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[Congressional Bills 116th Congress]
[From the U.S. Government Publishing Office]
[H.R. 8554 Introduced in House (IH)]

<DOC>

116th CONGRESS
  2d Session
                                H. R. 8554

              To establish the Federal Sunset Commission.

_______________________________________________________________________

                    IN THE HOUSE OF REPRESENTATIVES

                            October 9, 2020

   Mr. Cloud (for himself, Mr. Gooden, Mr. Crawford, Mr. Steube, Mr. 
  Olson, Mr. Weber of Texas, and Mr. Babin) introduced the following 
bill; which was referred to the Committee on Oversight and Reform, and 
in addition to the Committee on Rules, for a period to be subsequently 
   determined by the Speaker, in each case for consideration of such 
 provisions as fall within the jurisdiction of the committee concerned

_______________________________________________________________________

                                 A BILL

 
              To establish the Federal Sunset Commission.

    Be it enacted by the Senate and House of Representatives of the 
United States of America in Congress assembled,

SECTION 1. SHORT TITLE.

    This Act may be cited as the ``Federal Sunset Commission Act of 
2020''.

SEC. 2. REVIEW AND ABOLISHMENT OF FEDERAL AGENCIES.

    (a) Schedule for Review.--Not later than one year after the date of 
the enactment of this Act, the Federal Agency Sunset Commission 
established under section 3 shall submit to Congress a schedule for 
review by the Commission of each agency that lists the date of 
abolishment for each agency. Such date of abolishment shall occur at 
least once every 12 years (or less, if determined appropriate by 
Congress).
    (b) Review of Agencies Performing Related Functions.--In 
determining the schedule for review of agencies under subsection (a), 
the Commission shall provide that agencies that perform similar or 
related functions be reviewed concurrently to promote efficiency and 
consolidation.
    (c) Abolishment of Agencies.--
            (1) In general.--Each agency shall be reviewed and 
        abolished according to the schedule created pursuant to this 
        section and approved under section 9, unless the agency is 
        reauthorized by the Congress.
            (2) Extension.--The date of abolishment for an agency may 
        be extended for an additional 2 years if the Congress enacts 
        legislation extending such date by a vote of a supermajority of 
        the House of Representatives and the Senate.

SEC. 3. ESTABLISHMENT OF COMMISSION.

    (a) Establishment.--There is established a commission to be known 
as the ``Federal Agency Sunset Commission''.
    (b) Composition.--The Commission shall be composed of 12 members 
(in this Act referred to as the ``members'') who shall be appointed as 
follows:
            (1) Six members shall be appointed by the Speaker of the 
        House of Representatives, one of whom may include the Speaker 
        of the House of Representatives, with minority members 
        appointed with the consent of the minority leader of the House 
        of Representatives.
            (2) Six members shall be appointed by the majority leader 
        of the Senate, one of whom may include the majority leader of 
        the Senate, with minority members appointed with the consent of 
        the minority leader of the Senate.
    (c) Qualifications of Members.--
            (1) In general.--
                    (A) Appointed by the speaker of the house of 
                representatives.--Of the members appointed under 
                subsection (b)(1), 4 shall be members of the House of 
                Representatives (not more than 2 of whom may be of the 
                same political party), and two shall be an individual 
                described in subparagraph (C).
                    (B) Appointed by the majority leader of the 
                senate.--Of the members appointed under subsection 
                (b)(2), 4 shall be members of the Senate (not more than 
                2 of whom may be of the same political party) and two 
                shall be an individual described in subparagraph (C).
                    (C) Individual described.--An individual under this 
                subparagraph is an individual--
                            (i) who is not a member of Congress; and
                            (ii) with expertise in the operation and 
                        administration of Government programs.
            (2) Continuation of membership.--If a member was appointed 
        to the Commission as a Member of Congress and the member ceases 
        to be a Member of Congress, that member shall cease to be a 
        member of the Commission. The validity of any action of the 
        Commission shall not be affected as a result of a member 
        becoming ineligible to serve as a member for the reasons 
        described in this paragraph.
    (d) Initial Appointments.--All initial appointments to the 
Commission shall be made not later than 90 days after the date of the 
enactment of this Act.
    (e) Chairman; Vice Chairman.--
            (1) Initial chairman.--An individual shall be designated by 
        the Speaker of the House of Representatives from among the 
        members initially appointed under subsection (b)(1) to serve as 
        chairman of the Commission for a period of 2 years.
            (2) Initial vice-chairman.--An individual shall be 
        designated by the majority leader of the Senate from among the 
        individuals initially appointed under subsection (b)(2) to 
        serve as vice-chairman of the Commission for a period of 2 
        years.
            (3) Alternate appointments of chairmen and vice-chairmen.--
        Following the termination of the 2-year period described in 
        paragraphs (1) and (2), the Speaker and the majority leader 
        shall alternate every two years in appointing the chairman and 
        vice-chairman of the Commission.
    (f) Terms of Members.--
            (1) In general.--Each member appointed to the Commission 
        shall serve for a term of 6 years, except that, of the members 
        first appointed under paragraphs (1) and (2) of subsection (b), 
        2 members shall be appointed to serve a term of 3 years under 
        each such paragraph.
            (2) Term limit.--
                    (A) Member of congress.--A member of the Commission 
                who is a member of Congress and who serves more than 3 
                years of a term may not be appointed to another term as 
                a member.
                    (B) Not a member of congress.--A member of the 
                Commission who is not a member of Congress and who 
                serves as a member of the Commission for more than 4 
                years may not be appointed to another term as a member.
            (3) Vacancies.--Any member appointed to fill a vacancy 
        occurring before the expiration of the term for which the 
        member's predecessor was appointed shall be appointed only for 
        the remainder of that term. A member may serve after the 
        expiration of that member's term until a successor has taken 
        office. A vacancy in the Commission shall be filled in the 
        manner in which the original appointment was made.
    (g) Powers of Commission.--
            (1) Hearings and sessions.--The Commission may, for the 
        purpose of carrying out this Act, hold such hearings, sit and 
        act at such times and places, take such testimony, and receive 
        such evidence as the Commission considers appropriate. The 
        Commission may administer oaths to witnesses appearing before 
        it.
            (2) Obtaining information.--The Commission may secure 
        directly from any agency information necessary to enable it to 
        carry out its duties under this Act. Upon request of the 
        Chairman, the head of that agency shall furnish that 
        information to the Commission in a full and timely manner.
            (3) Subpoena power.--
                    (A) Authority to issue subpoena.--The Commission 
                may issue a subpoena to require the attendance and 
                testimony of witnesses and the production of evidence 
                relating to any matter under investigation by the 
                Commission.
                    (B) Compliance with subpoena.--If a person refuses 
                to obey an order or subpoena of the Commission that is 
                issued in connection with a Commission proceeding, the 
                Commission may apply to the United States district 
                court in the judicial district in which the proceeding 
                is held for an order requiring the person to comply 
                with the subpoena or order.
            (4) Immunity.--The Commission is an agency of the United 
        States for purposes of part V of title 18, United States Code 
        (relating to immunity of witnesses).
            (5) Contract authority.--The Commission may contract with 
        and compensate government and private agencies or persons for 
        services without regard to section 6101 of title 41, United 
        States Code (relating to advertising requirement for Federal 
        Government purchases and sales).
    (h) Commission Procedures.--
            (1) Meetings.--The Commission shall meet at the call of the 
        Chairman.
            (2) Quorum.--Seven members of the Commission shall 
        constitute a quorum but a lesser number may hold hearings.
            (3) Voting.--The schedule for review submitted pursuant to 
        section 2(a) and the report and draft of legislation submitted 
        pursuant to section 4 shall have the approval of not less than 
        7 of the 12 members of the Commission.
    (i) Personnel Matters.--
            (1) Compensation.--Members shall not be paid by reason of 
        their service as members.
            (2) Travel expenses.--Each member shall receive travel 
        expenses, including per diem in lieu of subsistence, in 
        accordance with applicable provisions under subchapter I of 
        chapter 57 of title 5, United States Code.
            (3) Director.--The Commission shall have a Director who 
        shall be appointed by a vote of at least seven members of the 
        Commission. The Director shall be paid at a rate not to exceed 
        the maximum rate of basic pay for GS-15 of the General 
        Schedule.
            (4) Staff.--The Director may appoint and fix the pay of 
        additional personnel as the Director considers appropriate.
            (5) Applicability of certain civil service laws.--The 
        Director and staff of the Commission shall be appointed subject 
        to the provisions of title 5, United States Code, governing 
        appointments in the competitive service, and shall be paid in 
        accordance with the provisions of chapter 51 and subchapter III 
        of chapter 53 of that title relating to classification and 
        General Schedule pay rates.
    (j) Other Administrative Matters.--
            (1) Postal and printing services.--The Commission may use 
        the United States mails and obtain printing and binding 
        services in the same manner and under the same conditions as 
        other agencies.
            (2) Administrative support services.--Upon the request of 
        the Commission, the Administrator of General Services shall 
        provide to the Commission, on a reimbursable basis, the 
        administrative support services necessary for the Commission to 
        carry out its duties under this Act.
            (3) Experts and consultants.--The Commission may procure 
        temporary and intermittent services under section 3109(b) of 
        title 5, United States Code.

SEC. 4. REVIEW OF EFFICIENCY AND NEED FOR FEDERAL AGENCIES.

    (a) In General.--The Commission shall review the efficiency and 
public need for each agency in accordance with the criteria described 
in section 5.
    (b) Recommendations; Report to Congress.--The Commission shall 
submit to Congress and the President not later than September 1 of each 
year a report containing--
            (1) an analysis of the efficiency of operation and public 
        need for each agency to be reviewed in the year in which the 
        report is submitted pursuant to the schedule submitted to 
        Congress under section 2;
            (2) an analysis of authority claimed by the executive 
        branch but not specifically authorized by statute;
            (3) recommendations on whether each such agency should be 
        abolished, reorganized, or continued;
            (4) recommendations on whether the functions of any other 
        agencies should be consolidated, transferred, or reorganized in 
        an agency to be reviewed in the year in which the report is 
        submitted pursuant to the schedule submitted to Congress under 
        section 2; and
            (5) recommendations for administrative and legislative 
        action with respect to each such agency, but not including 
        recommendations for appropriation levels.
    (c) Draft Legislation.--The Commission shall submit to Congress and 
the President not later than September 1 of each year a draft of 
legislation to carry out the recommendations of the Commission under 
subsection (b).
    (d) Information Gathering.--The Commission shall--
            (1) conduct public hearings on the abolishment of each 
        agency reviewed under subsection (b);
            (2) provide an opportunity for public comment on the 
        abolishment of each such agency;
            (3) require the agency to provide information to the 
        Commission as appropriate; and
            (4) consult with the General Accountability Office, the 
        Office of Management and Budget, the Comptroller General, and 
        the chairman and ranking minority members of the committees of 
        Congress with oversight responsibility for the agency being 
        reviewed regarding the operation of the agency.
    (e) Use of Program Inventory.--The Commission shall use the program 
inventory prepared under section 9 in reviewing the efficiency and 
public need for each agency under subsection (a).

SEC. 5. CRITERIA FOR REVIEW.

    The Commission shall evaluate the efficiency and public need for 
each agency pursuant to section 4 using the following criteria:
            (1) The effectiveness, and the efficiency of the operation 
        of, the programs carried out by each such agency.
            (2) Whether the programs carried out by the agency are 
        cost-effective.
            (3) Whether the agency has acted outside the scope of its 
        original authority, and whether the original objectives of the 
        agency have been achieved.
            (4) Whether less restrictive or alternative methods exist 
        to carry out the functions of the agency.
            (5) The extent to which the jurisdiction of, and the 
        programs administered by, the agency duplicate or conflict with 
        the jurisdiction and programs of other agencies.
            (6) The potential benefits of consolidating programs 
        administered by the agency with similar or duplicative programs 
        of other agencies, and the potential for consolidating such 
        programs.
            (7) The number and types of beneficiaries or persons served 
        by programs carried out by the agency.
            (8) The extent to which any trends, developments, and 
        emerging conditions that are likely to affect the future nature 
        and extent of the problems or needs that the programs carried 
        out by the agency are intended to address.
            (9) The extent to which the agency has complied with the 
        applicable provisions contained in the sections 1115, 1116, 
        1117, 1120, 1121, 1122, 1123, 1124, 1125, and the first 9703 of 
        title 31, United States Code, section 306 of title 5, United 
        States Code, and chapter 28 of title 39, United States Code.
            (10) The promptness and effectiveness with which the agency 
        seeks public input and input from State and local governments 
        on the efficiency and effectiveness of the performance of the 
        functions of the agency.
            (11) Whether the agency has worked to enact changes in the 
        law that are intended to benefit the public as a whole rather 
        than the specific business, institution, or individuals that 
        the agency regulates.
            (12) The extent to which the agency has encouraged 
        participation by the public as a whole in making its rules and 
        decisions rather than encouraging participation solely by those 
        it regulates.
            (13) The extent to which the public participation in 
        rulemaking and decision making of the agency has resulted in 
        rules and decisions compatible with the objectives of the 
        agency.
            (14) The extent to which the agency complies with equal 
        employment opportunity requirements regarding equal employment 
        opportunity.
            (15) The extent of the regulatory, privacy, and paperwork 
        impacts of the programs carried out by the agency.
            (16) The extent to which the agency has coordinated with 
        State and local governments in performing the functions of the 
        agency.
            (17) The potential effects of abolishing the agency on 
        State and local governments.
            (18) The extent to which changes are necessary in the 
        authorizing statutes of the agency in order that the functions 
        of the agency can be performed in the most efficient and 
        effective manner.

SEC. 6. OVERSIGHT BY COMMISSION.

    (a) Monitoring of Implementation of Recommendations.--The 
Commission shall monitor implementation of laws enacting provisions 
that incorporate recommendations of the Commission with respect to 
abolishment or reorganization of agencies.
    (b) Monitoring of Other Relevant Legislation.--
            (1) In general.--The Commission shall review and report to 
        Congress on all legislation introduced in either house of 
        Congress that would establish--
                    (A) a new agency; or
                    (B) a new program to be carried out by an existing 
                agency.
            (2) Report to congress.--The Commission shall include in 
        each report submitted to Congress under paragraph (1) an 
        analysis of whether--
                    (A) the functions of the proposed agency or program 
                could be carried out by one or more existing agencies;
                    (B) the functions of the proposed agency or program 
                could be carried out in a less restrictive manner than 
                the manner proposed in the legislation; and
                    (C) the legislation provides for public input 
                regarding the performance of functions by the proposed 
                agency or program.

SEC. 7. DISPOSITION OF AGENCY AFFAIRS.

    The President, in consultation with the head of an agency 
determined to be abolished pursuant to section 2(c), shall take such 
action as may be necessary to wind down the operation of such agency 
during the one year period following the date of abolishment for each 
such agency including the designation of an agency to carry out any 
ongoing authority, maintain custodial records, act as a party to 
unresolved legal actions or other obligations that cannot be resolved 
within one year.

SEC. 8. PROGRAM INVENTORY.

    (a) Preparation.--The Comptroller General and the Director of the 
Congressional Budget Office, in cooperation with the Director of the 
Congressional Research Service, shall prepare an inventory of Federal 
programs (in this Act referred to as the ``program inventory'') within 
each agency.
    (b) Purpose.--The purpose of the program inventory is to advise and 
assist the Congress and the Commission in carrying out the requirements 
of this Act. Such inventory shall not in any way bind the committees of 
the Senate or the House of Representatives with respect to their 
responsibilities under this Act and shall not infringe on the 
legislative and oversight responsibilities of such committees. The 
Comptroller General shall compile and maintain the inventory and the 
Director of the Congressional Budget Office shall provide budgetary 
information for inclusion in the inventory.
    (c) Inventory Content.--The program inventory shall set forth for 
each program each of the following matters:
            (1) The specific provision or provisions of law authorizing 
        the program.
            (2) The committees of the Senate and the House of 
        Representatives which have legislative or oversight 
        jurisdiction over the program.
            (3) A brief statement of the purpose or purposes to be 
        achieved by the program.
            (4) The committees which have jurisdiction over legislation 
        providing new budget authority for the program, including the 
        appropriate subcommittees of the Committees on Appropriations 
        of the Senate and the House of Representatives.
            (5) The agency and, if applicable, the subdivision thereof 
        responsible for administering the program.
            (6) The grants-in-aid, if any, provided by such program to 
        State and local governments.
            (7) The next reauthorization date for the program.
            (8) A unique identification number which links the program 
        and functional category structure.
            (9) The year in which the program was originally 
        established and, where applicable, the year in which the 
        program expires.
            (10) Where applicable, the year in which new budget 
        authority for the program was last authorized and the year in 
        which current authorizations of new budget authority expire.
            (11) Any other information the Commission determines to be 
        necessary.
    (d) Budget Authority.--The report also shall set forth for each 
program whether the new budget authority provided for such program is--
            (1) authorized for a definite period of time;
            (2) authorized in a specific dollar amount but without 
        limit of time;
            (3) authorized without limit of time or dollar amounts;
            (4) not specifically authorized; or
            (5) permanently provided, as determined by the Director of 
        the Congressional Budget Office.
    (e) CBO Information.--For each program or group of programs, the 
program inventory also shall include information prepared by the 
Director of the Congressional Budget Office indicating each of the 
following matters:
            (1) The amounts of new budget authority authorized and 
        provided for the program for each of the preceding four fiscal 
        years and, where applicable, the four succeeding fiscal years.
            (2) The functional and subfunctional category in which the 
        program is presently classified and was classified under the 
        fiscal year 2020 budget.
            (3) The identification code and title of the appropriation 
        account in which budget authority is provided for the program.
    (f) Mutual Exchange of Information.--The General Accountability 
Office, the Congressional Research Service, and the Congressional 
Budget Office shall permit the mutual exchange of available information 
in their possession which would aid in the compilation of the program 
inventory.
    (g) Assistance by Executive Branch.--The Office of Management and 
Budget and the agencies (and the subdivisions thereof) shall, to the 
extent necessary and possible, provide the General Accountability 
Office with assistance requested by the Comptroller General in the 
compilation of the program inventory. Such communications shall be 
treated as confidential until a report is issued under section 4(b).

SEC. 9. EXPEDITED CONSIDERATION OF SCHEDULE FOR REVIEW.

    (a) Introduction and Committee Consideration.--
            (1) Introduction.--The Commission schedule for review bill 
        shall be introduced in the Senate by the majority leader, or 
        the majority leader's designee, and in the House of 
        Representatives, by the Speaker, or the Speaker's designee. 
        Upon such introduction, the Commission schedule for review bill 
        shall be referred to the appropriate committees of Congress 
        under paragraph (2). If the Commission schedule for review bill 
        is not introduced in accordance with the preceding sentence, 
        then any member of Congress may introduce such bill in their 
        respective House of Congress beginning on the date that is the 
        5th calendar day that such House is in session following the 
        date of the submission of such aggregate legislative language 
        provisions.
            (2) Committee consideration.--
                    (A) Referral.--A Commission schedule for review 
                bill introduced under paragraph (1) shall be referred 
                to any appropriate committee of jurisdiction in the 
                Senate and the House of Representatives. A committee to 
                which a Commission schedule for review bill is referred 
                under this paragraph may review and comment on such 
                bill, may report such bill to the respective House, and 
                may not amend such bill.
                    (B) Reporting.--Not later than 30 calendar days 
                after the introduction of the Commission schedule for 
                review bill, each Committee of Congress to which the 
                Commission schedule for review bill was referred shall 
                report the bill.
                    (C) Discharge of committee.--If a committee to 
                which is referred a Commission schedule for review bill 
                has not reported such bill at the end of 30 calendar 
                days after its introduction or at the end of the first 
                day after there has been reported to the House involved 
                a Commission schedule for review bill, whichever is 
                earlier, such committee shall be deemed to be 
                discharged from further consideration of such bill, and 
                such bill shall be placed on the appropriate calendar 
                of the House involved.
    (b) Expedited Procedure.--
            (1) Consideration.--
                    (A) In general.--Not later than 5 calendar days 
                after the date on which a committee has reported a 
                Commission schedule for review bill or been discharged 
                from consideration of a Commission schedule for review 
                bill, the majority leader of the Senate, or the 
                majority leader's designee, or the Speaker of the House 
                of Representatives, or the Speaker's designee, shall 
                move to proceed to the consideration of the Commission 
                schedule for review bill. It shall also be in order for 
                any member of the Senate or the House of 
                Representatives, respectively, to move to proceed to 
                the consideration of the Commission schedule for review 
                bill at any time after the conclusion of such 5-day 
                period.
                    (B) Motion to proceed.--A motion to proceed to the 
                consideration of a Commission schedule for review bill 
                is highly privileged in the House of Representatives 
                and is privileged in the Senate and is not debatable. 
                The motion is not subject to amendment or to a motion 
                to postpone consideration of the Commission schedule 
                for review bill. If the motion to proceed is agreed to, 
                the Senate or the House of Representatives, as the case 
                may be, shall immediately proceed to consideration of 
                the Commission schedule for review bill without 
                intervening motion, order, or other business, and the 
                Commission schedule for review bill shall remain the 
                unfinished business of the Senate or the House of 
                Representatives, as the case may be, until disposed of.
                    (C) Limited debate.--Debate on the Commission 
                schedule for review bill and on all debatable motions 
                and appeals in connection therewith shall be limited to 
                not more than 10 hours, which shall be divided equally 
                between those favoring and those opposing the 
                Commission schedule for review bill. A motion further 
                to limit debate on the Commission schedule for review 
                bill is in order and is not debatable. All time used 
                for consideration of the Commission schedule for review 
                bill, including time used for quorum calls (except 
                quorum calls immediately preceding a vote) and voting, 
                shall come from the 10 hours of debate.
                    (D) Amendments.--No amendment to the Commission 
                schedule for review bill shall be in order in the 
                Senate and the House of Representatives.
                    (E) Vote on final passage.--Immediately following 
                the conclusion of the debate on the Commission schedule 
                for review bill, the vote on final passage of the 
                Commission schedule for review bill shall occur.
                    (F) Other motions not in order.--A motion to 
                postpone consideration of the Commission schedule for 
                review bill, a motion to proceed to the consideration 
                of other business, or a motion to recommit the 
                Commission schedule for review bill is not in order. A 
                motion to reconsider the vote by which the Commission 
                schedule for review bill is agreed to or not agreed to 
                is not in order.
            (2) Consideration by other house.--If, before the passage 
        by one House of the Commission schedule for review bill that 
        was introduced in such House, such House receives from the 
        other House a Commission schedule for review bill as passed by 
        such other House--
                    (A) the Commission schedule for review bill of the 
                other House shall not be referred to a committee and 
                may only be considered for final passage in the House 
                that receives it under subparagraph (C);
                    (B) the procedure in the House in receipt of the 
                Commission schedule for review bill of the other House, 
                shall be the same as if no Commission schedule for 
                review bill had been received from the other House; and
                    (C) notwithstanding subparagraph (B), the vote on 
                final passage shall be on the Commission schedule for 
                review bill of the other House.
            (3) Disposition.--Upon disposition of a Commission schedule 
        for review bill that is received by one House from the other 
        House, it shall no longer be in order to consider the 
        Commission schedule for review bill that was introduced in the 
        receiving House.
    (c) Rules of the Senate and the House of Representatives.--This 
section is enacted--
            (1) as an exercise of the rulemaking power of the Senate 
        and the House of Representatives, respectively, and is deemed 
        to be part of the rules of each House, respectively, but 
        applicable only with respect to the procedure to be followed in 
        that House in the case of a Commission schedule for review 
        bill, and it supersedes other rules only to the extent that it 
        is inconsistent with such rules; and
            (2) with full recognition of the constitutional right of 
        either House to change the rules (so far as they relate to the 
        procedure of that House) at any time, in the same manner, and 
        to the same extent as in the case of any other rule of that 
        House.
    (d) Fallback Provision.--If the Senate and the House of 
Representatives fail to act within one year from the date of 
introduction, the Commission schedule for review takes effect.

SEC. 10. DEFINITIONS.

    In this Act:
            (1) Agency.--The term ``agency'' has the meaning given the 
        term Executive agency in section 105 of title 5, United States 
        Code, except that such term includes an advisory committee as 
        that term is defined in section 3 of the Federal Advisory 
        Committee Act (5 U.S.C. App.).
            (2) Calendar day.--The term ``calendar day'' means a 
        calendar day other than one on which either House is not in 
        session because of an adjournment of more than 3 days to a date 
        certain.
            (3) Commission.--The term ``Commission'' means the Federal 
        Agency Sunset Commission established under section 3.
            (4) Commission schedule for review bill.--The term 
        ``Commission schedule for review bill'' means only a bill that 
        is introduced as provided under section 9, and contains the 
        schedule for review submitted pursuant to section 2(a), without 
        modification.
            (5) Supermajority.--The term ``supermajority'' means an 
        affirmative vote of two-thirds of the Members, duly chosen and 
        sworn.
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