* This order and judgment is not binding precedent, except under the

doctrines of law of the case, res judicata, and collateral estoppel. The court

generally disfavors the citation of orders and judgments; nevertheless, an order

and judgment may be cited under the terms and conditions of 10th Cir. R. 36.3.

F I L E D

United States Court of Appeals

Tenth Circuit

FEB 1 1999

PATRICK FISHER

Clerk

UNITED STATES COURT OF APPEALS

FOR THE TENTH CIRCUIT

BENNY FRED HILL,

Plaintiff-Appellant,

v.

MILTON GILLIAM,

Defendant-Appellee.

No. 98-6138

(D.C. No. 97-CV-784)

(W.D. Okla.)

ORDER AND JUDGMENT *

Before TACHA , BARRETT , and MURPHY , Circuit Judges.

After examining the briefs and appellate record, this panel has determined

unanimously that oral argument would not materially assist the determination

of this appeal. See Fed. R. App. P. 34(a)(2); 10th Cir. R. 34.1(G). The case is

therefore ordered submitted without oral argument.
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Plaintiff Benny Fred Hill, proceeding pro se, brought this action pursuant

to 42 U.S.C. § 1983 against Milton Gilliam, Executive Revocation Administrator

of the Oklahoma Department of Corrections. While Hill was on parole from his

prison sentence for a murder conviction, Gilliam determined that there was

probable cause that Hill had violated his parole because he had been arrested on

a public intoxication charge. On this basis, Gilliam issued a parole violator

warrant. Hill was taken into custody on the warrant, and his parole was revoked. 

Hill alleges that Gilliam violated his rights under the fourth, eighth and fourteenth

amendments because he issued the warrant without probable cause.

After Gilliam filed a motion to dismiss pursuant to Fed. R. Civ. P. 12(b)(1)

and (6) and/or for summary judgment (and Hill filed a reply), the magistrate judge

recommended that the complaint be dismissed or summary judgment be granted

on a variety of grounds: (1) because Hill was contesting the validity of his parole

revocation and return to confinement, the action was premature because he had to

first obtain appropriate habeas corpus relief as required by Heck v. Humphrey ,

512 U.S. 477, 486-87 (1994); (2) the action was barred by the applicable two-year

statute of limitations; (3) the action was void of factual merit, Hill’s civil rights

had not been violated, and the action was legally frivolous; and (4) Gilliam, who

was sued only in his individual capacity, was entitled to qualified immunity. 

After considering Hill’s objections to the magistrate judge’s findings and
1 We note that the dismissal on Heck grounds would be without prejudice. 

See Fottler v. United States , 73 F.3d 1064, 1065-66 (10th Cir. 1996).

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recommendations, the district court adopted the findings and recommendations,

granted Gilliam’s motion to dismiss, and dismissed the complaint with prejudice. 

Hill appeals.

While we generally agree with all of the district court’s reasons for

dismissing Hill’s complaint, 1 we discuss only the statute of limitations issue in

resolving this appeal. We view the district court’s decision to dismiss on statute

of limitations grounds as a dismissal under Rule 12(b)(6), and we review that

decision de novo. See Chemical Weapons Working Group, Inc. v. United States

Dep’t of the Army , 111 F.3d 1485, 1490 (10th Cir. 1997).

Because § 1983 does not contain its own statute of limitation, courts rely on

analogous state statutes for determining the limitations period. See Hardin v.

Straub , 490 U.S. 536, 538 (1989). Under Oklahoma law, that period is two years

from the time the action accrues. See Okla. Stat. tit. 12, § 95(3); Meade v.

Grubbs , 841 F.2d 1512, 1522 (10th Cir. 1988). An action accrues in a § 1983

case when “the plaintiff knows or should have known that his or her

constitutional rights have been violated.” Smith v. City of Enid ex rel. Enid City

Comm’n , 149 F.3d 1151, 1154 (10th Cir. 1998) (quotation omitted).
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The act giving rise to Hill’s complaint was Gilliam’s signing the parole

violator warrant on January 31, 1995. Hill did not file his complaint until

May 13, 1997, more than two years later. Citing Hardin , Hill contends that,

as a prisoner, he is under a legal disability and that Okla. Stat. tit. 12, § 96 allows

him a one-year period after removal of his disability--which has not yet happened,

since he is still in prison--to bring this action. As the district court noted,

however, Hardin merely held that a Michigan state law that tolled limitations

periods for prisoners should be applied to a § 1983 action brought in Michigan. 

See 490 U.S. at 543-44. It did not hold that all § 1983 actions were tolled for

prisoners regardless of applicable state law. Cf. id. at 544 (“[A] State reasonably

could decide that there is no need to enact a tolling statute applicable to [prisoner

§ 1983] suits.”). Neither Okla. Stat. tit. 12, § 96 nor any other provision of

Oklahoma law provides that limitations periods be tolled for prisoners. Hill’s

argument is therefore without merit, and the district court correctly found his

complaint barred by the statute of limitations.

Alternatively, Hill contends that the limitations period should be tolled

because he was under a legal disability due to his mental illness and that his cause

of action was not reasonably discoverable until the public intoxication violation

on which the warrant was based was expunged by the municipal court in 1996. 

Although he included these arguments in his objections to the magistrate judge’s
-5-

findings and recommendation, he did not raise them earlier. The arguments are

therefore waived. See Marshall v. Chater , 75 F.3d 1421, 1426-27 (10th Cir.

1996).

We conclude that this appeal is frivolous or fails to state a claim under

28 U.S.C. § 1915(e)(2)(B)(I) or (ii) for purposes of counting “prior occasions”

under § 1915(g). The appeal is DISMISSED. The mandate shall issue forthwith.

Entered for the Court

Michael R. Murphy

Circuit Judge