3.6 4.1

5 or More Persons .............................. 8.9 Q 2.4 2.1

Household Composition

Households with Children ................... 29.9 3.8 8.9 9.1 

Age of Oldest Child 

Under 7 Years ................................ 9.5 1.3 3.4 2.9

7 to 15 Years ................................. 14.7 2.1 4.3 4.7

16 or 17 Years ............................... 5.7 O 1.2 1.5

Households without children .............. 51.3 15.8 18.3 10.1 

One Adult........................................... 16.9 8.8 5.7 2.0

Age of Householder 

Under 35 Years ........................... 5.0 1.8 2.3 Q 

35 to 59 Years ............................ 5.3 2.1 2.1 1.0 

60 Years or More ........................ 6.7 5.0 1.2 Q

Two or More Adults.......................... 34.4 6.9 12.6 8.1 

Age of Householder 

Under 35 Years ........................... 8.1 1.4 3.0 2.2

35 to 59 Years ............................ 12.8 1.2 4.1 3.6 

60 Years or More ........................ 13.5 4.3 5.4 2.3

Origin of Householder

White ..................................................... 71.5 16.7 23.6 17.5

Black ..................................................... 7.2 2.3 2.6 1.4

Other ..................................................... 2.6 Q 1.0 Q

Hispanic Descent

Yes ........................................................ 4.2 1.1 1.4 .6

No .......................................................... 77.0 18.5 25.8 18.6

$1,501 $2,001 

to or 

$2,000 More

'istSiSt SfiifiSsiftp

8.5 6.7

1.2 1.2 

Q .3 

.9 .9 

2.1 1.7 

1.5 1.1 

.6 .6 

3.1 2.2 

1.6 .9 

.6 .5 

.9 .8 

2.1 1.5 

.6 .4 

1.5 1.2

6.5 4.9 

1.5 1.2 

5.0 3.7 

2.0 1.8

Q Q 

2.5 1.3 

2.2 1.5 

1.8 1.8 

1.8 1.8

4.5 3.6

1.4 .6 

2.1 1.6 

1.0 1.4 

4.1 3.1 

Q Q

Q Q 

Q 0 

Q Q 

3.9 2.9

1.0 Q 

1.9 2.0 

1.0 .5

7.7 6.0 

.5 .4 

.3 Q

.8 .4 

7.8 6.3

: v -. ' _', ... .-=

Percent of Income for Vehicle Fuel 

' : '' .' .' ':' '

Less 2 4 

than to to 

2 3.9 5.9

i iftlSSi :fc« ;*,i.i:' :*' iss, 

lilfEliRSJRll

21.8 27.3 14.3

5.0 6.4 2.1 

1.3 1.4 .6 

3.8 4.9 1.5 

5.0 6.8 4.0 

3.5 5.2 2.6 

1.5 1.7 1.4 

6.2 8.6 5.6 

3.4 4.6 2.6 

1.3 1.6 .9 

1.5 2.4 2.0 

5.5 5.5 2.7 

1.0 1.1 .9 

4.5 4.4 1.8

18.6 22.5 10.2 

7.5 8.1 3.8 

11.1 14.4 6.3 

3.2 4.8 4.1

5.7 5.0 2.7 

8.5 9.9 4.5 

3.3 4.9 3.0 

2.6 5.0 2.3 

1.7 2.6 1.8

6.3 10.3 6.0

2.3 3.3 1.8 

2.8 4.9 3.1 

1.2 2.1 1.0 

15.4 17.1 8.3 

5.7 5.0 2.7

1.5 1.6 .7 

1.9 1.6 .8 

2.3 1.9 1.3 

9.7 12.1 5.6

2.2 2.5 1.6 

3.4 4.9 2.0 

4.1 4.7 2.0

19.7 24.3 12.5 

1.4 2.1 1.4 

.7 1.0 Q

1.1 1.3 .8 

20.6 26.0 13.5

6 8 

to or 

7.9 More

6.8 11.1

.7 1.0 

Q Q 

.6 .8 

2.1 2.5 

1.4 1.7 

.7 .8 

2.8 5.2 

1.4 2.3 

Q 1.1 

.9 1.9 

1.2 2.3 

.4 .8 

.8 1.5

4.4 7.3 

1.5 3.1 

2.9 4.2 

2.4 3.8

1.2 2.3 

2.0 3.7 

.9 2.1 

1.5 1.3 

1.1 1.8

3.0 4.4

.8 1.3 

1.6 2.3 

.6 .8 

3.8 6.8 

1.2 2.3

Q Q 

Q 0 

Q .8 

2.5 4.5

Q 1.1

.8 1.7 

1.0 1.7

5.8 9.3 

.7 1.6 

Q Q

Q Q 

6.4 10.4

 ". ; .' '; ' " "

$*fc- law**

vftJKr

..'...'' ". ":" ' ". '

£!&»: >»*W' 

^aiit' i'.'WtM'

": slltf:

:1«*», -•mm 

;v*;»t 

 .

:Aj»3J,' ;ie* vise* 

: ;jsf3f

 ; !'&»:' 

;C*tf»E i/risr

iiS*l

^11* « :«»

:'^m: "ill*.'

" jn .''i'. 1 '^ '

 Kfftf ;

x fBltl2" 

*:!»»: 

*£*»; SPP».

iW»

,:««»'

;!:;'ii&

 fxtfai

; Sfc;» 

- '^SM- 

 ';"li?=!

-;..-; >. ..-

1:1*7. 

> «» 

ill*

11

« + o

8L

I 

o

c

CO 

(D

O

Q. 

(0

I

o|

(D 

Ti

I

5? 

li

a

See footnote at end of table

Energy Information Administration/Household Vehicles Energy Consumption 1988 69
Vehicle Fuel Expenditures 

3 ^i

o^

5'

>

o

a

o

51

Mill

•-

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Table 22. U.S. Average Household Energy and Vehicle Expenditures, 

1988

(Dollars per Household)

All Households

Households Without 

Vehicles Households With Vehicles

Household 

Characteristics

Number 

of

House 

holds 

(mil 

lion)

Household

and

Vehicle

Energy

Expenditures

(dollars)

Number

of

House 

holds 

(mil 

lion)

Household Characteristics

Total

Energy Used in The HomeJanuary 1987 through December 

1987 

(million Btu per household)

50 or Less ........................................

51 to 75 ............................................

76 to 100 .........................................

101 to 125 ..................... ..............

126 to 150 ......... ............................

151 or Over .....................................

91.6

17.9

16.0

16.3

14.9

9.8

16.7

Expenditures for Energy Used in 

The Home-January 1987 

through December 1987 (dollars 

per household)

600 or Less ............................................. 14.0

601 to 800 ............................................... 15.2

801 to 1,000..... .............. ....................... 14.9

1,001 to 1,200......................................... 14.6

1,201 to 1,600......................................... 19.1

1,601 or Over.......................................... 13.8

Measured Heated Area of Residence 

(square feet)

Fewer than 600 ...................................... 7.9

600 to 999 .............................................. 24.0

1,000 to 1,599................. ....................... 25.5

1,600 to 1,999................. ....................... 11.8

2,000 to 2,399 ......................................... 9.0

2,400 to 2,999 ........................................ 8.1

3,000 or More ......................................... 5.3

Main Heating Fuel

Natural Gas ............................................. 50.7

Electricity ................................................ 18.2

Fuel Oil or Kerosene .............................. 12.3

Wood ........................................................ 4.9

Liquefied Petroleum Gas ....................... 4.2

Other/None ............................................. 1.3

Census Region and Division

Northeast ................................................ 19.2

New England ........................................ 4.4

Middle Atlantic ................................... . 14.8

Midwest.................................................... 22.5

East North Central ............................ . 16.1

West North Central............................. 6.4

South ..................................................... 31.2

South Atlantic ....................................... 16.0

East South Central .......................... ... 5.9

West South Central .......................... .. 9.3

West ......................................................... 18.6

Mountain .......................................... ... 4.5

Pacific .................................................... 14.1

1,981

1,326

1,743

1,823

2,056

2,347

2,789

1,000

1,420

1,729

1,953

2,424

3,293

1,221

1,489

1,969

2,221

2,487

2,605

3,057

1,935

1,970

2,081

2,125

2,223

1,677

2,016

1,999

2,021

2,040

2,021

2,086

2,039

2,055

1,947

2,071

1,779

1,945

1,726

Number

Household of 

Energy HouseExpendi- holds 

lures (mil- 

(dollars) lion)

Household

and

Vehicle

Energy

Expenditures

(dollars)

Household Vehicle 

Energy Fuel 

Expend!- Expendi 

tures tures 

(dollars) (dollars)

10.3

2.4 

1.4 

2,1 

2.0 

1.0 

1.6

2.7 

2.0

1.5

1.5

1.7

.9

2.5

4.1

2.2

1.0

Q

Q

Q

6.1

1.4

2.2

Q

Q

Q

4.0

.8

3.2

2.1

1.8

.3

2.9

1.8

.5

.6

1.4

Q

1.1

929

451

689

868

1,108

1,304

1,496

401

710

891

1,108

1,375

1,957

628

846

1,056

1,463

Q

Q

Q

973 

772 

938

Q

Q

Q

1.042

976

1,059

1,049

1,086

859

852

849

732

969

575

Q

569

81.3

15.6

14.6

14.2

13.0

8.8

15.1

11.3

13.2

13.5

13.1

17.4

12.9

5.5

19.9

23.3

10.8

8.8

7.8

5.2

44.6

16.8

10.1

4.7

4.0

1.2

15.2

3.6

11.6

20.4

14.3

6.1

28.3

14.2

5.4

8.7

17.3

4.3

13.0

2,115

1,459

1,846

1,962

2,199

2,461

2,922

1,145

1,529

1,819

2,050

2,525

3,386

1,488

1,622

2,056

2,292

2,509

2,641

3,098

2,067

2,073

2,334

2,178

2,303

1,790

2,270

2,229

2,282

2,141

2,135

2,156

2,160

2,206

2,065

2,144

1,873

2,015

1,827

1,117

624

890

1,039

1,196

1,330

1,727

439

703

905

1,099

1,383

2,017

720

818

1,071

1,217

1,355

1,453

1,762

1,102

1,079

1,348

916

1,181

824

1,342

1,270

1,364

1,146

1,158

1,117

1,133

1,187

1,057

1,093

858

957

825

RSE

D O.

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(D

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998

835

956

923

1,003

1,131

1,195

706

827

914

952

1,143

1,369

769

803

984

1,074

1,153

1,189

1,336

964

994

986

1,262

1,122

966

928

959

919

995

977

1,039

1,027

1,020

1,008

1,051

1,015

1,058

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Energy Information Administration/Household Vehicles Energy Consumption 1988
Energy Expenditures D

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Table 22. U.S. Average Household Energy and Vehicle Expenditures, 

1988 (Continued)

(Dollars per Household)

Households Without 

Vehicles Households With Vehicles

Number Household

of and 

House- Vehicle 

Energy 

Expenditures 

(dollars)

Household

and

Vehicle

Energy

Expenditures

(dollars)

of

House 

holds 

(mil 

lion)

Energy 

Expendi 

tures 

(dollars)

Fuel 

Expend

tures 

(dollars)

Expend!- ! holds 

tures ! (mildollars) lion)

Household 

Characteristics

2,101

2,346

2,793

1,773

1,216

983

1,190

1,450

831

785

1,162

1,276

1,444

1,027

771

1,352

1,342

1,072

2,111

1,407

1,434

1,236

2,185

1,275

1,580

1,758

1,960

2,066

2,532

2,593

3.064

1,497

1,673

1,829

2,022

2,117

2,557

2,619

3.108

866

930

961

1,060

1,108

1,296

1,305

1.717

631

743

868

962

1,009

1,261

1,314

1,391

913

1,374

2,186

2,966

3,463

Q

1,427 

2,213 

2,996 

3.492

Household Composition

Households with Children ...................... 32.9

Age of Oldest Child 

Under 7 Years ................................... 10.5

7 to 15 Years .................................... 16.0

16 or 17 Years .................................. 6.3

Households without children ................. 58.7

One Adult.............................................. 22.2

Age of Householder 

Under 35 Years .............................. 5.5

35 to 59 Years ............................... 6.2

60 Years or More ........................... 10.5

Two or More Adults ............................. 36.6

Age of Householder 

Under 35 Years .............................. 8.7

35 to 59 Years ............................... 13.5

60 Years or More ........................... 14.4

Origin of Householder

White ........................................................ 78.1

Black ........................................................ 10.5

Other ........................................................ 3.0

Hispanic Descent

Yes ........................................................... 4.8

No ............................................................. 86.8

1987 Family Income

Less than $10,000 ................................. 16.4

$10,000 to $14,999 ................................ 13.4

$15,000 to $19,999 ................................ 9.1

820,000 to $24,999 ................................ 9.1

$25,000 to $34,999 ................................ 16.8

$35,000 to $49,999 ................................ 13.2

$50,000 to $74,999 ................................ 9.0

$75,000 or More ..................................... 4.6

Below 100% of Poverty ........................ 10.6

Below 125% of Poverty ........................ 16.9

Number of Drivers (fall 1987)

None......................................................... 6.9

1 ................................................................ 27.1

2 ................................................................ 45.0

3 ................................................................ 8.5

4 or More ................................................. 4.2

See footnote at end of table

Energy Information Administration/Household Vehicles Energy Consumption 1988 73
2 o

£ 

0) 

(0

o

X

1_ 

0) 

Q.

J5"o 

O

Table 22. U.S. Average Household Energy and Vehicle Expenditures, 

1988 (Continued)

(Dollars per Household)

Households Without 

Vehicles Households With Vehicles

Number 

of

House 

holds 

(mil 

lion)

Household

and

Vehicle

Energy

Expenditures

(dollars)

Number 

of

House 

holds 

(mil 

lion)

Number 

Household, of 

Energy i HouseHousehold

and

Vehicle

Energy

Expenditures

(dollars)

Household Vehicle

Energy 

Expendi 

tures 

(dollars)

Fuel

Expendi 

tures 

(dollars)

Expendi 

tures 

(dollars)

Household 

Characteristics

1,278

1,413

1,978

2,274

2,644

2,909

3,525

3.941

969

892

1,055

1,187

1,287

1,317

1,502

1,600

309

521

922

1,087

1,356

1,592

2,023

2.341

1,278

1,413

1,978

2,274

2,644

2,909

3,525

3,941

Average Number of Vehicles per 

Household per year

Part-Year Vehicle.

Only 1

Between 1 and 2

Only 2

Between 2 and 3 ..

Only 3

Between 3 and 4 ..

4 or More ...

Nc No cases in sample.

0 Data withheld because the RSE was greater than 50 percent or fewer than 10 households were sampled.

Notes: • Households with Children include members under age 18 years old unless the member is the householder or spouse. • To obtain a 

Relative Standard Error (RSE) percent for any table cell, multiply the cell's corresponding column and row factors. • Because of rounding, data may 

not sum to totals. • Data in this table are for households with vehicles for personal transportation. • See "Glossary" for definition of terms used in this 

report.

Source: Energy Information Administration, Office of Energy Markets and End Use, Forms EIA-876 A, B, C, of the 1988 Residential Transportation 

Energy Consumption Survey and Form EIA-457 B of the 1987 Residential Energy Consumption Survey, (for specific titles of forms, see Appendix D.)

0)

0) 

Q. 

X 

LU

>» 

O)

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C 

LU

74 Energy Information Administration/Household Vehicles Energy Consumption 1988
Table 23. U.S. Households by Changes in Vehicle Stock, 1988

(Million Households)

Households with no Change in 

Vehicle Stock during 1988

Households with Change in Vehicle Stock 

during 1988

Number of Vehicles

Household 

Characteristics

Total

Census Region and Division

Northeast .................................

New England ........................

Middle Atlantic ......................

Midwest ....................................

East North Central ...............

West North Central ..............

South ........................................

South Atlantic .......................

East South Central...............

West South Central .............

West .........................................

Mountain ................................

Pacific ....................................

Metropolitan Status

Metropolitan .........................

Central City .......................

Outside Central City........

Nonmetropolitan ..................

Household Size

1 Person .....................

2 Persons ...................

3 Persons ...................

4 Persons ...................

5 or More Persons ....

Household Composition

Households with Children .....

Age of Oldest Child 

Under 7 Years ..................

7 to 15 Years ....................

16 or 17 Years ..................

Households without children 

One Adult .............................

Age of Householder 

Under 35 Years .............

35 to 59 Years ...............

60 Years or More ..........

Two or More Adults ............

Age of Householder 

Under 35 Years .............

35 to 59 Years ...............

60 Years or More ..........

Origin of Householder

White .............................

Black ..............................

Other..............................

Hispanic Descent

Yes ........................

No .........................

All

House- • 

holds None One

Two

or

More

Type of Change

All Acquired

House- Vehicle(s)

holds | Only

Disposed

of

Vehicle(s) 

Only

Aquired and j Disposed of ! Exactly one [ Other

Vehicle Changes

12.7

2.7

10.0

13.7

9.7

4.0

19.2

9.5

3.9

5.8

12.4

2.7

9.7

45.1

20.5

24.6

12.9

17.8

20.6

8.0

7.0

4.6

17.6

5.5

9.2

2.9

40.4

17.8

3.9

4.7

9.2

22.6

4.5

7.6

10.5

48.4 

7.7 

1.9

2.8 

55.2

4.0

.8

3.2

2.1

1.8

.3

2.9

1.8

.5

.6

1.4

Q

1.1

8.2 

5.9 

2.2 

2.2

5.2 

2.3 

1.1

2.9

1.0 

1.3 

.6 

7.4 

5.2

.5

.9

3.8

2.2

.6 

.7 

.9

6.6 

3.3 

Q

.5 

9.8

4.7 

.8 

3.9 

5.0 

3.4 

1.6 

7.7 

3.3 

1.7 

2.6 

4.5 

1.0 

3.5

17.1 

8.4 

8.6 

4.9

11.0 

6.6 

2.2

1.4

4.7

1.5

2.6

.6

17.2 

11.0

3.0 

2.9 

5.1 

6.2

1.2

1.3 

3.7

18.3

3.0

.7

1.2 

20.8

4.0 

1.1 

2.9 

6.6 

4.5 

2.1 

8.7 

4.4 

1.6 

2.6 

6.5 

1.4 

5.1

19.9

6.2

13.7

5.9

1.6 

11.7 

4.7 

4.7 

3.0

9.9

3.0 

5.2 

1.7 

15.8 

1.6

.4

1.0

Q

14.2

2.7 

5.6 

6.0

23.5

1.4

.9

1.2 

24.6

6.5 

1.7 

4.8 

8.8 

6.4 

2.4 

12.0 

6.5 

2.0 

3.5 

6.2 

1.8 

4.4

26.0

9.4

16.6

7.5

4.4 

10.3 

7.3 

6.5 

5.1

15.3

5.0 

6.9 

3.4 

18.3 

4.4

1.6

1.4

1.3

13.9

4.2 

6.0 

3.8

29.7 

2.8

1.1

1.9 

31.6

.3

.6

1.9

1.1

.8

2.6

1.4

.5

.8

1.1

.3

.8

5.0 

1.7 

3.3 

1.5

1.1 

1.9

1.3

1.4

3.3

1.1 

1.4

3.2 

1.1

2.2

.9

.5

5.5 

.8

.3 

6.2

2.2

.7 

1.5 

2.4 

2.0

.4 

3.1 

1.5

.7 

1.0 

2.3

.7 

1.6

8.1 

3.5 

4.6 

2.0

1.3 

3.1 

2.3 

1.6 

1.8

4.0

1.0 

2.1 

.9 

6.1 

1.3

.5 

4.8

1.3 

2.3 

1.2

8.6

1.2

.3

.6 

9.5

2.5

.5 

2.0 

3.1 

2.2

.9 

3.9 

2.2

.5 

1.2 

2.1

.6 

1.5

8.9 

2.9 

6.0 

2.7

1.8 

4.0 

2.4 

2.1 

1.3

5.1

2.1 

2.3 

.7 

6.4 

1.8

.7

.5

.5

4.6

1.2 

1.9 

1.6

10.6 

.5 

.5

.6 

11.0

9L

X 

o 

c (/)

(D 

O

a

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(D

IT

o[

(D

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o

o

D)

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(D 0)

See footnote at end of table

Energy Information Administration/Household Vehicles Energy Consumption 1988 75
Table 23. U.S. Households by Changes in Vehicle Stock, 1988 (Continued)

(Million Households)

Household 

Characteristics

Households with no Change in 

Vehicle Stock during 1988

All House 

holds

Number of Vehicles

None One

Two 

or 

More

Households with Change in Vehicle Stock 

during 1988

All House 

holds

Type of Change

Acquired 

Vehicle(s) 

Only

Disposed 

of 

Vehicle(s) 

Only

Aquired and 

Disposed of 

Exactly one 

Vehicle

Other 

Changes

1987 Family Income

Less than $10,000 . 

$10,000 to $14,999 

$15,000 to $19,999 

$20,000 to $24,999 

$25,000 to $34,999 

$35,000 to $49,999 

$50,000 to $74,999 

$75,000 or More ....

Below 100% of Poverty ........

Below 125% of Poverty ........

Number of Drivers (fall 1987)

None .........................................

1 ................................................

4 or More ........................................

Average Number of Vehicles per 

Household per year

Part-Year Vehicle ...........................

Only 1 ..............................................

Between 1 and 2 ..........................

Only 2 ..............................................

Between 2 and 3 ...........................

Only 3 ..............................................

Between 3 and 4 ...........................

4 or More ........................................

80

12.6

NC

NC No cases in sample.

0 Data withheld because the RSE was greater than 50 percent or fewer than 10 households were sampled.

Notes: « Households with Children include members under age 18 years old unless the member is the householder or spouse. • To obtain a 

Relative Standard Error (RSE) percent for any table cell, multiply the cell's corresponding column and row factors. • Because of rounding, data may 

not sum to totals. • Data in this table are for households with vehicles for personal transportation. • See "Glossary" for definition of terms used in 

this report.

Source: Energy Information Administration, Office of Energy Markets and End Use, Forms EIA-876 A, B, C, of the 1988 Residential 

Transportation Energy Consumption Survey and Form EIA-457 B of the 1987 Residential Energy Consumption Survey, (for specific titles of forms, 

see Appendix D.)

76 Energy Information Administration/Household Vehicles Energy Consumption 1988
Appendix A

How The 

Survey Was 

Conducted

Telephone interview versus personal

interview was used to collect the

data in the RTECS.

Appendix A

How The Survey Was Conducted

Introduction

The Residential Transportation Energy Consump 

tion Survey (RTECS) was designed by the Energy 

Information Administration (EIA) to provide data 

about the motor vehicle stock, the vehicle miles 

traveled (VMT) and the vehicle fuel consumption 

and expenditures for vehicles that are used for 

personal transportation in the United States. The 

RTECS is a companion survey to the Residential 

Energy Consumption Survey (RECS). The RECS 

collects household energy consumption and expendi 

ture data.

The RTECS collects vehicle information through a 

telephone interview with a representative national 

sample of households. Copies of the data collection 

forms are reproduced in Appendix D, "Survey 

Forms." The 1988 RTECS is the third such survey 

covering a calendar year conducted by EIA; previous 

surveys were collected in 1983 and 1985. Prior to the 

1983 RTECS, monthly surveys were conducted from 

June 1979 to September 1981. Subsequent surveys 

will be conducted triennially, with the next one 

scheduled in 1991.

This appendix provides detailed information con 

cerning: (1) the RTECS survey design, including a 

comparison between the 1985 and the 1988 RTECS 

designs; (2) the sample design; (3) the data collec 

tion procedures; (4) the Vehicle Identification 

Number (VIN); (5) interviewer training; (6) efforts 

undertaken to minimize the nonresponse biases; (7) 

survey estimate weights; (8) data editing pro 

cedures; (9) data preparation procedures; and (10) 

data confidentiality and the preparation of the 

public use data tape.

Changes in Survey Design and 

Data Collection

The 1988 RTECS marked a major change in the 

survey design and the data collection procedures

made, in large part, due to budget constraints. The 

major change focused on the way the fuel efficien 

cies were estimated. Previous RTECS collected data 

used in calculating fuel efficiencies through monthly 

fuel purchase diaries maintained by respondents. 

The 1988 RTECS calculated fuel efficiencies using 

the Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) labo 

ratory-test miles per gallon (MPG) adjusted for onroad fuel efficiency shortfall. (See Appendix B, 

"Estimation Methodologies" for further discussion.) 

It is not anticipated that the change in methodology 

will result in increased error; although the errors will 

come from different sources than in previous 

RTECS. Therefore, any comparison of vehicle fuel 

efficiency, consumption and expenditures with 

previous RTECS must be viewed with caution. 

Changes in the 1988 RTECS design and data collec 

tion included the following:

• The sample size of the 1988 RTECS was 

smaller compared to the 1985 RTECS (1985: 

4,020 households, and 1988: 2,986).

4

• Respondents in the 1988 RTECS, unlike 

previous RTECS, were not required to main 

tain monthly fuel purchase diaries.

• The number of contacts with respondents 

required to collect the data in 1988 was sub 

stantially reduced. In 1988, four contacts were 

made to the household compared to ap 

proximately 10 in the 1985 RTECS.

• In 1988, MPG and fuel price data were es 

timated by different means than were used in 

1985. In 1988, MPG were estimated using 

adjusted test laboratory MPG as recorded on 

the EPA Emissions Certification files. Fuel 

price data were obtained from the Bureau of 

Labor Statistics (BLS) gasoline pump price 

series and the Lundberg Survey, Inc., price 

series. (See Appendix B, "Estimation Metho 

dologies" for a detailed discussion of the 

estimation procedures used in this report.)

Energy Information Administration/Household Vehicle* Energy Consumption 1988 79
For the first time in 1988, respondents were 

asked to provide the Vehicle Identification 

Number (VIN) for each vehicle. The decoded 

VINwas used to enhance the accuracy of repor 

ted vehicle characteristics. These characteris 

tics were used to match sampled vehicles to the 

EPA Certification files. (See "The Vehicle 

Identification Number" section in this appendix 

for a detailed discussion of the VIN).

• Households in the 1988 RTECS did not receive 

a monetary incentive to participate, as they did 

in the 1985 RTECS.

Table Al provides a more complete comparison of 

the major differences between the 1988 RTECS and 

the 1985 RTECS. Several of these changes are also 

discussed in greater detail in the appropriate sec 

tions of this report.

Type of fuel used was collected in the RTECS. This is a full/self-service station where different types of fuel can 

be purchased.

80 Energy Information Administration/Household Vehicles Energy Consumption 1988
Table A1. Comparison of the 1985 and 1988 Residential Transportation Energy Consumption Survey

Survey Sample 

and Design 1985 1988

Sample Size

Number of Contacts 

Prior to Each Data 

Collection Phase

Data Collection 

Instruments

Contacts of 

Households 

Without Vehicles

4,020 households

•Two mailings, 

one telephone

RECS questionnaire, 

Odometer Reading Cards, 

monthly fuel purchase 

diaries, telephone 

questionnaires

Different data 

collection instruments

2,986 households 

One mailing

RECS questionnaire, 

Odometer Reading 

Cards, Vehicle 

Identification 

Cards, telephone 

questionnaires

Same data collection 

instruments

Contacts of 

Households 

Unreachable by 

Telephone

Respondents

Monetary

Incentive

Personal interview

One dollar for 

Beginning-of-Year (B-O-Y) 

and End-of-Year (E-O-Y) 

odometer readings. Five 

dollars for each completed 

monthly vehicle diary

Paid return

envelopes,

different

instructions,

vehicle

characteristics

not collected

None

Energy Information Administration/Household Vehicles Energy Consumption 1988 81
Table A1. Comparison of the 1985 and 1988 Residential Transportation Energy Consumption 

Survey (Continued)

Vehicle 

Characteristics 1985 1988

VIN

Transmission Type

Number of Cylinders

Drive Type

Fuel System Type

Engine Size

Air Conditioning

Number of Doors

Fuel Types and 

Grade

Not collected

Collected

Collected

Not collected

Not collected

Not collected

Collected

Collected

Intermediate grade 

category not collecCollected

Collected

Collected

Collected

Collected

Collected

Not collected

Not collected

Intermediate grade 

category collected;

Truck Tonnage

Type of Primary Service 

(full-, self-, or miniservice)

Number of Drivers 

vehicle during RTECS

Use Vehicle for Work

ted; regular leaded 

or premium leaded 

gasoline collected.

Collected

Not collected

Collected for each 

for households

Collected

did not distinguish 

between regular or 

premium leaded gaso 

line.

Not collected 

(alternative 

model name)

Collected 

Collected only 

during RECS 

Collected

82 Energy Information Administration/Household Vehicles Energy Consumption 1988
Table A1. Comparison of the 1985 and 1988 Residential Transportation Energy Consumption 

Survey (Continued)

Consumption 

and Expenditures 1985 1988

Vehicle Miles 

Traveled (VMT)

Miles per Gallon 

(MPG)

Vehicle Fuel 

Consumption

Fuel Price

Vehicle Fuel 

Expenditures

Type of Fuel

Collected from several 

odometer readings cover 

ing full year (B-O-Y, 

E-O-Y.M-Y and/or log 

opportunities) no odom 

eter reading collected 

at RECS

Estimated from monthly 

fuel purchase diaries

Derived from annual 

VMT and MPG.

4

Obtained from single 

monthly fuel purchase 

diary and annualized 

using BLS gasoline 

pump price series

Derived from 

consumption and 

price data

Obtained from single 

monthly fuel purchase 

diary

Fewer contacts 

to obtain odom 

eter readings. 

Emphasis was on 

B-O-Y and E-O-Y 

data collection. 

RECS was used to 

obtain additional 

odometer readings.

Obtained from 

EPA Certifi 

cation files 

and adjusted 

for on-road 

driving

Same as 1985

Obtained from 

BLS gasoline 

pump price 

series and 

Lundberg 

Survey, Inc. 

price series.

Same as 1985

Obtained from 

RTECS question 

naire

Source: Energy Information Administration, Office of Energy Markets and End Use, 1988 Residential Transportation Energy 

Consumption Survey.

Energy Information Administration/Household Vehicles Energy Consumption 1988 83
Sample Design

The sample design for the 1988 RTECS consisted 

of a core (self-weighting) national sample of house 

holds plus an oversample of high-mileage house 

holds. (See "Glossary" for definition of High-Mile 

age Households.) Oversampling high-mileage 

households allowed the RTECS to: (1) collect data 

on more vehicles, and (2) provide better estimates 

for major statistics such as VMT and vehicle stock.

The target population for the RTECS as of July 

1988, was estimated at 91.6 million households 

based on adjusted estimates of households from the 

U.S. Bureau of the Census, Current Population 

Survey (CPS). The universe for the RTECS is 

comprised of all housing units occupied as the 

primary residence in the 50 States and the District 

of Columbia. (See "Glossary" for a definition of 

Housing Unit.) The sample of households selected 

for the 1988 RTECS was based on the 1987 RECS 

multistage area probability sample. The RECS 

incorporates a rotating panel that allows the obser 

vation of changes in energy use over time when the 

same households are in two successive surveys. The 

RECS also oversamples low-income households in 

order to meet the needs of the Family Support 

Administration (FSA). The original RECS sample 

consisted of 8,232 housing units. Of these, 1,049 

units were considered ineligible either because of 

current vacancies, seasonal occupancy, or they were 

not habitable. Of the 7,183 eligible units, energyrelated information was collected from 6,229 house 

holds, for an 86.7 percent response rate for the 

RECS. (SeeHousing Characteristics 1987 (Publish 

ed May 1989), DOE/EIA-0314(87), GPO Stock No. 

061-003-00619-1 for a detailed discussion of the 

RECS Sample Design.)

The RTECS sample consisted of 2,986 housing units 

selected from the 6,229 available 1987 RECS hous 

ing units for which data were successfully collected.

The fraction of RECS housing units selected for 

RTECS was 47.9 percent. At the beginning of the 

data collection period in January 1988, 2,783 (93.2 

percent) of the 2,986 housing units were identified as 

housing units that could potentially be contacted by 

telephone and 203 housing units (6.8 percent) were 

identified as households that could not be contacted 

by telephone, either because they did not have 

telephones, they had unlisted numbers, or they had 

refused to provide a telephone number during the

RECS interview. This group was classified as mail 

households and data were collected from these 

households via a mailed questionnaire rather than a 

telephone interview. By the end of the RTECS 

survey cycle (February 1989), the percent of house 

holds considered mail households had increased to 

477 or 16 percent because of an increased number of 

households with unlisted numbers or disconnected 

telephones.

The 1988 RTECS sample was selected in three 

groups. This was necessary because the Beginningof-Year (B-O-Y) RTECS contacts were scheduled to 

begin in early January 1988, before the completion 

of the 1987 RECS interviews. The first RTECS 

sample group was selected from the RECS house 

holds that had completed RECS interviews as of 

November 30,1987. The RTECS interviews for this 

group began in early January 1988. The second 

RTECS sample group was selected from the RECS 

households that had completed RECS interviews as 

of January 31,1988. The RTECS interviews for this 

group began in March 1988. The last RTECS 

sample group consisted of 90 households and was 

selected from the RECS households that completed 

interviews during February 1988. No B-O-Y data 

were collected for these 90 households. Instead, 

data for these households were collected during the 

Mid-Year (M-Y) and E-O-Y interviews.

Data Collection

The RTECS was divided into four data collection 

phases. The first phase occurred as part of the 

RECS personal interview. During this interview, the 

household's vehicle stock was enumerated, and if 

possible, the VIN and the odometer reading for each 

vehicle were recorded. Household characteristics 

were also collected. The vehicle inventory collected 

at this time provided a baseline for the remaining 

three data collection phases. Phases two through 

four, B-O-Y data collection, M-Y data collection 

and E-O-Y data collection, respectively, were con 

ducted via telephone interviews. For households that 

could not be contacted by telephone, the data were 

collected via a mail questionnaire.

B-O-Y and E-O-Y Data Collection Phase: Data 

collected during the B-O-Y and E-O-Y phases 

consisted of an update of the vehicle stock and for 

each vehicle recorded: the vehicle characteristics 

such as the make, model and model year, engine size,

84 Energy Information Administration/Household Vehicles Energy Consumption 1988
fuel system type, and transmission type; vehicle fuel 

characteristics such as the fuel type, fuel grade and 

type of pump service; odometer readings; and VIN. 

See below for description of M-Y data collection.

One week prior to each B-O-Y, M-Y, and E-O-Y 

data collections, a mailing was sent to the RTECS 

respondents. The B-O-Y and the E-O-Y mailings 

consisted of the following: (1) Odometer Reading 

Cards; (2) VIN cards; (3) a page of instructions; (4) 

a letter from the Director of the Office of Energy 

Markets and End Use of the EIA explaining the 

survey; and (5) a letter from the survey contractor 

explaining their role in the survey. (See "Data 

Collection Instruments" listed below in this appen 

dix.) Additionally, a brochure, displaying results 

from the 1985 RTECS was prepared by the EIA and 

included in the B-O-Y mailing. A different brochure 

prepared by the Department of Energy (DOE) titled 

Tips for Energy Savers was included in the E-O-Y 

mailing along with a vehicle-shaped magnet.

M-Y Data Collection Phase: The M-Y mailing 

consisted of a letter from the Director of the Office 

of Energy Markets and End Use and a vehicle 

update worksheet for the respondents to complete. 

At this time, no vehicle characteristic data were 

obtained; only an inventory update was collected. 

The respondent was instructed to either keep the 

worksheet by the telephone for the telephone 

interview or return the worksheet by mail, if the 

household was classified as a no-telephone house 

hold. A vehicle-shaped magnet was included in the 

mailing to the no-telephone households. Any 

respondent who had refused at the B-O-Y interview 

was not contacted during the M-Y data collection 

phase. These households were not contacted at the 

M-Y interview, in order to increase the probability 

that the household would respond to the E-O-Y 

data collection. During the telephone interview, 

data were collected using the RTECS question 

naires. Figure Al provides a list of data collection 

items associated with each data collection phase.

Data Collection Dates

The initial enumeration of vehicle stock and the 

characteristics of the households were collected in 

the fall of 1987. The B-O-Y data collection occurred 

January 1988 through early March 1988. The M-Y 

update occurred in May and June 1988 and the EO-Y data collection took place during January and 

February 1989.

Data Collection Instruments

The data collection instruments for the RTECS 

consisted of four types: (1) the 1987 RECS question 

naire; (2) Odometer Reading Cards; (3) Vehicle 

Identification Number Cards; and (4) RTECS ques 

tionnaires. (See Appendix D "Survey Forms" for 

examples of these data collection instruments.)

1987 Residential Energy Consumption Survey 

Questionnaire (Form EIA-457B)~This form was 

used during the RECS personal interview. Ques 

tions on this form included the number of vehicles in 

the household, and for each vehicle: the VIN; the 

vehicle type; the vehicle make, model, and model 

year; the odometer reading; and estimated miles 

traveled during the past year or since the vehicle was 

acquired, if the vehicle was acquired within the 

previous 12 months. Household characteristics 

questions included the number of household mem 

bers, and for each household member: their age, 

gender, employment status, and relationship to the 

head of household. The education level and ethnic 

background were collected for the head of the 

household only. The number of drivers, annual 

family income and income assistance were collected 

for the household.

Odometer Reading Card (Form EIA-876A,C)--This 

form was mailed to the respondent prior to the BO-Y and E-O-Y data collections and was used as a 

reference by the respondent during the telephone 

interview. The card was used to record, on an 

assigned date, the odometer readings for each 

reported vehicle during both the B-O-Y and E-OY data collections. A computer-generated label 

attached to the card identified each vehicle by make, 

model, and year of the vehicle. The respondents 

were instructed to enter the vehicle's odometer 

reading on the card after the last use of the vehicle 

on the specified assigned date. For the B-O-Y data 

collection, respondents were assigned one of the 

following dates, January 4, January 8, January 12, or 

February 29,1988. For the E-O-Y data collection, 

they were assigned either January 4, January 12, 

January 19, or January 26, 1989. No odometer 

reading cards were provided during the M-Y data 

collection. An additional odometer reading card 

without a computer-generated label was included for 

the respondent to record odometer readings for any 

vehicle acquired since the last contact.

Energy Information Administration/Household Vehicles Energy Consumption 1988 85
Figure A1. Data Collection Instruments by Data Collection Phase

Beginning-of-Year (B-O-Y)

No 

Telephone Telephone

1 1

L1, L4 

C8, C9, C10 

Q12 

E20

L1, L6 

C8, C9, C10

E18, E20

->

Midyear

Nonretusal 

rat B-O-Y ~1 

No *

fTelephonel Telephone

T T I

FSA Non 

1 FSA i * *

L2 

Q13. Q15

L1 

Q13, O16

L3 

014 

E18, E19

Red 

at B

i

isal 

0-Y

No 

Contact

->

\

Nonr 

1

End-of-Year (E-O-Y) 

r Telephone — • — i No <! Telep

efusal _ .Refusal — » 

Xat 8-O-Y 1

Odometer No Odometer 

Data Data 

r )|r >|r >

L1, L4 

C8, C9, C10 Q17 E19, E21

L1.L5 

C9, C11 

Q17 

E19, £21

L1, L7

Q17 

E19, E21

hone

r

L6 

C9, C11

E18, E19 

E21

FSA = Family Support Administration

Letters

L1 = DOE contact letter 

L2 = DOE contact letter to FSA households 

L3 = DOE contact letter to no-telephone households

L4 = Contractor contact letter to telephone households explains VIN and odometer cards 

L5 = Contractor contact letter to telephone households explains only odometer cards 

L6 = Contractor letter to no-telephone households 

L7 = Contractor letter to telephone households does not mention VIN or odometer cards

Cards and Instructions

C8 = Vehicle Identification Card (VIN)

C9 = Odometer Reading Card

C10 = Instruction Sheet for VIN and Odometer Reading Cards

C11 = Instruction Sheet for only Odometer Reading Cards

Questionnaire

Q12 = Beginning-of-Year telephone questionnaire 

013 = Midyear Vehicle Update Worksheet 

Q14 = Midyear Vehicle Update Form

015 = Midyear telephone questionnaire with FSA questions

016 = Midyear telephone questionnaire without FSA questions

017 = End-of-Year telephone questionnaire

Other Enclosures

E18 - Stamped return envelope 

E19 = Vehicle-shaped magnet 

E20 = EIA produced brochure 

E21 = DOE produced brochure

Notes: • All households at B-O-Y data collection phases received a blank VIN card »AII households at E-O-Y data 

collection received a blank VIN card unless they had previously refused to provide a VIN. 'Households did not receive a 

specific VIN card for any vehicle that had a previously collected good VIN • Midyear Vehicle Update Form and Midyear 

Vehicle Update Worksheet contain identical questions. The titles were different to distinguish between no-telephone 

households and telephone households. «See Housing Characteristics 1987 (Published May 1989) DOE/EIA0314 (87), for 

information pertaining to. the data collected for the Family Support Administration.

Source: Energy Information Administration, Office of Energy Markets and End Use, 1988 Residential Transportation 

Energy Consumption Survey.

86 Energy Information Administration/Household Vehicles Energy Consumption 1988
VIN Card (Form EIA-876)--This form was mailed 

to the respondent and used as a reference during the 

telephone interview. The card was used to record the 

VIN for each reported vehicle. Each VIN card had 

a computer-generated label identifying the specific 

vehicle assigned to the card. A thorough explana 

tion of the VIN and where to locate it was provided 

on the card. A blank VIN card was also provided to 

record the VIN for any vehicle acquired since the 

last contact. For the B-O-Y data collection, the VIN 

cards were mailed only if the VIN was not obtained 

during the RECS interview or if the VIN had been 

transcribed incorrectly. For the E-O-Y data collec 

tion, the VIN was collected only from households 

that had acquired a new vehicle at the M-Y data 

collection phase. Households were not mailed a 

VIN card if they had refused to provide a VIN 

during any previous RTECS contact, at the time of 

the RECS contact, or if they were previously clas 

sified as a nonrespondent household.

The odometer and VIN cards were mailed to the 

respondents approximately 1 week prior to the 

telephone interview. The respondents were re 

quested to keep both the odometer and VIN cards 

by their telephones so they would be readily avail 

able when the interviewer telephoned. If the house 

hold was classified as a no-telephone household, the 

respondent was requested to return the cards in a 

self-stamped, business reply envelope that was 

provided.

Residential Transportation Energy Consumption 

Survey Questionnaire (Form EIA-876A-C)-This 

form was used by the telephone interviewer to 

record information gathered during the telephone 

interviews. Vehicle data obtained with this ques 

tionnaire included: verification of the stock of 

vehicles; motor vehicle characteristics for each 

vehicle, such as transmission type, drive type, fuel 

system type, engine size, and number of cylinders; 

vehicle fuel characteristics such as fuel type, fuel 

grade and type of pump service; odometer readings; 

and VIN. The questionnaire consisted of three types: 

theB-O-Ytelephonequestionnaire(FormEIA-876- 

A), the M-Y mail and telephone questionnaire 

(Form EIA-876B), and the E-O-Y telephone ques 

tionnaire (Form EIA-876C).

The B-O-Y and E-O-Y telephone questionnaires 

were used only by the telephone interviewers to 

record respondents answers during the telephone 

interview. These questionnaires were divided into

discrete sections that were color-coded to help the 

interviewer in determining the correct skip pat 

terns.

B-O-Y Questionnaire: The discrete sections for the 

B-O-Y Questionnaire consisted of:

1. A call record sheet and protocol.

2. Questions pertaining to vehicle characteristics 

for only vehicles that were recorded during the 

RECS interview. A computer-generated foldout page was included that listed the make, 

model and year of all vehicles obtained during 

the RECS interview. The status of the VIN was 

also included (whether it was obtained, or 

whether it was transcribed correctly).

3. Questions pertaining to vehicles that were dis 

posed of since the RECS interview.

4. Questions pertaining to vehicles acquired since 

the RECS interview or any vehicles not recor 

ded during the RECS interview.

5. Questions pertaining to the households inten 

tion to move within 12 months.

M-Y Questionnaire: The M-Y Questionnaire that 

was mailed to the respondents requested only 

minimal vehicle update information on the acquisi 

tion and disposition of vehicles since the B-O-Y data 

collection. Respondents with telephones were 

requested to complete the form and to keep it by the 

telephone in preparation for the telephone inter 

view. The respondents without telephones were 

requested to complete and return the form to the 

survey contractor. The M-Y questionnaire used by 

the telephone interviewers to record the respond 

ents answers contained:

1. A call record sheet and protocol.

2. Computer-generated pages showing the most 

recent vehicle inventory for the household.

3. Questions relating to the vehicles disposed of 

since the RECS interviewer or the B-O-Y 

interview.

4. Questions relating to the vehicles acquired 

since the RECS interview or the B-O-Y inter 

view.

Energy Information Administration/Household Vehicles Energy Consumption 1988 87
5. Questions pertaining to the households inten 

tion to move within the following six months.

Note: For a selected number of households, ad 

ditional questions pertaining to government assis 

tance to low-income households and interruptions 

in home heating were asked at the end of the 

RTECS interviews. These data, collected as part of 

the Family Support Administration (FSA) update to 

RECS, were completely independent from the 

RTECS questions. The FSA questions were col 

lected during the RTECS data collection as a costsaving measure and as a method of reducing the 

respondent burden by combining the two telephone 

contacts into one telephone call.

E-O-Y Questionnaire: Two types of questionnaires 

were used for the E-O-Y data collection, depending 

on the responses at the M-Y interview. For house 

holds that had indicated at the M-Y update that they 

had acquired or disposed of a vehicle, the question 

naire contained two additional sections. The first 

new section pertained to acquired vehicles and 

contained questions about the vehicle characteris 

tics, the VIN, and the odometer reading. The second 

section pertained to disposed vehicles. An addi 

tional computer printout was included listing the 

new vehicles obtained at the M-Y. For households 

that did not indicate at the M-Y update that they 

had acquired or disposed of a vehicle, the question 

naire was similar to the B-O-Y questionnaire, 

including questions pertaining to vehicle acquisi 

tions and disposals since the last contact. Questions 

relating to the households intention to move were 

eliminated.

Vehicle Identification Number

In the 1988 RTECS, the VIN was collected for the 

first time. The VIN is a unique identification num 

ber assigned to a vehicle by the automobile manufac 

turers for the purpose of identification.

Beginning with the 1981 vehicle model year, the U.S. 

Department of Transportation (DOT) has required 

that a standard identification format consisting of 17 

characters be attached to all over-the-road vehicles 

sold in the United States. Between 1954 and the 

1981 DOT standard, automobile manufactures in 

the United States had included an 11 to 15 digit VIN 

on all vehicles.

In the 1988 RTECS, the MPG were estimated using 

EPA laboratory test results of MPG (See Appendix 

B, "Estimation Methodologies", for a complete 

discussion of the consumption and expenditure 

estimation procedures used in the 1988 RTECS.) To 

assign a test MPG to a particular vehicle, the specific 

characteristics of the vehicle were required. In the 

1988 RTECS, these vehicle characteristics were 

obtained from two sources: (1) the decoded VIN's, 

and (2) the RTECS questions about vehicle charac 

teristics that the respondent answered. The 1988 

RTECS also provided a unique opportunity to assess 

the reliability of the respondents answers by compar 

ing their responses to the RTECS vehicle charac 

teristic questions with an independent source of data 

containing the vehicle characteristics for the same 

vehicles, that is, the VIN.

The Decoded VIN

The VIN is a sequence of numbers and letters, that 

when decoded, provides vehicle characteristics that 

range from nation of origin to the individual assem 

bly plant where the vehicle was manufactured. The 

first three characters of the standard VIN format, 

designated as the World Manufactures Identification 

(WMI), identify the nation of origin, the manufac 

turer, and the vehicle make. The next five characters 

are the Vehicle Description Section (VDS). These 

characters identify the vehicle model; the body type 

such a sedan or station wagon; the engine type; 

which includes characteristics like the number of 

cylinders, cubic inch displacement and net brake 

horsepower; the restraint system found in the vehi 

cle; and a model change code. There is no fixed 

format or standard codes within this five character 

field. The ninth field contains a check digit. The 

check digit is an internally consistent number com 

puted from the other identification numbers accord 

ing to a mathematical formula. It is used during the 

decoding process to verify the accuracy of the other 

identification numbers. The next section is the 

Vehicle Identification Section (VIS) and contains 

eight characters. The first character in this section is 

the vehicle model year, the second character is the 

assembly plant name and/or location. The last six 

letters in this final section represent the sequential 

production number for a specific vehicle. To protect 

the confidentiality of the respondents, thesequential 

production number for a specific vehicle was not in 

cluded on the RTECS public use tape.

88 Energy Information Administration/Household Vehicles Energy Consumption 1988
Figure A2 provides an example of a VIN and the 

type of data that can be obtained from decoding the 

VIN. (Detailed information about the VIN can be

obtained from the annual editions of the Passenger 

Vehicle Identification Manuals published by the 

National Automobile Theft Bureau.)

Figure A2. Example of a Decoded Vehicle Identification Number

VEHICLE IIDENTIFICATION N UMBER (VIN)

1G4NC51L2JM111710 r

Sequential Production

Number 

Assembly Plant Symbol (Lapsing, Ml)

Model Year (J-1988) 

—— Check Digit

Engine Symbol (3.0 liters, V6, Fuel Injection) 

—— Restraint System (Manual Belts) 

Body Type (4-Door Sedan) 

—— Car Line (Skylark Custom)

Make (Buick)

• Manufacturer (General Motors) 

Nation of Origin (USA)

Source: National Automobile Theft Bureau, Inc., 1988 Passenger Vehicle Identification Manual (published 1988), pp. 68-71.

89
Location of the VIN

Generally, in most passenger cars the VIN is attach 

ed to the left side of the dash or instrument panel 

and is visible through the outside of the windshield. 

In some instances, the VIN is located on the inside 

of the door panel on the driver's side. Imported

automobiles often attach the VIN to the windshield 

pillar post or on top of the steering column (Figure 

A3). Also, the VIN can be inscribed on the follow 

ing documents: insurance cards, vehicle registra 

tions, vehicle titles, safety or emission certificates, 

insurance policies and bills' of sale.

Figure A3. Location of the Vehicle Identification Number

Source: Energy Information Administration, Office of Energy Markets and End Use, 1988 Residential Transportation Energy 

Consumption Survey.

90 Energy Information Administration/Household Vehicles Energy Consumption 1988
Collecting the VIN

The 1988 RTECS was the first RTECS that asked 

respondents to provide the VIN for each vehicle. 

Since there were only limited examples of how either 

the respondents or the interviewers would react to 

attempts to collect the VIN, it was unknown wheth 

er the interviewers would be reluctant to ask for the 

VIN, whether the interviewers or respondents would 

be able to locate the VIN on the vehicle, or if once 

located, the VIN would be transcribed accurately. It 

was also unknown whether the respondents would 

readily provide the information or if they would 

instead consider the data sensitive. A pretest of the 

VIN question was conducted in the spring 1987. Re 

sults of the pretest suggested a slightly lower respon 

se rate on the VIN question than actually occurred 

during the RTECS. Also pretest estimates of the 

percent of VIN collected and the percent validated 

were close to the actual RTECS estimates. (See 

Appendix C, "Quality of the Data" for a discussion of 

the response rates for the VIN.)

The following steps were taken to allay respondent 

or interviewer concerns that might contribute to a 

low response rate on this question.

1. The initial collection of the VIN occurred dur 

ing the RECS. Since the RECS data are col 

lected in personal interviews, this survey would 

allow the interviewer to actually record the VIN 

from either the vehicle or a document.

2. The survey design allowed for the collection of 

the VIN during several different stages of the 

RTECS, thus eliminating the need to rely on a 

one-time effort. The VIN could be obtained 

during the RECS interview, the RTECS B-OY interview or during the E-O-Y interview. 

Only the RTECS households that did not 

provide a VIN at the time of the RECS inter 

view or if the VIN was incorrectly transcribed 

during the RECS, were asked to provide the 

VIN again during the RTECS B-O-Y data 

collection. Additionally, no VIN data were 

asked at the M-Y data collection and, futhermore, a household that had refused to provide 

a VIN at any time was not asked for the VIN a 

second time.

3. The importance of obtaining an accurate VIN 

for a successful RTECS was emphasized during 

both the RECS and RTECS interviewer train 

ing sessions. Considerable interviewer training 

time was allocated to describing the VIN and 

providing the interviewers with thorough direc 

tions for locating and recording the VIN.

4. The RECS interviewers were provided with 

examples of the VIN and with a timely article 

encouraging vehicle owners to inscribe the VIN 

on their vehicle windows as a method of provid 

ing vehicle identification in the event of theft. 

(AmericanAutomobileAssociationWorldMagazine, September/October 1987, pp. 30-31).

5. RTECS pre-collection mailings to the house 

holds contained an explanation of the VIN and 

how to locate and record it.

The Interview

The primary method of data collection for the 1988 

RTECS was a telephone interview. (For the 6.8 

percent of the RTECS households that could not be 

contacted by telephone, the VIN Cards, Odometer 

Reading Cards, and a postage-paid return envelope 

were mailed along with instructions directing the 

respondents to return the cards in the envelopes.) 

The average B-O-Y telephone interview lasted 7.6 

minutes. The M-Y interview lasted between 3 to 4 

minutes, depending on whether the respondent was 

asked the FSA update questions. Most respondents 

had recorded the odometer readings and VIN for 

each vehicle on the cards they received prior to the 

telephone calls.

The initial vehicle data were collected in the RECS 

personal interview. This interview lasted an average 

of 56 minutes. However, motor vehicle data were 

only one type of energy data collected at this time 

and were a small part of the respondent burden. 

Information about the structural features of the 

housing unit, the heating and cooling systems, ener 

gy fuel used, and conservation improvements were 

among the non-vehicle type of energy data collected.

Interviewers and Interview Training

A total of 76 interviewers completed one or more 

telephone interviews. Of these interviewers, five 

interviewers had worked on the 1985 RTECS. All 

interviewers attended 3-hour training sessions held 

just prior to the B-O-Y and E-O-Y data collection 

and a 90-minute training session prior to the M-Y

Energy Information Administration/Household Vehicles Energy Consumption 1988 91
data collection. Interviewer trainers werestaff mem 

bers from the survey contractor who were familiar 

with the RTECS. The B-O-Y and E-O-Y training 

sessions were observed by the EIA RTECS Survey 

Manager.

All interviewers were provided with a booklet of 

instructions. The first half of the training sessions 

consisted of general instructions pertaining to the 

RTECS forms, with a thorough explanation of the 

VIN and a discussion of possible trouble areas. 

During the second half of the training session, the 

interviewers were divided into three small groups. 

Three mock interviews were completed in each of 

these groups.

Immediately following each training session, the 

interviewers began contacting respondents. All 

telephone interviews were initially monitored by 

contractorsupervisorypersonnelwhowerethenable 

to provide instant feedback to the interviewer. 

Subsequent periodic monitoring occurred during 

each data collection phase.

Because particular emphasis was placed on main 

taining or improving B-O-Y response rate, special 

refusal conversion measures were undertaken for 

the E-O-Y collection. For example, the most ex 

perienced interviewers were used; all E-O-Y inter 

viewers were required to have worked on the B-OY data collection. Interviewers made an extraordi 

nary effort and succeeded in converting approxi 

mately 265 households that were formerly classified 

as refusals at the B-O-Y or M-Y interviews to 

respondents at the E-O-Y interview.

Minimizing Nonresponse Bias

Nonresponse bias is one type of nonsampling error 

that contributes to the total error of a survey. Other 

nonsampling errors include population undercoverage during sampling, interviewer error, coding 

and/or key punching errors, and response bias. The 

wording and format of the survey questionnaires, the 

procedures used to select and train interviewers, and 

the quality control procedures built into the data 

collection and processing operations were all design 

ed to minimize these sources of error (See Appendix 

C, "Quality of the Data" for a discussion of nonsam 

pling errors other than nonresponse bias.)

It was recognized in the early planning stages of the 

1988 RTECS that special attention would have to be 

given to minimizing nonresponse bias, since the

RTECS households were contacted several times a 

year, in addition to the initial RECS personal inter 

view. The following steps were taken to minimize 

the nonresponse: (1) If possible, the VIN was col 

lected during the RECS interview, thus, reducing the 

need to ask for the VIN during the RTECS, if it was 

successfully collected during the RECS; (2) The MY data collection instrument was streamlined with 

the primary emphasis placed on updating the vehicle 

stock and obtaining the odometer readings for any 

disposed of or acquired vehicle. The vehicle charac 

teristics and VIN for newly acquired vehicles were 

collected during the E-O-Y data collection instead 

of during the M-Y update; (3) No M-Y data collec 

tion was attempted for households declared as 

legitimate refusals at the B-O-Y interview. All 

households were recontacted for the E-O-Y data 

collection, however, only households that previously 

had a valid odometer reading were asked to provide 

the E-O-Y odometer reading. None of the house 

holds that previously refused were asked any VIN 

questions; (4) A letter describing the survey and its 

importance was mailed to the households approx 

imately one week prior to the B-O-Y and E-O-Y 

telephone interviews; (5) Only experienced inter 

viewers that had worked on the B-O-Y interview 

worked on the E-O-Y data collection; (6) Nonmonetary incentives were used. A brochure high 

lighting some of the results from the 1985 RTECS 

was mailed to all B-O-Y households. A vehicleshaped magnet was included in the M-Y mailing to 

the no-telephone households, and in the E-O-Y 

mailing to all households. A brochure about energy 

conservation, published by the DOE was included in 

the E-O-Y data collection; and (7) The interviewers 

were requested to attempt up to eight telephone 

calls before the household was classified as a noncontact and in many cases made up to 16 or more 

attempts to contact the household. (See Housing 

Characteristics 1987, DOE/EIA-0314(87), for a 

detailed discussion of the efforts to minimize nonresponse bias in the RECS.)

Approximately 77 percent of the households respon 

ded to at least one of the RTECS data collection 

phases, however, because the RTECS sample was 

selected from RECS respondents, in no cases were 

data for a respondent totally absent.

Imputations

In the instances when a RECS respondent refused 

to participate in one or more of the RTECS data 

collection phases, a decision was made to impute the

92 Energy Information Administration/Household Vehicles Energy Consumption 1988
the missing data rather than re-adjust the weights 

to account for the RTECS nonresponse because of 

the availability of RECS data for these households. 

Missing data items were imputed using the follow 

ing: RECS data files on vehicle characteristics; 

decoded VIN; hot and cold-deck procedures; linear 

and logistic regression; predictive mean matching; 

and EPA data files. (See Appendix C, "Quality of the 

Data" for a discussion of the imputation procedures 

used.)

Survey Estimate Weights

All the statistics published in this report are es 

timates of population values, such as the total 

number of households in the United States. These 

estimates are based on a subset of the entire popula 

tion of households chosen according to multistage 

probability sample selection rules. The universe 

includes all households in the 50 States and the 

District of Columbia, including households on 

military installations. Survey estimates inflate the 

RTECS sample results to represent the target 

population. This required the development of 

weights for each sample household using a multi 

stage weighting procedure. The weights for the 

RTECS were developed from the weights that 

originally had been used in the 1987 RECS. These 

original weights were divided by the probability that 

a RECS household was selected into the RTECS 

sample. The probability that an individual 1987 

RECS household was selected for the 1988 RTECS 

varied by the Secondary Sampling Unit (SSU) and 

the estimated vehicle annual mileage for the house 

hold as obtained from the RECS interview. House 

holds were classified as a high-mileage household if 

the RECS estimate of the annual miles traveled of 

all household vehicles was 12,500 miles or more and 

a low-mileage household if otherwise. The RTECS 

selection probability or sampling rate is denoted by 

P, when P is defined as follows:

If the household was a high-mileage household then:

P = 545/(Number of RECS sample households 

per 10 million in SSU).

If the household was not a high-mileage household 

then:

P = 365/(Number of RECS sample households 

per 10 million in SSU).

If P exceeded 1.0, P was set equal to 1.0. The goal 

for the number of households to be sampled for 

RTECS was 2,900 households with 50 percent of 

these households considered high-milage house 

holds. The equations for P given above were chosen 

with this goal in mind.

These RECS weights were appropriate for estimates 

of U.S. households as of November 1987 (the mid 

point of the RECS data collection time period). 

Since the midpoint of the RTECS data collection 

period was July 1988, the RTECS weights were 

adjusted so that RTECS household counts were 

estimated at their presumed July 1988 levels. This 

was accomplished by use of poststratification. In 

poststratification, the survey weights in RTECS (and 

RECS) were adjusted by factors so that, within 

certain population subgroups, RTECS estimates of 

household counts would agree with those estimated 

from the CPS. Within each population subgroup or 

poststratification cell, the weight adjustment factor 

was computed as the CPS household count estimate 

divided by the RTECS household count estimate. 

(RTECS household count estimates are produced 

by summing RTECS survey weights.) The CPS 

estimates within the subgroups are called "control 

totals," and they are considered to be more reliable 

than the corresponding estimates from RTECS.

The poststratification cells were defined by a twoway contingency table. One margin represented 

metropolitan status within Census regions. This 

margin had 12 categories comprised of 4 Census 

regions (Northeast, Midwest, South, and West) and 

3 metropolitan statuses (metropolitan in center city, 

metropolitan outside of center city, and nonmetropolitan). The other margin of the poststratification 

table contained three categories (one-person-male 

households, one-person-female households, and all 

other households). Thus, the poststratification table 

had a total of 36 cells. However, 36 separate weightadjustment factors were not computed. Rather, the 

RTECS weights within these cells were adjusted by 

a limited "raking" procedure. The weights were first 

adjusted to agree with CPS totals for the Census 

region by metropolitan status margin, using 12 cells. 

Next the weights were adjusted to CPS totals for the 

household type margin using 3 cells. Finally, the 

weights were re-adjusted to CPS totals for the 

Census region by metropolitan status margin. 

Raking allows for the use of more sample units in 

computing each weight-adjustment factor, by not 

distributing them around too many cells. However,

Energy Information Administration/Household Vehicles Energy Consumption 1988 93
the method is based on the assumption that there is 

no significant interaction between the margins of the 

poststratification table.

Data Editing Procedures

The following steps were undertaken to ensure the 

accuracy of the data. Step one in the review process 

was to verify the accuracy of the basic identifying 

information. Step two consisted of manually review 

ing the questionnaire for completeness and logical 

consistency of selected patterns of response and to 

prepare the questionnaires for translation into 

machine-readable form. In the third step, the data 

were keyed into machine-readable format. Any 

inconsistencies in the skip patterns were automati 

cally noted and resolved by one of the editors. In the 

fourth step, the keypunching of the data was 100 

percent verified. During the fifth step, the data were 

machine edited to further ensure completeness, 

logical consistency and the legitimacy of coded 

values.

Comparisons were made of the vehicle character 

istics provided by the respondent and the vehicle 

characteristics obtained from the VIN. When a 

discrepancy occurred the vehicle characteristics 

obtained from the VIN were usually used.

Report Preparation Procedures

Prior to a final data tape, a preliminary data tape 

was delivered to the EIA in August 1989. EIA data 

analysts reviewed and processed the data to prepare 

it for the final data tape. Crosstabulations were run, 

checked for internal consistency and compared with 

data from previous RTECS. Generally, inconsisten 

cies were resolved by the survey contractor. As a 

quality control measure, selected tabulations were 

produced using two different software programs,

Table Producing Language (TPL) and Statistical 

Analysis System (SAS).

A final clean edited data tape of household vehicle 

survey data was delivered to the EIA in September 

of 1989. After the edited data tape was provided by 

the survey contractor, EIA data analysts further 

reviewed and processed the data to prepare it for 

release in the statistical reports. Statistical tables of 

aggregated data were produced and analyzed. The 

report text was based on these tables.

Confidentiality of Information

and Public Use Tape

Preparation

The EIA does not receive or take possession of the 

names or addresses of individual RTECS respond 

ents or any other individually identifiable energy 

data that could be linked with information describ 

ing the household. All such identifiable information 

is maintained by the survey contractor.

Following the publication of the statistical report 

for the RTECS and the statistical reports for the 

RECS, a final data tape is prepared for release to 

the public. This tape contains both the housing 

characteristics and energy supplier data for the 

RECS and the vehicle data for the RTECS. Addi 

tional measures such as the stripping of all geo 

graphic identifiers except Census region and Census 

division, are taken at this time to further mask the 

data and to ensure that the identity of the individual 

respondent is kept confidential. At the culmination 

of these procedures, a final data tape is released to 

the public through the National Technical Informa 

tion Service (NTIS). (See Appendix G, "Related EIA 

Publications on Energy Consumption" for informa 

tion on how to order these tapes.)

94 Energy Information Administration/Household Vehicles Energy Consumption 1988
Appendix B

Estimation 

Methodology

Vehicle miles traveled are reported for 

metropolitan and nonmetropolitan areas.

Appendix B

Estimation Methodologies

Introduction

Statistics concerning vehicle miles traveled (VMT), vehicle fuel efficiency, in miles per gallon (MPG), and vehicle 

fuel consumption and expenditures are presented in this report. The methodology used to estimate these statistics 

relied on data from the 1987 Residential Energy Consumption Survey (RECS), the 1988 Residential Transpor 

tation Energy Consumption Survey (RTECS), the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) fuel efficiency 

test results, the U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics (BLS) retail pump price series, and the Lundberg Survey, Inc., 

price series for 1988.

The estimation of these four statistics (VMT, vehicle fuel efficiency, vehicle fuel consumption, and vehicle fuel 

expenditures) occurred in several steps (Figure Bl). First, for each RTECS vehicle, the VMT were determined 

from two actual odometer readings or imputed using data from the 1987 RECS. Second, the annual on-road fuel 

efficiency, given in terms of MPG was estimated using the questionnaire responses, decoded Vehicle 

Identification Number (VIN) data, EPA fuel efficiency test results, and the months that the vehicle was in use. 

The MPG were adjusted to account for the difference between EPA test values and on-road values. Third, 

estimated vehicle fuel consumption was derived by dividing the VMT by the estimated MPG. Finally, the 

estimated vehicle fuel expenditures were derived by multiplying the vehicle fuel consumption by the fuel price.

The following sections of this appendix describe the estimation procedures used for calculating the VMT, the 

MPG, the vehicle fuel consumption, the vehicle fuel prices, and the vehicle fuel expenditures. Also described in 

this appendix are the sources of data that were used in the estimation procedures.

The following terms are used throughout this appendix: 

Terms Definitions

EPA Composite MPG The EPA dynamometer test procedure, performed on preproduction prototype

vehicles, yields separate test values for EPA city and highway MPG. These city 

and highway MPG are often combined to form the "composite" MPG.

On-Road MPG A composite MPG that was adjusted to account for the shortfall between the

test value and the fuel efficiency actually obtained on the road. The adjustment 

did not take into account the driving patterns of individual drivers and seasonal 

differences.

In-Use MPG MPG that were adjusted for seasonal differences and annual miles driven.

Vehicles that are driven relatively few miles during the year are assumed to be 

driven mostlyon short trips that involve frequent stops. Vehicles that aredriven 

relatively many miles are assumed to be driven mostly on long trips where few 

stops are needed.

MPG Shortfall A measure of the difference between actual on-road MPG and the EPA

laboratory test MPG. Expressed as the ratio of test MPG to on-road MPG.

Energy Information Administration/Household Vehicles Energy Consumption 1988 97
Figure B1. Estimation Schematic

From RTECS:

Vehicle Miles Traveled (VMT)

From ERA:

Fuel Efficiency (miles per gallon (MPG))

From BLS and Lundberg: Vehicle Fuel Price (dollars per gallon (DPG))

Vehicle Fuel Consumption 

(gallons) =

Vehicle Fuel Expenditures (dollars) = DPG x Gallons

Note: RTECS-Residential Transportation Energy Consumption Survey, EPA--Environmental Protection Agency, BLS-Bureau of Labor Statistics; and Lundberg-Lundberg Survey, Inc. Source: Energy Information Administration, Office of Energy Markets and End Use, 1988 Residential Transportation Energy Consumption Survey.

98 Energy Information Administration/Household Vehicles Energy Consumption 1988
Vehicle Miles Traveled

Whe'n possible, VMT were determined for a sample vehicle by taking the difference between two odometer 

readings, which spanned a period of time. This method was used to determine VMT for 3,505 (57 percent) of the 

6,169 RTECS sample vehicles. Attempts were made to obtain odometer readings during the RECS interviews, 

the Beginning-of-Year (B-O-Y) RTECS interview, the End-of-Year (E-O-Y) RTECS interview, and any time a 

vehicle was acquired or disposed. A "span" of odometer readings was the difference between two odometer 

readings. In most cases, this span was a B-O-Y to E-O-Y span, although due to an occasional nonresponse, only 

shorter spans were obtained, such as RECS to B-O-Y. Odometer spans of less than a full year were also obtained 

for vehicles that were either acquired or disposed of during the survey year.

The VMT that were assigned to each RTECS vehicle corresponded to the period of time that the vehicle was in 

possession by the sample household. In most cases, however, this period of possession did not correspond exactly 

with the beginning and ending dates for the odometer span. This was true even for vehicles with a complete BO-Y to E-O-Y odometer span; because odometer cards were mailed to respondents in several distinct waves at 

the beginning and end of the RTECS survey; and because the exact dates of odometer readings were often left to 

the convenience of the respondents. Therefore, all VMT obtained from odometer spans were adjusted to 

correspond to the period of time that the vehicle was in possession by the sample household. A 2-step adj ustment 

procedure was used. STEP 1 adjusted the odometer-span VMT to a standard annualized mileage covering 366 

days (1988 was a leap year), and STEP 2 readjusted the annualized VMT to correspond to the exact period of time 

that the vehicle was in possession by the household. These adjustments took into account a typical distribution 

of VMT fractions among the different months of the year. Step 2 was performed only for vehicles that were not 

in the possession of the household for the entire calendar year 1988.

STEP I:

This step adjusted the odometer-span VMT to a standard annualized VMT covering a full year, regardless of 

whether the span of odometer readings covered approximately 1 year or only a short span of time. 

Annualized VMT for vehicle -, were computed as:

Annualized VMT, = [Odometer-Span VMT] x RI 

Where

1.0 

R, = _____ ,

j=SO|

and

FJ = Monthly VMT fractions from the standard distribution in Table Bl 

so, = Month of starting odometer readings for vehicle i 

eOi = Month of ending odometer readings for vehicle i.

The starting and ending FJ were prorated according to the exact day of the month for the odometer readings. For 

example, if a final odometer reading was taken on September 15, then (14/30) x FSEP was used.

Energy Information Administration/Household Vehicles Energy Consumption 1988 99
Table B1. Distribution of Average Monthly Vehicle Miles Traveled 

Fractions

Month i

JAN

FEB

MAR

APR

MAY

JUN

JUL

AUG

SEP

OCT

NOV

DEC

Total

Average VMT 

per Vehicle

688

697

771

783

832

847

868

872

800

802

756

734

9,450

Fj

0.0728

0.0738

0.0816

0.0829

0.0880

0.0896

0.0919

0.0923

0.0847

0.0849

0.0800

0.0777

1.0000

Source: 1984 Petroleum Marketing Index (PMI) Survey, NPD Research Inc. The 

survey is a demographically and geographically balanced-quota sample of 4,100 households. 

Respondents maintained fuel purchase diaries for an average of 10 months.

STEP 2:

Once an annualized VMT was obtained from STEP 1 as described earlier, it was adjusted to correspond to the 

time period that vehicle i was in possession by the sample household as:

VMT During Possession; = [Annualized VMTJ x R' 

Where

SFj

1.0 

and

FJ = Monthly VMT fractions from the standard distribution in Table Bl

spi = Month starting possession of vehicle i by the household, or January 1988, whichever is later

epi = Month ending possession of vehicle i by the household, or December 1988, whichever is earlier.

If vehicle i was in the household for the entire year then spi = JAN and ep; = DEC. If a vehicle was acquired or 

disposed of during the survey, the starting or ending Fj was prorated according to the appropriate day of the 

month.

100 Energy Information Administration/Household Vehicles Energy Consumption 1988
Incomplete Odometer or VMT Data

For 1,341 sample vehicles (22 percent), no odometer span was available, although an estimate of annual VMT had 

been obtained from the respondent during the RECS interview. VMT for these vehicles were imputed from a 

regression on the estimated VMT obtained from the RECS. For another 1,323 sample vehicles (21 percent), no 

odometer span was available and a VMT estimate was not obtained during the RECS interview. VMT for these 

vehicles were imputed using a multiple linear regression model, where the independent variables were number 

of drivers, household income, age of household head, type of vehicle, and use of vehicle on the job. This 

regression was also used for imputing VMT for vehicles that were imputed as being acquired or disposed. Both 

of the regression models described above yielded estimates of annualized VMT. The STEP 2 adjustment described 

previously was then used to adjust this VMT to correspond with the time the vehicle was in the possession of the 

household.

Vehicle Fuel Efficiency

Fuel efficiency (MPG) must be estimated for each RTECS sample vehicle in order to estimate each vehicle's fuel 

consumption for the survey year. (Fuel consumption is estimated by dividing the VMT for time of possession, by 

the MPG.) Prior to 1988, the RTECS obtained actual fuel consumption data and on-road MPG from fuel 

purchase diaries maintained by the respondents. However, no fuel purchase diaries were used in the 1988 RTECS. 

Instead, the 1988 MPG were estimated using EPA laboratory test MPG that were adjusted to account for 

differences between actual on-road MPG and the EPA test MPG. This difference is known as MPG "shortfall." 

The feasibility of using shortfall-adjusted MPG in an RTECS survey was investigated by Lax (1987). That study 

verified that the method yielded unbiased MPG, when using a data base from a 1984 fuel purchase diary study 

performed by NPD Research, Inc. However, the adequacy of current shortfall adjustment methods for late 1980 

through 1990 motor vehicle model years is an unresolved issue.

The RTECS sample vehicles were assigned EPA test MPG from the EPA Emissions Certification Files. Each 

record of the Certification Files contained EPA test MPG for each unique combination of vehicle attributes within 

a given make, model, and year. These attributes were (1) number of cylinders, (2) cubic inches of engine 

displacement (CID), (3) type of transmission (manual or automatic), (4) gasoline or diesel fuel, and (5) whether 

the vehicle's emissions control package met Federal or California standards. Each record of the Certification Files 

also contained the number of vehicles sold for each unique combination of attributes. The vehicle attributes 

needed to assign a test MPG for sample vehicles were obtained from the Vehicle Identification Number (VIN), 

and/or from the RTECS questionnaire responses when the VIN was unavailable. The VIN was decoded to yield 

the vehicle attributes, by use of the Highway Loss Data Institute's "Vindicator" software.

In addition to assigning test MPG, the EPA Certification Files were used to impute for missing vehicle attributes. 

Based on the nonmissing vehicle attributes obtained from the questionnaire and VIN, several records from the 

EPA Certification Files were usually found as potential "matches" to a given sample vehicle. A matching record 

was chosen from among the several applicable, with probability proportional to sales, using the sales figures on 

the EPA Certification Files. Once chosen, a record provided EPA test MPG (city and highway), as well as any 

vehicle attributes that were missing.

The 1988 RTECS used a sequential adjustment procedure where the EPA Composite MPG was adjusted first to 

an on-road MPG, and then to an in-use MPG. Figure B2 shows the MPG adjustments that were used to 

determine the final in-use MPG.

Energy Information Administration/Household Vehicles Energy Consumption 1988 101
Figure B2. Miles per Gallon Adjustment Procedures

EPATestMPG 

(City)

EPATestMPG 

(Highway)

Adjusted for Fuel Efficiency

Shortfall Using Discount

Factors

Adjusted for Fuel Efficiency

Shortfall Using Discount

Factors

Composite On-Road MPG

Adjusted for Individual

and 

Seasonal Circumstances

Final In-Use MPG

Source: Energy Information Administration, Office of Energy Markets and End Use, 1988 Residential Transportation Energy 

Consumption Survey.

102 Energy Information Administration/Household Vehicles Energy Consumption 1988
The EPA Composite MPG

Beginning in the early 1970's, EPA measured fuel efficiency from tests that were conducted on a dynamometer 

to simulate actual driving conditions. By 1975, EPA had incorporated separate "city" and "highway" driving cycles 

into the test. The city and highway MPG were combined to form a-"composite" MPG, that was then weighted 

according to sales of the production vehicles in order to assess compliance with Corporate Average Fuel Economy 

(CAFE) standards. The EPA Composite MPG is based on the assumption of a "typical" vehicle-use pattern of 

55 percent city driving and 45 percent highway driving, and has become a convenient single fuel efficiency measure 

for analytical and regulatory purposes.

The EPA Composite MPG is defined as:

1

MPG,EPA 55/45) = ____

1 1

0.55 x +0.45x

MPG(EPAci|y) MPG(EPA highway)

where:

MPG(EPA 55/45) = the composite MPG

MPG(EPAcity) = the fuel efficiency when vehicle use pattern is city driving

MPG(EPA highway) = the fuel efficiency when vehicle use pattern is highway driving only.

Fuel Efficiency Shortfall

Fuel efficiency shortfall occurs when the fuel efficiency that is actually obtained while using the vehicle is lower 

than the EPA test results. Reasons for this shortfall are, (1) a result of the differences between EPA test vehicles 

and the vehicles actually in use and (2) the differences between EPA procedures for simulated driving conditions 

and actual driving conditions. For example, EPA test vehicles are prototypes that do not contain the wide variety 

of power-consuming accessories often found on vehicles sold to consumers. The test procedures also do not 

simulate the actual driving conditions that affect fuel efficiency such as speed and acceleration of individual 

drivers, road conditions, weather, and traffic. In the 1988 RTECS, adjustments for this fuel efficiency shortfall 

were made to the composite MPG (MPG(EPA55M5)) that were assigned to the sample vehicles.

Fuel efficiency shortfall was expressed in terms of the "Gallons Per Mile Ratio" or GPMR:

MPGi(EPA 55/45)

GPMRi = ____________

MPG: 

Where:

GPMRj = Gallons per Mile Ratio for vehicle i

MPG, = On-road MPG or in-use MPG for vehicle i, depending on the analysis

MPG(EPA 55/45, = EPA Composite MPG applicable to vehicle i.

If GPMRj = 1 then there is no shortfall. If GPMRj > 1 then there is a shortfall for vehicle i (That is, the on-road 

or in-use fuel efficiency is less than the fuel efficiency indicated by the EPA Composite MPG.) Note that GPMRj

Energy Information Administration/Household Vehicles Energy Consumption 1988 103
can represent shortfall with respect to either the on-road or in-use MPG;, depending on the analysis being 

performed. GPMRi is commonly chosen as a measure of shortfall for the following reasons:

• A shortfall adjustment is most often thought of as a correction factor, or multiplicative constant, rather than 

as an additive correction. GPMRj satisfies this convention.

• Shortfall is usually dependent on a vehicle's fuel efficiency level. That is, shortfall is usually higher at high 

levels of MPG(EPA 55MS) than at low levels of MPG(EPA 55M5). Therefore, it is more informative to express the 

amount of shortfall relative to MPG(EPA55H5) rather than as an absolute quantity.

• GPMR| is a linear function of MPG(EPA 55/4S), and can be modeled using ordinary least squares linear 

regression.

• GPMRj is a transformation that stabilizes error variances for the purposes of least squares linear regression.

The On-road MPG

On-road MPG is a composite MPG that was adjusted to account for the shortfall between the EPA fuel efficiency 

and the actual fuel efficiency obtained on the road.

The EPAdeveloped two general procedures for adjusting MPG(EpA55/45) to an on-road value. One procedure bases 

the size of the adjustment on specific technology features of the vehicle. The other procedure uses simple 

wholesale MPG discount factors for all vehicles, regardless of technology class. Either of these procedures could 

be used to adjust MPG(EPA 55A)5) to an on-road MPG value for use in the 1988 RTECS. The discount factor 

approach was used to obtain on-road MPG for the 1988 RTECS.

Shortfall Adjustment Based on Discount Factors

EPA developed discount factors that have widespread appeal because of their simplicity (Hellman and Murrell, 

1985; Hellman and Murrell, 1984). For vehicle i, the discount factors yield on-road MPG that are 90% of the EPA 

city value, and 78% of the EPA highway value:

MPGi(on.road>city) = 0.90 XMPGi(EPA city)

= 0.78 X MPGj(EPA highway)

These discount factors are the ones used to produce the "sticker" MPG figures seen on vehicles on dealer lots, and 

are used to produce the DOEfEPAGas Mileage Guide. The analysis behind the development of these factors was 

performed on a conglomerate data base with data from Ford Motor Company, General Motors, Chrysler 

Corporation, DOE, and EPA. The data base contained approximately 38,000 vehicle records with model years 

from 1979 through 1981withsomc 1982models included. Thedata base contained predominately American-made 

vehicles, but also included foreign vehicles as well. The technology mix was dominated by rear-wheel drive and 

carbureted vehicles, but contained some vehicles with front wheel drive or fuel injection. Vehicle records 

contained make, model, year, vehicle characteristics, the MPG as measured on the road, MPG(EPAcity), and MPG(EPA 

highway)- The data base also included the driver's perceptions of the proportion of their travel that was mostly urban 

(so called "city fraction"), and their average miles driven per day (AMPD).

Fuel economy shortfall is affected by the vehicle use pattern: city driving pattern is characterized by frequent starts 

and short trip lengths, while highway driving pattern is characterized by infrequent starts and long trips. AMPD 

is a good surrogate variable for representing these different driving patterns.

The city driving pattern was characterized by AMPD from 5 to 22 miles per day, while the highway pattern was 

characterized by AMPD's from 15 to 105 miles per day (Hellman and Murrell, 1984). City fraction and AMPD 

were used to split the data into two sets, one for development of the city discount factor, the other for

104 Energy Information Administration/Household Vehicles Energy Consumption 1988
development of the highway factor. The "city" and "highway" data sets were each stratified by vehicle technology 

classes. Linear regression was performed within each stratum. GPMR was regressed on city fraction, AMPD, 

MPG(EPA 55/45), odometer reading, and average temperature. The fitted models were then weighted and combined 

across vehicle technology strata, to produce a single "city" shortfall model and a single "highway" shortfall model. 

The weights were used to increase the influence of those models that represented technology mixes expected to 

become more prominent in the future (e.g., front-wheel drive and fuel-injected vehicles). The discount factors 

were derived from the two weighted models set at average or typical values of the independent variables.

For each RTECS vehicle, discounted city and highway on-road MPG were computed and then combined to form 

an on-road 55/45 composite as follows:

1

MPGi(on.road 55/45) = ____________________________________________

1 1

0.55 x +0.45x

A shortfall ratio based on EPA discount factors was computed for each RTECS vehicle as follows:

MPGi(EPA 55/45)

GPMRi(on.road) = __________

MPGj(on.road|55/45)

The In-Use MPG

In-use MPG are MPG that are adjusted for individual driving circumstances. The on-road adj ustments to MPG(EPA 

55/45) discussed in the previous sections were "general" in that they did not take into account any effects on fuel 

economy that are due to the driver's individual circumstances. They, instead, utilized general attributes such as 

the technology features of the vehicle and average driving conditions. Fuel economy shortfall estimates can be 

refined for an individual vehicle by taking into account the following "in-use" effects.

• Urban versus rural driving pattern. That is, frequent starts and short trips as opposed to infrequent starts and 

longer trips. As mentioned in the previous section, a useful single variable for representing this effect is 

AMPD. High AMPD's usually represent mileage accumulated on the highway.

• Traffic congestion, which increases with population density.

• Seasonal temperature variations, especially for gasoline-carbureted vehicles.

• Humidity, which together with temperature, affects air-conditioner use.

• Differences among geographic areas of the country.

• Altitude.

• Wind.

• Road gradient and road surface conditions.

In general, the first four items are considered the most significant in-use influences (Crawford, 1983). In the cited 

study, shortfall variations as high as 25 percent or more occurred over the range of typical AMPD. Shortfall was 

16 percent higher in urban areas than in completely uncongested areas, and was 12 percent higher in suburban 

areas. Shortfall varied seasonally (i.e., monthly) by 7 percent in the South and by 13 percent in the North.

Energy Information Administration/Household Vehicles Energy Consumption 1988 105
Regression models were developed for use in adjusting GPMRi(on.rcad) to an in-use shortfall employing 

measurements of several in-use effects as the independent variables.

The regressions yielded a shortfall adjustment that was an additive one, as follows:

GPMRij(in.use) = GPMRi(on.road) + *, 

where:

GPMR,j(iri.U8e) = the in-use shortfall ratio estimated for vehicle i and month j (j = 1...12),

GPMRi(on.road) = the on-road shortfall ratio estimated for vehicle i, from the above 

equations, and

<5y = an adjustment calculated for vehicle i and month j, from a regression model. 

The regression model used for this RTECS follows:

«y = 3.296 {(1/AMPDij) - (1/35.6)}

+ NORTH { 0.050 sin(jir/6) + 0.075 cos(j*/6)} 

+ SOUTH { 0.030 sin(j*/6) + 0.031 cos(j»/6)}.

Where:

AMPDy = Average Miles per Day for vehicle i and month j, typically 35.6 (i.e., 13,000 miles per year).

NORTH = 1 if the household is in the North.

0 if the household is not in the North.

SOUTH = 1 if the household is in the South.

0 if the household is not in the South.

This regression model was chosen because the independent variables that are important in explaining shortfall 

were readily available from the 1988 RTECS data. The model had two components. One component involved 

AMPD0 and represented the influence of individual driving patterns for a given vehicle and month. The other 

component represented the change in shortfall that occurred throughout the seasons, due to the annual 

temperature cycle. The original regression equation also contained a minor term which accounted for the 

influence of air-conditioner use during hot, humid weather. This term was dropped in the 1988 RTECS 

estimations because it involved the rather complex computation of "Discomfort Index" from NOAA weather 

records, and the slight additional precision was judged insufficient to warrant the additional processing expense. 

Additional terms representing geographic regional effects, and the natural logarithm of population density 

(people per square mile, to represent the influence of traffic congestion) were not considered because of the 

computational cost.

Once a GPMRjj(jn.US£) was estimated it was used to estimate the final in-use fuel economy for vehicle i and month 

j as follows:

j(EPA 55/45)

MPGij(in.U8e)

GPMRij(in.use)

The regression equation had separate seasonal components for the "North" and "South," because the difference 

between the winter shortfall and the summer shortfall was greater in the North than in the South. This difference 

can be seen in the model parameters. To define the North and South geographic areas the continental United

106 Energy Information Administration/Household Vehicles Energy Consumption 1988
States were divided into 97 two-digit ZIP Code regions. These regions were grouped to form two aggregate regions 

("North" and "South") according to average winter and summer temperatures, and seasonal shortfall trends.

Annual Vehicle Fuel Consumption

In the 1988 RTECS, consumption was calculated by dividing the annual VMT by the annual MPG. The following 

is a derivation of the annual consumption estimator.

The MPGij(in.UK) shown in the above section about fuel efficiency estimation procedures were final estimates of 

monthly in-use fuel economies for vehicle i, and could have been used for estimating monthly fuel consumptions 

and expenditures if monthly VMT were known. However, RTECS collected only annual VMT, as calculated from 

the B-O-Y and E-O-Y odometer readings. Nevertheless, the 1988 RTECS still made use of the MPC^,,.,^ by 

disaggregating the annual VMT of sample vehicles into monthly VMT.

The annual consumption for vehicle i can be thought of as the sum of the individual monthly consumptions:

V-'j P —— — £~i V ^>jj r

Where:

Q = Annual consumption of vehicle fuel for vehicle i, in gallons

spi = Month starting possession of vehicle i by the household, or January 1988, whichever is later 

epi = Month ending possession of vehicle i by the household, or December 1988, whichever is earlier 

qj = Consumption of vehicle fuel for vehicle i, during month j.

Consumption is calculated over only those months that vehicle i was reported to be owned or used by the 

household. In this sense, "annual" does not necessarily mean a full 12 months. This is an important point since 

fuel economy varies seasonally. If vehicle i was in the household for the entire year, then sp: = JAN and epi = 

DEC.

Consumption for each month can be expressed in terms of monthly VMT and monthly fuel economy:

Cij= "

Where:

niij = VMT for vehicle i, month j

mpgij = Fuel economy in miles per gallon for vehicle i, month j 

so that:

C=

Energy Information Administration/Household Vehicles Energy Consumption 1988 107
In the 1988 RTECS Q was estimated by substituting the estimated MPGij(in.use) for mpgjj. The m,j was estimated in 

RTECS by disaggregating the annual VMT from odometer readings into monthly VMT. The disaggregation was 

performed as follows:

mu = M,xf(y) 

Where:

Mi = Annual VMT for vehicle i, calculated using odometer readings and the two-step adjustment 

procedure discussed in the section titled "Vehicle Miles Traveled"

fpj) = Average fraction of "annual" VMT that was driven during month j, estimated for vehicle i

There is no single distribution of average monthly VMT fractions f(ij). Rather, there was a family of distributions, 

the members of which were determined by the particular months a vehicle was owned or used by a household. 

According to this definition of monthly VMT fractions, no matter which months vehicle i was in a household, it 

was always true that:

The f(ij) were derived from the Fj in Table Bl as follows:

f(ij) = FJ, if spi = JAN and epi = DEC. 

Otherwise

Substituting mpgij = MPC^,,.^) and m^ = Mj x f(iij) into

yields the following estimate of annual consumption for vehicle i:

j=spi MPGij(in.usc)

The estimator of annual consumption in the above equation was constructed with 1988 RTECS data.

For vehicles that where acquired or disposed of during 1988, the estimator took into account seasonal differences 

in the overall fuel economy and the effects of these differences on the overall fuel consumption.

108 Energy Information Administration/Household Vehicles Energy Consumption 1988
Substituting MPG(EPA 55/45) in the above equation, and slightly rearranging the terms, the estimator of consumption

is:

MI epi

Q = _________ S f(i,j) x GPMRij(in.use)

MPG(EPA 55/45) J = SP|

A single "annualized" fuel economy that is analogous to the "annualized" MPGf from previous RTECS, was 

estimated as:

MPG(EPA 55/45)

2ffti) xGPMRij(in.use)

Thus

Q =

Annual Vehicle Fuel Expenditures and Price 

Vehicle Fuel Expenditures

In the 1988 RTECS, fuel expenditures were calculated by multiplying the vehicle fuel consumption and the price 

of the vehicle fuel. The 1988 RTECS, unlike previous RTECS, did not collect vehicle fuel prices via the fuel 

purchase diaries. Instead each RTECS vehicle was assigned a price based on reported fuel type used in each 

vehicle. Gasoline prices were obtained from the BLS 1988 Retail Gasoline Pump Price Series. Diesel fuel prices 

were obtained from the Lundberg Survey, Inc. (See "Other Fuel Types" in this appendix for a discussion of the 

gasohol and propane prices.)

For the 1988 RTECS, a gasoline fuel price was assigned to each sample vehicle that used gasoline by using the BLS 

data for the type of gasoline that the respondent indicated was used in the vehicle. (See section on Gasoline 

Prices.) Respondents were asked if they purchased leaded or unleaded gasoline, and if unleaded, they were asked 

the grade. (See Appendix D, "Survey Forms.") The BLS prices are published by month, by Census region, and by 

type and grade of fuel. The BLS monthly prices (for the Census region in which the household lived) were 

averaged across the mon ths that the vehicle was in the possession of the household. This yielded for each RTECS 

vehicle a single fuel price, Pj, dependent on the Census region, type and grade of gasoline, and the months that 

the vehicle was in the possession of the household. The annual fuel expenditures in dollars for each sample 

vehicle, Ei; was estimated by multiplying its assigned average fuel price, Pj, by its total consumption in gallons, Q, 

as estimated in the previous section.

Type of Fuel Used

Table E2 provides the percentage distribution of RTECS vehicles by fuel type categories. In 1988, 84.9 percent 

of the 147.5 million RTECS vehicles used unleaded gasoline. The remaining 15.1 percent of vehicles used leaded 

gasoline, diesel fuel or other fuel types.

Energy Information Administration/Household Vehicles Energy Consumption 1988 109
Table B2. Distribution of Residential Transportation Energy Consumption Survey 

Vehicles by Type of Fuel Used, 1988

Number of Percent of 

Vehicles Vehicles 

(millions)

Total Vehicles............................................ 147.5 100.0

Type of Vehicle Fuel

Gasoline...................................................... 145.1 98.4

Leaded...................................................... 19.9 13.5

Unleaded.................................................. 125.2 84.9

Regular................................................... 80.7 54.7

Premium................................................. 36.9 25.0

Intermediate........................................... 5.2 3.6

Regular and Premium

Equally.................................................... 2.4 1.6

Diesel........................................................... 2.1 1.4

Other Fuel.................................................. .3 .2

Gasohol.................................................... .1 .1

Propane.................................................... .2 .1

Notes: 'Because of founding, data may not sum to totals. »For a discussion of underreporting of gasohol see Appendix C, 

"Quality of the Data."

Source: Energy Information Administration, Office of Energy Markets and End Use, 1988 Residential Transportation 

Energy Consumption Survey.

Gasoline Prices

Prices published by the BLS survey are retail prices for leaded regular, unleaded regular, and unleaded premium 

gasoline. These prices are published monthly by Census region. The BLS Pump Price Survey is conducted in 

conjunction with the development of the Consumer Price Index (CPI). Prices are collected in 85 urban areas. The 

population covered excludes the institutional population and households located on military bases. The covered 

population includes approximately 85 percent of all U.S. households. The BLS uses a rotating sample of 

approximately 1,100 service stations.

Each vehicle in the 1988 RTECS that used one of the three gasoline types, was assigned an average of the monthly 

BLS region by fuel type prices (averaged over the months the RTECS household reported using their vehicle). 

The BLS "leaded regular" price was assigned to all vehicles that reported using leaded gasoline. Because the BLS 

survey did not publish a price for an intermediate grade of unleaded gasoline in 1988, an average of the BLS 

regular and premium unleaded prices was assigned to the 4 percent of RTECS vehicles that used an intermediate 

grade of unleaded fuel, and the 2 percent of RTECS vehicles that used both regular and premium unleaded 

gasoline equally.

110 Energy Information Administration/Household Vehicles Energy Consumption 1988
Diesel Fuel Prices

Diesel fuel prices were obtained from the "Lundberg Letter-PS" published by Lundberg Survey, Inc. The 

Lundberg Survey, Inc. collects pump prices at retail service stations in approximately 80 major metropolitan 

markets. The survey includes about 15,000 service stations divided into 2 bimonthly panels. At least one city from 

every State is included. Service stations on military bases and in rural areas are excluded. Price data for both fulland self-service stations are published bimonthly. Regional prices are not published. All RTECS vehicles that 

used diesel fuel were assigned the same diesel fuel prices regardless of Census region.

For the RTECS, the following two steps were used to create diesel prices. (1) Bimonthly diesel fuel full-service 

and self-service prices, obtained from the Lundberg Letter-PS, were averaged to create monthly prices. (2) The 

monthly full- and self-service prices were then weighted and averaged to obtain overall diesel fuel prices. The 

weights used to create an average diesel fuel price from the full- and self-service prices were based on RTECS data 

on "type of service" (full-service or self-/mini-service) used when purchasing diesel fuel. For each vehicle monthly 

prices were averaged over the number of months the vehicle was in the household.

Other Fuel Type Prices

Approximately 0.3 million 1988 RTECS vehicles were powered by "other" types of fuel. Of these 0.3 million, 0.1 

million) were gasohol powered and 0.2 million were propane driven. In the absence of applicable national 

estimates of the average price paid for gasohol and propane, the RTECS vehicles using "other fuel type" were 

assigned fuel prices using the same methodology as the most common group of vehicles in the survey-vehicles 

using regular unleaded gasoline. (See above for methodology assigning unleaded regular gasoline prices and 

Appendix C, "Quality of the Data" for a discussion of RTECS underestimation of other fuels.)

Energy Information Administration/Household Vehicles Energy Consumption 1988 111
References

Crawford, R. 1983. "Seasonal and Regional MPG as Influenced by Environmental Conditions and Travel Patterns. " 

Research performed under contract for DOE. Energy and Environmental Analysis, Inc., Arlington, VA.

Hellman, K.H., and Murrell, J.D. 1985. "On the Stability of the EPA MPG Adjustment Factors." Society of 

Automotive Engineers Technical Paper Series, SAE Paper No. 851216, Warrendale, PA

Hellman, K.H.,and Murrell, J.D. 1984. "Development of Adjustment Factors for the EPA City and Highway MPG 

Values." Society of Automotive Engineers Technical Paper Series, SAE Paper No. 840496, Warrendale, PA.

Lax, D. 1987. "Feasibility of Estimating In-Use Vehicle Fuel Efficiency from Household Survey Data." Research 

performed under contract for ORNL/DOE/EIA. Energy and Environmental Analysis Inc., Arlington, VA.

Lundberg Survey Inc. 1988 "LundbergLetter-PS," North Hollywood, CA.

U.S. Department of Energy and U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Gas Mileage Guide, EPA Fuel Economy 

Estimates, Washington, D.C.

U.S. Department of Labor, Bureau of Labor Statistics, 1988 "Average Prices for Gasoline, U.S. City Average and 

Selected Areas," Washington, D.C.

112 Energy Information Administration/Household Vehicles Energy Consumption 1988
Appendix C

Quality of 

the Data

Appendix C

Quality of the Data

Introduction

This appendix discusses several issues relating to the 

quality of the Residential Transportation Energy 

Consumption Survey (RTECS) data and to the 

interpretation of conclusions based on these data. 

The first section discusses undercoverage of the 

vehicle stock in the residential sector. The second 

section discusses the effects of using July 1988 as a 

time reference for the survey. The remainder of this 

appendix discusses the treatment of sampling and 

nonsampling errors in the RTECS, the quality of 

specific data items such as the Vehicle Identification 

Number (VIN) and fuel prices, and poststratification 

procedures used in the 1988 RTECS.

The quality of the data collection and the process 

ing of the data affects the accuracy of estimates 

based on survey data. All the statistics published in 

this report such as total vehicle miles traveled 

(VMT) are estimates of population values. These 

estimates are based on observations from a ran 

domly chosen subset of the entire population of 

occupied housing units. Consequently, the es 

timates always differ from the true population 

values. Because the RTECS is a sample survey, data 

from the 1988 RTECS are subject to various sources 

of nonsampling and sampling error.

Nonsampling error is a measure of variability due 

to the conduct of the survey. These errors can 

include: population undercoverage during sam 

pling; questionnaire wording and format; response 

bias and variance; interviewer error; coding and/or 

keypunching error; and nonresponse bias. Nonsampling errors are treated in several sections of this 

appendix. The main section pertains to the imputa 

tion procedures used for item nonresponses, and the 

special treatment given to the fuel efficiency, report 

ed in miles per gallon (MPG) of pre-1975 vehicles.

Sampling error is a measure of the variability in the 

data because a sample of households was surveyed 

rather than the entire population. The different

samples that could be selected would each produce 

different values for the survey statistics. Because the 

survey used probability sampling techniques, it is 

possible to estimate the size of the sampling error 

for any statistic. These estimates can be used as a 

guide in making inferences from the sample esti 

mates to the total population. The final section on 

sampling error pertains to estimating the magni 

tude of the error and the presentation of sampling 

errors as row and column factors in the detailed 

tables of this report.

Noncovered Residential Vehicles

The RTECS is a subsample of the Residential 

Energy Consumption Survey (RECS). Therefore, 

any type of household not covered in the RECS 

would affect the type of household vehicles not 

covered in the RTECS. The following types of 

individuals or families were not covered by RECS 

and, hence, the vehicles corresponding to these 

households were not covered by RTECS.

• Families or individuals living in group quarters 

such as college dormitories, military barracks, or 

large boarding houses (10 or more unrelated 

adults).

• Families or individuals living in recreation 

vehicles or other vehicles.

• Families or individuals with no fixed address.

The effect of these omissions is an underestimation 

of the total number of vehicles in the residential 

sector and an underestimation in the number of 

miles driven, gallons consumed, and dollars spent.

July 1988 as a Reference 

for Number of Households

The design of RTECS calls for households to be 

followed for the 1988 calendar year. Consequently, 

households formed during 1988 are represented in

Energy Information Administration/Household Vehicles Energy Consumption 1988 115
the sample by households that existed at the time the

1987 RECS was fielded. Hence, RTECS may have 

an over-representation of established households at 

the expense of newly formed households.

The decision to follow households for the entire year 

and not add a sample of households formed during

1988 means that as the survey progressed through 

1988, the estimate of the number of vehicles accu 

mulated a negative bias. This happens for several 

reasons.

• When established households separate, only part 

of the household is followed by RTECS. If the 

part of the household that is not followed takes 

a vehicle with them, that vehicle is counted as a 

disposed vehicle.

• Any vehicle acquired by a household member 

that leaves the household is not included in the 

RTECS.

• The number of households for the 1988 RTECS 

is set equal to the Current Population Survey 

(CPS) estimate of the number of households as 

of July 1988. (See the section below on poststratification.) RTECS does not provide for an 

increasing number of households from January to 

December. The household number for July is the 

number used for the entire year. This has the 

effect of overestimating the number of house 

holds and vehicles for January 1988 and underes 

timating the number for December 1988.

Nonsampling Error

Nonsampling errors are due to the conduct of the 

survey, and include both random errors and syste 

matic errors or biases. The magnitudes of nonsampling biases cannot be estimated from the sample 

data. Thus, avoidance of systematic biases is a 

primary objective of all stages of survey design. (See 

Appendix A, "How the Survey was Conducted" for a 

discussion of procedures implemented to minimize 

all types of nonsampljng errors.) Subsequent to 

conducting a survey, problems of unit nonresponse 

and item nonresponse need to be addressed. The 

treatment in the RTECS of these types of errors are 

discussed in separate sections below.

Unit Nonresponse

Unit nonresponse is the type of nonresponse that 

occurs when no data are available for an entire 

sampled household. Most unit nonresponse cases 

are caused by the unavailability of the respondent or 

the respondent's refusal to cooperate.

Unit nonresponse for the 1988 RTECS must be 

addressed in the context of the unit nonresponse for 

the 1987 RECS, since the 1988 RTECS sample was 

drawn from households that responded to the 1987 

RECS. Thus, in all cases, at least the RECS data 

were available for every RTECS household, there 

fore, no RTECS household was a nonrespondent. 

Generally weight adjustment was the method used to 

reduce unit nonresponse bias in the RECS statistics 

and that adjustment carried over automatically to 

the RTECS subsample. (SezHousingCharacteristics 

1987 (published May 1989), DOE/EIA-0314(87) 

Appendix A, for a discussion of unit nonresponse 

adjustment.)

Imputation Procedures for Item 

Nonresponse

Item nonresponse occurs when the respondents do 

not know the answer or refuse to answer a question, 

or when an interviewer does not ask a question or 

does not record an answer. To facilitate "full-sam 

ple" data analyses, imputations were made to pro 

vide the most probable responses when responses 

were missing. The following imputation techniques 

were used: hot-decking, predictive mean matching 

and regression.

Hot-deck Procedure

The most commonly used technique of imputation 

for the RTECS was the hot-deck procedure. In hotdecking, when a certain response is missing for a 

given household or vehicle, another household or 

vehicle called a donor is randomly chosen to furnish 

its reported value for that missing item. The value is 

then assigned to the nonrespondent household or 

vehicle. To serve as a potential donor, a household 

or vehicle had to be similar to the nonrespondent in 

characteristics correlated with the missing item.

116 Energy Information Administration/Household Vehicles Energy Consumption 1988
The RTECS items that were imputed using the hotdeck procedure were pre-1975 vehicle characteristics 

and fuel grade. Household demographic items such 

as family income, and ethnic background were hotdecked as part of the RECS. (See Housing Charac 

teristics 1987 (published May 1989), DOE/EIA0314(87) Appendix C, for a discussion of imputation 

of household characteristics.)

Predictive Mean Matching

Predictive mean matching was used for imputing 

changes in vehicle stock to households when those 

households were not followed for the complete 

duration of the RTECS. Changes to the vehicle 

stock were defined as acquisitions, dispositions, a 

combination of both, or no change. In an ideal 

RTECS, a beginning vehicle stock inventory report 

ed in the 1987 RECS interview would be followed 

throughout the 1988 RTECS calendar year and, at 

the time of each RTECS contact, changes in vehicle 

stock would be reported. However, because in some 

cases, it was impossible to follow a household for the 

entire RTECS year due to attrition, it was unknown 

if, for these households, vehicle stock changes were 

made.

In the 1988 RTECS, 887 households (30 percent) 

were not followed for the entire RTECS calendar 

year. This figure represents the percentage of 

households that had imputations with respect to 

change in their vehicle stock. Within these house 

holds, 234 vehicles (3.9 percent) of the 5,935 total 

RTECS sample vehicles were imputed as acquisi 

tions and 220 (3.7 percent) of the total sample 

vehicles were imputed as disposed vehicles.

To impute vehicle stock changes in the 1988 

RTECS, logistic regression equations were used to 

compute a predicted probability (or propensity) of 

a household making a change in the vehicle stock 

during the RTECS data year. These propensities 

were computed for all households in the data set 

including households lost through attrition. For 

each household that was not followed during the 

year, a donor household was found by selecting the 

respondent household with a propensity closest in 

value to the "lost" household. This procedure of

matching a donor and recipient using a prediction 

model is called "predictive mean matching." Once a 

donor household was found, it provided all vehicle 

stock changes, if any, to the "lost" household.5 

Logistic regression equations were used for predic 

ting the probability of a vehicle stock change. The 

independent variables were the following five house 

hold attributes: (1) education level of the head of 

household; (2) age of head of household; (3) number 

of drivers in the household; (4) total number of 

vehicles; and (5) vintage of household's newest 

vehicle. Backward elimination was used to fit the 

final models. The binary response variable took a 

value of 1 if the respondent changed vehicle stock, 

and 0 if otherwise. The equations were indepen 

dently fitted and employed within categories defined 

by (1) time of last contact which could be the RECS 

interview, the RTECS Beginning-of-Year (B-O-Y), 

interview or the RTECS Mid-Year (M-Y) interview, 

and (2) the number of vehicles in the household at 

time of last contact (expressed as two categories: one 

vehicle, and more than one vehicle). Use of these 

categories excluded the possibility, for example, of a 

recipient household (one that was not tracked) with 

one vehicle being matched to a donor household 

that had disposed of two of its three vehicles. To 

achieve additional consistency the matching 

procedure was carried out within geographic cells 

defined by the nine Census divisions and Metro 

politan Statistical Area (MSA) versus non-MSA.

If a recipient household was imputed to have ac 

quired a vehicle, certain attributes for that vehicle 

were "borrowed" from the donor household. These 

attributes were a date of acquisition, date of dis 

posal, vehicle type, vehicle make, model and year, 

number of cylinders, type of transmission, type of 

fuel and MPG.

In addition to imputing vehicle acquisitions, some 

recipient households were imputed to have dis 

posed of some of their vehicle stock. This occurred 

when a recipient household was matched to a donor 

that had disposed of some its vehicle stock. The 

recipient household was imputed to have disposed of 

the same number of vehicles that the donor 

household had disposed of. The vehicles imputed as 

disposed of by the recipient household were chosen

5LiItle, R., 1988, "Missing-Data Adjustments in Large Surveys", Journal of Business and Economic Statistics, pp. 287-301.

Energy Information Administration/Household Vehicles Energy Consumption 1988 117
so that they occupied the same rank in terms of 

model year, as the vehicles disposed of by the donor 

household (for example, the oldest vehicle, or the 

next oldest).

The predictive mean ma tching procedure was valida 

ted by simulating the imputation task. Of the 2,366 

1985 RTECS donor households, 600 households 

were randomly selected to act as recipient house 

holds. Since the actions of these 600 pseudo-recipi 

ent households were known, a direct comparison was 

made between the known action and the predicted 

action.

Overall, the prediction accuracy at the national level 

was 92.3 percent. That is, the distribution of the 

observed stock changes among the 600 recipient 

households differed from the distribution of the 

predicted vehicle stock changes by 46 households. 

At the regional level, the prediction accuracy was 

78.4 percent in the Northeast Census Region, 84.4 

percent in the Midwest Census Region, 71.5 percent 

in the South Census Region and 79.0 percent in the 

West Census Region.

Predictive mean matching could not be used for 

households with zero vehicles in stock. There was 

an insufficient number of households with zero 

vehicles to achieve significant estimates of param 

eters for the logistic regression models. For house 

holds without vehicles, that were lost from the 

survey through attrition, a hot-deck procedure was 

employed for imputing changes to the vehicle stock.

Regression Procedures

Multiple regressions were used to impute for annual 

VMT for vehicles imputed as acquired, since two 

odometer readings were not available in these cases. 

Simple linear and multiple regressions were also 

used to impute annual mileage for other vehicles 

when two odometer readings were not obtained. 

(See Appendix B, "Estimation Methodologies" for 

details on the imputation of VMT).

Imputation of Vehicle Characteristics 

for 1975 and Later

Vehicle characteristics lhat were missing for vehicle 

model years 1975 and later were imputed using 

either the VIN or the Environmental Protection 

Agency (EPA) certification files (CERT files) 

containing laboratory test results of MPG. When

the vehicle characteristic was missing from the 

questionnaire but the VIN was available, the charac 

teristics from the VIN were used. Additionally, 

when there was a discrepancy between the VIN and 

the RTECS respondent's answer, the VIN generally 

overrode the response provided by the respondent. 

If both the VIN and questionnaire responses were 

missing, the vehicle characteristics were imputed 

from the CERT files. An individual record from the 

CERT files was chosen as a donor for a recipient 

sample vehicle by first narrowing the choice by using 

the known vehicle characteristics of the recipient 

vehicle, and then second, selecting a single CERT 

record according to probabilities proportional to 

vehicle sales. The type of fuel (gasoline or diesel) 

used in the vehicle was also imputed using the EPA 

CERT files (See Appendix B, "Estimation Method 

ologies" for more details on the use of EPA CERT 

files in the 1988 RTECS.)

Imputation of Vehicle Characteristics 

and MPG for Pre-1975 Vehicle Model 

Years

For all RTECS sample vehicles, the questionnaires 

and VIN's jointly provided the following vehicle 

characteristics: make, model, model year, number of 

cylinders, engine displacement (liters or cubic 

inches), transmission type (automatic or manual), 

and fuel system type (carbureted, gasoline fuel 

injected, or diesel). Many of these characteristics 

were used to assign EPA test MPG to the sample 

vehicles. EPA records, in the form of CERT files, 

were used to provide these MPG, as well as to 

provide any vehicle characteristics that were not 

obtained from the questionnaire or VIN (See Ap 

pendix B, "Estimation Methodologies" for more 

details.)

The EPA CERT files, however, have only been 

available since 1975. The 1988 RTECS sample 

contained 828 pre-1975 vehicles (13 percent), and 

for these vehicles, missing characteristics were 

imputed by a hot-deck procedure using 1988 respon 

dents as donor vehicles. Each donor and recipient 

vehicle was paired on as many of the following 

characteristics as possible: make, model, model year, 

transmission type, number of cylinders, and engine 

displacement.

The MPG for pre-1975 vehicles were imputed using 

a cold-deck procedure. The donor vehicles were 

respondents from the 1985 RTECS. Fuel purchase

118 Energy Information Administration/Household Vehicles Energy Consumption 1988
diaries were used in the 1985 RTECS, therefore, no 

shortfall adjustments were needed for the MPG. 

Cold-decking was performed within categories 

defined by make, model, model year, transmission 

type, and number of cylinders, with collapsing of 

categories performed where necessary. For example, 

MPG could be selected from donor vehicles of a 

certain size class in either the Pontiacs or the Chevrolets, if they shared similar model years, transmis 

sion type, and the General Motors 350 cubic inch V8 engine. However, it appeared that a greater share 

of the variability in the 1985 RTECS MPG was due 

to individual driving habits, automotive maintenance 

and diary keeping, rather than to vehicle charac 

teristics.

Quality of Specific Data Items 

Vehicle Identification Number

The VIN is a unique combination of numbers and 

letters that when decoded provide the characteris 

tics of a particular vehicle. Since 1954, the VIN have 

been used by American automobile manufacturers. 

Beginning with the 1981 model year, a standard 17- 

character VIN was assigned to all vehicles sold in the 

United States. VIN's were obtained for most of the 

vehicles in the 1988 RTECS. The vehicle charac 

teristics from decoded VIN's were employed in the 

1988 RTECS to enhance the accuracy of reported 

vehicle characteristics. These characteristics were 

used in determining vehicle fuel efficiency based on 

the EPA certification files of test laboratory MPG 

estimates (See Appendix A, "How the Survey Was 

Conducted" for a discussion of the VIN.)

There were three occasions where attempts were 

made to obtain the VIN's: the RECS interview; the 

Beginning-of-Year (B-O-Y) interview; and the Endof-Year (E-O-Y) interview.

A computer software program, VINDICATOR, 

from the Highway Loss Data Institute, was used to 

decode the VIN's. For VIN's that could not be 

decoded immediately using this program, a com 

puter routine was developed to correct for common 

errors in the transcription of VIN's. The vehicle 

characteristics produced for these "fixed" VIN's were 

then carefully compared to respondent information. 

Approximately 200 VIN's were salvaged using this 

routine.

Overall, the collection of the VIN was a highly 

successful endeavor that yielded quality data. VIN's 

were obtained for 4,573 (77 percent) of the 5,935 

total sample vehicles. Of the 4,573 obtained VIN's, 

3,729 ( 82 percent) were considered "good" VIN's. 

In summary, "good" VIN's were obtained for 3,729 

(63 percent) of the 5,935 sampled vehicles. (A good 

VIN was a VIN that did not require correcting for 

common transcription error before it could be 

decoded.)

Vehicle Fuel Price and Expenditures

Vehicle Fuel Price: In the 1988 RTECS, compared 

to previous RTECS, the fuel price data were not 

collected via fuel purchase diaries. Instead, fuel 

prices were determined from Bureau of Labor 

Statistics (BLS) Retail Pump Average Gasoline 

Prices and the Lundberg Survey, Inc., prices. (See 

Appendix B, "Estimation Methodologies" for a 

discussion of the sources of vehicle fuel prices and 

the assignment of specific prices to the RTECS 

data.)

To validate the 1988 RTECS price methodology 

prior to the 1988 RTECS, the 1985 RTECS gasoline 

prices were recalculated and analyzed using the new 

1988 methodology (BLS price data). Results of this 

analysis suggest that if the 1985 BLS price data had 

been used in 1985 instead of fuel purchase diary 

data, the average vehicle fuel price reported for the 

1985 RTECS would have increased by approximately 

2 cents per gallon.

For this analysis, only the prices for unleaded regu 

lar gasoline, unleaded premium gasoline, and leaded 

regular gasoline were recalculated. The prices for 

leaded premium, diesel, and other fuels were left 

equal to the prices used in the 1985 RTECS.

The BLS prices that were used for recalculating the 

1985 RTECS prices were monthly 1985 regional 

retail gasoline prices for leaded regular, unleaded 

regular and unleaded premium. The prices were 

averaged across months for each of the above fuel 

types within each of the four Census regions. One 

of these average prices was assigned to each of the 

RTECS vehicles depending on Census region and on 

vehicle fuel type used.

Table Cl presents the BLS prices, (monthly prices 

were for 1985), with the corresponding average

Energy Information Administration/Household Vehicles Energy Consumption 1988 119
Table C1. Average Bureau of Labor Statistics Gasoline Prices and 1985 Residential Transportation 

Energy Consumption Survey Prices by Census Region and Gasoline Type

Census Region and Fuel Type

Total U. S.

Total

Unleaded Regular 

Unleaded Premium

Leaded Regular 

Leaded Premium

Diesel

Other

Northeast

Total

Unleaded Regular 

Unleaded Premium

Leaded Regular 

Leaded Premium

Diesel

Other

Midwest

Total

Unleaded Regular 

Unleaded Premium

Leaded Regular 

Leaded Premium

Diesel

Other

South

Total

Unleaded Regular 

Unleaded Premium

Leaded Regular 

Leaded Premium

Diesel

Other

West

Total

Unleaded Regular 

Unleaded Premium

Leaded Regular 

Leaded Premium

Diesel

Other

Average 

1985 RTECS

$1.1805

1.1848 

1.2945

1.1080 

1.3087

1.1845

1.1702

1.2033

1.1931 

1.3151

1.1358 

1.3220

1.2123

1.2209

1.1831

1.1916 

1.2838

1.1244 

1.2495

1.1862

1.1965

1.1620

1.1615 

1.2795

1.0806 

1.2333

1.1706

1.1112

1.1909

1.2075 

1.3300

1.1170 

1.3985

1.1885

1.2040

Price 

1985 BLS"

$1.1969

1.2001 

1.3396

1.1128

b

b

b

1.2082

1.2000 

1.3327

1.1243

b

b

b

1.2098

1.2185 

1.3572

1.1333

b

b

b

1.1847

1.1805 

1.3302

1.0927

b

b

b

1.1938

1.2091 

1.3562

1.1153

b

b

b

aBLS average prices in this table were derived by assigning BLS prices to the 1985 RTECS sample vehicles, then producing 

national averages using the 1985 RTECS sample weights.

bPrices for these fuels were not collected by BLS, therefore, the 1985 RTECS prices were used.

120 Energy Information Administration/Household Vehicles Energy Consumption 1988
prices from the 1985 RTECS. Overall, the BLS 

prices compared well with the corresponding aver 

age regional fuel prices from RTECS. The largest 

difference corresponded to unleaded premium 

gasoline.

While there was general consistency between the 

BLS prices and the 1985 RTECS prices, the differen 

ces that did exist may have stemmed from the dif 

ferences in the two survey populations and survey 

collection procedures.

• The BLS population (approximately 85 percent 

of the total U.S. population) consisted of the 

U.S. urban, noninstitutional population exclud 

ing households living on military bases. The 

RTECS population represented both urban and 

rural areas and included military bases.

• BLS prices were based on prices gathered from 

service stations. The 1985 RTECS prices were 

obtained from the survey households.

• The BLS sample was a rotating sample of 

service stations. Every year approximately onefifth of the service stations in the sample were 

replaced with service stations that consumers 

reported using in that year's "Point of Purchase 

Survey" conducted by the BLS. Thus, the BLS 

prices included service stations where consum 

ers currently purchased fuel as well as stations 

where they had previously purchased fuel. The 

RTECS prices were based entirely on the service 

stations where consumers were currently pur 

chasing their vehicle fuel.

Vehicle Fuel Expenditures: Vehicle fuel expendi 

tures were calculated by multiplying the price paid 

for fuel by the quantity of fuel used. Expenditures 

per household were the sum of the expenditures for 

each vehicle in the household. To assess the effect 

of the 1988 RTECS price methodology on vehicle 

fuel expenditures, the 1985 household vehicle fuel 

expenditures were recalculated using the 1985 BLS 

price data. Table C2 compares average expenditures 

by fuel type and Census region using both sources of 

price data.

The use of BLS prices for the 1985 RTECS would 

have increased the per household expenditures for 

vehicle fuel from $1,274 per year to $1,292 per year. 

The changes in expenditures reflect differences in 

the average price of gasoline between the new 1988

methodology and the 1985 RTECS methodology 

since the average consumption used to calculate the 

expenditures comes from the RTECS data under the 

new and original methodologies. The estimated 

total 1985 U.S. expenditures for vehicle fuel in 

creased from 99.1 billion dollars to 100.4 billion 

dollars when the 1988 methodology was applied to 

the 1985 RTECS data.

The 1988 RTECS price methodology seemed to 

have little effect on the standard errors of expend 

iture statistics. When the 1985 RTECS prices were 

recalculated using 1985 BLS price data, the standard 

errors of the expenditures were close to the standard 

errors reported using the 1985 RTECS fuel purchase 

diary data. While the standard errors of the fuel 

prices were reduced, in some cases by 50 percent, the 

variability in fuel prices was very small relative to the 

variability in gallons of fuel consumed. Therefore, 

the standard errors of the vehicle fuel expenditures 

were largely controlled by the variability in gallons 

of fuel consumed.

Gasohol

In the 1988 RTECS, there was no category for 

"gasohol" in the detailed tables showing "Type of 

Fuel Purchased" but there is reason to believe that a 

small portion of the 81.1 billion gallons of gasoline 

was gasohol since an estimated 8,138 gallons of 

gasohol was sold in 1988. This estimate was derived 

from Federal Highway Administration Statistics 

(Department of Transportation, Washington, D.C., 

Monthly Gasohol Reported by States-1988, Table 

MF-33GLA). Only a few 1988 RTECS households 

reported purchasing gasohol. Gasohol, a mixture of 

10 percent ethanol and 90 percent gasoline, is not 

sold under the name "gasohol". It is sold as "ethanol 

blends." Given the disparity between the few house 

holds reporting purchasing gasohol and the amount 

of gasohol sold, it does seem likely that some house 

holds that reported that they bought gasoline actual 

ly bought "gasohol" or "ethanol blends," resulting in 

an underestimation of the amount of gasohol con 

sumed in 1988. Whether the use of "ethanol blend" 

in the questionnaire in place of "gasohol" would have 

increased reports of the alcohol fuel is speculative.

Sampling Error

The random differences between the survey esti 

mates and the true population value, that occur 

because of the particular sample that was selected by

Energy Information Administration/Household Vehicles Energy Consumption 1988 121
Table C2. Average Bureau of Labor Statistics Vehicle Fuel Expenditures and 1985 Residential 

Transportation Energy Consumption Survey Vehicle Fuel Expenditures by Census 

Region and Gasoline Type

Census Region and Fuel Type

U.S.

Total

Unleaded Regular

Unleaded Premium

Leaded Regular

Leaded Premium

Diesel

Other

Northeast

Total

Unleaded Regular

Unleaded Premium

Leaded Regular

Leaded Premium

Diesel

Other

Midwest

Total

Unleaded Regular

Unleaded Premium

Leaded Regular

Leaded Premium

Diesel

Other

South

Total

Unleaded Regular

Unleaded Premium

Leaded Regular

Leaded Premium

Diesel

Other

West

Total

Unleaded Regular

Unleaded Premium

Leaded Regular

Leaded Premium

Diesel

Other

Average Expenditures

1985 RTECS

$1,274

686

213

341

10

22

2

1,169

694

225

232

6

12

1

1,266

724

164

352

5

17

3

1,321

659

281

348

10

21

2

1,304

678

147

418

21

39

2

1985 BLS*

$1,292

695

220

342

b

b

b

1,174

698

228

229

b

b

b

1,294

741

174

355

b

b

b

1,347

670

292

352

b

b

b

1,307

679

149

417

b

b

b

aBLS average expenditures in this table were derived by assigning BLS fuel type by region prices to the 1985 RTECS 

sample vehicles, then producing expenditure averages by using the 1985 RTECS quantities of vehicle fuel consumed. 

bPrices for these fuels were not collected by BLS, therefore, the 1985 RTECS prices were used in the computations.

122 Energy Information Administration/Household Vehicles Energy Consumption 1988
chance are known as sampling errors. The average 

sampling error, averaged over all possible samples, 

should be zero. Although the sampling error is 

nonzero and unknown for the particular sample 

chosen, the sample design permits sampling errors 

to be estimated. The typical magnitude of the 

sampling error is measured by the "standard error" of 

the estimate. Standard errors in this report are 

given as percents of their estimated values, that is, as 

relative standard errors (RSE). The RSE is also 

known as the coefficient of variation.

For a given survey statistic, Y, the relative standard 

error, RSE(Y) is given by:

RSE(Y) = (SY/Y) x 100. 

The standard error of Y is SY. Therefore: 

SY = RSE(Y) x Y/100.

The following sections provide a discussion of the 

procedure used to estimate sampling variances as 

well as an explanation and example of the proce 

dures used to calculate approximate RSE's for each 

statistic shown in Tables 6 through 23 in the "Detail 

ed Statistics" section of this publication.

Balanced Half-Sample Replication

For some surveys a convenient algebraic formula for 

computing variances can be obtained. However, the 

RECS (of which the RTECS is a subsample) used a 

multistage area sample design of such complexity 

that it is virtually impossible to construct an exact 

algebraic expression for estimating variances (See 

Housing Characteristics 1987 (published May 1989), 

DOE/EIA-0314(87) Appendix A). Instead, the 

method used to estimate sampling variances for this 

survey was balanced half-sample replication. This 

numerical method involves pairing primary sampling 

units (PSU) in the strata so that differences between 

the members of each pair can be used to build an 

estimate of sampling variance. The strata were 

collapsed to 85 new strata to achieve this pairing of 

PSU's. Of these 85 strata, 44 each contained two 

nonself representing PSU's belonging to the same 

Census division, with one PSU constituting each 

member of a pair. Of the remaining 41 strata, 32 

were each composed of one self-representing PSU; 

that is, they consisted of large metropolitan areas 

that came into the sample with certainty. In each of 

the latter strata, all of the PSU's were treated as a 

composite PSU, while the segments within the

composite PSU were segregated into two groups 

representing the two members of a pair. There was 

no between-PSU component of variance for selfrepresenting PSU's. The nine remaining strata 

contained non-self-representing PSU's that were 

treated as if they were self-representing PSU's. 

These nine strata were in separate Census divisions, 

and were not collapsed to form pairs of non-selfrepresenting PSU's due to a desire to restrict pairing 

to within the nine Census divisions, and also due to 

the desire to treat Alaska and Hawaii as two sepa 

rate and unique strata.

Balanced half-sample replication involved repeat 

edly drawing pair members from the 85 strata. Each 

replication is called a "half-sample" because only one 

member of the pair within each of the 85 strata was 

selected. The poststratification procedure described 

in Appendix A, "How the Survey Was Conducted" 

was performed independently for each half-sample, 

so that the resulting variance estimates would reflect 

the benefits of poststratification. The sample units 

drawn into each half-sample and adjusted by poststratification can produce unbiased survey statistics 

based on roughly one-half of the data. Using dif 

ferent combinations of members from the 85 pairs, 

it is possible to produce a total of 285 = 3.9 X 1025 

unique half-samples.

Although desirable for good variance estimation, a 

large number of half-samples would be computa 

tionally infeasible. However, the method of balan 

ced half-sample replication allows a small number of 

half-samples (approximately equal to the number of 

strata) to produce estimates of variance that are 

identical to estimates based on all possible unique 

half-samples for linear survey statistics. The use of 

ratio adjustments such as poststratification means 

that even a statistic giving the number of households 

in a category is not a linear statistic. For nonlinear 

survey statistics, the variance estimate computed 

using the method of balanced half-samples is ap 

proximately equal to the variance estimate com 

puted using all possible half-samples. With this 

balancing method each half-sample is constructed by 

using an orthogonal matrix to control the selection 

of pair members from strata. For the RTECS, 128 

balanced half-samples were used in variance estima 

tion.

The variances are estimated from the 128 half-sam 

ple-based statistics in the following way. Let Y' be 

a survey estimate of characteristic Y for a certain

Energy Information Administration/Household Vehicles Energy Consumption 1988 123
category of housing units (for example, total con 

sumption of vehicle fuel in the West Census Re 

gion). Then, the estimated variance of Y' is given by:

1 128

128 i=l

where Yf ' is the ith half-sample estimate of Y. The 

standard error of Y' is given by:

the generalized variance procedure gives only 

approximate RSE's, such confidence intervals and 

statistical tests must also be regarded as only ap 

proximate.

For the example above, the RSE determined directly 

by the half-sample method is actually 4.69 percent, 

not 4.77 percent.

Derivation of Row and Column Factors

Row and Column Factors

RSE's were calculated for all statistics in this publi 

cation, although they cannot be presented due to 

space limitations. However, the RSE's are present 

ed in a generalized form. The method of presenting 

generalized RSE's of statistics uses a row and col 

umn factors. This method allows the readers to 

calculate an approximate RSE for each statistic. To 

estimate the RSE of a statistic in the ith row and j th 

column of a particular table, the approximation 

RSEAjj for the original RSEitj is given by:

where:

Ri is the RSE row factor given at the right-most 

margin of row i in the tables, and Cj is the RSE 

column factor given at the top of column j.

The following example illustrates this procedure:

Referencing the second row of the table (Figure Cl) 

labeled "Northeast" and the third column labeled 

"Vehicle Miles Traveled (billion)" yields an estimate 

of 274 billion miles driven. The RSE row factor is 

R2 = 4.50, and the RSE column factor is C3 = 1.060. 

The approximate RSE for the estimate is, therefore,

= 4.50 x 1.060 = 4.77 percent.

The standard error derived from row and column 

factors can be used to construct confidence inter 

vals as in Figure Cl, and to perform hypothesis tests 

by standard statistical methods. However, because

The row and column factors are determined from a 

two-factor analysis of the table of RSE's on the basis 

of the two-way model,

m = (log RSE)

a, = (log RSE), -(log RSE)

bj = (logRSE)j-(logRSE)

Where:

(log RSE) = the mean of log RSE^ over all rows 

i and columns j,

(log RSE),. = the mean over all columns j for a 

particular row i, and

(log RSE)j = the mean over all rows i for a 

particular column j.

The row and column RSE factors are than com 

puted as:

i = antilog(m + a:) = antilog(log RSE); 

j = antilog fy =

antilog((log RSE)j - (log RSE)).

The RSE row factor, Rj, is the geometric mean of 

the RSE's in row i. The RSE column factor, CJ; is an 

adjustment factor with geometric mean equal to l.O.6

6For detailed discussions of the accuracy of the RSE approximation, the procedure for estimating confidence intervals, and the statistical 

tests of hypotheses, see Nonresidential Buildings Energy Consumption Survey: Commercial Buildings, Consumption and Expenditures, 

1983, DOE/BIA-0318(83), Washington, D.C., October 1986.

124 Energy Information Administration/Household Vehicles Energy Consumption 1988
Figure C1. Use of RSE Row and Column Factors

Table 6. Number of Vehicles, Vehicle Miles, Vehicle Fuel Consumption and 

Expenditures, 1988

Number of Vehicles

Vehicle Miles 

Traveled Consumption Expenditures

Household and Vehicle 

Characteristics

RSE Column Factor:

Household Characteristics

Total............................................

Census Region and Division

Northeast .................................

New England ........................

Middle Atlantic .. ...................

Midwest ....................................

East North Central ...............

West North Central ..............

South .............. ........ ................

South Atlantic .......................

East South Central...............

West South Central .............

West ....................... .................

Mountain ................................

Pacific ....................................

(per- (billion (gallon (quadril- (billion (perMetropolitan Status

Metropolitan .................

Central City ...............

Outside Central City . 

Nonrnetropolitan ..........

(million)

0.967

147.5

1 26.6

6.6 

20,1

37.8

26.0

11.8

50.6

25.9

9.4

15.2

32.5

8.5

24.0

(percent) (billion) cent)

I

0.868

100.0

18.0

1.060

1.511

274

0.960 '

100.0

18.2

4.4 67 4.4 

13.6 208 13,7

25.6 379 25.1

17.6 263 17.4

8.0 115 7.6

34.3 534 35.3

17.6 277 18.3

6.4 98 6.5

10.3 159 10.5

22.0 325 21.5

5.7 84 5.5

16.3 241 15.9

gallons)

1.076

82.4

14.0

3.4 

10.6

20.8

14.3

6.5

29.6

14.6

5.6

9.4

18.1

4.7

13.3

percent)

0.967

100.0

17.0

4.1 

12.9

25.2

17.3

7.9

35.9

17.7

6.8

11.4

21.9

5.7

16.2

lion Btu)

1.075

10.292

1.750

.424 

1.326

2.593

1.787

.806

3.701

1.827

.698

1.176

2.248

.587

1.661

dollars)

1.077

81.1

14.2

3.5 

10.7

20.4

14.0

6.3

29.1

14.5

5,4

9.2

17.5

4.5

13.0

cent)

0.971 !

100.0.

17.4[

4.3 

13.2

25.1

17.3

7.8

35.8

17.9

6.7

11.3

21.6

5.6

16.0

RSE

nOW 

Factor

2.03

4.50^

11.55 

4.84

3.59

5.34

6.29

3.28

6.07

9.65

10.13

4.23

10.71

5.07

113.9

38.7

75.2

33.6

77.2

26.3

51.0

22.8

1.171

376

794

341

77.5

24.9

52.5

22.5

62.6

20.5

42.2

19.8

76.0

24.8

51.2

24.0

7.841

2.562

5.279

2.451

61.9

20.1

41.8

19.2

76.3 1.77

24.8 4.83

51.6 2.73

23.7 4.11

Total Vehicle Miles Traveled in the Northeast Census 

Region = 274 billion miles

R (Northeast Census Region) = 4.50 

C (Vehicle Miles Traveled) = 1.060

Approximate RSE (Total Vehicle Miles Traveled in the 

Northeast Census Region)

= (4.50) • (1.060) 

= 4.77 percent

Approximate Standard Error (Total Vehicle Miles Traveled 

in the Northeast Census Region)

= (.0477) • (274) 

= 13 billion miles

Approximate 2 Standard Errors (95 Percent Confidence Interval)

= (1.96)-(13) 

= 25 billion miles

Therefore, with 95 percent confidence, the total vehicle miles traveled

in the Northeast Census Region in 1988 was between 249 billion and

299 billion miles (274 ± 25)

Source: Energy Information Administration, Office of Energy Markets and End Use, 1988 Residential Transportation Energy 

Consumption Survey.

Energy Information Administration/Household Vehicles Energy Consumption 1988 125
Statistics in the tables in the "Detailed Statistics" 

section are suppressed by the footnote symbol "Q" if 

(1) the RSE exceeds 50 percent or (2) fewer than 10 

sample households were used to compute the statis 

tics. The estimation procedure used to obtain the 

row and column factors does not use RSE's for 

statistics that were suppressed by the footnote "Q" or 

for statistics with RSE's that are less than 1.0 per 

cent. In addition, if the statistic for a cell is not 

listed for any other reason, the RSE for that cell is 

not used in the procedure. This convention is used 

because the product of the row and column factors 

frequently is an inaccurate estimate for these RSE's.

Using these cells in the calculation of the row and 

column factors may result in factors that give inac 

curate RSE estimates for other cells actually presen 

ted in the table.

Whenever a household count is a poststratification 

control total, its RSE estimate is zero. An example 

is the cell in the first row and first column of Table 

22. This cell contains an estimate of the national 

total of households as of July 1988 (that is, house 

holds with and without vehicles). Because the RSE 

is zero, this cell was not used in the computation of 

row and column factors. Zero RSE's are never used 

in row and column calculations, because their 

inclusion would make the row and column factors 

inappropriately low for the bulk of the statistics in 

the tables. Therefore, RSE's calculated from row 

and column factors for the total household count in 

Table 22, or for any other poststratification control 

total, will be inappropriately overestimated.

Determination of the Standard Error of 

the Difference Between Two Statistics

The procedure used to compute the standard error 

of the difference between two statistics follows:

SE(x, - x2) =

This procedure assumes the two statistics are not 

correlated. The following example illustrates this 

procedure. Households with children drove an 

average of 22,519 miles per household in 1988. 

Households without children drove an average of 

16,307 miles, for a difference of 6,212 miles. The 

RSE's for households with and without children are 

2.64 and 2.29, respectively. The corresponding 

standard errors are 595 miles and 373 miles, respec 

tively. Therefore, the standard error for the dif 

ference is:

SE(6,212) = /[595]2 + [373]2 = 702 miles.

If 1.96 times the standard error is greater than the 

difference between the statistics, the difference is not 

statistically significant. In this example, 1.96 times 

the standard error equals 1,376 miles, while the 

difference is 6,212 miles. Therefore, the conclusion 

is that, in 1988, there was a significant difference in 

average mileage driven per household, between 

households with and without children.

126 Energy Information Administration/Household Vehicles Energy Consumption 1988
—-^^'••** ,, ^n^ ^ '"*• .n,H( -- - _.'__'»• •-»",';.' ,iTM -JIM ,,'^r' L;i.. ,, r

SLUJOJ

Q xjpueddv
Appendix D

Survey Forms

This appendix contains copies of the following data collection forms used in the 1988 Residential Transportation 

Energy Consumption Survey (Forms EIA-876A-C). Vehicle information collected during the 1987 Residential 

Energy Consumption Survey are included on pages 36-39 of Form EIA-457B. (See Housing Characteristics 1987, 

Published May 1989, DOE/EIA-0314, for the complete survey form.)

i EIA-457B Household Questionnaire. (Form has blue cover.)

i EIA-876 Vehicle Identification Number Card. (Form is white.)

i EIA-876A Beginning-of-the-Year Questionnaire. (Form has white cover.)

Beginning-of-the-Year Odometer Reading Card (Telephone). (Form is yellow.) 

Beginning-of-the-Year Odometer Reading Card (Mail). (Form is blue.)

i EIA-876B Mid-Year Questionnaire. (Form is white.) 

Vehicle Update Form. (Form is white.) 

Vehicle Update Worksheet. (Form is pink.)

i EIA-876C End-of-Year Questionnaire. (Form is white.)

End-of-Year Odometer Reading Card (Telephone). (Form is yellow.) 

End-of-Year Odometer Reading Card (Mail). (Form is blue.)

Energy Information Administration/Household Vehicles Energy Consumption 1988 129
36

ASK EVERYONE

Now some questions about cars.

151. How many members of your household can drive 

a car?

HAND RESPONDENT EXHIBIT 152

152. Do you or other members of your household own 

or have the regular use of any cars, trucks, 

vans, or similar vehicles? (DO NOT INCLUDE 

MOTORCYCLES OR MOPEDS. SEE INSTRUCTION 

BELOW.)

IF "YES," ASK:

153. How many do you have?

NUMBER OF 

DRIVERS:

525- 

526

[] NONE

ll] YES 527 

0 [] NO — TAKE BACK EXHIBIT 152 

AND SKIP TO Q. 165

NUMBER OF 

VEHICLES:

528- 

529

ASK ABOUT EACH VEHICLE.

154. Which type(s) do you have? 

(SEE INSTRUCTION BELOW.)

607-608:06

STANDARD 

PASSENGER CAR

2-SEAT CAR

STATION WAGON

LARGE VAN

MINI VAN

PICKUP TRUCK

JEEP OR SIMILAR VEHICLE

OTHER (SPECIFY:)

TAKE BACK EXHIBIT 152

155. Please tell me the make and,model 

name (of each one). 

(SEE INSTRUCTION BELOW.) MAKE

156. What is the model year 

(of each one)? 

(ENTER LAST 2 DIGITS OF 

MODEL YEAR)

MODEL NAME

MODEL YEAR

VEHICLE NUMBER

1

01 n »»-

02 []

03 []

04 []

05 []

06 []

07 []

21 []

532-533

534-535

536-537

19

2

01 [] 553- 

554

02 []

03 []

04 []

05 []

06 []

07 []

21 []

555-556

557-558

559-560

19

3

01 [] «"- 

612

02 []

03 []

04 []

05 []

06 []

07 []

u []

613-614

615-616

617-618

19

4

01 [] 634- 

635

02 []

03 []

04 []

05 []

06 []

07 []

21 []

6J6-637

638-639

640-641

19

INTERVIEWER INSTRUCTIONS:

Q.152 -- "Regular use" means keeping the vehicle at home.

Q.154 -- If household has more than four vehicles, mark answers for the four vehicles used most.

Q. 155 -- A model name may consist of several parts — be sure to get the complete model name. Here 

are some examples, where the complete model name is in parentheses: Ford (Galaxie), 

Chevrolet (V10 Surburban), GMC (V15 Gimmy), Toyota (2WD Cargo Van). If respondent does not

______know the model name of a truck, probe for size (1/2 ton, 3/4 ton, etc.)_____________

EIA457B • 1987 Residential Energy Coiuumption Survey 

130 Energy Information Administration/Household Vehicles Energy Consumption 1988
37

CONTINUE IF ONE OR MORE VEHICLES ON Q. 153; OTHERWISE SKIP TO Q. 165 j

ASK Q's. 157-164 FIRST ABOUT FIRST VEHICLE, THEN SECOND VEHICLE, 

THIRD, AND FOURTH; REPEAT MAKE AND MODEL OF EACH VEHICLE.

USE COLUMNS FOR VEHICLE NUMBERS CORRESPONDING 

TO THOSE ON PRECEDING PAGE

These next questions are about your (MAKE & MODEL I/ 

MAKE & MODEL 2/ MAKE & MODEL 3/ MAKE & MODEL 4.)

157. Did you get this vehicle within the past 

12 months or did you have it before that?

WITHIN PAST 12 MONTHS

HAD IT MORE THAN 12 MONTHS

IF "WITHIN PAST 12 MONTHS," ASK:

158. In what month and year did you 

get it?

159. Approximately how many miles 

has it been driven since you 

have had it?

IF "HAD IT MORE THAN 12 MONTHS" ON 

Q. 157, ASK:______________

161.

160. Approximately how many miles 

was it driven during the 

past 12 months?

I would like to obtain the odometer 

reading and Vehicle Identification 

Number for this vehicle -- directly 

from the vehicle. Is the vehicle avail 

able right now so that we may get this 

information?

INSPECT EACH VEHICLE MARKED "YES" ON Q. 161 AFTER YOU 

COMPLETE HOUSE MEASUREMENTS IN Q's 180-184.

JSt

lat?

10NTHS 

Q. 158

10NTHS 

Q.160

MONTH 

YEAR

MILES 

' KNOW

MILES 

KNOW

YES

D ASK 

. 164

NO

E AND 

2-163

AFTER

VEHICLE NUMBER

1

538

1 []

2[]

539-542

198

543-547

[]

548-552

[]

2

561

1 []

2[]

562-565

198

566-570

[]

572-575

[]

[] []

3

619

1 []

2 []

620-623

198

624-628

[]

629-633

[]

[]

4

642

1 []

2 []

643-646

198

647-651

[]

652-656

[]

| ———————

[]

/ou

EIA 4S7B • 1987 Residential Energy Consumption Survey

Energy Information Administration/Household Vehicles Energy Consumption 1988 131
38

IF 'NO' OH Q. 161 (THIS CAR IS NOT AVAILABLE) ASK Q. 162. IF 'YES' ON 

Q.161, ASK Q. 157 FOR NEXT VEHICLE; IF NO OTHER VEHICLES, SKIP TO Q. 165.

162. Oo you know ap 

proximately what 

the odometer 

reading Is for 

this vehicle?

HAND RESPONDENT 

EXHIBIT 163.

163. I would still like 

to record the 

Vehicle Identifi 

cation Number for 

this vehicle. Do 

you know what a 

Vehicle Identifi 

cation Number is? 

(IF DON'T KNOW, 

EXPLAIN VIN.) 

What Is the 

Vehicle Identifi 

cation Number for 

this vehicle? 

(SEE INSTRUCTIONS 

BELOW.)

INTERVIEWER: REPORT

HERE IF VIN REFUSED

FOR ONE OR MORE

VEHICLES.

EXPLAIN RESPONDENT

REACTION OR REASON

FOR REFUSING VIN.

V 

E 

H

I 

C 

L 

E

N

U 

M

8 

E

R

1

2

3

4

Make

fli

[]o 

VIN:

[]1

Make 

( li

l]o 

VIN:

[]1

Make 

t ] i

H 

VIN:

[I1

ODOMETER KNOWN

Model

1353-1358

(ESTIMATED ODOMETER READING)

1360 

ODOMETER NOT KNOWN

1362

VIN OBTAINED

ODOMETER KNOWN

[ ] VIN NOT OBTAINED [ ] VIN REFUSED

8 f

Model

(ESTIMATED ODOMETER READING)

1418 

ODOMETER NOT KNOWN

1420 

VIN OBTAINED

ODOMETER KNOWN

[ ] VIN NOT OBTAINED [ ] VIN REFUSED

8 7

Model

(ESTIMATED ODOMETER READING)

1447 

ODOMETER NOT KNOWN

1449 

VIN OBTAINED

Make

l]i

[1o 

VIN:

t] l

ODOMETER KNOWN

[ ] VIN NOT OBTAINED [ ] VIN REFUSED

8 7

Model

(ESTIMATED ODOMETER READING) 

1625 

ODOMETER NOT KNOWN

1627 

VIN OBTAINED [ ] VIN NOT OBTAINED [ ] VIN REFUSED 8 7

1378

1380

1411-1416

1436 

1438

1440-1445

1465 

1467

iftJfl-1623

1643

1645

INTERVIEWER INSTRUCTIONS:

Q. 163 -- Explain what the VIN is If respondent does not know.

If respondent questions need for VIN, say:

"The VIN Is a set of codes assigned to a vehicle at the factory that, when decoded, describes 

several of the vehicle's characteristics. These characteristics may then be used to calculate 

an estimated miles per gallon for that specific type of vehicle."

Review the exhibit card of possible VIN locations. Record the VIN and verify for correctness.

EIA 457B • 1987 Residential Energy Consumption Survey

132 Energy Information Administration/Household Vehicles Energy Consumption 1988
39

RECORD VEHICLE INSPECTIONS) BELOW.

IF 'YES' ON Q. 161, SKIP THIS PAGE {Q. 164) FOR NOW. ASK Q. 157 FOR NEXT VEHICLE (IF NO OIH1R 

VEHICLES, SKIP TO Q. 165).

AFTER COMPLETING Qs. 165-179 AND THE MEASUREMENT PROCEDURE IN Qs. 180-184, INSPECT ALL VEMIUIS 

HARKED "US' ON Q. 161. RECORD VEHICLE INSPECTION(S) BELOW.

164. (SEE INSTRUCTIONS BELOW.)

INTERVIEWER: REPORT HFRF 

IF VIN REFUSED FOR (INF OR MORE r '-"""

EXPLAIN RESPONDENT 

REACTION OR REASON FOR 

REFUSING VIN.

V 

E

H

I

C

L 

E

N

U 

M 

B

t

R

1

2

3

4

Make Model

[ 1 ODOMETER OBTAINED

3 (ODOMETER READING FROM VEHICLE )

1360

[ ] ODOMETER NOT OBTAINED 

[ ] ODOMETER REFUSED 

VIN:

1362 

[ ] VIN OBTAINED [ ] VIN NOT OBTAINED [ ] VIN REFUSED

1 S 7

Make Model

f 1 ODOMETER OBTAINED

2 (ODOMETER READING FROM VEHICLE)

1418

[ ] ODOMETER NOT OBTAINED 

[ 1 ODOMETER REFUSED 

VIN:

1420 

[ ] VIN OBTAINED [ ] VIN NOT OBTAINED [ ] VIN REFUSES

Make Model

[ ] ODOMETER OBTAINED

* (ODOMETER READING FROM VEHICLE)

1447

[ ] ODOMETER NOT OBTAINED 

8 

[ ] ODOMETER REFUSED 

7 

VIN: __ __ 

1449 

[ } VIN OBTAINED [ J VIN NOT OBTAINED [ ] VI* RfFUSfD i e 7

Make Model

[ ] ODOMETER OBTAINED

' (ODOMETER READING FROM VEHICLE) 

2625

[ ] ODOMETER NOT OBTAINED

[ ] ODOMETER REFUSED 

7 

VIN: __

1627 ' ~

( ]^VIN OBTAINED [ ) VIN NOT OBTAINED [ ) VIN REFUSED

137B 

1380

1411-1416

1436 

1436

1440-144't

' 1465 

14u7

1618-1623

1643 

1645

INTERVIEWER INSTRUCTIONS:

Q. 164 -- If respondent questions need for VIN, say:

"The VIN is a set of codes assigned to a vehicle at the factory that, when decoded, describes 

several of the vehicle's characteristics. These characteristics may then be used to calculate 

»n estimated miles per gallon for that specific type of vehicle."

Record VIN from the vehicle itself whenever possible. If VIN cannot be found on the vehicle 

show Exhibit 163 (VIN LOCATIONS CARD), and attempt to secure VIN from one of these document 

sources.

EIA 4578 • 1917 R»»ld«ntl«l En«rgy Consumption Survey

Energy Information Administration/Household Vehicles Energy Consumption 1988 133
1988 Residential Transportation Energy Consumption Survey 

Vehicle Identification Number Card

THIS CARD IS FOR YOUR:

Form Approval

OMB No.: 1905-0066

Expires: 9/30/90

U.S DEPARTMENT OF ENERGY 

ENERGY INFORMATION ADMINISTRATION

In order for us to estimate the fuel efficiency of this vehicle, it would be helpful to know the Vehicle Identification Number (VIN)

The VIN provides information that allows researchers to estimaje fuel economy for all types of cars, trucks and other vehicles. In this survey, your

vehicles will represent those from thousands of other households that have eimilar vehicles

The VIN is a set of codes assigned to a vehicle at the factory which, when decoded, describe several of the vehicle's characteristics. These

characteristics may then be used to calculate an estimated miles per gallon for that specific type of vehicle.

No information linking your name and address with the data you provide will be given to the Department of Energy, or any other government agency 

Data provided to the Department of Energy will be screened to protect the identity of individual households.

PLEASE SEE THE OTHER SIDE OF THIS CARD FOR ADDITIONAL INSTRUCTIONS ON WHERE TO FIND THE VEHICLE IDENTIFICATION 

NUMBER.

r—————————————————————————————————————————————————————-————•————————————-———————————*—————-—————-———————.———

For the vehicle described at the top of this card, please carefully record its Vehicle Identification Number below

VIN: __ __ __ __ __ __ __ __ __ __ __ __ __ __ __ __ __

Check here if you cannot find the Vehicle Identification Number ~.

After you have filled out the information requested, please keep this card near your telephone We will be calling you to gel the information. It you wil 

be difficult to reach by phone, or if you have any questions about this survey, call collect to Jim Devlm at (609) 921-3333.

ElA-676

<9/87,

THANK YOU FOR YOUR HELP

PLEASE READ THE OTHER SIDE OF THIS CARD FIRST

ADDITIONAL INSTRUCTIONS ON WHERE TO FIND THE VEHICLE IDENTIFICATION NUMBER

The Vehicle Identification Number (VIN) is a combination of digits and letters. It is usually 17 letters and digits long. Here is an example of what the 

VIN may look like:

1FABP28A6FF143890 

The Vehicle Identification Number may be found in a number of places:

a. On the vehicle.

Look for a small metal label that can be read while standing outside the vehicle.

Look for the label on the driver's side of the dashboard, or on the window post.

Sometimes it is on the driver's door, 

b. On the motor vehicle registration certificate, 

c. On an insurance card or insurance policy for the vehicle, 

d. On the vehicle title.

e. On a State safety or emissions inspection certificate, 

f. On the bill of sale for the vehicle.

Caution . . . The Vehicle Identification Number is usually not found on your driver's license or on the vehicle license plates.

Once you have located the Vehicle Identification Number, copy it down on the VEHICLE IDENTIFICATION NUMBER CARD exactly as it appears on the 

vehicle, or on the document you are using.

For the sample VIN given above, we would write: 

VIN: JL _! A. _B_ _

8 1 8

We have sent you one VEHICLE IDENTIFICATION NUMBER CARD preprinted for each vehicle in the household — except for vehicles whose Iden 

tification Numbers you have already provided to us.

In addition, one extra VEHICLE IDENTIFICATION NUMBER CARD was sent to you. If your household now owns or regularly uses a vehicle that we did 

not send a VIN CARD for, please use the extra card for this vehicle, and fill in the TYPE, YEAR, MAKE and MODEL NAME on the card label.

EIA-876-1988 Residential Transportation Energy Consumption Survey

134

Energy Information Administration/Household Vehicles Energy Consumption 1988
1988 RESIDENTIAL TRANSPORTATION ENERGY CONSUMPTION SURVEY

BEGINNING-OF-YEAR QUESTIONNAIRE 

(TELEPHONE SURVEY)

FORM APPROVAL: 

0MB NO: 1905-0068 

EXPIRES: 9/30/90

I

2

3

4

5

6

7

8

CALL hECORD

DAY OF

WEEK DATE TIME

c

0

M

P

L . E 

T

E

C

c

c

c

c

c

c

c

6

us

Y

s

i

G 

N 

A

L ,

B

B

B

B

B

B

B

B

N

0

A

N

S

ri 

E

S

NA

NA

NA

NA

NA

NA

NA

NA

N

0

T

A

V

A

I

L

A 

1 

L

E

X

X

X

X

X

X

X

X

R

E

F

u s

A

L

R

R

R

R

R

R

R

R

R

E

S

P

N

0

T

ft

E 

A 

D

y

NR

NR

NR

NR

NR

NR

NR

NR

M

A

1

L

N

E

U

C

A

R 

D

S

MC

MC

MC

MC

MC

MC

MC

MC

0

T 

H 

E

R

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

INTER 

VIEWER

CALL BACK

AT ...

Notes below on: J ) CONTACT PERSON [ ] BEST TIME FOR CONTACT [ ] MOVING [ ] "OTHER"

Hello, this is _____________. I'm calling from Response Analysis, a survey research firm. My call concerns 

the Department of Energy survey. May I speak to __________?

ASK FIRST TO SPEAK WITH THE PERSON WHOSE NAME APPEARS ON THE LABEL. IF HE/SHE IS UNAVAILABLE, THE INTERVIEW 

MAY BE COMPLETED WITH A SPOUSE OR OTHER KNOWLEDGEABLE MEMBER OF THE HOUSEHOLD.

IF AN ALTERNATE RESPONDENT IS USED, CHECK "CONTACT PERSON' ABOVE AND RECORD THE NAME.

We contacted you within the last month about the study we are conducting for the Department of Energy about the use of gasoline and diesel fuel for household vehicles. The purpose of this call is to obtain some additional information about your vehicles and their use. Your participation is very important to the success of the research and is voluntary. Is this a convenient time to ask you some questions?

IF ASKED ABOUT CONFIDENTIALITY, READ:

This survey is voluntary and authorized under the Federal Energy Administration Act of 1974 (Public Law 93-275), 

as amended. Information about specific households will be kept strictly confidential. The data will be screened 

to protect the identity of individual households, and summarized within large groupings for statistical purposes.

INTERVIEWER NAME:

EIA-876A 

(9/87)

ID NO:

ElA-876A-1988 Residential Transportation Energy Consumption Survey

Energy Information Administration/Household Vehicles Energy Consumption 1988 135
Al.

A2.

First, I would like to check that we have your correct mailing address. 

Is it . . . (READ ADDRESS SHOWN ON LABEL) . . . ?

[ ] VES 

[ ] NO ---> Al.A IF ADDRESS IS INCORRECT, NOTE CORRECT ADDRESS BELOW. 

Street Address: ______________________

City, State: ZIP:

Al.B When did you move to (ADDRESS NOTED ABOVE)? 

Month and year: ________________

Within the last couple of weeks, we mailed you some cards for recording the total mileage or odometer reading(s) for your vehicle(s) -- and also for recording the Vehicle Identification Number(s). Have you filled 

out these cards yet?

[ ] YES: CARDS ARE FILLED OUT. ASK: 

Can you get them right now? 

YES. AFTER RESPONDENT GETS COMPLETED CARD(S), BEGIN WITH THE FOLLOWING INTRODUCTION:

"I have a description of the vehicle(s) mentioned at the time of our most recent contact with your 

household -- I would like to verify this(these) description(s) with you."

NOW, SKIP TO QUESTION A3. -------->

NO. IF RESPONDENT CANNOT GET CARD(S) WHILE YOU WAIT, ARRANGE DATE AND TIME TO CALL BACK. MARK "NR" ON 

CALL RECORD.

[ ] NO: CARDS ARE NOT FILLED OUT YET, BUT WILL FILL OUT.

ARRANGE A DATE AND TIME TO CALL BACK AFTER CARDS ARE COMPLETED. MARK "NR" ON CALL RECORD.

[ ] NO: CARDS ARE LOST. MAIL NEW CARDS. MARK "MC" ON CALL RECORD.

[ ] NO: HOUSEHOLD NO LONGER HAS ANY VEHICLES DESCRIBED ON CARDS. 

READ THE FOLLOWING INTRODUCTION:

"From our most recent contact, I have a description of the vehicle(s) which you no longer have. For 

the record, I would like to briefly verify some information about that (those) vehicle(s)."

NOW SKIP TO QUESTION A3.

INTERVIEWER INSTRUCTIONS IF VIN EXPLANATION IS NEEDED:

The VIN provides information that allows researchers to estimate fuel economy for all types of cars, trucks and other vehicles. In this survey, your vehicles will represent those from thousands of other households that have similar vehicles.

The VIN is a set of codes assigned to a vehicle at the factory which, when decoded, describe several of the vehicle's characteristics. These characteristics may then be used to calculate an estimated miles per gallon for that specific type of vehicle.

Your VIN, and all other information that you provide, will be held confidential. No information that can be linked to your name and address will ever be provided to the Department of Energy, or to any other government agency.

EIA-876A 

(9/87)

EIA-876A-1988 Residential Transportation Energy Consumption Survey

136

Energy Information Administration/Household Vehicles Energy Consumption 1988
TIME BEGAN Q.A3.

A3. Do you still have: YES (DESCRIBE VEHICLE AS LISTED ON OKTI.UE ».IH Q.M 

COMPUTER FOLD-OUT PAGE, EXPECT FOR VIN)? NO

NEVER HAD

IF "YES* FOR Q.A3.. ASK:

A4. Have I described it correctly?

(IF NO, CORRECT COMPUTER FOLD-OUT. 

ALSO TRV TO OBTAIN MISSING YEAR, 

MAKE OR MODEL.)

AS. What was the odometer reading (total) 

mileage) that you recorded on the 

Odometer Card that we sent you? 

(READ BACK TO VERIFY)

YES 

NO

AS. Was the mileage recorded on 

(DATE SPECIFIED ON COMPETER 

FOLD-OUT)?

IF 'NO" FOR O.A6.. ASK:

A7. On what date was it recorded?

IF VIN ABSENT FROM COMPUTER FOLD-OUT ASK:

MILES 

DON'T KNOW

YES

NO

DON'T KNOW

MONTH

DAY

DON'T KNOW

1

1 [ ]

0 [ ] 

8 [ ]

1 I 1 

0 [ J

[ ]

1 [ 1 

0 [ ] 

6 [ ]

[ ]

V E H I C L

2

1 [ I 

0 [ ] 

8 [ ]

1 [ 1 

0 [ J

[ ]

1 [ 1 

0 [ ] 

6 [ ]

[ ]

E N U H B E

3

1 [ ] 

0 [ ] 

8 [ ]

1 [ 1 

0 t ]

[ ]

1 [ ] 

0 [ ] 

6 [ ]

[ ]

R

4

.[] 

0 [ 1 

8 [ ]

1 [ 1

o r j

[] i

i t ]

0 [ )

6 [ ]

1 =

\/ L

AS. What is the Vehicle Identification 

(HAVE RESPONDENT READ THIS FROM THE 

BELOW.)

V 

E

H

I

C 

L 

E

N 

U 

M 

B

E 

R

I

2

3

4

VIN: __ __ __ __ 

VIN NOT OBTAINED [ ]

VIN: __ __ __ __ 

VIN NOT OBTAINED [ ]

VIN: __ __ __ __ 

VIN NOT OBTAINED [ ]

VIN: __ __ __ __ 

VIN NOT OBTAINED [ ]

INTERVIEWER: Describe respondent reason

VIN REFUSED [ )

VIN REFUSED [ ]

VIN REFUSED [ ]

VIN REFUSED [ ]

INTERVIEWER INSTRUCTIONS IF VIN EXPLANATION IS NEEDED:

The VIN provides information that allows researchers to estimate fuel economy for all types of cars, trucks ind other vehicles. In this survey, your vehicles will represent those from thousands of other households that have similar vehicles.

The VIN is a set of codes assigned to a vehicle at the factory which, when decoded, describe several of the vehicle's characteristics. These characteristics may then be used to calculate an estimated miles per gallon for that specific type of vehicle.

Your VIN, and all other information that you provide, will be held confidential. No information that can be 

linked to your name and address will ever be provided to the Department of Energy, or to any other government 

agency.

EIA-876A 

(9/87)

EIA-876A-1988 Residential Transportation Energy Consumption Survey

Energy Information Administration/Household Vehicles Energy Consumption 1988

137
INTERVIEWER: Remind respondent which vehicle you are discussing -- e.g., Ford LTD, Dodge pickup, etc.

\

A9. Does it have an automatic transmission or a manual shift?

AID. How many cylinders does the 

engine have?

AUTOMATIC 

MANUAL SHIFT 

DON'T KNOW

2-CYLINOER

4-CYLINDER

5-CYLINDER

6-CYLINDER

8-CYLINDER

OTHER (SPECIFY)

DON'T KNOW

All. Does it have front-wheel, rearwheel or 4-wheel drive? (CHECK 

ALL THAT APPLY.)

A12. Does the fuel system use

a carburetor, fuel injection, 

or is it a diesel engine?

FRONT WHEEL 

REAR-WHEEL 

4-WHEEL 

OTHER (SPECIFY)

DON'T KNOW

CARBURETOR

FUEL INJECTION

DIESEL

OTHER (SPECIFY)

DON'T KNOW

A13. What is the engine size in 

liters or cubic inches? For 

example, engine sizes can range 

from 1 liter to 6.2 liters.

LITERS

CUBIC INCHES 

OTHER (SPECIFY)

A14. Is this vehicle used on the

job by anyone in your household, 

not counting going to and from 

work?

DON'T KNOW

YES

NO

DON'T KNOW

EIA-876A 

(9/87)

VEHICLE NUMBER

1

1 [ ]

2 [ ]

6 [ ]

2 [ ]

4 [ ]

5 [ ]

6 [ ]

8 [ ]

21 [ 1

96 [ ]

1 [ ]

2 [ ]

3 [ ]

5 [ ]

6 [ ]

1 [ 1

2 [ ]

3 [ ]

5 [ ]

6 [ ]

995 [ ]

996 [ ]

1 t ]

0 [ ]

6 [ ]

2

1 [ ]

2 [ 1

6 [ ]

2 [ ]

4 [ 1

5 [ ]

6 [ ]

8 [ ]

21 [ ]

96 [ ]

1 [ ]

2 [ ]

3 [ ]

5 [ ]

6 [ ]

1 [ ]

2 [ ]

3 [ ]

5 [ ]

6 [ ]

995 [ ]

996 [ ]

1 [ 3

0 [ ]

6 [ ]

3 4

1 [ ]

2 [ ]

6 I ]

2 [ ]

4 I ]

5 [ ]

6 [ ]

8 [ ]

21 [ ]

96 [ ]

1 [ 1

2 [ ]

3 [ ]

5 [ ]

6 [ ]

1 [ ]

2 [ ]

3 [ ]

5 [ ]

6 [ ]

995 [ ]

996 [ ]

1 [ ]

0 [ ]

6 [ ]

1 [ ]

2 [ ]

6 [ ]

2 [ ]

4 [ ]

5 [ ]

6 [ ]

8 [ ]

21 [ ]

96 [ ]

1 [ ]

2 [ 1

3 [ ]

5 [ ]

6 [ ]

1 I ]

2 t 1

3 [ ]

5 [ ]

6 [ ]

995 [ ]

996 [ ]

1 [ 1

0 [ ]

6 [ ]

EIA-876A-1988 Residential Transportation Energy Consumption Survey

138 Energy Information Administration/Household Vehicles Energy Consumption 1988
A15. Does this vehicle use gasoline 

or diesel fuel?

IF "GASOLINE" FOR Q.A15.. ASK:

A16. During the past year, did 

you use mostly leaded or 

unleaded gasoline in this 

vehicle?

GASOLINE

DIESEL FUEL

OTHER (SPECIFY)

DON'T KNOW

LEADED

UNLEADED

OTHER (SPECIFY)

DON'T KNOW

IF "UNLEADED" FOR O.A16.. ASK:

A17. During the past year, did 

you use mostly regular or 

premium gasoline in this 

vehicle -- or some grade 

in-between regular and 

premium?

REGULAR

PREMIUM

INTERMEDIATE

A18. When you bought fuel for 

this vehicle during the 

past year, did you use 

full-service pumps or 

self-service pumps for 

most purchases? (RECORD 

MINI-SERVE AS SELF-SERVICE)

OTHER (SPECIFY)

DON'T KNOW

FULL-SERVICE 

SELF-SERVICE

(INCLUDES MINI-SERVE)

BOTH EQUALLY 

OTHER (SPECIFY)

DON'T KNOW

FOR NEXT VEHICLE ON COMPUTER FOLD-OUT PAGE, GO BACK TO QUESTION A3.

AFTER LAST VEHICLE ON COMPUTER FOLD-OUT PAGE, SKIP TO EITHER QUESTION Cl OR C3 ON THE GREEN 

PAGES:

SKIP TO QUESTION Cl -- IF HOUSEHOLD STILL HAS 1 OR MORE VEHICLES ON THE COMPUTER FOLD-OUT 

PAGE.

SKIP TO QUESTION C3 -- IF HOUSEHOLD DOES NOT NOW HAVE ANY OF THE VEHICLES ON THE COMPUTER 

FOLD-OUT PAGE.

VEHICLE NUMBER

1 Z

1 [ 1

2 [ ]

5 [ ]

6 [ ]

1 t ]

2 [ 3

5 [ ]

6 [ ]

1 t ]

2 t 1

3 [ ]

5 [ ]

6 [ ]

1 [ ]

2 [ ]

3 [ ]

5 [ ]

6 [ ]

1 [ ]

2 [ ]

5 [ ]

6 [ ]

1 [ ]

2 [ ]

5 [ ]

6 [ ]

1 [ ]

2 [ ]

3 [ ]

5 [ ]

6 t ]

1 t ]

2 [ ]

3 [ ]

5 [ ]

6 [ ]

3

1 [ ]

2 [ ]

5 [ ]

6 [ ]

1 [ ]

2 [ ]

5 [ ]

6 [ ]

1 [ 1

2 [ ]

3 [ ]

5 [ ]

6 [ ]

1 [ ]

2 [ ]

3 [ ]

5 [ ]

6 [ ]

4

1 [ ]

2 [ ]

5 [ ]

6 [ ]

1 [ ]

2 [ }

5 [ ]

6 [ ]

j

1 [ 1

2 t ]

3 [ ]

5 [ ]

6 [ ]

1 [ ]

2 [ ]

3 [ ]

5 [ ]

6 [ ]

EIA-876A 

(9/87)

EIA-876A-1883 Residential Transportation Energy Consumption Survey

Energy Information Administration/Household Vehicles Energy Consumption 1988

139
IF "NO" FOR Q.A3.. ASK:

Bl. Was this vehicle sold, traded 

in or disposed of, or did the 

owner move away?

IF "SOLD/TRADED/DISPOSED" FOR 

O.B1.. ASK:________

B2. In what month and year did 

you dispose of this vehicle?

B3. Approximately, what was 

the odometer reading (total 

mileage) on the vehicle at 

the time that you sold, 

traded or disposed of it?

SOLD, TRADED 

OR DISPOSED OF

OWNER MOVED AWAY 

DON'T KNOW

MONTH 

YEAR

DON'T KNOW MONTH 

DON'T KNOW YEAR

MILES 

DON'T KNOW

IF "OWNER MOVED AWAY" FOR 

Q.B1.. ASK:_________

B4. In what month and year did 

the owner move away with this 

vehicle?

MONTH 

YEAR

DON'T KNOW MONTH 

DON'T KNOW YEAR

\

1

1 [ ]

2 [ ] 

6 [ ]

96 [ ] 

96 [ ]

[ ]

96 [ ] 

96 [ ]

E H I C L E

2

1 t ]

2 [ 1 

6 [ ]

96 [ ] 

96 [ ]

[ ]

96 [ ] 

96 [ ]

NUMBER

3

1 [ )

2 [ ] 

6 [ ]

96 [ ] 

96 [ ]

[ ]

96 [ ] 

96 [ ]

4

! 

1 t 1

1 t 1 

6 [ ]

96 [ ] 

96 [ ]

[ 1

96 [ ] 

96 [ ]

FOR NEXT VEHICLE ON COMPUTER FOLD-OUT PAGE, GO BACK TO QUESTION A3.

AFTER LAST VEHICLE ON COMPUTER FOLD-OUT PAGE, SKIP TO EITHER QUESTION Cl OR C3 ON THE GREEN 

PAGES:

SKIP TO QUESTION Cl -- IF HOUSEHOLD STILL HAS 1 OR MORE VEHICLES ON THE COMPUTER FOLD-OUT 

PAGE.

SKIP TO QUESTION C3 -- IF HOUSEHOLD DOES NOT NOW HAVE ANY OF THE VEHICLES ON THE COMPUTER 

FOLD-OUT PAGE.

EIA-876A 

(9/87)

EIA-876A-1988 Residential Transportation Energy Consumption Survey 

140

Energy Information Administration/Household Vehicles Energy Consumption 1988
IF HOUSEHOLD STILL HAS ONE OR MORE VEHICLES ON COMPUTER FOLD-OUT PAGE.

Cl. Do you or other Maters of your household 

own or have for your regular personal use 

any cars, trucks, vans or s1»1lar vehicles, 

in addition to (DESCRIBE VEHICLES LISTED 

ON COMPUTER FOLD-OUT PAGE, EXCEPT FOR YIN)?

IF 'YES*. ASK: 

CZ. Ho* Mny additional vehicles do you have? 1 [ ] ONE

2 [ ] TWO

3 [ ] THREE

4 [ ] FOUR OR MORE 

6 [ ] DON'T KNOW

SKIP TO Q. 01. (YELLOW PAGE)

- ASK Q. C5.

IF HOUSEHOLD NO LONGER HAS ANY VEHICLES ON COMPUTER FOLD-OUT PAGE.

C3. Do you or other Berbers of your household no* 

own or have the regular use of any cars, trucks, 

vans or similar vehicles?

IF "YES". ASK:

C4. How «ny vehicles do you have? 1[ ] ONE 

I ( } TWO

3 [ ] THREE

4 [ ] FOUR OR MORE 

6 [ ] DON'T KNOW

|_ SKIP TO Q. Dl. 

J~ (YELLOW PAGE)

- ASK q. CS.

IF 'ONE OR MORE VEHICLES* ON Q.C2 OR C4, ASK Q C5 FOB EACH VEHICLE. AND THEN CONTINUE WITH O.C6.

C5. Please tell me the make, model name and 

year (of each one). (SEE INSTRUCTION 

BELOW)

C6. What type of vehicle Is 

the (READ: YEAR, MAKE, MODEL -- FROM Q.C5.) 

(READ CATEGORIES TO 

RESPONDENT IF NECESSARY.)

MAKE 

MODEL NAME 

MODEL YEAR 

DON'T KNOW MAKE 

DON'T KNOW MODEL 

DON'T KNOW YEAR

STANDARD PASSENGER CAR

2-SEAT CAR

STATION WAGON

LARGE VAN

MINI VAN

PICKUP TRUCK

JEEP OR SIMILAR

OTHER (SPECIFY)

DON'T KNOW

A B

19

I ].

M

1 t 1

2 [ 1

3 [ ]

« I J

5 [ ]

« [ 1

7 [ ]

21 [ ]

9« [ ]

19

t J

1 [ 1

2 [ ]

3 [ ]

« [ 1

5 [ 1

6 [ 1

7 [ ]

21 [ 1

M ( 1

C

19

[ 1

I J

1 t 1

2 [ 1

3 [ ]

4f ]

5 [ 1

< [ )

7 [ ]

21 [ ]

M[]

D

19

[ I

M

I C J

2 [ ]

3 [ ]

« [ ]

5 [ ]

« [ ]

7 1 J

21 { J

M [ ]

INTERVIEWER INSTRUCTIONS:

q.C5 -- A model, name may consist of several parts -- be sure to get the complete model name.

Here are some examples, where the complete model name Is in parentheses: Ford (felaxie), Chevrolet 

(V10 Suburban), SMC (VIS Gtmjy), Toyota (2WD Cargo Van). If respondent does not kw the name of a truck, probe for size (1/2 ton, 3/4 ton, etc.)

EIA-876A

(9/87)

EIA-876A-1988 Resident)*! Transportation Energy Consumption Survey

Energy Information Administration/Household Vehicles Energy Consumption 1988

141
\/

C7. In what month and year did you 

get this vehicle?

C8. Do you happen to now the total 

mileage (odometer) reading after 

the last use of the vehicle on (DATE FROM COMPUTER FOLD-OUT)?

IF "YES". ASK:

MONTH 

YEAR

DON'T KNOW MONTH 

DON'T KNOW YEAR

YES 

NO

C9. What was the mileage as of (DATE FROM COMPUTER FOLD-OUT)?

IF "NO'. ASK:

CIO. Do you know the mileage as of 

a different date?

Cll. Do you know the Vehicle Identification 

Number for this vehicle? (SEE INSTRUCTION BELOW)

IF "YES". ASK:

MILES

NO

YES

DATE

MILES

YES 

NO

A

19

96 [ ] 

96 [ ]

1 t ] 

0 [ ]

0 [ ] 

1 [ ]

1 [ ] 

0 [ ]

B

19

96 [ ] 

96 [ ]

1 [ 1 

0 [ ]

0 t ]

1 [ 1

1 [ )

o [ 3

c

19

96 [ ] 

96 [ ]

1 [ 1 

0 [ ]

0 [ ]

1 [ ]

1 [ 1 

0 t ]

D

19

96 [ ] 

96 [ ]

1 t ] 

0 [ ]

0 [ ] 

1 [ ]

1 t 1 

0 [ ]

C12. What is

V 

E 

H 

I 

C 

L 

E

N 

U 

H

B

E 

R

A

B

C

0

VIN: 

VIN

VINVIN

VIN: 

VIN

VIN: 

VIN

INTERVIEWER;

the Vehicle Identification Number for this vehicle? (VERIFY WITH RESPONDENT)

NOT OBTAINED [ ]

NOT OBTAINED [ ]

NOT OBTAINED [ ]

NOT OBTAINED [ ]

Describe respondent

VIN REFUSED [ ]

VIN REFUSED [ ]

VIN REFUSED [ ]

VIN REFUSED [ ]

V

reason for refusing VIN.

INTERVIEWER INSTRUCTIONS IF VIN EXPLANATION IS NEEDED:

The VIN provides Information that allows researchers to estimate fuel economy for all types of cars, trucks and other vehicles. In this survey, your vehicles will represent those from thousands of other households that have similar vehicles.

The VIN 1s a set of codes assigned to a vehicle at the factory which, when decoded, describe several of the vehicle's characteristics. These characteristics may then be used to calculate an estimated miles per gallon for that specific type of vehicle.

Your VIN and all other Information that you provide, will be held confidential. No information that can be linked to your name and address will ever be provided to the Department of Energy, or to any other government agency.

EIA-876A (9/87)

EIA-876A-1988 Residential Transportation Energy Consumption Survey

142

Energy Information Administration/Household Vehicles Energy Consumption 1988
INTERVIEWER: Remind respondent which vehicle you are discussing -- e.g., Ford LTD, Dodge pickup, etc.

C13. Does it have an automatic

transmission or a manual shift?

C14. How many cylinders does the engine have?

CIS. Does it have front-wheel, rear- wheel or 4-wheel drive? (CHECK ALL THAT APPLY.)

C16. Does the fuel system use a carburetor, fuel injection, 

or is it a diesel engine?

C17. What Is the engine size in 

liters or cubic inches? For example, engine sizes can range 

from 1 liter to 6.2 liters.

CIS. Is this vehicle used on the job by anyone in your household, not counting going to and from 

work?

AUTOMATIC

MANUAL SHIFT

DON'T KNOW

2-CYLINDER

4-CYLINDER

5-CYLINDER

6-CYLINDER

8-CYLINDER

OTHER (SPECIFY)

DON'T KNOW

FRONT WHEEL

REAR-WHEEL

4-WHEEL

OTHER (SPECIFY)

DON'T KNOW

CARBURETOR

FUEL INJECTION

DIESEL

OTHER (SPECIFY)

DON'T KNOW

LITERS

CUBIC INCHES 

OTHER (SPECIFY)

DON'T KNOW

YES 

NO 

DON'T KNOW

EIA-876A 

(9/87)

A

in

2 [ ]

6 [ 3

2 [ 3

4 [ 1

5 [ 3

6 [ ]

8 [ 3

21 [ ]

96 [ ]

1 [ 3

2[]

3 [ 3

5 [ 3

6 [ ]

1 [ 3

2 [ ]

3 [ ]

5 [ ]

6 [ ]

995 [ ]

996 [ 3

1 [ 3

0 [ ]

6 [ 3

D

MI

2 [ 3

6 [ 3

2 [ 3

4 [ 3

5 [ 3

6 [ 3

8 [ ]

21 [ ]

96 [ ]

1 [ 3

2 [ 3

3 [ ]

5 t 3

6 [ 3

l [ 3

2 [ ]

3 [ 3

5 [ 3

6 [ 3

995 [ ]

996 [ ]

1 I 3

0 [ ]

6 [ ]

c

l [ 3

2 [ 3

6 [ ]

2 [ ]

4 [ 3

5 [ 3

6 [ ]

8 [ ]

21 [ ]

96 [ ]

1 [ 3

2 [ 3

3 [ ]

5 [ ]

6 [ ]

1 [ 3

2 [ 3

3 [ ]

5 [ ]

6 [ 3

995 [ ]

996 [ ]

1 [ 3

0 [ ]

6 [ ]

D

1 [ 3

2 f 3

6 [ 3

2 [ ]

4 [ 3

5 [ 3

6 [ 3

8 [ 3

21 [ 3

96 [ )

1

l [ 3

2 [ ]

3 [ ]

5 [ 3

6 [ ]

l [ 3 111 j

3 r 3 !

5 [ 3

6 [ 3

995 [ ]

996 [ ]

1 [ 3

0 [ ]

6 [ ]

EIA-876A-1988 Residential Transportation Energy Consumption Survey

143

Energy Information Administration/Household Vehicles Energy Consumption 1988
\

C19. Does this vehicle use gasoline or dlesel fuel? GASOLINE

DIESEL FUEL

OTHER (SPECIFY)

DON'T KNOW

IF 'GASOLINE" FOR Q.C19.. ASK:

C20. Oo you generally use leaded or unleaded gasoline in this vehicle?

LEADED

UNLEADED

OTHER (SPECIFY)

DON'T KNOW

IF "UNLEADED" FOR Q.C20.. ASK:

REGULAR 

PREMIUM 

INTERMEDIATE 

OTHER (SPECIFY)

DON'T KNOW

C21. Do you generally use regular or premium gasoline in this vehicle -- or some 

grade in-between regular 

and premium?

C22 When you buy fuel for this vehicle, do you use full- service pumps or self-service pumps for most purchases? (RECORD MINI-SERVICE AS 

SELF SERVICE)

FULL-SERVICE 

SELF-SERVICE

UHUUDES m«I-SER*E)

BOTH EQUALLY 

OTHER (SPECIFY)

DON'T KNOW

A B > C

1 t 1

2 [ ]

5 [ ]

6 [ ]

1 [ 1

2 [ ]

5 [ ]

6 [ ]

1 [ ]

2 t ]

3 [ ]

5 [ ]

6 [ ]

1 [ 1

2 [ ]

3 [ ]

5 [ ]

6 [ ]

1 [ 1

2 [ ]

5 [ ]

6 [ ]

1 [ ]

2 [ ]

5 [ ]

6 [ ]

IN

2 [ ]

3 [ ]

5 [ ]

6 [ ]

1 [ 1

2 [ ]

3 [ ]

5 [ ]

6 [ 1

1 t ]

2 f ]

5 [ ]

6 [ ]

1 [ ]

2 [ ]

5 [ ]

6 [ ]

1 [ ]

2 [ ]

3 [ ]

5 [ ]

•U

1 [ 1

2 [ ]

3 [ ]

5 [ ]

6 [ ]

D

1 [ 1

2 [ ]

5 [ ]

6 [ ]

1 [ ]

2 [ ]

5 [ ]

6 [ ]

1 [ 1

2 [ ]

3 [ ]

5 [ ]

•11

1 [ ]

2 [ ]

3 [ ]

5 [ ]

6 [ ]

CONTINUE WITH QUESTION 01. (YELLOW PAGE.)

EIA-876A 

(9/87) 10

E1A-876A-1988 Residential Transportation Energy Consumption Survey 

144

Energy Information Administration/Household Vehicles Energy Consumption 1988
ASK EVERYONE

Dl. Is there a possibility that your household 1 [ ] YES, DEFINITELY will move any time within the next 12 months?

2 [ ] POSSIBLY

-IF 'YES' OR 'POSSIBLY". ASK:

02. Do you happen to know when you 

(are/might be) moving?

03. Do you happen to know what your new 

address will be?

NAME: 

STREET:

CITY/STATE: 

PHONE:

(Area Code)

0 [ ] NO -- SKIP TO Q. D4.

MONTH/DAY/YEAR

APPROXIMATE TIME PERIOD 

[ ] DON'T KNOW

ZIP:

D4. Thank you very much.

We will be contacting you at the end of the year to obtain followup odometer reading(s) for your 

vehicle(s).

Have a nice day/evening.

(Interviewer) (Date Completed (Time Completed)

AM 

PM

INTERVIEWER NOTES:

EIA-876A 

(9/87) 11

EIA-876A-1988 Residential Transportation Energy Consumption Survey

145

Energy Information Administration/Household Vehicles Energy Consumption 1988
1988 Residential Transportation Energy Consumption Survey 

Beglnning-of-Year Odometer Reading Card

THIS CARD IS FOR YOUR:

U.S. DEPARTMENT OF ENERGY 

ENERGY INFORMATION ADMINISTRATION

Please put this card in your vehicle and write down the total 

mileage (odometer reading) after the last use of this vehicle 

on FRIDAY, JANUARY 8, 19M........................

MILES

After you have filled in the information requested, please keep this card near your telephone. We will be calling you to 

get the information. Or, if you will be difficult to reach by phone, call collect to Jim Devlin at (609) 921-3333.

Please see the other side of this card for additional instructions.

THANKS FOR YOUR HELP!

EIA-876A 

(9/87)

PLEASE READ THE OTHER SIDE OF THIS CARD FIRST

Additional instructions:

If your mileage meter (odometer) registers tenths of miles, please ignore these and record whole numbered, miles only.

If vehicle is not used on the day and date given on the other side of this card, please record the total mileage (odometer 

reading) as of that day.

If the mileage meter (odometer) does not work, just let us know that.

One extra Odometer Reading Card was sent to you.

If your household now owns or regularly uses any replacement or additional vehicle that we didn't send an Odometer

Reading Card for, use the extra card for that vehicle, and fill in the TYPE, YEAR, MAKE and MODEL NAME on the card

label.

EIA-876A-1988 Residential Transportation Energy Consumption Survey 

146

Energy Information Administration/Household Vehicles Energy Consumption 1988
1988 Residential Transportation Energy Consumption Survey Form OMB No 1905-006* Beginning-of-Year Odometer Reading Card Exp.r« 9/30/90

THIS CARD IS FOR YOUR:

U.S. DEPARTMENT OF ENERGY 

ENERGY INFORMATION ADMINISTRATION

Please put this card in your vehicle and write down the total 

mileage (odometer reading) after the last use of this vehicle 

on FRIDAY, JANUARY 8, 1988. .......................

MILES

After you have filled out the information requested, please return the card to the U.S. Department of Energy, Box 7335, 

Princeton, NJ 08543-9967, using the self-addressed Business Reply envelope.

Please see the other side of this card for additional instructions.

THANKS FOR YOUR HELP!

EIA-876A 

(9/87)

PLEASE READ THE OTHER SIDE OF THIS CARD FIRST

Additional instructions:

If your mileage meter (odometer) registers tenths of miles, please ignore these and record whole number of miles only.

If vehicle is not used on the day and date given on the other side of this card, please record the total mileage (odometer 

reading) as of that day.

If the mileage meter (odometer) does not work, just let us know that.

One extra Odometer Reading Card was sent to you.

If your household now owns or regularly uses any replacement or additional vehicle that we didn't send an Odometer

Reading Card for, use the extra card for that vehicle, and fill in the TYPE, YEAR, MAKE and MODEL NAME on the card

label.

EIA-876A-1988 Residential Transportation Energy Consumption Survey

147

Energy Information Administration/Household Vehicles Energy Consumption 1988
1988 RESIDENTIAL TRANSPORTATION ENERGY CONSUMPTION SURVEY

MID-YEAR QUESTIONNAIRE

(TELEPHONE SURVEY)

101-104

FORM APPROVAL: 

0MB No. 1905-0068 

EXPIRES: 9/30/90

105

CALL

»

1

2

3

4

5

6

7

8

CAL RECORD

DAY OF 

WEEK DATE TIME

CALL RESULT CCOE

0 

B T

U D H R* 

S A N R L I E E C

YMAABSRF M

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8* 9

1234567 8* 9

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8* 9

1 2 3 4 <, 6 7 8* 9

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8* 9

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8* 9

1234567 8* 9

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8* 9

INTER 

VIEWER

NOTES, INCLUDING: 

o Contact person 

o Best time for callback 

o Appointments 

o REFUSALS*

(REMEMBER TO RECORD E.S.T. FOR ALL TIMES 

RECORDED.)

110

ALL REFUSALS SHOULD BE 1) SPECIFIED AS "HARD" OR "SOFT," AND

2) DESCRIBED (WRITE REASONS AND STATEMENT.)

ASK FIRST TO SPEAK WITH THE PERSON WHOSE NAME APPEARS ON THE LABEL. IF HE/SHE IS UNAVAILABLE, THE INTERVIEW MAY BE 

COMPLETED WITH HUSBAND OR WIFE.

Hello, this is calling from Response Analysis Corporation in Princeton, New Jersey. We recently sent you a

111

letter about a special study that the U.S. Department of Energy has asked us to do on household energy use. 

Al. First I would like to check that we have your current address. Is it . . .? (READ ADDRESS SHOWN ABOVE.)

[ ] YES -- ASK Bl NEXT 

[ 1 NO

A___________________________________________________________________

112:SKIP A2. IF ADDRESS IS INCORRECT, NOTE ADDRESS BELOW: 

Street Address: _________________

City, Town: ____________________ 

A3. When did you move to (ADDRESS NOTED ABOVE)? 

Month and Year: ____________ ____

Apt. t 

Zip: .

EIA-876B (3/88)

EIA-876B-1988 Residential Transportation Energy Consumption Survey 

148

Energy Information Administration/Household Vehicles Energy Consumption 1988
HHID t 1001

Bl. I have a description of the vehiclesls] mentioned at the time of our 

most recent contact with your household. I Mould like to verify 

tthis/theseJ descriptions with you.

IF NO VEHICLES ARE LISTED ON FORM BELOW — SKIP TO QUESTION C3.

VEHICLE NUMBER

TYPE

MODEL YEAR

MAKE

MODEL NAME

B2. Do you still have

[READ VEHICLE DESCRIP 

TION IN COLUMN ABOVE]?

— > IF "YES" FOR Q. B2, ASK:

I B3. Have I described

1 it correctly?

(IF NO, MAKE

I CORRECTIONS ABOVE)

— > IF "NO" FOR Q. B2, ASK: 

————————————————————

B4 . On what day was

the vehicle sold

or disposed oft

B5. Approximately,

what was the

odometer reading

(total mileage) on

the vehicle at the

time it was sold

or disposed of?

01

______________

______________

19

______________

______________

C 3 YES

[ ] NO

______________

t ] YES

[ ] NO

______________

MONTH/DAY

YEAR

MILES

[ 3 DON'T

KNOW

02

19

______________ 

[ 3 YES

[ ] NO 

______________

[ 3 YES

C ] NO

MONTH/DAY

YEAR

MILES

[ ] DON'T

KNOW

03

19

______________

______________

[ 3 YES

[ ] NO

_

[ ] YES

[ 1 NO

MONTH/DAY

YEAR

MILES

[ 3 DON'T

KNOW

IF HOUSEHOLD STILL HAS ONE OR MORE OF VEHICLES LISTED ABOVE, 

CONTINUE WITH QUESTION Cl.

IF HOUSEHOLD NO LONGER HAS ANY OF THE VEHICLES LISTED ABOVE, 

SKIP TO QUESTION C3.

EIA 876B (3/88)

EIA-876B-1988 Residential Transportation Energy Consumption Survey

149

Energy Information Administration/Household Vehicles Energy Consumption 1988
CONTINUE HERE IF HOUSEHOLD STILL HAS ONE OR MORE OF VEHICLES LISTED ON COMPUTER-PRINTED PAGE.

Cl. Do you or other members of your household 

own or have for your regular personal use any cars, trucks, vans or similar vehicles, 

in addition to (DESCRIBE VEHICLES LISTED 

ON COMPUTER-PRINTED PAGE)?

IF "YES". ASK:

C2. How many additional vehicles do you have?

1 [ ] YES

0 [ ] NO

6 [ ] DON'T KNOW

1 [ ] ONE

2 [ ] TWO

3 [ ] THREE

4 [ ] FOUR OR MORE

6 [ ] DON'T KNOW

— SKIP TO Q. Dl.

— ASK Q. C5.

IF HOUSEHOLD NO LONGER HAS ANY OF THE VEHICLES LISTED ON COMPUTER-PRINTED PAGE, ASK:

C3. Do you or other members of your household now 

own or have the regular use of any cars, trucks, 

vans or similar vehicles?

IF "YES". ASK:

C4. How many vehicles do you have?

1 [ ] YES

0 [ ] NO

6 [ ] DON'T KNOW

1 [ ] ONE

2 [ ] TWO

3 [ ] THREE

4 [ ] FOUR OR MORE

6 [ ] DON'T KNOW

h

SKIP TO Q. Dl.

—ASK Q. C5.

EIA-876B (3/88)

EIA-876B-1988 Residential Transportation Energy Consumption Survey

150

Energy Information Administration/Household Vehicles Energy Consumption 1988
FOR EACH VEHICLE. AND THEN CONTINUE WITH O.C6.

C5. PI 

ye 

BE

C6. Wh 

th 

MC

(B 

RE

C7. I

g

C8. D 

t 

f

ease tell me the make, model name and 

ar (of each one). (SEE INSTRUCTION 

LOW) HAKE

MODEL NAME 

MODEL YEAR

at type of vehicle is STANDARD PASSENGER CAR 

e (READ: YEAR, MAKE, DEL -- FROM Q.C5.) 2-SEAT CAR 

EAO CATEGORIES TO 

SPONDENT IF NECESSARY.) STATION WAGON

LARGE VAN 

MINI VAN 

PICKUP TRUCK 

JEEP OR SIMILAR 

OTHER (SPECIFY)

DON'T KNOW

n what month and year did you MONTH 

et this vehicle? 

YEAR

o you happen to know the YES 

otal mileage (odometer reading) 

or this vehicle? NO

IF "YES". ASK:

C9. What is the total mileage MILES 

(odometer reading)?

Is that the current mileage DATE 

for today's date, or some 

other date?

IF "NO". ASK:

CIO. Was the vehicle new when you NO 

got it? 

YES

A B CD

19

1 [ ] 

2 t ] 

3[] 

4 [ ] 

5 [ ] 

6 [ ] 

7 t ] 

21 [ ]

96 [ ]

19

1 [ ] 

0 [ ]

0 [ ] 

1 [ ]

19 19 19

1 I ]

2 [ ] ;

3 [ ]

4 [ ]

5 [ ] 

6 t ] 

7 t 1 

21 [ ]

1 I ] 

2 [ ] 

3 [ 1 

4 [ ] 

5 [ ] 

6 [ ] 

7 [ ] 

21 [ ]

96 [] 96 []

19

1 [ J 

0 [ ]

0 [ ] 

1 [ 1

19

1 [ ] 

0 [ ]

0 [ ] 

1 t ]

1 [ 1 

2 [ 1 

3 [ ]

4 : ]

5 [ ] 

6 [ ] 

7 [ 1 

21 [ ]

96 [ ]

19

1 [ ] 

0 [ ]

0 [ ] 

1 [ 1

INTERVIEWER INSTRUCTIONS:

0-C5 -- A model name may consist of several parts -- be sure to get the complete model name. 

Here are some examples, where the complete model name is in parentheses: Ford (Galaxie), Chevrolet 

(V10 Suburban), GMC (V15 Gimmy), Toyota (2WD Cargo Van). If respondent does not know the name of a 

truck, probe for size (1/2 ton, 3/4 ton, etc.)

EIA-8768 (3/88)

EIA-876B-1988 Residential Transportation Energy Consumption Survey

151

Energy Information Administration/Household Vehicles Energy Consumption 1988
01. Is there a possibility that your household 

will move any time during 1988?

IF "YES" OR "POSSIBLY". ASK:

DZ. Do you happen to know when you 

(are/might be) moving?

1 [ ] YES, DEFINITELY

2 [ ] POSSIBLY

0 [ ] NO -- SKIP TO Q. 04.

MONTH/DAY/YEAR _______

APPROXIMATE TIME PERIOD 

[ ] DON'T KNOW

D3. Do you happen to know what your new 

address will be?

(IF ADDRESS NOT KNOWN, PROBE FOR NAME/PHONE OF FRIEND 

OR NEIGHBOR WHO WILL KNOW NEW ADDRESS.)

NAME:

STREET:

CITY/STATE:

APT. *

ZIP:

PHONE:

(Area Code)

04. INTERVIEWER -- CHECK TO SEE IF THERE ARE ADDITIONAL QUESTIONS ON THE NEXT PAGES.

[ ] YES, THERE ARE ADDITIONAL PAGES AND QUESTIONS.

BEGIN WITH THE FOLLOWING STATEMENT:

"We now have a few questions about heating your home this last winter. These will 

only take a minute."

NOW SKIP TO QUESTION S4 (ON THE NEXT PAGE)

[ ] NO, NO ADDITIONAL PAGES AND QUESTIONS 

READ AND COMPLETE THE FOLLOWING:

Thank you very much for your help. We appreciate your cooperation. 

Have a nice day/evening.

(Interviewer) (Date Completed) (Time Completed)

AM 

PM

INTERVIEWER NOTES:

EIA-876B (3/88)

EIA-876B-1988 Residential Transportation Energy Consumption Survey

152

Energy Information Administration/Household Vehicles Energy Consumption 1988
Form Approval 

0MB No: 1905-0068 

Expires: 9/30/90

ENERGY INFORMATION ADMINISTRATION

U.S. DEPARTMENT OF ENERGY

1988 RESIDENTIAL TRANSPORTATION 

ENERGY CONSUMPTION SURVEY

VEHICLE UPDATE FORM

AFTER YOU HAVE FILLED IN THE INFORMATION REQUESTED, PLEASE RETURN THE FORM TO THE U.S. DEPARTMENT OF ENERGY, C/0 RESPONSE ANALYSIS CORPORATION, BOX 7335, PRINCETON", NJ 08543-9957, USING THE ENCLOSED SELF-ADDRESSED BUSINESS REPLY ENVELOPE.

This survey is voluntary and authorized under the Federal Energy Administration Act of 1974 (Public 

Law 93-275), as amended. Information about specific households will be kept strictly confidential. 

The data will be screened to protect the identity of individual households, and suimarized within 

large groupings for statistical purposes.

EIA-876B 

(3/88)

EIA-876B-1988 Residential Transportation Energy Consumption Survey

153

Energy Information Administration/Household Vehicles Energy Consumption 1988
VEHICLE UPDATE FORM

We are now about halfway through the survey year for the 1988 Residential 

Transportation Energy Consumption Survey. We need to make sure we have current 

information about the vehicles in your household.

When we last contacted you, you had the vehicles described below:

QUESTION 1: Does your household still have the use of all of the vehicles listed 

above?

[ ] YES, STILL HAVE ALL VEHICLES ---> SKIP TO QUESTION 2 ON NEXT PAGE.

[ ] NO ---> ANSWER QUESTIONS "A" THROUGH "C" FOR EACH VEHICLE DISPOSED OF.

If you disposed of only one vehicle, put your answers in column 1. 

If you disposed of a second vehicle, use column 2 for this vehicle.

VEHICLE DISPOSITION QUESTIONS

QUESTION

A. Which vehicle do you 

no longer have?

B. When did you sell or

dispose of it?

(GIVE YOUR BEST ESTIMATE)

C. What was the odometer

reading (total mileage) 

when the vehicle was 

sold or disposed of?

(GIVE YOUR BEST ESTIMATE)

COLUMN 1

year: 19 __ 

make:

model name:

month:

day:

year:

(odometer reading) 

[ ] Don't know

COLUMN 2

year: 19 _ 

make:

model name:

month:

day:

year:

(odometer reading) 

[ ] Don't know

NOW CONTINUE WITH QUESTION 2 ON THE NEXT PAGE

EIA-876B (3/88)

EIA-B76B-1988 Residential Transportation Energy Consumption Survey 

154

Energy Information Administration/Household Vehicles Energy Consumption 1988
QUESTION 2; Has your household bought or acquired any cars, trucks, vans, jeeps or similar vehicles that are not listed on the label on the facing page?

[ ] NO, HAVE NOT BOUGHT OR ACQUIRED ANY OTHER VEHICLE --> CONTINUE WITH QUESTION 3

ON THE NEXT PAGE.

[ ] YES, HAVE BOUGHT OR ACQUIRED ANOTHER VEHICLE --> PLEASE ANSWER QUESTIONS "A" 

THROUGH "D" BELOW FOR EACH VEHICLE BOUGHT OR ACQUIRED.

If you acquired only one vehicle, put your answers in Column 1. 

If you acquired a second vehicle, use Column 2 for this vehicle.

VEHICLE ACQUISITION QUESTIONS

QUESTION

A. Please give the year, 

make, and model name 

of the acquired vehicle.

B. What was the date your 

household acquired the 

vehicle? 

(GIVE YOUR BEST ESTIMATE)

r What is the current 

odometer reading 

(total mileage) of this 

vehicle? 

PLEASE OBTAIN THIS FROM 

THE ODOMETER ON THE 

VEHICLE.

D. What was the date when 

you recorded this 

odometer reading 

(total mileage)?

COLUMN 1

year: 19 _ 

make:

model name:

month:

day:

year:

(odometer reading) 

[ ] Don't know

month:

day:

COLUMN 2

year: 19 _ 

make:

model name:

month:

day:

year:

(odometer reading) 

[ ] Don't know

month:

day:

NOW CONTINUE WITH QUESTIONS 3 AND 4 ON THE NEXT PAGE

EIA-876B (3/88)

EIA-876B-1988 Residential Transportation Energy Consumption Survey

155

Energy Information Administration/Household Vehicles Energy Consumption 1988
QUESTION 3; Please look at the address label on the first page of this form. 

Does 1t show your correct mailing address?

[ ] YES --> PLEASE SKIP TO QUESTION 4, BELOW.

[ ] NO --->IF THE ADDRESS IS INCORRECT, PLEASE WRITE THE CORRECT ADDRESS BELOW.

• STREET ADDRESS: _______________________________

CITY/STATE: _______________ ZIP: _________

When did you move to this address? 

MONTH AND YEAR:

QUESTION 4; Finally, 1s there a possibility that your household will move any time within 1988?

[ ] NO --> THIS FORM IS COMPLETE. SKIP THE FOLLOWING QUESTIONS.

PLEASE RETURN THE FORM USING THE ENCLOSED RETURN ENVELOPE.

[ ] YES, DEFINITELY --> PLEASE ANSWER QUESTIONS 4-A AND 4-B BELOW. 

[ ] POSSIBLY --> PLEASE ANSWER QUESTIONS 4-A AND 4-B BELOW.

4-A. Do you happen to know when you are or might be moving?

MONTH/DAY OR APPROXIMATE DATE________________ 

[ ] DON'T KNOW

4-B Do you happen to know what your new address will be?

(If not, please give the name and address of a relative or friend who will know how to reach you.)

STREET ADDRESS: APT.#

CITY/STATE: ______________ ZIP: 

PHONE: (area code)

AFTER YOU HAVE FILLED IN THE INFORMATION REQUESTED, PLEASE RETURN THE FORM TO THE

U.S. DEPARTMENT OF ENERGY, C/0 RESPONSE ANALYSIS CORPORATION, BOX 7335,

PRINCETON, NO 08543-9967, USING THE ENCLOSED SELF-ADDRESSED BUSINESS REPLY ENVELOPE.

THANK YOU! 

EIA-876B (3/88)

EIA-87CB-1M8 RMldmtM Transportation Energy Consumption Survey 

156

Energy Information Administration/Household Vehicles Energy Consumption 1988
Form Approval 

0MB No: 1905-0068 

Expires: 9/30/90

ENERGY INFORMATION ADMINISTRATION

U.S. DEPARTMENT OF ENERGY

1988 RESIDENTIAL TRANSPORTATION 

ENERGY CONSUMPTION SURVEY

VEHICLE UPDATE WORKSHEET

AFTER YOU HAVE FILLED IN THE INFORMATION REQUESTED, PLEASE KEEP THIS WORKSHEET NEAR YOUR 

TELEPHONE. WE WILL BE CALLING YOU IN A WEEK OR TWO TO GET THE INFORMATION. OR, IF YOU 

WILL BE DIFFICULT TO REACH BY PHONE, CALL COLLECT TO JIM DEVLIN AT (609) 921-3333.

PLEASE KEEP THIS WORKSHEET BY YOUR TELEPHONE --- EVEN IF YOU HAVE 

NOT HAD ANY VEHICLE CHANGES.

This survey is voluntary and authorized under the Federal Energy Administration Act of 1974 (Public 

Law 93-275), as amended. Information about specific households will be kept strictly confidential. 

The data will be screened to protect the identity of individual households, and sunmarized within 

large groupings for statistical purposes.

EIA-876B 

(3/88)

EIA-876B-1988 Residential Transportation Energy Consumption Survey

157

Energy Information Administration/Household Vehicles Energy Consumption 1988
VEHICLE UPDATE WORKSHEET

We are now about halfway through the survey year for the 1988 Residential 

Transportation Energy Consumption Survey. We need to make sure we have current 

information about the vehicles in your household.

When we last contacted you, you had the vehicles described below:

QUESTION 1: Does your household still have the use of all of the vehicles listed 

above?

[ ] YES, STILL HAVE ALL VEHICLES ---> SKIP TO QUESTION 2 ON NEXT PAGE.

[ ] NO ---> ANSWER QUESTIONS "A" THROUGH "C" FOR EACH VEHICLE DISPOSED OF.

If you disposed of only one vehicle, put your answers in column 1. 

If you disposed of a second vehicle, use column 2 for this vehicle.

VEHICLE DISPOSITION QUESTIONS

QUESTION

A. Which vehicle do you 

no longer have?

B. When did you sell or 

dispose of it?

(GIVE YOUR BEST ESTIMATE)

C. What was the odometer 

reading (total mileage) 

when the vehicle was 

sold or disposed of?

(GIVE YOUR BEST ESTIMATE)

COLUMN 1

year: 19 _ 

make:

model name:

month:

day:

year:

(odometer reading) 

[ ] Don't know

COLUMN 2

year: 19 _ 

make:

model name:

month:

day:

year:

(odometer reading) 

[ J Don't know

NOW CONTINUE WITH QUESTION 2 ON THE NEXT PAGE

EIA-876B (3/88)

EIA-876B-1988 Residential Transportation Energy Consumption Survey

158

Energy Information Administration/Household Vehicles Energy Consumption 1988
QUESTION 2; Has your household bought or acquired any cars, trucks, vans, jeeps or 

similar vehicles that are not listed on the label on the facing page?

[ ] NO, HAVE NOT BOUGHT OR ACQUIRED ANY OTHER VEHICLE --> CONTINUE WITH QUESTION 3

ON THE NEXT PAGE.

[ ] YES, HAVE BOUGHT OR ACQUIRED ANOTHER VEHICLE --> PLEASE ANSWER QUESTIONS "A" 

THROUGH "D" BELOW FOR EACH VEHICLE BOUGHT OR ACQUIRED.

If you acquired only one vehicle, put your answers in Column 1. 

If you acquired a second vehicle, use Column 2 for this vehicle.

VEHICLE ACQUISITION QUESTIONS

QUESTION

A. Please give the year, 

make, and model name 

of the acquired vehicle.

B. What was the date your 

household acquired the 

vehicle? 

(GIVE YOUR BEST ESTIMATE)

' What is the current 

odometer reading 

(total mileage) of this 

vehicle? 

PLEASE OBTAIN THIS FROM 

THE ODOMETER ON THE 

VEHICLE.

D. What was the date when 

you recorded this 

odometer reading 

(total mileage)?

COLUMN 1

year: 19 __ 

make:

model name:

month:

day:

year:

(odometer reading) 

[ ] Don't know

month:

day:

COLUMN 2

year: 19

make:

model name:

month:

day:

year:

(odometer reading) 

[ ] Don't know

month:

day:

NOW CONTINUE WITH QUESTIONS 3 AND 4 ON THE NEXT PAGE

EIA-876B (3/88)

EIA-876B-1988 Residential Transportation Energy Consumption Survey

159

Energy Information Administration/Household Vehicles Energy Consumption 1988
QUESTION 3: Please look at the address label on the first page of this worksheet. Does it show your correct mailing address?

[ ] YES --> PLEASE SKIP TO QUESTION 4, BELOW.

[ ] NO --->IF THE ADDRESS IS INCORRECT, PLEASE WRITE THE CORRECT ADDRESS BELOW.

• STREET ADDRESS: ______________________________

CITY/STATE: _____________________ ZIP: __________

When did you move to this address? 

MONTH AND YEAR:

QUESTION 4; Finally, is there a possibility that your household will move any time within 1988?

[ ] NO --> THIS WORKSHEET IS COMPLETE. SKIP THE FOLLOWING QUESTIONS. 

PLEASE KEEP THE WORKSHEET NEAR YOUR PHONE.

t 3 YES, DEFINITELY --> PLEASE ANSWER QUESTION 4A BELOW, 

t ] POSSIBLY --> PLEASE ANSWER QUESTION 4A BELOW.

4A. Do you happen to know when you are or might be moving?

MONTH/DAY OR APPROXIMATE DATE______________

[ ] DON'T KNOW

AFTER YOU HAVE FILLED IN THE INFORMATION REQUESTED, PLEASE KEEP THIS 

WORKSHEET NEAR YOUR TELEPHONE. WE WILL BE CALLING YOU IN A WEEK OR TWO 

TO GET THE INFORMATION. OR, IF YOU WILL BE DIFFICULT TO REACH BY PHONE, 

CALL COLLECT TO JIM DEVLIN AT (609) 921-3333.

PLEASE KEEP THIS WORKSHEET BY YOUR TELEPHONE — EVEN IF YOU HAVE 

NOT HAD ANY VEHICLE CHANGES.

THANK YOU!

EIA-876B (3/88)

EIA-876B-1988 Residential Transportation Energy Consumption Survey

160

Energy Information Administration/Household Vehicles Energy Consumption 1988
1988 RESIDENTIAL TRANSPORTATION ENERGY CONSUMPTION SURVEY FORM APPROVAL:

END-OF-YEAR QUESTIONNAIRE OM8 No. 1905-0068

(TELEPHONE SURVEY) EXPIRES: 9/30/90

CALL

I

1

CALL RECORD

DAY OF 

WEEK DATE TIME

CALL RESULT CODE

0 

B T 

U 0 H R* 

1 S A N R L I E E C

YMAABSRF H

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8* 9

INTER 

VIEWER

NOTES, INCLUDING: 

o Contact person 

o Best time for callback 

o Appointments 

o REFUSALS*

(REMEMBER TO WRITE E.S.T. FOR ALL 

TIMES RECORDED.)

2

3

4

5

6

7

8

|

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8* 9

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8* 9

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8* 9

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8* 9

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8* 9

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8* 9

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8* 9

•IMPORTANT: ALL REFUSALS SHOULD BE 1) SPECIFIED AS "HARD" OR "SOFT," AND

2) DESCRIBED (WRITE REASONS AND STATEMENT.)

ASK FIRST TO SPEAK WITH THE PERSON WHOSE NAME APPEARS ON THE LABEL. IF HE/SHE IS UNAVAILABLE, THE INTERVIEW 

HAY BE COMPLETED WITH A SPOUSE OR OTHER KNOWLEDGEABLE MEMBER OF THE HOUSEHOLD.

Hello, this is calling from Response Analysis Corporation in Princeton, New Jersey. We recently

sent you a letter about a special study that the U.S. Department of Energy has asked us to do on energy use for 

household vehicles.

IF ASKED ABOUT CONFIDENTIALITY, READ:

This survey is voluntary and authorized under the Federal Energy Administration Act of 1974 (Public Law 93-275), 

as amended. Information about specific households will be kept strictly confidential. The data will be screened 

to protect the identity of individual households, and summarized within large groupings for statistical purposes.

EIA-876C (9/88) 1.

EIA-876C-1988 Residential Transportation Energy Consumption Survey

Energy Information Administration/Household Vehicles Energy Consumption 1988

161
Al. First I would like to check that we have your correct mailing address. 

Is it . . .? (READ ADDRESS SHOWN ON LABEL.)

[ ] YES -- CONTINUE WITH QUESTION A2. 

[ ] NO

Al.A IF HAILING ADDRESS IS INCORRECT, WRITE IN THE CORRECT ADDRESS BELOW: 

Street Address: ____________________________ ____

City, State:

Apt. * 

Zip: _

Al.B When did you move to (ADDRESS NOTED ABOVE)? 

Month and Year: ________________

A2. Within the last couple of weeks, we mailed you some cards for recording the total mileage 

or odometer reading(s) for your vehicle(s).

A2.A Did you receive the cards?

[ ] YES -- CONTINUE WITH QUESTION A2.B

[ ] NO -- SKIP TO QUESTION A3.

TRY TO GET RESPONDENT TO VISIT VEHICLE(S) FOR ODOMETER

READING(S) WHILE YOU WAIT. 

ARRANGE FOR CALLBACK IF NECESSARY.

IF "YES" FOR 0. A2.A. ASK:

A2.B Have you filled out these cards yet?

[ ] YES -- CONTINUE WITH QUESTION A2.C

[ ] NO -- SKIP TO QUESTION A3.

TRY TO GET RESPONDENT TO VISIT VEHICLE(S) FOR ODOMETER

READING(S) WHILE YOU WAIT. 

ARRANGE FOR CALLBACK IF NECESSARY.

IF "YES" FOR 0. A2.B. ASK:

A2.C Can you bring these cards to the phone?

[ ] YES -- SKIP TO QUESTION A3.

[ ] NO -- SKIP TO QUESTION A3.

TRY TO GET RESPONDENT TO VISIT VEHICLE(S) FOR ODOMETER

READING(S) WHILE YOU WAIT. 

ARRANGE FOR CALLBACK IF NECESSARY.

IF RESPONDENT SAYS HOUSEHOLD "Has no vehicles" or "Doesn't have those vehicles you 

sent cards for"

SKIP TO QUESTION C3 (GREEN PAGES) IF FOLD-OUT PAGES SHOW NO VEHICLES.

or

SKIP TO QUESTION A3 IF FOLD-OUT PAGES SHOW 1 OR MORE VEHICLES. FOR VEHICLES RESPONDENT 

CLAIMS HE/SHE NO LONGER HAS, SAY YOU JUST WANT TO VERIFY SOME INFORMATION FOR THE RECORD.

EIA-876C (9/88) 2.

EIA-876C-1988 Residential Transportation Energy Consumption Survey

162

Energy Information Administration/Household Vehicles Energy Consumption 1988
A3.

USE WHITE PAGES FOR VEHICLES #l-#4 OF FOLD-OUT PAGE. 

IF NO VEHICLE *l-#4 IS LISTED ON FOLD-OUT PAGE, SKIP TO Q. SA3 (YELLOW PAGES)

I have a description of the vehicle(s) 

mentioned at the time of our most 

recent contact with your household. 

I would like to verify (this/these) 

descriptions with you.

Do you still have: YES 

(DESCRIBE EACH VEHICLE #l-#4 (continue 

THAT IS LISTED ON THE with Q.A4) 

FOLD-OUT PAGE.) 

NO 

(skip to Q. Bl 

on blue page)

NEVER HAD 

IF "YES" FOR O.A3., ASK:

A4. Have I described it YES 

correctly? 

(IF NO, CORRECT COMPUTER 

FOLD-OUT. ALSO TRY TO NO 

OBTAIN MISSING YEAR, MAKE 

OR MODEL.)

A5. What was the odometer 

reading (total mileage) MILES 

that you recorded on the 

Odometer Card that we sent nnwi 

you? (READ BACK TO VERIFY) u^Qy

A6. Was the mileage recorded YES 

on (DATE SPECIFIED ON 

COMPUTER FOLD-OUT)? NO

DON'T KNOW 

IF "NO" FOR O.A6.. ASK:

A7. On what date was it MONTH 

recorded? 

DAY

DON'T KNOW

VEHICLE NUMBER

1

1 [ ] 

0 t ]

8 [ ]

1 [ ] 

0 [ ]

[ ]

1 [ ] 

0 [ ] 

6 [ ]

[ 1

2

1 [ 1 

0 [ ]

8 [ ]

1 [ ] 

0 [ ]

[ 1

1 t ] 

0 [ ] 

6 [ ]

[ ]

3

1 [ ] 

0 [ ]

8 [ ]

1 [ ] 

0 [ ]

[ ]

1 [ 1 

0 [ ] 

6 t ]

[ ]

4

1 [ ] 

0 [ ]

8 [ ]

1 ] 

0 [ ]

[ ]

1 [ ] 

0 [ ] 

6 [ ]

[ ]

THERE ARE NO QUESTIONS NUMBERED A8 THROUGH A14. 

CONTINUE WITH QUESTION A15.

'

EIA-876C (9/88)

EIA-876C-1988 Residential Transportation Energy Consumption Survey

163

Energy Information Administration/Household Vehicles Energy Consumption 1988
INTERVIEWER: REMIND RESPONDENT WHICH VEHICLE YOU ARE DISCUSSING -- E.G., FORD LTD, DODGE PICKUP, ETC.

1

A15. Does this vehicle use GASOLINE gasoline or diesel fuel?

IF

DIESEL FUEL

OTHER

(specify)

DON'T KNOW

"GASOLINE" FOR O.A15., ASK:

A16. During the past year, LEADED

.

did you use mostly

leaded or unleaded UNLEADED

gasol ine in this

vehicle? OTHER

(specify)

DON'T KNOW

IF "UNLEADED" FOR O.A16.. ASK:

A17. During the past REGULAR

year, did you use

mostly regular or PREMIUM

premium gasoline in

this vehicle --

or some grade INTERMEDIATE

in-between

regular and OTHER premium? (specify)

DON'T KNOW

A18. When you bought fuel FULL-SERVICE for this vehicle during

the past year, did SELF-SERVICE you use full-service (includes mini) pumps or self-service

pumps for most BOTH EQUALLY purchases ? (RECORD

MINI-SERVE AS SELF- OTHER

SERVICE) (specify)

DON'T KNOW

\EHICLE NUMRFR

1

1 t ]

2 [ ]

5 [ ]

6 [ ]

1 [ ]

2 1 ]

5 [ ]

6 [ ]

1 [ ]

2 [ ]

3 [ ]

5 t ]

6 [ ]

1 [ ]

2 t ]

3 [ ]

5 [ ]

6 [ ]

?

1 I ]

2 t J

5 [ ]

6 [ ]

1 t J

2 [ ]

5 [ ]

6 [ ]

1 [ 1

2 t ]

3 [ ]

5 [ ]

6 [ ]

1 [ ]

2 [ ]

3 [ ]

5 [ ]

6 [ ]

3

1 [ ]

2 [ ]

5 [ ]

6 t ]

1 [ ]

2 [ ]

5 [ ]

6 [ ]

1 [ ]

2 [ ]

3 [ ]

5 [ ]

6 [ ]

1 t ]

2 t ]

3 t 1

5 [ ]

6 [ ]

4

1 [ ]

2 [ ]

5 [ ]

6 [ 1

1 [ ]

2 [ ]

5 [ ]

6 [ ]

1 t ]

2 [ ]

3 [ ]

5 [ ]

6 [ ]

1 [ ]

2 [ ]

3 [ 1

5 t ]

6 [ ]

• FOR NEXT VEHICLE 11-14 ON COMPUTER FOLD-OUT PAGE, GO BACK TO QUESTION A3.

• AFTER LAST VEHICLE #1-14 ON COMPUTER FOLD-OUT PAGE, SKIP TO QUESTION SA3 (YELLOW PAGES)

EIA-876C (9/88) 4.

EIA-876C-1988 Residential Transportation Energy Consumption Survey

164

Energy Information Administration/Household Vehicles Energy Consumption 1988
IF "NO" FOR Q.A3. ASK:

V

Bl. Was this vehicle 

sold, traded in 

or disposed of, 

or did the owner 

move away?

SOLO, TRADED 

OR DISPOSED OF

OWNER MOVED AWAY 

DON'T KNOW

IF "SOLD/TRADED/DISPOSED" FOR 

Q.B1. ASK QUESTIONS B2-B7:

B2. In what month 

and year did you 

dispose of this 

vehicle?

MONTH 

YEAR

DON'T KNOW MONTH 

DON'T KNOW YEAR

B3. Approximately, what MILES 

was the odometer reading 

(total mileage) on the DON'T KNOW 

vehicle at the time that 

you sold, traded or 

disposed of it?

B4. Did this vehicle use 

gasoline or diesel 

fuel?

GASOLINE 

DIESEL FUEL

OTHER 

(specify)

DON'T KNOW

1

1

1 [ ]

2 f ] 

6 [ ]

96 [ ] 

96 t ]

[ 1

1 t 1 

2 [ ] 

5 [ ]

6 [ ]

VEHICLE

2

1 t 1

2 t 1 

6 t ]

96 [ ] 

96 [ ]

[ ]

1 [ ] 

2 [ ]

s [ ]

6 [ ]

NUMBER

3

1 [ ]

2 [ ] 

6 [ ]

96 [ ] 

96 [ ]

[ ]

1 [ 1 

2 [ ] 

5 [ ]

6 [ ]

4

1 C I

2 [ ] 

6 t ]

96 [ ] 

96 [ ]

[ ]

1 C ] 

2 [ ] 

5 [ ]

6 [ ]

EIA-876C (9/88) 5.

EIA-876C-1988 Residential Transportation Energy Consumption Survey

Energy Information Administration/Household Vehicles Energy Consumption 1988

165
/ \

/

/

IF "GASOLINE" FOR O.B4. ASK:

B5. During the past year, LEADED

did you use mostly

leaded or unleaded UNLEADED

gasoline in this

vehicle? OTHER

(specify)

DON'T KNOW

IF "UNLEADED" FOR O.B5. ASK:

B6. During the past REGULAR

year, did you use

mostly regular or PREMIUM

premium gasoline in

this vehicle --

or some grade INTERMEDIATE

in-between

regular and OTHER

premium? (specify)

DON'T KNOW

B7. When you bought fuel FULL-SERVICE

for this vehicle

during the past year, SELF-SERVICE

did you use full-service (includes

pumps or self-service mini)

pumps for most

purchases? BOTH EQUALLY

(RECORD MINI-SERVE

AS SELF-SERVICE) OTHER

(specify)

DON'T KNOW

IF "OWNER MOVED AWAY" FOR

O.B1., ASK:

B8. In what month and year MONTH

did the owner move away

with this vehicle? YEAR

DON'T KNOW MONTH

DON'T KNOW YEAR

VEHICLE NUMBER

1

1 [ ]

2 [ ]

5 [ ]

6 [ ]

1 [ ]

2 t ]

3 [ ]

5 [ ]

6 [ ]

1 [ ]

2 [ ]

3 [ ]

5 [ ]

6 [ ]

96 [ ]

96 [ ]

2

•1 [ ]

2 [ ]

5 [ ]

6 [ ]

1 [ ]

2 [ ]

3 [ ]

5 t ]

6 [ ]

1 [ ]

2 t ]

3 t ]

5 [ ]

6 [ ]

96 [ ]

96 [ ]

3

1 [ ]

2 [ ]

5 [ ]

6 [ ]

1 [ ]

2 [ ]

3 [ ]

5 [ ]

6 [ ]

1 I ]

2 [ ]

3 [ ]

5 [ ]

6 [ ]

96 [ ]

96 [ ]

4

1 [ 1

2 [ ]

5 [']

6 [ 1

1 [ ]

2 [ ]

3 [ 1

5 [ ]

6 [ ]

1 [ ]

2 [ ]

3 [ ]

5 [ ]

6 [ ]

96 [ ]

96 [ ]

• FOR THE NEXT VEHICLE #l-#4 ON COMPUTER FOLD-OUT PAGE, GO BACK TO QUESTION A3.

• AFTER THE LAST VEHICLE #l-#4 ON COMPUTER FOLD-OUT PAGE, SKIP TO QUESTION SA3 (YELLOW PAGES).

E'A-876C (9/88) 6.

EIA-876C-1988 Residential Transportation Energy Consumption Survey

166

Energy Information Administration/Household Vehicles Energy Consumption 1988
USE YELLOW PAGES FOR VEHICLES *5-#8 OF FOLD-OUT PAGE.

SA3. 1 have a description of the vehicle(s) 

mentioned at the time of our most 

recent contact with your household. 

I would like to verify (this/these) 

descriptions with you.

Oo you still have: 

(DESCRIBE EACH VEHICLE #5-#8 

THAT IS LISTED ON THE 

FOLD-OUT PAGE.)

YES

(continue 

with Q.SA4)

NO

(skip to Q.SB1 

on pink page)

NEVER HAD

IF "YES" FOR O.SA3. ASK Qs. SA4-SA22:

SA4. Have I described it 

correctly?

(IF NO, CORRECT COMPUTER 

FOLD-OUT. ALSO TRY TO 

OBTAIN MISSING YEAR, MAKE 

OR MODEL.)

SA5. What was the odometer 

reading (total mileage) 

that you recorded on the 

Odometer Card that we sent 

you? (READ BACK TO VERIFY)

SAB. Was the mileage recorded 

on (DATE SPECIFIED ON 

COMPUTER FOLD-OUT)?

IF "NO" FOR Q.SA6. ASK:

SA7. On what date was it 

recorded?

YES 

NO

MILES

DON'T 

KNOW

YES

NO

DON'T KNOW

MONTH

DAY

DON'T KNOW

5

1 t ] 

0 [ ]

8 t ]

1 [ ] 

0 [ ]

[ ]

1 t ] 

0 [ ] 

6 [ ]

[ ]

V E H I C L

6

1 [ 1 

0 [ ]

8 [ ]

1 [ ] 

0 [ ]

[ ]

1 t ] 

0 [ ] 

6 [ ]

[ ]

E NUMBER

7

1 [ ] 

0 [ ]

8 [ ]

1 [ ] 

0 [ ]

t ]

1 [ ] 

0 [ ] 

6 t ]

t ]

8

1 [ ] 

0 [ ]

8 [ ]

1 [ J 

0 [ ]

[ ]

1 [ ] 

0 [ ] 

6 [ ]

[ ]

\/

THERE ARE NO QUESTIONS NUMBERED SA8 THROUGH SAIL CONTINUE WITH QUESTION SA12.

EIA-876C (9/88)

EIA-876C-1988 Residential Transportation Energy Consumption Survey

Energy Information Administration/Household Vehicles Energy Consumption 1988

167
/SA12. What is the Vehicle Identification Number for this vehicle?

i/ (HAVE RESPONDENT READ THIS FROM THE VIN CARD FOR THAT VEHICLE. READ BACK TO VERIFY. 

SEE INSTRUCTION BELOW.)

VIN: __ __ __ 

VIN NOT OBTAINED [ VIN REFUSED [ ]

VIN: __ __ __ 

VIN NOT OBTAINED [ VIN REFUSED [ ]

VIN: __ __ __ 

VIN NOT OBTAINED [ VIN REFUSED [ ]

VIN: __ __ __ . 

VIN NOT OBTAINED [ ] VIN REFUSED [ ]

INTERVIEWER: Describe respondent reason for refusing VIN.

SA13. Does it have an automatic

transmission or a manual shift?

AUTOMATIC 

MANUAL SHIFT 

DON'T KNOW

SA14. How many cylinders does the 

engine have?

2-CYLINDER

4-CYLINDER

5-CYLINDER

6-CYLINDER

8-CYLINDER

OTHER (specify)

DON'T KNOW

\f

VEHICLE NUMBER

5

1 [ ]

2 [ ]

6 [ ]

2 [ ]

4 [ ]

5 [ ]

6 [ ]

8 [ ]

21 [ ]

96 [ ]

6

1 [ ]

2 [ ]

6 [ ]

2 [ ]

4 [ ]

5 [ ]

6 [ ]

8 [ ]

21 [ ]

96 [ ]

7

1 [ ]

2 [ ]

6 [ ]

2 [ 1

4 [ ]

5 [ ]

6 [ ]

8 [ ]

21 [ ]

96 [ ]

8

1 [ ]

2 [ ]

6 [ ]

2 [ ]

4 [ ]

5 [ ]

6 [ ]

8 [ ]

21 [ ]

96 [ ]

CONTINUE WITH Q. SA15, NEXT PAGE.

INTERVIEWER INSTRUCTIONS IF VIN EXPLANATION IS NEEDED:

The VIN provides Information that allows researchers to estimate fuel economy for all types of cars, trucks and 

other vehicles. In this survey, your vehicles will represent those from thousands of other households that have 

similar vehicles.

The VIN is a set of codes assigned to a vehicle at the factory which, when decoded, describe several of the 

vehicle's characteristics. These characteristics may then be used to calculate an estimated miles per gallon 

for that specific type of vehicle.

Your VIN and all other information that you provide, will be held confidential. No information that can be 

linked to your name and address will ever be provided to the Department of Energy, or to any other government 

agency.

EIA-876C (9/88) 8.

EIA-876C-1988 Residential Transportation Energy Consumption Survey

168

Energy Information Administration/Household Vehicles Energy Consumption 1988
INTERVIEWER: REMIND RESPONDENT WHICH VEHICLE YOU ARE DISCUSSING -- E.G., FORD LTD, DODGE PICKUP, ETC.

\l

SA15. Does it have front-wheel,

rear-wheel or 4-wheel drive? 

(CHECK ALL THAT APPLY.)

FRONT WHEEL

REAR-WHEEL

4-WHEEL

OTHER (specify)

DON'T KNOW

SA16. Does the fuel system use CARBURETOR 

a carburotor, fuel injection, 

or is it a diesel engine? FUEL INJECTION

DIESEL 

OTHER (specify)

DON'T KNOW

SA17. What is the engine size in LITERS 

liters or cubic inches? For 

example, engine sizes can CUBIC INCHES 

range from 1 liter to 6.2 liters. OTHER (specify)

SA18. Is this vehicle used on the 

job by anyone in your household, 

not counting going to and from 

work?

F "YES" FOR Q. SA18. ASK:

DON'T KNOW

YES

NO

DON'T KNOW

SAI8.A Is it also used for nonbusiness (personal) uses?

YES 

NO

'VEHICLE NUMBER

5

1 [ ]

2 [ ]

3 t ]

5 [ ]

6 [ ]

1 [ ]

2 [ )

3 [ ]

5 [ ]

6 [ ]

995 [ ]

996 [ ]

1 [ ]

0 [ ]

6 [ ]

1 [ ]

0 [ ]

6

1 t ]

2 I ]

3 [ ]

5 [ ]

6 [ ]

1 [ 1

2 [ ]

3 t ]

5 [ ]

6 [ ]

995 [ ]

996 [ ]

.1 t 1

0 [ ]

6 [ ]

1 [ ]

0 [ ]

7

1 t ]

2 [ ]

3 [ ]

5 t ]

6 [ ]

1 [ ]

2 [ ]

3 [ ]

5 [ ]

6 t 1

995 [ ]

996 [ ]

1 [ ]

0 [ }

6 [ ]

1 t .1

0 [ ]

8

1 [ ]

2 [ ]

3 [ ]

5 [ ]

6 t ]

1 [ ]

2 [ ]

3 [ ]

5 [ ]

6 [ ]

995 [ ]

996 [ ]

1 [ ]

0 [ ]

6 [ ]

1 [ ]

0 t ]

CONTINUE WITH Q. SA19, NEXT PAGE.

EIA-876C (9/88) 9.

EIA-876C-1988 Residential Transportation Energy Consumption Survey 

Energy Information Administration/Household Vehicles Energy Consumption 1988
INTERVIEWER: REMIND RESPONDENT WHICH VEHICLE YOU ARE DISCUSSING -- E.G., FORD LTD, DODGE PICKUP, ETC.

1

SA19. Does this vehicle use GASOLINE

gasoline or diesel fuel?

DIESEL FUEL

OTHER

(specify)

DON'T KNOW

IF "GASOLINE" FOR O.SA19, ASK:

1

SA20. During the past year, LEADED

did you use mostly

leaded or unleaded UNLEADED

gasol ine in this

vehicle? OTHER

(specify)

DON'T KNOW

IF "UNLEADED" FOR Q.SA20, ASK:

SA21. During the past REGULAR

year, did you use

mostly regular or PREMIUM

premium gasoline in

this vehicle --

or some grade INTERMEDIATE

in-between

regular and OTHER

premium? (specify)

DON'T KNOW

SA22. When you bought fuel FULL-SERVICE

for this vehicle during

the past year, did SELF-SERVICE

you use full-service (includes mini)

pumps or self-service

pumps for most BOTH EQUALLY

purchases ? (RECORD

MINI -SERVE AS SELF- OTHER

SERVICE) (specify)

DON'T KNOW

1 5

1 [ ]

2 [ ]

5 [ ]

6 [ ]

1 [ 1

2 [ 1

5 t ]

6 [ ]

1 [ ]

2 [ ]

3 [ ]

5 [ ]

6 [ ]

1 [ 3

2 [ ]

3 [ ]

5 [ ]

6 [ ]

EHICLE NUMBER

6

1 [ ]

2 [ ]

5 [ ]

6 [ ]

1 [ 1

2 [ ]

5 I ]

6 [ ]

1 [ ]

2 [ ]

3 [ ]

5 [ ]

6 t 1

1 [ 1

2 [ ]

3 [ ]

5 [ ]

6 [ ]

7

1 t ]

2 [ ]

5 [ ]

6 [ ]

1 t ]

2 [ ]

5 [ ]

6 [ ]

1 [ ]

2 [ ]

3 [ ]

5 [ ]

6 t ]

1 I ]

2 [ ]

3 [ ]

5 t ]

6 1 ]

8

1 [ ]

2 [ ]

5 [ ]

6 [ ]

1 [ 1

2 [ ]

5 t ]

6 [ ]

1 [ ]

2 [ ]

3 [ ]

5 [ ]

6 [ ]

1 t ]

2 [ ]

3 [ ]

5 [ ]

6 t ]

• ASK QUESTIONS SA3-SA22 FOR EACH VEHICLE d>5-#8 ON THE FOLD-OUT PAGE.

• AFTER LAST VEHICLE #5-#8 ON THE FOLD-OUT PAGE, SKIP TO EITHER QUESTION Cl OR C3 ON THE GREEN

PAGES:

SKIP TO QUESTION Cl -- IF HOUSEHOLD STILL HAS 1 OR MORE OF THE VEHICLES ON THE COMPUTER

FOLD-OUT PAGES.

SKIP TO QUESTION C3 -- IF HOUSEHOLD DOES NOT NOW HAVE ANY OF THE VEHICLES ON THE COMPUTER

FOLD-OUT PAGES.

EIA-876C (9/88) 10.

EIA-876C—1988 Residential Transportation Energy Consumption Survey 

170

Energy Information Administration/Household Vehicles Energy Consumption 1988
IF "NO" FOR Q.SA3. ASK:

SB1. Was this vehicle 

sold, traded In 

or disposed of, 

or did the owner 

move away?

SOLD, TRADED 

OR DISPOSED OF

OWNER MOVED AWAY 

DON'T KNOW

IF "SOLD/TRADED/DISPOSED" FOR 

Q.SB1. ASK Qs. SB2-SB7:

SB2. In what month 

and year did you 

dispose of this 

vehicle?

MONTH 

YEAR

DON'T KNOW MONTH 

DON'T KNOW YEAR

SB3. Approximately, what MILES 

was the odometer reading 

(total mileage) on the DON'T KNOW 

vehicle at the time that 

you sold, traded or 

disposed of it?

SB4. Did this vehicle use 

gasoline or diesel 

fuel?

GASOLINE 

DIESEL FUEL

OTHER 

(specify)

DON'T KNOW

V

5

1 t ]

2 [ ] 

6 [ ]

96 [ ] 

96 [ ]

[ ]

1 [ ] 

2 [ ] 

5 [ ]

6 [ ]

E H I C I E

6

1 [ ]

2 [ ] 

6 [ ]

96 [ ] 

96 [ ]

[ ]

1 [ ] 

2 [ ] 

5 [ ]

6 [ ]

NUMBER

7

1 [ ]

2 [ ] 

6 [ ]

96 [ ] 

96 [ ]

[ ]

1 [ ] 

2 [ ] 

5 [ ]

6 t ]

8

1 [ ]

2 [ ]

6 [ ]

96 [ ] 

96 [ ]

[ ]

1 [ ] 

2 [ ] 

5 [ ]

6 [ ]

EIA-876C (9/88) 11.

EIA-876C-1988 Residential Transportation Energy Consumption Survey

Energy Information Administration/Household Vehicles Energy Consumption 1988

171
1 

\

1

/

IF "GASOLINE" FOR O.SB4. ASK:

SB5. During the past year, LEADED 

did you use mostly 

leaded or unleaded UNLEADED 

gasoline in this 

vehicle? OTHER 

(specify)

DON'T KNOW 

IF "UNLEADED" FOR O.SB5. ASK:

SB6. During the past REGULAR 

year, did you use 

mostly regular or PREMIUM 

premium gasoline in 

this vehicle -- 

or some grade INTERMEDIATE 

in-between 

regular and OTHER 

premium? (specify)

DON'T KNOW

SB7. When you bought fuel FULL-SERVICE 

for this vehicle 

during the past year, SELF-SERVICE 

did you use full-service (includes 

pumps or self-service mini) 

pumps for most 

purchases? BOTH EQUALLY 

(RECORD MINI-SERVE 

AS SELF-SERVICE) OTHER 

(specify)

DON'T KNOW

IF "OWNER MOVED AWAY" FOR 

O.SB1.. ASK:

SB8. In what month and year MONTH 

did the owner move away 

with this vehicle? YEAR

DON'T KNOW MONTH 

DON'T KNOW YEAR

VEH'ICLE NUMBER

5

1 [ ] 

2 [ ] 

5 [ ]

6 [ ]

1 [ ]

2 [ ]

3 [ ] 

5 [ ]

6 [ ]

1 [ ] 

2 [ ]

3 [ ] 

5 [ ]

6 [ ]

96 [ ] 

96 [ ]

6

1 [ ] 

2 [ ] 

5 [ ]

6 [ ]

1 [ ] 

2 [ 1

3 [ ]

5 [ ]

6 [ ]

1 [ ] 

2 [ ]

3 [ ] 

5 [ ]

6 [ ]

96 [ ] 

96 [ ]

7

1 [ ] 

2 I ] 

5 [ ]

6 I ]

1 1 ] 

2 [ ]

3 [ ] 

5 [ ]

6 [ ]

1 t ] 

2 [ ]

3 [ ] 

5 [ ]

6 [ ]

96 [ ] 

96 [ ]

8

1 [ 1 

2 [ ] 

5 [ ]

6 [ ]

1 [ ] 

2 [ ]

3 [ ] 

5 [ ]

6 [ ]

1 [ ] 

2 [ ]

3 [ ] 

5 [ ]

6 [ ]

96 [ ] 

96 [ ]

m IF THERE IS A NEXT VEHICLE IS-tB ON THE FOLD-OUT PAGE, GO BACK TO QUESTION SA3 (YELLOW PAGES) 

FOR THAT VEHICLE.

• AFTER LAST VEHICLE #5-*8 ON THE FOLD-OUT PAGE, SKIP TO EITHER QUESTION Cl OR C3 ON THE GREEN 

PAGES:

SKIP TO QUESTION Cl - IF HOUSEHOLD STILL HAS 1 OR MORE OF THE VEHICLES ON THE COMPUTER 

FOLD-OUT PAGES.

SKIP TO QUESTION C3 -- IF HOUSEHOLD DOES NOT NOW HAVE ANY OF THE VEHICLES ON THE COMPUTER 

FOLD-OUT PAGES.

EIA-876C (9/88) 12.

EIA-876C-198S Residential Transportation Energy Consumption Survey 

172

Energy Information Administration/Household Vehicles Energy Consumption 1988
USE GREEN PAGES FOR NEWLY ACQUIRED VEHICLES 

THAT ARE NOT LISTED ON THE FOLD-OUT PAGES.

IF HOUSEHOLD STILL HAS ONE OR MORE VEHICLES ON COMPUTER FOLD-OUT PAGES.

Cl. Do you or other members of your household 

own or have for your regular personal use 

any cars, trucks, vans or similar vehicles, 

in addition to the vehicles we have already 

discussed?

(BRIEFLY DESCRIBE THE VEHICLES LISTED ON THE 

FOLD-OUT PAGES.)

IF "YES". ASK:

1 [ ] YES

0 [ ] NO

6 [ ] DON'T KNOW

C2. How many additional vehicles do you have? 1 [ ] ONE

2 [ ] TWO

3 [ ] THREE

4 [ ] FOUR OR MORE 

_ 6 [ ] DON'T KNOW

.STOP. THEN SAY: That's all I need 

to know. Thank you for your 

cooperation.

SKIP TO Q.C5

IF HOUSEHOLD NO LONGER HAS ANY VEHICLES ON COMPUTER FOLD-OUT PAGES.

C3. Do you or other members of your household now 1 [ ] YES 

own or have the regular use of any cars, trucks, 

vans or similar vehicles? 0 [ ] NO

IF "YES". ASK:

C4. How many vehicles do you have?

6 [ ] DON'T KNOW

1 [ ] ONE

2 [ ] TWO

3 [ ] THREE

4 [ ] FOUR OR MORE

6 [ ] DON'T KNOW

-STOP.

THEN SAY: That's all I need 

to know. Thank you for your 

cooperation.

-ASK Q. C5.

EIA-876C (9/88) 13.

EIA-876C-1988 Residential Transportation Energy Consumption Survey

173

Energy Information Administration/Household Vehicles Energy Consumption 1988
IF "ONE OR MORE VEHICLES" ON Q.C2 OR 

C4, ASK Q. C5 FOR EACH VEHICLE, AND 

THEN CONTINUE WITH 0. C6.________

5. Please tell me the make, 

model name and year (of each one). 

(SEE INSTRUCTION BELOW)

HAKE

MODEL NAME

MODEL YEAR

DON'T KNOW MAKE

DON'T KNOW MODEL

DON'T KNOW YEAR

6. What type of 

vehicle is the 

(READ: YEAR, MAKE, 

MODEL -- FROM Q. C5) 

(READ CATEGORIES TO 

RESPONDENT IF NECESSARY)

STANDARD PASSENGER CAR 

2-SEAT CAR 

STATION WAGON 

LARGE VAN 

MINI VAN 

PICKUP TRUCK 

JEEP OR SIMILAR 

OTHER (specify)

DON'T KNOW

7. In what month and year did you get this vehicle?

MONTH 

YEAR

DON'T KNOW MONTH 

DON'T KNOW YEAR

A

19

[ 1

u

1 [ ]

2 [ ]

3 [ ]

4 [ ]

5 t ]

6 [ ]

7 [ ]

21 [ ]

96 [ ]

19

96 [ ]

96 [ ]

B

19

M

1 [ 1

2 [ ]

3 [ 1

4 t ]

5 [ ]

6 [ ]

7 [ ]

21 t ]

96 [ ]

19

96 [ ]

96 [ ]

c

19

[ 1

M

1 [ ]

2 [ ]

3 [ ]

4 [ ]

5 [ ]

6 [ ]

7 [ ]

21 [ ]

96 [ ]

19

96 [ ]

96 [ ]

0

19

[ 1

[ 1

1 [ ]

2 [ ]

3 [ ]

4 [ ]

5 [ ]

6 [ ]

7 [ ]

21 [ ]

96 [ ]

19

96 [ ]

96 [ ]

CONTINUE WITH Q. C8, NEXT PAGE.

INTERVIEWER INSTRUCTIONS:

Q.C5 -- A model name may consist of several parts -- be sure to get the complete model name. Here are some examples, where the complete model name is in parentheses: Ford (Galaxie), Chevrolet (V10 Suburban), GMC (V15 Gimmy), Toyota (2WD Cargo Van). If respondent does not know the name of a truck, probe for size (1/2 ton, 3/4 ton, etc.)

EIA-876C (9/88) 14.

EIA-876C-1988 Residential Transportation Energy Consumption Survey

174

Energy Information Administration/Household Vehicles Energy Consumotion 1988
C8. Do you happen to know the total 

mileage (odometer) reading after 

the last use of the vehicle on 

(DATE FROM COMPUTER FOLD-OUT)?

IF "YES". ASK:

C9. What was the mileage 

as of (DATE FROM 

COMPUTER FOLD-OUT)

IF "NO". ASK:

CIO. Do you know the mileage 

as of a different date?

CIO.A Approximately how many miles 

have you driven this vehicle 

since you got it? 

(REFER TO DATE FROM Q. C7 

AS NECESSARY)

Cll. Do you know the Vehicle 

Identification Number for 

this vehicle? 

(SEE INSTRUCTION BELOW)

IF "YES". ASK:

YES 

NO

LES

NO 

YES 

ATE

LES

ILES

<NOW

YES 

NO

A

1 [ ] 

0 [ ]

0 [ ] 

1 [ ]

[ 1

1 [ ] 

0 [ ]

B

1 [ 1 

0 [ ]

0 [ ] 

1 [ ]

[ 1

1 [ ] 

0 [ ]

C

1 1 ]

0 [ ]

o [ ]

1 t ]

[ ]

1 [ ]

0 [ J

D

1 [ 1

0 [ ]

0 [ ]

1 [ ]

[ ]

1 [ ]

0 [ ]

Cl 2. What is the Vehicle Identification Number for this vehicle? (VERIFY WITH RESPONDENT)

V 

E

H

I 

C 

L 

E

N 

U 

M

B 

E 

R

A

B

C

D

VIN: __ __ __ __ __ __ __ __ __ __ __ __ __ __ __ __ __ 

VIN NOT OBTAINED [ ] VIN REFUSED [ ]

VIN: __ __ __ __ __ __ __ __ __ __ __ __ __ __ __ __ __ 

VIN NOT OBTAINED [ ] VIN REFUSED [ ]

VIN: __ __ __ __ __ __ __ __ __ __ __ __ __ __ __ __ __ 

VIN NOT OBTAINED [ ] VIN REFUSED [ ]

VIN NOT OBTAINED [ ] VIN REFUSED [ ]

INTERVIEWER: Describe respondent reason for refusing VIN.

CONTINUE WITH Q. C13, NEXT PAGE.

INTERVIEWER INSTRUCTIONS IF VIN EXPLANATION IS NEEDED:

The VIN provides information that allows researchers to estimate fuel economy for all types of cars, trucks and 

other vehicles. In this survey, your vehicles will represent those from thousands of other households that have similar vehicles.

The VIN is a set of codes assigned to a vehicle at the factory which, when decoded, describe several of the 

vehicle's characteristics. These characteristics may then be used to calculate an estimated miles per gallon for that specific type of vehicle.

Your VIN and all other Information that you provide, will be held confidential. No Information that can be 

linked to your name and address will ever be provided to the Department of Energy, or to any other government agency.

EIA-876C (9/88) 15.

EIA-876C-1988 Residential Transportation Energy Consumption Survey

175

Energy Information Administration/Household Vehicles Energy Consumption 1988
INTERVIEWER: REMIND RESPONDENT WHICH VEHICLE YOU ARE DISCUSSING -- E.G., FORD LTD, DODGE PICKUP, ETC.

C13. Does it have an automatic

transmission or a manual shift?

14. How many cylinders does the 

engine have?

:15. Does H have front-wheel, 

rear-wheel or 4-wheel drive? 

(CHECK ALL THAT APPLY.)

C16. Does the fuel system use

a carburetor, fuel injection, 

or is it a diesel engine?

C17. What is the engine size in 

liters or cubic inches? For 

example, engine sizes can 

range from 1 liter to 6.2 

liters.

CIS. Is this vehicle used on the

job by anyone in your household, 

not counting going to and from 

work?

F "YES' FOR 0. CIS. ASK:

CIS.A Is It also used for nonbusiness (personal) uses?

I

CONTINUE WITH Q. C19, NEXT PAGE. 

EIA-876C (9/88)

AUTOMATIC 

?

MANUAL SHIFT

DON'T KNOW 

2-CYLINDER

4-CYLINDER

5-CYLINDER

6-CYLINDER

8-CYLINDER

OTHER (specify)

DON'T KNOW 

FRONT WHEEL

REAR-WHEEL

4-WHEEL

OTHER (specify)

DON'T KNOW 

CARBURETOR

FUEL INJECTION

DIESEL

OTHER (specify)

DON'T KNOW

LITERS 

CUBIC INCHES 

OTHER (specify

DON'T KNOW 

YES

d, 

n NO

DON'T KNOW

non- YES 

uses? NO

A

1 [ ]

2 [ ]

6 [ ]

2 I ]

4 [ ]

5 [ ]

6 [ ]

8 [ ]

21 [ 1

96 [ ]

1 [ 1

2 [ ]

3 [ ]

5 [ ]

6 t 1

1 [ ]

2 [ ]

3 [ ]

5 [ ]

6 [ ]

995 [ ]

996 [ ]

1 [ ]

0 [ ]

6 [ ]

1 I 1 

0 [ ]

B

1 [ ]

2 [ ]

6 [ ]

2 [ ]

4 [ 1

5 [ ]

6 [ ]

8 [ ]

21 [ ]

96 [ ]

1 [ ]

2 [ ]

3 [ ]

5 [ ]

6 [ ]

1 [ ]

2 [ )

3 [ ]

5 [ ]

6 [ ]

995 [ ]

996 [ ]

1 [ 1

0 ( ]

6 [ ]

1 [ ] 

0 t ]

c

1 [ ]

2 [ ]

6 [ ]

2 t ]

4 [ ]

5 [ ]

6 [ ]

8 [ ]

21 [ ]

96 [ ]

1 [ ]

2 [ ]

3 [ ]

5 [ ]

6 [ ]

1 [ 1

2 t 1

3 [ ]

5 [ ]

6 t ]

995 [ ]

996 [ ]

1 [ 1

0 [ 1

6 [ ]

1 [ ] 

0 [ ]

D

1 [ ]

2 [ )

6 [ ]

2 [ ]

4 [ ]

5 [ ]

6 [ ]

8 [ ]

21 [ ]

96 [ ]

1 [ ]

2 [ ]

3 [ ]

5 [ ]

6 [ ]

1 [ 1

2 [ ]

3 [ ]

5 [ ]

6 [ ]

995 [ ]

996 [ ]

1 [ ]

0 [ ]

6 [ ]

1 [ 1 

0 [ ]

16.

EIA-876C-1988 Residential Transportation Energy Consumption Survey 

176

Energy Information Administration/Household Vehicles Energy Consumption 1988
\f

INTERVIEWER: REMIND RESPONDENT WHICH VEHICLE YOU ARE DISCUSSING -- E.G., FORD LTD, DODGE PICKUP, ETC.

C19, Does this vehicle use 

gasoline or diesel fuel?

GASOLINE 

DIESEL FUEL

OTHER 

(specify)

DON'T KNOW

IF "GASOLINE" FOR O.C19.. ASK:

C20. During the past year, 

did you use mostly 

leaded or unleaded 

gasoline in this 

vehicle?

LEADED 

UNLEADED

OTHER 

(specify)

DON'T KNOW

IF "UNLEADED" FOR Q.C20.. ASK:

C21. During the past REGULAR 

year, did you use 

mostly regular or PREMIUM 

premium gasoline in 

this vehicle --

or some grade INTERMEDIATE 

in-between

regular and OTHER 

premium? (specify)

C22. When you bought fuel 

for this vehicle during 

the past year, did 

you use full-service 

pumps or self-service 

pumps for most 

purchases ? (RECORD 

MINI-SERVE AS SELFSERVICE)

DON'T KNOW

FULL-SERVICE

SELF-SERVICE 

(includes mini)

BOTH EQUALLY

OTHER 

(specify)

DON'T KNOW

A

1 t ]

2 [ ]

5 [ ]

6 [ ]

1 [ J

2 [ 1

5 [ ]

6 [ ]

1 [ 1

2 [ ]

3 [ ]

5 [ ]

6 ( ]

1 I J

2 [ ]

3 [ ]

5 [ ]

6 [ ]

B

1 [ ]

2 [ ]

5 [ ]

6 [ ]

1 [ ]

2 [ ]

5 [ ]

6 [ ]

1 [ ]

2 [ ]

3 [ ]

5 [ ]

6 [ ]

1 [ ]

2 [ ]

3 [ ]

5 [ ]

6 [ ]

C

1 [ ]

2 [ ]

5 C ]

6 [ ]

1 [ 1

2 [ ]

5 [ ]

6 [ ]

1 I J

2 [ ]

3 [ ]

5 [ ]

6 [ ]

1 [ ]

2 [ ]

3 [ ]

5 [ ]

6 [ ]

D

1 [ 1

2 [ ]

5 [ ]

6 [ ]

1 [ 1

2 [ ]

5 [ 1

6 [ ]

1 [ 1

2 [ 1

3 [ 1

5 [ ]

6 [ ]

1 I ]

2 [ ]

3 [ ]

5 I ]

6 I ]

INTERVIEWER: MAKE SURE YOU HAVE ASKED THE FULL SET OF "GREEN C QUESTIONS" (Q.C5-Q.C22) FOR EACH ADDITIONAL 

VEHICLE THE RESPONDENT TOLD YOU ABOUT IN Q.C2 OR Q.C4 .

THEN SAY "That's all I need to know. Thank you for your cooperation."

(Interviewer) 

EIA-876C (9/88)

(Date Completed) 

17.

An 

_EM (Time Completed)

EIA-876C-1988 Residential Transportation Energy Consumption Survey

177

Energy Information Administration/Household Vehicles Energy Consumption 1988
1988 Residential Transportation Energy Consumption Survey Form Approval 

End-of-Year Odometer Reading Card £xMP?,Bs

THIS CARD IS FOR YOUR:

U.S. DEPARTMENT OF ENERGY 

ENERGY INFORMATION ADMINISTRATION

Please put this card in your vehicle and write down the total ________________

mileage (odometer reading) after the last use of this vehicle MILES

on WEDNESDAY. JANUARY 4. 1989 ..................................... I_____________________

After you have filled in the information requested, please keep this card near your telephone. We will be calling you to 

get the information. Or, if you will be difficult to reach by phone, call collect to Jim Devlin at (609) 921-3333.

Please see the other side of this card for additional instructions.

THANKS FOR YOUR HELP!

EIA-876C 

(9/88)

PLEASE READ THE OTHER SIDE OF THIS CARD FIRST

Additional instructions:

If your mileage meter (odometer) registers tenths of miles, please ignore these and record whole number of miles only.

If vehicle is not used on the day and date given on the other side of this card, please record the total mileage (odometer 

reading) as of that day.

If the mileage meter (odometer) does not work, just let us know that.

One extra Odometer Reading Card was sent to you.

If your household now owns or regularly uses any replacement or additional vehicle that we didn't send an Odometer

Reading Card for, use the extra card for that vehicle, and fill in the TYPE, YEAR, MAKE and MODEL NAME on the card

label.

EIA-876C-1968 Residential Transportation Energy Consumption Survey

m

Energy Information Administration/Household Vehicles Energy Consumption 1988
1988 Residential Transportation Energy Consumption Survey oMB 

End-of-Year Odometer Reading Card E«P,res 9/30/90

THIS CARD IS FOR YOUR:

U.S. DEPARTMENT OF ENERGY 

ENERGY INFORMATION ADMINISTRATION

Please put this card in your vehicle and write down the total 

mileage (odometer reading) after the last use of this vehicle 

on THURSDAY, JANUARY 12, 1989

MILES

After you have filled out the information requested, please return the card to the U.S. Department of Energy. Box 7335, 

Princeton, NJ 08543-99,67, using the self-addressed Business Reply envelope.

Please see the other side of this card for additional instructions.

THANKS FOR YOUR HELP!

EIA-876C 

(9/88)

PLEASE READ THE OTHER SIDE OF THIS CARD FIRST

Additional instructions:

If your mileage meter (odometer) registers tenths of miles, please ignore these and record whole number of miles only.

If vehicle is not used on the day and date given on the other side of this card, please record the total mileage (odometer 

reading) as of that day.

If the mileage meter (odometer) does not work, just let us know that.

One extra Odometer Reading Card was sent to you.

If your household now owns or regularly uses any replacement or additional vehicle that we didn't send an Odometer

Reading Card for, use the extra card for that vehicle, and fill in the TYPE, YEAR, MAKE and MODEL NAME on the card

label.

EIA-876C-1988 Residential Transportation Energy Consumption Survey

179

Energy Information Administration/Household Vehicles Energy Consumption 1988

Appendix E

U.S. Climate 

Zone Map

Appendix E

U.S. Climate Zone Map

Zone 1 is less than 2.000 CDD and greater than 7,000 HDD. 

|——| Zone 2 is less than 2,000 CDD and 5,500-7,000 HDD, 

[jjg] Zone 3 is less than 2,000 CDD and 4,000-5,499 HDD. 

[""] Zone 4 is less than 2,000 CDD and less than 4,000 HDD 

RS3 Zone 5 is 2,000 CDD or more and less than 4,000 HDD.

Energy Information Administration/Household Vehicles Energy Consumption 1988 183

Appendix F

U.S. Census 

Regions and 

Divisions

Appendix F

U.S. Census Regions and Divisions

feC Aj«*a

Energy Information Administration/Household Vehicle* Energy Consumption 1988 187

Appendix G

Related EIA 

Publications on 

Energy 

Consumption

Appendix G

Related EIA Publications on Energy Consumption

These publications are available from the National 

Energy Information Center or the Superintendent 

of Documents. See the inside cover of this report 

on how to obtain copies of these publications. 

Please note that the prices quoted are subject to 

change.

In addition to the reports listed below, public use 

data tapes for the residential, residential transporta 

tion and commercial sectors are available from the 

National Technical Information Service (NTIS). To 

obtain information on how to order tapes, you may 

call NTIS at 703/487-4807.

Residential Transportation 

Sector

Residential Transportation Energy Consumption 

Survey: Consumption Patterns of Household Vehicles 

1985; April 1987, DOE/EIA-0464(85), GPO Stock 

No. 061-003-00521-7, $8.50.

Residential Transportation Energy Consumption 

Survey: Consumption Patterns of Household Vehic 

les, 1983; January 1985, DOE/EIA-0464(83), GPO 

Stock No. 061-003-00420-2, $4.50.

Residential Energy Consumption Survey: Consump 

tion Patterns of Household Vehicles, Supplement: 

January 1981 to September 1981; February 1983, 

DOE/EIA-0328, GPO Stock No. 061-003-00297-8,

$4.75.

Residential Energy Consumption Survey: Consump 

tion Patterns of Household Vehicles, June 1979 to 

December 1980; April 1982, DOE/EIA-0319 (no 

GPO Stock No.).

Residential Sector

Housing Characteristics

Housing Characteristics 1987; May 1989, DOE/EIA0314(87), GPO Stock No. 061-003-00619-1, $13.00.

Residential Energy Consumption Survey: Housing 

Characteristics 1984; October 1986, DOE/EIA0314(84), GPO Stock No. 061-003-00499-7, $12.00.

Residential Energy Consumption Survey: Housing 

Characteristics, 1982; August 1984, DOE/EIA0314(82), GPO Stock No. 061-003-00393-1, $7.00.

Residential Energy Consumption Survey Housing 

Characteristics, 1981; August 1983, DOE/EIA0314(81), GPO Stock No. 061-003-00330-3, $6.50.

Residential Energy Consumption Survey: Housing 

Characteristics, 1980; June 1982, DOE/EIA-0314, 

GPO Stock No. 061-003-00256-1, $11.00.

Residential Energy Consumption Survey: Characteris 

tics of the Housing Stock and Households, 1978; 

February 1980, DOE/EIA-0207/2, GPO Stock No. 

061-003-00093-2, $4.25.

Residential Energy Consumption Survey: Conserva 

tion; February 1980, DOE/EIA-0207/3, GPO Stock 

No. 061003-00087-8, $6.00.

Preliminary Conservation Tables from the National 

Interim Energy Consumption Survey; August 1979, 

DOE/EIA-0193/P (no GPO Stock No.).

Characteristics of the Housing Stock and Households: 

Preliminary Findings from the National Interim Energy 

Consumption Survey; October 1979, DOE/EIA0199/P (no GPO Stock No.).

Consumption and Expenditures

Household Energy Consumption and Expenditures 

1987, Part 2: Regional Data; DOE/EIA-0321/2(87) 

(no GPO Stock No).

Household Energy Consumption and Expenditures 

1987, Part 1; National Data; October 1989, 

DOE/EIA-0321/1(87), GPO Stock No. 061-003- 

00635-3, $15.00.

Energy Information Administration/Household Vehicles Energy Consumption 1988 191
Residential Energy Consumption Survey: Consump 

tion and Expenditures, April 1984 Through March 

1985, Part 1: National Data; March 1987, 

DOE/EIA-0321/1(84).

Residential Energy Consumption Survey: Consump 

tion and Expenditures, April 1984 Through March 

1985, Pan 2: Regional Data; May 1987, DOE/EIA0321/2(84).

Residential Energy Consumption Survey: Consump 

tion and Expenditures, April 1982 Through March 

1983, Part 1: National Data; November 1984, 

DOE/EIA-0321/1(82), GPO Stock No. 061-003- 

00411-3.S7.00.

Residential Energy Consumption Survey: Consump 

tion and Expenditures, April 1982 Through March 

1983, Part 2: Regional Data; December 1984, 

DOE/EIA-0321/2(82), GPO Stock No. 061-003- 

00414-8, S9.50.

Residential Energy Consumption Survey: Consump 

tion and Expenditures, April 1981 Through March 

1982, Part 1: National Data; September 1983, 

DOE/EIA-0321/1(81), GPO Stock No. 061-003- 

00340-1, S6.00.

Residential Energy Consumption Survey: Consump 

tion and Expenditures, April 1981 Through March 

1982, Pan 2: Regional Data; October 1983, 

DOE/EIA-0321/2(81), GPO Stock No. 061-003- 

00357-5, $8.00.

Residential Energy Consumption Survey: Consump 

tion and Expenditures, April 1980 Through March 

1981, Part 1: National Data; September 1982, 

DOE/EIA-0321/1(80), GPO Stock No. 061-003- 

00278-1, $7,50.

Residential .Energy Consumption Survey: Consump 

tion and Expenditures, April 1980 Through March 

1981, Part2: Regional Data; June 1983, DOE/EIA0321/2(80), GPO Stock No. 061-00300319-2, S7.00.

Residential Energy Consumption Survey: 1979-1980 

Consumption and Expenditures, Parti: National Data 

(Including Consen>ation); April 1981, DOE/EIA0262/1, GPO Stock No. 061-003-00191-2, $6.50.

Residential Energy Consumption Survey: 1979-1980 

Consumption and Expenditures, Part II: Regional 

Data; May 1981, DOE/EIA-0262/2, GPO Stock No. 

061-003-00189-1, $8.50.

Residential Energy Consumption Survey: Consump 

tion and Expenditures, April 1978 Through March 

1979; July 1980, DOE/EIA-0207/5, GPO Stock No. 

061-003-00131-9, $7.50.

Single-Family Households: Fuel Oil Inventories and 

Expenditures: National Interim Energy Consumption 

Survey; December 1979, DOE/EIA-0207/1, GPO 

Stock No. 061-003-00075-4, $3.50.

Other Publications on the Residential 

Sector

End-Use Consumption of Residential Energy (Article), 

pp. vii-xiv, Monthly Energy Review, July 1987, 

DOE/EIA-0035(87/07).

Residential Energy Consumption Sun'ey: Trends in 

Consumption and Expenditures 1978-1984 June 1987, 

DOE/EIA-0482, GPO Stock No. 061-003-00535-7, 

$12.00.

Residential Conservation Measures; July 1986, 

SR/EEUD/86/01 (no GPO Stock No.).

An Economic Evaluation of Energy Conservation and 

Renewable Energy Tax Credits; October 1985, Service 

Report (no GPO Stock No.).

Residential Energy Consumption and Expenditures by 

End Use for 1978, 1980, and 1981; December 

1984, DOE/EIA-0458, GPO Stock No. 061-003- 

00415-6, $4.50.

Weatherization Program Evaluation, SR-EEUD-84- 

1; August 1984 (available from the Office of the 

Assistant Secretary for Conservation and Renew 

able Energy, Department of Energy).

Residential Energy Consumption Survey: Regression 

Analysis of Energy Consumption by End Use; October 

1983, DOE/EIA-0431, GPO Stock No. 061-003- 

00347-8, $5.00.

National Interim Energy Consumption Sun'ey: Explor 

ing the Variability In Energy Consumption; July 1981, 

DOE/EIA-0272, GPO Stock No. 061-003-00205-6, 

$5.00.

National Interim Energy Consumption Sun'ey: Explor 

ing the Variability in Energy Consumption A Supple 

ment; October 1981, DOE/EIA-0272/S, GPO Stock 

No. 061-003-00217-0, $4.50.

192 Energy information Administration/Household Vehicles Energy Consumption 1988
Energy Use by U.S. Households; November 1980, 

DOE/EIA-0248 (brochure, no GPO Stock No.).

Commercial Sector

Characteristics of Buildings

Nonresidential Buildings Energy Consumption Survey: 

1979 Consumption and Expenditures, Part 2: Steam, 

Coal, Fuel Oil, LPG, and Total Fuels; December 

1983, DOE/EIA-0318(79)72, GPO Stock No. 061- 

003-00366-4, $6.00.

Industrial Sector

Nonresidential Buildings Energy Consumption Survey: 

Characteristics of Commercial Buildings, 1986; 

September 1988, DOE/EIA-0246(86), GPO Stock 

No. 061-003-00580-2, $16.00.

Nonresidential Buildings Energy Consumption Survey: 

Characteristics of Commercial Buildings, 1983; July 

1985, DOE/EIA-0246(83), GPO Stock No. 061-003- 

00439-3, $7.50.

Nonresidential Buildings Energy Consumption Survey: 

Characteristics of Commercial Buildings, 1983; A 

Supplemental Reference, DOE/EIA-M008, $22.95. 

Available from the National Technical Information 

Service (NTIS), Order No. DE-85015581.

Nonresidential Buildings Energy Consumption Survey: 

Fuel Characteristics and Conservation Practices; June 

1981, DOE/EIA-0278, GPO Stock No. 061-003- 

00200-5, $9.00.

Nonresidential Buildings Energy Consumption Survey: 

Building Characteristics; March 1981, DOE/EIA0246, GPO Stock No. 061-003-00171-8, $6.50.

Consumption and Expenditures

Nonresidential Buildings Energy Consumption Survey: 

Commercial Buildings Consumption and Expenditures 

1986; May 1989, DOE/EIA-0318(86), GPO Stock 

No. 061-003-00613-2, $19.00.

Nonresidential Buildings Energy Consumption Survey: 

Commercial Buildings, Consumption and Expendi 

tures 1983; September 1986, DOE/EIA-0318(83), 

GPO Stock No. 061-003-00496-2, $13.00.

Nonresidential Buildings Energy Consumption Survey: 

1979 Consumption and Expenditures, Part 1: Natural 

Gas and Electricity; March 1983, DOE/EIA-0318/1, 

GPO Stock No. 061-003-00298-6, $9.50.

Manufacturing Energy Consumption Survey: Energy 

Efficiency in Manufacturing, 1985; DOE/EIA0516(85), GPO Stock No. 061-003-00650-7, $4.25.

Manufacturing Energy Consumption Survey: Fuel 

Switching Capability, 1985; December 1988, 

DOE/EIA-0515(85), GPO Stock No. 061-003- 

00601-9, $3.50.

Manufacturing Energy Consumption Survey: Method 

ological Report, 1985; November 1988, DOE/EIA0514(85), GPO Stock No. 061-00300595-1, $6.00.

Manufacturing Energy Consumption Survey: Con 

sumption of Energy, 1985; November 1988, 

DOE/EIA-0512(85), GPO Stock No. 061-003- 

00594-2, $6.00.

Report on the 1980 Manufacturing Industries' Energy 

Consumption Study and Survey of Large Combustors; 

February 1983, DOE/EIA-0358, GPO Stock No. 

061-003-00293-5, $5.00.

Industrial Energy Consumption, "Suwey of Large 

Combustors: Report on Alternate Fuel-Burning Ca 

pabilities of Large Boilers in 1979"; February 1982, 

DOE/EIA-0304, GPO Stock No. 061-003-0233-1, 

$2.50.

Methodological Report of the 1980 Manufacturing 

Industries Survey of Large Combustors (EIA-463); 

March 1982, DOE/EIA-0306 (no GPO Stock No.).

Cross-Sector

Natural Gas: Use and Expenditures; April 1983, 

DOE/EIA-0382, GPO Stock No. 051-003-00307-9, 

$5.50.

Energy Information Administration/Household Vehicles Energy Consumption 1988 193
Public Use Tapes

Residential and Residential 

Transportation Sectors

Residential Energy Consumption Survey: 1987 and 

Residential Transportation Energy Consumption 

Survey, 1988; planned for Feb. 1990.

Residential Energy Consumption Survey: 1984 and 

Residential Transportation Energy Consumption 

Survey, 1985; Order No. PB87-186540/HAA.

Residential Energy Consumption Survey: 1982 and 

Residential Transportation Energy Consumption 

Survey, 1983; Order No. PB85-221760/HAA.

Residential Energy Consumption Survey: Housing 

Characteristics, 1981; Consumption and Expendi 

tures, 1981-1982; Monthly Billing Data; Order No. 

PB84-120476/HAA.

Residential Energy Consumption Survey: Consump 

tion and Expenditures, 1980-1981; Monthly Billing 

Data; Order No. PB84-166230/HAA.

Residential Energy Consumption Survey: Housing 

Characteristics, Annualized Consumption and Ex 

penditures, 1980-1981; Order No. 

PB83-199554/HAA.

Residential Energy Consumption Survey: Household 

Transportation Panel Monthly Gas Purchases and 

Vehicle and Household Characteristics, 6/79-9/81; 

Order No. PB84-162452/HAA.

Residential Energy Consumption Survey: Household 

Screener Survey, 1979-1980; Order No. 

PB82-114877/HAA.

Residential Energy Consumption Survey: Household 

Monthly Energy Consumption and Expenditures, 

1978-1979; Order No. PB82-114901/HAA

National Interim Energy Consumption Survey (Resi 

dential), 1978; Order No. PB81-108714/HAA.

Commercial Sector

Nonresidential Buildings Energy Consumption Survey: 

1986 Data; Order No. PB90-500034, $210.

Nonresidential Buildings Energy Consumption Survey: 

1979 and 1983 Data; Order No. PB88-245162.

194 Energy Information Administration/Household Vehicles Energy Consumption 1988
Glossary

Aggregate Ratio: See Mean and Ratio Estimate.

AMPD: Average miles driven per day. See Appendix B, "Estimation Methodologies."

Annual Vehicle Miles Traveled: See Vehicle Miles Traveled.

Automobile: Includes standard passenger car, 2-seater car and station wagons; excludes passenger vans, cargo vans, 

motor homes, pickup trucks, and jeeps or similar vehicles. See Vehicle.

Average Household Energy Expenditures: A ratio estimate defined as the total household energy expenditures 

for all RTECS divided by the total number of households. See Ratio Estimate, and Combined Household Energy 

Expenditures.

Average Number of Vehicles per Household: The average number of vehicles used by a household for personal 

transportation during 1988. For this report, the average number of vehicles per household is computed as the 

ratio of the total number of vehicles to the total number of households within any subgroup or "table cell." The 

total number of vehicles used by a household is based on the number of days each vehicle is used. For example, 

a total of one vehicle may represent two vehicles, each used for half of the year. See Vehicle.

Average Vehicle Fuel Consumption: A ratio estimate defined as total gallons of fuel consumed by all vehicles, 

divided by: (1) the total number of vehicles for average fuel consumption per vehicle or (2) the total number of 

households (for average fuel consumption per household). See Ratio Estimate.

Average Vehicle Miles Traveled: A ratio estimate defined as total miles traveled by all vehicles, divided by: (1) 

the total number of vehicles (for average miles traveled per vehicle) or (2) the total number of households (for 

average miles traveled per household). See Ratio Estimate and Vehicle Miles Traveled.

BLS: Bureau of Labor Statistics within the U.S. Department of Labor. See Price.

British thermal unit (Btu): The amount of energy required to raise the temperature of 1 pound of water 1 degree 

Fahrenheit (F) at or near 39.1 degrees F and 1 atmosphere of pressure. One Btu is about equal to the heat given 

off by a blue-tip match See Conversion Factor.

Btu: See British thermal unit.

Btu Conversion Factor: See Conversion Factor.

Bureau of Labor Statistics (BLS) Pump Price Series: See Price.

Carburetor: A fuel delivery device for producing a proper mixture of gasoline vapor and air, and delivering it to 

the intake manifold of an internal combustion engine. Gasoline is gravity fed from a reservoir bowl into a throttle 

bore, where it is allowed to evaporate into the stream of air being inducted by the engine. This fuel efficiency of 

carburetors is more temperature dependent than fuel injection systems. See Fuel Injection and Diesel Fuel 

System.

Census Division: A geographic area consisting of several States defined by the U.S. Department of Commerce, 

Bureau of the Census. See the map in Appendix F, "U.S. Census Regions and Divisions." The States are grouped 

into nine divisions and four regions:

Energy Information Administration/Household Vehicles Energy Consumption 1988 195
Region

Northeast

Midwest

South

West

Division

New England

Middle Atlantic 

East North Central

West North Central

South Atlantic

East South Central

West South Central

Mountain

Pacific

States

Connecticut, Maine, 

Massachusetts, 

New Hampshire, Rhode 

Island, and Vermont

New Jersey, New York, 

and Pennsylvania

Illinois, Indiana, 

Michigan, Ohio, and 

Wisconsin

Iowa, Kansas, 

Minnesota, Missouri, 

Nebraska, North 

Dakota, and South 

Dakota

Delaware, the District 

of Columbia, Florida, 

Georgia, Maryland, 

North Carolina, South 

Carolina, Virginia, 

and West Virginia

Alabama, Kentucky,

Mississippi,

and Tennessee

Arkansas, Louisiana, 

Oklahoma, and Texas

Arizona, Colorado, 

Idaho, Montana, 

Nevada, New Mexico, 

Utah, and Wyoming

Alaska, California, 

Hawaii, Oregon, 

and Washington

Census Region: See Census Division and the map in Appendix F, "U.S. Census Regions and Divisions."

Central City: Usually one or more legally incorporated cities within the Metropolitan Statistical Area (MSA) 

that is significantly large by itself or large relative to the largest city in the MSA Additional criteria for being 

classified as "Central City" include having at least 75 jobs for each 100 employed residents and having at Ieasr40 

percent of the resident workers employed within the city limits. Every MSA has at least one central city, usually 

the largest city. Central cities are commonly regarded as relatively large communities with a denser population 

and a higher concentration of economic activities than the outlying or suburban areas of the MSA. "Outside 

Central City" are those parts of the MSA not designated as central city. See Metropolitan.

Certification Files: See Environmental Protection Agency Certification Files.

196 Energy Information Administration/Household Vehicles Energy Consumption 1988
Change in Vehicle Stock: See Vehicle Acquisition and Vehicle Disposition. 

CID: Cubic Inch Displacement. See Engine Size.

Cold-Deck Imputation: A statistical procedure that replaces a missing value of an item with a constant value 

from an external source such as a value from a previous survey. See Imputation and Appendix C, "Quality of the 

Data."

Combined Household Energy Expenditures: The total amount of funds spent for energy consumed in, or delivered 

to, a housing unit during a given period of time; and for fuel used to operate the motor vehicles that are owned 

or used on a regular basis by the household. For this report, expenditures for energy consumed in the housing 

unit are presented on an annual basis for calendar year 1987 as collected during the 1987 Residential Energy 

Consumption Survey. All vehicle expenditure statistics calculated for the RTECS are on an annual basis for 

calendar year 1988.

The total dollar amount for energy consumed in a housing unit includes State and local taxes but excludes 

merchandise repairs or special service charges. Electricity, and natural gas expenditures are for the amount of 

those energy sources consumed. Fuel oil, kerosene and LPG expenditures are for the amount of fuel purchased, 

which may differ from the amount of fuel consumed.

The total dollar amount of fuel spent for vehicles is the product of fuel consumption and price. In the 1988 

RTECS, price data were obtained from the Bureau of Labor Statistics price data and the Lundberg Survey Inc. 

price series. See Vehicle Fuel Expenditures, Average Household Energy Expenditures and Price.

Conversion Factor: A number that translates units of one system into corresponding values of another system. 

Conversion factors are used to translate physical units of measures for various fuels into Btu equivalents. 

Conversion factors used in this report are:

Motor Gasoline........................125 million Btu per gallon

Diesel Fuel................................139 million Btu per gallon

Propane......................................091 million Btu per gallon

Gasohol......................................121 million Btu per gallon

Gasohol = 90 percent motor gasoline and 10 percent ethanol 

1 barrel = 42 gallons

Diesel Fuel: A fuel composed of distillates obtained in petroleum refining operation or blends of such distillates 

with residual oil used in motor vehicles. The boiling point and specific gravity are higher for diesel fuels than for 

gasoline. See Diesel Fuel System.

Diesel Fuel System: Diesel engines are internal combustion engines that burn diesel oil rather than gasoline. 

Injectors are used to spray droplets of diesel oil into the combustion chambers, at or near the top of the 

compression stroke. Ignition follows due to the very high temperature of the compressed in-take air, or to the 

use of "glow plugs," which retain heat from previous ignitions (spark plugs are not used). Diesel engines are 

generally more fuel efficient than gasoline engines, but must be stronger and heavier due to high compression 

ratios. See Diesel Fuel, Carburetor, and Fuel Injection.

Drivers: Household members who drove a vehicle on a regular basis at the time of the 1987 RECS personal 

interviews.

Electricity: See Main Heating Fuel.

Energy Used in the Home: For electricity or natural gas, the quantity is the amount used by the household during 

the 365- or 366-day period. For fuel oil, kerosene, and liquefied petroleum gas (LPG), the quantity consists of 

fuel purchased, not fuel consumed. If the level of fuel in the storage tank was the same at the beginning and end 

of the annual period, then the quantity consumed would be the same as the quantity purchased. Information on

Energy Information Administration/Household Vehicle* Energy Consumption 1988 197
the level of fuel in the storage tank was not included in the data collection. The time period for household 

consumption for energy used in the home is January 1987 through December 1987 and was collected during the 

1987 Residential Energy Consumption Survey.

Engine Size: The total volume within all cylinders of an engine, when pistons are at their lowest positions. The 

engine is usually measured in "Liters" or "cubic inches of displacement (CID)." Generally, larger engines result 

in greater engine power, but less fuel efficiency. There are 61.024 cubic inches in a liter. See Number of Cylinders.

Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) Certification Files: Computer files produced by EPA for analysis 

purposes. For each vehicle make, model and year, the files contain the EPA test MPG's (city, highway and 55/45 

composite). These MPG's are associated with various combinations of engine and drive-train technologies (e.g., 

number of cylinders, engine size, gasoline or diesel fuel, and automatic or manual transmission). These files also 

contain information similar to that in the DOE/EPA Gas Mileage Guide, although the MPG's in that publication 

are adjusted for shortfall. See Miles per Gallon, Shortfall and Appendix B, "Estimation Methodologies."

EPA Certification Files: See Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) Certification Files.

EPA Composite MPG: The harmonic mean of the EPA city and highway MPG, weighted under the assumption 

of 55 percent city driving and 45 percent highway driving. See Appendix B, "Estimation Methodologies."

Family Income: The total combined annual income in 1987 of all members of the family from all sources before 

taxes and deductions as collected in the 1987 RECS. It includes wages, salaries, tips, commissions, income from 

Social Security, pensions, interest, dividends, rent, public assistance, and unemployment insurance. This includes 

the total income for all family members who lived in the household in 1987. Income of nonfamily members of the 

household is not included. "Family" includes the following types of relationships: mother, father, sister, brother, 

son, daughter, father-in-law, uncle, aunt, niece, grandchild, foster child, and similar relationships.

Four-Wheel Drive: See Type of Drive.

Front-Wheel Drive: See Type of Drive.

Fuel Consumption: See Vehicle Fuel Consumption.

Fuel Efficiency: See Miles per Gallon.

Fuel Expenditures: See Vehicle Fuel Expenditures.

Fuel Injection: A fuel delivery system whereby gasoline is pumped to one or more fuel injectors under high 

pressure. The fuel injectors are valves that, at the appropriate times, open to allow fuel to be sprayed or atomized 

into a throttle bore or into the intake manifold ports. The fuel injectors are usually solenoid operated valves 

under the control of the vehicle's on-board computer (thus the term "electronic fuel injection"). The fuel 

efficiency of fuel injection systems is less temperature dependent than carburetor systems. Diesel engines always 

use injectors. See Carburetor, and Diesel Fuel Systems.

Fuel Oil: See Main Heating Fuel.

Fuel Type: See Type of Vehicle Fuel Purchased.

Full Service: See Type of Primary Service.

GPMR (Gallons per Mile Ratio): See MPG Shortfall and Appendix B, "Estimation Methodologies."

Gasohol: A fuel used in motor vehicles that is a blend of finished motor gasoline (leaded or unleaded) and 

alcohol (generally ethanol, but sometimes methanol), limited to 10 percent alcohol by volume. See Gasoline.

198 Energy Information Administration/Household Vehicle* Energy Consumption 1988
Gasoline: A complex mixture of relatively volatile hydrocarbons, with or without small quantities of additives, 

obtained by blending appropriate refinery streams to form a fuel suitable for use in spark ignition engines. Motor 

gasoline includes both leaded or unleaded grades of finished motor gasoline, blending components, and gasohol.

High-Mileage Households: Households with estimated aggregate annual vehicle mileage that exceeds 12,500 

miles, as obtained in the 1987 RECS.

Hispanic Descent: This, as the question on origin, was self-determined by the respondent and is collected in the 

1987 RECS. The respondent was asked, "Is the householder of Spanish or Hispanic descent?" and the respondents' 

answer was recorded. See Origin.

Hot-Deck Imputation: A statistical procedure for deriving a probable response to a questionnaire item concerning 

a household or vehicle, where no response was given during the survey. To perform the procedure, the households 

or vehicles are sorted by variables related to the missing item. Thus, a series of "sort categories" are formed, which 

are internally homogeneous with respect to the sort variables. Within each category, households or vehicles for 

which the questionnaire item is not missing are randomly selected to serve as "donors" to supply values for the 

missing item of "recipient" households or vehicles. See Imputation and Appendix C, "Quality of the Data."

Household: A family, an individual, or a group of up to nine unrelated persons occupying the same housing unit 

at the time cf the 1987 RECS interview. "Occupy" means the housing unit was the person's usual or permanent 

place of residence at the time of the first field contact. The household includes babies, lodgers, boarders, 

employed persons who live in the housing unit, and persons who usually live in the household but are away 

traveling or in a hospital. The household does not include persons who are normally members of the household 

but who were away from home as college students or members of the armed forces at the time of the contact. The 

household does not include persons temporarily visiting with the household if they have a place of residence 

elsewhere, persons who take their meals with the household but usually lodge or sleep elsewhere, domestic 

employees or other persons employed by the household who do not sleep in the same housing unit, or persons 

who are former members of the household, but have since become inmates of correction or penal institutions, 

mental institutions, homes for the aged or needy, homes or hospitals for the chronically ill or handicapped, nursing 

homes, convents or monasteries, or other places in which residents may remain for long periods of time. By 

definition, the number of households is the same as the number of occupied housing units. The number or 

households for a subgroup or table cell is estimated by summing the survey weights over all sample households 

in that subgroup.

Householder: The person (or one of the people) in whose name the home is owned or rented. If there is no lease 

or similar agreement, or if the person who owns the home or pays the rent does not live in the housing unit, the 

householder is the person responsible for paying the household bills, or whoever is generally in charge.

Household Composition: The configuration of the household members including number of children, number 

of household members, and age of household members. For this report, households were divided into households 

with children and households without children. Within the households with children, a further division was made 

depending on the age of the oldest child. Within households without children, a further division was made 

depending on the number of adults and then within that category, the age of the households. See Household, 

Householder, and Housing Unit.

Household Energy Expenditures: The total amount of funds spent for energy consumed in, or delivered to, a 

housing unit during a given period of time. See Combined Household Energy Expenditures.

Household Size: Number of individuals occupying a housing unit. See Household, and Housing Unit.

Housing Unit: A structure or part of a structure where a household lives. It has direct access from the outside of 

the building, either directly or through a common hall. Housing units do not include group quarters such as 

prisons or nursing homes where 10 or more unrelated persons live. Hotel and motel rooms are considered 

housing units if occupied as the usual or permanent place of residence.

Energy Information Administration/Household Vehicles Energy Consumption 1988 199
Imputation: Agroup of statistical techniques for estimating probable responses to questionnaire items concerning 

households or vehicles, where no responses or poor quality responses were given during the survey. The three 

most common techniques employed in this survey were "hot-deck," "regression," and "predictive mean matching." 

See Hot-Deck Imputation, Cold-Deck Imputation, Predictive Mean Matching, Regression Imputation, and 

Appendix C, "Quality of the Data."

Intermediate Grade Gasoline: An increasingly common grade of unleaded gasoline with an octane rating 

intermediate between "regular" and "premium." Octane boosters are added to gasolines to control engine preignition or "knocking" by slowing combustion rates. See Regular Grade Gasoline and Premium Grade Gasoline.

In-Use MPG: An MPG that was adjusted for seasonality and annual miles traveled. See Appendix B, "Estimation 

Methodologies."

Jeep-iike Vehicle: Includes light trucks that are similar to jeeps. Other common terms for these vehicles are 

special purpose, utility or off-the-road vehicles. They may have a four- or two-wheel drive. See Vehicle.

Kerosene: See Main Heating Fuel. 

Large Van: See Van.

Leaded Gasoline: A fuel that contains more than 0.05 gram of lead per gallon or more than 0.005 gram of 

phosphorus per gallon. See Gasoline and Unleaded Gasoline.

Liquefied Petroleum Gas (LPG): See Main Heating Fuel.

Liters: See Engine Size.

Lundberg Survey Inc. Price Series: See Price.

Main Heating Fuel: The primary fuel delivered to a residential site. It may be converted to some other form of 

energy at the site. The following are defined as primary fuels for this report:

Electricity: metered electric power supplied by a central utility company to a residence 

via underground or above-ground power lines. It does not refer to electricity generated 

onsite for the exclusive use of a residence. When a residence has its own generating 

capability, the fuel used for the generator will be specified. The Btu equivalent for 

electricity is the energy value of electricity as received by the household (3,412 Btu per 

kilowatthour). For this report, energy losses that occur in generating and transmitting 

electricity are not included in the conversion of electricity into a Btu equivalent. If these 

losses were to be included, the conversion rate would generally be about 10,353 Btu per 

kilowatthour.

Fuel Oil: No. 1, No. 2, or No. 4 grade fuel oil or residual oil that is burned for spaceor water-heating purposes. No. 1 distillate fuel oil is a form of heating oil used mostly 

as a blending stock to insure that heavier grades of fuel flow under severe cold weather 

conditions. No. 2 distillate refers to both No. 2 heating oil and No. 2 diesel fuel. 

Although these products are not identical, they are essentially interchangeable for most 

applications. No. 2 fuel oil is the most common form of heating oil. No. 4 distillate is 

a blend of No. 2 and No. 5 or No. 6 residual fuel oil, used in large stationary diesel 

engines and boilers equipped with fuel preheating equipment. Residual fuel oil refers 

to the heavier oils that remain after the distillate fuel oils and lighter hydrocarbons are 

boiled off in refinery operations.

Kerosene: The generic name for a distilled product of oil or coal, having properties 

similar to those of No. 1 fuel oil. Kerosene is used for cooking stoves, for space heating

200 Energy Information Administration/Household Vehicles Energy Consumption 1988
or water heating, or for lighting equipment that uses wicks. It is sometimes sold under 

the names "range oil," "stove oil," or "coal oil."

LPG or Liquefied Petroleum Gas: any fuel gas supplied to a residence in liquid form, 

such as propane or butane. It is usually delivered by tank truck and stored near the 

residence in a tank or cylinder until used. Propane was the most common liquefied 

petroleum gas supplied to RECS households. Household use of LPG solely for outdoor 

gas grills is not considered sufficient use to mark the household as a user of LPG.

Natural Gas: Utility gas supplied by underground pipeline to individual housing units 

by a central utility company. It does not refer to privately owned gas wells operated by 

the household, nor to LPG.

Mean: The simple arithmetic average for a population; that is, the sum of all the values in a population divided 

by the size of the population. For this report, population means are estimated by computing the weighted sum 

of the sample values, then dividing by the sum of the sample weights. The mean is, thus, an aggregate ratio whose 

denominator is the total number of households or vehicles. See Ratio Estimate.

Measured Heated Area of Residence: The floor area of the housing unit that is enclosed from the weather and 

heated as collected in the 1987 RECS. Basements are included whether or not they contain finished space. 

Garages are included if they have a wall in common with the house. Attics that have finished space and attics that 

have some heated space are included. Crawl spaces are not included even if they are enclosed from the weather. 

Sheds and other buildings that are not attached to the house are not included. "Measured" area means that the 

measurement of the dimensions of the home did not rely on the respondent's reports but was an actual 

measurement by the interviewer using a metallic, retractable, 50-foot tape measure. "Heated area" is that portion 

of the measured area that is heated during most of the season. Rooms that are shut off during the heating season 

to save on fuel are not counted. Attached garages that are unheated and unheated areas in the attics and 

basements are also not counted.

Metropolitan: Agroup of households located within Metropolitan Statistical Areas (MSA's) as defined by the U.S. 

Office of Management and Budget. Except in New England, an MSA is (1) a county or group of contiguous 

counties that contain at least one city of 50,000 inhabitants or more, or (2) an urbanized area of at least 50,000 

inhabitants and a total MSA population of at least 100,000 (75,000 in New England). The contiguous counties 

are included in an MSA if, according to certain criteria, they are essentially metropolitan in character and are 

socially and economically integrated with the central city. In New England, MSA's consist of towns and cities, 

rather than counties. See Nonmetropolitan and Central City.

Metropolitan Status: Refers to the geographic location of the households in relationship to MSA's. See 

Metropolitan, Nonmetropolitan, and Central City.

Miles per Gallon (MPG): A measure of vehicle fuel efficiency. Miles per gallon or MPG as presented in this 

report represents "Fleet Miles per Gallon." For each subgroup or "table cell," MPG is computed as the ratio of 

the total number of miles traveled by all vehicles in the subgroup to the total number of gallons consumed. For 

the 1988 RTECS, MPG's were assigned to each vehicle using the EPA certification files and adjusted for onroad driving. See Appendix B, "Estimation Methodologies" for a discussion of how MPG's were assigned to each 

vehicle.

Mini-Service Pumps: See Type of Primary Service.

Mini Van: See Van.

Model Yean The year in which the particular style or design of vehicle was introduced or manufactured.

Motor Fuel Consumption: See Vehicle Fuel Consumption.

Energy Information Administration/Household Vehicle* Energy Consumption 1988 201
Motor Fuel Expenditures: See Vehicle Fuel Expenditures. 

MPG: See Miles per Gallon.

MPG Shortfall: The difference between actual on-road MPG and EPA laboratory test MPG. MPG shortfall is 

expressed as gallons per mile ratio (GPMR). See Appendix B, "Estimation Methodology."

MSA: See Metropolitan.

Multistage Area Probability Sample: A sample design executed in stages with geographic "clusters" of sampling 

units selected at each stage. This procedure reduces survey expense while maintaining national coverage. See 

Appendix A, "How the Survey Was Conducted."

Natural Gas: See Main Heating Fuel.

Nonmetropolitan: Households not located within MSA's as defined by the U.S. Office of Management and 

Budget. See Metropolitan.

Number of Cylinders: In a reciprocating engine, a cylinder is the chamber in which combustion of fuel occurs and 

the piston moves, ultimately delivering power to the wheels. Common engine configurations include 4,6, and 8 

cylinders. Generally, the more cylinders a vehicle has, the greater the amount of engine power it has. However, 

more cylinders often result in less fuel efficiency. See Engine Size.

Number of Households: The total number of households in the United States that are represented by the sample 

households. In this report, most statistics are shown for the number of households with vehicles, which is a subset 

of the total number of households.

Number of Vehicles: See Vehicle and Vehicle Stock.

Occupied Housing Unit: A unit someone was living in as his or her usual or permanent place of residence when 

the first field contact was made. See Housing Unit.

On-road MPG: A composite MPG that was adjusted to account for the difference between the test value and the 

fuel efficiency actually obtained on the road. See Appendix B, "Estimation Methodology."

Origin: The primary ethnic background of the person considered to be the householder as self-determined by the 

respondent. Origin of householder was collected in the 1987 RECS. Each respondent was asked, "Which of the 

groups on this exhibit best describes the householder?" The groups included: white, black or Negro, American 

Indian, Alaskan native, Asian, and Pacific Islander. The word "race" was not used in either the questionnaire or 

the instructions. See Hispanic Descent.

Outside Central City: See Central City.

Passenger Can See Vehicle and Automobile.

Pickup Truck: Includes compact and full-size pickup trucks. See Vehicle.

Poverty: Low-income classifications to which certain households are assigned based on the household's annual 

income reported in the 1987 RECS. "Below 100 percent of poverty" encompasses a group of households with 

incomes below the poverty level as defined by the Bureau of the Census. "Below 125 percent of poverty" includes 

a group of households with incomes below 125 percent of the poverty level. These groups of the poor and 

near-poor represent alternative levels for defining poverty. The definitions of "poor" are based on the number 

of family members in the household and the income of the entire family.

202 Energy Information Administration/Household Vehicle* Energy Consumption 1988
Premium Grade Gasoline: A grade of unleaded gasoline with a high octane rating, (approximately 92) designed 

to minimize preignition or engine "knocking" by slowing combustion rates. See Regular Grade Gasoline and 

Intermediate Grade Gasoline.

Predictive Mean Matching: A model-based procedure used to impute for item nonresponse. This method uses 

logistic models to compute predicted means that are used to statistically match each nonrespondent to a 

respondent with the closest predicted mean. The respondent's value is directly imputed to the nonrespondent. See 

Imputation and Appendix C, "Quality of the Data."

Price: The dollar amount per gallon of fuel purchased. For the 1988 RTECS, fuel prices were not collected 

directly from the respondent. Instead fuel prices were estimated from the Bureau of Labor Statistics Retail Pump 

Price Survey and from the Lundberg Survey Inc. Prices. See Appendix B, "Estimation Methodologies" and 

Appendix C, "Quality of the Data."

Primary Sampling Unit (PSU): A sampling unit selected at the first stage in multistage area probability sampling. 

APSU typically consists of one to several contiguous counties--for example, a metropolitan area with surrounding 

suburban counties. The approximately 3,100 counties and independent cities of the contiguous United States were 

grouped into about 1,800 PSU's by a procedure similar to the one used by the Census Bureau for its Current 

Population Survey. PSU's can be composed of one or more MSA's or can be composed of rural counties. See 

Metropolitan and Appendix A, "How the Survey Was Conducted."

PSU: See Primary Sampling Unit.

Quadrillion: The number 1,000,000,000,000,000 or 1015 .

Ratio Estimate: The ratio of two population aggregates (totals). For example, "average miles traveled per vehicle 

is the ratio of total miles driven by all vehicles, over the total number of vehicles, within any subgroup or "table 

cell." In this report, there are two types of ratio estimates: those computed using aggregates for vehicles and those 

computed using aggregates for households. See Mean.

Rear-Wheel Drive: See Type of Drive.

RECS: See Residential Energy Consumption Survey (RECS).

Regression Imputation: A statistical technique for predicting the value of a numerical variable that is missing. 

The technique involves developing a regression equation that predicts the value of the missing variable based 

upon variables that are not missing or have already been imputed. See Imputation and Appendix C, "Quality of 

the Data."

Regular Grade Gasoline: A grade of unleaded gasoline with a lower octane rating (approximately 82) than other 

grades. Octane boosters are added to gasoline to control engine pre-ignition or "knocking" by slowing combustion 

rates. See Intermediate Grade Gasoline and Premium Grade Gasoline.

Relative Standard Error: See RSE (Relative Standard Error).

Residential: Occupied housing units, including mobile homes, single-family housing units (attached and 

detached), and apartments. The definition of "occupied housing units" is the same as that used by the U.S. Bureau 

of the Census. See Household and Housing Unit.

Residential Energy Consumption Survey (RECS): A national multistage probability sample survey conducted 

by the Energy End Use Division of the Energy Information Administration. The RECS provides baseline 

information on how households in the United States use energy. The RTECS sample is a subset of the RECS. 

Household demographic characteristics reported in the RTECS publication are collected during the RECS 

personal interview. See Appendix A, "How the Survey Was Conducted."

Energy Information Administration/Household Vehicles Energy Consumption 1988 203
RSE (Relative Standard Error): A measure of the reliability or precision of a survey statistic. Variability occurs 

in survey statistics because the different samples that could be drawn would each produce different values for the 

survey statistics. The RSE, is a measure of precision on a percentage scale. The RSE is defined as the standard 

error of a survey estimate, divided by the survey estimate and multiplied by 100. (Standard error is the square root 

of the variance.) For example, an RSE of 50 percent means that the standard error is half as large as the survey 

estimate. See Appendix C, "Quality of the Data," for a discussion of sampling errors.

RSE Column Factor: An adjustment factor that appears above each column of the tables and is used to compute 

RSE's. For a survey estimate in a particular row and column of a table (that is, a particular "cell"), the 

approximate RSE is obtained by multiplying the RSE row factor by the RSE column factor for that cell. See RSE, 

RSE Row Factor, and Appendix C, "Quality of the Data."

RSE Row Factor: A factor that appears to the right of each row of the tables, and is used to compute RSE's. For 

a survey estimate in a particular row and column of a table (that is, a particular "cell"), the approximate RSE is 

obtained by multiplying the RSE row factor by the RSE column factor for that particular cell. The row factor is 

equal to the geometric mean of the RSE's in a particular row of the tables. See RSE, RSE Column Factor and 

Appendix C, "Quality of the Data."

Sampling: The procedure used to select housing units for interview from the population of residential housing 

units in the United States. See Multistage Area Probability Sample and Appendix A, "How the Survey Was 

Conducted."

Self-Service or Mini-Service: See Type of Primary Service.

Shortfall: See MPG Shortfall and Appendix B, "Estimation Methodologies."

Transmission Type: The householder was asked if each vehicle had an automatic or manual shift transmission. 

The transmission is the part of a vehicle that transmits motive force from the engine to the wheels, usually by 

means of gears for different speeds using either a hydraulic "torque-converter" (automatic) or clutch assembly 

(manual). On front wheel drive cars, the transmission is often called a "transaxle". Fuel efficiency is usually higher 

with manual, rather than automatic transmissions, although modern, computer-controlled automatic 

transmissions can be efficient.

Transportation Energy Expenditures: See Vehicle Fuel Expenditures and Combined Household Energy 

Expenditures.

Type of Drive: Refers to which wheels the engine power is delivered to, the so-called "drive wheels." Rear-wheel 

drive, has drive wheels on the rear of the vehicle. Front-wheel drive, a newer technology, has drive wheels on the 

front of the vehicle. Four-wheel drive uses all four wheels as drive wheels, and is found mostly on Jeep-like 

vehicles and trucks, though it is becoming increasingly more common on station wagons and vans.

Type of Fuel System: See Carburetor, Fuel Injection and Diesel Fuel Systems.

Type of Vehicle Fuel Purchased: The predominant type of fuel purchased during 1988. Data categories are 

leaded and unleaded gasoline, diesel motor fuel and "other" which includes propane, and gasohol. See Gasoline, 

Gasohol, Unleaded Gasoline, Leaded Gasoline, Regular Grade Gasoline, Intermediate Grade Gasoline, and 

Premium Grade Gasoline.

Type of Primary Service: The dominant type of service the respondent uses at the service station. Response 

categories include Full-Service Pumps, "Self- or Mini-Service Pumps" or" Both Equally." Mini Service is when 

attendants pump the vehicle fuel but do not provide any other service, such as checking the tire pressure or 

washing windshields.

Unleaded Gasoline: Contains not more than 0.05 gram of lead per gallon and not more than 0.005 gram of 

phosphorus per gallon. Premium, regular and intermediate grades are included, depending on the octane rating.

204 Energy Information Administration/Household Vehicles Energy Consumption 1988
See Gasoline, Leaded Gasoline, Regular Grade Gasoline, Intermediate Grade Gasoline, and Premium Grade 

Gasoline.

Van: Includes large vans and mini vans. Generally, the distinction between large vans and mini vans is made by 

the respondents' answers to "Type of Vehicle" question. Exceptions were: (1) Volkswagen vans were categorized 

as mini vans, and (2) all other pre-1983 vans were categorized as vans.

Vehicle: For the RTECS, vehicles were any motorized vehicles used by U.S. households for personal 

transportation. Excluded were: motorcycles, mopeds, large trucks, and buses. Included were: automobiles, 

station wagons, passenger vans, cargo vans, motor homes, pickup trucks, and jeeps or similar vehicles. In order 

to be included, vehicles must be: (1) owned by members of the household; (2) company cars not owned by 

household members but regularly available to household members for their personal use and are ordinarily kept 

at home; or (3) rented or leased for 1 month or more. See Vehicle Stock, Vehicles Used on the Job, Automobile, 

Vans, Pickup Trucks, and Jeep-like Vehicles.

Vehicle Acquisition: The number of vehicles a household acquires or obtains during the RTECS survey year. 

The average number of vehicles in the stock is computed using these data. See Vehicle Disposition.

Vehicle Disposition: The number of vehicles a household disposes of during the RTECS survey year. Disposed 

vehicles include those sold, traded or the owner moved out of the household. The average number of vehicles in 

the stock is computed using these data. See Vehicle Acquisition.

Vehicle Fuel Consumption: Vehicle fuel consumption is computed as the vehicle miles traveled divided by the fuel 

efficiency reported in MPG's. For the 1988 RTECS, vehicle fuel consumption was derived from the actual vehicle 

mileage collected in the RTECS and the assigned MPG's obtained from the EPA certification files and adjusted 

for on-road driving. The quantity of fuel used by vehicles during a 366-day period (1988 was a leap year). See 

Appendix B, "Estimation Methodologies" for an explanation of procedures used to estimate annual vehicle fuel 

consumption.

Vehicle Fuel Efficiencies: See Miles per Gallon (MPG) and Appendix B, "Estimation Methodologies."

Vehicle Fuel Expenditures: The cost, including taxes, of the gasoline, gasohol or diesel fuel added to the vehicle's 

tank. Expenditures do not include the cost of oil or other items that may have been purchased at the same time 

as the vehicle fuel. See Appendix B, "Estimation Methodologies" for an explanation of procedures used to estimate 

annual vehicle fuel expenditures.

Vehicle Identification Number (VIN): A set of codes, usually alpha-numeric characters, assigned to a vehicle at 

the factory and inscribed on the vehicle. When decoded, the VIN provides vehicle characteristics. The VIN was 

used in the 1988 RTECS to help match vehicles to the EPA certification file for calculating MPG's. See 

Environmental Protection Agency Certification Files and Appendix A, "How the Survey Was Conducted".

Vehicle Miles Traveled (VMT): The number of miles traveled nationally by the RTECS vehicles for a period of 

1 year. In the RTECS, VMT were either calculated using 2 odometer readings or, for vehicles with less than 2 

odometer readings, imputed using a regression estimate. See Average Vehicle Miles Traveled, Appendix A, "How 

the Survey Was Conducted", and Appendix C, "Quality of the Data."

Vehicle Stock: The number of vehicles owned or used by a household for personal transportation. In the RTECS, 

with the exception of the statistics reported as of July 1988, a vehicle was defined in terms of a "Vehicle Year." 

If a vehicle was present in a household for the entire year, it was counted as 1 vehicle. If a vehicle was present in 

a household for one-half of the year, it was counted as only one-half of a vehicle. Therefore, the number of 

vehicles a sample household was considered as having during the survey year was computed as the days of 

possession summed over all vehicles in the household, divided by 366 days (1988 was a leap year). See Average 

Number of Vehicles and Vehicles.

Energy Information Administration/Household Vehicles Energy Consumption 1988 205
Vehicle Used on the Job: A vehicle used by anyone in the household for job-related activities, excluding 

commuting to and from work. These vehicles are included in the RTECS. See Vehicle.

VIN: See Vehicle Identification Number. 

VMT: See Vehicle Miles Traveled.

206 Energy Information Administration/Household Vehicle* Energy Consumption 1988
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