1 **P HI**  **L OS**  **OP HY**  **OF M**  **OSQ UI**  **T O**  **CONT ROL** 

P o r t i o n s o f t hi s c h a p t e r w e r e o b t a i n e d f r o m t h e U ni v e r s i t y of F l o ri da a nd t h e A m e ri c a n M o s qui t o Co n t r o l

A s s oc i a t i o n P ub l i c H e a l t h P e s t Co nt r o l w e b s i t e a t ht t p: / / v e c t o r

. i f a s

. uf l

. e du

, t h e U ni v e r s i t y of S y dn e y D e pa r t m e nt o f

M e di c a l E n t o m o l o g y w e b s i t e a t h t t p: / / m e de n t

. us y d. e du. a u/ f a c t / i rr i gw e t

. ht m

, t h e E n v i r o n m e nt a l P r o t e c t i o n A ge n c y

M o s qui t o Co n t r o l w e b s i t e a t h t t p: / / w w w

. e pa

. go v / pe s t i c i de s / h e a l t h/ m o s qui t o e s / c o n t r o l

. h t m

, a n d t h e A s s o c i a t i o n o f

S t a t e a n d T e rr i t o ri a l H e a l t h O f f i c i a l s ’ P ub l i c H e a l t h Co n f r o nt s t h e M o s qui t o r e po rt a t

ht t p : / / w w w

. a s t h o

. o r g/ ? t e m pl a t e = m o s qui t o _c o n t r o l

. h t m l

.

T h e u n der lyi ng p hil o s o phy o f m o s qu i t o co n tr o l i s b as ed o n t h e f ac t t h at t h e gr ea t es t co n tr o l

im pac t o n m o s qu i t o po pul at i o ns w ill o cc ur wh e n t h e y are **conce nt** 

**r ated,**  **im m**  **obile** an d

**acc es**  **s ible** 

. T hi s e m p h a s i s f o cus es o n h a bi t at m a nage m e n t a n d co n t r o l li ng t h e imm at ur e s t age s

b e f o r e m o s qu i t o es e m erge as adu l t s

. T hi s po l i c y r educ e s t h e n ee d f o r w i d es pr ea d pe s t i c i de

app l i ca t i o n i n r es i de n t i a l areas

.

T h e us e o f pes t i c i de s f o r m o s qu i t o c o n tr o l i s co n s i dered a t e m po r ary f o r m o f co n t r o l

. S i nce i t i s

un r ea s o na bl e to ex pec t to c o m p l et e l y e li mi nat e t h e n e x t gen erat i o n by t r ea t i

n g t h e curr en t

gen erat i o n

, t h e pr o ce s s m a y h a ve to b e r epe at ed t i m e a n d aga i n. T hi s i s t r ue f

o r ch e mi ca l

t r ea t m e n t o f b o t h i mm at ur e an d adu l t po pul at i o ns o f m o s qu i t o es

. B y co n t r as t

, s o ur ce r educ t i o n

t h at pr ev en t s m o s qu i t o de v e l o p m e n t can b e a p er m a n e n t f o r m o f co n t r o l

, per h ap s r equ i r i ng

limi t ed m a i n t e n a nce f r o m t i m e t o t i m e.

**I nt**  **egr at**  **ed M**  **os qu**  **it o**  **M anagem**  **ent** i s t h e u s e o f a l l appro pr i at e t ec hn o l o g i ca l a n d m a n age m e n

t

t ec h ni que s t h at b r i n g s a b o ut an e f f ec t i v e degree o f m o s qu i t o pr ev e n t i o n a n d s uppr es s i o n i n a

s a f e, co s t

­ ef f ec t i v e, a n d e nvi r o nm e n t a l ly s o un d m a nn er. T h e m a j o r co m po n e n t s o f i n t egrat ed

m o s qu i t o m a n age m e n t are:

1. So u r ce r educ t i o n

2. B i o l o g i ca l co n t r o l

3. L arvi c i d i ng

4. A du l t i c i d i ng

5. Publi c educ at i o n

All o f t h es e co n t r o l m et h o ds s h o u l d b e b a s ed o n s ur v e il l a nce dat a to de t erm i ne n e ed a n d t i m i n g

o f app l i ca t i o n

.

**S OUR**  **CE R** 

**E D**  **UC T**  **I ON** 

So u r ce r educ t i o n co n s i s t s o f e l imi nat i o n o f l arva l ha bi

t at s o r r en der i n g s uc h h a bi t at s u n s u i t a bl e

f o r l arva l de v e l o p m e n t

. So u r ce r educ t i o n r a n ge s f r o m t h e s im p l e o v ert ur ni n g o f a d i s car ded

b ucke t o r di s po s i ng o f w as t e t i r es t o c o m p l e x w at er l e v e l m a ni pu l at i o n s i n m ars h e s

. T h e r e m o v a l

o r r educ t i o n o f m o s qu i t o b r ee d i ng ha bi t at i s o f t en t h e m o s t e f f ec t i v e a n d ec o n o m i ca l l o n g­ t er m

m et h o d o f m o s qu i t o c o n t r o l

. T h es e e f f o r t s m i n imi ze o r ev e n e li mi nat e t h e n e ed f

o r m o s qu i t o

l ar vi c i d i ng i n t h e a f f ec t ed h a bi t at an d gr ea t l y r educ e adu l t i c i d i n g i n nearby area s

.2 **San it**  **at io**  **n**

C o n t ai n er s o f a ll t y pe s

, m a n

­ m ade s t r uct ur e s s uc h a s

un s cree n ed r a i n b arr e l s

, r oo f gutt ers an d d i s car d ed t i

r es are

ca pa bl e o f pr o duci n g pr o d i g i o us n u m bers o f m o s qu i t o es

, i nc l ud i ng s pe c i es t h at ca n t r an s m i t d i s ea s e. R e m o v a l o f

deb r i s a n d r egu l ar i ns pec t i o n

, wh e n co n duc t ed o n a

co n t i n uo us b as i s

, r educ es b r ee d i ng i n s uc h s i t es

. T y p i ca lly

,

m o s qu i t o co n t r o l

­ r e l at ed s a ni t at i o n e f f o r t s are b e s t

ac co m p li s hed by h o m eo wn ers a n d r es i de n t s who, t h r o ugh

t h e i r o wn ac t i o n s

, ha v e creat ed m o s qu i t o b r ee di ng aro un d

t h e i r h o m e s i t es ( per i do m es t i c). M o s qu i t o co n t r o l age n c i e s

s uppo r t educ at i o n a l pr o gr am s t h at ca l l att en t i o n t o t h e haz ards

an d r ec o m m e n d i nd i v i dua l e f f o r t o n r es i de n t i a l ar ea c l ea n up. ( See s pec i f i c r ec o m m e n dat i o ns f o r h o m eo wn ers u n der

“ Pu bli c E duca t i o n ”).

**Wat er**  **M anagem**  **ent**

Pr ev e n t i o n o f b r ee d i ng ca n be ac co m p li s hed by r e m o vi ng

s ur f ac e wa t ers f r o m pr o duc t i ve s i t e s

, m a ni pu l at i ng s h o r el i n e

wa t er l e v e l s

, o r f l o o di n g areas i n w hi c h m o s qu i t o es o vi po s i t i n t h e s o i l

. Spec i a l c are m u s t b e

g i v e n to we t l a n d s a n d s e ns i t i ve n at ur a l areas

. We t l a n ds

, s t r ea m s a n d e ve n co ns t r uc t ed dr a i n age

s y s t e m s ca n pr o vi de h a bi t at f o r an arr a y o f w il d lif e, i n c l ud i ng a m p hi bi a ns

, m a mm a l s

, bi r ds a n d

i ns ec t s

. W et l a n ds a l s o h e l p co n t r o l f l o o d i n g, i mpr o v e wat er qual i t y

, a n d pr o vi d e r ec r ea t i o n a l

o pp o r t un i t i e s

. Dra i ni ng h ea l t hy wet l a n d s i s a c o n t r o v ers i a l a n d o f t en i na ppr o pr i at e o p t i o n

, wh erea s co n t r o l li ng b r ee d i ng s i t es s uc h as s ew er ca t ch bas i ns

, pudd l e s

, co n

t a i n ers

, a n d po or ly

des i g n ed o r poo r l y m a nage d s t or m wat er m a n age m e n t areas are pr ac t i ce s r o ut i n e ly i nco r por at ed

i n i n t egrat ed m o s qu i t o m a nage m e n t pr o gr am s

.

I r r i gat ed agr i cu l t ur e i s w i des pr ea d i n Ne w M e xico an d i

r r i gat i o n s y s t e m s ca n be s o ur ce s o f

m o s qu i t o es

. W at er m a n age m e n t i s t h e es s e nce o f goo d i r r i gat i o n pr ac t i ce

, an d wat er

m a n age m e n t s h o u l d be t h e es s e n ce o f m o s qu i t o m a nage m e n t i n i r r i gat i o n area s

. Overus e o f

wa t er an d i n ad equa t e dr ai n ag e are t h e pr i n c ipa l ca

us es o f

m o s qu i t o pr o duc t i o n as s o c i at ed w i t h i r r i gat i o n are as

.

W at er de l i ver y c h a nn e l s 'a b o v e ' t h e l a n d to b e i

r r i gat ed are

us ua l ly we ll m a i n t a i ned a n d f r ee o f m arg i na l v ege t a t i o n i n o r der

to enh a n ce wa t er f l o w. T h e y m a y b e li ned w i t h co n cret e, o r if

ea r t h en l i ne d any v ege t at i o n t h at es t abl i s hes i s per i o d i ca l l y

r e m o v ed. I n t hi s s t at e t h e y u s ua lly do n o t pr ovi de a s u i

t a bl e

h a bi t at to s upp o r t m o s qu i t o l ar v ae

.

W at er dr a i nage c h a nn e l s 'b e l o w ' t h e i r r i gat ed l a nd, des i g n ed to

d i s po s e o f u n u s ed wa t er, are us ua l ly ear t h e n li ne d a n d o f

t en n o t

we l l m a i n t a i ned. T h e y ca n b ec o m e h ea vily v ege t at ed, r es tr i ct i ng

wa t er f l o w an d pr o vi d i ng s u i t a bl e h a bi t at w i t h h ar b o r age and

n ut r i e n t r es o ur ce s f o r v ar i o us m o s qu i t o s pec i e s

.3 T h e d i f f ere n t m et h o ds o f i r r i gat i o n i t s e lf a l s o v ar y i n t h e i r po t en t i a l f o r t h e creat i o n o f h a bi t at f o r

v ar i o us m o s qu i t o s pec i e s

.

**F l**  **ood i**  **rr igat**  **ion**

, whe r e areas o f l a n d are i nu ndat ed by r e l at i v e ly l arge a m o u n

t s o f w at er,

pr o vi des t h e m o s t o b vi o us po t en t i a l m o s qu i t o h a bi t at

. H o wev er, pr o vi d i ng t h e wat er i nf il t r at es

,

ev apo r at es

, or dr a i n s o f f a n d i s de li vered e l s ew here a n d do es n o t pers i s t as s t agn a n

t po o l s f o r

m o r e t h an 5 da y s

, t h ere i s us ua lly n o co n ce r n f

o r m o s qu i t o pr o duc t i o n

.

**Sp r**  **ink l**  **e r**  **i rr**  **igat ion**  an d **chann e**  **l i**  **rr igat**  **ion**

, ar e o f i n

t er m ed i at e co n ce r n a n d t h es e u s ua ll y

pr o vi de f o r m o s qu i t o h a bi t at o nl y w h e n t h e wa t er i s o v er­ app li ed, t h e area i s po or l y dr a i ned, and

s t agn a n t p oo l s are a bl e t o pe r s i s t f o r m o r e t h an 5 da y s

.

I r r i gat i o n o f p as t ur es i s us ua lly ac co m p li s hed b y

f l o o di n g o r by u s i ng f i xe d o r t r av e l i ng s pr i n k l er

s y s t e m s

. I nv ar i a bly

, t he r es u l t w ill be v er y

s ha l l o w wa t er o n l e v e l pa s t ur e, b ut t h ere m a y be

dee per poo l s i n d epres s ed areas w i t hi n t h e

pas t ur e or i n t h e per i m et er dr a i n age zo n es

. E n s ur i ng wa t er d o es n o t pe r s i s t o n pas t ur es an d

i n r o w cr o p ch a nn e l s f o r m o r e t h an 5 d a y s w il l

us ua l ly pr e v e n t m o s qu i t o pr o duc t i o n

. E f f ec t i v e

s l o pe dr a i nage

, a n d i nf il t r at i o n a n d e v apo r at i o n

r at es as s o c i at ed w i t h t h e s o i l m us t b e co ns i dered

w i t h r es pec t to t h e wa t er appl i ca t i o n r at es an d

f r equ e n c i es

. E n s ur i ng f r ee f l o w o f wat er i n t h e d e li ver y a n d ( part i cu l ar ly ) t h e dr a i nage c ha nn e l s by c l ea r i ng e m erge n t an d f l o at i n g v ege t at i o n w i ll h e l p t o p r ev e n

t b u i l dup o f m o s qu i t o

po pul at i o n s

.

On t h e s h o r es o f l ake s o r l ago o n s

, c l ear e m erge nt v ege t a

t i o n o r pr ev e n t i t f r o m t ak i n g h o l d b y

li n i ng t h e l ago o n o r s t ee peni n g t h e s i des o f t h e l ag oo n

.4 **M anagi**  **ng r**  **etent ion**  **pon ds/s**  **t orm**  **wate r**  **im pou**  **nd m**  **ent s** 

Stor m w at er s tr uc t ur es t h at t em po r ari ly o r per m a n e n t l y r et a i n r u n o f f are r ec e i v i ng i ncrea s i ng

att en t i o n as po t en t i a l m o s qu i t o b r ee d i n g areas

. M ea s ur e s t h at l o wer m o s qu i

t o pr o duc t i o n i n

s to r m wa t er s t r uc t u r es are n ee ded t o p r ot ec t pub li c h ea l t h

. I f des i g n ed pr o perl y

, s t or m w at er

s t r uc t ur es s h o u l d n o t pr o m o t e m o s qu i t o b r ee d i ng. E n s ur i n g t h at t h es e s t r uc t ur es are pr o perly

des i g n ed an d m a i n t a i ned i s t h e ke y to l imi t i n g m o s qu i t o pr o duc t i o n

.

H i s t o r i ca lly

, s t o r m wa t er co n t r o l s w ere des i g n ed to qui ck ly co l l e ct

, s tor e an d t r an s po r t r un o f

f

aw a y f r o m de v e l o ped area s i n t o n earby s t r ea m s to p r ev e n t f l o o di n g. Ho wev er, i t i s n o w

r ec o gni ze d t h at t h es e s y s t e m s a l o n e are o f

t en n o t th e i dea l s o l ut i o n b ec au s e t h e y im pac t s t r ea m s

by i ncre as i ng t h e v o l u m e a n d v e l o c i t y o f wat er and a m o un t o f po l l ut an t s

.

T o day s t or m w at er m a n age m e n t pr o m o t es a v ar i et y o f pr ac t i ce s a n d co n

t r o l s t h at h e l p r un o f f t o

i n f il t r at e an d mi n imi ze co n t ac t o f r u n o f f w i t h po l lut an t s

. F or ex a m p l e, i nf il t r at i o n pr ac t i ce s us i ng

v ege t at ed areas l i k e s wa l e s a n d r a i n garde n s s l o w t h e v e l o c i

t y o f wa t er an d a ll o w f o r perco l at i o n

i n t o t h e gr o un d. Wh e n pr o per l y des i g n ed a n d m a in

t a i n ed, s t o r m wat er m a n age m e n t pr ac t i ce s do

n o t en co ur age m o s qu i t o b r ee d i ng. Sto r m wat er m a n age r s s h o u l d i nco r po r a t e des i g n

, co ns t r uc t i o n

,

m a n age m e n t a n d m a i n t e na n ce f ea t ur es i n t o s to r m wat er s t r uc t ur es to m i n i mi z e m o s qu i t o

pr o duc t i o n ( a n d t h ere f o r e de creas e o r e l imi nat e t h e n ee d f o r i ns ec t i c i des ) w i t h o ut co m pr o m i s i ng

wa t er qual i t y f unct i o ns

.

De s i g n an d m a n age m e n t o f s to r m wat er b es t m a n a ge m e n t pr ac t i ce s ( B M P s ) i s b e y o n d t h e s co pe

o f t hi s m a n ua l

. M o r e i nf o r m at i o n i s a v a il a bl e at t h e E PA s t or m

wat er we b s i t e at :

h t t p:/ /www.epa. g o v /n pde s /s t o r m wat er

.

**B I**  **O L**  **O GI**  **CA L**  **C ON**  **T RO**  **L**

B i o l o g i ca l co n t r o l

, o r bi o co n t r o l

, i s t h e use o f bi o lo gi ca l o r gani s m s t o c o n

t r o l pes t s

— i n t hi s c as e,

m o s qu i t o es

. B i o co n t r o l i s po pu l ar i n t h eo r y b ec aus e o f i t s po t en t i a l t o b e h o s t

­ s pec i f i c w i t h

vi r t ual ly n o e f f e ct o n n o n

­ t arget or gani s m s

. O v er a l l

, l arvi v o r o us f

i s h are t h e m o s t ex t ens i ve l y

us ed bi o co n t r o l age n t f o r m o s qu i t o co n tr o l

. Pr eda c i o us f i s h s uc h a s Gambu s ia af f inis an d o t h er

to p m i nn o ws ( Po ec i lii dae ) a n d k i llif i s h e s ( C y pr i n o do n t i dae ) t h at o cc ur n at ur al l y i n m a ny aqua t i c

h a bi t at s

, can b e co l l ec t ed ( or i n s o m e ca s es pr o paga

t ed) an d p l ac ed i n per m a n e n t o r s em i

­

per m a n e n t wa t er b o di e s f o r l arva l co n t r o l

. Ot h er bi o co n t r o l age n t s h a v e b e e n t es t ed f o r us e in

m o s qu i t o co n t r o l b ut to dat e h ave n o t b ee n f o un d f ea s i b l e. T h e s e i nc l ude t h e pr eda c i o u s

m o s qu i t o Toxor hync hites

, pr eda c i o us co pepo ds

, th e para s i

t i c n e m at o de R omanome r mis a n d t h e

f u n gus Lagenidium giganteum

. B i o co n t r o l ce r t a i nly h o l ds t h e po s s i bili t y o f b ec o m i ng a m o r e

im po r t an t too l a n d p l a yi ng a l arger r o l e i n m o s qu i

t o co n tr o l i n t h e f ut ur e whe n im pr o v ed

t ec h n o l o g y a n d ec o n o m i c s m a y e nh a n ce t h e i

r us e f u l nes s

. Al t h o ugh b ac t er i a a n d i ns ec t gr o w t h

r egu l at or s m a y b e co n s i d ered a f o r m o f bi o c o n t r o l

, t h e y are d i s cu s s ed i n det a i l i n t h e

“L ar vi c i d i n g ” se ct i o n

.

Unf o r t un at el y

, t h e r o l e o f b at s a n d pur p l e m art i n s i n m o s qu i t o “ co n t r o l ” h as b e e n e x agge r at ed.

B at s m a y b e b o t h o pp or t uni s t i c a n d s e l e ct i ve i n t h e i r f e ed i n g, a n d s e v era l f ac t o r s det e r m i n e

whi c h s pe c i f i c i ns ec t s m a y b e co n s u m ed i n t h e gr ea t es t quan

t i t y

. I n ge n era l

, r es ear c h h as s h o w n

t h at t h e l i t t l e b r o wn b at f e eds o n s o f t b o d i ed i ns ec t s s uc h as m o t h s

, f li e s

, m i dge s

, m o s qu i t o es an d5 m a yf l i e s

. T h e l arger bi g b r o wn b at i s o ppor

t uni s t i c, a n d pr e y s m o s t l y upo n b ee t l es s uc h a s

gr o un d b ee t l es

, J une b ug s

, cuc u m b er b e et l es a n d ot h er b ee t l e s an d i ns e ct s

. T h e M e xi ca n f

r ee

t ai l ed bat co n s u m e s pr im ar i ly m o t hs a n d b ee t l es

. B at s are bi o l o g i c a l ly be n e f

i c i a l m a mm a l s

, a nd

are a v er y im po r t an t an d uni qu e part o f o u r wi l d li f e. B u t r el at i ve to pes t p o pul at i o n s

, wh et her or

n o t t h e f ee d i ng o f b at s i n o ur ur b an a n d agr i cu l

t ur a l co m m u ni t i e s pr o vi des a ny m e as ur a bl e

b e n e f i t ( s uc h as r educ t i o n o f m o s qu i t o bi t i ng d e ns i t y o r n u m ber o f W es t N il e c as e s ) i s hi g hly

ques t i o na bl e. A t b e s t

, t h e i r b e n e f i c i a l co n t r i b ut i o ns are l i ke ly t o v ar y t r e m e n do us l y dep e n d i n g o n

t h e co m p l e x l o ca l e nvi r o nm e n t a l co nd i t i o n s a n d part i cu l ar ec o s y s t e m (

h t t p:/ /www. t ex as m o s qu i t o

. or g/Ba t s

. h t m l )

. Pur pl e m art i ns are n o t p r o di g i o u s co n s u m ers o f

m o s qu i t o es a s i s s o o f t en c l a im ed by co m p a ni es t hat m a n u f ac t ur e m art i n h o us i n g. Pur p l e m art i ns

an d f r es h wa t er m o s qu i t o es r arel y e ver cro s s pat h s

. M art i n s are da y

t i m e f ee d ers, an d f ee d hi g h in

t h e s k y ; m o s qu i t o es

, o n t h e o t h er h a n d, s t a y l o w i n da m p p l a ce s dur i n g d a y li g h t h o ur s

, a n d are

m o s t ac t i v e at ni g h t ( h t t p://www. pu r pl e m art i n

. o r g/ m a i n/ m gt

. h t m l )

. I t m ake s s e n s e, t h o ugh

, t o

mi n im i z e ad v ers e e f f e ct s o n n at ur al m o s qu i t o pr eda to r s by us i ng a l t ernat i ves t o pes t i c i des o r

ch o o s i n g t h o s e pes t i c i des w i t h t h e l ea s t i m p ac t o n n o n

­ t arge t o r gani s m s

.

**Gam busia**  **a f**  **f in**  **is**

**, t**  **he we**  **s t**  **er n**  **m os**  **qu it**  **of is**  **h**

Gambus ia b e l o n g to t h e Po ec i l ii da e f a mil y

. M o s qu i t o f i s h pr e f er qu i et

, s h a l l o w po n d s

, l ak es

, d i t ch e s

, dr a i ns

, m ars h es a n d s l ugg i s h creeks w i

t h c l ear wat er an d aqua t i c v eg et at i o n

. T h e y pr e f

er

wa r m wa t er t em perat ur es a n d ca n t o l erat e wat er t em perat ur es b et wee n 40 a n d 100 d egrees

F a h r e nh e i t

. T h e i r l if e s pa n i s s h o r t

, p r o b ably l e s s t h a n 15 m o n t h s

, b ut t h e y m a y li ve t wo to t h r ee

y ea r s u n der f a v o r abl e co n d i t i o ns

. T h e y are o v o vi vi paro us

, m ea ni ng t h e f

e m a l e s g i v e bi r t h t o l i v e

yo u n g. Gambu s ia r ea c h s e x u a l m at ur i t y i n 6 t o 8 we eks

. E ac h f e m a l e ca n pr o duce t h r ee to f o ur

b r o o ds per s ea s o n

, ev er y 3 t o 6 we eks

. T h e n

u mb er o f y o u n g i n ea c h b r oo d i s hi g hly v ar i a bl e,

an d a v erage a b o ut 60 to 70. T h e y o u n g are b o r n in s pr i n g a n d s u mm er w h e n t h e y are a b o ut 0. 4

i nc h e s l o n g. A du l t l e n gt h r an g es f r o m 0. 8 to 2. 5 i n c h e s ( t h e f e m a l es are l arger t h a n t h e m a l e s )

. M o s qu i t o f i s h ea t a v ar i et y o f m ac r o

­ i nv ert eb r at es

, i n c l ud i ng m o s qu i

t o l ar v ae

, ot h er s m a ll i ns e ct

l ar v ae

, zo o pl a n kt o n

, crus t ac ean s a n d aqua t i c p l a n t s s uc h a s a l gae a n d d i at o m s

. Gambus ia are

aggres s i ve a n d m a y a l s o f ee d o n f i s h f r y i nc l ud in g t h e i r o wn y o u n g. F ee d i ng i s at t h e wat er’ s

s ur f ac e.6 Gambus ia h a v e b ee n us ed f o r m o s qu i t o co n tr o l i n t h e US s i n c e t h e ear l y 1900 ’ s

. Var i o us

age nc i es t h r o ugh o u t t h e w o r l d ha v e deve l o ped s to cki n g gu i de li nes f

o r m o s qu i t o co n tr o l in

s w i mmi ng po o l s ( a b a n do n ed), o r n a m e n t a l po o l s

, d i t ch e s

, wet l a n d s

, m i ne p i t s

, s t or m wat er an d

wa s t e wa t er di s po s a l l ago o n s

, n at ur a l creeks

, a nim a l wat er i n g t r o ugh s an d s m a l l s ea s o n a l o r

per m a n e n t po n ds

. R ec o m m e n d ed s t o cki n g r at es i n t h e US r a n ge f r o m 15­ 100 f i s h f o r b a ck y ard

o r n a m e n t a l po n ds to 2

, 500 f i s h /ac r e f o r s m a ll po nds an d d i t c h es

. R epo r t s f r o m m o s qu i t o c o n t r o l

o r gani za t i o n s i nd i ca t e t h at t h e gr ea t es t pr o bl e m as s o c i at ed w i

t h t h e i na bili t y o f Ga mbus ia t o

co n t r o l m o s qu i t o l ar v ae are aqua t i c v ege t at i o n

, i nade quat e f

i s h n u m bers o r a l ac k o f d i s t r i b ut i o n

by t he f i s h i n a wat er s i t e.

T h e i n t r o duc t i o n o f m o s qu i t o f i s h i n t o areas wh ere t h e y h a v e n ot pr evi o us l y b ee n f

o un d m a y h a ve

adv ers e e f f e ct s

. T h e y are ver y qu i ck t o ada p t to c h a n g i ng co n d i t i o ns

, r epro duce qu i ck ly a n d are

v o r ac i o us a n d aggre s s i ve f e ede r s

. T h e i r pr e s e n ce m a y be det r i m e n t a l t o ec o n o m i c a l ly im po r t an t

f i s h o r en dan gered n at i v e f i s h s uc h as t h e c l o s e ly r e l at ed Peco s gam

b us i a. T h ere f o r e n e w

i n t r o duc t i o n o f m o s qu i t o f i s h s h o u l d b e lim i t ed t o i s o l at ed s i t es w i t h n o co n n ec t i o n t o l ake s

,

r i v ers

, s t r ea m s o r can a l s w h ere t h e y m a y h a v e a po s i

t i v e im pac t up o n t h e exi s t i n g o r p ot en t i a l

m o s qu i t o po pul at i o ns

.

**L ARV**  **I C**  **I D**  **I NG** 

T h e app li ca t i o n o f c h e mi ca l s t o ki ll imm at ur e m o s qui

t o es by gr o un d o r ae r i a l app li ca t i o n s i s

t y p i ca lly m o r e e f f ec t i v e a n d t arge t

­ s pec i f i c t h a n adu l t i c i d i ng, a l t h o ugh l es s per m a n e n t t h a n

s o ur ce r educ t i o n

. Se v era l m at eri a l s i n v ar i o us f

o r m u l at i o n s are l a b e l ed f o r m o s qu i t o l arvi c i d i ng,

i nc l ud i ng s o m e bi o r at i o n a l p es t i c i de s s uc h as i ns ec t gr o w

t h r egu l at o r s ( I GR s ) an d b ac t er i a t h at

t arge t m o s qu i t o es an d bl a ck f li e s

. Al s o l a b e led f o r m o s qu i t o c o n t r o l are co n v e n t i o n a l

o r gan o ph o s ph at e i n s ec t i c i des

, o i l s

, a n d m o n o m o l e cu l ar s ur f

a ce f ilm s

.

T h e t i mi ng o f l ar vi c i de app li ca t i o n i s dep e n de n

t on t h e n at ur e o f t h e co n t r o l age n t

. C o n v e n t i o n a l

i ns ec t i c i des

, f o r ex a m p l e, k il l l ar v ae at a l l s t age s a n d t h us ca n b e app l i e d w h e n co nv e ni e n t

. B ac t eri a m u s t b e co n s u m ed by t h e l ar v ae a n d ar e us ua lly app l i e d we ll be f

o r e t h e 4 th i ns t ar to

ens ur e t h at co n s u m pt i o n o cc ur s

. I n s ec t gr o w t h r egu l at o r s m i mi c a n es s e n t i a l h o r m o n e pr es e n t i n

hi g h co n ce n t r at i o n i n e ar l y i ns t ar l ar v ae b ut i n ver y l o w co nce n

t r a t i o n i n 4 t h i ns t ar l ar v ae

. E x po s ur e o f 4 t h i n s t ar l arvae to t h e I GR ups et s t h e phy s i o l o g i c a l m o l

t i ng pr o ce s s an d k i lls

m o s qu i t o es i n t h e s u b s eque n t pupa l s t age

. I GR s can b e f o r m u l at ed as s l o w r e l ea s e i ns ec t i c i de s s o

t h at appl i ca t i o n i n t h e 2 n d o r 3 rd i n s t ar w i ll r es u l

t i n a n ad equa t e ex po s ur e dur i n g t h e 4 t h i ns t ar.

M o n o m o l e cu l ar f i lm s pr eve n t t h e i n s e ct f r o m r e ma i ni ng at t h e s ur f ac e o f t h e wat er by r educ i ng

s ur f ac e t ens i o n

. Un d er t h es e co n d i t i o ns l arvae o f a ll s t age s a n d pupa e dep l et e t h e i

r e n erg y

r es erv e s t r y i ng t o s t ay at t h e s ur f ac e a n d s u cc u m b to ex h au s t i o n

. T h e o i l s k ill l ar v ae a n d pupae

by s u f f o c at i o n

, bec aus e t h e i n s ec t i s n ot abl e t o o b ta i n a i

r t h r o ugh t h e s i p h o n at t h e o i ly s ur f ac e.

E ac h l ar vi c i de h a s v er y s pe c i f i c app li c at i o ns a n d m a y b e m o r e e f f ec t i v e ag a i ns t o n e s pec i e s o r

gr o up t h an a n o t h er. E ac h l a b e l ( t h e l a w w h e n us in g p es t i c i de s ) i s d if

f ere n t an d s pec i a l at t en t i o n

m us t b e g i ve n to a f u ll u n ders t an d i ng o f t h e pr ovi s i o ns o f t h e l a b e l f

o r ea ch c h e mi ca l be i ng

co n s i dered f o r us e i n m o s qu i t o co n t r o l pr o gr am s

. T h e l a b e l pr es cr i bes app li ca t i o n m et h o ds an d

r at es

, h abi t at r es t r i ct i o ns

, pers o n a l a n d e nvi r o nm e n t a l e x po s ur e l imi t s

, et c. Pes t i c i de app li c at or s

m us t b e kn o w l edge a bl e o f t h e l a b e l co n t en t s an d a bi de by t h e l a b e l

.7 I m po r t an t ch aract eri s t i c s f o r l arvi c i de s i nc l ude s pec i f i c i t y f o r m o s qu i t o es

, m i n im a l im pac t o n

n o n

­ t arge t o r gani s m s a n d, i n m a ny i ns t anc es

, a bili t y t o pen et r a

t e den s e v eg et a t i ve ca n o p y

. L arvi c i d e f o r m u l at i o ns ( e.g.

, l i qu i d, gr an u l ar, s o l id) m u s t b e ac curat el y app li ed a n d appro pr i at e

to t h e ha bi t at b e i ng t r ea t ed

. So m e dr y f o r m u l at i o n s

, s uc h a s b r i qu et s an d gr an u l e s

, m a y a l s o b e

app l i ed pr e­ f l o o d i n g, i f t he l a b e l a ll o ws

. L ar vi c i de app li ca t i o n s

, w h e n b a s ed o n ac curat e

s ur v e ill a n c e dat a, are an i m po r t an t c o m po n e n t o f an i n t egrat ed m o s qu i t o c o n t r o l o pera t i o n

. A cc ur a c y o f app li ca t i o n co v erage i s im

po r t an t, as f a il ur e t o ex po s e ev e n a r e l at i v e ly s m a l l

po r t i o n o f a b r ee d i ng area ca n r es u l t i n t h e e m erg en c e o f a l arge m o s qu i t o b r oo d an d l ea d t o t h e

n ee d f o r i m m e d i at e b r o ad­s ca l e adu l t i c i d i ng.

**Dipt er**  **an­ s**  **pecif i**  **c b acter**  **ia**

T wo s pec i es o f b ac t er i a are l a b e l ed f o r m o s qu ito l ar v a l co n t r o l : B acillus thur ingien s is var.

is r aele n s is ( B ti ) an d B acillus s phae r icus ( B s )

. B oth t y pe s o f n at ur a l ly

­ o cc ur r i n g b a ct eri a pr o duce

s po r es an d a cr y s t a l li ne pr ot ei n k n o wn as de l

t a­e n do to xi n

. T h es e cr y s t a l s are to xi c to m o s qu i

t o

l ar v ae w h e n i nge s t ed. B ti i s a l s o us ed t o c o n

tr o l larv ae o f bl ac k f li e s

, m i dge s a n d f u n gu s g n at s

. All s pec i e s o f C ulex are s u s ce pt i bl e t o B s

, as we ll a s s o m e s pec i e s o f A ede

s

, P s o r ophor a a n d

A nopheles

. B ti b r ea ks do wn qu i ck l y i n t h e e nvir o nm e n

t an d t h us h a s n o r es i dua l e f f e ct

. B s

, h o we v er, r ec y c l e s i n d ea d m o s qu i t o l arvae a n d pr o vi des e x t en ded co n t r o l

. T hi s i s us e f u l f o r

m u l t i p l e­b r o o d s pec i es

. Ne i t h er b a ct eri u m i s h ar mf u l t o n o n

­ t a r ge t o r gani s m s

, i nc l ud i ng p l a n t s

, f i s h a n d ot h er o r gani s m s i n t h e aqua t i c envi r o nm e n

t

, wh en us ed acc o r d i n g to t h e l a be l

.

**I nse**  **ct gr**  **o wth**  **r egu**  **l at**  **ors**

M et h o pr en e i s a n i ns ec t gr o w t h r egu l at or whi c h in t erf eres w i t h n o r m a l m o s qu i t o dev e l o p m e n t

. T r ea t ed l ar v ae co n t i n u e n o r m a l de v e l o p m e n t to t h e pupa l s t age w h ere t h e y d i e. M et h o pr en e h a s

n o e f f e ct o n m o s qu i t o es whi c h h a v e a l r ea d y r ea c hed t h e pupa l o r adul

t s t age p r i o r to t r ea t m e n t

. M et h o pr en e i s t arget­ s pec i f i c, a n d w ill n o t a f f ec t f i s h

, wat erf o w l

, m a mm a l s o r b e ne f i c i a l

pr eda to r y i n s ec t s wh e n us ed acc o r d i n g to t h e l a b e l

.

Wh e n us i ng m et h o pr en e f o r m o s qu i t o co n t r o l i t i s im po r t an t to r em e m ber y o u w il l s t i ll s ee

l ar v ae ; d i p co un t s w il l n o t t el l y o u i f t h e pr o duct i s wo r ki n g. T o det erm i ne t h e e f

f ec t i v e n e s s o f

t r ea t m e n t

, i t i s n ec es s ar y t o co l l e ct a sa m p l e o f pupae f r o m t r ea t ed an d un t r ea t ed areas an d to r ea r

t h e m i n e m erge n ce ca ge s to c o un t t h e n u m ber o f l iv e adu l t s t h at emerge.

**Su r**  **f a**  **ce f**  **i l**  **m s**  **and oil**  **s**

M o n o m o l e cu l ar s ur f ac e f il m s are a l co h o l

­ b a s ed pr o duc t s t h at pr o duce a f

i lm o n t h e wat er

s ur f ac e. T hi s f ilm m ake s i t d if f i cu l t f o r m o s qu i t o l arv ae

, pupae

, a n d e m erg i ng adu l t s t o a tt ac h t o

t h e wa t er’ s s ur f ac e, ca us i ng t h e m t o dr o wn

. Sp ec i e s t h at do n ot r equi

r e s ur f ac e co n t ac t f o r

b r ea t hi ng w hi l e i n t h e l ar v a l o r pupa l s t age ( i

. e.

, C

oquill ettidia ) wi ll b e a f f ec t ed whe n t h e adu l t s

e m erge. M o n o m o l ec u l ar s ur f a ce f i lm s ca n b e app l i ed at e i t h er t h e l ar v a l o r pupa l s t age

. Sust ai n ed w i nd s o f 10 m p h o r gr ea t er wi l l pu s h t he f il m a n d t h us r es u l t i n po or co n t r o l

. Sur f ac e

f i lm s are n o t vi s i b l e a n d a n i nd i ca t o r o i l m

u s t be us ed t o de t erm i ne pr es e nce o f t h e pr o duc t

. M o n o m o l e cu l ar s ur f a ce f ilm s do n o t l as t l o n g i n t h e envi r o nm e n t an d do n o t adv ers e ly a f f e ct

f i s h

, bi r ds o r ot h er wi l d l if e w h e n us ed acc o r d i n g to t h e l a b e l

.

Pet r o l eu m

­ b a s ed o i l s we r e w i de ly us ed i n t h e pa s t b ut f

ew pr o duc t s r em a i ns a v a il a bl e, due to

envi r o nm e n t a l h az ards o f pet r o l eu m

­ bas ed pr o ducts a n d ad verse n o n

­ t arget ef

f ec t s

. O i l k ill s b o t h8 l ar v ae a n d pupa e t h r o ugh s u f f o ca t i o n

. O i l s w ill a l s o k i ll e m erg i ng adu l

t s a n d m a y i nh i b i t

o vi po s i t i o n

.

**Or ganop**  **hosphat e l**  **a r**  **vicides**

T e m ep h o s i s curr e n t l y t h e o nly o r gan o ph o s p h at e r eg i s t ered f

o r l ar v a l m o s qu i t o co n t r o l

. A qu at i c

i nvert eb r at es ( i n add i t i o n to m o s qu i t o l ar v ae ) are ex t r e m e ly s e ns i t i v e t o t emep h o s

. T emep h o s i s

a l s o s l i g h t l y t o m o derat el y t o xi c t o f i s h

, m o r e so i n t h e li qu i d f o r m u l at i o n t ha n gr a n u l ar. B ec aus e

t emep h o s i s app l i ed d i r ec t l y t o wat er

, i t i s n o t e x pec t ed to h a v e a d i r ec t i m pa ct o n t e r r es tr i a l

anim a l s o r bi r ds

. I t i s b e s t us ed i n hi g hly po l l ut ed wat ers o r wa

t er wi t h hi g h o r gani c co n t en t

, wh ere l e s s h az ardo us a l t ern at i v e s m a y n o t b e e f f e ct i v e. T he po we r b ac kp ac k bl o wer app li ca t i o n

to t i r e p i l e s i s a m i n o r b ut crit i c a l u s e. T h e t e m ep ho s pr o duc t us ed f

o r t hi s app li ca t i o n i s u ni que l y

f o r m u l at ed f o r pe n et r a t i o n o f l arge t i r e p il es a n d r es i dua l ac t i o n ( 30 d a y s o r m o r e). I t i s m o r e

e f f ec t i v e a n d l o n ger l a s t i n g t h an a l t ernat i ves f o r t hi s us e.

**A DUL**  **T I**  **C I**  **D I**  **NG**

T h e gr o un d o r ae r i a l app li ca t i o n o f c h e mi ca l s to ki ll adu l

t m o s qu i t o es i s us ua lly t h e l e as t

e f f i c i e n t m o s qu i t o co n t r o l t ec hni que a n d i s co ns i d ered t h e l as t r es o r

t

. E f f ec t i v e s us t a i n a ble

i n t egrat ed m o s qu i t o m a n age m e n t pr o gr am s s t r i ve t o pr ev e n t l arge f li g h t s o r s war m s o f

m o s qu i t o es t h r o ugh al l t h e m ea s ur e s des cr i be d ab o v e, b ut h ea vy pr ec i p i

t at i o n

, f l o o d i n g,

envi r o nm e n t a l co n s t r a i n t s

, i n ac ce s s i bl e l ar v a l h a bi t at s

, m i s s ed b r ee d i ng s i t es

, h u m a n d i s ea s e

o u t b r ea ks

, as we l l as b udget s h o r t f a ll s

, a b s e n t e m p l o y ee s

, o r equi p m e n t f a i l ur e s

, m a y n ec es s i t at e

us e o f adu l t i c i de s

. T h ere f o r e i t r em a i ns a n i m po r t a n t par t o f a n i n t egrat ed m o s qu i t o m a nage m e n t

pr o g r am

.

E f f ec t i v e adu l t m o s qu i t o co n t r o l w i t h i ns ec t i c i de s r equ i r es s m a ll dr o p l et s t h at dr i f t t h r o ugh areas

wh ere m o s qu i t o es are f lyi ng. T h e dr o pl et s t h at i m p i nge o n m o s qu i t o es pr o vi de t h e co n t ac t

ac t i vi t y nec e s s ar y t o ki ll t h e m

. L arge dr o pl et s t h at s e tt l e o n t h e gr o un d o r v ege t at i o n w i

t h o ut

co n t ac t i n g m o s qu i t o es wa s t e m at er i a l a n d m a y ca us e u n de s i r a bl e e f f ec t s o n n o n

­ t arge t ed

o r gani s m s

. T o ac hi e ve s m a ll dr o p l et s

, s pec i a l ae r i a l a n d gr o un d u l

t r a­ l o w­v o l u m e ( UL V)

equ i p m e n t i s us ed. Gro un d UL V app l i c at or s pr oduce dr o pl et s o f 8 to 30 m i cro n s i n d i a m et er.

I n s ec t i c i d es are app li ed i n co nce n t r a t ed f o r m at v e r y l o w v o l u m e s

, us ua lly l e s s t h a n 3 o un ce s per

ac r e. Gr o un d o r ae r i a lly app li ed t h er m a l app li ca t i o n o f adu l

t i c i d es ( t h er m a l f o gger) i s a l s o us ed

i n s o m e areas b ut to a m uc h l es s er degree.

As w i t h a ll us es o f pe s t i c i d es

, t h e l a b e l i s t h e l a w. A du l

t i c i d i n g l a b e l s s pec if y app li ca t i o n r at e,

v e hi c l e a n d w i nd s p ee d a n d r equ i r ed dr o p l et s i z e. I t i s im

po r t an t to ca l i b r at e t h e app l i c at i o n

equ i p m e n t r egul ar l y t o en s ur e i t i s pr o duci n g t h e r equi r ed dr o pl et s i z e an d f l o w r at e. F o ggi n g

s h o u l d t ake p l ac e i n ear l y m o r ni ng a n d e v e ni ng wh e n m o s qu i

t o es are ac t i v e a n d co n vec t i o n

curr en t s are m i n im a l

, t o h o l d t h e f o g cl o s er to t h e gr o un d.

M o s t cur r en t l y r eg i s t ered adu l t i c i des f a ll i n t o on e o f t wo gr o ups o f i ns ec t i c i de s : s y

n t h et i c

p y r et h r o i d s o r or gan o ph o s ph at es

. **P yre**  **t hr**  **oid s**  ar e s y

n t h et i c c h e mi ca l i ns e ct i c i des t h at ac t i n a

s i mil ar m a nn er to py r et h r i n s

, w hi c h are der i v ed f r o m c h r y s a n t h e m u m f l o wer s

. P y r et h r o i ds us ed

i n m o s qu i t o co n t r o l are t y p i c a l ly mi xed w i t h a s yn erg i s t co m po un d, s uc h a s p i pero ny l b ut o xi de

whi c h e nh a n ce s t h e e f f ec t i v e n e s s o f t h e act i v e i n gr ed i e n t

. T h e pr o duc t i s o f t en d il ut ed i n wat er o r9 o i l a n d app li ed us i ng UL V equ i p m e n t a t r a t es l es s t h an 1/100 th o f a po un d o f ac t i v e i n gr ed i e n

t or

l e s s t h a n 4 f l u i d o un ce s o f mi xed f o r m u l at i o n per a cre. T h e s y n t h et i c p y r et h r o i ds co m m o nly u s ed

i n m o s qu i t o c o n t r o l pr o gr am s are per m et h r i n

, r es m et h r i n ( r es t r i ct ed us e) an d s u mi t h r i n

. P y r et h r o i d s are co n s i dered t o p o s e s l i g h t r i s k s o f ac ut e to x i c i t y t o h u m a n s

, b ut at hi g h do s es

,

p y r et h r o i d s ca n a f f ec t t h e n er v o us s y s t e m

. P y r et hr o i ds

, wh e n app li ed at m o s qu i t o c o n t r o l r at es

,

are l o w i n t o xi c i t y to m a mm a l s a n d bi r ds

, b ut are to xi c t o f

i s h a n d b ee s

. F o r t hi s r ea s o n t h e l a be l s

h a v e r es t r i ct i o n s a b o ut appl i ca t i o n o v er wat er or bl oo m i ng cro ps wh en b ee s m a y b e pr es e n

t

.

**Or ganop**  **hosphat es**  r eg i s t ered f o r adu l t m o s qu i t o c o n t r o l i n c l ude c hl o r p y r i f o s

, m a l at hi o n a n d

n a l ed. Whe n app li ed ac co r d i n g t o t h e l a b e l

, t h e s e pr o duct s can b e u s ed f

o r adu l t m o s qu i t o

co n t r o l w i t h o ut p o s i n g “ u n r ea s o n a bl e r i s ks ” ( E PA l a n gu age ) t o h u m a n h e a l t h

, w il d lif e o r t h e

envi r o nm e n t

. I n hi g h do s es o r gan o ph o s ph at es c an o v erst i m

u l at e t h e n er v o us s y s t e m c aus i ng

n au s ea

, d i zz i ne s s o r c o nf us i o n

. Severe hi g h do s e po i s o ni ng ca n ca

us e co nv u l s i o ns

, r es p i r at o r y

para l y s i s a n d dea t h

. B ec au s e t h ere are r el at i v e ly f

ew c h e mi c a l s r eg i s t ered f o r adul t m o s qu i t o

co n t r o l

, or gan o ph o s ph at es r e m a i n a n i m po r t an t part o f a n i n t egrat ed m o s qu i t o m a n age m e n t

pr o g r am

.

M o s qu i t o r es i s t an ce t o i n s ec t i c i de s m a y o cc ur b et wee n i ns ec t i c i des w i

t hi n a c l as s ( f o r ex a m p l e,

r es i s t an ce t o b ot h m a l at hi o n a n d n a l ed) o r co ul d be pas s ed f

r o m i mm at ur e to adul t s t age s s ubj ec t

to t h e s a m e i ns ec t i c i da l m o de o f ac t i o n

. D if

f er en t s pec i e s o f m o s qu i t o es m a y a l s o var y in

s us ce pt i bili t y t o di f f ere n t l arvi c i de s a n d adu l t i c i de s

. Sust ai n ed i n t egrat ed m o s qu i t o m a n age m e n t

r equ i r es a l t er n at i v e u s e o f d if f ere n t c l as s es o f i ns ec t i c i des

, i n co nj u n ct i o n w i

t h r es i s t an c e

m o ni t o r i n g, s o ur ce r educ t i o n

, bi o l o g i ca l co n t r o l a nd publ i c educ at i o n

.

**P UB**  **L I**  **C E**  **D UC**  **AT I**  **ON**

An i n t egrat ed m o s qu i t o m a n age m e n t pr o gr am i nv o l ves t h e pu bli c by i ns t i

t ut i n g a pu blic

i n f o r m at i o n pr o gr a m e m p h as i z i ng p ers o n a l r es p o n s i bili t y

, wa y s i n w hi c h peo p l e ca n pr eve n

t

m o s qu i t o b r ee d i ng, a n d h o w t h e y ca n r educ e t he r i s k o f b e i ng bi

t t en by o b s er vi ng perso n a l

pr ot ec t i o n m ea s ur es s uc h a s r epe ll e n t us e. A pu bli c edu ca t i o n pr o gr am s h o u l d a l s o i n f

o r m t he

publi c a b o ut t h e us e an d t i mi ng o f pes t i c i de s i n t h e i

r co m m u ni t y

, a n d pes t i c i de r i s k s and

b e n e f i t s

. M o s qu i t o co n tr o l pr o gr am s n ee d t h e s uppo r t o f a n i nf o r m ed pu bli c. I nf o r m i ng t h e

publi c s h o ws a r es pec t f o r t h e co m m u ni t y a n d w ill l ea d t o a s t r o n ger, b ett er s uppo r

t ed pr o gr am

t h at i s t ai l o r ed t o t h e co m m u ni t y a n d i t s v a l ue s

.

Str a t egi es t o i nf o r m t h e pu bli c ca n i nc l ude pr es s educ at i o n pr i o r to t h e m o s qu i

t o s ea s o n;

educ at i o na l m ee t i n g s w i t h po l i c y

­ m a kers s uc h as c i t y co un c il s a n d co un t y co m mi s s i o n ers ;

pr epa r at i o n o f m at er i a l s s uc h a s f ac t s h ee t s f o r t h e publi c ; we b s i t e d e v e l o p m e n t ; p l a n s f o r a

h o t l i ne a n d r ec o r ded m e s s age s ; a n d r egu l ar i n f

o r m at i o n t o t h e publi c a b o ut m o s qu i

t o

s ur v e ill a n c e a n d d i s ea s e i nc i de n ce

. T he Ne w M e xi co De part m e n

t o f Hea l t h ca n pr o vi d e W es t

N i l e vi r us b r o ch ur es upo n r eque s t

, an d a l s o m a i n t a i n s a we b s i t e m app i ng W e s t N i l e vi r u s

ac t i vi t y i n h u m a n s

, h o r s es a n d m o s qu i t o es

. T h at w ebs i t e i s :

h t t p:/ /www.h ea l t h

. s t at e.nm

. us /ep i /w nv

. h t m l

.10 **P r**  **eve nt**  **m os**  **qu it**  **o br**  **ee din**  **g**

T h e f o l l o w i ng r ec o m m e n dat i o n s

, a im ed at r es i de n t s a n d h o m eo wn ers, w ere ada pt ed f r o m t h e

AM C A we b s i t e: h tt p://www. m o s qu i t o. o r g/m o s qu i t o

­ i nf o r m at i o n /co n t r o l

. as p x

.

1. De s t r o y o r di s po s e o f t i n c a n s

, o l d t i r es

, b u cke t s

, un us ed p l a s t i c s w immi ng poo l s o r

ot h er co n t ai n ers t h at co l l e ct an d h o l d wat er. D o n ot al l o w wat er to ac cum

u l at e i n t he

s auc ers o f f l o w erpot s

, ce m et er y ur n s o r i n pet di s hes f

o r m o r e t h an 2 da y s

.

2. C l e a n deb r i s f r o m r a i n gutt ers an d r e m o v e a ny s t an d i n g wat er un der o r ar o un d

s t r uc t ur es

, o r o n f l at r oo f s

. C h ec k aro un d f auc et s an d a i r co n d i t i o n er u ni t s a n d r epa i r

l ea k s o r el imi nat e pudd l es t h at r em a i n f o r s ev era l da y s

.

3. C ha n ge t h e wa t er i n bi r d b at h s a n d wad i ng po o l s at l ea s t o n ce a wee k an d s t o ck

o r n a m e n t a l po o l s w i t h t o p f e ed i n g pr eda c i o us mi nn o ws

. Kn o w n a s m o s qu i

t o f i s h

,

t h es e m i nn o w s are a b o ut 1

– 1 1⁄2 i n c h e s i n l e n gt h a n d ca n b e pur c h as ed o r s ei ned f

r o m

s t r ea m s a n d creeks l o ca lly

. Or n a m e n t a l po o l s m a y b e t r ea t ed w i t h bi o r at i o n a l

l ar vi c i des [ B acillus thur ingiens i s is r aele ns i s ( B ti ) o r S

­ m et h o pr en e ( I GR ) co n

t a i ni ng

pr o duc t s ] un der ce r t ai n c i r cu m s t anc es

. C o m

m erc i a l pr o duct s c o n t ai ni ng B ti

( " M o s qu i t o Dun ks " a n d " M o s qu i t o B i t s " ) can b e p ur ch as ed at m a ny h ardware/garde n

s to r es f o r r es i de n t i a l u s e. S­ M et h o pr en e i ns e ct gr o w t h r egul at or i s a v a il a bl e

co m m erc i a lly as “ Pr e­S t r i ke”

. L i k e Mo s qu i t o Dun ks

, Pr e­S tr i ke ca n b e f o u n d at m a n y

h o m e/ga r de n a n d pet s pec i a l t y s t o r es

.

4. Fil l o r dr ai n pudd l e s

, d i t ch e s a n d s wa m p y area s

, an d e i t h er r e m o ve, dr a i n o r f i ll t r ee

h o l e s an d s t u m ps

. T h e s e ar ea s m a y b e t r ea t ed wi t h B ti o r m et h o pr en e pr o duc t s al s o

.

5. E l imi nat e s ee page f r o m c i s t ern s

, ce s s po o l s

, an d s e pt i c t an ks

.

6. E l imi nat e s t an d i ng wa t er aro un d anim a l w at eri n g t r o ugh s

. Fl

u s h li ves t o ck wat er

t r o ugh s t wi ce a week.

7. C hec k f o r t r appe d wa t e r i n p l as t i c o r ca nv as t arps us ed t o co v er b o at s

, p oo l s

, et c.

A r r a n ge t h e t arp to dr ai n t h e wat er.

8. C hec k aro un d co n s t r uct i o n s i t es o r do

­ i t

­ y o ur s e l f im pr o v e m e n t s to ens ur e t h at pr o per

b ac k f ill i ng an d gr ad i n g pr e v e n t dr ai n age pr o bl e m s

.

9. I r r i gat e l aw n s a n d gardens car e f u lly to pr ev en t wa ter f r o m s t an d i n g f o r s eve r a l da y s

.

**T r**  **a ps**  **a n**  **d Mis**  **t i**  **ng S**  **ys t**  **em s** 

F oca l or h o m e own e r

­ b as ed m o s q ui to c o n tr o l s tr a tegi es

, s uch as tr a ps an d m i s t i n g s y s t em s

, m a y b e

p e r c ei v ed as an al t e r n a t i v e by t h e p ubl i c i n af f ec te d c o m m uni t i es

. T h e r e h as b ee n a r api d

p r o l i f er a t i o n o f b ac ky ar d m o s q ui to c o n tr o l e q u i pm e n t an d te ch n o l og i es

. H ow ev e r

, th e r e i s l i tt l e da ta

on th e ef f i ca cy o f t h e s e m e t h ods

, m ac h i n es

, an d m a

te r i a l s ei t h e r f or a r ea

­ w i d e or f oca l p r og r am s

,

e s p ec i a l l y f or m o s q u i to­ b or n e di s ea s e c o n tr o l

. S o m e of th es e te ch n o l og i es m a y r es ul t i n th e m i s us e s

of p es t i c i de s an d h av e oth e r n eg a t i v e i m pac ts

. I f t h e p ubl i c b el i ev es th a t th es e a l t e r n a t i v es a r e b es t

f or th em ( f or ex am p l e

, b ec a us e o f i n t en s i v e a dv er t i s i n g )

, th ey c oul d r a t i o n al i ze n ot a u t h or i z i ng

p ub l i c s up p or t f or c o m m uni t y

­ w i d e m o s qui to c on tr o l

. T h e r ef or e

, or g ani ze d m o s qui to c o n tr o l11 p r og r am s c oul d s uf f er

. T h es e m e t h ods al s o d o n ot a d e qu a tel y a dd r es s th e n ee d f or s u r v ei l l an ce

,

m o n i tor i n g

, s ou r ce r ed uc t i o n

, or l a r v a l c o n tr o l

– al l b as i c c o m p on en t s o f i n t e g r a te d m os q ui to

m an age m en t. I n a ddi t i o n to n ot p r ov i d i n g a r ea

­ wi d e p r ote c t i o n

, f oca l s tr a tegi es a r e us ual l y m or e

ex pen s i v e t h an th e an n ual pe r pe r s on c os t o f or g an i z e d

, c o m m uni t y m o s qui to c o n tr o l

.

**R e**  **pel l**  **e n**  **t s** 

I t i s i m p or tan t f or b oth v e c tor c on tr o l p e r s o n n el an d th e p ubl i c to p r ote c t th em s e l v es f r o m m o s q u i to

bi tes by c o n s i s t en t l y us i n g an ef f ec t i v e i n s ec t r e pel l en t. F or y ea r s

, D E E T ( N, N­di et hyl

­ m

to l ua mi de) h as b e en th e m os t c o m m o n ac t i v e i n g r edi en t i n c o m m e r ci a l i n s ec t r e p e l l en t s

. D E E T h as

b ee n s h own to b e ef f ec t i v e an d h as a l o n g s af e t y r e cor d wh en us ed ac c or di n g to th e l ab e l

. R ec en

t l y

,

tw o n e w ac t i v e i n gr e d i en t s h av e b ee n r egi s t e r ed by th e E PA

. I n r ec en

t s ci en t i f i c a r t i cl es

, r ep e l l en t s

wi t h Pi ca r i d i n ( K B R 30 2 3 ) h av e b e en s h own to p r ov i de l o n g

­ l as t i n g p r ote c t i o n s i m i l ar to D E E T

. O i l o f l e m o n euc a ly pt us [ p­ m e n t h a ne 3, 8­ di o l ( PMD ) ]

, a pl a n t b as ed r epe ll e n t

, i s a l s o r eg i s t ered

w i t h E PA

. I n t wo r ec en t s c i e n t i f i c pu bli c at i o ns

, w h e n o i l o f l e m o n euc a l y

pt us wa s t es t ed aga i n s t

m o s qu i t o es f o un d i n t h e U. S. i t pr o vi ded pr o t ec t i o n s imil ar t o r epe l l e n t s w i t h l o w co n ce n t r at i o n s

o f DE E T

.

T h e E PA m ake s t h e f o l l o w i ng r ec o m m e n dat i o n s o n a ny r epe ll e n t us e:

· A pp ly r ep e l l e n t s o nl y t o ex po s ed sk i n an d/o r c l ot hi n g ( as d i r ec t ed o n t h e pr o duct l a b e l )

. Do n ot us e un der c l ot hi n g.

· Ne v er us e r epe ll e n t s o v er cu t s

, wo un ds

, o r i r r i t at ed s k i n

.

· Do n ot appl y to ey e s an d m o ut h

, an d app l y s p ar i n g ly aro un d ea r s

. W

he n us i n g s pr a y s do

n o t s pr a y d i r ec t l y o n t o f ac e ; s pr a y o n h a n ds f i r s t an d t h e n app l y t o f ac e.

· Do n ot al l o w c hil dr en t o h an d l e t h e pr o duc t s

, an d do n ot appl y t o chi l dr e n' s h a n ds

. Whe n

us i n g o n c hi l dr e n

, app l y t h e pr o duc t to y o ur o wn han d s an d t h e n put i t o n t h e chil d.

· Do n ot s pr ay i n e nc l o s ed areas

. Av o i d b r ea t hi n g r e pe l l e n

t s pr a y

, an d do n ot us e n ear

f o o d.

· Us e j u s t en o ugh r epe l l e n t to co v er ex po s ed sk i n and/o r cl o t hi n g. Heavy app li ca t i o n a n d

s at ur a t i o n i s ge n era l ly u nn ec es s ar y f o r ef f ec t i v e nes s ; i f bi t i ng i n s ec t s do n ot r es po n d to a

t hi n f ilm o f r epe l l e n t

, t h en app ly a bi t m o r e.

· Af t er r et u r ni n g i ndo or s

, was h tr ea t ed s k i n w i t h s o ap an d wat er or b at h e. T hi s i s

part i cu l ar l y im po r t an t wh en r epe l l e n t s are us ed r epe at edl y i n a da y o r o n c o n s ec ut i v e

da y s

. Al s o

, wa s h t r ea t ed cl o t hi n g b e f o r e wear i n g i t aga i n

. I f y o u s us pec t t h at y o u or y o ur

chil d are r ea ct i n g to an i ns ec t r epe l l e n t

, di s co n t i n u e us e, was h t r ea t ed s ki n

, a n d t h en ca ll

y o ur l o ca l po i s o n co n t r o l ce n t er ( 1­ 800

­ 222­ 1222 i n Ne w M e xi co )

. I f y

o u go to a d o c tor

,

t ake t h e r epe l l e n t w i t h y o u.

C h o o s e a r epe l l e n t t h at p r o vi de s pr ot ec t i o n f o r t h e a m o un t o f t i m e t h at y o u w i ll b e o ut d oor s

. A

pr o duc t wi t h a hi g h er perce n t age o f a ct i ve i ngr ed ien t i s a go o d ch o i ce if y o u w i ll be o ut d oo r s f o r

s e v era l h o ur s w hi l e a pr o duc t wi t h a l o wer co n ce n t r at i o n ca n b e us ed if t i m e o u t d oo r s wi ll be

limi t ed. Si m p ly r e­app l y r epe ll e n t ( f o l l o w i ng l a b e l i ns t r uct i o ns ) i f yo u are o u

t d oo r s f o r a l o n ger

t i m e t h an e x pec t ed an d s t art to b e bi t t en by m o s qu i to es

.

C ert ai n pr o duct s whi c h co n t a i n per m et h r i n are r ec o m m e n d ed f o r us e o n c l o t hi n g, s h o es

, b ed

n et s

, a n d c a m p i ng gear

, a n d are r eg i s t ered w i t h E PA f o r t hi s us e. Per m et h r i n i s hi g hly e f f ec t i v e12 as a n i ns ec t i c i de a n d a s a r epe ll e n t

. Per m et h r i n

­ t r ea t ed c l o t h i n g r epe l s a n d k ill s t i cks

,

m o s qu i t o es

, a n d o t h er ar t h r o p o ds an d r et a i n s t hi s e f f ec t a f t er r epe at ed l au n der i n g. T he

per m et h r i n i ns ec t i c i de s h o u l d b e r ea pp li ed f o l l o w i n g t h e l a be l i ns t r uct i o n s

. So m e co m

m erc i a l

pr o duc t s are av a i l a bl e pr et r ea t ed wi t h per m et h r i n

.13 **A MC**  **A P**  **OLI CY**  **O N**  **MO S**  **QUI T**  **O C**  **ON T**  **R OL** 

T h e Am e r i can M o s q u i to C o n tr o l A s s oc i a t i o n adv oca te s m an ag e m en t o f m o s q ui to p op ul a t i o n s wh en

an d wh e r e n e ce s s a r y by m ean s o f i n teg r a te d p r og r am s des i gn e d to b en ef i t or t o h av e m i ni m a l

a dv e r s e ef f ec ts on pe opl e

, wi l d l i f e, an d th e en vi r o n m en t. T h i s i n teg r a ted p es t m an a gem en t p o l i c y

r e c ogni ze s t h a t m os q ui to p op ul a t i o n s c an n ot al wa y s b e el i m i n a t e d b u t o f ten m us t b e s up p r es s e d to

tol e r abl e l ev e l s f or t h e wel l

­ b e i n g o f h um an s

, d o m e s t i c ani m a l s

, an d wi l d l i f e, an d t h a t s el ec t i o n o f

s c i en t i f i ca l l y s oun d s up p r es s i o n m e t h ods m us t b e b as ed on c o n s i de r a t i o n o f wh a t i s e c o l o gi ca l ly

an d e c o n o m i ca l l y i n t h e l o n g

­ te r m b es t i n te r es t of m an k i n d

.

T h e f o l l ow i n g p r i n c i p l es a r e a dv oca te d :

1

. M os qui to c on tr o l m ea s u r e s s houl d b e un de r ta k en onl y wh en t h e r e i s ad eq ua te j us t i f i ca t i o n

b as ed u p o n s u r v ei l l a n ce da ta

.

2

. I n teg r a te d m o s qui to m an age m en t p r og r am s s hou l d b e tai l or e d to th e n ee ds an d r e q

u i r emen t s

of t h e l o ca l s i tua t i o n

. T h e c o m bi n a t i o n o f m e t h ods f or m os qui to c o n tr ol s h oul d b e ch o s en

af te r c a r ef ul c on s i de r a t i o n o f th e ef f i ca cy

, ec o l og i ca l ef f ec t s an d c os ts v e r s us b en ef i t s o f th e

v a r i ous op t i on s

, i n c l udi n g p ubl i c e d uca t i o n

, l e gal a c t i o n

, na tu r al an d b i o l ogi ca l c o n tr o l

, el i m i n a t i o n o f b r e edi n g s ou r c es

, an d i n s ec t i ci de a p p l i ca t i o n s

.

3

. M os qui to b r e edi n g s ou r c es

, wh e th e r n a tu r al or c r ea te d b y h um an a c t i vi t y

, s h oul d b e al te r e d

i n s u ch a m ann e r a s to c a us e th e l ea s t un de s i r abl e i m p ac t on th e en vi r o n m en t.

4

. I n s e c t i c i de s an d a ppl i ca t i o n m e t h ods s h oul d b e u s ed i n t h e m os t ef f i c i en t an d l ea s t

h az a r d ous m an n er

, i n ac c or dan c e wi t h al l ap pl i ca bl e l aw s an d r eg ul a t i o n s an d av ai l abl e

s c i en t i f i c d a ta

. T h e r e g i s te r e d l ab e l r e qui r emen t s f o r i n s e c t i ci de s h oul d b e f o l l owe d

. W h en

ch o i ce s a r e av ai l a bl e am o n g ef f ec t i v e i n s ec t i ci d e s

, t h os e o f f eri n g t h e l ea s t h az a r d to

n o n

­ ta r ge t or g an i s m s s h ou l d b e us ed

. I n s e c t i c i de s s h

oul d b e ch os en an d us e d i n a m an n er

th a t wi l l m i ni m i ze t h e d ev el opm en t o f r es i s tan ce i n th e m o s q ui to p op ul a t i o n s

.

5

. P e r s on n e l i nv o l v ed i n m o s q ui to m an age m en t p r og r am s s h oul d b e p r op e r l y tr ai n ed an d

s up e r vi s ed

, an d ce r t i f i ed i n ac c or dan c e wi t h r el ev ant l aws an d r eg ul a t i o n s

, an d s h oul d ke ep

c u r r en t wi t h i m pr o v emen ts i n m an a gemen t tec h ni qu es th r ou gh c o n t i n ui n g e du ca t i o n an d / or

tr ai ni n g p r o b l e m s

.

Of f i c i al p o l i c y o f t h e A M C A

, a d op te d a t th e an nu al m ee t i n g h e l d A p r i l 1 7­ 2 1

, 19 7 8

, C h i ca g o,

I l l i n o i s14 T h i s r ul e w a s f i l e d a s 2 0 N M A C 8

. 2.

**TI TLE**  **2 0**  **EN V**  **I R**  **O N**  **M EN**  **TA L**  **P R**  **O TEC**  **TI O**  **N**

**C H**  **A P**  **TER 8**  **N U**  **I S**  **A N**  **C E**  **A B**  **A TE**  **M EN**  **T**

**P A**  **R T**  **2 M**  **O S**  **Q U**  **I TO**  **A B**  **A TE**  **M EN**  **T A**  **N D**  **C O**  **N TR**  **O L** 

20. 8

. 2. 1 IS S U IN G A G E N CY : N e w M e xi c o E n v i r o

n m e n t a l I m p r o v e m e nt B o a r d

. [11/ 30 / 95; 20

. 8

. 2. 1 N M A C

­ R n

, 20 N M A C 8. 2

. 10 0, R e c o m pi l e d 1 1/ 27 / 01]

20. 8

. 2. 2 S CO P E : A l l pe r s o n s ha v i n g o w n e r s hi p o f o r c o n t r o l o ve r a n y pr o pe r t y upo n w hi c h w a t e r m a y c o l l e c t

. [11/ 30 / 95; 20

. 8

. 2. 2 N M A C

­ R n

, 20 N M A C 8. 2

. 10 1, R e c o m pi l e d 1 1/ 27 / 01]

20. 8

. 2. 3 S T A T U T O R Y A U T H O R IT Y : S e c t i o n 74­1­ 8 N M S A 1 978

. [11/ 30 / 95; 20

. 8

. 2. 3 N M A C

­ R n

, 20 N M A C 8. 2

. 10 2, R e c o m pi l e d 1 1/ 27 / 01]

20. 8

. 2. 4 D U R A T IO N : P e rm a n e n t

. [11/ 30 / 95; 20

. 8

. 2. 4 N M A C

­ R n

, 20 N M A C 8. 2

. 10 3, R e c o m pi l e d 1 1/ 27 / 01]

20. 8

. 2. 5 E F F E C T IV E D A T E : N o ve m b e r 30, 199 5.

[11/ 30 / 95; 20

. 8

. 2. 5 N M A C

­ R n

, 20 N M A C 8. 2

. 10 4, R e c o m pi l e d 1 1/ 27 / 01]

20. 8

. 2. 6 O B J E CT IV E : T o p r e v e n t o r c o n t

r o l t h e o c c urr e n c e o f m o s qui t o e s t ha t a r e a n u i s a n c e o r a r e

c a pa b l e o f t r a n s m i t t i n g di s e a s e t o m a n o r do m e s t i c a ni m a l s

. [9/ 22/ 72, 11 / 30 / 95; 20

. 8

. 2. 6 N M A C

­ R n

, 20 N M A C. 7. 2

. 105

, R e c o m pi l e d 11/ 2 7/ 01]

20. 8

. 2. 7 D E F IN IT IO N S : A s us e d i n t

hi s p a r t [20

. 8

. 2 N M A C] :

A

. "ab a t e m e nt " m e a n s t h e c o nt r o l o r e l i m i na t i o n o f m o s qui t o e s by e l i m i na t i o n o f t h e i r b r e e di n g

s o ur c e s o r by po i s o n i n g

, s p ra y i n g, o r t h e us e o f b i o l o gi c a l a nd e n v i r o nm e n t a l c o n t r o l s

, o r a n y o t h e r m e t h o d

a pp r o v e d by t h e D e pa rt m e nt ;

B

. "c o l l e c t i o n o f w a t e r " i n c l ude s a n y c o l l e c t i o n o f w a t e r c o n t a i ne d i n di t c h e s

, b o r r o w pi t s

, po o l s

,

c r o p f i e l ds

, po n ds

, s t r e a m s

, e xc a v a t i o n s

, h o l e s

, de pr e s s i o n s

, o pe n c e s s poo l s

, pri vy v a ul t s

, f

o un t a i n s

, c i s t e rn s

, t a nks

,

s h a l l o w w e l l s

, t r o ugh s

, s e w a ge o xi da t i o n po n ds a nd l a go o n s

, b a rr e l s

, u rn s

, c a n s

, b o xe s

, bo t t l e s

, t ub e s

, b uc ke t s

, r o o f

gut t e r s

, t a n ks o f f l us h c l o s e t s

, r e s e r v o i r s

, v e s s e l s

, r e c e pt a c l e s o f a n y ki n d, o r o t

h e r c o n t a i n e r s o r de v i c e s w h i c h m a y

h o l d w a t e r ;

C. "D e pa rt m e n t " m e a n s t h e N e w M e xi c o E n v i r o n m e nt D e pa rt m e n t ;

D

. "mo s qui t o " m e a n s a n y a r t hr o po d b e l o n gi n g t o t h e Cl a s s I n s e c t s

, O r de r D i pt e r a

, F a m i l y Cul i c i d a e

, S ubf a m i l y Cul i c i na e ;

E

. "mo s qui t o l a r v a e " m e a n s t h e i m m a t u r e a qua t i c s t a ge s o f m o s qui t o e s o c c urr i ng b e t w e e n t

h e e gg

a n d pupa l s t a ge s ;

F

. "mo s qui t o pup a e " m e a n s t h e a qu a t i c s t a ge s b e t w e e n t h e l a r v a l a n d a dul t s t a ge s o f m o s qui t o e s ; a n d

G

. "pe r s o n " m e a n s a n y i n di v i du a l

, p a rt n e r s hi p

, f i r m pub l i c o r p r i v a t e c o r po r a t i o n

, t r us t

, e s t a t e

,

c o m pa n y

, s o c i e t y

, po l i t i c a l s ub di v i s i o n o r a ge n c y

, o r a

n y o t h e r l e ga l e n t i t y o r t h e i r l e ga l r e p r e s e nt a t i v e s

, a ge n t s o r

a s s i g n s

. [9/ 22/ 72, 11 / 30 / 95; 20

. 8

. 2. 7 N M A C

– R n

, 20 N M A C. 8. 2

. 10 6, R e c o m pi l e d 11/ 27/ 01 ]

20. 8

. 2. 8 t o 20. 8

. 2

. 106 [R E S E R V E D ]

20. 2

. 8. 107 P R O H I B IT E D A C T S : N o pe

r s o n s h a l l c r e a t e o r m a i nt a i n a ny c o l l e c t i o n o f w a t e r i n o r o n w hi c h

m o s qui t o e s b r e e d o r a r e l i ke l y t o b r e e d u n l e s s a pp r o v e d m e t h o ds o f a b a t e m e nt a r e e m p l oy e d a s s pe c i f i e d by t h e

D e pa rt m e n t

. T h e p r e s e n c e o f m o s qui t o l a r v a e o r m o s qui t o p upa e

, o r b o t h, i n c o l l e c t i o n s o f w a t e r s h a l l c o n s t i t ut e

c o n c l us i v e e v i de n c e t h a t m o s qui t o e s a r e b r e e di n g t h e r e

. [9/ 22/ 72; 11 / 30/ 95; 20

. 2. 8. 10 7 N M A C

– R

n, 20 N M A C 8. 2. 107, R e c o m pi l e d 11 / 27/ 01]15 20. 8

. 2 N M A C

20. 2

. 8. 108 A P P R O V E D M E T H O D S O F A B A T E M E N T : A p p r o v e d m e t

h o ds o f m o s qui t o a b a t e m e nt

m a y c o n s i s t o f o n e o r m o r e o f t h e f o l l o w i n g p r o c e dur e s :

A

. e l i m i na t e c o l l e c t i o n s o f w a t e r by f

i l l i n g o r d ra i ni n g ;

B

. f r e e c o l l e c t i o n s o f w a t e r o f a l l v e ge t a t i v e gr o w

t h, f l o a t i ng de b r i s a n d o t h e r o b s t r uc t i o n ;

C. c l e a n p r e m i s e s by di s po s a l

, r e m o v a l o r de s t

r uc t i o n o f t h e c a ns

, b o xe s

, b r o ke n o r e m pt y

bo t t l e s

, v e h i c l e s

, t i r e s a n d s i m i l a r a rt i c l e s l i ke l y t o h o l d w a t e r;

D

. e m pt y c o l l e c t i o n s o f w a t e r e v e r y fo ur (4) da y s ;

E

. s t o c k c o l l e c t i o n s o f w a t e r w i t h m o s qui t o ­de s t r o y i n g f i s h;

F

. s c r e e n c o l l e c t i o n s o f w a t e r w i t h c o rr o s i o n r e s i s t a n t n e t t i n g o f a t l e a s t 16 m e s h e s t o t h e

i n c h e a c h w a y

, o r w i t h o t h e r m a t e ri a l w hi c h w i l l e f fe c t ua l l y pr e v e n t t h e i n g r e s s a nd e g r e s s o f m o s qui t o e s ;

G

. t r e a t c o l l e c t i o n s o f w a t e r w i t h c h e m i c a l s a pp r o v e d by t h e D e pa r t m e n t ; o r

H

. a n y o t h e r m e t h o d a pp r o v e d by t h e D e pa rt m e nt

. [9/ 22/ 72, 11 / 30 / 95; 20

. 8

. 2. 1 08 N M A C

– R

n, 2 0 N M A C 8

. 2. 108, R e c o m pi l e d 11 / 27/ 01]

20. 8

. 2. 109 S E V E R A B IL IT Y : If a n y pr o v i s i o n o f a ppl i c a t i o n o f t h i s P a r t i s h e l d i n v a l i d, t h e

r e m a i nde r, o r i t s a pp l i c a t i o n t o o t h e r s i t ua t i o n s o r pe r s o n s

, s ha l l n o t b e a f f e c t e d.

[11/ 30 / 95; 20

. 8

. 2. 109 N M A C

– R n, 20 N M A C 8

. 2. 109

, R e c o m pi l e d 11 / 27 / 01]

20. 8

. 2. 110 A M E N D M E N T A N D S U P E R S E S S IO N O F P R IO R R E G U L A T IO N S : T hi s P a r t s h a l l b e

c o n s t r ue d a s a m e n d i n g a nd s upe r s e di n g t h e R e gul a t i o n s G o ve rn i ng M o s qui t o A b a t e m e n t a nd Co n t r o l

, E IB

72­1, f i l e d A ugus t 2 3, 1972

. A l l r e f e r e n c e s t o t h e R e gul a t i o ns G o ve r ni n g M o s qui t o A b a t e m e nt a n d Co nt r o l

i n a n y o t h e r r ul e s ha l l b e c o n s t r ue d a s a r e f e r e n c e t o t hi s P a r t

. [11/ 30 / 95; 20

. 8

. 2. 110 N M A C

– R n, 20 N M A C 8

. 2. 110

, R e c o m pi l e d 11 / 27 / 01]

20. 8

. 2. 111 S A V IN G CL A U S E : S upe r s e s s i o n o f t

h e R e gul a t i o n s G o v e r ni n g M o s qui t o A b a t e m e

n t

a n d Co n t r o l s h a l l n o t a f f e c t a n y a dm i n i s t r a t i v e o r j ud i c i a l e n f o r c e m e n t a c t i o n pe n d i n g o n t h e e f f e c t i v e da t e

of t hi s P a r t

. [ 11/ 3 0/ 95 ; 20. 8

. 2

. 111 N M A C

– R n

, 20 N M A C 8

. 2. 111, R e c o m pi l e d 1 1/ 27 / 01]

20. 8

. 2. 112 CO M P L IA N CE W IT H O T H E R R E G U L A T IO N S : Co m pl i a n c e w i t h t h i s P a rt do e s n o t

r e l i e v e a pe r s o n f r o m t h e o b l i ga t i o n t o c o m pl y w i t h o t h e r a p pl i c a b l e s t a t e a nd f e de r a l r e gu l a t i o n s

. [11/ 30 / 95; 20

. 8

. 2. 112 N M A C

– R n, 20 N M A C 8

. 2. 112

, R e c o m pi l e d 11 / 27 / 01]

H IS T O RY O F 20. 8

. 2 N M A C: T h e m a t e r i a l i n t hi s p a rt w a s d e r i v e d f r o m t h a t p r e v i o us l y f i l e d w i t h t h e

c o m m i s s i o n o f pub l i c r e c o r ds

– s t a t e r e c o r ds c e n t e

r a n d a r c hi v e s

. E IB 72­1

, R e gul a t i o n s G o v e r n i ng M o s qui t o A b a t e m e n t A n d Co n t r o l

, 8/ 23/ 1 972.

H i s t o r y of Re pe a l e d M a t e r i a l : [R E S E R V E D ]

20. 8

. 2 N M A C