April 2015

U.S. Energy Information Administration   |   Updated Buildings Sector Appliance and Equipment Costs and Efficiencies 3

APPENDIX B 

   
FINAL

EIA ‐ Technology Forecast 

Residential and Commercia

Technologies – Advance

Presented to:

U.S. Energy Information Adm

Prepared by

Navigant Consulting, Inc.

1200 19 St. NW, Suite 700

Washington, D.C. 20036

With

SAIC

8301 Greensboro Drive

McLean, VA 22102

March 2014
DISCLAIMER

This presentation was prepared as an account of work sponsored by an agency of the 

Government. Neither the United States Government, nor any agency thereof, nor any 

employees, nor any of their contractors, subcontractors, or their employees, makes any 

express or implied, or assumes any legal liability or responsibility for the accuracy, co

usefulness of any information, apparatus, product, or process disclosed, or represents 

would not infringe privately owned rights. Reference herein to any specific commerc

process, or service by trade name, trademark, manufacturer, or otherwise, does not ne

constitute or imply its endorsement, recommendation, or favoring by the United State

or any agency, contractor or subcontractor thereof. The views and opinions of authors 

herein do not necessarily state or reflect those of the United States Government or any 

thereof.

1
Objective 4Methodology 5Definitions 6Market Transformation 7Historical Shipment Data 8

Residential Gas‐Fired Water Heaters 9

Residential Oil‐Fired Water Heaters 12

Residential Electric Resistance Water Heaters 14

Residential Heat Pump Water Heaters 17Residential Instantaneous Water Heaters 19Residential Solar Water Heaters 21Residential Gas‐Fired Furnaces 23Residential Oil‐Fired Furnaces 26Residential Gas‐Fired Boilers 29Residential Oil‐Fired Boilers 31Residential Room Air Conditioners 33Residential Central Air Conditioners (South) 36Residential Central Air Conditioners (North) 37Residential Air Source Heat Pumps 40Residential Ground Source Heat Pumps 44Residential Gas Heat Pumps 46Residential Electric Furnaces 48Residential Electric Resistance Heaters 50

Residential Cordwood Stoves Residential Pellet Wood Stoves Residential Refrigerator/Freezer (T

Residential Refrigerator/Freezer (BResidential Refrigerator/Freezer (S

Residential Freezers (Upright) Residential Freezers (Chest) Residential Natural Gas Cooktops 

Residential Clothes Washers (FronResidential Clothes Washers (Top‐Residential Clothes Dryers (ElectriResidential Clothes Dryers (Gas) Residential Dishwashers Commercial Gas‐Fired Furnaces 

Commercial Oil‐Fired Furnaces Commercial Electric Boilers Commercial Gas‐Fired Boilers Commercial Oil‐Fired Boilers Commercial Gas Fired Chillers Commercial Centrifugal Chillers Commercial Reciprocating ChillerCommercial Screw Chillers 

Commercial Scroll Chillers Commercial Rooftop Air Conditio

Commercial Gas‐Fired Engine‐Dri

Conditioners 

Commercial Rooftop Heat Pumps 

Page 

Table of Contents
• Commercial Ground Source Heat Pumps 109• Commercial Electric Resistance Heaters 111

• Commercial Gas‐Fired Water Heaters 113• Commercial Electric Resistance Water Heaters 116

• Commercial Oil‐Fired Water Heaters 119• Commercial Gas‐Fired Instantaneous Water

Heaters 121

• Commercial Electric Booster Water Heaters 123

• Commercial Gas Booster Water Heaters 124• Commercial Gas Griddles 126• Commercial Electric Griddles 127

• Commercial Hot Food Holding Cabinets 129

• Data Sources A‐1• References B‐1

Page

Table of Contents
4

The objective of this study is to develop baseline and pro

performance/cost characteristics for residential and comm

end‐use equipment.

• 2003 and 2012 baselines (or 2009 for residential products), as well as to

— Review of literature, standards, installed base, contractor, and ma

information.

— Provide a relative comparison and characterization of the cost/effi

generic product.

• Forecast of technology improvements that are projected to be available 

— Review of trends in standards, product enhancements, and Resear

Development (R&D).

— Projected impact of product improvements and enhancement to te

Objective

The performance/cost characterization of end‐use equipment devestudy will assist EIA in projecting national primary energy consum
5

Input from industry, including government, R&D organiz

manufacturers, was used to project product enhancements 

equipment performance and cost attributes.

• Technology forecasting involves many uncertainties.• Technology developments impact performance and cost forecasts.

• Varied sources ensure a balanced view of technology progress and the 

of commercial availability.

• All cost forecasts are shown in 2013 dollars.

Methodology
6

The following tables represent the current and projected efficiencies for 

commercial building equipment ranging from the installed base in 2003 

2009 for residential products) to the highest efficiency equipment that is 

commercially available by 2040, assuming advanced adoption. Below ar

the terms used in characterizing the status of each technology.

• 2003/2009/2012 Installed Base: Efficiency values are for those units insta

in that year. Cost values are for the typical new unit sold in that year.

• 2013 Current Standard: the minimum efficiency required by current sta

• Typical: the average, or “typical” product being sold in the particular ti

• ENERGY STAR: the minimum efficiency required to meet the ENERGY 

where applicable.

• Mid‐Level: middle tier high‐efficiency product available in the particul

• High: the product with the highest efficiency available in the particular 

• Advanced adoption assumes increases in market incentives, market ad

technology research and development (R&D).

Definitions
7

Market Transformation

The market for the reviewed products has changed since th

performed in 2011 and is reflected in the efficiency and co

characteristics.

• In some categories the typical new product purchased today is significa

efficient than the average product in the installed base in 2003 (comm.) 

— Residential sector: room and central air conditioners, heat pumps, re

freezers, clothes washers

— Commercial sector: rooftop air conditioners and hot food holding ca

• More stringent Federal standards are taking effect for the following pro

— residential and commercial boilers in 2012

— residential furnaces and dishwashers in 2013— room air conditioners, refrigerators, and freezers in 2014

— residential central air conditioners, air‐source heat pumps, water he

washers, and clothes dryers in 2015

• ENERGY STAR continues to raise the bar with revised criteria for reside

and new criteria for commercial water heaters, both effective in early 20
8

Shipments

Shipments of home appliances and comfort conditioning (heatin

cooling) equipment peaked during the housing boom in 2005 the

Shipment volumes bottomed out in 2009 and have changed little 

Source: Analysis by Navigant Consulting of data from Appliance Magazine.

05

1015202530354045

2000 2002 2004 2006 2008 2010 2012

Shipments for Final Sales in the United States

(millions of units)

HomeAppliComfCond(Res)Wate(Res & 
9

Residential Gas-Fired Water Heaters

DATA

2009 2013 2020 2030 

Installed

Base

Current

Standard Typical ENERGY STAR High Typical High Typical High 

Typical Capacity (gal) 40 40 40 40 50 40 50 40 5

Energy Factor 0.6 0.59 0.62 0.67 0.80 0.67 0.85 0.74 0.8Average Life (yrs)

66666666

20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 2

Retail Equipment Cost ($)

500 500 510 830 1,500 700 1,470 800 1,33540 540 540 860 3,000 800 3,100 900 2,93

Total Installed Cost ($)

980 980 990 1,310 1,980 1,180 1,950 1,280 1,81

1,020 1,020 1,020 1,340 3,480 1,280 3,580 1,380 3,41

Annual Maintenance Cost ($) ‐ ‐ 14 18 18 18 18 18 1

Higher typical efficiency and lower costs for a given efficiency level. 
• The current Federal standard, which came into effect in January 2004 ma

0.59 for a 40‐gallon water heater. The equation for the Federal standard is

EF=0.67‐(0.0019*Gal), which is used to expand the analysis to a gre

storage capacities.

• An updated Federal standard will go into effect on April 16, 2015. The eq

Federal standard is:

EF=0.675‐(0.0015*Gal) for a volume ≤ 55 gallons and

EF=0.8012‐(0.00078*Gal) for a volume > 55 gallons

• The current minimum EF for ENERGY STAR qualification is 0.67.

• Per discussions with National Labs, there is a potential trend towards a c

gallons as efficiency increases.

• Gas‐fired water heater capacities typically fall between 30 and 75 gallons

• As part of the heating products Federal standards rulemaking, a high eff

was examined, EF=0.77 at 40 gallons, which represents a condensing unit 

inches of insulation and a power vent.

• The cost of installation is approximately $450, which is higher than electr

heaters for a number of reasons, which includes an extra 1.5 hours of labo

plumbers that is required for gas units.

10

Residential Gas-Fired Water Heaters
Shipments were flat at 5 million units per year through 20

declined gradually over 4 years to a new plateau at 4 millio

11

Residential Gas-Fired Water Heaters

0123456

2000 2002 2004 2006 2008 2010 

Unit Shipments (millions)

Gas Water Heaters

Source: Appliance Magazine (also available from http://www.ahrinet.org/historical+data.aspx)
12

Residential Oil–Fired Water Heaters

DATA

2009 2013 2020 2030 

Installed

Base

Current

Standard Typical Mid‐Level High Typical High Typical High 

Typical Capacity (gal) 30 30 30 30 32 30 30 30 3

Energy Factor 0.50 0.53 0.54 0.62 0.68 0.62 0.68 0.65 0.6

Average Life (yrs)

66666666

20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 2

Retail Equipment Cost ($)

1,280 1,380 1,440 1,540 1,700 1,540 1,700 1,620 1,701,380 1,490 1,540 1,650 1,810 1,650 1,810 1,730 1,81

Total Installed Cost ($)

1,920 2,020 2,080 2,180 2,340 2,180 2,340 2,260 2,342,020 2,130 2,180 2,290 2,450 2,290 2,450 2,370 2,45

Annual Maintenance Cost ($) ‐ ‐ 167 167 167 167 167 167 16

Higher typical efficiencies than ref. case
• The current Federal standard, which came into effect in January 2004 m

0.53 for a 30‐gallon water heater. The equation for the Federal standard 

EF=0.59‐(0.0019*Gal), which is used to expand the analysis to a gre

of storage capacities.

• An updated Federal standard will go into effect on April 16, 2015. The e

Federal standard is:

EF=0.68‐(0.0019*Gal)

• Oil‐fired water heaters often have small tanks with larger input ratings, 

natural gas and electric residential water heaters.

• No condensing oil‐fired, storage residential water heaters currently exis

market. The range of efficiencies currently reach their peak at near‐cond

efficiency levels.

• The max‐tech model on the market is achieved using a proprietary “turb

13

Residential Oil-Fired Water Heaters
14

Residential Electric Resistance Water Heaters

DATA

2009 2013 2020 2030 

Installed

Base

Current

Standard Typical High Typical High Typical High 

Typical Capacity (gal) 50 50 50 50 50 40 50 40 Energy Factor 0.9 0.904 0.92 0.95 0.95 0.96 0.96 0.97 

Average Life (yrs)

66666666

20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 

Retail Equipment Cost ($)

270 270 290 350 290 350 350 410 320 320 350 470 350 470 470 530 

Total Installed Cost ($)

590 590 610 670 610 670 670 730 640 640 670 790 670 790 790 850 

Annual Maintenance Cost ($) ‐ ‐ 666666

Higher efficiencies than ref. case
• The current Federal minimum efficiency standard, which went into effe

2004, requires an EF of 0.90 for a 50‐gallon electric resistance water heate

for the Federal standard is:

EF=0.97‐(0.00132*volume), which is used to expand the analysis to a 

of storage capacities.

• An updated Federal standard will go into effect on April 16, 2015. The e

Federal standard is:

EF=0.96‐(0.0003*Gal) for a volume ≤ 55 gallons, and

EF=2.057‐(0.00113*Gal) for a volume > 55 gallons.

• Residential electric resistance water heater capacities usually range betw

gallons.

15

Residential Electric Resistance Water Heaters
Shipments peaked in 2006 then dropped a total of 22 perce

three years and leveled off at 3.7 million units per year.

16

Residential Electric Resistance Water Heaters

Source: Appliance Magazine (also available from http://www.ahrinet.org/historical+data.aspx)

0123456

2000 2002 2004 2006 2008 2010 

Unit Shipments (millions)

Electric Water Heaters
17

Residential Heat Pump Water Heaters

DATA

2009 2013 2020 2030 

Installed

Base

ENERGY

STAR High Typical High Typical High 

Typical Capacity (gal) 50 50 50 50 50 50 50 

Energy Factor 2 2 2.45 2.3 2.75 2.5 3.6 Average Life (yrs)

6666666

20 20 20 20 20 20 20 

Retail Equipment Cost ($)

1,500 1,500 1,600 1,500 1,600 1,550 5,250 1,800 1,800 2,100 1,800 2,100 1,950 6,000 

Total Installed Cost ($)

1,610 1,610 1,710 1,610 1,710 1,660 5,360 2,330 2,330 2,630 2,330 2,630 2,480 6,530 

Annual Maintenance Cost ($) 16 16 16 16 16 16 16 

Higher typical efficiencies than ref. case
• The minimum EF for ENERGY STAR qualification is 2.0 for heat pump wate

(HPWH). All HPWH products on the market meet ENERGY STAR minimu

HPWH products are being offered below the ENERGY STAR efficiency leve

• There is no unique Federal standard HPWH, but integrated HPWHs are in t

class as electric resistance water heaters, so the Federal electric resistance wa

standard also applies to HPWH.

• Technology improvements have advanced efficiency and reliability, but the 

still precludes high‐volume market penetration. Although there is an install

2009, the market penetration of HPWHs was quite low at that time.

• Several major water heater manufacturers have an integrated HPWH mode

and other competitors offer integrated or retrofit units (for existing electric owater heaters).

• Stiebel Eltron has an 80 gallon, 2.51 EF HPWH. This unit was not included i

because it has a significantly larger capacity than the units included on the p

• Sales are estimated to be driven partly by rebates and tax credits at the utilit

and Federal level.

• Resistive heating elements are virtually 100% efficient, but there is a jump in 

heat pump technology is adopted because heat pumps’ COP are usually bet

• Heat pumps raise the water temperature at a slow rate, so it is usual for thes

resistive heat for some of the water heating process. All HPWH systems exa

allow the consumer to adjust the HPWH behavior.

• First‐hour ratings range from 57 to 68 gallons. 18

Residential Heat Pump Water Heaters
19

Residential Instantaneous Water Heaters

Higher typical efficiencies than ref. case

DATA

2009 2013 2020 2030 

Installed

Base

Current

Standard Typical ENERGY STAR High Typical High Typical High 

Typical Capacity (kBtu/hr) 185 117 178 178 150 178 150 185 18

Energy Factor 0.82 0.62 0.82 0.82 0.98 0.87 0.98 0.93 0.9

Average Life (yrs)

88888888

30 30 30 30 30 30 30 30 3

Retail Equipment Cost ($)

1,120 900 900 900 2,300 1,350 2,300 1,850 2,301,220 1,400 1,400 1,400 2,400 1,550 2,400 2,000 2,40

Total Installed Cost ($)

1,650 1,430 1,430 1,430 2,830 1,880 2,830 2,380 2,831,750 1,930 1,930 1,930 2,930 2,080 2,930 2,530 2,93

Annual Maintenance Cost ($) 85 85 85 85 85 85 85 85 8
• The current minimum EF for ENERGY STAR qualification is 0.80 EF or 

instantaneous water heaters sold in 2013 are gas‐fired and qualify for EN

In July 2013, the criteria will increase to 0.82 EF, which many existing m

for.

• Navien manufactures the highest efficiency gas‐fired models currently a

market, which have an EF of 0.98. This is achieved through the use of el

powered direct venting, and through condensing the flue gases.

• All of the major water heater manufacturers now offer an instantaneous 

• The maintenance cost includes cleaning the water inlet filter and the hea

mineral deposits and replacing the water valve approximately once eve

all energy efficiency levels of instantaneous water heaters.

• When replacing a storage water heater with an instantaneous water hea

significant additional costs to upsize the gas supply line to 3⁄4 inch from 

inch and change the venting.

20

Residential Instantaneous Water Heaters
21

Residential Solar Water Heaters

1 Costs are for an indirect (active closed loop) system, including tank and backup heater. Smaller capacity/cost sy

for southern & western states (>2/3 of the current market). Higher capacity/cost systems are required in colder/cl

2 ENERGY STAR requires OG‐300 rating from SRCC. Most installations use SRCC rated collectors; a high efficien

applicable.

DATA

2009 2013 2020 203

Installed

Base

Current

Standard

Typical /

ENERGY

STAR

Typical Typ

Typical Capacity (sq. ft.)

42 NA 42 42 63 NA 63 63 

Overall Efficiency (Solar Fraction) 0.5 NA 0.5 0.5 Solar Energy Factor 2.5 NA 2.5 3 

Average Life (yrs) 20 NA 20 20 Retail Equipment Cost ($)

3,300 NA 3,300 3,000 25,200 NA 5,200 4,700 4

Total Installed Cost ($)

7,600 NA 7,600 7,300 6

10,000 NA 10,000 9,500 8

Annual Maintenance Cost ($) 25 NA 25 25 
• ENERGY STAR requires an OG‐300 rating from the Solar Rating and Certification 

(SRCC). Most installations use SRCC rated collectors, so there is no high efficiency 

• Solar water heaters (SWHs) can be either active or passive. An active system uses 

to circulate the heat transfer fluid; a passive system has no pump. Most solar wate

United States are the active type.

• Solar water heaters are also characterized as open loop (also called ʺdirectʺ) or clos

called ʺindirectʺ). An open‐loop system circulates household (potable) water throu

A closed‐loop system uses a heat transfer fluid (water or diluted antifreeze, for exa

heat and a heat exchanger to transfer the heat to household water.

• Solar fraction represents the fraction of total annual water heating energy met by t

heater. A backup water heating system is required with SWHs, and it is typically 

to size the system to provide about 50% of water heating energy (solar fraction = 0

• Solar Energy Factor (SEF) is defined by the SRCC as the useful energy delivered b

divided by the total electrical and/or fossil fuel required for backup heating, pump

(the free solar energy input is neglected).

• Over 2/3 of the current SWH market is in the southern or western US (including H

collector area of 42 ft2 would be typical for these areas. Colder areas of the US wou

collector (63 ft2).

• Installed costs are higher for colder areas where larger collectors are required. Co

widely depending on collector quality, type of system, and site‐specific characteris

22

Residential Solar Water Heaters
23

Residential Gas-Fired Furnaces

Higher typical efficiencies and lower costs for a given efficiency level

DATA

2009 2013 2020 2030 

Installed

Base

Current

Standard Typical

ENERGY

STAR

(South)

ENERGY

STAR

(North)

High Typical High Typical Hig

Typical Input Capacity

(kBtu/h) 75 75 75 75 75 75 75 75 75 

AFUE (%) 80 80 80 90 95 98 90 98 94 Electric Consumption

(kWh/yr) 312 312 312 289 275 363 289 275 283 Average Life (yrs)

12 12 12 12 12 12 12 12 12 17 17 17 17 17 17 17 17 17 

Retail Equipment Cost ($)

750 750 750 1,000 1,200 1,500 1,000 1,500 1,100 1,

1,100 1,100 1,100 1,300 1,500 1,700 1,300 1,700 1,300 1,

Total Installed Cost ($)

1,500 1,500 1,500 2,200 2,400 2,700 2,200 2,700 2,300 2,2,300 2,300 2,300 2,800 3,000 3,200 2,800 3,200 2,800 3,

Annual Maintenance Cost ($) 45 45 45 45 45 45 45 45 45 
• Current Federal standards for non‐weatherized units:

— South: AFUE ≥ 80%— North: AFUE ≥ 90%— ≤ 10 watts of electrical power when in standby and off modes

— Contested in court and not being enforced by DOE

• ENERGY STAR criteria:

— South: AFUE ≥ 90%— North: AFUE ≥ 95%

• Most efficient available: 98% AFUE. The market is nearly evenly split between non

(AFUE≤85) and condensing units (AFUE≥90).

• Condensing furnaces use an additional heat exchanger to extract additional energ

gases; some models also have variable speed blowers, which decrease electrical en

and inducer fan systems, which usually have modulating gas valves to allow the f

modulate in very small increments, providing an AFUE boost of a few percentage 

• Non‐condensing AFUE levels for natural gas top out at around 81%; above this lev

for exhaust gas condensation increases. This condensate is corrosive and requires 

corrosion resistant venting.

• High‐efficiency condensing furnaces typically have aluminized steel heat exchang

emissions, flexible installation, direct vent, and sealed combustion systems. Direct 

not use room air for combustion, but instead draws combustion air directly from o

• Depending on the location of the home, piping materials in use, and other conside

condensing furnaces may need an acid neutralizer and/or lift pump for the conde

• Furnaces may contain permanent split capacitor (PSC) or electronically commutat

fan motors, though the type of motor has no impact on the AFUE measurement. It 

SEER/EER of the associated air conditioner. 24

Residential Gas-Fired Furnaces
25

Residential Gas-Fired Furnaces

0.00.51.01.52.02.53.03.54.0

2000 2002 2004 2006 2008 2010 

Unit Shipments (millions)

Gas Furnaces

Annual shipments peaked at 3.5 million units in 2005 then 

each year until 2009 and leveled off at about 2.25 million u

Source: Appliance Magazine (also available from http://www.ahrinet.org/historical+data.aspx)
26

Residential Oil-Fired Furnaces

Higher typical efficiencies with the same costs as ref. case despite increased efficiency

DATA

2009 2013 2020 2030 

Installed

Base

Current

Standard Typical ENERGY STAR High Typical High Typical High 

Typical Input Capacity (kBtu/h) 105 105 105 105 105 105 105 105 1

AFUE (%) 80 83 83 85 97 84 97 84 

Electric Consumption (kWh/yr) 490 477 477 460 410 472 410 472 4

Average Life (yrs)

15 15 15 15 15 15 15 15 19 19 19 19 19 19 19 19 

Retail Equipment Cost ($)

2,050 2,300 2,300 2,300 2,700 2,300 2,700 2,300 2,72,250 2,400 2,400 2,400 2,900 2,400 2,900 2,400 2,9

Total Installed Cost ($)

2,600 3,050 3,050 3,150 4,550 3,050 4,550 3,050 4,53,250 3,550 3,550 4,650 5,200 3,550 5,200 4,350 5,2

Annual Maintenance Cost ($) 65 65 65 65 65 65 65 65 
• Current Federal standards:

— AFUE ≥ 83%— ≤ 11 watts of electrical power when in standby and off modes (non‐weatherized 

• ENERGY STAR criteria: AFUE ≥ 85%

• Since the latent heat content of oil is lower than that for either propane or natural g

appliances can typically operate at a higher AFUE rating than comparable gas‐fired 

before condensation issues arise.

• Most efficient available: 96% AFUE – condensing units with tiny market share (<1%

acceptance issues.

• Condensate from condensing oil furnaces is typically even more corrosive than tha

systems due to the higher sulfur content in fuel oil. Hence, condensing oil furnaces 

require the use of an acid neutralizer.

• Oil‐fired furnaces, like gas‐fired furnaces, achieve condensing conditions through t

secondary heat exchanger. Typically, these heat exchangers use a high‐grade stainl

as the primary heat exchange surface.

• Sooting is an issue for all oil‐fired appliances, but secondary heat exchangers, with 

passages, are even more prone to be plugged by soot. Because of this, oil furnaces r

cleaning and maintenance.

27

Residential Oil-Fired Furnaces
28

Residential Oil-Fired Furnaces

Annual shipments declined rapidly after 2004, likely due 

part to an increase in fuel oil prices, which more than tripl

2002 to 2008.

0

20406080

100120140

2000 2002 2004 2006 2008 2010 

Unit Shipments (thousands)

Oil Furnaces

Source: Appliance Magazine (also available from http://www.ahrinet.org/historical+data.aspx)
29

Residential Gas-Fired Boilers

DATA

2009 2013 2020 2030 

Installed

Base

Current

Standard Typical ENERGY STAR High Typical High Typical High 

Typical Input Capacity (kBtu/h) 105 105 105 105 105 105 105 105 1

AFUE (%) 80 82 82 85 96 90 96 93 Average Life (yrs)

17 17 17 17 17 17 17 17 24 24 24 24 24 24 24 24 

Retail Equipment Cost ($)

1,950 2,100 2,100 2,300 3,450 3,000 3,450 3,100 3,42,550 2,900 2,900 3,100 4,500 3,800 4,500 3,900 4,4

Total Installed Cost ($)

3,900 4,050 4,050 4,700 6,350 5,900 6,350 6,000 6,34,500 4,850 4,850 5,500 7,600 6,900 7,600 7,000 7,5

Annual Maintenance Cost ($) 50 50 50 50 50 50 50 50 

Higher typical efficiencies and lower costs for a given efficiency level
• Federal standard for hot‐water gas‐fired boilers (more common than ste

— AFUE ≥ 82%

— Design requirements that took effect on September 1, 2012 prohibit a 

burning pilot and require an automatic means for adjusting water te

• ENERGY STAR criteria: AFUE ≥ 85%

• Most efficient available: 96% AFUE

• Have lost market share to furnaces and heat pumps over the past 30 yea

• The bulk of U.S. boiler sales are non‐condensing boilers, which are prim

manufactured in North America. These are typically high‐mass systems 

exchangers are made of cast iron.

• Due to incentives and market pressure, the U.S. boiler industry has been 

towards also providing condensing boilers. Most of these boilers are pri

products sourced from Europe, where the hydronic market is much bigg

condensing appliances are much more common and/or required by law.

• Typically, condensing boilers are low‐mass in construction with modula

variable‐speed inducer fan systems, sealed powered direct‐vent combus

sensor technologies, and electronic ignition and control.

• Most value‐added components for condensing boilers are sourced abroa

the condensing boiler is assembled in North America (i.e. heat exchange

burner, blower systems, sensors, and/or controls).

30

Residential Gas-Fired Boilers
31

Residential Oil-Fired Boilers

DATA

2009 2013 2020 2030 

Installed

Base

Current

Standard Typical ENERGY STAR High Typical High Typical High 

Typical Input Capacity

(kBtu/h) 140 140 140 140 140 140 140 140 14

AFUE (%) 80 84 84 85 91 84 91 85 9

Average Life (yrs)

20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 230 30 30 30 30 30 30 30 3

Retail Equipment Cost ($)

2,300 2,300 2,300 2,300 3,300 2,300 3,300 2,300 3,302,900 2,900 2,900 3,350 4,150 2,900 4,150 2,900 4,15

Total Installed Cost ($)

4,150 4,150 4,150 4,700 6,200 4,150 6,200 4,150 6,204,750 4,750 4,750 5,900 7,250 4,750 7,250 4,750 7,25

Annual Maintenance Cost ($) 135 135 135 135 135 135 135 135 13

Higher typical efficiencies with the same costs as ref. case despite increased efficiency
• Federal standard for hot‐water oil‐fired boilers (more common than stea

— AFUE ≥ 84%

— Design requirements that took effect on September 1, 2012 require a

means for adjusting water temperature

• ENERGY STAR criteria: AFUE ≥ 85%

• Most efficient available: 91% AFUE

• Since the latent heat content of oil is lower than that for either propane o

oil‐fired appliances can typically operate at a higher AFUE rating than c

fired appliances before condensation issues arise.

• Oil boilers have heat exchangers comprised of cast iron or steel.

32

Residential Oil-Fired Boilers
33

Residential Room Air Conditioners

* All values are for the most common product class, Product Class 3 (without reverse cycle, with louvered sides, and 8,000 to 13,999 

** Italicized values are estimated. The federal standard is expressed in EER, but will be expressed in CEER beginning in 2014. The tw

comparable, but both values are shown here to facilitate longitudinal analyses.

*** Maintenance costs are negligible.

DATA

2009 2013 2020 2030 

Installed Base Current Standard Typical ENERGY STAR High Typical High Typical H

Typical Capacity (kBtu/hr)* 10.5 10.5 10.5 10.5 10.5 10.5 10.5 10.5 EER** 9.2 9.8 10.8 10.8 11.5 11.4 11.9 11.9 CEER** 9.3 9.9 10.9 10.9 11.6 11.5 12.0 12.0 Average Life (yrs)

66666666

13 13 13 13 13 13 13 13 

Retail Equipment Cost ($)

220 250 270 270 430 370 480 430 300 320 340 340 500 440 550 500 

Total Installed Cost ($)

320 350 370 370 530 470 580 530 400 420 440 440 600 540 650 600 

Annual Maintenance Cost ($) ‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐

Higher typical efficiencies and lower costs for a given efficiency level
• Focus on most common type: louvered sides (window air conditioners) 

cycle and having cooling capacity of 8,000–13,999 Btu/h (DOE Product C

• Federal standards for Product Class 3:

— EER ≥ 9.8 (until May 31, 2014)

— CEER ≥ 10.9 (beginning June 1, 2014)

• Combined Energy Efficiency Ratio (CEER) is a new metric that incorpor

in all operating modes, including standby and off modes.

• Of the 538 models in Product Class 3 listed in DOE’s CCMS database:

— 1/3 are at the standard level (9.8 EER)

— 2/3 are at the ENERGY STAR level (10.8 EER)

— Most efficient model is at 11.8 EER

• New ENERGY STAR criteria take effect on 10/1/2013: EER ≥ 11.3.

• Most efficient product in 2030: 13.0 EER, based on Building Technologie

• Efficiency improvements are attained by:

— Higher efficiency compressor and fan motors, and

— An increased heat transfer area in the evaporator and condenser thr

larger heat exchangers, finer fin spacing, micro‐channel heat exchan

similar design options.

34

Residential Room Air Conditioners
Sales were down in 2009, likely due to the recession and an 

cool summer in the Northeast. Sales have increased each y

35

Residential Room Air Conditioners

Source: Appliance Magazine.

02468

1012

2000 2002 2004 2006 2008 2010 2012

Unit Shipments (millions)

Room Air Conditioners
36

Residential Central Air Conditioners

* Values shown are for split‐system units in the 36 kBtu/h (3‐ton) size class. Costs are for ʺcoil‐onlyʺ systems, meaning the

blower.

South (Hot‐Dry and Hot‐Humid)

DATA

2009 2013 2020 2030 

Installed

Base

Current

Standard Typical ENERGY STAR High Typical High Typical High 

Typical Capacity (kBtu/h) 36 36 36 36 36 36 36 36 3

SEER* 11.4 13.0 13.5 14.5 24.0 14.5 24.0 15.0 24Average Life (yrs)

11 11 11 11 11 11 11 11 25 25 25 25 25 25 25 25 2

Retail Equipment Cost ($) 1,700 1,700 1,750 1,900 4,550 1,900 4,550 1,900 4,55Total Installed Cost ($) 2,100 2,100 2,150 2,300 5,100 2,300 5,100 2,300 5,10Annual Maintenance Cost ($)

22 22 22 22 22 22 22 22 2

130 130 130 130 130 130 130 130 13

Higher typical efficiencies with the same costs as ref. case despite increased efficiency
37

Residential Central Air Conditioners

North (Rest of Country)

* Values shown are for split‐system units in the 36 kBtu/h (3‐ton) size class. Costs are for ʺcoil‐onlyʺ systems, meaning the

blower.

DATA

2009 2013 2020 2030 

Installed

Base

Current

Standard Typical ENERGY STAR High Typical High Typical High 

Typical Capacity (kBtu/h) 36 36 36 36 36 36 36 36 3

SEER* 11.4 13.0 13.0 14.5 24.0 14.0 24.0 14.5 24Average Life (yrs)

11 11 11 11 11 11 11 11 25 25 25 25 25 25 25 25 2

Retail Equipment Cost ($) 1,700 1,700 1,700 1,900 4,500 1,800 4,500 1,900 4,50Total Installed Cost ($) 2,300 2,300 2,300 2,500 5,300 2,400 5,300 2,500 5,30Annual Maintenance Cost ($)

22 22 22 22 22 22 22 22 2

130 130 130 130 130 130 130 130 13

Higher typical efficiencies with the same costs as ref. case despite increased efficiency
38

Residential Central Air Conditioners

Residential Central Air

Conditioner ProductClass

Current

Standard

Current ENERGY

STAR Criteria

Future Stan

(Jan. 1, 20

Min.

SEER

Min.

SEER

Min.

EER

Min. SEER

in North

Min. SE

in Sout

Split‐System AC 13 14.5 12 13 14 Single‐Package AC 13 14 11 14 14 Small‐Duct, High‐Velocity 13 – – 13 13 

Space‐Constrained 12 – – 12 12 

• Current standards, which took effect in 2006, represent a significant impro

efficiency from 10 SEER for split systems and 9.7 SEER for single‐package 

• Typical new units today are at the standard level of 13 SEER (for most pro

• Effective Jan. 1, 2015, the standard for split systems will increase to 14 SEE

and the standard for single‐package units will increase to 14 SEER nationw

• Beginning in 2015, central AC units installed in the Southwest (CA, AZ, N

will also have to meet a new energy efficiency ratio (EER) standard that v

cooling capacity.
Annual shipments spiked at 6.5 million units in 2005 at the 

the housing boom and just before more stringent Federal s

took effect in 2006.

39

Residential Central Air Conditioners

01234567

2000 2002 2004 2006 2008 2010 

Unit Shipments (millions)

Central Air Conditioners

Source: Appliance Magazine. (Also available from http://www.ahrinet.org/historical+data.aspx)
40

Residential Air Source Heat Pumps

DATA

2009 2013 2020 2030 

Installed

Base

Current

Standard Typical ENERGY STAR High Typical High Typical High 

Typical Capacity (kBtu/h) 36 36 36 36 36 36 36 36 3

SEER (Cooling)* 12.0 13.0 14.0 14.5 22.0 14.5 23.0 15.5 24HSPF (Heating)* 7 7.7 8.3 8.2 9 8.4 10.8 8.6 10

Average Life (yrs)

99999999

22 22 22 22 22 22 22 22 2

Retail Equipment Cost ($)* 2,700 2,700 2,850 2,900 4,000 2,900 4,150 3,150 4,25Total Installed Cost ($)* 3,150 3,150 3,300 3,400 4,500 3,400 4,600 3,650 4,75Annual Maintenance Cost ($)

22 22 22 22 22 22 22 22 2

130 130 130 130 130 130 130 130 13

* Values shown are for split‐system units in the 36 kBtu/h (3‐ton) size class. “High” units were selected for maximum coo

efficiency.

Same as reference case
• High efficiency cooling does not necessarily correlate with high efficienc

range of SEER–HSPF combinations is very broad.

• Heat pumps are generally sized to meet the cooling load of the house. W

load exceeds heat pump heating capacity, electric resistance heat is used 

• When the heat pump’s heating capacity exceeds the heating load, the hea

and stops more frequently, causing wear and tear on the components an

loss of efficiency. Multi‐stage and/or variable‐speed compressors can hel

sophisticated refrigerant management. 41

Residential Air Source Heat Pumps

Residential Heat

Pump Product

Class

Current Standard Current ENERGY STAR Criteria Future 

(Jan

Min.

SEER

Min.

HSPF

Min.

SEER

Min.

EER

Min.

HSPF

Min.

SEER

H

Split‐System 13 7.7 14.5 12 8.2 14 Single‐Package 13 7.7 14 11 8.0 14 Small‐Duct,High‐Velocity 13 7.7 – – – 13 Space‐Constrained 12 7.4 – – – 12 
From 2000 to 2005 annual shipments increased nearly 60% 

million units, then dropped and leveled off around 1.7 mi

42

Residential Air Source Heat Pumps

0.00.51.01.52.02.5

2000 2002 2004 2006 2008 2010 

Unit Shipments (millions)

Air Source Heat Pumps

Source: Appliance Magazine. (Also available from http://www.ahrinet.org/historical+data.aspx)
43

Residential Central Air Conditioners and Air Source Heat Pumps

• Principal energy efficiency drivers for central air conditioners and heat p

— Heat exchanger (surface area, number of tube rows)

— Compressor (type and single‐stage vs. two‐stage vs. variable‐speed 

— Fan motor choices (PSC vs. ECM fan motors on inside and outside)

— Control choices (i.e., piston, thermal, and electronic expansion valve

• Typical high‐efficiency unit (≥16 SEER) has very large heat exchanger, E

fan motor, and two‐stage scroll compressor.

• Variable‐speed compressor technology typically leads to a significant SE

making possible high‐SEER condensing units with smaller enclosures.

• Efficiency levels >21 SEER made possible through combining existing la

exchangers with variable‐speed compressors, ECM fan motors, and elec

expansion valves.
44

Residential Ground Source Heat Pumps

DATA

2009 2013 2020 2030 

Installed

Base

Current

Standard Typical ENERGY STAR High Typical High Typical Hig

Typical Capacity (kBtu/h) 36 36 36 36 36 36 36 36 

COP (Heating) 3 3.1 3.2 3.6 4.5 3.8 4.9 4.1 

EER (Cooling) 12.3 13.4 14.2 17.1 28 22 36 29 

Average Life (yrs) 25 25 25 25 25 25 25 25 

Retail Equipment Cost ($)

5,000 3,000 3,000 5,000 7,000 4,900 7,000 4,800 7,07,000 5,000 5,000 7,000 9,000 6,900 9,000 6,800 9,0

Total Installed Cost ($)

15,000 10,000 10,000 15,000 20,000 14,900 20,000 14,800 20,020,000 15,000 15,000 20,000 27,000 19,900 27,000 19,800 27,0

Annual Maintenance Cost ($) 75 75 75 75 75 75 75 75 

Higher typical efficiencies and lower costs than reference case
• There are currently over 20 ground source heat pump manufacturers/OEMs in th

• Heating COP does not correlate with cooling EER (coefficient of determination, R

ENERGY STAR certified products). The highest efficiency GSHP is the 7 Series b

International, Inc. (41 EER & 5.3 COP). Note that these are equipment‐level therm

according to standardized lab conditions and do not necessarily represent system

worldʺ performance.

• The ENERGY STAR® criteria for water‐to‐air ground source heat pumps are:

• The most common ground source heat pump is a closed‐loop system in which wa

freeze solution is circulated through plastic pipes buried underground. Open loo

employ ground water or surface water (e.g., open well, pond, lake) are used in so

country, but water supply and water quality issues impose limitations on such ap

• Installation cost is for a closed loop system and includes necessary accessories. T

heat exchanger represents a majority of the installation cost. Installed costs for the

widely.

• Variable speed electronically commutated motors (ECMs) improve performance 

models.

45

Residential Ground Source Heat Pumps

Type

Tier 1 (12/1/2009) Tier 2 (1/1/2011) Tier 3 (1/

Heating

COP

Cooling

EER

Heating

COP

Cooling

EER

Heating

COP

Closed Loop 3.3 14.1 3.5 16.1 3.6 

Open Loop 3.6 16.2 3.8 18.2 4.1 

Direct Expansion 3.5 15 3.6 16 3.6 
46

Residential Gas Heat Pumps

NAECA does not cover residential gas heat pumps, but the CEC Title 24, Part 6 Section 112 does indicate minim

cooling efficiency for gas heat pumps.

DATA

2009 2013 2020 2030 

Installed Base Typical Typical Typical 

Typical Capacity (kBtu/h) 60 60 60 60 

Heating (COP) 1.3 1.3 1.4 1.45 Cooling (COP) 0.6 0.6 0.7 0.8 

Annual Electric Use (kWh/yr) 2,000 1,500 1,500 1,500 

Average Life (yrs) 15 15 15 15 

Retail Equipment Cost ($)

10,500 10,500 10,400 10,300 11,700 11,700 11,600 11,500 

Total Installed Cost ($)

12,000 12,000 11,900 11,800 14,200 14,200 14,100 14,000 

Annual Maintenance Cost ($) 160 160 160 160 

Higher efficiencies and lower costs than reference case
• Residential Gas Heat Pumps are not currently covered by NAECA. CE

Section 112 does indicate cooling efficiency requirements for gas heat p

• Gas heat pumps are much more popular in Europe and Asia. Gas‐fired 

equipment currently comprises less than 1% of the residential air condi

pump market in the U.S.

• Currently, Robur is the predominant manufacturer of residential‐sized 

with sales to the US. Robur units are 5‐ton cooling capacity, a size typic

with larger homes. Since only one product is available, no mid‐level or 

categories are included.

• The data represents air‐source absorption heat pumps. Gas engine‐driv

compression heat pumps are available in other parts of the world; York 

the Triathlon gas engine‐driven heat pump in the US. It is possible to c

technology to the ground (ground source) rather than the atmosphere (

• The absorption heat pump is a gas‐fired, ammonia‐water absorption cy

with a high‐efficiency low‐pressure boiler integrated into one outdoor 

• The cooling efficiency of a gas‐fired air source absorption heat pump is 

lower than for an electric air source heat pump. Heating efficiency of an 

pump (electric or gas‐fired absorption) decreases as outdoor temperatu

however the gas‐fired absorption heat pump recovers waste heat from 

process to improve heating efficiency.

47

Residential Gas Heat Pumps
48

Residential Electric Resistance Furnaces

DATA

2009 2013 2020 2030 

Installed Base Typical Typical Typical T

Typical Capacity (kBtu/h) 68 68 68 68 AFUE (%) 99 99 99 99 

Average Life (yrs)

20 20 20 20 30 30 30 30 

Retail Equipment Cost ($)

600 600 600 600 700 700 700 700 

Total Installed Cost ($)

1,000 1,000 1,000 1,000 1,200 1,200 1,200 1,200 

Annual Maintenance Cost ($) 40 40 40 40 

Same as reference case
• This analysis examined non‐weatherized (installed indoors) electric resi

warm‐air furnaces.

• There are currently no federal requirements on electric resistance furnac

90.1‐2010 unit heater requirements only capture gas and oil‐fired units.

• According to RECS 2009 data, electric central warm‐air furnaces are the 

space heating in approximately 19.1 million US homes or about 17%.

• Electric furnaces range in capacity from 10 to 25 kW (34 to 85 kBtu/hr), w

kBtu/hr) being the typical for units on the market.

• Electric resistance furnaces are considered near 100% efficient because th

heat loss and any jacket losses are contained within the home. For this a

efficiency is 99% to account for IR losses. Furnace fans or blowers have n

AFUE measurements.

49

Residential Electric Resistance Furnaces
50

Residential Electric Resistance Unit Heaters

* Annual Maintenance Cost is negligible

DATA

2009 2013 2020 2030 

Installed Base Typical Typical Typical 

Typical Capacity (kBTU/h) 3.5 3.5 3.5 3

Efficiency (%) 0.98 0.98 0.98 0.Average Life (yrs) 18 18 18 

Retail Equipment Cost ($)

75 75 75 

200 200 200 2

Total Installed Cost ($)

125 125 125 1275 275 275 2

Annual Maintenance Cost ($)* ‐‐‐

Same as reference case
• This analysis examined electric wall and baseboard heaters. Plug‐in spa

considered plug loads and, therefore, not included.

• There are currently no federal requirements on electric resistance unit h

90.1‐2010 unit heater requirements only capture gas and oil‐fired units.

• According to RECS 2009 data, electric resistance unit heaters are the ma

space heating in approximately 5.7 million US homes or about 5%.

• Electric heaters range in capacity from 500 to 2,500 watts (1.7 to 8.5 kBtu

watts (3.5 kBtu/hr) being the most typical for units on the market.

• Electric resistance heaters are considered near 100% efficient because the

loss through ducts or combustion. For this analysis, the efficiency is 98% 

IR losses and fan inefficiency.

51

Residential Electric Resistance Unit Heaters
52

Residential Cordwood Stoves

*Efficiency includes combustion and heat transfer efficiency and is based on the higher heating value (HHV) of the fuel.

**Installed cost includes cost of hearth and stainless steel chimney liner ‐ materials and labor.

***Annual maintenance cost of catalytic stove includes periodic cost of replacing the catalytic combustor.

DATA

2009 2013 2020 2030 

Installed Base EPA Certified (Default) Typical High Typical High Typical 

Typical Capacity (kBtu/h) 50 50 50 50 50 50 50 

Efficiency (Non‐Catalytic) (HHV) 58 63 63 74 70 77 73 

Efficiency (Catalytic) (HHV) 68 72 72 81 78 84 81 

Average Life (yrs)

12 12 12 12 12 12 12 25 25 25 25 25 25 25 

Retail Equipment Cost ($) (Non‐Catalytic) 2,400 2,400 2,400 3,200 2,600 3,400 2,800 

Retail Equipment Cost ($) (Catalytic) 3,300 3,300 3,300 4,100 3,500 4,300 3,700 

Total Installed Cost ($) (Non‐Catalytic) 7,000 7,000 7,000 7,800 7,200 8,000 7,400 

Total Installed Cost ($) (Catalytic) 7,900 7,900 7,500 8,700 8,100 8,900 8,300 

Annual Maintenance Cost ($) (Non Catalytic) 150 150 150 150 150 150 150 

Annual Maintenance Cost ($) (Catalytic) 225 225 225 225 225 225 225 

Same as reference case
• Residential cordwood stoves that must meet EPA particulate limits fall in

classes based on whether or not they use a catalyst for air treatment. Ca

stoves use a catalytic combustor to reduce emissions from the combustio

catalytic wood stoves use baffles and introduce secondary air above the f

complete combustion to help reduce emissions.

• There are no efficiency standards for wood stoves. EPA publishes a list o

have met emission limits for particulates and includes default efficiencie

catalytic and catalytic wood stoves). The emission limits are 7.5 grams/h

certified non‐catalytic wood stoves and 4.1 grams/hr. for catalytic wood s

• The EPA default efficiencies are 63% for certified non‐catalytic wood stov

catalytic wood stoves. Manufacturers may submit efficiency data from la

testing to EPA, to include with the default values, but very few have don

• Data from product literature does not generally identify the efficiency tes

not possible to determine performance trends based on construction or c

(e.g., cast iron vs. plate steel, powered blowers vs. no blowers, etc.) tren

equipment type or construction based on published efficiencies.

53

Residential Cordwood Stoves
• Some states have instituted tighter emission standards along with minim

requirements (e.g., Oregon).

• EPA is considering updates to its New Source Performance Standards (N

would tighten the emissions limits and may include minimum efficiency 

However, the timing remains uncertain.

• Cordwood stoves require chimneys for venting combustion gases. Whet

conventional masonry chimneys are used or metal chimney liners, these 

considerable cost to the overall system. Installed costs can be double tha

stove itself.

54

Residential Cordwood Stoves
55

Residential Cordwood Stoves

Source: HPBA

Cordwood stove shipments have averaged 123,000 per yea

and have rebounded somewhat since 2011.
56

Residential Wood Pellet Stoves

*Efficiency includes combustion and heat transfer efficiency and is based on the higher heating value (HHV) of the fuel.

**Electricity consumption is for combustion air fan, distribution blower, and pellet feeder.

***Installed cost includes cost of hearth and vent pipe ‐ materials and labor.

DATA

2009 2013 2020 2030 

Installed

Base

EPA Certified

(Default) Typical High Typical High Typical Hi

Typical Capacity (kBtu/h) 50 50 50 50 50 50 50 

Efficiency (HHV) 65 78 78 81 81 84 83 

Annual ElectricityConsumption (kWh) 1,200 1,200 1,200 1,200 1,200 1,200 1,200 1,Average Life (yrs)

12 12 12 12 12 12 12 25 25 25 25 25 25 25 

Retail Equipment Cost ($) 3,300 3,300 3,300 4,200 3,500 4,400 3,700 4,Total Installed Cost ($) 4,700 4,700 4,700 5,600 4,900 5,800 5,100 6,Annual Maintenance Cost ($) 250 250 250 250 250 250 250 

Same as reference case
• There are no efficiency standards for wood pellet stoves and they are not 

certified by EPA. However, manufacturers that wish to be certified must 

emission limit of 2.5 grams/hr.

• The EPA default efficiency for wood pellet stoves is 72%. Manufacturers 

efficiency data from laboratory testing to EPA, to include with the defaul

very few have done so.

• Data from product literature does not generally identify the efficiency tes

• Some states have instituted tighter emission standards along with minim

requirements (e.g., Oregon).

• EPA is considering updates to its New Source Performance Standards (N

would tighten the emissions limits and may include minimum efficiency 

However, the timing remains uncertain.

• Wood pellet stoves may be able to be direct vented to the outdoors, elim

need for a chimney. This reduces the overall system cost as compared to 

stove. However, they do use electricity to power the pellet feeder, the co

fan, and the blower. In the event of a power outage, a pellet stove can no

without some back‐up source of electricity (e.g., battery) .

57

Residential Wood Pellet Stoves
58

Residential Wood Pellet Stoves

Source: HPBA

Wood pellet stove shipments grew substantially in the 200

time period, but have averaged only 40,000 – 60,000 units s

time.
59

Residential Refrigerator-Freezers

* The volume shown here is the nominal total volume, not the adjusted volume, which is used to determine compliance w

** Based on an adjusted volume of 21 ft3.

Top‐Mount (Product Class 3)

DATA

2009 2013 2020 2030 

Installed

Base

Current

Standard Typical ENERGY STAR High Typical High Typical Hig

Typical Capacity (ft3)* 19 19 19 19 19 19 19 19 

Energy Consumption (kWh/yr)** 586 482 407 385 311 385 311 365 3Average Life (yrs)

12 12 12 12 12 12 12 12 22 22 22 22 22 22 22 22 

Retail Equipment Cost ($) 550 530 570 620 880 620 880 700 8

Total Installed Cost ($) 550 530 570 620 880 620 880 700 8

Annual Maintenance Cost ($) 99999999

Higher typical efficiencies than ref. case
60

Residential Refrigerator-Freezers

* The volume shown here is the nominal total volume, not the adjusted volume, which is used to determine compliance w

** Based on an adjusted volume of 25 ft3.

Bottom‐Mount (Product Class 5)

Higher typical efficiencies than ref. case

DATA

2009 2013 2020 2030 

Installed

Base

Current

Standard Typical ENERGY STAR High Typical High Typical Hig

Typical Capacity (ft3)* 21 21 21 21 21 21 21 21 

Energy Consumption (kWh/yr)** 574 574 540 459 457 500 457 459 4Average Life (yrs)

12 12 12 12 12 12 12 12 22 22 22 22 22 22 22 22 

Retail Equipment Cost ($) 935 930 940 980 980 960 980 980 9

Total Installed Cost ($) 935 930 940 980 980 960 980 980 9

Annual Maintenance Cost ($) 22 22 22 22 22 22 22 22 
61

Residential Refrigerator-Freezers

* The volume shown here is the nominal total volume, not the adjusted volume, which is used to determine compliance w

** Based on an adjusted volume of 32 ft3.

Side‐Mount (Product Class 7)

Higher typical efficiencies than ref. case

DATA

2009 2013 2020 2030 

Installed

Base

Current

Standard Typical ENERGY STAR High Typical High Typical Hig

Typical Capacity (ft3)* 26 26 26 26 26 26 26 26 

Energy Consumption (kWh/yr)** 889 729 596 583 509 575 509 550 5Average Life (yrs)

12 12 12 12 12 12 12 12 22 22 22 22 22 22 22 22 

Retail Equipment Cost ($) 1,150 1,130 1,170 1,180 1,380 1,200 1,380 1,250 1,3

Total Installed Cost ($) 1,150 1,130 1,170 1,180 1,380 1,200 1,380 1,250 1,3

Annual Maintenance Cost ($) 24 24 24 24 24 24 24 24 
• Current Federal standards:

— Compliance required beginning July 1, 2001— Models divided into 12 product classes based on size (standard or compact), locatio

bottom, or side), type of defrost (automatic or manual), and presence of through‐the

— Limits on annual electricity consumption expressed as functions of adjusted volum

• ENERGY STAR criteria limit annual electricity consumption to 20% less than the Federa

• More stringent Federal standards:

— Compliance required beginning September 15, 2014

— New product classes for built‐in units

— Amount by which standards are tightened varies by product class

• Current analysis focuses on the three representative product classes analyzed in the rece

• Energy efficiency opportunities include:

— Higher efficiency and/or variable‐speed compressor systems— Larger heat exchangers

— Permanent‐magnet fan motor systems (vs. SPM and PSC fan motors)— Demand defrost systems— Vacuum‐insulated panels— Thicker insulation (though at a loss of consumer utility)

— Better gasketing

— Refrigerants (Isobutane vs. R134a)

— Variable anti‐sweat heating

62

Residential Refrigerator-Freezers

1Adjusted Volume (AV) = (Fresh Volume) + 1.63 × (Freezer Volume). Beginning in 2004, the 1.63 coefficient will change to 
Annual shipment volumes declined 25% from 2006 to 2009, 

slightly in 2010, then declined again to 8.6 million units in 2

63

Residential Refrigerator-Freezers

Source: Appliance Magazine; data provided by AHAM and Navigant analysis for configuration shares.

02468

1012

2000 2002 2004 2006 2008 2010 2012

Unit Shipments (millions)

Refrigerators (Standard‐Size)

ToToSidBo
Bottom‐mount units likely have captured somewhere betw

35 percent of the market, based on shipment‐weighted dat

2007, DOE analysis, and counts of currently available mod

64

Residential Refrigerator-Freezers

0%

10%20%30%40%50%60%70%80%90%

100%

1998 2000 2002 2004 2006 2008 2010 2012

Configuration Market Share

BoMSidTo

Sources: AHAM data; August 2011 Refrigerator Final Rule TSD; Navigant analysis.
65

Residential Freezers

* The volume shown here is the nominal volume, not the adjusted volume, which is used to determine compliance with s

** Based on an adjusted volume of 29 ft3 (30 ft3 beginning in 2014).

Upright Freezers (Product Class 9)

DATA

2009 2013 2020 2030 

Installed

Base

Current

Standard Typical ENERGY STAR High Typical High Typical Hig

Typical Capacity (ft3)* 17 17 17 17 17 17 17 17 

Energy Consumption (kWh/yr)** 775 687 642 618 615 487 487 487 4

Average Life (yrs)

17 17 17 17 17 17 17 17 27 27 27 27 27 27 27 27 

Retail Equipment Cost ($) 550 550 555 560 560 660 660 660 6

Total Installed Cost ($) 550 550 555 560 560 660 660 660 6

Annual Maintenance Cost ($) 55555555

Same as reference case
66

Residential Freezers

* The volume shown here is the nominal volume, not the adjusted volume, which is used to determine compliance with s

** Based on an adjusted volume of 26 ft3 (30 ft3 beginning in 2014).

Chest Freezers (Product Class 10)

DATA

2009 2013 2020 2030 

Installed

Base

Current

Standard Typical ENERGY STAR High Typical High Typical Hig

Typical Capacity (ft3)* 17 17 17 17 17 17 17 17 

Energy Consumption (kWh/yr)** 430 401 370 361 354 327 327 327 3

Average Life (yrs)

17 17 17 17 17 17 17 17 27 27 27 27 27 27 27 27 

Retail Equipment Cost ($) 400 400 405 410 410 425 425 425 4

Total Installed Cost ($) 400 400 405 410 410 425 425 425 4

Annual Maintenance Cost ($) 33333333

Same as reference case 
• Current Federal standards:

— Compliance required beginning July 1, 2001— Models divided into 6 product classes based on size (standard or compact), orientat

upright), and type of defrost (automatic or manual).

— Limits on annual electricity consumption expressed as functions of adjusted volume

• ENERGY STAR criteria limit annual electricity consumption to 10% less than the Federal 

• More stringent Federal standards:

— Compliance required beginning September 15, 2014

— New product classes for built‐in freezers and freezers with an automatic icemaker

— Amount by which standards are tightened varies by product class

• Current analysis focuses on the two representative product classes analyzed in the recent 

• Energy efficiency opportunities include:

— Higher efficiency and/or variable‐speed compressor systems— Larger heat exchangers

— Permanent‐magnet fan motor systems (vs. SPM and PSC fan motors)— Demand defrost systems— Vacuum‐insulated panels— Thicker insulation (though at a loss of consumer utility)

— Better gasketing

— Refrigerants (Isobutane vs. R134a)

— Variable anti‐sweat heating

— Use of forced convection condenser (for upright freezers)

67

Residential Freezers

1Adjusted Volume (AV) = (Fresh Volume) + 1.63 × (Freezer Volume). Beginning in 2004, the 1.63 coefficient will change to 
Shipment volumes have held steady since 2007 at about 2 m

units per year. Chest freezers represent about 60% of the m

68

Residential Freezers

Source: Appliance Magazine.

0.00.51.01.52.02.53.0

2000 2002 2004 2006 2008 2010 2012

Unit Shipments (millions)

Freezers (Full‐Size)
69

Residential Natural Gas Cooktops and Stoves

* Equipment and installed costs are for stand‐alone cooktops only (not stoves).

** Maintenance costs are negligible.

DATA

2009 2013 2020 2030 

Installed

Base Typical High Typical High Typical High 

Typical Capacity (kBtu/h)

9999999

12 12 12 12 12 12 12 

Cooking Efficiency (%) 38.5 39.9 42 39.9 42 39.9 42 Average Life (yrs)

12 12 12 12 12 12 12 22 22 22 22 22 22 22 

Retail Equipment Cost ($)*

225 250 300 250 300 250 300 300 350 400 350 400 350 400 

Total Installed Cost ($)*

275 300 350 300 350 300 350 350 400 450 400 450 400 450 

Annual Maintenance Cost ($)** ‐‐‐‐‐‐‐

Same as reference case 
• Since January 1, 1990, gas cooking products with an electrical supply cor

required to not be equipped with a constant burning pilot light. This req

extended to gas cooking products without an electrical supply cord, as o

• Little variation in cooking efficiency among gas cooktops and stoves (or 

• DOE final rule published in 2009: no standard for cooking efficiency is c

70

Residential Natural Gas Cooktops and Stoves
Shipments are down from their peak in 2005 and appear to 

leveled off in the past five years.

71

Residential Natural Gas Cooktops and Stoves

Note: Excludes separate ovens, which were categorized as ʺbuilt‐inʺ units prior to 2007.

Source: Appliance Magazine.

0.00.51.01.52.02.53.03.54.0

2000 2002 2004 2006 2008 2010 2012

Unit Shipments (millions)

Natural Gas Cooktops and Stoves

TotalRanges, Surface 

(Cookto
72

Residential Clothes Washers – Front-Loading

* Maintenance costs are negligible.

DATA

2009 2013 2020 2030 

Installed

Base

Current

Standard Typical ENERGY STAR High Typical High Typical Hig

Typical Capacity (ft3) 3.09 3.00 3.90 3.00 5.20 3.90 5.20 3.90 5

Modified Energy Factor(ft3/kWh/cycle) 2.07 1.26 3.09 2.00 3.45 3.09 3.45 3.09 3Water Factor (gal/cycle/ft3) 6.2 9.5 3.1 6.0 3.0 3.1 3.0 3.1 

Average Life (yrs)

77777777

14 14 14 14 14 14 14 14 

Water Consumption (gal/cycle) 19 29 12 18 15 12 15 12 

Hot Water Energy (kWh/cycle) 0.32 0.82 0.16 0.29 0.27 0.16 0.27 0.16 0

Machine Energy (kWh/cycle) 0.15 0.2 0.12 0.15 0.11 0.12 0.11 0.12 0Dryer Energy (kWh/cycle) 1.02 1.37 0.99 1.03 1.13 0.99 1.13 0.99 1Retail Equipment Cost ($)

550 550 900 800 1,200 900 1,200 900 1,2700 700 1,000 900 1,500 1,000 1,500 1,000 1,5

Total Installed Cost ($)

650 650 1,000 900 1,300 1,000 1,300 1,000 1,3800 800 1,100 1,000 1,600 1,100 1,600 1,100 1,6

Annual Maintenance Cost ($)* ‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐

Same as reference case 
73

Residential Clothes Washers – Top-Loading

* Maintenance costs are negligible.

DATA

2009 2013 2020 2030 

Installed

Base

Current

Standard Typical ENERGY STAR High Typical High Typical Hig

Typical Capacity (ft3) 3.0 3.2 3.5 3.6 4.8 3.6 4.8 3.6 

Modified Energy Factor(ft3/kWh/cycle) 1.20 1.26 1.40 2.00 2.87 2.00 2.87 2.00 2

Water Factor (gal/cycle/ft3) 12.0 9.5 8.5 6.0 3.65 6.0 3.65 6.0 3

Average Life (yrs)

77777777

14 14 14 14 14 14 14 14 

Water Consumption (gal/cycle) 36 30 30 22 18 22 18 22 

Hot Water Energy (kWh/cycle) 0.91 0.87 0.64 0.51 0.39 0.51 0.39 0.51 0

Machine Energy (kWh/cycle) 0.28 0.28 0.28 0.08 0.08 0.08 0.08 0.08 0Dryer Energy (kWh/cycle) 1.31 1.39 1.58 1.21 1.20 1.21 1.20 1.21 1Retail Equipment Cost ($)

550 350 450 550 850 550 850 550 700 450 550 650 950 650 950 650 

Total Installed Cost ($)

650 450 550 650 950 650 950 650 800 550 650 750 1,050 750 1,050 750 1,

Annual Maintenance Cost ($)* ‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐

Same as reference case 
• Present analysis treats front‐ and top‐loading models separately. Past an

consider the two types separately.

• Federal standards for standard‐capacity clothes washers (≥ 1.6 cubic fee

• Most front‐loading models on the market today surpass the ENERGY ST

comfortable margin; typical new front‐loading unit has MEF = 3.09 and 

• Energy efficiency improvement opportunities include:

— Higher efficiency motors and higher spin speeds

— Better load sensing for adaptive water fill control

— Reduced water temperature and quantity, while providing equivale

rinsing performance 74

Residential Clothes Washers

Modified Energy Factor Water Fact

Top‐Loading Front‐Loading Top‐Loading F

Current DOE Standard ≥ 1.26 (effective 1/1/2007) ≤ 9.5 (effective 1/

Current ENERGY STAR ≥ 2.00 ≤ 6.0

Integrated Modified Energy Factor1 Integrated Wate

March 7, 2015 ≥ 1.29 ≥ 1.84 ≤ 8.4 

January 1, 2018 ≥ 1.57 ≥ 1.84 (no change) ≤ 6.5 ≤

1. IMEF differs from MEF as follows: (a) includes standby power energy; (b) smaller capacity measurement for top

(c) higher drying energy estimate; and (d) additional wash cycles required for testing.

2. IWF differs from WF as follows: WF incorporates water usage from cold water cycles only while IWF incorpora

from all wash temperatures.
Shipment volumes have returned to pre‐housing boom lev

loaders’ market share grew from 5% to about 50% in 10 yea

75

Residential Clothes Washers

02468

10

2000 2002 2004 2006 2008 2010 2012

Unit Shipments (millions)

Clothes Washers

TotalTop‐LFront

Source: Appliance Magazine and Residential Clothes Washer Direct Final Rule TSD, EERE, April 2012.
76

Residential Clothes Dryers

* Italicized values are estimated. The federal standard is expressed in EF, but will be expressed in CEF beginning in 2015. 

not strictly comparable, but both values are shown here to facilitate longitudinal analyses.

** Maintenance costs are negligible.

Electric

DATA

2009 2013 2020 2030 

Installed

Base

Current

Standard Typical High Typical High Typical High 

Typical Capacity (ft3) 7 777777

EF (lb/kWh)* 3.01 3.01 3.10 3.16 3.10 4.51 3.16 4.5

CEF (lb/kWh)* 3.55 3.55 3.73 3.81 3.73 5.42 3.81 5.4

Average Life (yrs)

8888888

15 15 15 15 15 15 15 1

Retail Equipment Cost ($)

400 400 450 500 450 650 500 65500 500 550 600 550 750 600 75

Total Installed Cost ($)

510 510 560 610 560 780 610 78610 610 660 710 660 880 710 88

Annual Maintenance Cost ($)** ‐‐‐‐‐‐‐

Same as reference case 
77

Residential Clothes Dryers

Natural Gas

* Italicized values are estimated. The federal standard is expressed in EF, but will be expressed in CEF beginning in 2015. 

not strictly comparable, but both values are shown here to facilitate longitudinal analyses.

** Maintenance costs are negligible.

DATA

2009 2013 2020 2030 

Installed

Base

Current

Standard Typical Mid‐ Level High Typical High Typical High 

Typical Capacity (ft3) 7 7777777

EF (lb/kWh)* 2.67 2.67 2.75 2.85 3.02 2.81 3.02 2.81 3.

CEF (lb/kWh)* 3.14 3.14 3.24 3.35 3.61 3.30 3.61 3.30 3.Average Life (yrs)

88888888

15 15 15 15 15 15 15 15 

Retail Equipment Cost ($)

450 400 425 450 550 400 550 400 5550 450 475 550 650 500 650 500 6

Total Installed Cost ($)

610 560 585 610 710 560 710 560 7710 610 635 710 810 660 810 660 8

Annual Maintenance Cost ($)** ‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐

Same as reference case 
• Current standards in effect since 1994:

— For standard‐size electric units : EF ≥ 3.01 lb/kWh

— For gas units: EF ≥ 2.67 lb/kWh

• New standards announced in April 2011 with compliance date of Jan. 1, 20

metric will change from energy factor (EF) to combined energy factor (CEFincorporates standby mode power consumption:

— For standard‐size vented electric units : CEF ≥ 3.73 lb/kWh (≅3.17 EF)

— For vented gas units: CEF ≥ 3.30 lb/kWh (≅2.81 EF)

• Remaining efficiency improvement opportunities include:

— Multi‐step or modulating heat— Higher efficiency drum motors— Inlet air pre‐heat— Better control systems for cycle termination (not reflected per the curre

however)

— Heat pump (for electric clothes dryers)

• Heat pump clothes dryers with EF around 4.5 currently available in Europe

and potential reliability issues have kept them out of the U.S. market, but a

arrive by 2020.

• In 2012, EPA announced the Emerging Technology Award for Clothes Dry

be awarded to a manufacturer that introduces a high‐efficiency clothes dry

market. 78

Residential Clothes Dryers
Shipment volumes are now slightly below pre‐housing bo

Gas dryers continue to account for about one‐fifth of the m

79

Residential Clothes Dryers

0123456789

2000 2002 2004 2006 2008 2010 20

Unit Shipments (millions)

Clothes Dryers Total

ElectrGas

Source: Appliance Magazine.
80

Residential Dishwashers

* Refers to that portion of ʺTypical Annual Energy Useʺ that is the energy used to heat water in a separate water heater be

dishwasher. The energy used to heat water inside the dishwasher cannot be disaggregated from the total.

** Maintenance costs are negligible.

DATA

2009 2013 2020 2030 

Installed

Base

Current

Standard Typical ENERGY STAR High Typical High Typical Hi

Typical Annual Energy Use (kWh/yr) 312 307 295 295 180 275 180 275 

Water Consumption (gal/cycle) 4.50 5.00 4.25 4.25 2.22 4.00 2.22 4.00 2

Water Heating Energy Use (kWh/yr)* 163 181 153 153 80 140 80 140 

Average Life (yrs)

14 14 14 14 14 14 14 14 24 24 24 24 24 24 24 24 

Retail Equipment Cost ($) 390 395 450 450 470 450 470 450 

Total Installed Cost ($) 710 715 770 770 790 770 790 770 Annual Maintenance Cost ($)** ‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐

Higher typical efficiencies with the same costs as ref. case despite increased efficiency
• Performance criteria for standard‐capacity dishwashers (assumes 215 cycles/year)

— Federal Standards:

 Jan. 1, 2010: ≤ 355 kWh/yr, ≤ 6.5 gal/cycle (EISA 2007) May 30, 2013: ≤ 307 kWh/yr, ≤ 5.0 gal/cycle (DOE Direct Final Rule, publish

— ENERGY STAR Criteria:

 Aug. 11, 2009 : ≤ 324 kWh/yr, ≤ 5.8 gal/cycle (version 4.0, announced Nov. 2 Jan. 20, 2012: ≤ 295 kWh/yr, ≤ 4.25 gal/cycle (version 5.0, announced April 2

• ENERGY STAR has maintained a very high market share for several years, so sale

average efficiency has tracked ENERGY STAR levels.

• Test procedures:

— Accounts for motor, dryer, booster heater (if present), and hot water from sep

— Amended test procedure, enters into force May 30, 2013, includes standby and 

— Cleaning performance test method expected to be part of future ENERGY STA

• Efficiency improvement opportunities include:

— Better soil sensing in the water, the filter, and the controls to make use of that

— Water distribution (small pipes, fine filter, small sump, alternating water use)

— Inline water heater (to minimize sump volume)

— High‐efficiency, variable‐speed pump motor— Vent assembly to help drying of dishes

81

Residential Dishwashers
Shipments peaked in 2005 during the housing boom then de

appear to have leveled off at between 5 and 6 million units p

82

Residential Dishwashers

Source: Appliance Magazine

012345678

2000 2002 2004 2006 2008 2010 2012

Unit Shipments (millions)

Dishwashers (Built‐In)
83

Commercial Gas-Fired Furnaces

* DOEʹs efficiency metric for commercial furnaces accounts only for flue losses, not jacket losses.

Higher typical efficiencies than ref. case

DATA

2003 2012 2013 2020 2030 

Installed Base Current Standard Typical High Typical High Typical High 

Typical Input Capacity (kBtu/h) 400 400 400 400 400 400 400 400 4

Thermal Efficiency (%)* 76 80 80 80 90 81 90 81 

Average Life (yrs) 15 15 15 15 15 15 15 15 

Retail Equipment Cost ($)

1,920 2,370 2,910 2,910 3,590 3,000 3,590 3,000 3,5

2,130 2,580 3,120 3,120 3,900 3,200 3,900 3,200 3,9

Total Installed Cost ($)

2,300 2,750 3,290 3,290 3,970 3,380 3,970 3,380 3,9

2,510 2,960 3,500 3,500 4,280 3,580 4,280 3,580 4,2

Annual Maintenance Cost ($)** 320 320 320 320 930 320 930 320 9
• Current Federal standard requires minimum 80% thermal efficiency. Th

more commonly called “combustion efficiency” in other contexts, accou

flue losses, not jacket losses.

• ASHRAE Standard 90.1, which is used as a commercial building code in 

states, stipulates that furnaces that are not within the conditioned space 

have jacket losses exceeding 0.75% of the input rating.

• The Federal standard applies to all units manufactured on or after Janua

with maximum rated heat input ≥ 225,000 Btu per hour.

• Commercial furnace efficiency ranges are as wide as those for residentia

technology options are similar (though usually scaled up).

• Besides scale, commercial units can differ in terms of the control system 

integration with a Building Management System, twinning, or other sta

strategies) and they may also use a heat recovery system to pre‐heat inle

• The maintenance cost estimate assumes two cleanings per year.

84

Commercial Gas-Fired Furnaces
85

Commercial Oil-Fired Furnaces

* DOEʹs efficiency metric for commercial furnaces accounts only for flue losses, not jacket losses.

DATA

2003 2012 2013 2020 20

Installed Base Current Standard Typical Typical Typ

Typical Input Capacity (kBtu/h) 400 400 400 400 400 Thermal Efficiency (%)* 81 81 81 82 82 Average Life (yrs) 15 15 15 15 15 

Retail Equipment Cost ($)

3,200 3,400 4,000 4,000 4,000 

3,800 3,900 4,200 4,200 4,200 

Total Installed Cost ($)

3,800 3,800 4,380 4,380 4,380 

4,400 4,400 4,580 4,580 4,580 

Annual Maintenance ($) 320 320 320 320 320 

Same as reference case 
• Current Federal standard requires minimum 81% thermal efficiency. Th

more commonly called “combustion efficiency” in other contexts, accou

flue losses, not jacket losses.

• ASHRAE Standard 90.1, which is used as a commercial building code in 

states, stipulates that furnaces that are not within the conditioned space 

have jacket losses exceeding 0.75% of the input rating.

• The Federal standard applies to all units manufactured on or after Janua

with maximum rated heat input ≥ 225,000 Btu per hour.

• Commercial furnace efficiency ranges are as wide as those for residentia

technology options are similar (though usually scaled up).

• Besides scale, commercial units can differ in terms of the control system 

integration with a Building Management System, twinning, or other sta

strategies) and they may also use a heat recovery system to pre‐heat inle

• The maintenance cost estimate assumes two cleanings per year.

86

Commercial Oil-Fired Furnaces
87

Commercial Electric Boilers

* Capacity is output

DATA

2003 2012 2013 2020 2030 

Installed Base Typical Typical Typical 

Typical Capacity (kW)* 165 165 165 165 165 

Efficiency (%) 98 98 98 98 98 

Average Life (yrs) 15 15 15 15 15 

Retail Equipment Cost ($)

$6,400 $7,000 $7,000 $7,000 $7,000 $7,500 $7,800 $7,800 $7,800 $7,800 

Total Installed Cost ($)

$8,000 $10,500 $10,500 $10,500 $10,500 $9,600 $11,800 $11,800 $11,800 $11,800 

Annual Maintenance Cost ($)

110 110 110 110 110 160 160 160 160 160 

Same as reference case
• There are currently no federal standards associated with electric boilers• The costs shown are for one 165kW unit, which would equate to a stead

approximately 550,000 Btu/hr.

• Service life is determined mainly by water quality. Water conditioning 

softeners, de‐alkizers, chemical feeders) may be necessary for a given ap

• Annual maintenance in a typical application would include draining the 

removal of any accumulated scale or sludge buildup.

• Minor end‐use inefficiencies for electric boilers result from heat loss thro

(jacket losses).

88

Commercial Electric Boilers
89

Commercial Gas-Fired Boilers

* The standard level shown here is for small hot water boilers, the most common type of boiler.

** DOEʹs efficiency metric for most types of boilers now accounts for both flue and jacket losses; previously it did not. DO

combustion efficiency metric instead for hot water boilers with heat input > 2,500,000 Btu/h.

*** Installed Base costs have been adjusted to reflect the cost of two 427 kBtu/h boilers rather than one, as was reported in 

DATA

2003 2012 2013 2020 2030 

Installed Base Current Standard* Typical Mid‐ Range High Typical High Typical H

Typical Input Capacity (kBtu/h) 800 800 800 800 800 800 800 800 800 Thermal Efficiency (%)** 76 77 80 80 85 98 83 98 84 

Average Life (yrs) 30 30 30 30 30 30 30 30 30 Retail Equipment Cost ($)

10,650 11,350 13,050 13,050 15,900 18,150 14,700 18,150 15,250 1

12,750 13,400 15,100 15,100 18,000 20,200 16,750 20,200 17,300 2

Total Installed Cost ($)

17,850 18,550 20,250 20,250 23,100 25,350 21,900 25,350 22,450 2

19,950 20,600 22,300 22,300 25,200 27,400 23,950 27,400 24,500 2

Annual Maintenance Cost ($)** 480 480 480 480 480 480 480 480 480 

Higher typical efficiencies with the same costs as ref. case despite increased efficiency
• Commercial packaged gas‐fired boilers are classified by:

— Heat input capacity— Produce steam or hot water— Draft type (natural draft or not)

• Most common type is small hot water boilers, those with 300,000‐2,500,0

rated heat input.

• DOE’s efficiency metric, thermal efficiency, now aligns with ASHRAE 9

accounts for both flue and jacket losses.

• Federal standards require thermal efficiency ≥ 77%, 79%, or 80%, depen

• Exception is large hot water boilers, which must have combustion efficien

• Similar technologies to the those used in the residential market can be le

the commercial arena. The higher efficiency units typically include elect

ignition, power burners, and improved heat exchangers. They may eve

and/or pre‐heat incoming air.

90

Commercial Gas-Fired Boilers
91

Commercial Oil-Fired Boilers

* The standard level shown here is for small hot water boilers, the most common type of boiler.

** DOEʹs efficiency metric for most types of boilers now accounts for both flue and jacket losses; previously it did not. DO

combustion efficiency metric instead for hot water boilers with heat input > 2,500,000 Btu/h.

DATA

2003 2012 2013 2020 2030 

Installed Base Current Standard* Typical High Typical High Typical High 

Typical Input Capacity

(kBtu/h) 1,200 1,200 1,200 1,200 1,200 1,200 1,200 1,200 1,20

Thermal Efficiency (%)** 79 81 82 83 98 84 98 85 

Average Life (yrs) 30 30 30 30 30 30 30 30 Retail Equipment Cost ($)

11,700 12,400 13,400 14,400 24,700 14,900 25,200 16,000 24,712,800 14,400 15,400 16,500 26,800 17,000 27,300 18,000 26,8

Total Installed Cost ($)

15,800 16,500 17,500 18,500 30,900 19,000 30,900 20,100 30,916,900 18,500 19,500 20,600 33,000 21,100 33,000 22,100 33,0

Annual Maintenance Cost ($)

115 115 115 115 115 115 115 115 1165 165 165 165 165 165 165 165 1

Higher typical efficiencies with the same costs as ref. case despite increased efficiency
• Commercial packaged oil‐fired boilers are classified by:

— Heat input capacity— Produce steam or hot water

• Most common type is small hot water boilers, those with 300,000‐2,500,0

rated heat input.

• DOE’s efficiency metric, thermal efficiency, now aligns with ASHRAE 9

accounts for both flue and jacket losses.

• Federal standards require thermal efficiency ≥ 81% for steam boilers and

hot water boilers.

• Exception is large hot water boilers, which must have combustion efficien

• The higher efficiency units typically include improved heat exchangers, 

step or variable‐output power burners.

92

Commercial Oil-Fired Boilers
93

Commercial Gas-Fired Chillers1

1 This analysis assumes a water‐cooled chiller; both gas‐fired chiller types (absorption and engine‐driven) are shown.

* Capacity is output

DATA

2003 2012 2013 2020 203

Installed Base

Absorption Engine‐ Driven Absorption Engine‐ Driven Absorption 

Absorption Engine‐ Driven Absorption Engine‐ Driven

Typical Capacity (tons)*

150 150 150 150 150 150 150 150 150 

1,500 400 1,500 400 1,500 400 1,500 400 1,500 

COP 1.0 1.5 1.1 1.7 1.1 1.7 1.3 1.8 1.5 Average Life (yrs) 23 25 23 25 23 25 23 25 23 Retail Equipment Cost

($/ton)

650 750 700 700 700 700 700 700 1,000 800 850 850 800 850 800 850 800 1,300 

Total Installed Cost($/ton)

800 900 800 800 800 800 800 800 1,150 950 1,000 1,050 1,000 1,050 1,000 1,050 1,000 1,600 

Annual Maintenance Cost($/ton)

16 37 16 31 16 31 16 31 16 32 48 32 47 32 47 32 47 32 

Higher efficiencies and costs than reference case
• Gas‐fired chillers are available as either air‐cooled (~25‐50 tons) or water‐cooled (150

analysis includes only water‐cooled chillers. Two direct‐fired gas chiller technologie

market; absorption and engine‐driven.

• Direct gas firing provides high enough temperatures to operate double effect absorp

which operate at a 50‐60% higher COP than single effect absorption chillers. Triple e

chillers are expected to boost cooling COP 30‐50% beyond double effect chillers. Pro

fired triple effect absorption chillers have been tested by York and Trane, but are no

available. Due to the prohibitively high cost of advanced high heat/corrosion‐resista

required for triple effect absorption chillers, it is expected that this technology will n

commercial market impact in the near‐term. Some absorption chillers can be operate

provide heating; these are referred to as chiller/heaters.

• Gas‐fired engine‐driven chillers pair conventional vapor compression technologies (

or centrifugal compressors) with natural gas powered reciprocating engines. Gas‐fir

chillers exhibit higher peak cooling COP than absorbers, and engine modulation res

better part load performance. Future efficiency improvements for engine‐driven ch

anticipated. Engine driven chillers allow the opportunity to recover waste heat usef

• Sales dropped by nearly 75 percent in the US from 2006 to 2010. Most new gas‐fired 

the US are for replacement, not for new installations. The increase in electric chiller 

narrowed the operating cost differential with gas chillers. Gas chiller technologies re

and development will in other markets, such as Asia, which currently has 80 percen

chiller market.

• Gas‐fired chiller installations hold value in niche applications such as where electric 

are high, electrical capacity is limited, alternative energy sources are available (such 

landfill gas) or where waste heat is available (such as from an industrial process or m

CHP system) that could be used with a hybrid direct/indirect‐fired absorption chille

use of natural gas. 94

Commercial Gas-Fired Chillers
95

Commercial Centrifugal Chillers

1 COP and kW/ton efficiencies listed are for full load rated conditions as well as integrated part load value (IPLV), which i

indicative of annual performance.

2 2013 typical efficiency based on ASHRAE 90.1‐2010.3 2013 mid efficiency based on FEMP recommendations.* Capacity is output

DATA

2003 2012 2013 2020 203

Installed Base Typical Mid High Typical High Typical 

Typical Capacity (tons)

400 400 400 400 400 400 400 400 600 600 600 600 600 600 600 600 

Efficiency [full‐load] (kW/ton) 0.70 0.66 0.58 0.56 0.45 0.54 0.44 0.52 

Efficiency [IPLV] (kW/ton) 0.67 0.61 0.40 0.36 0.33 0.35 0.32 0.34 

COP [full‐load] 5.0 5.4 6.1 6.3 7.8 6.5 8.0 6.8 COP [IPLV] 5.2 5.9 8.8 9.8 10.7 10.0 11.0 10.3 Average Life (yrs) 25 25 25 25 25 25 25 25 Retail Equipment Cost ($/ton)

250 250 250 300 400 300 400 300 350 350 350 400 500 400 500 400 

Total Installed Cost ($/ton)

300 300 300 350 450 350 450 350 450 450 450 500 600 500 600 500 

Annual Maintenance Cost ($/ton)

16 16 16 16 16 16 16 16 32 32 32 32 32 32 32 32 

Higher typical efficiencies than reference case
• For most chiller applications the seasonal performance (represented by the integrated part

is more indicative of performance than the full‐load performance at rated conditions. The 

necessarily correlate well to the full‐load efficiency, so both efficiency parameters are listed comparison table.

• ASHRAE 90.1‐2010 and Addendum M of 90.1‐2007 became effective 1/1/10 and instituted 

Separate compliance paths for applications that spend a significant amount of time at full 

load (encourages the use of chillers with better IPLVs in part‐load applications and full‐loa

full‐load applications; for either path, minimum requirements for both full load and IPLV 

The Addendum also added a new size category for centrifugal chillers ≥600 tons, strengthe

efficiency requirements for centrifugal chillers <150 tons and ≥600 tons, and changed how 

expressed, from coefficient of performance (COP) to kW/ton to reflect industry practice.

• The Federal Energy Management Program (FEMP) requires separate minimum efficiencie

optimized and part‐load optimized applications. For full‐load optimized applications, a fu

less than 0.56 kW/ton and an IPLV efficiency less than 0.55 kW/ton. For full‐load optimize

full‐load efficiency less than 0.60 kW/ton and an IPLV efficiency less than 0.36 kW/ton.

• The highest efficiency centrifugal chillers incorporate some of the following:

— Variable speed drive (VSD) compressors

— Dedicated heat recovery (heat pump chiller)

— Magnetic bearing technology (oil‐free operation)

— Greater heat exchanger surface areas; enhanced tube configurations (counterflow)— Optimized fluid flow velocities— High efficiency electric motors

— Improved turbomachinery design, resulting in higher compressor efficiency

— Better piping and valving, including electronic expansion valves

— Evaporative condenser for the heat rejection equipment

• Installed costs vary widely depending on equipment needed for installation (e .g. crane) an

This is a mature market with centrifugal chillers representing 75% of commercial chiller sa

tons. 96

Commercial Centrifugal Chillers
97

Commercial Reciprocating Chillers

1 COP and kW/ton efficiencies listed are for full load rated conditions as well as integrated part load value (IPLV), which is mo

performance.

2 2013 typical efficiency based on ASHRAE 90.1‐2010.3 2013 mid efficiency based on FEMP recommendations.

* Capacity is output

DATA

2003 2012 2013 2020 2030 

Installed Base Typical2 Mid3 High Typical High Typical H

Typical Capacity (tons)

100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 200 200 200 200 200 200 200 200 

Efficiency [full‐load] (kW/ton)1 1.26 1.26 1.25 1.15 1.00 1.15 1.00 1.15 

Efficiency [IPLV] (kW/ton) 1 1.15 1.13 0.96 0.80 0.79 0.80 0.79 0.80 COP [full‐load] 1 2.80 2.80 2.81 3.06 3.52 3.06 3.52 3.06 COP [IPLV] 1 3.05 3.12 3.66 4.40 4.45 4.40 4.45 4.40 Average Life (yrs) 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 

Retail Equipment Cost ($/ton)

400 575 550 650 750 650 750 650 500 675 650 750 850 750 850 750 

Total Installed Cost ($/ton)

475 650 675 775 875 775 875 775 600 775 825 925 1025 925 1025 925 

Annual Maintenance Cost

($/ton)

27 27 27 27 27 27 27 27 43 43 43 43 43 43 43 43 

Same as reference case
• For most chiller applications the seasonal performance (represented by the inte

load value; IPLV) is more indicative of performance than the full‐load performconditions. The IPLV does not necessarily correlate well to the full‐load efficieefficiency parameters are listed in the comparison table.

• Reciprocating chillers are most cost effective for small loads. Reciprocating chi

share continues to be supplanted by screw and scroll chillers. Large manufactumanufacture reciprocating chillers since most packaged reciprocating chillers und

utilize R‐22 which is being phased out under the Montreal Protocol.

• Reciprocating chillers can be used in either air‐cooled or water cooled applicat

Reciprocating chillers shown in the data are air‐cooled. Air‐cooled chillers are than the water‐cooled models. Listed efficiencies include matched condensers associated energy use (as required for compliance with ASHRAE 90.1‐2010).

• ASHRAE 90.1‐2010 instituted separate minimum efficiency requirements for a

chillers more and less than 150 tons and both sets of requirements are more str

90.1‐2007. The 90.1‐2007 minimum efficiency requirements were the same as 90

• The most recent Federal Energy Management Program (FEMP) recommendati

reciprocating chillers (updated December 2012) include a full‐load efficiency okW/ton for base‐loaded chillers or an IPLV efficiency of 0.78 kW/ton and 0.80 k

chillers with seasonally variable loads that are less than 150 tons and more tharespectively.

• The highest efficiency reciprocating chillers incorporate some of the following:

— Multiple compressors for staged capacity control

— Improved heat‐exchangers

98

Commercial Reciprocating Chillers
99

Commercial Screw Chillers

1 COP and kW/ton efficiencies listed are for full load rated conditions as well as integrated part load value (IPLV), which is mo

performance.

2 2013 typical, mid, and high efficiency levels determined base on the range of products currently available on the market.

* Capacity is output

DATA

2003 2012 2013 2020 20

Installed Base Current Standard Typical Mid High Typical High Typical 

Typical Capacity (tons)

100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 300 300 300 300 300 300 300 300 300 

Efficiency [full‐load] (kW/ton) 1.26 1.26 1.25 1.24 1.13 1.02 1.08 0.99 1.04 Efficiency [IPLV] (kW/ton) 1.15 1.13 0.94 0.94 0.77 0.61 0.70 0.58 0.65 COP [full‐load] 2.80 2.80 2.81 2.84 3.10 3.46 3.26 3.55 3.38 

COP [IPLV] 3.05 3.12 3.74 3.74 4.58 5.80 5.02 6.06 5.41 Average Life (yrs) 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 

Retail Equipment Cost ($/ton)

300 500 500 500 600 700 600 700 600 400 600 600 600 700 800 700 800 700 

Total Installed Cost ($/ton)

375 625 625 625 725 825 725 825 725 500 800 800 800 900 1,000 900 1,000 900 

Annual Maintenance Cost ($/ton)

11 11 11 11 11 11 11 11 11 53 53 53 53 53 53 53 53 53 

Higher typical efficiencies than reference case
• For most chiller applications the seasonal performance (represented by the in

load value; IPLV) is more indicative of performance than the full‐load perforconditions. The IPLV does not necessarily correlate well to the full‐load efficefficiency parameters are listed in the comparison table.

• Screw chillers are available from ~50‐1100 tons but are most cost effective for 

loads. Screw chillers dominate the current market for small to mid‐size chille

• Screw chillers can be used in either air‐cooled or water cooled applications. S

shown in the data are air‐cooled. Air‐cooled chillers are less efficient than th

models. Listed efficiencies include matched condensers and their associated 

required for compliance with ASHRAE 90.1‐2010).

• ASHRAE 90.1‐2010 instituted separate minimum efficiency requirements for 

chillers more and less than 150 tons and both sets of requirements are more s

90.1‐2007. The 90.1‐2007 requirements were the same as 90.1‐2004.

• The most recent Federal Energy Management Program (FEMP) recommenda

reciprocating chillers (updated December 2012) include a full‐load efficiency 

kW/ton for base‐loaded chillers or an IPLV efficiency of 0.78 kW/ton and 0.80 chillers with seasonally variable loads that are less than 150 tons and more threspectively.

• The highest efficiency screw chillers incorporate some of the following:

— Variable speed compressors and/or multiple compressors

— Economizers— Improved heat‐exchangers

100

Commercial Screw Chillers
101

Commercial Scroll Chillers

DATA

2003 2007 2010 2020 2030 

Installed Base Typical Typical Typical 

Typical Capacity (tons) 20‐140 20‐140 20‐140 20‐140 20‐140 

Efficiency [full‐load/IPLV] (kW/ton1) 1.26 / 1.15 1.26 / 1.15 1.19/0.80 1.19/0.80 1.19/0.80 

COP [full‐load/IPLV] 1 2.80 / 3.05 2.80 / 3.05 2.96/4.40 2.96/4.40 2.96/4.40 

Average Life (yrs) 20 20 20 20 20 

Retail Equipment Cost ($/ton) 300‐400 300‐400 350‐450 350‐450 350‐450 

Total Installed Cost ($/ton) 400‐500 400‐500 450‐550 450‐550 450‐550 Annual Maintenance Cost ($/ton) 35‐50 35‐50 35‐50 35‐50 35‐50 

1 COP and kW/ton efficiencies listed are for full load rated conditions as well as integrated part load value (IPLV), which is

more indicative of annual performance.

2 2013 typical, mid, and high efficiency levels determined base on the range of products currently available on the market.

* Capacity is output

DATA

2003 2012 2013 2020 2030 

Installed Base Current Standard Typical2 Mid2 High Typical High Typical 

Typical Capacity (tons)*

20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 

140 140 140 140 140 140 140 140 140 

Efficiency [full‐load](kW/ton)1 1.26 1.23 1.25 1.17 1.14 1.11 1.14 1.09 1.11 

Efficiency [IPLV] (kW/ton)1 1.15 0.99 0.94 0.77 0.75 0.72 0.75 0.71 0.73 COP [full‐load]1 2.80 2.88 2.81 3.02 3.08 3.17 3.08 3.23 3.17 COP [IPLV] 1 3.05 3.67 3.74 4.54 4.67 4.86 4.67 4.99 4.82 Average Life (yrs) 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 

Retail Equipment Cost

($/ton)

320 450 450 450 550 650 550 650 550 420 550 550 550 650 800 650 800 650 

Total Installed Cost ($/ton)

420 700 700 700 800 900 800 900 800 530 800 800 800 900 1050 900 1050 900 

Annual Maintenance Cost

($/ton)

37 37 37 37 37 37 37 37 37 53 53 53 53 53 53 53 53 53 

Same as reference case
• For most chiller applications the seasonal performance (represented by th

part‐load value; IPLV) is more indicative of performance than the full‐loaat rated conditions. The IPLV does not necessarily correlate well to the fu

efficiency, so both efficiency parameters are listed in the comparison table

• Scroll chillers can be used in either air‐cooled or water cooled application

chillers shown in the data are air‐cooled, which is most common. Air‐coo

less efficient than the water‐cooled models. Listed efficiencies include ma

condensers and their associated energy use (as required for compliance w

90.1‐2010).

• ASHRAE 90.1‐2010 instituted separate minimum efficiency requirements 

chillers more and less than 150 tons and both sets of requirements are mo

than 90.1‐2007. The 90.1‐2007 requirements were the same as 90.1‐2004.

• The most recent Federal Energy Management Program (FEMP) recommen

reciprocating chillers (updated December 2012) include a full‐load efficien

less kW/ton for base‐loaded chillers or an IPLV efficiency of 0.78 kW/ton kW/ton for chillers with seasonally variable loads that are less than 150 tothan 150 tons, respectively.

• The highest efficiency scroll chillers incorporate some of the following:

— Multiple compressors for staged capacity control

— Improved heat‐exchangers

102

Commercial Scroll Chillers
103

Commercial Rooftop Air Conditioners

* Values shown are for air‐cooled units with either electric resistance heating or no heating within the same enclosure.

Higher typical efficiencies with the same costs as ref. case despite increased efficiency

DATA

2003 2012 2013 2020 2030 

Installed Base Current Standard Typical ENERGY STAR High Typical High Typical Hig

Typical Output Capacity(kBtu/h) 90 90 90 90 90 90 90 90 90 Efficiency (EER)* 9.2 10.6 11.2 11.2 11.7 13.9 11.5 13.9 11.7 13

Part Load Efficiecny (IEER) ‐ 12.4 ‐ 12.4 11.8 20.8 12.7 20.8 14.0 20

Average Life (yrs) 15 15 15 15 15 15 15 15 15 Retail Equipment Cost ($)

3,500 5,850 5,850 5,850 6,450 21,500 6,250 21,500 6,250 21,54,800 6,900 6,900 6,900 7,500 22,500 7,300 22,500 7,300 22,5

Total Installed Cost ($)

5,300 8,000 8,000 8,000 8,600 23,500 8,400 23,500 8,400 23,56,600 9,050 9,050 9,050 9,650 25,500 9,450 25,500 9,450 25,5

Annual Maintenance Cost ($)

160 160 160 160 160 160 160 160 160 1320 320 320 320 320 320 320 320 320 3
• This analysis focused on small air‐cooled commercial packaged air condit

kBtu/h or 7.5 tons), though there are also standards for many other types 

air conditioners.

• The high efficiency unit includes a variable capacity digital scroll compres

saves energy during off‐design hours—approximately 17% annual energy 

a typical unit.

104

Commercial Rooftop Air Conditioners

Cooling Capacity(kBtu/h) Heating Type

Federal Standard

Effective 1/1/2010

Min. EER

ENERGY STAR 

Effective 

Min. EER 

Small( ≥ 65 and < 135)

Electric resistanceor none

11.2 11.7 

Any other type 11.0 11.5 

Large(≥ 135 and < 240)

Electric resistanceor none

11.0 11.7 

Any other type 10.8 11.5 

Air‐Cooled Commercial Packaged Air Conditioners
105

Commercial Gas-Fired Engine-Driven Rooftop Air Conditioners

* Capacity is output

DATA

2003 2012 2013 2020 2030 

Installed Base Typical Typical Typical 

Typical Capacity (tons) 25 18 11 11 11 

Heating COP NA 1.4 1.4 1.4 1.4 Cooling COP 0.7 0.9 1.1 1.1 1.1 Average Life (yrs) 15 15 15 15 15 

Retail Equipment Cost ($/ton)

800 2,700 2,700 2,700 2,700 900 3,300 3,300 3,300 3,300 

Total Installed Cost ($/ton)

1,300 3,100 3,100 3,100 3,100 1,400 4,100 4,100 4,100 4,100 

Annual Maintenance Cost ($) 59 59 59 59 59 

Same as reference case
• The only gas‐fired engine‐driven rooftop unit currently available in the 

NextAire (an Aisin Seiki product line). It is an 11 ton packaged heat pum

scroll compressors, variable refrigerant flow, and a variable speed supp

coolant heat recovery improves the heating mode COP. This heat pump 

introduced in 2010.

• There are currently no Federal requirements on gas‐fired engine‐driven 

conditioners or heat pumps.

• Annual sales of the engine‐driven rooftop heat pump are estimated at le

units per year.

106

Commercial Gas-Fired Engine-Driven Rooftop Air Conditioners/Heat Pumps
107

Commercial Rooftop Heat Pumps

* Values shown are for air‐cooled units with either electric resistance heating or no heating within the same enclosure.

** ENERGY STAR qualified products must also have IEER of 11.4 or greater.

Higher typical efficiencies and lower costs for a given efficiency level

DATA

2003 2012 2013 2020 2030 

Installed Base Current Standard Typical ENERGY STAR** High Typical High Typical High 

Typical Capacity (kBtu/h) 90 90 90 90 90 90 90 90 90 90 

Efficiency (EER)* 9.3 10.2 11.0 11.0 11.3 12.0 11.3 12.0 11.7 12.0 

Part Load Efficiecny (IEER) ‐ 12.0 ‐ 12.0 11.4 20.2 12.0 20.2 14.0 20.2 COP (Heating) 3.1 3.25 3.3 3.3 3.35 3.4 3.35 3.4 3.35 3.4 Average Life (yrs) 15 15 15 15 15 15 15 15 15 15 

Retail Equipment Cost ($)

3,700 5,300 5,300 5,300 5,500 5,850 5,400 5,750 5,500 5,650 4,800 6,400 6,400 6,400 6,600 6,900 6,500 6,800 6,600 6,700 

Total Installed Cost ($)

5,300 6,900 6,900 6,900 7,100 8,400 6,900 8,250 7,200 7,850 6,900 7,750 7,750 7,750 7,950 10,100 8,000 9,300 8,300 8,900 

Annual Maintenance Cost ($)

105 105 105 105 105 105 105 105 105 105 160 160 160 160 160 160 160 160 160 160 
• This analysis focused on small air‐cooled commercial packaged heat pump

7.5 tons), though there are also standards for many other types of commer

108

Commercial Rooftop Heat Pumps

CoolingCapacity(kBtu/h)

Heating Type

Federal Standard

Effective 1/1/2010

ENERGY STAR 

Effective 1

Min. EER Min. COP

at 47°F Min. EER Min. IE

Small( ≥ 65 and < 135)

Electric resistanceor none

11.0 3.3 11.3 11.4 

Any other type 10.8 3.3 ––

Large(≥ 135 and < 240)

Electric resistanceor none

10.6 3.2 10.9 11.0 

Any other type 10.4 3.2 – – 

Air‐Cooled Commercial Packaged Heat Pumps
109

Commercial Ground Source Heat Pumps

Higher typical efficiencies and lower costs than ref. case

DATA

2003 2012 2013 2020 2030 

Installed Base Current Standard Typical Mid High Typical High Typical 

Typical Capacity (kBtu/h) 48 48 48 48 48 48 48 48 48 

COP (Heating) 3.4 3.5 3.1 3.6 3.7 4 4 4.2 4.2 

EER (Cooling) 13.8 14 13.4 17.1 17.6 20.6 20 22 22 

Average Life (yrs) 25 25 25 25 25 25 25 25 25 Retail Equipment Cost ($)

6,000 6,000 6,000 6,500 7,000 8,500 6,400 8,500 6,300 

11,000 11,000 7,000 7,500 8,500 11,000 7,400 11,000 7,300 1

Total Installed Cost ($)

16,000 16,000 16,000 16,500 17,000 18,500 16,400 18,500 16,300 136,400 36,400 32,400 32,900 33,900 36,400 32,800 36,400 32,700 3

Annual Maintenance Cost ($) 150 150 150 150 150 150 150 150 150 
• The most common commercial ground source heat pump systems are closed‐loop in w

anti‐freeze solution is circulated through plastic pipes buried underground. Commerc

heat pumps (WAHPs) range in size from 1 ton or less to over 500 tons depending on w

distributed or centralized architecture is used. Distributed systems are more prevalen

• Most geothermal WAHPs are rated for capacity and efficiency based on the ISO 13256

Heating and cooling efficiency measurements under this standard include input energ

pumps on a proportional basis that only includes that power required to transport air 

through the heat pump. The reason for this method is to simplify comparisons betwee

to allow equipment to be optimized for real world conditions without suffering rating world energy use will exceed ratings predictions as a result of higher fluid static press

• ISO 13256‐1 cooling rating conditions call for 77F entering water temperature and 80.6

temperature. More typical peak design criteria would be 80‐90F entering water tempe

entering air temperature. As a result, ISO 13256‐1 rated cooling efficiency would be hi

design peak operation.

• Some WAHPs include efficiency data for a part load operating condition as allowed by 

multiple stage or variable speed compressors. No seasonal energy efficiency metric (a

or IEER) currently applies to WAHPs. The annual performance of a geothermal WAH

more widely than for other system types due to the large influence of ground loop des

characteristics.

• The ENERGY STAR® criteria for ground source heat pumps apply only to residential a

• Installation cost is for a closed loop system and includes necessary accessories. The gr

exchanger and distribution pumping systems represent a majority of the installation co

• Low end WAHPs utilize single stage compressors. Higher efficiency units incorporate 

variable speed compressor controls to improve efficiency as well as humidity and tem

Variable speed electronically commutated (EC) fan motors also improve overall energy 

110

Commercial Ground Source Heat Pumps
111

Commercial Electric Resistance Heaters

* Capacity is output

** Annual Maintenance Cost is negligible

DATA

2003 2012 2013 2020 2030 

Installed Base

Small Large Small Large Small 

Small Large Small Large

Typical Capacity (kBtu/h)* 17 170 17 170 17 170 17 170 17 Efficiency (%) 0.98 0.98 0.98 0.98 0.98 0.98 0.98 0.98 0.98 

Average Life (yrs) 18 18 18 18 18 18 18 18 18 

Retail Equipment Cost ($)

500 3,400 500 3,400 500 3,500 500 3,500 500 700 3,800 700 3,800 700 3,900 700 3,900 700 

Total Installed Cost ($)

600 3,500 600 3,500 650 4,000 650 4,000 650 800 3,900 800 3,900 850 4,500 850 4,500 850 

Annual Maintenance Cost ($)** ‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐

Same as reference case
• This analysis examined electric unit heaters.

• Electric unit heaters range in capacity from 2 to 100 kW (7 to 340 kBtu/h

kW (17 to 170 kBtu/hr) being the most typical units on the market.

• Electric resistance heaters are considered near 100% efficient because the

loss through ducts or combustion. For this analysis, the efficiency is 98% 

IR losses and fan inefficiency.

• Installation time and costs are estimated to be minimal.

112

Commercial Electric Resistance Heaters
113

Commercial Gas Storage Water Heaters

DATA

2003 2012 2013 2020 2030 

Installed Base Current Standard Typical High Typical High Typical H

Typical Storage Capacity (gal) 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 

Typical Input Capacity (kBtu/h) 200 200 200 200 200 200 200 200 

Thermal Efficiency (%) 77 79 80 80 99 85 99 92 

Average Life (yrs) 13 13 13 13 13 13 13 13 

Retail Equipment Cost (2013$)

3,000 3,200 3,700 3,700 5,300 4,000 5,121 4,500 44,500 4,800 6,100 6,100 6,900 6,150 6,667 6,200 6

Total Installed Cost (2013$)

3,530 3,730 4,230 4,230 5,830 4,530 5,651 5,030 55,030 5,330 6,630 6,630 7,430 6,680 7,197 6,730 6

Annual Maintenance Cost (2013$)

110 110 110 110 110 110 110 110 210 210 210 210 210 210 210 210 

Higher typical efficiencies than ref. case
• Input capacity ≥ 75,000 Btu/h

• Federal standard:

— Minimum thermal efficiency: 80%

— Maximum standby loss: Input Rate/800 + 110 × (Rated Volume)1/2

• ENERGY STAR requirements:

— Minimum thermal efficiency: 94%

— Maximum standby loss: 0.84 × [(Input Rate/800) + 110 × (Rated Volu

• Baseline units are constructed similarly to residential units, though typi

greater storage and/or input capacities.

• High‐efficiency integrated units feature condensing heat exchangers, co

either stainless or enameled tubing and an inducer fan system or power 

Other designs incorporate an external heating module with a storage tan

assembly. Either design approach can yield a condensing appliance.

• Maintenance consists of sediment and scale removal once or twice per y

Estimated cost of $100–$200 per year for one or two cleanings performed 

plumber.

114

Commercial Gas Storage Water Heaters
Annual shipments dropped almost 20 percent over 12 year

99 thousand units in 2000 to 80 thousand units in 2012.

115

Commercial Gas Storage Water Heaters

Source: Appliance Magazine. (Also available from http://www.ahrinet.org/historical+data.aspx)

0

20406080

100120

2000 2002 2004 2006 2008 2010 

Unit Shipments (thousands)

Gas Storage Water Heaters
116

Commercial Electric Resistance Water Heaters

DATA

2003 2012 2013 2020 2

Installed Base Current Standard Typical Typical Ty

Typical Storage Capacity (gal) 120 120 120 120 120 

Typical Input Capacity (kW) 45 45 54 54 54 

Thermal Efficiency (%) 98 98 98 98 98 

Average Life (yrs) 13 13 13 13 13 

Retail Equipment Cost ($)

3600 3600 3600 3600 3600 5600 5600 5600 5600 5600 

Total Installed Cost ($)

4240 4240 4240 4240 4240 6340 6340 6340 6340 6340 

Annual Maintenance Cost ($)

110 110 110 110 110 210 210 210 210 210 

Same as reference case
• Federal standard:

— Maximum standby loss: 0.30 + 27/Measured Storage Volume

— Minimum thermal efficiency: no standard, but all units ≥ 98% anyw

• Storage capacity: typically 50 to 120 gallons, though larger units exist fo

applications

• Maintenance consists of sediment and scale removal once or twice per y

cost of $100–$200 per year for one or two cleanings performed by a plum

117

Commercial Electric Resistance Water Heaters
118

Commercial Electric Resistance Water Heaters

Annual shipments increased more than 50 percent over 12 y

44 thousand units in 2000 to 67 thousand units in 2012.

0

1020304050607080

2000 2002 2004 2006 2008 2010 

Unit Shipments (thousands)

Electric Storage Water Heaters

Source: Appliance Magazine. (Also available from http://www.ahrinet.org/historical+data.aspx)
119

Commercial Oil-Fired Water Heaters

Higher typical efficiencies than ref. case

DATA

2003 2012 2013 2020 2030 

Installed Base Current Standard Typical High Typical High Typical High 

Typical Storage Capacity (gal) 70 70 70 70 70 70 70 70 Typical Input Capacity (kBtu/h) 300 300 140 140 140 140 140 140 1Thermal Efficiency (%) 78 79 78 80 85 82 85 84 Average Life (yrs) 13 13 13 13 13 13 13 13 

Retail Equipment Cost ($) 4,360 4,420 4,360 6,500 8,500 7,250 8,500 8,000 8,5Total Installed Cost ($) 4,890 4,950 4,890 7,030 9,030 7,780 9,030 8,530 9,0Annual Maintenance Cost ($)

110 110 110 110 110 110 110 110 1210 210 210 210 210 210 210 210 2
• Input capacity ≥ 105,000 Btu/h

• Federal standard:

— Minimum thermal efficiency: 78%

— Maximum standby loss: Input Rate/800 + 110 × (Rated Volume)1/2

• Condensing units do not exist, thus the highest attainable thermal efficie

• Maintenance consists of sediment and scale removal once or twice per y

cost of $100–$200 per year for one or two cleanings performed by a plum

120

Commercial Oil-Fired Water Heaters
121

Commercial Gas-Fired Instantaneous Water Heaters

* Maintenance costs are negligible.

Higher typical efficiencies than ref. case

DATA

2003 2012 2013 2020 2

Installed Base Current Standard Typical High Typical High Typic

Typical Capacity (kBtu/h)

180 180 180 180 180 180 180 180 230 230 250 250 250 250 250 250 

Thermal Efficiency (%) 76 78 80 89 97 91 97 94 Average Life (yrs) 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 

Retail Equipment Cost ($)

530 640 850 1,300 1,500 1,350 1,500 1,425 800 900 1,050 1,650 1,850 1,700 1,850 1,775 

Total Installed Cost ($)

680 790 1,000 1,550 1,750 1,600 1,750 1,675 950 1,050 1,200 2,200 2,400 2,250 2,400 2,325 

Annual Maintenance Cost ($)* ‐‐‐‐ ‐‐‐
• Input capacity ≥ 200,000 Btu/h

• Federal standard:

— Minimum thermal efficiency: 80%

— Maximum standby loss: Input Rate/800 + 110 x (Rated Volume)1/2

• ENERGY STAR requirements:

— Minimum thermal efficiency: 94%

— Maximum standby loss: 0.84 x [(Input Rate/800) + 110 x (Rated Volu

• Use similar technologies for improving energy efficiency as residential s

however, unlike condensing residential systems, condensing commercia

typically do not use multiple heat exchangers.

• Depending on the manufacturer, input ratings for condensing systems u

at 800,000 Btu/h, requiring the use of multiple units for staging purposethere are reliability, comfort, and efficiency benefits to staging multiple 

• When replacing a storage water heater with an instantaneous water hea

be significant additional costs to upsize the gas supply line and change t

122

Commercial Gas-Fired Instantaneous Water Heaters
123

Commercial Electric Booster Water Heaters

* Annual Maintenance Cost is negligible

DATA

2003 2012 2013 2020 2030 

Installed Base Typical Typical Typical 

Typical Capacity (gal)

66666

16 16 16 16 16 

Thermal Efficiency (%) 98 98 98 98 98 Average Life (yrs)

33333

10 10 10 10 10 

Retail Equipment Cost ($)

1300 1250 1250 1250 1250 1600 2700 2700 2700 2700 

Total Installed Cost ($)

1500 1450 1450 1450 1450 1800 2900 2900 2900 2900 

Annual Maintenance Cost ($)* ‐‐‐‐‐

Same as reference case
124

Commercial Gas Booster Water Heaters

DATA

2003 2012 2013 2020 2030 

Installed Base Current Standard Typical High Typical High Typical H

Typical Capacity (gal)

63333333

10 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 

Thermal Efficiency (%) 79 80 80 80 91 82 93 85 Average Life (yrs)

3333333388888888

Retail Equipment Cost ($)

5,300 4,500 4,500 4,500 8,000 4,500 8,000 4,500 6,400 6,500 6,500 6,500 10,000 6,500 10,000 6,500 1

Total Installed Cost ($)

5,600 4,800 4,800 4,800 8,300 4,800 8,300 4,800 6,700 6,800 6,800 6,800 10,300 6,800 10,300 6,800 1

Annual Maintenance Cost ($) 160 160 160 160 160 160 160 160 

Same as reference case
• Booster water heaters are installed, often at the point of use, in series wi

service water heating system to boost service water temperatures. The m

water heating system may provide 110‐140F water, and the booster waincrease that temperature to 180‐195F. Typical commercial application

water heaters include commercial dishwashers, laundromats, hospitals, 

• There is currently no energy efficiency standard for electric booster wat

booster water heater minimum efficiency is dictated by ASHRAE Stand

under the “gas instantaneous water heaters” category.

• Booster water heaters typically have short lifetimes because of high usag

temperatures.

• Typical sales are small due to the limited number of applications.

125

Commercial Booster Water Heaters
126

Commercial Gas Griddles

* Maintenance costs are negligible.

Higher typical efficiencies than ref. case

DATA

2003 2012 2013 2020 2030 

Installed Base Typical ENERGY STAR High Typical High Typical Hig

Cooking Surface (ft2) 12.0 12.0 12.0 12.0 12.0 12.0 12.0 12.0 1

Cooking Energy Efficiency (%) 30 30 30 38 52 33 52 37 

Normalized Idle Energy Rate (Btu/h/ft2) 3,000 3,000 3,000 2,650 1,180 2,760 1,180 2,430 1,

Average Life (yrs) 22 22 22 22 22 22 22 22 

Retail Equipment Cost ($) 5,000 5,000 5,000 5,360 6,160 5,150 6,160 5,365 6,Total Installed Cost ($) 5,150 5,150 5,150 5,510 6,310 5,300 6,310 5,515 6,

Annual Maintenance Cost ($)* ––––––––
127

Commercial Electric Griddles

* Maintenance costs are negligible.

DATA

2003 2012 2013 2020 2030 

Installed Base Typical ENERGY STAR High Typical High Typical Hig

Cooking Surface (ft2) 12.0 12.0 12.0 12.0 12.0 12.0 12.0 12.0 1

Cooking Energy Efficiency (%) 65 65 65 70 82 67 82 70 

Normalized Idle Energy Rate (W/ft2) 440 440 440 320 210 410 210 370 

Average Life (yrs) 22 22 22 22 22 22 22 22 

Retail Equipment Cost ($) 7,800 7,800 7,800 7,800 9,000 7,800 9,000 7,800 9,

Total Installed Cost ($) 7,950 7,950 7,950 7,950 9,150 7,950 9,150 7,950 9,

Annual Maintenance Cost ($)* ––––––––

Higher typical efficiencies with the same costs as ref. case despite increased efficiency
• Used throughout the hospitality industry to crisp, brown, sear, warm, an

• Transfers heat to food by direct contact with a hot plate, usually made of 

• Energy performance metrics are “Cooking Efficiency” (%) and “Normali

Consumption Rate” (Watts/ft2), measured using ASTM F1275‐03 and AST

• No Federal standards, but ENERGY STAR criteria version 1.1 took effect 

and became more stringent on January 1, 2011 for electric griddles.

• Price premiums for ENERGY STAR qualified products: estimated at $0 fo

$360 for gas models.

• Incentives ranging from $25 to $600 per unit available from more than 30 

states.

• Energy savings achieved by using highly conductive or reflective plate m

improved thermostatic controls, sub‐griddle insulation (electric only), an

strategic placement of thermocouples to better regulate temperature.

128

Commercial Gas and Electric Griddles

ENERGY STAR Requirements Gas Elec

Cooking Energy Efficiency ≥ 38% ≥ 7

Normalized Idle Energy Rate ≤ 2,650 Btu/h per ft2 ≤ 320 Wa
129

Commercial Hot Food Holding Cabinets

* Maintenance costs are negligible.

DATA

2003 2012 2013 2020 2030 

Installed Base

State

Standard

s

Typical ENERGY STAR High Typical High Typical H

Interior Volume (ft3) 21.4 21.4 21.4 21.4 21.4 21.4 21.4 21.4 21.4 

Maximum Idle Energy Rate (W) 1,400 900 856 856 297 154 700 154 500 

Average Life (yrs) 12 12 12 12 12 12 12 12 12 

Retail Equipment Cost ($) 2,400 2,400 2,400 2,400 2,400 2,800 2,400 2,800 2,400 2

Total Installed Cost ($) 2,400 2,400 2,400 2,400 2,400 2,800 2,400 2,800 2,400 2Annual Maintenance Cost ($)* –––––––––

Higher typical efficiencies with the same costs as ref. case despite increased efficiency
• Used in commercial kitchens to keep food warm until it is served.

• Many shapes and sizes, but interior volumes around 21.4 ft3 typical in ma

• Annual unit energy consumption can range from < 1,000 to > 30,000 kWh

on size, efficiency, and usage.

• Energy performance metric is “Idle Energy Consumption Rate” in Watts, 

using ASTM Standard F2140‐11.

• No Federal standards, but eight identical State standards, first took effect 

in 2006, now considered the typical or “baseline” product. ENERGY STA

took effect October 1, 2011.

• Maximum Idle Energy Consumption Rate for products 12 ≤ V < 28:

— State standards: ≤ 40 × V (baseline)

— ENERGY STAR: ≤ 2.0 × V + 254 (about 65% below baseline)

where V is interior volume in ft3.

• Small, if any, price premium for ENERGY STAR qualified products, yet i

ranging from $110 to $900 per unit are available from more than 25 utiliti

• The most efficient products are about 80% below baseline.• Energy savings achieved with insulation, automatic door closers, magnet

gaskets, and Dutch doors (half‐doors).

130

Commercial Hot Food Holding Cabinets
131

Appendix A

Data Sources

Nav

1200 

Was

www.nav

A‐1
Data Sources » Residential Gas-Fired Water Heaters

SOURCES

2009 2013 2020 203

Installed

Base

Current

Standard Typical ENERGY STAR High Typical 

Typical Capacity (gal) AHRI / Distributors EERE AHRI ENERGY STAR AHRI

Navig

Energy Factor AHRI EERE AHRI ENERGY STAR AHRI

Average Life (yrs) EERE

Retail Equipment Cost ($) Distributors EERE Distributors

Total Installed Cost ($)

Distributors /

RS Means

2010

EERE

Annual Maintenance Cost

($) EERE EERE

A‐2
Data Sources » Residential Oil Water Heaters

SOURCES

2009 2013 2020 2030 

Installed

Base

Current

Standard Typical Mid‐Level High Typical 

Typical Capacity (gal) AHRI / Distributors EERE AHRI AHRI AHRI

Navig

Energy Factor AHRI EERE AHRI

Average Life (yrs) EERE

Retail Equipment Cost ($) Distributors EERE

Total Installed Cost ($)

Distributors /

RS Means

2007

EERE

Annual Maintenance Cost($) EERE EERE

A‐3
Data Sources » Residential Electric Resistance Water Heaters

SOURCES

2009 2013 2020 203

Installed Base Current Standard Typical High Typical 

Typical Capacity (gal) AHRI / Distributors EERE AHRI AHRI

Navig

Energy Factor AHRI EERE AHRI AHRI

Average Life (yrs) EERE

Retail Equipment Cost ($) Distributors EERE DistributorsTotal Installed Cost ($) Distributors / RS Means 2010 EERE

Annual Maintenance Cost ($) EERE EERE

A‐4
Data Sources » Residential Heat Pump Water Heaters

SOURCES

2009 2013 2020 203

Installed Base ENERGY STAR High Typical 

Typical Capacity (gal) AHRI EERE ENERGY STAR

Navig

Energy Factor AHRI ENERGY STAR

Average Life (yrs) EERE

Retail Equipment Cost ($) RS Means 2010 / ACEEE, 2007 Distributors

Total Installed Cost ($) RS Means 2010 / ACEEE, 2007 Distributors

Annual Maintenance Cost ($) EERE

A‐5
Data Sources » Residential Instantaneous Water Heaters

SOURCES

2009 2013 2020 203

Installed

Base

Current

Standard Typical ENERGY STAR High Typical 

Typical Capacity (kBtu/hr) EERE AHRI ENERGY STAR / AHRI ENERGY STAR

Navig

Energy Factor Distributors EERE AHRI ENERGY STAR

Average Life (yrs) EERE

Retail Equipment Cost ($)

Distributors /

RS Means

2010

Distributors

Total Installed Cost ($) DEER, 2008 DistributorsAnnual Maintenance Cost ($) Navigant EERE

A‐6
Data Sources » Residential Solar Water Heaters

SOURCES

2009 2013 2020 2030 

Installed Base Current Standard Typical Typical

Typical Capacity (sq. ft.) SRCC

SAIC

Overall Efficiency (Solar Fraction) 0.3‐0.5 (RETScreen); 0.58‐0.83 (SRCC); 0.5‐0.75 (EERE)

Solar Energy Factor ENERGY STAR range=0.53‐47, median=2, average=2.83

Average Life (yrs) 20 year system life (EERE); Collector warranties are 10 years (ENERGY STAR/SRCC)

Retail Equipment Cost1 ($) RS Means

Total Installed Cost1 ($) RS Means

1 Costs are for an indirect (active closed loop) system, including tank and backup heater. Smaller capacity/cost sy

typical for southern & western states (>2/3 of the current market). Higher capacity/cost systems are required in

colder/cloudier regions.

2 ENERGY STAR requires OG‐300 rating from SRCC. Most installations use SRCC rated collectors; a high efficiency 

applicable.

A‐7
Data Sources » Residential Gas-Fired Furnaces

SOURCES

2009 2013 2020 203

Installed

Base

Current

Standard Typical ENERGY STAR High Typical 

Typical Input Capacity(kBtu/h) Navigant EERE

Navig

AFUE (%) Navigant EERE EERE ENERGY STAR ENERGY STAR AHRIElectric Consumption

(kWh/yr) EERE EERE

Average Life (yrs) Appliance Magazine, 2012

Retail Equipment Cost ($) EERE EERE

Total Installed Cost ($) EERE EEREAnnual Maintenance Cost($) EERE EERE

A‐8
Data Sources » Residential Oil-Fired Furnaces

A‐9

SOURCES

2009 2013 2020 203

Installed

Base

Current

Standard Typical ENERGY STAR High Typical 

Typical Input Capacity (kBtu/h) Navigant EERE

Navig

AFUE (%) Navigant EERE EERE ENERGY STAR AHRI

Electric Consumption (kWh) EERE

Average Life (yrs) Appliance Magazine, 2012

Retail Equipment Cost ($) EERE

Total Installed Cost ($) EERE

Annual Maintenance Cost ($) EERE
Data Sources » Residential Gas-Fired Boilers

A‐10

SOURCES

2009 2013 2020 203

Installed

Base

Current

Standard Typical ENERGY STAR High Typical 

Typical Input Capacity (kBtu/h) EERE 2007

Navig

AFUE (%) EERE 2007 / Navigant EERE 2007 EERE 2007 / Navigant ENERGY STAR AHRI

Average Life (yrs) Appliance Magazine, 2012

Retail Equipment Cost ($) EERE 2007

Total Installed Cost ($) EERE 2007

Annual Maintenance Cost ($) EERE 2007
Data Sources » Residential Oil-Fired Boilers

A‐11

SOURCES

2009 2013 2020 203

Installed

Base

Current

Standard Typical ENERGY STAR High Typical 

Typical Input Capacity

(kBtu/h) EERE

Navig

AFUE (%) EERE / Navigant EERE EERE / Navigant ENERGY STAR AHRI

Average Life (yrs) EERERetail Equipment Cost ($) EERE

Total Installed Cost ($) EERE

Annual Maintenance Cost ($) EERE
Data Sources » Residential Room Air Conditioners

A‐12

SOURCES

2009 2013 2020 203

Installed

Base

Current

Standard Typical ENERGY STAR High Typical 

Typical Capacity (kBtu/hr) Distributors AHAM

Navig

EER and CEER Navigant EERE CCMS ENERGY STAR CCMSAverage Life (yrs)

Appliance

Magazine,

2012

Appliance Magazine, 2012

Retail Equipment Cost ($) Distributors EERE

Total Installed Cost ($) Distributors EERE

Annual Maintenance Cost ($) Navigant Navigant
Data Sources » Residential Central Air Conditioners

A‐13

SOURCES

2009 2013 2020 203

Installed

Base

Current

Standard Typical ENERGY STAR High Typical 

Typical Capacity (kBtu/h) EERE

Navig

SEER Navigant eCFR EERE ENERGY STAR AHRI

Average Life (yrs) EERE / Navigant

Retail Equipment Cost ($) EERE Navigant

Total Installed Cost ($) EERE Navigant

Annual Maintenance Cost ($) EERE

SOURCES

2009 2013 2020 203

Installed

Base

Current

Standard Typical ENERGY STAR High Typical 

Typical Capacity (kBtu/h) EERE

Navig

SEER Navigant eCFR EERE ENERGY STAR AHRIAverage Life (yrs) EERE / Navigant

Retail Equipment Cost ($) EERE / Navigant Navigant

Total Installed Cost ($) EERE / Navigant Navigant

Annual Maintenance Cost ($) EERE

South (Hot

‐Dry and Hot

‐Humid)

North (Rest of Country)
Data Sources » Residential Air Source Heat Pumps

A‐14

SOURCES

2009 2013 2020 203

Installed

Base

Current

Standard Typical ENERGY STAR High Typical 

Typical Capacity (kBtu/h) EERE / AHRI

Navig

SEER (Cooling) Navigant eCFR CCMS ENERGY STAR CCMS

HSPF (Heating) Navigant eCFR EERE ENERGY STAR CCMSAverage Life (yrs) EERE / NavigantRetail Equipment Cost ($) EERE

Total Installed Cost ($) EERE

Annual Maintenance Cost ($) EERE
Data Sources » Residential Ground Source Heat Pumps

A‐15

SOURCES

2009 2013 2020 2030 

Installed

Base

Current

Standard Typical ENERGY STAR High Typical / Hi

Typical Capacity (kBTU/h) AHRI/SAIC

SAIC

COP (Heating) SAIC ASHRAE 90.1‐2010 SAIC ENERGY STAR

ENERGY

STAR

Product

Finder/

Product

Literature

EER (Cooling) SAIC ASHRAE 90.1‐2010 SAIC ENERGY STAR

ENERGY

STAR

Product

Finder/

Product

Literature

Average Life (yrs) System life 25 years, ground loop life 50 years (DOE)

Retail Equipment Cost ($) Distributors/IGSHPA/EERE/SAIC

Total Installed Cost ($) Distributors/IGSHPA/EERE/SAICAnnual Maintenance Cost ($) SAIC
Data Sources » Residential Gas Heat Pumps

A‐16

SOURCES

2009 2013 2020 2030 

Installed Base Typical Typical

Typical Capacity (kBTU/h) Manufacturer

SAIC

Heating (COP) Product LiteratureCooling (COP) Product Literature

Annual Electric Use (kWh/yr) Product Literature/SAICAverage Life (yrs) SAIC

Retail Equipment Cost ($) PERC/SAIC

Total Installed Cost ($) SAIC

Annual Maintenance Cost ($) SAIC
A‐17

Data Sources » Residential Electric Resistance Furnaces

SOURCES

2009 2013 2020 2030 

Installed Base Typical Typical

Typical Capacity (kBTU/h) Distributor/SAIC

SAIC

Efficiency (%) DOE/SAICAverage Life (yrs) Distributors

Retail Equipment Cost ($) RS Means 2013/SAIC

Total Installed Cost ($) RS Means 2013/SAIC

Annual Maintenance Cost ($) SAIC
A‐18

SOURCES

2009 2013 2020 203

Installed Base Typical Typic

Typical Capacity (kBTU/h) Distributors/SAIC

SAIC

Efficiency (%) SAICAverage Life (yrs)

Technology Cost and Performance File for

Commercial Model for AEO2010 (adapted for

residential)

Retail Equipment Cost ($) Distributors/RS Means 2013/SAIC

Total Installed Cost ($) Distributors/RS Means 2013/SAIC

Annual Maintenance Cost ($) SAIC

Data Sources » Residential Electric Resistance Heaters
A‐19

Data Sources » Residential Cord Wood Stoves

SOURCES

2009 2013 2020 20

Installed

Base

EPA

Certified Typical High Typica

Typical Capacity (kBTU/h)

Distributors /

Product

Literature

Distributors /

Product

Literature

Distributors / Product

Literature

SA

Efficiency (Non‐Catalytic) (HHV) SAIC/Lit. EPA Default EPA Default Product Lit./SAIC

Thermal Efficiency (Catalytic) (HHV) SAIC/Lit. EPA Default EPA Default Product Lit./SAIC

Average Life (yrs) SAICRetail Equipment Cost ($) Product Lit./Dealers Product Literature/DealersTotal Installed Cost ($) Dealers Dealers/SAIC

Annual Maintenance Cost ($) Dealers/SAIC Dealers/SAIC
A‐20

Data Sources » Residential Wood Pellet Stoves

SOURCES

2009 2013 2020 20

Installed Base EPA Certified Typical High Typica

Typical Capacity (kBtu/h)

Distributors /

Product

Literature

Distributors /

Product

Literature

Distributors /

Product

Literature

Distributors /

Product

Literature

SA

Efficiency (HHV) SAIC/Lit. EPA Default EPA Default Product Lit./ SAIC

Average Life (yrs) SAIC

Retail Equipment Cost ($) Product Lit./Dealers Product Lit./Dealers

Total Installed Cost ($) Dealers Dealers/SAICAnnual Maintenance Cost ($) Dealers Dealers/SAIC
Data Sources » Residential Refrigerator-Freezers and Freezers

A‐21

SOURCES

2009 2013 2020 203

Installed

Base

Current

Standard Typical ENERGY STAR High Typical 

Typical Capacity (ft3) EERE / Navigant

Navig

Energy Consumption (kWh/yr) Navigant

Average Life (yrs) EERE / Navigant

Retail Equipment Cost ($) EERE / Navigant

Total Installed Cost ($) Navigant

Annual Maintenance Cost ($) EERE / Navigant
Data Sources » Residential Natural Gas Cooktops

A‐22

SOURCES

2009 2013 2020 203

Installed Base Typical High Typical 

Typical Capacity (kBtu/h) Distributors / Product Literature EERE

Navig

Cooking Efficiency (%) Distributors / Product Literature EERE

Average Life (yrs) Appliance Magazine, 2012

Retail Equipment Cost ($) EERE EERE / Distributors

Total Installed Cost ($) EERE EERE / DistributorsAnnual Maintenance Cost ($) Navigant / EERE Navigant / EERE
Data Sources » Residential Clothes Washers

A‐23

SOURCES

2009 2013 2020 203

Installed

Base

Current

Standard Typical ENERGY STAR High Typical 

Typical Capacity (ft3) Navigant CCMS Distributors CCMS CCMS

Navig

Modified Energy Factor

(ft3/kWh/cycle) Navigant EERE CCMS ENERGY STAR CCMS

Water Factor (gal/cycle/ft3) Navigant EERE CCMS ENERGY STAR CCMS

Average Life (yrs) Appliance Magazine, 2012

Water Consumption (gal/cycle) [calculated]

Hot Water Energy (kWh/cycle) Navigant

Machine Energy (kWh/cycle) Navigant

Dryer Energy (kWh/cycle) Navigant

Retail Equipment Cost ($) EERE / Distributors

Total Installed Cost ($) RS Means 2010

Annual Maintenance Cost ($) Navigant

Front‐Loading
Data Sources » Residential Clothes Washers

A‐24

Top‐Loading

SOURCES

2009 2013 2020 203

Installed

Base

Current

Standard Typical ENERGY STAR High Typical 

Typical Capacity (ft3) Navigant EERE CCMS

Navig

Modified Energy Factor

(ft3/kWh/cycle) Navigant EERE CCMS

Water Factor (gal/cycle/ft3) Navigant EERE CCMS

Average Life (yrs) Appliance Magazine, 2012

Water Consumption (gal/cycle) [calculated]Hot Water Energy (kWh/cycle) Navigant

Machine Energy (kWh/cycle) Navigant

Dryer Energy (kWh/cycle) Navigant

Retail Equipment Cost ($) EERE / Distributors

Total Installed Cost ($) RS Means 2010

Annual Maintenance Cost ($) Navigant
Data Sources » Residential Clothes Dryers

A‐25

SOURCES

2009 2013 2020 203

Installed

Base

Current

Standard Typical High Typical

Typical Capacity (ft3) Navigant CEC CEC / Distributors

Navig

EF and CEF (lb/kWh) Navigant EERE / Navigant

Average Life (yrs) Appliance Magazine, 2012

Retail Equipment Cost ($) Navigant EERE

Total Installed Cost ($) Navigant EEREAnnual Maintenance Cost ($) EERE EERE
Data Sources » Residential Dishwashers

A‐26

SOURCES

2009 2013 2020 203

Installed

Base

Current

Standard Typical ENERGY STAR High Typical 

Typical Annual Energy Use (kWh/yr) EERE EERE

Distributors

/ CCMS /

EPA

EPA CCMS

Navig

Water Consumption (gal/cycle) EERE EERE

Distributors

/ CCMS /

EPA

EPA CCMS

Water Heating Energy Use (kWh/yr) EERE

Average Life (yrs) EERE / NavigantRetail Equipment Cost ($) EERE

Total Installed Cost ($) EERE

Annual Maintenance Cost ($) Navigant
Data Sources » Commercial Gas-Fired Furnaces

A‐27

SOURCES

2003 2012 2013 2020 203

Installed Base Current Standard Typical High Typical 

Typical Input Capacity (kBtu/h) Arthur D. Little, 1997 AHRI AHRI

Navig

Thermal Efficiency (%)

ASHRAE

Standard

AHRI 10 CFR 431.77 AHRI Modine/ 90.1 Reznor ‐2004

Average Life (yrs) EERE / Navigant

Retail Equipment Cost ($)

RS Means

2010 /

Navigant /

Distributors

RS Means

2011 RS Means 2011

Total Installed Cost ($) RS Means 2011 RS Means 2011 RS Means 2011

Annual Maintenance Cost $)

RS Means 2010/

Navigant / Public Comments from Stakeholders

Distributors
Data Sources » Commercial Oil-Fired Furnaces

A‐28

SOURCES

2003 2012 2013 2020 20

Installed Base Current Standard Typical Typi

Typical Input Capacity (kBtu/h)

Navigant /

Distributors /

AHRI

AHRI

Navig

Thermal Efficiency (%)

ASHRAE

Standard 90.1‐

2004

AHRI 10 CFR 431.77 AHRI

Average Life (yrs) EERE / NavigantRetail Equipment Cost ($) RS Means 2010 Navigant RS Means 2011

Total Installed Cost ($) RS Means 2010 Navigant RS Means 2011Annual Maintenance Cost ($) Navigant / Distributors
Data Sources » Commercial Electric Boilers

A‐29

SOURCES

2003 2012 2013 2020 2030 

Installed Base Typical Typica

Typical Capacity (kW) BSRIA

SAIC

Efficiency (%) DOE/SAIC

Average Life (yrs) ASHRAE 2007 HVAC Applications

Retail Equipment Cost ($) RS Means 2010/SAIC RS Means 2013/SAIC

Total Installed Cost ($) RS Means 2010/SAIC RS Means 2013/SAIC

Annual Maintenance Cost ($) RS Means 2010/SAIC RS Means 2013/SAIC
Data Sources » Commercial Gas-Fired Boilers

A‐30

SOURCES

2003 2012 2013 2020 203

Installed Base Current Standard Typical Mid‐ Range High Typical 

Typical Input Capacity (kBtu/h) Navigant

Navig

Thermal Efficiency (%)

ASHRAE Standard

90.1‐2004 /

Navigant

EERE Navigant

Average Life (yrs) EERERetail Equipment Cost ($)

CEC / RS

Means

2010

RS Means

2011 RS Means 2011

Total Installed Cost ($)

CEC / RS

Means

2010

RS Means

2011 RS Means 2011

Annual Maintenance Cost ($) Navigant
Data Sources » Commercial Oil-Fired Boilers

A‐31

SOURCES

2003 2012 2013 2020 203

Installed Base Current Standard Typical High Typical 

Typical Input Capacity

(kBtu/h)

Building

Services

Research and

Information

Association

&

Ducker

Research

Company,

1997, 1998

Navigant Navigant

Navig

Thermal Efficiency (%) ASHRAE Standard 90.1‐2004 EERE Navigant

Average Life (yrs) EERERetail Equipment Cost ($)

Distributors /

RS Means

2010 /

Navigant

RS Means

2011 /

Navigant

RS Means 2011 / Navigant

Total Installed Cost ($) RS Means 2011 / Navigant

Annual Maintenance Cost ($) Navigant EERE
Data Sources » Commercial Gas-Fired Chillers

A‐32

SOURCES

2003 2012 2013 2020 

Installed Base

Absorption Engine‐ Driven Abso

Absorption Engine‐ Driven Absorption Engine‐ Driven

Typical Capacity (tons) BSRIA/Distributors

Efficiency (kW/ton) Product Literature/SAIC

COP Product Literature/SAICAverage Life (yrs) 2007 ASHRAE Applications Handbook/Distributors

Retail Equipment Cost ($/ton) Manufacturer/Distributors/RS Means 2013/GIT/SAIC

Total Installed Cost ($/ton) Manufacturer/Distributors/RS Means 2013/GIT/SAIC

Annual Maintenance Cost

($/ton) Manufacturer/Distributors/RS Means 2013/GIT/SAIC
Data Sources » Commercial Centrifugal Chillers

A‐33

SOURCES

2003 2012 2013 2020 2

Installed Base Typical Mid High Typica

Typical Capacity (tons) US Census IPCC/TEAP/CARB/SAIC

S

Efficiency (kW/ton)

DEER/FEMP/

Product

Literature

ASHRAE 90.1‐2010/FEMP/

eSource/Product Literature

COP

DEER/FEMP/

Product

Literature

ASHRAE 90.1‐2010/FEMP/

eSource/Product Literature

Average Life (yrs) 2007 ASHRAE Applications Handbook

Retail Equipment Cost ($/ton) RS Means/Distributors/SAIC

Total Installed Cost ($/ton) RS Means/Distributors/SAIC

Annual Maintenance Cost

($/ton) SAIC
Data Sources » Commercial Reciprocating Chillers

A‐34

SOURCES

2003 2012 2013 2020 20

Installed Base Typical Mid High Typical

Typical Capacity (tons) BSRIA/DEER

SA

Efficiency (kW/ton) ASHRAE 90.1‐2010/DEER/FEMP/Product LiteratureCOP ASHRAE 90.1‐2010/DEER/FEMP/Product LiteratureAverage Life (yrs) Manufacturers

Retail Equipment Cost ($/ton) RS Means 2013/Distributors/SAIC

Total Installed Cost ($/ton) RS Means 2013/Distributors/SAIC

Annual Maintenance Cost

($/ton) SAIC
Data Sources » Commercial Screw Chillers

A‐35

SOURCES

2003 2012 2013 2020 

Installed Base Current Standard Typical Mid High 

Typical Capacity (tons) SAIC

Efficiency (kW/ton)

DEER/FEMP/

Product

Literature

SAIC ASHRAE 90.1‐2010 Product Literature/SAIC

COP

DEER/FEMP/

Product

Literature

SAIC ASHRAE 90.1‐2010 Product Literature/SAIC

Average Life (yrs) Manufacturers

Retail Equipment Cost ($/ton) RS Means 2013/Distributors/SAIC

Total Installed Cost ($/ton) RS Means 2013/Distributors/SAIC

Annual Maintenance Cost

($/ton) SAIC
Data Sources » Commercial Scroll Chillers

A‐36

SOURCES

2003 2012 2013 2020 

Installed Base Current Standard Typical Mid High 

Typical Capacity (tons) SAIC/Manufacturers

Efficiency [full‐load/IPLV] (kW/ton) Product Literature SAIC ASHRAE 90.1‐2010 Product Literature/SAIC

COP [full‐load/IPLV] Product Literature SAIC ASHRAE 90.1‐2010 Product Literature/SAIC

Average Life (yrs) Manufacturers

Retail Equipment Cost ($/ton) Manufacturers/RS Means 2013/SAIC

Total Installed Cost ($/ton) Manufacturers/RS Means 2013/SAIC

Annual Maintenance Cost ($/ton) SAIC
Data Sources » Commercial Rooftop Air Conditioners

A‐37

SOURCES

2003 2012 2013 2020 

Installed Base Current Standard Typical ENERGY STAR High 

Typical Output Capacity (kBtu/h) AHRI / Navigant

Efficiency (EER)

ASHRAE

Standard

90.1‐2004

Distributors/

Navigant EERE ENERGY STAR AHRI

Average Life (yrs) EERERetail Equipment Cost $) Navigant / LBNL, 2003 Distributors/ Navigant / DEER, 2008 EERE Distributors

Total Installed Cost ($) Navigant / LBNL, 2003 Distributors/ Navigant / DEER, 2008 EERE Distributors

Annual Maintenance Cost ($) EERE
Data Sources » Commercial Gas-Fired Engine-Driven Rooftop Air Conditioners/

A‐38

SOURCES

2003 2012 2013 2020 20

Installed Base Typical Typ

Typical Capacity (tons) Manufacturer/Distributors/SAIC

SA

Heating COP NA Product Literature

Cooling COP Product Literature/SAIC

Average Life (yrs) Distributors/ SAIC Manufacturer/RS Means 2013/SAIC

Retail Equipment Cost ($/ton) Distributors/ SAIC Manufacturer/RS Means 2013/SAIC

Total Installed Cost ($/ton) Distributors/ SAIC Manufacturer/RS Means 2013/SAIC

Annual Maintenance Cost ($) Distributors/ SAIC Manufacturer/RS Means 2013/SAIC
Data Sources » Commercial Rooftop Heat Pumps

A‐39

SOURCES

2003 2012 2013 2020 203

Installed Base Current Standard Typical ENERGY STAR High Typical 

Typical Capacity (kBtu/h) AHRI / Navigant

Navig

Efficiency (EER) ASHRAE Standard 90.1‐ 2004 / Navigant EERE ENERGY STAR EERE

COP (Heating) EERE / Navigant EERE ENERGY STAR EERE

Average Life (yrs) EERERetail Equipment Cost ($) Distributors / RS Means 2010 / DEER / Navigant

Total Installed Cost ($) Distributors / RS Means 2010 / DEER / Navigant

Annual Maintenance Cost ($) Distributors / RS Means 2010 / DEER / Navigant
Data Sources » Commercial Ground Source Heat Pumps

A‐40

SOURCES

2003 2012 2013 2020 203

Installed Base Current Standard Typical Mid High Typical 

Typical Capacity (kBTU/h) US DOE/EIA

SA

COP (Heating) SAIC ASHRAE 90.1‐2010 Product Literature Product Literature Product Literature

EER (Cooling) SAIC ASHRAE 90.1‐2010 Product Literature Product Literature Product LiteratureAverage Life (yrs) System life 25 years, ground loop life 50 years (DOE); system life 25 years (ASHRAE RP 1237‐TRP)

Retail Equipment Cost ($) Distributors/SAIC

Total Installed Cost ($) US DOD/IGSHPA/MA DOER/CEFIA/ASHRAE

Annual Maintenance Cost

($)

Geothermal Heat Pump Consortium, Inc. (US DOE Contract DE‐

FG07‐95ID13347)
Data Sources » Commercial Electric Resistance Heaters

A‐41

SOURCES

2003 2012 2013 2020 2

Small Large Small Large Small Large Smal

Typical Capacity (kBTU/h) Distributors/Navigant

S

Efficiency (%) NavigantAverage Life (yrs) Technology Cost and Performance File for Commercial Model for AEO2010

Retail Equipment Cost ($) RS Means/Distributors/SAIC

Total Installed Cost ($) RS Means/Distributors/SAIC

Annual Maintenance Cost ($) Navigant
Data Sources » Commercial Gas-Fired Water Heaters

A‐42

SOURCES

2003 2012 2013 2020 203

Installed Base Current Standard Typical High Typical 

Typical Storage Capacity (gal) Arthur D. Little / Distributors / AHRI AHRI

Navig

Typical Input Capacity (kBtu/h) Arthur D. Little / AHRI AHRI AHRI

Thermal Efficiency (%) EERE / ASHRAE Standard 90.1‐2004 / Navigant EERE AHRI AHRIAverage Life (yrs) EERERetail Equipment Cost ($) Distributors / CEC / Navigant Distributors

Total Installed Cost ($) Distributors / CEC / Navigant

Annual Maintenance Cost ($) Navigant
Data Sources » Commercial Electric Resistance Water Heaters

A‐43

SOURCES

2003 2012 2013 2020 2030 

Installed Base Current Standard Typical Typic

Typical Storage Capacity (gal) Navigant / Product Literature AHRI

Naviga

Typical Input Capacity (kW) Product Literature AHRIThermal Efficiency (%) Product Literature ASHRAE Standard 90.1‐ 2004 AHRI

Average Life (yrs) EERE

Retail Equipment Cost ($) Distributors/ Navigant Distributors Distributors

Total Installed Cost ($) Distributors/ Navigant Navigant Navigant

Annual Maintenance Cost ($) Navigant
Data Sources » Commercial Oil-Fired Water Heaters

A‐44

SOURCES

2003 2012 2013 2020 203

Installed Base Current Standard Typical High Typical 

Typical Storage Capacity (gal) Navigant AHRI / Navigant AHRI / Navigant

Navig

Typical Input Capacity (kBtu/h) Navigant AHRI / Navigant AHRI / Navigant

Thermal Efficiency (%) Navigant Navigant AHRI / NavigantAverage Life (yrs) EERERetail Equipment Cost ($) Navigant Distributors / Navigant Distributors

Total Installed Cost ($) Navigant Distributors / Navigant Navigant

Annual Maintenance Cost ($) Navigant Distributors / Navigant Navigant
Data Sources » Commercial Gas-Fired Instantaneous Water Heaters

A‐45

SOURCES

2003 2012 2013 2020 203

Installed Base Current Standard Typical High Typical 

Typical Capacity (kBtu/h)

Building Services Research

and Information

Association & Ducker

Research Company, 1997,

1998 / AHRI

AHRI

Navig

Thermal Efficiency (%) AHRI Navigant EERE AHRI

Average Life (yrs) EERE

Retail Equipment Cost ($)

CEC /

Navigant /

Distributors

Distributors /

Navigant Distributors

Total Installed Cost ($) CEC / Navigant / Distributors

Annual Maintenance Cost ($) CEC / Navigant / Distributors
Data Sources » Commercial Electric Booster Water Heaters

A‐46

SOURCES

2003 2012 2013 2020 20

Installed Base Typical Typ

Typical Capacity (gal) Product Literature/SAIC

SA

Thermal Efficiency (%) Product LiteratureAverage Life (yrs) Product Literature

Retail Equipment Cost ($) Distributors/SAIC

Total Installed Cost ($) Distributors/SAIC

Annual Maintenance Cost ($) Distributors/SAIC
Data Sources » Commercial Gas Booster Water Heaters

A‐47

SOURCES

2003 2012 2013 2020 2

Installed Base Current Standard Typical High Typical 

Typical Capacity (gal) Distributors/SAIC

SA

Thermal Efficiency (%) Product LiteratureAverage Life (yrs) Product Literature/SAIC

Retail Equipment Cost ($) Distributors/SAIC

Total Installed Cost ($) Distributors/SAIC

Annual Maintenance Cost ($) Distributors/SAIC
A‐48

Data Sources » Commercial Gas Griddles

SOURCES

2003 2012 2013 2020 203

Installed Base Typical ENERGY STAR High Typical 

Cooking Surface (ft2) FSTC, 2013

Navig

Cooking Energy Efficiency (%) FSTC, 2002 Navigant ENERGY STAR ENERGY STAR QPL

Normalized Idle Energy Rate(Btu/h/ft2) FSTC, 2002 Navigant ENERGY STAR ENERGY STAR QPL

Average Life (yrs) FSTC, 2013Retail Equipment Cost ($) Distributors / ENERGY STAR Savings Calculator / Navigant

Total Installed Cost ($) FSTC, 2013

Annual Maintenance Cost ($) FSTC, 2013
A‐49

Data Sources » Commercial Electric Griddles

SOURCES

2003 2012 2013 2020 203

Installed Base Typical ENERGY STAR High Typical 

Cooking Surface (ft2) FSTC, 2013

Navig

Cooking Energy Efficiency (%) FSTC, 2002 Navigant ENERGY STAR ENERGY STAR QPL

Normalized Idle Energy Rate (W/ft2) FSTC, 2002 Navigant ENERGY STAR ENERGY STAR QPL

Average Life (yrs) FSTC, 2013Retail Equipment Cost ($) Distributors / ENERGY STAR Savings Calculator / Navigant

Total Installed Cost ($) FSTC, 2013

Annual Maintenance Cost ($) FSTC, 2013
A‐50

Data Sources » Commercial Hot Food Holding Cabinets

SOURCES

2003 2012 2013 2020 203

Installed Base Current Standard Typical ENERGY STAR High Typical 

Interior Volume (ft3) FEMP

Navig

Maximum Idle Energy Rate (W) CEE / Navigant ENERGY STAR Savings Calculator FEMP

Average Life (yrs) ENERGY STAR Savings Calculator

Retail Equipment Cost ($) Distributors / ENERGY STAR Savings Calculator / Navigant

Total Installed Cost ($) NavigantAnnual Maintenance Cost ($) FSTC
181

Appendix B

References

Nav

1200 

Was

www.nav

B-1
182

• ACEEE. (2007). Top Rated Energy‐Efficient Appliances. American Council for 

Efficient Economy.

• AHAM. (n.d.). Directory of Certified Products. Retrieved September 2010 from

http://www.ahamdir.com/dirsvc/aham.nsf/fraRAC?OpenFrameset&pgm=R

0Conditioners

• AHRI. (n.d.). Directory of Certified Product Performance. Retrieved September 

2013 from: http://www.ahridirectory.org/ahridirectory/pages/home.aspx

• Appliance Magazine. (2012). “The U.S. Appliance Industry: Market Value, L

& Replacement Picture 2012.” UBM Canon.

• Appliance Magazine. (n.d.).

— “U.S. Appliance Industry Statistical Review: 2000 to YTD 2010.” Canon 

Group. July 2010.

— “U.S. Appliance Shipment Statistics Monthly: January 2011.” Canon Da

Group. January 2011.

— “2011 Full‐Year Appliance Industry Shipment Statistics.” UBM Canon. 

— “2012 Full‐Year Appliance Industry Shipment Statistics and Year‐In‐Rev

Canon. March 2013.

• Arthur D. Little. (1997). Massachusetts Market Transformation Scoping Study; F

Massachusetts Gas DSM / Market Transformation Collaborative.

References

B-2
183

• ASHRAE. (2003). 2003 ASHRAE Handbook ‐ HVAC Applications. ASHRAE, In

• ASHRAE. (1999). ASHRAE Standard 90.1‐1999. ASHRAE, Inc.

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