### Office of Research and Development

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### Ma **y 29, 2013** 

# John Kinsey, Emissions Characterization and Prevention Branch 

# Black Carbon Emissions
**from Wood Stoves and Fireplaces** 

### 1 

# Research **Objectives**

• 

# Test appliances under “real world” operating conditions to the
maximum extent possible

• 

# Physically and chemically describe the smoke plume from selected RWC appliances and wood types to support source apportionment and
health studies

• 

# Compare the plume data to traditional laboratory dilution sampling to
determine the ability of laboratory methods to adequately represent the
ambient aerosol

• 

# Investigate other methods of expressing total PM emissions to “normalize” the effects of wood moisture, etc. to improve emission
factor estimates

### 2 

# Technical Approach

• 

# Modify standard test methods to mimic “real w orld” operation using ty pical fuel types

• 

# Design and construct a calorimeter chamber to determine appliance heat output for emission factor calculations per draft ISO Method 13336

• 

# Design and construct an atmospheric wi nd tunnel for plume
characterization studies

• 

# Add a suite of on

- particle analyzers to determine total PM, particle size,
etc. in near real

- time

• 

# Analyze the chemical composition of the collected particles for important parameters including elemental/organic carbon, w ater

- soluble ions, gas

phase organic acids, and organic speciation (total mass and by particle size)

### 3 

# Experimental Apparatus

### 4 

# Wood Stove

**Installed in** 

**Calorimeter**

**Chamber**

### 5 

# Wind Tunnel on Laboratory **Roof**

### 6 

# Test Summary

• 

# Total of 28 tests conducted from mid

- February to mid

- May 2001

• 

# 24 tests performed on a non

- catalytic, certified wood stove and 4 tests

on a zero

- clearance fireplace

• 

# The 24 stove tests included :



# – 10 runs using “wet” oak cordwood (7 with wind tunnel and 3 with
Method 28 dilution tunnel)

– 5 runs using “dry” oak cordwood and wind tunnel

– 6 runs using “wet” Douglas Fir cordwood (3 with wind tunnel and 3
with Method 28 dilution tunnel)

– 3 runs using “dry” Douglas Fir cordwood and wind tunnel

• 

# All 4 fireplace tests were conducted using “wet” oak and atmospheric
wind tunnel

### 7 

# Mass Emission Rate vs. Time for Example Test

**Run (Wind Tunnel**  **TEOM)**

0 50 100 150 200 250 300 350 4008:00:058:15:058:30:058:45:059:00:059:15:059:30:059:45:0510:00:0510:15:0510:30:0510:45:0511:00:0511:15:0511:30:0511:45:0512:00:0512:15:0512:30:0512:45:0513:00:0513:15:05



# Ti **me (H**  **H:M M:**  **SS) P** **a r** **t i** **c u** **l a** **t e** **E m** **i s** **s i** **o n** **R a** **t e** **( m** **g /** **m i** **n )**  

# Ki ndling Hi gh B ur n Low Bu rn 

# 3/29/01

### 8 

# PM Mass Emission Factors

**0 5**  **10 15**  **20 25**  **30**

**Stove-Wet Oak**

**WT Stove-Wet Oak** 

**DT Stove-Dry Oak** 

**WT Stove-Wet Fir** 

**WT Stove-Dry Fir** 

**WT Stove-Dry Fir** 

**DT Fireplace-Wet** 

**Oak-WT C** **o r** **r e** **c t** **e d** **T E** **O M** **T o** **t a** **l M** **a s** **s E** **m i** **s s** **i o** **n F** **a c** **t o** **r (** **g k** **g -** **1 d** **r y** **w o** **o d** **)** 

## Kindling
**High Burn**

**Low Burn**

**(Test 26 only) Test 24**  **only** 

# (b)

**WT = A tmospheric** 

**wind tunnel DT = Laboratory** 

**dilution tunnel**

**Average Teflon**

**emission factor for all**
**burn phases show n**  **in (a) above. From McCrillis**  **(2000) for similar**
**fuel, H2O, and**

**burn rates in DT (glass filters)** 

**From Purvis et al. (2000)** 

**for wet oak in DT (glass**  **filters)**

### 9 

# Elemental & Organic Carbon Results from Wind Tunnel Quartz Filter **Samples (Kindling + High Burn + Low Burn)** 

**6.77**

**3.91**

**1.69 4.90**  **5.88 0.11** 

**0.13**

**0.07 0.13**  **0.39 0.98** 

**0.86**

**0.52 1.28**  **2.34**

**0 1**  **2 3**  **4 5**  **6 7**  **8 9**  **10**

**Stove-Wet Oak (A vg)**  **Stove-Dry Oak Stove-Dry Fir**  **Stove-Wet Fir Fireplace-Wet Oak** **T o** **t a** **l P** **M E** **m i** **s s** **i o** **n F** **a c** **t o** **r (** **g /** **k g** **f u** **e l** **)** 

### Inorganics

**Elemental Carbon**

**Organic Carbon**