After examining the briefs and appellate record, this panel has determined *

unanimously to grant the parties’ request for a decision on the briefs without oral

argument. See Fed. R. App. P. 34(f) and 10th Cir. R. 34.1(G). The case is

therefore ordered submitted without oral argument. This order and judgment is

not binding precedent, except under the doctrines of law of the case, res judicata,

and collateral estoppel. It may be cited, however, for its persuasive value

consistent with Fed. R. App. P. 32.1 and 10th Cir. R. 32.1. 

F I LED

United States Court of Appeals

Tenth Circuit

January 30, 2007

Elisabeth A. Shumaker

Clerk of Court

UNITED STATES COURT OF APPEALS

TENTH CIRCUIT

UNITED STATES OF AMERICA,

Plaintiff-Appellee,

v.

ALBERTO GOMEZ-GOMEZ,

Defendant-Appellant.

No. 06-4115

(D.C. No. 2:04-CR-30DB)

(D. Utah)

ORDER AND JUDGMENT

*

Before HARTZ, EBEL, and TYMKOVICH, Circuit Judges.

Mr. Gomez-Gomez pleaded guilty on May 13, 2004, before the U.S.

District Court for the District of Utah, on the sole count of re-entry of a deported

alien, which is a violation of 8 U.S.C. § 1326. The indictment listed violation of

8 U.S.C. § 1326 as the only charge, without further reference. The statutory

maximum penalty for reentering the United States after deportation, absent any

other factors, is two years. 8 U.S.C. § 1326(a). However, the statute provides for
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enhanced penalties if a reentering alien has a prior conviction. 8 U.S.C. §

1326(b). The indictment did not allege that Mr. Gomez-Gomez had any prior

convictions, nor did it cite specifically to 8 U.S.C. § 1326(b). 

However, the district court, applying the U.S. Sentencing Guidelines, gave

Mr. Gomez-Gomez an enhanced sentence of 49 months’ imprisonment and three

years’ supervised release because he had previously been convicted of a drugtrafficking offense that constituted an aggravated felony. A deported alien with

an aggravated felony conviction who reenters the United States is subject to an

enhanced penalty of up to 20 years’ imprisonment. See 8 U.S.C. § 1326(b)(2)

(“[I]n the case of any alien . . . whose removal was subsequent to a conviction for

commission of an aggravated felony, such alien shall be fined under such title,

imprisoned not more than 20 years, or both . . .”). Therefore, the 49-month

sentence did not exceed the maximum penalty under that provision.

On appeal, Mr. Gomez-Gomez argues that the enhanced penalty provision

of 8 U.S.C. § 1326(b)(2) is an element of the offense of reentry after deportation,

and that, accordingly, prior convictions triggering the enhanced penalty must be

alleged in the indictment. He contends that because his indictment did not refer

to any prior convictions, the government did not charge him with an element of

the crime for which he was sentenced. Therefore, he argues, the court’s sentence

exceeded the maximum penalty for the crime of reentry after deportation, which

should have been two years. 
- 3 -

Settled law makes it clear that the enhanced penalty provision of 8 U.S.C. §

1326(b)(2) is not an element of the offense of reentry after deportation, but

instead is a sentencing factor, and therefore need not be alleged in the indictment. 

“An indictment must set forth each element of the crime that it charges. But it

need not set forth factors relevant only to the sentencing of an offender found

guilty of the charged crime.” Almendarez-Torres v. United States, 523 U.S. 224,

228 (1998) (citations omitted). In Almendarez-Torres, the Supreme Court

interpreted the statutory language at issue and concluded that Congress intended

to make the enhanced penalty provision of 18 U.S.C. § 1326(b)(2) as “a

sentencing factor” rather than “a separate crime,” observing that the factors are

based on recidivism, a typical sentencing factor Id. at 230. 

Mr. Gomez-Gomez argues that this holding is in tension with Apprendi v.

New Jersey, in which the Supreme Court held that most factors triggering a

sentence enhancement beyond the statutory maximum penalty must be submitted

to a jury and proved beyond a reasonable doubt. 530 U.S. 466, 490 (2000). 

However, the Court carved out an exception for prior convictions, distinguishing

them from other enhancement factors on the basis of the “procedural safeguards”

inherent to proving the fact of a prior conviction. Id. at 488. As we have noted,

regardless of the dicta in Apprendi casting doubt on Almendarez-Torres, the rule

remains for charged violations of 18 U.S.C. § 1326 that prior convictions are
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mere sentencing factors that need not be alleged in indictments. United States v.

Martinez-Villalva, 232 F.3d 1329, 1331-32 (10th Cir. 2000).

Mr. Gomez-Gomez concedes that the district court correctly applied current

law, and states that he is merely preserving this issue for Supreme Court review.

He has done so. We conclude that the district court did not err by considering

Mr. Gomez-Gomez’s past conviction in applying the enhanced penalty provision

of 8 U.S.C. § 1326(b)(2). We AFFIRM.

ENTERED FOR THE COURT

David M. Ebel

Circuit Judge