*Due to his death on August 29, 1993, Judge Williams did not participate in this decision. The

case is being decided by a quorum. 28 U.S.C. § 46(d). 

United States Court of Appeals,

Fifth Circuit.

No. 91-8346.

Steve C. COOPER and Richard L. Wilson, Plaintiffs-Appellees,

v.

W.S. McBEATH, Defendant-Appellant,

and

Licensed Beverage, Licensed Beverage Distributors Association, Inc., et al., IntervenorDefendants-Appellants.

Jan. 13, 1994.

Appeal from the United States District Court for the Western District of Texas.

Before REYNALDO G. GARZA, and JONES, Circuit Judges.*

EDITH H. JONES, Circuit Judge:

The chief question in this case is whether certain portions of the Texas Alcoholic Beverage

Code ("Code") violate the Commerce Clause and/or the Privileges and Immunities Clause of the

United States Constitution. Finding that the dispute is not moot and that the plaintiffs possess ample

standing to challenge the statutes, we determine that the Code's durational residency and citizenship

requirements amount to simple economic protectionism and therefore run afoul of the Commerce

Clause. Moreover, the Twenty-first Amendment provides no sanctuary for these parochial statutes.

Accordingly, we affirm the district court's grant of summary judgment in favor of the plaintiffs.

FACTS AND PRIOR PROCEEDINGS

The pertinent facts ofthis "brewing" controversy are straightforward. Richard L. Wilson and

Steve C. Cooper are residents of Florida and Tennessee, respectively. Together, they seek to own

and operate a topless nightclub in San Antonio called Baby Dolls, which is operated by K.S.

Enterprises, Inc. ("KSE"), a Texas corporation holding a mixed beverage permit issued by the Texas

Alcoholic Beverage Commission ("TABC" or "Commission"). Toward this end, Wilson and Cooper
 

1At oral argument, it was adduced that BCE no longer exists. 

 

2

"Applicant" is defined in § 11.45 to include the owners of a majority of the corporate stock. 

 

3

"Permittee" is defined in § 11.61(a) to include the owners of a majority of a corporation's

stock. 

established Bexar County Enterprises, Inc. ("BCE"), a Tennessee corporation wholly owned by

Wilson and Cooper.

In September, 1990, BCE purchased 497 of KSE's stock and acquired an option to purchase

the remaining shares whenever the legality of the transaction under t he Code could be established

(i.e., whenever the transfer could occur without jeopardizing the liquor permit held by KSE).

Apparently, BCE later transferred its KSE stock and the option to purchase the remaining shares to

Wilson and Cooper, individually.1 The remaining KSE shares are held in escrow, and are to be

transferred to plaintiffs whenever the permit is free from threat of revocation.

The instant dispute arose because several provisions of the Texas Alcoholic Beverage Code

("Code") require a sustained period ofTexas citizenship and/or residency before the Commission can

issue a mixed beverage permit. The Commission refused to conduct background investigations on

Wilson and Cooper because they, as non-Texasresidents, were deemed per se ineligible under Texas

law to hold a liquor permit.

The challenged Code provisions at that time provided:

Ú Section 11.46(a)(11) allows the TABC to refuse a permit to any applicant who has not

been a Texas citizen for the three yearsimmediately preceding his permit application.2

Ú Section 11.61(b)(19) allows the TABC to cancel a permit upon finding that the permittee

was not a Texas citizen for the three years immediately preceding his permit

application.3

Ú Section 28.04, relating to changes in corporate control, forbids renewal of a mixed

beverage permit if there has been a change of ownership of over 507 of the corporate

stock, unless the transferee is "qualified" to hold the permit.

Ú Section 109.53, located in the Code'sregulatory and penal provisions,states unequivocally

that "[n]o person who has not been a citizen of Texas for a period of three years

immediately preceding the filing of his application therefor shall be eligible to receive

a permit under this code."

Section 109.53 also includes what is commonly known asthe "51 percent rule," which forbids
 

4Three advocacy organizations, the Texas Package Store Association, Wholesale Beer

Distributors of Texas, Inc., and Licensed Beverage Distributors Association, Inc., were granted

permission to intervene as defendants. 

 

5For the sake of simplicity and because each Defendant is assumed to adopt the others'

arguments, the various Defendants are referred to jointly as "Defendants" unless otherwise

indicated. 

the issuance of a permit to any corporation "unless at least 51 percent of the stock of the corporation

is owned at all times by citizens who have resided within the state for a period of three years[.]" Any

corporation holding a permit in violation of this section risks the forfeiture of its corporate charter.

Under t hese Code provisions, consummation of the contemplated sale of KSE's remaining

shares would have required the Commission to revoke KSE's permit. Accordingly, Wilson and

Cooper filed suit in federal district court seeking declaratory and injunctive relief against these

provisions, which, they contend, violate the Privileges and Immunities Clause found in Art. 4, § 2 of

the U.S. Constitution and/or the Commerce Clause byprohibiting anyperson fromowning a majority

ownership in a permit-holding corporation unless that person has satisfied Texas' three-year

durational residency and citizenship requirement.4 After first finding that Wilson and Cooper

possessed standing to assert their claims and that their action was ripe for adjudication, the district

court declared the four Code provisions unconstitutional under both doctrines and enjoined their

enforcement. All Defendants, W.S. McBeath as Administrator of the TABC and various private,

Texas-based liquor interests acting as Intervenors-Defendants, timely appealed.5

 Recent Developments

On June 19, 1993, 73 days after oral argument in this case, the Governor of Texas signed

H.B. 1445 into law. H.B. 1445, whose relevant provisions became effective September 1, amended

the Texas Alcoholic Beverage Code in several respects. Most important for our purposes, the

revisionsreplaced the challenged three-yearresidencyrequirement with a one-year version. Plaintiffs

(the out-of-state individuals desiring the permit) filed a suggestion of mootness urging that the Code

amendments have rendered the case moot. The various Defendants argued otherwise, and we carried

the motion with the case.

 Preliminary Motions
1. Mootness

The case is not moot. Our holding on this question is controlled by the Supreme Court's

recent decision in Associated General Contractors of America v. City of Jacksonville, --- U.S. ----,

113 S.Ct. 2297, 124 L.Ed.2d 586 (1993). In that case, the city of Jacksonville, Florida had enacted

an ordinance establishing minority set-asides for city contracts. Twenty-two days after the Supreme

Court granted certiorari, the city repealed the ordinance, replacing it with another ordinance which,

although different from the original, still set aside certain contracts for certified black- and

female-owned business. Claiming that there was no longer a live controversy with respect to the

constitutionality ofthe repealed ordinance, the city argued that the case should be dismissed as moot.

In analysis squarely applicable to the instant case, the Supreme Court disagreed:

[T]he mootness question is controlled byCity of Mesquite v. Aladdin's Castle, Inc., 455 U.S.

283, 102 S.Ct. 1070, 71 L.Ed.2d 152 (1982), where we applied the "well settled" rule that

"a defendant's voluntary cessation of a challenged practice does not deprive a federal court

of its power to determine the legality of the practice." Id., at 289, 102 S.Ct., at 1074.

Although the challenged statutory language at issue in City of Mesquite had been eliminated

while the case was pending in the Court of Appeals, we held that the case was not moot,

because the defendant's "repeal of the objectionable language would not preclude it from

reenacting precisely the same provision if the District Court'sjudgment were vacated." Ibid.

This is an a fortiori case. There is no mere risk that Jacksonville will repeat its

allegedly wrongful conduct; it has already done so. Nor does it matter that the new

ordinance differs in certain respects from the old one. City of Mesquite does not stand for

the proposition that it is only the possibility that the selfsame statute will be enacted that

prevents a case from being moot; if that were the rule, a defendant could moot a case by

repealing the challenged statute and replacing it with one that differs onlyin some insignificant

respect. The gravamen of petitioner's claim is that its members are disadvantaged in their

effortsto obtain city contracts. The new ordinance may disadvantage them to a lesser degree

than the old one, but insofar as it accords preferential treatment to black- and female-owned

contractors ... it disadvantages them in the same fundamental way. [footnote omitted]

--- U.S. at ----, 113 S.Ct. at 2301. See also, Resident Council of Allen Parkway Village v. HUD, 980

F.2d 1043, 1048 (5th Cir.1993), pet. for cert. filed May 17, 1993 (in a challenge to a federal agency's

proposed decision to demolish a public housing project, the agency's subsequent decision to reject

the demolition application in no way mooted the Plaintiffs' request for injunctive relief.)

Although "[a] case might become moot if subsequent events ma[k]e it absolutely clear that

the allegedly wrongful behavior could not reasonably be expected to recur," United States v.

Concentrated Phosphate Export Ass'n., 393 U.S. 199, 203, 89 S.Ct. 361, 364, 21 L.Ed.2d 344
 

6Section 16 of H.B. 1445, 73rd Leg.R.S., amends the Alcoholic Beverage Code by adding §

6.03, a lengthy revision of the Code's citizenship requirements. § 6.03(g) declares that "there is

no longer need for the three-year residency requirements with regard to those segments of the

industry that sell alcoholic beverages to the ultimate consumer only." (Vernon Supp.1993). It

then states that the law retains a one-year requirement for those involved in certain other

liquor-based enterprises. While the amended statute permits nonresidents to own the majority of

stock in a corporate permit-holding retailer that is incorporated in Texas, it also requires all of the

officers and a majority of the directors to have resided in the state for at least one year preceding

the application for a liquor license. § 6.03(k) (Vernon Supp.1993). Further, § 28.04(d) of the

Code, as amended by H.B. 1445, permits the renewal of a liquor permit by a corporation in which

legal or beneficial ownership of over 507 of the stock has changed since the original permit was

issued if the applicant complies with § 11.46—which contains a one-year residency requirement. 

§ 11.46(a)(11) (Vernon Supp.1993). These more narrow residency requirements appear to apply

to Cooper and Wilson, who filed affidavits stating that they have no intention of ever residing in

Texas. 

(1968), that cannot be said of the instant case. Texas' decision to supplant the three-year

requirements with a one-year version does not prevent the state from later restoring the latter if this

Court were to find it constitutional. Here, the new one-year residency/citizenship requirement may

lessen the burden placed on the Plaintiffs, but insofar as they remain out-of-state with declared

intentions of staying that way, the amendments' practical effect remains the same: Plaintiffs, as

non-Texans, are treated differently. Contrary to their assertion that H.B. 1445 has somehow operated

to "repeal[ ] any residency requirement for non-Texans to own stock in Texas corporations with

liquor permits," there persist some statutory impediments to their control, as nonresidents, of a

permit-holding corporation.6

Neither ofthe traditional basesfor mootness exists here. First, the issue presented—does the

State's residency/citizenship requirement violate the Constitution?—is still quite live. See Powell v.

McCormack, 395 U.S. 486, 496, 89 S.Ct. 1944, 1951, 23 L.Ed.2d 491 (1969). Second, the parties

still possess "a legally cognizable interest in the outcome." Id. Accordingly, although mootness is

a close question here, Appellees' motion suggesting mootness is denied.

2. Standing

A second question is whether Cooper and Wilson lack adequate standing to maintain a suit.

As defendantsframe the argument, Cooper and Wilson are seeking to prevent injuryto "the realparty

in interest in this case, namely KSE, the Texas permit-holding corporation, rather than suing to

redress any injury to themselves:
Plaintiffs have brought their claims in their individual capacities and in essence challenge a

provision of the Code which is a restriction on the right of a Texas corporation to hold a

permit to sell alcoholic beverages in Texas.... Plaintiffs neither seek a permit as a sole

proprietorship under the Code nor do they presently hold a permit. Under the facts in the

record the district court erred in its determination that Plaintiffs have standing to assert their

claim.

We disagree and affirm the district court's ruling, which held that the statutes bar Plaintiffs'

efforts as individuals to purchase and operate KSE. Defendants' protests of "subterfuge" aside, it

is immaterial that the Plaintiffs are suing in their individual capacities and are not seeking to obtain

a permit in their individual names. According to the Amended Complaint, the option to purchase the

remainder of KSE'sstock currently rests with Wilson and Cooper individually, and the record shows

they are to receive the remaining 51 percent once the transfer can occur without endangering the

permit. Plaintiffs allege a direct and personal injury—a limit on their ability as individuals to own a

majority interest in a Texas, permit-holding corporation. The conditional nature of the sale further

augments the determination of injury. KSE also has an interest in the dispute—who will its majority

owners be?—but the Supreme Court hasrecognized that shareholders with an identifiablydirect and

personal interest in a cause of action can bring suit "even if the corporation's rights are also

implicated." Franchise Tax Bd. of Cal. v. Alcan Aluminium, 493 U.S. 331, 336, 110 S.Ct. 661, 665,

107 L.Ed.2d 696 (1990); see also Nowling v. Aero Services Intern., Inc., 752 F.Supp. 1304, 1314

(E.D.La.1990). Moreover, the 51 percent rule contemplates that direct focus is upon the

shareholders. This would seem particularly important when the entity involved is, as here, a closely

held corporation.

Having disposed ofthisintroductory question, which touches upon the prudentialwing ofthe

standing doctrine, we now decide whether the Plaintiffs have satisfied the requisite elements for

Article III standing. As the Supreme Court neatly summarized in the recent case, Lujan v. Defenders

of Wildlife, --- U.S. ----, ----, 112 S.Ct. 2130, 2136, 119 L.Ed.2d 351 (1992), plaintiffs must have

suffered an "injury in fact," caused by the challenged government conduct, which is likely to be

redressed by the relief they seek.

Wilson and Cooper easily satisfy these elements. First, because they are non-Texas citizens,

they are personally prevented from acquiring the remaining stock of KSE because of the
 

7McBeath's promise of threatened enforcement is likewise sufficient to thwart any assertion

that the dispute lacks ripeness. Substantial hardship—the touchstone for determining when

review if appropriate—exists where the enforcement of a statute is assured and the only obstacle

to ripeness is merely a delay before the action or proceedings commence. "Where the application

of a law is inevitable and consequences attach to it, the Court will find the matter ripe before the

actual proceedings occur." Erwin Chemerinsky, FEDERAL JURISDICTION § 2.3, at 105

(1989). See Abbott Laboratories v. Gardner, 387 U.S. 136, 152, 87 S.Ct. 1507, 1517, 18

L.Ed.2d 681 (1967); Caprock Plains Federal Bank v. Farm Credit Admin., 843 F.2d 840, 844-

46 (5th Cir.1988). 

Commission's threatened revocation of KSE's liquor permit. They are asserting their own

constitutional rights based on specific injury. Second, it is indisputable that threatened enforcement

of the challenged Code provisions has caused their injury; the statute is an absolute bar to Plaintiffs'

majority ownership of the holder-corporation. As McBeath concedes, "acquisition of any additional

stock by either BCE or the individual plaintiffs would cause KSE to be disqualified. The defendant

would immediately initiate an administrative action to cancel KSE's permit."

7

(emphasis added).

Finally, the injury would be redressed by a favorable ruling striking down the residency/citizenship

requirement.

None of the prudential concerns favoring judicialself-restraint counsels against deciding the

constitutional questions presented today. See, e.g., Apache Bend Apts. v. U.S. Through I.R.S., 987

F.2d 1174, 1176-77 (5th Cir.1993) (en banc) (and cases cited and discussed therein, explicating the

foundationsfor the judiciary's policy of avoiding the unnecessary resolution of constitutional issues).

Asthis court recently emphasized en banc inApache Bend, the federaljudiciary's power to adjudicate

constitutional disputes "is reserved for those instances in which it is necessary for the vindication of

individual rights." Id. at 1176. The Plaintiffs have alleged a redressable injury sufficient to satisfy

Article III and otherwise suitable for judicial review.

We now turn to the principal issue: whether the challenged provisions offend the

Constitution.

Texas v. The Commerce Clause

1. The Clause Itself

 The Commerce Clause states: "The Congress shall have power ... To regulate Commerce

... among the several States[.]" U.S. Const., Art. I, § 8, cl. 3. It is well settled, however, that while
its literal terms speak only of powers bestowed upon Congress, the clause also contains a "dormant"

facet that serves as "a substantive restriction on permissible state regulation ofinterstate commerce."

Dennis v. Higgins, --- U.S. ----, ----, 111 S.Ct. 865, 870, 112 L.Ed.2d 969 (1991) (internal quotation

marks omitted). As the Supreme Court has emphasized, "This "negative' aspect of the Commerce

Clause prohibits economic protectionism—that is, regulatory measures designed to benefit in-state

economic interests by burdening out-of-state competitors." NewEnergy Co. of Indiana v. Limbach,

486 U.S. 269, 273-74, 108 S.Ct. 1803, 1807, 100 L.Ed.2d 302 (1988). The Court has also struck

down state effortsto grant its own residents preferred rights of access over nonresidentsto resources

located within its borders. See, e.g., Hughes v. Oklahoma, 441 U.S. 322, 337-38, 99 S.Ct. 1727,

1737, 60 L.Ed.2d 250 (1979).

In analyzing cases of alleged economic isolationismbrought under the CommerceClause, the

Supreme Court has constructed a two-ti ered approach. Under this framework, state statutes that

directly discriminate against interstate commerce, or whose effects favor in-state economic interests

at the expense of out-of-staters, are routinely struck down, see, e.g., Limbach, 486 U.S. 269, 108

S.Ct. 1803; Sporhase v. Nebraska ex rel. Douglas, 458 U.S. 941, 102 S.Ct. 3456, 73 L.Ed.2d 1254

(1982); Lewis v. BT Investment Managers, Inc., 447 U.S. 27, 100 S.Ct. 2009, 64 L.Ed.2d 702

(1980) (statute prohibiting entry into an industry by non-residentsisfacially invalid under Commerce

Clause); City of Philadelphia v. New Jersey, 437 U.S. 617, 98 S.Ct. 2531, 57 L.Ed.2d 475 (1978),

"unless the discrimination is demonstrably justified by a valid factor unrelated to economic

protectionism." Limbach, 486 U.S. at 274, 108 S.Ct. at 1808; see also, e.g., Maine v. Taylor, 477

U.S. 131, 138-39, 106 S.Ct. 2440, 2447, 91 L.Ed.2d 110 (1986).

When, however, a statute regulates in an evenhanded manner and had only direct effects on

interstate commerce, we assess "whether the State's interest islegitimate and whether the burden on

interstate commerce clearly exceedsthe local benefits." Brown-Forman Distillers v. N.Y. State, 476

U.S. 573, 579, 106 S.Ct. 2080, 2084, 90 L.Ed.2d 552 (1986) (citing the flexible balancing approach

first articulated by Pike v. Bruce Church, Inc., 397 U.S. 137, 142, 90 S.Ct. 844, 847, 25 L.Ed.2d 174

(1970)). While no clear rule exists to tell us when to apply the stricter rule of invalidity, see, e.g.,
 

8Since the burden rests with the State to justify its statutes, we reject Defendants' argument

that the district court erred in not requiring the Plaintiffs to prove discriminatory intent. 

Brown-Forman, 476 U.S. at 579, 106 S.Ct. at 2084, a finding of economic protectionism can be

based solelyupon a statute's discriminatoryeffect. BacchusImports, Ltd. v. Dias, 468 U.S. 263, 270,

104 S.Ct. 3049, 3054-55, 82 L.Ed.2d 200 (1984).

Because the 51 percent ownership requirement, the crux of the dispute, was enacted

immediately following the repeal of the Eighteenth Amendment it cannot fairly be viewed as

protectionist in its original intent,since no local liquor industry then existed in Texas. But that is only

half the inquiry. As announced above, protectionism (while absent in motivation) can manifest itself

in effect. Such overt, in-state favoritism as the TABC provisions embody cannot be ignored as

incidental.

From a practicalstandpoint, there can be little doubt that the State is not entitled to the lesser

standard of scrutiny of Bruce Church. Since 1935, when post-Prohibition Texas enacted its

comprehensive regulatory scheme concerning the distribution and sale of alcoholic beverages, every

permit issued has been granted only to Texans. As the Plaintiffs note, under Texas law, "no

foreigners need apply." Although someone from out-of-state is permitted to own a minority interest

in a Texas, permit-holding corporation, the Code's plain terms forbid non-Texans from acquiring

majority ownership. This impenetrable barrier to entering the Texas liquor industry on substantially

equal terms as Texans enjoy discriminates against out-of-staters.

But while the State is not entitled to the more flexible approach, even plainly discriminatory

statutes may survive a Commerce Clause challenge if the State can demonstrate that the statutes

advance "a legitimate localpurpose that cannot be adequatelyserved byreasonable nondiscriminatory

alternatives." Limbach, 486 U.S. at 278, 108 S.Ct. at 1810. The burden rests with Texas to rescue

its statutes.8 The standards for such a task, however, are towering. Cf., Hughes, 441 U.S. at 337,

99 S.Ct. at 1737 ("[F]acial discrimination by itself may be a fatal defect " and "[a]t a minimum ...

invokes the strictest scrutiny"); City of Philadelphia, 437 U.S. at 624, 98 S.Ct. at 2535 ("[W]here

simple economic protectionism is effected by state legislation, a virtually per se rule of invalidity has
 

9Defendants have not requested a remand nor suggested that, if given the opportunity, they

could prove that the barrier erected against non-Texans furthers legitimate concerns that cannot

adequately be advanced by neutral alternatives. Because we are convinced that Texas enjoys

numerous options capable of serving its interests short of a flat ban, remand would be a poor use

of the judiciary's finite resources. Cf. Fort Gratiot Landfill v. Mich. Dept. of Nat. Res., --- U.S. --

been erected").

Defendants' purported justifications are unpersuasive and insufficient to defend the State's

arbitrary treatment of non-Texans. The State contends first that its distribution system was

established "to protect the health, safety, welfare, morals and temperance" of its citizens.

Tex.Alco.Bev.Code Ann. § 1.03 (West 1978) (articulating these as the policy goals underlying the

Texas Liquor Control Act). Such boilerplate enabling language hardly explains the State's particular

restrictions on out-of-state ownership of various liquor licenses.

Astheir practicaljustification for theCode'sin-state residencyrequirement, Defendants assert

that the Commission's approval of alcoholic beverage permitsis based on an intensely localscreening

of each applicant's reputation in the community plus a complete, thorough business and financial

investigation performed by TABC. Further, the Commission's ability to investigate an out-of-state

applicant'sreputation and qualificationsisseverelylimited. But however legitimate may be the State's

ultimate goals, it cannot pursue them via the illegitimate means of a flat proscription of non-Texans.

See City of Philadelphia, 437 U.S. at 626-27, 98 S.Ct. at 2537 ("whatever [a State's] ultimate

purpose, it may not be accomplished by discriminating ... [against out-of-state citizens] unless there

is some reason, apart from ... origin, to treat them differently").

Inadditionto demonstrating the statutes'localbenefits, the State must prove the unavailability

of neutral alternatives adequate to protect the interests at stake. E.g., Hughes, 441 U.S. at 336, 99

S.Ct. at 1736 (internal citation omitted). In this age of split-second communications by means of

computer networks, fax machines, and other technological marvels, there is no shortage of less

burdensome, yet still suitable, options. At first blush, interstate investigations would seem hardly

more difficult than intrastate ones. If Texas desires to scrutinize its applicants thoroughly, as is its

right, it can devise nondiscriminatorymeansshort ofsaddling applicants with the "burden" ofresiding

in Texas.9 Nonresident liquor license applicants may be required to furnish whatever information the
--, ---- n. 8, 112 S.Ct. 2019, 2027 n. 8, 119 L.Ed.2d 139 (1992). 

State deems necessary, together with a release to permit rigorous verification checks. The state's

penalties for duplicity should apply equally to resident or nonresident permit-holders, as may its

provisions requiring the furnishing of bonds by permit holders. Out-of-state applicants may be

required to file a consent to suit in Texas courts. Texas law already denies applications to

corporations not organized under the laws of Texas, Tex.Alco.Bev.Code Ann. § 109.53 (West

Supp.1993), and a holder-corporation that violates the State's laws faces revocation of its permit,

dissolution of its corporate charter, and other civil and criminal penalties. The entity's employees or

supervisors can, of course, be criminally prosecuted regardless where they reside.

While the State hasineffectively attempted to justify itsstatutes "in terms ofthe local benefits

flowing from [them]," it has also failed to demonstrate "the unavailability of nondiscriminating

alternatives adequate to preserve the local interests at stake." Wyoming v. Oklahoma, --- U.S. ----,

----, 112 S.Ct. 789, 801, 117 L.Ed.1 (1992). So long as an applicant meets the necessary

qualifications and comports himself according to the governing standards, the State would be

hardpressed to offer a justification substantial enough to authorize a wall prohibiting equal

competition of non-Texans in the retail liquor business.

2. The Twenty-first Amendment

The Defendants posit an alternative argument: even if the statutes violate traditional

Commerce Clause principles, the Twenty-first Amendment imbues the States with carte blanche

authority to manage the flow of alcoholwithin their borders. Section 2 of that Amendment provides:

"The transportation or importation into anyState ... for delivery or use therein ofintoxicating liquors,

in violation of the laws thereof, is hereby prohibited." U.S. Const.Amend. XXI, § 2.

The assertion that § 2 of the Twenty-first Amendment automatically trumps the rigors of the

Commerce Clause cannot stand:

To draw a conclusion ... that the Twenty-first Amendment hassomehow operated to

"repeal" theCommerceClausewhereverregulationofintoxicating liquorsis concernedwould

... be an absurd oversimplification. If the Commerce Clause had been pro tanto "repealed,"

then Congress would be left with no regulatory power over interstate or foreign commerce

in intoxicating liquor. Such a conclusion would be patently bizarre and is demonstrably
incorrect.

Hostetter v. Idlewild Bon Voyage Liquor Corp., 377 U.S. 324, 331-332, 84 S.Ct. 1293, 1298, 12

L.Ed.2d 350 (1964). Older caselaw embraced the broad proposition that the Amendment had granted

the States almost unfettered authority to regulate commerce in intoxicating liquors unconstrained by

negative Commerce Clause restrictions. See, for example, State Board of Equalization v. Young's

Market Co., 299 U.S. 59, 62-63, 57 S.Ct. 77, 78-79, 81 L.Ed. 38 (1936) and its progeny. This is no

longer the end of the matter. While subsequent Supreme Court opinions have at times alluded back

to the Young's Market view that the Amendment confers "virtually complete control over ... how to

structure the liquor distribution system," Cal. Retail Liquor DealersAss'n v. Midcal Alum., 445 U.S.

97, 110, 100 S.Ct. 937, 946, 63 L.Ed.2d 233 (1980), this unique power is not absolute and must

coexist with Congress' power to regulate commerce. In Bacchus, which shared the instant case's

focus on states' authority to regulate liquor unconstrained by the negative Commerce Clause, the

Supreme Court put it succinctly: "It is by now clear that the Amendment did not entirely remove

state regulation of alcoholic beveragesfromthe ambit of the Commerce Clause." Bacchus, 468 U.S.

at 275, 104 S.Ct. at 3057.

The Twenty-first Amendment does not necessarily immunize state laws from invalidation

under the Commerce Clause, and the chief question is whether the interests implicated by a State's

regulation "are so closely related to the powers reserved by the Twenty-first Amendment that the

regulation may prevail, notwithstanding that its requirements directly conflict with express federal

policies." Capital Cities Cable, Inc. v. Crisp, 467 U.S. 691, 714, 104 S.Ct. 2694, 2708, 81 L.Ed.2d

580 (1984). "[T]he central purpose of the Amendment was not to empower States to favor local

liquor industries by erecting barriers to competition. It is also beyond doubt that the Commerce

Clause itself furthers strong federal interests in preventing economic Balkanization." Bacchus, 468

U.S. at 276, 104 S.Ct. at 3058 (citations omitted). While courts have recognized generally the need

"to combat the perceived evils of an unrestricted traffic in alcoholic beverages" as a permissible, if

vague, purpose of the Twenty-first Amendment, see id., "laws that constitute mere economic

protectionism are ... not entitled to the same deference." Id. The core concerns underlying the
 

10Since we dispose of this case on Commerce Clause grounds, we need not address Plaintiffs'

alternative argument, that the challenged statutes breach the Privileges and Immunities Clause of

Art. IV, § 2. 

Twenty-first Amendment are not entitled to greater weight than the principle of nondiscrimination

animating the Commerce Clause. Healy v. Beer Institute, Inc., 491 U.S. 324, 344, 109 S.Ct. 2491,

105 L.Ed. 275 (1989) (Justice Scalia, concurring).

The statutory barrier Texas has erected against non-residents who wish to obtain mixed

beverage permits results in shielding the State's operators from the rigors of outside competition.

Thisrule subjectssuch lawsto theCommerceClause'sinsistence on nondiscrimination. And contrary

to Defendants' assertions, the state's interest in facilitating background checks of permit applicants

by discriminating against nonresidents is not within the "core concerns" of the Twenty-first

Amendment. Compare North Dakota v. U.S., 495 U.S. 423, 110 S.Ct. 1986, 109 L.Ed.2d 420

(1990) (state's liquor labeling and reporting requirements are within core of state powers under

Twenty-first Amendment). The discriminatory three-year residency requirement inherent in the

challenged statutory provisions cannot stand.10

CONCLUSION

For the foregoing reasons, the motion to dismiss as moot is denied, and the district court's

judgment for the Plaintiffs is AFFIRMED.

Motion DENIED; Judgment AFFIRMED.