United States 

Department of 

Agriculture

Animal and 

Plant Health 

Inspection 

Service

January

2011

Pests and mitigations for manufactured 

wood décor and craft products from China

for importation into the United States

Agency Contact: 

Plant Epidemiology and Risk Analysis Laboratory

Center for Plant Health Science and Technology

Plant Protection and Quarantine

1730 Varsity Drive, Suite 300

Raleigh, NC 27606
China Wood Products 

1

Executive Summary

Since 2002, 304 emergency action notifications have been issued for wood décor and craft 

products from China, including: trees manufactured from a composite of natural and synthetic 

materials, garden trellis towers, home and garden wood décor, and craft items. In 2004, the 

USDA intercepted live Callidiellum villosulum beetles from wood décor and craft products

imported from China, and shipments of the commodity were recalled. Options to mitigate the 

risk of introducing quarantine arthropod pests in wood décor and craft products (non-palleting 

and non-crating) from China into the United States include fumigation and heat treatment

described in the PPQ Treatment Manual.

This document was updated in 2011 to reflect the removal of 7 CFR 319.40-7 from the CFRs. 

The 319.40-7 regulations were replaced with 305.8 and the updated sections in the Treatment 

Manual. 
China Wood Products 

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Table of Contents

I. Introduction ............................................................................................................................... 2

II. Background .............................................................................................................................. 3

A. Initiating Event ....................................................................................................................... 3

III. Pest Categorization................................................................................................................. 5

A. Pest Identification and Categorization................................................................................... 5

Table 1 – Arthropod Pests Associated with Wood from China .................................................. 5

B. Identification of Quarantine-Significant Pests Likely to Follow the Pathway..................... 44

Table 2 – Quarantine arthropod pests reported on manufactured wood products from China 

and likely to follow the pathway........................................................................................... 44

C. Likelihood and Consequences of introduction of the quarantine pests in Table 2 .............. 66

Consequences of Introduction............................................................................................... 69

Likelihood of Introduction .................................................................................................... 92

Cumulative Pest Risk Potential............................................................................................. 97

IV. Risk Mitigation (Treatment Options) for Quarantine Pests Likely to Follow the 

Pathway........................................................................................................................................ 98

Table 6. Categorization of Manufactured Wood Products from China and Likelihood that 

Internal Feeders will Follow the Pathway................................................................................ 98

V. Conclusion ............................................................................................................................ 101

VI. References ........................................................................................................................... 102

VII. Preparers and Reviewers.................................................................................................. 114

VII. Appendices........................................................................................................................ 115

Appendix 1 – Climate/Host Interaction – Hardiness Zones ................................................... 115
China Wood Products 

2

I. Introduction

Since 2002, 304 Emergency Action Notifications have been issued for wood décor and craft 

products from China, including: trees manufactured from a composite of natural and synthetic 

materials; garden trellis towers; home and garden wood décor; and craft items. In 2004, the 

USDA intercepted live Callidiellum villosulum manufactured wood décor and craft products 

imported from China and shipments of the commodity were recalled. Options to mitigate the risk 

of introducing quarantine arthropod pests in wood décor and craft products (non-palleting and 

non-crating) from China into the United States were requested of Plant Epidemiology and Risk 

Analysis Laboratory in 2004, with priority given to identifying mitigation options for internal and 

external arthropod pests. 

This analysis lists possible arthropod pests in the pathway, identifies risks associated with the 

major quarantine pests and pest groups and describes the mitigation options currently available.

The products are of an undefined nature being composites of plant and synthetic materials. The 

species of plants used and their origin are mostly undefined and unknown. It is assumed that 

most of the plant species and their pests originate in China, but that is uncertain because the raw 

wood products may have originated in other countries and been shipped to China for 

manufacturing. If, in the future, any of these commodities are better defined, more detailed risk 

analyses can be done and mitigations options can more narrowly targeted.
China Wood Products 

3

II. Background

A. Initiating Event

1. Initiating Event: Proposed Action

Based on the live insect pest interceptions in 2003 and 2004 which occurred in stores at 

the point of sale, USDA/APHIS/PPQ Phytoisanitary Issues Management staff requested 

the Center for Plant Health Science and Technology (CPHST) to complete a report on 

pests and possible mitigations for home and garden décor and handcrafted manufactured 

wood product items from China on November 24, 2004. A letter of notification (February

15, 2005) to Mr. Lu Houlin, Deputy Director General, Department for Supervision on 

Animal and Plant Quarantine, China, indicates that effective on April 1, 2005, USDA 

APHIS will suspend the importation of wood craft items that contain logs, limbs, 

branches, or twigs greater than 1 centimeter (0.39 inches) in diameter and having intact 

bark. Over the past 38 months (2002, 2003, 2004, early 2005), 304 Emergency Action 

Notifications (EANs) were issued on manufactured wood products from China. The pests 

listed in these EANs are noted in Table 1 as having been intercepted.

2. Decision to initiate this report

It has been demonstrated by the interceptions that the importation of home and garden 

décor and wooden handicraft items provide a pathway for the entry and possible 

establishment of potentially harmful live plant arthropod pests. Mitigation options are 

required for trade to continue.

3. Commodity Information

The article in question consist of manufactured wood products including articles 

with/without bark, with/without seeds, and with/without non-wood components of varied 

size (e.g., plastic, paper, metal parts). For each item, the degree of processing, the tree 

species and parts used, and the geographic origins are unspecified and unknown. Because 

of the similarity between some of these products and wood packaging material, pests of 

wood packaging material are included here.

The following partial list categorizes manufactured wood products imported into the 

United States from China within the last ten years:

Categorization of Manufactured Wood Products from China

 Animal Artifacts (deer, other animals made from wood) 

 Art Décor/Wood Carvings

 Baskets/Boxes

 Bird Houses (with supporting poles)

 Garden and Lawn/Patio (Rustic) Furniture

 Potpourri (possibly including wood/seeds of trans-shipped origins)

 Artificial Trees (typically Ficus, could include wood not of Chinese origins)

 Trellis Towers (including garden fencing, some hardwoods, mainly of bamboo 

species)

 Bamboo slats and bamboo garden stakes
China Wood Products 

4

 Unspecified Wood Items (varying in size, origin, and description)
China Wood Products 

5

III. Pest Categorization

A. Pest Identification and Categorization

The accepted international definitions of a quarantine pest is: “...a pest of potential economic 

importance to the area endangered thereby and not yet present there, or present but not widely

distributed and being officially controlled” (IPPC, 1997). Table 1 is a collection of data {from 

PPQ interception records [pests found in cargo at a port of entry and reported in the USDA 

Database PEST ID (Previously known as PIN 309)], various journal articles, texts, online 

databases, etc.} of pests that are known to be found on/in trees, shrubs, bamboo, wood, and wood 

products from China. All pests in Table 1 are likely to be found on/in manufactured wood 

products from China (the pathway), but not all species have quarantine status.

Table 1 – Arthropod Pests Associated with Wood from China

Pest China and US 

Distribution

Plant Part(s) 

Association

Intercepted 

in the US

United 

States 

Quarantine 

Pest

Likely to 

Follow 

Pathway

Arthropods: Acarina

1. Acalitus phloeocoptes

(Nalepa) Eriophyoidea

CH (Hong et al., 

1996)

Bud and Shoot 

Galls (Hong et 

al., 1996)

No Yes Yes

2. Aceria abalis (Keifer) 

Eriophyoidea

CH, US (Hong 

et al., 1996)

Galls (Hong et 

al., 1996) No No Yes

3. Aceria bromi (Kuang et 

Zhang) Eriophyoidea

CH (Hong et al., 

1996)

Galls (Hong et 

al., 1996) No Yes Yes

4. Aceria chinensis (Trotter) 

Eriophyoidea

CH (Hong et al., 

1996)

Galls (Hong et 

al., 1996) No Yes Yes

5. Aceria jiangsuensis (Kuang) 

Eriophyoidea

CH (Hong et al., 

1996)

Galls (Hong et 

al., 1996) No Yes Yes

6. Aceria milli (Xin and Dong) 

Eriophyoidea

CH (Hong et al., 

1996)

Stems (Hong et 

al., 1996) No Yes Yes

7. Aceria sheldoni (Ewing) 

Eriophyoidea

CH, US (Hong 

et al., 1996)

Bud (Hong et 

al., 1996) No No Yes

8.

Aceria sheldoni chinensis

(Kuang and Hong) 

Eriophyoidea

CH (Hong et al., 

1996)

Galls (Hong et 

al., 1996) No Yes Yes

9. Aculops atypta Hall and

Keifer Eriophyoidea

CH, US (Hong 

et al., 1996)

Galls (Hong et 

al., 1996) No No Yes

10.

Cecidophyopsis persicae

Kuang and Luo 

Eriophyoidea

CH (Hong et al., 

1996)

Wood Galls 

(Hong et al., 

1996)

No Yes Yes

11. Cecidophyopsis ribis

(Westwood) Eriophyoidea

CH (Hong et al., 

1996)

Bud Galls (Hong 

et al., 1996) No Yes Yes

12.

Eotetranychus 

sexmaculatus (Riley) 

Tetranychidae

CH; US (CABI, 

2005a) 

On or under 

bark (Xiao, 

1991b)

No No Yes

13. Eutetranychus orientalis

Klein Tetranychidae CH

On or under 

bark (CABI, 

2005b)

No Yes Yes

14. Oligonychus clavatus

(Ehara) Tetranychidae CH

On or under 

bark (Xiao, 

1991b)

No Yes Yes
China Wood Products 

6

Pest China and US 

Distribution

Plant Part(s) 

Association

Intercepted 

in the US

United 

States 

Quarantine 

Pest

Likely to 

Follow 

Pathway

15. Oligonychus coffeae

(Nietner) Tetranychidae

CH; US (CABI, 

2005a) 

On or under 

bark (CABI, 

2005b; Xiao, 

1991b)

No No Yes

16.

Oligonychus perditus

Pritchard and Baker 

Tetranychidae

CH; US (CABI, 

2005a) 

On or under 

bark (CABI, 

2005a)

No No Yes

17. Oligonychus punicae (Hirst) 

Tetranychidae CH

On or under 

bark (Xiao, 

1991b)

No Yes Yes

18. Oligonychus ununguis

(Jacobi) Tetranychidae

CH; US (CABI, 

2005a) 

On or under 

bark (CABI, 

2005c; Xiao, 

1991b)

No No Yes

19. Panonychus citri McGregor 

Tetranychidae

CH; US (CABI, 

2005a) 

On or under 

bark (CABI, 

2005b)

No No Yes

20. Panonychus ulmi Koch

Tetranychidae

CH; US (CABI, 

2005a) 

On or under 

bark (CABI, 

2005a; Xiao, 

1991b)

No No Yes

21. Polyphagotarsonemus latus

Banks Tarsonemidae

CH; US (CABI, 

2005a) 

On or under 

bark (CABI, 

2005b)

No No Yes

22. Schizotetranychus sp. 

Tetranychidae CH

On or under 

bark (ARS, 

2005a)

No No Yes

23. Tetranychus cinnabarinus

(Boisduval) Tetranychidae

CH; US (CABI, 

2005a) 

On or under 

bark (CABI, 

2005a; Xiao, 

1991b)

No No Yes

24. Tetranychus kanzawai

Kishida Tetranychidae CH

On or under 

bark (CABI, 

2005a)

No Yes Yes

25. Tetranychus piercei

McGregor Tetranychidae CH

On or under 

bark (CABI, 

2005b)

No Yes Yes

26. Tetranychus sp. 

Tetranychidae CH, US

On or under 

bark (Xiao, 

1991b)

No No Yes

27. Tetranychus truncatus

Ehara Tetranychidae CH

On or under 

bark (CABI, 

2005a)

No Yes Yes

28. Tetranychus urticae Koch 

Tetranychidae

CH; US (CABI, 

2005a) 

On or under 

bark (CABI, 

2005a)

No No Yes

29. Tetranychus viennensis 

(Zacher) Tetranychidae CH

On or under 

bark (Xiao, 

1991b)

No Yes Yes

Arthropods: Coleoptera

30. Acalolepta cervina (Hope) 

Cerambycidae CH

On or under 

bark (CABI, 

2005c)

No Yes Yes

31. Acanthocinus griseus 

(Fabricius) Cerambycidae CH

On or under 

bark (Xiao, 

1991a)

No Yes Yes

32. Adoretus sinicus Burmeister 

Scarabaeidae

CH; US (CABI, 

2005a) 

On or under 

bark (CABI, 

2005c)

No No Yes

33.

Aeolesthes induta

(Neumann, 1842) 

Cerambycidae

CH

On or under 

bark (CABI, 

2005c)

No Yes Yes
China Wood Products 

7

Pest China and US 

Distribution

Plant Part(s) 

Association

Intercepted 

in the US

United 

States 

Quarantine 

Pest

Likely to 

Follow 

Pathway

34. Agelastica alni orientalis

Baly, 1878 Chrysomelidae CH

On or under 

bark (Xiao, 

1991b)

No Yes Yes

35. Agrilus macropoli

Obenberger Buprestidae CH

On or under 

bark (Xiao, 

1991a)

No Yes Yes

36. Agrilus planipennis Fairmair 

Buprestidae

CH; US (CABI, 

2005a) 

On or under 

bark (CABI, 

2005a)

No Yes Yes

37. Agrilus rotundicollis

Saunders,1873 Buprestidae CH

On or under 

bark (Xiao, 

1991a)

No Yes Yes

38. Agrilus zanthoxylumi Hou 

Buprestidae CH

On or under 

bark (Xiao, 

1991a)

No Yes Yes

39. Agriotes obscurus (L.) 

Elateridae CH

On or under 

bark (Xiao, 

1991a)

No Yes No

40.

Agriotes subvittatus

Motschulsky, 1859 

Elateridae

CH

On or under 

bark (Xiao, 

1991a)

No Yes Yes

41. Agrypninae sp. Elateridae CH

On or under 

bark (PEST ID, 

2006)

Yes Yes Yes

42. Ahasverus sp. Silvanidae

CH (PEST ID, 

2006), US 

(CPC, 2006)

Under Bark Yes No Yes

43. Altica sp. Chrysomelidae CH, US (CPC, 

2006)

On or under 

bark (PEST ID, 

2006)

Yes No Yes

44. Altica weisei (Jacobson, 

1892) Chrysomelidae CH

On or under 

bark (Xiao, 

1991b)

No Yes Yes

45. Amphimallon solstitiale (L.) 

Scarabaeidae CH

On or under 

bark (CABI, 

2005c)

No Yes Yes

46. Anelaphus parallelus

(Newman) Cerambycidae CH

On or under 

bark (ARS, 

2005a)

No Yes Yes

47. Anelaphus sp. 

Cerambycidae CH

On or under 

bark (ARS, 

2005a)

No Yes Yes

48. Anelaphus villosus (Fab.) 

Cerambycidae CH

On or under 

bark (ARS, 

2005a)

No Yes Yes

49. Anobiidae sp. Anobiidae

CH (PEST ID, 

2006), US 

(CPC, 2006)

In Wood Yes No Yes

50.

Anomala corpulenta

(Motschulsky) 

Scarabaeidae

CH

On or under 

bark (CABI, 

2005c)

No Yes Yes

51. Anomala cupripes Hope 

Scarabaeidae CH

On or under 

bark (CABI, 

2005c)

No Yes Yes

52. Anoplophora chinensis

(Forter,1771) Cerambycidae

CH; US (CABI, 

2005a) 

On or under 

bark (CABI, 

2005a; Dix et. 

al., 2004; Xiao, 

1991a)

No No Yes

53.

Anoplophora glabripennis

(Motschulsky) 

Cerambycidae

CH; US (under 

official control 

and of limited 

dist.) (CABI, 

2005a) 

In wood (CABI, 

2005a; Dix et. 

al., 2004; PEST 

ID, 2006; Xiao, 

1991a)

Yes Yes Yes
China Wood Products 

8

Pest China and US 

Distribution

Plant Part(s) 

Association

Intercepted 

in the US

United 

States 

Quarantine 

Pest

Likely to 

Follow 

Pathway

54. Anoplophora leechi (Gahan, 

1888) Cerambycidae CH

On or under 

bark (Xiao, 

1991a)

No Yes Yes

55.

Anoplophora nobilis

(Ganglbauer) 

Cerambycidae

CH

On or under 

bark (CABI, 

2005c; Xiao, 

1991a)

No Yes Yes

56. Anoplophora sp. 

Cerambycidae

CH, US (CPC, 

2006)

In wood; On or 

under bark 

(PEST ID, 2006)

Yes No Yes

57. Anthaxia sp. Buprestidae CH

On or under 

bark (PEST ID, 

2006)

Yes No Yes

58. Anthicidae sp. Anthicidae

CH (PEST ID, 

2006), US 

(CPC, 2006)

Under Bark Yes No Yes

59. Apriona germari (Hope) 

Cerambycidae

CH

On or under 

bark (CABI, 

2005c; Dix et. 

al., 2004; Xiao, 

1991a)

No Yes Yes

60. Apriona sp. Cerambycidae CH

On or under 

bark (PEST ID, 

2006)

Yes Yes Yes

61. Apriona swainsoni (Hope) 

Cerambycidae CH

On or under 

bark (Xiao, 

1991a)

No Yes Yes

62. Araecerus fasciculatus (De 

Geer) Curculionidae

CH; US (CABI, 

2005a) 

On or under 

bark (CABI, 

2005a)

No No Yes

63. Argopistes hoenei Maulik, 

1934 Chrysomelidae CH

On or under 

bark (Xiao, 

1991b)

No Yes Yes

64. Arhopalus rusticus (L.) 

Cerambycidae

CH (PEST ID, 

2006) In Wood Yes Yes Yes

65. Arhopalus sp. 

Cerambycidae

CH (PEST ID, 

2006) In Wood Yes Yes Yes

66. Aristobia hispida Saunders, 

1853) Cerambycidae CH

On or under 

bark (Xiao, 

1991a)

No Yes Yes

67. Aromia bungii (Faldermann, 

1835) Cerambycidae CH

On or under 

bark (Xiao, 

1991a)

No Yes Yes

68. Aromia moschata (L.) 

Cerambycidae CH

On or under 

bark (Xiao, 

1991a)

Yes Yes Yes

69. Aseminae sp. 

Cerambycidae

CH (PEST ID, 

2006) In Wood Yes No Yes

70. Asemum sp. Cerambycidae CH

On or under 

bark (PEST ID, 

2006)

Yes Yes Yes

71. Asemum striatum L.

Cerambycidae

CH (PEST ID, 

2006) In Wood Yes Yes Yes

72. Asias halodendri (Pallas, 

1776) Cerambycidae CH

On or under 

bark (Xiao, 

1991a)

No Yes Yes

73. Astyleiopus variegatus

(Haldeman) Cerambycidae CH

On or under 

bark (ARS, 

2005a)

No Yes Yes

74. Bacchisa atritarsis (Pic, 

1912) Cerambycidae CH

On or under 

bark (Xiao, 

1991a)

No Yes Yes
China Wood Products 

9

Pest China and US 

Distribution

Plant Part(s) 

Association

Intercepted 

in the US

United 

States 

Quarantine 

Pest

Likely to 

Follow 

Pathway

75. Batocera davidis Deyrolle, 

1878 Cerambycidae CH

On or under 

bark (Xiao, 

1991a)

No Yes Yes

76. Batocera horsfieldi (Hope) 

Cerambycidae CH

On or under 

bark (Xiao, 

1991a)

No Yes Yes

77. Batocera rubus (L., 1758) 

Cerambycidae CH

On or under 

bark (CABI, 

2005a)

No Yes Yes

78. Batocera rufomaculata De 

Geer, 1775 Cerambycidae CH

On or under 

bark (CABI, 

2005a)

No Yes Yes

79. Batocera sp. Cerambycidae CH

On or under 

bark (PEST ID, 

2006)

Yes Yes Yes

80. Bostrichidae sp. 

CH, US (CPC, 

2006)

In wood; On or 

under bark 

(PEST ID, 2006)

Yes No Yes

81. Brentidae sp. Brentidae CH (PEST ID, 

2006) In Wood Yes No Yes

82.

Brontispa longissima

Gestro, 1885

Chrysomelidae

CH

On or under 

bark (CABI, 

2005a; Dix et. 

al., 2004)

No Yes Yes

83. Bruchus pisorum L., 1758 

Chrysomelidae

CH; US (CABI, 

2005a) 

On or under 

bark (CABI, 

2005c)

No No Yes

84. Buprestidae sp. 

CH, US (CPC, 

2006)

In wood; On or 

under bark 

(PEST ID, 2006)

Yes No Yes

85. Buprestis sp. Buprestidae CH (PEST ID, 

2006) In Wood Yes No Yes

86.

Callidiellum rufipenne

(Motschulsky, 1860) 

Cerambycidae

CH; US (CABI, 

2005a) 

On or under 

bark (CABI, 

2005a; ARS, 

2005b)

Yes No Yes

87. Callidiellum sp. 

Cerambycidae

CH, US (CPC, 

2006)

On or under 

bark (PEST ID, 

2006)

Yes No Yes

88. Callidiellum villosulum

(Fairmaire) Cerambycidae CH

On or under 

bark (PEST ID, 

2006; ARS, 

2005b; Xiao, 

1991a)

Yes Yes Yes

89. Callidium sp. Cerambycidae CH, US (CPC, 

2006)

On or under 

bark (PEST ID, 

2006)

Yes No Yes

90. Callidium violaceum (L.) 

Cerambycidae

CH (PEST ID, 

2006) In Wood Yes Yes Yes

91. Callosobruchus chinensis

(L.) Bruchidae CH

On or under 

bark (CABI, 

2005b)

No Yes Yes

92. Carpophilus sp. Nitidulidae CH, US (CPC, 

2006)

On or under 

bark (CABI, 

2005a)

No No Yes

93. Cerambycidae sp. 

CH, US (CPC, 

2006)

In wood; On or 

under bark 

(PEST ID, 2006)

Yes No Yes

94. Cerambycinae sp. 

Cerambycidae

CH (PEST ID, 

2006), US 

(CPC, 2006)

In Wood Yes No Yes

95.

Ceresium sinicum

ornaticolle Pic, 

Cerambycidae

CH

On or under 

bark (Xiao, 

1991a)

No Yes Yes
China Wood Products 

10

Pest China and US 

Distribution

Plant Part(s) 

Association

Intercepted 

in the US

United 

States 

Quarantine 

Pest

Likely to 

Follow 

Pathway

96. Ceresium sp. 

Cerambycidae CH

On or under 

bark (PEST ID, 

2006)

Yes Yes Yes

97. Chalcophora georgiana

(LeConte) Buprestidae

CH (PEST ID, 

2006) In Wood Yes Yes Yes

98. Chalcophora sp. 

Buprestidae CH

On or under 

bark (PEST ID, 

2006)

Yes Yes Yes

99. Chlorophorus annularis

(Fabricius) Cerambycidae CH

On or under 

bark (ARS, 

2005a; ARS, 

2005b)

Yes Yes Yes

100.

Chlorophorus diadema

(Motschulsky) 

Cerambycidae

CH

On or under 

bark (PEST ID, 

2006)

Yes Yes Yes

101. Chondracris rosea (De 

Geer) Scarabaeidae CH

On or under 

bark (CABI, 

2005b)

No Yes Yes

102. Chrysobothris chrysostigma

(L.) Buprestidae CH

On or under 

bark (PEST ID, 

2006)

Yes Yes Yes

103. Chrysobothris sp. 

Buprestidae

CH, US (CPC, 

2006)

On or under 

bark (PEST ID, 

2006)

Yes No Yes

104. Chrysomela adamsi Baly 

Chrysomelidae CH

On or under 

bark (Xiao, 

1991b)

No Yes Yes

105. Chrysomela lapponica L. 

Chrysomelidae CH

On or under 

bark (Xiao, 

1991b)

No Yes Yes

106. Chrysomela populi L. 

Chrysomelidae CH

On or under 

bark (Xiao, 

1991b)

No Yes Yes

107. Chrysomela salicithorax

(Fairmaire) Chrysomelidae CH

On or under 

bark (Xiao, 

1991b)

No Yes Yes

108. Chrysomela vigintipunctata

(Scopoli) Chrysomelidae CH

On or under 

bark (Xiao, 

1991b)

No Yes Yes

109. Cleroclytus strigicollis

Jakowlew Cerambycidae CH

On or under 

bark (Xiao, 

1991a)

No Yes Yes

110. Clytus validus Fairmaire 

Cerambycidae CH

On or under 

bark (Xiao, 

1991a)

No Yes Yes

111. Colaspoides femoralis

Lefevre Chrysomelidae CH

On or under 

bark (Xiao, 

1991b)

No Yes Yes

112. Coptocycla sordida

Bakeman Chrysomelidae CH

On or under 

bark (PEST ID, 

2006)

No Yes Yes

113. Corticeus sp. Tenebrionidae

CH (PEST ID, 

2006), US 

(CPC, 2006)

In Wood Yes No Yes

114. Cryphalus sp. Scolytidae CH, US (CPC, 

2006)

On or under 

bark (Xiao, 

1991a)

Yes No Yes

115. Cryphalus tabulaefomis

Tsai et Li, 1963 Scolytidae CH

On or under 

bark (PEST ID, 

2006)

No Yes Yes

116. Cryptophagidae sp. 

CH (PEST ID, 

2006) Under Bark Yes No Yes

117. Cryptophilinae sp. 

Erotylidae

CH (PEST ID, 

2006) Under Bark Yes No Yes
China Wood Products 

11

Pest China and US 

Distribution

Plant Part(s) 

Association

Intercepted 

in the US

United 

States 

Quarantine 

Pest

Likely to 

Follow 

Pathway

118. Cryptophilus sp. Erotylidae CH (PEST ID, 

2006) Under Bark Yes No Yes

119. Cryptorhynchinae sp. 

Curculionidae CH

On or under 

bark (PEST ID, 

2006)

Yes No Yes

120. Cryptorhynchus lapathi

(Linne, 1758) Curculionidae

CH; US (CABI, 

2005a) 

On or under 

bark (CABI, 

2005a; Dix et. 

al., 2004; Xiao, 

1991a)

No No Yes

121. Cryptorhynchus sp. 

Curculionidae

CH, US (CPC, 

2006)

On or under 

bark (PEST ID, 

2006)

Yes No Yes

122. Crypturgus pusillus

(Gyllenhal, 1813) Scolytidae

CH (PEST ID, 

2006) In Wood Yes Yes Yes

123. Curculio chinensis (L., 

1758) Curculionidae CH

On or under 

bark (Xiao, 

1991a)

No Yes Yes

124. Curculio davidi (Fairmaire) 

Curculionidae CH

On or under 

bark (Xiao, 

1991a)

No Yes Yes

125. Curculio dentipes (Roelofs) 

Curculionidae CH

On or under 

bark (Xiao, 

1991a)

No Yes Yes

126. Curculio dieckmanni (Faust, 

1887) Curculionidae CH

On or under 

bark (Xiao, 

1991a)

No Yes Yes

127. Curculio hippophes Zhang 

Curculionidae CH

On or under 

bark (Xiao, 

1991a)

No Yes Yes

128. Curculio robustus (Roelofs, 

1874) Curculionidae CH

On or under 

bark (Xiao, 

1991a)

No Yes Yes

129. Curculionidae sp. 

CH (PEST ID, 

2006), US 

(CPC, 2006)

In Wood; On or 

under bark 

(PEST ID, 2006)

Yes No Yes

130. Cyllorhynchites ursulus

(Roelofs) Rhynchitidae CH

On or under 

bark (Xiao, 

1991a)

No Yes Yes

131.

Cyrtogenius luteus

(Blandford, 1894) 

Scolytidae

CH

On or under 

bark (Xiao, 

1991a)

Yes Yes Yes

132. Cyrtogenius sp. Scolytidae CH

On or under 

bark (PEST ID, 

2006)

Yes Yes Yes

133. Cyrtotrachelus buqueti

Faust Curculionidae CH

On or under 

bark (Xiao, 

1991a)

No Yes Yes

134.

Cyrtotrachelus longimanus

Fabricius, 1775 

Curculionidae

CH

On or under 

bark (Xiao, 

1991a)

No Yes Yes

135. Dendroctonus armandi Tsai 

and Li Scolytidae CH

On or under 

bark (CABI, 

2005a; PEST 

ID, 2006; Xiao, 

1991a)

No Yes Yes

136. Dendroctonus micans

(Kugelann, 1794) Scolytidae CH

On or under 

bark (Dix et. al., 

2004)

No Yes Yes

137. Dendroctonus valens

Leconte Scolytidae

CH; US (CABI, 

2005a) 

On or under 

bark (CABI, 

2005a; Xiao, 

1991a)

No No Yes
China Wood Products 

12

Pest China and US 

Distribution

Plant Part(s) 

Association

Intercepted 

in the US

United 

States 

Quarantine 

Pest

Likely to 

Follow 

Pathway

138. Dere thoracica White, 1855 

Cerambycidae CH

On or under 

bark (PEST ID, 

2006)

Yes Yes Yes

139. Dermestes sp. Dermestidae

CH (PEST ID, 

2006), US 

(CPC, 2006)

Under Bark Yes No Yes

140. Dinoderinae sp. 

Bostrichidae

CH (PEST ID, 

2006) In Wood Yes No Yes

141. Dinoderus japonicus Lesne 

Bostrichidae CH

On or under 

bark (Xiao, 

1991a)

No Yes Yes

142. Dinoderus minutus

(Fabricius) Bostrichidae

CH; US (CABI, 

2005a) 

On or under 

bark (CABI, 

2005a; ARS, 

2005a; Xiao, 

1991a)

Yes No Yes

143. Dinoderus sp. Bostrichidae

CH (PEST ID, 

2006), US 

(CPC, 2006)

In Wood Yes No Yes

144.

Diorhabda elongata 

deserticola Chen, 1961 

Chrysomelidae

CH

On or under 

bark (Xiao, 

1991b)

No Yes Yes

145. Diorhabda rybakowi Weise, 

1890 Chrysomelidae CH

On or under 

bark (Xiao, 

1991b)

No Yes Yes

146. Dryocoetes sp. Scolytidae

CH, US (CPC, 

2006)

On or under 

bark (Dix et. al., 

2004)

Yes No Yes

147.

Dyscerus cribripennis

Matsumura et Kono, 1927 

Curculionidae

CH

On or under 

bark (Xiao, 

1991a)

No Yes Yes

148. Dyscerus juglans Chao, 

1980 Curculionidae CH

On or under 

bark (Xiao, 

1991a)

No Yes Yes

149.

Dyscerus longiclavis

Marshall, 1919 

Curculionidae

CH

On or under 

bark (Xiao, 

1991a)

No Yes Yes

150. Dyscerus pustulatus (Kono, 

1933) Curculionidae CH

On or under 

bark (Xiao, 

1991a)

No Yes Yes

151.

Dysdercus cingulatus

(Fabricius, 1775) 

Curculionidae

CH

On or under 

bark (CABI, 

2005a)

No Yes Yes

152. Ectatorhinus adamsi

Pascoe, 1871 Curculionidae CH

On or under 

bark (Xiao, 

1991a)

No Yes Yes

153. Elaphidion mucronatum

(Say) Cerambycidae CH

On or under 

bark (ARS, 

2005a)

No Yes Yes

154. Elaphidion sp. 

Cerambycidae CH

On or under 

bark (PEST ID, 

2006)

Yes No Yes

155. Elateridae sp. CH, US

On or under 

bark (PEST ID, 

2006)

Yes No Yes

156.

Embrikstrandia bimaculata

(White, 1853) 

Cerambycidae

CH

On or under 

bark (Xiao, 

1991a)

No Yes Yes

157. Endomychidae sp. 

CH (PEST ID, 

2006), US 

(CPC, 2006)

Under Bark Yes No Yes

158. Entiminae sp. Curculionidae CH (PEST ID, 

2006) In Wood Yes No Yes
China Wood Products 

13

Pest China and US 

Distribution

Plant Part(s) 

Association

Intercepted 

in the US

United 

States 

Quarantine 

Pest

Likely to 

Follow 

Pathway

159. Ergania doriae yunnanus

Heller, 1927 Curculioninae CH

On or under 

bark (Xiao, 

1991a)

No Yes Yes

160.

Eucryptorrhynchus brandti

(Harold, 1881) 

Curculionidae

CH

On or under 

bark (Xiao, 

1991a)

No Yes Yes

161.

Eucryptorrhynchus 

chinensis (Olivier, 1790) 

Curculionidae

CH

On or under 

bark (Xiao, 

1991a)

No Yes Yes

162. Euwallacea destruens

(Blandford) Scolytidae CH

On or under 

bark (PEST ID, 

2006)

No Yes Yes

163. Euwallacea fornicatus

(Eichhoff, 1868) Scolytidae

CH; US (CABI, 

2005a) 

On or under 

bark (CABI, 

2005a)

No No Yes

164. Euwallacea validus

(Eichhoff, 1875) Scolytidae CH

On or under 

bark (CABI, 

2005a)

Yes Yes Yes

165.

Gastrolina 

depressathoracica

Chrysomelidae

CH

On or under 

bark (Xiao, 

1991b)

No Yes Yes

166. Glenea sp. Cerambycidae CH

On or under 

bark (PEST ID, 

2006)

Yes Yes Yes

167.

Gonipterus gibberus

Boisduval, 1835

Curculionidae

CH; US (CABI, 

2005a) 

On or under 

bark (CABI, 

2005a)

No No Yes

168. Grammographus notabilis

(Pascoe) Cerambycidae CH

On or under 

bark (ARS, 

2005b)

No Yes Yes

169. Harmonia axyridis Pallas 

Coccinellidae

CH (PEST ID, 

2006), US 

(CPC, 2006)

Under Bark Yes No Yes

170. Harmonia sp. Coccinellidae

CH (PEST ID, 

2006), US 

(CPC, 2006)

Under Bark Yes No Yes

171.

Hesperophanes campestris

Faldermann, 1835) 

Cerambycidae

CH

On or under 

bark (ARS, 

2005b)

Yes Yes Yes

172. Hesperophanes sp. 

Cerambycidae CH

On or under 

bark (PEST ID, 

2006; ARS, 

2005a)

Yes Yes Yes

173. Heterobostrychus aequalis

(Waterhouse) Bostrichidae

CH; US (CABI, 

2005a) 

On or under 

bark (PEST ID, 

2006; ARS, 

2005a; ARS, 

2005b; Xiao, 

1991a)

Yes No Yes

174. Heterobostrychus brunneus

(Murray) Bostrichidae

CH (PEST ID, 

2006) In Wood Yes Yes Yes

175.

Heterobostrychus 

hamatipennis (Lesne) 

Bostrichidae

CH (PEST ID, 

2006) In Wood Yes Yes Yes

176. Heterobostrychus sp. 

Bostrichidae

CH, US (CPC, 

2006)

On or under 

bark (PEST ID, 

2006; ARS, 

2005b)

Yes No Yes

177. Holotrichia diomphalia

(Bates) Scarabaeidae CH

On or under 

bark (CABI, 

2005c)

No Yes Yes

178. Holotrichia oblita

(Falderman)Scarabaeidae CH

On or under 

bark (CABI, 

2005c)

No Yes Yes
China Wood Products 

14

Pest China and US 

Distribution

Plant Part(s) 

Association

Intercepted 

in the US

United 

States 

Quarantine 

Pest

Likely to 

Follow 

Pathway

179. Hylastes ater (Paykull, 

1800) Curculionidae CH

On or under 

bark (CABI, 

2005a)

No Yes Yes

180. Hylesininae sp. Scolytidae CH

On or under 

bark (PEST ID, 

2006)

Yes No Yes

181. Hylesinus fraxini (Fabricius) 

Scolytidae CH

On or under 

bark (PEST ID, 

2006)

No Yes Yes

182. Hylobitelus xiaoi Zhang 

Runzhi Curculionidae CH

On or under 

bark (CABI, 

2005a)

No Yes Yes

183. Hylobius abietis (L., 1758) 

Curculionidae CH

On or under 

bark (CABI, 

2005a)

No Yes Yes

184. Hylobius abietis haroldi

(Faust) Curculionidae CH

On or under 

bark (Xiao, 

1991a)

No Yes Yes

185. Hylobius sp. Curculionidae CH, US (CPC, 

2006)

In wood; On or 

under bark 

(PEST ID, 2006)

Yes No Yes

186. Hylotrupes bajulus (L., 

1758) Cerambycidae

CH; US (CABI, 

2005a) 

On or under 

bark (CABI, 

2005a)

Yes No Yes

187. Hylurgops palliatus

(Gyllenhal, 1813) Scolytidae

CH; US (CABI, 

2005a) 

On or under 

bark (Xiao, 

1991a)

No No Yes

188. Hylurgops sp. Scolytidae CH, US (CPC, 

2006)

On or under 

bark (CABI, 

2005a)

Yes No Yes

189. Hylurgus ligniperda

(Fabricius, 1787) Scolytidae CH

On or under 

bark (PEST ID, 

2006)

No Yes Yes

190. Hypocryphalus sp. 

Scolytidae

CH, US (CPC, 

2006)

On or under 

bark (CABI, 

2005b)

Yes No Yes

191.

Hypomeces squamosus

(Fabricius, 1792) 

Curculionidae

CH

On or under 

bark (CABI, 

2005a)

No Yes Yes

192. Hypothenemus sp. 

Scolytidae CH

On or under 

bark (PEST ID, 

2006)

Yes No Yes

193. Ips acuminatus Gyllenhal

Scolytidae CH

On or under 

bark (PEST ID, 

2006; Xiao, 

1991a)

Yes Yes Yes

194. Ips cembrae (Heer, 1836) 

Scolytidae CH

On or under 

bark (PEST ID, 

2006)

No Yes Yes

195. Ips duplicatus (Sahlberg, 

1836) Scolytidae CH

On or under 

bark (CABI, 

2005a; PEST 

ID, 2006)

No Yes Yes

196. Ips erosus (Wollaston, 

1857) Scolytidae CH

On or under 

bark (Xiao, 

1991a)

Yes Yes Yes

197. Ips hauseri Reitter, 1894 

Scolytidae CH

On or under 

bark (PEST ID, 

2006)

No Yes Yes

198. Ips nitidus Egger, 1933 

Scolytidae CH

On or under 

bark (Xiao, 

1991a)

No Yes Yes

199. Ips pini (Say, 1826) 

Scolytidae

CH; US (CABI, 

2005a) 

On or under 

bark (Xiao, 

1991a)

No No Yes
China Wood Products 

15

Pest China and US 

Distribution

Plant Part(s) 

Association

Intercepted 

in the US

United 

States 

Quarantine 

Pest

Likely to 

Follow 

Pathway

200. Ips sexdentatus (Borner, 

1776) Scolytidae CH

On or under 

bark (CABI, 

2005a; Xiao, 

1991a)

No Yes Yes

201. Ips sp. Scolytidae CH; US (CABI, 

2005a) 

On or under 

bark (Xiao, 

1991a)

Yes No Yes

202.

Ips subelongatus

(Motschulsky, 1860) 

Scolytidae

CH

On or under 

bark (CABI, 

2005a; PEST 

ID, 2006)

No Yes Yes

203. Ips typographus (L., 1758) 

Scolytidae CH

On or under 

bark (CABI, 

2005a; Xiao, 

1991a)

Yes Yes Yes

204. Lamiinae sp. Cerambycidae CH

On or under 

bark (PEST ID, 

2006)

Yes No Yes

205. Lepidiota stigma (Fabricius) 

Scarabaeidae CH

On or under 

bark (CABI, 

2005a)

No Yes Yes

206. Leptura sp. Cerambycidae CH (PEST ID, 

2006) In Wood Yes No Yes

207. Lepyrus japonicus Roelofs, 

1873 Curculionidae CH

On or under 

bark (Xiao, 

1991a)

No Yes Yes

208. Litargus sp. 

Mycetophagidae

CH (PEST ID, 

2006) Under Bark Yes No Yes

209. Longitarsus sp. 

Chrysomelidae

CH, US (CPC, 

2006)

On or under 

bark (PEST ID, 

2006)

Yes No Yes

210. Luprops sp. Tenebrionidae CH (PEST ID, 

2006) Under Bark Yes Yes Yes

211. Lyctidae sp. Lyctidae CH

On or under 

bark (PEST ID, 

2006)

Yes No Yes

212. Lyctinae sp. Lyctidae CH (PEST ID, 

2006) In Wood Yes No Yes

213. Lyctus brunneus Stephens 

Lyctidae CH

On or under 

bark (Xiao, 

1991a)

No Yes Yes

214. Lyctus linearis (Goeze, 

1777) Lyctidae CH

On or under 

bark (Xiao, 

1991a)

No Yes Yes

215. Lyctus sp. Lyctidae CH

On or under 

bark (PEST ID, 

2006)

Yes No Yes

216.

Maladera orientalis

(Motschulsky) 

Scarabaeidae

CH

On or under 

bark (CABI, 

2005c)

No Yes Yes

217. Mallodon sp. Cerambycidae CH (PEST ID, 

2006) In Wood Yes Yes Yes

218. Megopis sinica (White) 

Cerambycidae CH

On or under 

bark (Xiao, 

1991a)

No Yes Yes

219. Melanophila picta (Pallas, 

1793) Buprestidae CH

On or under 

bark (Xiao, 

1991a)

No Yes Yes

220. Melanophila sp. 

Buprestidae

CH, US (CPC, 

2006)

On or under 

bark (PEST ID, 

2006)

Yes No Yes
China Wood Products 

16

Pest China and US 

Distribution

Plant Part(s) 

Association

Intercepted 

in the US

United 

States 

Quarantine 

Pest

Likely to 

Follow 

Pathway

221. Melolontha melolontha L., 

1758 Scarabaeidae CH

On or under 

bark (CABI, 

2005a)

No Yes No

222. Melolontha sp. 

Scarabaeidae CH

On or under 

bark (CABI, 

2005c)

No No Yes

223. Mesosa myops (Dalman, 

1817) Cerambycidae CH

On or under 

bark (Xiao, 

1991a)

No Yes Yes

224. Minthea rugicollis (Walker) 

Lyctidae CH

On or under 

bark (CABI, 

2005c; Xiao, 

1991a)

No Yes Yes

225. Monochamus alternatus

Hope, 1843 Cerambycidae CH

On or under 

bark (CABI, 

2005a; PEST 

ID, 2006; Xiao, 

1991a)

Yes Yes Yes

226. Monochamus saltuarius

Gebler, 1830 Cerambycidae CH

On or under 

bark (CABI, 

2005a; Xiao, 

1991a)

No Yes Yes

227. Monochamus sp. 

Cerambycidae

CH, US (CPC, 

2006)

In wood; On or 

under bark 

(CABI, 2005c; 

PEST ID, 2006)

Yes No Yes

228. Monochamus sutor (L.) 

Cerambycidae CH

On or under 

bark (CABI, 

2005a; Xiao, 

1991a)

No Yes Yes

229. Monochamus tesserula

White Cerambycidae CH

On or under 

bark (PEST ID, 

2006)

Yes Yes Yes

230.

Monochamus urussovii

(Fischer, 1806) 

Cerambycidae

CH

On or under 

bark (CABI, 

2005c; Xiao, 

1991a)

No Yes Yes

231. Mycetophagidae sp. 

Mycetophagidae

CH (PEST ID, 

2006), US 

(CPC, 2006)

Under Bark Yes No Yes

232. Myocalandra sp. 

Curculionidae

CH (PEST ID, 

2006) In Wood Yes Yes Yes

233. Niphades castanea Chao, 

1980 Curculionidae CH

On or under 

bark (Xiao, 

1991a)

No Yes Yes

234. Niphades sp. Curculionidae CH

On or under 

bark (PEST ID, 

2006)

Yes Yes Yes

235. Niphades verrucosus (Voss, 

1932) Curculionidae CH

On or under 

bark (Xiao, 

1991a)

No Yes Yes

236. Niphona furcata (Bates, 

1873) Cerambycidae CH

On or under 

bark (Xiao, 

1991a)

No Yes Yes

237. Niphona sp. Cerambycidae CH

On or under 

bark (ARS, 

2005a)

No Yes Yes

238. Nitidulidae sp. 

CH (PEST ID, 

2006), US 

(CPC, 2006)

Under Bark Yes No Yes

239.

Oberea fusciventris

Fairmaire, 1895 

Cerambycidae

CH

On or under 

bark (Xiao, 

1991a)

No Yes Yes
China Wood Products 

17

Pest China and US 

Distribution

Plant Part(s) 

Association

Intercepted 

in the US

United 

States 

Quarantine 

Pest

Likely to 

Follow 

Pathway

240. Oberea inclusa Pascoe, 

1858 Cerambycidae CH

On or under 

bark (Xiao, 

1991a)

No Yes Yes

241. Oberea oculata (L., 1758) 

Cerambycidae CH

On or under 

bark (Xiao, 

1991a)

No Yes Yes

242. Oides leucomeluena Weise 

Chrysomelidae CH

On or under 

bark (Xiao, 

1991b)

No Yes Yes

243. Olenecamptus sp. 

Cerambycidae

CH (PEST ID, 

2006) In Wood Yes Yes Yes

244. Ophrida scaphoides (Baly, 

1865) Chrysomelidae CH

On or under 

bark (Xiao, 

1991b)

No Yes Yes

245. Ophrida xanthospilota (Baly, 

1881) Chrysomelidae CH

On or under 

bark (Xiao, 

1991b)

No Yes Yes

246.

Orthotomicus erosus

(Wollaston, 1857) 

Scolytidae

CH

On or under 

bark (PEST ID, 

2006)

Yes Yes Yes

247. Orthotomicus sp. Scolytidae

CH, US (CPC, 

2006)

On or under 

bark (CABI, 

2005a)

Yes No Yes

248. Oryctes rhinoceros (L.) 

Scarabaeidae CH

On or under 

bark (CABI, 

2005a)

No Yes Yes

249. Otidognathus davidis

(Fairmaire) Curculionidae CH

On or under 

bark (Xiao, 

1991a)

No Yes Yes

250. Oulema melanopus (L.) 

Chrysomelidae

CH (PEST ID, 

2006), US 

(CPC, 2006)

Under Bark Yes No Yes

251. Ovalisia sp. Buprestidae CH (PEST ID, 

2006) In Wood Yes Yes Yes

252. Phloeosinus aubei Perris 

Scolytidae CH

On or under 

bark (ARS, 

2005b)

No Yes Yes

253. Phloeosinus sinensis

Schedl Scolytidae CH

On or under 

bark (Xiao, 

1991a)

No Yes Yes

254. Phloeosinus sp. Scolytidae

CH (PEST ID, 

2006), US (CA -

unconfirmed) 

(CPC, 2006)

Wood; On or 

under bark 

(PEST ID, 2006; 

Xiao, 1991a

Yes No Yes

255. Phyllophaga sp. 

Scarabaeidae

CH; US (CABI, 

2005a) 

On or under 

bark (CABI, 

2005b)

No No Yes

256. Phymatodes sp. 

Cerambycidae CH

On or under 

bark (ARS, 

2005a)

Yes No Yes

257. Phymatodes testaceus (L.) 

Cerambycidae CH

On or under 

bark (ARS, 

2005a)

No Yes Yes

258.

Piazomia validus

Motschulsky, 1853 

Curculionidae

CH

On or under 

bark (Xiao, 

1991a)

No Yes Yes

259. Pissodes nitidus Roelofs 

Curculionidae CH

On or under 

bark (Xiao, 

1991a)

No Yes Yes

260. Pissodes sp. Curculionidae CH, US

On or under 

bark (PEST ID, 

2006; Dix. et.al., 

2004)

Yes No Yes
China Wood Products 

18

Pest China and US 

Distribution

Plant Part(s) 

Association

Intercepted 

in the US

United 

States 

Quarantine 

Pest

Likely to 

Follow 

Pathway

261. Pissodes validirostris

Gyllenhal Curculionidae CH

On or under 

bark (CABI, 

2005c; Xiao, 

1991a)

No Yes Yes

262. Pissodes yunnanensis

Langor Curculionidae CH

On or under 

bark (CABI, 

2005a)

No Yes Yes

263. Pityogenes chalcographus

(L., 1761) Scolytidae CH

On or under 

bark (CABI, 

2005a; PEST 

ID, 2006; Xiao, 

1991a)

Yes Yes Yes

264. Pityogenes hopkinsi Swaine 

Scolytidae CH

On or under 

bark (PEST ID, 

2006)

No Yes Yes

265. Pityogenes serindensis

Murayama, 1929 Scolytidae CH

On or under 

bark (Xiao, 

1991a)

No Yes Yes

266. Plagiodera versicolora

Laicharting Chrysomelidae

CH; US (CABI, 

2005a) 

On or under 

bark (Xiao, 

1991b)

No No Yes

267. Plagionotus christophi

Kraatz Cerambycidae CH

On or under 

bark (PEST ID, 

2006)

Yes Yes Yes

268. Plagionotus sp. 

Cerambycidae

CH (PEST ID, 

2006) In Wood Yes Yes Yes

269. Platypodidae sp. CH

On or under 

bark (PEST ID, 

2006)

Yes No Yes

270. Platypus sp. Platypodidae CH

On or under 

bark (PEST ID, 

2006)

Yes No Yes

271. Pleonomus canaliculatus

(Faldermann) Elateridae CH

On or under 

bark (Xiao, 

1991b)

No Yes Yes

272. Plocaederus obesus

Gahan, 1890 Cerambycidae CH

On or under 

bark (CABI, 

2005a)

No Yes Yes

273. Podagricomela cyanea

Chen Chrysomelidae CH

On or under 

bark (Xiao, 

1991b)

No Yes Yes

274. Podagricomela shirahatai

Chujo Chrysomelidae CH

On or under 

bark (Xiao, 

1991b)

No Yes Yes

275. Podontia lutea (Olivier, 

1890) Chrysomelidae CH

On or under 

bark (Xiao, 

1991b)

No Yes Yes

276. Poecilomorpha cyanipennis

(Kroatz) Chrysomelidae CH

On or under 

bark (Xiao, 

1991b)

No Yes Yes

277. Poecilonota variolosa

(Paukull, 1799) Buprestidae CH

On or under 

bark (Xiao, 

1991a)

No Yes Yes

278. Polygraphus poligraphus

(L.) Scolytidae CH

On or under 

bark (Xiao, 

1991a)

Yes Yes Yes

279. Polygraphus sp. Scolytidae CH

On or under 

bark (PEST ID, 

2006)

Yes Yes Yes

280.

Polyzonus fasciatus

(Fabricius, 1781) 

Cerambycidae

CH

On or under 

bark (Xiao, 

1991a)

No Yes Yes

281. Popillia japonica Newman 

Scarabaeidae

CH; US (CABI, 

2005a) 

On or under 

bark (CABI, 

2005b)

No No Yes
China Wood Products 

19

Pest China and US 

Distribution

Plant Part(s) 

Association

Intercepted 

in the US

United 

States 

Quarantine 

Pest

Likely to 

Follow 

Pathway

282. Prioninae sp. Cerambycidae CH (PEST ID, 

2006) In Wood Yes No Yes

283. Prionus sp. Cerambycidae CH

On or under 

bark (ARS, 

2005b)

No No Yes

284. Pterolophia sp. 

Cerambycidae

CH (PEST ID, 

2006) In Wood Yes Yes Yes

285.

Purpuricenus sideriger

Fairmaire, 1888 

Cerambycidae

CH

On or under 

bark (Xiao, 

1991a)

No Yes Yes

286.

Purpuricenus temminckii

Guerin – Meniville, 1844) 

Cerambycidae

CH

On or under 

bark (Xiao, 

1991a)

No Yes Yes

287. Pyrrhalta aenescens

(Fairmaire) Chrysomelidae CH

On or under 

bark (Xiao, 

1991b)

No Yes Yes

288.

Pyrrhalta maculicollis

(Motschulsky, 1853) 

Chrysomelidae

CH

On or under 

bark (Xiao, 

1991b)

No Yes Yes

289. Pyrrhidium sanguineum (L) 

Cerambycidae

CH (PEST ID, 

2006) In Wood Yes Yes Yes

290. Rhagium sp. Cerambycidae CH (PEST ID, 

2006) In Wood Yes No Yes

291. Rhynchaenus alini (L., 

1759) Curculionidae CH

On or under 

bark (Xiao, 

1991a)

No Yes Yes

292.

Rhynchaenus empopulifolis

Chen et Zang, 1988 

Curculionidae

CH

On or under 

bark (Xiao, 

1991a)

No Yes Yes

293.

Rhynchophorus ferrugineus

(Olivier, 1790) 

Curculionidae

CH

On or under 

bark (CABI, 

2005a)

No Yes Yes

294. Ropica sp. Cerambycidae CH (PEST ID, 

2006) In Wood Yes Yes Yes

295.

Saperda balsamifera

(Motschulsky, 1860) 

Cerambycidae

CH

On or under 

bark (Xiao, 

1991a)

No Yes Yes

296. Saperda carcharias (L., 

1758) Cerambycidae CH

On or under 

bark (Xiao, 

1991a)

No Yes Yes

297. Saperda populnea (L., 

1758) Cerambycidae CH

On or under 

bark (CABI, 

2005a; Dix et. 

al., 2004; Xiao, 

1991a)

No Yes Yes

298. Saperda sp. Cerambycidae CH, US (CPC, 

2006)

On or under 

bark (PEST ID, 

2006)

No No Yes

299. Scaphidiinae sp. 

CH (PEST ID, 

2006), US 

(CPC, 2006)

Under Bark Yes No Yes

300. Scolytidae sp. 

CH, US (CPC, 

2006)

On or under 

bark (PEST ID, 

2006)

Yes No Yes

301. Scolytus morawitzi

Semenov, 1902 Scolytidae CH

On or under 

bark (PEST ID, 

2006)

No Yes Yes

302. Scolytus multistriatus

(Marsham, 1802) Scolytidae

CH; US (CABI, 

2005a) 

On or under 

bark (CABI, 

2005a)

No No Yes
China Wood Products 

20

Pest China and US 

Distribution

Plant Part(s) 

Association

Intercepted 

in the US

United 

States 

Quarantine 

Pest

Likely to 

Follow 

Pathway

303. Scolytus schevyrewi

Semenov, 1902 Scolytidae

CH; US (CABI, 

2005a) 

On or under 

bark (CABI, 

2005a; Xiao, 

1991a)

Yes No Yes

304. Scolytus sp. Scolytidae CH, US (CPC, 

2006)

On or under 

bark (Dix et.al., 

2004)

Yes No Yes

305.

Semanotus bifasciatus

(Motschulsky) 

Cerambycidae

CH

On or under 

bark (CABI, 

2005c; Xiao, 

1991a)

No Yes Yes

306. Semanotus sinoauster

Gressitt Cerambycidae CH

On or under 

bark (CABI, 

2005c; Xiao, 

1991a)

No Yes Yes

307. Semanotus sp. 

Cerambycidae CH

On or under 

bark (PEST ID, 

2006)

Yes Yes Yes

308. Shirahoshizo coniferae

Chao, 1980 Curculionidae CH

On or under 

bark (Xiao, 

1991a)

No Yes Yes

309. Shirahoshizo patruelis

(Voss, 1937) Curculionidae CH

On or under 

bark (Xiao, 

1991a)

No Yes Yes

310. Shirahoshizo sp. 

Curculionidae CH

On or under 

bark (PEST ID, 

2006)

Yes Yes Yes

311. Silvanidae sp.

CH (PEST ID, 

2006), US 

(CPC, 2006)

In Wood Yes No Yes

312. Silvanus sp. Silvanidae

CH (PEST ID, 

2006), US 

(CPC, 2006)

In Wood Yes No Yes

313. Sinoxylon anale Lesne 

Bostrichidae CH

On or under 

bark (PEST ID, 

2006; Xiao, 

1991a)

Yes Yes Yes

314.

Sinoxylon conigerum

Gerstaecker, 1855 

Bostrichidae

CH; US (CABI, 

2005a) 

On or under 

bark (PEST ID, 

2006)

Yes No Yes

315. Sinoxylon sp. Bostrichidae CH (PEST ID, 

2006)

On or under 

bark (PEST ID, 

2006)

Yes No Yes

316. Sipalinus gigas (Fab) 

Curculionidae CH

On or under 

bark (PEST ID, 

2006)

Yes Yes Yes

317. Sipalinus sp. Curculionidae CH

On or under 

bark (PEST ID, 

2006)

Yes Yes Yes

318. Sitophilus sp. Curculionidae

CH (PEST ID, 

2006), US 

(CPC, 2006)

In Wood Yes No Yes

319.

Sphaerotrypes 

coimbatorensis Stebbing, 

1903 Scolytidae

CH

On or under 

bark (PEST ID, 

2006)

No Yes Yes

320. Stenhomalus taiwanus

Matsushita Cerambycidae CH

On or under 

bark (Xiao, 

1991a)

No Yes Yes

321.

Stenodontes dasytomus

Browne and Peck 

Cerambycidae

CH

On or under 

bark (ARS, 

2005b)

No Yes Yes

322. Stenodontes sp. 

Cerambycidae CH

On or under 

bark (ARS, 

2005b)

No No Yes
China Wood Products 

21

Pest China and US 

Distribution

Plant Part(s) 

Association

Intercepted 

in the US

United 

States 

Quarantine 

Pest

Likely to 

Follow 

Pathway

323. Sternidius variegatus

(Haldeman) Cerambycidae CH

On or under 

bark (ARS, 

2005a)

No Yes Yes

324. Stromatium barbatum

(Fabricius) Cerambycidae CH

On or under 

bark (PEST ID, 

2006)

No Yes Yes

325.

Stromatium longicorne

(Newman, 1842) 

Cerambycidae

CH

On or under 

bark (PEST ID, 

2006; Xiao, 

1991a)

No Yes Yes

326. Stromatium sp. 

Cerambycidae CH

In wood; On or 

under bark 

(ARS, 2005b)

Yes Yes Yes

327. Tenebrionidae sp. 

Tenebrionidae

CH, US (CPC, 

2006)

On or under 

bark (PEST ID, 

2006)

Yes No Yes

328. Tetropium castaneum (L., 

1758) Cerambycidae CH

On or under 

bark (CABI, 

2005a; PEST 

ID, 2006; Xiao, 

1991a)

Yes Yes Yes

329.

Tetropium fuscum 

(Fabricius, 1787) 

Cerambycidae

CH

On or under 

bark (PEST ID, 

2006)

Yes Yes Yes

330. Tetropium gabrieli Weise 

Cerambycidae

CH (PEST ID, 

2006) In Wood Yes Yes Yes

331. Tetropium gracilicorne

Reitter, 1889 Cerambycidae CH

On or under 

bark (CABI, 

2005a)

No Yes Yes

332. Tetropium sp. 

Cerambycidae

CH, US (CPC, 

2006)

On or under 

bark (PEST ID, 

2006)

Yes No Yes

333. Thylactus simulans Gahan, 

1890 Cerambycidae CH

On or under 

bark (Xiao, 

1991a)

No Yes Yes

334. Tomicus minor (Hartig, 

1834) Scolytidae CH

On or under 

bark (CABI, 

2005a; Xiao, 

1991a)

No Yes Yes

335.

Tomicus pilifer

(Spessivtsev, 1919) 

Scolytidae

CH

On or under 

bark (Xiao, 

1991a)

No Yes Yes

336. Tomicus piniperda (L., 

1758) Scolytidae

CH; US (CABI, 

2005a) 

On or under 

bark (CABI, 

2005a; Dix 

et.al., 2004; 

PEST ID, 2006; 

Xiao, 1991a)

Yes

Yes 

(Official 

Control)

Yes

337. Tribolium castaneum

(Herbst) Tenebrionidae

CH; US (CABI, 

2005a) 

On or under 

bark (CABI, 

2005a)

No No Yes

338. Tribolium sp. Tenebrionidae

CH (PEST ID, 

2006), US 

(CPC, 2006)

Under Bark Yes No Yes

339.

Trichoferus campestris

(Faldermann, 1835) 

Cerambycidae

CH

On or under 

bark (CABI, 

2005a; Xiao, 

1991a)

No Yes Yes

340. Trichoferus sp. 

Cerambycidae CH

In wood; On or 

under bark 

(PEST ID, 2006)

Yes Yes Yes

341. Trigonorhinus sp. 

Anthribidae

CH (PEST ID, 

2006) Under Bark Yes No Yes
China Wood Products 

22

Pest China and US 

Distribution

Plant Part(s) 

Association

Intercepted 

in the US

United 

States 

Quarantine 

Pest

Likely to 

Follow 

Pathway

342. Trirachys orientalis Hope, 

1841 Cerambycidae CH

On or under 

bark (Xiao, 

1991a)

No Yes Yes

343. Trypodendron lineatum

(Olivier, 1795) Scolytidae

CH; US (CABI, 

2005a) 

On or under 

bark (CABI, 

2005b)

No No Yes

344. Typhaea stercorea (L.) 

Mycetophagidae

CH (PEST ID, 

2006), US 

(CPC, 2006)

Under Bark Yes No Yes

345. Urgleptes sp. 

Cerambycidae CH

In wood; On or 

under bark 

(PEST ID, 2006)

Yes Yes Yes

346. Xyleborinus saxesenii

(Ratzeburg) Scolytidae

CH; US (CABI, 

2005a) 

On or under 

bark (CABI, 

2005a)

No No Yes

347. Xyleborinus sp. Scolytidae CH, US (CPC, 

2006)

On or under 

bark (PEST ID, 

2006)

Yes No Yes

348. Xyleborus dispar (Fabricius) 

Scolytidae

CH; US (CABI, 

2005a) 

On or under 

bark (CABI, 

2005a)

No No Yes

349. Xyleborus emarginatus

Eichhoff Scolytidae CH

On or under 

bark (CABI, 

2005a)

No Yes Yes

350. Xyleborus glabratus

Eichhoff, 1877 Scolytidae CH

On or under 

bark (PEST ID, 

2006)

No Yes Yes

351. Xyleborus interjectus

Blandford Scolytidae CH

On or under 

bark (Xiao, 

1991a)

No Yes Yes

352. Xyleborus perforans

(Wollaston) Scolytidae

CH; US (CABI, 

2005a) 

On or under 

bark (CABI, 

2005a)

No No Yes

353. Xyleborus similis Ferrari 

Scolytidae

CH; US (CABI, 

2005a) 

On or under 

bark (CABI,

2005a)

No No Yes

354. Xyleborus sp. Scolytidae CH, US (CPC, 

2006)

On or under 

bark (PEST ID, 

2006)

Yes No Yes

355. Xylinophorus mongolicus

Faust Curculionidae CH

On or under 

bark (Xiao, 

1991a)

No Yes Yes

356. Xylobiops texanus (Horn) 

Bostrichidae CH

On or under 

bark (ARS, 

2005b)

No Yes Yes

357. Xyloperthella picea (Olivier) 

Bostrichidae

CH (PEST ID, 

2006) In Wood Yes Yes Yes

358. Xylopsocus capucinus (Fab) 

Bostrichidae CH

On or under 

bark (PEST ID, 

2006)

Yes Yes Yes

359. Xylosandrus ater (Eggers) 

Chrysomelidae CH

On or under 

bark (CABI, 

2005a)

No Yes Yes

360.

Xylosandrus compactus

(Eichhoff, 1875) 

Chrysomelidae

CH; US (CABI, 

2005a) 

On or under 

bark (CABI, 

2005a)

No No Yes

361.

Xylosandrus crassiusculus

(Motschulsky)

Chrysomelidae

CH; US (CABI, 

2005a) 

On or under 

bark (CABI, 

2005a)

Yes No Yes

362. Xylosandrus discolor

(Blandford) Chrysomelidae CH

On or under 

bark (CABI, 

2005a)

No Yes Yes

363. Xylothrips flavipes Illiger

Bostrichidae

CH (PEST ID, 

2006) In Wood Yes Yes Yes
China Wood Products 

23

Pest China and US 

Distribution

Plant Part(s) 

Association

Intercepted 

in the US

United 

States 

Quarantine 

Pest

Likely to 

Follow 

Pathway

364. Xylotrechus chinensis

(Chevrolat) Cerambycidae CH

In wood; On or

under bark 

(Xiao, 1991a)

No Yes Yes

365. Xylotrechus colonus (F.) 

Cerambycidae CH

On or under 

bark (ARS, 

2005a)

No Yes Yes

366. Xylotrechus grayi (White) 

Cerambycidae CH

On or under 

bark (PEST ID, 

2006)

Yes Yes Yes

367. Xylotrechus magnicollis

(Fairmaire) Cerambycidae CH

On or under 

bark (PEST ID, 

2006)

Yes Yes Yes

368. Xylotrechus rusticus (L.) 

Cerambycidae CH

On or under 

bark (Dix et.al., 

2004; PEST ID, 

2006; Xiao, 

1991a)

Yes Yes Yes

369. Xylotrechus sagittatus

Germar Cerambycidae CH

In wood; On or 

under bark 

(ARS, 2005a)

No Yes Yes

370. Xylotrechus sp. 

Cerambycidae

CH, US (CPC, 

2006)

On or under 

bark (PEST ID, 

2006)

Yes No Yes

371. Xylotrupes gideon (L.) 

Scarabaeidae CH

On or under 

bark (CABI, 

2005c)

No Yes No

372. Zeugophora scutellaris

Suffrian Chrysomelidae CH

On or under 

bark (Xiao, 

1991b)

No Yes Yes

Arthropods: Diptera

373. Algedonia coclesalis Walker 

Syrphidae CH

On or under 

bark (CABI, 

2005c)

No Yes Yes

374. Camptomyia sp. 

Cecidomyiidae

CH (PEST ID, 

2006) Under Bark Yes Yes Yes

375. Cecidomyia yunnanensis

Wu et Zhou Cecidomyiidae CH

On or under 

bark (Xiao, 

1991b)

No Yes Yes

376. Cecidomyiidae sp. 

CH (PEST ID, 

2006), US 

(CPC, 2006) 

On or under 

bark (PEST ID, 

2006)

Yes No Yes

377. Ceratopogonidae sp. 

CH (PEST ID, 

2006), US 

(CPC, 2006)

Under Bark Yes No Yes

378. Dasineura datifolia Jiang 

Cecidomyiidae CH

On or under 

bark (Xiao, 

1991b)

No Yes Yes

379. Delia platura (Meigen) 

Anthomyiidae

CH; US (CABI, 

2005a) 

On or under 

bark (CABI, 

2005b)

No No Yes

380. Giraudiella inclusa

(Frauenfeld) Cecidomyiidae

CH (PEST ID, 

2006) Under Bark Yes Yes Yes

381. Lestremiinae sp. 

Cecidomyiidae

CH (PEST ID, 

2006) Under Bark Yes Yes Yes

382. Liriomyza sativae Blanchard 

Agromyzidae

CH; US (CABI, 

2005a) 

On or under 

bark (CABI, 

2005b)

No No Yes

383. Phoridae sp. 

CH (PEST ID, 

2006), US 

(CPC, 2006)

Under Bark Yes No Yes
China Wood Products 

24

Pest China and US 

Distribution

Plant Part(s) 

Association

Intercepted 

in the US

United 

States 

Quarantine 

Pest

Likely to 

Follow 

Pathway

384. Planetella conesta Jiang 

Cecidomyiidae CH

On or under 

bark (Xiao, 

1991b)

No Yes Yes

385. Rhabdophaga salicis

Schrank Cecidomyiidae CH

On or under 

bark (Xiao, 

1991b)

No Yes Yes

386. Stratiomyidae sp. 

CH (PEST ID, 

2006) Under Bark Yes No Yes

387. Strobilomyia infrequens

(Ackland) Anthomyiidae CH

On or under 

bark (CABI, 

2005c)

No Yes Yes

388. Strobilomyia laricicola (Karl) 

Anthomyiidae CH

On or under 

bark (CABI, 

2005c)

No Yes Yes

389.

Thecodiplosis japonensis

Uchida and Inouye, 1955 

Cecidomyiidae

CH

On or under 

bark (CABI, 

2005a)

No Yes Yes

Arthropods: Dictyoptera

390. Blattidae sp. 

CH (PEST ID, 

2006), US 

(CPC, 2006)

Under Bark Yes No Yes

Arthropods: Hemiptera, 

Heteroptera, and 

Homoptera

391. Acanthocephala femorata

(Fab) Coreidae

CH (PEST ID, 

2006) Under Bark Yes Yes Yes

392. Acyrthosiphon pisum Harris 

Aphididae

CH; US (CABI, 

2005a) 

On or under 

bark (CABI, 

2005b)

No No Yes

393. Aleurocanthus woglumi

Ashby Aleyrodidae

CH; US (CABI, 

2005a) 

On or under 

bark (CABI, 

2005b)

No No Yes

394. Aonidiella aurantii (Maskell) 

Diaspididae

CH; US (CABI, 

2005a) 

On or under 

bark (CABI, 

2005b)

No No Yes

395. Aonidiella orientalis

(Newstead) Diaspididae

CH; US (CABI, 

2005a) 

On or under 

bark (CABI, 

2005a)

No No Yes

396. Aphis craccivora Koch 

Aphididae

CH; US (CABI, 

2005a) 

On or under 

bark (CABI, 

2005a)

No No Yes

397. Aphis gossypii Glover 

Aphididae

CH; US (CABI, 

2005a) 

On or under 

bark (CABI, 

2005b)

No No Yes

398. Aradidae sp. 

CH; US (CABI, 

2005a)

On or under 

bark (PEST ID, 

2006)

Yes No Yes

399. Aradus betulae (L) Aradidae CH (PEST ID, 

2006) Under Bark Yes Yes Yes

400. Aradus sp. Aradidae

CH (PEST ID, 

2006); US 

(CABI, 2005a)

Under Bark Yes No Yes

401. Arma chinensis (Fallou) 

Pentatomidae CH

On or under 

bark (Xiao, 

1991a)

No Yes No

402. Aspidiotus destructor

Signoret Diaspididae

CH; US (CABI, 

2005a) 

On or under 

bark (CABI, 

2005a)

No No Yes
China Wood Products 

25

Pest China and US 

Distribution

Plant Part(s) 

Association

Intercepted 

in the US

United 

States 

Quarantine 

Pest

Likely to 

Follow 

Pathway

403. Aspidiotus nerii Bouche 

Diaspididae

CH; US (CABI, 

2005a) 

On or under 

bark (CABI, 

2005b)

No No Yes

404. Atrazonatus umbrosus

(Distant) Lygaeidae

CH (PEST ID, 

2006) Under Bark Yes Yes Yes

405. Aulacaspis rosarum

Borchsenius Diaspididae CH

On or under 

bark (Xiao, 

1991b)

No Yes Yes

406. Aulacaspis sassafris Chen 

Diaspididae CH

On or under 

bark (Xiao, 

1991b)

No Yes Yes

407. Aulacorthum solani

Kaltenbach, 1843 Aphididae

CH (PEST ID, 

2006), US 

(CPC, 2006)

Under Bark Yes No Yes

408. Bemisia tabaci (Gennadius) 

Aleyrodidae

CH; US (CABI, 

2005a) 

On or under 

bark (CABI, 

2005a)

No No Yes

409.

Brochymena 

quadripustulata (Fabricius) 

Pentatomidae

CH (PEST ID, 

2006), US 

(CPC, 2006)

Under Bark Yes No No

410. Ceroplastes ceriferus 

(Fabricius, 1798) Coccidae

CH; US (CABI, 

2005a) 

On or under 

bark (CABI, 

2005a)

No No Yes

411. Ceroplastes floridensis

Comstock Coccidae

CH; US (CABI, 

2005a) 

On or under 

bark (CABI, 

2005b)

No No Yes

412. Ceroplastes japonicus

Green Coccidae CH

On or under 

bark (CABI, 

2005a)

No Yes Yes

413. Ceroplastes rubens Maskell 

Coccidae

CH; US (CABI, 

2005a) 

On or under 

bark (CABI, 

2005b)

No No Yes

414. Chionaspis salicis L. 

Diaspididae CH

On or under 

bark (Xiao, 

1991b)

No Yes Yes

415. Chloropulvinaria floccifera 

Westwood Coccidae CH

On or under 

bark (CABI, 

2005c)

No Yes Yes

416.

Chrysomphalus

dictyospermi (Morgan)

Diaspididae

CH; US (CABI, 

2005a) 

On or under 

bark (CABI, 

2005a)

No No Yes

417. Dialeurodes citri (Ashmead, 

1885) Aleyrodidae

CH; US (CABI, 

2005a) 

On or under 

bark (CABI, 

2005b)

No No Yes

418. Diaphorina citri Kuwayama 

Psyllidae

CH; US (CABI, 

2005a) 

On or under 

bark (CABI, 

2005a)

No No Yes

419. Diaspidiotus ostreaeformis 

(Curtis) Diaspididae

CH; US (CABI, 

2005a) 

On or under 

bark (CABI, 

2005a)

No No Yes

420. Diaspidiotus perniciosus

(Comstock) Diaspididae

CH; US (CABI, 

2005a) 

On or under 

bark (CABI, 

2005b)

No No Yes

421. Dolycoris baccarum L. 

Pentatomidae CH

On or under 

bark (CABI, 

2005c)

No Yes Yes

422. Drosicha corpulenta

(Kuwana) Margarodidae CH

On or under 

bark (CABI, 

2005c)

No Yes Yes

423. Drosicha stebbingi (Green) 

Margarodidae CH

On or under 

bark (CABI, 

2005c)

No Yes Yes
China Wood Products 

26

Pest China and US 

Distribution

Plant Part(s) 

Association

Intercepted 

in the US

United 

States 

Quarantine 

Pest

Likely to 

Follow 

Pathway

424. Erthesina fullo (Thunberg) 

Pentatomidae

CH (PEST ID, 

2006) Under Bark Yes Yes Yes

425. Ferrisia virgata Cockerell 

Pseudococcidae

CH; US (CABI, 

2005a) 

On or under 

bark (CABI, 

2005a)

No No Yes

426. Fiorinia japonica (Cockerell) 

Diaspididae CH

On or under 

bark (Xiao, 

1991b)

No Yes Yes

427. Fulvius sp. Miridae

CH (PEST ID, 

2006), US 

(CPC, 2006)

Under Bark Yes No Yes

428. Gonocerus sp. Coreidae CH

On or under 

bark (PEST ID, 

2006)

Yes Yes Yes

429. Gonocerus yunnanensis

Hsiao Coreidae CH

On or under 

bark (Xiao, 

1991b)

No Yes Yes

430. Halyomorpha halys (Stal) 

Pentatomidae

CH (PEST ID, 

2006), US 

(CPC, 2006)

Under Bark Yes No Yes

431. Halyomorpha picus F. 

Pentatomidae

CH (PEST ID, 

2006) Under Bark Yes Yes Yes

432. Hemiberlesia lataniae

(Signoret) Diaspididae

CH; US (CABI, 

2005a) 

On or under 

bark (CABI, 

2005b)

No No Yes

433. Hemiberlesia pitysophila 

Takagi Diaspididae CH

On or under 

bark (Dix et.al., 

2004; Xiao, 

1991b)

No Yes Yes

434. Heteropsylla cubana D. L. 

Crawford Psyllidae

CH; US (CABI, 

2005a) 

On or under 

bark (CABI, 

2005a)

No No Yes

435.

Homoeocerus walkerianus 

Lethierry and Serville 

Coreidae

CH

On or under 

bark (Xiao, 

1991b)

No Yes Yes

436. Icerya aegyptiaca Douglas 

Margarodidae CH

On or under 

bark (CABI, 

2005a)

No Yes Yes

437. Icerya purchasi Maskell 

Margarodidae

CH; US (CABI, 

2005a) 

On or under 

bark (CABI, 

2005a)

No No Yes

438. Icerya seychellarum

(Westwood) Margarodidae CH

On or under 

bark (CABI, 

2005b)

No Yes Yes

439. Lawana imitata Melichar 

Cicadellidae CH

On or under 

bark (CABI, 

2005c)

No Yes Yes

440. Lepidopsyche asiatica

Staudinger Diaspididae CH

On or under 

bark (Xiao, 

1991b)

No Yes Yes

441. Lepidosaphes salicina

Borchsenius Diaspididae CH

On or under 

bark (Xiao, 

1991b)

No Yes Yes

442. Lepidosaphes sp. 

Diaspididae

CH, US (CPC, 

2006)

On or under 

bark (Xiao, 

1991b)

No No Yes

443. Lepidosaphes ulmi (L.) 

Diaspididae

CH; US (CABI, 

2005a) 

On or under 

bark (CABI, 

2005a; Xiao, 

1991b)

No No Yes

444. Leptocorisa acuta Thunberg 

Alydidae CH

On or under 

bark (CABI, 

2005b)

No Yes Yes
China Wood Products 

27

Pest China and US 

Distribution

Plant Part(s) 

Association

Intercepted 

in the US

United 

States 

Quarantine 

Pest

Likely to 

Follow 

Pathway

445. Leptoglossus gonagra

(Fabricius) Coreidae CH

On or under 

bark (CABI, 

2005c)

No Yes Yes

446. Leptoglossus oppositus Say

Coreidae

CH (PEST ID, 

2006) Under Bark Yes Yes Yes

447. Lopholeucaspis japonica

(Cockerell) Diaspididae

CH; US (CABI, 

2005a) 

On or under 

bark (Xiao, 

1991b)

No No Yes

448. Maconellicoccus hirsutus

(Green) Pseudococcidae

CH; US (CABI, 

2005a) 

On or under 

bark (CABI, 

2005a)

No

Yes 

(Official 

Control add 

to Table 2)

Yes

449. Matsucoccus matsumurae

(Kuwana) Margarodidae CH

On or under 

bark (CABI, 

2005c)

No Yes Yes

450. Miridae sp. Miridae

CH (PEST ID, 

2006), US 

(CPC, 2006)

Under Bark Yes No Yes

451. Mytilaspis conchiformis

(Gmelin) Diaspididae CH

On or under 

bark (Xiao, 

1991b)

No Yes Yes

452. Myzus persicae Sulzer 

Aphididae

CH; US (CABI, 

2005a) 

On or under 

bark (CABI, 

2005a)

No No Yes

453. Nesticoccus sinensis Tang 

Pseudococcidae CH

On or under 

bark (Xiao, 

1991b)

No Yes Yes

454. Nezara viridula (L.) 

Pentatomidae

CH; US (CABI, 

2005a) 

On or under 

bark (CABI, 

2005b)

No No Yes

455. Nipaecoccus nipae

(Maskell) Pseudococcidae

CH; US (CABI, 

2005a) 

On or under 

bark (CABI, 

2005b)

No No Yes

456.

Nipaecoccus viridis

(Newstead) 

Pseudococcidae

CH; US (CABI, 

2005a) 

On or under 

bark (CABI, 

2005a)

No No Yes

457. Oracella acuta (Lobdell) 

Pseudococcidae

CH; US (CABI, 

2005a) 

On or under 

bark (CABI, 

2005c)

No No Yes

458. Orthezia insignis Browne 

Ortheziidae

CH; US (CABI, 

2005a) 

On or under 

bark (CABI, 

2005a)

No No Yes

459.

Palmicultor lumpurensis

(Takahashi) 

Pseudococcidae

CH

On or under 

bark (ARS, 

2005a)

No Yes Yes

460. Parabemisia myricae 

(Kuwana) Aleyrodidae

CH; US (CABI, 

2005a) 

On or under 

bark (CABI, 

2005b)

No No Yes

461. Paracoccus pasaniae 

(Green) Pseudococcidae CH

On or under 

bark (Xiao, 

1991b)

No Yes Yes

462. Parasaissetia nigra

(Nietner) Coccidae

CH; US (CABI, 

2005a) 

On or under 

bark (CABI, 

2005b)

No No Yes

463. Parlatoria pergandii

Comstock Diaspididae

CH; US (CABI, 

2005a) 

On or under 

bark (CABI, 

2005b)

No No Yes

464. Parthenolecanium corni

(Bouche) Coccidae

CH; US (CABI, 

2005a) 

On or under 

bark (CABI, 

2005a)

No No Yes

465. Pentatomidae sp. 

CH (PEST ID, 

2006), US 

(CPC, 2006)

Under Bark Yes No Yes
China Wood Products 

28

Pest China and US 

Distribution

Plant Part(s) 

Association

Intercepted 

in the US

United 

States 

Quarantine 

Pest

Likely to 

Follow 

Pathway

466. Phenacaspis camphora

Chen Diaspididae CH

On or under 

bark (Xiao, 

1991b)

No Yes Yes

467. Phenacoccus fraxinus Tang 

Pseudococcidae CH

On or under 

bark (Xiao, 

1991b)

No Yes Yes

468. Philaenus spumarius (L.) 

Cercopidae

CH; US (CABI, 

2005a) 

On or under 

bark (CABI, 

2005a)

No No Yes

469. Phloeomyzus passerinii

(Signoret, 1875) Aphididae

CH; US (CABI, 

2005a) 

On or under 

bark (CABI, 

2005a)

No No Yes

470. Pineus pini (L.) Adelgidae CH; US (CABI, 

2005a) 

On or under 

bark (CABI, 

2005a)

No No Yes

471. Pinnaspis strachani

(Cooley) 1899 Diaspididae

CH; US (CABI, 

2005a) 

On or under 

bark (CABI, 

2005a)

No No Yes

472. Planococcus citri (Risso) 

Pseudococcidae

CH; US (CABI, 

2005a) 

On or under 

bark (CABI, 

2005b)

No No Yes

473. Pseudaonidia duplex

(Cockerell) Diaspididae

CH

On or under 

bark (CABI, 

2005c; Xiao, 

1991b)

No Yes Yes

474. Pseudaulacaspis cockerelli

(Cooley) Diaspididae

CH; US (CABI, 

2005a) 

On or under 

bark (CABI, 

2005a)

No No Yes

475.

Pseudaulacaspis 

pentagona (Targioni 

Tozzetti) Diaspididae

CH; US (CABI, 

2005a) 

On or under 

bark (CABI, 

2005a; Xiao, 

1991b)

No No Yes

476.

Pseudococcus longispinus

Targioni Tozzetti 

Pseudococcidae

CH; US (CABI, 

2005a) 

On or under 

bark (CABI, 

2005a)

No No Yes

477. Pulvinaria psidii Maskell, 

Coccidae

CH; US (CABI, 

2005a) 

On or under 

bark (CABI, 

2005b)

No No Yes

478.

Quadraspidiotus gigas

(Thiem et Gerneck) 

Diaspididae

CH

On or under 

bark (Xiao, 

1991b)

No Yes Yes

479.

Quadraspidiotus 

perniciosus (Comstock) 

Cockerell Diaspididae

CH

On or under 

bark (Xiao, 

1991b)

No Yes Yes

480. Quadraspidiotus slavonicus

Ferris Diaspididae CH

On or under 

bark (Xiao, 

1991b)

No Yes Yes

481. Rastrococcus invadens

Williams Pseudococcidae CH

On or under 

bark (CABI, 

2005a)

No Yes Yes

482. Reduviidae sp. 

CH (PEST ID, 

2006), US 

(CPC, 2006)

Under Bark Yes No Yes

483. Rhopalosiphum padi L. 

Aphididae

CH; US (CABI, 

2005a) 

On or under 

bark (CABI, 

2005b)

No No Yes

484. Saissetia coffeae (Walker) 

Coccoidea

CH; US (CABI, 

2005a) 

On or under 

bark (CABI, 

2005a)

No No Yes

485. Saissetia oleae (Olivier) 

Coccoidea

CH; US (CABI, 

2005a) 

On or under 

bark (CABI, 

2005a)

No No Yes

486. Sophonia rufofascia Kuoh 

and Kuoh Cicadellidae

CH; US (CABI, 

2005a) 

On or under 

bark (CABI, 

2005b)

No No Yes
China Wood Products 

29

Pest China and US 

Distribution

Plant Part(s) 

Association

Intercepted 

in the US

United 

States 

Quarantine 

Pest

Likely to 

Follow 

Pathway

487. Toxoptera aurantii Boyer de 

Fonscolombe Aphididae

CH; US (CABI, 

2005a) 

On or under 

bark (CABI, 

2005a)

No No Yes

488. Trialeurodes vaporariorum

Westwood Aleyrodidae

CH; US (CABI, 

2005a) 

On or under 

bark (CABI, 

2005b)

No No Yes

489. Unaspis citri (Comstock)

Diaspididae

CH; US (CABI, 

2005a) 

On or under 

bark (CABI, 

2005b)

No No Yes

490. Unaspis euonymi Comstock 

Diaspididae

CH; US (CABI, 

2005a) 

On or under 

bark (Xiao, 

1991b)

No No Yes

Arthropods: Hymenoptera

491. Bethylidae sp. 

CH (PEST ID, 

2006), US 

(CPC, 2006)

Under Bark; In 

seed pods Yes No Yes

492. Caliroa cerasi L. 

Tenthredinidae

CH; US (CABI, 

2005a) 

On or under 

bark (CABI, 

2005b)

No No Yes

493. Camponotus japonicus

Mayr Formicidae CH

On or under 

bark (Xiao, 

1991a)

No Yes Yes

494. Cataulacus sp. Formicidae CH

On or under 

bark (ARS, 

2005a)

No No Yes

495. Cephalcia abietis L. 

Pamphilidae CH

On or under 

bark (CABI, 

2005c)

No Yes Yes

496. Chinolyda flagellicornis F. 

Smith Pamphiliidae CH

On or under 

bark (CABI, 

2005a)

No Yes Yes

497. Crematogaster sp. 

Formicidae

CH, US (CPC, 

2006)

On or under 

bark (PEST ID, 

2006)

Yes No Yes

498. Diprion jingyuanensis Xiao 

and Zhang Diprionidae CH

On or under 

bark (Dix et.al., 

2004)

No Yes Yes

499. Diprion similis (Hartig) 

Diprionidae

CH; US (CABI, 

2005a) 

On or under 

bark (CABI, 

2005a)

No No Yes

500. Dryocosmus kuriphilus

Yasumatsu Cynipidae

CH; US (CABI, 

2005a) 

In seed pods; 

On or under 

bark (CABI, 

2005c)

No No Yes

501. Formica fukaii Wheeler 

Formicidae CH

On or under 

bark (Xiao, 

1991a)

No Yes Yes

502. Formica japonica

Motschulsky Formicidae CH

On or under 

bark (Xiao, 

1991a)

No Yes Yes

503. Formica sanguinea Latreille 

Formicidae CH

On or under 

bark (Xiao, 

1991a)

No Yes Yes

504. Formica sp. Formicidae CH, US (CPC, 

2006)

On or under 

bark (Xiao, 

1991a)

No No Yes

505. Formica superba Wheeler 

Formicidae CH

On or under 

bark (Xiao, 

1991a)

No Yes Yes

506. Formica transkaucasia L. 

Formicidae CH

On or under 

bark (Xiao, 

1991a)

No Yes Yes
China Wood Products 

30

Pest China and US 

Distribution

Plant Part(s) 

Association

Intercepted 

in the US

United 

States 

Quarantine 

Pest

Likely to 

Follow 

Pathway

507. Ibaliidae sp. Ibaliidae

CH (PEST ID, 

2006), US 

(CPC, 2006)

Under Bark Yes No Yes

508. Iridomyrmex anceps

(Roger) Formicidae CH

On or under 

bark (Xiao, 

1991a)

No Yes Yes

509. Iseropus himalayensis

(Cameron) Formicidae CH

On or under 

bark (Xiao, 

1991a)

No Yes Yes

510. Iseropus stercorator

(Fabricius) Formicidae CH

On or under 

bark (Xiao, 

1991a)

No Yes Yes

511. Megaspilidae sp. 

Megaspilidae

CH (PEST ID, 

2006), US 

(CPC, 2006)

In Wood Yes No Yes

512. Megastigmus aculeatus

(Swederus) Torymidae

CH; US (CABI, 

2005a) 

On or under 

bark (CABI, 

2005b)

No No Yes

513. Megastigmus cryptomeriae

Yano Torymidae CH

On or under 

bark (CABI, 

2005b; Xiao, 

1991b)

No Yes Yes

514. Megastigmus duclouxiana

Roques and Pan Torymidae CH

On or under 

bark (CABI, 

2005b)

No Yes Yes

515. Megastigmus lasiocarpae

Crosby Torymidae

CH; US (CABI, 

2005a) 

On or under 

bark (CABI, 

2005b)

No No Yes

516. Megastigmus pictus

(Forster) Torymidae CH

On or under 

bark (CABI, 

2005b)

No Yes Yes

517. Megastigmus pistaciae

Walker Torymidae

CH; US (CABI, 

2005a) 

On or under 

bark (CABI, 

2005b)

No No Yes

518. Megastigmus sabinae Xu 

and He Torymidae CH

On or under 

bark (Xiao, 

1991b)

No Yes Yes

519. Monodontomerus minor

(Torymidae) Torymidae CH

On or under 

bark (Xiao, 

1991b)

No Yes Yes

520. Monodontomerus sp. 

Torymidae

CH, US (CPC, 

2006)

On or under 

bark (Xiao, 

1991b)

No No Yes

521. Monomorium sp. 

Formicidae

CH (PEST ID, 

2006), US 

(CPC, 2006)

In Wood Yes No Yes

522.

Neodiprion xiangyunicus

(Xiao and Huang) 

Diprionidae

CH

On or under 

bark (Dix et.al., 

2004)

No Yes Yes

523. Oecophylla smaragdina

Fabricius Formicidae CH

On or under 

bark (Xiao, 

1991a)

No Yes Yes

524. Paratrechina sp. Formicidae CH, US (CPC, 

2006)

On or under 

bark (Xiao, 

1991a)

No No Yes

525. Pheidole sp. Formicidae

CH (PEST ID, 

2006), US 

(CPC, 2006)

Wood; On or 

under bark 

(PEST ID, 2006)

Yes No Yes

526. Podagrion chinensis Ishii 

Torymidae CH

On or under 

bark (Xiao, 

1991b)

No Yes Yes

527. Polistes rothneyi grahami

Van der Vecht Vespidae CH

On or under 

bark (Xiao, 

1991b)

No No Yes
China Wood Products 

31

Pest China and US 

Distribution

Plant Part(s) 

Association

Intercepted 

in the US

United 

States 

Quarantine 

Pest

Likely to 

Follow 

Pathway

528. Polistes snelleni de 

Saussure Vespidae CH

On or under 

bark (Xiao, 

1991b)

No No Yes

529. Polyrhachis dives Fred 

Smith Formicidae CH

On or under 

bark (Xiao, 

1991a)

No Yes Yes

530.

Pristiphora erichsonii

(Hartig, 1837) 

Tenthredinidae

CH; US (CABI, 

2005a) 

On or under 

bark (CABI, 

2005a)

No No Yes

531. Pristomyrmex pungens

Mayr Formicidae CH

On or under 

bark (Xiao, 

1991a)

No Yes Yes

532. Psenulus sp. Sphecidae CH (PEST ID, 

2006) Under Bark Yes No Yes

533. Sirex juvencus (L., 1758) 

Siricidae

CH; US (CABI, 

2005a) 

On or under 

bark (CABI, 

2005a)

No No Yes

534. Sirex nitobei Matsumura 

Siricidae

CH (PEST ID, 

2006) In Wood Yes Yes Yes

535. Sirex rufiabdominis Xiao 

and Wu Siricidae CH

On or under 

bark (Xiao, 

1991a)

No Yes Yes

536. Sirex siricius (RIFEEP in Dix

et al., 2004) Siricidae CH

On or under 

bark (Dix et al., 

2004)

No Yes Yes

537. Sirex sp. Siricidae CH, US (CPC, 

2006)

In wood; On or 

under bark 

(PEST ID, 2006)

Yes No Yes

538. Siricidae sp. Siricidae CH, US (CPC, 

2006)

On or under 

bark (PEST ID, 

2006)

Yes No Yes

539. Sympiesis sp. Eulophidae

CH (PEST ID, 

2006), US 

(CPC, 2006)

Under Bark Yes No Yes

540. Torymus gerani (Walker) 

Torymidae CH

On or under 

bark (Xiao, 

1991b)

No Yes Yes

541. Torymus sinensis Kamijo 

Torymidae CH

On or under 

bark (Xiao, 

1991b)

No Yes Yes

542. Torymus sp. Torymidae CH;US (CPC, 

2006)

On or under 

bark (PEST ID, 

2006)

Yes No Yes

543. Tremex fuscicornis

(Fabricius) Siricidae CH

On or under 

bark (CABI, 

2005a; Xiao, 

1991a)

No Yes Yes

544. Tremex sp. Siricidae

CH (PEST ID, 

2006); , US 

(CPC, 2006)

In Wood Yes No Yes

545. Trisetacus juniperinus

(Nalepa) Cynipidae

CH; US (CABI, 

2005a) 

On or under 

bark (CABI, 

2005a)

No No Yes

546. Urocerus gigastiaganus L. 

Siricidae CH

On or under 

bark (Xiao, 

1991a)

No Yes Yes

547. Urocerus sp. Siricidae CH (PEST ID, 

2006) In Wood Yes No Yes

548. Vespidae sp. Vespidae

CH (PEST ID, 

2006), US 

(CPC, 2006)

Under Bark Yes No Yes

549. Xiphydriidae sp. 

Xiphydriidae

CH (PEST ID, 

2006) , US 

(CPC, 2006)

In Wood Yes No Yes
China Wood Products 

32

Pest China and US 

Distribution

Plant Part(s) 

Association

Intercepted 

in the US

United 

States 

Quarantine 

Pest

Likely to 

Follow 

Pathway

Arthropods: Isoptera

550. Coptotermes formosanus

Shiraki Rhinotermitidae

CH; US (CABI, 

2005a) 

In wood (CABI, 

2005a; Xiao, 

1991a)

Yes No Yes

551. Coptotermes sp. 

Rhinotermitidae

CH, US (CPC, 

2006)

In wood (CABI, 

2005a; PEST 

ID, 2006)

Yes No Yes

552.

Cryptotermes brevis

(Walker, 1853) 

Kalotermitidae

CH; US (CABI, 

2005a) 

In wood (CABI, 

2005a) No No Yes

553. Cryptotermes declivis Tsai

and Chen Kalotermitidae CH In wood (Xiao, 

1991a) No Yes Yes

554. Cryptotermes domesticus

(Haviland) Kalotermitidae CH In wood (Xiao, 

1991a) No Yes Yes

555. Cryptotermes sp. 

Kalotermitidae

CH, US (CPC, 

2006)

In wood (PEST 

ID, 2006; CABI, 

2005c)

Yes No Yes

556.

Glyptotermes chinpingensis

Tsai and Chen 

Kalotermitidae

CH In wood (Xiao, 

1991a) No Yes Yes

557. Glyptotermes fuscus

Oshima Kalotermitidae CH In wood (PEST 

ID, 2006) No Yes Yes

558. Glyptotermes satsumensis

(Matsumura) Kalotermitidae CH In wood (Xiao, 

1991a) No Yes Yes

559. Kalotermes sp. 

Kalotermitidae

CH (PEST ID, 

2006), US 

(CPC, 2006)

In Wood Yes No Yes

560. Macrotermes barneyi Light 

Termitidae CH

In wood (CABI, 

2005c; Xiao, 

1991a)

No Yes Yes

561. Nasutitermes erectinasus

(Tsai and Chen) Termitidae CH In wood (Xiao, 

1991a) No Yes Yes

562. Nasutitermes parvonasutus

Nawa Termitidae CH In wood (Xiao, 

1991a) No Yes Yes

563. Neotermes sp. 

Kalotermitidae

CH (PEST ID, 

2006) In Wood Yes No Yes

564. Odontotermes formosanus

Shiraki Termitidae CH

In wood (CABI, 

2005c; Xiao, 

1991a)

No Yes Yes

565. Reticulitermes chinensis

Snyder Rhinotermitidae CH

In wood (PEST 

ID, 2006; Xiao, 

1991a)

Yes Yes Yes

566. Reticulitermes flaviceps

(Oshima) Rhinotermitidae CH In wood (Xiao, 

1991a) No Yes Yes

567. Reticulitermes sp. 

Rhinotermitidae

CH, US (CPC, 

2006)

In wood (PEST 

ID, 2006) No No Yes

568. Reticulitermes speratus

(Kolbe) Rhinotermitidae CH In wood (Xiao, 

1991a) No Yes Yes

569. Rhinotermitidae sp. 

Rhinotermitidae

CH, US (CPC, 

2006)

In wood (PEST 

ID, 2006) Yes No Yes

570. Stylotermes valvules Tsai

and Ping Rhinotermitidae CH In wood (Xiao, 

1991a) No Yes Yes

Arthropods: Ixodidae

571. Rhipicephalus sanguineus

Latreille Ixodidae

CH (PEST ID, 

2006), US Under Bark Yes No Yes
China Wood Products 

33

Pest China and US 

Distribution

Plant Part(s) 

Association

Intercepted 

in the US

United 

States 

Quarantine 

Pest

Likely to 

Follow 

Pathway

Arthropods: Lepidoptera

572. Abraxas flavisinuata Warren 

Geometridae CH

On or under 

bark (Xiao, 

1991b)

No Yes Yes

573. Abraxas sp. Geometridae CH

On or under 

bark (Dix et.al., 

2004)

No No Yes

574. Acanthopsyche nigraplaga

(Wileman) Psychidae CH

On or under 

bark (Xiao, 

1991a)

No Yes Yes

575.

Acanthopsyche 

subferalbata Hampson 

Psychidae

CH

On or under 

bark (Xiao, 

1991a)

No Yes Yes

576. Achaea janata (L.) 

Noctuidae CH

On or under 

bark (CABI, 

2005a)

No Yes Yes

577. Acleris fimbriana

(Thunberg) Tortricidae CH

On or under 

bark (Xiao, 

1991b)

No Yes Yes

578. Acleris submaccana

(Filipjev) Tortricidae CH

On or under 

bark (Xiao, 

1991b)

No Yes Yes

579. Acleris ulmicola Meyrick

Tortricidae CH

On or under 

bark (Xiao, 

1991b)

No Yes Yes

580. Acronicta rumicis (L.)

Noctuidae CH

On or under 

bark (CABI, 

2005a)

No Yes Yes

581.

Adoxophyes orana Fischer 

von Roeslerstamm 

Tortricidae

CH

On or under 

bark (Xiao, 

1991b)

No Yes Yes

582. Agrotis ipsilon (Hufnagel)

Noctuidae

CH; US (CABI, 

2005a) 

On or under 

bark (CABI, 

2005a; Xiao, 

1991a)

No No Yes

583. Agrotis segetum Dennis and

Schiffermuller Noctuidae CH

On or under 

bark (CABI, 

2005a; Xiao, 

1991a)

No Yes Yes

584. Alphaea phasma (Leech) 

Arctiidae CH

On or under 

bark (Xiao, 

1991b)

No Yes Yes

585. Amata germana (Felder) 

Amatidae CH

On or under 

bark (Xiao, 

1991b)

No Yes Yes

586. Amata pascus (Leech) 

Amatidae CH

On or under 

bark (Xiao, 

1991b)

No Yes Yes

587. Amatissa snelleni Heylaets 

Psychidae CH

On or under 

bark (Xiao, 

1991a)

No Yes Yes

588. Anarsia lineatella Zeller 

Gelechiidae

CH; US (CABI, 

2005a) 

On or under 

bark (CABI, 

2005a; Xiao, 

1991b)

No No Yes

589. Anomis sabulifera (Guenee) 

Noctuidae CH

On or under 

bark (CABI, 

2005b)

No Yes Yes

590. Apocheima cinerarium

(Ershov) Geometridae CH

On or under 

bark (CABI, 

2005c; Xiao, 

1991b)

No Yes Yes
China Wood Products 

34

Pest China and US 

Distribution

Plant Part(s) 

Association

Intercepted 

in the US

United 

States 

Quarantine 

Pest

Likely to 

Follow 

Pathway

591. Aporia crataegi L. Pieridae CH

On or under 

bark (CABI, 

2005c)

No Yes Yes

592. Archips oporanus (L.) 

Tortricidae CH

On or under 

bark (Xiao, 

1991b)

No Yes Yes

593. Arctiidae sp. Arctiidae CH, US (CPC, 

2006)

On or under 

bark (PEST ID, 

2006)

No No Yes

594. Argyroploce ineptana 

Kennel Tortricidae CH

On or under 

bark (Xiao, 

1991b)

No Yes Yes

595.

Ascotis selenaria (Denis 

and Schiffermuller) 

Geometridae

CH

On or under 

bark (CABI, 

2005c; Xiao, 

1991b)

No Yes Yes

596. Attacus atlas (L.) 

Saturniidae CH

On or under 

bark (CABI, 

2005a)

No Yes Yes

597. Autographa californica

Speyer Noctuidae

CH (PEST ID, 

2006), US 

(CPC, 2006)

Under Bark Yes No Yes

598. Biston marginata Shiraki 

Geometridae CH

On or under 

bark (Xiao, 

1991b)

No Yes Yes

599. Blastobasinae sp.

Coleophoridae

CH (PEST ID, 

2006) Under Bark Yes No Yes

600. Blumeriella jaapii (Rehm) 

Arx Tortricidae

CH; US (CABI, 

2005a) 

On or under 

bark (CABI, 

2005a)

No No Yes

601. Bombyx mandarina Moore 

Bombycidae CH

On or under 

bark (CABI, 

2005c)

No Yes Yes

602. Bupalus mughusaria

Gumppenberg Geometridae CH

On or under 

bark (Xiao, 

1991b)

No Yes Yes

603. Buzura suppressaria

Guenee Geometridae CH

On or under 

bark (Xiao, 

1991b)

No Yes Yes

604. Cadra cautella Walker 

Pyralidae

CH; US (CABI, 

2005a) 

On or under 

bark (CABI, 

2005b)

No No Yes

605. Cadra sp. Pyralidae

CH (PEST ID, 

2006), US 

(CPC, 2006)

Under Bark Yes No Yes

606. Calliteara horsfieldii

(Saunders) Lymantridae CH

On or under 

bark (CABI, 

2005c)

No Yes Yes

607. Carposina sasakii

Matsumura Carposinidae CH

On or under 

bark (CABI, 

2005a)

No Yes Yes

608. Cephonodes hylas (L.) 

Trochilidae CH

On or under 

bark (CABI, 

2005c)

No Yes Yes

609. Chalioides kondonis Kondo, 

1922 Psychidae CH

On or under 

bark (Xiao, 

1991a)

No Yes Yes

610. Cheimophila salicellum

(Hubner) Oecophoridae CH

On or under 

bark (Xiao, 

1991b)

No Yes Yes

611. Chihuo zao Yang, 1978 

Geometridae CH

On or under 

bark (Xiao, 

1991b)

No Yes Yes
China Wood Products 

35

Pest China and US 

Distribution

Plant Part(s) 

Association

Intercepted 

in the US

United 

States 

Quarantine 

Pest

Likely to 

Follow 

Pathway

612. Chilo sp. Crambidae

CH (PEST ID, 

2006), US (HI) 

(CPC, 2006)

Under Bark Yes No Yes

613. Chilo suppressalis (Walker, 

1863) Crambidae CH

On or under 

bark (Xiao, 

1991a)

Yes Yes Yes

614. Choreutis pariana (Clerck) 

Choreutidae

CH; US (CABI, 

2005a) 

On or under 

bark (CABI, 

2005c)

No No Yes

615. Choristoneura lafauryana

(Ragonot, 1875) Tortricidae CH

On or under 

bark (Xiao, 

1991b)

No Yes Yes

616. Clania minuscula (Butler) 

Psychidae

CH

On or under 

bark (Xiao, 

1991a)

No Yes Yes

617. Clania variegata (Snellen) 

Psychidae CH

On or under 

bark (Xiao, 

1991a)

No Yes Yes

618.

Clostera anachoreta Denis 

and Schiffermuller 

Notodontidae

CH

On or under 

bark (CABI, 

2005c; Dix 

et.al., 2004)

No Yes Yes

619. Coccus hesperidum (L.) 

Coccidae

CH; US (CABI, 

2005a) 

On or under 

bark (CABI, 

2005b)

No No Yes

620. Coleophora laricella Hubner 

Coleophoridae

CH; US (CABI, 

2005a) 

On or under 

bark (CABI, 

2005c; Dix 

et.al., 2004)

No No Yes

621. Conogethes punctiferalis

(Guenee) Pyralidae CH

On or under 

bark (CABI, 

2005a)

No Yes Yes

622. Conopomorpha cramerella

Snellen Gracillariidae CH

On or under 

bark (CABI, 

2005b)

No Yes Yes

623. Cosmotriche saxosimilis

Lajonquiere Lasiocampidae CH

On or under 

bark (Dix et.al., 

2004)

No Yes Yes

624. Cossidae sp. Cossidae CH, US (CPC, 

2006)

On or under 

bark (PEST ID, 

2006)

Yes No Yes

625. Cossus cossus (L.) 

Cossidae CH

On or under 

bark (CABI, 

2005a; Xiao, 

1991a)

No Yes Yes

626. Cossus cossus orientalis

Gaede Cossidae CH

On or under 

bark (Xiao, 

1991a)

No Yes Yes

627. Crambidae sp. Crambidae

CH (PEST ID, 

2006), US 

(CPC, 2006)

Under Bark Yes No Yes

628. Crambinae sp. Crambidae

CH (PEST ID, 

2006), US 

(CPC, 2006)

Under Bark Yes No Yes

629. Cryptophlebia ombrodelta

(Lower) Tortricidae CH

On or under 

bark (CABI, 

2005c; Xiao, 

1991b)

No Yes Yes

630. Cydia glandicolana

(Danilevskii) Tortricidae CH

On or under 

bark (Xiao, 

1991b)

No Yes Yes

631. Cydia strobilella (L.)

Tortricidae CH

On or under 

bark (CABI, 

2005c)

No Yes Yes
China Wood Products 

36

Pest China and US 

Distribution

Plant Part(s) 

Association

Intercepted 

in the US

United 

States 

Quarantine 

Pest

Likely to 

Follow 

Pathway

632. Cydia zebeana (Ratzeburg) 

Tortricidae CH

On or under 

bark (Dix et.al., 

2004)

No Yes Yes

633. Cymolomia hartigiana

(Saxeson, 1840) Tortricidae CH

On or under 

bark (Xiao, 

1991b)

No Yes Yes

634. Dappula tertia (Templeton) 

Psychidae CH

On or under 

bark (Xiao, 

1991a)

No Yes Yes

635. Dargida procincta (Grote) 

Noctuidae

CH (PEST ID, 

2006), US (OR -

unconfirmed) 

(CPC, 2006)

Under Bark Yes Yes Yes

636. Dasychira axutha Colenette

Lymantriidae CH

On or under 

bark (Xiao, 

1991a)

No Yes Yes

637. Dasychira baibarana

Matsumura Lymantriidae CH

On or under 

bark (Xiao, 

1991a)

No Yes Yes

638. Dasychira grotei (Moore) 

Lymantriidae CH

On or under 

bark (Xiao, 

1991a)

No Yes Yes

639. Dasychira sp. Lymantriidae CH

On or under 

bark (Xiao, 

1991a)

No No Yes

640.

Dendrolimus houi

Lajongquiere 

Lasiocampidae

CH

On or under 

bark (Dix et.al., 

2004)

No Yes Yes

641. Dendrolimus pini L. 

Lasiocampidae CH

On or under 

bark (CABI, 

2005c)

No Yes Yes

642. Dendrolimus punctatus

Walker Lasiocampidae CH

On or under 

bark (CABI, 

2005a; Dix 

et.al., 2004)

No Yes Yes

643. Dendrolimus spectabilis

(Butler) Lasiocampidae CH

On or under 

bark (CABI, 

2005c)

No Yes Yes

644. Dendrolimus superans

(Butler) Lasiocampidae CH

On or under 

bark (CABI, 

2005a; CABI, 

2005c; Dix 

et.al., 2004)

No Yes Yes

645. Dendrolimus tabulaeformis

Tsai and Liu Lasiocampidae CH

On or under 

bark (CABI, 

2005a)

No Yes Yes

646. Dioryctria abietella Denis 

and Schiffermuller Pyralidae CH

On or under 

bark (CABI, 

2005a)

No Yes Yes

647. Dioryctria sylvestrella

(Ratzeburg) Pyralidae CH

On or under 

bark (CABI, 

2005c)

No Yes Yes

648. Ectropis oblique hypulina

Wehrli Geometridae CH

On or under 

bark (Xiao, 

1991b)

No Yes Yes

649.

Epinotia rubiginosana

(Herrish – Schaffer) 

Tortricidae

CH

On or under 

bark (Xiao, 

1991b)

No Yes Yes

650. Erannis ankeraria

Staudinger Geometridae CH

On or under 

bark (Xiao, 

1991b)

No Yes Yes

651. Erannis dira Butler 

Geometridae CH

On or under 

bark (Xiao, 

1991b)

No Yes Yes
China Wood Products 

37

Pest China and US 

Distribution

Plant Part(s) 

Association

Intercepted 

in the US

United 

States 

Quarantine 

Pest

Likely to 

Follow 

Pathway

652.

Euctenurapteryx 

nigrociliaria Leech 

Geometridae

CH

On or under 

bark (Xiao, 

1991b)

No Yes Yes

653. Eudocima fullonia (Clerck) 

Noctuidae

CH; US (CABI, 

2005a) 

On or under 

bark (CABI, 

2005b)

No No Yes

654. Eumeta variegate (Snellen) 

Psychidae CH

On or under 

bark (CABI, 

2005c)

No Yes Yes

655. Euproctis bipunctapex

(Hampson) Lymantriidae CH

On or under 

bark (CABI, 

2005c; Xiao, 

1991a)

No Yes Yes

656. Euproctis chrysorrhoea (L.) 

Lymantriidae

CH; US (CABI, 

2005a) 

On or under 

bark (CABI, 

2005a; Xiao, 

1991a)

No No Yes

657. Euproctis cryptosticta

Collenette Lymantriidae CH

On or under 

bark (Xiao, 

1991a)

No Yes Yes

658. Euproctis flavotriangulata

Gaede Lymantriidae CH

On or under 

bark (Xiao, 

1991a)

No Yes Yes

659. Euproctis karghalica Moore 

Lymantriidae CH

On or under

bark (Xiao, 

1991a)

No Yes Yes

660. Euproctis pseudoconspersa

(Stran) Lymantriidae CH

On or under 

bark (Xiao, 

1991a)

No Yes Yes

661. Euproctis varians (Walker) 

Lymantriidae CH

On or under 

bark (Xiao, 

1991a)

No Yes Yes

662. Eurema hecabe (L.) 

Pieridae CH

On or under

bark (CABI, 

2005c)

No Yes Yes

663. Exoteleia dodecella (L.) 

Gelechiidae CH

On or under 

bark (Xiao, 

1991b)

No Yes Yes

664. Gelechia pinguinella Treits. 

Gelechiidae CH

On or under 

bark (Xiao, 

1991b)

No Yes Yes

665. Gelechiidae sp. 

CH, US (CPC, 

2006)

On or under 

bark (PEST ID, 

2006)

Yes No Yes

666. Geometridae sp. 

CH, US (CPC, 

2006)

On or under 

bark (PEST ID, 

2006)

Yes No Yes

667. Grapholita molesta (Busck) 

Tortricidae

CH; US (CABI, 

2005a) 

On or under 

bark (CABI, 

2005a; Xiao, 

1991b)

No No Yes

668. Gravitarmata margarotana

(Heinemann) Tortricidae CH

On or under 

bark (Xiao, 

1991b)

No Yes Yes

669. Gypsonoma minutana

(Hubner) Tortricidae CH

On or under 

bark (Xiao, 

1991b)

No Yes Yes

670. Haritalodes derogata 

Fabricius Crambidae CH

On or under 

bark (CABI, 

2005b)

No Yes Yes

671. Helicoverpa armigera

(Hubner) Noctuidae CH

On or under 

bark (CABI, 

2005a)

No Yes Yes
China Wood Products 

38

Pest China and US 

Distribution

Plant Part(s) 

Association

Intercepted 

in the US

United 

States 

Quarantine 

Pest

Likely to 

Follow 

Pathway

672. Hepialidae sp. Hepialidae CH, US (CPC, 

2006)

On or under 

bark (PEST ID, 

2006)

No No Yes

673. Holcocerus arenicolus

Staudinger Cossidae CH

On or under 

bark (CABI, 

2005c)

No Yes Yes

674. Homona coffearia (Nietner) 

Tortricidae CH

On or under 

bark (CABI, 

2005a)

No Yes Yes

675. Homona issikii Yasuda 

Tortricidae CH

On or under 

bark (Xiao, 

1991b)

No Yes Yes

676. Hoshinoa longicellana

(Walsingham) Tortricidae CH

On or under 

bark (Xiao, 

1991b)

No Yes Yes

677. Hyblaea puera (Cramer) 

Hyblaeidae CH

On or under 

bark (CABI, 

2005a)

No Yes Yes

678. Hyphantria cunea Drury

Arctiidae

CH; US (CABI, 

2005a) 

On or under 

bark (CABI, 

2005a; Dix 

et.al., 2004; 

Xiao, 1991b)

No No Yes

679. Indarbela dea (Swinhoe) 

Metarbelidae CH

On or under 

bark (CABI, 

2005a)

No Yes Yes

680. Inurois fletcheri Inoue 

Geometridae CH

On or under 

bark (Xiao, 

1991b)

No Yes Yes

681. Ivela eshanensis Chao 

Lymantriidae CH

On or under 

bark (Xiao, 

1991a)

No Yes Yes

682. Ivela ochropoda

(Eversmann) Lymantriidae CH

On or under 

bark (Xiao, 

1991a)

No Yes Yes

683. Lampides boeticus L. 

Lycaenidae

CH; US (CABI, 

2005a) 

On or under 

bark (CABI, 

2005b)

No No Yes

684. Larerannis filipjevi Wehrli 

Geometridae CH

On or under 

bark (Xiao, 

1991b)

No Yes Yes

685. Larerannis orthogrammaria 

(Wherli) Geometridae CH

On or under 

bark (Xiao, 

1991b)

No Yes Yes

686. Laspeyresia coniferana

(Saxeson) Tortricidae CH

On or under 

bark (Xiao, 

1991b)

No Yes Yes

687. Laspeyresia gruneriana

Ratzeburg Tortricidae CH

On or under 

bark (Xiao, 

1991b)

No Yes Yes

688. Laspeyresia pomonella L. 

Tortricidae

CH, US (CPC, 

2006)

On or under 

bark (Xiao, 

1991b)

No No Yes

689. Laspeyresia zebeana

(Ratzeburg) Tortricidae CH

On or under 

bark (Xiao, 

1991b)

No Yes Yes

690. Leucoma candida

(Staudinger) Lymantriidae CH

On or under 

bark (CABI, 

2005c)

No Yes Yes

691. Leucoma salicis (L.) 

Lymantriidae

CH; US (CABI, 

2005a) 

On or under 

bark (CABI, 

2005a)

No No Yes

692. Loxostege sticticalis L. 

Crambidae CH

On or under 

bark (CABI, 

2005b)

No Yes Yes
China Wood Products 

39

Pest China and US 

Distribution

Plant Part(s) 

Association

Intercepted 

in the US

United 

States 

Quarantine 

Pest

Likely to 

Follow 

Pathway

693. Lymantria dispar (L.) 

Lymantriidae

CH; US (CABI, 

2005a) 

On or under 

bark (CABI, 

2005a; Dix 

et.al., 2004; 

Xiao, 1991a)

No

Yes 

(Official 

Control)

Yes

694. Lymantria dissoluta

(Swinhoe) Lymantriidae CH

On or under 

bark (Xiao, 

1991a)

No Yes Yes

695. Lymantria mathura Moore 

Lymantriidae CH

On or under 

bark (CABI, 

2005a)

No Yes Yes

696. Lymantria monacha (L.) 

Lymantriidae CH

On or under 

bark (CABI, 

2005a; Dix 

et.al., 2004; 

Xiao, 1991a)

No Yes Yes

697. Lymantria viola Swinhoe 

Lymantriidae CH

On or under 

bark (Xiao, 

1991a)

No Yes Yes

698. Lymantria xylina Swinhoe 

Lymantriidae CH

On or under 

bark (Xiao, 

1991a)

No Yes Yes

699. Lymantriidae sp. 

Lymantriidae

CH, US (CPC, 

2006)

Leaves; On or 

under bark 

(PEST ID, 2006)

Yes No Yes

700. Lyonetia clerkella L. 

Lyonetiidae CH

On or under 

bark (CABI, 

2005c)

No Yes Yes

701. Mahasena colona Sonan 

Psychidae CH

On or under 

bark (Xiao, 

1991a)

No Yes Yes

702. Malacosoma neustria (L.) 

Lasiocampidae CH

On or under 

bark (CABI, 

2005a; Dix 

et.al., 2004)

No Yes Yes

703. Maruca vitrata Fab. 

Pyralidae

CH; US (CABI, 

2005a) 

On or under 

bark (CABI, 

2005a)

No No Yes

704. Melanitis leda Cramer 

Nymphalidae CH

On or under 

bark (CABI, 

2005b)

No Yes Yes

705. Metanastria hyrtaca Cramer 

Lasiocampidae CH

On or under 

bark (CABI, 

2005c)

No Yes Yes

706. Monema flavescens Walker 

Limacodidae CH

On or under 

bark (CABI, 

2005c)

No Yes Yes

707. Naxa angustaria Leech, 

1897 Geometridae CH

On or under 

bark (Xiao, 

1991b)

No Yes Yes

708. Naxa seriaria (Guenee, 

1857) Geometridae CH

On or under 

bark (Xiao, 

1991b)

No Yes Yes

709. Nemapogon granella (L.) 

Tineidae

CH (PEST ID, 

2006), US (MI -

unconfirmed) 

(CPC, 2006)

Under Bark Yes Yes Yes

710. Noctuidae sp. Noctuidae

CH (PEST ID, 

2006), US 

(CPC, 2006)

Under Bark Yes No Yes

711. Nymphalidae sp. 

Nymphalidae

CH (PEST ID, 

2006), US 

(CPC, 2006)

Under Bark Yes No Yes
China Wood Products 

40

Pest China and US 

Distribution

Plant Part(s) 

Association

Intercepted 

in the US

United 

States 

Quarantine 

Pest

Likely to 

Follow 

Pathway

712. Nymphalis antiopa (L.) 

Nymphalidae

CH; US (CABI, 

2005a) 

On or under 

bark (CABI, 

2005c)

No No Yes

713. Odontopera urania (Wehrli) 

Geometridae CH

On or under 

bark (Xiao, 

1991b)

No Yes Yes

714. Oecophoridae sp. 

CH (PEST ID, 

2006), US 

(CPC, 2006)

Under Bark Yes No Yes

715. Opogona sp. Tineidae

CH (PEST ID, 

2006), US 

(CPC, 2006)

Under Bark Yes No Yes

716. Orgyia antiqua (L., 1758) 

Lymantriidae

CH; US (CABI, 

2005a) 

On or under 

bark (CABI, 

2005b; Xiao, 

1991a)

No No Yes

717. Orgyia ericae Germar 

Lymantriidae CH

On or under 

bark (Xiao, 

1991a)

No Yes Yes

718. Orgyia gonostigma Hubner 

Lymantriidae CH

On or under 

bark (Xiao, 

1991a)

No Yes Yes

719. Orgyia parallela Gaede, 

1932 Lymantriidae CH

On or under 

bark (Xiao, 

1991a)

No Yes Yes

720. Orgyia postica (Walker, 

1855) Lymantriidae CH

On or under 

bark (CABI, 

2005a; Xiao, 

1991a)

No Yes Yes

721. Pandemis corylana (Fab.)

Tortricidae CH

On or under 

bark (Xiao, 

1991b)

No Yes Yes

722.

Pandemis heparana Denis 

and Schiffermuller 

Tortricidae

CH

On or under 

bark (Xiao, 

1991b)

No Yes Yes

723. Paranthrene tabaniformis

Rottemburg, 1775 Sesiidae

CH; US (CABI, 

2005a) 

On or under 

bark (CABI, 

2005a; Dix 

et.al., 2004)

No No Yes

724. Parasa lepida (Cramer, 

1799) Limacodidae CH

On or under 

bark (CABI, 

2005a)

No Yes Yes

725. Parocneria furva (Leech, 

1888) Lymantriidae CH

On or under 

bark (Xiao, 

1991a)

No Yes Yes

726. Parocneria orienta (Chao, 

1978) Lymantriidae CH

On or under 

bark (Xiao, 

1991a)

No Yes Yes

727.

Pectinophora gossypiella

Saunders, 1843 

Gelechiidae

CH; US (CABI, 

2005a) 

On or under 

bark (Xiao, 

1991b)

No No Yes

728. Pelopidas mathias

(Fabricius) Hesperiidae CH

On or under 

bark (CABI, 

2005b)

No Yes Yes

729. Penicillaria jocosatrix

(Guenee) Noctuidae

CH; US (CABI, 

2005a) 

On or under 

bark (CABI, 

2005a)

No No Yes

730. Percnia giraffata (Guenee, 

1857) Geometridae CH

On or under 

bark (Xiao, 

1991b)

No Yes Yes

731. Peridroma saucia (Hubner, 

1808) Noctuidae

CH; US (CABI, 

2005a) 

On or under 

bark (CABI, 

2005b)

No No Yes
China Wood Products 

41

Pest China and US 

Distribution

Plant Part(s) 

Association

Intercepted 

in the US

United 

States 

Quarantine 

Pest

Likely to 

Follow 

Pathway

732. Phalera flavescens alticola

Mell, 1930 Notodontidae CH

On or under 

bark (Dix et.al., 

2004)

No Yes Yes

733. Phassus excrescens

(Butler) Hepialidae CH

On or under 

bark (Dix et.al., 

2004; Xiao, 

1991b)

No Yes Yes

734. Phassus nodus Chu and 

Wang, 1985 Hepialidae CH

On or under 

bark (Xiao, 

1991b)

No Yes Yes

735. Phassus signifera sinensis

Moore, 1877 Hepialidae CH

On or under 

bark (Xiao, 

1991b)

No Yes Yes

736. Phthonandria atrilineata

Butler Geometridae CH

On or under 

bark (Xiao, 

1991b)

No Yes Yes

737. Phycitinae sp. Pyralidae

CH (PEST ID, 

2006), US 

(CPC, 2006)

On Leaves; In 

Seed pods; 

Under Bark

Yes No Yes

738. Plodia interpunctella

(Hubner) Pyralidae

CH (PEST ID, 

2006), US 

(CPC, 2006)

Under Bark Yes No Yes

739.

Polychrosis 

cunninghamiacola Liu and 

Pai Tortricidae

CH

On or under 

bark (Xiao, 

1991b)

No Yes Yes

740. Porthesia kurosawai Inoue, 

1956 Lymantriidae CH

On or under 

bark (Xiao, 

1991a)

No Yes Yes

741. Porthesia scintillans

(Walker) Lymantriidae CH

On or under 

bark (Xiao, 

1991a)

No Yes Yes

742. Porthesia similis Fuessly

Lymantriidae CH

On or under 

bark (Xiao, 

1991a)

No Yes Yes

743. Porthesia xanthocampa

Dyer Lymantriidae CH

On or under 

bark (Xiao, 

1991a)

No Yes Yes

744. Pseudotomoides strobilellus

(L.) Tortricidae CH

On or under 

bark (Xiao,

1991b)

No Yes Yes

745. Psychidae sp. 

CH, US (CPC, 

2006)

On branched; 

On or under 

bark (PEST ID, 

2006)

No No Yes

746.

Ptycholomoides aeriferanus

(Herrich-Schaffer) 

Tortricidae

CH

On or under 

bark (Xiao, 

1991b)

No Yes Yes

747. Pyralidae sp. 

CH (PEST ID, 

2006), US 

(CPC, 2006)

In seed pods 

and nuts; Under 

Bark

Yes No Yes

748. Pyralis farinalis L. Pyralidae CH (PEST ID, 

2006) Under Bark Yes Yes Yes

749. Pyraustinae sp. Crambidae CH (PEST ID, 

2006) Under Bark Yes No Yes

750. Retinia cristata

(Walsingham) Tortricidae CH

On or under 

bark (Xiao, 

1991b)

No Yes Yes

751. Retinia monopunctata (Oky) 

Tortricidae CH

On or under 

bark (Xiao, 

1991b)

No Yes Yes

752. Retinia perangustana

(Snellen) Tortricidae CH

On or under 

bark (Xiao, 

1991b)

No Yes Yes
China Wood Products 

42

Pest China and US 

Distribution

Plant Part(s) 

Association

Intercepted 

in the US

United 

States 

Quarantine 

Pest

Likely to 

Follow 

Pathway

753. Retinia resinella (L.) 

Tortricidae CH

On or under 

bark (Xiao, 

1991b)

No Yes Yes

754. Rhyacionia duplana

(Hubner) Tortricidae CH

On or under 

bark (Xiao, 

1991b)

No Yes Yes

755. Rhyacionia insulariana Liu 

and Bai Tortricidae CH

On or under 

bark (Xiao, 

1991b)

No Yes Yes

756. Rhyacionia pinicolana

(Zeller) Tortricidae CH

On or under 

bark (Xiao, 

1991b)

No Yes Yes

757. Saliciphaga caesia

Falkovitsh Tortricidae CH

On or under 

bark (Xiao, 

1991b)

No Yes Yes

758. Scirpophaga nivella

Fabricius Pyralidae CH

On or under 

bark (Xiao, 

1991a)

No Yes Yes

759.

Semiothisa cinerearia

Bremer and Gray 

Geometridae

CH

On or under 

bark (Xiao, 

1991b)

No Yes Yes

760. Sesia molybdoceps

Hampson Sesiidae CH

On or under 

bark (Xiao, 

1991a)

No Yes Yes

761. Sesia rhynchioides (Butler) 

Sesiidae CH

On or under 

bark (Xiao, 

1991a)

No Yes Yes

762. Sitotroga cerealella (Olivier) 

Gelechiidae

CH; US (CABI, 

2005a) 

On or under 

bark (Xiao, 

1991b)

No No Yes

763. Sphecia siningensis Hsu 

Sesiidae CH

On or under 

bark (Xiao, 

1991a)

No Yes Yes

764. Spilarctia melli Daniel, 1943 

Arctiidae CH

On or under 

bark (Xiao, 

1991b)

No Yes Yes

765. Spilarctia oblique Walker 

Arctiidae CH

On or under 

bark (CABI, 

2005c)

No Yes Yes

766. Spilonota laricianaa

(Heinemann) Tortricidae CH

On or under 

bark (Xiao, 

1991b)

No Yes Yes

767.

Spilonota ocellana Denis 

and Schiffermuller 

Tortricidae

CH; US (CABI, 

2005a) 

On or under 

bark (Xiao, 

1991b)

No No Yes

768. Spodoptera litura

(Fabricius) Noctuidae

CH; US (CABI, 

2005a) 

On or under 

bark (CABI, 

2005a)

No Yes Yes

769. Stathmopoda masinissa

Meyrick Oecophoridae CH

On or under 

bark (Xiao, 

1991b)

No Yes Yes

770. Stauropus alternus (Walker) 

Notodontidae CH

On or under 

bark (CABI, 

2005c)

No Yes Yes

771. Stilpnotia candida

(Staudinger) Lymantriidae CH

On or under 

bark (Xiao, 

1991a)

No Yes Yes

772. Stilpnotia salicis (L.) 

Lymantriidae CH

On or under 

bark (Xiao, 

1991a)

No Yes Yes

773. Syndemis perpulchrana

(Kennel) Tortricidae CH

On or under 

bark (Xiao, 

1991b)

No Yes Yes
China Wood Products 

43

Pest China and US 

Distribution

Plant Part(s) 

Association

Intercepted 

in the US

United 

States 

Quarantine 

Pest

Likely to 

Follow 

Pathway

774. Thalassodes quadraia

Guenee Geometridae CH

On or under 

bark (Xiao, 

1991b)

No Yes Yes

775. Thysanoplusia orichalcea

(F.) Noctuidae CH

On or under 

bark (CABI, 

2005b)

No Yes Yes

776. Tineidae sp. 

CH (PEST ID, 

2006), US 

(CPC, 2006)

In seed pods; 

on leaves; 

Under Bark

Yes No Yes

777. Tirathaba rufivena (Walker) 

Pyralidae CH

On or under 

bark (CABI, 

2005b)

No Yes Yes

778. Tortricidae sp. 

CH, US (CPC, 

2006)

In seed pods 

and nuts; On or 

under bark 

(PEST ID, 2006)

Yes No Yes

779. Yponomeuta padellus (L.) 

Yponomeutidae CH

On or under 

bark (CABI, 

2005c)

No Yes Yes

780. Zamacra excavata Dyar 

Geometridae CH

On or under 

bark (Xiao, 

1991b)

No Yes Yes

781. Zeiraphera griseana

(Hubner) Tortricidae CH

On or under 

bark (Xiao, 

1991b)

No Yes Yes

782. Zethenia rufescentaria

Motschulsky Geometridae CH

On or under 

bark (Xiao, 

1991b)

No Yes Yes

783. Zeuzera coffeae Nietner 

Cossidae CH

In wood; On or 

under bark 

(CABI, 2005a; 

Xiao, 1991a)

No Yes Yes

784. Zeuzera multistrigata Moore 

Cossidae CH

In wood; On or 

under bark 

(CABI, 2005c; 

Xiao, 1991a)

No Yes Yes

Arthropods: Psocoptera

785. Psocoptera sp. 

CH (PEST ID, 

2006), US 

(CPC, 2006)

Under Bark Yes No Yes

Arthropods: Orthoptera

786. Atractomorpha sp. 

Acrididae

CH (PEST ID, 

2006)

On leaves; 

Under Bark Yes Yes Yes

787. Diestrammena tachycines

Adelung Gryllacrididae

CH (PEST ID, 

2006) Under Bark Yes Yes Yes

788. Gryllodes sigillatus (Walker) 

Gryllidae

CH (PEST ID, 

2006), US 

(CPC, 2006)

Under Bark Yes No Yes

789. Mogoplistidae sp. CH

On or under 

bark (PEST ID, 

2006)

Yes No Yes

790. Oxya velox (Thunberg) 

Acrididae

CH (PEST ID, 

2006) Under Bark Yes Yes Yes

791. Teleogryllus mitratus

(Burmeister) Gryllidae

CH (PEST ID, 

2006) Under Bark Yes Yes Yes

792. Teleogryllus sp. Gryllidae

CH (PEST ID, 

2006), US 

(CPC, 2006)

Under Bark Yes No Yes
China Wood Products 

44

Pest China and US 

Distribution

Plant Part(s) 

Association

Intercepted 

in the US

United 

States 

Quarantine 

Pest

Likely to 

Follow 

Pathway

793. Tessaratoma papillosa

(Drury) Acridoidea CH

On or under 

bark (CABI, 

2005a)

No Yes Yes

Arthropods: Thysanoptera

794. Haplothrips gowdeyi

Franklin Phlaeothripidae

CH (PEST ID, 

2006) Under Bark Yes Yes Yes

795. Heliothrips haemorrhoidalis

Bouche Aeolothripidae

CH; US (CABI, 

2005a) 

On or under 

bark (CABI, 

2005a)

No No Yes

796. Megalurothrips distalis

(Karny) Thripidae CH

On or under 

bark (CABI, 

2005a)

No Yes Yes

797. Rhipiphorothrips cruentatus

Hood Thripidae CH

On or under 

bark (CABI, 

2005b)

No Yes Yes

798. Scirtothrips dorsalis Hood 

Thripidae

CH; US (CABI, 

2005a) 

On leaves; On 

or under bark 

(CABI, 2005a)

No Yes Yes

799. Selenothrips rubrocinctus

(Giard) Thripidae

CH; US (CABI, 

2005a) 

On or under 

bark (CABI, 

2005a)

No No Yes

800. Thrips hawaiiensis (Morgan)

Phlaeothripidae

CH; US (CABI, 

2005a) 

On or under 

bark (CABI, 

2005b)

No No Yes

801. Thrips tabaci Lindeman

Phlaeothripidae

CH; US (CABI, 

2005a) 

On or under 

bark (CABI, 

2005b)

No No Yes

B. Identification of Quarantine-Significant Pests Likely to Follow the Pathway

To be a quarantine pest, an organism must satisfy geographic and regulatory criteria; specifically, 

the pest must have been “not yet present there, or present but not widely distributed and being 

officially controlled” (IPPC, 1997). The pests in Table 1 that are found to be quarantine pests and 

associated with the pathway (manufactured wood products from China) are listed in Table 2.

Table 2 – Quarantine arthropod pests reported on manufactured wood products from 

China and likely to follow the pathway

Family Name Common 

Name Life Stage Plant Part(s) Association Biology

Arthropods: 

Acarina

1. Eriophyoidea Acalitus 

phloeocoptes Mite All life stages (CPC, 2006)

In Bud and Shoot 

Galls (Hong et al., 

1996)

External (CPC, 

2006)

2. Eriophyoidea Aceria bromi Mite All life stages 

(CPC, 2006)

In Galls (Hong et al., 

1996)

External (CPC, 

2006)

3. Eriophyoidea Aceria chinensis Mite All life stages 

(CPC, 2006)

In Galls (Hong et al., 

1996)

External (CPC, 

2006)

4. Eriophyoidea Aceria jiangsuensis Mite All life stages 

(CPC, 2006)

In Galls (Hong et al., 

1996)

External (CPC, 

2006)
China Wood Products 

45

Family Name Common 

Name Life Stage Plant Part(s) Association Biology

5. Eriophyoidea Aceria milli Mite All life stages 

(CPC, 2006)

In Stems (Hong et 

al., 1996)

External (CPC, 

2006)

6. Eriophyoidea Aceria sheldoni 

chinensis Mite All life stages (CPC, 2006)

In Galls (Hong et al., 

1996)

External (CPC, 

2006)

7. Eriophyoidea Cecidophyopsis 

persicae Mite All life stages (CPC, 2006)

In Wood Galls 

(Hong et al., 1996)

External (CPC, 

2006)

8. Eriophyoidea Cecidophyopsis

ribis

Black Currant 

Gall Mite

All life stages 

(CPC, 2006)

In Bud Galls (Hong 

et al., 1996)

External (CPC, 

2006)

9. Tetranychidae Eutetranychus 

orientalis 

Citrus Brown 

Mite

All life stages 

(CPC, 2006)

On or under bark 

(CPC, 2006)

External (CPC, 

2006)

10. Tetranychidae Oligonychus 

clavatus Mite Adult (CPC, 2006) On or under bark (Xiao, 1991b)

External (CPC, 

2006)

11. Tetranychidae Oligonychus 

punicae

Avocado 

Brown Mite Adult (CPC, 2006) On or under bark (Xiao, 1991b)

External (CPC, 

2006)

12. Tetranychidae Tetranychus 

kanzawai

Kanzawa 

Spider Mite Adult (CPC, 2006) On or under bark (CABI, 2005a)

External (CPC, 

2006)

13. Tetranychidae Tetranychus piercei Mite Adult (CPC, 2006) On or under bark 

(CABI, 2005b)

External (CPC, 

2006)

14. Tetranychidae Tetranychus 

truncatus Mite Adult (CPC, 2006) On or under bark (CABI, 2005a)

External (CPC, 

2006)

15. Tetranychidae Tetranychus 

viennensis

Hawthorn 

Spider Mite Adult (CPC, 2006) On or under bark (Xiao, 1991b)

External (CPC, 

2006)

Arthropods: 

Coleoptera

16. Bostrichidae Dinoderus 

japonicus Borer All life stages On or under bark (Xiao, 1991a) Borer (CPC, 2006)

17. Bostrichidae Heterobostrychus 

brunneus Borer Adult (PEST ID, 2006)

In Wood (PEST ID, 

2006) Borer (CPC, 2006)

18. Bostrichidae Heterobostrychus 

hamatipennis Borer Adult (PEST ID, 2006)

In Wood (PEST ID, 

2006) Borer (CPC, 2006)

19. Bostrichidae Sinoxylon anale False Powder 

Post Beetle

Immature, Adult 

(PEST ID, 2006)

On or under bark 

(PEST ID, 2006; 

PEST ID, 2006; 

Xiao, 1991a)

Borer (CPC, 2006)

20. Bostrichidae Xylobiops texanus Borer All life stages On or under bark 

(ARS, 2005b) Borer (CPC, 2006)

21. Bostrichidae Xyloperthella picea Borer Adult (PEST ID, 

2006)

In Wood (PEST ID, 

2006) Borer (CPC, 2006)

22. Bostrichidae Xylopsocus 

capucinus Borer Adult (PEST ID, 2006)

On or under bark 

(PEST ID, 2006) Borer (CPC, 2006)

23. Bostrichidae Xylothrips flavipes Borer Adult (PEST ID, 

2006)

In Wood (PEST ID, 

2006) Borer (CPC, 2006)

24. Bruchidae Callosobruchus 

chinensis

Chinese 

Bruchid Eggs (CPC, 2006) On or under bark (CABI, 2005b) Borer (CPC, 2006)

25. Buprestidae Agrilus marcopoli Borer All life stages On or under bark 

(Xiao, 1991a) Borer (CPC, 2006)

26. Buprestidae Agrilus planipennis Emerald Ash 

Borer

Eggs, larvae, 

pupae (CPC, 

2006)

In Stem, Shoot, 

Trunk, Branch 

(CPC, 2006)

Borer (under official 

control) (CPC, 

2006)

27. Buprestidae Agrilus ratundicollis Borer All life stages On or under bark 

(Xiao, 1991a) Borer (CPC, 2006)

28. Buprestidae Agrilus 

zanthoxylumi Borer All life stages On or under bark (Xiao, 1991a) Borer (CPC, 2006)
China Wood Products 

46

Family Name Common 

Name Life Stage Plant Part(s) Association Biology

29. Buprestidae Chalcophora 

georgiana Borer

Pupae, Immature, 

Adult (PEST ID, 

2006)

In Wood (PEST ID, 

2006) Borer (CPC, 2006)

30. Buprestidae Chalcophora sp. Borer

Immature, Pupae, 

Adult (PEST ID, 

2006)

On or under bark 

(PEST ID, 2006) Borer (CPC, 2006)

31. Buprestidae Chrysobothris

chrysostigma Borer Adult (PEST ID, 2006)

On or under bark 

(PEST ID, 2006) Borer (CPC, 2006)

32. Buprestidae Melanophila picta Borer All life stages 

(CPC, 2006)

On or under bark 

(Xiao, 1991a) Borer (CPC, 2006)

33. Buprestidae Ovalisia sp. Borer Adult (PEST ID,

2006)

In Wood (PEST ID, 

2006) Borer (CPC, 2006)

34. Buprestidae Poecilonota 

variolosa Borer All life stages On or under bark (Xiao, 1991a) Borer (CPC, 2006)

35. Cerambycidae Acalolepta cervina Coffee 

Longhorn All life stages On or under bark (CABI, 2005c) Borer (CPC, 2006)

36. Cerambycidae Acanthocinus 

griseus

Longhorned 

Beetle All life stages On or under bark (Xiao, 1991a) Borer (CPC, 2006)

37. Cerambycidae Aeolesthes induta Longhorned 

Beetle All life stages On or under bark (CABI, 2005c) Borer (CPC, 2006)

38. Cerambycidae Anelaphus 

parallelus

Longhorned 

Beetle All life stages On or under bark (ARS, 2005a) Borer (CPC, 2006)

39. Cerambycidae Anelaphus sp.

Longhorned 

Beetle All life stages On or under bark (ARS, 2005a) Borer (CPC, 2006)

40. Cerambycidae Anelaphus villosus Oak Pruner All life stages On or under bark 

(ARS, 2005a) Borer (CPC, 2006)

41. Cerambycidae Anoplophora 

glabripennis

Asian 

Longhorned 

Beetle

Egg, Immature, 

Adult (PEST ID, 

2006)

On or under bark 

(CABI, 2005a; Dix 

et. al., 2004; PEST 

ID, 2006; PEST ID, 

2006; Xiao, 1991a)

Borer (CPC, 2006; 

under official 

control)

42. Cerambycidae Anoplophora leechi Longhorned 

Beetle All life stages On or under bark (Xiao, 1991a) Borer (CPC, 2006)

43. Cerambycidae Anoplophora 

nobilis

Yellow Spotted 

Cerambycid All life stages

On or under bark 

(CABI, 2005c; Xiao, 

1991a)

Borer (CPC, 2006)

44. Cerambycidae Apriona germari Longhorned 

Stem Borer All life stages

On or under bark 

(CABI, 2005c; Dix 

et. al., 2004; Xiao, 

1991a)

Borer (CPC, 2006)

45. Cerambycidae Apriona sp.

Longhorned 

Borer

Immature (PEST 

ID, 2006)

On or under bark 

(PEST ID, 2006) Borer (CPC, 2006)

46. Cerambycidae Apriona swainsoni Longhorned 

Beetle All life stages On or under bark (Xiao, 1991a) Borer (CPC, 2006)

47. Cerambycidae Arhopalus rusticus Rust Pine 

Borer

Immature (PEST 

ID, 2006)

In Wood (PEST ID, 

2006) Borer (CPC, 2006)

48. Cerambycidae Arhopalus sp.

Longhorned 

Beetle

Immature (PEST 

ID, 2006)

In Wood (PEST ID, 

2006) Borer (CPC, 2006)

49. Cerambycidae Aristobia hispida Longhorned 

Beetle All life stages On or under bark (Xiao, 1991a) Borer (CPC, 2006)

50. Cerambycidae Aromia bungii Longhorned 

Beetle All life stages On or under bark (Xiao, 1991a) Borer (CPC, 2006)

51. Cerambycidae Aromia maschata Longhorned 

Beetle

Adult (PEST ID, 

2006)

On or under bark 

(Xiao, 1991a) Borer (CPC, 2006)
China Wood Products 

47

Family Name Common 

Name Life Stage Plant Part(s) Association Biology

52. Cerambycidae Asemum sp. Borer Pupae, Adult 

(PEST ID, 2006)

On or under bark 

(PEST ID, 2006) Borer (CPC, 2006)

53. Cerambycidae Asemum striatum Opaque 

Sawyer

Adult (PEST ID, 

2006)

In Wood (PEST ID, 

2006) Borer (CPC, 2006)

54. Cerambycidae Asias halodendri Longhorned 

Beetle All life stages On or under bark (Xiao, 1991a) Borer (CPC, 2006)

55. Cerambycidae Astyleiopus 

variegatus

Longhorned 

Beetle All life stages On or under bark (ARS, 2005a) Borer (CPC, 2006)

56. Cerambycidae Bacchisa atritarsis Longhorned 

Beetle All life stages On or under bark (Xiao, 1991a) Borer (CPC, 2006)

57. Cerambycidae Batocera davidis Longhorned 

Beetle All life stages On or under bark (Xiao, 1991a) Borer (CPC, 2006)

58. Cerambycidae Batocera horsfieldi Longhorned 

Beetle All life stages On or under bark (Xiao, 1991a) Borer (CPC, 2006)

59. Cerambycidae Batocera rubus

Lateral Banded 

Mango 

Longhorn

Larvae, Adult 

(CPC, 2006)

On or under bark 

(CABI, 2005a) Borer (CPC, 2006)

60. Cerambycidae Batocera 

rufomaculata

Mongo Stem 

Borer

Larvae, Adult 

(CPC, 2006)

On or under bark 

(CABI, 2005a) Borer (CPC, 2006)

61. Cerambycidae Batocera sp. Stem Borer Immature (PEST 

ID, 2006)

On or under bark 

(PEST ID, 2006; 

PEST ID, 2006)

Borer (CPC, 2006)

62. Cerambycidae Callidiellum 

villosulum

Longhorned 

Beetle

Adult (PEST ID, 

2006)

On or under bark 

(PEST ID, 2006; 

ARS, 2005b; Xiao, 

1991a)

Borer (CPC, 2006)

63. Cerambycidae Callidium 

violaceum

Longicorne 

Blue Violet

Adult (PEST ID, 

2006)

In Wood (PEST ID, 

2006) Borer (CPC, 2006)

64. Cerambycidae Ceresium 

sinicumornaticolle

Longhorned 

Beetle All life stages On or under bark (Xiao, 1991a) Borer (CPC, 2006)

65. Cerambycidae Ceresium sp.

Longhorned 

Beetle

Immature, Pupae, 

Adult (PEST ID, 

2006)

On or under bark 

(PEST ID, 2006; 

PEST ID, 2006)

Borer (CPC, 2006)

66. Cerambycidae Chlorophorus 

annularis

Bamboo Tiger 

Longicorn

Immature, Adult 

(PEST ID, 2006)

On or under bark 

(ARS, 2005a; ARS, 

2005b)

Borer (CPC, 2006)

67. Cerambycidae Chlorophorus 

diadema Borer Adult (PEST ID, 2006)

On or under bark 

(PEST ID, 2006) Borer (CPC, 2006)

68. Cerambycidae Cleroclytus 

strigicollis

Longhorned 

Beetle All life stages On or under bark (Xiao, 1991a) Borer (CPC, 2006)

69. Cerambycidae Clytus validus Longhorned 

Beetle All life stages On or under bark (Xiao, 1991a) Borer (CPC, 2006)

70. Cerambycidae Dere thoracica Longhorned 

Beetle

Adult (PEST ID, 

2006)

On or under bark 

(PEST ID, 2006) Borer (CPC, 2006)

71. Cerambycidae Elaphidion 

mucronatum

Longhorned 

Beetle All life stages On or under bark (ARS, 2005a) Borer (CPC, 2006)

72. Cerambycidae Embrikstrandia 

bimaculata

Longhorned 

Beetle All life stages On or under bark (Xiao, 1991a) Borer (CPC, 2006)

73. Cerambycidae Glenea sp.

Longhorned 

Beetle

Adult (PEST ID, 

2006)

On or under bark 

(PEST ID, 2006) Borer (CPC, 2006)

74. Cerambycidae Grammographus 

notabilis

Longhorned 

Beetle All life stages On or under bark (ARS, 2005b) Borer (CPC, 2006)

75. Cerambycidae Hesperophanes 

campestris jiarong tianniu Immature (PEST ID, 2006)

On or under bark 

(ARS, 2005b) Borer (CPC, 2006)
China Wood Products 

48

Family Name Common 

Name Life Stage Plant Part(s) Association Biology

76. Cerambycidae Hesperophanes sp. Borer

Immature, Pupae, 

Adult (PEST ID, 

2006)

On or under bark 

(PEST ID, 2006; 

PEST ID, 2006; 

ARS, 2005a)

Borer (CPC, 2006)

77. Cerambycidae Mallodon sp.

Cacao Stem 

Borer

Adult (PEST ID, 

2006)

In Wood (PEST ID, 

2006) Borer (CPC, 2006)

78. Cerambycidae Megopis sinica Longhorned 

Beetle All life stages On or under bark (Xiao, 1991a) Borer (CPC, 2006)

79. Cerambycidae Mesosa myops Longhorned 

Beetle All life stages On or under bark (Xiao, 1991a) Borer (CPC, 2006)

80. Cerambycidae Monochamus 

alternatus

Japanese Pine 

Sawyer

Adult (PEST ID, 

2006)

On or under bark 

(CABI, 2005a; PEST

ID, 2006; PEST ID, 

2006; Xiao, 1991a)

Borer (CPC, 2006)

81. Cerambycidae Monochamus 

saltuarius

Japanese Pine 

Sawyer Adult (CPC, 2006)

On or under bark 

(CABI, 2005a; Xiao, 

1991a)

Borer (CPC, 2006)

82. Cerambycidae Monochamus sutor

small whitemarmorated

longicorn

All life stages 

(CPC, 2006)

On or under bark 

(CABI, 2005a; Xiao, 

1991a)

Borer (CPC, 2006)

83. Cerambycidae Monochamus 

teserula

Longhorned 

Beetle

Adult (PEST ID, 

2006)

On or under bark 

(PEST ID, 2006) Borer (CPC, 2006)

84. Cerambycidae Monochamus 

urussovii

Longhorned 

Beetle

All life stages 

(CPC, 2006)

On or under bark 

(CABI, 2005c; Xiao, 

1991a)

Borer (CPC, 2006)

85. Cerambycidae Niphona furcata Longhorned 

Beetle All life stages On or under bark (Xiao, 1991a) Borer (CPC, 2006)

86. Cerambycidae Niphona sp.

Longhorned 

Beetle All life stages On or under bark (ARS, 2005a) Borer (CPC, 2006)

87. Cerambycidae Oberea fusciventris Longhorned 

Beetle All life stages On or under bark (Xiao, 1991a) Borer (CPC, 2006)

88. Cerambycidae Oberea inclusa Longhorned 

Beetle All life stages On or under bark (Xiao, 1991a) Borer (CPC, 2006)

89. Cerambycidae Oberea oculata Longhorned 

Beetle All life stages On or under bark (Xiao, 1991a) Borer (CPC, 2006)

90. Cerambycidae Olenecamptus sp.

Longhorned 

Beetle

Immature (PEST 

ID, 2006)

In Wood (PEST ID, 

2006) Borer (CPC, 2006)

91. Cerambycidae Phymatodes 

testaceus Tanbark Borer Immature (PEST ID, 2006)

On or under bark 

(ARS, 2005a) Borer (CPC, 2006)

92. Cerambycidae Plagionotus 

christophi

Longhorned 

Beetle

Immature, Adult 

(PEST ID, 2006)

On or under bark 

(PEST ID, 2006; 

PEST ID, 2006)

Borer (CPC, 2006)

93. Cerambycidae Plagionotus sp.

Longhorned 

Beetle

Immature, Adult 

(PEST ID, 2006)

In Wood (PEST ID, 

2006) Borer (CPC, 2006)

94. Cerambycidae Plocaederus 

obesus

Cashew Stem 

Borer

All life stages 

(CPC, 2006)

On or under bark 

(CABI, 2005a) Borer (CPC, 2006)

95. Cerambycidae Polyzonus 

fasciatus

Longhorned 

Beetle All life stages On or under bark (Xiao, 1991a) Borer (CPC, 2006)

96. Cerambycidae Pterolophia sp.

Longhorned 

Beetle

Pupae (PEST ID, 

2006)

In Wood (PEST ID, 

2006) Borer (CPC, 2006)

97. Cerambycidae Purpuricenus 

sideriger

Longhorned 

Beetle All life stages On or under bark (Xiao, 1991a) Borer (CPC, 2006)
China Wood Products 

49

Family Name Common 

Name Life Stage Plant Part(s) Association Biology

98. Cerambycidae Purpuricenus 

temminckii

Longhorned 

Beetle All life stages On or under bark (Xiao, 1991a) Borer (CPC, 2006)

99. Cerambycidae Pyrrhidium 

sanguineum

Longhorned 

Beetle

Pupae, Immature, 

Adult (PEST ID, 

2006)

In Wood (PEST ID, 

2006) Borer (CPC, 2006)

100. Cerambycidae Ropica sp.

Longhorned 

Beetle

Adult (PEST ID, 

2006)

In Wood (PEST ID, 

2006) Borer (CPC, 2006)

101. Cerambycidae Saperda 

balsamifera Poplar Borer All life stages (CPC, 2006)

On or under bark 

(Xiao, 1991a) Borer (CPC, 2006)

102. Cerambycidae Saperda carcharias Large Poplar 

Borer

Larvae, Pupae 

(CPC, 2006)

On or under bark 

(Xiao, 1991a) Borer (CPC, 2006)

103. Cerambycidae Saperda populnea Small Poplar 

Borer

Egg, Larvae, 

Pupae (CPC, 

2006)

On or under bark 

(CABI, 2005a; Dix 

et. al., 2004; Xiao, 

1991a)

Borer (CPC, 2006)

104. Cerambycidae Semanotus 

bifasciatus

Longhorned 

Beetle All life stages

On or under bark 

(CABI, 2005c; Xiao, 

1991a)

Borer (CPC, 2006)

105. Cerambycidae Semanotus 

sinoauster

Longhorned 

Beetle All life stages

On or under bark 

(CABI, 2005c; Xiao, 

1991a)

Borer (CPC, 2006)

106. Cerambycidae Semanotus sp.

Longhorned 

Beetle

Adult (PEST ID, 

2006)

On or under bark 

(PEST ID, 2006) Borer (CPC, 2006)

107. Cerambycidae Stenhomalus 

taiwanus

Longhorned 

Beetle All life stages On or under bark (Xiao, 1991a) Borer (CPC, 2006)

108. Cerambycidae Stenodontes 

dasytomus

Longhorned 

Beetle All life stages On or under bark (ARS, 2005b) Borer (CPC, 2006)

109. Cerambycidae Sternidius 

variegatus

Longhorned 

Beetle All life stages On or under bark (ARS, 2005a) Borer (CPC, 2006)

110. Cerambycidae Stromatium 

barbatum

Longhorned 

Beetle All life stages On or under bark (PEST ID, 2006) Borer (CPC, 2006)

111. Cerambycidae Stromatium 

longicorne

Longhorned 

Beetle All life stages

On or under bark 

(PEST ID, 2006; 

Xiao, 1991a)

Borer (CPC, 2006)

112. Cerambycidae Stromatium sp.

Longhorned 

Beetle

Immature (PEST 

ID, 2006)

On or under bark 

(ARS, 2005b) Borer (CPC, 2006)

113. Cerambycidae Tetropium 

castaneum

Black Spruce 

Beetle

Adult (PEST ID, 

2006)

On or under bark 

(CABI, 2005a; PEST

ID, 2006; Xiao, 

1991a)

Borer (CPC, 2006)

114. Cerambycidae Tetropium fuscum

Brown Spruce 

Longhorned 

Beetle

Adult (PEST ID, 

2006)

On or under bark 

(PEST ID, 2006) Borer (CPC, 2006)

115. Cerambycidae Tetropium gabrieli

Larch 

Longhorned 

Beetle

Adult (PEST ID, 

2006)

In Wood (PEST ID, 

2006) Borer (CPC, 2006)

116. Cerambycidae Tetropium 

gracilicorne

Longhorned 

Beetle

All life stages 

(CPC, 2006)

On or under bark 

(CABI, 2005a) Borer (CPC, 2006)

117. Cerambycidae Thylactus simulans Longhorned 

Beetle All life stages On or under bark (Xiao, 1991a) Borer (CPC, 2006)

118. Cerambycidae Trichoferus 

campestris jiarong tianniu Larvae (CPC, 2006)

On or under bark 

(CABI, 2005a; Xiao, 

1991a)

Borer (CPC, 2006)
China Wood Products 

50

Family Name Common 

Name Life Stage Plant Part(s) Association Biology

119. Cerambycidae Trichoferus sp.

Longhorned 

Beetle

Adult (PEST ID, 

2006)

On or under bark 

(PEST ID, 2006; 

PEST ID, 2006)

Borer (CPC, 2006)

120. Cerambycidae Trirachys orientalis Longhorned 

Beetle All life stages On or under bark (Xiao, 1991a) Borer (CPC, 2006)

121. Cerambycidae Urgleptes sp. Longhorned 

Beetle All life stages In wood (CPC, 2006) Borer (CPC, 2006)

122. Cerambycidae Xylotrechus 

chinensis

Tiger 

Longicorn 

Beetle

All life stages On or under bark 

(Xiao, 1991a) Borer (CPC, 2006)

123. Cerambycidae Xylotrechus 

colonus

Longhorned 

Beetle All life stages On or under bark (ARS, 2005a) Borer (CPC, 2006)

124. Cerambycidae Xylotrechus grayi Longhorned 

Beetle

Adult (PEST ID, 

2006)

On or under bark 

(PEST ID, 2006) Borer (CPC, 2006)

125. Cerambycidae Xylotrechus 

magnicollis

Longhorned 

Beetle

Adult (PEST ID, 

2006)

On or under bark 

(PEST ID, 2006; 

PEST ID, 2006)

Borer (CPC, 2006)

126. Cerambycidae Xylotrechus 

rusticus

Longhorned 

Beetle

Adult (PEST ID, 

2006)

On or under bark 

(Dix et.al., 2004; 

PEST ID, 2006; 

Xiao, 1991a)

Borer (CPC, 2006)

127. Cerambycidae Xylotrechus 

sagittatus

Longhorned 

Beetle All life stages On or under bark (ARS, 2005a) Borer (CPC, 2006)

128. Chrysomelidae Agelastica 

alniorientalis Beetle All life stages On or under bark (Xiao, 1991b)

Internal (CPC, 

2006)

129. Chrysomelidae Altica weisei Beetle All life stages On or under bark 

(Xiao, 1991b)

Internal (CPC, 

2006)

130. Chrysomelidae Argopistes hoenei Beetle All life stages On or under bark 

(Xiao, 1991b)

Internal (CPC, 

2006)

131. Chrysomelidae Brontispa 

longissima

Coconut 

Hispine Beetle

Larvae, Adult 

(CPC, 2006)

On or under bark 

(CABI, 2005a; Dix 

et. al., 2004)

Internal (CPC, 

2006)

132. Chrysomelidae Chrysomela 

adamsiornaticollis Beetle All life stages On or under bark (Xiao, 1991b)

Internal (CPC, 

2006)

133. Chrysomelidae Chrysomela 

lapponica Beetle All life stages On or under bark (Xiao, 1991b)

Internal (CPC, 

2006)

134. Chrysomelidae Chrysomela populi Beetle All life stages On or under bark 

(Xiao, 1991b)

Internal (CPC, 

2006)

135. Chrysomelidae Chrysomela 

salicivorax Beetle All life stages On or under bark (Xiao, 1991b)

Internal (CPC, 

2006)

136. Chrysomelidae Chrysomela 

vigintipunctata Beetle All life stages On or under bark (Xiao, 1991b)

Internal (CPC, 

2006)

137. Chrysomelidae Colaspoides 

femoralis Beetle All life stages On or under bark (Xiao, 1991b)

Internal (CPC, 

2006)

138. Chrysomelidae Coptocycla sordida Beetle All life stages On or under bark 

(PEST ID, 2006)

Internal (CPC, 

2006)

139. Chrysomelidae Diorhabda 

elongatadeserticola Beetle All life stages On or under bark (Xiao, 1991b)

Internal (CPC, 

2006)

140. Chrysomelidae Diorhabda 

rybakowi Beetle All life stages On or under bark (Xiao, 1991b)

Internal (CPC, 

2006)

141. Chrysomelidae Gastrolina 

depressathoracica Beetle All life stages On or under bark (Xiao, 1991b)

Internal (CPC, 

2006)
China Wood Products 

51

Family Name Common 

Name Life Stage Plant Part(s) Association Biology

142. Chrysomelidae Oides 

leucomeluena Beetle All life stages On or under bark (Xiao, 1991b)

Internal (CPC, 

2006)

143. Chrysomelidae Ophrida 

scaphoides Beetle All life stages On or under bark (Xiao, 1991b)

Internal (CPC, 

2006)

144. Chrysomelidae Ophrida 

xanthospilota Beetle All life stages On or under bark (Xiao, 1991b)

Internal (CPC, 

2006)

145. Chrysomelidae Podagricomela 

cyanea

Beetle All life stages On or under bark 

(Xiao, 1991b)

Internal (CPC, 

2006)

146. Chrysomelidae Podagricomela 

shirahatai Beetle All life stages On or under bark (Xiao, 1991b)

Internal (CPC, 

2006)

147. Chrysomelidae Podontia lutea Beetle All life stages On or under bark 

(Xiao, 1991b)

Internal (CPC, 

2006)

148. Chrysomelidae Poecilomorpha 

cyanipennis Beetle All life stages On or under bark (Xiao, 1991b)

Internal (CPC, 

2006)

149. Chrysomelidae Pyrrhalta 

aenescens

Beetle All life stages On or under bark 

(Xiao, 1991b)

Internal (CPC, 

2006)

150. Chrysomelidae Pyrrhalta 

maculicollis Beetle All life stages On or under bark (Xiao, 1991b)

Internal (CPC, 

2006)

151. Chrysomelidae Xylosandrus ater Beetle All life stages 

(CPC, 2006)

On or under bark 

(CABI, 2005a)

Internal (CPC, 

2006)

152. Chrysomelidae Xylosandrus 

discolor Beetle All life stages (CPC, 2006)

On or under bark 

(CABI, 2005a)

Internal (CPC, 

2006)

153. Chrysomelidae Zeugophora 

scutellaris Beetle All life stages On or under bark (Xiao, 1991b)

Internal (CPC, 

2006)

154. Curculionidae Curculio chinensis Chinese 

Bruchid

Eggs, Adult (CPC, 

2006)

On or under bark 

(Xiao, 1991a)

Internal (CPC, 

2006)

155. Curculionidae Curculio davidi Beetle All life stages On or under bark 

(Xiao, 1991a)

Internal (CPC, 

2006)

156. Curculionidae Curculio dentipes Chestnut 

Circulio All life stages On or under bark (Xiao, 1991a)

Internal (CPC, 

2006)

157. Curculionidae Curculio 

dieckmanni Beetle All life stages On or under bark (Xiao, 1991a)

Internal (CPC, 

2006)

158. Curculionidae Curculio hippophes Beetle All life stages On or under bark 

(Xiao, 1991a)

Internal (CPC, 

2006)

159. Curculionidae Curculio robustus Beetle All life stages On or under bark 

(Xiao, 1991a)

Internal (CPC, 

2006)

160. Curculionidae Cyrtotrachelus 

buqueti Beetle All life stages On or under bark (Xiao, 1991a)

Internal (CPC, 

2006)

161. Curculionidae Cyrtotrachelus 

longimanus Beetle All life stages On or under bark (Xiao, 1991a)

Internal (CPC, 

2006)

162. Curculionidae Dyscerus 

cribripennis Beetle All life stages On or under bark (Xiao, 1991a)

Internal (CPC, 

2006)

163. Curculionidae Dyscerus juglans Beetle All life stages On or under bark 

(Xiao, 1991a)

Internal (CPC, 

2006)

164. Curculionidae Dyscerus 

longiclavis Beetle All life stages On or under bark (Xiao, 1991a)

Internal (CPC, 

2006)

165. Curculionidae Dyscerus 

pustulatus Beetle All life stages On or under bark (Xiao, 1991a)

Internal (CPC, 

2006)

166. Curculionidae Dysdercus 

cingulatus

Red Cotton 

Stainer

All life stages 

(CPC, 2006)

On or under bark 

(CABI, 2005a)

External (CPC, 

2006)

167. Curculionidae Ectatorrhinus 

adamsi Beetle All life stages On or under bark (Xiao, 1991a)

Internal (CPC, 

2006)

168. Curculionidae Eucryptorrhynchus 

brandti Beetle All life stages On or under bark (Xiao, 1991a)

Internal (CPC, 

2006)
China Wood Products 

52

Family Name Common 

Name Life Stage Plant Part(s) Association Biology

169. Curculionidae Eucryptorrhynchus 

chinensis Beetle All life stages On or under bark (Xiao, 1991a)

Internal (CPC, 

2006)

170. Curculionidae Hylastes ater Black Pine 

Bark Beetle

All life stages 

(CPC, 2006)

On or under bark 

(CABI, 2005a)

External (CPC, 

2006)

171. Curculionidae Hylobitelus xiaoi xiao shi song 

jing xiang All life stages On or under bark (CABI, 2005a)

Internal (CPC, 

2006)

172. Curculionidae Hylobius abietis Large Pine 

Weevil

All life stages 

(CPC, 2006)

On or under bark 

(CABI, 2005a)

External (CPC, 

2006)

173. Curculionidae Hylobius abietis 

haroldi

Large Pine 

Weevil

All life stages 

(CPC, 2006)

On or under bark 

(Xiao, 1991a)

External (CPC, 

2006)

174. Curculionidae Hypomeces 

squamosus

Gold Dust 

Beetle Adult (CPC, 2006) On or under bark (CABI, 2005a)

External (CPC, 

2006)

175. Curculionidae Lepyrus japonicus Beetle All life stages On or under bark 

(Xiao, 1991a)

Internal (CPC, 

2006)

176. Curculionidae Myocalandra sp. Beetle Adult (PEST ID, 

2006)

In Wood (PEST ID, 

2006)

Internal (CPC, 

2006)

177. Curculionidae Niphades castanea Beetle All life stages On or under bark 

(Xiao, 1991a)

Internal (CPC, 

2006)

178. Curculionidae Niphades sp. Beetle Immature (PEST 

ID, 2006)

On or under bark 

(PEST ID, 2006)

Internal (CPC, 

2006)

179. Curculionidae Niphades 

verrucosus

Beetle All life stages

On or under bark 

(Xiao, 1991a)

Internal (CPC, 

2006)

180. Curculionidae Otidognathus 

davidis Beetle All life stages On or under bark (Xiao, 1991a)

Internal (CPC, 

2006)

181. Curculionidae Piazomias validus Beetle All life stages On or under bark 

(Xiao, 1991a)

Internal (CPC, 

2006)

182. Curculionidae Pissodes nitidus Yellow Spotted 

Pine Weevil All life stages On or under bark (Xiao, 1991a)

Internal (CPC, 

2006)

183. Curculionidae Pissodes 

validirostris

Pine Cone 

Weevil All life stages

On or under bark 

(CABI, 2005c; Xiao, 

1991a)

Internal (CPC, 

2006)

184. Curculionidae Pissodes 

yunnanensis

yun nan song 

mu du xiang

Larvae, Adult 

(CPC, 2006)

On or under bark 

(CABI, 2005a)

Internal, External 

(CPC, 2006)

185. Curculionidae Rhynchaenus alini Beetle All life stages On or under bark 

(Xiao, 1991a)

Internal (CPC, 

2006)

186. Curculionidae Rhynchaenus 

empopulifolis Beetle All life stages On or under bark (Xiao, 1991a)

Internal (CPC, 

2006)

187. Curculionidae Rhynchophorus 

ferrugineus

Asiatic Palm 

Weevil

All life stages 

(CPC, 2006)

On or under bark 

(CABI, 2005a)

Internal (CPC, 

2006) 

188. Curculionidae Shirahoshizo 

coniferae Beetle All life stages On or under bark (Xiao, 1991a)

Internal (CPC, 

2006) 

189. Curculionidae Shirahoshizo 

patruelis Beetle All life stages On or under bark (Xiao, 1991a)

Internal (CPC, 

2006) 

190. Curculionidae Shirahoshizo sp. Beetle

Immature, Pupae, 

Adult (PEST ID, 

2006)

On or under bark 

(PEST ID, 2006; 

PEST ID, 2006)

Internal (CPC, 

2006) 

191. Curculionidae Sipalinus gigas Beetle Adult (PEST ID, 

2006)

On or under bark 

(PEST ID, 2006)

Internal (CPC, 

2006) 

192. Curculionidae Sipalinus sp. Beetle Adult (PEST ID, 

2006)

On or under bark 

(PEST ID, 2006)

Internal (CPC, 

2006) 

193. Curculionidae Xylinophorus 

mongolicus Beetle All life stages On or under bark (Xiao, 1991a)

Internal (CPC, 

2006) 

194. Curculioninae Ergania 

doriaeyunnanus Beetle All life stages On or under bark (Xiao, 1991a)

Internal (CPC, 

2006) 
China Wood Products 

53

Family Name Common 

Name Life Stage Plant Part(s) Association Biology

195. Elateridae Agriotes subrittatus Click Beetles Immature (PEST 

ID, 2006)

On or under bark 

(Xiao, 1991a)

External (Bug 

Guide, 2006)

196. Elateridae Agrypninae sp. Click Beetles Immature (PEST 

ID, 2006)

On or under bark 

(PEST ID, 2006)

External (Bug 

Guide, 2006)

197. Elateridae Pleonomus 

canaliculatus Click Beetles Immature (PEST ID, 2006)

On or under bark 

(Xiao, 1991b)

External (Bug 

Guide, 2006)

198. Lyctidae Lyctus brunneus

Common 

Powder Post 

Beetle

Immature, Pupae, 

Adult (PEST ID, 

2006)

On or under bark 

(Xiao, 1991a)

Internal (Groden et 

al., 2006)

199. Lyctidae Lyctus linearis Beetle

Immature, Pupae, 

Adult (PEST ID, 

2006)

On or under bark 

(Xiao, 1991a)

Internal (Groden et 

al., 2006)

200. Lyctidae Minthea rugicollis Beetle

Immature, Pupae, 

Adult (PEST ID, 

2006)

On or under bark 

(CABI, 2005c; Xiao, 

1991a)

Internal (Groden et 

al., 2006)

201. Rhynchitidae Cyllorhynchites 

ursulus Beetle All Life Stages On or under bark (Xiao, 1991a)

External (Legalov, 

2006)

202. Scarabaeidae Amphimallon 

solstitiale Chafer Adult (CPC, 2006) On or under bark (CABI, 2005c)

External (Foltz, 

2003)

203. Scarabaeidae Anomala 

corpulenta

Copper Green 

Chafer Adult (CPC, 2006) On or under bark (CABI, 2005c)

External (Foltz, 

2003)

204. Scarabaeidae Anomala cupripes Large Green 

Chafer Beetle Adult (CPC, 2006) On or under bark (CABI, 2005c)

External (Foltz, 

2003)

205. Scarabaeidae Chondracris rosea Citrus Locust Adult (CPC, 2006) On or under bark 

(CABI, 2005b)

External (CPC, 

2006)

206. Scarabaeidae Holotrichia 

diomphalia

Northeast 

Larger Black 

Chafer

Adult (CPC, 2006) On or under bark 

(CABI, 2005c)

External (Foltz, 

2003)

207. Scarabaeidae Holotrichia oblita Chafer Adult (CPC, 2006) On or under bark 

(CABI, 2005c)

External (Foltz, 

2003)

208. Scarabaeidae Lepidiota stigma Sugarcane 

White Grub Adult (CPC, 2006) On or under bark (CABI, 2005a)

External (CPC, 

2006)

209. Scarabaeidae Maladera orientalis Smaller Velvet 

Chafer Adult (CPC, 2006) On or under bark (CABI, 2005c)

External (Foltz, 

2003)

210. Scolytidae Cryphalus 

tabulaefomis Borer

Immature, Pupae, 

Adult (PEST ID, 

2006)

On or under bark 

(PEST ID, 2006; 

PEST ID, 2006)

Borer (CPC, 2006)

211. Scolytidae Crypturgus pusillus Borer Adult (PEST ID, 

2006)

Wood (PEST ID, 

2006) Borer (CPC, 2006)

212. Scolytidae Cyrtogenius luteus Borer Immature, Adult 

(PEST ID, 2006)

On or under bark 

(Xiao, 1991a) Borer (CPC, 2006)

213. Scolytidae Cyrtogenius sp. Borer Immature, Adult 

(PEST ID, 2006)

On or under bark 

(PEST ID, 2006; 

PEST ID, 2006)

Borer (CPC, 2006)

214. Scolytidae Dendroctonus 

armandi

da ningzhi 

xiaodu

Eggs, Larvae, 

Nymphs, Pupae, 

Adults (CPC, 

2006)

On or under bark 

(CABI, 2005a; PEST

ID, 2006; Xiao, 

1991a)

Borer (CPC, 2006)

215. Scolytidae Dendroctonus 

micans

Great Spruce 

Bark Beetle

Eggs, Larvae, 

Nymphs, Pupae, 

Adults (CPC, 

2006)

On or under bark 

(Dix et. al., 2004) Borer (CPC, 2006)

216. Scolytidae Euwallacea 

destruens Borer All life stages (CPC, 2006)

On or under bark 

(PEST ID, 2006; 

PEST ID, 2006)

Borer (CPC, 2006)
China Wood Products 

54

Family Name Common 

Name Life Stage Plant Part(s) Association Biology

217. Scolytidae Euwallacea validus Borer Adult (PEST ID, 

2006)

On or under bark 

(CABI, 2005a) Borer (CPC, 2006)

218. Scolytidae Hylesinus fraxini Ash Bark 

Beetle

Immature, Pupae 

(PEST ID, 2006)

On or under bark 

(PEST ID, 2006) Borer (CPC, 2006)

219. Scolytidae Hylurgus ligniperda Shoot Beetle Immature, Adult 

(PEST ID, 2006)

On or under bark 

(PEST ID, 2006) Borer (CPC, 2006)

220. Scolytidae Ips acuminatus

Sharp 

Dentated Bark 

Beetle

Adult (PEST ID, 

2006)

On or under bark 

(PEST ID, 2006; 

Xiao, 1991a)

Borer (CPC, 2006)

221. Scolytidae Ips cembrae Large Larch 

Bark Beetle Adult (CPC, 2006) On or under bark (PEST ID, 2006) Borer (CPC, 2006)

222. Scolytidae Ips duplicatus Double Spined 

Bark Beetle Adult (CPC, 2006)

On or under bark 

(CABI, 2005a; PEST

ID, 2006)

Borer (CPC, 2006)

223. Scolytidae Ips erosus Mediterranean 

Pine Beetle

Immature, Pupae, 

Adult (PEST ID, 

2006)

On or under bark 

(Xiao, 1991a) Borer (CPC, 2006)

224. Scolytidae Ips hauseri

Kyrgyz 

mountain 

engraver

All life stages 

(CPC, 2006)

On or under bark 

(PEST ID, 2006; 

PEST ID, 2006)

Borer (CPC, 2006)

225. Scolytidae Ips nitidus Bark Beetle All life stages 

(CPC, 2006)

On or under bark 

(Xiao, 1991a) Borer (CPC, 2006)

226. Scolytidae Ips sexdentatus

Pine 

Stenographer 

Beetle

All life stages 

(CPC, 2006)

On or under bark 

(CABI, 2005a; Xiao, 

1991a)

Borer (CPC, 2006)

227. Scolytidae Ips subelongatus Larch Bark 

Beetle

All life stages 

(CPC, 2006)

On or under bark 

(CABI, 2005a; PEST

ID, 2006; PEST ID, 

2006)

Borer (CPC, 2006)

228. Scolytidae Ips typographus Eight Toothed 

Bark Beetle

Adult (PEST ID, 

2006)

On or under bark 

(CABI, 2005a; Xiao, 

1991a)

Borer (CPC, 2006)

229. Scolytidae Orthotomicus 

erosus

Mediterranean 

Pine Beetle

Adult (PEST ID, 

2006)

On or under bark 

(PEST ID, 2006) Borer (CPC, 2006)

230. Scolytidae Phloeosinus aubei Borer Immature, Adult 

(PEST ID, 2006) 

On or under bark 

(ARS, 2005b) Borer (CPC, 2006)

231. Scolytidae Phloeosinus 

sinensis Borer Immature, Adult (PEST ID, 2006) 

On or under bark 

(Xiao, 1991a) Borer (CPC, 2006)

232. Scolytidae Pityogenes 

chalcographus

Six Toothed 

Spruce Bark 

Beetle

Adult (PEST ID, 

2006)

On or under bark 

(CABI, 2005a; PEST

ID, 2006; PEST ID, 

2006; Xiao, 1991a)

Borer (CPC, 2006)

233. Scolytidae Pityogenes 

hopkkinsi Borer Adult (PEST ID, 2006)

On or under bark 

(PEST ID, 2006) Borer (CPC, 2006)

234. Scolytidae Pityogenes 

serindensis Borer Adult (PEST ID, 2006)

On or under bark 

(Xiao, 1991a) Borer (CPC, 2006)

235. Scolytidae Polygraphus 

poligraphus Borer Pupae, Adult (PEST ID, 2006)

On or under bark 

(Xiao, 1991a) Borer (CPC, 2006)

236. Scolytidae Polygraphus sp. Borer

Immature, Pupae, 

Adult (PEST ID, 

2006)

On or under bark 

(PEST ID, 2006; 

PEST ID, 2006)

Borer (CPC, 2006)
China Wood Products 

55

Family Name Common 

Name Life Stage Plant Part(s) Association Biology

237. Scolytidae Scolytus morawitzi

scolytid of 

Morawitz

All life stages 

(CPC, 2006)

On or under bark 

(PEST ID, 2006; 

PEST ID, 2006)

Borer (CPC, 2006)

238. Scolytidae Sphaerotrypes 

coimbatorensis Borer

Immature, Pupae, 

Adult (PEST ID, 

2006)

On or under bark 

(PEST ID, 2006; 

PEST ID, 2006)

Borer (CPC, 2006)

239. Scolytidae Tomicus minor Lesser Pine 

Shoot Beetle

All life stages 

(CPC, 2006)

On or under bark 

(CABI, 2005a; Xiao, 

1991a)

Borer (CPC, 2006)

240. Scolytidae Tomicus pilifer Borer All life stages 

(CPC, 2006)

On or under bark 

(Xiao, 1991a) Borer (CPC, 2006)

241. Scolytidae Tomicus pniperda Borer All life stages 

(CPC, 2006)

On or under bark 

(Xiao, 1991a) Borer (CPC, 2006)

242. Scolytidae Xyleborus 

emarginatus Borer All life stages (CPC, 2006)

On or under bark 

(CABI, 2005a) Borer (CPC, 2006)

243. Scolytidae Xyleborus 

glabratus Borer All life stages (CPC, 2006)

On or under bark 

(PEST ID, 2006) Borer (CPC, 2006)

244. Scolytidae Xyleborus 

interjectus Borer All life stages (CPC, 2006)

On or under bark 

(Xiao, 1991a) Borer (CPC, 2006)

245. Tenebrionidae Luprops sp. Beetle Adult (PEST ID, 

2006)

In Wood (PEST ID, 

2006)

External (Foltz, 

2003)

Arthropods: 

Diptera

246. Anthomyiidae Strobilomyia 

infrequens

Root Maggot 

Fly Larvae On or under bark (CABI, 2005c) External

247. Anthomyiidae Strobilomyia 

laricicola

Root Maggot 

Fly Larvae On or under bark (CABI, 2005c) External

248. Cecidomyiidae Camptomyia sp. Gall Gnats Pupae (PEST ID, 

2006)

In Wood (PEST ID, 

2006) External

249. Cecidomyiidae Cecidomyia 

yunnanensis Gall Gnats Immature, Adult (PEST ID, 2006)

On or under bark 

(Xiao, 1991b) External

250. Cecidomyiidae Dasineura datifolia Gall Gnats Larvae On or under bark 

(Xiao, 1991b) External

251. Cecidomyiidae Giraudiella inclusa Gall Gnats Adult (PEST ID, 

2006)

In Wood (PEST ID, 

2006) External

252. Cecidomyiidae Lestremiinae sp. Gall Gnats Immature (PEST 

ID, 2006)

In Wood (PEST ID, 

2006) External

253. Cecidomyiidae Planetella conesta Gall Gnats Larvae On or under bark 

(Xiao, 1991b) External

254. Cecidomyiidae Rhabdophaga 

salicis Gall Gnats Larvae On or under bark (Xiao, 1991b) External

255. Cecidomyiidae Thecodiplosis 

japonensis

Japan pine gall 

midge

All life stages 

(CPC, 2006)

On or under bark 

(CABI, 2005a) External

256. Syrphidae Algedonia 

coclesalis Hover Fly Larvae (Foltz, 2003)

On or under bark 

(CABI, 2005c)

External (Foltz, 

2003)

Arthropods: 

Hemiptera and 

Homoptera

257. Alydidae Leptocorisa acuta Rice Seed Bug All life stages 

(CPC, 2006)

On or under bark 

(CABI, 2005b)

External (CPC, 

2006)

258. Aradidae Aradus betulae Flatbugs

Adult (PEST ID, 

2006)

In Wood (PEST ID, 

2006)

External (CPC, 

2006)
China Wood Products 

56

Family Name Common 

Name Life Stage Plant Part(s) Association Biology

259. Cicadellidae Lawana imitata Leafhoppers Nymphs, Adults 

(Bug Guide, 2006)

On or under bark 

(CABI, 2005c)

External (CPC, 

2006)

260. Coccidae Ceroplastes 

japonicus

Japanese Wax 

Scale

Adult (PEST ID, 

2006)

On or under bark 

(CABI, 2005a)

External (CPC, 

2006)

261. Coccidae Chloropulvinaria 

floccifera

Camellia 

Cottony Scale

Adult (PEST ID, 

2006)

On or under bark 

(CABI, 2005c)

External (CPC, 

2006)

262. Coreidae Acanthocephala 

femorata Squash Bug Adult (PEST ID, 2006)

In Wood (PEST ID, 

2006)

External (CPC, 

2006)

263. Coreidae Gonocerus sp. Squash Bug Adult (PEST ID, 

2006)

On or under bark 

(PEST ID, 2006)

External (CPC, 

2006)

264. Coreidae Gonocerus 

yunnanensis Squash Bug Adult (PEST ID, 2006)

On or under bark 

(Xiao, 1991b)

External (CPC, 

2006)

265. Coreidae Homoeocerus 

walkerianus Squash Bug Adult (PEST ID, 2006)

On or under bark 

(Xiao, 1991b)

External (CPC, 

2006)

266. Coreidae Leptoglossus 

gonagra

Squash Bug Adult (PEST ID, 

2006)

On or under bark 

(CABI, 2005c)

External (CPC, 

2006)

267. Coreidae Leptoglossus 

oppositus Squash Bug Adult (PEST ID, 2006)

In Wood (PEST ID, 

2006)

External (CPC, 

2006)

268. Diaspididae Aulacaspis 

rosarum

Scale All life stages 

(CPC, 2006)

On or under bark 

(Xiao, 1991b)

External (CPC, 

2006)

269. Diaspididae

Aulacaspis 

sassafris Scale All life stages (CPC, 2006)

On or under bark 

(Xiao, 1991b)

External (CPC, 

2006)

270. Diaspididae Chionaspis salicis Black Willow 

Scale

All life stages 

(CPC, 2006)

On or under bark 

(Xiao, 1991b)

External (CPC, 

2006)

271. Diaspididae Fiorinia japonica

Japanese 

baton shaped 

scale

All life stages 

(CPC, 2006)

On or under bark 

(Xiao, 1991b)

External (CPC, 

2006)

272. Diaspididae Hemiberlesia 

pitysophila

pine needle 

hemiberlesian 

scale

Egg, Larvae, 

Adults (CPC, 

2006)

On or under bark 

(Dix et.al., 2004; 

Xiao, 1991b)

External (CPC, 

2006)

273. Diaspididae Lepidopsyche 

asiatica Scale All life stages (CPC, 2006)

On or under bark 

(Xiao, 1991b)

External (CPC, 

2006)

274. Diaspididae Lepidosaphes 

salicina Scale All life stages (CPC, 2006)

On or under bark 

(Xiao, 1991b)

External (CPC, 

2006)

275. Diaspididae Mytilaspis 

conchiformis

Oystershell 

scale Adult (CPC, 2006) On or under bark (Xiao, 1991b)

External (CPC, 

2006)

276. Diaspididae Phenacaspis 

camphora Scale All life stages (CPC, 2006)

On or under bark 

(Xiao, 1991b)

External (CPC, 

2006)

277. Diaspididae Pseudaonidia 

duplex Camphor Scale All life stages (CPC, 2006)

On or under bark 

(CABI, 2005c; Xiao, 

1991b)

External (CPC, 

2006)

278. Diaspididae Quadraspidiotus 

gigas Scale All life stages (CPC, 2006)

On or under bark 

(Xiao, 1991b)

External (CPC, 

2006)

279. Diaspididae Quadraspidiotus 

perniciosus San Jose Scale Larvae (CPC, 2006)

On or under bark 

(Xiao, 1991b)

External (CPC, 

2006)

280. Diaspididae Quadraspidiotus 

slavonicus Scale All life stages (CPC, 2006)

On or under bark 

(Xiao, 1991b)

External (CPC, 

2006)

281. Lygaeidae Atrazonatus 

umbrosus Seed Bug Adult (PEST ID, 2006)

In Wood (PEST ID, 

2006)

External (Brisbane, 

2006)

282. Margarodidae Drosicha 

corpulenta Mealybug All Life Stages On or under bark (CABI, 2005c)

External (CPC, 

2006)

283. Margarodidae Drosicha stebbingi Giant 

Mealybug All Life Stages On or under bark (CABI, 2005c)

External (CPC, 

2006)
China Wood Products 

57

Family Name Common 

Name Life Stage Plant Part(s) Association Biology

284. Margarodidae Icerya aegyptiaca Breadfruit 

Mealybug All Life Stages On or under bark (CABI, 2005a)

External (CPC, 

2006)

285. Margarodidae Icerya 

seychellarum

Okada cottonycushion scale All Life Stages On or under bark 

(CABI, 2005b)

External (CPC, 

2006)

286. Margarodidae Matsucoccus 

matsumurae Mealybug All Life Stages On or under bark (CABI, 2005c)

External (CPC, 

2006)

287. Pentatomidae Dolycoris 

baccarum

Stink Bug Adult (PEST ID, 

2006)

On or under bark 

(CABI, 2005c)

External (Bug 

Guide, 2006)

288. Pentatomidae Erthesina fullo Stink Bug Adult (PEST ID, 

2006)

In Wood (PEST ID, 

2006)

External (Bug 

Guide, 2006)

289. Pentatomidae Halyomorpha picus Stink Bug Adult (PEST ID, 

2006)

In Wood (PEST ID, 

2006)

External (Bug 

Guide, 2006)

290. Pseudococcidae Nesticoccus 

sinensis Mealybug All life stages (CPC, 2006)

On or under bark 

(Xiao, 1991b)

External (CPC, 

2006)

291. Pseudococcidae Palmicultor 

lumpurensis Mealybug All life stages (CPC, 2006)

On or under bark 

(ARS, 2005a)

External (CPC, 

2006)

292. Pseudococcidae Paracoccus 

pasaniae

Pink Hibiscus 

Meaybug

All life stages 

(CPC, 2006)

On or under bark 

(Xiao, 1991b)

External (CPC, 

2006)

293. Pseudococcidae Phenacoccus 

fraxinus Mealybug All life stages (CPC, 2006)

On or under bark 

(Xiao, 1991b)

External (CPC, 

2006)

294. Pseudococcidae Rastrococcus 

invadens

Mango 

Mealybug

All life stages 

(CPC, 2006)

On or under bark 

(CABI, 2005a)

External (CPC, 

2006)

Arthropods: 

Hymenoptera

295. Diprionidae Diprion 

jingyuanensis

Confier 

Sawflies

Larvae (Foltz, 

2003)

On or under bark 

(Dix et.al., 2004)

External (CPC, 

2006)

296. Diprionidae Neodiprion 

xiangyunicus

Confier 

Sawflies

Larvae (Foltz, 

2003)

On or under bark 

(Dix et.al., 2004)

External (CPC, 

2006)

297. Formicidae Camponotus 

japonicus Ant Adult (PEST ID, 2006)

On or under bark 

(Xiao, 1991a)

External (CPC, 

2006)

298. Formicidae Formica fukaii Ant Adult (PEST ID, 

2006)

On or under bark 

(Xiao, 1991a)

External (CPC, 

2006)

299. Formicidae Formica japonica Ant Adult (PEST ID, 

2006)

On or under bark 

(Xiao, 1991a)

External (CPC, 

2006)

300. Formicidae Formica sanguinea Ant Adult (PEST ID, 

2006)

On or under bark 

(Xiao, 1991a)

External (CPC, 

2006)

301. Formicidae Formica superba Ant Adult (PEST ID, 

2006)

On or under bark 

(Xiao, 1991a)

External (CPC, 

2006)

302. Formicidae Formica 

transkaucasia Ant Adult (PEST ID, 2006)

On or under bark 

(Xiao, 1991a)

External (CPC, 

2006)

303. Formicidae Iridomyrmex 

anceps

Ant Adult (PEST ID, 

2006)

On or under bark 

(Xiao, 1991a)

External (CPC, 

2006)

304. Formicidae Iseropus 

himalayensis Ant Adult (PEST ID, 2006)

On or under bark 

(Xiao, 1991a)

External (CPC, 

2006)

305. Formicidae Iseropus 

stercorator Ant Adult (PEST ID, 2006)

On or under bark 

(Xiao, 1991a)

External (CPC, 

2006)

306. Formicidae Oecophylla 

smaragdina Weaver Ant Adult (PEST ID, 2006)

On or under bark 

(Xiao, 1991a)

External (CPC, 

2006)

307. Formicidae Polyrhachis dives Ant Adult (PEST ID, 

2006)

On or under bark 

(Xiao, 1991a)

External (CPC, 

2006)

308. Formicidae Pristomyrmex 

pungens

Ant Adult (PEST ID, 

2006)

On or under bark 

(Xiao, 1991a)

External (CPC, 

2006)
China Wood Products 

58

Family Name Common 

Name Life Stage Plant Part(s) Association Biology

309. Pamphilidae Cephalcia abietis Sawfly

Egg, Larvae, 

Pupae (CPC, 

2006)

On or under bark 

(CABI, 2005a) External 

310. Pamphilidae Chinolyda 

flagellicornis Cypress Sawfly

Egg, Larvae, 

Pupae (CPC, 

2006)

On or under bark 

(CABI, 2005a) External 

311. Siricidae Sirex nitobei Wasp

Immature, Adult 

(PEST ID, 2006)

In Wood (PEST ID, 

2006)

Internal Borer (CPC,

2006)s

312. Siricidae Sirex rufiabdominis Wasp

Immature, Adult 

(PEST ID, 2006)

On or under bark 

(Xiao, 1991a)

Internal Borer (CPC,

2006)s

313. Siricidae Sirex siricius Wasp

Immature, Adult 

(PEST ID, 2006)

On or under bark 

(Dix et.al., 2004)

Internal Borer (CPC,

2006)s

314. Siricidae Tremex fuscicornis Tremex Wasp

All life stages 

(CPC, 2006)

On or under bark 

(CABI, 2005a; Xiao, 

1991a)

Internal Borer (CPC,

2006)s

315. Siricidae Urocerus 

gigastiaganus Tremex Wasp

All life stages 

(CPC, 2006)

On or under bark 

(Xiao, 1991a)

Internal Borer (CPC,

2006)s

316. Torymidae Megastigmus 

cryptomeriae

Japanese 

cedar seed 

chalcid

Adult (PEST ID, 

2006)

On or under bark 

(CABI, 2005b; Xiao, 

1991b)

External, Internal 

(NHM, 2006)

317. Torymidae Megastigmus 

duclouxiana

Chinese 

cypress seed 

chalcid

Adult (PEST ID, 

2006)

On or under bark 

(CABI, 2005b)

External, Internal 

(NHM, 2006)

318. Torymidae Megastigmus 

pictus

larch seed 

chalcid

Adult (PEST ID, 

2006)

On or under bark 

(CABI, 2005b)

External, Internal 

(NHM, 2006)

319. Torymidae Megastigmus 

sabinae Chalcid Adult (PEST ID, 2006)

On or under bark 

(Xiao, 1991b)

External, Internal 

(NHM, 2006)

320. Torymidae Monodontomerus 

minor Chalcid Adult (PEST ID, 2006)

On or under bark 

(Xiao, 1991b)

External, Internal 

(NHM, 2006)

321. Torymidae Podagrion 

chinensis Chalcid Adult (PEST ID, 2006)

On or under bark 

(Xiao, 1991b)

External, Internal 

(NHM, 2006)

322. Torymidae Torymus grerani Chalcid

Adult (PEST ID, 

2006)

On or under bark 

(Xiao, 1991b)

External, Internal 

(NHM, 2006)

323. Torymidae Torymus sinensis Chalcid Adult (PEST ID, 

2006)

On or under bark 

(Xiao, 1991b)

External, Internal 

(NHM, 2006)

Arthropods: 

Isoptera

324. Kalotermitidae Cryptotermes 

declivis Termite All life stages (CPC, 2006)

In Wood (PEST ID, 

2006) (Xiao, 1991a)

Internal (CPC, 

2006) 

325. Kalotermitidae Cryptotermes 

domesticus Termite All life stages (CPC, 2006)

In Wood (PEST ID, 

2006) (Xiao, 1991a)

Internal (CPC, 

2006) 

326. Kalotermitidae Glyptotermes 

chinpingensis Termite All life stages (CPC, 2006)

In Wood (PEST ID, 

2006) (Xiao, 1991a)

Internal (CPC, 

2006) 

327. Kalotermitidae Glyptotermes 

fuscus Termite All life stages (CPC, 2006)

In Wood (PEST ID, 

2006) (PEST ID, 

2006)

Internal (CPC, 

2006) 

328. Kalotermitidae Glyptotermes 

satsumensis Termite All life stages (CPC, 2006)

In Wood (PEST ID, 

2006) (Xiao, 1991a)

Internal (CPC, 

2006) 

329. Rhinotermitidae Reticulitermes 

chinensis Termite Adult (PEST ID, 2006)

In Wood (PEST ID, 

2006) (PEST ID, 

2006; Xiao, 1991a)

Internal (CPC, 

2006) 
China Wood Products 

59

Family Name Common 

Name Life Stage Plant Part(s) Association Biology

330. Rhinotermitidae Reticulitermes 

flaviceps Termite Adult (PEST ID, 2006)

In Wood (PEST ID, 

2006) (Xiao, 1991a)

Internal (CPC, 

2006) 

331. Rhinotermitidae Reticulitermes 

speratus

Japanese 

Termite

Adult (PEST ID, 

2006)

In Wood (PEST ID, 

2006) (Xiao, 1991a)

Internal (CPC, 

2006) 

332. Rhinotermitidae Stylotermes 

valvules Termite Adult (PEST ID, 2006)

In Wood (PEST ID, 

2006) (Xiao, 1991a)

Internal (CPC, 

2006) 

333. Termitidae Macrotermes 

barneyi Termite All Life Stages

In Wood (PEST ID, 

2006) (CABI, 2005c; 

Xiao, 1991a)

Internal (CPC, 

2006) 

334. Termitidae Nasutitermes 

erectinasus Termite All Life Stages In Wood (PEST ID, 2006) (Xiao, 1991a)

Internal (CPC, 

2006) 

335. Termitidae Nasutitermes 

parvonasutus Termite All Life Stages

In Wood (PEST ID, 

2006) (Xiao, 1991a)

Internal (CPC, 

2006) 

336. Termitidae Odontotermes 

formosanus

formosan 

subterranean 

termite

All Life Stages

In Wood (PEST ID, 

2006) (CABI, 2005c; 

Xiao, 1991a)

Internal (CPC, 

2006) 

Arthropods: 

Lepidoptera

337. Amatidae Amata germana Moth Unknown On or under bark 

(Xiao, 1991b)

Internal (Xiao, 

1991b)

338. Amatidae Amata pascus Moth Unknown On or under bark 

(Xiao, 1991b)

Internal (Xiao, 

1991b)

339. Arctiidae Alphaea phasma Tiger Moths Larvae (Brisbane, 

2006)

On or under bark 

(Xiao, 1991b)

External (Brisbane, 

2006)

340. Arctiidae Spilarctia melli Tiger Moths Larvae (Brisbane, 

2006)

On or under bark 

(Xiao, 1991b)

External (Brisbane, 

2006)

341. Arctiidae Spilarctia obliqua Tiger Moths Larvae (Brisbane, 

2006)

On or under bark

(CABI, 2005c)

External (Brisbane, 

2006)

342. Bombycidae Bombyx mandarina Silk Worm All Life Stages On or under bark 

(CABI, 2005c)

External Borneo, 

2006)

343. Carposinidae Carposina sasakii Peach Fruit 

Moth

All life stages 

(CPC, 2006)

On or under bark 

(CABI, 2005a)

Internal (CPC, 

2006) 

344. Cossidae Cossus cossus Carpenterworm 

Moth

All life stages 

(CPC, 2006)

In wood; On or 

under bark (CABI, 

2005a; Xiao, 1991a)

External (CPC, 

2006)

345. Cossidae Cossus cossus 

orientalis

Carpenterworm 

Moth

All life stages 

(CPC, 2006)

On or under bark 

(Xiao, 1991a)

External (CPC, 

2006)

346. Cossidae Holcocerus 

arenicolus Moth All life stages (CPC, 2006)

On or under bark 

(CABI, 2005c)

External (CPC, 

2006)

347. Cossidae Zeuzera coffeae Carpenterworm 

Moth

All life stages 

(CPC, 2006)

On or under bark 

(CABI, 2005a; Xiao, 

1991a)

Internal (CPC, 

2006)

348. Cossidae Zeuzera 

multistrigata Moth All life stages (CPC, 2006)

On or under bark 

(CABI, 2005c; Xiao, 

1991a)

External (CPC, 

2006)
China Wood Products 

60

Family Name Common 

Name Life Stage Plant Part(s) Association Biology

349. Crambidae Chilo suppressalis Striped Rice 

Stalkborer

Immature, Adult 

(PEST ID, 2006)

On or under bark 

(Xiao, 1991a)

External, Borer 

(CPC, 2006)

350. Crambidae Haritalodes 

derogata

Cotton Leaf 

Roller

Larvae (CPC, 

2006)

On or under bark 

(CABI, 2005b)

External, Borer 

(CPC, 2006)

351. Crambidae Loxostege 

sticticalis Beet Webworm Eggs, Larvae (CPC, 2006)

On or under bark 

(CABI, 2005b)

External, Borer 

(CPC, 2006)

352. Gelechiidae Exoteleia dodecella Pine Bud Moth Immature, Adult 

(PEST ID, 2006)

On or under bark 

(Xiao, 1991b) Internal 

353. Gelechiidae Gelechia 

pinguinella Moth Immature, Adult (PEST ID, 2006)

On or under bark 

(Xiao, 1991b) Internal 

354. Geometridae Abraxas 

flavisinuata

Geometrid 

Moth

All life stages 

(CPC, 2006)

On or under bark 

(Xiao, 1991b)

External (CPC, 

2006)

355. Geometridae Apocheima 

cinerarium

Geometrid 

Moth

All life stages 

(CPC, 2006)

On or under bark 

(CABI, 2005c; Xiao, 

1991b)

External (CPC, 

2006)

356. Geometridae Ascotis selenaria Cotton 

Geometrid

All life stages 

(CPC, 2006)

On or under bark 

(CABI, 2005c; Xiao, 

1991b)

External (CPC, 

2006)

357. Geometridae Biston marginata Geometrid 

Moth

All life stages 

(CPC, 2006)

On or under bark 

(Xiao, 1991b)

External (CPC, 

2006)

358. Geometridae Bupalus 

mughusaria

Geometrid 

Moth

All life stages 

(CPC, 2006)

On or under bark 

(Xiao, 1991b)

External (CPC, 

2006)

359. Geometridae Buzura 

suppressaria Tea Looper

All life stages 

(CPC, 2006)

On or under bark 

(Xiao, 1991b)

External (CPC, 

2006)

360. Geometridae Chihuo zao

Geometrid 

Moth

All life stages 

(CPC, 2006)

On or under bark 

(Xiao, 1991b)

External (CPC, 

2006)

361. Geometridae Ectropis 

obliquahypulina

Geometrid 

Moth

All life stages 

(CPC, 2006)

On or under bark 

(Xiao, 1991b)

External (CPC, 

2006)

362. Geometridae Erannis ankeraria Geometrid 

Moth

All life stages 

(CPC, 2006)

On or under bark 

(Xiao, 1991b)

External (CPC, 

2006)

363. Geometridae Erannis dira Geometrid 

Moth

All life stages 

(CPC, 2006)

On or under bark 

(Xiao, 1991b)

External (CPC, 

2006)

364. Geometridae Euctenurapteryx 

nigrociliaria

Geometrid 

Moth

All life stages 

(CPC, 2006)

On or under bark 

(Xiao, 1991b)

External (CPC, 

2006)

365. Geometridae Inurois fletcheri Geometrid 

Moth

All life stages 

(CPC, 2006)

On or under bark 

(Xiao, 1991b)

External (CPC, 

2006)

366. Geometridae Larerannis filipjevi Geometrid 

Moth

All life stages 

(CPC, 2006)

On or under bark 

(Xiao, 1991b)

External (CPC, 

2006)

367. Geometridae Larerannis 

orthogrammaria

Geometrid 

Moth

All life stages 

(CPC, 2006)

On or under bark 

(Xiao, 1991b)

External (CPC, 

2006)

368. Geometridae Naxa angustaria Geometrid 

Moth

All life stages 

(CPC, 2006)

On or under bark 

(Xiao, 1991b)

External (CPC, 

2006)

369. Geometridae Naxa seriaria Geometrid 

Moth

All life stages 

(CPC, 2006)

On or under bark 

(Xiao, 1991b)

External (CPC, 

2006)

370. Geometridae Odontopera urania Geometrid 

Moth

All life stages 

(CPC, 2006)

On or under bark 

(Xiao, 1991b)

External (CPC, 

2006)

371. Geometridae Percnia giraffata Geometrid 

Moth

All life stages 

(CPC, 2006)

On or under bark 

(Xiao, 1991b)

External (CPC, 

2006)

372. Geometridae Phthonandria 

atrilineata

Geometrid 

Moth

All life stages 

(CPC, 2006)

On or under bark 

(Xiao, 1991b)

External (CPC, 

2006)

373. Geometridae Semiothisa 

cinerearia

Geometrid 

Moth

All life stages 

(CPC, 2006)

On or under bark 

(Xiao, 1991b)

External (CPC, 

2006)

374. Geometridae Thalassodes 

quadraia

Geometrid 

Moth

All life stages 

(CPC, 2006)

On or under bark 

(Xiao, 1991b)

External (CPC, 

2006)
China Wood Products 

61

Family Name Common 

Name Life Stage Plant Part(s) Association Biology

375. Geometridae Zamacra excavata Geometrid 

Moth

All life stages 

(CPC, 2006)

On or under bark 

(Xiao, 1991b)

External (CPC, 

2006)

376. Geometridae Zethenia 

rufescentaria

Geometrid 

Moth

All life stages 

(CPC, 2006)

On or under bark 

(Xiao, 1991b)

External (CPC, 

2006)

377. Gracillariidae Conopomorpha 

cramerella Cocoa Moth All life stages (CPC, 2006)

On or under bark 

(CABI, 2005b)

Internal (CPC, 

2006) 

378. Hepialidae Phassus 

excrescens

Japanese Swift 

Moth

Immature (PEST 

ID, 2006)

On or under bark 

(Dix et.al., 2004; 

Xiao, 1991b)

Internal, External 

379. Hepialidae Phassus nodus Moth Immature (PEST 

ID, 2006)

On or under bark 

(Xiao, 1991b) Internal, External 

380. Hepialidae Phassus 

signifersinensis Moth Immature (PEST ID, 2006)

On or under bark 

(Xiao, 1991b) Internal, External 

381. Hesperiidae Pelopidas mathias Rice Skipper All life stages 

(CPC, 2006)

On or under bark 

(CABI, 2005b)

External (CPC, 

2006)

382. Hyblaeidae Hyblaea puera Teak defoliator Eggs, Larvae 

(CPC, 2006)

On or under bark 

(CABI, 2005a)

External (CPC, 

2006)

383. Lasiocampidae Cosmotriche 

saxosimilis Pine Caterpillar

Egg, Larvae, 

Pupae (CPC, 

2006)

On or under bark 

(Dix et.al., 2004)

External (CPC, 

2006)

384. Lasiocampidae Dendrolimus houi Pine Caterpillar

Egg, Larvae, 

Pupae (CPC, 

2006)

On or under bark 

(Dix et.al., 2004)

External (CPC, 

2006)

385. Lasiocampidae Dendrolimus pini Pine Tree 

Lappet

Egg, Larvae, 

Pupae (CPC, 

2006)

On or under bark 

(CABI, 2005c)

External (CPC, 

2006)

386. Lasiocampidae Dendrolimus 

punctatus

Masson Pine 

Caterpillar

Egg, Larvae, 

Pupae (CPC, 

2006)

On or under bark 

(CABI, 2005a; Dix 

et.al., 2004)

External (CPC, 

2006)

387. Lasiocampidae Dendrolimus 

spectabilis Pine Caterpillar

Egg, Larvae, 

Pupae (CPC, 

2006)

On or under bark 

(CABI, 2005c)

External (CPC, 

2006)

388. Lasiocampidae Dendrolimus 

superans

Japanese 

Hemlock 

Caterpillar

Egg, Larvae, 

Pupae (CPC, 

2006)

On or under bark 

(CABI, 2005a; CABI,

2005c; Dix et.al., 

2004)

External (CPC, 

2006)

389. Lasiocampidae Dendrolimus 

tabulaeformis

Chinese Pine 

Caterpillar

Egg, Larvae, 

Pupae (CPC, 

2006)

On or under bark 

(CABI, 2005a)

Internal, External 

(CPC, 2006)

390. Lasiocampidae Malacosoma 

neustria

Common 

Lackey

All life stages 

(CPC, 2006)

On or under bark 

(CABI, 2005a; Dix 

et.al., 2004)

External (CPC, 

2006)

391. Lasiocampidae Metanastria 

hyrtaca Pine Caterpillar All life stages (CPC, 2006)

On or under bark 

(CABI, 2005c)

External (CPC, 

2006)

392. Limacodidae Monema 

flavescens Oriental Moth All life stages (CPC, 2006)

On or under bark 

(CABI, 2005c)

External (CPC, 

2006)

393. Limacodidae Parasa lepida Nettle 

Caterpillar

All life stages 

(CPC, 2006)

On or under bark 

(CABI, 2005a)

External (CPC,

2006)

394. Lymantridae Calliteara 

horsfieldii Moth

Egg, Larvae, 

Pupae (CPC, 

2006)

On or under bark 

(CABI, 2005c)

Internal, External 

(CPC, 2006)

395. Lymantriidae Dasychira axutha Moth

Egg, Larvae, 

Pupae (CPC, 

2006)

On or under bark 

(Xiao, 1991a)

Internal, External 

(CPC, 2006)

396. Lymantriidae Dasychira 

baibarana Moth

Egg, Larvae, 

Pupae (CPC, 

2006)

On or under bark 

(Xiao, 1991a)

Internal, External 

(CPC, 2006)

397. Lymantriidae Dasychira grotei Moth Egg, Larvae, 

Pupae (CPC, 

On or under bark 

(Xiao, 1991a)

Internal, External 

(CPC, 2006)
China Wood Products 

62

Family Name Common 

Name Life Stage Plant Part(s) Association Biology

2006)

398. Lymantriidae Euproctis 

bipunctapex Moth

Egg, Larvae, 

Pupae (CPC, 

2006)

On or under bark 

(CABI, 2005c; Xiao, 

1991a)

Internal, External 

(CPC, 2006)

399. Lymantriidae Euproctis 

cryptosticta Moth

Egg, Larvae, 

Pupae (CPC, 

2006)

On or under bark 

(Xiao, 1991a)

Internal, External 

(CPC, 2006)

400. Lymantriidae Euproctis 

flavotriangulata Moth

Egg, Larvae, 

Pupae (CPC, 

2006)

On or under bark 

(Xiao, 1991a)

Internal, External 

(CPC, 2006)

401. Lymantriidae Euproctis 

karghalica Moth

Egg, Larvae, 

Pupae (CPC,

2006)

On or under bark 

(Xiao, 1991a)

Internal, External 

(CPC, 2006)

402. Lymantriidae Euproctis 

pseudoconspersae Moth

Egg, Larvae, 

Pupae (CPC, 

2006)

On or under bark 

(Xiao, 1991a)

Internal, External 

(CPC, 2006)

403. Lymantriidae Euproctis varians Moth

Egg, Larvae, 

Pupae (CPC, 

2006)

On or under bark 

(Xiao, 1991a)

Internal, External 

(CPC, 2006)

404. Lymantriidae Ivela eshanensis Moth

Egg, Larvae, 

Pupae (CPC, 

2006)

On or under bark 

(Xiao, 1991a)

Internal, External 

(CPC, 2006)

405. Lymantriidae Ivela ochropoda Moth

Egg, Larvae, 

Pupae (CPC, 

2006)

On or under bark 

(Xiao, 1991a)

Internal, External 

(CPC, 2006)

406. Lymantriidae Leucoma candida Moth

Egg, Larvae, 

Pupae (CPC, 

2006)

On or under bark 

(CABI, 2005c)

Internal, External 

(CPC, 2006)

407. Lymantriidae Lymantria dispar Gypsy Moth

Egg, Larvae, 

Pupae (CPC, 

2006)

Bark, Stems, 

Shoots, Branches, 

Trunk (CPC, 2006)

Official control

408. Lymantriidae Lymantria dissoluta Moth

Egg, Larvae, 

Pupae (CPC, 

2006)

On or under bark 

(Xiao, 1991a)

Internal, External 

(CPC, 2006)

409. Lymantriidae Lymantria mathura Pink Gypsy 

Moth

Egg, Larvae, 

Pupae (CPC, 

2006)

On or under bark 

(CABI, 2005a)

Internal, External 

(CPC, 2006)

410. Lymantriidae Lymantria 

monacha Nun Moth All life stages (CPC, 2006)

On or under bark 

(CABI, 2005a; Xiao, 

1991a)

Internal, External 

(CPC, 2006)

411. Lymantriidae Lymantria viola Moth All life stages 

(CPC, 2006)

On or under bark 

(Xiao, 1991a)

Internal, External 

(CPC, 2006)

412. Lymantriidae Lymantria xylina Moth All life stages 

(CPC, 2006)

On or under bark 

(Xiao, 1991a)

Internal, External 

(CPC, 2006)

413. Lymantriidae Orgyia ericae Moth All life stages 

(CPC, 2006)

On or under bark 

(Xiao, 1991a)

Internal, External 

(CPC, 2006)

414. Lymantriidae Orgyia gonostigma Moth All life stages 

(CPC, 2006)

On or under bark 

(Xiao, 1991a)

Internal, External 

(CPC, 2006)

415. Lymantriidae Orgyia parallela Moth All life stages 

(CPC, 2006)

On or under bark 

(Xiao, 1991a)

Internal, External 

(CPC, 2006)

416. Lymantriidae Orgyia postica Cocoa Tussock 

Moth

All life stages 

(CPC, 2006)

On or under bark 

(CABI, 2005a; Xiao, 

1991a)

Internal, External 

(CPC, 2006)

417. Lymantriidae Parocneria furva Moth All life stages 

(CPC, 2006)

On or under bark 

(Xiao, 1991a)

Internal, External 

(CPC, 2006)

418. Lymantriidae Parocneria orienta baimaochong

Eggs, Larvae, 

Pupae (CPC, 

2006)

On or under bark 

(Xiao, 1991a)

Internal, External 

(CPC, 2006)
China Wood Products 

63

Family Name Common 

Name Life Stage Plant Part(s) Association Biology

419. Lymantriidae Porthesia 

kurosawai Moth All life stages (CPC, 2006)

On or under bark 

(Xiao, 1991a)

Internal, External 

(CPC, 2006)

420. Lymantriidae Porthesia 

scintillans Moth All life stages (CPC, 2006)

On or under bark 

(Xiao, 1991a)

Internal, External 

(CPC, 2006)

421. Lymantriidae Porthesia similis Gold Tail Moth All life stages 

(CPC, 2006)

On or under bark 

(Xiao, 1991a)

Internal, External 

(CPC, 2006)

422. Lymantriidae Porthesia 

xanthocampa Moth All life stages (CPC, 2006)

On or under bark 

(Xiao, 1991a)

Internal, External 

(CPC, 2006)

423. Lymantriidae Stilpnotia candida Moth All life stages 

(CPC, 2006)

On or under bark 

(Xiao, 1991a)

Internal, External 

(CPC, 2006)

424. Lymantriidae Stilpnotia salicis Satin Moth Eggs, Larvae 

(CPC, 2006)

On or under bark 

(Xiao, 1991a)

Internal, External 

(CPC, 2006)

425. Lyonetiidae Lyonetia clerkella Apple Leaf 

Miner

Larvae (HYPPZ, 

2006)

On or under bark 

(CABI, 2005c)

External, Internal 

(HYPPZ, 2006)

426. Metarbelidae Indarbela dea Bark Borer All life stages 

(CPC, 2006)

On or under bark 

(CABI, 2005a) Borer (CPC, 2006)

427. Noctuidae Achaea janata castor 

semilooper

All life stages 

(CPC, 2006)

On or under bark 

(CABI, 2005a)

Internal, External 

(CPC, 2006)

428. Noctuidae Acronicta rumicis Knotgrass 

moth

All life stages 

(CPC, 2006)

On or under bark 

(CABI, 2005a)

Internal, External 

(CPC, 2006)

429. Noctuidae Agrotis segetum Black Cutworm All life stages 

(CPC, 2006)

On or under bark 

(CABI, 2005a; Xiao, 

1991a)

Internal, External 

(CPC, 2006)

430. Noctuidae Anomis sabulifera Jute Semi 

Looper

All life stages 

(CPC, 2006)

On or under bark 

(CABI, 2005b)

Internal, External 

(CPC, 2006)

431. Noctuidae Dargida procincta Looper All life stages 

(CPC, 2006)

In Wood (PEST ID, 

2006)

Internal, External 

(CPC, 2006)

432. Noctuidae Helicoverpa 

armigera

Cotton 

Bollworm

All life stages 

(CPC, 2006)

On or under bark 

(CABI, 2005a)

Internal, External 

(CPC, 2006)

433. Noctuidae Spodoptera litura Cluster 

Caterpillar

All life stages 

(CPC, 2006)

On or under bark 

(CABI, 2005b)

Internal, External 

(CPC, 2006)

434. Noctuidae Thysanoplusia 

orichalcea Fax Caterpillar All life stages (CPC, 2006)

On or under bark 

(CABI, 2005b)

Internal, External 

(CPC, 2006)

435. Notodontidae Clostera 

anachoreta

RauhfussSpinner Larvae 

On or under bark 

(CABI, 2005c; Dix 

et.al., 2004)

External 

436. Notodontidae

Phalera fiavescens 

alticola Moth Larvae On or under bark (Dix et.al., 2004) External 

437. Notodontidae Stauropus alternus Lobster 

Caterpillar Larvae On or under bark (CABI, 2005c) External 

438. Nymphalidae Melanitis leda Rice Butterfly All life stages 

(CPC, 2006)

On or under bark 

(CABI, 2005b)

External (CPC, 

2006)

439. Oecophoridae Cheimophila 

salicellum Moth Immature (PEST ID, 2006)

On or under bark 

(Xiao, 1991b)

Internal, External 

(CPC, 2006)

440. Oecophoridae Stathmopoda 

masinissa

Persimmon 

Fruit Moth

Immature (PEST 

ID, 2006)

On or under bark 

(Xiao, 1991b)

Internal, External 

(CPC, 2006)

441. Pieridae Aporia crataegi White 

(Butterflies) Larvae On or under bark (CABI, 2005c) External 

442. Pieridae Eurema hecabe Common 

Grass Yellow Larvae On or under bark (CABI, 2005c)

External 

443. Psychidae Acanthopsyche 

nigraplaga Bagworm Moth Immature, Pupae (PEST ID, 2006)

On or under bark 

(Xiao, 1991a)

External (CPC, 

2006)

444. Psychidae Acanthopsyche 

subferalbata Bagworm Moth Immature, Pupae (PEST ID, 2006)

On or under bark 

(Xiao, 1991a)

External (CPC, 

2006)
China Wood Products 

64

Family Name Common 

Name Life Stage Plant Part(s) Association Biology

445. Psychidae Amatissa snelleni Bagworm Moth Immature, Pupae 

(PEST ID, 2006)

On or under bark 

(Xiao, 1991a)

External (CPC, 

2006)

446. Psychidae Chalioides 

kondonis Bagworm Moth Immature, Pupae (PEST ID, 2006)

On or under bark 

(Xiao, 1991a)

External (CPC, 

2006)

447. Psychidae Clania minuscula Tea Bagworm Immature, Pupae 

(PEST ID, 2006)

On or under bark 

(Xiao, 1991a)

External (CPC, 

2006)

448. Psychidae Clania variegata Bagworm Moth Immature, Pupae 

(PEST ID, 2006)

On or under bark 

(Xiao, 1991a)

External (CPC, 

2006)

449. Psychidae Dappula tertia Bagworm Moth Immature, Pupae 

(PEST ID, 2006)

On or under bark 

(Xiao, 1991a)

External (CPC, 

2006)

450. Psychidae Eumeta variegata Bagworm Moth Immature, Pupae 

(PEST ID, 2006)

On or under bark 

(CABI, 2005c)

External (CPC, 

2006)

451. Psychidae Mahasena colona Bagworm Moth Immature, Pupae 

(PEST ID, 2006)

On or under bark 

(Xiao, 1991a)

External (CPC, 

2006)

452. Pyralidae Conogethes 

punctiferalis Pyralid Moths All life stages (CPC, 2006)

On or under bark 

(CABI, 2005a) Borer (CPC, 2006)

453. Pyralidae Dioryctria abietella Cone Pyralid All life stages 

(CPC, 2006)

On or under bark 

(CABI, 2005a) Borer (CPC, 2006)

454. Pyralidae Dioryctria 

sylvestrella

Japanese Pine 

Tip Moth

All life stages 

(CPC, 2006)

On or under bark 

(CABI, 2005c) Borer (CPC, 2006)

455. Pyralidae Pyralis farinalis Meal Moth All life stages 

(CPC, 2006)

In Wood (PEST ID, 

2006) Borer (CPC, 2006)

456. Pyralidae Scirpophaga 

nivella

White Rice 

Borer

All life stages 

(CPC, 2006)

On or under bark 

(Xiao, 1991a) Borer (CPC, 2006)

457. Pyralidae Tirathaba rufivena Coconut Spike 

Moth

All life stages 

(CPC, 2006)

On or under bark 

(CABI, 2005b) Borer (CPC, 2006)

458. Saturniidae Attacus atlas Atlas Moth All life stages 

(CPC, 2006)

On or under bark 

(CABI, 2005a)

External (CPC, 

2006)

459. Sesiidae Sesia molybdoceps Clearwing 

Moths Larvae On or under bark (Xiao, 1991a) Borers 

460. Sesiidae Sesia rhynchioides Clearwing 

Moths Larvae On or under bark (Xiao, 1991a) Borers 

461. Sesiidae Sphecia 

siningensis

Clearwing 

Moths Larvae On or under bark (Xiao, 1991a) Borers 

462. Tineidae Nemapogon 

granella Corn Moth Adult (PEST ID, 2006)

In Wood (PEST ID, 

2006)

External (CPC, 

2006)

463. Tortricidae Acleris fimbriana Tortrix Egg, Larvae (CPC, 

2006)

On or under bark 

(Xiao, 1991b)

Internal, External 

(CPC, 2006)

464. Tortricidae Acleris 

submaccana Tortrix Egg, Larvae (CPC, 2006)

On or under bark 

(Xiao, 1991b)

Internal, External 

(CPC, 2006)

465. Tortricidae Acleris ulmicola Tortrix Egg, Larvae (CPC, 

2006)

On or under bark 

(Xiao, 1991b)

Internal, External 

(CPC, 2006)

466. Tortricidae Adoxophyes orana summer fruit 

tortrix

Egg, Larvae (CPC, 

2006)

On or under bark 

(Xiao, 1991b)

Internal, External 

(CPC, 2006)

467. Tortricidae Archips oporanus Tortrix Egg, Larvae (CPC, 

2006)

On or under bark 

(Xiao, 1991b)

Internal, External 

(CPC, 2006)

468. Tortricidae

Argyroploce 

ineptana Tortrix Egg, Larvae (CPC, 2006)

On or under bark 

(Xiao, 1991b)

Internal, External 

(CPC, 2006)

469. Tortricidae Choristoneura 

lafauriana Tortrix Egg, Larvae (CPC, 2006)

On or under bark 

(Xiao, 1991b)

Internal, External 

(CPC, 2006)

470. Tortricidae Cryptophlebia 

ombrodelta

Macadamia 

Nut Borer

Egg, Larvae (CPC, 

2006)

On or under bark 

(CABI, 2005c; Xiao, 

1991b)

Internal, External 

(CPC, 2006)
China Wood Products 

65

Family Name Common 

Name Life Stage Plant Part(s) Association Biology

471. Tortricidae Cydia glandicolana Tortrix Egg, Larvae (CPC, 

2006)

On or under bark 

(Xiao, 1991b)

Internal, External 

(CPC, 2006)

472. Tortricidae Cydia strobilella Spruce Seed 

Moth

Egg, Larvae (CPC, 

2006)

On or under bark 

(CABI, 2005c)

Internal, External 

(CPC, 2006)

473. Tortricidae Cydia zebeana Wickler Egg, Larvae (CPC, 

2006)

On or under bark 

(Dix et.al., 2004)

Internal, External 

(CPC, 2006)

474. Tortricidae Cymolomia 

hartigiana Tortrix Egg, Larvae (CPC, 2006)

On or under bark 

(Xiao, 1991b)

Internal, External 

(CPC, 2006)

475. Tortricidae Epinotia 

rubiginosana Tortrix Egg, Larvae (CPC, 2006)

On or under bark 

(Xiao, 1991b)

Internal, External 

(CPC, 2006)

476. Tortricidae Gravitarmata 

margarotana Tortrix Egg, Larvae (CPC, 2006)

On or under bark 

(Xiao, 1991b)

Internal, External 

(CPC, 2006)

477. Tortricidae Gypsonoma 

minutana Tortrix Egg, Larvae (CPC, 2006)

On or under bark 

(Xiao, 1991b)

Internal, External 

(CPC, 2006)

478. Tortricidae Homona coffearia Coffee Tortrix Egg, Larvae (CPC, 

2006)

On or under bark 

(CABI, 2005a)

Internal, External 

(CPC, 2006)

479. Tortricidae Homona issikii Tortrix Egg, Larvae (CPC, 

2006)

On or under bark 

(Xiao, 1991b)

Internal, External 

(CPC, 2006)

480. Tortricidae Hoshinoa 

longicellana

Common Apple 

Leafroller

Egg, Larvae (CPC, 

2006)

On or under bark 

(Xiao, 1991b)

Internal, External 

(CPC, 2006)

481. Tortricidae Laspeyresia 

coniferana Wickler Egg, Larvae (CPC, 2006)

On or under bark 

(Xiao, 1991b)

Internal, External 

(CPC, 2006)

482. Tortricidae Laspeyresia 

gruneriana Tortrix Egg, Larvae (CPC, 2006)

On or under bark 

(Xiao, 1991b)

Internal, External 

(CPC, 2006)

483. Tortricidae Laspeyresia 

zebeana Wickler Egg, Larvae (CPC, 2006)

On or under bark 

(Xiao, 1991b)

Internal, External 

(CPC, 2006)

484. Tortricidae Pandemis corylana Tortrix Egg, Larvae (CPC, 

2006)

On or under bark 

(Xiao, 1991b)

Internal, External 

(CPC, 2006)

485. Tortricidae Pandemis 

heparana

Apple Brown 

Tortrix

Egg, Larvae (CPC, 

2006)

On or under bark 

(Xiao, 1991b)

Internal, External 

(CPC, 2006)

486. Tortricidae Polychrosis 

cunninghamiacola Tortrix Egg, Larvae (CPC, 2006)

On or under bark 

(Xiao, 1991b)

Internal, External 

(CPC, 2006)

487. Tortricidae Pseudotomoides 

strobilellus

Spruce Seed 

Moth

Egg, Larvae (CPC, 

2006)

On or under bark 

(Xiao, 1991b)

Internal, External 

(CPC, 2006)

488. Tortricidae Ptycholomoides 

aeriferanus Tortrix Egg, Larvae (CPC, 2006)

On or under bark 

(Xiao, 1991b)

Internal, External 

(CPC, 2006)

489. Tortricidae Retinia cristata Tortrix Egg, Larvae (CPC, 

2006)

On or under bark 

(Xiao, 1991b)

Internal, External 

(CPC, 2006)

490. Tortricidae Retinia 

monopunctata Tortrix Egg, Larvae (CPC, 2006)

On or under bark 

(Xiao, 1991b)

Internal, External 

(CPC, 2006)

491. Tortricidae Retinia 

perangustana Tortrix Egg, Larvae (CPC, 2006)

On or under bark 

(Xiao, 1991b)

Internal, External 

(CPC, 2006)

492. Tortricidae Retinia resinella Gall Pine Resin 

Moth

Egg, Larvae (CPC, 

2006)

On or under bark 

(Xiao, 1991b)

Internal, External 

(CPC, 2006)

493. Tortricidae Rhyacionia 

duplana

Radish Wing 

Tipped Moth

Egg, Larvae (CPC, 

2006)

On or under bark 

(Xiao, 1991b)

Internal, External 

(CPC, 2006)

494. Tortricidae Rhyacionia 

insulariana Tortrix Egg, Larvae (CPC, 2006)

On or under bark 

(Xiao, 1991b)

Internal, External 

(CPC, 2006)

495. Tortricidae Rhyacionia 

pinicolana Tortrix Egg, Larvae (CPC, 2006)

On or under bark 

(Xiao, 1991b)

Internal, External 

(CPC, 2006)

496. Tortricidae Saliciphaga caesia Tortrix Egg, Larvae (CPC, 

2006)

On or under bark 

(Xiao, 1991b)

Internal, External 

(CPC, 2006)

497. Tortricidae Spilonota 

laricianaa Tortrix Egg, Larvae (CPC, 2006)

On or under bark 

(Xiao, 1991b)

Internal, External 

(CPC, 2006)
China Wood Products 

66

Family Name Common 

Name Life Stage Plant Part(s) Association Biology

498. Tortricidae Syndemis 

perpulchrana Tortrix Egg, Larvae (CPC, 2006)

On or under bark 

(Xiao, 1991b)

Internal, External 

(CPC, 2006)

499. Tortricidae Zeiraphera 

grisecana Tortrix Egg, Larvae (CPC, 2006)

On or under bark 

(Xiao, 1991b)

Internal, External 

(CPC, 2006)

500. Trochilidae Cephonodes hylas Coffee Hawk 

Moth

Egg, Larvae (CPC, 

2006)

On or under bark 

(CABI, 2005c)

Internal, External 

(CPC, 2006)

501. Yponomeutidae Yponomeuta 

padellus

Cherry Ermine 

Moth

Larvae, Pupae 

(Fauske, 2002)

On or under bark 

(CABI, 2005c)

External (Fauske, 

2002)

Arthropods: 

Orthoptera

502. Acrididae Atractomorpha sp. Grasshopper Adult (PEST ID, 

2006)

On Wood (PEST ID, 

2006)

External (CPC, 

2006)

503. Acrididae Oxya velox Chinese Rice 

Grasshopper

Adult (PEST ID, 

2006)

On Wood (PEST ID, 

2006)

External (CPC, 

2006)

504. Acridoidea Tessaratoma 

papillosa Litchi Stink Bug All life stages (CPC, 2006)

On or under bark 

(CABI, 2005a)

External (CPC, 

2006)

505. Gryllacrididae Diestrammena 

tachycines Raspy Cricket Adult (PEST ID, 2006)

On Wood (PEST ID, 

2006)

External (CPC, 

2006)

506. Gryllidae Teleogryllus 

mitratus Cricket Adult (PEST ID, 2006)

On Wood (PEST ID, 

2006)

External (CPC, 

2006)

Arthropods: 

Thysanoptera

507. Phlaeothripidae Haplothrips 

gowdeyi Thrips Adult (PEST ID, 2006)

On Wood (PEST ID, 

2006)

External (CPC, 

2006)

508. Thripidae Megalurothrips 

distalis Thrips Adult (PEST ID, 2006)

On or under bark 

(CABI, 2005a)

External (CPC, 

2006)

509. Thripidae Scirtothrips dorsalis Thrips All life stages 

(CPC, 2006)

On or under bark 

(CABI, 2005a)

External (CPC, 

2006)

510. Thripidae Rhipiphorothrips 

cruentatus

Grapevine 

Thrips

All life stages 

(CPC, 2006)

On or under bark 

(CABI, 2005b)

External (CPC, 

2006)

C. Likelihood and Consequences of introduction of the quarantine pests in Table 2

Of the pests in Table 2, several are Emergency and Domestic Program (EDP) pests under official 

control and 12 are in the same genus as an EDP pest. EDP is the group in PPQ that provides 

national coordination for domestic preparedness, response, and recovery from plant pests, 

diseases, and noxious weeds that threaten America's agricultural and natural resources. Current 

EDP pests include Agrilus plannipennis (Emerald Ash Borer or EAB), Lymantria dispar (Gypsy

moth or GM and Asian Gypsy moth or AGM), Tomicus piniperda (Pine shoot beetle), and 

Anoplophora glabripennis (Asian Longhorned Beetle or ALB). Representative Genera which are 

the same as those of program pests and which have similar biologies are listed below as well as 

whether the pest Family is found internally or externally on wood products. Pests below in bold 

were analyzed further.

Coleoptera

Buprestidae: Agrilus (Internal)

Cerambycidae: Anoplophora (Internal)
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Cerambycidae: Batocera (Internal)

Hymenoptera

Siricidae: Sirex (Internal)

Of the pests in Table 2, thirteen are Cooperative Agricultural Pest Survey (CAPS) Program pests 

and forty are in the same genus as a CAPS pest. The CAPS program is responsible for supplying 

means of detection, documentation and rapid dissemination of information on survey of plant 

pests and weeds in the United States. The program provides PPQ and cooperators with 

distribution information on pests in the U.S. Representative Genera which are the same as those 

of CAPS pests and which have similar biologies are listed below as well as whether the pest 

Family is found internally or externally on wood products. Pests below in bold were analyzed 

further.

Acarina

Eriophyoidea: Cecidophyopsis (External)

Tetranychoidea: Eutetranychus (External)

Coleoptera

Buprestidae: Agrilus (Internal)

Cerambycidae: Chlorophorus (Internal)

Cerambycidae: Monochamus (Internal)

Chrysomelidae: Xylosandrus (External)

Circulionidae: Hylobius (Internal)

Circulionidae: Rhynchophorus (Internal)

Scolytidae: Dendroctonus (Internal)

Scolytidae: Hylurgus (Internal)

Scolytidae: Scolytid (Internal)

Scolytidae: Tomicus (Internal)

Scolytidae: Xyleborus (Internal)

Homoptera

Coccidae: Ceroplastes (External)

Pseudococcidae: Palmicultor (External)

Hymenoptera

Siricidae: Sirex (Internal)

Siricidae: Urocerus (Internal)

Isoptera

Kalotermididae: Cryptotermes (Internal)

Lepidoptera

Crambidae: Chilo (External)

Lasiocampidae: Dendrolimus (External)

Lymantriidae: Lymantria (External)

Noctuidae: Helicoverpa (External)

Tortricidae: Adoxophyes (External)

Tortricidae: Cydia (External)

The EANs for Chinese wood products concern entry of wood boring beetles in the products.
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APHIS currently has experience with two very large and costly programs to eradicate 

coleopterous borers, Agrilus plannipennis (EAB) and Anoplophora glabripennis (ALB). Of the 

above species in Table 2, the ones of greatest quarantine concern are wood boring beetles of the 

families Buprestidae and Cerambycidae. Scolytidae may be added to the list of borers of concern 

because, although there are currently no official APHIS eradication programs for them, they have 

similar destructive capability and habits. Because they are highly polyphagous, borers are 

generally considered to be of high consequence to ecosystems in the United States if they should 

become established. Because they pass their immature stages inside wood, wood boring beetles

are considered highly likely to enter the United States with the wood. As has been demonstrated 

by the ALB and EAB, establishment can be disastrous. 228 of the species in Table 2 are wood 

boring beetles. There is high uncertainty about the likelihood of introduction of most of these

species mainly because the species of wood in the products and their geographic origin are 

unknown for any given consignment. Given the high uncertainty, it is not possible to assign 

levels of risk to any particular product or consignment, so it is assumed that all are equally high 

risk and mitigation listed later therefore target the broadest group of pests.
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Consequences of Introduction

This portion of the analysis considers negative outcomes that may occur when the quarantine 

pests identified in Table 2 are introduced into the United States. The potential consequences are 

evaluated using the following five Risk Elements: Climate- Host Interaction, Host Range, 

Dispersal Potential, Economic Impact, and Environmental Impact. These risk elements reflect the 

biology, host range and climatic and geographic distribution of each pest, and are supported by

biological information on each of the analyzed pests. For each risk element, pests are assigned a 

rating of Low (1 point), Medium (2 points), or High (3 points) based on the criteria as stated in 

the PRA Guidelines (APHIS, 2000). The summation of the points for each risk rating is the 

cumulative value for the Consequences of Introduction (Table 5). A cumulative value of 5 to 8 

points is considered Low risk for the Consequences of Introduction, 9 to 12 points is Medium, 

and 13 to 15 points is considered High (APHIS, 2000).

Table 3 - Risk Rating for Consequences of Introduction for Representative Genera from Table 2

Risk Element

#1 #2 #3 #4 #5

Pest

Climate/ 

Host 

Interaction

Host 

Range

Dispersal 

Potential

Economic 

Impact

Envir. 

Impact

Cumulative 

Risk Rating

1 Adoxophyes spp. 3 3 3 3 3 15

2 Agrilus spp. 3 3 3 3 3 15

3 Anoplophora spp. 3 3 3 3 3 15

4 Ceroplastes spp. 3 3 2 3 3 14

5 Chilo spp. 3 3 3 3 3 15

6 Chlorophorus spp. 3 3 3 3 3 15

7 Cryptotermes spp. 3 3 2 3 1 12

8 Dendroctonus spp. 3 3 3 3 3 15

9 Dendrolimus spp. 3 3 3 3 3 15

10 Eutetranychus spp. 3 3 2 3 3 14

11 Hylobius spp. 3 3 3 3 2 14

12 Hylurgus spp. 3 3 3 3 3 15

13 Lymantria spp. 3 3 3 3 3 15

14 Monochamus spp. 3 3 2 3 3 14

15 Scolytus spp. 3 3 3 3 3 15

16 Sirex spp. 3 3 3 3 3 15

17 Tomicus spp. 3 3 3 2 3 14

Risk Element 1: Climate/Host Interaction

This risk element considers ecological zonation and the interactions of quarantine pests with their 

biotic and abiotic environments. When introduced into new areas, pests are expected to behave as 

they do in their native areas if the potential host plants and suitable climate are present. Broad 

availability of suitable climates and a wide distribution of suitable hosts are assumed to increase 

the impact of a pest introduction. The ratings for this risk element are based on the relative 

number of United States Plant Hardiness Zones (ARS, 1990) with potential host plants and 

suitable climate.
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All Pests: High Risk

China and the United States have very similar Hardiness Zones (Appendix 1). There are also 

several host genera that are found in both countries. Therefore, each pest is given a rating of High 

for Climate/Host interaction.

Risk Element 2: Host Range

The risk posed by a plant pest depends on both its ability to establish a viable, reproductive 

population and its potential for causing plant damage. This risk element assumes that the 

consequences of pest introduction are positively correlated with the pest’s host range. 

Aggressiveness, virulence and pathogenicity also may be factors. The consequences are rated as a 

function of host range and consider whether the pest can attack a single species or multiple 

species within a single genus, a single plant family, or multiple families. All pests were rated 

high due to the large number of genera attacked.

Adoxophyes spp.: High Risk 

Acer (field maple), Alnus (alders), Arachis (groundnut), Betula (birches), Carpinus (hornbeam), 

Crataegus (hawthorn), Cydonia (quince), Fagus (common beech), Forsythia (forsythia), 

Gossypium (short staple cotton), Humulus (hop), Jasminum (jasmine), Laburnum (laburnum), 

Ligustrum (privet), Lonicera (Fly honeysuckle), Malus (apple), Mangifera (mango), Medicago

(alfalfa), Nephelium (rambutan), Nerium (oleander), Pistacia (mastic), Populus (poplars), Prunus

(apricot, sweet cherry, plum, peach), Pyrus (European pear), Ribes (blackcurrant), Ricinus (castor 

bean), Rosa (roses), Rubus (raspberry), Salix (willow), Symphoricarpos (common snowberry), 

Syringa (lilac), Tilia (limes), Ulmus (European field elm), Vaccinium (blueberries) (CPC, 2006)

Agrilus spp.: High Risk

Carpinus (hornbeam), Castanea (chestnut), Fagus (beech), Fraxinus (ash), Malus (apple), 

Quercus (oak) (CPC, 2006)

Anoplophora spp.: High Risk

Acacia (wattle), Acer (maple), Aesculus (buckeye), Albizia (silk tree), Alnus (alders), Aralia

(spikenard), Atalantia (box-orange), Betula (birch), Broussonetia (mulberry), Cajanus (pigeon 

pea), Carpinus (hornbeam), Carya (pecan), Castanea (chestnut), Castanopsis (chinkapin), 

Casuarina (casuarina), Citrus (citrus), Cryptomeria (cedar), Elaeagnus (elaeagnus), Eriobotrya

(loquat), Fagus (beech), Ficus (fig), Fortunella (kumquat), Fraxinus (ashes), Hedera (ivy), 

Hibiscus (rosemallow), Juglans (walnuts), Lagerstroemia (lagerstroemia), Lindera (spicebush), 

Liriodendron (tuliptree), Litchi (lychee), Mallotus (mallotus), Malus (apple), Melia (Chinaberry), 

Morus (mora), Persea (avocado), Pinus (pine), Platanus (planetree), Poncirus (Trifoliate 

orange), Populus (poplars), Prunus (apricot), Psidium (guava), Pyracantha (Narrow-leaf 

firethorn), Pyrus (pear), Quercus (oak), Rhus (sumac), Robinia (locust), Rosa (rose), Rubus

(blackberry), Salix (willow), Sapium (tallow tree), Sophora (necklacepod) , Styrax (snowbell), 

Ulmus (elm), Vernicia (wood oil tree), Ziziphus (jujube) (CPC, 2006)

Ceroplastes spp.: High Risk
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Abutilon (mallow), Acacia (wattles), Acer (maple), Actinidia (kiwifruit), Aglaonema

(aglaonema), Allamanda (allamanda), Alpinia (gingerlily), Alstonia (cheesewood), Amaranthus

(grain amaranth), Anacardium (cashew nut), Annona (annona), Anthurium (laceleaf), Aralia

(spikenard), Arbutus (madrone), Ardisia (marlberry), Artemisia (wormwoods), Artocarpus

(breadfruit trees), Asplenium (spleenworts), Azadirachta (neem tree), Berberis (barberries), 

Betula (birch), Bixa (bixa), Blechnum (fern), Buxus (boxwood), Callistemon (Bottle brush), 

Calophyllum (calophyllum), Camellia (tea), Carissa (Carissa), Celosia (celosia), Celtis

(hackberry), Chaenomeles (quince), Chrysanthemum (chrysanthemum), Cinnamomum

(cinnamon), Citrus (citrus), Cleyera (cleyera), Coccoloba (seaside grape), Cocos (coconut), 

Coffea (coffee), Convolvulus (morning glory), Cornus (cherry), Crataegus (hawthorns), 

Cucurbita (cucurbits), Cycas (sago palm), Cydonia (quince), Cytisus (Broom), Daphne (laurel), 

Deutzia (pride-of-Rochester), Dimocarpus (longan tree), Diospyros (persimmon), Dizygotheca 

(False aralia), Dodonaea (hopbush), Ehretia (ehretia), Elaeagnus (oleaster), Elaeocarpus

(elaeocarpus), Elaeodendron (marble tree), Eremocitrus (lime), Eriobotrya (loquat), Eucalyptus

(Eucalyptus), Eugenia (stopper), Euonymus (spindle trees), Euphorbia (spurges), Fatsia (aralia), 

Feijoa (Horn of plenty), Ficus (fig), Garcinia (mangosteen), Gardenia (gardenia), Gossypium 

(cotton), Hedera (Ivy), Helianthus (helianthus, sunflower), Heliconia (heliconia), Hibiscus 

(rosemallows), Ilex (Holly), Illicium (anisetree), Inocarpus (moonpod), Ipomoea (sweet potato), 

Ixora (ixora), Jasminum (jasmine), Juncus (rushes), Lagerstroemia (lagerstroemia), Laurus

(laurel), Ligustrum (privet), Lindera (spicebush), Litchi (lichi), Magnolia (magnolia), Malpighia 

(acerola), Malus (apple), Mangifera (mango), Manilkara (sapodilla), Melia (Chinaberry), 

Mespilus (medlar), Monstera (monstera), Morus (mora), Musa (banana), Myristica (nutmeg), 

Myrtus (myrtle), Nandina (bamboo), Nephelium (rambutan), Nephrolepis (fern), Nerium

(oleander), Olea (olive), Persea (avocado), Philodendron (philodendron), Pimenta (Allspice), 

Pinus (pines), Piper (pepper), Pistacia (mastic), Pittosporum (cheesewood), Platanus (planes), 

Plumeria (frangipani), Podocarpus (plum pine), Polyscias (aralia), Poncirus (Trifoliate orange), 

Populus (poplar), Prunus (stone fruit), Psidium (guava), Pteridium (brackenfern), Punica

(pomegranate), Pyracantha (firethorn), Pyrus (pears), Rhododendron (Azalea), Rhus (sumac), 

Ruscus (ruscus), Salix (willow), Schefflera (schefflera), Schinus (pepper tree), Solanum 

(nightshade), Spartium (Spanish broom), Spiraea (spiraea), Syzygium (malay-apple), Tamarix

(tamarisk), Theobroma (cocoa), Ternstroemia (ternstroemia), Thevetia (thevetia), 

Trachelospermum (trachelospermum), Ulmus (elm), Vaccinium (huckleberry), Viburnum

(viburnum), Vitis (grape), Zingiber (ginger), Ziziphus (jujube) (CPC, 2006)

Chilo spp.: High Risk

Avena (oats), Cymbopogon (grass), Cynodon (grass), Cyperaceae (Sedges), Cyperus (nutsedge), 

Echinochloa (junglerice), Eleusine (millet), Hordeum (barley), Oryza (rice), Panicum (millets),

Pennisetum (millet), Phragmites (reed), Poaceae (grasses), Saccharum (sugarcane), 

Sclerostachya (sclerostachya), Setaria (millet), Sorghum (sorghum), Triticum (wheat), Typha 

(bulrush), Zea (maize), Zizania (wildrice) (CPC, 2006)

Chlorophorus spp.: High Risk

Bambusa (bamboo), Citrus (citrus), Dendrocalamus (bamboo), Derris (derris), Dipterocarpus

(dipterocarpus), Gossypium (cotton), Indosasa (indosasa), Liquidambar (sweetgum), 

Phyllostachys (bamboo), Saccharum (sugarcane), Shorea (shorea), Sinocalamus (bamboo), 
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Spondias (purple mombin), Tectona (teak), Vitis (grape), Zea (maize) (CPC, 2006)

Cryptotermes spp.: High Risk

Aceraceae (maple), Cupressaceae (cypress), Fagaceae (oak), Hevea (hevea), Malvaceae

(hibiscus), Oleaceae (ash), Pinaceae (pine), Tiliaceae (basswood), Ulmaceae (elm) (CPC, 2006)

Dendroctonus spp.: High Risk

Abies (fir), Larix (larch), Picea (spruce), Pinus (pine), Pseudotsuga (Douglas-fir), Tsuga

(hemlocks) (CPC, 2006)

Dendrolimus spp.: High Risk

Abies (fir), Larix (larch), Picea (spruce), Pinus (pine) (CPC, 2006)

Eutetranychus spp.: High Risk

Abelmoschus (okra), Arachis (groundnut), Brassica (broccoli), Camellia (tea), Capsicum

(peppers), Carica (papaw), Citrullus (watermelon), Citrus (citrus), Codiaeum (croton), 

Colocasia (taro), Cucumis (melon), Cucurbitaceae (cucurbits), Cynara (artichoke), Dianthus

(carnation), Dioscorea (yam), Durio (durian), Ficus (fig), Fragaria (strawberry), Gerbera 

(Barbeton daisy), Glycine (soyabean), Gossypium (cotton), Ipomoea (sweet potato), Lablab

(hyacinth bean), Luffa (loofah), Lycopersicon (tomato), Malus (apple), Manihot (cassava), 

Medicago (lucerne), Morus (mora), Musa (plantain, banana), Nephelium (rambutan), Olea

(olive), Phaseolus (beans), Piper (betel pepper), Plumeria (frangipani), Prunus (almond), 

Psidium (guava) Ricinus (castor bean), Sechium (sechium), Solanum (aubergine), Sorghum

(sorghum), Spinacia (spinach), Vigna (cowpea), Vitis (grapevine), Xanthosoma (yautia), Zea

(maize), Ziziphus (jujube) (CPC, 2006)

Hylobius spp.: High Risk

Betula (birch), Fagus (beech), Larix (larches), Picea (spruces), Picea (spruce), Pinus (pines), 

Pseudotsuga (Douglas-fir), Quercus (oak) (CPC, 2006)

Hylurgus spp.: High Risk

Abies (fir), Juniperus (juniper), Larix (larch), Picea (spruce), Pinus (pine) (CPC, 2006)

Lymantria spp.: High Risk

Abies (firs), Acer (maples), Alnus (alders), Averrhoa (carambola), Betula (birches), Carpinus

(hornbeams), Carya (hickories), Castanea (chestnut), Corylus (hazelnut), Eucalyptus (red gum), 

Fagus (beeches), Fraxinus (white ash), Glycine (soybean), Hamamelis (Virginian witch-hazel), 

Larix (larches), Liquidambar (Sweet gum), Litchi (lichi), Lithocarpus (tanoak), Malus

(ornamental species apple), Mangifera (mango), Neolamarckia (common bur-flower tree), Ostrya 

(American hophornbeam), Picea (common spruce), Pinus (pines), Pistacia (pistachio), Platanus 

(London planetree), Populus (poplars), Prunus (stone fruit), Pseudotsuga (Douglas-fir), Pyrus

(pears), Quercus (oak), Robinia (locust), Salix (willow), Shorea (sal), Syzygium (black plum), 

Taxodium (bald cypress), Terminalia (arjun), Tilia (basswood), Vaccinium (blueberries), Zea

(maize) (CPC, 2006)
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Monochamus spp.: High Risk

Abies(fir), Cedrus (cedar), Larix (larch), Picea (spruce), Pinus (pine) (CPC, 2006)

Scolytus spp.: High Risk

Aesculus (buckeye), Betula (birch), Caragana (pea shrub), Carpinus (hornbeams), Castanea 

(chestnut), Corylus (hazelnut), Elaeagnus (ornamental olive), Fagus (beeches), Larix (larch), 

Ostrya (hophornbeam), Pinus (pine), Populus (poplar), Prunus (stone fruit), Pyrus (crabapple), 

Quercus (oak), Rhamnus (Buckthorn), Salix (willow), Sorbus (mountain ash), Tilia (limes), 

Ulmus (elms) (CPC, 2006)

Sirex spp.: High Risk

Abies (fir), Cupressus (cypress), Larix (larch), Picea (spruce), Pinus (pine), Pseudotsuga

(Douglas-fir) (CPC, 2006)

Tomicus spp.: High Risk

Abies (fir), Juniperus (juniper), Larix (larch), Picea (spruce), Pinus (pine), Pseudotsuga

(Douglas fir) (GPDD, 2006)

Risk Element 3: Dispersal Potential

Pests may disperse after introduction into new areas. The dispersal potential indicates how 

rapidly and widely the pests may spread within the importing country or region and is related to 

the pest’s reproductive potential, inherent mobility, and external dispersal facilitation modes. 

Factors for rating the dispersal potential include: the presence of multiple generations per year or 

growing season, the relative number of offspring or propagules per generation, any inherent 

capabilities for rapid movement, the presence of natural barriers or enemies, and dissemination 

enhanced by wind, water, vectors, or human assistance. 

Adoxophyes spp.: High Risk

Adoxophyes orana adults are active in summer and fall, though emergence may vary according to 

climatic conditions. Flight periods of the first and second generation may overlap (Whittle, 

1985). Duration of the adult stage depends primarily on temperature and relative humidity. Under 

natural conditions, the longest recorded life span is 23 days (Barel, 1973a). Flight lasts 

approximately 4 weeks and is greatest in the first half of the flight period when conditions are 

optimal for egg and larval development (Barel, 1973). Moths fly at temperatures above 13 oC

(55.4 oF) (Whittle, 1985). Males precede females in flight by a few days and may disperse up to 

400 meters (437 yards). Female dispersal is limited (Barel, 1973; CPC, 2006). First, second, and

third generation flight in northwestern Europe occurs from late May to late June, late July to 

early September, and October, respectively (CPC, 2006). Mating occurs at night or in the early

morning hours, about a day after emergence (de Jong et al., 1971; Whittle, 1985; He et al., 1996).

Adults rest on leaves within the tree canopy during the day and become active at dusk (Bradley et 

al., 1973). In the Netherlands and in much of Europe, Adoxophyes orana has two generations 

annually (Davis et al., 2005).

Agrilus spp.: High Risk
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In terms of estimated spread, the natural spread capability of Agrilus planipennis is unknown.

The maximum natural spread capability of the bronze birch borer, A. anxius, is estimated to be 

16-32 kilometers /10-20 miles per year. These beetles may also spread with the help of people.

For example, this beetle has been spread by illegal human movement of nursery stock from a 

quarantined area in Michigan to the state of Maryland, a distance of over 960 kilometers /600 

miles). There is risk of nursery trade and other means (e.g., lumber trade, logs for firewood) 

spreading the beetle. There is more risk for nursery stock and logs (especially if not debarked) 

than for lumber. There is also concern about the potential entry of A. planipennis into the United 

States with wood packaging materials, especially those that are not debarked or properly treated 

(NPAG, 2002). The life cycle for the genus Agrilus includes egg, larva, pupa, and adult, taking 

about one year to complete. Pupation of Agrilus spp. occurs in the gallery within the heartwood 

of the tree during spring or early summer. Emergence of Agrilus spp. adults usually occurs 

around June and July, but may take place between May and September depending on climate 

(Hill, 1987).

Anoplophora spp.: High Risk

In a dispersal study by Smith et al. (2001), it has been shown that the mean dispersal distance in a 

single season for Anoplophora glabripennis was approximately 266 meters (0.166 miles), 

whereas the 98% A. glabripennis recapture radius was 560 meters /0.35 miles with a maximum 

dispersal distance recorded at 1,442 meters (0.90 miles), which includes the female beetles 

carrying mature eggs. Although it is reported that adults can fly weakly 30 to 225 meters /98-

738 feet in a single flight on a clear day, short-distance flight is typical of many cerambycids. In

China, the number of annual generations varies with climate and latitude. The further north A. 

glabripennis is found, the longer it takes for a generation to develop. In Taiwan, there is one 

generation per year. In eastern China, a generation may take 1 or 2 years to develop, whereas in 

northern China (Neimenggu), a single generation takes 2 years to develop. Thus, there can be one 

or two overlapping generations per year, depending upon the climate and feeding conditions. 

Adults emerge between May and October and live for about a month. The most active period for 

adult activity is late June to early July (Li and Wu, 1993). The adults usually remain on the tree 

from which they emerged, or fly short distances to nearby trees, and feed there on leaves, petioles 

and young bark. Egg deposition begins a week after copulation. The eggs, about 32 per female 

(Wong and Mong, 1986), are laid one by one under the bark, in oviposition slits chewed out by

the female. Slits are generally cut on the eastern side of the trunk or of branches greater than 5 

centimeters /1.96 inches in diameter (Li and Wu, 1993). Eggs hatch after about 2 weeks. The 

larva feeds in the cambial layer of bark in the branches and trunk and later enters the woody

tissues. Pupation takes place in chambers in the heartwood, accompanied by the presence of 

characteristic wood 'shavings' that are packed into the chamber. Adults emerge from circular 

holes, millimeters/ 0.39 inches across, above the sites where the eggs were laid.

Ceroplastes spp.: Medium Risk

In the United States, all species of Ceroplastes appear to have similar life histories with 4 instars 

in the female and 5 in the male. In most areas of the US, species of Ceroplastes have only 1 

generation per year. In the spring, each overwintering female lays from several hundred to several

thousand eggs beneath her body. The crawlers hatch in late spring or early summer, and 2 or 3 

days later leave the brood chamber and begin to settle. In some species, the crawlers settle mainly
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on the stem of the host and remain at the site for the duration of their life cycle, whereas others 

usually settle on the leaves as crawlers and migrate to the stems as third instars (Gimpel, 1974).

Dispersal occurs in the first and third instar crawler stage. The dispersal rate, pattern, and 

distance depend largely on population density, host availability, location on host (height or 

distance from the soil surface), and other environmental factors including wind speed, humidity, 

and temperature (Wakgari and Giliomee, 1999; Wakgari, 2000; Wakgari and Giliomee, 2000; 

Ben-dov et al., 2005).

Chilo spp.: High Risk

Adults are nocturnal and become active early in the evening. Some early larval instars may

disperse to other plants by ballooning on extruded silk threads or by floating on leaf fragments 

(CPC, 2006). All rice stem borers lay eggs in masses usually containing 50-250 eggs. A single 

female can lay several egg masses per week. Chilo suppressalis adults lay their eggs on the basal 

half of rice leaves. The eggs hatch in about 5 days and the larva is fully grown in about 25 days.

Young stem borer larvae feed on young rice leaves then penetrate and feed on the leaf sheath and 

the inner tissues. Later, they eat their way into the stem and feed inside it. Moths emerge after 

about 5 days of pupation. The life cycle requires about 35 days to complete. Stem borers 

generally produce about 6 generations a year, although the number depends on environmental 

factors. In temperate areas such as central Japan and Korea, where only one rice crop per year is 

grown, there are two stem borer generations per year. In tropical and subtropical regions with 

single rice cropping regimes, they occur in 3-4 generations per year (Exosect, 2005).

Chlorophorus spp.: High Risk

Various cerambycids are capable of long-distance aerial transport. Several cerambycine species 

have strong powers of dispersal because adults feed on host plant species different from the 

larval host (CPC, 2006). Strong dispersal abilities are considered adaptive because adults must 

disperse alternately between their food plants and the stressed host plants where they mate and 

oviposit. Males are usually more active than females because they play a role in mate location; 

however, convincing evidence of long-range pheromones in the cerambycids has been limited to 

a few species. Pheromones produced by females operate over at least moderate distances (>1.5 

kilometers/0.9375 miles). If capable of long-distance aerial transport, Chlorophorus annularis

could be expected to move rapidly beyond infested sites (Auclair et al., 2006). Inspection data 

(PEST ID, 2006) show over 300 live Chlorophorus spp. were intercepted on bamboo 

commodities from China either at US ports of entry and on interdictions inland from 1992 

through 2005. Hence, it is known that live eggs and/or larvae of the species can survive 

harvesting, dyeing, packing, and shipment into the US on infested commodities. Commercial 

distribution of bamboo stakes with C. annularis infestation move quickly and widely throughout 

the US and hence this pathway greatly accelerates spread of the pest. The larvae are frequently

carried to Europe within bamboo canes from China, India, and Thailand (Auclair et al., 2006). 

According to Weidner (1982), development usually occurs in one year; however, because of 

drying of the bamboo, development may be extended to two or more years (Schall, 2000).

Cryptotermes spp.: Medium Risk 

Cryptotermes spp. spread slowly (15 to 300 meters per year/0.932-984 feet), and less than 1% 

of the alates eventually establish a new colony. However, an important factor concerning 
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subterranean termites is that infested untreated Wood Packaging Material (WPM), moved by

humans in commerce, spread termites at a much faster rate than their natural spread. Also, once 

established at the receiving seaport, airport, or inland destinations (warehouses, etc.), 

subterranean termites are often not detected because of their cryptic habits; colonies are quite 

large before the first evidence of their activities is apparent. By this time, multiple colonies will 

already be established adjacent to the invading colony, and additional WPM could become 

infested and distributed within the continental United States or its possessions (Pasek, 2000).

Dendroctonus spp.: High Risk

The Eurasian bark beetle attacks trunks of living, mature trees in either vigorous or weakened 

condition. Emerging adults frequently attack the same or a neighboring tree but can fly

considerable distance to attack distant trees. In contrast to most bark beetles, this species usually

mates before emerging, attack singly instead of en masse, and thus kills a small patch of the 

cambial zone but seldom the entire tree. Over time, however, the tree can be weakened and 

predisposed to other bark beetles. Except for dispersal and host-finding by emerged adults, all 

stages occur beneath the bark in the cambial zone. The entire life cycle requires 1 to 3 years, 

depending on variations in ambient temperatures and other factors. Because of these variations, 

adults can be present at any season, and under controlled lab conditions, are ready to emerge after 

44 days at 20 oC (68 oF). The spread potential of Dendroctonus spp. is very high because it 

attacks healthy as well as low vigor hosts that are widespread and common, particularly in 

coastal Pacific Northwest and Alaska and the continuous belt of spruce forests in Northern North 

America (Tkacz, 1991).

Dendrolimus spp.: High Risk

Adult Dendrolimus sibericus and D. pini are good fliers. Although the larvae do not balloon, they

are well known for their crawling tenacity. A relentless spread within their main and secondary

hosts would be expected. The adults are active from late June through August. Females oviposit 

150 to 200 eggs in linear clusters on twigs and needles. Caterpillar activity is noted in JulyAugust when they devour needles up to the fascicles. In fall, about mid-September to early

October, the caterpillars are approximately 25 millimeters/ 1 inch long and they drop to the 

ground. There they crawl into the litter and enter diapause. In spring, perhaps about April, when 

soil temperatures reach 4 to 5 oC (39.2 to 41 oF) , the caterpillars emerge from overwintering 

sites, crawl back up their hosts, and begin to feed on old needles as well as on newly flushing 

buds. Most of the population begin to pupate in June and July; they form silken cocoons on 

branchlets intertwined with foliage. Apparently these insects also pupate in bark crevices (Tkacz, 

1991).

Eutetranychus spp.: Medium Risk

Spider mites mainly disperse by wind currents, and in the field this is probably the main means of 

dispersal for Eutetranychus orientalis. In international trade, they might be carried on citrus 

plants. Under conditions in Israel, females oviposit along the midrib on the upper side of the leaf 

but in winter may deposit eggs on the lower side. Up to eight eggs a day or 35 in a lifetime may

be deposited by one female. Under optimum laboratory conditions, eggs hatch in 2.5 to 3.0 days.

Depending on the season, an adult emerges in 7 to 24 days and lives for 12 to 21 days. Up to 18 

generations a year have been recorded. Climatic conditions which favor the development of this 
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mite are high temperatures ranging from 21 to 27 oC (69.8 to 80.6 oF ) and a medium relative 

humidity ranging from 59 to 70 percent (USDA, 1969).

Hylobius spp.: High Risk

In spring or early summer, the beetles migrate by flight or by walking to clear cuttings from 

adjoining stands. Adults are strong fliers and can travel considerable distances to find suitable 

host material. They are attracted by volatiles (mainly alpha-pinene and ethanol) emanating from 

the resin of fresh conifer stumps left during clear-felling (Tilles et al., 1986; GPDD, 2006). From 

May to September, females lay eggs in punctures they gnaw in the bark of fresh pine and spruce 

stumps; but in regions with short growing seasons, they lay eggs from May to the end of July.

Each female oviposits from 60 to 100 eggs during this period. Hatching takes place in about 2 

weeks, and the larvae bore into the phloem and excavate longitudinal feeding tunnels in the rootphloem. There are five instars that develop over a period of 13 to 14 months. Mature larvae 

pupate in cells cut into the sapwood (chip cocoons) or in the outer bark. The pupal stage lasts 

about 2 to 3 weeks, and teneral adults remain in their chip cocoons or cells cut in the bark for an 

additional 2 to 3 weeks. Then, the sexually undeveloped adults emerge and do maturational 

feeding on young coniferous seedlings from July through August. For maturational feeding, the 

adults feed on seedling bark and phloem tissues of Douglas-fir, Scotch pine, white pine, Norway

spruce, larch, and fir. This feeding causes significant seedling mortality, especially when a 

harvested area is regenerated soon after timber removal (Tkacz, 1991).

Hylurgus spp.: High Risk

Hylurgus spp. adults can disperse over distances of several kilometers (Fabre et al., 1975), and an 

infestation can spread as long as host material is available. This strong capability of spread has 

been demonstrated in Australia (Neumann, 1987), where H. ligniperda spread up to 25

kilometers/15.625 miles from a fire-killed area within 18 months, and in Chile, where the beetle 

now occupies the entire distribution on Monterey pine after being introduced into the country in 

the mid-1980s (Pasek, 2000). H. ligniperda usually has one generation per year in Europe, 

although up to three generations may occur in the southern regions. Two generations were 

recorded in the Mediterranean region of France. In New Zealand, the development from initiation 

of brood galleries to the first appearance of recently-molted adults takes 10 to 11 weeks. In

southern France at 25 oC (77 oF), the beetle requires 45 days to develop from egg to adult (Tribe, 

1991). Flight time for the adults occurs from March to April in Europe (Grune, 1979). In

southeastern France where two generations occur, the major activity peak is in the spring 

followed by a shorter peak in the autumn. The peak in the autumn coincides with the second 

generation; adult beetles then enter a winter hibernation. In South Africa, the major activity peak 

is in the autumn with minor peaks in spring and summer (Tribe, 1991).

Lymantria spp.: High Risk

In temperate environments, masses of eggs (500 to 1,000) pass the winter on or under tree bark, 

rocks, fallen branches, or manmade objects (signs, litter, etc.) (Campbell et al., 1975). One 

generation appears each year, and hatching occurs from April to late May, depending upon 

location and weather, though egg hatching usually coincides with budbreak of most hardwood 

trees (Leonard, 1981). Natural dispersal of Lymantria dispar occurs when newly hatched larvae 

climb to the tops of trees or other tall objects and suspend themselves from silken threads, 
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allowing the wind to move them to potential hosts. In non-mountainous terrain, the larvae may be 

deposited within 0.8 kilometer (1⁄2 mile) of their source; however, in mountainous terrain, the 

larvae may be dispersed up to 4.8 kilometers /3 miles (Taylor and Reling, 1986). During the next 

1-1 1⁄2 months, they pass through five to six instars, feeding during the evening on the foliage and 

migrating to rest in protected locations during the day. Pupation occurs in these resting locations, 

although at outbreak densities, pupation occurs in less protected sites; adults emerge in about 2 

weeks, mate, and lay their eggs (Campbell et al., 1975). The gypsy moth is often spread 

artificially when egg masses or pupae are transported to new areas on vehicles or outdoor 

articles. Egg masses may be deposited on Wood Packaging Material when cargo originates near 

areas infested by gypsy moths. Crates carrying household goods are a common substrate for 

hitchhiking gypsy moth egg masses (Pasek, 2000).

Monochamus spp.: Medium Risk

Susceptible host tree genera range from Central America north through Canada and the Pacific to 

Atlantic Oceans. Rate of natural spread may be slow (probably only a few miles per year), but 

spread would be greatly enhanced by the transportation of logs, firewood and lumber (non-kiln 

dried). Monochamus sutor females can lay at least 50 eggs. Eggs are laid in the phloem at the 

base of niches excavated by the females in the bark of tree boles and logs. From one to six eggs 

may be found in individual niches and thousands of eggs may be laid in a single log or tree. The 

neonate larvae feed on the phloem and sapwood throughout their first year. The larvae overwinter

primarily as second instars and resume feeding the following spring. During the second year, the 

larvae continue feeding and bore deeper into the wood. There are five larval instars. The mature 

larvae form pupal cells in the wood near the surface where they spend the second winter.

Pupation and adult emergence occurs the following spring. Typically Monochamus adults 

become sexually mature 7 to 10 days after emergence. The sexually mature beetles are attracted 

by volatile compounds to weakened, dying, or recently dead trees or logs to mate and oviposit.

Trees weakened by fire, defoliation, or other disturbances are particularly susceptible to attack.

Windthrown trees and logs are also highly attractive to breeding adult beetles (Tkacz, 1991).

Scolytus spp.: High Risk

The bioloogy of Scolytus morawitzi is presumed to be very similar to the biology of S. intricatus. 

Since the biology of S. intricatus has been published, it will be described here to represent that of 

S. morawitzi. S. intricatus (as an example of a quarantine pest wood borer) has the potential to 

spread throughout the contiguous 48 states given that at least one species of oak in native to each 

state except for Alaska and Hawaii. Although adult flight is generally less than 100 meters/ 328 

feet , adults can easily be moved longer distanced by wind and through human transport of 

infested host material, particularly in oak firewood, which is highly preferred for heating (Pasek, 

2000). Except when adults are seeking new host material for breeding or shoots for maturation 

feeding, all life stated occur under bark within the cambial region. In England, S. intricatus

completes one generation per year (Yates, 1984), whereas two generations per year are completed 

in southern Germany (Kamp, 1951). S. intricatus typically overwinters in the late larval stages 

(Lekander et al., 1977; Yates, 1984), or occasionally in the pupal stage (Doganlar and Schopf, 

1984). Overwintering and subsequent pupation usually take place in the outer bark if the bark is 

over 4 millimeters / 0.16 thick or in the outer sapwood if the bark is thinner (Lekander et al., 

1977; Yates, 1984). Pupation usually occurs in late spring or early summer and lasts for 1 to 2 
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weeks (Yates, 1984). In England, adult emergence usually spans 2-3 weeks and, depending on 

local temperatures, occurs from mid-May through late June (Yates, 1984). Upon emergence, 

adults fly to the crowns of trees, primarily oaks, and conduct maturation feeding on the twigs, 

usually at the juncture of current-year and 1-year-old growth (Lekander et al., 1977; Munro, 

1926; Yates, 1984). After shoot feeding, adults seek breeding sites, which are usually the trunks 

and branches (> 5 centimeters/ 2 inches in diameter) of weakened and dying oaks as well as 

recently fallen branches (Gibbs, 1978; Lekander et al., 1977; Yates, 1981, 1984). Depending on 

the location and the number of generations per year, adult activity usually occurs between May

and September (Doganlar and Schopf, 1984; Lekander et al., 1977; Yates, 1981, 1984). There is 

little evidence that reemergence of parent adults occurs (Yates, 1984).

Sirex spp.: High Risk

If Sirex spp. becomes established, it is likely to spread throughout the United States. Natural 

dispersal of Sirex spp. has been estimated at 8 to 24 kilometers /5 to 15 miles per year in 

Australia (Haugen et al., 1990). Adult females are capable of long dispersal flights and have high 

fecundity. Both males and females are strong fliers and known to fly long distances to forest 

fires. Also, populations could be transported and established throughout the United States by

movement of infested logs and lumber. Adults have also commonly emerged from finished 

lumber in homes, pallets, boxes, and so forth. So, spread could also take place over very long 

distances (transcontinental) in finished products unless all lumber is kiln treated immediately

after milling (Tkacz, 1991; Pasek, 2000). Sirex spp. normally completes one generation per year 

in southeastern Australia, but a portion of a population may take 2 years in the cooler climates of 

Tasmania and New Zealand (Taylor, 1981). In Australia, adults emerge from early summer to 

early winter with peak emergence in late summer or early autumn (Morgan and Stewart, 1966; 

Neumann and Minko, 1981). Females are attracted to physiologically stressed trees after an 

initial flight, which is usually less than 3.2 kilometers /2 miles but with the potential of 160 

kilometers/100 miles. They drill their ovipositors into the outer sapwood to inject a symbiotic 

fungus (Amylostereum areolatum) and a toxic mucus. If the suitable, eggs are laid into the 

sapwood (up to three separate eggs at a drill site) (Pasek, 2000). Fecundity ranges from 21 to 458 

eggs, depending upon size of the female (Neumann and Minko, 1981). The eggs usually hatch 

within 10 to 15 days, but some may overwinter in cooler climates. Unfertilized eggs develop into 

males and fertilized eggs develop into females. All larval instars feed on the fungus as they

tunnel through the wood. Larval galleries may penetrate to the center of a tree. The number of 

instars varies from 6 to 12, and the larval stage generally takes 10 to 11 months. Mature larvae 

pupate close to the bark surface, and adults emerge about 3 weeks later (Taylor, 1981).

Tomicus spp.: High Risk

Tomicus piniperda is currently under official control in the United States. Pine shoot beetles

spread naturally by flying to suitable host material. Populations may accumulate in log yards and 

then move on to healthy trees nearby. Infestation spread from a concentrated source of breeding 

material to adjoining pine stands may generally be limited to about 2 kilometers/1.25 miles per 

year (Langstrom and Hellqvist, 1990). Although the pine shoot beetle may fly up to a kilometer 

or more, it may spread farther on wind currents, perhaps tens of kilometers downwind. Pine 

shoot beetles may be transported as brood in infested logs or wood articles containing bark or as 

adult beetles in pine shoots or in overwintering sites at the base of tree trunks. The primary
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means of new introductions to the United States is likely to be through infested wood articles 

containing bark, such as in wood packaging material (WPM) made of pine. Redistribution from 

established populations in the United States to other regions of North America may occur on 

recently dug or cut plant stock, logs, rough lumber with bark intact, or nursery stock (Pasek, 

2000). One generation per year is the norm for the pine shoot beetle (Langstrom, 1983).

Overwintering adults initiate flight on the first warm (10-12.22 oC /50-54 oF) days of spring, 

which probably occurs in February or March in the Great Lake States and in the Northeastern 

United States (Haack and Lawrence, 1995; Haack et al., 1998). Adults quickly colonize either 

recently cut pine stumps and logs, or, at times, infest the trunks of weakened trees. Some adults 

will disperse at least several hundred meters after emerging from brood material even when 

material suitable for colonization is abundant nearby (Poland et al., 2000), and marked adults 

have been recaptured as far as 2 kilometers/1.25 miles from a release point (Barak et al., 2000).

Male and female pairs construct individual longitudinal egg galleries within the inner bark and 

outer sapwood (USDA, 1972). After eggs hatch, larvae construct irregular feeding galleries of 4-

9 centimeters 1.5 to 3.5 inches in length that radiate from the egg gallery. Most larvae complete 

development, pupate, and transform into adults in May and June (Pasek, 2000).

Risk Element 4: Economic Impact

Introduced pests cause a variety of direct and indirect economic impacts, such as reduced yield, 

reduced commodity value, loss of foreign or domestic markets, and non-crop impacts. Factors 

considered during the ranking process included whether the pest would: effect yield or 

commodity quality, cause plant mortality, act as a disease vector, increase costs of production 

including pest control costs, lower market prices, effect market availability, increase research or 

extension costs, or reduce recreational land use or aesthetic value. 

Adoxophyes spp.: High Risk

The economic impact of Adoxophyes orana is difficult to measure because it frequently occurs in 

mixed populations with other closely related species, and damage can result from the activity of 

secondary pests (Whittle, 1985). A. orana is a leafroller and immature forms will use foliage for 

shelter while feeding on fruit (Whittle, 1985; CPC, 2006). Larvae will feed externally on fruit 

creating a “gnawed” or misshapen appearance. Feeding directly on fruit can cause tremendous 

reductions in the quantity and quality of fruit. Crop losses from 10-50% have been attributed to 

this insect in fruit growing regions. In the Netherlands, damage in 33,000 hectare/81543 acre of 

apples amounted to $1.2 million in the late 1980s (de Jong et al., 1971; Whittle, 1985). External 

feeding may also enable the attack of secondary organisms which further damage the crop, and 

reduce shelf and storage life (de Jong and Van Dieren, 1974; Whittle, 1985; INRA, 2005).

Although this insect feeds on foliage and young shoots in addition to fruit (CPC, 2006), this 

feeding may not significantly affect plant growth (INRA, 2005). The impact of A. orana on forest 

productivity has not been well studied. Establishment of A. orana in the United States could also 

adversely impact domestic and international trade. Australia considers this insect a high risk pest 

(CPC, 2006). Consequently, establishment of the insect would likely result in domestic or 

international quarantines and/or additional quarantine treatments to prevent the spread of this 

pest (Davis et al., 2005).
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Agrilus spp.: High Risk

The economic impact of Agrilus planipennis (under official control in the United States) has 

already been substantial, and it would be staggering if this exotic pest continues to spread. It has 

the potential to virtually eliminate ash as a component of North American forests, with dramatic 

effects on ecosystem processes as well as plant and animal communities. Ash species, which 

inhabit a variety of soils and ecosystems, are dominant throughout the forests of eastern North 

America. Michigan and Ohio have already experienced a serious economic impact from A. 

planipennis. Ash has been one of the most commonly planted trees in landscapes and urban 

forests. In Michigan, A. planipennis has already caused an estimated $11.6 million in damage to 

landscapes and woodlots, and quarantines have restricted the sale of $2 million worth of nursery

stock. In addition, costs of removing dead and dying ash trees have overwhelmed municipal 

budgets in the affected counties, and private property owners must often pay in excess of $1,000 

per tree for removal of large shade trees. A quarantine on ash timber has also had a negative 

economic impact on sawmills, tool handle factories, and firewood dealers in Michigan and Ohio.

Eradication costs for the localized A. planipennis infestation in Lucas County, Ohio in April 

2003 exceeded $300,000, while projected costs of eradication in southeastern Michigan will 

exceed $350 million over the next 10 to 13 years (Herms et al., 2006).

Anoplophora spp.: High Risk

Anoplophora glabripennis (ALB) is a major forest pest in China. Recent introductions into the 

US demonstrate a formidable potential for causing damage to many important forest and urban 

trees in North America. Cavey (2000) rates A. glabripennis as a pest of High Economic Risk 

Potential because: a) the organism attacks hosts or products with significant commercial value 

(such as for timber, pulp, or wood products); b) the organism directly causes tree mortality or 

predisposes the host to mortality by other organisms; c) the damage by the organism causes a 

decrease in value of the host affected, for instance, by lowering its market price, increasing cost 

of production, maintenance, or mitigation, or reducing value of property where it is located; d) 

the organism may cause loss of markets (domestic or foreign) due to presence and quarantine 

significant status; and e) no effective control measure exists. Cavey (2000) also states that 

“eradication efforts in New York and Illinois have resulted in the destruction of thousands of 

trees. Affected areas lose aesthetic and property values as large infested trees are replaced by

young, often less desirable ALB resistant trees. Because control options are presently limited to 

tree removal, control costs are and will likely remain high.” Regarding A. chinensis, McDougall 

(2001) also gives it a rating of High for Economic Risk Potential because “the ability of this 

insect to attack a wide range of fruit and nut trees is expected to have a negative impact on fruit 

crops. This would result in higher production costs and higher costs to the consumer.” Nowak et 

al. (2001) have estimated that the maximum potential national urban impact of A. glabripennis

would be a loss of 34.9% of total canopy cover, 30.3% tree mortality (1.2 billion trees) and value 

loss of $669 billion USD.

Ceroplastes spp.: High Risk

Several Ceroplastes species are considered to be serious economic pests for a number of reasons.

Most secrete large quantities of honeydew which often covers the leaves and stems of the host, 

and acts as a medium for black sootymolds that give the host plant an unsightly appearance. The 

large size and light color of most species cause their presence to be readily noticeable and 
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therefore detracts from the appearance of the host. Plants with heavy infestations often show 

evidence of a general decline in vigor and develop an unsightly “leggy” appearance with the 

leaves of most branches confined to rosettes of new growth at the tips. Severe infestations may

cause dieback of the host. In nurseries, infestations of wax scale are a particular problem since 

many states require nursery stock to be free of disease and insect pests before sale, and costly

spray programs may be necessary to destroy infestations (Gimpel, 1974).

Chilo spp.: High Risk

Chilo suppressalis is a serious pest of rice in Asia and causes heavy damage to corn, sorghum, 

and sugarcane in India, Iraq, and Egypt. In northern areas of Indochina, China, Formosa, and 

Japan, the insect is responsible for annual damage of 5 to 10 percent of rice crop with local 

damage up to 60 percent. All parts of sugarcane, sorghum, and corn plants are attacked except 

the roots (USDA, 1957). Larval infestation results in extensive damage and crop loss (Kanno, 

1984). One larva may destroy up to 10 plants (Hill, 1983). Damage to rice was so heavy for 

several years in Hawaii that the crop became unprofitable and much of the land was abandoned.

Likewise, cultivation of corn was discontinued in the Mesopotamia area of Iraq in 1918 

following severe infestations in that region. Severely infested rice has a high percentage of dead 

shoots and laves and fails to set grain (USDA, 1957). In Asia, yield losses due to the two most 

important species of rice stem borer, the yellow and striped stem borers, range from 1-20%.

However, during outbreak conditions, yield losses may range from 30 to 100% (Exosect, 2005).

Chlorophorus spp.: High Risk

Cerambycidae are all plant feeders, most feeding as larvae on woody material (trees, shrubs, 

bamboo) including leaves, stems, and roots. A few larvae species are specialized to develop in 

the stems of herbaceous plants. They attack mostly dead or damaged plants, but some may attack 

healthy and living individuals. Because of their moderate to large size and long developmental 

period, they can cause considerable damage to commercial timber trees or crops (CPC, 2006).

Given the breath of the potential tree and crop hosts in the US, it is estimated that more than $30 

billion in agriculture and forest production is at risk annually, including $20 billion of crop 

exports. Alone, US corn (maize) production in 2005 was valued at about $21 billion, of which 

$14.7 billion was exported. In addition to potential loss of crops, the cost of treatment with 

insecticide and integrated pest management is assumed to be considerable if the pest was to 

establish and spread widely in the US (Auclair et al., 2006).

Cryptotermes spp.: High Risk

Drywood termites (Cryptotermes spp.) cause a small portion of the economic losses due to wooddestroying insects in the United States. However, where they are abundant (southern Florida, 

southern California, and Hawaii), the costs for control and repair of their damage rival that of 

subterranean termites. Potential economic losses caused by all species of Cryptotermes, but 

primarily C. havilandi and C. dudleyi, could be comparable with those currently caused by the 

exotic C. brevis. If C. havilandi or C. dudleyi were to be as aggressive as C. brevis, an additional 

$100 million in damage and control costs within 30 years could result (Pasek, 2000).

Dendroctonus spp.: High risk

The economic damage potential for Dendroctonus spp. is high because it attacks, weakens, and 
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sometimes kills mature trees of commercially important conifer species. This pest has 

successfully attacked Sitka, white, black, and blue spruces where these North American species 

have been planted in Europe, and Sitka spruce has been repeatedly shown to be even more 

susceptible than Norway spruce, its primary European host (Tkacz, 1991).

Dendrolimus spp.: High Risk

Dendrolimus spp. feed primarily on conifers which are widely distributed and are an 

economically important North American timber and ornamental crop. The greatest potential 

damage would be a reduction in expected yields of intensively managed stands. All Dendrolimus

species are large and voracious feeders and possess urticating hairs. Accordingly, not only would 

defoliation foster high forest protection costs, but the presence of larvae would cause allergic 

responses in humans (Tkacz, 1991). Undoubtedly, the American public would react strongly

against this “high-profile” pest, and the government would be pressured into spending millions in 

pest eradication programs (Tkacz, 1991).

Eutetranychus spp.: High Risk

Heavy infestations of Eutetranychus orientalis have occurred on citrus in Ethiopia and Iran. The 

species prefers citrus leaves, sucking the sap from the upper side of the leaf. The chlorotic leaves 

appear finely stippled and silvered. As the leaves drop from the tree, the twigs and branches dry.

As a result of the defoliation by the oriental red mite, very young trees die but older trees lose the 

outer branches. In severe cases, the species may affect blossoming or fruit set. Under drought 

conditions, damage from a light infestation may be as serious as from a heavy one (USDA, 

1969). E. orientalis was found to cause severe damage to both citrus and papaya. E. orientalis is 

recognized as an important pest of citrus in the Middle East, Africa, Asia, and Australia (Jeppson 

et al., 1975). E. orientalis is a major pest of citrus in India (Das and Gupta, 1991). The mite has 

been known as a pest on citrus in the Jordan Valley for almost a century (Palevsky et al., 2001).

This species is not considered to be an important economic pest throughout most of Queensland 

in Australia (Walter et al., 1995). However, it does occur in the Emerald area of Queensland 

where it is a serious problem on citrus. Pesticide spray drift from adjacent cotton fields to citrus 

is believed to exacerbate the spider mite problem. High densities of spider mites then develop in 

the citrus orchards (Childers, no date). A severe infestation of Eutetranychus spp. could have a 

large impact in Florida and California. Because of its ability to cause severe economic damage, 

it is a pest of concern to the North American Citrus industry.

Hylobius spp.: High Risk

The economic damage potential for Hylobius spp. is high; they would readily breed in pines and 

spruce breeding material, and maturational feeding would destroy planted seedlings. Worse 

would be the potential vectoring of the black stain root disease. As carefully planned harvesting 

operations; thinking regimes; and replanting programs, utilizing expensively selected planting 

stock, become routing forestry practices, little growth loss or stand mortality will be tolerated. In

other words, as the economic damage level allowed in intensively managed stands drops, 

Hylobius spp. will become an increasingly important economic pest (Tkacz, 1991). Hylobius 

abietis is a pest of great economic importance damaging young conifer plantations. In the UK, 

the protection of forest plantations against beetles of H. abietis costs the Forestry Commission 

approximately £2 million (≈ 4.2 million USD in 2005 dollars) per annum (Leather et al., 1999).
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Hylurgus spp.: High Risk

A concern over the introduction of H. ligniperda is its potential as a vector of black-stain root 

disease [caused by Leptographium wageneri (Kendrick) M. J. Wingfield], which affects pines in 

the United States. The association of Leptographium spp. with H. ligniperda is very high 

(MacKenzie, 1992). Even if exotic species of this fungal group did not produce pathogenic 

effects similar to the native black-stain root disease, there could also be the potential for H. 

ligniperda to become a more efficient vector for black-stain root disease than the native vectors 

in the United States on the basis of the efficiency of spread it has demonstrated in other 

environments such as Chilean plantations of Monterey pine (Cogollor, 1991). H. ligniperda is 

occasionally a mortality agent (Neumann, 1987; Ciesla, 1988) and can infest seedlings or polesized trees if they are growing under stressed conditions.

Lymantria spp.: High Risk

Lymantria dispar is a serious pest of hardwood forests and shade trees in the United States. Even 

otherwise healthy trees defoliated by gypsy moths are seriously weakened, and defoliation over 2 

consecutive years can kill a tree. Urban trees have a much greater value than those grown for 

timber, and the loss of an urban tree results not only in removal and replacement costs, but also a 

reduction in esthetic and property values. In 1973, the value of trees lost to the gypsy moth was 

estimated at $375 (≈ $1656 in 2005 dollars) per tree. An owner’s willingness to pay to prevent 

damage has been estimated at $27 to $494 (≈ $119 to $2181 in 2005 dollars) per household in 

various studies (Leuschner et al., 1996). Loss of property value given 15 percent tree mortality

due to gypsy moth defoliation has been estimated at about $1175 (≈ $5188 in 2005 dollars) per 

acre (Payne et al., 1973). Because forests are used for many types of activities, the value loss 

caused by the gypsy moth is more difficult to predict than for urban areas. Value loss to 

Northeastern forests, assessed in 1978, ranged from $0 to $468 (≈ $0 to $2066 in 2005 dollars) 

per acre, depending on use, and averaged $14 (≈ $62 in 2005 dollars). Since 1924, gypsy moth 

defoliation has fluctuated widely from a low of 50.5 hectare/125 acres in 1958 to a high of 

52,151,09 hectare/12,886,535 acres in 1981 with an average defoliation per year of 42,593,2 

hectare/1,052,479 acres per year (USDA Forest Service, 2006). Annual costs to control the gypsy

moth since 1980 exceeded $35 million (≈ $42.5 million in 2005 dollars) (Wallner, 1996), and the 

USDA Forest Service has spent about $11 million (≈ $14 million in 2005 dollars) annually

(Campbell and Schlarbaum, 1994).

Monochamus spp.: High Risk

Monochamus spp. represent a serious economic threat to Pacific Northwest forests and the forest 

industry. Larval feeding can significantly degrade the value of salvageable timber or logs in 

storage. Current outbreaks of western spruce budworm, Douglas fir tussock moth, and numerous 

bark beetle species are creating abundant breeding sites for these cerambycids if they were to be 

introduced into the United States. Monochamus spp. could drastically reduce the potential for 

salvaging timber damaged or killed by native pests or wildfires. In the Eastern United States, 

Monochamus spp. “often causes heavy losses in windthrown or fire-killed timber in sawlogs left 

too long in the woods before milling, and in improperly handled pulpwood” (USDA Forest 

Service, 1985). Monochamus spp. are vectors of the pine wood nematode species complex 

(Bursaphelenchus spp.). Direct damage by these beetles could be less important than their role in 
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introducing or vectoring nematode-induced pine wilt disease (Tkacz, 1991).

Scolytus spp.: High Risk

If Scolytus spp. were only to colonize trunks and branches of trees that had recently died or been 

cut, then there would be relatively little economic impact. However, because Scolytus spp. can 

attack and kill stressed oaks in its native range, it would likely behave similarly if introduced into 

the United States. The major concern with Scolytus spp. is that it is likely to serve as an efficient 

vector of oak wilt fungus. Oak wilt, which occurs in the Eastern United States, is now 

transmitted primarily by native sap beetles in the family Nitidulidae and to a lesser degree by the 

native branch- and twig-infesting bark beetles in the genus Pseudopityophthorus. Because 

Scolytus spp. is known to carry the spores of other wilt disease pathogens in Europe, it is possible 

that it could also transmit the oak wilt fungus. If Scolytus spp. were to spread the oak wilt fungus, 

then the potential losses of the oak resources of the United States would be great. Oaks are 

common trees in cities, yards, parks, campgrounds, and forests throughout the United States. If 

oak wilt reached outbreak levels, huge dollar amounts would have to be spent by governments 

and private citizens on tree removal and replanting efforts (Pasek, 2000).

Sirex spp.: High Risk

Sirex spp. has the potential to cause significant mortality in overstocked pine plantations and 

stressed forest stands. In Australia, Sirex noctilio caused up to 80% tree mortality in Pinus 

radiata plantations. In 1 year, S. noctilio killed 1.75 million trees in 570,619 hectares/141,000 

acres of plantations aged 10 to 30 years (Haugen and Underdown, 1990). The potential damage 

due to S. noctilio in Australia was estimated at $Aus 1-4 billion (≈ $1-2 billion in 1998 US 

dollars) for each rotation (Pasek, 2000). An introduced population of S. noctilio would 

potentially have significant economic losses in P. taeda plantations in the Southeastern United 

States. The species is currently under official control in the United States. Pine forests of the 

Western United States could be impacted by S. noctilio introduction. The susceptibility of the 

commercial western pine species to S. noctilio attack is not known. However, even with a 

conservative estimation of tree mortality, an economic analysis projected losses of $24-$130 

million (≈ $32.5-$176 million in 2005 dollars) in the Western United States (USDA Forest 

Service, 1992). An efficient biological control agent is available that can reduce and maintain S. 

noctilio populations below the economic damage threshold. A parasitic nematode, Deladenus 

siricidicola Bedding, can be mass produced and inoculated into S. noctilio populations as they

invade and colonize new territories (Bedding, 1972; Bedding and Akhurst, 1974, 1978). The 

minimum cost to establish the nematode was estimated at $3.50 per acre (≈ $4.81 per acre in 

2005 dollars), but a less intensive program could be implemented in natural stands compared 

with pine plantations.

Tomicus spp.: Medium Risk

Most often Tomicus spp. breeds in dead, dying, and downed pine material, and feeding by larvae 

seldom results in economic loss. Exceptions have been observed in Yunnan, China, where 

extensive tree mortality occurred because of trunk attacks in Yunnan pine stands stressed by

winter drought and in areas affected by fires during the 1970’s (Haack et al., 1999). In Russia, 

beetle populations have built up after fires and in some cases have caused serious damage (Pasek, 

2000).
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Risk Element 5: Environmental Impact

The ratings for this risk element are based on three aspects. The first aspect is whether the pest 

appears capable of disrupting native plants based on the pest’s habits exhibited within its current 

geographic range. The second aspect is whether the pest’s presence will stimulate the need for 

additional chemical or biological control programs. The third aspect is whether the pest is likely

to directly or indirectly impact species listed as Threatened or Endangered (50 CFR § 17.12) by

infesting or infecting a listed plant that is in the same genus as its hosts. When a pest is known to 

infest or infect other plants within the same genera, and feeding preference data does not exist 

with the listed plant, then the listed plant is assumed to be a potential host. 

Adoxophyes spp.: High Risk

Adoxophyes orana has the potential to directly affect forest composition and ecosystem function 

because it feeds and develops on a number of forest understory species. A. orana may indirectly

harm the environment by stimulating management actions that inadvertently impact non-target 

species. Parasitoids have been identified for A. orana, so biological control seems like a viable 

management option (Cross et al., 1999). The establishment of A. orana or any new pests of fruits 

and vegetables destined for fresh markets is likely to stimulate greater use of either chemical or 

biological controls to ensure market access (Davis et al., 2005). Adoxophyes spp. is known to 

infest three genera on the Threatened and Endangered (T&E) Species list: Betula, Prunus, and 

Ribes (50 CFR § 17.12).

Agrilus spp.: High Risk

While most borers native to the United States only kill severely weakened trees, Agrilus 

planipennis also kills healthy trees. Some of the trees attacked by the insect appear to have been 

stressed or weakened by drought, disease, or poor soil. However, many healthy ashes have been 

infested and killed as well. A. planipennis larvae tunnel under the bark of the host tree, feeding 

on the phloem tissue. The damage caused by the larvae disrupts the flow of nutrients between the 

tree’s roots and canopy. This damage results in canopy thinning, branch dieback, and eventually

tree death. Larvae can destroy ashes within two to four years, but a heavy infestation could kill a 

tree in as little as one year. If not contained, A. planipennis has the potential to wipe out ash as a 

component of US forests and landscapes. Ash is one of the most common Ohio trees. It is also 

one of the primary commercial hardwoods in the United States and a very popular landscape tree.

The spread of this insect threatens natural resources, as well as the wood manufacturing, nursery, 

landscaping, and firewood industries that rely on ashes (OSU, 2004). Agrilus spp. is known to 

infest one genera on the Threatened and Endangered (T&E) Species list: Quercus (50 CFR § 

17.12).

Anoplophora spp.: High Risk

According to Cavey (2000), because of its wide host range and ability to kill both healthy and 

stressed trees, Anoplophora glabripennis (ALB) has the potential to alter many North American 

ecosystems. This insect has attacked trees in North America not recorded as hosts in Asia (e. g. 

horse chestnut) and may find more suitable hosts in areas not presently infested. New hosts could 

include trees with limited natural ranges. ALB is likely to alter tree species composition and age 
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structure in broadleaf forests, especially those comprised largely of maples or poplar. Because 

willows are among ALB’s preferred hosts, additional adverse impacts may occur in wetlands.

Moreover, protection of urban areas could involve use of chemical insecticides with 

accompanying effects on non-target organisms. Cavey (2000) rates A. glabripennis as a pest of 

High Environmental Risk Potential because: a) the organism is expected to cause significant 

direct environmental effects, such as extensive ecological disruption or large scale reduction of 

biodiversity; b) the organism is expected to have direct impacts on species listed by Federal, 

Provincial, or State agencies and endangered, threatened, or a candidate; c) the organism is 

expected to have indirect impacts on species listed by Federal, Provincial, or State agencies and 

endangered, threatened, or a candidate; d) the organism may attack a host with a small native 

range; and e) the introduction of the organism would likely result in control/eradication programs 

that may have potential adverse environmental affects. Anoplophora spp. is known to infest nine 

genera on the Threatened and Endangered (T&E) Species list: Betula, Hibiscus, Juglans, 

Lindera, Prunus, Quercus, Rhus, Styrax, and Ziziphus (50 CFR § 17.12).

Ceroplastes spp.: High risk

Infestations of Ceroplastes japonicus occur on the foliage, stems, and branches. This results in 

reduced vigor and general debility of the host plant. Heavy infestations may result in chlorotic 

spotting and premature shedding of leaves, wilting, and dieback of stems. Honeydew deposited 

on the leaves and fruit serves as a medium for the growth of black sooty molds. The sooty mold 

results in a reduction of photosynthetic area and lowers the market value of ornamental plants 

and produce (GPDD, 2006). Ceroplastes spp. is known to infest 21 genuses on the Threatened 

and Endangered (T&E) Species list: Abutilon, Amaranthus, Asplenium, Berberis, Betula, Buxus, 

Cucurbita, Eugenia, Euphorbia, Gardenia, Helianthus, Hibiscus, Ilex, Lindera, Prunus, 

Rhododendron, Rhus, Solanum, Spiraea, Ternstroemia, and Ziziphus (50 CFR § 17.12).

Chilo spp.: High Risk

Rice stem borers are serious pests of rice. They infest plants from the seedling stage to maturity.

Symptoms of stem borer damage are deadhearts and whiteheads. These physical symptoms on 

affected plants vary with the growth stage at which plant infestation began. Young stem borer 

larvae feed on young rice leaves then penetrate and feed on the leaf sheath and the inner tissues.

Later, they eat their way into the stem and feed inside it. Stem borer larvae may feed within the 

stem without severing the growing plant parts at the base. This can redult in reduced plant vigor 

and many unfilled grains. Because the larvae and pupae, which cause the most damage, are 

concealed inside the stem, these pests are very difficult to control with insecticides (Exosect, 

2005). Chilo spp. is known to infest three genuses on the T&E Species List: Cyperus, Panicum, 

and Zizania (50 CFR § 17.12).

Chlorophorus spp.: High Risk

Once established, Chlorophorus annularis would have the potential to damage the environment 

both directly, through feeding on crop and timber species, and indirectly because of 

environmentally harsh methods used to control pest populations. Several insecticides would 

probably be effective against the adults. Insecticide treatments may be of little or no value 

because of the expense for broad-scale under forest conditions. Indirect environmental damage 

could be caused when pesticides applied to control C. annularis leave the field, either as drift or 
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contaminated groundwater, and affect other species in the ecosystem. There is no literature 

indicating C. annularis serves as a vector of other pests or plant diseases if introduced into the

US. Experience with other exotic species acting as disease vectors, however, suggests that this 

possibility should not be disregarded (Auclair et al., 2006). Chlorophorus spp. is not known to 

infest any genera on the T&E Species List (50 CFR § 17.12).

Cryptotermes spp.: Low Risk

Cryptotermes spp. would not likely cause large outbreaks or kill an excessive number of trees.

Drywood termites would most likely feed on dead wood in live trees or dead wood on the ground 

(Pasek, 2000). Cryptotermes spp. is known to infest several genera listed on the T&E Species 

List (50 CFR § 17.12).

Dendroctonus spp.: High Risk

Alaskan and Pacific Northwest forests are largely composed of susceptible hosts for 

Dendroctonus spp. and these forests are often on steep watersheds important for the spawning of 

valuable stock of anadromous fish. Also, remnant, ancient forests with aesthetic and biological 

values could be affected if Dendroctonus spp. were to become established in the United States 

(Tkacz, 1991). Dendroctonus spp. is known to infest one genera on the T&E Species List: Abies 

(50 CFR § 17.12).

Dendrolimus spp.: High Risk

Damage by the Dendrolimus spp. is dramatic because even relatively few larvae can completely

defoliate small conifers. Repeated defoliations of conifers result in severe attacks of secondary

insects, such as Ips sublongatus and various species of Buprestids and Cerambycids, e.g., 

Monochamus urussovii on Abies sibirica and P. sibirica. A characteristic that makes 

Dendrolimus spp. particularly threatening is their wide ecological niche. They are found on a 

variety of coniferous hosts and have significant variations in their life cycles to “accommodate” 

different hosts and climatic conditions. Further indications of this plasticity is noted in the 

number of different species of the genus found in the coniferous forests of Northern China, e.g., 

D. huashanensis, D. rubripennis, and D. taibaiensis. Besides these examples, there is 

considerable taxonomic debate on the affinity of several other Lasiocampid genera that also 

attack conifers (Tkacz, 1991). Dendrolimus spp. is known to infest one genera on the T&E 

Species List: Abies (50 CFR § 17.12).

Eutetranychus spp.: High Risk

Feeding by this species on the upper leaf surface produces a multitude of gray spots, which gives 

leaves a chlorotic appearance. Infested leaves weaken and finally drop; twigs dry, which results 

in bare trees in the nursery or young neglected orchards. Injury is most severe in the fall, 

especially if the trees lack moisture. The combined effect of insufficient water and a few mites 

causes as much leaf drop and twig dieback as does a heavy mite population. In Israel, high 

populations can cause extensive defoliation and fruit drop (Childers, no date). Bodenheimer 

(1951) states that the mite is present on citrus trees in Israel all year, but damage does not 

become apparent until summer. The mites feed on the upper leaf surface, forming gray patches 

which cause the leaf to become chlorotic and to eventually drop. On young trees, the feeding 

causes the leaves to become chlorotic within a few weeks. Untreated, fruit-bearing trees become 
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severely affected, suffering leaf drop and dried twigs and branches; blossoming appears to be 

affect and fruit drop occurs as well (Baker, no date). Eutetranychus spp. is known to infest five

genuses on the T&E Species List: Manihot, Prunus, Solanum, Vigna, and Ziziphus (50 CFR § 

17.12).

Hylobius spp.: Medium Risk

Although the economic damage caused by these insects would not cause environmental 

problems, one of the suggested control strategies would. Seedling mortality can be reduced by

dipping bare rooted seedlings in a slurry containing a pesticide. This potential practice would 

raise environmental concerns (Tkacz, 1991). In the absence of control measures, more than 50% 

of all planted trees will die in the first few years of establishment of Hylobius abietis (Heritage 

and Moore, 2000). In Northern Ireland, damage is highly variable and on some sites it may be 

minimal whereas on others it may cause the death of up to 90% of newly-planted seedlings 

(Wilson and Day, 1996). In southern and central Sweden, reforestations planted with unprotected 

conifer seedlings revealed an average of over 30% plant mortality caused by H. abietis after the 

first 2 years (Eidmann, 1981). Hylobius spp. is known to infest two genuses on the T&E Species 

List: Betula and Quercus (50 CFR § 17.12).

Hylurgus spp.: High Risk

If Hylurgus ligniperda was introduced and became a more efficient vector of the fungus that 

causes black-stain root disease, its activity could result in greater damage to the pine component 

of mixed-species forests. There could also be environmental concerns if this beetle-fungus 

relationship led to greater levels of pesticide use as a result of increased tree damage. Currently, 

the fungus Leptographium procerum is uncommon in the Northwestern United States (Sinclair et 

al., 1987), although it has been detected there on occasion (CPC, 2006). The introduction of H. 

ligniperda could broaden the distribution of this occasionally pathogenic fungus to pine forests or

Northwestern Christmas tree plantations not previously exposed to the fungus that causes procera 

root disease. Other ecological effects of introduction could include the displacement of native 

bark beetles, such as Hylastes spp. and Dendroctonus valens, which occupy the same niche as H. 

ligniperda (Pasek, 2000). Hylurgus spp. is known to infest one genera on the T&E Species List: 

Abies (50 CFR § 17.12).

Lymantria spp.: High Risk

The capacity to colonize new environments has consistently been demonstrated by the European 

gypsy moth. It is anticipated that the Asian gypsy moth, with its vagile females and broader host 

preferences, will spread more rapidly and more aggressively colonize a variety of habitats (and 

especially larch forests) that can be found in North America. Negative impacts upon tree growth 

and mortality can be expected, as has been the experience with the European gypsy moth.

However, the behavioral and physiological traits of the Asian gypsy moth will necessitate 

developing and adopting new techniques and management strategies at additional costs.

Defoliation by the European gypsy moth has altered the composition of eastern forests, and the 

Asian gypsy moth can be expected to exacerbate the problem there. Perhaps the highest risk is to 

Western North America forests where larch, Douglas fir, and a variety of oak forests abound 

(Tkacz, 1991; Pasek, 2000). Lymantria spp. is known to infest 3 genuses on the T&E Species 

List: Abies, Betula, and Prunus (50 CFR § 17.12).
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Monochamus spp.: High Risk

If Monochamus spp. populations reach high densities by breeding in damaged or dead trees, they

could exacerbate problems associated with outbreaks of indigenous pests and wildfires. Feeding 

by adults could weaken healthy trees predisposing them to attack by indigenous insects. This 

could lead to more frequent or prolonged pest outbreaks. The larvae could also impact the natural 

community of organisms decomposing logs. Because these beetles feed on living trees, there is 

also the possibility that they could become important vectors of native or introduced pathogens 

(e.g., Bursaphelenchus spp. or Ceratocystis spp.). If adults introduce and vector an exotic 

pathogenic species/pathotype of pine wood nematode, for example, to healthy trees, great 

environmental damage resulting from tree mortality and tree species composition shifts could 

occur (Tkacz, 1991). Monochamus spp. is known to infest one genera on the T&E Species List: 

Abies (50 CFR § 17.12).

Scolytus spp.: High Risk

If Scolytus spp. were only to colonize recently dead host material, then there would be relatively

little environmental damage. However, given that Scolytus spp. will attack and kill droughtstressed oaks and is likely to be an efficient vector of the oak wilt fungus, the potential 

environmental damage that would result from its introduction would be great. Because oaks (a) 

are the dominant tree species in many forest types throughout the United States, and (b) provide 

food and shelter to numerous wildlife species, including several game species, any sudden 

decline in oak coverage would have major impacts on ecosystem stabilization and biodiversity

(Pasek, 2000). Scolytus spp. is known to infest three genuses on the T&E Species List: Betula, 

Quercus, and Prunus (50 CFR § 17.12).

Sirex spp.: High Risk

The effect of Sirex noctilio on the native pine forests of the United States could be significant.

Changes in stand composition could occur with the selective mortality of pines. The potential 

damage to these stands would be increased during droughts or other climatic events that reduce 

tree vigor. Also, an increase in S. noctilio-associated tree mortality may enlarge the populations 

of other destructive pests such as bark beetles or root rots. The introduction of S. noctilio into the 

forests of the United States would affect the populations of other insects. S. noctilio would be in 

competition with native siricids, and because S. noctilio is more aggressive, it might reduce 

populations of native species. An expanding S. noctilio population would result in population 

increases of the native parasites of siricids [e.g., Rhyssa spp., Megarhyssa nortoni (Cresson), 

Schlettererius cinctipes (Cresson), and Ibalia spp.)], which could further decrease the native 

siricids fauna (Kirk, 1974, 1975; Taylor, 1978). A significant reduction in the genetic base of 

Pinus radiata could occur if S. noctilio became established in the remaining native stands. Sirex

spp. is known to infest one genera on the T&E Species List: Abies (50 CFR § 17.12).

Tomicus spp.: High Risk

Generally, the greatest impact from infestation by the pine shoot beetle (except in instances of 

trunk attack when outbreak levels are reached) results from shoot feeding of the adults in stressed 

and apparently healthy trees. Shoot feeding can cause a loss of growth and disfigurement of the 

tree. With severe shoot feeding, some trees may be killed. Shoot attack can be increased by
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recent fires, the presence of log decks or slash, or downed material resulting from storm damage 

that provides breeding sites fro population buildup. Large accumulations of breeding material are 

most likely to occur in natural pine stands where removal of such material is not feasible. 

Breeding material is commonly generated by thinning and harvest activities, storm damage, 

windthrow, or fire. Unknowing landowners may cut and pile infested trees near healthy stands or 

nurseries, thereby increasing damage (Pasek, 2000). The pine shoot beetle is a vector of several 

blue stain fungi in the genera Ophiostoma, Leptographium, Graphium, Hormonema, and 

Aureobasidium in Europe (Gibbs and Inman, 1991; Solheim and Langstrom, 1991). Further, the 

pine shoot beetle, by means of its shoot-feeding and overwintering behaviors, may be able to 

transmit pathogenic fungi such as Fusarium circinatum [= Fusarium subglutinans (Wollenw. and 

Reinking) Nelson et al. f. sp. pini Correll et al.] found in the United States (Pasek, 2000).

Tomicus spp. is known to infest one genera on the T&E Species List: Abies (50 CFR § 17.12).
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Likelihood of Introduction

The Likelihood of Introduction for a pest is rated relative to six factors (APHIS, 2000). The 

assessment rates five of these areas based on the biological features exhibited by the pest’s 

interaction with the commodity. These areas represent a series of independent events that must 

all take place before a pest outbreak occurs. These five areas are: the availability of post-harvest 

treatments, whether the pest can survive through the interval of normal shipping procedures, 

whether the pest can be detected during a port of entry inspection, the likelihood that the pest will 

be imported or subsequently moved into a suitable environment, and the likelihood that the pest 

will come into contact with suitable hosts. The value for the Likelihood of Introduction is the 

sum of the ratings for the Quantity Imported Annually and these biologically based areas (Table 

6). The following scale is used to interpret this total: Low is 6-9 points, Medium is 10-14 points 

and High is 15-18 points.

Table 4 - Risk Rating for Likelihood of Introduction for Representative Genera from Table 2

Risk Element

#1 #2 #3 #4 #5 #6

Pest

Quantity 

Imported 

Annually

Survive 

PostHarvest 

Treatment

Survive 

Shipment

Not 

Detected 

at Portof-Entry

Moved 

to 

Suitable 

Habitat

Contact 

with 

Host 

Material

Cumulative 

Risk 

Rating

1 Adoxophyes spp. 3 3 3 2 3 3 17

2 Agrilus spp. 3 3 3 3 3 3 18

3 Anoplophora spp. 3 3 3 3 3 3 18

4 Ceroplastes spp. 3 3 3 1 3 3 16

5 Chilo spp. 3 3 3 1 3 3 16

6 Chlorophorus spp. 3 3 3 3 3 3 18

7 Cryptotermes spp. 3 3 3 3 3 3 18

8 Dendroctonus spp. 3 3 1 3 3 3 16

9 Dendrolimus spp. 3 3 3 3 3 3 18

10 Eutetranychus spp. 3 3 3 2 3 3 17

11 Hylobius spp. 3 3 3 2 3 3 17

12 Hylurgus spp. 3 3 3 2 3 3 17

13 Lymantria spp. 3 3 3 3 3 3 18

14 Monochamus spp. 3 3 3 2 3 3 17

15 Scolytus spp. 3 3 3 3 3 3 18

16 Sirex spp. 3 3 3 3 3 3 18

17 Tomicus spp. 3 3 3 3 3 3 18

Risk Element 6, sub-element 1: Quantity Imported Annually

All Pests: High Risk

The rating for this risk element is based on the amount reported by the country of proposed 

export converted into standard units of 40-foot long shipping containers (APHIS, 2000). It is 

estimated that over 1000 containers per annum are imported, but no official estimates are 

available. For example, a single recall in late 2004 on artificial trees involved 30-40 containers 

and over 100,000 trees. Due to the large number of containers, all pests were given a risk rating 
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of high.

Risk Element 6, sub-element 2: Survive Post-harvest Treatment

All Pests: High Risk

The transit survival risk ratings for all the pests is high, based on the absence of any approved 

growing season inspections for pathway pests, that no pre-clearance program is in place, and no 

post harvest treatment program is in place.

Risk Element 6, sub-element 3: Survive Shipment

This sub-element evaluates the mortality of the pest population during shipment of the 

commodity.

Dendrolimus spp: Low Risk; All Other Pests: High Risk

Since all the pests (except for Dendrolimus spp.) have been intercepted as live pests (PEST ID, 

2006), the possibility of each surviving shipment is high. Dendrolimus spp. is given a risk rating 

of low due to the fact that it hasn’t been intercepted alive.

Risk Element 6, sub-element 4: Not Detected at Port of Entry

In general, careful inspection for the mobile life stages of insect pests can detect them despite the 

fact that some are small in size (Carter, 1984; Borror et al., 1989; Hill, 1987; Rosen, 1990). The 

very high number of interceptions of these pests from various countries and commodities

confirms that trained inspectors can detect these insect pests in shipments (PEST ID, 2006). 

However, the presence of bark on the wood products where pests can be concealed greatly

reduces likelihood of pest detection. 

Adoxophyes spp.: Medium Risk 

Alive immature Adoxophyes spp. have been intercepted 3 times at a US port of entry (PEST ID, 

2006). However, the symptoms of Adoxophyes spp. are external and easy to see. During the 

summer, larvae and/or pupae can be found by visual inspection of the leaves. Especially when the

leaves are attached to each other, to a fruit or to a branch, the larvae can be found between the 

two. Shoot damage after the first summer generation, which is mostly evidenced by the shredding 

of the upper shoots of the tree, indicates the presence of the pest. Finally, the presence of fruit 

damage is a useful detection method since control measurements can still be taken for the next 

generation. Therefore, Adoxophyes spp. is given a risk rating of medium.

Agrilus spp.: High Risk

Alive immature and adult Agrilus spp. have been intercepted 44 times at a US port of entry

(PEST ID, 2006). Previous introductions of Agrilus spp. are evidence that it should be considered 

a high quarantine risk. Because Agrilus spp. is a wood borer, larvae may be difficult to detect 

during routine quarantine inspections at ports of entry and because it’s an internal pest. Adults 

may be more easily detected on the surface of wood products.
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Anoplophora spp.: High Risk

Alive immature and adult Anoplophora spp. have been intercepted 44 times at a US port of entry

(PEST ID, 2006). Regardless of how many interceptions actually represent Anoplophora spp., 

this beetle has repeatedly entered North America. Asian Longhorned Beetle (ALB) populations 

currently infest trees in New York, New Jersey, and Illinois. ALB and larvae identified as 

“Anoplophora sp.” associated with Chinese cargo have escaped detection at ports of entry and 

were found in warehouses in numerous states within the US and in Canada (Pasek, 2000).

Ceroplastes spp.: Low Risk

Alive immature, pupae, adult, and eggs of Ceroplastes spp. have been intercepted 5,030 times at 

a US port of entry (PEST ID, 2006). Ceroplastes spp. has a frequent interception rate and 

therefore has a low risk of not being detected at the port of entry.

Chilo spp.: Low Risk

Alive immature, pupae, and adult Chilo spp. have been intercepted 93 times at a US port of entry

(PEST ID, 2006). Infestations of Chilo spp. in rice crops may be detected by looking for dead 

hearts in young crops and white heads in older crops. Stems showing symptoms should then be 

dissected to retrieve larvae and pupae in order to rear adults for positive identification (CPC, 

2006). Since Chilo spp. is relatively easy to detect and has a history of being intercepted, it is 

given a risk rating of Low.

Chlorophorus spp.: High Risk

Alive immature, pupae, and adult Chlorophorus spp. have been intercepted 40 times at a US port 

of entry (PEST ID, 2006). The risk rating of not detecting the pests at US ports of entry was high 

for Chlorophorus spp. The fact that some cerambycids can enter the growing tip of the bamboo 

without leaving entry/exit holes makes detection especially uncertain. Due to the cryptic nature 

of Chlorophorus spp., it can be difficult to detect in trade.

Cryptotermes spp.: High Risk

Alive immature, pupae, adults, and eggs of Cryptotermes spp. have been intercepted 122 times at 

a US port of entry (PEST ID, 2006). Drywood termites could survive quite well during transit 

and may not be detected if they are within the wood. The most like indication of the presence of 

drywood termites is the appearance of piles of characteristic fecal pellets on horizontal surfaces, 

but these pellets are usually not obvious until colonies are well established in the wood (Pasek, 

2000).

Dendroctonus spp.: High Risk

Alive immature, pupae, and adult Dendroctonus spp. have been intercepted 48 times at a US port 

of entry (PEST ID, 2006). Except for dispersal and host-finding by emerged adults, all life stages 

occur beneath the bark in the cambial zone. The entire life cycle requires 1 to 3 years, depending 

on variations in ambient temperatures and other factors (Tkacz, 1991). Therefore, Dendroctonus

spp. is given a risk rating of high because of its 1 to 3 year longevity beneath the bark.

Dendrolimus spp.: High Risk

Dendrolimus spp. have never been intercepted at a US port of entry (PEST ID, 2006). Because 
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Dendrolimus spp. overwinter in the duff and litter on the ground, diapausing larvae could be 

introduced if sufficient duff, litter, and soil were included in the product shipments (Tkacz, 

1991). Since this pest has never been detected at a US port of entry, it is given a risk rating of 

high.

Eutetranychus spp.: Medium Risk

Alive immature, pupae, and adult Eutetranychus spp. have been intercepted 20 times at a US port 

of entry (PEST ID, 2006). The presence of Eutetranychus spp. can be detected by discoloration 

of the host leaves and pale-yellow streaks along the midribs and veins. Adult females are larger 

than the males. They are oval and flattened and are often pale brown through brownish-green to 

dark green. Eutetranychus spp. is relatively easy to detect but has only been intercepted 20 times, 

so it is given a risk rating of Medium.

Hylobius spp.: Medium Risk

Alive immature, pupae, and adult Hylobius spp. have been intercepted 234 times at a US port of 

entry (PEST ID, 2006). If only larch were imported, the entry of this insect group would be 

potentially low. Since there are several species of wood being imported, the entry potential is 

markedly increased (Tkacz, 1991).

Hylurgus spp.: Medium Risk

Alive immature, pupae, and adult Hylurgus spp. have been intercepted 312 times at a US port of 

entry (PEST ID, 2006). See Hylobius spp. above.

Lymantria spp.: High Risk

Alive immature, pupae, and eggs of Lymantria spp. have been intercepted 3 times at a US port of 

entry (PEST ID, 2006). A low interception rate and previous introductions of the gypsy moth 

(Lymantria dispar) are evidence that it should be considered a high quarantine risk. Egg masses 

are perceived to be the major threat of the introduction because the resilient life stage remains 

viable for up to 9 months. The egg masses are often laid in cracks or crevices in the bark or wood 

and thus are difficult to detect. The widespread distribution of this insect makes it a virtual 

certainty that an outbreak is occurring annually somewhere (Montgomery and Wallner, 1988), 

and the potential for infesting pallets and wood packing is an annual threat (Pasek, 2000).

Monochamus spp.: Medium Risk

Alive immature, pupae, and adult Monochamus spp. have been intercepted 586 times at a US 

port of entry (PEST ID, 2006). There is a high probability that untreated wood products entering 

the United States would harbor living Monochamus spp. (all life stages, but especially larvae in 

the wood). Monochamus sutor is frequently found in timber imported in to Great Britain from 

Europe. Older larvae and pupae could be transported in debarked and green or air-dried wood 

(Tkacz, 1991). However, due to the large number of interceptions, Monochamus spp. is given a 

risk rating of medium.

Scolytus spp.: High Risk

Alive immature, pupae, adult, and eggs of Scolytus spp. have been intercepted 119 times at a US 

port of entry (PEST ID, 2006). Scolytus spp. have been intercepted on dunnage, crating, pallets, 
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lumber, and inside live host material. Previous introductions of Scolytus spp. (Scolytus 

schevyrewi) are evidence that it should be considered a high quarantine risk.

Sirex spp.: High Risk

Alive immature, pupae, adult, and eggs of Sirex spp. have been intercepted 75 times at a US port 

of entry (PEST ID, 2006). Siricids are the most common Hymenoptera intercepted at ports of 

entry (Haack and Cavey, 1997). Survival of Sirex noctilio larvae in wood packaging material can 

be very high. Survival greatly depends on a suitable moisture content for fungal growth (Talbot, 

1977). Survival of pupae and adults within the untreated wood would be very high. Because its 

life cycle is generally a year or longer, S. noctilio could easily survive the transit period within 

the wood and escape detection at the port of entry (Pasek, 2000). Because eggs, larvae, and pupae 

are found deep in the sapwood, there is a high probability that siricid broods would survive 

storage and shipment to the United States and emerge from logs after arrival (Tkacz, 1991).

Tomicus spp.: High Risk

Alive immature, pupae, and adult Tomicus spp. have been intercepted 215 times at a US port of 

entry (PEST ID, 2006). In 1992, the pine shoot beetle (Tomicus piniperda) was discovered in a 

Christmas tree farm in Ohio and was probably introduced into the United States with solid wood 

packing material associated with maritime cargo from Europe (Haack, 1997; Haack and Kucera, 

1993; Haack et al., 1997b). The pine shoot beetle was the seventh most commonly intercepted 

bark beetle found on wood articles at US ports of entry between 1985 and 1996 (Haack and 

Cavey, 1997). Within a month of the initial discovery, surveys indicated that populations were 

present in at least six states. Even though Tomicus spp. has been intercepted 215 times since 

1985, previous introductions of Tomicus piniperda are evidence that it should be considered a 

high quarantine risk (Pasek, 2000).

Risk Element 6, sub-element 5: Imported or Moved to an Area Suitable for Survival

All Pests: High Risk

The risk rating for domestic movement and site survival of all pests is high. Given the fact that a 

large number of wood products are entering into the Unites States and the fact that these items 

are distributed to all states and points of sale in the US by major retailers gives great cause for 

concern.

Risk Element 6, sub-element 6: Contact with Host Material

All Pests: High Risk

Lack of suitable hosts restricts the opportunities for pests to establish populations. While passive 

factors such as wind, water, or animals may aid in the dispersal of stages of the insect pests 

(Kosztarab and Kozar, 1988; Rosen, 1990), suitable hosts must be available to sustain a pest 

population over time. The risk rating for the pests’ survival at domestic sites was high for all 

pests based on the broad availablility of potential hosts within climatically suitable areas. That 

many of the products are meant for use outdoors in gardens and backyards supports the high risk 

rating. Affected hosts are several keystone forest genera and economically important agricultural 

crops. 
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There may be a low likelihood of spread by contact with live hosts for scales and mites under 

some circumstances, because of their lack of high mobility and high exposure to detection. In the 

case of wood products with bark, the likelihood of contact is considered high because the scales 

and mites may be concealed and protected under bark which could increase their ability to 

survive.

Cumulative Pest Risk Potential

The sum of the Cumulative Risk Ratings for the Consequences of Introduction and the 

Cumulative Risk Rating for the pests from Table 3 and 4. The estimated levels of risk were all 

high (27-33 points). Results clearly indicated that each species poses a High Pest Risk Potential. 

Table 5. Cumulative Pest Risk Potential for Representative Genera from Table 2

Cumulative score = results from Table 3 and Table 4

Pest

Consequences of 

Introduction 

Cumulative Risk 

Rating

Likelihood of 

Introduction 

Cumulative Risk 

Rating

Pest 

Risk 

Potential

1 Adoxophyes spp. 15 17 32

2 Agrilus spp. 15 18 33

3 Anoplophora spp. 15 18 33

4 Ceroplastes spp. 14 16 30

5 Chilo spp. 15 16 31

6 Chlorophorus spp. 15 18 33

7 Cryptotermes spp. 12 18 30

8 Dendroctonus spp. 15 16 31

9 Dendrolimus spp. 15 18 33

10 Eutetranychus spp. 14 17 31

11 Hylobius spp. 14 17 31

12 Hylurgus spp. 15 17 32

13 Lymantria spp. 15 18 33

14 Monochamus spp. 14 17 31

15 Scolytus spp. 15 18 33

16 Sirex spp. 15 18 33

17 Tomicus spp. 14 18 32
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IV. Risk Mitigation (Treatment Options) for Quarantine Pests Likely to Follow the 

Pathway

During the period from 2002 to early 2005, over 300 quarantine pest detections associated with 

wooden products from China has resulted in regulatory measures being implemented. Currently, 

the importation of wooden products from China has been discontinued (USDA APHIS, 2005a 

and USDA APHIS, 2005b). The pest risk associated with the importation of these products can 

likely be managed using fumigation or heat treatment options described below. The suggested 

mitigations for arthropods could allow trade in these products to continue. 

Because of the undefined nature of the commodity regarding its origin, plant species, and parts 

represented, risks will vary depending on many variables that are situational and cannot be 

anticipated or defined in advance. The information provided in Table 2 assisted 

recommendations for mitigation options provided below: 1) life stage of the organism likely to 

follow the pathway, 2) the plant parts likely to be associated with organisms potentially following

the pathway, and 3) the biology of the organism with regard to its feeding pattern. 

Arthropods with an internal (includes those referred to as borers) feeding pattern require a more 

rigorous treatment procedure. The categories in Table 6 used for this analysis were derived from 

importation data on wooden commodities from China within the last ten years (USDA, 2005a, 

USDA, 2005b). Those pests in Table 2 that live in wood as internal feeders would be likely to 

follow the pathway and enter with wood products.

Table 6. Categorization of Manufactured Wood Products from China and Likelihood that 

Internal Feeders will Follow the Pathway

Category of Wood Product Internal Feeders Likely to Follow 

Pathway

Animal artifacts made from wood Yes

Art décor/wood carvings Yes

Baskets and boxes Yes

Bird houses (with wooden support poles) Yes

Garden and lawn/patio furniture (wooden) Yes

Potpourri (possibly including wood/fruit of 

trans-shipped origins)

Yes

Artificial trees (typically Ficus sp., possibly

including wood of trans-shipped origins)

Yes

Trellis towers (including garden fencing, 

some hardwoods, mainly of bamboo 

species)

Yes

Bamboo slats and bamboo garden stakes Yes

Unspecified wood items (varying in size, 

origin, and description)

Yes

Fumigation. When fumigation is chosen as a mitigation option, APHIS approved Treatment 
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404-d should be used for all categories of wood products under 15.2 centimeters/6 inches in 

diameter (USDA, 2006). This treatment is effective for all known external and internal feeders, 

including wood borers. Any handicraft items that contain wood that is larger than 15.2 

centimeters/6 inches in diameter should be treated with heat treatment only because fumigation is 

not an effective phytosanitary option for those articles. 

Pest: Borers and Trogoderma granarium (khapra beetle)

Treatment: T404-d MB at NAP-tarpaulin or chamber

Tempreature

°F (°C)

Dosage rate 

(Ib/1000 ft3)

Minimum concentration readings (in ounces) at :

0.5 hrs. 2 hrs. 4 hrs. 16 hrs*. 24 hrs.

80 (26.66) or 

above 3.5 36 33 30 25 17

70-79 (21.11 

to 26.11) 4.5 50 45 40 25 22

60-69 (15.56 

to 20.56) 6 65 55 50 42 29

50-59 (10.0 to 

15.0) 7.5 80 70 60 42 36

40-49 (4.44 to 

9.44 9 85 76 70 42 42

*If the 16 hour reading is not performed, the 24 hour reading must have the following 

minimum concentrations: 

Temperature °F (°C) Minimum concentration readings (ounces) at : 24 hrs

80 (26.66) or above 25

70-79 (21.11 to 26.11) 25

60-69 (15.56 to 20.56) 42

50-59 (10.0 to 15.0) 42

40-49 (4.44 to 9.44) 42

 Due to label restrictions, use MB-100 gas may not be used at 60°F (15.56 °C) or below.

 MB Q-gas may be used at any temperature above 40°F (4.44 °C) .

 An Ascarite® filter must be mounted on the T/C analyzer when taking concentration 

readings for the above treatment.

The methyl bromide treatment 404-d was chosen for handicrafts due to the possible presence 

of boring insects infesting all handicrafts. All packaging must be approved by the USDA for 

fumigation as outlined on pages 2-3-5 and 2-3-6 of the USDA Treatment Manual (USDA 

2006). Other applicable guidelines for chemical treatments using methyl bromide are to be 

followed as outlined in sections 2-3, 2-4 and 2-5 of the USDA Treatment Manual (USDA 

2006).
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Heat treatment and safeguards. When using heat treatments for mitigating the risk of pests 

associated with handicrafts, the requirements outlined in 7 CFR 305.8 (USDA, 2011) and the 

procedures outlined in the treatment manual as pertaining to heat treatment or heat treatment with 

moisture reduction should be used.

305.8 Treatments and safeguards (CFR 2011).

(a) Certified facility. The treatment facility must be certified by APHIS. Recertification is 

required annually, or as often as APHIS directs, depending upon treatments performed, 

commodities handled, and operations conducted at the facility. In order to be certified, a 

heat treatment facility must:

(1) Have equipment that is capable of adequately circulating air or water (as relevant to 

the treatment), changing the temperature, and maintaining the changed temperature 

sufficient to meet the treatment schedule parameters in the PPQ Treatment Manual.

(2) Have equipment used to record, monitor, or sense temperature, maintained in proper 

working order.

(3) Keep treated and untreated articles separate so as to prevent reinfestation and spread 

of pests.

(b) Monitoring. Treatment must be monitored by an official authorized by APHIS to ensure 

proper administration of the treatment. An official authorized by APHIS approves, 

adjusts, or rejects the treatment.

(c) Workplans. Facilities located outside the United States must operate in accordance with 

a workplan. The workplan must be signed by a representative of the heat treatment 

facilities located outside the United States, the national plant protection organization of 

the country of origin (NPPO), and APHIS. The workplan must contain requirements for 

equipment, temperature, water quality, circulation, and other measures to ensure that heat 

treatments are administered properly. Workplans for facilities outside the United States 

must include trust fund agreement information regarding payment of the salaries and 

expenses of APHIS employees on site. Workplans must allow officials of the NPPO and 

APHIS to inspect the facility to monitor compliance with APHIS regulations.

(d) Treatment procedures. 

(1) Before each treatment can begin, an official authorized by APHIS must approve the 

loading of the commodity in the treatment container.

(2) Sensor equipment must be adequate to monitor the treatment, its type and placement 

must be approved by an official authorized by APHIS, and the equipment must be tested 

by an official authorized by APHIS prior to beginning the treatment. Sensor equipment 

must be locked before each treatment to prevent tampering.

(3) The treatment period begins when the temperature specified by the treatment schedule 

has been reached. An official authorized by APHIS may abort the treatment if the facility

requires an unreasonably long time to achieve the required temperature.
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V. Conclusion

Phytosanitary measures for both internal and external arthropod pests have been identified. The 

use of methyl bromide fumigation and/or heat treatment is appropriate for all categories of China 

wood products. 
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102

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VII. Preparers and Reviewers

Preparers:

Project Lead: Michael K. Hennessey

Risk Analyst: Stephanie M. Kubilus and Allan N. D. Auclair

Economist: Lynn Garrett

Entomologist: Michael K. Hennessey

Plant Pathologist: Heather M. Hartzog

Mitigation: Larry Fowler, Dean Komm, Michael K. Hennessey, and 

Stephanie M. Kubilus

Reviewers: 

Michael K. Hennessey

Heather M. Hartzog
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VII. Appendices

Appendix 1 – Climate/Host Interaction – Hardiness Zones