# Date: December 17, 2014 Case: Energy Conservation Standards Public Meeting: RFI About Gas Compressors

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# U-010

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### Energy Conservation Standards Public Meeting: RFI About Gas Compressors December 17, 2014

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## U. S. DEPARTMENT OF ENERGY ENERGY CONSERVATION STANDARDS PUBLIC MEETING: REQUEST FOR INFORMATION ABOUT GAS COMPRESSORS

FORRESTAL BUILDING ROOM 4A-104 1000 INDEPENDENCE AVENUE, SW WASHINGTON, D C 20585 

# .• WEDNESDAY, DECEMBER 17, 2014 Page 1

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### Energy Conservation Standards Public Meeting: RFI About Gas Compressors December 17, 2014 Page 2 1 

### PARTICIPANTS/ORGANIZATIONS: 2 

### Doug Brookman, Public Solutions 3 

### Jim Raba, U. S. Department of Energy
4 

### John Cymbalsky, U. S. Department of Energy 5 

### Rob Boteler, Nidec Motor Motor Corporation 6 

### Terry Boss, Interstate Natural Gas
7 

### Association of America 8 

### Steven Rosenstock, Edison Electric Institute 9 

### Andrew deLaski, Appliance Standards Awareness Project 10 Shabnam Sharbatoghlie, General Electric Company F,. 11 

### Christopher Bolduc, Lawrence Berkeley National 12 

### Laboratory 13 

### Milica Grahovac, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory 14 

### Brian Coffey, Navigant Consulting, Inc. 15 

### Daniel Weintraub, Navigant Consulting, Inc. 16 

### Michael Brown, Navigant Consulting, Inc. 17 

### Kurt Klinke, Navigant Consulting, Inc. 18 

### Michael Kido, U. S. Department of Energy 19 Johanna Hariharan, U.S. Department of Energy 20 Alex Krowka, Energetics Incorporated

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### Energy Conservation Standards Public Meeting: RFI About Gas Compressors December 17, 2014 Page 3 I 

# Appeared via phone and Webinar 2 3 

# Simone Bassani, GE Oil & Gas 4 

# Gary Choquette, Pipeline Research Council 5 

# International 6 

# Chad Brahler, ACI Services, Inc. 7 

# Tristan Brown, Van Ness Feldman LLP 8 

# Brian Buynacek, Emerson 9 

# Dan Hannon, Ariel Corporation 10 

# Tony Gioffredi, Zahroof Valves Inc. 11 

# John Rinaldo, Atlas Copco Comptec Inc. 12 

# Gregg Arney, Southern California Gas Company 13 Terry Brennan, Government of Canada 14 

# Robert Buckingham, ABB 15 

# Jeff Chini, Southern California Gas Company 16 Randy Dal Molin, Hoerbiger Corp of America 17 

# S. Delmotte, Dresser-Rand Company 18 

# John Dutton, J-W Energy Company 19 

# Lesley Fleischman, Clean Air Task Force 20 

# Paul Hosking, John Crane Inc. 21 

# Vijeta Jangra, Navigant Consulting, Inc. 22 

# Kendra Kostek, Boundary Stone Partners

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### Energy Conservation Standards Public Meeting: RFI About Gas Compressors December 17, 2014 Page 4 I 

### Todd McGregor, Hycornp Inc.
2 

### Jeff Navin, Boundary Stone Partners
3 

### Norm Shade, ACI Services, Inc.
4 

### Van Smith, Van Ness Feldman LLP
5 

### Richard Stasyshan, Compressed Air & Gas Institute 6 

### Markus Zeller, BC Hydro
7 

### Eric Fierson, Caterpillar Inc. 8 Bill Scales, Scales Industrial Technologies, Inc. / 9 Compressed Air Challenge 10 Linda Wilson, State of New York, Office of the Attorney

11 

### General 12 Daniel McGivney, Southern California Gas Company
13 

### Mary Whitfield, Williams Gas Pipeline - Transco 14 Lou York, Case Controls 15 I6 17 18 19

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### Energy Conservation Standards Public Meeting: RFI About Gas Compressors December 17, 2014 Page 5 1 

### PROCEEDINGS 2 

## MR. BROOKMAN: Let's get started. Good 3 

## morning everyone. Welcome. This is the U. S. 4 

## Department of Energy's Energy Conservation Standards 5 

## Public Meeting: A Request for Information About Gas 6 

## Compressors. 7 

## Today is Wednesday, December 17, 2014, 8 

## here in the Forrestal Building in Washington, D. C. 9 

## Welcome everyone. Glad to see you this morning. My 10 name is Doug Brookman, Public Solutions, Baltimore. 11 Glad to see you. 12 

## We're going to start with welcoming 13 

## remarks from John Cymbalsky. 14 

## MR. CYMBALSKY: Thank you, Doug. My I5 

## name's John Cymbalsky. I am the Program Manager for

16 

## Appliance Standards here at DOE. I want to welcome 17 everyone to the meeting this morning.

18 

## As Doug mentioned, this meeting is about f9 

## gas compressors, particularly, the RFI [request for 20 information] material. So, what we're going to be 21 

## talking about today is the technology and market 22 assessment for these products.

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### Energy Conservation Standards Public Meeting: RFI About Gas Compressors December I7, 2014 Page 6 1 

### DOE does understand there are other 2 

### issues regarding natural gas pipelines/compressors that are in the news in the past month or so. We 4 

### will not be talking about the leakage and issues like
5 

### that that are being handled separately from this
6 

### rulemaking. So, what we do encourage is good debate 7 

### and some public data and comments on what you'll see 8 presented here today about the data and technology 9 

### market assessment that we've done to date. So, 10 

### thanks again for coming and look forward to a healthy
11 

### debate. 12 

### MR. BROOKMAN: We always start with
1

### 3 introductions and I'll commence with that right now. To 14 

### my immediate left here, your name and 15 

### organizational affiliation. 16 

### MR. RABA: Jim Raba, Department of
17 

### Energy.

18 

### MS. HARIHARAN: Johanna Hariharan,
19 

### General Counsel, Department of Energy.
2

### 0 

### MR. KIDO: Michael Kido, Department of 21 

### Energy, Office of the General Counsel. 22 

### MR. COFFEY: Brian Coffey with Navigant

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### Energy Conservation Standards Public Meeting: RFI About Gas Compressors December 17, 2014 Page 7 1 

## Consulting. 2 

## MR. KLINKE: Kurt Klinke with Navigant 3 

## Consulting. 4 

## MR. BROWN: Michael Brown with Navigant 5 

## Consulting. 6 

## MR. WEINTRAUB: Dan Weintraub with 7 

## Navigant Consulting. 8 

## MS. GRAHOVAC: Milica Grahovac, Lawrence 9 

## Berkeley National Laboratory. 10 

## MR. BOLDUC: Chris Bolduc, LBNL. 11 MS. SHARBOTOGHLIE: Shabnam Sharbotoghlie 12 

## with GE. 13 

## MR. ROSENSTOCK: Steven Rosenstock, 14 Edison Electric Institute. 15 

## MR. BOSS: Terry Boss, Interstate Natural 16 Gas Association of America. 17 

## MR. BOTELER: Rob Boteler, NIDEC Motor 18 

## Corporation, St. Louis. 19 

## MR. BROOKMAN: Welcome. Glad to see you 20 here this morning. 21 

## All of you received a packet of 22 

## information, I hope, as you checked in this morning.

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### Energy Conservation Standards Public Meeting: RFI About Gas Compressors December 17, 2014 Page 8 I? 1 

### I'm going to do a very brief agenda review.
2 

### Immediately following this agenda review and some 3 

### other preliminary business, there's an opportunity
4 

### for opening remarks, anybody that wishes to make an
5 

### opening statement about key issues that matter to 6 your or your constituencies.

7 

### Following on from that, we're going to

8 

### have rulemaking process overview. We'll take a break 9 

### midmorning round about 10:30 or so, and moving on

X 10 

### directly legislative history and scope of coverage,
11 

### metrics and test procedures.
12 

### We'll break for lunch round about noonish or
13 

### so. And as we return from lunch, or whenever we

1 4 

### get there, market assessment, then technology 15 

### assessment, then screening analysis. And we
16 

### anticipate today will be ending before the end of the
17 

### day, that is, lunch, after lunch, or around lunch,
18 

### sometime around there yet another opportunity for
19 

### closing remarks. Anybody that wishes to to make
2

### 0 supplemental comments, any issues that haven't been
21 

### covered sufficiently from your point of view, then
22 

### we'll adjourn whenever we conclude all this today.

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### Energy Conservation Standards Public Meeting: RFI About Gas Compressors December 17, 2014 Page 9 1 

### Many of you, a few new faces in the room,
2 

### and I'd ask for your consideration if you see on the 3 

### Slide Number 2 in your packet as you could please 4 listen as an ally, use short succinct statements and 5 keep the focus here, hold sidebar conversations to a 6 

### minimum or take them out of the room, and we'd ask 7 that each person speak one at a time, please say your 8 name for the record each time you speak. There will be
9 

### a complete transcript of this meeting made available. 10 If you could set your cell phones on silent mode at this 11 point that would be good, that would be appreciated. 12 We have several individuals calling in. 13 Alex said there were seven before, eleven now. You want
14 

### to just say who's signed on, so we have a sense at the 15 outset here. 16 MR. KROWKA: This is Alex Krowka, 17 Energetics Incorporated. Online we have Dan Hannon, 18 Eric Fierson, Gary Choquette, Gregg Arney, Jeff Chini,
19 

### Jeff Navin, Kendra Kostek, Linda Wilson, Mary 20 

### Whitfield, S. Delmotte, and Simone Bassani. 21 MR. BROOKMAN: Great. Thank you, Alex. 22 The Department of Energy is trying hard

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### Energy Conservation Standards Public Meeting: RFI About Gas Compressors December 17, 2014 Page 10 1 

## to make these meetings totally accessible via the 2 

## web. We welcome all those via the web. If you would 3 

## please mute your phone while you're listening in 4 

## today, and if you wish to participate in the meeting, 5 

## you can raise your hand in the software that's 6 

## provided, and we'll hope to hear you in the room. 7 

## And if not, you can type your question or comment 8 

## into our webmaster and he will make sure that we 9 

## insert that comment or information into the meeting. 10 I'd also encourage all to submit 11 

## detailed, written comments. The Department really 12 

## benefits from having your thoughts, your comments in 13 

## writing in detail, and that is in addition to your 14 

## participation in the meeting today. 15 

## So, as I said at the outset, we welcome 16 now any opening statements from individuals, either 17 

## joining us here in the room or via the web. 18 

## No one here is wanting to do that. Do we 19 

## have anybody online? Nobody online. Okay. 20 So, then I think we'll proceed with the 21 

## content in the packet, and Jim Raba is our first 22 presenter.

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## MR. RABA: Good morning everyone. I'm Jim Raba, Department of Energy. I am the Project Manager for Gas compressors. And we're going to look today at an overview of the purpose of our public meeting, which is to provide preliminary information gathered from the Request for Information that was published in the August 5 Federal Register, and invite discussion about the impact of potential energy conservation standards, both on the industry and the Nation, also, will describe DOE's approach and process when considering energy conservation standards. And most of all, we would encourage your input. So, during today's presentations, particular issues will be prompted for discussion on the slides, such as this; otherwise, comments in any part of the presentation are welcome throughout.

We will next provide overview of the rulemaking process. Are there any questions thus far? Okay. Well, at this time, I'll turn it over to Brian Coffey, Navigant Consulting, who will take us

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### Energy Conservation Standards Public Meeting: RFI About Gas Compressors December 17, 2014 Page 12 1 

## through the rulemaking, plus overview some more 2 

## background to help understand some more about the 3 

## rulemaking process. Brian. 4 

## MR. COFFEY: Well, good morning everyone. 5 

## My name is Brian Coffey, and I work for Navigant 6 

## Consulting in support of DOE's Appliance Standards 7 

## Program. We're here today to, number one, overview 8 

## the process that DOE would use in considering 9 

## standards for natural gas compressors; number two, to 10 overview some preliminary information assembled on 11 

## the gas compressor market and technology; and number 12 three, get feedback from the attendees at this 13 meeting, those of you in person and those of you on 14 the webinar. 15 

## Number three is really the most critical. 16 This is what is called a notice and comment 17 

## rulemaking, and that relies on DOE's receiving 18 comment from interested parties or you all. And so, 19 as Jim mentioned, DOE is inviting comment on specific 20 items with issue boxes, but please feel encouraged to 21 provide feedback on anything at all that you see 22 today.

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### Energy Conservation Standards Public Meeting: RFI About Gas Compressors December 17, 2014 Page 13 1 

## DOE got started in this business of 2 

## energy conservation standards for appliances in 1975 3 

## when Congress passed a bill called the Energy Policy 4 

## and Conservation Act, and that bill addressed 11 5 

## types of equipment, but also contained a clause 6 

## directing the Secretary of Energy to cover any other 7 

## type of equipment that met certain criteria, which 8 

## we'll examine in the next slide; but this is where 9 

## the legal authority to be doing this originates. And 10 at this point, DOE's in the very early stages of 11 

## exploring whether energy efficiency standards for 12 

## natural gas compressors could save energy costs 13 

## effectively. 14 

## So, let's have a look at those EPCA

15 

## factors. Like I said, EPCA directs DOE to consider

16 

## seven different factors. It's the economic impact on 17 consumers and manufacturers.

18 

## MR. BROOKMAN: That microphone is not 19 working. Can you make your comments from the table 20 

## because we know that's wired in, so that'll be on the 21 record? 22 

## Sorry, we have small technical glitches

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### Energy Conservation Standards Public Meeting: RFI About Gas Compressors December 17, 2014 Page 14 1 

## that we're dealing with at the moment, but we've got 2 

## an alternative plan. Back to Brian Coffey. 3 

## MR. COFFEY: All right, can everyone hear 4 

## me? Great. 5 

## So, I was just reading these EPCA 6 

## factors. It's the economic impact on consumers and 7 

## manufacturers, lifetime operating cost savings S 

## compared to increased equipment cost, total projected 9 

## energy savings, impact on utility performance, impact 10 

## of any lessening of competition, the need for II national energy conservation, and then number seven 12 

## is a kind of a catch-all, any other factors that the 13 Secretary considers relevant. 14 And then in the right column, you can see 15 

## the specific analyses that DOE has to address each of 16 those factors. I should clarify that for today these 17 

## analyses have not yet been performed. Today is only 18 

## a high-level exploration of the gas compressor market 19 

## and technology, but all of these are analyses that 20 

## would be made available to the public if DOE does opt 21 

## to proceed with its rulemaking. 22 

## Next slide, please.

202

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### Energy Conservation Standards Public Meeting: RFI About Gas Compressors December 17, 2014 Page 15 MR. BROOKMAN: 

## We have a question. 2 

## Please say your name for the record. 3 MR. BOSS: This is Terry Boss with 4 

## Interstate Natural Gas Association of America. 5 I've looked at your former analysis on 6 

## different locations, of which we're looking at. In 7 

## this particular application, we are transporting 8 

## fuels utilizing compressors on that, so it's part of 9 the transportation system. I don't know if that 10 affects the legislative type thing on that. 11 MR. BROOKMAN: Michael Kido, can you 12 

## respond. 13 MR. KIDO: 

## It doesn't. In this context, 14 

## compressor is not defined by the statute at all. So, 15 

## in this context we're examining elements of how to

16 

## define what a compressor would be. And since the

17 

## statute gives us the authority to examine the

18 

## possibility of setting the standards for these types 19 of devices, we're just being consistent with that 20 

## requirement. 21 

## MR. BROOKMAN: Okay, Brian. 22 

## MR. COFFEY: Okay, so next up is an

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### Energy Conservation Standards Public Meeting: RFI About Gas Compressors December 17, 2014 Page 16 1 

## overview of the rulemaking process itself. Up top in 2 

## green is the energy conservation standard. This is 3 

## what would ultimately tell the public which gas 4 

## compressors had to meet which performance levels. 5 

## And then below in blue chevrons is the test 6 

## procedure, which is a separate legal process, but 7 

## occurs in step with the energy conservation standard. 8 

## In order to publish a set of performance 9 

## standards, one must also very precisely specify how 10 performance is to be measured, and that's exactly 11 

## what the test procedure does. You can see the final 12 rule for the test procedure is published in step with 13 the NOPR, which is DOE's formal proposal for what 14 standards would be, and that allows the public to

15 

## consider the proposal in the context of how the 16 

## performance is going to be measured. 17 Time-wise, a normal energy conservation

18 

## standard rulemaking takes about three years from 19 

## start to finish, and a test procedure about one 20 

## half of that. So now, let's look at each stage in 21 

## detail. 22 

## Next slide, please.

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### Energy Conservation Standards Public Meeting: RFI About Gas Compressors December 17, 2014 Page 17 1 

## (Slide.) 2 

### MR. COFFEY: 

## Typically, the process 3 

## begins with a request for information, letting the 4 

## public know that DOE is considering standards and 5 

## seeking information to help it decide how, if at all, 6 

## to regulate a product. In this case, DOE published 7 

## that RFI this past August and received comments from 8 

## six groups of stakeholders. 9 

## By the way, the RFI was, and any 10 

## subsequent documents would be, accompanied by a 11 

## notice published in the Federal Register. The 12 

## Federal Register, I think everybody probably knows, 13 

## is kind of the newspaper of the Executive Branch of 14 

## the Federal government, and so that would be the 15 

## place that DOE announces the completion of each 16 successive stage. 17 

## So, right now we're in the RFI stage. 18 

## And so, the next stage of the rulemaking would begin 1

### 9 

## with the publication of a framework document. DOE 20 

## may release, in the interim, a portion of that 21 

## document focusing on the market for and technology of 22 

## natural gas compressors.

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### t Energy Conservation Standards Public Meeting: RFI About Gas Compressors December 17, 2014 Page 18 1 

## Next slide, please. 2 

## (Slide.) 3 MR. COFFEY: So, next is the framework 4 

## document, which describes DOE's process for 5 

## considering energy conservation standards and invites 6 

## feedback from interested parties. We're doing a 7 

## little bit of that today actually, but the framework 8 

## document is the fully fledged version. It's very 9 

## important for DOE to hear from interested parties at 10 this stage because a lot of that feedback will 11 

## ultimately be used to craft the structure of the 12 rule. 13 As we mentioned already, this and every 14 other stage would be announced in the Federal 15 Register, and DOE would also hold a public meeting 16 like this one today to invite interested parties to 17 

## come in and discuss that document. 18 Next slide, please. 19 (Slide.) 20 MR. COFFEY: After the framework is the 21 

## preliminary analysis, which is really the first time 22 that DOE publishes actual analytical results and then

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### Energy Conservation Standards Public Meeting: RFI About Gas Compressors December 17, 2014 Page 19 1 

## holds a public meeting inviting stakeholders to 2 

## comment on them. These results would include an 3 

## engineering analysis or development of a cost 4 

## efficiency relationship, markups, energy use, life 5 

## cycle costs, and payback period analyses, shipments 6 

## estimates, national energy savings, consumer net 7 

## present value, preliminary manufacturer impacts, and 8 

## then also a discussion of comments received during 9 

## the previous rulemaking stage.

10 

## MR. BROOKMAN: Steven Rosenstock. 11 MR. ROSENSTOCK: Steven Rosenstock, 12 

## Edison Electric Institute. Quick process question,

13 

## in another rulemaking for commercial industrial fans i4 

## and blowers, DOE released what was called a 15 provisional analysis, which contained a lot of the

16 

## components of a preliminary analysis, had a comment 17 period, but did not have a public meeting. So, I was 18 

## curious in the cases where DOE is publishing a 19 

## provisional analysis is DOE also going to publish a 20 

## preliminary analysis, or is it going to go to the 21 NOPR stage after that? 22 

## MR. CYMBALSKY: This is John Cymbalsky

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### Energy Conservation Standards Public Meeting: RFI About Gas Compressors December 17, 2014 Page 20 1 

## from DOE. So, DOE's required, generally, to have a 2 

## proposal and a final rule. The stages in between are 3 

## sort of discretionary. Clearly, there was a process 4 

## rule back, I guess, in the nineties that laid out how 5 

## we do things. DOE has updated on its website a 6 

## process by which in certain cases it might go 7 

## straight to a proposal and also release data as 8 

## available in our analysis just to give stakeholders 9 

## as much time as possible to review any analysis that 10 

## we do . 11 

## The public meeting, again, is 12 

## discretionary for that type of work, but what we're 13 

## trying to establish here is providing as much data as 14 

## possible as soon as possible on our website to give 15 

## stakeholders much more time to review the work we've 16 

## done. So, I think that's where were going on some 17 

## of the rules. Other rules will follow the 18 

## traditional path that you're very familiar with. 19 

### MR. ROSENSTOCK: 

## Steve Rosenstock, EEI. 20 

## Thank you very much, John, for that, but the reason I 21 

## asked that is that in the case of commercial. industrial 22 

## fans and blowers it is a product that DOE has never

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### Energy Conservation Standards Public Meeting: RFI About Gas Compressors December 17, 2014 Page 21 1 

## regulated before. It is, I'll say, a brand new 2 

## rulemaking or brand new product that DOE is going to 3 

## cover. So, I think, again, it's not shown in the 4 

## slides, but I think all the stakeholders should know 5 

## it could be a provisional analysis rather than a 6 

## preliminary analysis in this case, depending on what 7 

## the Department decides. 8 MR. BROOKMAN: 

## Okay. Thank you. 9 MR. COFFEY: Okay, so next slide, please. 10 (Slide.) 11 

## MR. COFFEY: So, after the preliminary 12 

## analysis there's the NOPR stage or the Notice of 13 Proposed Rulemaking. John just mentioned that that's 14 

## really a requirement for DOE to make a formal, 15 written proposal of what the rule might look like, 16 and this stage includes updates to all the results of 17 the preliminary analysis that I just mentioned, plus 18 

## a couple of new ones.
19 

## This NOPR stage represents the last 20 

## chance the public will have to comment on the rule 21 and standard levels under consideration. 22 

## Next slide, please.

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### Energy Conservation Standards Public Meeting: RFI About Gas Compressors December 17, 20]4 Page 22 1 

## (Slide.) 2 

## MR. COFFERY: And of course, all of this 3 

## culminates into a final rule. There's a Federal 4 

## Register notice for the rule, but ordinarily no 5 

## public meeting. All of the analytical results are 6 

## revised and presented, and ultimately, any standard 7 

## levels adopted in the rule would be codified in the 8 

## CFR or Code of Federal Regulations. 9 Next slide, please. 1

## 0 (Slide.) 11 

## MR. COFFEY: So, that's the process 12 

## overview. And now let's take a look at the 13 legislative history and scope of the rulemaking. 14 Next slide, please.

15 

## (Slide.) i

## 6 MR. COFFEY: So, we touched on this a 17 

## little bit earlier. The regulatory program came into 18 

## existence with the Energy Policy and Conservation Act 19 

## of 1975, which has been amended many times since by 20 subsequent bills. A portion of it does include 21 

## authorization for DOE to issue standards for 22 

## compressors. It does not, however, define what a

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### Energy Conservation Standards Public Meeting: RFI About Gas Compressors December 17, 2014 Page 23 1 

## compressor is, and so one of the tasks in this 2 

## rulemaking is to establish a set of definitions and a 3 

## potential scope of standards. 4 

## As we mentioned earlier, DOE issued an 5 

## RFI in August and received six stakeholder comment 6 

## submissions. And so, if DOE opts to move forward 7 with this rule, those comments would be addressed in 8 

## the framework document. 9 

## Next slide, please. 10 (Slide.) 11 MR. COFFEY: The next publication was the 12 Notice of Public Meeting, that's the one that brings 13 

## us here today. This step is not part of DOE's 14 

## standard rulemaking timeline, but can be used in } 15 

## cases like this one where DOE wishes to gather 16 additional information before launching into the 17 

## framework stage. 18 

## Next slide, please. 19 (Slide.) 20 MR. COFFEY: Scope, here are the natural 21 gas compressors for which DOE is considering 22 standards. Please understand that this is a

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### Energy Conservation Standards Public Meeting: RFI About Gas Compressors December 17, 2014 Page 24 1 

## preliminary list, so it's not to say that something 2 

## on this list is certain to be included or that 3 

## something not on this list won't be. But the six 4 

## applications here, the DOE's understanding, account for 5 

## most of the natural gas compression performed in the 6 U.S. 

## 7 A scoping rule always involves some

8 

## judgment, but, in general, DOE is looking for areas 9 

## of technological similarity where there's a chance to
10 

## garner cost effective energy savings. In general, z 11 

## cost effective means that consumers at large will

12 

## economically benefit. Although, as we mentioned 13 

## earlier, that's only one of several factors

14 

## considered.
15 

## Next slide, please. 16 

## (Slide.) 17 

## MR. COFFEY: The next few slides provide 18 

## examples of what natural gas compressors are used 19 

## for. I won't read them all, but we can see that 20 

## these compressors have a wide application variety,

21 

## up, mid, and downstream in the infrastructure.

22 

## We have a question.

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### Energy Conservation Standards Public Meeting: RFI About Gas Compressors December 17, 2014 Page 25 

## MR. BROOKMAN: Yes, Steve. 2 

## MR. ROSENSTOCK: Steve Rosenstock, EEI. 3 It looked like on a previous slide you 4 

## were saying something about kind of a scope of like 5 

## the natural gas infrastructure, and I appreciate the 6 

## slide. Did that mean that you would, say, 7 

## concentrate on the upstream part of this slide compared to the midstream or downstream? And the 9 

## reason I say that is because especially midstream and 10 

## downstream that is getting more into, I'll say, the 11 

## industrial realm and/or even the commercial realm 12 

## where there are -- you know, where DOE has already 13 

## starting a rulemaking on electrical compressors that 14 

## are covering some of those same areas as well. 15 

## So, I'm kind of curious about in terms of 16 

## preliminary scope it seemed like you were -- are you 17 

## not thinking about midstream and downstream, or it's 18 

## not clear yet. 19 

## MR. CYMBALSKY: This is John Cymbalsky 20 from DOE. So, we're keeping the scope broad at this 21 

## point. 22 

## MR. ROSENSTOCK: Steve Rosenstock. Thank

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### 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 Energy Conservation Standards Public Meeting: RFI About Gas Compressors December 17, 2014 Page 26 

## you. I would encourage that as well because, again, especially in areas where you have a parallel rulemaking where there might be competing products I think it would be helpful to keep the scope as broad as possible. MR. CYMBALSKY: 

## Thank you.

MR. BROOKMAN: Yes, Terry. MR. BOSS: Another question. Natural gas is not well defined because it is natural and it does vary quite a bit. So, I think in all these different modes that you're talking about the actual product that's inside the equipment will vary and that'll add variability to the efficiency-type determinations on that. MR. BROOKMAN: Okay. Thank you.

MR. COFFEY: Okay, next slide, please, Jim. (Slide.)

MR. COFFEY: So, here's an EIA map and energy administration of the major pipeline stations in the United States. The red dots are the major stations, but of course, there are many others not

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## included here. Two of the major takeaways from this 2 

## graphic is that the largest concentration of stations 3 

## and pipeline is on the Gulf Coast, so Houston and New 4 

## Orleans, but also that natural gas compressor 5 

## stations exist just about everywhere in the nation. 6 

## Next slide, please. 7 

## (Slide.) 8 MR. COFFEY: 

## This is a similar graphic 9 

## also from EIA, except now it's showing transmission 10 volume. So, no surprise, a major conduit is from the 11 Gulf Coast up North. We can also see that actually a 12 fair amount of the gas comes from Canada, but 13 obviously, compressors deployed there would be 14 

## outside the scope of today's rule. So, this is just 15 to give folks an idea of what the infrastructure

16 

## looks like and what we might be talking about. i7 

## MR. CYMBALSKY: I just want to clarify

18 

## Brian's statement that if the compressor were

19 

## manufactured in the U.S. and exported to Canada the 20 

## regulations are for export only, so it would be 21 

## subject to the Canadian rules. Terry. 22 

## MR. BOSS: One clarification. Those

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## diagrams that Brian was depicting are the diagrams of 2 

## the gas transmission lines, specifically the 3 interstate gas transmission lines, so they cover just 4 

## one line that was listed before as what coverage was 5 

## considered. So, there's a lot more facilities around 6 

## than what's depicted in here.

MR. BROOKMAN: It's striking when you 8 

## consider that there are just these big compressor 9 

## stations in virtually every state in the Union. 10 

## They're just all over the place. It's a lot of 11 movement. 12 

## MR. BOSS: One other point, for the 13 

## interstate pipelines and are regulated by the 14 

## Department of Transportation with PHMSA [Pipeline, 15 

## Hazardous Materials Safety 16 

## Administration], the average 17 

## age of the pipeline infrastructure is around 1960 18 

## right now, so they're very long-lived assets that 19 

## don't have much capital changeover. 20 

## MR. BROOKMAN: We have a question from 21 

## Gary Choquette. 22 

## The scope of coverage has changed

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## significantly from 2008 due to the role shale plays in 2 

## the Northeast. I guess that's just a comment. Okay. 3 

## Thank you. Terry. 4 

## MR. BOSS: The INGAA Foundation has 5 

## published an infrastructure forecast through 2035 rs 6 

## that is available up on our website that describes 7 

## the expansion and contraction of the system over a 8 

## period of time. And we do try to give some upstream 9 

## and midstream, but not downstream-type estimates out 10 there. So, that is available on INGAA's website. 11 MR. BROOKMAN: Thank you. That's 12 

## helpful. Steven Rosenstock. And let me, before 13 

## Steve goes, I just want to say we do welcome 14 

## questions or comments from those joining us via the 15 

## web like the one we just got. Steve Rosenstock. 16 MR. ROSENSTOCK: Steve Rosenstock, EEI. 17 Yes, also I've seen published reports 18 from utilities, especially in the South, about 19 projections on industrial loads for both electricity 20 and natural gas. So again, I think some of those are 21 publicly available. I think CLECO and Entergy, 22 

## some of them have published, you know, the recent

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## rise in expansion of industrial facilities in the 2 

## Southeast as well. 3 MR. BROOKMAN: 

## Okay. Thanks Steve. 4 

## MR. COFFEY: Okay. Thank you. I guess 5 

## next slide. 6 

## (Slide.) 7 

## MR. COFFEY: So, as we mentioned earlier, S 

## DOE is really exploring standards for compressors 9 

## everywhere in the chain. Nothing has been ruled in 10 

## or ruled out. This could even include gathering, 11 

## processing, transmission and distribution, and 12 

## potentially even liquefaction and expansion if those 13 

## applications are found to offer cost-effective energy 14 

## savings. 15 

## Next slide, please. 16 

## (Slide.) 17 

## MR. COFFEY: One of the first questions 18 

## of scope is what is the piece of equipment for which 19 

## DOE is exploring standards. And the answer to that 20 

## is the set of equipment that industry generally 21 

## refers to as a compressor package, and that 22 

## ordinarily includes the compressor itself or what

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3 4 5 6 

### 7 8 9 to 11 12 13 14 15 16 

### 17 18 19 20 21 22 Energy Conservation Standards Public Meeting: RF1 About Gas Compressors December 17, 2014 Page 31 

## this presentation refers to as a compression unit, the prime mover which drives the compressor, and then also any auxiliary hardware, such as controls or sensors that would enable the compressor to function properly. So, in short, the compressor package would be what's needed, more or less, for stand-alone operation. And then up next are definitions for those terms. Here we have natural gas compressor packages. I think it's worth reading. It's a set of equipment that's used to increase the pressure of natural gas and includes, but is not limited to, the compression unit, the prime mover, and associated auxiliary hardware, including controls, sensors, vents, and measures for safety and maintenance.

Once again, all these definitions are preliminary and DOE is definitely inviting comment on their appropriateness.

Next slide, please. (Slide.) MR. COFFEY: Compression unit types,

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### reciprocating, is a natural gas compressor that 2 

### performs compression on an enclosed volume of gas using a piston traveling linearly, so similar with 4 

### like we might be familiar with an internal combustion
5 

### engine in an automobile. It's kind of a bigger version 6 of that.

7 

### A centrifugal [compressor] is [one] where a

8 

### flow enters a compressor in an axial direction or
9 

### parallel with the axis of rotation and exits in a radial
10 

### direction, or perpendicular to the axis of rotation.
11 

### Compression is achieved first by using a rotation

1 2 

### radial impeller to accelerate gas and impart kinetic
13 

### energy and then a stationary diffusion is used to

14 

### transform the increased kinetic energy into a pressure
15 

### rise.
16 

### And then finally, these might [appear] more
17 

### in specialized applications, but they are being used.

18 

### It`s an axial compressor. Flow enters and exits the
19 

### compressor in an axial direction and compression is
20 

### achieved first by using a row of rotating air foils

21 

### to accelerate the gas and impart kinetic energy. And
22 

### then a row of stationary air flows is used to diffuse

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## the gas and transform that increased kinetic energy 2 

## into pressure rise. 3 

## So, not representative of every possible 4 

## type of compressor that could possibly be used for 5 

## gas, but we think these account for a large fraction 6 

## of what is being used. 7 

## Next slide, please. 8 (Slide.) 9 MR. COFFEY: Prime mover is the assembly 10 

## that consumes electrical energy, thermal energy from 11 

## natural gas combustion or another source of energy in 12 

## order to supply the mechanical power used for natural 13 gas compression. In certain cases, for example, 14 integral reciprocating compressors, the compression 15 unit and the prime mover may actually be part of the 16 same assembly. 17 Next slide, please. 18 (Slide.) 19 MR. COFFEY: Types of prime movers, they 20 

## mirror the types of compressors. There are 21 reciprocating gas engines which use pistons to 22 

## harness energy from combusted gas in a trapped

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## volume, which is then expelled using valves, a gas 2 

## turbine, which uses rotating vanes or impellers to 3 

## harness energy from a flow of combusted gas, and also 4 

## electric motors, which use electrical energy to 5 create magnetic fields that rotate a shaft. 6 MR. BROOKMAN: Steve Rosenstock. 7 

## MR. ROSENSTOCK: Steve Rosenstock, EEI. 8 

## Again, with motors there's a chance if 9 

## the motor size is less than or equal to 500 horsepower 10 

## that DOE has already made standards for those rr' 

## 11 products. So, again, it's a matter of -- again, the

12 

## compressor motor might be a specialty-type motor, not 1

## 3 a TEFC- or 002-type motor, but again, it's a matter of 14 -- 

## again, in the documents to make sure -- you know, 15 

## if you're not repeating what's already been done, 16 especially for the smaller compressor units. 17 

## MR. BROOKMAN: Okay. 18 MR. COFFEY: Next slide, please. 19 (Slide.) 20 

## MR. COFFEY: So, having defined the 21 

## components, let's walk through what are the different 22 

## forms that a standard could take, which are

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## compressor level, package level, or a design option 2 

## approach. 3 The first would be a compression unit 4 

## level standard or a unit level standard rather, which 5 

## would be to define an established standard for the 6 

## compressor unit, exclusive of the prime mover. This 7 

## option would likely involve a metric such as 8 

## isentropic efficiency of compression. 9 

## The second approach could be defining and 10 

## establishing standards for packages shipped,

11 

## including both a compressor unit and a prime mover, 12 

## and, potentially, some auxiliary equipment. 1

## 3 And then the third approach could be 14 

## defining and establishing design requirements for 15 compressors or compressor packages that mandate that 16 certain technology be used or avoided. 17 So Steve, to address your point, one form 18 

## that this could address those electric motors which 19 

## were previously covered is to require that a motor of 20 

## a certain performance level be used in a compressor 21 of a certain type. So, maybe not getting into the 22 

## technology of the motor itself, but just saying it

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## has to meet this level according to DOE's 

## test 2 

## procedure. That's just one possibility. 3 MR. ROSENSTOCK: 

## Steve Rosenstock, EEI. 4 

## Again, thank you for that. You know, again, I think 5 

## part of it is really going to depend on your 6 

## information that's gathered in terms of how are these 7 

## products manufactured. Are they manufactured as 8 

## separate components put together in the field or is 9 

## everything all put together? I mean that's really 10 significant. We found that out, obviously, with 11 

## other rulemakings, such as pumps and commercial and 12 industrial pumps and fan systems that, you know, is 13 

## it a whole, entire package or is each component 14 

## manufactured separately and then put together in the 15 

## field by the end user, by the owner. 16 So, I think one and two are probably the 17 

## better, especially for a first rulemaking that one 18 and two probably would be better avenues. Again, 19 

## this is very early, but one and two would be much 20 

## better than number three. 21 MR. BROOKMAN: I think it's worth noting 22 

## that since gas compressors is a new subject matter

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## for the Department. of Energy that the Department 2 

## would really prosper from having really detailed 3 

## comments on these definitions and configurations and 4 

## the way various stakeholders would like to see that 5 

## configured. And just to affirm that point, Terry, 6 

## you're next. 7 

## MR. BOSS: Terry Boss with Interstate 8 

## Natural Gas. 9 

## I think the application on pipelines, in 10 

## particular, is quite complex because very similar to 11 

## when you're setting efficiency standards on 12 

## automobiles it depends on the use of the automobile 13 

## on those sort of things and how it is being used, and 14 

## there's a lot of flexibility in there. 15 

## Just on the interstate pipeline 16 

## configurations, we have a study -- and I think 17 

## Brian's got a copy of it -- that describes the 18 

## overall efficiency of the transportation system in 19 

## which the compressors are part of that efficiency on 20 

## there, which would give more of a true view of the 21 

## overall efficiency of moving the product out there 22 

## rather than components on that.

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## But I must warn you, on a lot of the 2 

## other applications that you're talking about on 3 

## natural gas compressors, there's different operating 4 

## scenarios that they have in there, so it's completely 5 

## different types of things that are going on there. 6 

## MR. BROOKMAN: Okay. Thank you. 7 

## MR. COFFER: I think it's probably also 8 worth making the point now that normally this program 9 

## doesn't set standards that are specific to each 10 

## application. So, to follow up on your point, 11 

## depending on the way it's used it could greatly 12 affect energy savings, but for the most part, the 13 standards under consideration here are ones that can 14 

## be tested and measured in a manufacturing facility 15 and then certified based on that, just to provide 16 

## context. 17 

### MR. BROOKMAN: 

## Terry. 18 

## MR. BOSS: This is Terry Boss. 19 I 

## think this ends up with a life cycle 2

## 0 analysis and the economic analysis on the true 21 

## benefits of the improvements of the units and how 22 

## they will overall affect the economics on it.

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## MR. BROOKMAN: Okay. MR. COFFEY: Okay, so next slide, please. (Slide.) MR. COFFEY: We have our first request for comment. I'll just read them quickly.

Given the breadth of the application of natural gas compressors, DOE requests comment on where potential cost effective energy savings may lie. Often, these exist where market forces do not incentivize the purchase of efficient equipment.

Then Item 3-2, DOE requests comment on scope of coverage, specifically whether a gas compressor energy conservation standard should be inclusive or exclusive of the prime mover.

MR. BROOKMAN: 

## So, comments here. Rob Boteler. MR. BOTELER: Rob Boteler with NIDEC.

Yes, that's a tough one because when you hear three different prime movers it'd be very difficult to come up with one standard certainly that would cover the gas compression system.

We're facing similar issues in some of

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### Energy Conservation Standards Public Meeting: RFI About Gas Compressors December 17, 2014 Page 40 1 

## the rules that we're working on in other products 2 

## right now where we have multiple technologies. And I 3 

## think the issue that you're going to face is if you 4 

## regulate one of the technologies and leave two of 5 

## them off, or regulate two and leave one off, you 6 

## start to run into issues on your seven points that 7 

## you showed us in the beginning -- conflicting 8 

## technologies where you eliminate competition for one 9 

## of the technologies or you create a situation that's 10 not very conducive to competition. 11 MR. BROOKMAN: I'm looking over to Alex. 12 

## No? Nothing there? No additional comments here? 13 Yes, please, Terry. 14 MR. BOSS: Terry Boss with Interstate 15 Natural Gas again. Appreciate the chance to comment 16 on this. 17 

## At a previous DOE workshop, we discussed 18 a lot of technology options out there that do so many 19 things. And one thing I want to emphasize is that 20 the overall efficiency of the equipment is its 21 

## running efficiency and also its maintenance 22 efficiency so that you may achieve certain operating

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## efficiency, on that, but if there's a lot of 2 

## maintenance work involved and a lot of cost involved 3 

## on the maintenance to keep that kind of performance 4 

## up then that should be built into the economic 5 

## analysis. 6 

## MR. BROOKMAN: Okay. Thank you. Steve 7 

## Rosenstock. S 

## MR. ROSENSTOCK: Steve Rosenstock. 9 

## As a follow up, when you're talking about 10 

## those two -- I'll say two conditions ---- does that 11 

## mean that you'd want that as part of a test procedure 12 

## because remember they have to work -- as they go 13 

## forward they're working on a test procedure. So, 14 

## would you want two separate test procedures to cover 15 

## those situations? 16 

## MR. BOSS: All I'm trying to point out is 17 

## that a particular technology may be more efficient, 18 

## but there may be the requirement to maintain it more, 19 

## and you may actually have a lot of natural gas lost 20 

## because of the maintenance activity. It is a 24/7 21 

## operation on our pipelines where we have to deliver 22 

## to customers, so there's also the economic impacts if

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## we do not deliver because we're doing the maintenance 2 

## on that equipment. 3 

## MR. BROOKMAN: John Cymbalsky. 4 

## MR. CYMBALSKY: John Cymbalsky, DOE. 5 

## So, I think there's two issues here. So, 6 

## 1 think what I'm hearing from Terry is that in our 7 

## downstream analysis we must be careful to make sure 8 

## we account for things such as maintenance, and in 9 

## other rulemakings we have more efficient products 10 that do require more maintenance, maybe have an 11 

## incidence of failure that needs a component replaced 12 more often than the less efficient device, and we 13 

## take that into account. I4 

## I guess to follow up on Steve's comment 15 

## on a test procedure I guess my question is more 16 

## around how the industry specs-out the purchase of 1

## 7 these things right now. So, when you talk to a 18 

## manufacturer what kind of information are you asking 19 

## them for when you buy a new one? Is it strictly the 20 capacity of the thing because you know how much gas 21 

## you have to move or what are the key factors that the 22 industry generally looks for on a spec sheet, for

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### example? 2 

### MR. BROOKMAN: Terry? 3 

### MR. BOSS: This is kind of putting me on
4 

### the spot with not a lot of information out there. 5 

### There are a lot of specifications that folks use now. 6 A 

### lot of it is built into the reliability of the 7 units, the cost involved in the units, the 8 flexibility of the units because it may be very

9 

### efficient at one spot, but the operation of that

10 

### particular compressor has to vary significantly so it
11 

### may not be operating on the peak efficiency point a

12 

### lot of times on that. So, some of the 13 characteristics given between the electric, the 1 4 

### reciprocating, and turbine have inherent 15 

### characteristics on the amount of torque that they've 16 

### got at certain places to provide to the compressors.
1

### 7 The compression ratio that is on the reciprocating 18 compressor versus the axial compressor -- there's a big

19 

### difference on that on/off-curve type things.
20 

### Some of that discussion is in these reports,

21 

### but obviously there's information out there. I just
22 

### do not have that with me at this time.

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### MR. BROOKMAN: 

### Okay. Christopher --
2 

### MR. BOSS: I 

### thank you for the comment 3 

### period to provide that. 4 MR. BOLDUC: Chris Bolduc, LBNL. 5 

### On the topic of maintenance costs, we do
6 

### attempt to embody maintenance costs differences for
7 

### different technologies in the economic analysis, so
8 

### any detail that you can provide the Department we'd 9 be grateful for. 10 

### MR. BOSS: I will look into what's
11 

### available. There have been a lot of different 12 

### studies done, articles done, but it's like any other 13 kind of technical information, is it all consistent 14 

### under the same measurement type categories and stuff. 15 MR. BROOKMAN: And I wonder if it 16 

### differentiates based on vintage. I should think
17 

### that'd be a factor? 18 

### MR. BOSS: I'll 

### see what I can provide on 19 that sort of thing. It's probably is with it's all 20 

### in the technologies where we have additional
21 

### requirements for emission characteristics and then 22 

### changing the fuel sources on those sorts of things that

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## adds to the complexity of the equipment. So, some of 2 

## the newer equipment may have more gadgets that fail 3 

## because they have to abide by different kinds of 4 

## standards that are out there. 5 

### MR. BROOKMAN: 

## Okay. Thank you. 6 

### MR. COFFEY: 

## Okay, next slide, please. 7 

## (Slide.) 8 

## MR. COFFEY: That brings us to the 9 

## metrics and test procedure section. We've mentioned 10 

## that compressor packages have different components, 11 so let's discuss the different ways that the concept 12 

## of efficiency could apply to each. 13 

## The first is compressor unit efficiency, 14 

## which measures how much energy is expended in 15 compressing the gas compared to how much overall 16 

## energy is used by the compressor. And we mentioned 17 

## earlier this relationship may be expressed as 18 isentropic efficiency, which is the dimensionless 19 parameter reflecting how close the compressor comes 20 to the theoretical physical maximum. 21 

## MR. BROOKMAN: 

## Let's pause right there. 22 We have another comment online.

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## Gary Choquette says gas turbines: some 2 

## operators use these standards when procuring 3 

## equipment or have subsets of these standards as part 4 

## of their own engineering standards. 5 

## MR. ROSENSTOCK: Doug, this is Steve 6 

## Rosenstock. 7 

## MR. BROOKMAN: Hang on, Steve. 8 I guess I just read the second half of 9 

## that. The first half is some efficiency standards 10 

## already exist, ASME PTC 17, reciprocating internal 11 

## combustion engines, PTC 10, compressors and 12 

## exhausters, and PTC 22, gas turbines. Okay. Thank 13 you. 14 

## Steve, go ahead. 15 

## MR. ROSENSTOCK: Steve Rosenstock. 16 

## I just wondered what entity is he 17 

## with, for the people online? 18 

## MR. BROOKMAN: Do you have that? 1

## 9 MR. BOSS: Yes. This is Terry Boss. 2

## 0 He works for the PRCI, the Pipeline 21 

## Research Council International. It's a research 22 

## group of the pipeline companies.

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### MR. ROSENSTOCK: Thank you. That helps. 2 

### MR. BROOKMAN: Thanks, Terry. 3 

### Additional comments here before we move
4 

### on? 5 

### MR. COFFEY: Okay, so after compressor 6 unit efficiency, we've got thermal efficiency as 7 

### applied to a prime mover, whether that's an engine, a
8 

### turbine, or electric motor that drives a compressor.
9 

### Thermal efficiency measures how much of the potential 10 

### energy of the input fuel or electric power is 11 

### converted into useful energy that can be used to 12 

### drive the compressor. The majority of the energy 13 

### that is not converted into useful energy is 14 

### considered waste heat in the exhaust, also the 15 

### cooling and lubrication systems. 16 

### Okay, next slide, please. 17 

### (Slide.) 18 

### MR. COFFEY: And then also a big item in the
1

### 9 consideration of efficiency is heat recovery because 20 

### both compressors and primary movers generate waste 21 

### heat in compression and combustion, respectively. 22 

### And using waste heat, either directly for space or

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## water heating, for example, or to generate electrical 2 

## power may be economical, depending on the compressor 3 

## type and size. 4 

## Heat recovery is sometimes lumped into 5 

## compressor unit or prime mover efficiency values, but 6 

## because the savings materialize remotely from where 7 

## the heat or generated electrical power is consumed it 8 

## may be useful to discuss that savings separately. 9 

## MR. BROOKMAN: Terry. 10 

## MR. BOSS: Yes, this is Terry Boss with
I I 

## INGAA. 12 

## A lot of the designs do recover heat 1

## 3 right now. For example, on reciprocating units a lot 14 of those units are turbo-charged. There's 15 recuperators on gas turbines that have been used on 16 that. And there have been many studies for 17 additional heat recovery things out there. We've got 18 several studies at INGAA that look at the costs and 19 

## benefits of doing that sort of thing, and the recent 20 

## one, I think, is 2010, I believe. It's also 21 

## available on our website -- outside heat recovery 22 

## units.

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### R. BROOKMAN: 

## Steve. 2 

## MR. ROSENSTOCK: Steve Rosenstock. 3 

## Yes, I think heat recovery is obviously 4 

## beneficial, but I'm just thinking about in terms of 5 

## test procedure heat recovery is so 6 

## application-specific and so location-specific and 7 

## site-specific, or it's like an extra economic choice 8 

## that I think especially for a first rulemaking that 9 --- especially in terms of either a test procedure or 10 

## a standard it might be better not to approach the use 11 

## of heat recovery because it is a benefit, but in 12 

## terms of an actual DOE standard I think it's better 13 to leave that out because it could really complicate 14 

## in terms of both either test procedure or a standard. 15 

## And I'll give an analogy, a furnace fan 16 

## motor, the heat from that is a benefit because it goes 17 

## into the heat stream of the furnace, and the motor 18 

## test procedure or standard it's not even considered 19 

## because it's so application-specific. So, I think, 20 

## especially for first time, I think it's better to 21 

## kind of -- maybe at a future date, but not for the 22 

## first one.

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## MR. BROOKMAN: Terry. 2 

## MR. BOSS: Yes, I agree with what Steve 3 was saying about that. And that's what that report 4 

## was describing, that if you've got highly variable 5 

## flow you've got highly variable heat coming out of 6 the unit and it doesn't bode well for the economics 7 

## on that, so you 

## need a high load factor of constant 8 

## load and scale in order to make some of these things 9 

## useful.
10 

## And as was discussed earlier, due to the 11 flow-changing characteristics out there you may have 12 

## something that's good for five years and all of a 13 

## sudden now it's switching around to this and that. 14 

## So, it changes the economics quite a bit. 15 MR. BROOKMAN: We have another comment 16 from Gary Choquette also related to the economics. 17 

## He says the economics are largely 18 

## dependent on run time, which can vary significantly 19 

## by application and market operating conditions. It 20 is often difficult to reliably predict the expected 21 operation at the time the equipment is procured, 22 

## especially with respect to heat recovery.

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## Okay. Thank you, Gary. 2 

## MR. COFFEY: Okay, next slide. 3 

## (Slide.) 4 

## MR. COFFEY: I think John made clear 5 

## earlier that in this rule we're not talking about gas 6 

## as an emission source, that's left to other programs, 7 

## but it gets discussed in context of compressors in 8 

## the sense that if a unit is leaking a lot of gas then 9 

## it's going to need to use a lot more input power to 10 

## generate the same output. So, this concept of gas 11 

## that would have to be reflected in the test 12 procedure, so this reflects how effective a 13 

## compressor is at retaining that natural gas which may 14 

## escape in a variety of ways, including through seals 15 

## or packing, uncombusted in the exhaust stream, through 16 valves, or any other hardware in the compressor 17 

## package. 18 

## DOE is not aware of an established metric 19 

## to quantify gas efficiency. Logically, it could be 20 

## represented as the mass flow of gas leaving the 21 

## equipment divided by the mass flow of gas entering 22 

## the equipment, just counting gas used as fuel.

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### Energy Conservation Standards Public Meeting: RFI About Gas Compressors December 17, 2014 Page 52 1 

## Although not commonly discussed as efficiency, per
2 

## say, improving this parameter would enable a
3 

## compressor to deliver more natural gas for a given
4 

## energy consumption. 5 MR. BROOKMAN: 

## Steve. 6 MR. ROSENSTOCK: 

## Steve Rosenstock, EE1. 7 Wouldn't this be a subset of the thermal
8 

## efficiency? Wouldn't a good test procedure account 9 for any losses? You have the potential energy -- you
1

## 0 know, you have 100 BTUs going in and then you have -- 11 

## you know, there's leaks and then there's the actual
12 

## combustion process, and then you have 80 BTUs going 13 out. Doesn't that cover the leaks, what's in here? 14 MR. COFFEY: Depending on how it was 15 written, it could be. One thing that I learned is 16 that depending on how compressors are operated 17 

## sometimes they're what's called "blown down," which
18 

## basically means that all the high pressure gas that's 19 inside the unit is vent into the atmosphere, 20 sometimes combusted, sometimes not. And so a
21 

## compressor with technology that instead of venting 22 

## that into the atmosphere either stored it or put it

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### Energy Conservation Standards Public Meeting: RPI About Gas Compressors December 17, 2014 Page 53 1 

## back in the upstream pipeline. You might end up 2 

## saving energy that way, but depending on how the test 3 

## procedure was written it might not account for that. 4 

## It does get tricky because there might 5 

## not always be a way to predict how often a unit could 6 

## be blown down in a given year, but we felt that that 7 

## it bore mentioning is something that could affect 8 

## overall energy savings. 9 MR. BROOKMAN: Yes, Terry. 1

## 0 MR. BOSS: Terry Boss with INGAA. 11 Yes, it's very application specific. 12 Again, it's an interaction of the variability of the 13 transportation fuel that's going through it, on how 14 

## often you operate it, and the maintenance 15 characteristics because a lot of -- and safety is 16 heavily involved in this situation too, so the more 17 

## maintenance that's being performed -- obviously a lot 18 

## of times the gas has to be removed from the 19 

## compressor equipment so that it can be utilized, so 20 that's a very big impact on that. 21 MR. 

## BROOKMAN: Gary Choquette has another 22 

## comment.

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### Energy Conservation Standards Public Meeting: RFI About Gas Compressors December 17, 2014 Page 54 1 

## He says that is a poor metric as the mass 2 

## flow can change due to the operating pressure 3 

## (compressor ratio). Do keep in mind the liquids also 4 

## leave the gas stream through condensates of heavier 5 

## gas. 6 And then Dan Hannon says -- pardon me. 7 This is Dan Hannon's comment. Begins with, do keep S 

## in mind that liquids also leave the gas stream 9 

## through condensates of heavier gas components and 10 water vapor. These values are very dependent upon 11 the service, ambient temperatures, and compression 12 range. Thanks, Dan. 1

### 3 MR. COFFEY: 

## Okay, next slide, please. 14 (Slide.) 15 MR. 

## COFFEY: So, test procedures, a 16 general note about test procedures is that if DOE 17 

## adopts a test procedure that manufacturers must use 18 

## that test procedure to certify that their equipment 19 

## is compliant with any standards that apply to it. 20 

## And even beyond certifying to DOE that equipment is 21 

## compliant, manufacturers must also use DOE test 22 procedures when making representations about energy

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### Energy Conservation Standards Public Meeting: RF'I About Gas Compressors December 17, 2014 Page 55 1 

## consumption to third parties. A common example of 2 

## making representations might be publishing 3 

## performance data in a catalog, for example. 4 

## Next slide, please. 5 

## (Slide.) 6 

## MR. COFFEY: And the gentleman on the 7 

## webinar --- I think it was Gary -- mentioned a few of $ these ASME procedures. He mentioned a couple that we 9 

## show here and then a couple of others that are not 10 

## listed, but specifically, DOE is aware of at least 11 

## the following test procedures that might outline 12 

## protocols for evaluating compressor performance. 13 

## There's a box in the next slide requesting comment on 14 whether these are appropriate and whether there are 15 any others that DOE should be considering, so let me 16 read that actually on the next slide and then we can 17 

## take any comments. 18 

## DOE requests comment about test 19 

## procedures that may be suitable for assessment of 20 

## energy consumption in natural gas compressors. 21 In addition to specifying which and how physical 22 

## parameters must be measured, such procedures should

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### Energy Conservation Standards Public Meeting: RFI About Gas Compressors December 17, 2014 Page 56 1 

## specify the conditions under which the measurements 2 

## are taken and interpreted. 3 

## Then Item 4-2, DOE requests comment about 4 

## whether test procedures in IS01217 2009 and in IS05389 5 

## 2005, which address the testing of displacement in 6 

## turbo compressors, respectively, would be appropriate 7 

## for rating gas compressors. 8 

## DOE also requests information about other 9 

## applicable test procedures that should be considered, 10 

## along with any deficiencies or issues that should be 11 addressed prior to describing test procedure 12 

## requirements to measure energy consumption. 13 

## MR. BROOKMAN: Absent any additional 14 

## comment here, we would certainly welcome, the 15 

## Department would appreciate some of the technical

16 

## folks joining online to get their detailed listing of 17 

## other test procedures, other protocols that would 18 

## have bearing on this proceeding. 19 

## Rob Boteler. 20 

## MR. BOTELER: Rob Boteler with NIDEC. 21 

## Not being a gas compressor expert here at 22 

## all, do these test procedures, are these covering the

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### Energy Conservation Standards Public Meeting: RFI About Gas Compressors December 17, 2014 Page 57 1 

## skid, which includes the air-end, the prime mover, and 2 

## the controls? And then, if so, are there different 3 

## test procedures for the three different prime mover 4 

## categories that you just showed us in the slide? 5 

## MR. BROCKMAN: `.Terry. 6 MR. BOSS: This is Terry Boss. 7 

## I do believe these particular standards, 8 

## and maybe Gary can intercede here, but I think this 9 

## just happens to do with the compressor, not the prime 10 

## mover on this particular thing because there are two 11 

## different kinds of units out there. 12 

## The other caution that I have with any 1

## 3 standard, and we ran into this when we were working 14 

## with the electric companies on power generation, 15 

## assumes a certain quality or mix of natural gas, but 16 there's variability involved. We have a report 17 

## that's called Quality of Natural Gas and 18 Interchangeability. 19 Even though you may have a standard 20 

## that's set for the efficiency of that as the actual 21 

## kind of natural gas that's in it, it varies in that 22 

## that'll greatly affect the efficiency on that. And

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### RFI About Gas Compressors December 17, 2014 Page 58 1 

## some of the discussion about liquid dropouts, et 2 

## cetera, is because there is variability in the gas, 3 

## and it may vary from upstream to midstream to 4 

## downstream making those through there. 5 

## MR. BROOKMAN: Okay. Rob. 6 MR. BOTELER: So, I guess my second 7 

## question would be then is there a test standard that 8 the Department is considering that includes the prime 9 mover, or is the consideration here only to regulate 10 the air-end of the gas compressor? 11 

## MR. COFFEY: I think the Department is 12 definitely exploring standards at a few 13 different levels, just the compressor itself 14 

## requiring a specific type of prime mover and then the 15 

## overall package, pluses and minuses with each. So, I 16 think the Department is requesting comment on whether 17 

## the industry does use any package-level standards to 18 

## assess performance. 1

## 9 MR. BROOKMAN: Additional comments here? 20 

## Okay. 21 

## MR. COFFEY: Okay, so that brings us to 22 

## the market assessment, and I'll invite Michael Brown

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### Energy Conservation Standards Public Meeting; RFI About Gas Compressors December 17, 2014 Page 59 I 

## to walk us through that. 2 

## MR. BROOKMAN: Okay. Thank you. 3 

## MR. BROWN: All right. Thank you. I'm 4 

## Michael Brown with Navigant, and I'll be covering the 5 

## market assessment today. 6 

## So, first, we're going to go through the 7 

## purpose of the market assessment, what kind of 8 

## information we gather, why we're gathering it, and 9 

## then we'll dive into some of the preliminary data we 10 

## have. And then with that context, we'll go through a 11 

## couple different requests for comment that pertains 12 

## to the market assessment. 13 MR. BROOKMAN: Michael, maybe you could 14 

## hold on just one second. 15 MR. BROWN: Okay. 16 

## MR. BROOKMAN: Another comment from Gary 17 Choquette. I know of no efficiency standards for 18 

## auxiliary equipment or controls for compressor units. 19 Okay. Thank you. 2

## 0 Michael proceed. 21 

## MR. BROWN: Okay. Thank you. 22 

## Okay, so first off, what is the purpose

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### Energy Conservation Standards Public Meeting: RFI About Gas Compressors December 17, 2014 Page 60 I 

## of the market assessment? Well, it's to identify and 2 

## characterize the natural gas compressor industry, so 3 

## that means looking at things like manufacturers, 4 

## market shares, market trends, industry organizations, 5 

## regulatory and non-regulatory programs. And as part 6 

## of this, DOE gathers information that can help 7 

## identify important issues that could arise in a 8 

## rulemaking process. 9 

## And DOE considers manufacturers and 1

## 0 industry organizations as a source of information and 11 

## comment, and it also considers other stakeholders a 12 source of that as well. And DOE also uses data from 13 public sources, so I think things like data from EIA 14 

## and FERC, and the U.S. Census. 15 Next slide, please. 16 (Slide.) 17 MR. BROWN: So, now diving into some of 18 the preliminary data we have. Initial research 19 indicates that the majority of natural gas 20 

## compressors come from the manufacturers listed on the 21 

## slide now, and that about 95 percent of the 22 compressors in compressor stations come from these

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### Energy Conservation Standards Public Meeting: RFI About Gas Compressors December 17, 2014 Page 61 1 

## manufacturers. 2 

## And also, as part of its analysis, DOE 3 

## considers how a rule would impact a small business. 4 

## And at this point, DOE hasn't identified any 5 

## manufacturers of gas compressors that qualify as a 6 

## small business. 7 

## MR. BROOKMAN: Terry. S 

## MR. BOSS: Just for future discussions, I 9 

## think you should use some terminology to describe the 10 

## prime mover, the compressor, and then the package and 11 

## be explicit in all the slides so that as you describe 12 it so 

## there's no confusion on what you're talking 13 

## about. 14 

## MR. BROOKMAN: Okay. Steve. 15 

## MR. ROSENSTOCK: Steve Rosenstock, EEI. 16 Yes, I noticed there was --- earlier he 17 

## was talking about axial compressors. This slide -- are 18 

## these manufacturers also making the axial 19 

## compressors? And I guess the other thing is 20 

## compressor supplied for compressor stations, I 21 

## think again earlier, it was saying we were 22 

## looking at all applications. This just seems to be

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### Energy Conservation Standards Public Meeting: RFI About Gas Compressors December 17, 2014 Page 62 

## I'll say an upstream or midstream rather than 2 

## downstream. So, again, I'm just thinking about I'll 3 

## say the industrial or commercial applications there, 4 

## if there's a way to obtain that data. 5 I think, again, since this scope is 6 

## supposed to be broad -- this seems to be a narrow 7 

## scope, so hopefully the information for those other 8 

## applications is available for you. Right now, it 9 

## just seems like it's all of a sudden you're limiting 10 the scope right now. 11 

## MR. BROWN: Michael Brown from Navigant. 12 

## Some of the data we have here is limited 13 and not representative of what the scope may or may 14 

## not be. It's just what we have available now. 15 

## Additional data would be helpful in other market 16 segments, so yes. 17 MR. BROOKMAN: Okay. Terry. 18 MR. BOSS: Another point, back on Slide 19 21, 1 think probably most of the information that 20 

## you're getting is transmission, maybe a little bit of 21 

## boosting. And on Slide Number 22, it's probably 22 

## transmission and again, gathering and boosting, so a

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## lot of these market analyses that you're getting are 2 

## probably limited to those particular areas. So, that 3 

## there you're kind of not covering. 4 MR. BROOKMAN: Okay. That's helpful. 5 

## Those representations are they in the INGAA 6 

## documents? 7 MR. BOSS: Again, INGAA represents the 8 

## natural gas pipelines, primarily the transmission 9 pipelines. They're not specifically referenced in 10 

## this efficiency document. We do try to cover in the 11 

## forecast document, the 2035, on what we think is 12 

## going to be the growth in that market, which would be 13 

## gathering, was included in that. 14 

## T don't believe we have gas processing in 15 there, but there are other areas that do use gas 16 compressors that you don't have the information for 17 

## right now and we don't have the information as a 18 

## trade association. 19 

## MR. BROOKMAN: INGAA doesn't make 20 

## representations about other segments of the market. 21 

## MR. BOSS: Right. 22 

## MR. BROOKMAN: Does somebody else do

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## that? 2 

## MR. BOSS: There are other groups. I 3 

## just don't know the quantity and quality of the data. 4 

## And obviously, there's American Petroleum Institute, 5 

## the Natural Gas Processors Association. 6 

## MR. BROOKMAN: Okay. Thank you. 7 

## Michael. 8 

## MR. BROWN: All right. Thank you. 9 

## Next slide, please. I think we're now on 10 

## 44, Jim. I1 

## (Slide. ) 12 

## MR. BROWN: All right, so now we'll move 13 

## on to compressor packaging and installation. And this 14 

## is what we're trying to talk about here is how a 15 

## compressor moves from a manufacturer to being in 16 

## operation in the field. So, we're aware of really 17 

## two sources of this, and first is the manufacturer 18 

## itself and then second is what we're calling 19 

## "independent integrator." So, first, for 20 

## manufacturers, the purchaser of a compressor works 21 

## directly with the manufacturer to select and design 22 

## equipment and then often the manufacturer will

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### 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 

### Energy Conservation Standards Public Meeting: RFI About Gas Compressors December 17, 2014 Page 65 

### install that equipment.

And then the second avenue we have is the integrator, so in some cases a purchaser works with an integrator and they'll get project specifications, whatever data they need. And then the integrator goes out and selects a compressor, a prime mover, and additionally auxiliary equipment and then packages them together, installs them as a system of components. MR. BROOKMAN: Terry.

MR. BOSS: I think that's a very important point because in some instances, and I would say the booster-type category you tend to buy more integrated packages, off-the-shelf type packages, rather than engineered packages where pieces are put together on some of the larger applications on the pipeline. MR. BROOKMAN: Okay. Thanks.

MR. BROWN: And I believe later we'll have a request for comment on whether which avenue is used, depends on the application, so that kind of information would be relevant.

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### Energy Conservation StandardsPublicMeeting': RFI About Gas Compressors December 17, 2014 Page 66 I: 

### I Okay, next slide, please. 2 (Slide.) 3 MR. BROWN: So, DOE researched and 4 identified the trade organizations shown on the
5 

### screen now; although, there may be others that aren't 6 listed here, either we felt they weren't relevant or 7 were not aware of them. So, the trade organizations
8 

### shown are the Gas Compressors Association, the Gas
9 

### Machinery Research Council, the Interstate Natural 10 Gas Association of America, the American Petroleum 1 1 

### Institute, and the Gas Processors Association. 12 And so, it's worth noting that not all of 13 these trade organizations are only composed of
14 

### compressor manufacturers, but they all may or may not 15 

### be impacted by a standard, and they also may have 16 comments or data that are relevant to this rulemaking 17 so that's why they're included. 18 MR. BROOKMAN: Steve Rosenstock. 19 MR. ROSENSTOCK: Steve Rosenstock, Edison 20 Electric Institute. 21 Again, as you're doing some of the research, 22 I might also suggest maybe outreach to the National

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### Energy Conservation Standards Public Meeting: RFI About Gas Compressors December 17, 2014 Page 67 1 

## Association of Manufacturers and the American 2 

## Chemistry Council for some of the downstream 3 

## applications. They might have some data from their 4 

## members in terms of the use of the products of the 5 

## downstream facilities. 6 MR. BROOKMAN: 

## Okay. Thanks. 7 

## MR. BROWN: All right. Thank you. 8 

## Next slide, please. 9 

## (Slide.) 10 

## MR. BROWN: So, moving on to regulatory 11 

## and non-regulatory programs, so first off, there 12 

## currently are no energy conservation standards for 13 

## natural gas compressors; but there are other 14 

## regulations currently in place that may impact the 15 

## purchase, installation, or operation of a gas 16 

## compressor. And so, as part of its rulemaking, DOE 17 

## considers what other regulations are out there and I8 

## may affect equipment that an energy conservation 19 

## standard could apply to. 20 

## So, the ones we have listed here for 21 

## regulatory programs, there's the Clean Air Act, which 22 

## has emission limits for certain pollutants, and this

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### Energy Conservation Standards Public Meeting: RFl About Gas Compressors December 17, 2014 Page 68 1 

## would probably apply to only the prime mover of a gas 2 

## compressor, so think of the turbine or reciprocating 3 

## engine that's driving the compressor. 4 

## And then also we have the Federal Energy 5 

## Regulatory Commission or FERC, and they regulate the 6 

## interstate natural gas pipeline projects and they're 7 

## in charge of the permitting process for new projects, 8 

## which often includes the addition of compressors at 9 

## compressor stations. And one of the actions FERC 10 takes is to perform an environmental assessment on 11 

## projects, which is required by the National 12 

## Environmental Policy Act, and that considers a wide 13 

## variety of impacts, some of which are brought on by 14 

## the addition of compressors. 15 MR. BROOKMAN: 

## Terry.

16 

## MR. BOSS: One of the main 17 

## responsibilities of the Federal Energy Regulatory

18 

## Commission is to determine if a particular project is 19 

## in the public interest, including the economics of 20 

## the project to the people that are going to be paying 21 

## for the services, which includes the overall pipeline 22 

## efficiency, which a component of that is the

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## compressor efficiencies in there. So, that's already 2 

## looked at through that process to see if it's a 3 

## viable way to move the product into a market. 4 MR. BROOKMAN: 

## Okay. 5 MR. BROWN: Okay, and then the last one 6 

## on the list is the Department of Transportation has 7 

## the Transportation Pipeline and Hazardous Materials 8 

## Safety Administration, and this has oversight of the 9 

## safety of the natural gas infrastructure. 1

## 0 And then moving on to -- 11 

## MR. BROOKMAN: Terry. 12 MR. BOSS: One particular point there, 13 they do have safety requirements on that. So, 14 

## essentially, it's keeping the gas in the pipeline, 15 how much new technology can be used, and the risk 16 

## factors involved in that. Because of that, some of 17 the safety regulations inhibit some efficiency

18 

## improvements for safety reasons, and so there's 19 interaction with that as well as the interaction with 20 

## the Clean Air Act, as I mentioned before. Thank you. 21 MR. KIDO: Michael Kido, DOE. 22 Just to follow up, Terry, are there

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## I particular types of -- can you speak to any of the 2 

## particular types of technologies that PHMSA limits 3 

## that would have a potential impact on energy 4 

## efficiency? 5 

## MR. BOSS: Just a quick example, after 6 

## the product is compressed by the compressor, it goes 7 

## through a pipeline. If you can operate at a 8 

## different kind of safety factor on the pipeline, 9 

## you've got more compressed gas in there and it's more 10 

## efficient to transport it, so there's limitations on 11 

## what kind of stress levels that the system can 12 

## operate under, that sort of thing, and that inhibits 13 the efficiency improvements. 14 MR. BROWN: Okay. Thank you. 15 Now, moving onto non-regulatory programs, 16 

## DOE is aware of EPA's Natural Gas Star Program, which 17 

## is a voluntary partnership with oil and gas companies 18 in really all sectors of the industry, and they work 19 to improve efficiency and reduce emissions. We don't 20 have a specific request for comment about this 21 

## program, but it does seem that it may be relevant to 22 this rulemaking, and we're going to perform

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## additional research on it. But if anyone in here is 2 

## familiar with that program, has any information that 3 

## they'd like to share on it, please feel free to do 4 

## so. 5 

## Okay, and then we'll move onto the next 6 

## slide where we are talking about shipments. 7 (Slide.) 8 R. BROWN: First, we'll look at how many 9 

## compressors are in operation currently, and then 10 we'll move on to how many are being brought online. 11 

## So, this first table is from data from an 12 EPA whitepaper that had estimates for compressors 13 used in different natural gas industry segments, and 14 they broke it out by reciprocating compressors and 15 

## centrifugal compressors, both of which were used in 16 

## many different applications. Reciprocating 17 compressors tended to be more common. 18 And the second table shows prime mover 19 

## estimates for only the transmission sector. So, 20 

## they're in operation at compressor stations along a 21 pipeline. And in this case, gas engines tended to be 22 

## most common, gas turbines made up a little bit less

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## than 10 percent of the prime movers, and then there 2 

## are some electric motors in service, which can be 3 

## preferred in certain circumstances, and we'll get to 4 

## the reasons for that during the technology 5 

## assessment. 6 

## MR. BROOKMAN: Rob Boteler. 7 

## MR. BOTELER: Just a quick question, on 8 

## this chart what is the power range that we're looking -U 

### 9 

## at on the 8000 units? I0 

## MR. BROWN: In a couple of slides we'll 11 

## get to a discussion about the power range. 12 

## MR. BOTELER: Okay. 13 

## MR. BROWN: And during that slide, we're 14 

## only talking about units that are on compressor 15 

## stations, and these other industry segments we don't 16 

## have much data on that at this point, but we'll get 17 

## into that a little bit. 18 

## MR. BROOKMAN: Terry. 19 

## MR. BOSS: Yes, Terry Boss with INGAA. 20 

## A peculiarity in the regulatory scheme, 21 

## since we are regulated by the Federal Energy 22 

## Regulatory Commission and we also have Federal

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## regulations directly from the Department of 2 

## Transportation, there is a plethora of information 3 

## available for our segment relative to the other 4 

## segments, which don't have that kind of regulatory 5 

## authority that's out there and that's why you're 6 

## seeing the data availability for us versus the other 7 

## segments. 8 

## MR. BROOKMAN: Okay. 9 

## MR. BROWN: All right. Thank you. 10 Next slide, please. 11 (Slide.) 12 

## MR. BROWN: So, now we're going to move 13 onto shipment estimates for new compressors. And the 14 data shown here is only for units installed on 15 interstate natural gas pipeline compressor stations 16 

## from 2009 to 2013 that are under FERC's regulatory 17 

## authority, so were just looking at the transmission 18 

## sector right here. And EIA tracks completed projects 19 

## and each of those projects has an associated docket 20 

## number from FERC and within that docket there's a lot 21 of information where you can see what types of 22 compressors and prime movers and data on them that

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### Energy Conservation Standards Public Meeting: RFI About Gas Compressors December 17, 2014 Page 74 1 

## were installed. 2 

## So when we looked at that data, we found 3 

## three categories of equipment and those were gas 4 

## engines driving reciprocating compressors. We had 5 

## gas turbines driving centrifugal compressors, and 6 then we also had electric motors driving centrifugal 7 

## compressors. 8 And so, during this five-year period, 9 based on that data, 45 percent of the units were gas 10 engines with reciprocating compressors, 40 percent 11 

## were gas turbines, and then 16 percent were electric 12 motors driving centrifugal compressors. And keep in 13 

## mind this is only on compressor stations, so it's the 14 

## transmission sector. 15 

## MR. DELASKI: Andrew deLaski. 16 

## Quick question, Michael, you said these 17 

## are shipment units over five years or over a single
18 

## year? 19 

## MR. BROWN: Over a single year, so we 20 

## have each year from 2009 to 2013, and the cumulative 21 market share for that five-year segment was the 45 22 

## percent, 40 percent, 16 percent, I mentioned.

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## MR. DELASKI: Okay, so the total units 2 

## is [not audible]. 3 MR. BROOKMAN: A little louder, please. 4 

## MR. DELASKI: What do the total units 5 

## show us in the bottom row? 6 MR. BROWN: The five-year total. 7 MR. DELASKI: That's the five-year total. 8 MR. BROWN: Yes. 9 MR. DELASKI: Thanks. 10 MR. BROOKMAN: Terry. 11 MR. BOSS: So, as a comparison, I think 12 

## on Slide Number 47, that gives you what EPA was 13 estimating, which I would say is probably decent, but 14 

## in the industry segments of transmission, storage, 15 LNG storage, and import terminals those are probably

16 

## indicative and match up with the numbers down below 17 

## on that. So, you could see the relative long capital 18 

## life of the equipment that's out there, and we have 19 

## very low stock turnover. 20 The other point I wanted to make on the 21 INGAA Foundation study that we did we expanded this 22 last study to include more upstream facilities on the

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### Energy Conservation Standards Public Meeting: RFI About Gas Compressors December 17, 2014 Page 76 1 

## estimate so you'll get a better idea on the upstream 2 

## side of transmission on what the market size is on 3 

## turnover on those sorts of things. 4 

## And one other thing to warn about, very 5 

## much like the interstate highway system is already 6 

## built and the railroad system is already built, any 7 

## changes that go onto these systems are incremental. 8 

## You're not having very large system changes that are 9 

## going on because a lot of the tracks have already 10 been laid, so that affects future purchases as we 11 

## move forward. 12 MR. BROWN: All right. Thank you. 13 Next slide, Slide 49, I believe. 14 

## (Slide.) 15 MR. BROWN: So, the data we looked at, 16 still looking at, compressor stations from the FERC 17 

## dockets indicated the horsepower of the prime movers 18 for each of these projects. And it showed that, 19 generally, reciprocating engines as a prime mover 20 were the smallest. The data for that five years 21 

## didn't have any that were over 10,000 horsepower. 22 Gas turbines tended to be larger. Most of them were

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## in the 10 to 15,000 horsepower range, although some 2 

## were larger, some were smaller. And then electric 3 

## motors covered a pretty wide range of horsepower 4 

## sizes, but on average, they were the largest and the 5 

## average was just over 16,000 horsepower for the data 6 

## we had. 7 

## Do we have a comment? } 8 MR. BROOKMAN: 

## Steve, please. 9 MR. ROSENSTOCK: Steve Rosenstock, EEI. 10 1 appreciate this information, but again, f. 

## 11 I think looking at Slide 47 there's like 52,900 from

12 

## the EPA study, and then you have a prime mover with 13 

## over 8,000. So, I added it up. That's I'll say 14 

## 61,000 units out there in the whole market and this 15 

## covers about 200 or 232, so even with a 40-year life 16 

## the annual shipment for all types for all the industry 17 is 18 

## probably going to be in the 1,700 to 1,800 range. 19 

## And again, I see the size of the horsepower and it 20 might be that in some instances, especially if you're 21 

## going downstream the size is going to be under 1,000 22 -- should be 1,000 horsepower.

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## So, I think this is a good start, but in 2 

## the broad scope of things, you know, if there's 3 

## information out there, there could be a significant 4 

## number under a 1,000 horsepower that should be 5 

## accounted for. But again, this is a very good start. 6 MR. BROOKMAN: 

## Okay. Thank you. Terry. 7 MR. BOSS: 

## Another peculiarity of the 8 

## market right now is the emissions being monitored by 9 EPA. Depending on the location where it's at, the 10 

## emission load can either be on the electric II generation plant or the emission load can be on the 12 

## industrial plant where you're putting a gas engine on 13 

## there. The biases on the regulations in some 14 

## locations are pushing more towards an electric 15 

## motor-type combination in some instances even though 16 

## the overall emission impacts are about the same no 17 

## matter where it's coming from. 18 

## The other impact here is that we're 19 

## increasingly providing fuel for electric generation. 20 

## And a high level of concern about reliability when

21 

## the product that you're actually feeding is the 22 product you're using, so concerns about black starts,

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## et cetera, on those sort of things. So, those are 2 

## more peripheral issues to the efficiency question out 3 there that do play into the determination on which 4 

## units to buy or not to buy. 5 MR. BROOKMAN: Thank you. 6 

## MR. BROWN: All right. Thank you. 7 

## If we move onto the next slide. 8 

## (Slide.) 9 

## MR. BROWN: Now, we're going to move onto 10 specific requests for comment regarding the market 11 assessment, so hopefully that data we showed you as a 12 background gives you some context on what kinds of 13 things we're looking for. 14 So, Item 5.1, DOE is seeking both present 15 and historical shipment data, specifically from 2003 16 to 2013 for gas compressors with further breakdowns 17 

## where available, including but not limited to 18 equipment type, so both compression principle and 19 driver type, equipment size and application. 20 

## DOE is also interested in comments 21 regarding how gas compressors are manufactured and 22 shipped as original equipment from the manufacturer.

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## For example, as a package, that is, with both a 2 

## compressor and prime mover together or as separate 3 

## components or both. 4 

## And then Item 5.2, DOE requests shipment 5 

## information on upstream and gathering natural gas 6 

## compressors on how their numbers compare to those of 7 

## natural gas compressors in other applications. 8 

## And the last request for comment 9 

## regarding shipments is DOE seeks comments on how an 10 

## energy conservation standard for gas compressors 11 might impact future equipment shipments. 12 

## MR. BROOKMAN: We've got a whole bunch of 13 

## comment boxes coming up, so let's see if we can get 14 some responses on these and keep moving along. 15 Comments related to these shipments 16 questions? 17 Okay, moving on.
18 MR. BROWN: 

## Okay, next we have -- 19 MR. BROOKMAN: Let 

## me just note, the fact 20 

## that we're not getting comments here does not 21 diminish your capacity to write detailed, written 22 

## comments in response for the Department. The

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## Department really does request a lot of very detailed 2 

## comment in these matters especially. 3 

## Keep going Michael. 4 

## MR. BROWN: Okay, then we have a couple 5 

## of comments regarding equipment size and type. I'll 6 

## read through both of them right now. 7 

## Item 5.4, DOE is seeking comment about 8 

## the types of equipment using gas compressors; 9 

## specifically DOE is interested in information 10 

## regarding the compression principle. For example, Ii positive displacement of dynamic compressors and also 12 

## the primary driver types, so think of natural gas or 13 steam turbines or electric motors that are used in 14 

## gas compressors as well as what design, construction, 15 and performance characteristics could be attributed
16 

## to each type. DOE is also interested in information 17 

## regarding the compression principles and driver types 18 used in gas compressors based on application type. 19 And the second item on this list is Item 20 

## 5.5, that is, DOE is seeking comment about how gas 21 compressors are sized. For example, horsepower, 22 

## input/output pressure of delivered gas volume, and

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## the general sizes of gas compressors based on both equipment and application type.

MR. BROOKMAN: Yes, Rob Boteler. MR. BOTELER: You know, on 5.4, I'd just comment a little bit about electric motors. There was a comment made earlier -- Steve commented about 1 to 500-horsepower motors and the current regulations. The new regulation that's coming into effect in 2016 will cover definite and special purpose products, so should there be an electric motor, low voltage 230-460, it would be covered if it was applied to a gas compressor.

And then the other comment I would make is in my experience with gas compression in the categories that we're talking about here, it's very unlikely. I don't think I've ever seen a power range below a 1,000 horsepower. The company that I work for we deal mostly in the boost stage, not on the pipeline stage, but the power ratings are 1,000-horsepower or greater.

MR. BROOKMAN: Okay. Thank you. Yes, Terry.

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## is

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## MR. BOSS: One other aspect with natural 2 

## gas there is a lot of energy in natural gas and it 3 

## is combustible, so a lot of the equipment designed is 4 

## designed to prevent electrical-type components from 5 

## sparking the natural gas, be it power coming into the 6 

## unit or controls on the equipment, and also the 7 

## design of the seals, et cetera, to safely vent any 8 

## kind of gas that's out there. 9 So, it is not just a generic type of 10 

## driver, you might say, that you put in this unit. 11 There's a lot of other safety equipment involved in 12 

## that which does affect some of the economics on some 13 of these things. 14 MR. BROOKMAN: 

## Keep going Michael.
15 MR. BROWN: All 

## right, next slide we have 16 Item 5.6, still talking about equipment type and 17 size. DOE requests input on ways to characterize gas 18 

## compressors, gas compressor sizing, and selection 19 practices for different equipment and end use 20 

## applications. And then we have Item 5.7, DOE 21 

## requests comment on the degree of gas compressor 22 

## over-sizing that is prevalent under present industry

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### practices, specifically, the degree to which this 2 

### over-sizing may be a factor for different end-use 3 applications. 4 

### (Slide.) 5 

### MR. BROWN: Okay, next slide we have a 6 request for comment regarding product 7 

### differentiation, Item 5.8, are gas compressors 8 

### marketed and sold on the basis of efficiency? Do
9 

### certain customers tend to purchase certain compressor
10 

### types or efficiency levels? What makes compressors 11 

### more or less efficient? Iz 

### MR. BROOKMAN: 

## Terry. 13 

### MR. BOSS: As I mentioned before, the 14 

### inherent characteristics of the compressor itself, be
I5 

### it an axial compressor or a reciprocating compressor 16 or a centrifugal compressor, gives it a different 17 

### operating range and the drivers that drive that have

18 

### different characteristics on that. So, in general, 19 people will look at the overall package. Do I mix 20 this unit with that kind of unit rather than specific -- 21 

### does this have a 2 percent versus a 2 1/2 percent 22 

### type efficiency on the thing. So, there are some

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## general characteristics like I need this kind of 2 

## application based on the variability that I think I'm 3 

## going to have involved on that, and then its looking 4 

## at the individual characteristics within that market 5 

## category. 6 

## MR. BROOKMAN: Rob Boteler. 7 

## MR. BOTELER: Yes, I would add that from 8 

## the motor perspective we sell primarily to the 9 

## packager industry that's skidding the compressor and 10 

## the efficiency of the motor is always a critical 11 

## issue, and it is always an item that the packager is 12 

## pushing for the most efficient motor that we can 13 

## build for his application. 14 

## MR. BROOKMAN: Okay. 15 

## MR. BROWN: Okay, next slide, please. 16 

## (Slide.) 17 

## MR. BROWN: Item 5.9, DOE seeks 18 

## information on any voluntary efforts by manufacturers 19 

## that are already in place to improve energy 20 

## efficiency of gas compressors and what type of 21 

## voluntary efforts to improve efficiency, if any, are 22 

## likely to occur in the near future?

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## MR. BROOKMAN: Yes, Terry. MR. BOSS: I think Gary should be able to provide comments on that, as a research group and that sort of thing, so I'll leave that open to Gary. This is a message to him.

MR. BROOKMAN: Okay. Thank you. MR. BROWN: Okay, we'll move on to the next slide, please.

(Slide.) MR. BROWN: So, here we have three items regarding sales and distribution. Item 5.10, DOE requests comment on how compressors are marketed, sold, shipped, and assembled and on the various distribution channels through which gas compressors pass through from the manufacturer to the final end
user. And we have Item 5.11: DOE seeks comment on the different agents involved in the sale and installation of a typical gas compressor for each distribution channel.

And last on the slide is Item 5.12, DOE seeks comment on the share of industry shipments for

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### Energy Conservation Standards Public Meeting: RFI About Gas Compressors December 17, 2014 Page 87 I 

## each different distribution channel and any 2 

## differences in gas compressor design that may apply. 3 

## MR. BROOKMAN: Comments here. Rob. 4 

## MR. BOTELER: Yes. I guess the only 5 

## comment I would make, and I think we've said it 6 

## earlier, is that the packager, the assembler is very 7 

## much involved with this market where they buy the air 8 

## end from one of the major manufacturers and then they 9 

## assemble the skid with the prime mover and the 10 

## controls. 11 MR. BROOKMAN: And a final request for 12 

## comment. 13 

## MR. BROWN: Yes, the next slide, the last 14 one for the market assessment is Item 5.13: DOE seeks 15 

## comment on what consumer populations would be 16 disproportionally affected if DOE were to adopt new 17 

## energy conservation standards. 18 MR. BROOKMAN: Terry. 19 

## MR. BOSS: Terry Boss with INGAA. 20 

## The one thing I'm trying to understand, 21 

## and obviously, it's a very large, diverse market out 22 

## there. The availability of information on the gas

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## transmission pipelines is widely available as 2 

## compared, I would say right now, to the other parts 3 

## of the industry out there. And I'm just trying to 4 

## understand the prejudice that might happen because 5 

## availability of information on the standards where we 6 

## may be disproportionately affected because we do have 7 

## information versus other segments which don't have 8 

## information. 9 

## MR. BROOKMAN: Okay. Thank you. 10 We're due for a break, so I'm going to 11 

## suggest we take it now. We're almost I'd say 12 three-quarters of the way through this material, 13 which means, I think, we're going to work and 14 conclude this before we break for lunch, just so you 15 all know. 16 

## It's now 10:40. Many of you are familiar 17 

## with the way it works here in the Forrestal Building. 18 You must wear an identification badge, a visitor's 19 

## badge, some form of badge on your person as you walk 20 

## around the building. There's a coffee shop down on 21 

## the ground floor. If you take the elevator down to 22 the ground floor and head over that way and hang a

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## left, you can get there -- essentially, one on six 2 

## too. Anyway, perhaps we'll lead a team going in that 3 

## directly shortly if you want to follow, but we're 4 

## going to resume in 15 minutes, which means that would 5 

## be 10:55, by my watch, okay. 6 

## Thanks for a good start. We've made a 7 

## lot of good progress already. 10:55 we resume. 8 (Whereupon, a short recess was taken.) 9 

## MR. BROOKMAN: Let's resume. Michael, 10 are you going to continue, or is someone else 11 presenting? 12 MR. BROWN: Brian. 1

### 3 MR. BROOKMAN: 

## Back to Brian. We're on 14 

## technology assessment. 15 

## MR. COFFEY: All right, yes, so this 16 brings us to the technology assessment. We've got 17 

## the purpose slide up already. The purpose is really 18 

## to I'll just read -- to understand equipment and 19 

## technologies used in natural gas compressor, 20 understand how energy is used by natural gas 21 compressors, and then investigate technology changes 22 that may improve natural gas efficiency.

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## And so, in DOE parlance, those changes 2 

## that improve efficiency are referred to as technology 3 

## options. 4 

## Next slide, please. 5 

## (Slide.) 6 

## MR. COFFEY: So, here's an example of the 7 

## type of data that might be gathered for the 8 

## technology assessment. Here we're looking at prime 9 

## mover efficiency using the gas lower heating value. 10 

## Terry mentioned that it was important to distinguish, 11 

## what the heat content of the fuel source is, so this is 12 

## lower heating value across rated horsepower for both 13 

## reciprocating and centrifugal compressors, and this is 14 

## from publicly available manufacturer-published data, by 15 

## the way. 16 

## And one takeaway appears that 17 

## reciprocating prime movers may offer an efficiency 18 

## advantage at lower horsepower ratings, but may not be 19 available across the same horsepower range. 20 MR. BROCKMAN:

## And of course, we welcome 21 

## comments from anybody who wish to contradict that. 22 Rob.

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## MR. BOTELER: This is Rob. 2 

## I just have a question. This is the 3 

## prime mover efficiency. Which prime mover? I mean 4 

## is this a gas engine? So, it's not an electric 5 

## motor? 6 

## MR. COFFEY: No. 7 

## MR. BOTELER: Okay. Thank you. 8 

## MR. COFFEY: Electric motors the prime 9 

## mover efficiency is usually much higher, but it's I0 

## difficult to compare because you need some knowledge 11 

## of the generation source. 12 

## MR. BROCKMAN: I love this little plot. 13 

## And of course, DOE's constantly on a search for data 14 

## and more data, so any additional thoughts? Terry. 15 

## MR. BOSS: Yes, I think this is fairly 16 

## accurate. And as was pointed out, if you do a life 17 

## cycle analysis on an electric motor -- the generation 18 

## losses and so on -- you could appropriately put that 19 

## whole curve on. 20 

## The other point I want to make is that up 21 

## until I would say the 1960s, 1970s, the primary, 22 

## large horsepower units were reciprocating-based until

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## turbine technology did catch up primarily from the 2 

## aircraft industry and then the expansion into that 3 

## sort of thing, but they primarily have taken over the 4 

## large horsepower characteristics where some of the 5 

## older vintage units are reciprocating in this size, 6 

## but definitely on the new units. 7 

## MR. BROOKMAN: Thank you. Steve 8 

## Rosenstock. 9 

## MR. ROSENSTOCK: Steve Rosenstock, EEI. 10 

## Just a quick follow up, you know, the 11 

## electric motor efficiency is 95 percent, as tested by 12 

## in a laboratory. I hear the comments about "life 13 

## cycle" and "upstream." That's not how you test the 14 

## products. You test it at the laboratory. It's a 15 

## site-efficiency metric. You go upstream -- well, you 16 

## can go upstream on the gas side to North Dakota where 17 

## they're flaring a third of the gas and these numbers 18 

## look worse for gas. That's not how you rate the gas 19 

## equipment. With the electric, you do it at the site 20 

## or at the lab. Thank you. 21 

## MR. BROOKMAN: That's useful. Thank you. 22 

## Okay. Brian.

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## MR. COFFEY: So, this is just one example 2 

## not intended to be comprehensive of every type of 3 

## data that could be in the assessment, just an example 4 

## of the type of information we would be looking to 5 

## gather. 6 Next slide, please. 7 

## (Slide.) 8 

## MR. COFFEY: So, here's a table comparing 9 

## the efficiencies of different prime mover compressor 10 unit combinations to do with heat recovery. This is 11 

## adapted from INGAA data. And there's a lot here, but 12 we've used abbreviations because it wouldn't all fit 13 

## on the chart. I mean starting from the left column 14 and moving down, we've got low, medium, and high 15 

## speed reciprocating; small, medium, and large 16 capacities, centrifugal. And then in the prime mover 17 

## column we have low speed reciprocating, synchronous

18 

## electric motors, medium and high speed reciprocating, 19 

## small, medium, and large capacity gas turbines, and 20 then again at the very bottom synchronous electric 21 motors. 22 So, we've got probably reciprocating

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## compressors and prime movers. We've got centrifugal compressors and turbines and a range of speeds and capacities, which get different use depending on which application needs it.

MR. BROOKMAN: Rob Boteler. MR. BOTELER: This is Rob. I just have one question. So, if I look at the second item, you're telling me that the synchronous motor that the PM efficiency that's the prime mover, the synchronous motor efficiency is between 25 and 46 percent? Am I reading that right?

MR. BROOKMAN: Second row. MR. BOTELER: Yes. MR. COFFEY: That does not look right to
MR. BOTELER: Doesn't look right to me, as a motor guy. And then, if I go down to the very last one, the highest to the bottom you have another synchronous motor at 25 to 46 percent. That can't be right. MR. COFFEY: No, that looks to me to be a mistake. I remember reading what Steve just said. I

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### mean for these sizes of motors efficiencies are in
2 

### the neighborhood of 95 percent. Sometimes even a
3 

### little bit more.
4 

### MR. BOTELER: Right. MR. BOSS: This is Terry Boss. 6 In the economic analysis that the 7 

### pipelines do on this sort of thing is several aspects --
8 

### its the economics, environmental, and safety. When we
9 

### are looking at comparisons, should we put an electric 10 

### unit in or not, as compared to a gas-powered unit we do 11 

### look at the overall cost on that, and we do have a 12 

### lot of transmission losses on the electric system as 13 you 

### come through this thing, and that makes a great 14 

### effect on that. 15 

### Some of the new technology that we have
1

### 6 been looking at is putting a combined cycle gas 17 

### turbine in close by a gas compressor that's electric 18 

### powered so you would have the inherent reliability
1

### 9 characteristics because you're being fired by the gas 20 

### there. And then with some fancy technology connect 21 

### to the R&D aspects of DOE that you remove a lot of 22 

### the efficiency losses in the transmission of the

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## electricity so that you could gain some of that back 2 

## and you may gain about 6 percent or so doing that. 3 

## MR. BROOKMAN: Kurt, were you going to 4 

## make a comment?

MR. KLINKE: This is Kurt Klinke from 6 

## Navigant, and I was. 7 

## So, to point out specifically, and Terry 8 

## just alluded to a lot of it, the source of this 9 

## information was an INGAA report that he's referred to 10 

## a number of times. And so, that value that they're 11 

## using is not just the electric motor efficiency. So, 12 

## similar to what you were saying, Steve, that the 13 motor and efficiencies are upwards of 90 percent just 14 on a site-specific value this number includes other 15 generation or other losses inherent in using the 16 motors. And that's through some of the analyses that 17 INGAA had done. 18 MR. BROOKMAN: Okay. Thank you. Steve. 19 MR. ROSENSTOCK: So, Steve Rosenstock. 20 

## I believe that then this column is 21 

## totally invalid because when you're doing any sort of 22 efficiency rating or test procedure it's all about

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## what's happening at the compressor. You're not going 2 

## for the efficiency rating or the efficiency metric. 3 

## It's what's happening, how that unit is using the 4 

## delivered energy, not what's happening upstream or 5 

## electric transmission loss on the electric side, 6 

## electric transmission on the gas side, production 7 

## loss on the electric side or gas side. 8 

## These numbers should really be based on 9 

## what's happening at the prime mover, not "going 10 upstream" because this is not how you would analyze 11 any device whatsoever. You might use it upstream, 12 

## obviously, for any of the I'll say the primarily 13 national impacts analysis or some of the primary 14 energy savings, but in terms of looking at the actual 15



## -- how can you improve the efficiency of the prime 16 mover going upstream doesn't do anything for you 17 

## whatsoever and it really distorts what kind of 18 

## measures you might take or the options. 19 MR. BROOKMAN: We 

## have a comment from 20 Gary Choquette, who's joining us online. 21 You can't compare the efficiency of an 22 electric motor prime mover to an engine-driven

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## compressor on the same basis without assuming some 2 

## power generation/transmission losses. 3 Okay. Thanks, Gary. 4 

## Yes. 5 MR. COFFEY: 

## Those are embedded here. 6 

## And I want to make a point that I think might help
7 

## folks think about this. The numbers that are in this S 

## chart are not intended to be inputs to any sort of 9 

## economic result. These are just put this way to 10 

## enable a high-level comparison. They're intended to be
11 

## illustrative rather than defining. 12 

## And as part of DOE's 

## process, one thing 13 

## that it often does is it establishes separate
14 

## equipment classes for exactly this reason, for 15 

## equipment that might be doing a different job. It 16 

## might be offering some different utility to the 17 

## consumer and then therefore on that basis warrant 18 

## separate consideration and a separate set of 19 

## standards. 20 MR. BROOKMAN: 

## Okay. Thank you, Brian. 21 

## Steve, you have additional comment here? 22 MR. ROSENSTOCK:

## Well, to follow up with

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## the person on the phone is basically it's the -- 2 

## basically, what he said was you have to go upstream. 3 

## Well, there's so many variations upstream. That is 4 

## not the purpose of the efficiency standards is to set 5 

## a minimum of the efficiency of how it's using the 6 

## delivered energy. What happens upstream is totally 7 

## separate from either the test procedure or the 8 

## efficiency metric or what DOE will enforce or what 9 

## the manufacturers will have to build. 10 

## MR. BROOKMAN: Yes, your comment further 11 

## amplifies Brian's comment, I believe. Terry. 12 

## MR. BOSS: I think that points out the 13 

## necessity of defining what this is actually going to 14 

## be looking at. Are we looking at compressor 15 

## efficiency? Are we looking at compressor prime mover 16 

## efficiency or the actual application out there? And 17 

## like I said, depending on how these efficiency 18 

## standards are put together and implemented, they can 19 

## put prejudice where you do have choice for different 20 

## prime movers out there. 21 MR. BROOKMAN: 

## Okay. 22 

## MR. BOSS: And so that needs to be taken

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## into account. 2 

## MR. BROOKMAN: Great. Gary wishes to be 3 

## unmuted. Gary, let's try it and see if we can hear 4 

## you in the room. 5 

## MR. CHOQUETTE: Yes, so my point is if you 6 

## don't assume some power generation factors in the 7 

## efficiency comparison like this chart says, that 8 

## ignores the fact that most power generation, whether 9 

## it be by coal or gas turbine or whatever, the general 10 efficiencies of the generation itself to make 11 

## electricity is, at best, 55 percent. And if you 12 

## ignore that, and that's assuming that -- you know, if 13 

## you were to look at efficiencies based on prime 14 

## movers powered into the prime mover to the dent into 15 

## the pipeline the efficiency would always be where 16 electric motor is so much higher than the efficiency 17 

## of the conversion of the power from a chemical source 18 

## to a mechanical source. 19 MR. BROOKMAN: Okay. Thank you, Gary. 20 

## We missed the first minute of that. Would you repeat 21 

## that for the record? I'm sorry. You were getting 22 captured there.

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## MR. CHOQUETTE: Okay. 2 

## MR. BROOKMAN: Back up a step. 3 

## MR. CHOQUETTE: So, my point is that most 4 

## of the efficiency is lost in a conversion from any 5 

## chemical energy source to a mechanical energy source, 6 

## right, so gas turbine efficiency itself, you know, 7 

## maybe you can get as high as 52 percent on a very 8 

## large electrical gas turbine combined cycle power 9 

## plant, 56 percent maybe. 10 If you only compare electric motor-driven 11 

## compressors to either gas turbine or recip-driven 12 

## compressors, you got apples and oranges because 13 you're ignoring that chemical energy conversion 14 factor, which is a huge part of the equation. 15 MR. BROOKMAN: Okay. Thank you, Gary. 16 Appreciate that. 17 MR. ROSENSTOCK: Steve Rosenstock, Edison 18 Electric Institute. 19 

## In response, typically, what happens with 20 

## a lot of these rulemakings is that different fuel 21 types for different technologies operating on 22 

## different energy inputs have separate standards. So,

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## really the reason is that, for example, if the 2 

## baseline electric motor out there for these 3 

## technologies, LSR [low-speed reciprocating compressor] 4 

## or SEMs [synchronous electric motors], was 90 percent. 5 

## I'll just throw that number out there. 6 

## If that's the typical baseline, DOE is 7 

## going to say, okay, well there might be technology 8 

## offerings of 91, 92, 93, 95, 97 percent. That 9 

## standard would only apply to those electric motors 10 

## being used in this application. Then they would do 11 

## separately for some the gas reciprocating engines. 12 

## Okay, the minimum out there is 30 percent. We'll 13 

## look at technologies ranging from 30 to 45 percent. 14 So, it's not and even if there are losses 15 upstream, that's not what DOE is concerned with for 1

## 6 this rulemaking. 17 They're concerned with what's out there. 18 How is the efficiency of the product at the site? 19 And yes, there are the upstream losses to be 20 considered in the national impact analysis, but not 21 

## for the rating of the product or the efficiency 22 

## metric of the product.

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### 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 Energy Conservation Standards Public Meeting: RFI About Gas Compressors December 17, 2014 Page 103 

## So, again, I just want to clarify. And these numbers that are in this chart, eventually, the number that has to be used by DOE is really the number that how it's using the delivered energy and then rating it from there.

MR. BROOKMAN: 

## Okay. Thanks, Steve. Terry. MR. BOSS: I think if you wanted to use a combination of the thoughts that were going out on this sort of thing you could say that these are kind of the categories of the equipment, so each line is a category. So, you're working with the efficiency within that category, okay.

MR. BROOKMAN: Okay. Good. MR. COFFEY: Okay, so that was the high level overview.

MR. BROOKMAN: We have a comment online form John Dutton.

You can burn the gas directly at the site and have reciprocating prime mover efficiency, or you can suffer all of the losses to ship the gas to the power plant, convert it to electricity, and transmit

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## the electricity back to the site and then use it to 2 

## power the electric motor. 3 

## Okay. Thank you. Now, back to Brian. 4 

### MR. COFFEY: 

## All right, so that was that 5 

## table. Let's go to the next slide. 6 

## (Slide.) 7 

### MR. COFFEY: 

## And now, yes, let's take a 8 

## look at the different kinds of compressor losses. 9 

## For reciprocating compressors some of the major ones I0 could be -- and this is not necessarily intended to 11 

## be comprehensive, but these are some of the big 12 

## categories, but valve losses, passage losses, 13 pulsation losses, heat transfer losses, leakage 14 

## losses, and flow control losses. 15 And each of these, in and of themselves, 16 can and has been the subject of Ph.D. theses, so we i7 

## don't dive into deep technical detail here, but 18 certainly do invite comment and discussion of 19 

## which one of these are dominant and which one of 20 

## these offers the opportunity for reduction. 21 MR. BROOKMAN: Terry. 22 

## MR. BOSS: Again, on the theme of the

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## equipment classes on that, some of these are actually 2 

## skid-mounted units and there isn't much difference as 3 

## you go downstream of the unit or upstream of the 4 

## unit. Some of these issues, like pulsation losses, 5 

## et cetera, go farther than the actual unit itself, 6 

## it's within the stationary on that sort of thing. 7 

## So, as you look at different groups of equipment you 8 

## could have some parasitic losses that is actually in 9 

## the piping that's farther downstream, you might say, 10 

## and those sorts of things, depending on the 11 

## configuration; but it's definitely peculiar to the 12 

## equipment classes. 1

### 3 MR. BROCKMAN: 

## Okay. Thank you. 14 MR. COFFEY: 

## Okay, next slide, please. 15 

## (Slide.) 16 MR. COFFEY: 

## And this is an analogous list, 17 

## but for centrifugal compressors. Different sources 18 

## group these different sorts of losses in different 19 

## ways, but one scheme is to talk about internal 20 

## losses, parasitic losses, and flow control losses. 21 

## We've got a list of them there. 22 MR. 

## BROCKMAN: Additional thoughts,

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## comments? We have a comment from online. 2 

## Tony Gioffredi. Tony, I hope I didn't 3 

## mess your name up too badly. 4 

## The main factor in unplanned shutdowns of 5 

## reciprocating compressors is the compressor valve. 6 

## Each time there is a valve failure the machine must 7 

## be stopped and opened to replace the valve, resulting 8 in methane releases to the environment. 9 

## Thanks, Tony. 10 MR. 

## COFFEY: Okay, so moving on to the 11 next slide. 12 (Slide.) 13 MR. 

## COFFEY: Having outlined some of the
14 

## types of losses, here are now some technology options 15 

## for improving compressor efficiency. We'll start 16 with reciprocating compressors. One option is to 17 

## improve the valve design; another is to use

18 

## actively tuned manifolds, which helps with the 19 pressure wave management. There's some evidence that 20 

## slower-speed reciprocating compressors may be more 21 

## efficient because of reduced pumping losses. And 22 

## then lastly, using efficient pulsation controls. So,

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## like they typically have something called "bottles" 2 

## that help smooth out the pulsations that contribute 3 

## significantly to the losses. 4 

## MR. BROOKMAN: We have additional comment 5 

## from Tony. 6 

## Tony says, in addition, one of the 7 

## largest losses in reciprocating compressors is due to 8 

## the compressor valve. I believe that this is an area 9 

## that should have more focus. In fact, there are 10 

## options today to improve valve efficiency by up to 40 11 

## percent, which, in turn, improves the compressor by 6 12 to 15 percent. 13 Okay. Thank you, Tony. Yes, Terry. 14 MR. BOSS: Terry Boss with INGAA. 15 Again, in the research workshop that was 16 going on, there's tradeoffs between improved 17 

## technology and having to do more maintenance. As was 18mentioned by a previous speaker, if you do have to 19 

## go in and replace valves more often you're actually 20 

## losing quite a bit of gas. And while it is not the 21 

## inherent efficiency of compressing that gas because 22 you are losing the product you are losing an overall

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## efficiency on the product itself in transporting it. 2 MR. BROCKMAN: 

## Okay. 3 

## MR. COFFEY: Something else not on the 4 

## slide, but I thought to mention is that generally 5 

## these standards are being considered for new 6 

## equipment and so when people make reference to the 7 

## efficiency improvements possible, Terry, in the 8 

## workshop that we were at, there was a lot of 9 

## discussion about retrofit and the opportunity for
10 

## improvement there, particularly, since some of the 11 

## equipment still in operation is of a very old vintage 12 

## and technology has advanced since then. 13 

## So, I think in comments it's important to 14 

## make note of whether improvement opportunities are 15 

## relative to retrofit equipment or whether they're 16 

## relative to the equipment that's being shipped new 17 today. 18 MR. BROCKMAN: Dan Hannon, who's joining 19 

## us via the web, says valve efficiency and valve 20 

## reliability oppose each other in most cases. { 21 So, thanks, Dan. 22 MR. 

## COFFEY: Okay, so moving on then to

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## the next slide, we have technology options first for 2 

## centrifugal compressors. Again, not an exhaustive 3 

## list, no pun intended, but one of the options is to 4 

## use variable vane geometry. That could be either on 5 

## the intake side or on the diffuser side, on the 6 

## exhaust side and another would be using a dry gas 7 

## shaft seals instead of oil-flooded seals. 8 

## And then, in general, there's an idea 9 

## that removing heat in between compression stages can 10 be an overall enhancement of efficiency. This, 11 

## obviously, can't be done -- there's a diminishing 12 

## return to adding more stages, but sometimes 13 multi-staging is used to improve overall energy 14 efficiency. 15 MR. BROOKMAN: Yes, Terry. 16 

## MR. BOSS: This is Terry Boss with INGAA. 17 

## As I stated before, in the paper 18 

## discussing a lot of efficiency improvements that we 19 

## have in the present system of operating is that there 20 are multiple compression sources that could be 21 

## operated in parallel or in series, and it depends on 22 which ones you turn on and turn off so that you

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## maintain good compression ratios and flow 2 

## characteristics where the prime movers stay within 3 

## their efficient operating range. So, just the 4 

## efficiency of the unit itself is one aspect, but how 5 

## you actually utilize the unit in a transportation 6 

## system makes a big difference on the efficiency. 7 

### MR. BROOKMAN: We

## have another comment 8 

## from Gary Choquette, who says: dry gas seals are not 9 

## well suited for dirty gas conditions. 10 Okay. 11 

## MR. COFFEY: Okay, then we'll move on to 12 the next slide, please. 13 (Slide.) 14 MR. 

## COFFEY: On the prime mover side, we 15 also have some technology options for improving 16 efficiency. For reciprocating engines there's 17 turbo-charging, which is, conceptually, almost a form 18 

## of heat recovery that's fed locally back into the 19 

## unit, higher speed -- and one question we had was 20 

## whether the fact that some of the higher speed 21 

## reciprocating units appeared to offer higher 22 

## efficiency was just because they're more modern

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### technology or whether there's an efficiency advantage 2 

### inherent in actually operating an engine at higher
3 

### speed, and then, advanced ignition systems, which may be
4 

### capable of igniting higher air fuel ratios than 5 

### what's traditionally used?
6 

### On the gas turbine side, inlet air 7 

### cooling, depending on climate may be able to boost 8 efficiency of the prime mover. And then,
9 

### universally, using air fuel controls that allow the
10 

### unit to more closely match the specific operating
11 

### conditions it's under and maybe also compensate for
12 

### variations in the heat content of the fuel source can 13 

### be an energy saver in certain applications.
14 

### MR. BROOKMAN: Terry, please.

15 

### MR. BOSS: Terry Boss with INGAA.
16 

### T don't want to drag on lunch, but one of 17 

### the conflicts that we do have is that a lot of the 18 higher requirements for environmental characteristics 19 

### are changing some of the air fuel ratios out there, 20 which is requiring us to use different technology out 21 

### there. And in some cases, you may be using rich fuel 22 

### rather than lean fuel and so that's driving, that's

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### 1 the changes that are occurring on the outside of just
2 

### efficiency that are affecting some of our 3 characteristics. 4 MR. BROOKMAN: Okay. John Rinaldo has 5 asked that his phone be unmuted. John, let's try it 6 and see if we can hear you in the room.
7 

### MR. RINALDO: I just wanted to comment on
8 

### the dry gas seals. The dry gas seals can't work 9 directly with dirty gas, but they are certainly 10 applicable if you simply put in a labyrinth seal between 11 the dirty gas in the seal and buffer it with the gas, 12 which is easy to do. 13 MR. BROOKMAN: 

### Okay. Thank you, John.
14 

### MR. COFFEY: Okay, moving on to the next 15 

### slide. Here we are. 16 (Slide.) 17 MR. COFFEY: Technology options -- 18 MR. BROOKMAN: We have one more comment

19 

### before you move on. 20 

### MR. COFFEY: Okay. 21 MR. BROOKMAN: Gary Choquette says: higher 22 speed engines have higher friction losses than the

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Page 113 

## 1 low-speed engines. Low-speed engines can match or 2 

## exceed high-speed engine efficiencies with modern 3 

## equipment and controls. 4 

## Okay, back to Brian. 5 

## MR. COFFEY: So, now we're to heat 6 

## recovery. We talked a little bit about this earlier, 7 

## but gas compression may lose as much as 75 or 80 8 

## percent of the input energy to heat generation, and 9 

## the heat recovery systems use heat generated by both
1 

## 10 the compressor, the heat of compression, and the prime

^f 

## 11 mover exhaust heat for several possible applications. E 

## 12 One of those is just directly in water

13 and space heating, and the second would be to -® 14 

## actually generate electricity. Both of those are 15 clearly dependent on having a demand for the heat or 16 the power, or proximity to a site where it could be 17 

## economically applied. So, there are some challenges, 18 

## but in certain cases it can certainly be used to save 19 energy. 20 MR. BROOKMAN: Okay, Steve Rosenstock. 21 

## MR. ROSENSTOCK: Steve Rosenstock, EEI. 22 Again, it's really very

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## application-specific. In terms of water heating, if 2 

## they're rarely occupied you have this water heating 3 

## and the energy savings could be minimal just because 4 

## there's very low occupancies at these places. 5 

## In terms of electricity generation, you 6 

## say use it to create high temperature and high 7 

## pressure, well, it depends on what is the -- after 8 

## the compressor, what is the actual characteristics of 9 

## that heat that's recoverable, or how much will you 10 

## have to raise the temperature? You have to raise the 11 

## pressure if you do, then all of a sudden you have to 12 have even more equipment on site to do that type of 13 operation. So, there's a lot of, again, very 14 site-specific applications and so I think in terms of 15 -- 

## and especially in terms of an efficiency standard, 16 again, going back to what I said earlier just to try 17 

## to do any sort of test efficiency would be very 18 difficult because it's so site and application 19 

## specific. 20 

## MR. BROOKMAN: Okay. Terry. 21 

## MR. BOSS: I agree with Steve. Like I 22 

## said, it's a question of the scope of this and how

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## it's broken up. We do have additional information on 2 

## heat recovery on these units where they've tried 3 

## organic rankine cycles, but to give you an idea, the 4 

## economics of those from the providers was from our 5 

## large units where you had to have at least 16,000 6 

## horsepower of turbine capacity available 60 percent 7 

## of the time to make it economically feasible to put $ the equipment on there. 9 

## So clearly, its application-specific on 10 

## those sorts of things and needs to be analyzed 11 

## separately as you're moving through this process. 12 MR. BROOKMAN: Okay. 13 

## MR. COFFEY: So, now we get into a string 14 

## of requests for comments. 15 Next slide, please. 16 

## (Slide.) 17 

### MR. COFFEY: DOE 

## is aware that an 18 

## important application of natural gas compressors is
19 

## in the transportation, production, and processing of 20 natural gas. DOE 

## seeks comment on other major 21 applications; for example, injection, withdrawal, 22 

## lifting, or filling in which natural gas compressors

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## are used. 2 

### MR. BROOKMAN: 

## Let's just pause there. 3 

## Any additional major applications? Terry. 4 

## MR. BOSS: I think what you're addressing 5 

## here is the use of storage and that is roughly 6 

## parallel to some of the other points that you're 7 

## making in here, but the efficiencies of using storage 8 

## is that you do not have to design an infrastructure 9 

## to match the peaks that are out there. So, in some 10 cases 30 percent of the peak load may be taken care 11 of by the storage facilities, relying on quite a few 12 or less assets in order to accomplish that goal. 13 So, you've got efficiency on essentially 14 

## the capital assets that you're building to do this 15 

## storage and that sort of thing where you do have to 16 inject it into a field and bring it back out, so 17 

## there's tradeoffs on that. So, again, it's the scope 18 

## on what we're talking about on that. 19 

## MR. BROOKMAN: Thank you. 20 MR. COFFEY: And then Item 6.2, DOE also 21 

## seeks information regarding any particular 22 

## characteristics or features that are unique to each

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## of these different applications. 2 

## MR. BROOKMAN: Steve. 3 

## MR. ROSENSTOCK: Steve Rosenstock. 4 

## Again, once you get into the end user 5 

## category, talking to manufacturers, a lot of them 6 

## aren't going to be 24/7, and it's going to be -- like 7 

## chemical manufacturers and some of the big users are 8 

## likely to use gas compressors. 9 

## I think it's really important to see what 10 

## their operating hours are going to be because for 11 

## that segment of the economic analysis that's going to 12 have a huge impact if there are one, two, or three 13 shifts on the manufacturing side. 14 MR. COFFEY: Moving on, Item 6.3, next 15 slide, please. 16 (Slide.) 17 MR. COFFEY: DOE seeks input on gas 18 

## leakage by equipment type and on data that may help 19 characterize the amount of leakage by a specific 20 

## source. 21 

## And I'll say again that were discussing 22 

## leakage in this context as something that affects

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## energy efficiency. There are other efforts underway 2 

## by different areas of DOE that are looking at the 3 

## emissions consequences, but we're really focusing on 4 

## what's the impact to energy efficiency. 5 

## Item 6.4, DOE seeks input on -- I'm 6 

## sorry. Does someone have a comment? 7 MR. BROOKMAN: 

## Terry. 8 

## MR. BOSS: Terry Boss with INGAA. 9 

## I think both Items 6.4 and 6.5 there's a i 10 very detailed process within EPA right now called 11 "Subpart W" that tries to categorize all these values 12 in there. They are in the process of expanding 13 Subpart W to incorporate some other areas, so that 14 

## will, over time, clarify these values better than 15 

## what have been estimated in the past on that. But 16 

## right now, we do have fairly good estimates in 17 

## relative terms through everybody else. 18 MR. BROOKMAN: Is that in the Energy Star 19 

## Program? 20 

## MR. BOSS: No. It is actually a 2! 

## reporting process. There's a reporting process for 22 

## CO2 reporting and methane losses. Within EPA,



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## there's been a rulemaking out for several years. 2 

## Like I said, they're refining that right now on some 3 

## of those. Some use emission factors. Some use 4 

## actual on-site measurement that are in there, and 5 

## it's a pretty intricate process right now. 6 

## MR. BROOKMAN: Okay. Thank you. 7 

### MR. COFFEY: 

## Okay, I think Item 6.4 is 8 

## next. DOE seeks input on technologies available to 9 reduce gas leakage, including the cost effectiveness 10 

## and applicability of each. 11 Item 6.5, DOE requests specific comment 12 

## on compressor blow-down, including estimated leak 13 volume, technologies that are able to reduce blow14 

## down frequency and also capture the gas blown down. 15 

## So, I think for the benefit of everybody who's not 16 

## familiar with compressor technology this is when the 17 

## compressor is taken from high pressure to low 18 

## pressure abruptly. It could be for maintenance. It 19 could be because the unit is not expected to be used 20 

## within a certain window of time. It could be for 21 

## safety, but depending on how often it occurs, it may 22 

## or may not be a significant source of wasted energy.

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## Okay, moving on, Item 6.6, DOE seeks 2 

## comment regarding the typical energy use of gas 3 

## compressors broken down by, where available, 4 

## application type, equipment type, and equipment size. 5 

## Item 6.7, DOE seeks recommendations on 6 

## sources of data for analysis methods that would 7 

## demand profiles for gas compressors and their end use 8 

## applications. Further, DOE seeks comment on what gas 9 

## compressor design features would affect their typical 10 demand profile. 11 

## And then Item 6.8, DOE seeks 12 

## recommendations on sources of data or analysis on the 13 

## fraction of time, in hours, per year that gas 14 

## compressors spend at off-design, which means 15 

## efficiencies other than the specified design point, 16 operation under normal operating conditions. 17 

## Item 6.9, DOE seeks comment on the types 18 and rate of adoption of different control systems that 19 are employed to adjust the gas compressor's output to 20 

## meet end-use application demands during off-design 21 

## operation. 22 

## MR. BROOKMAN: So, those are a lot of

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## requests for comment. Any additional thoughts, 2 

## comments here, noting that you have plenty of 3 

## opportunity to provide written comments? Nothing 4 

## additional here? Okay. 5 

### MR. COFFEY: 

## Item 6.10, DOE 

## is interested 6 

## in information about typical range in efficiency 7 

## levels of gas compressors broken down by equipment 8 

## type and size and why that range exists. For 9 

## example, do more efficient compressors incorporate 10 

## particular design features? 11 

## Item 6.11, DOE seeks comment about how 12 

## gas compressor efficiency is likely to change with 13 time in the absence of standards. 14 

## Item 6.12, DOE is interested in what i5 

## opportunities, if any, for improving gas compressor 16 

## efficiency are possible. 17 

## So, some of these are very specific. 18 Some of them are more broad. Really, they're seeking
19 

## input that would help DOE quantify how much energy is 20 being used by these pieces of equipment currently and 21 than what would be the case in a hypothetical case of 22 

## a standard.

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## Item 6.13, DOE requests comment about any 2 

## compressor features that represent usefulness or 3 

## utility to the user, such as pressure flow, fuel 4 

## type, physical size, affordability, serviceability, 5 

## emissions, acoustic noise, and also on applications 6 

## in which particular forms of utility may be 7 

## especially important. Additionally, how would an 8 

## effort to increase energy efficiency of a compressor 9 

## affect all those features? 10 

## 6.14, DOE seeks comment about whether 11 

## installation cost for gas compressors change with 12 higher efficiency equipment. If so, DOE seeks 13 

## comment about the reasons for, and the amount of, such 14 

## an increase. 15 

## Almost there. DOE seeks comment about 16 

## whether maintenance costs for gas compressors change 17 

## with higher efficiency equipment. If so, DOE seeks 18 

## comment about the reasons for, and the amount of, such 19 a change. 20 

## Item 6.16, DOE seeks comment about 21 

## whether repair costs for natural gas compressors 22 

## change with higher efficiency equipment. If so, DOE

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## seeks comment about the reasons for, and amount of, 2 

## such a change. So, this could be unplanned versus 3 

## planned maintenance. 4 

## Item 6.17, DOE recognizes that gas 5 

## compressors can have a very long mechanical lifetime 6 

## in terms of hours of operation. While many factors 7 

## contribute to equipment lifetime, DOE seeks data 8 

## about the mechanical lifetime for gas compressors 9 

## under typical operating conditions. Further, DOE 10 

## seeks comment about whether differences in equipment 11 design or capacity would affect gas compressor 12 lifetime. 13 And then finally, 6.18, DOE seeks 114 recommendation of sources of data or analysis methods 15 correlating gas compressor maintenance and repair 16 

## with gas compressor lifetime and efficiency. 17 

## MR. BROOKMAN: So, I thought it was 18 

## useful to have that level of detail in the record for 19 

## anybody that wishes to consult that in addition to 20 

## these slides, which will be posted online as they 21 

## prepare their written comments. Terry. 22 

## MR. BOSS: Terry Boss with INGAA.

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## I very much appreciate this venue to be 2 

## able to discuss this thing and provide any 3 

## information. I would recommend that we proceed in an 4 

## incremental process of understanding the basics and 5 

## getting more complicated as we go there. Because 6 

## being sure everybody's on the same page when we deal 7 

## with these sort of things because the information, as 8 

## we get more detailed in some of these technical 9 

## levels on some of the last questions we're going to
10 

## be involved, there's more sparse information on

11 

## those.

12 

## And so a clear understanding of the 13 

## basics on how things run and they put together are very

14 

## important, and then this layered information could be 15 put on there. But I would say the interactive nature 16 

## of the meeting or workshop is very positive rather 17 

## than trying to articulate these on paper. Sometimes 18 

## it gets quite complicated for engineers to articulate 19 

## specific technical ideas on those sort of things, so 20 

## appreciate this kind of venue. 21 MR. BROOKMAN: You 

## recall the earlier

22 

## slides where Brian was laying out the detailed

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## process, and so there are many opportunities for 2 

## anybody that wishes to, to comment. 3 

## Okay, so now we're moving on to screening 4 

## analysis. 5 

## MR. COFFEY: Yes, I think we'll be pretty 6 

## quick, just a few short words here. 7 

## The purpose of the screening analysis -- 8 

## well, let me back up and say while the technology 9 

## assessment that we just finished talking about is 10 intended to be comprehensive and inclusive of all the 11 

## technologies that could improve compressor efficiency 12 the screening analysis, by contrast, is intended to 13 remove certain options based on four statutorily 14 

## given screening criteria. 15 And go to the next slide and we can see 16 

## what they are. 17 (Slide.) 18 

### MR. COFFEY: I'll 

## just read them. It's 19 

## technological feasibility, so not considering 20 

## technology that's not commercially available; 21 practicability to manufacture, install, and service, 22 so this screens out technology that can't be

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### manufactured, installed, or serviced on the scale needed
2 

### to serve the market; impacts on product utility or
3 

### availability to consumers; and then finally, impacts
4 

### to health or safety, which sounds like it's 5 definitely a consideration for this equipment. 6 MR. BROOKMAN: Yes, Terry.
7 

### MR. BOSS: Quick question on the 8 interpretation of these criteria, more from a legal 9 aspect, so health or safety would include the 10 environmental impacts? 11 MR. KIDO: Yes. 12 

### MR. BROOKMAN: Michael Kido. 13 MR. KIDO: That's all rolled up into 14 that analysis. 15 

### MR. BOSS: Okay. 16 MR. KIDO: But I would add, in this 17 case, given the type of equipment we're talking about
1

### 8 here there's obviously another element here to safety 19 that we have to consider. 20 

### MR. COFFEY: Okay, so then on the next
2

### 1 slide we have a request for comment on these 22 criteria. DOE is interested in how these efficiency

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### Energy Conservation Standards Public Meeting: RFI About Gas Compressors December 17, 2014 Page 127 I 

## improvements would impact equipment performance, 2 

## features, utility, or safety. We've had a couple 3 

## already. 4 

## MS. HARIHARAN: This is Johanna Hariharan 5 

## here, DOE. 6 

## T just want to add here that this the part 7 

## where you would make your comments about equipment 8 

## classes. 9 

## MR. BROOKMAN: Okay. Thank you. Thank 10 

## you, Brian. 11 

## Moving on, as we promised first thing 12 

## this morning, is another opportunity for closing 13 

## remarks, brief summary comments, any additional 14 information that anybody wishes to offer here as we

15 

## move towards closure. Steve. 16 

## MR. ROSENSTOCK: This is Steve 17 

## Rosenstock, Edison Electric Institute. iE 18 

## I wanted to thank the Department for 19 

## having this workshop. I think there was some very 20 good information discussed. I think that by doing 21 

## this and going in and looking at the various 22 

## technologies out there in the fuel and market in a

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### Energy Conservation Standards Public Meeting: RFI About Gas Compressors December 17, 2014 Page 128 1 

### neutral way I think that there are going to be hopefully 2 some good options and good results from this rulemaking. 3 

### Thank you.
4 

### MR. BROCKMAN: Thank you.
5 

### So then, for my part, I think we've 6 

### concluded the content that we came to cover here. 7 And I'm going to turn it back to Jim Raba for closing 8 remarks. 9 MR. RABA: This is Jim Raba, DOE. 10 You see on the screen now the (F,. 

### 11 instructions for submitting comments and all your

12 correspondence. Please refer to what you see up 1

### 3 there, the docket number and the regulatory 14 identifier number. It's very helpful to track these 15 

### and keep them in order. 16 

### Comments can be submitted in various 17 ways, electronically, the webpage or the email 18 address rather, postal mail, by courier. And if you 19 

### have any questions, a phone number is there you can
2

### 0 call. Ms. Brenda Edwards will be very happy to help 21 you to assist you with submitting any comments. 22 But it's been a good session today, very

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### -928-6509

### Energy Conservation Standards Public Meeting: RFI About Gas Compressors December 17, 2014 Page 129 1 

## informative all around, and thank you to the 2 

## presenters and the guests we have here today, both in 3 

## person and on the web for our webinar, and special 4 

## appreciation from the Department of Energy for your 5 

## participation, which is most important to this 6 

## rulemaking, so thank you for a very productive 7 

## meeting. 8 

## Also, our presenters, Brian Coffey and 9 

## Michael Brown and our technical crew backstage to 10 

## make sure all these things function properly, and 11 certainly Doug Brookman who made this possible, the 12 

## facilitator. 13 

## So, we look forward now to receiving your 14 

## comments, data, information about today's topics on 15 gas compressors, and there will be more opportunity 16 for public comments. So, thank you very much again 17 and safe travels. 18 

## (Whereupon at 11:46 a.m., this meeting 19 

## was adjourned.) 20 21

202-

## 347-3700 Ace-Federal Reporters, Inc. 866-928-6509 22Energy Conservation Standards Public Meeting: RFl About Gas Compressors December 17, 2014 Page 130

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B back 14:2 20:4 53:1 62:18 89:13 96:1 101:2 104:1,3 110:18 113:4 114:16 116:16 125:8 128:7 background 12:2 79:12 backstage 129:9 badge 88:18,19,19 badly 106:3 Baltimore 5:10 based 38:15 44:16
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C C 1:9 5:1,8 California 3:12,15 4:12 call 128:20 called 12:16 13:3 19:14 52:17 57:17 107:1 118:10 calling 9:12 64:18 Canada 3:13 27:12 27:19 Canadian 27:21 capable 111:4 capacities 93:16 94:3 capacity 42:20 80:21 93:19 115:6 123:11 capital 28:19 75:17 116:14 capture 119:14 captured 100:22 care 116:10 careful 42:7 case 4:14 17:6 20:21 21:6 71:21 121:21,21 126:17 cases 19:18 20:6 23:15 33:13 65:3 108:20 111:21 113:18 116:10 catalog 55:3 catch 92:1 catch-all 14:12 categories 44:14 57:4 74:3 82:15 103:11 104:12 categorize 118:11 category 65:13 85:5 103:12,13 117:5 Caterpillar 4:7 caution 57:12 cell9:10 Census 60:14 centrifugal 32:7 71:15 74:5,6,12 84:16 90:13 93:16 94:1 105:17 109:2 certain 13:7 20:6 24:2 33:13 35:16 35:20,21 40:22 43:16 57:15 67:22 72:3 84:9,9 111:13 113:18 119:20 125:13 certainly 39:20 56:14 104:18 112:9 113:18 129:11 certified 38:15 certify 54:18 certifying 54:20 cetera58:2 79:1 83:7 105:5 CFR22:8 Chad 3:6 chain 30:9 Challenge4:9 challenges 113:17 chance21:20 24:9 34:8 40:15 change 54:2 121:12 122:11,16,19,22 123:2 changed 28:22 changeover 28:19 changes50:14 76:7 76:8 89:21 90:1 112:1 changing 44:22 111:19 channel 86:20 87:1 channels 86:14 characteristics 43:13,15 44:21 50:11 53:15 81:15 84:14,18 85:1,4 92:4 95:19 110:2 111:18112:3
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123:16 125:11 compressor's 120:19 compressors 1:3 5:6,19 11:3 12:9 13:12 15:8 16:4 17:22 22:22 23:21 24:18,20 25:13 27:13 30:8 33:14 33:20 35:I5 36:22 37:19 38:3 39:7 43:16 46:11 47:20 51:7 52:16 55:20 56:6,7 60:20,22 61:5,17,19 63:16 66:8 67:13 68:8 68:14 71:9,12,14 71:15,17 73:13,22 74:4,5,7,10,12 79:16,21 80:6,7 80:10 81:8,11,14 81:18,21 82:1 83:18 84:7,10 85:20 86:12,14 89:21 90:13 94:1 94:2 101:11,12 104:9 105:17 106:5,16,20 107:7 109:2 115:18,22 117:8 120:3,7,14 121:7,9 122:11,16 122:21 123:5,8 129:15 Comptec 3:1 I concentrate 25:7 concentration 27:2 concept 45:11 51:10 conceptually 110:17 concern 78:20 concernedIO2:15 102:17 concerns78:22 conclude 8:22 88:14 concluded 128:6 condensates54:4,9 conditions 41:10 50:19 56:1 110:9 111:11 120:16 123:9 conducive 40:I0 conduit 27: 10 configuration
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### 61:12 Congress 

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shows 71:I8 shutdowns 106:4 side 76:2 92:16 97:5 97:6,7,7 109:5,5,6 110:14 111:6 117:13 sidebar 9:5 signed 9:14 significant 36:10 78:3 119:22 significantly 29:1 43:10 50:18 107:3 silent 9:10 similar27:8 32:3 37:10 39:22 96:12 similarity 24:9 Simone 3:3 9:20 simply 112:10 single74:17,19 site92:19 102:18 103:19 104:1 113:16 114:12,18 site

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### 4:6 0 1 1 82:6 1,000 77:21,22 78:4 82:17 1,000-horsepower 82:20 1,700 77:18 1,800 77:18 1/2 84:21 10

### 46:11 72:1 77:1 10,000 76:21 10:30 8:9 10:40 88:16 10:55 89:5,7 100 52:10 1000 1:8 11 

### 13:4 11:46 129:18 15 89:4 107:12 15,000 77:1 16

### 74:11,22 16,000 77:5 115:5 171:125:746:10 1960

### 28:17 1960s 91:21 1970s 91:21 1975 13:2 22:19 2 29:3 84:21,21 200 77:15 2003 79:15 2005 56:5 2008 29:1 200956:473:16 74:20 2010 48:20 2013 73:16 74:20 79:16 2014 1:12 5:7 20I6 82:9 2035 29:5 63:11 20585 1:9 2162:19 22 46:12 62:21 230-460

### 82:11 232 77:15

............ .............. 24/7 41:20 117:6

2594:11,19 3 3-2 39:11 30 102:12,13 116:10 4 4-2 56:3 40

### 74:10,22 107:10 40-year 77:15 44 64:10 45 74:9,21 102:13 46 94:11,19 47 75:12 77:11 49 76:13 4A-104 

### 1:7 S 511:7 5.1

### 79:14 5.10 86:11 5.11 86:17 5.12 86:21 5.13 87:14 5.2 80:4 5.4 81:7 82:4 5.5 81:20 5.6 83:16 5.7 83:20 5.8 84:7 5.9 85:17 500 34:9 500-horsepower 82:7 52 101:7 52,900 77:11 55 100:11 56 101:9 6 6 96:2 107:11 6.10 121:5 6.11 121:11 6.12 121:14 6.13 122:1 6.14 122:10 6.16 122:20 6.17 123:4 6.18 123:I3 6.2 116:20 6.3 117:14 6.4 118:5,9 119:7 6.5 118:9 119:11 6.6 120:1 6.7 120:5 6.8 

### 120:11 6.9 120:17 60 115:6 61,000 77:14 7 75 113:7 8 8,000 77:13 80 52:12 113:7 8000 72:99 90 96:13 102:4 91 102:8 92 102:8 93 102:8 95 60:21 92:11 95:2 102:8 97 102:8

202-347-3700 Ace-Federal Reporters, Inc. 866-928-6509

## TRANCRIPTION CERTIFICATE As a professional transcriber, I certify that the attached document(s) are, to the best of my abilities, an accurate transcription of tape recordings provided to the company, given the quality of the provided tape recording(s), and that I have no financial or other interest in the proceedings to which they pertain.



# 1 c4-^^r 

## TRANSCRIBER