UNITED STATES COURT OF APPEALS

For the Fifth Circuit

___________________________

No. 93-8705 

___________________________

UNITED STATES OF AMERICA,

Plaintiff-Appellee,

VERSUS

ALBERT G. BUSTAMANTE,

Defendant-Appellant.

___________________________________________________

Appeal from the United States District Court

for the Western District of Texas

____________________________________________________

(February 13, 1995)

Before DAVIS, BARKSDALE and STEWART, Circuit Judges.

DAVIS, Circuit Judge:

Bustamante appeals his conviction and sentence on two counts

of a ten count indictment charging RICO and related offenses. We

affirm.

I.

Albert G. Bustamante was elected to the United States House

of Representatives in November 1984 and served until his defeat

in 1992. In 1993, a federal grand jury returned a ten-count

indictment against Bustamante, accusing him of using his public

office for personal enrichment. 

Count One alleged that Bustamante conducted the affairs of

an enterprise, his congressional office, through a pattern of

racketeering activity, in violation of the Racketeer Influenced

and Corrupt Organizations (RICO) statute, 18 U.S.C. § 1962(c). 
2

The alleged pattern of racketeering activity consisted of nine

predicate acts: accepting a bribe in violation of former 18

U.S.C. § 201(c) (now § 201(b)) and accepting eight illegal

gratuities in violation of current 18 U.S.C. § 201(c) and its

predecessor, 18 U.S.C. § 201(g). Count Two charged Bustamante

with conspiring to violate the RICO statute. In Counts Three

through Ten, the same eight acts of accepting illegal gratuities

were charged as individual violations of the gratuity statutes.

After a two-week trial, the jury found Bustamante guilty of

Counts One and Four and acquitted him of the other charges. To

support the RICO conviction, the jury found that Bustamante had

committed Predicate Act One (accepting the bribe) and Predicate

Act Three (accepting the same illegal gratuity charged in Count

Four). 

Using the United States Sentencing Guidelines, the district

court sentenced Bustamante to concurrent terms of incarceration

of 42 months on Count One and 24 months on Count Four, and

concurrent terms of supervised release of two years on Count One

and one year on Count Four. Bustamante was also ordered to pay

total fines of $55,000 and a $100 special assessment. 

Bustamante challenges his convictions and sentence on

numerous grounds which we consider below. 

II. Sufficiency of the Evidence

Bustamante contends that the government failed to produce

sufficient evidence to support his conviction on either the bribery

charge (Predicate Act One) or the illegal gratuity charge

(Predicate Act Three/Count Four). As Bustamante correctly points
3

out, his RICO conviction is based on only two predicate acts, the

minimum number required to establish a pattern of racketeering

activity. 18 U.S.C. § 1961(5). If the evidence is insufficient to

support the jury's finding that Bustamante committed either

predicate act, his RICO conviction must be overturned. 

This Court will uphold a conviction as long as a rational

trier of fact could have found that the evidence established the

elements of the crime beyond a reasonable doubt. United States v.

Pofahl, 990 F.2d 1456, 1467 (5th Cir.), cert. denied, 114 S.Ct. 266

(1993). The jury is free to choose among reasonable constructs of

the evidence, which need not exclude every reasonable hypothesis of

innocence. United States v. Maseratti, 1 F.3d 330, 337 (5th Cir.

1993), cert. denied, 114 S.Ct. 1096 (1994). We view all inferences

from the evidence in the light most favorable to the jury verdict.

United States v. Basey, 816 F.2d 980, 1001 (5th Cir. 1987). With

these ground rules in mind, we turn to the particular facts and

proof of each predicate act.

A. The Bribe

As Predicate Act One, the indictment alleged that in February

1986, Bustamante accepted a $35,000 bribe in exchange for using his

official influence on behalf of Falcon Food Services and

Management, Inc. (Falcon Foods). Since 1983, Falcon Foods had held

the food service contract for Lackland Air Force Base (Lackland) in

San Antonio, Texas. This contract was set to expire in 1986, when

the Air Force planned to conduct a competitive bidding process to

award a new multi-million dollar contract. Hoping to win the

renewed contract, Falcon Foods enlisted Bustamante's aid.
4

In late 1985, Bustamante invited Brigadier General Richard

Gillis to lunch at a private club in San Antonio. At that time,

General Gillis was in charge of the San Antonio Contracting Center,

which handled all procurement for military bases in the region,

including Lackland. At trial, General Gillis testified that he

believed he would be having lunch only with Bustamante and did not

expect to discuss the Lackland contract.

When General Gillis arrived at the club, Bustamante introduced

him to Douglas Jaffe, Jr., owner of Falcon Foods, Evaristo "Eddie"

Garcia, president of Falcon Foods, and Morris Jaffe, Douglas

Jaffe's father. During lunch, Douglas Jaffe (Jaffe) persistently

tried to persuade General Gillis that Falcon Foods was doing a

great job at Lackland and should have its contract renewed.

Prohibited by regulations from discussing a contract that was open

to bidding, General Gillis became increasingly uncomfortable with

Jaffe's lobbying effort. When his repeated attempts to change the

subject were unsuccessful, General Gillis left the club.

In January of 1986, a $223,000 promissory note bearing

Bustamante and his wife's signatures came due. By mid-February,

the Bustamantes had paid (or made arrangements to pay) all but

$35,000 of the amount owed. On February 15, although he had not

yet received the remaining $35,000 from any source, Bustamante

wrote a check that completely satisfied the promissory note. 

Three days later, Bustamante received a check for $35,000 from

Garcia, which he deposited into his bank account. This check bore

the handwritten notation "sale of note." This notation allegedly

referred to a $35,000 second lien note that Bustamante held on a
 

1The government argued that this event made Bustamante

realize that his illicit advocacy might be exposed, causing him

to take action to cover up the money he had received. 

5

former home. Bustamante claimed that he sold this second lien note

to Garcia to raise the money to pay off the balance of the $223,000

promissory note. However, no other written documentation of the

alleged sale was produced at trial. Additionally, though it had a

face value of $35,000, in February 1986 the second lien note's

present value was only $22,000. 

At the time that he wrote the check to Bustamante, Garcia only

had $493.42 in his checking account; within a few days, Garcia's

account had overdrawn by more than $34,000. Douglas Jaffe wrote

Garcia a $35,000 check from Jaffe's personal account, which Garcia

deposited on February 24. 

At some point in February, Bustamante also applied for a

$35,000 loan from San Antonio Savings Association (SASA). On

February 25, SASA approved the loan. Bustamante took no prompt

action on the loan.

On March 4, Bustamante placed a telephone call to Isodoro

Leos, the officer assigned to handle the Lackland contract, and

left a message complaining about the fact that the Air Force had

delayed bidding on the Lackland contract. Returning the call, Leos

informed Bustamante's secretary that the Congressman should make

his future inquiries in writing.1 

The next day, Bustamante closed on the SASA loan and executed

a $35,000 promissory note. Bustamante secured the loan with the

same second lien note he claimed to have sold to Garcia weeks

earlier. On March 14, SASA issued a $35,000 cashier's check to
6

Bustamante, representing the principal of the loan. The back of

the check showed that Bustamante endorsed both his and his wife's

names. The check also bore a typewritten notation stating "Deposit

Only to the HSB Construction Inc. Account" and listing an account

number. HSB Construction belonged to Douglas Jaffe. Unlike most

of Jaffe's companies, however, HSB Construction was not a

subsidiary of Jaffe's corporate umbrella, the Jaffe Group, Inc. 

On March 18, the Air Force opened the sealed bids for the

Lackland Contract. Falcon Foods had submitted the highest of seven

bids. Following standard procedure, the Air Force began to work

its way up from the bottom of the list, looking for the lowest

bidder that was also "responsive and responsible," factors having

to do with a contractor's ability to carry through on its promised

performance. After disqualifying the two lowest bidders, the Air

Force found itself running out of time to hire a new contractor

before the existing Falcon Foods contract expired on April 30. 

To ease the time crunch, on April 17 the Air Force attempted

to exercise its contractual option to temporarily extend its

existing contract. Unfortunately for the Air Force, the

notification deadline had expired two days earlier. No longer

bound by the contract, Falcon Foods responded with a counter-offer

that was $150,000 more per month than it had previously charged.

The Air Force rejected the counter-offer. Afraid that it would not

find a qualified bidder by April 30, the Air Force decided to place

the new contract through a faster minority set-aside program

operated by the Small Business Administration. In this manner, the

Air Force awarded the Lackland contract to Aleman Food Service
7

(Aleman Foods). Aleman Foods had been the fourth lowest bidder.

On April 24, the day of the award to Aleman, Leos received a

call from Bustamante, who insisted that Leos explain why the

original bidding process had been scuttled. Dissatisfied with

Leos, Bustamante next berated Leos' boss, the deputy director for

contracting. Still unplacated, Bustamante telephoned General

Gillis and expressed his anger that Falcon Foods had not been

awarded the Lackland contract. Bustamante threatened General

Gillis that he had "better turn this around" or Bustamante would

end his career. On April 25, Bustamante wrote to the General

Accounting Office demanding an explanation of the award to Aleman

Foods. At approximately the same time, another disgruntled bidder

obtained a restraining order that prohibited Aleman Foods from

serving food until all protests to the award were resolved. Left

with no food service contractor, the Air Force fed its troops

prepackaged meals from its war reserve stock from May 1 to July 31,

when Aleman Foods was finally allowed to begin meal service.

To find bribery, the jury is required to find that a public

official accepted a thing of value in return for being influenced

in the performance of an official act. United States v. Evans, 572

F.2d 455, 480-81 (5th Cir.), cert. denied, 439 U.S. 870 (1978). 

Bustamante first contends that the government produced

insufficient evidence for the jury to decide that his actions on

behalf of Falcon Foods were "official acts." This contention is

spurious. Without question, Bustamante took action in his official

capacity as a congressman on a "matter" (the award of a government

food service contract) which was "then pending." 18 U.S.C. §
8

201(a)(3).

Bustamante next argues that the jury could not legitimately

find that the $35,000 payment from Garcia was a quid pro quo for

any assistance he gave to Falcon Foods. First, Bustamante

maintains that he provided an entirely innocent explanation for the

$35,000 that he received from and returned to Garcia. Bustamante

testified that he was on his way to SASA to borrow the $35,000 he

needed to pay off his promissory note when he told Garcia, a long

time friend, about the planned loan. Garcia offered to buy

Bustamante's second lien note instead. Bustamante accepted, not

knowing that Garcia did not have enough money to make the purchase

himself. Bustamante bought back the second lien note, however,

because his wife did not approve of the sale. Bustamante had

already used Garcia's $35,000 to pay off his own promissory note,

so he went to SASA for a loan after all, to get the money to

reimburse Garcia. Bustamante asserts that he did not know that the

money for the purchase really came from Jaffe, nor that the money

he repaid to Garcia ended up in Jaffe's account. However,

Bustamante's explanation is the type of alternative hypothesis of

innocence that the jury need not exclude when reaching a guilty

verdict. Maseratti, 1 F.3d at 337. 

Bustamante also argues that the evidence does not persuasively

support the government's cover-up theory - that Leos' instruction

to communicate in writing spurred Bustamante to incur the SASA loan

for the purpose of hiding the $35,000 payment. However,

disregarding the government's cover-up theory, the evidence was

more than sufficient for the jury to find that Bustamante accepted
9

a bribe in violation of 18 U.S.C. § 201(b). Bustamante received a

large amount of money from the principals of Falcon Foods at a time

when Falcon Foods needed Bustamante's assistance and when

Bustamante needed the funds. Neither Bustamante nor Garcia

documented the "sale" of the second lien note in any standard

manner. Garcia, a successful businessman, supposedly purchased

this second lien note at a price $13,000 higher than its present

value. Though Garcia appeared to make this purchase, it was Jaffe

who actually supplied the money. Additionally, Bustamante

telephoned a brigadier general and threatened to end his career if

the Lackland contract was not re-awarded to Falcon Foods. Given

these facts, the jury's guilty verdict must stand. See United

States v. Biaggi, 909 F.2d 662, 683-84 (2d Cir. 1990), cert.

denied, 499 U.S. 904 (1991).

B. The Illegal Gratuity

As Predicate Act Three and Count Four, the indictment alleged

that Bustamante accepted an illegal gratuity. Unopposed in the

1984 general election, Bustamante's seat in Congress was a foregone

conclusion once he won the primary election. In the period between

the primary and general elections, Bustamante was invited to

participate in a fledgling company called San Antonio Video

Corporation (SAVC). SAVC had been organized by Oliver S. Heard and

R. Lawrence Macon, both local attorneys and friends of Bustamante.

Heard and Macon formed SAVC to compete for the Federal

Communications Commission (FCC) license for a commercial television

station. 

On November 29, 1984, a few weeks after the general election,
 

2The fact that SAVC would be controlled by minority women

entitled it to a "comparative preference" during the FCC

licensing process.

10

SAVC filed its licensing application with the FCC. Although the

application listed Bustamante as owning 18.5 percent of SAVC, he

had not actually contributed any money at that time.

To purchase his share of SAVC, Bustamante was expected to make

an initial pro rata contribution of approximately $15,000. This

would entitle Bustamante to 16 percent of the non-voting stock;

Heard, Macon, and Heard's law firm also owned portions of the nonvoting stock. SAVC also issued voting stock, which was owned by

three minority women.2 

In the event that SAVC was fortunate enough to win the FCC

license, Bustamante was expected to make a second contribution of

$650,000 toward the roughly $5 million start-up cost. Like several

of the other investors, Bustamante did not have the financial

strength to contribute such a substantial sum. Heard and Macon

planned to borrow the start-up cost using the FCC license as

collateral, then lend this money to the other investors, including

Bustamante. Macon testified at trial that, if push came to shove,

he would not have forced Bustamante to repay this loan.

Bustamante did not even have the initial $15,000 on hand. To

make his up-front stock purchase, Bustamante applied for a $20,000

loan from Groos Bank in San Antonio in April 1985 (the Groos Bank

loan). According to an internal bank document entitled "Loan

Application" the loan was needed to "[i]nvest in a new television

broadcasting company" and was "made as a result of a specific

request on the part of Oliver S. Heard, Jr., Guarantor." The Loan
11

Application included Heard's financial statement, his net worth and

annual income. Just three days earlier, Groos Bank had granted the

Bustamantes another $20,000 loan, for personal purposes, which was

also "based on the specific request and financial strength of

guarantor Oliver S. Heard, Jr." 

As part of the FCC's licensing procedure, SAVC and its rivals

litigated their claims before an administrative law judge (ALJ).

In May 1985, as part of this process, Bustamante testified about

his initial stock purchase as well as the potential $650,000 future

payment. Bustamante testified that he had taken out the Groos Bank

loan to make his initial stock purchase in the fall of 1984.

Bustamante denied that Heard had guaranteed this loan.

The FCC litigation extended over a number of years. During

this time, three installments on Bustamante's Groos Bank loan

became due in April 1986, 1987, and 1988. Bustamante missed all

three of these payments. On April 20, 1988, Groos Bank allowed

Bustamante to renew the loan by relying on Heard's original

guaranty. At the same time, Bustamante took out another loan to

cover the accumulated interest on the original Groos Bank loan;

this loan was also covered by the Heard guaranty. In July 1988,

Bustamante combined both of these loans into a single $20,140.69

obligation. Like each of the previous loans, this consolidation

loan relied on Heard's guaranty. Bustamante made two of the

monthly installment payments on this loan.

In October 1988, the FCC litigation finally ended. SAVC was

not awarded the FCC license, but did get $175,000 in settlement

from the company that did receive the license. On October 27,
12

1988, three days after SAVC received the settlement, Heard issued

Bustamante a check for $19,467.53, the exact amount that Bustamante

still owed to Groos Bank. Bustamante immediately repaid the

consolidated Groos Bank loan in full. 

SAVC's other investors did not receive such priority

treatment. On October 31, 1988, Macon wrote a letter to Heard

stating that before the shareholders would receive refunds of their

pro rata contributions, the settlement money would be used to pay

off SAVC's outstanding bills. This included loans that Heard and

Macon had made to SAVC during its lengthy effort to obtain the FCC

license. The record does not reflect whether the other SAVC

shareholders ever received their share of the settlement proceeds.

To find a public official guilty of accepting an illegal

gratuity, a jury must find that the "official accepted, because of

his position, a thing of value 'otherwise than as provided by law

for the proper discharge of official duty.'" Evans, 572 F.2d at

480. Generally, no proof of a quid pro quo is required; it is

sufficient for the government to show that the defendant was given

the gratuity simply because he held public office. Id. at 479;

United States v. Secord, 726 F. Supp. 845, 847 (D.D.C. 1989)

(sufficient for government to show that gratuity was given "simply

because of [a person's] official position, in appreciation for

their relationship, or in anticipation of its continuation"). In

addition, the jury need not find that the official accepted the

gratuity with the intent to be influenced. The jury must only

conclude that the evidence establishes beyond a reasonable doubt

that the official accepted unauthorized compensation. Evans, 572
13

F.2d at 480. 

Bustamante's challenges to his illegal gratuity conviction

rely on his interpretation of the charge against him. According to

Bustamante, the indictment alleges only that he accepted two

specific things of value: Heard's Groos Bank loan guaranty for the

initial loan to purchase SAVC stock and the promise of future loans

in the amount of $650,000, both at no risk to himself. Bustamante

argues that his conviction for accepting these two things of value

is invalid because the government failed to prove (1) that he knew

of Heard's loan guaranty and (2) that the Groos Bank loan was

actually risk-free. 

Bustamante views the charge too narrowly. Bustamante was not

merely accused of accepting these particular guarantees and

promises, but of allowing Macon and Heard to shoulder the

responsibility for his SAVC investment from start in 1984 to finish

in 1988. Bustamante is correct that the indictment alleges that he

accepted "Loan Guarantees ($20,000) and Promises of Loans

($650,000)", and "a loan guarantee for the purchase of stock and

the promise of future loans for additional investment in [SAVC],

all at no personal risk . . . ." However, the indictment also

describes the broader investment scheme of which these loans were

a part. For example, the indictment alleges "[Bustamante] was

invited by SAVC's controllers to participate in SAVC at no personal

risk to himself." The government's counsel, without objection from

Bustamante, succinctly explained its theory to the jury in closing

argument: "[t]he crime is a carry, a carry of Albert Bustamante in
 

3Bustamante does not argue that this characterization or the

proof at trial were fatally at variance with the indictment. In

fact, in another section of his own brief, Bustamante argues that

Count Four described a "single, continuing gratuity violation"

that ended in 1988.

14

this transaction."3 

Viewed in this light, the proper question is whether

Bustamante knew that Heard and Macon were giving him a risk-free

investment in SAVC. We are convinced that the above evidence was

sufficient to allow the jury to find that Bustamante rested firmly

on Heard and Macon's shoulders for the SAVC investment. In

addition, the Groos Bank officer who handled Bustamante's loans,

Neyland Allen, testified that he knew of only one instance in Groos

Bank history in which the bank had purposefully kept a guarantor

secret from the borrower. Given Bustamante's long friendship with

Heard and the context of this entire transaction, the fact that

Allen could not specifically remember informing Bustamante of

Heard's guaranty is not fatal. Bustamante also emphasizes that he

himself testified that he did not know of the guaranty. However,

the jury was free to reject this testimony. United States v.

Anderton, 679 F.2d 1199, 1202 (5th Cir. 1982). 

Likewise, Bustamante's argument that the government failed to

prove that the Groos Bank loan was risk-free misses the mark. The

government was required to prove what it alleged - a risk-free

investment carry, not a risk-free loan. Heard and Macon gave

Bustamante the precise amount needed to repay his investment loan,

which exceeded the amount he actually invested, at a time when they

were not repaying other investors. This fact alone strongly

supports the jury's conclusion that Bustamante's SAVC investment
15

was risk-free. 

Leaving no stone unturned, Bustamante also suggests that the

government was required to prove that the gratuity was given in

exchange for an official act. As we noted above, this is not the

government's burden. 

The jury was also entitled to conclude that Bustamante

received the SAVC gratuity because of his status as a congressman.

Bustamante was invited to invest after his seat in Congress was

assured. He brought no broadcasting experience to SAVC. Because

he owned non-voting stock, his Hispanic ethnicity did not

contribute to the minority preference. His inclusion certainly

added no financial strength to the venture. The government

produced evidence that Heard's firm called on Bustamante to assist

them in his official capacity, demonstrating that Heard had reason

to appreciate his relationship with the Congressman and anticipate

its continuation. Considering these circumstances, the jury was

entitled to find that Heard and Macon sustained Bustamante

throughout his SAVC investment because he was a member of the

United States Congress.

C. The Pattern of Racketeering Activity

Bustamante argues next that, even if the evidence establishes

both predicate racketeering acts, the government did not prove a

pattern of activity within the meaning of the RICO statute. To

establish a pattern of racketeering activity, the government must

show a series of at least two related predicate acts that

constitute a threat of continuing racketeering activity. TelPhonic Services, Inc. v. TBS Intern., Inc., 975 F.2d 1134, 1139-40
16

(5th Cir. 1992) (citing H.J. Inc. v. Northwestern Bell, 492 U.S.

229 (1989)). At the time of his trial, Bustamante was no longer in

office. Thus, to satisfy the continuity requirement, the

government had to establish "a closed period of repeated conduct,"

which it could do by showing "a series of related predicates

extending over a substantial period of time." H.J. Inc., 492 U.S.

at 241, 242. 

Bustamante concedes that Predicate Acts One and Three are

related but argues that they are not sufficiently continuous.

Again, Bustamante's argument depends primarily on his constricted

interpretation of the acts comprising his acceptance of the SAVC

gratuity. Bustamante argues that the gratuity offense was

completed in 1985, when he accepted the loan guaranty and the

promise of future loans. He contends that when the gratuity is

added to the 1986 Falcon Foods bribe, his racketeering activity

occurred over a short, isolated period of approximately eleven

months. On this basis he maintains that the evidence was

insufficient to permit the jury to find either that his

racketeering acts covered a substantial period of time or posed a

threat of ongoing activity.

Bustamante's argument is belied by the record. As discussed

above, the record reveals that Bustamante did more than accept the

loan guaranty and promise of future loans in 1985 - he continued to

allow Heard and Macon to carry him. This gratuity did not end

until Bustamante accepted the 1988 loan repayment. Bustamante's

racketeering acts therefore continued for a period of nearly four

years. This time period is substantial. See United States v.
 

4At trial, Bustamante first raised this defense in a postverdict motion for acquittal. Because we find that the gratuity

charge is not barred by the statute of limitations, we decline to

address whether, under the circumstances of this case,

Bustamante's failure to raise this issue earlier amounts to

waiver.

17

Pellulo, 964 F.2d 193, 209 (3d Cir. 1992); Metromedia v. Fugazy,

983 F.2d 350, 369 (2d Cir. 1992), cert. denied, 113 S.Ct. 2445

(1993). In addition, the jury was entitled to conclude that

Bustamante's actions amounted to a threat of continuing criminal

activity. Indeed, the gratuity itself threatened to continue as

long as the SAVC investment continued; had SAVC obtained the FCC

license, Heard and Macon probably would have sustained Bustamante's

investment for a much longer period of time. Bustamante makes much

of the fact that the jury found him not guilty of the other seven

alleged racketeering acts. However, these acquittals are not

inconsistent with the jury's conclusion that Bustamante's criminal

behavior threatened to continue, at least during the closed-end

four year period of activity. See United States v. Freeman, 6 F.3d

586, 596 (9th Cir. 1993) (by their nature, crimes such as bribery

suggest the threat of long term activity).

III. Statute of Limitations

Bustamante argues that his prosecution for the SAVC gratuity

is barred by the five year statute of limitations in 18 U.S.C. §

3282.4 He contends that the limitations period started to run when

he first accepted the gratuity in 1985 and that it expired in 1990

long before his 1993 indictment. 

Bustamante relies on United States v. Hare, 618 F.2d 1085 (4th

Cir. 1980), in which the defendant accepted an illegal gratuity in
 

5This holding precludes Bustamante's argument that the

district court should not have sentenced Bustamante under the

United States Sentencing Guidelines. United States v. Devine,

934 F.2d 1325, 1332 (5th Cir.), cert. denied, 112 S.Ct. 349

(1991) (guidelines apply to offense initiated but not completed

18

the form of a loan with favorable interest and payment provisions.

Hare accepted the loan in 1970 and made periodic payments on the

loan until 1975. Because Hare was not indicted until 1979, he

argued that the five year limitations period had expired. The

court agreed, holding that the gratuity was complete when Hare

received the loan and that the statute of limitations could not be

extended simply because Hare continued to benefit from the

favorable terms every time he made a payment. The court based its

decision on Toussie v. United States, 397 U.S. 112 (1970), which

held that the doctrine of continuing offenses should be applied

sparingly, to avoid undermining the congressional policy of repose.

Hare is distinguishable from Bustamante's case. The Hare

Court itself limited its holding to the specific facts alleged in

Hare's indictment, which asserted that Hare committed one act of

accepting a gratuity in 1970. Hare, 618 F.2d at 1087. In

contrast, Bustamante's indictment charges that his acts of

accepting the SAVC gratuity extended over a period of years. As we

explained in the previous section, Bustamante is not accused of

committing a crime that has continuing effects after its

completion. Rather he was charged with accepting illegal

gratuities over an extended period of time. Unlike Hare,

Bustamante was therefore charged with continuing criminal behavior.

Accordingly, we find that Bustamante's acceptance of the SAVC

gratuity occurred within the five year limitations period.5 See
before October 31, 1987). 

19

United States v. Morales, 11 F.3d 915, 918 (9th Cir. 1993).

IV. Defense Witness Immunity

Bustamante argues next that the district court erred by not

granting immunity to a trial witness, Eddie Garcia, pursuant to a

grand jury immunity order. In September 1992, the government

subpoenaed Garcia to testify before the grand jury investigating

Bustamante. The government applied for and received an order

compelling Garcia to testify under a grant of immunity. Both the

application and order were captioned "IN RE GRAND JURY PROCEEDINGS"

and given the cause number "SA92CR270." Under this order, Garcia

testified before the grand jury twice.

In February 1993, the indictment against Bustamante was

returned, creating cause number "SA93CR039." Garcia was subpoenaed

by the government to testify at Bustamante's trial. When he

received his trial subpoena, Garcia's attorney wrote a letter to

the government stating that, if called at trial, Garcia would

invoke the fifth amendment and refuse to testify because "it is our

belief the [former immunity order] does not extend to any

testimony, other than grand jury testimony, requested of him in

this case." After receiving no response, Garcia filed a motion

with the trial court requesting a protective order immunizing his

trial testimony and stating that the former immunity order "did not

specifically require or compel [Garcia] to testify in [SA93CR039]."

Although the government never called Garcia as a witness

during the trial, Bustamante did. When Bustamante was ready to

call Garcia to testify, Bustamante's attorney informed the trial
20

court that Garcia wished to speak with the court. Garcia told the

court that he wanted to testify but that "I'd like to have . . .

immunity . . . I think it's only fair for me to have immunity."

When the court asked if Garcia would be receiving immunity, the

government responded that Garcia had been given immunity before the

grand jury but that he would not be granted immunity for his

testimony at trial. The government explained that it believed that

Garcia had perjured himself in his grand jury testimony. 

Garcia's attorney then appeared in court to explain that,

despite his earlier statements, he believed that the language of

the immunity order granted Garcia immunity throughout the grand

jury proceedings and the trial. Garcia's attorney explained that

at the time he had written the letter and motion, he did not

possess a copy of the immunity order and had only seen it briefly,

immediately before Garcia's grand jury appearance. After listening

to both Garcia's attorney and the government, the trial court ruled

that the immunity order only applied to Garcia's testimony before

the grand jury. Believing that Garcia would not testify without

immunity, Bustamante did not call him as a witness.

Bustamante now argues that the district court incorrectly

interpreted Garcia's immunity order. Bustamante cites several

decisions holding that the court must interpret an immunity

agreement generously to protect the witness's fifth amendment right

against self-incrimination. However, these decisions describe the

rights of the party to the immunity agreement, not the rights of a

third party. Garcia's personal rights under the agreement cannot
 

6Neither Bustamante nor the government frames this as an

issue of standing. It is sufficient for us to note that

Bustamante has provided no reason why he should escape the

general rule that a litigant cannot base her own claim on the

legal rights and interests of a third party. United States v.

Shaw, 920 F.2d 1225, 1229 (5th Cir.), cert. denied, 500 U.S. 926

(1991).

21

form the foundation for Bustamante's own claim on this issue.6

Neither party cites, nor can we find, any case describing a

defendant's right to assert error based on a trial court's

interpretation of another person's immunity order. Our review of

the existing case law makes clear that a defendant's rights are

only implicated by a third party's immunity status when that status

intrudes on the defendant's due process protections. In United

States v. Chagra, 669 F.2d 241, 259-261 (5th Cir.), cert. denied,

459 U.S. 846 (1982), we held that the sixth amendment compulsory

process right does not enable a defendant to "demand that the

government shield a witness from the consequences of his own

testimony." It is also settled that, unless the government has

abused its immunity power, a defendant has no due process right to

have the trial court immunize defense witnesses. United States v.

Follin, 979 F.2d 369, 374 (5th Cir. 1992), cert. denied, 113 S.Ct.

3004 (1993); United States v. Thevis, 665 F.2d 616, 638-41 (5th

Cir.), cert. denied, 456 U.S. 1008 (1982). In addition, a

defendant cannot prevent the government from revoking a prior grant

of immunity when the government has a good faith belief that the

witness testified falsely. United States v. Taylor, 728 F.2d 930

(7th Cir. 1984). These decisions illuminate the underlying

principle that a defendant only has grounds to complain about the

treatment of a witness's immunity when the government is using its
 

7The actual interchange was:

GOVT: In March of 1992, Jerry Hoyack called before the

grand jury and was given a grant of immunity . . . and

we would like your Honor to essentially, for counsel's

purposes, sort of refresh your order compelling his

testimony. 

COURT: Okay. Does the same order, is the Government saying

that the same order of immunity that took place before 

the grand jury, the Government intends to follow in 

trial, as well?

GOVT: Precisely.

COURT: So immunity is still being granted to the witness.

GOVT: Precisely.

22

immunity privilege to unfairly skew the facts presented to the

jury, thereby breaching the defendant's right to due process of

law. Accordingly, we evaluate Bustamante's claims under this

standard. 

Bustamante maintains that the government's interpretation of

Garcia's immunity order is unfair because it is inconsistent with

the manner in which the government treated another witness.

Bustamante contends that the government informed the trial court

that this witness's immunity order, identical to Garcia's, extended

to testimony at trial. However, we do not read the government's

statements in this way; in fact, it appears that the government was

asking the court to extend the former order to apply to the trial.7

Bustamante also points out that the government never charged

Garcia with perjury. However, this fact is not sufficient to allow

this Court to infer that the government was concealing Garcia's

truthful testimony because it would have helped Bustamante. See

Taylor, 728 F.2d at 936. In fact, the record reveals that before

the government was aware that Bustamante wanted to call Garcia as

a witness, the government had disclosed Garcia as an unindicted coconspirator. This detail supports the government's statement to
23

the trial court that it declined to further immunize Garcia because

he had "outstanding criminal liability." 

In sum, nothing in the record causes us to believe that the

government was acting in bad faith by advocating its limited

interpretation of Garcia's immunity. The record also does not in

any way suggest that the trial court itself violated Bustamante's

due process rights in making its ruling on Garcia's immunity.

Accordingly, we conclude that Bustamante's due process rights were

not implicated by the trial court's decision that the immunity

order was limited to testimony before the grand jury. 

Bustamante also argues that, even if the trial court correctly

interpreted Garcia's immunity order, the court should have ordered

immunity to stem the government's misbehavior. See, e.g., Follin,

979 F.2d at 374. As discussed above, the record does not support

this argument. More importantly, Bustamante did not ask the trial

court to grant immunity on any ground other than the existing

immunity agreement. Bustamante makes no attempt to establish that

the trial court was obligated to order immunity on its own

initiative and we decline to bear this burden for him. See Taylor,

728 F.2d at 934 n.3. 

V. Prosecutorial Misconduct

Bustamante argues next that government counsel made numerous

improper comments which caused the jury to be prejudiced against

him. He contends that these instances of misconduct so permeated

the trial that this Court should reverse his convictions. 
24

A. Opening statement

Bustamante complains that, during its opening statement, the

government maligned the defendants and certain witnesses, misstated

evidence, attempted to establish Bustamante's guilt by association,

and suggested that certain witnesses might lie. However, because

Bustamante made no objection to any of these statements we will

review only for plain error. United States v. Andrews, 22 F.3d

1328, 1341 (5th Cir.), cert. denied, 115 S.Ct. 346 (1994); United

States v. Bermea, 30 F.3d 1539, 1564 (5th Cir. 1994). To meet this

standard, Bustamante must prove:

(1) an error; 

(2) that is obvious or "so conspicuous that 'the trial judge

and prosecutor were derelict in countenancing [it], even absent the

defendant's timely assistance in detecting [it],'" United States

v. Calverley, 37 F.3d 160, 163-64 (5th Cir. 1994) (en banc)

(quoting United States v. Frady, 456 U.S. 152 (1982)); and 

(3) that affected the defendant's substantial rights, usually

by affecting the outcome of the proceeding, id. (citing United

States v. Olano, 113 S.Ct. 1770 (1993)). 

In addition, we will correct a plain error affecting

substantial rights only if it "'seriously affect[ed] the fairness,

integrity, or public reputation of judicial proceedings.'" Id.

(quoting United States v. Atkinson, 279 U.S. 157 (1936)). See also

United States v. Rodriguez, 15 F.3d 408, 414-15 (5th Cir. 1994).

We have carefully reviewed the above statements of which

Bustamante complains. Even if the district court abused its

discretion in allowing them, which we doubt, such error certainly

did not rise to the level of plain error.

B. Improper closing argument

Bustamante argues that, during its closing argument, the
25

government improperly suggested that Jaffe, Garcia and Heard were

guilty of criminal conduct and called attention to Bustamante's

decision not to call them as witnesses. However, as the government

points out, Bustamante's own counsel had already repeatedly

highlighted the fact that the government did not call these

witnesses. The district court overruled Bustamante's objection to

this argument. The district court did not err in permitting the

government to respond to Bustamante's own argument suggesting that

the jury draw unfavorable inferences from the government's failure

to call these witnesses.

C. Improper cross-examination of Bustamante

Bustamante first complains that the government suggested that

he had received other uncharged illegal gratuities by asking him

twice "You've never gotten anything from Doug Jaffe?" At trial,

Bustamante's attorney objected on the ground that the government

was trying to introduce evidence of extraneous bad acts prohibited

by Federal Rule of Evidence (FRE) 404(b). The government responded

that these inquiries were directly relevant to the Falcon bribe, in

addition to being fair impeachment questions. The district court

apparently agreed, but limited the government's questioning to

Jaffe's involvement in the $35,000 payment Bustamante received from

Garcia. Bustamante now argues that the question itself was

improper because it implied Bustamante had received other

gratuities from Jaffe. We disagree. The record leads us to

conclude that a reasonable jury would interpret this question as

referring to the gratuity with which Bustamante had been charged,

a matter which the government was entitled to explore. 
26

Bustamante next complains that the government twice asked

questions intimating that Bustamante had done other improper things

in his past, then stated in the jury's presence that it had outside

evidence to support these questions. Bustamante contends that the

government thus gave unsworn testimony about his prior bad acts.

However, the record reveals that the government made these

statements after Bustamante's attorney suggested in front of the

jury that the government asked these questions in bad faith. In

this context, the government's statements were not improper. In

any event, these statements certainly do not amount to plain error,

which is the applicable standard given that Bustamante never

objected to them.

Bustamante also complains about two series of questions the

government asked regarding two other specific instances of

uncharged prior conduct: Bustamante's failure to report or pay

taxes on certain income, and Bustamante's solicitation of an

unrelated bribe in 1987. At trial, Bustamante objected that the

government was introducing FRE 404(b) evidence without first

disclosing it to the defense as required by a pretrial order. The

government correctly responded that, because it was using this

evidence to impeach Bustamante's credibility, FRE 404(b) did not

apply. United States v. Tomblin, No. 93-8679, 1994 WL 720034, at

*13 (5th Cir. Dec. 30, 1994). The district court allowed both

lines of questioning. Bustamante now contends that these questions

were highly prejudicial. 

Bustamante's argument places the cart before the horse. We

assess the prejudicial quality of these questions only if we
27

conclude that they were improper. United States v. MMR Corp., 907

F.2d 489, 501 (5th Cir. 1990), cert. denied, 499 U.S. 936 (1991).

They were not. FRE 608(b) allows the government to inquire into

specific instances of conduct relevant to Bustamante's character

for truthfulness. Both the failure to report income and the

solicitation of bribes are relevant to the issue of honesty. E.g.,

Tomblin at *13. The record reveals that, prior to embarking on

each series of questions, the government informed the district

court of the factual support for its inquiries, thus establishing

a good faith basis for its questions. We conclude that the

district court did not err in permitting these questions.

Lastly, Bustamante asserts that the government commented on

his assertion of his fifth amendment rights before the grand jury.

At the start of his direct examination, Bustamante stated "I've

been waiting a long time for this day to come." On crossexamination, the government asked "You were given an opportunity to

come in and tell the government your version [of the facts],

weren't you?" and "I sent your attorney a letter inviting you to

come in to the grand jury and tell your story under oath, at that

time, didn't I?" The district court sustained Bustamante's

objections to both questions. 

On appeal, the government argues that these questions were

properly designed to impeach Bustamante's earlier testimony. We

disagree. The rule is well established that a witness generally

may not be cross-examined about her choice to invoke the fifth

amendment privilege in grand jury proceedings. United States v.

Robichaux, 995 F.2d 565, 568 (5th Cir.), cert. denied, 114 S.Ct.
28

322 (1993). We need not consider the relationship between this

rule and the government's right to impeach a witness, because in

Bustamante's case the government was not fairly impeaching his

earlier statement. Bustamante's general introductory remark that

he had been waiting a long time for his trial date to arrive cannot

be interpreted as a complaint that he had never before had a chance

to speak to the government or the grand jury. The government's

remarks were thus improper.

This, however, is not the end of the inquiry. We will only

find reversible error if the government's improper comments cast

serious doubt on the jury's verdict. United States v. Rocha, 916

F.2d 219, 234 (5th Cir. 1990), cert. denied, 500 U.S. 934 (1991).

In making this evaluation, we consider (1) the likelihood and

degree that the jury was prejudiced by the remarks; (2) the

effectiveness of any cautionary instructions given by the court;

and (3) the strength of the legitimate evidence of the defendant's

guilt. Id.; Andrews, 22 F.3d at 1341. In assessing prejudice, we

consider several factors, including whether defense counsel

objected to the improper remark, asked the court for a curative

instruction or moved for a mistrial on the ground of the

misconduct. United States v. Wright-Barker, 784 F.2d 161, 175 (5th

Cir. 1986). We consider the error in the overall context in which

it occurred. See Bermea, 30 F.3d at 1564. 

For a number of reasons, we conclude that these statements do

not cast the jury's verdict into serious doubt. First, they were

brief and the court sustained Bustamante's objections. Second, the

court instructed the jury to disregard any questions or answers
 

8Bustamante identifies several other questions as improper. 

First, he complains that, in its cross-examination of Laurence

Macon, the government asked questions designed to inform the jury

of evidence that the trial court had previously excluded. 

Second, he complains that, during Rebecca Bustamante's crossexamination, the government insinuated that Bustamante had used

his official influence to advance Mrs. Bustamante's career. 

Lastly, he complains that the government attempted to elicit

testimony about Bustamante's bad character from another defense

witness. At trial, Bustamante's attorney objected to each of

these remarks and the court sustained each objection. Counsel

asked for neither curative instruction nor a mistrial. We are

not persuaded that these isolated questions prejudiced

Bustamante's substantial rights.

29

that it ruled improper. Third, counsel did not move for a mistrial

or a curative instruction. Finally, the government's proof of

guilt was strong. In the context of this three-week trial we are

satisfied that these brief remarks did not prejudice Bustamante's

substantial rights.8

VI. Brady Review Bustamante asks this

court to review the transcripts of the grand jury proceedings for

exculpatory evidence that the government should have disclosed.

Before trial, the district court reviewed these transcripts in

camera and concluded that they contained no Brady evidence.

Without arguing that the district court erred, Bustamante asks this

Court to conduct its own review of the transcripts. However, we

decline to scour the grand jury record without some showing either

that the district court failed to identify Brady material or that

the government failed to disclose it. Jones v. Butler, 864 F.2d

348, 356 (5th Cir. 1988), cert. denied, 490 U.S. 1075 (1989) (after

district court holds in camera hearing, we will ordinarily not go

beyond court's finding that records contain no Brady material).

See also United States v. Register, 496 F.2d 1072, 1081 (5th Cir.
 

9The RICO sentencing guideline allows a sentencing court to

derive the base offense level either from the RICO guideline or

by using the offense level from the underlying racketeering acts. 

In Bustamante's case, the district court used the base offense

level specified by the RICO sentencing guideline. We do not

address whether our decision would be different had the court

taken the base offense level from the underlying bribery and

gratuity offenses, §§ 2C1.1 and 2C1.2, which do not allow the

abuse of public trust enhancement. 

30

1974), cert. denied, 419 U.S. 1120 (1975). 

VII. Sentencing 

Bustamante argues that the sentence for his RICO conviction

was impermissibly enhanced by double counting. The district court

determined Bustamante's base offense level of 19 from the RICO

sentencing guideline, U.S.S.G. § 2E1.1, then increased that level

by two for Bustamante's abuse of a position of public trust, under

§ 3B1.3. Bustamante argues that, because his congressional office

was already used to satisfy the RICO enterprise element, the

district court could not also properly enhance his sentence for

abusing that office. This argument is meritless.

We agree with the analysis of the Seventh Circuit in United

States v. Ford, 21 F.2d 759 (7th Cir. 1994). In Ford, the court

held:

The crime of racketeering, [unlike simple bribery], does not

in all cases entail an abuse of trust, so that the minimum

base offense level of 19 already established for all RICO

offenses does not already incorporate that element. Instead,

the Sentencing Commission has determined that all RICO

offenses merit a minimum offense level of 19, and those RICO

offenses that entail an abuse of trust must, under the logic

of the Guidelines, be distinguished on the basis of that

additional element by receiving the two-level enhancement. 

Id. at 766. See also United States v. Butt, 955 F.2d 77, 89 (1st

Cir. 1992).9 The district court did not err in arriving at its

sentence.
31

VIII.

For the reasons stated above, Bustamante's conviction and

sentence are affirmed.

AFFIRMED.