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  EEOC《美国残疾人法修正案》最终实施条例情况介绍

                      
                        

          
          
                        EEOC《美国残疾人法修正案》最终实施条例情况介绍
            

      翻译此页面
    عربي (Arabic)简体中文 (Chinese, Simplified)繁體中文 - Chinese (Traditional)EnglishKreyòl Ayisyen (Haitian Creole)한국어 (Korean)Русском (Russian)Español (Spanish)Tagalog (Tagalog)Tiếng Việt (Vietnamese)
              Issuing Authority
          

  本文件经美国平等就业机会委员会主席批准发布。该文件的英文版用词选择经过仔细审查,且经该机构领导批准,是唯一的官方指南。此译文是为需要译文的人提供的,但不是官方指南,因为此译文没有经过同样严格的审查和批准程序。
        

  OLC Control Number
                                              EEOC-NVTA-2011-3


        

  Concise Display Name
                                              Fact Sheet on 2011 ADAAA Regulations


        

  Issue Date
                                              05-03-2011


        

  General Topics
                                              Disability


                

  Summary
                                              This document explains changes to the EEOC’s regulations on disability discrimination necessitated by the Americans With Disabilities Act Amendments Act of 2008


        

  Citation
                                              29 CFR Part 1630; 42 U.S.C. 12101 et seq.; Pub. L. 110-325


        

  Document Applicant
                                              Employers, Employees, Disability Program Officials, Applicants, Individuals with Disabilities


        

  Previous Revision
                                              No


        Disclaimer
          

  The contents of this document do not have the force and effect of law and are not meant to bind the public in any way. This document is intended only to provide clarity to the public regarding existing requirements under the law or agency policies.《2008年美国残疾人法修正案》(ADAAA) 于2008年9月25日颁布,并于2009年1月1日生效。该法律对《美国残疾人法》(ADA) 中“残疾”的定义进行了一些重大修改。该法律还指示美国平等就业机会委员会 (EEOC) 修订其ADA条例,以反映ADAAA所做的更改。EEOC于2009年9月23日发布了规则制定建议通知 (NPRM)。最终条例经两党投票通过,并于2011年3月25日在《联邦公报》上公布。

**在颁布ADAA的过程中,国会使得根据ADA寻求保护的个人能够更容易证明他或她有法规所指的残疾。**国会推翻了几项最高法院的裁决,国会认为这些裁决对“残疾”的定义的解释过于狭隘,导致许多患有癌症、糖尿病和癫痫等疾病的人得不到保护。ADAAA声明,对残疾定义的解释应该有利于让更多的人受到保护。

**EEOC条例实施ADAAA——特别是国会对残疾的定义进行广义解释的要求。**按照ADAAA,这些条例保留了ADA对术语“残疾”的定义,即实质上限制一项或多项主要生活活动的身体或精神损害;此类损害的记录(或病史);或者被认为有残疾。但这些条例实施了国会在如何解释这些术语方面所做的重大改变。

**这些条例落实了国会的意图,即采用“解释规则”,制定可预测、一致和可行的标准,**在确定个人在进行重要生活活动时是否受到实质性限制时使用。这些解释规则直接源自法规和立法历史,包括以下内容:

**“实质性限制”一词所要求的功能限制程度低于法院先前采用的标准**。损伤无需妨碍或严重或显著限制重要生活活动,即可被视作“实质性限制”。尽管如此,并非每一种损伤都会构成残疾。
	**“实质性限制”一词**应在ADA条款允许的最大范围内,为有利于扩大覆盖范围,做广义的解释。
	确定损伤是否实质上限制了主要的生活活动**需要进行个体评估**,在有ADAAA之前也是如此。
	除一项例外(“普通眼镜或隐形眼镜”)之外,确定损伤是否实质上限制了主要的生活活动时,**应不考虑缓解措施的改善效果**,例如药物或助听器。
	如果发作时会严重限制主要生活活动,则**发作性或缓解期的损伤为残疾**。
	根据国会的指示,ADA着重于确定是否发生歧视,**残疾的确定不需要进行广泛的分析**。**根据ADAAA的要求,这些条例还使个人更容易根据“残疾”定义中的“视为”部分证明适用范围。**由于法院的解释,之前个人很难在“视为”这个部分证明适用范围。根据ADAAA,证明适用范围的重点是个人因身体或精神损伤(非暂时性和轻微的)而受到了什么样的对待,而不是雇主对个人所受损伤的性质的看法。

**然而,条例明确规定,个人必须符合第一个部分(“实际残疾”)或第二个部分(“残疾记录”)的适用范围,才能有资格获得合理便利**。条例明确规定,如果个人没有对雇主未能提供合理便利提出质疑,则通常无需根据第一或第二部分进行处理。

**最终条例在许多方面与NPRM有所不同。**对于代表雇主或残疾人利益的团体认为让人困惑或其得到的解释并非EEOC本意的语言,最终条例已对其修改或将其删除。例如:

最终条例没有列举“一贯”、“有时”或“通常不”是残疾的损伤(像在NPRM中那样),而是提供了九条解释规则来指导分析,并解释通过应用这些原则,**会有一些损伤几乎总是构成残疾。**条例还举例列出了一些容易被认定为残疾的损伤:**癫痫、糖尿病、癌症、艾滋病毒感染和双相情感障碍**。
	**NPRM中描述如何证明个人在“工作”方面受到实质性限制的语言已从最终条例中删除,并移至附录中**(与其对他主要生活活动的处理方式一致)。最终条例还保留了现有的“工作类别或范围”这一熟悉的语言,而不是引入一个新的术语,并提供了可被认为在工作方面受到严重限制的个人的例子。
	**最终条例保留了**NPRM建议删除的“条件、方式或持续时间”的概念,并解释说,虽然在确定损伤是否实质上限制了主要生活活动时,可能没有必要考虑这些因素,但在某些情况下,这些因素可能是有相关性的。**本委员会发布了两份关于这些条例的问答文件,以帮助公众和雇主(包括小企业)了解法律和新条例。**ADAAA条例和随附的问答文件可在EEOC网站www.eeoc.gov上找到。Return to top

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