Updated Buildings Sector    

Appliance and Equipment 

Costs and Efficiencies

April 2015

Independent Statistics & Analysis 

www.eia.gov

U.S. Department of Energy

Washington, DC 20585
U.S. Energy Information Administration   |   Updated Buildings Sector Appliance and Equipment Costs and Efficiencies i

This report was prepared by the U.S. Energy Information Administration (EIA), the statistical and

analytical agency within the U.S. Department of Energy. By law, EIA’s data, analyses, and forecasts are

independent of approval by any other officer or employee of the United States Government. The views

in this report therefore should not be construed as representing those of the U.S. Department of Energy

or other federal agencies.
April 2015

U.S. Energy Information Administration | Updated Buildings Sector Appliance and Equipment Costs and Efficiencies 1

Updated Buildings Sector Appliance and Equipment Costs and 

Efficiency

Energy used in the residential and commercial sectors provides a wide range of services: heating, 

cooling, lighting, refrigeration, cooking, and numerous other end uses.

The U.S. Energy Information Administration (EIA) conducts multiple building-sector surveys, the 

Residential Energy Consumption Survey (RECS) and Commercial Buildings Energy Consumption Survey 

(CBECS), that provide information on the equipment stock and energy consumption within existing 

buildings. However, these surveys do not directly gather other information that is important to 

forecasting future energy consumption, such as equipment cost information or nameplate efficiency 

ratings.

The Residential Demand Module (RDM) and Commercial Demand Module (CDM) of the National Energy 

Modeling System (NEMS) contain equipment cost and performance technology "menus" that represent 

competing options for most of the major end uses. Multiple equipment classes and types are 

represented in these menus so that the projected equipment stock can change over time in response to 

fuel prices and other factors that affect equipment choice, such as appliance standards. The equipment 

menus interact with other NEMS parameters to determine market shares, equipment efficiency levels, 

cost estimates, and equipment interactions,

1

and are used to translate service demand into energy 

demand.

The contract reports in Appendices A-D provide the information basis upon which these menus can be 

built with a consistent perspective on cost and efficiency characterizations across equipment and fuel 

types. Previous editions of the Annual Energy Outlook (AEO) used similar contract reports.

Appendices A and B constitute one set of reports that characterizes most major residential equipment 

and commercial heating, cooling, and water heating equipment. Appendix A is used in developing 

Reference case projections, while Appendix B is used in developing advanced technology cases.

2

These 

assumptions were developed and implemented during the AEO2015 cycle.

Appendices C and D constitute another set of reports that characterizes residential and commercial 

lighting, as well as commercial ventilation and refrigeration equipment. Appendix C is used in developing 

the Reference case, while Appendix D is used in developing advanced technology cases. These 

assumptions were developed and implemented during the AEO2013 cycle.

When referencing the contract reports in Appendices A-D, they should be cited as reports by Navigant 

Consulting, Inc. and Leidos (formerly SAIC) prepared for the U.S. Energy Information Administration.

 

1

Examples of equipment interactions are solar water heaters that supplement traditional water heaters, clothes washers that 

reduce the need for clothes drying, or water heaters that provide dishwashers and clothes washers with heated water.

2

In addition to the Reference case, the demand sectors also project scenarios to explore different assumptions for the cost and 

performance of future technologies. For the more optimistic cases, some equipment achieves lower life-cycle costs through 

improved efficiency or lower upfront costs, or both. The contracted reports provide a base case and an advanced case for 

modeling the AEO Reference case along with the more optimistic cases. Advanced case assumptions are used to develop side 

cases for full AEO report years that include such analyses.
April 2015

U.S. Energy Information Administration   |   Updated Buildings Sector Appliance and Equipment Costs and Efficiencies 2

APPENDIX A 

   
FINAL

EIA ‐ Technology Forecast 

Residential and Commercia

Technologies – Referen

Presented to:

U.S. Energy Information Adm

Prepared by

Navigant Consulting, Inc.

1200 19 St. NW, Suite 700

Washington, D.C. 20036

With

SAIC

8301 Greensboro Drive

McLean, VA 22102

March 2014
DISCLAIMER

This presentation was prepared as an account of work sponsored by an agency of the 

Government. Neither the United States Government, nor any agency thereof, nor any 

employees, nor any of their contractors, subcontractors, or their employees, makes any 

express or implied, or assumes any legal liability or responsibility for the accuracy, co

usefulness of any information, apparatus, product, or process disclosed, or represents 

would not infringe privately owned rights. Reference herein to any specific commerc

process, or service by trade name, trademark, manufacturer, or otherwise, does not ne

constitute or imply its endorsement, recommendation, or favoring by the United State

or any agency, contractor or subcontractor thereof. The views and opinions of authors 

herein do not necessarily state or reflect those of the United States Government or any 

thereof.

1
Objective 4Methodology 5Definitions 6Market Transformation 7Historical Shipment Data 8

Residential Gas‐Fired Water Heaters 9

Residential Oil‐Fired Water Heaters 12

Residential Electric Resistance Water Heaters 14

Residential Heat Pump Water Heaters 17Residential Instantaneous Water Heaters 19Residential Solar Water Heaters 21Residential Gas‐Fired Furnaces 23Residential Oil‐Fired Furnaces 26Residential Gas‐Fired Boilers 29Residential Oil‐Fired Boilers 31Residential Room Air Conditioners 33Residential Central Air Conditioners (South) 36Residential Central Air Conditioners (North) 37Residential Air Source Heat Pumps 40Residential Ground Source Heat Pumps 44Residential Gas Heat Pumps 46Residential Electric Furnaces 48Residential Electric Resistance Heaters 50

Residential Cordwood Stoves Residential Pellet Wood Stoves Residential Refrigerator/Freezer (T

Residential Refrigerator/Freezer (BResidential Refrigerator/Freezer (S

Residential Freezers (Upright) Residential Freezers (Chest) Residential Natural Gas Cooktops 

Residential Clothes Washers (FronResidential Clothes Washers (Top‐Residential Clothes Dryers (ElectriResidential Clothes Dryers (Gas) Residential Dishwashers Commercial Gas‐Fired Furnaces 

Commercial Oil‐Fired Furnaces Commercial Electric Boilers Commercial Gas‐Fired Boilers Commercial Oil‐Fired Boilers Commercial Gas Fired Chillers Commercial Centrifugal Chillers Commercial Reciprocating ChillerCommercial Screw Chillers 

Commercial Scroll Chillers Commercial Rooftop Air Conditio

Commercial Gas‐Fired Engine‐Dri

Conditioners 

Commercial Rooftop Heat Pumps 

Page 

Table of Contents
• Commercial Ground Source Heat Pumps 109• Commercial Electric Resistance Heaters 111

• Commercial Gas‐Fired Water Heaters 113• Commercial Electric Resistance Water Heaters 116

• Commercial Oil‐Fired Water Heaters 119• Commercial Gas‐Fired Instantaneous Water

Heaters 121

• Commercial Electric Booster Water Heaters 123

• Commercial Gas Booster Water Heaters 124• Commercial Gas Griddles 126• Commercial Electric Griddles 127

• Commercial Hot Food Holding Cabinets 129

• Data Sources A‐1• References B‐1

Page

Table of Contents
4

The objective of this study is to develop baseline and pro

performance/cost characteristics for residential and comm

end‐use equipment.

• 2003 and 2012 baselines (or 2009 for residential products), as well as to

— Review of literature, standards, installed base, contractor, and ma

information.

— Provide a relative comparison and characterization of the cost/effi

generic product.

• Forecast of technology improvements that are projected to be available 

— Review of trends in standards, product enhancements, and Resear

Development (R&D).

— Projected impact of product improvements and enhancement to te

Objective

The performance/cost characterization of end‐use equipment devestudy will assist EIA in projecting national primary energy consum
5

Input from industry, including government, R&D organiz

manufacturers, was used to project product enhancements 

equipment performance and cost attributes.

• Technology forecasting involves many uncertainties.• Technology developments impact performance and cost forecasts.

• Varied sources ensure a balanced view of technology progress and the 

of commercial availability.

• All cost forecasts are shown in 2013 dollars.

Methodology
6

The following tables represent the current and projected efficiencies for 

commercial building equipment ranging from the installed base in 2003 

2009 for residential products) to the highest efficiency equipment that is 

commercially available by 2040, assuming incremental adoption. Below 

for the terms used in characterizing the status of each technology.

• 2003/2009/2012 Installed Base: Efficiency values are for those units insta

in that year. Cost values are for the typical new unit sold in that year.

• 2013 Current Standard: the minimum efficiency required by current sta

• Typical: the average, or “typical” product being sold in the particular ti

• ENERGY STAR: the minimum efficiency required to meet the ENERGY 

where applicable.

• Mid‐Level: middle tier high‐efficiency product available in the particul

• High: the product with the highest efficiency available in the particular 

Definitions
7

Market Transformation

The market for the reviewed products has changed since th

performed in 2011 and is reflected in the efficiency and co

characteristics.

• In some categories the typical new product purchased today is significa

efficient than the average product in the installed base in 2003 (comm.) 

— Residential sector: room and central air conditioners, heat pumps, re

freezers, clothes washers

— Commercial sector: rooftop air conditioners and hot food holding ca

• More stringent Federal standards are taking effect for the following pro

— residential and commercial boilers in 2012

— residential furnaces and dishwashers in 2013— room air conditioners, refrigerators, and freezers in 2014

— residential central air conditioners, air‐source heat pumps, water he

washers, and clothes dryers in 2015

• ENERGY STAR continues to raise the bar with revised criteria for reside

and new criteria for commercial water heaters, both effective in early 20
8

Shipments

Shipments of home appliances and comfort conditioning (heatin

cooling) equipment peaked during the housing boom in 2005 the

Shipment volumes bottomed out in 2009 and have changed little 

Source: Analysis by Navigant Consulting of data from Appliance Magazine.

05

1015202530354045

2000 2002 2004 2006 2008 2010 2012

Shipments for Final Sales in the United States

(millions of units)

HomeAppliComfCond(Res)Wate(Res & 
9

Residential Gas-Fired Water Heaters

DATA

2009 2013 2020 2030 

Installed

Base

Current

Standard Typical ENERGY STAR High Typical High Typical High 

Typical Capacity (gal) 40 40 40 40 50 40 50 40 5Energy Factor 0.6 0.59 0.62 0.67 0.80 0.62 0.85 0.62 0.8Average Life (yrs)

66666666

20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 2

Retail Equipment Cost ($)

500 500 510 830 1,500 510 1,470 510 1,33540 540 540 860 3,000 540 3,100 540 2,93

Total Installed Cost ($)

980 980 990 1,310 1,980 990 1,950 990 1,81

1,020 1,020 1,020 1,340 3,480 1,020 3,580 1,020 3,41

Annual Maintenance Cost ($) ‐ ‐ 14 18 18 14 18 14 1
• The current Federal standard, which came into effect in January 2004 ma

0.59 for a 40‐gallon water heater. The equation for the Federal standard is

EF=0.67‐(0.0019*Gal), which is used to expand the analysis to a gre

storage capacities.

• An updated Federal standard will go into effect on April 16, 2015. The eq

Federal standard is:

EF=0.675‐(0.0015*Gal) for a volume ≤ 55 gallons and

EF=0.8012‐(0.00078*Gal) for a volume > 55 gallons

• The current minimum EF for ENERGY STAR qualification is 0.67.

• Per discussions with National Labs, there is a potential trend towards a c

gallons as efficiency increases.

• Gas‐fired water heater capacities typically fall between 30 and 75 gallons

• As part of the heating products Federal standards rulemaking, a high eff

was examined, EF=0.77 at 40 gallons, which represents a condensing unit 

inches of insulation and a power vent.

• The cost of installation is approximately $450, which is higher than electr

heaters for a number of reasons, which includes an extra 1.5 hours of labo

plumbers that is required for gas units.

10

Residential Gas-Fired Water Heaters
Shipments were flat at 5 million units per year through 20

declined gradually over 4 years to a new plateau at 4 millio

11

Residential Gas-Fired Water Heaters

0123456

2000 2002 2004 2006 2008 2010 

Unit Shipments (millions)

Gas Water Heaters

Source: Appliance Magazine (also available from http://www.ahrinet.org/historical+data.aspx)
12

Residential Oil–Fired Water Heaters

DATA

2009 2013 2020 2030 

Installed

Base

Current

Standard Typical Mid‐Level High Typical High Typical High 

Typical Capacity (gal) 30 30 30 30 32 30 30 30 3Energy Factor 0.50 0.53 0.54 0.62 0.68 0.62 0.68 0.62 0.6

Average Life (yrs)

66666666

20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 2

Retail Equipment Cost ($)

1,280 1,380 1,440 1,540 1,700 1,530 1,700 1,510 1,701,380 1,490 1,540 1,650 1,810 1,640 1,810 1,640 1,81

Total Installed Cost ($)

1,920 2,020 2,080 2,180 2,340 2,170 2,340 2,150 2,342,020 2,130 2,180 2,290 2,450 2,280 2,450 2,280 2,45

Annual Maintenance Cost ($) ‐ ‐ 167 167 167 167 167 167 16
• The current Federal standard, which came into effect in January 2004 m

0.53 for a 30‐gallon water heater. The equation for the Federal standard 

EF=0.59‐(0.0019*Gal), which is used to expand the analysis to a gre

of storage capacities.

• An updated Federal standard will go into effect on April 16, 2015. The e

Federal standard is:

EF=0.68‐(0.0019*Gal)

• Oil‐fired water heaters often have small tanks with larger input ratings, 

natural gas and electric residential water heaters.

• No condensing oil‐fired, storage residential water heaters currently exis

market. The range of efficiencies currently reach their peak at near‐cond

efficiency levels.

• The max‐tech model on the market is achieved using a proprietary “turb

13

Residential Oil-Fired Water Heaters
14

Residential Electric Resistance Water Heaters

DATA

2009 2013 2020 2030 

Installed

Base

Current

Standard Typical High Typical High Typical High 

Typical Capacity (gal) 50 50 50 50 50 40 50 40 Energy Factor 0.9 0.904 0.92 0.95 0.95 0.96 0.95 0.96 

Average Life (yrs)

66666666

20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 

Retail Equipment Cost ($)

270 270 290 350 290 350 290 350 320 320 350 470 350 470 350 470 

Total Installed Cost ($)

590 590 610 670 610 670 610 670 640 640 670 790 670 790 670 790 

Annual Maintenance Cost ($) ‐ ‐ 666666
• The current Federal minimum efficiency standard, which went into effe

2004, requires an EF of 0.90 for a 50‐gallon electric resistance water heate

for the Federal standard is:

EF=0.97‐(0.00132*volume), which is used to expand the analysis to a 

of storage capacities.

• An updated Federal standard will go into effect on April 16, 2015. The e

Federal standard is:

EF=0.96‐(0.0003*Gal) for a volume ≤ 55 gallons, and

EF=2.057‐(0.00113*Gal) for a volume > 55 gallons.

• Residential electric resistance water heater capacities usually range betw

gallons.

15

Residential Electric Resistance Water Heaters
Shipments peaked in 2006 then dropped a total of 22 perce

three years and leveled off at 3.7 million units per year.

16

Residential Electric Resistance Water Heaters

Source: Appliance Magazine (also available from http://www.ahrinet.org/historical+data.aspx)

0123456

2000 2002 2004 2006 2008 2010 

Unit Shipments (millions)

Electric Water Heaters
17

Residential Heat Pump Water Heaters

DATA

2009 2013 2020 2030 

Installed

Base

ENERGY

STAR High Typical High Typical High 

Typical Capacity (gal) 50 50 50 50 50 50 50 

Energy Factor 2 2 2.45 2.3 2.75 2.45 3.6 Average Life (yrs)

6666666

20 20 20 20 20 20 20 

Retail Equipment Cost ($)

1,500 1,500 1,600 1,400 1,600 1,400 5,950 1,800 1,800 2,100 1,700 2,100 1,700 6,800 

Total Installed Cost ($)

1,610 1,610 1,710 1,510 1,710 1,510 1,710 2,330 2,330 2,630 2,230 2,630 2,230 2,630 

Annual Maintenance Cost ($) 16 16 16 16 16 16 16 
• The minimum EF for ENERGY STAR qualification is 2.0 for heat pump wate

(HPWH). All HPWH products on the market meet ENERGY STAR minimu

HPWH products are being offered below the ENERGY STAR efficiency leve

• There is no unique Federal standard HPWH, but integrated HPWHs are in t

class as electric resistance water heaters, so the Federal electric resistance wa

standard also applies to HPWH.

• Technology improvements have advanced efficiency and reliability, but the 

still precludes high‐volume market penetration. Although there is an install

2009, the market penetration of HPWHs was quite low at that time.

• Several major water heater manufacturers have an integrated HPWH mode

and other competitors offer integrated or retrofit units (for existing electric owater heaters).

• Stiebel Eltron has an 80 gallon, 2.51 EF HPWH. This unit was not included i

because it has a significantly larger capacity than the units included on the p

• Sales are estimated to be driven partly by rebates and tax credits at the utilit

and Federal level.

• Resistive heating elements are virtually 100% efficient, but there is a jump in 

heat pump technology is adopted because heat pumps’ COP are usually bet

• Heat pumps raise the water temperature at a slow rate, so it is usual for thes

resistive heat for some of the water heating process. All HPWH systems exa

allow the consumer to adjust the HPWH behavior.

• First‐hour ratings range from 57 to 68 gallons. 18

Residential Heat Pump Water Heaters
19

Residential Instantaneous Water Heaters

DATA

2009 2013 2020 2030 

Installed

Base

Current

Standard Typical ENERGY STAR High Typical High Typical High 

Typical Capacity (kBtu/hr) 185 117 178 178 150 178 150 185 18

Energy Factor 0.82 0.62 0.82 0.82 0.98 0.82 0.98 0.82 0.9

Average Life (yrs)

88888888

30 30 30 30 30 30 30 30 3

Retail Equipment Cost ($)

1,120 900 900 900 2,300 900 2,300 900 2,301,220 1,400 1,400 1,400 2,400 1,400 2,400 1,400 2,40

Total Installed Cost ($)

1,650 1,430 1,430 1,430 2,830 1,430 2,830 1,430 2,831,750 1,930 1,930 1,930 2,930 1,930 2,930 1,930 2,93

Annual Maintenance Cost ($) 85 85 85 85 85 85 85 85 8
• The current minimum EF for ENERGY STAR qualification is 0.80 EF or 

instantaneous water heaters sold in 2013 are gas‐fired and qualify for EN

In July 2013, the criteria will increase to 0.82 EF, which many existing m

for.

• Navien manufactures the highest efficiency gas‐fired models currently a

market, which have an EF of 0.98. This is achieved through the use of el

powered direct venting, and through condensing the flue gases.

• All of the major water heater manufacturers now offer an instantaneous 

• The maintenance cost includes cleaning the water inlet filter and the hea

mineral deposits and replacing the water valve approximately once eve

all energy efficiency levels of instantaneous water heaters.

• When replacing a storage water heater with an instantaneous water hea

significant additional costs to upsize the gas supply line to 3⁄4 inch from 

inch and change the venting.

20

Residential Instantaneous Water Heaters
21

Residential Solar Water Heaters

1 Costs are for an indirect (active closed loop) system, including tank and backup heater. Smaller capacity/cost sy

for southern & western states (>2/3 of the current market). Higher capacity/cost systems are required in colder/cl

2 ENERGY STAR requires OG‐300 rating from SRCC. Most installations use SRCC rated collectors; a high efficien

applicable.

DATA

2009 2013 2020 203

Installed

Base

Current

Standard

Typical /

ENERGY

STAR

Typical Typ

Typical Capacity (sq. ft.)

42 NA 42 42 63 NA 63 63 

Overall Efficiency (Solar Fraction) 0.5 NA 0.5 0.5 Solar Energy Factor 2.5 NA 2.5 3 

Average Life (yrs) 20 NA 20 20 Retail Equipment Cost ($)

3,300 NA 3,300 3,000 25,200 NA 5,200 4,700 4

Total Installed Cost ($)

7,600 NA 7,600 7,300 6

10,000 NA 10,000 9,500 8

Annual Maintenance Cost ($) 25 NA 25 25 
• ENERGY STAR requires an OG‐300 rating from the Solar Rating and Certification 

(SRCC). Most installations use SRCC rated collectors, so there is no high efficiency 

• Solar water heaters (SWHs) can be either active or passive. An active system uses 

to circulate the heat transfer fluid; a passive system has no pump. Most solar wate

United States are the active type.

• Solar water heaters are also characterized as open loop (also called ʺdirectʺ) or clos

called ʺindirectʺ). An open‐loop system circulates household (potable) water throu

A closed‐loop system uses a heat transfer fluid (water or diluted antifreeze, for exa

heat and a heat exchanger to transfer the heat to household water.

• Solar fraction represents the fraction of total annual water heating energy met by t

heater. A backup water heating system is required with SWHs, and it is typically 

to size the system to provide about 50% of water heating energy (solar fraction = 0

• Solar Energy Factor (SEF) is defined by the SRCC as the useful energy delivered b

divided by the total electrical and/or fossil fuel required for backup heating, pump

(the free solar energy input is neglected).

• Over 2/3 of the current SWH market is in the southern or western US (including H

collector area of 42 ft2 would be typical for these areas. Colder areas of the US wou

collector (63 ft2).

• Installed costs are higher for colder areas where larger collectors are required. Co

widely depending on collector quality, type of system, and site‐specific characteris

22

Residential Solar Water Heaters
23

Residential Gas-Fired Furnaces

DATA

2009 2013 2020 2030 

Installed

Base

Current

Standard Typical

ENERGY

STAR

(South)

ENERGY

STAR

(North)

High Typical High Typical Hig

Typical Input Capacity

(kBtu/h) 75 75 75 75 75 75 75 75 75 AFUE (%) 80 80 80 90 95 98 90 98 92 Electric Consumption

(kWh/yr) 312 312 312 289 275 363 289 363 283 Average Life (yrs)

12 12 12 12 12 12 12 12 12 17 17 17 17 17 17 17 17 17 

Retail Equipment Cost ($)

750 750 750 1,000 1,200 1,500 1,000 1,500 1,100 1,

1,100 1,100 1,100 1,300 1,500 1,700 1,300 1,700 1,300 1,

Total Installed Cost ($)

1,500 1,500 1,500 2,200 2,400 2,700 2,200 2,700 2,300 2,2,300 2,300 2,300 2,800 3,000 3,200 2,800 3,200 2,800 3,

Annual Maintenance Cost ($) 45 45 45 45 45 45 45 45 45 
• Current Federal standards for non‐weatherized units:

— South: AFUE ≥ 80%— North: AFUE ≥ 90%— ≤ 10 watts of electrical power when in standby and off modes

— Contested in court and not being enforced by DOE

• ENERGY STAR criteria:

— South: AFUE ≥ 90%— North: AFUE ≥ 95%

• Most efficient available: 98% AFUE. The market is nearly evenly split between non

(AFUE≤85) and condensing units (AFUE≥90).

• Condensing furnaces use an additional heat exchanger to extract additional energ

gases; some models also have variable speed blowers, which decrease electrical en

and inducer fan systems, which usually have modulating gas valves to allow the f

modulate in very small increments, providing an AFUE boost of a few percentage 

• Non‐condensing AFUE levels for natural gas top out at around 81%; above this lev

for exhaust gas condensation increases. This condensate is corrosive and requires 

corrosion resistant venting.

• High‐efficiency condensing furnaces typically have aluminized steel heat exchang

emissions, flexible installation, direct vent, and sealed combustion systems. Direct 

not use room air for combustion, but instead draws combustion air directly from o

• Depending on the location of the home, piping materials in use, and other conside

condensing furnaces may need an acid neutralizer and/or lift pump for the conde

• Furnaces may contain permanent split capacitor (PSC) or electronically commutat

fan motors, though the type of motor has no impact on the AFUE measurement. It 

SEER/EER of the associated air conditioner. 24

Residential Gas-Fired Furnaces
25

Residential Gas-Fired Furnaces

0.00.51.01.52.02.53.03.54.0

2000 2002 2004 2006 2008 2010 

Unit Shipments (millions)

Gas Furnaces

Annual shipments peaked at 3.5 million units in 2005 then 

each year until 2009 and leveled off at about 2.25 million u

Source: Appliance Magazine (also available from http://www.ahrinet.org/historical+data.aspx)
26

Residential Oil-Fired Furnaces

DATA

2009 2013 2020 2030 

Installed

Base

Current

Standard Typical ENERGY STAR High Typical High Typical High 

Typical Input Capacity (kBtu/h) 105 105 105 105 105 105 105 105 1

AFUE (%) 80 83 83 85 97 83 97 84 

Electric Consumption (kWh/yr) 490 477 477 460 410 477 410 472 4

Average Life (yrs)

15 15 15 15 15 15 15 15 19 19 19 19 19 19 19 19 

Retail Equipment Cost ($)

2,050 2,300 2,300 2,300 2,700 2,300 2,700 2,300 2,72,250 2,400 2,400 2,400 2,900 2,400 2,900 2,400 2,9

Total Installed Cost ($)

2,600 3,050 3,050 3,150 4,550 3,050 4,550 3,050 4,53,250 3,550 3,550 4,650 5,200 3,550 5,200 4,350 5,2

Annual Maintenance Cost ($) 65 65 65 65 65 65 65 65 
• Current Federal standards:

— AFUE ≥ 83%— ≤ 11 watts of electrical power when in standby and off modes (non‐weatherized 

• ENERGY STAR criteria: AFUE ≥ 85%

• Since the latent heat content of oil is lower than that for either propane or natural g

appliances can typically operate at a higher AFUE rating than comparable gas‐fired 

before condensation issues arise.

• Most efficient available: 96% AFUE – condensing units with tiny market share (<1%

acceptance issues.

• Condensate from condensing oil furnaces is typically even more corrosive than tha

systems due to the higher sulfur content in fuel oil. Hence, condensing oil furnaces 

require the use of an acid neutralizer.

• Oil‐fired furnaces, like gas‐fired furnaces, achieve condensing conditions through t

secondary heat exchanger. Typically, these heat exchangers use a high‐grade stainl

as the primary heat exchange surface.

• Sooting is an issue for all oil‐fired appliances, but secondary heat exchangers, with 

passages, are even more prone to be plugged by soot. Because of this, oil furnaces r

cleaning and maintenance.

27

Residential Oil-Fired Furnaces
28

Residential Oil-Fired Furnaces

Annual shipments declined rapidly after 2004, likely due 

part to an increase in fuel oil prices, which more than tripl

2002 to 2008.

0

20406080

100120140

2000 2002 2004 2006 2008 2010 

Unit Shipments (thousands)

Oil Furnaces

Source: Appliance Magazine (also available from http://www.ahrinet.org/historical+data.aspx)
29

Residential Gas-Fired Boilers

DATA

2009 2013 2020 2030 

Installed

Base

Current

Standard Typical ENERGY STAR High Typical High Typical High 

Typical Input Capacity (kBtu/h) 105 105 105 105 105 105 105 105 1

AFUE (%) 80 82 82 85 96 90 96 90 Average Life (yrs)

17 17 17 17 17 17 17 17 24 24 24 24 24 24 24 24 

Retail Equipment Cost ($)

1,950 2,100 2,100 2,300 3,450 3,000 3,450 3,000 3,42,550 2,900 2,900 3,100 4,500 3,800 4,500 3,800 4,5

Total Installed Cost ($)

3,900 4,050 4,050 4,700 6,350 5,900 6,350 5,900 6,34,500 4,850 4,850 5,500 7,600 6,900 7,600 6,900 7,6

Annual Maintenance Cost ($) 50 50 50 50 50 50 50 50 
• Federal standard for hot‐water gas‐fired boilers (more common than ste

— AFUE ≥ 82%

— Design requirements that took effect on September 1, 2012 prohibit a 

burning pilot and require an automatic means for adjusting water te

• ENERGY STAR criteria: AFUE ≥ 85%

• Most efficient available: 96% AFUE

• Have lost market share to furnaces and heat pumps over the past 30 yea

• The bulk of U.S. boiler sales are non‐condensing boilers, which are prim

manufactured in North America. These are typically high‐mass systems 

exchangers are made of cast iron.

• Due to incentives and market pressure, the U.S. boiler industry has been 

towards also providing condensing boilers. Most of these boilers are pri

products sourced from Europe, where the hydronic market is much bigg

condensing appliances are much more common and/or required by law.

• Typically, condensing boilers are low‐mass in construction with modula

variable‐speed inducer fan systems, sealed powered direct‐vent combus

sensor technologies, and electronic ignition and control.

• Most value‐added components for condensing boilers are sourced abroa

the condensing boiler is assembled in North America (i.e. heat exchange

burner, blower systems, sensors, and/or controls).

30

Residential Gas-Fired Boilers
31

Residential Oil-Fired Boilers

DATA

2009 2013 2020 2030 

Installed

Base

Current

Standard Typical ENERGY STAR High Typical High Typical High 

Typical Input Capacity (kBtu/h) 140 140 140 140 140 140 140 140 14

AFUE (%) 80 84 84 85 91 84 91 84 

Average Life (yrs)

20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 30 30 30 30 30 30 30 30 

Retail Equipment Cost ($)

2,300 2,300 2,300 2,300 3,300 2,300 3,300 2,300 3,32,900 2,900 2,900 3,350 4,150 2,900 4,150 2,900 4,1

Total Installed Cost ($

4,150 4,150 4,150 4,700 6,200 4,150 6,200 4,150 6,24,750 4,750 4,750 5,900 7,250 4,750 7,250 4,750 7,2

Annual Maintenance Cost ($) 135 135 135 135 135 135 135 135 1
• Federal standard for hot‐water oil‐fired boilers (more common than stea

— AFUE ≥ 84%

— Design requirements that took effect on September 1, 2012 require a

means for adjusting water temperature

• ENERGY STAR criteria: AFUE ≥ 85%

• Most efficient available: 91% AFUE

• Since the latent heat content of oil is lower than that for either propane o

oil‐fired appliances can typically operate at a higher AFUE rating than c

fired appliances before condensation issues arise.

• Oil boilers have heat exchangers comprised of cast iron or steel.

32

Residential Oil-Fired Boilers
33

Residential Room Air Conditioners

* All values are for the most common product class, Product Class 3 (without reverse cycle, with louvered sides, and 8,000 to 13,999 

** Italicized values are estimated. The federal standard is expressed in EER, but will be expressed in CEER beginning in 2014. The tw

comparable, but both values are shown here to facilitate longitudinal analyses.

*** Maintenance costs are negligible.

DATA

2009 2013 2020 2030 

Installed

Base

Current

Standard Typical ENERGY STAR High Typical High Typical H

Typical Capacity (kBtu/hr)* 10.5 10.5 10.5 10.5 10.5 10.5 10.5 10.5 EER** 9.2 9.8 10.8 10.8 11.5 10.9 11.9 10.9 

CEER** 9.3 9.9 10.9 10.9 11.6 11 12 11 

Average Life (yrs)

6 6666666

13 13 13 13 13 13 13 13 

Retail Equipment Cost ($)

220 250 270 270 430 270 480 270 300 320 340 340 500 340 550 340 

Total Installed Cost ($)

320 350 370 370 530 370 580 370 400 420 440 440 600 440 650 440 

Annual Maintenance Cost ($)*** ‐ ‐‐‐‐‐‐‐
• Focus on most common type: louvered sides (window air conditioners) 

cycle and having cooling capacity of 8,000–13,999 Btu/h (DOE Product C

• Federal standards for Product Class 3:

— EER ≥ 9.8 (until May 31, 2014)

— CEER ≥ 10.9 (beginning June 1, 2014)

• Combined Energy Efficiency Ratio (CEER) is a new metric that incorpor

in all operating modes, including standby and off modes.

• Of the 538 models in Product Class 3 listed in DOE’s CCMS database:

— 1/3 are at the standard level (9.8 EER)

— 2/3 are at the ENERGY STAR level (10.8 EER)

— Most efficient model is at 11.8 EER

• New ENERGY STAR criteria take effect on 10/1/2013: EER ≥ 11.3.

• Most efficient product in 2030: 13.0 EER, based on Building Technologie

• Efficiency improvements are attained by:

— Higher efficiency compressor and fan motors, and

— An increased heat transfer area in the evaporator and condenser thr

larger heat exchangers, finer fin spacing, micro‐channel heat exchan

similar design options.

34

Residential Room Air Conditioners
Sales were down in 2009, likely due to the recession and an 

cool summer in the Northeast. Sales have increased each y

35

Residential Room Air Conditioners

Source: Appliance Magazine.

02468

1012

2000 2002 2004 2006 2008 2010 2012

Unit Shipments (millions)

Room Air Conditioners
36

Residential Central Air Conditioners

DATA

2009 2013 2020 2030 

Installed

Base

Current

Standard Typical ENERGY STAR High Typical High Typical High 

Typical Capacity (kBtu/h) 36 36 36 36 36 36 36 36 3

SEER* 11.4 13.0 13.5 14.5 24.0 14.5 24.0 14.5 24Average Life (yrs)

11 11 11 11 11 11 11 11 25 25 25 25 25 25 25 25 2

Retail Equipment Cost ($) 1,700 1,700 1,750 1,900 4,550 1,900 4,550 1,900 4,55Total Installed Cost ($)* 2,100 2,100 2,150 2,300 5,100 2,300 5,100 2,300 5,10Annual Maintenance Cost ($)

22 22 22 22 22 22 22 22 2

130 130 130 130 130 130 130 130 13

* Values shown are for split‐system units in the 36 kBtu/h (3‐ton) size class. Costs are for ʺcoil‐onlyʺ systems, meaning the

blower.

South (Hot‐Dry and Hot‐Humid)
37

Residential Central Air Conditioners

DATA

2009 2013 2020 2030 

Installed

Base

Current

Standard Typical ENERGY STAR High Typical High Typical High 

Typical Capacity (kBtu/h) 36 36 36 36 36 36 36 36 3

SEER* 11.4 13.0 13.0 14.5 24.0 14.0 24.0 14.5 24Average Life (yrs)

11 11 11 11 11 11 11 11 25 25 25 25 25 25 25 25 2

Retail Equipment Cost ($)* 1,700 1,700 1,700 1,900 4,500 1,800 4,500 1,900 4,50Total Installed Cost ($)* 2,300 2,300 2,300 2,500 5,300 2,400 5,300 2,500 5,30Annual Maintenance Cost ($)

22 22 22 22 22 22 22 22 2

130 130 130 130 130 130 130 130 13

North (Rest of Country)

* Values shown are for split‐system units in the 36 kBtu/h (3‐ton) size class. Costs are for ʺcoil‐onlyʺ systems, meaning the

blower.
38

Residential Central Air Conditioners

Residential Central Air

Conditioner ProductClass

Current

Standard

Current ENERGY

STAR Criteria

Future Stan

(Jan. 1, 20

Min.

SEER

Min.

SEER

Min.

EER

Min. SEER

in North

Min. SE

in Sout

Split‐System AC 13 14.5 12 13 14 Single‐Package AC 13 14 11 14 14 Small‐Duct, High‐Velocity 13 – – 13 13 

Space‐Constrained 12 – – 12 12 

• Current standards, which took effect in 2006, represent a significant impro

efficiency from 10 SEER for split systems and 9.7 SEER for single‐package 

• Typical new units today are at the standard level of 13 SEER (for most pro

• Effective Jan. 1, 2015, the standard for split systems will increase to 14 SEE

and the standard for single‐package units will increase to 14 SEER nationw

• Beginning in 2015, central AC units installed in the Southwest (CA, AZ, N

will also have to meet a new energy efficiency ratio (EER) standard that v

cooling capacity.
Annual shipments spiked at 6.5 million units in 2005 at the 

the housing boom and just before more stringent Federal s

took effect in 2006.

39

Residential Central Air Conditioners

01234567

2000 2002 2004 2006 2008 2010 

Unit Shipments (millions)

Central Air Conditioners

Source: Appliance Magazine. (Also available from http://www.ahrinet.org/historical+data.aspx)
40

Residential Air Source Heat Pumps

DATA

2009 2013 2020 2030 

Installed

Base

Current

Standard Typical ENERGY STAR High Typical High Typical High 

Typical Capacity (kBtu/h) 36 36 36 36 36 36 36 36 3

SEER (Cooling)* 12.0 13.0 14.0 14.5 22.0 14.5 23.0 15.5 24HSPF (Heating)* 7 7.7 8.3 8.2 9 8.4 10.8 8.6 10

Average Life (yrs)

99999999

22 22 22 22 22 22 22 22 2

Retail Equipment Cost ($)* 2,700 2,700 2,850 2,900 4,000 2,900 4,150 3,150 4,25Total Installed Cost ($)* 3,150 3,150 3,300 3,400 4,500 3,400 4,600 3,650 4,75Annual Maintenance Cost ($)

22 22 22 22 22 22 22 22 2

130 130 130 130 130 130 130 130 13

* Values shown are for split‐system units in the 36 kBtu/h (3‐ton) size class. “High” units were selected for maximum coo

efficiency.
• High efficiency cooling does not necessarily correlate with high efficienc

range of SEER–HSPF combinations is very broad.

• Heat pumps are generally sized to meet the cooling load of the house. W

load exceeds heat pump heating capacity, electric resistance heat is used 

• When the heat pump’s heating capacity exceeds the heating load, the hea

and stops more frequently, causing wear and tear on the components an

loss of efficiency. Multi‐stage and/or variable‐speed compressors can hel

sophisticated refrigerant management. 41

Residential Air Source Heat Pumps

Residential Heat

Pump Product

Class

Current Standard Current ENERGY STAR Criteria Future 

(Jan

Min.

SEER

Min.

HSPF

Min.

SEER

Min.

EER

Min.

HSPF

Min.

SEER

H

Split‐System 13 7.7 14.5 12 8.2 14 Single‐Package 13 7.7 14 11 8.0 14 Small‐Duct,High‐Velocity 13 7.7 – – – 13 Space‐Constrained 12 7.4 – – – 12 
From 2000 to 2005 annual shipments increased nearly 60% 

million units, then dropped and leveled off around 1.7 mi

42

Residential Air Source Heat Pumps

0.00.51.01.52.02.5

2000 2002 2004 2006 2008 2010 

Unit Shipments (millions)

Air Source Heat Pumps

Source: Appliance Magazine. (Also available from http://www.ahrinet.org/historical+data.aspx)
43

Residential Central Air Conditioners and Air Source Heat Pumps

• Principal energy efficiency drivers for central air conditioners and heat p

— Heat exchanger (surface area, number of tube rows)

— Compressor (type and single‐stage vs. two‐stage vs. variable‐speed 

— Fan motor choices (PSC vs. ECM fan motors on inside and outside)

— Control choices (i.e., piston, thermal, and electronic expansion valve

• Typical high‐efficiency unit (≥16 SEER) has very large heat exchanger, E

fan motor, and two‐stage scroll compressor.

• Variable‐speed compressor technology typically leads to a significant SE

making possible high‐SEER condensing units with smaller enclosures.

• Efficiency levels >21 SEER made possible through combining existing la

exchangers with variable‐speed compressors, ECM fan motors, and elec

expansion valves.
44

Residential Ground Source Heat Pumps

DATA

2009 2013 2020 2030 

Installed

Base

Current

Standard Typical ENERGY STAR High Typical High Typical Hig

Typical Capacity (kBtu/h) 36 36 36 36 36 36 36 36 

COP (Heating) 3 3.1 3.2 3.6 4.5 3.6 4.9 3.8 

EER (Cooling) 12.3 13.4 14.2 17.1 28 17.1 36 21 

Average Life (yrs) 25 25 25 25 25 25 25 25 

Retail Equipment Cost ($)

5,000 3,000 3,000 5,000 7,000 5,000 7,000 5,000 7,07,000 5,000 5,000 7,000 9,000 7,000 9,000 7,000 9,0

Total Installed Cost ($)

15,000 10,000 10,000 15,000 20,000 15,000 20,000 15,000 20,020,000 15,000 15,000 20,000 27,000 20,000 27,000 20,000 27,0

Annual Maintenance Cost ($) 75 75 75 75 75 75 75 75 
• There are currently over 20 ground source heat pump manufacturers/OEMs in th

• Heating COP does not correlate with cooling EER (coefficient of determination, R

ENERGY STAR certified products). The highest efficiency GSHP is the 7 Series b

International, Inc. (41 EER & 5.3 COP). Note that these are equipment‐level therm

according to standardized lab conditions and do not necessarily represent system

worldʺ performance.

• The ENERGY STAR® criteria for water‐to‐air ground source heat pumps are:

• The most common ground source heat pump is a closed‐loop system in which wa

freeze solution is circulated through plastic pipes buried underground. Open loo

employ ground water or surface water (e.g., open well, pond, lake) are used in so

country, but water supply and water quality issues impose limitations on such ap

• Installation cost is for a closed loop system and includes necessary accessories. T

heat exchanger represents a majority of the installation cost. Installed costs for the

widely.

• Variable speed electronically commutated motors (ECMs) improve performance 

models.

45

Residential Ground Source Heat Pumps

Type

Tier 1 (12/1/2009) Tier 2 (1/1/2011) Tier 3 (1/

Heating

COP

Cooling

EER

Heating

COP

Cooling

EER

Heating

COP

Closed Loop 3.3 14.1 3.5 16.1 3.6 

Open Loop 3.6 16.2 3.8 18.2 4.1 

Direct Expansion 3.5 15 3.6 16 3.6 
46

Residential Gas Heat Pumps

NAECA does not cover residential gas heat pumps, but the CEC Title 24, Part 6 Section 112 does indicate minim

cooling efficiency for gas heat pumps.

DATA

2009 2013 2020 2030 

Installed Base Typical Typical Typical 

Typical Capacity (kBtu/h) 60 60 60 60 

Heating (COP) 1.3 1.3 1.3 1.3 Cooling (COP) 0.6 0.6 0.7 0.7 

Annual Electric Use (kWh/yr) 2,000 1,500 1,500 1,500 

Average Life (yrs) 15 15 15 15 

Retail Equipment Cost ($)

10,500 10,500 10,500 10,500 11,700 11,700 11,700 11,700 

Total Installed Cost ($)

12,000 12,000 12,000 12,000 14,200 14,200 14,200 14,200 

Annual Maintenance Cost ($) 160 160 160 160 
• Residential Gas Heat Pumps are not currently covered by NAECA. CE

Section 112 does indicate cooling efficiency requirements for gas heat p

• Gas heat pumps are much more popular in Europe and Asia. Gas‐fired 

equipment currently comprises less than 1% of the residential air condi

pump market in the U.S.

• Currently, Robur is the predominant manufacturer of residential‐sized 

with sales to the US. Robur units are 5‐ton cooling capacity, a size typic

with larger homes. Since only one product is available, no mid‐level or 

categories are included.

• The data represents air‐source absorption heat pumps. Gas engine‐driv

compression heat pumps are available in other parts of the world; York 

the Triathlon gas engine‐driven heat pump in the US. It is possible to c

technology to the ground (ground source) rather than the atmosphere (

• The absorption heat pump is a gas‐fired, ammonia‐water absorption cy

with a high‐efficiency low‐pressure boiler integrated into one outdoor 

• The cooling efficiency of a gas‐fired air source absorption heat pump is 

lower than for an electric air source heat pump. Heating efficiency of an 

pump (electric or gas‐fired absorption) decreases as outdoor temperatu

however the gas‐fired absorption heat pump recovers waste heat from 

process to improve heating efficiency.

47

Residential Gas Heat Pumps
48

Residential Electric Resistance Furnaces

DATA

2009 2013 2020 2030 

Installed Base Typical Typical Typical T

Typical Capacity (kBtu/h) 68 68 68 68 AFUE (%) 99 99 99 99 

Average Life (yrs)

20 20 20 20 30 30 30 30 

Retail Equipment Cost ($)

600 600 600 600 700 700 700 700 

Total Installed Cost ($)

1,000 1,000 1,000 1,000 1,200 1,200 1,200 1,200 

Annual Maintenance Cost ($) 40 40 40 40 
• This analysis examined non‐weatherized (installed indoors) electric resi

warm‐air furnaces.

• There are currently no federal requirements on electric resistance furnac

90.1‐2010 unit heater requirements only capture gas and oil‐fired units.

• According to RECS 2009 data, electric central warm‐air furnaces are the 

space heating in approximately 19.1 million US homes or about 17%.

• Electric furnaces range in capacity from 10 to 25 kW (34 to 85 kBtu/hr), w

kBtu/hr) being the typical for units on the market.

• Electric resistance furnaces are considered near 100% efficient because th

heat loss and any jacket losses are contained within the home. For this a

efficiency is 99% to account for IR losses. Furnace fans or blowers have n

AFUE measurements.

49

Residential Electric Resistance Furnaces
50

Residential Electric Resistance Unit Heaters

* Annual Maintenance Cost is negligible

DATA

2009 2013 2020 2030 

Installed Base Typical Typical Typical 

Typical Capacity (kBTU/h) 3.5 3.5 3.5 3

Efficiency (%) 0.98 0.98 0.98 0.Average Life (yrs) 18 18 18 

Retail Equipment Cost ($)

75 75 75 

200 200 200 2

Total Installed Cost ($)

125 125 125 1275 275 275 2

Annual Maintenance Cost ($)* ‐‐‐
• This analysis examined electric wall and baseboard heaters. Plug‐in spa

considered plug loads and, therefore, not included.

• There are currently no federal requirements on electric resistance unit h

90.1‐2010 unit heater requirements only capture gas and oil‐fired units.

• According to RECS 2009 data, electric resistance unit heaters are the ma

space heating in approximately 5.7 million US homes or about 5%.

• Electric heaters range in capacity from 500 to 2,500 watts (1.7 to 8.5 kBtu

watts (3.5 kBtu/hr) being the most typical for units on the market.

• Electric resistance heaters are considered near 100% efficient because the

loss through ducts or combustion. For this analysis, the efficiency is 98% 

IR losses and fan inefficiency.

51

Residential Electric Resistance Unit Heaters
52

Residential Cordwood Stoves

*Efficiency includes combustion and heat transfer efficiency and is based on the higher heating value (HHV) of the fuel.

**Installed cost includes cost of hearth and stainless steel chimney liner ‐ materials and labor.

***Annual maintenance cost of catalytic stove includes periodic cost of replacing the catalytic combustor.

DATA

2009 2013 2020 2030 

Installed Base EPA Certified (Default) Typical High Typical High Typical 

Typical Capacity (kBtu/h) 50 50 50 50 50 50 50 

Efficiency (Non‐Catalytic) (HHV) 58 63 63 74 70 77 73 

Efficiency (Catalytic) (HHV) 68 72 72 81 78 84 81 

Average Life (yrs)

12 12 12 12 12 12 12 25 25 25 25 25 25 25 

Retail Equipment Cost ($) (Non‐Catalytic) 2,400 2,400 2,400 3,200 2,600 3,400 2,800 

Retail Equipment Cost ($) (Catalytic) 3,300 3,300 3,300 4,100 3,500 4,300 3,700 

Total Installed Cost ($) (Non‐Catalytic) 7,000 7,000 7,000 7,800 7,200 8,000 7,400 

Total Installed Cost ($) (Catalytic) 7,900 7,900 7,500 8,700 8,100 8,900 8,300 

Annual Maintenance Cost ($) (Non Catalytic) 150 150 150 150 150 150 150 

Annual Maintenance Cost ($) (Catalytic) 225 225 225 225 225 225 225 
• Residential cordwood stoves that must meet EPA particulate limits fall in

classes based on whether or not they use a catalyst for air treatment. Ca

stoves use a catalytic combustor to reduce emissions from the combustio

catalytic wood stoves use baffles and introduce secondary air above the f

complete combustion to help reduce emissions.

• There are no efficiency standards for wood stoves. EPA publishes a list o

have met emission limits for particulates and includes default efficiencie

catalytic and catalytic wood stoves). The emission limits are 7.5 grams/h

certified non‐catalytic wood stoves and 4.1 grams/hr. for catalytic wood s

• The EPA default efficiencies are 63% for certified non‐catalytic wood stov

catalytic wood stoves. Manufacturers may submit efficiency data from la

testing to EPA, to include with the default values, but very few have don

• Data from product literature does not generally identify the efficiency tes

not possible to determine performance trends based on construction or c

(e.g., cast iron vs. plate steel, powered blowers vs. no blowers, etc.) tren

equipment type or construction based on published efficiencies.

53

Residential Cordwood Stoves
• Some states have instituted tighter emission standards along with minim

requirements (e.g., Oregon).

• EPA is considering updates to its New Source Performance Standards (N

would tighten the emissions limits and may include minimum efficiency 

However, the timing remains uncertain.

• Cordwood stoves require chimneys for venting combustion gases. Whet

conventional masonry chimneys are used or metal chimney liners, these 

considerable cost to the overall system. Installed costs can be double tha

stove itself.

54

Residential Cordwood Stoves
55

Residential Cordwood Stoves

Source: HPBA

Cordwood stove shipments have averaged 123,000 per yea

and have rebounded somewhat since 2011.
56

Residential Wood Pellet Stoves

*Efficiency includes combustion and heat transfer efficiency and is based on the higher heating value (HHV) of the fuel.

**Electricity consumption is for combustion air fan, distribution blower, and pellet feeder.

***Installed cost includes cost of hearth and vent pipe ‐ materials and labor.

DATA

2009 2013 2020 2030 

Installed

Base

EPA Certified

(Default) Typical High Typical High Typical Hi

Typical Capacity (kBtu/h) 50 50 50 50 50 50 50 

Efficiency (HHV) 65 78 78 81 81 84 83 

Annual ElectricityConsumption (kWh) 1,200 1,200 1,200 1,200 1,200 1,200 1,200 1,Average Life (yrs)

12 12 12 12 12 12 12 25 25 25 25 25 25 25 

Retail Equipment Cost ($) 3,300 3,300 3,300 4,200 3,500 4,400 3,700 4,Total Installed Cost ($) 4,700 4,700 4,700 5,600 4,900 5,800 5,100 6,Annual Maintenance Cost ($) 250 250 250 250 250 250 250 
• There are no efficiency standards for wood pellet stoves and they are not 

certified by EPA. However, manufacturers that wish to be certified must 

emission limit of 2.5 grams/hr.

• The EPA default efficiency for wood pellet stoves is 72%. Manufacturers 

efficiency data from laboratory testing to EPA, to include with the defaul

very few have done so.

• Data from product literature does not generally identify the efficiency tes

• Some states have instituted tighter emission standards along with minim

requirements (e.g., Oregon).

• EPA is considering updates to its New Source Performance Standards (N

would tighten the emissions limits and may include minimum efficiency 

However, the timing remains uncertain.

• Wood pellet stoves may be able to be direct vented to the outdoors, elim

need for a chimney. This reduces the overall system cost as compared to 

stove. However, they do use electricity to power the pellet feeder, the co

fan, and the blower. In the event of a power outage, a pellet stove can no

without some back‐up source of electricity (e.g., battery) .

57

Residential Wood Pellet Stoves
58

Residential Wood Pellet Stoves

Source: HPBA

Wood pellet stove shipments grew substantially in the 200

time period, but have averaged only 40,000 – 60,000 units s

time.
DATA

2009 2013 2020 2030 

Installed

Base

Current

Standard Typical ENERGY STAR High Typical High Typical Hig

Typical Capacity (ft3)* 19 19 19 19 19 19 19 19 

Energy Consumption (kWh/yr)** 586 482 407 385 311 403 311 385 3

Average Life (yrs)

12 12 12 12 12 12 12 12 22 22 22 22 22 22 22 22 

Retail Equipment Cost ($) 550 530 570 620 880 570 880 620 8

Total Installed Cost ($) 550 530 570 620 880 570 880 620 8

Annual Maintenance Cost ($) 99999999

59

Residential Refrigerator-Freezers

* The volume shown here is the nominal total volume, not the adjusted volume, which is used to determine compliance w

** Based on an adjusted volume of 21 ft3.

Top‐Mount (Product Class 3)
DATA

2009 2013 2020 2030 

Installed

Base

Current

Standard Typical ENERGY STAR High Typical High Typical Hig

Typical Capacity (ft3)* 21 21 21 21 21 21 21 21 

Energy Consumption (kWh/yr)** 574 574 540 459 457 538 457 459 4

Average Life (yrs)

12 12 12 12 12 12 12 12 22 22 22 22 22 22 22 22 

Retail Equipment Cost ($) 935 930 940 980 980 940 980 980 9

Total Installed Cost ($) 935 930 940 980 980 940 980 980 9

Annual Maintenance Cost ($) 22 22 22 22 22 22 22 22 

60

Residential Refrigerator-Freezers

* The volume shown here is the nominal total volume, not the adjusted volume, which is used to determine compliance w

** Based on an adjusted volume of 25 ft3.

Bottom‐Mount (Product Class 5)
DATA

2009 2013 2020 2030 

Installed

Base

Current

Standard Typical ENERGY STAR High Typical High Typical Hig

Typical Capacity (ft3)* 26 26 26 26 26 26 26 26 

Energy Consumption (kWh/yr)** 889 729 596 583 509 596 509 583 5

Average Life (yrs)

12 12 12 12 12 12 12 12 22 22 22 22 22 22 22 22 

Retail Equipment Cost ($) 1,150 1,130 1,170 1,180 1,380 1,170 1,380 1,180 1,3

Total Installed Cost ($) 1,150 1,130 1,170 1,180 1,380 1,170 1,380 1,180 1,3

Annual Maintenance Cost ($) 24 24 24 24 24 24 24 24 

61

Residential Refrigerator-Freezers

* The volume shown here is the nominal total volume, not the adjusted volume, which is used to determine compliance w

** Based on an adjusted volume of 32 ft3.

Side‐Mount (Product Class 7)
• Current Federal standards:

— Compliance required beginning July 1, 2001— Models divided into 12 product classes based on size (standard or compact), locatio

bottom, or side), type of defrost (automatic or manual), and presence of through‐the

— Limits on annual electricity consumption expressed as functions of adjusted volum

• ENERGY STAR criteria limit annual electricity consumption to 20% less than the Federa

• More stringent Federal standards:

— Compliance required beginning September 15, 2014

— New product classes for built‐in units

— Amount by which standards are tightened varies by product class

• Current analysis focuses on the three representative product classes analyzed in the rece

• Energy efficiency opportunities include:

— Higher efficiency and/or variable‐speed compressor systems— Larger heat exchangers

— Permanent‐magnet fan motor systems (vs. SPM and PSC fan motors)— Demand defrost systems— Vacuum‐insulated panels— Thicker insulation (though at a loss of consumer utility)

— Better gasketing

— Refrigerants (Isobutane vs. R134a)

— Variable anti‐sweat heating

62

Residential Refrigerator-Freezers

1Adjusted Volume (AV) = (Fresh Volume) + 1.63 × (Freezer Volume). Beginning in 2004, the 1.63 coefficient will change to 
Annual shipment volumes declined 25% from 2006 to 2009, 

slightly in 2010, then declined again to 8.6 million units in 2

63

Residential Refrigerator-Freezers

Source: Appliance Magazine; data provided by AHAM and Navigant analysis for configuration shares.

02468

1012

2000 2002 2004 2006 2008 2010 2012

Unit Shipments (millions)

Refrigerators (Standard‐Size)

ToToSidBo
Bottom‐mount units likely have captured somewhere betw

35 percent of the market, based on shipment‐weighted dat

2007, DOE analysis, and counts of currently available mod

64

Residential Refrigerator-Freezers

0%

10%20%30%40%50%60%70%80%90%

100%

1998 2000 2002 2004 2006 2008 2010 2012

Configuration Market Share

BoMSidTo

Sources: AHAM data; August 2011 Refrigerator Final Rule TSD; Navigant analysis.
DATA

2009 2013 2020 2030 

Installed

Base

Current

Standard Typical ENERGY STAR High Typical High Typical Hig

Typical Capacity (ft3)* 17 17 17 17 17 17 17 17 

Energy Consumption (kWh/yr)** 775 687 642 618 615 487 487 487 4

Average Life (yrs)

17 17 17 17 17 17 17 17 27 27 27 27 27 27 27 27 

Retail Equipment Cost ($) 550 550 555 560 560 660 660 660 6

Total Installed Cost ($) 550 550 555 560 560 660 660 660 6

Annual Maintenance Cost ($) 55555555

65

Residential Freezers

* The volume shown here is the nominal volume, not the adjusted volume, which is used to determine compliance with s

** Based on an adjusted volume of 29 ft3 (30 ft3 beginning in 2014).

Upright Freezers (Product Class 9)
DATA

2009 2013 2020 2030 

Installed

Base

Current

Standard Typical ENERGY STAR High Typical High Typical Hig

Typical Capacity (ft3)* 17 17 17 17 17 17 17 17 

Energy Consumption (kWh/yr)** 430 401 370 361 354 327 327 327 3

Average Life (yrs)

17 17 17 17 17 17 17 17 27 27 27 27 27 27 27 27 

Retail Equipment Cost ($) 400 400 405 410 410 425 425 425 4

Total Installed Cost ($) 400 400 405 410 410 425 425 425 4

Annual Maintenance Cost ($) 33333333

66

Residential Freezers

* The volume shown here is the nominal volume, not the adjusted volume, which is used to determine compliance with s

** Based on an adjusted volume of 26 ft3 (30 ft3 beginning in 2014).

Chest Freezers (Product Class 10)
• Current Federal standards:

— Compliance required beginning July 1, 2001— Models divided into 6 product classes based on size (standard or compact), orientat

upright), and type of defrost (automatic or manual).

— Limits on annual electricity consumption expressed as functions of adjusted volume

• ENERGY STAR criteria limit annual electricity consumption to 10% less than the Federal 

• More stringent Federal standards:

— Compliance required beginning September 15, 2014

— New product classes for built‐in freezers and freezers with an automatic icemaker

— Amount by which standards are tightened varies by product class

• Current analysis focuses on the two representative product classes analyzed in the recent 

• Energy efficiency opportunities include:

— Higher efficiency and/or variable‐speed compressor systems— Larger heat exchangers

— Permanent‐magnet fan motor systems (vs. SPM and PSC fan motors)— Demand defrost systems— Vacuum‐insulated panels— Thicker insulation (though at a loss of consumer utility)

— Better gasketing

— Refrigerants (Isobutane vs. R134a)

— Variable anti‐sweat heating

— Use of forced convection condenser (for upright freezers)

67

Residential Freezers

1Adjusted Volume (AV) = (Fresh Volume) + 1.63 × (Freezer Volume). Beginning in 2004, the 1.63 coefficient will change to 
Shipment volumes have held steady since 2007 at about 2 m

units per year. Chest freezers represent about 60% of the m

68

Residential Freezers

Source: Appliance Magazine.

0.00.51.01.52.02.53.0

2000 2002 2004 2006 2008 2010 2012

Unit Shipments (millions)

Freezers (Full‐Size)
DATA

2009 2013 2020 2030 

Installed

Base Typical High Typical High Typical High 

Typical Capacity (kBtu/h)

9999999

12 12 12 12 12 12 12 

Cooking Efficiency (%) 38.5 39.9 42 39.9 42 39.9 42 Average Life (yrs)

12 12 12 12 12 12 12 22 22 22 22 22 22 22 

Retail Equipment Cost ($)*

225 250 300 250 300 250 300 300 350 400 350 400 350 400 

Total Installed Cost ($)*

275 300 350 300 350 300 350 350 400 450 400 450 400 450 

Annual Maintenance Cost ($)** ‐‐‐‐‐‐‐

69

Residential Natural Gas Cooktops and Stoves

* Equipment and installed costs are for stand‐alone cooktops only (not stoves).

** Maintenance costs are negligible.
• Since January 1, 1990, gas cooking products with an electrical supply cor

required to not be equipped with a constant burning pilot light. This req

extended to gas cooking products without an electrical supply cord, as o

• Little variation in cooking efficiency among gas cooktops and stoves (or 

• DOE final rule published in 2009: no standard for cooking efficiency is c

70

Residential Natural Gas Cooktops and Stoves
Shipments are down from their peak in 2005 and appear to 

leveled off in the past five years.

71

Residential Natural Gas Cooktops and Stoves

Note: Excludes separate ovens, which were categorized as ʺbuilt‐inʺ units prior to 2007.

Source: Appliance Magazine.

0.00.51.01.52.02.53.03.54.0

2000 2002 2004 2006 2008 2010 2012

Unit Shipments (millions)

Natural Gas Cooktops and Stoves

TotalRanges, Surface 

(Cookto
DATA

2009 2013 2020 2030 

Installed

Base

Current

Standard Typical ENERGY STAR High Typical High Typical Hig

Typical Capacity (ft3) 3.09 3.00 3.90 3.00 5.20 3.90 5.20 3.90 5

Modified Energy Factor(ft3/kWh/cycle) 2.07 1.26 3.09 2.00 3.45 3.09 3.45 3.09 3Water Factor (gal/cycle/ft3) 6.2 9.5 3.1 6.0 3.0 3.1 3.0 3.1 

Average Life (yrs)

77777777

14 14 14 14 14 14 14 14 

Water Consumption (gal/cycle) 19 29 12 18 15 12 15 12 

Hot Water Energy (kWh/cycle) 0.32 0.82 0.16 0.29 0.27 0.16 0.27 0.16 0

Machine Energy (kWh/cycle) 0.15 0.2 0.12 0.15 0.11 0.12 0.11 0.12 0Dryer Energy (kWh/cycle) 1.02 1.37 0.99 1.03 1.13 0.99 1.13 0.99 1Retail Equipment Cost ($)

550 550 900 800 1,200 900 1,200 900 1,2700 700 1,000 900 1,500 1,000 1,500 1,000 1,5

Total Installed Cost ($)

650 650 1,000 900 1,300 1,000 1,300 1,000 1,3800 800 1,100 1,000 1,600 1,100 1,600 1,100 1,6

Annual Maintenance Cost ($)* ‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐

72

Residential Clothes Washers – Front-Loading

* Maintenance costs are negligible.
73

Residential Clothes Washers – Top-Loading

* Maintenance costs are negligible.

DATA

2009 2013 2020 2030 

Installed

Base

Current

Standard Typical ENERGY STAR High Typical High Typical Hig

Typical Capacity (ft3) 3.0 3.2 3.5 3.6 4.8 3.6 4.8 3.6 

Modified Energy Factor(ft3/kWh/cycle) 1.20 1.26 1.40 2.00 2.87 2.00 2.87 2.00 2

Water Factor (gal/cycle/ft3) 12.0 9.5 8.5 6.0 3.65 6.0 3.65 6.0 3

Average Life (yrs)

77777777

14 14 14 14 14 14 14 14 

Water Consumption (gal/cycle) 36 30 30 22 18 22 18 22 

Hot Water Energy (kWh/cycle) 0.91 0.87 0.64 0.51 0.39 0.51 0.39 0.51 0

Machine Energy (kWh/cycle) 0.28 0.28 0.28 0.08 0.08 0.08 0.08 0.08 0Dryer Energy (kWh/cycle) 1.31 1.39 1.58 1.21 1.20 1.21 1.20 1.21 1Retail Equipment Cost ($)

550 350 450 550 850 550 850 550 700 450 550 650 950 650 950 650 

Total Installed Cost ($)

650 450 550 650 950 650 950 650 800 550 650 750 1,050 750 1,050 750 1,

Annual Maintenance Cost ($)* ‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐
• Present analysis treats front‐ and top‐loading models separately. Past an

consider the two types separately.

• Federal standards for standard‐capacity clothes washers (≥ 1.6 cubic fee

• Most front‐loading models on the market today surpass the ENERGY ST

comfortable margin; typical new front‐loading unit has MEF = 3.09 and 

• Energy efficiency improvement opportunities include:

— Higher efficiency motors and higher spin speeds

— Better load sensing for adaptive water fill control

— Reduced water temperature and quantity, while providing equivale

rinsing performance 74

Residential Clothes Washers

Modified Energy Factor Water Fact

Top‐Loading Front‐Loading Top‐Loading F

Current DOE Standard ≥ 1.26 (effective 1/1/2007) ≤ 9.5 (effective 1/

Current ENERGY STAR ≥ 2.00 ≤ 6.0

Integrated Modified Energy Factor1 Integrated Wate

March 7, 2015 ≥ 1.29 ≥ 1.84 ≤ 8.4 

January 1, 2018 ≥ 1.57 ≥ 1.84 (no change) ≤ 6.5 ≤

1. IMEF differs from MEF as follows: (a) includes standby power energy; (b) smaller capacity measurement for top

(c) higher drying energy estimate; and (d) additional wash cycles required for testing.

2. IWF differs from WF as follows: WF incorporates water usage from cold water cycles only while IWF incorpora

from all wash temperatures.
Shipment volumes have returned to pre‐housing boom lev

loaders’ market share grew from 5% to about 50% in 10 yea

75

Residential Clothes Washers

02468

10

2000 2002 2004 2006 2008 2010 2012

Unit Shipments (millions)

Clothes Washers

TotalTop‐LFront

Source: Appliance Magazine and Residential Clothes Washer Direct Final Rule TSD, EERE, April 2012.
76

Residential Clothes Dryers

* Italicized values are estimated. The federal standard is expressed in EF, but will be expressed in CEF beginning in 2015. 

not strictly comparable, but both values are shown here to facilitate longitudinal analyses.

** Maintenance costs are negligible.

Electric

DATA

2009 2013 2020 2030 

Installed

Base

Current

Standard Typical High Typical High Typical High 

Typical Capacity (ft3) 7 777777

EF (lb/kWh)* 3.01 3.01 3.10 3.16 3.10 4.51 3.16 4.5

CEF (lb/kWh)* 3.55 3.55 3.73 3.81 3.73 5.42 3.81 5.4

Average Life (yrs)

8888888

15 15 15 15 15 15 15 1

Retail Equipment Cost ($)

400 400 450 500 450 650 500 65500 500 550 600 550 750 600 75

Total Installed Cost ($)

510 510 560 610 560 780 610 78610 610 660 710 660 880 710 88

Annual Maintenance Cost ($)** ‐‐‐‐‐‐‐
77

Residential Clothes Dryers

Natural Gas

* Italicized values are estimated. The federal standard is expressed in EF, but will be expressed in CEF beginning in 2015. 

not strictly comparable, but both values are shown here to facilitate longitudinal analyses.

** Maintenance costs are negligible.

DATA

2009 2013 2020 2030 

Installed

Base

Current

Standard Typical Mid‐ Level High Typical High Typical High 

Typical Capacity (ft3) 7 7777777

EF (lb/kWh)* 2.67 2.67 2.75 2.85 3.02 2.81 3.02 2.81 3.

CEF (lb/kWh)* 3.14 3.14 3.24 3.35 3.61 3.30 3.61 3.30 3.Average Life (yrs)

88888888

15 15 15 15 15 15 15 15 

Retail Equipment Cost ($)

450 400 425 450 550 400 550 400 5550 450 475 550 650 500 650 500 6

Total Installed Cost ($)

610 560 585 610 710 560 710 560 7710 610 635 710 810 660 810 660 8

Annual Maintenance Cost ($)** ‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐
• Current standards in effect since 1994:

— For standard‐size electric units : EF ≥ 3.01 lb/kWh

— For gas units: EF ≥ 2.67 lb/kWh

• New standards announced in April 2011 with compliance date of Jan. 1, 20

metric will change from energy factor (EF) to combined energy factor (CEFincorporates standby mode power consumption:

— For standard‐size vented electric units : CEF ≥ 3.73 lb/kWh (≅3.17 EF)

— For vented gas units: CEF ≥ 3.30 lb/kWh (≅2.81 EF)

• Remaining efficiency improvement opportunities include:

— Multi‐step or modulating heat— Higher efficiency drum motors— Inlet air pre‐heat— Better control systems for cycle termination (not reflected per the curre

however)

— Heat pump (for electric clothes dryers)

• Heat pump clothes dryers with EF around 4.5 currently available in Europe

and potential reliability issues have kept them out of the U.S. market, but a

arrive by 2020.

• In 2012, EPA announced the Emerging Technology Award for Clothes Dry

be awarded to a manufacturer that introduces a high‐efficiency clothes dry

market. 78

Residential Clothes Dryers
Shipment volumes are now slightly below pre‐housing bo

Gas dryers continue to account for about one‐fifth of the m

79

Residential Clothes Dryers

0123456789

2000 2002 2004 2006 2008 2010 20

Unit Shipments (millions)

Clothes Dryers Total

ElectrGas

Source: Appliance Magazine.
80

Residential Dishwashers

* Refers to that portion of ʺTypical Annual Energy Useʺ that is the energy used to heat water in a separate water heater be

dishwasher. The energy used to heat water inside the dishwasher cannot be disaggregated from the total.

** Maintenance costs are negligible.

DATA

2009 2013 2020 2030 

Installed

Base

Current

Standard Typical ENERGY STAR High Typical High Typical Hi

Typical Annual Energy Use (kWh/yr) 312 307 295 295 180 295 180 295 

Water Consumption (gal/cycle) 4.50 5.00 4.25 4.25 2.22 4.25 2.22 4.25 2

Water Heating Energy Use (kWh/yr)* 163 181 153 153 80 153 80 153 Average Life (yrs)

14 14 14 14 14 14 14 14 24 24 24 24 24 24 24 24 

Retail Equipment Cost ($) 390 395 450 450 470 450 470 450 Total Installed Cost ($) 710 715 770 770 790 770 790 770 Annual Maintenance Cost ($)** ‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐
• Performance criteria for standard‐capacity dishwashers (assumes 215 cycles/year)

— Federal Standards:

 Jan. 1, 2010: ≤ 355 kWh/yr, ≤ 6.5 gal/cycle (EISA 2007) May 30, 2013: ≤ 307 kWh/yr, ≤ 5.0 gal/cycle (DOE Direct Final Rule, publish

— ENERGY STAR Criteria:

 Aug. 11, 2009 : ≤ 324 kWh/yr, ≤ 5.8 gal/cycle (version 4.0, announced Nov. 2 Jan. 20, 2012: ≤ 295 kWh/yr, ≤ 4.25 gal/cycle (version 5.0, announced April 2

• ENERGY STAR has maintained a very high market share for several years, so sale

average efficiency has tracked ENERGY STAR levels.

• Test procedures:

— Accounts for motor, dryer, booster heater (if present), and hot water from sep

— Amended test procedure, enters into force May 30, 2013, includes standby and 

— Cleaning performance test method expected to be part of future ENERGY STA

• Efficiency improvement opportunities include:

— Better soil sensing in the water, the filter, and the controls to make use of that

— Water distribution (small pipes, fine filter, small sump, alternating water use)

— Inline water heater (to minimize sump volume)

— High‐efficiency, variable‐speed pump motor— Vent assembly to help drying of dishes

81

Residential Dishwashers
Shipments peaked in 2005 during the housing boom then de

appear to have leveled off at between 5 and 6 million units p

82

Residential Dishwashers

Source: Appliance Magazine

012345678

2000 2002 2004 2006 2008 2010 2012

Unit Shipments (millions)

Dishwashers (Built‐In)
DATA

2003 2012 2013 2020 2030 

Installed Base Current Standard Typical High Typical High Typical High 

Typical Input Capacity (kBtu/h) 400 400 400 400 400 400 400 400 4

Thermal Efficiency (%)* 76 80 80 80 90 80 90 80 

Average Life (yrs) 15 15 15 15 15 15 15 15 

Retail Equipment Cost ($)

1,920 2,370 2,910 2,910 3,590 2,910 3,590 2,910 3,5

2,130 2,580 3,120 3,120 3,900 3,120 3,900 3,120 3,9

Total Installed Cost ($)

2,300 2,750 3,290 3,290 3,970 3,290 3,970 3,290 3,9

2,510 2,960 3,500 3,500 4,280 3,500 4,280 3,500 4,2

Annual Maintenance Cost ($) 320 320 320 320 930 320 930 320 9

83

Commercial Gas-Fired Furnaces

* DOEʹs efficiency metric for commercial furnaces accounts only for flue losses, not jacket losses.
• Current Federal standard requires minimum 80% thermal efficiency. Th

more commonly called “combustion efficiency” in other contexts, accou

flue losses, not jacket losses.

• ASHRAE Standard 90.1, which is used as a commercial building code in 

states, stipulates that furnaces that are not within the conditioned space 

have jacket losses exceeding 0.75% of the input rating.

• The Federal standard applies to all units manufactured on or after Janua

with maximum rated heat input ≥ 225,000 Btu per hour.

• Commercial furnace efficiency ranges are as wide as those for residentia

technology options are similar (though usually scaled up).

• Besides scale, commercial units can differ in terms of the control system 

integration with a Building Management System, twinning, or other sta

strategies) and they may also use a heat recovery system to pre‐heat inle

• The maintenance cost estimate assumes two cleanings per year.

84

Commercial Gas-Fired Furnaces
DATA

2003 2012 2013 2020 20

Installed Base Current Standard Typical Typical Typ

Typical Input Capacity (kBtu/h) 400 400 400 400 400 Thermal Efficiency (%)* 81 81 81 82 82 Average Life (yrs) 15 15 15 15 15 

Retail Equipment Cost ($)

3,200 3,400 4,000 4,000 4,000 

3,800 3,900 4,200 4,200 4,200 

Total Installed Cost ($)

3,800 3,800 4,380 4,380 4,380 

4,400 4,400 4,580 4,580 4,580 

Annual Maintenance ($) 320 320 320 320 320 

85

Commercial Oil-Fired Furnaces

* DOEʹs efficiency metric for commercial furnaces accounts only for flue losses, not jacket losses.
• Current Federal standard requires minimum 81% thermal efficiency. Th

more commonly called “combustion efficiency” in other contexts, accou

flue losses, not jacket losses.

• ASHRAE Standard 90.1, which is used as a commercial building code in 

states, stipulates that furnaces that are not within the conditioned space 

have jacket losses exceeding 0.75% of the input rating.

• The Federal standard applies to all units manufactured on or after Janua

with maximum rated heat input ≥ 225,000 Btu per hour.

• Commercial furnace efficiency ranges are as wide as those for residentia

technology options are similar (though usually scaled up).

• Besides scale, commercial units can differ in terms of the control system 

integration with a Building Management System, twinning, or other sta

strategies) and they may also use a heat recovery system to pre‐heat inle

• The maintenance cost estimate assumes two cleanings per year.

86

Commercial Oil-Fired Furnaces
87

Commercial Electric Boilers

* Capacity is output

DATA

2003 2012 2013 2020 2030 

Installed Base Typical Typical Typical 

Typical Capacity (kW)* 165 165 165 165 165 

Efficiency (%) 98 98 98 98 98 

Average Life (yrs) 15 15 15 15 15 

Retail Equipment Cost ($)

$6,400 $7,000 $7,000 $7,000 $7,000 $7,500 $7,800 $7,800 $7,800 $7,800 

Total Installed Cost ($)

$8,000 $10,500 $10,500 $10,500 $10,500 $9,600 $11,800 $11,800 $11,800 $11,800 

Annual Maintenance Cost ($)

110 110 110 110 110 160 160 160 160 160 
• There are currently no federal standards associated with electric boilers• The costs shown are for one 165kW unit, which would equate to a stead

approximately 550,000 Btu/hr.

• Service life is determined mainly by water quality. Water conditioning 

softeners, de‐alkizers, chemical feeders) may be necessary for a given ap

• Annual maintenance in a typical application would include draining the 

removal of any accumulated scale or sludge buildup.

• Minor end‐use inefficiencies for electric boilers result from heat loss thro

(jacket losses).

88

Commercial Electric Boilers
89

Commercial Gas-Fired Boilers

* The standard level shown here is for small hot water boilers, the most common type of boiler.

** DOEʹs efficiency metric for most types of boilers now accounts for both flue and jacket losses; previously it did not. DO

combustion efficiency metric instead for hot water boilers with heat input > 2,500,000 Btu/h.

*** Installed Base costs have been adjusted to reflect the cost of two 427 kBtu/h boilers rather than one, as was reported in 

DATA

2003 2012 2013 2020 2030 

Installed Base Current Standard* Typical Mid‐ Range High Typical High Typical H

Typical Input Capacity (kBtu/h) 800 800 800 800 800 800 800 800 800 Thermal Efficiency (%)** 76 77 80 80 85 98 82 98 83 

Average Life (yrs) 30 30 30 30 30 30 30 30 30 Retail Equipment Cost ($)***

10,650 11,350 13,050 13,050 15,900 18,150 14,200 18,150 14,750 1

12,750 13,400 15,100 15,100 18,000 20,200 16,250 20,200 16,800 2

Total Installed Cost ($)

17,850 18,550 20,250 20,250 23,100 25,350 21,400 25,350 21,950 2

19,950 20,600 22,300 22,300 25,200 27,400 23,450 27,400 24,000 2

Annual Maintenance Cost ($) 480 480 480 480 480 480 480 480 480 
• Commercial packaged gas‐fired boilers are classified by:

— Heat input capacity— Produce steam or hot water— Draft type (natural draft or not)

• Most common type is small hot water boilers, those with 300,000‐2,500,0

rated heat input.

• DOE’s efficiency metric, thermal efficiency, now aligns with ASHRAE 9

accounts for both flue and jacket losses.

• Federal standards require thermal efficiency ≥ 77%, 79%, or 80%, depen

• Exception is large hot water boilers, which must have combustion efficien

• Similar technologies to the those used in the residential market can be le

the commercial arena. The higher efficiency units typically include elect

ignition, power burners, and improved heat exchangers. They may eve

and/or pre‐heat incoming air.

90

Commercial Gas-Fired Boilers
91

Commercial Oil-Fired Boilers

* The standard level shown here is for small hot water boilers, the most common type of boiler.

** DOEʹs efficiency metric for most types of boilers now accounts for both flue and jacket losses; previously it did not. DO

combustion efficiency metric instead for hot water boilers with heat input > 2,500,000 Btu/h.

DATA

2003 2012 2013 2020 2030 

Installed Base Current Standard* Typical High Typical High Typical High 

Typical Input Capacity

(kBtu/h) 1,200 1,200 1,200 1,200 1,200 1,200 1,200 1,200 1,20

Thermal Efficiency (%)** 79 81 82 83 98 83 98 84 9

Average Life (yrs) 30 30 30 30 30 30 30 30 3

Retail Equipment Cost ($)

11,700 12,400 13,400 14,400 24,700 14,400 24,700 15,500 24,7012,800 14,400 15,400 16,500 26,800 16,500 26,800 17,500 26,80

Total Installed Cost ($)

15,800 16,500 17,500 18,500 30,900 18,500 30,900 19,600 30,9016,900 18,500 19,500 20,600 33,000 20,600 33,000 21,600 33,00

Annual Maintenance Cost ($)

115 115 115 115 115 115 115 115 1165 165 165 165 165 165 165 165 16
• Commercial packaged oil‐fired boilers are classified by:

— Heat input capacity— Produce steam or hot water

• Most common type is small hot water boilers, those with 300,000‐2,500,0

rated heat input.

• DOE’s efficiency metric, thermal efficiency, now aligns with ASHRAE 9

accounts for both flue and jacket losses.

• Federal standards require thermal efficiency ≥ 81% for steam boilers and

hot water boilers.

• Exception is large hot water boilers, which must have combustion efficien

• The higher efficiency units typically include improved heat exchangers, 

step or variable‐output power burners.

92

Commercial Oil-Fired Boilers
93

Commercial Gas-Fired Chillers1

1 This analysis assumes a water‐cooled chiller; both gas‐fired chiller types (absorption and engine‐driven) are shown.

* Capacity is output

DATA

2003 2012 2013 2020 2030 

Installed Base

Absorption Engine‐ Driven Absorption Engine‐ Driven Absorption E

D

Absorption Engine‐ Driven Absorption Engine‐ Driven

Typical Capacity (tons)*

150 150 150 150 150 150 150 150 150 

1,500 400 1,500 400 1,500 400 1,500 400 1,500 

COP 1.0 1.5 1.1 1.7 1.1 1.7 1.2 1.8 1.3 Average Life (yrs) 23 25 23 25 23 25 23 25 23 Retail Equipment Cost

($/ton)

650 750 700 700 700 700 700 700 700 800 850 850 800 850 800 850 800 850 

Total Installed Cost($/ton)

800 900 800 800 800 800 800 800 800 950 1,000 1,050 1,000 1,050 1,000 1,050 1,000 1,050 

Annual Maintenance Cost($/ton)

16 37 16 31 16 31 16 31 16 32 48 32 47 32 47 32 47 32 
• Gas‐fired chillers are available as either air‐cooled (~25‐50 tons) or water‐cooled (150

analysis includes only water‐cooled chillers. Two direct‐fired gas chiller technologie

market; absorption and engine‐driven.

• Direct gas firing provides high enough temperatures to operate double effect absorp

which operate at a 50‐60% higher COP than single effect absorption chillers. Triple e

chillers are expected to boost cooling COP 30‐50% beyond double effect chillers. Pro

fired triple effect absorption chillers have been tested by York and Trane, but are no

available. Due to the prohibitively high cost of advanced high heat/corrosion‐resista

required for triple effect absorption chillers, it is expected that this technology will n

commercial market impact in the near‐term. Some absorption chillers can be operate

provide heating; these are referred to as chiller/heaters.

• Gas‐fired engine‐driven chillers pair conventional vapor compression technologies (

or centrifugal compressors) with natural gas powered reciprocating engines. Gas‐fir

chillers exhibit higher peak cooling COP than absorbers, and engine modulation res

better part load performance. Future efficiency improvements for engine‐driven ch

anticipated. Engine driven chillers allow the opportunity to recover waste heat usef

• Sales dropped by nearly 75 percent in the US from 2006 to 2010. Most new gas‐fired 

the US are for replacement, not for new installations. The increase in electric chiller 

narrowed the operating cost differential with gas chillers. Gas chiller technologies re

and development will in other markets, such as Asia, which currently has 80 percen

chiller market.

• Gas‐fired chiller installations hold value in niche applications such as where electric 

are high, electrical capacity is limited, alternative energy sources are available (such 

landfill gas) or where waste heat is available (such as from an industrial process or m

CHP system) that could be used with a hybrid direct/indirect‐fired absorption chille

use of natural gas. 94

Commercial Gas-Fired Chillers
95

Commercial Centrifugal Chillers

1 COP and kW/ton efficiencies listed are for full load rated conditions as well as integrated part load value (IPLV), which i

indicative of annual performance.

2 2013 typical efficiency based on ASHRAE 90.1‐2010.3 2013 mid efficiency based on FEMP recommendations.* Capacity is output

DATA

2003 2012 2013 2020 2030 

Installed Base Typical2 Mid3 High Typical High Typical 

Typical Capacity (tons)

400 400 400 400 400 400 400 400 600 600 600 600 600 600 600 600 

Efficiency [full‐load](kW/ton)1 0.70 0.66 0.58 0.56 0.45 0.54 0.44 0.52 

Efficiency [IPLV] (kW/ton)1 0.67 0.61 0.40 0.36 0.33 0.36 0.32 0.35 COP [full‐load]1 5.0 5.4 6.1 6.3 7.8 6.5 8.0 6.8 

COP [IPLV] 1 5.2 5.9 8.8 9.8 10.7 9.8 11.0 10.0 

Average Life (yrs) 25 25 25 25 25 25 25 25 

Retail Equipment Cost ($/ton)

250 250 250 300 400 300 400 300 350 350 350 400 500 400 500 400 

Total Installed Cost ($/ton)

300 300 300 350 450 350 450 350 450 450 450 500 600 500 600 500 

Annual Maintenance Cost

($/ton)

16 16 16 16 16 16 16 16 32 32 32 32 32 32 32 32 
• For most chiller applications the seasonal performance (represented by the integrated part

is more indicative of performance than the full‐load performance at rated conditions. The 

necessarily correlate well to the full‐load efficiency, so both efficiency parameters are listed comparison table.

• ASHRAE 90.1‐2010 and Addendum M of 90.1‐2007 became effective 1/1/10 and instituted 

Separate compliance paths for applications that spend a significant amount of time at full 

load (encourages the use of chillers with better IPLVs in part‐load applications and full‐loa

full‐load applications; for either path, minimum requirements for both full load and IPLV 

The Addendum also added a new size category for centrifugal chillers ≥600 tons, strengthe

efficiency requirements for centrifugal chillers <150 tons and ≥600 tons, and changed how 

expressed, from coefficient of performance (COP) to kW/ton to reflect industry practice.

• The Federal Energy Management Program (FEMP) requires separate minimum efficiencie

optimized and part‐load optimized applications. For full‐load optimized applications, a fu

less than 0.56 kW/ton and an IPLV efficiency less than 0.55 kW/ton. For full‐load optimize

full‐load efficiency less than 0.60 kW/ton and an IPLV efficiency less than 0.36 kW/ton.

• The highest efficiency centrifugal chillers incorporate some of the following:

— Variable speed drive (VSD) compressors

— Dedicated heat recovery (heat pump chiller)

— Magnetic bearing technology (oil‐free operation)

— Greater heat exchanger surface areas; enhanced tube configurations (counterflow)— Optimized fluid flow velocities— High efficiency electric motors

— Improved turbomachinery design, resulting in higher compressor efficiency

— Better piping and valving, including electronic expansion valves

— Evaporative condenser for the heat rejection equipment

• Installed costs vary widely depending on equipment needed for installation (e .g. crane) an

This is a mature market with centrifugal chillers representing 75% of commercial chiller sa

tons. 96

Commercial Centrifugal Chillers
97

Commercial Reciprocating Chillers

1 COP and kW/ton efficiencies listed are for full load rated conditions as well as integrated part load value (IPLV), which is mo

performance.

2 2013 typical efficiency based on ASHRAE 90.1‐2010.3 2013 mid efficiency based on FEMP recommendations.

* Capacity is output

DATA

2003 2012 2013 2020 2030 

Installed Base Typical2 Mid3 High Typical High Typical H

Typical Capacity (tons)

100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 200 200 200 200 200 200 200 200 

Efficiency [full‐load] (kW/ton)1 1.26 1.26 1.25 1.15 1.00 1.15 1.00 1.15 

Efficiency [IPLV] (kW/ton) 1 1.15 1.13 0.96 0.80 0.79 0.80 0.79 0.80 COP [full‐load] 1 2.80 2.80 2.81 3.06 3.52 3.06 3.52 3.06 COP [IPLV] 1 3.05 3.12 3.66 4.40 4.45 4.40 4.45 4.40 Average Life (yrs) 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 

Retail Equipment Cost ($/ton)

400 575 550 650 750 650 750 650 500 675 650 750 850 750 850 750 

Total Installed Cost ($/ton)

475 650 675 775 875 775 875 775 600 775 825 925 1025 925 1025 925 

Annual Maintenance Cost

($/ton)

27 27 27 27 27 27 27 27 43 43 43 43 43 43 43 43 
• For most chiller applications the seasonal performance (represented by the inte

load value; IPLV) is more indicative of performance than the full‐load performconditions. The IPLV does not necessarily correlate well to the full‐load efficieefficiency parameters are listed in the comparison table.

• Reciprocating chillers are most cost effective for small loads. Reciprocating chi

share continues to be supplanted by screw and scroll chillers. Large manufactumanufacture reciprocating chillers since most packaged reciprocating chillers und

utilize R‐22 which is being phased out under the Montreal Protocol.

• Reciprocating chillers can be used in either air‐cooled or water cooled applicat

Reciprocating chillers shown in the data are air‐cooled. Air‐cooled chillers are than the water‐cooled models. Listed efficiencies include matched condensers associated energy use (as required for compliance with ASHRAE 90.1‐2010).

• ASHRAE 90.1‐2010 instituted separate minimum efficiency requirements for a

chillers more and less than 150 tons and both sets of requirements are more str

90.1‐2007. The 90.1‐2007 minimum efficiency requirements were the same as 90

• The most recent Federal Energy Management Program (FEMP) recommendati

reciprocating chillers (updated December 2012) include a full‐load efficiency okW/ton for base‐loaded chillers or an IPLV efficiency of 0.78 kW/ton and 0.80 k

chillers with seasonally variable loads that are less than 150 tons and more tharespectively.

• The highest efficiency reciprocating chillers incorporate some of the following:

— Multiple compressors for staged capacity control

— Improved heat‐exchangers

98

Commercial Reciprocating Chillers
99

Commercial Screw Chillers

1 COP and kW/ton efficiencies listed are for full load rated conditions as well as integrated part load value (IPLV), which is mo

performance.

2 2013 typical, mid, and high efficiency levels determined base on the range of products currently available on the market.

* Capacity is output

DATA

2003 2012 2013 2020 203

Installed Base Current Standard Typical Mid High Typical High Typical 

Typical Capacity (tons)*

100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 300 300 300 300 300 300 300 300 300 

Efficiency [full‐load](kW/ton) 1.26 1.26 1.25 1.24 1.13 1.02 1.13 0.99 1.10 

Efficiency [IPLV] (kW/ton) 1.15 1.13 0.94 0.94 0.77 0.61 0.77 0.58 0.72 

COP [full‐load] 2.80 2.80 2.81 2.84 3.10 3.46 3.10 3.55 3.20 

COP [IPLV] 3.05 3.12 3.74 3.74 4.58 5.80 4.58 6.06 4.88 

Average Life (yrs) 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 

Retail Equipment Cost

($/ton)

300 500 500 500 600 700 600 700 600 400 600 600 600 700 800 700 800 700 

Total Installed Cost ($/ton)

375 625 625 625 725 825 725 825 725 500 800 800 800 900 1000 900 1000 900 

Annual Maintenance Cost

($/ton)

11 11 11 11 11 11 11 11 11 53 53 53 53 53 53 53 53 53 
• For most chiller applications the seasonal performance (represented by the in

load value; IPLV) is more indicative of performance than the full‐load perforconditions. The IPLV does not necessarily correlate well to the full‐load efficefficiency parameters are listed in the comparison table.

• Screw chillers are available from ~50‐1100 tons but are most cost effective for 

loads. Screw chillers dominate the current market for small to mid‐size chille

• Screw chillers can be used in either air‐cooled or water cooled applications. S

shown in the data are air‐cooled. Air‐cooled chillers are less efficient than th

models. Listed efficiencies include matched condensers and their associated 

required for compliance with ASHRAE 90.1‐2010).

• ASHRAE 90.1‐2010 instituted separate minimum efficiency requirements for 

chillers more and less than 150 tons and both sets of requirements are more s

90.1‐2007. The 90.1‐2007 requirements were the same as 90.1‐2004.

• The most recent Federal Energy Management Program (FEMP) recommenda

reciprocating chillers (updated December 2012) include a full‐load efficiency 

kW/ton for base‐loaded chillers or an IPLV efficiency of 0.78 kW/ton and 0.80 chillers with seasonally variable loads that are less than 150 tons and more threspectively.

• The highest efficiency screw chillers incorporate some of the following:

— Variable speed compressors and/or multiple compressors

— Economizers— Improved heat‐exchangers

100

Commercial Screw Chillers
101

Commercial Scroll Chillers

DATA

2003 2007 2010 2020 2030 

Installed Base Typical Typical Typical 

Typical Capacity (tons) 20‐140 20‐140 20‐140 20‐140 20‐140 

Efficiency [full‐load/IPLV] (kW/ton1) 1.26 / 1.15 1.26 / 1.15 1.19/0.80 1.19/0.80 1.19/0.80 

COP [full‐load/IPLV] 1 2.80 / 3.05 2.80 / 3.05 2.96/4.40 2.96/4.40 2.96/4.40 

Average Life (yrs) 20 20 20 20 20 

Retail Equipment Cost ($/ton) 300‐400 300‐400 350‐450 350‐450 350‐450 

Total Installed Cost ($/ton) 400‐500 400‐500 450‐550 450‐550 450‐550 Annual Maintenance Cost ($/ton) 35‐50 35‐50 35‐50 35‐50 35‐50 

1 COP and kW/ton efficiencies listed are for full load rated conditions as well as integrated part load value (IPLV), which is

more indicative of annual performance.

2 2013 typical, mid, and high efficiency levels determined base on the range of products currently available on the market.

* Capacity is output

DATA

2003 2012 2013 2020 2030 

Installed Base Current Standard Typical2 Mid2 High Typical High Typical 

Typical Capacity (tons)*

20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 

140 140 140 140 140 140 140 140 140 

Efficiency [full‐load](kW/ton)1 1.26 1.23 1.25 1.17 1.14 1.11 1.14 1.09 1.11 

Efficiency [IPLV] (kW/ton)1 1.15 0.99 0.94 0.77 0.75 0.72 0.75 0.71 0.73 COP [full‐load]1 2.80 2.88 2.81 3.02 3.08 3.17 3.08 3.23 3.17 COP [IPLV] 1 3.05 3.67 3.74 4.54 4.67 4.86 4.67 4.99 4.82 Average Life (yrs) 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 

Retail Equipment Cost

($/ton)

320 450 450 450 550 650 550 650 550 420 550 550 550 650 800 650 800 650 

Total Installed Cost ($/ton)

420 700 700 700 800 900 800 900 800 530 800 800 800 900 1050 900 1050 900 

Annual Maintenance Cost

($/ton)

37 37 37 37 37 37 37 37 37 53 53 53 53 53 53 53 53 53 
• For most chiller applications the seasonal performance (represented by th

part‐load value; IPLV) is more indicative of performance than the full‐loaat rated conditions. The IPLV does not necessarily correlate well to the fu

efficiency, so both efficiency parameters are listed in the comparison table

• Scroll chillers can be used in either air‐cooled or water cooled application

chillers shown in the data are air‐cooled, which is most common. Air‐coo

less efficient than the water‐cooled models. Listed efficiencies include ma

condensers and their associated energy use (as required for compliance w

90.1‐2010).

• ASHRAE 90.1‐2010 instituted separate minimum efficiency requirements 

chillers more and less than 150 tons and both sets of requirements are mo

than 90.1‐2007. The 90.1‐2007 requirements were the same as 90.1‐2004.

• The most recent Federal Energy Management Program (FEMP) recommen

reciprocating chillers (updated December 2012) include a full‐load efficien

less kW/ton for base‐loaded chillers or an IPLV efficiency of 0.78 kW/ton kW/ton for chillers with seasonally variable loads that are less than 150 tothan 150 tons, respectively.

• The highest efficiency scroll chillers incorporate some of the following:

— Multiple compressors for staged capacity control

— Improved heat‐exchangers

102

Commercial Scroll Chillers
DATA

2003 2012 2013 2020 2030 

Installed Base Current Standard Typical ENERGY STAR High Typical High Typical H

Typical Output Capacity(kBtu/h) 90 90 90 90 90 90 90 90 90 Efficiency (EER)* 9.2 10.6 11.2 11.2 11.7 13.9 11.5 13.9 11.5 1

Part Load Efficiecny (IEER) ‐ 12.4 ‐ 12.4 11.8 20.8 12.7 20.8 12.7 2

Average Life (yrs) 15 15 15 15 15 15 15 15 15 

Retail Equipment Cost ($)

3,500 5,850 5,850 5,850 6,450 21,500 6,250 21,500 6,250 21,4,800 6,900 6,900 6,900 7,500 22,500 7,300 22,500 7,300 22,

Total Installed Cost ($)

5,300 8,000 8,000 8,000 8,600 23,500 8,400 23,500 8,400 23,6,600 9,050 9,050 9,050 9,650 25,500 9,450 25,500 9,450 25,

Annual Maintenance Cost ($)

160 160 160 160 160 160 160 160 160 320 320 320 320 320 320 320 320 320 

103

Commercial Rooftop Air Conditioners

* Values shown are for air‐cooled units with either electric resistance heating or no heating within the same enclosure.
• This analysis focused on small air‐cooled commercial packaged air condit

kBtu/h or 7.5 tons), though there are also standards for many other types 

air conditioners.

• The high efficiency unit includes a variable capacity digital scroll compres

saves energy during off‐design hours—approximately 17% annual energy 

a typical unit.

104

Commercial Rooftop Air Conditioners

Cooling Capacity(kBtu/h) Heating Type

Federal Standard

Effective 1/1/2010

Min. EER

ENERGY STAR 

Effective 

Min. EER 

Small( ≥ 65 and < 135)

Electric resistanceor none

11.2 11.7 

Any other type 11.0 11.5 

Large(≥ 135 and < 240)

Electric resistanceor none

11.0 11.7 

Any other type 10.8 11.5 

Air‐Cooled Commercial Packaged Air Conditioners
105

Commercial Gas-Fired Engine-Driven Rooftop Air Conditioners

* Capacity is output

DATA

2003 2012 2013 2020 2030 

Installed Base Typical Typical Typical 

Typical Capacity (tons) 25 18 11 11 11 

Heating COP NA 1.4 1.4 1.4 1.4 Cooling COP 0.7 0.9 1.1 1.1 1.1 Average Life (yrs) 15 15 15 15 15 

Retail Equipment Cost ($/ton)

800 2,700 2,700 2,700 2,700 900 3,300 3,300 3,300 3,300 

Total Installed Cost ($/ton)

1,300 3,100 3,100 3,100 3,100 1,400 4,100 4,100 4,100 4,100 

Annual Maintenance Cost ($) 59 59 59 59 59 
• The only gas‐fired engine‐driven rooftop unit currently available in the 

NextAire (an Aisin Seiki product line). It is an 11 ton packaged heat pum

scroll compressors, variable refrigerant flow, and a variable speed supp

coolant heat recovery improves the heating mode COP. This heat pump 

introduced in 2010.

• There are currently no Federal requirements on gas‐fired engine‐driven 

conditioners or heat pumps.

• Annual sales of the engine‐driven rooftop heat pump are estimated at le

units per year.

106

Commercial Gas-Fired Engine-Driven Rooftop Air Conditioners/Heat Pumps
107

Commercial Rooftop Heat Pumps

* Values shown are for air‐cooled units with either electric resistance heating or no heating within the same enclosure.

** ENERGY STAR qualified products must also have IEER of 11.4 or greater.

DATA

2003 2012 2013 2020 2030 

Installed Base Current Standard Typical ENERGY STAR** High Typical High Typical Hi

Typical Capacity (kBtu/h) 90 90 90 90 90 90 90 90 90 

Efficiency (EER)* 9.3 10.2 11.0 11.0 11.3 12.0 11.0 12.0 11.0 1

Part Load Efficiecny (IEER) ‐ 12.0 ‐ 12.0 11.4 20.2 12.0 20.2 12.0 2COP (Heating) 3.1 3.25 3.3 3.3 3.35 3.4 3.3 3.4 3.3 Average Life (yrs) 15 15 15 15 15 15 15 15 15 

Retail Equipment Cost ($)

3,700 5,300 5,300 5,300 5,500 5,850 5,300 5,850 5,300 5,4,800 6,400 6,400 6,400 6,600 6,900 6,400 6,900 6,400 6,

Total Installed Cost ($)

5,300 6,900 6,900 6,900 7,100 8,400 6,900 8,400 6,900 8,6,900 7,750 7,750 7,750 7,950 10,100 7,750 10,100 7,750 10,

Annual Maintenance Cost ($)

105 105 105 105 105 105 105 105 105 160 160 160 160 160 160 160 160 160 
• This analysis focused on small air‐cooled commercial packaged heat pump

7.5 tons), though there are also standards for many other types of commer

108

Commercial Rooftop Heat Pumps

CoolingCapacity(kBtu/h)

Heating Type

Federal Standard

Effective 1/1/2010

ENERGY STAR 

Effective 1

Min. EER Min. COP

at 47°F Min. EER Min. IE

Small( ≥ 65 and < 135)

Electric resistanceor none

11.0 3.3 11.3 11.4 

Any other type 10.8 3.3 ––

Large(≥ 135 and < 240)

Electric resistanceor none

10.6 3.2 10.9 11.0 

Any other type 10.4 3.2 – – 

Air‐Cooled Commercial Packaged Heat Pumps
109

Commercial Ground Source Heat Pumps

DATA

2003 2012 2013 2020 2030 

Installed Base Current Standard Typical Mid High Typical High Typical H

Typical Capacity (kBtu/h) 48 48 48 48 48 48 48 48 48 COP (Heating) 3.4 3.5 3.1 3.6 3.7 4 3.8 4.2 4 

EER (Cooling) 13.8 14 13.4 17.1 17.6 20.6 18 22 20 

Average Life (yrs) 25 25 25 25 25 25 25 25 25 Retail Equipment Cost ($)

6,000 6,000 6,000 6,500 7,000 8,500 6,500 8,500 6,500 

11,000 11,000 7,000 7,500 8,500 11,000 7,500 11,000 7,500 1

Total Installed Cost ($)

16,000 16,000 16,000 16,500 17,000 18,500 16,500 18,500 16,500 136,400 36,400 32,400 32,900 33,900 36,400 32,900 36,400 32,900 3

Annual Maintenance Cost ($) 150 150 150 150 150 150 150 150 150 
• The most common commercial ground source heat pump systems are closed‐loop in w

anti‐freeze solution is circulated through plastic pipes buried underground. Commerc

heat pumps (WAHPs) range in size from 1 ton or less to over 500 tons depending on w

distributed or centralized architecture is used. Distributed systems are more prevalen

• Most geothermal WAHPs are rated for capacity and efficiency based on the ISO 13256

Heating and cooling efficiency measurements under this standard include input energ

pumps on a proportional basis that only includes that power required to transport air 

through the heat pump. The reason for this method is to simplify comparisons betwee

to allow equipment to be optimized for real world conditions without suffering rating world energy use will exceed ratings predictions as a result of higher fluid static press

• ISO 13256‐1 cooling rating conditions call for 77F entering water temperature and 80.6

temperature. More typical peak design criteria would be 80‐90F entering water tempe

entering air temperature. As a result, ISO 13256‐1 rated cooling efficiency would be hi

design peak operation.

• Some WAHPs include efficiency data for a part load operating condition as allowed by 

multiple stage or variable speed compressors. No seasonal energy efficiency metric (a

or IEER) currently applies to WAHPs. The annual performance of a geothermal WAH

more widely than for other system types due to the large influence of ground loop des

characteristics.

• The ENERGY STAR® criteria for ground source heat pumps apply only to residential a

• Installation cost is for a closed loop system and includes necessary accessories. The gr

exchanger and distribution pumping systems represent a majority of the installation co

• Low end WAHPs utilize single stage compressors. Higher efficiency units incorporate 

variable speed compressor controls to improve efficiency as well as humidity and tem

Variable speed electronically commutated (EC) fan motors also improve overall energy 

110

Commercial Ground Source Heat Pumps
111

Commercial Electric Resistance Heaters

* Capacity is output

** Annual Maintenance Cost is negligible

DATA

2003 2012 2013 2020 2030 

Installed Base

Small Large Small Large Small 

Small Large Small Large

Typical Capacity (kBtu/h)* 17 170 17 170 17 170 17 170 17 Efficiency (%) 0.98 0.98 0.98 0.98 0.98 0.98 0.98 0.98 0.98 

Average Life (yrs) 18 18 18 18 18 18 18 18 18 

Retail Equipment Cost ($)

500 3,400 500 3,400 500 3,500 500 3,500 500 700 3,800 700 3,800 700 3,900 700 3,900 700 

Total Installed Cost ($)

600 3,500 600 3,500 650 4,000 650 4,000 650 800 3,900 800 3,900 850 4,500 850 4,500 850 

Annual Maintenance Cost ($)** ‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐
• This analysis examined electric unit heaters.

• Electric unit heaters range in capacity from 2 to 100 kW (7 to 340 kBtu/h

kW (17 to 170 kBtu/hr) being the most typical units on the market.

• Electric resistance heaters are considered near 100% efficient because the

loss through ducts or combustion. For this analysis, the efficiency is 98% 

IR losses and fan inefficiency.

• Installation time and costs are estimated to be minimal.

112

Commercial Electric Resistance Heaters
113

Commercial Gas Storage Water Heaters

DATA

2003 2012 2013 2020 2030 

Installed Base Current Standard Typical High Typical High Typical H

Typical Storage Capacity (gal) 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 

Typical Input Capacity (kBtu/h) 200 200 200 200 200 200 200 200 

Thermal Efficiency (%) 77 79 80 80 99 80 99 80 Average Life (yrs) 13 13 13 13 13 13 13 13 Retail Equipment Cost ($)

3000 3200 3700 3700 5300 3700 5300 3700 4500 4800 6100 6100 6900 6100 6900 6100 

Total Installed Cost ($)

3530 3730 4230 4230 5830 4230 5830 4230 5030 5330 6630 6630 7430 6630 7430 6630 

Annual Maintenance Cost ($)

110 110 110 110 110 110 110 110 210 210 210 210 210 210 210 210 
• Input capacity ≥ 75,000 Btu/h

• Federal standard:

— Minimum thermal efficiency: 80%

— Maximum standby loss: Input Rate/800 + 110 × (Rated Volume)1/2

• ENERGY STAR requirements:

— Minimum thermal efficiency: 94%

— Maximum standby loss: 0.84 × [(Input Rate/800) + 110 × (Rated Volu

• Baseline units are constructed similarly to residential units, though typi

greater storage and/or input capacities.

• High‐efficiency integrated units feature condensing heat exchangers, co

either stainless or enameled tubing and an inducer fan system or power 

Other designs incorporate an external heating module with a storage tan

assembly. Either design approach can yield a condensing appliance.

• Maintenance consists of sediment and scale removal once or twice per y

Estimated cost of $100–$200 per year for one or two cleanings performed 

plumber.

114

Commercial Gas Storage Water Heaters
Annual shipments dropped almost 20 percent over 12 year

99 thousand units in 2000 to 80 thousand units in 2012.

115

Commercial Gas Storage Water Heaters

Source: Appliance Magazine. (Also available from http://www.ahrinet.org/historical+data.aspx)

0

20406080

100120

2000 2002 2004 2006 2008 2010 

Unit Shipments (thousands)

Gas Storage Water Heaters
116

Commercial Electric Resistance Water Heaters

DATA

2003 2012 2013 2020 2

Installed Base Current Standard Typical Typical Ty

Typical Storage Capacity (gal) 120 120 120 120 120 

Typical Input Capacity (kW) 45 45 54 54 54 

Thermal Efficiency (%) 98 98 98 98 98 

Average Life (yrs) 13 13 13 13 13 

Retail Equipment Cost ($)

3600 3600 3600 3600 3600 5600 5600 5600 5600 5600 

Total Installed Cost ($)

4240 4240 4240 4240 4240 6340 6340 6340 6340 6340 

Annual Maintenance Cost ($)

110 110 110 110 110 210 210 210 210 210 
• Federal standard:

— Maximum standby loss: 0.30 + 27/Measured Storage Volume

— Minimum thermal efficiency: no standard, but all units ≥ 98% anyw

• Storage capacity: typically 50 to 120 gallons, though larger units exist fo

applications

• Maintenance consists of sediment and scale removal once or twice per y

cost of $100–$200 per year for one or two cleanings performed by a plum

117

Commercial Electric Resistance Water Heaters
118

Commercial Electric Resistance Water Heaters

Annual shipments increased more than 50 percent over 12 y

44 thousand units in 2000 to 67 thousand units in 2012.

0

1020304050607080

2000 2002 2004 2006 2008 2010 

Unit Shipments (thousands)

Electric Storage Water Heaters

Source: Appliance Magazine. (Also available from http://www.ahrinet.org/historical+data.aspx)
119

Commercial Oil-Fired Water Heaters

DATA

2003 2012 2013 2020 2030 

Installed Base Current Standard Typical High Typical High Typical High 

Typical Storage Capacity (gal) 70 70 70 70 70 70 70 70 Typical Input Capacity (kBtu/h) 300 300 140 140 140 140 140 140 14Thermal Efficiency (%) 78 79 78 80 85 80 85 80 Average Life (yrs) 13 13 13 13 13 13 13 13 Retail Equipment Cost ($) 4360 4420 4360 6500 8500 6500 8500 6500 85Total Installed Cost ($) 4890 4950 4890 7030 9030 7030 9030 7030 90Annual Maintenance Cost ($)

110 110 110 110 110 110 110 110 1210 210 210 210 210 210 210 210 2
• Input capacity ≥ 105,000 Btu/h

• Federal standard:

— Minimum thermal efficiency: 78%

— Maximum standby loss: Input Rate/800 + 110 × (Rated Volume)1/2

• Condensing units do not exist, thus the highest attainable thermal efficie

• Maintenance consists of sediment and scale removal once or twice per y

cost of $100–$200 per year for one or two cleanings performed by a plum

120

Commercial Oil-Fired Water Heaters
121

Commercial Gas-Fired Instantaneous Water Heaters

* Maintenance costs are negligible.

DATA

2003 2012 2013 2020 2030 

Installed Base Current Standard Typical High Typical High Typical High 

Typical Capacity (kBtu/hr)

180 180 180 180 180 180 180 180 1230 230 250 250 250 250 250 250 2

Thermal Efficiency (%) 76 78 80 89 97 89 97 89 

Average Life (yrs) 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 

Retail Equipment Cost ($)

530 640 850 1300 1500 1300 1500 1300 15800 900 1050 1650 1850 1650 1850 1650 18

Total Installed Cost ($)

680 790 1000 1550 1750 1550 1750 1550 17950 1050 1200 2200 2400 2200 2400 2200 24

Annual Maintenance Cost ($)* ‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐
• Input capacity ≥ 200,000 Btu/h

• Federal standard:

— Minimum thermal efficiency: 80%

— Maximum standby loss: Input Rate/800 + 110 x (Rated Volume)1/2

• ENERGY STAR requirements:

— Minimum thermal efficiency: 94%

— Maximum standby loss: 0.84 x [(Input Rate/800) + 110 x (Rated Volu

• Use similar technologies for improving energy efficiency as residential s

however, unlike condensing residential systems, condensing commercia

typically do not use multiple heat exchangers.

• Depending on the manufacturer, input ratings for condensing systems u

at 800,000 Btu/h, requiring the use of multiple units for staging purposethere are reliability, comfort, and efficiency benefits to staging multiple 

• When replacing a storage water heater with an instantaneous water hea

be significant additional costs to upsize the gas supply line and change t

122

Commercial Gas-Fired Instantaneous Water Heaters
123

Commercial Electric Booster Water Heaters

* Annual Maintenance Cost is negligible

DATA

2003 2012 2013 2020 2030 

Installed Base Typical Typical Typical 

Typical Capacity (gal)

66666

16 16 16 16 16 

Thermal Efficiency (%) 98 98 98 98 98 Average Life (yrs)

33333

10 10 10 10 10 

Retail Equipment Cost ($)

1300 1250 1250 1250 1250 1600 2700 2700 2700 2700 

Total Installed Cost ($)

1500 1450 1450 1450 1450 1800 2900 2900 2900 2900 

Annual Maintenance Cost ($)* ‐‐‐‐‐
124

Commercial Gas Booster Water Heaters

DATA

2003 2012 2013 2020 2030 

Installed Base Current Standard Typical High Typical High Typical H

Typical Capacity (gal)

63333333

10 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 

Thermal Efficiency (%) 79 80 80 80 91 82 93 85 Average Life (yrs)

3333333388888888

Retail Equipment Cost ($)

5,300 4,500 4,500 4,500 8,000 4,500 8,000 4,500 6,400 6,500 6,500 6,500 10,000 6,500 10,000 6,500 1

Total Installed Cost ($)

5,600 4,800 4,800 4,800 8,300 4,800 8,300 4,800 6,700 6,800 6,800 6,800 10,300 6,800 10,300 6,800 1

Annual Maintenance Cost ($) 160 160 160 160 160 160 160 160 
• Booster water heaters are installed, often at the point of use, in series wi

service water heating system to boost service water temperatures. The m

water heating system may provide 110‐140F water, and the booster waincrease that temperature to 180‐195F. Typical commercial application

water heaters include commercial dishwashers, laundromats, hospitals, 

• There is currently no energy efficiency standard for electric booster wat

booster water heater minimum efficiency is dictated by ASHRAE Stand

under the “gas instantaneous water heaters” category.

• Booster water heaters typically have short lifetimes because of high usag

temperatures.

• Typical sales are small due to the limited number of applications.

125

Commercial Booster Water Heaters
126

Commercial Gas Griddles

DATA

2003 2012 2013 2020 2030 

Installed Base Typical ENERGY STAR High Typical High Typical Hig

Cooking Surface (ft2) 12.0 12.0 12.0 12.0 12.0 12.0 12.0 12.0 1

Cooking Energy Efficiency (%) 30 30 30 38 52 30 52 30 

Normalized Idle Energy Rate(Btu/h/ft2) 3,000 3,000 3,000 2,650 1,180 3,000 1,180 3,000 1,

Average Life (yrs) 22 22 22 22 22 22 22 22 Retail Equipment Cost ($) 5,000 5,000 5,000 5,360 6,160 5,000 6,160 5,000 6,Total Installed Cost ($) 5,150 5,150 5,150 5,510 6,310 5,150 6,310 5,150 6,

Annual Maintenance Cost ($)* ––––––––

* Maintenance costs are negligible.
127

Commercial Electric Griddles

* Maintenance costs are negligible.

DATA

2003 2012 2013 2020 2030 

Installed Base Typical ENERGY STAR High Typical High Typical Hig

Cooking Surface (ft2) 12.0 12.0 12.0 12.0 12.0 12.0 12.0 12.0 1

Cooking Energy Efficiency (%) 65 65 65 70 82 65 82 65 

Normalized Idle Energy Rate (W/ft2) 440 440 440 320 210 440 210 440 

Average Life (yrs) 22 22 22 22 22 22 22 22 Retail Equipment Cost ($) 7,800 7,800 7,800 7,800 9,000 7,800 9,000 7,800 9,Total Installed Cost ($) 7,950 7,950 7,950 7,950 9,150 7,950 9,150 7,950 9,

Annual Maintenance Cost ($)* ––––––––
• Used throughout the hospitality industry to crisp, brown, sear, warm, an

• Transfers heat to food by direct contact with a hot plate, usually made of 

• Energy performance metrics are “Cooking Efficiency” (%) and “Normali

Consumption Rate” (Watts/ft2), measured using ASTM F1275‐03 and AST

• No Federal standards, but ENERGY STAR criteria version 1.1 took effect 

and became more stringent on January 1, 2011 for electric griddles.

• Price premiums for ENERGY STAR qualified products: estimated at $0 fo

$360 for gas models.

• Incentives ranging from $25 to $600 per unit available from more than 30 

states.

• Energy savings achieved by using highly conductive or reflective plate m

improved thermostatic controls, sub‐griddle insulation (electric only), an

strategic placement of thermocouples to better regulate temperature.

128

Commercial Gas and Electric Griddles

ENERGY STAR Requirements Gas Elec

Cooking Energy Efficiency ≥ 38% ≥ 7

Normalized Idle Energy Rate ≤ 2,650 Btu/h per ft2 ≤ 320 Wa
129

Commercial Hot Food Holding Cabinets

DATA

2003 2012 2013 2020 2030 

Installed Base State Standards Typical ENERGY STAR High Typical High Typical H

Interior Volume (ft3) 21.4 21.4 21.4 21.4 21.4 21.4 21.4 21.4 21.4 

Maximum Idle Energy Rate (W) 1,400 900 856 856 297 154 856 154 856 Average Life (yrs) 12 12 12 12 12 12 12 12 12 

Retail Equipment Cost ($) 2,400 2,400 2,400 2,400 2,400 2,800 2,400 2,800 2,400 2Total Installed Cost ($) 2,400 2,400 2,400 2,400 2,400 2,800 2,400 2,800 2,400 2Annual Maintenance Cost ($)* – – –––––––

* Maintenance costs are negligible.
• Used in commercial kitchens to keep food warm until it is served.

• Many shapes and sizes, but interior volumes around 21.4 ft3 typical in ma

• Annual unit energy consumption can range from < 1,000 to > 30,000 kWh

on size, efficiency, and usage.

• Energy performance metric is “Idle Energy Consumption Rate” in Watts, 

using ASTM Standard F2140‐11.

• No Federal standards, but eight identical State standards, first took effect 

in 2006, now considered the typical or “baseline” product. ENERGY STA

took effect October 1, 2011.

• Maximum Idle Energy Consumption Rate for products 12 ≤ V < 28:

— State standards: ≤ 40 × V (baseline)

— ENERGY STAR: ≤ 2.0 × V + 254 (about 65% below baseline)

where V is interior volume in ft3.

• Small, if any, price premium for ENERGY STAR qualified products, yet i

ranging from $110 to $900 per unit are available from more than 25 utiliti

• The most efficient products are about 80% below baseline.• Energy savings achieved with insulation, automatic door closers, magnet

gaskets, and Dutch doors (half‐doors).

130

Commercial Hot Food Holding Cabinets
131

Appendix A

Data Sources

Nav

1200 

Was

www.nav

A‐1
Data Sources » Residential Gas-Fired Water Heaters

SOURCES

2009 2013 2020 203

Installed

Base

Current

Standard Typical ENERGY STAR High Typical 

Typical Capacity (gal) AHRI / Distributors EERE AHRI ENERGY STAR AHRI

Navig

Energy Factor AHRI EERE AHRI ENERGY STAR AHRI

Average Life (yrs) EERE

Retail Equipment Cost ($) Distributors EERE Distributors

Total Installed Cost ($)

Distributors /

RS Means

2010

EERE

Annual Maintenance Cost

($) EERE EERE

A‐2
Data Sources » Residential Oil Water Heaters

SOURCES

2009 2013 2020 2030 

Installed

Base

Current

Standard Typical Mid‐Level High Typical 

Typical Capacity (gal) AHRI / Distributors EERE AHRI AHRI AHRI

Navig

Energy Factor AHRI EERE AHRI

Average Life (yrs) EERE

Retail Equipment Cost ($) Distributors EERE

Total Installed Cost ($)

Distributors /

RS Means

2007

EERE

Annual Maintenance Cost($) EERE EERE

A‐3
Data Sources » Residential Electric Resistance Water Heaters

SOURCES

2009 2013 2020 203

Installed Base Current Standard Typical High Typical 

Typical Capacity (gal) AHRI / Distributors EERE AHRI AHRI

Navig

Energy Factor AHRI EERE AHRI AHRI

Average Life (yrs) EERE

Retail Equipment Cost ($) Distributors EERE DistributorsTotal Installed Cost ($) Distributors / RS Means 2010 EERE

Annual Maintenance Cost ($) EERE EERE

A‐4
Data Sources » Residential Heat Pump Water Heaters

SOURCES

2009 2013 2020 203

Installed Base ENERGY STAR High Typical 

Typical Capacity (gal) AHRI EERE ENERGY STAR

Navig

Energy Factor AHRI ENERGY STAR

Average Life (yrs) EERE

Retail Equipment Cost ($) RS Means 2010 / ACEEE, 2007 Distributors

Total Installed Cost ($) RS Means 2010 / ACEEE, 2007 Distributors

Annual Maintenance Cost ($) EERE

A‐5
Data Sources » Residential Instantaneous Water Heaters

SOURCES

2009 2013 2020 203

Installed

Base

Current

Standard Typical ENERGY STAR High Typical 

Typical Capacity (kBtu/hr) EERE AHRI ENERGY STAR / AHRI ENERGY STAR

Navig

Energy Factor Distributors EERE AHRI ENERGY STAR

Average Life (yrs) EERE

Retail Equipment Cost ($)

Distributors /

RS Means

2010

Distributors

Total Installed Cost ($) DEER, 2008 DistributorsAnnual Maintenance Cost ($) Navigant EERE

A‐6
Data Sources » Residential Solar Water Heaters

SOURCES

2009 2013 2020 2030 

Installed Base Current Standard Typical Typical

Typical Capacity (sq. ft.) SRCC

SAIC

Overall Efficiency (Solar Fraction) 0.3‐0.5 (RETScreen); 0.58‐0.83 (SRCC); 0.5‐0.75 (EERE)

Solar Energy Factor ENERGY STAR range=0.53‐47, median=2, average=2.83

Average Life (yrs) 20 year system life (EERE); Collector warranties are 10 years (ENERGY STAR/SRCC)

Retail Equipment Cost1 ($) RS Means

Total Installed Cost1 ($) RS Means

1 Costs are for an indirect (active closed loop) system, including tank and backup heater. Smaller capacity/cost sy

typical for southern & western states (>2/3 of the current market). Higher capacity/cost systems are required in

colder/cloudier regions.

2 ENERGY STAR requires OG‐300 rating from SRCC. Most installations use SRCC rated collectors; a high efficiency 

applicable.

A‐7
Data Sources » Residential Gas-Fired Furnaces

SOURCES

2009 2013 2020 203

Installed

Base

Current

Standard Typical ENERGY STAR High Typical 

Typical Input Capacity(kBtu/h) Navigant EERE

Navig

AFUE (%) Navigant EERE EERE ENERGY STAR ENERGY STAR AHRIElectric Consumption

(kWh/yr) EERE EERE

Average Life (yrs) Appliance Magazine, 2012

Retail Equipment Cost ($) EERE EERE

Total Installed Cost ($) EERE EEREAnnual Maintenance Cost($) EERE EERE

A‐8
Data Sources » Residential Oil-Fired Furnaces

A‐9

SOURCES

2009 2013 2020 203

Installed

Base

Current

Standard Typical ENERGY STAR High Typical 

Typical Input Capacity (kBtu/h) Navigant EERE

Navig

AFUE (%) Navigant EERE EERE ENERGY STAR AHRI

Electric Consumption (kWh) EERE

Average Life (yrs) Appliance Magazine, 2012

Retail Equipment Cost ($) EERE

Total Installed Cost ($) EERE

Annual Maintenance Cost ($) EERE
Data Sources » Residential Gas-Fired Boilers

A‐10

SOURCES

2009 2013 2020 203

Installed

Base

Current

Standard Typical ENERGY STAR High Typical 

Typical Input Capacity (kBtu/h) EERE 2007

Navig

AFUE (%) EERE 2007 / Navigant EERE 2007 EERE 2007 / Navigant ENERGY STAR AHRI

Average Life (yrs) Appliance Magazine, 2012

Retail Equipment Cost ($) EERE 2007

Total Installed Cost ($) EERE 2007

Annual Maintenance Cost ($) EERE 2007
Data Sources » Residential Oil-Fired Boilers

A‐11

SOURCES

2009 2013 2020 203

Installed

Base

Current

Standard Typical ENERGY STAR High Typical 

Typical Input Capacity

(kBtu/h) EERE

Navig

AFUE (%) EERE / Navigant EERE EERE / Navigant ENERGY STAR AHRI

Average Life (yrs) EERERetail Equipment Cost ($) EERE

Total Installed Cost ($) EERE

Annual Maintenance Cost ($) EERE
Data Sources » Residential Room Air Conditioners

A‐12

SOURCES

2009 2013 2020 203

Installed

Base

Current

Standard Typical ENERGY STAR High Typical 

Typical Capacity (kBtu/hr) Distributors AHAM

Navig

EER and CEER Navigant EERE CCMS ENERGY STAR CCMSAverage Life (yrs)

Appliance

Magazine,

2012

Appliance Magazine, 2012

Retail Equipment Cost ($) Distributors EERE

Total Installed Cost ($) Distributors EERE

Annual Maintenance Cost ($) Navigant Navigant
Data Sources » Residential Central Air Conditioners

A‐13

SOURCES

2009 2013 2020 203

Installed

Base

Current

Standard Typical ENERGY STAR High Typical 

Typical Capacity (kBtu/h) EERE

Navig

SEER Navigant eCFR EERE ENERGY STAR AHRI

Average Life (yrs) EERE / Navigant

Retail Equipment Cost ($) EERE Navigant

Total Installed Cost ($) EERE Navigant

Annual Maintenance Cost ($) EERE

SOURCES

2009 2013 2020 203

Installed

Base

Current

Standard Typical ENERGY STAR High Typical 

Typical Capacity (kBtu/h) EERE

Navig

SEER Navigant eCFR EERE ENERGY STAR AHRIAverage Life (yrs) EERE / Navigant

Retail Equipment Cost ($) EERE / Navigant Navigant

Total Installed Cost ($) EERE / Navigant Navigant

Annual Maintenance Cost ($) EERE

South (Hot

‐Dry and Hot

‐Humid)

North (Rest of Country)
Data Sources » Residential Air Source Heat Pumps

A‐14

SOURCES

2009 2013 2020 203

Installed

Base

Current

Standard Typical ENERGY STAR High Typical 

Typical Capacity (kBtu/h) EERE / AHRI

Navig

SEER (Cooling) Navigant eCFR CCMS ENERGY STAR CCMS

HSPF (Heating) Navigant eCFR EERE ENERGY STAR CCMSAverage Life (yrs) EERE / NavigantRetail Equipment Cost ($) EERE

Total Installed Cost ($) EERE

Annual Maintenance Cost ($) EERE
Data Sources » Residential Ground Source Heat Pumps

A‐15

SOURCES

2009 2013 2020 2030 

Installed

Base

Current

Standard Typical ENERGY STAR High Typical / Hi

Typical Capacity (kBTU/h) AHRI/SAIC

SAIC

COP (Heating) SAIC ASHRAE 90.1‐2010 SAIC ENERGY STAR

ENERGY

STAR

Product

Finder/

Product

Literature

EER (Cooling) SAIC ASHRAE 90.1‐2010 SAIC ENERGY STAR

ENERGY

STAR

Product

Finder/

Product

Literature

Average Life (yrs) System life 25 years, ground loop life 50 years (DOE)

Retail Equipment Cost ($) Distributors/IGSHPA/EERE/SAIC

Total Installed Cost ($) Distributors/IGSHPA/EERE/SAICAnnual Maintenance Cost ($) SAIC
Data Sources » Residential Gas Heat Pumps

A‐16

SOURCES

2009 2013 2020 2030 

Installed Base Typical Typical

Typical Capacity (kBTU/h) Manufacturer

SAIC

Heating (COP) Product LiteratureCooling (COP) Product Literature

Annual Electric Use (kWh/yr) Product Literature/SAICAverage Life (yrs) SAIC

Retail Equipment Cost ($) PERC/SAIC

Total Installed Cost ($) SAIC

Annual Maintenance Cost ($) SAIC
A‐17

Data Sources » Residential Electric Resistance Furnaces

SOURCES

2009 2013 2020 2030 

Installed Base Typical Typical

Typical Capacity (kBTU/h) Distributor/SAIC

SAIC

Efficiency (%) DOE/SAICAverage Life (yrs) Distributors

Retail Equipment Cost ($) RS Means 2013/SAIC

Total Installed Cost ($) RS Means 2013/SAIC

Annual Maintenance Cost ($) SAIC
A‐18

SOURCES

2009 2013 2020 203

Installed Base Typical Typic

Typical Capacity (kBTU/h) Distributors/SAIC

SAIC

Efficiency (%) SAICAverage Life (yrs)

Technology Cost and Performance File for

Commercial Model for AEO2010 (adapted for

residential)

Retail Equipment Cost ($) Distributors/RS Means 2013/SAIC

Total Installed Cost ($) Distributors/RS Means 2013/SAIC

Annual Maintenance Cost ($) SAIC

Data Sources » Residential Electric Resistance Heaters
A‐19

Data Sources » Residential Cord Wood Stoves

SOURCES

2009 2013 2020 20

Installed

Base

EPA

Certified Typical High Typica

Typical Capacity (kBTU/h)

Distributors /

Product

Literature

Distributors /

Product

Literature

Distributors / Product

Literature

SA

Efficiency (Non‐Catalytic) (HHV) SAIC/Lit. EPA Default EPA Default Product Lit./SAIC

Thermal Efficiency (Catalytic) (HHV) SAIC/Lit. EPA Default EPA Default Product Lit./SAIC

Average Life (yrs) SAICRetail Equipment Cost ($) Product Lit./Dealers Product Literature/DealersTotal Installed Cost ($) Dealers Dealers/SAIC

Annual Maintenance Cost ($) Dealers/SAIC Dealers/SAIC
A‐20

Data Sources » Residential Wood Pellet Stoves

SOURCES

2009 2013 2020 20

Installed Base EPA Certified Typical High Typica

Typical Capacity (kBtu/h)

Distributors /

Product

Literature

Distributors /

Product

Literature

Distributors /

Product

Literature

Distributors /

Product

Literature

SA

Efficiency (HHV) SAIC/Lit. EPA Default EPA Default Product Lit./ SAIC

Average Life (yrs) SAIC

Retail Equipment Cost ($) Product Lit./Dealers Product Lit./Dealers

Total Installed Cost ($) Dealers Dealers/SAICAnnual Maintenance Cost ($) Dealers Dealers/SAIC
Data Sources » Residential Refrigerator-Freezers and Freezers

A‐21

SOURCES

2009 2013 2020 203

Installed

Base

Current

Standard Typical ENERGY STAR High Typical 

Typical Capacity (ft3) EERE / Navigant

Navig

Energy Consumption (kWh/yr) Navigant

Average Life (yrs) EERE / Navigant

Retail Equipment Cost ($) EERE / Navigant

Total Installed Cost ($) Navigant

Annual Maintenance Cost ($) EERE / Navigant
Data Sources » Residential Natural Gas Cooktops

A‐22

SOURCES

2009 2013 2020 203

Installed Base Typical High Typical 

Typical Capacity (kBtu/h) Distributors / Product Literature EERE

Navig

Cooking Efficiency (%) Distributors / Product Literature EERE

Average Life (yrs) Appliance Magazine, 2012

Retail Equipment Cost ($) EERE EERE / Distributors

Total Installed Cost ($) EERE EERE / DistributorsAnnual Maintenance Cost ($) Navigant / EERE Navigant / EERE
Data Sources » Residential Clothes Washers

A‐23

SOURCES

2009 2013 2020 203

Installed

Base

Current

Standard Typical ENERGY STAR High Typical 

Typical Capacity (ft3) Navigant CCMS Distributors CCMS CCMS

Navig

Modified Energy Factor

(ft3/kWh/cycle) Navigant EERE CCMS ENERGY STAR CCMS

Water Factor (gal/cycle/ft3) Navigant EERE CCMS ENERGY STAR CCMS

Average Life (yrs) Appliance Magazine, 2012

Water Consumption (gal/cycle) [calculated]

Hot Water Energy (kWh/cycle) Navigant

Machine Energy (kWh/cycle) Navigant

Dryer Energy (kWh/cycle) Navigant

Retail Equipment Cost ($) EERE / Distributors

Total Installed Cost ($) RS Means 2010

Annual Maintenance Cost ($) Navigant

Front‐Loading
Data Sources » Residential Clothes Washers

A‐24

Top‐Loading

SOURCES

2009 2013 2020 203

Installed

Base

Current

Standard Typical ENERGY STAR High Typical 

Typical Capacity (ft3) Navigant EERE CCMS

Navig

Modified Energy Factor

(ft3/kWh/cycle) Navigant EERE CCMS

Water Factor (gal/cycle/ft3) Navigant EERE CCMS

Average Life (yrs) Appliance Magazine, 2012

Water Consumption (gal/cycle) [calculated]Hot Water Energy (kWh/cycle) Navigant

Machine Energy (kWh/cycle) Navigant

Dryer Energy (kWh/cycle) Navigant

Retail Equipment Cost ($) EERE / Distributors

Total Installed Cost ($) RS Means 2010

Annual Maintenance Cost ($) Navigant
Data Sources » Residential Clothes Dryers

A‐25

SOURCES

2009 2013 2020 203

Installed

Base

Current

Standard Typical High Typical

Typical Capacity (ft3) Navigant CEC CEC / Distributors

Navig

EF and CEF (lb/kWh) Navigant EERE / Navigant

Average Life (yrs) Appliance Magazine, 2012

Retail Equipment Cost ($) Navigant EERE

Total Installed Cost ($) Navigant EEREAnnual Maintenance Cost ($) EERE EERE
Data Sources » Residential Dishwashers

A‐26

SOURCES

2009 2013 2020 203

Installed

Base

Current

Standard Typical ENERGY STAR High Typical 

Typical Annual Energy Use (kWh/yr) EERE EERE

Distributors

/ CCMS /

EPA

EPA CCMS

Navig

Water Consumption (gal/cycle) EERE EERE

Distributors

/ CCMS /

EPA

EPA CCMS

Water Heating Energy Use (kWh/yr) EERE

Average Life (yrs) EERE / NavigantRetail Equipment Cost ($) EERE

Total Installed Cost ($) EERE

Annual Maintenance Cost ($) Navigant
Data Sources » Commercial Gas-Fired Furnaces

A‐27

SOURCES

2003 2012 2013 2020 203

Installed Base Current Standard Typical High Typical 

Typical Input Capacity (kBtu/h) Arthur D. Little, 1997 AHRI AHRI

Navig

Thermal Efficiency (%)

ASHRAE

Standard

AHRI 10 CFR 431.77 AHRI Modine/ 90.1 Reznor ‐2004

Average Life (yrs) EERE / Navigant

Retail Equipment Cost ($)

RS Means

2010 /

Navigant /

Distributors

RS Means

2011 RS Means 2011

Total Installed Cost ($) RS Means 2011 RS Means 2011 RS Means 2011

Annual Maintenance Cost $)

RS Means 2010/

Navigant / Public Comments from Stakeholders

Distributors
Data Sources » Commercial Oil-Fired Furnaces

A‐28

SOURCES

2003 2012 2013 2020 20

Installed Base Current Standard Typical Typi

Typical Input Capacity (kBtu/h)

Navigant /

Distributors /

AHRI

AHRI

Navig

Thermal Efficiency (%)

ASHRAE

Standard 90.1‐

2004

AHRI 10 CFR 431.77 AHRI

Average Life (yrs) EERE / NavigantRetail Equipment Cost ($) RS Means 2010 Navigant RS Means 2011

Total Installed Cost ($) RS Means 2010 Navigant RS Means 2011Annual Maintenance Cost ($) Navigant / Distributors
Data Sources » Commercial Electric Boilers

A‐29

SOURCES

2003 2012 2013 2020 2030 

Installed Base Typical Typica

Typical Capacity (kW) BSRIA

SAIC

Efficiency (%) DOE/SAIC

Average Life (yrs) ASHRAE 2007 HVAC Applications

Retail Equipment Cost ($) RS Means 2010/SAIC RS Means 2013/SAIC

Total Installed Cost ($) RS Means 2010/SAIC RS Means 2013/SAIC

Annual Maintenance Cost ($) RS Means 2010/SAIC RS Means 2013/SAIC
Data Sources » Commercial Gas-Fired Boilers

A‐30

SOURCES

2003 2012 2013 2020 203

Installed Base Current Standard Typical Mid‐ Range High Typical 

Typical Input Capacity (kBtu/h) Navigant

Navig

Thermal Efficiency (%)

ASHRAE Standard

90.1‐2004 /

Navigant

EERE Navigant

Average Life (yrs) EERERetail Equipment Cost ($)

CEC / RS

Means

2010

RS Means

2011 RS Means 2011

Total Installed Cost ($)

CEC / RS

Means

2010

RS Means

2011 RS Means 2011

Annual Maintenance Cost ($) Navigant
Data Sources » Commercial Oil-Fired Boilers

A‐31

SOURCES

2003 2012 2013 2020 203

Installed Base Current Standard Typical High Typical 

Typical Input Capacity

(kBtu/h)

Building

Services

Research and

Information

Association

&

Ducker

Research

Company,

1997, 1998

Navigant Navigant

Navig

Thermal Efficiency (%) ASHRAE Standard 90.1‐2004 EERE Navigant

Average Life (yrs) EERERetail Equipment Cost ($)

Distributors /

RS Means

2010 /

Navigant

RS Means

2011 /

Navigant

RS Means 2011 / Navigant

Total Installed Cost ($) RS Means 2011 / Navigant

Annual Maintenance Cost ($) Navigant EERE
Data Sources » Commercial Gas-Fired Chillers

A‐32

SOURCES

2003 2012 2013 2020 

Installed Base

Absorption Engine‐ Driven Abso

Absorption Engine‐ Driven Absorption Engine‐ Driven

Typical Capacity (tons) BSRIA/Distributors

Efficiency (kW/ton) Product Literature/SAIC

COP Product Literature/SAICAverage Life (yrs) 2007 ASHRAE Applications Handbook/Distributors

Retail Equipment Cost ($/ton) Manufacturer/Distributors/RS Means 2013/GIT/SAIC

Total Installed Cost ($/ton) Manufacturer/Distributors/RS Means 2013/GIT/SAIC

Annual Maintenance Cost

($/ton) Manufacturer/Distributors/RS Means 2013/GIT/SAIC
Data Sources » Commercial Centrifugal Chillers

A‐33

SOURCES

2003 2012 2013 2020 2

Installed Base Typical Mid High Typica

Typical Capacity (tons) US Census IPCC/TEAP/CARB/SAIC

S

Efficiency (kW/ton)

DEER/FEMP/

Product

Literature

ASHRAE 90.1‐2010/FEMP/

eSource/Product Literature

COP

DEER/FEMP/

Product

Literature

ASHRAE 90.1‐2010/FEMP/

eSource/Product Literature

Average Life (yrs) 2007 ASHRAE Applications Handbook

Retail Equipment Cost ($/ton) RS Means/Distributors/SAIC

Total Installed Cost ($/ton) RS Means/Distributors/SAIC

Annual Maintenance Cost

($/ton) SAIC
Data Sources » Commercial Reciprocating Chillers

A‐34

SOURCES

2003 2012 2013 2020 20

Installed Base Typical Mid High Typical

Typical Capacity (tons) BSRIA/DEER

SA

Efficiency (kW/ton) ASHRAE 90.1‐2010/DEER/FEMP/Product LiteratureCOP ASHRAE 90.1‐2010/DEER/FEMP/Product LiteratureAverage Life (yrs) Manufacturers

Retail Equipment Cost ($/ton) RS Means 2013/Distributors/SAIC

Total Installed Cost ($/ton) RS Means 2013/Distributors/SAIC

Annual Maintenance Cost

($/ton) SAIC
Data Sources » Commercial Screw Chillers

A‐35

SOURCES

2003 2012 2013 2020 

Installed Base Current Standard Typical Mid High 

Typical Capacity (tons) SAIC

Efficiency (kW/ton)

DEER/FEMP/

Product

Literature

SAIC ASHRAE 90.1‐2010 Product Literature/SAIC

COP

DEER/FEMP/

Product

Literature

SAIC ASHRAE 90.1‐2010 Product Literature/SAIC

Average Life (yrs) Manufacturers

Retail Equipment Cost ($/ton) RS Means 2013/Distributors/SAIC

Total Installed Cost ($/ton) RS Means 2013/Distributors/SAIC

Annual Maintenance Cost

($/ton) SAIC
Data Sources » Commercial Scroll Chillers

A‐36

SOURCES

2003 2012 2013 2020 

Installed Base Current Standard Typical Mid High 

Typical Capacity (tons) SAIC/Manufacturers

Efficiency [full‐load/IPLV] (kW/ton) Product Literature SAIC ASHRAE 90.1‐2010 Product Literature/SAIC

COP [full‐load/IPLV] Product Literature SAIC ASHRAE 90.1‐2010 Product Literature/SAIC

Average Life (yrs) Manufacturers

Retail Equipment Cost ($/ton) Manufacturers/RS Means 2013/SAIC

Total Installed Cost ($/ton) Manufacturers/RS Means 2013/SAIC

Annual Maintenance Cost ($/ton) SAIC
Data Sources » Commercial Rooftop Air Conditioners

A‐37

SOURCES

2003 2012 2013 2020 

Installed Base Current Standard Typical ENERGY STAR High 

Typical Output Capacity (kBtu/h) AHRI / Navigant

Efficiency (EER)

ASHRAE

Standard

90.1‐2004

Distributors/

Navigant EERE ENERGY STAR AHRI

Average Life (yrs) EERERetail Equipment Cost $) Navigant / LBNL, 2003 Distributors/ Navigant / DEER, 2008 EERE Distributors

Total Installed Cost ($) Navigant / LBNL, 2003 Distributors/ Navigant / DEER, 2008 EERE Distributors

Annual Maintenance Cost ($) EERE
Data Sources » Commercial Gas-Fired Engine-Driven Rooftop Air Conditioners/

A‐38

SOURCES

2003 2012 2013 2020 20

Installed Base Typical Typ

Typical Capacity (tons) Manufacturer/Distributors/SAIC

SA

Heating COP NA Product Literature

Cooling COP Product Literature/SAIC

Average Life (yrs) Distributors/ SAIC Manufacturer/RS Means 2013/SAIC

Retail Equipment Cost ($/ton) Distributors/ SAIC Manufacturer/RS Means 2013/SAIC

Total Installed Cost ($/ton) Distributors/ SAIC Manufacturer/RS Means 2013/SAIC

Annual Maintenance Cost ($) Distributors/ SAIC Manufacturer/RS Means 2013/SAIC
Data Sources » Commercial Rooftop Heat Pumps

A‐39

SOURCES

2003 2012 2013 2020 203

Installed Base Current Standard Typical ENERGY STAR High Typical 

Typical Capacity (kBtu/h) AHRI / Navigant

Navig

Efficiency (EER) ASHRAE Standard 90.1‐ 2004 / Navigant EERE ENERGY STAR EERE

COP (Heating) EERE / Navigant EERE ENERGY STAR EERE

Average Life (yrs) EERERetail Equipment Cost ($) Distributors / RS Means 2010 / DEER / Navigant

Total Installed Cost ($) Distributors / RS Means 2010 / DEER / Navigant

Annual Maintenance Cost ($) Distributors / RS Means 2010 / DEER / Navigant
Data Sources » Commercial Ground Source Heat Pumps

A‐40

SOURCES

2003 2012 2013 2020 203

Installed Base Current Standard Typical Mid High Typical 

Typical Capacity (kBTU/h) US DOE/EIA

SA

COP (Heating) SAIC ASHRAE 90.1‐2010 Product Literature Product Literature Product Literature

EER (Cooling) SAIC ASHRAE 90.1‐2010 Product Literature Product Literature Product LiteratureAverage Life (yrs) System life 25 years, ground loop life 50 years (DOE); system life 25 years (ASHRAE RP 1237‐TRP)

Retail Equipment Cost ($) Distributors/SAIC

Total Installed Cost ($) US DOD/IGSHPA/MA DOER/CEFIA/ASHRAE

Annual Maintenance Cost

($)

Geothermal Heat Pump Consortium, Inc. (US DOE Contract DE‐

FG07‐95ID13347)
Data Sources » Commercial Electric Resistance Heaters

A‐41

SOURCES

2003 2012 2013 2020 2

Small Large Small Large Small Large Smal

Typical Capacity (kBTU/h) Distributors/Navigant

S

Efficiency (%) NavigantAverage Life (yrs) Technology Cost and Performance File for Commercial Model for AEO2010

Retail Equipment Cost ($) RS Means/Distributors/SAIC

Total Installed Cost ($) RS Means/Distributors/SAIC

Annual Maintenance Cost ($) Navigant
Data Sources » Commercial Gas-Fired Water Heaters

A‐42

SOURCES

2003 2012 2013 2020 203

Installed Base Current Standard Typical High Typical 

Typical Storage Capacity (gal) Arthur D. Little / Distributors / AHRI AHRI

Navig

Typical Input Capacity (kBtu/h) Arthur D. Little / AHRI AHRI AHRI

Thermal Efficiency (%) EERE / ASHRAE Standard 90.1‐2004 / Navigant EERE AHRI AHRIAverage Life (yrs) EERERetail Equipment Cost ($) Distributors / CEC / Navigant Distributors

Total Installed Cost ($) Distributors / CEC / Navigant

Annual Maintenance Cost ($) Navigant
Data Sources » Commercial Electric Resistance Water Heaters

A‐43

SOURCES

2003 2012 2013 2020 2030 

Installed Base Current Standard Typical Typic

Typical Storage Capacity (gal) Navigant / Product Literature AHRI

Naviga

Typical Input Capacity (kW) Product Literature AHRIThermal Efficiency (%) Product Literature ASHRAE Standard 90.1‐ 2004 AHRI

Average Life (yrs) EERE

Retail Equipment Cost ($) Distributors/ Navigant Distributors Distributors

Total Installed Cost ($) Distributors/ Navigant Navigant Navigant

Annual Maintenance Cost ($) Navigant
Data Sources » Commercial Oil-Fired Water Heaters

A‐44

SOURCES

2003 2012 2013 2020 203

Installed Base Current Standard Typical High Typical 

Typical Storage Capacity (gal) Navigant AHRI / Navigant AHRI / Navigant

Navig

Typical Input Capacity (kBtu/h) Navigant AHRI / Navigant AHRI / Navigant

Thermal Efficiency (%) Navigant Navigant AHRI / NavigantAverage Life (yrs) EERERetail Equipment Cost ($) Navigant Distributors / Navigant Distributors

Total Installed Cost ($) Navigant Distributors / Navigant Navigant

Annual Maintenance Cost ($) Navigant Distributors / Navigant Navigant
Data Sources » Commercial Gas-Fired Instantaneous Water Heaters

A‐45

SOURCES

2003 2012 2013 2020 203

Installed Base Current Standard Typical High Typical 

Typical Capacity (kBtu/h)

Building Services Research

and Information

Association & Ducker

Research Company, 1997,

1998 / AHRI

AHRI

Navig

Thermal Efficiency (%) AHRI Navigant EERE AHRI

Average Life (yrs) EERE

Retail Equipment Cost ($)

CEC /

Navigant /

Distributors

Distributors /

Navigant Distributors

Total Installed Cost ($) CEC / Navigant / Distributors

Annual Maintenance Cost ($) CEC / Navigant / Distributors
Data Sources » Commercial Electric Booster Water Heaters

A‐46

SOURCES

2003 2012 2013 2020 20

Installed Base Typical Typ

Typical Capacity (gal) Product Literature/SAIC

SA

Thermal Efficiency (%) Product LiteratureAverage Life (yrs) Product Literature

Retail Equipment Cost ($) Distributors/SAIC

Total Installed Cost ($) Distributors/SAIC

Annual Maintenance Cost ($) Distributors/SAIC
Data Sources » Commercial Gas Booster Water Heaters

A‐47

SOURCES

2003 2012 2013 2020 2

Installed Base Current Standard Typical High Typical 

Typical Capacity (gal) Distributors/SAIC

SA

Thermal Efficiency (%) Product LiteratureAverage Life (yrs) Product Literature/SAIC

Retail Equipment Cost ($) Distributors/SAIC

Total Installed Cost ($) Distributors/SAIC

Annual Maintenance Cost ($) Distributors/SAIC
A‐48

Data Sources » Commercial Gas Griddles

SOURCES

2003 2012 2013 2020 203

Installed Base Typical ENERGY STAR High Typical 

Cooking Surface (ft2) FSTC, 2013

Navig

Cooking Energy Efficiency (%) FSTC, 2002 Navigant ENERGY STAR ENERGY STAR QPL

Normalized Idle Energy Rate(Btu/h/ft2) FSTC, 2002 Navigant ENERGY STAR ENERGY STAR QPL

Average Life (yrs) FSTC, 2013Retail Equipment Cost ($) Distributors / ENERGY STAR Savings Calculator / Navigant

Total Installed Cost ($) FSTC, 2013

Annual Maintenance Cost ($) FSTC, 2013
A‐49

Data Sources » Commercial Electric Griddles

SOURCES

2003 2012 2013 2020 203

Installed Base Typical ENERGY STAR High Typical 

Cooking Surface (ft2) FSTC, 2013

Navig

Cooking Energy Efficiency (%) FSTC, 2002 Navigant ENERGY STAR ENERGY STAR QPL

Normalized Idle Energy Rate (W/ft2) FSTC, 2002 Navigant ENERGY STAR ENERGY STAR QPL

Average Life (yrs) FSTC, 2013Retail Equipment Cost ($) Distributors / ENERGY STAR Savings Calculator / Navigant

Total Installed Cost ($) FSTC, 2013

Annual Maintenance Cost ($) FSTC, 2013
A‐50

Data Sources » Commercial Hot Food Holding Cabinets

SOURCES

2003 2012 2013 2020 203

Installed Base Current Standard Typical ENERGY STAR High Typical 

Interior Volume (ft3) FEMP

Navig

Maximum Idle Energy Rate (W) CEE / Navigant ENERGY STAR Savings Calculator FEMP

Average Life (yrs) ENERGY STAR Savings Calculator

Retail Equipment Cost ($) Distributors / ENERGY STAR Savings Calculator / Navigant

Total Installed Cost ($) NavigantAnnual Maintenance Cost ($) FSTC
181

Appendix B

References

Nav

1200 

Was

www.nav

B-1
182

• ACEEE. (2007). Top Rated Energy‐Efficient Appliances. American Council for 

Efficient Economy.

• AHAM. (n.d.). Directory of Certified Products. Retrieved September 2010 from

http://www.ahamdir.com/dirsvc/aham.nsf/fraRAC?OpenFrameset&pgm=R

0Conditioners

• AHRI. (n.d.). Directory of Certified Product Performance. Retrieved September 

2013 from: http://www.ahridirectory.org/ahridirectory/pages/home.aspx

• Appliance Magazine. (2012). “The U.S. Appliance Industry: Market Value, L

& Replacement Picture 2012.” UBM Canon.

• Appliance Magazine. (n.d.).

— “U.S. Appliance Industry Statistical Review: 2000 to YTD 2010.” Canon 

Group. July 2010.

— “U.S. Appliance Shipment Statistics Monthly: January 2011.” Canon Da

Group. January 2011.

— “2011 Full‐Year Appliance Industry Shipment Statistics.” UBM Canon. 

— “2012 Full‐Year Appliance Industry Shipment Statistics and Year‐In‐Rev

Canon. March 2013.

• Arthur D. Little. (1997). Massachusetts Market Transformation Scoping Study; F

Massachusetts Gas DSM / Market Transformation Collaborative.

References

B-2
183

• ASHRAE. (2003). 2003 ASHRAE Handbook ‐ HVAC Applications. ASHRAE, In

• ASHRAE. (1999). ASHRAE Standard 90.1‐1999. ASHRAE, Inc.

• ASHRAE. (2004). ASHRAE Standard 90.1‐2004. ASHRAE, Inc.

• ASHRAE. (2007). ANSI/ASHRAE/IESNA Standard 90.1‐2007. ASHRAE, Inc.

• Building Services Research and Information Association & Ducker Research 

1998). U.S. Market for Central Plant Air Conditioning; Market for Ducted Warm 

Heating; U.S. Market for Hydronic Heating and Burners; U.S. Water Heating Ma

and Close Control Air Conditioning.

• California Air Resources Board (CARB). (2009). Inventory of Direct and Indire

from Stationary Air Conditioning and Refrigeration Sources, with Special Emphas

Refrigeration and Unitary Air Conditioning

• CCMS. (n.d.). U.S. DOE Compliance Certification Database. Retrieved June 20

http://www.regulations.doe.gov/certification‐data/

• CEC. (n.d.). California Energy Commission Appliance Efficiency Database. Re

September 2010, and June 2013 from:

http://www.appliances.energy.ca.gov/AdvancedSearch.aspx

• CEE. (2009). “Commercial Hot Food Holding Cabinets Program Guide.” Co

Energy Efficiency. April 2009.

References

B-3
184

• CFR. (n.d.). National energy conservation standards authorized under the E

Conservation Act of 1975 (EPCA) and codified in the Code of Federal Regu

• DEER. (2008, June). Database for Energy Efficiency Resources. Retrieved June 2

California Energy Commission: www.energy.ca.gov/deer

• DOE. (2012, June). Energy Saver: Geothermal Heat Pumps. Retrieved June 201

ENERGY.GOV: http://energy.gov/energysaver/articles/geothermal‐heat‐pu

• Distributors. (n.d.). Navigant and SAIC online research and discussions wit

(e.g., Grainger, Home Depot, Lowe’s, Sears, and others).

• EERE. (2006). Appliance Standards Framework, Rulemaking Framework for Resid

Heaters, Direct Heating Equipment and Pool Heaters.

• EERE. (2006). Buildings Energy Data Book.

• EERE. (2009). Commercial Heating, Air Conditioning and Water Heating Equipm

Equipment).

• EERE. (2001). Energy Conservation Program for Consumer Products: Central Air 

Heat Pumps Energy Conservation Standards; Final Rule.

• EERE. (2010). Energy Conservation Program for Appliance Standards: Residentia

Conditioners and Heat Pumps.

References

B-4
185

• EERE. (2007). Energy Conservation Program for Consumer Products: Energy Con

Standards for Residential Furnaces and Boilers; Final Rule.

• EERE. (2009). Energy Conservation Program: Energy Conservation Standards for 

Products and for Certain Commercial and Industrial Equipment; Final Rule.

• EERE. (2009). Energy Conservation Program for Certain Industrial Equipment: E

Conservation Standards and Test Procedures for Commercial Heating, Air‐Condit

Heating Equipment; Proposed Rule.

• EERE. (2011). Energy Conservation Program: Energy Conservation Standards for 

Clothes Dryers and Room Air Conditioners; Direct Final Rule.

• EERE. (2012). Energy Conservation Program: Energy Conservation Standards for 

Clothes Washers; Direct Final Rule.

• EERE. (2012). Energy Conservation Program: Energy Conservation Standards for 

Dishwashers; Direct Final Rule.

• EERE. (2011). Energy Conservation Program: Energy Conservation Standards for 

Furnaces and Residential Central Air Conditioners and Heat Pumps; Direct Final 

References

B-5
186

• EERE. (2010). Energy Conservation Program: Energy Conservation Standards for 

Heaters, Direct Heating Equipment, and Pool Heaters; Final Rule.

• EERE. (2011). Energy Conservation Program: Standards for Residential Refrigerat

Freezers, and Freezers; Final Rule.

• EERE. (2009). Energy Conservation Program: Energy Conservation Standards for 

Products (Dishwashers, Dehumidifiers, Microwave Ovens, and Electric and Gas K

Ovens) and for Certain Commercial and Industrial Equipment (Commercial Clothe

Rule.

• EERE. (2004). Joint Stakeholders Comments on Standards for Commercial Package 

and Heat Pumps.

• EERE. (2009). Ground‐Source Heat Pumps: Overview of Market Status, Barriers t

Options for Overcoming Barriers.

• EERE. (2011). Technical Support Document: Energy Efficiency Program for Comm

Industrial Equipment: Efficiency Standards for Commercial Heating, Air‐Conditio

Heating Equipment.

References

B-6
• ENERGY STAR Savings Calculator (n.d.). “Savings Calculator for ENERG

Qualified Commercial Kitchen Equipment.” U.S. EPA and DOE. Retrieve

from http://www.energystar.gov/index.cfm?c=bulk_purchasing.bus_pur

• ENERGY STAR. (n.d.). Retrieved June 2013, from ENERGY STAR Produ

http://www.energystar.gov/index.cfm?c=products.pr_find_es_products

• EPA. (2013, March) List of Certified Wood Stoves.

ww.epa.gov/compliance/resources/.../woodstoves/certifiedwood.pdf

• eSource. (n.d.). Centrifugal and Screw Chillers. Retrieved June 2013, from B

Advisor:

http://www.esource.com/escrc/0013000000DP22YAAT/BEA1/PA/PA_Co

• FEMP. (2012, December). Covered Product Category: Air‐Cooled Electric Chi

June 2013, from FEMP Technologies:

https://www1.eere.energy.gov/femp/technologies/eep_ac_chillers.html

• FEMP. (2012). “Federal Energy Management Program: Covered Product 

Food Holding Cabinets.” Retrieved June 2013 from:

http://www1.eere.energy.gov/femp/technologies/printable_versions/eep_

• FEMP. (2012, December). Covered Product Category: Water‐Cooled Electric C

Retrieved June 2013, from FEMP Technologies:

https://www1.eere.energy.gov/femp/technologies/eep_wc_chillers.html

B‐7

References
188

• FSTC. (2002). Food Service Technology Center. Commercial Cooking Applianc

Assessment. Fisher Nickel, Inc.

• FSTC. (2013). Personal communication with Yung Lin of the Food Service T

Center. June 21, 2013.

• GeoExchange. GeoExchange Heating and Cooling Systems: Fascinating Facts.

• GHPC. (n.d.). Geothermal Heat Pump Consortium. Retrieved 2007 from www

• Georgia Institute of Technology (GIT). (1998). Analysis And Performance Of G

Chiller Systems

• IGSPHA. (n.d.). International Ground Source Heat Pump Association. Retrieved 

www.igshpa.okstate.edu

• International Ground Source Heat Pump Association (IGSHPA) Conference 

(2012, October). Measuring the Costs & Benefits of Nationwide Geothermal Heat 

Deployment – A Progress Report. Retrieved June 2013, from IGSHPA:

http://www.igshpa.okstate.edu/membership/members_only/proceedings/2

0130‐Session‐C‐Measuring‐the‐Costs‐&‐Benefits‐of‐Nationwide‐Geotherma

(GHP)‐Deployment‐A‐Progress‐Report.pdf

References

B-8
• LBNL. (2003). Commercial Unitary Air Conditioning and Heat Pumps ‐ Life 

Analysis: Inputs and Results. Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory.

• Manufacturers. (n.d.). SAIC and Navigant discussions with product ma

• Max Neubauer, A. d. (2009). Ka‐BOOM! The Power of Appliance Standards

• Navien America Inc. (n.d.). Navien Condensing 98%. Retrieved Septembe

http://www.navienamerica.com/PDS/ftp/NavienCondensingTankless/Dhure_Manual/NavienCodensing98_Brochure.pdf

• Navigant Consulting, Inc. (n.d.). In‐House Expertise.

• Product Literature. (n.d.). Literature from manufacturers and experts on 

products.

• Propane Education and Research Council (PERC). (2007). Assessment of P

Air Conditioning, Heat Pumping and Dehumidification Technologies, Product

Economics

B‐9

References
• RS Means Mechanical Cost Data. (2007). Means Construction Information N

• RS Means Mechanical Cost Data. (2010). Means Construction Information N

• RS Means Mechanical Cost Data. (2011). Means Construction Information N

• RS Means Mechanical Cost Data. (2013). Means Construction Information N

• SAIC. (n.d.). In‐House Expertise.

• Technology Cost and Performance File for Commercial Model for AEO20

Boedecker, Compiler)

• Technology and Economic Assessment Panel (TEAP). (2004). Report of the 

Task Force.

B‐10

References
April 2015

U.S. Energy Information Administration   |   Updated Buildings Sector Appliance and Equipment Costs and Efficiencies 3

APPENDIX B 

   
FINAL

EIA ‐ Technology Forecast 

Residential and Commercia

Technologies – Advance

Presented to:

U.S. Energy Information Adm

Prepared by

Navigant Consulting, Inc.

1200 19 St. NW, Suite 700

Washington, D.C. 20036

With

SAIC

8301 Greensboro Drive

McLean, VA 22102

March 2014
DISCLAIMER

This presentation was prepared as an account of work sponsored by an agency of the 

Government. Neither the United States Government, nor any agency thereof, nor any 

employees, nor any of their contractors, subcontractors, or their employees, makes any 

express or implied, or assumes any legal liability or responsibility for the accuracy, co

usefulness of any information, apparatus, product, or process disclosed, or represents 

would not infringe privately owned rights. Reference herein to any specific commerc

process, or service by trade name, trademark, manufacturer, or otherwise, does not ne

constitute or imply its endorsement, recommendation, or favoring by the United State

or any agency, contractor or subcontractor thereof. The views and opinions of authors 

herein do not necessarily state or reflect those of the United States Government or any 

thereof.

1
Objective 4Methodology 5Definitions 6Market Transformation 7Historical Shipment Data 8

Residential Gas‐Fired Water Heaters 9

Residential Oil‐Fired Water Heaters 12

Residential Electric Resistance Water Heaters 14

Residential Heat Pump Water Heaters 17Residential Instantaneous Water Heaters 19Residential Solar Water Heaters 21Residential Gas‐Fired Furnaces 23Residential Oil‐Fired Furnaces 26Residential Gas‐Fired Boilers 29Residential Oil‐Fired Boilers 31Residential Room Air Conditioners 33Residential Central Air Conditioners (South) 36Residential Central Air Conditioners (North) 37Residential Air Source Heat Pumps 40Residential Ground Source Heat Pumps 44Residential Gas Heat Pumps 46Residential Electric Furnaces 48Residential Electric Resistance Heaters 50

Residential Cordwood Stoves Residential Pellet Wood Stoves Residential Refrigerator/Freezer (T

Residential Refrigerator/Freezer (BResidential Refrigerator/Freezer (S

Residential Freezers (Upright) Residential Freezers (Chest) Residential Natural Gas Cooktops 

Residential Clothes Washers (FronResidential Clothes Washers (Top‐Residential Clothes Dryers (ElectriResidential Clothes Dryers (Gas) Residential Dishwashers Commercial Gas‐Fired Furnaces 

Commercial Oil‐Fired Furnaces Commercial Electric Boilers Commercial Gas‐Fired Boilers Commercial Oil‐Fired Boilers Commercial Gas Fired Chillers Commercial Centrifugal Chillers Commercial Reciprocating ChillerCommercial Screw Chillers 

Commercial Scroll Chillers Commercial Rooftop Air Conditio

Commercial Gas‐Fired Engine‐Dri

Conditioners 

Commercial Rooftop Heat Pumps 

Page 

Table of Contents
• Commercial Ground Source Heat Pumps 109• Commercial Electric Resistance Heaters 111

• Commercial Gas‐Fired Water Heaters 113• Commercial Electric Resistance Water Heaters 116

• Commercial Oil‐Fired Water Heaters 119• Commercial Gas‐Fired Instantaneous Water

Heaters 121

• Commercial Electric Booster Water Heaters 123

• Commercial Gas Booster Water Heaters 124• Commercial Gas Griddles 126• Commercial Electric Griddles 127

• Commercial Hot Food Holding Cabinets 129

• Data Sources A‐1• References B‐1

Page

Table of Contents
4

The objective of this study is to develop baseline and pro

performance/cost characteristics for residential and comm

end‐use equipment.

• 2003 and 2012 baselines (or 2009 for residential products), as well as to

— Review of literature, standards, installed base, contractor, and ma

information.

— Provide a relative comparison and characterization of the cost/effi

generic product.

• Forecast of technology improvements that are projected to be available 

— Review of trends in standards, product enhancements, and Resear

Development (R&D).

— Projected impact of product improvements and enhancement to te

Objective

The performance/cost characterization of end‐use equipment devestudy will assist EIA in projecting national primary energy consum
5

Input from industry, including government, R&D organiz

manufacturers, was used to project product enhancements 

equipment performance and cost attributes.

• Technology forecasting involves many uncertainties.• Technology developments impact performance and cost forecasts.

• Varied sources ensure a balanced view of technology progress and the 

of commercial availability.

• All cost forecasts are shown in 2013 dollars.

Methodology
6

The following tables represent the current and projected efficiencies for 

commercial building equipment ranging from the installed base in 2003 

2009 for residential products) to the highest efficiency equipment that is 

commercially available by 2040, assuming advanced adoption. Below ar

the terms used in characterizing the status of each technology.

• 2003/2009/2012 Installed Base: Efficiency values are for those units insta

in that year. Cost values are for the typical new unit sold in that year.

• 2013 Current Standard: the minimum efficiency required by current sta

• Typical: the average, or “typical” product being sold in the particular ti

• ENERGY STAR: the minimum efficiency required to meet the ENERGY 

where applicable.

• Mid‐Level: middle tier high‐efficiency product available in the particul

• High: the product with the highest efficiency available in the particular 

• Advanced adoption assumes increases in market incentives, market ad

technology research and development (R&D).

Definitions
7

Market Transformation

The market for the reviewed products has changed since th

performed in 2011 and is reflected in the efficiency and co

characteristics.

• In some categories the typical new product purchased today is significa

efficient than the average product in the installed base in 2003 (comm.) 

— Residential sector: room and central air conditioners, heat pumps, re

freezers, clothes washers

— Commercial sector: rooftop air conditioners and hot food holding ca

• More stringent Federal standards are taking effect for the following pro

— residential and commercial boilers in 2012

— residential furnaces and dishwashers in 2013— room air conditioners, refrigerators, and freezers in 2014

— residential central air conditioners, air‐source heat pumps, water he

washers, and clothes dryers in 2015

• ENERGY STAR continues to raise the bar with revised criteria for reside

and new criteria for commercial water heaters, both effective in early 20
8

Shipments

Shipments of home appliances and comfort conditioning (heatin

cooling) equipment peaked during the housing boom in 2005 the

Shipment volumes bottomed out in 2009 and have changed little 

Source: Analysis by Navigant Consulting of data from Appliance Magazine.

05

1015202530354045

2000 2002 2004 2006 2008 2010 2012

Shipments for Final Sales in the United States

(millions of units)

HomeAppliComfCond(Res)Wate(Res & 
9

Residential Gas-Fired Water Heaters

DATA

2009 2013 2020 2030 

Installed

Base

Current

Standard Typical ENERGY STAR High Typical High Typical High 

Typical Capacity (gal) 40 40 40 40 50 40 50 40 5

Energy Factor 0.6 0.59 0.62 0.67 0.80 0.67 0.85 0.74 0.8Average Life (yrs)

66666666

20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 2

Retail Equipment Cost ($)

500 500 510 830 1,500 700 1,470 800 1,33540 540 540 860 3,000 800 3,100 900 2,93

Total Installed Cost ($)

980 980 990 1,310 1,980 1,180 1,950 1,280 1,81

1,020 1,020 1,020 1,340 3,480 1,280 3,580 1,380 3,41

Annual Maintenance Cost ($) ‐ ‐ 14 18 18 18 18 18 1

Higher typical efficiency and lower costs for a given efficiency level. 
• The current Federal standard, which came into effect in January 2004 ma

0.59 for a 40‐gallon water heater. The equation for the Federal standard is

EF=0.67‐(0.0019*Gal), which is used to expand the analysis to a gre

storage capacities.

• An updated Federal standard will go into effect on April 16, 2015. The eq

Federal standard is:

EF=0.675‐(0.0015*Gal) for a volume ≤ 55 gallons and

EF=0.8012‐(0.00078*Gal) for a volume > 55 gallons

• The current minimum EF for ENERGY STAR qualification is 0.67.

• Per discussions with National Labs, there is a potential trend towards a c

gallons as efficiency increases.

• Gas‐fired water heater capacities typically fall between 30 and 75 gallons

• As part of the heating products Federal standards rulemaking, a high eff

was examined, EF=0.77 at 40 gallons, which represents a condensing unit 

inches of insulation and a power vent.

• The cost of installation is approximately $450, which is higher than electr

heaters for a number of reasons, which includes an extra 1.5 hours of labo

plumbers that is required for gas units.

10

Residential Gas-Fired Water Heaters
Shipments were flat at 5 million units per year through 20

declined gradually over 4 years to a new plateau at 4 millio

11

Residential Gas-Fired Water Heaters

0123456

2000 2002 2004 2006 2008 2010 

Unit Shipments (millions)

Gas Water Heaters

Source: Appliance Magazine (also available from http://www.ahrinet.org/historical+data.aspx)
12

Residential Oil–Fired Water Heaters

DATA

2009 2013 2020 2030 

Installed

Base

Current

Standard Typical Mid‐Level High Typical High Typical High 

Typical Capacity (gal) 30 30 30 30 32 30 30 30 3

Energy Factor 0.50 0.53 0.54 0.62 0.68 0.62 0.68 0.65 0.6

Average Life (yrs)

66666666

20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 2

Retail Equipment Cost ($)

1,280 1,380 1,440 1,540 1,700 1,540 1,700 1,620 1,701,380 1,490 1,540 1,650 1,810 1,650 1,810 1,730 1,81

Total Installed Cost ($)

1,920 2,020 2,080 2,180 2,340 2,180 2,340 2,260 2,342,020 2,130 2,180 2,290 2,450 2,290 2,450 2,370 2,45

Annual Maintenance Cost ($) ‐ ‐ 167 167 167 167 167 167 16

Higher typical efficiencies than ref. case
• The current Federal standard, which came into effect in January 2004 m

0.53 for a 30‐gallon water heater. The equation for the Federal standard 

EF=0.59‐(0.0019*Gal), which is used to expand the analysis to a gre

of storage capacities.

• An updated Federal standard will go into effect on April 16, 2015. The e

Federal standard is:

EF=0.68‐(0.0019*Gal)

• Oil‐fired water heaters often have small tanks with larger input ratings, 

natural gas and electric residential water heaters.

• No condensing oil‐fired, storage residential water heaters currently exis

market. The range of efficiencies currently reach their peak at near‐cond

efficiency levels.

• The max‐tech model on the market is achieved using a proprietary “turb

13

Residential Oil-Fired Water Heaters
14

Residential Electric Resistance Water Heaters

DATA

2009 2013 2020 2030 

Installed

Base

Current

Standard Typical High Typical High Typical High 

Typical Capacity (gal) 50 50 50 50 50 40 50 40 Energy Factor 0.9 0.904 0.92 0.95 0.95 0.96 0.96 0.97 

Average Life (yrs)

66666666

20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 

Retail Equipment Cost ($)

270 270 290 350 290 350 350 410 320 320 350 470 350 470 470 530 

Total Installed Cost ($)

590 590 610 670 610 670 670 730 640 640 670 790 670 790 790 850 

Annual Maintenance Cost ($) ‐ ‐ 666666

Higher efficiencies than ref. case
• The current Federal minimum efficiency standard, which went into effe

2004, requires an EF of 0.90 for a 50‐gallon electric resistance water heate

for the Federal standard is:

EF=0.97‐(0.00132*volume), which is used to expand the analysis to a 

of storage capacities.

• An updated Federal standard will go into effect on April 16, 2015. The e

Federal standard is:

EF=0.96‐(0.0003*Gal) for a volume ≤ 55 gallons, and

EF=2.057‐(0.00113*Gal) for a volume > 55 gallons.

• Residential electric resistance water heater capacities usually range betw

gallons.

15

Residential Electric Resistance Water Heaters
Shipments peaked in 2006 then dropped a total of 22 perce

three years and leveled off at 3.7 million units per year.

16

Residential Electric Resistance Water Heaters

Source: Appliance Magazine (also available from http://www.ahrinet.org/historical+data.aspx)

0123456

2000 2002 2004 2006 2008 2010 

Unit Shipments (millions)

Electric Water Heaters
17

Residential Heat Pump Water Heaters

DATA

2009 2013 2020 2030 

Installed

Base

ENERGY

STAR High Typical High Typical High 

Typical Capacity (gal) 50 50 50 50 50 50 50 

Energy Factor 2 2 2.45 2.3 2.75 2.5 3.6 Average Life (yrs)

6666666

20 20 20 20 20 20 20 

Retail Equipment Cost ($)

1,500 1,500 1,600 1,500 1,600 1,550 5,250 1,800 1,800 2,100 1,800 2,100 1,950 6,000 

Total Installed Cost ($)

1,610 1,610 1,710 1,610 1,710 1,660 5,360 2,330 2,330 2,630 2,330 2,630 2,480 6,530 

Annual Maintenance Cost ($) 16 16 16 16 16 16 16 

Higher typical efficiencies than ref. case
• The minimum EF for ENERGY STAR qualification is 2.0 for heat pump wate

(HPWH). All HPWH products on the market meet ENERGY STAR minimu

HPWH products are being offered below the ENERGY STAR efficiency leve

• There is no unique Federal standard HPWH, but integrated HPWHs are in t

class as electric resistance water heaters, so the Federal electric resistance wa

standard also applies to HPWH.

• Technology improvements have advanced efficiency and reliability, but the 

still precludes high‐volume market penetration. Although there is an install

2009, the market penetration of HPWHs was quite low at that time.

• Several major water heater manufacturers have an integrated HPWH mode

and other competitors offer integrated or retrofit units (for existing electric owater heaters).

• Stiebel Eltron has an 80 gallon, 2.51 EF HPWH. This unit was not included i

because it has a significantly larger capacity than the units included on the p

• Sales are estimated to be driven partly by rebates and tax credits at the utilit

and Federal level.

• Resistive heating elements are virtually 100% efficient, but there is a jump in 

heat pump technology is adopted because heat pumps’ COP are usually bet

• Heat pumps raise the water temperature at a slow rate, so it is usual for thes

resistive heat for some of the water heating process. All HPWH systems exa

allow the consumer to adjust the HPWH behavior.

• First‐hour ratings range from 57 to 68 gallons. 18

Residential Heat Pump Water Heaters
19

Residential Instantaneous Water Heaters

Higher typical efficiencies than ref. case

DATA

2009 2013 2020 2030 

Installed

Base

Current

Standard Typical ENERGY STAR High Typical High Typical High 

Typical Capacity (kBtu/hr) 185 117 178 178 150 178 150 185 18

Energy Factor 0.82 0.62 0.82 0.82 0.98 0.87 0.98 0.93 0.9

Average Life (yrs)

88888888

30 30 30 30 30 30 30 30 3

Retail Equipment Cost ($)

1,120 900 900 900 2,300 1,350 2,300 1,850 2,301,220 1,400 1,400 1,400 2,400 1,550 2,400 2,000 2,40

Total Installed Cost ($)

1,650 1,430 1,430 1,430 2,830 1,880 2,830 2,380 2,831,750 1,930 1,930 1,930 2,930 2,080 2,930 2,530 2,93

Annual Maintenance Cost ($) 85 85 85 85 85 85 85 85 8
• The current minimum EF for ENERGY STAR qualification is 0.80 EF or 

instantaneous water heaters sold in 2013 are gas‐fired and qualify for EN

In July 2013, the criteria will increase to 0.82 EF, which many existing m

for.

• Navien manufactures the highest efficiency gas‐fired models currently a

market, which have an EF of 0.98. This is achieved through the use of el

powered direct venting, and through condensing the flue gases.

• All of the major water heater manufacturers now offer an instantaneous 

• The maintenance cost includes cleaning the water inlet filter and the hea

mineral deposits and replacing the water valve approximately once eve

all energy efficiency levels of instantaneous water heaters.

• When replacing a storage water heater with an instantaneous water hea

significant additional costs to upsize the gas supply line to 3⁄4 inch from 

inch and change the venting.

20

Residential Instantaneous Water Heaters
21

Residential Solar Water Heaters

1 Costs are for an indirect (active closed loop) system, including tank and backup heater. Smaller capacity/cost sy

for southern & western states (>2/3 of the current market). Higher capacity/cost systems are required in colder/cl

2 ENERGY STAR requires OG‐300 rating from SRCC. Most installations use SRCC rated collectors; a high efficien

applicable.

DATA

2009 2013 2020 203

Installed

Base

Current

Standard

Typical /

ENERGY

STAR

Typical Typ

Typical Capacity (sq. ft.)

42 NA 42 42 63 NA 63 63 

Overall Efficiency (Solar Fraction) 0.5 NA 0.5 0.5 Solar Energy Factor 2.5 NA 2.5 3 

Average Life (yrs) 20 NA 20 20 Retail Equipment Cost ($)

3,300 NA 3,300 3,000 25,200 NA 5,200 4,700 4

Total Installed Cost ($)

7,600 NA 7,600 7,300 6

10,000 NA 10,000 9,500 8

Annual Maintenance Cost ($) 25 NA 25 25 
• ENERGY STAR requires an OG‐300 rating from the Solar Rating and Certification 

(SRCC). Most installations use SRCC rated collectors, so there is no high efficiency 

• Solar water heaters (SWHs) can be either active or passive. An active system uses 

to circulate the heat transfer fluid; a passive system has no pump. Most solar wate

United States are the active type.

• Solar water heaters are also characterized as open loop (also called ʺdirectʺ) or clos

called ʺindirectʺ). An open‐loop system circulates household (potable) water throu

A closed‐loop system uses a heat transfer fluid (water or diluted antifreeze, for exa

heat and a heat exchanger to transfer the heat to household water.

• Solar fraction represents the fraction of total annual water heating energy met by t

heater. A backup water heating system is required with SWHs, and it is typically 

to size the system to provide about 50% of water heating energy (solar fraction = 0

• Solar Energy Factor (SEF) is defined by the SRCC as the useful energy delivered b

divided by the total electrical and/or fossil fuel required for backup heating, pump

(the free solar energy input is neglected).

• Over 2/3 of the current SWH market is in the southern or western US (including H

collector area of 42 ft2 would be typical for these areas. Colder areas of the US wou

collector (63 ft2).

• Installed costs are higher for colder areas where larger collectors are required. Co

widely depending on collector quality, type of system, and site‐specific characteris

22

Residential Solar Water Heaters
23

Residential Gas-Fired Furnaces

Higher typical efficiencies and lower costs for a given efficiency level

DATA

2009 2013 2020 2030 

Installed

Base

Current

Standard Typical

ENERGY

STAR

(South)

ENERGY

STAR

(North)

High Typical High Typical Hig

Typical Input Capacity

(kBtu/h) 75 75 75 75 75 75 75 75 75 

AFUE (%) 80 80 80 90 95 98 90 98 94 Electric Consumption

(kWh/yr) 312 312 312 289 275 363 289 275 283 Average Life (yrs)

12 12 12 12 12 12 12 12 12 17 17 17 17 17 17 17 17 17 

Retail Equipment Cost ($)

750 750 750 1,000 1,200 1,500 1,000 1,500 1,100 1,

1,100 1,100 1,100 1,300 1,500 1,700 1,300 1,700 1,300 1,

Total Installed Cost ($)

1,500 1,500 1,500 2,200 2,400 2,700 2,200 2,700 2,300 2,2,300 2,300 2,300 2,800 3,000 3,200 2,800 3,200 2,800 3,

Annual Maintenance Cost ($) 45 45 45 45 45 45 45 45 45 
• Current Federal standards for non‐weatherized units:

— South: AFUE ≥ 80%— North: AFUE ≥ 90%— ≤ 10 watts of electrical power when in standby and off modes

— Contested in court and not being enforced by DOE

• ENERGY STAR criteria:

— South: AFUE ≥ 90%— North: AFUE ≥ 95%

• Most efficient available: 98% AFUE. The market is nearly evenly split between non

(AFUE≤85) and condensing units (AFUE≥90).

• Condensing furnaces use an additional heat exchanger to extract additional energ

gases; some models also have variable speed blowers, which decrease electrical en

and inducer fan systems, which usually have modulating gas valves to allow the f

modulate in very small increments, providing an AFUE boost of a few percentage 

• Non‐condensing AFUE levels for natural gas top out at around 81%; above this lev

for exhaust gas condensation increases. This condensate is corrosive and requires 

corrosion resistant venting.

• High‐efficiency condensing furnaces typically have aluminized steel heat exchang

emissions, flexible installation, direct vent, and sealed combustion systems. Direct 

not use room air for combustion, but instead draws combustion air directly from o

• Depending on the location of the home, piping materials in use, and other conside

condensing furnaces may need an acid neutralizer and/or lift pump for the conde

• Furnaces may contain permanent split capacitor (PSC) or electronically commutat

fan motors, though the type of motor has no impact on the AFUE measurement. It 

SEER/EER of the associated air conditioner. 24

Residential Gas-Fired Furnaces
25

Residential Gas-Fired Furnaces

0.00.51.01.52.02.53.03.54.0

2000 2002 2004 2006 2008 2010 

Unit Shipments (millions)

Gas Furnaces

Annual shipments peaked at 3.5 million units in 2005 then 

each year until 2009 and leveled off at about 2.25 million u

Source: Appliance Magazine (also available from http://www.ahrinet.org/historical+data.aspx)
26

Residential Oil-Fired Furnaces

Higher typical efficiencies with the same costs as ref. case despite increased efficiency

DATA

2009 2013 2020 2030 

Installed

Base

Current

Standard Typical ENERGY STAR High Typical High Typical High 

Typical Input Capacity (kBtu/h) 105 105 105 105 105 105 105 105 1

AFUE (%) 80 83 83 85 97 84 97 84 

Electric Consumption (kWh/yr) 490 477 477 460 410 472 410 472 4

Average Life (yrs)

15 15 15 15 15 15 15 15 19 19 19 19 19 19 19 19 

Retail Equipment Cost ($)

2,050 2,300 2,300 2,300 2,700 2,300 2,700 2,300 2,72,250 2,400 2,400 2,400 2,900 2,400 2,900 2,400 2,9

Total Installed Cost ($)

2,600 3,050 3,050 3,150 4,550 3,050 4,550 3,050 4,53,250 3,550 3,550 4,650 5,200 3,550 5,200 4,350 5,2

Annual Maintenance Cost ($) 65 65 65 65 65 65 65 65 
• Current Federal standards:

— AFUE ≥ 83%— ≤ 11 watts of electrical power when in standby and off modes (non‐weatherized 

• ENERGY STAR criteria: AFUE ≥ 85%

• Since the latent heat content of oil is lower than that for either propane or natural g

appliances can typically operate at a higher AFUE rating than comparable gas‐fired 

before condensation issues arise.

• Most efficient available: 96% AFUE – condensing units with tiny market share (<1%

acceptance issues.

• Condensate from condensing oil furnaces is typically even more corrosive than tha

systems due to the higher sulfur content in fuel oil. Hence, condensing oil furnaces 

require the use of an acid neutralizer.

• Oil‐fired furnaces, like gas‐fired furnaces, achieve condensing conditions through t

secondary heat exchanger. Typically, these heat exchangers use a high‐grade stainl

as the primary heat exchange surface.

• Sooting is an issue for all oil‐fired appliances, but secondary heat exchangers, with 

passages, are even more prone to be plugged by soot. Because of this, oil furnaces r

cleaning and maintenance.

27

Residential Oil-Fired Furnaces
28

Residential Oil-Fired Furnaces

Annual shipments declined rapidly after 2004, likely due 

part to an increase in fuel oil prices, which more than tripl

2002 to 2008.

0

20406080

100120140

2000 2002 2004 2006 2008 2010 

Unit Shipments (thousands)

Oil Furnaces

Source: Appliance Magazine (also available from http://www.ahrinet.org/historical+data.aspx)
29

Residential Gas-Fired Boilers

DATA

2009 2013 2020 2030 

Installed

Base

Current

Standard Typical ENERGY STAR High Typical High Typical High 

Typical Input Capacity (kBtu/h) 105 105 105 105 105 105 105 105 1

AFUE (%) 80 82 82 85 96 90 96 93 Average Life (yrs)

17 17 17 17 17 17 17 17 24 24 24 24 24 24 24 24 

Retail Equipment Cost ($)

1,950 2,100 2,100 2,300 3,450 3,000 3,450 3,100 3,42,550 2,900 2,900 3,100 4,500 3,800 4,500 3,900 4,4

Total Installed Cost ($)

3,900 4,050 4,050 4,700 6,350 5,900 6,350 6,000 6,34,500 4,850 4,850 5,500 7,600 6,900 7,600 7,000 7,5

Annual Maintenance Cost ($) 50 50 50 50 50 50 50 50 

Higher typical efficiencies and lower costs for a given efficiency level
• Federal standard for hot‐water gas‐fired boilers (more common than ste

— AFUE ≥ 82%

— Design requirements that took effect on September 1, 2012 prohibit a 

burning pilot and require an automatic means for adjusting water te

• ENERGY STAR criteria: AFUE ≥ 85%

• Most efficient available: 96% AFUE

• Have lost market share to furnaces and heat pumps over the past 30 yea

• The bulk of U.S. boiler sales are non‐condensing boilers, which are prim

manufactured in North America. These are typically high‐mass systems 

exchangers are made of cast iron.

• Due to incentives and market pressure, the U.S. boiler industry has been 

towards also providing condensing boilers. Most of these boilers are pri

products sourced from Europe, where the hydronic market is much bigg

condensing appliances are much more common and/or required by law.

• Typically, condensing boilers are low‐mass in construction with modula

variable‐speed inducer fan systems, sealed powered direct‐vent combus

sensor technologies, and electronic ignition and control.

• Most value‐added components for condensing boilers are sourced abroa

the condensing boiler is assembled in North America (i.e. heat exchange

burner, blower systems, sensors, and/or controls).

30

Residential Gas-Fired Boilers
31

Residential Oil-Fired Boilers

DATA

2009 2013 2020 2030 

Installed

Base

Current

Standard Typical ENERGY STAR High Typical High Typical High 

Typical Input Capacity

(kBtu/h) 140 140 140 140 140 140 140 140 14

AFUE (%) 80 84 84 85 91 84 91 85 9

Average Life (yrs)

20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 230 30 30 30 30 30 30 30 3

Retail Equipment Cost ($)

2,300 2,300 2,300 2,300 3,300 2,300 3,300 2,300 3,302,900 2,900 2,900 3,350 4,150 2,900 4,150 2,900 4,15

Total Installed Cost ($)

4,150 4,150 4,150 4,700 6,200 4,150 6,200 4,150 6,204,750 4,750 4,750 5,900 7,250 4,750 7,250 4,750 7,25

Annual Maintenance Cost ($) 135 135 135 135 135 135 135 135 13

Higher typical efficiencies with the same costs as ref. case despite increased efficiency
• Federal standard for hot‐water oil‐fired boilers (more common than stea

— AFUE ≥ 84%

— Design requirements that took effect on September 1, 2012 require a

means for adjusting water temperature

• ENERGY STAR criteria: AFUE ≥ 85%

• Most efficient available: 91% AFUE

• Since the latent heat content of oil is lower than that for either propane o

oil‐fired appliances can typically operate at a higher AFUE rating than c

fired appliances before condensation issues arise.

• Oil boilers have heat exchangers comprised of cast iron or steel.

32

Residential Oil-Fired Boilers
33

Residential Room Air Conditioners

* All values are for the most common product class, Product Class 3 (without reverse cycle, with louvered sides, and 8,000 to 13,999 

** Italicized values are estimated. The federal standard is expressed in EER, but will be expressed in CEER beginning in 2014. The tw

comparable, but both values are shown here to facilitate longitudinal analyses.

*** Maintenance costs are negligible.

DATA

2009 2013 2020 2030 

Installed Base Current Standard Typical ENERGY STAR High Typical High Typical H

Typical Capacity (kBtu/hr)* 10.5 10.5 10.5 10.5 10.5 10.5 10.5 10.5 EER** 9.2 9.8 10.8 10.8 11.5 11.4 11.9 11.9 CEER** 9.3 9.9 10.9 10.9 11.6 11.5 12.0 12.0 Average Life (yrs)

66666666

13 13 13 13 13 13 13 13 

Retail Equipment Cost ($)

220 250 270 270 430 370 480 430 300 320 340 340 500 440 550 500 

Total Installed Cost ($)

320 350 370 370 530 470 580 530 400 420 440 440 600 540 650 600 

Annual Maintenance Cost ($) ‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐

Higher typical efficiencies and lower costs for a given efficiency level
• Focus on most common type: louvered sides (window air conditioners) 

cycle and having cooling capacity of 8,000–13,999 Btu/h (DOE Product C

• Federal standards for Product Class 3:

— EER ≥ 9.8 (until May 31, 2014)

— CEER ≥ 10.9 (beginning June 1, 2014)

• Combined Energy Efficiency Ratio (CEER) is a new metric that incorpor

in all operating modes, including standby and off modes.

• Of the 538 models in Product Class 3 listed in DOE’s CCMS database:

— 1/3 are at the standard level (9.8 EER)

— 2/3 are at the ENERGY STAR level (10.8 EER)

— Most efficient model is at 11.8 EER

• New ENERGY STAR criteria take effect on 10/1/2013: EER ≥ 11.3.

• Most efficient product in 2030: 13.0 EER, based on Building Technologie

• Efficiency improvements are attained by:

— Higher efficiency compressor and fan motors, and

— An increased heat transfer area in the evaporator and condenser thr

larger heat exchangers, finer fin spacing, micro‐channel heat exchan

similar design options.

34

Residential Room Air Conditioners
Sales were down in 2009, likely due to the recession and an 

cool summer in the Northeast. Sales have increased each y

35

Residential Room Air Conditioners

Source: Appliance Magazine.

02468

1012

2000 2002 2004 2006 2008 2010 2012

Unit Shipments (millions)

Room Air Conditioners
36

Residential Central Air Conditioners

* Values shown are for split‐system units in the 36 kBtu/h (3‐ton) size class. Costs are for ʺcoil‐onlyʺ systems, meaning the

blower.

South (Hot‐Dry and Hot‐Humid)

DATA

2009 2013 2020 2030 

Installed

Base

Current

Standard Typical ENERGY STAR High Typical High Typical High 

Typical Capacity (kBtu/h) 36 36 36 36 36 36 36 36 3

SEER* 11.4 13.0 13.5 14.5 24.0 14.5 24.0 15.0 24Average Life (yrs)

11 11 11 11 11 11 11 11 25 25 25 25 25 25 25 25 2

Retail Equipment Cost ($) 1,700 1,700 1,750 1,900 4,550 1,900 4,550 1,900 4,55Total Installed Cost ($) 2,100 2,100 2,150 2,300 5,100 2,300 5,100 2,300 5,10Annual Maintenance Cost ($)

22 22 22 22 22 22 22 22 2

130 130 130 130 130 130 130 130 13

Higher typical efficiencies with the same costs as ref. case despite increased efficiency
37

Residential Central Air Conditioners

North (Rest of Country)

* Values shown are for split‐system units in the 36 kBtu/h (3‐ton) size class. Costs are for ʺcoil‐onlyʺ systems, meaning the

blower.

DATA

2009 2013 2020 2030 

Installed

Base

Current

Standard Typical ENERGY STAR High Typical High Typical High 

Typical Capacity (kBtu/h) 36 36 36 36 36 36 36 36 3

SEER* 11.4 13.0 13.0 14.5 24.0 14.0 24.0 14.5 24Average Life (yrs)

11 11 11 11 11 11 11 11 25 25 25 25 25 25 25 25 2

Retail Equipment Cost ($) 1,700 1,700 1,700 1,900 4,500 1,800 4,500 1,900 4,50Total Installed Cost ($) 2,300 2,300 2,300 2,500 5,300 2,400 5,300 2,500 5,30Annual Maintenance Cost ($)

22 22 22 22 22 22 22 22 2

130 130 130 130 130 130 130 130 13

Higher typical efficiencies with the same costs as ref. case despite increased efficiency
38

Residential Central Air Conditioners

Residential Central Air

Conditioner ProductClass

Current

Standard

Current ENERGY

STAR Criteria

Future Stan

(Jan. 1, 20

Min.

SEER

Min.

SEER

Min.

EER

Min. SEER

in North

Min. SE

in Sout

Split‐System AC 13 14.5 12 13 14 Single‐Package AC 13 14 11 14 14 Small‐Duct, High‐Velocity 13 – – 13 13 

Space‐Constrained 12 – – 12 12 

• Current standards, which took effect in 2006, represent a significant impro

efficiency from 10 SEER for split systems and 9.7 SEER for single‐package 

• Typical new units today are at the standard level of 13 SEER (for most pro

• Effective Jan. 1, 2015, the standard for split systems will increase to 14 SEE

and the standard for single‐package units will increase to 14 SEER nationw

• Beginning in 2015, central AC units installed in the Southwest (CA, AZ, N

will also have to meet a new energy efficiency ratio (EER) standard that v

cooling capacity.
Annual shipments spiked at 6.5 million units in 2005 at the 

the housing boom and just before more stringent Federal s

took effect in 2006.

39

Residential Central Air Conditioners

01234567

2000 2002 2004 2006 2008 2010 

Unit Shipments (millions)

Central Air Conditioners

Source: Appliance Magazine. (Also available from http://www.ahrinet.org/historical+data.aspx)
40

Residential Air Source Heat Pumps

DATA

2009 2013 2020 2030 

Installed

Base

Current

Standard Typical ENERGY STAR High Typical High Typical High 

Typical Capacity (kBtu/h) 36 36 36 36 36 36 36 36 3

SEER (Cooling)* 12.0 13.0 14.0 14.5 22.0 14.5 23.0 15.5 24HSPF (Heating)* 7 7.7 8.3 8.2 9 8.4 10.8 8.6 10

Average Life (yrs)

99999999

22 22 22 22 22 22 22 22 2

Retail Equipment Cost ($)* 2,700 2,700 2,850 2,900 4,000 2,900 4,150 3,150 4,25Total Installed Cost ($)* 3,150 3,150 3,300 3,400 4,500 3,400 4,600 3,650 4,75Annual Maintenance Cost ($)

22 22 22 22 22 22 22 22 2

130 130 130 130 130 130 130 130 13

* Values shown are for split‐system units in the 36 kBtu/h (3‐ton) size class. “High” units were selected for maximum coo

efficiency.

Same as reference case
• High efficiency cooling does not necessarily correlate with high efficienc

range of SEER–HSPF combinations is very broad.

• Heat pumps are generally sized to meet the cooling load of the house. W

load exceeds heat pump heating capacity, electric resistance heat is used 

• When the heat pump’s heating capacity exceeds the heating load, the hea

and stops more frequently, causing wear and tear on the components an

loss of efficiency. Multi‐stage and/or variable‐speed compressors can hel

sophisticated refrigerant management. 41

Residential Air Source Heat Pumps

Residential Heat

Pump Product

Class

Current Standard Current ENERGY STAR Criteria Future 

(Jan

Min.

SEER

Min.

HSPF

Min.

SEER

Min.

EER

Min.

HSPF

Min.

SEER

H

Split‐System 13 7.7 14.5 12 8.2 14 Single‐Package 13 7.7 14 11 8.0 14 Small‐Duct,High‐Velocity 13 7.7 – – – 13 Space‐Constrained 12 7.4 – – – 12 
From 2000 to 2005 annual shipments increased nearly 60% 

million units, then dropped and leveled off around 1.7 mi

42

Residential Air Source Heat Pumps

0.00.51.01.52.02.5

2000 2002 2004 2006 2008 2010 

Unit Shipments (millions)

Air Source Heat Pumps

Source: Appliance Magazine. (Also available from http://www.ahrinet.org/historical+data.aspx)
43

Residential Central Air Conditioners and Air Source Heat Pumps

• Principal energy efficiency drivers for central air conditioners and heat p

— Heat exchanger (surface area, number of tube rows)

— Compressor (type and single‐stage vs. two‐stage vs. variable‐speed 

— Fan motor choices (PSC vs. ECM fan motors on inside and outside)

— Control choices (i.e., piston, thermal, and electronic expansion valve

• Typical high‐efficiency unit (≥16 SEER) has very large heat exchanger, E

fan motor, and two‐stage scroll compressor.

• Variable‐speed compressor technology typically leads to a significant SE

making possible high‐SEER condensing units with smaller enclosures.

• Efficiency levels >21 SEER made possible through combining existing la

exchangers with variable‐speed compressors, ECM fan motors, and elec

expansion valves.
44

Residential Ground Source Heat Pumps

DATA

2009 2013 2020 2030 

Installed

Base

Current

Standard Typical ENERGY STAR High Typical High Typical Hig

Typical Capacity (kBtu/h) 36 36 36 36 36 36 36 36 

COP (Heating) 3 3.1 3.2 3.6 4.5 3.8 4.9 4.1 

EER (Cooling) 12.3 13.4 14.2 17.1 28 22 36 29 

Average Life (yrs) 25 25 25 25 25 25 25 25 

Retail Equipment Cost ($)

5,000 3,000 3,000 5,000 7,000 4,900 7,000 4,800 7,07,000 5,000 5,000 7,000 9,000 6,900 9,000 6,800 9,0

Total Installed Cost ($)

15,000 10,000 10,000 15,000 20,000 14,900 20,000 14,800 20,020,000 15,000 15,000 20,000 27,000 19,900 27,000 19,800 27,0

Annual Maintenance Cost ($) 75 75 75 75 75 75 75 75 

Higher typical efficiencies and lower costs than reference case
• There are currently over 20 ground source heat pump manufacturers/OEMs in th

• Heating COP does not correlate with cooling EER (coefficient of determination, R

ENERGY STAR certified products). The highest efficiency GSHP is the 7 Series b

International, Inc. (41 EER & 5.3 COP). Note that these are equipment‐level therm

according to standardized lab conditions and do not necessarily represent system

worldʺ performance.

• The ENERGY STAR® criteria for water‐to‐air ground source heat pumps are:

• The most common ground source heat pump is a closed‐loop system in which wa

freeze solution is circulated through plastic pipes buried underground. Open loo

employ ground water or surface water (e.g., open well, pond, lake) are used in so

country, but water supply and water quality issues impose limitations on such ap

• Installation cost is for a closed loop system and includes necessary accessories. T

heat exchanger represents a majority of the installation cost. Installed costs for the

widely.

• Variable speed electronically commutated motors (ECMs) improve performance 

models.

45

Residential Ground Source Heat Pumps

Type

Tier 1 (12/1/2009) Tier 2 (1/1/2011) Tier 3 (1/

Heating

COP

Cooling

EER

Heating

COP

Cooling

EER

Heating

COP

Closed Loop 3.3 14.1 3.5 16.1 3.6 

Open Loop 3.6 16.2 3.8 18.2 4.1 

Direct Expansion 3.5 15 3.6 16 3.6 
46

Residential Gas Heat Pumps

NAECA does not cover residential gas heat pumps, but the CEC Title 24, Part 6 Section 112 does indicate minim

cooling efficiency for gas heat pumps.

DATA

2009 2013 2020 2030 

Installed Base Typical Typical Typical 

Typical Capacity (kBtu/h) 60 60 60 60 

Heating (COP) 1.3 1.3 1.4 1.45 Cooling (COP) 0.6 0.6 0.7 0.8 

Annual Electric Use (kWh/yr) 2,000 1,500 1,500 1,500 

Average Life (yrs) 15 15 15 15 

Retail Equipment Cost ($)

10,500 10,500 10,400 10,300 11,700 11,700 11,600 11,500 

Total Installed Cost ($)

12,000 12,000 11,900 11,800 14,200 14,200 14,100 14,000 

Annual Maintenance Cost ($) 160 160 160 160 

Higher efficiencies and lower costs than reference case
• Residential Gas Heat Pumps are not currently covered by NAECA. CE

Section 112 does indicate cooling efficiency requirements for gas heat p

• Gas heat pumps are much more popular in Europe and Asia. Gas‐fired 

equipment currently comprises less than 1% of the residential air condi

pump market in the U.S.

• Currently, Robur is the predominant manufacturer of residential‐sized 

with sales to the US. Robur units are 5‐ton cooling capacity, a size typic

with larger homes. Since only one product is available, no mid‐level or 

categories are included.

• The data represents air‐source absorption heat pumps. Gas engine‐driv

compression heat pumps are available in other parts of the world; York 

the Triathlon gas engine‐driven heat pump in the US. It is possible to c

technology to the ground (ground source) rather than the atmosphere (

• The absorption heat pump is a gas‐fired, ammonia‐water absorption cy

with a high‐efficiency low‐pressure boiler integrated into one outdoor 

• The cooling efficiency of a gas‐fired air source absorption heat pump is 

lower than for an electric air source heat pump. Heating efficiency of an 

pump (electric or gas‐fired absorption) decreases as outdoor temperatu

however the gas‐fired absorption heat pump recovers waste heat from 

process to improve heating efficiency.

47

Residential Gas Heat Pumps
48

Residential Electric Resistance Furnaces

DATA

2009 2013 2020 2030 

Installed Base Typical Typical Typical T

Typical Capacity (kBtu/h) 68 68 68 68 AFUE (%) 99 99 99 99 

Average Life (yrs)

20 20 20 20 30 30 30 30 

Retail Equipment Cost ($)

600 600 600 600 700 700 700 700 

Total Installed Cost ($)

1,000 1,000 1,000 1,000 1,200 1,200 1,200 1,200 

Annual Maintenance Cost ($) 40 40 40 40 

Same as reference case
• This analysis examined non‐weatherized (installed indoors) electric resi

warm‐air furnaces.

• There are currently no federal requirements on electric resistance furnac

90.1‐2010 unit heater requirements only capture gas and oil‐fired units.

• According to RECS 2009 data, electric central warm‐air furnaces are the 

space heating in approximately 19.1 million US homes or about 17%.

• Electric furnaces range in capacity from 10 to 25 kW (34 to 85 kBtu/hr), w

kBtu/hr) being the typical for units on the market.

• Electric resistance furnaces are considered near 100% efficient because th

heat loss and any jacket losses are contained within the home. For this a

efficiency is 99% to account for IR losses. Furnace fans or blowers have n

AFUE measurements.

49

Residential Electric Resistance Furnaces
50

Residential Electric Resistance Unit Heaters

* Annual Maintenance Cost is negligible

DATA

2009 2013 2020 2030 

Installed Base Typical Typical Typical 

Typical Capacity (kBTU/h) 3.5 3.5 3.5 3

Efficiency (%) 0.98 0.98 0.98 0.Average Life (yrs) 18 18 18 

Retail Equipment Cost ($)

75 75 75 

200 200 200 2

Total Installed Cost ($)

125 125 125 1275 275 275 2

Annual Maintenance Cost ($)* ‐‐‐

Same as reference case
• This analysis examined electric wall and baseboard heaters. Plug‐in spa

considered plug loads and, therefore, not included.

• There are currently no federal requirements on electric resistance unit h

90.1‐2010 unit heater requirements only capture gas and oil‐fired units.

• According to RECS 2009 data, electric resistance unit heaters are the ma

space heating in approximately 5.7 million US homes or about 5%.

• Electric heaters range in capacity from 500 to 2,500 watts (1.7 to 8.5 kBtu

watts (3.5 kBtu/hr) being the most typical for units on the market.

• Electric resistance heaters are considered near 100% efficient because the

loss through ducts or combustion. For this analysis, the efficiency is 98% 

IR losses and fan inefficiency.

51

Residential Electric Resistance Unit Heaters
52

Residential Cordwood Stoves

*Efficiency includes combustion and heat transfer efficiency and is based on the higher heating value (HHV) of the fuel.

**Installed cost includes cost of hearth and stainless steel chimney liner ‐ materials and labor.

***Annual maintenance cost of catalytic stove includes periodic cost of replacing the catalytic combustor.

DATA

2009 2013 2020 2030 

Installed Base EPA Certified (Default) Typical High Typical High Typical 

Typical Capacity (kBtu/h) 50 50 50 50 50 50 50 

Efficiency (Non‐Catalytic) (HHV) 58 63 63 74 70 77 73 

Efficiency (Catalytic) (HHV) 68 72 72 81 78 84 81 

Average Life (yrs)

12 12 12 12 12 12 12 25 25 25 25 25 25 25 

Retail Equipment Cost ($) (Non‐Catalytic) 2,400 2,400 2,400 3,200 2,600 3,400 2,800 

Retail Equipment Cost ($) (Catalytic) 3,300 3,300 3,300 4,100 3,500 4,300 3,700 

Total Installed Cost ($) (Non‐Catalytic) 7,000 7,000 7,000 7,800 7,200 8,000 7,400 

Total Installed Cost ($) (Catalytic) 7,900 7,900 7,500 8,700 8,100 8,900 8,300 

Annual Maintenance Cost ($) (Non Catalytic) 150 150 150 150 150 150 150 

Annual Maintenance Cost ($) (Catalytic) 225 225 225 225 225 225 225 

Same as reference case
• Residential cordwood stoves that must meet EPA particulate limits fall in

classes based on whether or not they use a catalyst for air treatment. Ca

stoves use a catalytic combustor to reduce emissions from the combustio

catalytic wood stoves use baffles and introduce secondary air above the f

complete combustion to help reduce emissions.

• There are no efficiency standards for wood stoves. EPA publishes a list o

have met emission limits for particulates and includes default efficiencie

catalytic and catalytic wood stoves). The emission limits are 7.5 grams/h

certified non‐catalytic wood stoves and 4.1 grams/hr. for catalytic wood s

• The EPA default efficiencies are 63% for certified non‐catalytic wood stov

catalytic wood stoves. Manufacturers may submit efficiency data from la

testing to EPA, to include with the default values, but very few have don

• Data from product literature does not generally identify the efficiency tes

not possible to determine performance trends based on construction or c

(e.g., cast iron vs. plate steel, powered blowers vs. no blowers, etc.) tren

equipment type or construction based on published efficiencies.

53

Residential Cordwood Stoves
• Some states have instituted tighter emission standards along with minim

requirements (e.g., Oregon).

• EPA is considering updates to its New Source Performance Standards (N

would tighten the emissions limits and may include minimum efficiency 

However, the timing remains uncertain.

• Cordwood stoves require chimneys for venting combustion gases. Whet

conventional masonry chimneys are used or metal chimney liners, these 

considerable cost to the overall system. Installed costs can be double tha

stove itself.

54

Residential Cordwood Stoves
55

Residential Cordwood Stoves

Source: HPBA

Cordwood stove shipments have averaged 123,000 per yea

and have rebounded somewhat since 2011.
56

Residential Wood Pellet Stoves

*Efficiency includes combustion and heat transfer efficiency and is based on the higher heating value (HHV) of the fuel.

**Electricity consumption is for combustion air fan, distribution blower, and pellet feeder.

***Installed cost includes cost of hearth and vent pipe ‐ materials and labor.

DATA

2009 2013 2020 2030 

Installed

Base

EPA Certified

(Default) Typical High Typical High Typical Hi

Typical Capacity (kBtu/h) 50 50 50 50 50 50 50 

Efficiency (HHV) 65 78 78 81 81 84 83 

Annual ElectricityConsumption (kWh) 1,200 1,200 1,200 1,200 1,200 1,200 1,200 1,Average Life (yrs)

12 12 12 12 12 12 12 25 25 25 25 25 25 25 

Retail Equipment Cost ($) 3,300 3,300 3,300 4,200 3,500 4,400 3,700 4,Total Installed Cost ($) 4,700 4,700 4,700 5,600 4,900 5,800 5,100 6,Annual Maintenance Cost ($) 250 250 250 250 250 250 250 

Same as reference case
• There are no efficiency standards for wood pellet stoves and they are not 

certified by EPA. However, manufacturers that wish to be certified must 

emission limit of 2.5 grams/hr.

• The EPA default efficiency for wood pellet stoves is 72%. Manufacturers 

efficiency data from laboratory testing to EPA, to include with the defaul

very few have done so.

• Data from product literature does not generally identify the efficiency tes

• Some states have instituted tighter emission standards along with minim

requirements (e.g., Oregon).

• EPA is considering updates to its New Source Performance Standards (N

would tighten the emissions limits and may include minimum efficiency 

However, the timing remains uncertain.

• Wood pellet stoves may be able to be direct vented to the outdoors, elim

need for a chimney. This reduces the overall system cost as compared to 

stove. However, they do use electricity to power the pellet feeder, the co

fan, and the blower. In the event of a power outage, a pellet stove can no

without some back‐up source of electricity (e.g., battery) .

57

Residential Wood Pellet Stoves
58

Residential Wood Pellet Stoves

Source: HPBA

Wood pellet stove shipments grew substantially in the 200

time period, but have averaged only 40,000 – 60,000 units s

time.
59

Residential Refrigerator-Freezers

* The volume shown here is the nominal total volume, not the adjusted volume, which is used to determine compliance w

** Based on an adjusted volume of 21 ft3.

Top‐Mount (Product Class 3)

DATA

2009 2013 2020 2030 

Installed

Base

Current

Standard Typical ENERGY STAR High Typical High Typical Hig

Typical Capacity (ft3)* 19 19 19 19 19 19 19 19 

Energy Consumption (kWh/yr)** 586 482 407 385 311 385 311 365 3Average Life (yrs)

12 12 12 12 12 12 12 12 22 22 22 22 22 22 22 22 

Retail Equipment Cost ($) 550 530 570 620 880 620 880 700 8

Total Installed Cost ($) 550 530 570 620 880 620 880 700 8

Annual Maintenance Cost ($) 99999999

Higher typical efficiencies than ref. case
60

Residential Refrigerator-Freezers

* The volume shown here is the nominal total volume, not the adjusted volume, which is used to determine compliance w

** Based on an adjusted volume of 25 ft3.

Bottom‐Mount (Product Class 5)

Higher typical efficiencies than ref. case

DATA

2009 2013 2020 2030 

Installed

Base

Current

Standard Typical ENERGY STAR High Typical High Typical Hig

Typical Capacity (ft3)* 21 21 21 21 21 21 21 21 

Energy Consumption (kWh/yr)** 574 574 540 459 457 500 457 459 4Average Life (yrs)

12 12 12 12 12 12 12 12 22 22 22 22 22 22 22 22 

Retail Equipment Cost ($) 935 930 940 980 980 960 980 980 9

Total Installed Cost ($) 935 930 940 980 980 960 980 980 9

Annual Maintenance Cost ($) 22 22 22 22 22 22 22 22 
61

Residential Refrigerator-Freezers

* The volume shown here is the nominal total volume, not the adjusted volume, which is used to determine compliance w

** Based on an adjusted volume of 32 ft3.

Side‐Mount (Product Class 7)

Higher typical efficiencies than ref. case

DATA

2009 2013 2020 2030 

Installed

Base

Current

Standard Typical ENERGY STAR High Typical High Typical Hig

Typical Capacity (ft3)* 26 26 26 26 26 26 26 26 

Energy Consumption (kWh/yr)** 889 729 596 583 509 575 509 550 5Average Life (yrs)

12 12 12 12 12 12 12 12 22 22 22 22 22 22 22 22 

Retail Equipment Cost ($) 1,150 1,130 1,170 1,180 1,380 1,200 1,380 1,250 1,3

Total Installed Cost ($) 1,150 1,130 1,170 1,180 1,380 1,200 1,380 1,250 1,3

Annual Maintenance Cost ($) 24 24 24 24 24 24 24 24 
• Current Federal standards:

— Compliance required beginning July 1, 2001— Models divided into 12 product classes based on size (standard or compact), locatio

bottom, or side), type of defrost (automatic or manual), and presence of through‐the

— Limits on annual electricity consumption expressed as functions of adjusted volum

• ENERGY STAR criteria limit annual electricity consumption to 20% less than the Federa

• More stringent Federal standards:

— Compliance required beginning September 15, 2014

— New product classes for built‐in units

— Amount by which standards are tightened varies by product class

• Current analysis focuses on the three representative product classes analyzed in the rece

• Energy efficiency opportunities include:

— Higher efficiency and/or variable‐speed compressor systems— Larger heat exchangers

— Permanent‐magnet fan motor systems (vs. SPM and PSC fan motors)— Demand defrost systems— Vacuum‐insulated panels— Thicker insulation (though at a loss of consumer utility)

— Better gasketing

— Refrigerants (Isobutane vs. R134a)

— Variable anti‐sweat heating

62

Residential Refrigerator-Freezers

1Adjusted Volume (AV) = (Fresh Volume) + 1.63 × (Freezer Volume). Beginning in 2004, the 1.63 coefficient will change to 
Annual shipment volumes declined 25% from 2006 to 2009, 

slightly in 2010, then declined again to 8.6 million units in 2

63

Residential Refrigerator-Freezers

Source: Appliance Magazine; data provided by AHAM and Navigant analysis for configuration shares.

02468

1012

2000 2002 2004 2006 2008 2010 2012

Unit Shipments (millions)

Refrigerators (Standard‐Size)

ToToSidBo
Bottom‐mount units likely have captured somewhere betw

35 percent of the market, based on shipment‐weighted dat

2007, DOE analysis, and counts of currently available mod

64

Residential Refrigerator-Freezers

0%

10%20%30%40%50%60%70%80%90%

100%

1998 2000 2002 2004 2006 2008 2010 2012

Configuration Market Share

BoMSidTo

Sources: AHAM data; August 2011 Refrigerator Final Rule TSD; Navigant analysis.
65

Residential Freezers

* The volume shown here is the nominal volume, not the adjusted volume, which is used to determine compliance with s

** Based on an adjusted volume of 29 ft3 (30 ft3 beginning in 2014).

Upright Freezers (Product Class 9)

DATA

2009 2013 2020 2030 

Installed

Base

Current

Standard Typical ENERGY STAR High Typical High Typical Hig

Typical Capacity (ft3)* 17 17 17 17 17 17 17 17 

Energy Consumption (kWh/yr)** 775 687 642 618 615 487 487 487 4

Average Life (yrs)

17 17 17 17 17 17 17 17 27 27 27 27 27 27 27 27 

Retail Equipment Cost ($) 550 550 555 560 560 660 660 660 6

Total Installed Cost ($) 550 550 555 560 560 660 660 660 6

Annual Maintenance Cost ($) 55555555

Same as reference case
66

Residential Freezers

* The volume shown here is the nominal volume, not the adjusted volume, which is used to determine compliance with s

** Based on an adjusted volume of 26 ft3 (30 ft3 beginning in 2014).

Chest Freezers (Product Class 10)

DATA

2009 2013 2020 2030 

Installed

Base

Current

Standard Typical ENERGY STAR High Typical High Typical Hig

Typical Capacity (ft3)* 17 17 17 17 17 17 17 17 

Energy Consumption (kWh/yr)** 430 401 370 361 354 327 327 327 3

Average Life (yrs)

17 17 17 17 17 17 17 17 27 27 27 27 27 27 27 27 

Retail Equipment Cost ($) 400 400 405 410 410 425 425 425 4

Total Installed Cost ($) 400 400 405 410 410 425 425 425 4

Annual Maintenance Cost ($) 33333333

Same as reference case 
• Current Federal standards:

— Compliance required beginning July 1, 2001— Models divided into 6 product classes based on size (standard or compact), orientat

upright), and type of defrost (automatic or manual).

— Limits on annual electricity consumption expressed as functions of adjusted volume

• ENERGY STAR criteria limit annual electricity consumption to 10% less than the Federal 

• More stringent Federal standards:

— Compliance required beginning September 15, 2014

— New product classes for built‐in freezers and freezers with an automatic icemaker

— Amount by which standards are tightened varies by product class

• Current analysis focuses on the two representative product classes analyzed in the recent 

• Energy efficiency opportunities include:

— Higher efficiency and/or variable‐speed compressor systems— Larger heat exchangers

— Permanent‐magnet fan motor systems (vs. SPM and PSC fan motors)— Demand defrost systems— Vacuum‐insulated panels— Thicker insulation (though at a loss of consumer utility)

— Better gasketing

— Refrigerants (Isobutane vs. R134a)

— Variable anti‐sweat heating

— Use of forced convection condenser (for upright freezers)

67

Residential Freezers

1Adjusted Volume (AV) = (Fresh Volume) + 1.63 × (Freezer Volume). Beginning in 2004, the 1.63 coefficient will change to 
Shipment volumes have held steady since 2007 at about 2 m

units per year. Chest freezers represent about 60% of the m

68

Residential Freezers

Source: Appliance Magazine.

0.00.51.01.52.02.53.0

2000 2002 2004 2006 2008 2010 2012

Unit Shipments (millions)

Freezers (Full‐Size)
69

Residential Natural Gas Cooktops and Stoves

* Equipment and installed costs are for stand‐alone cooktops only (not stoves).

** Maintenance costs are negligible.

DATA

2009 2013 2020 2030 

Installed

Base Typical High Typical High Typical High 

Typical Capacity (kBtu/h)

9999999

12 12 12 12 12 12 12 

Cooking Efficiency (%) 38.5 39.9 42 39.9 42 39.9 42 Average Life (yrs)

12 12 12 12 12 12 12 22 22 22 22 22 22 22 

Retail Equipment Cost ($)*

225 250 300 250 300 250 300 300 350 400 350 400 350 400 

Total Installed Cost ($)*

275 300 350 300 350 300 350 350 400 450 400 450 400 450 

Annual Maintenance Cost ($)** ‐‐‐‐‐‐‐

Same as reference case 
• Since January 1, 1990, gas cooking products with an electrical supply cor

required to not be equipped with a constant burning pilot light. This req

extended to gas cooking products without an electrical supply cord, as o

• Little variation in cooking efficiency among gas cooktops and stoves (or 

• DOE final rule published in 2009: no standard for cooking efficiency is c

70

Residential Natural Gas Cooktops and Stoves
Shipments are down from their peak in 2005 and appear to 

leveled off in the past five years.

71

Residential Natural Gas Cooktops and Stoves

Note: Excludes separate ovens, which were categorized as ʺbuilt‐inʺ units prior to 2007.

Source: Appliance Magazine.

0.00.51.01.52.02.53.03.54.0

2000 2002 2004 2006 2008 2010 2012

Unit Shipments (millions)

Natural Gas Cooktops and Stoves

TotalRanges, Surface 

(Cookto
72

Residential Clothes Washers – Front-Loading

* Maintenance costs are negligible.

DATA

2009 2013 2020 2030 

Installed

Base

Current

Standard Typical ENERGY STAR High Typical High Typical Hig

Typical Capacity (ft3) 3.09 3.00 3.90 3.00 5.20 3.90 5.20 3.90 5

Modified Energy Factor(ft3/kWh/cycle) 2.07 1.26 3.09 2.00 3.45 3.09 3.45 3.09 3Water Factor (gal/cycle/ft3) 6.2 9.5 3.1 6.0 3.0 3.1 3.0 3.1 

Average Life (yrs)

77777777

14 14 14 14 14 14 14 14 

Water Consumption (gal/cycle) 19 29 12 18 15 12 15 12 

Hot Water Energy (kWh/cycle) 0.32 0.82 0.16 0.29 0.27 0.16 0.27 0.16 0

Machine Energy (kWh/cycle) 0.15 0.2 0.12 0.15 0.11 0.12 0.11 0.12 0Dryer Energy (kWh/cycle) 1.02 1.37 0.99 1.03 1.13 0.99 1.13 0.99 1Retail Equipment Cost ($)

550 550 900 800 1,200 900 1,200 900 1,2700 700 1,000 900 1,500 1,000 1,500 1,000 1,5

Total Installed Cost ($)

650 650 1,000 900 1,300 1,000 1,300 1,000 1,3800 800 1,100 1,000 1,600 1,100 1,600 1,100 1,6

Annual Maintenance Cost ($)* ‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐

Same as reference case 
73

Residential Clothes Washers – Top-Loading

* Maintenance costs are negligible.

DATA

2009 2013 2020 2030 

Installed

Base

Current

Standard Typical ENERGY STAR High Typical High Typical Hig

Typical Capacity (ft3) 3.0 3.2 3.5 3.6 4.8 3.6 4.8 3.6 

Modified Energy Factor(ft3/kWh/cycle) 1.20 1.26 1.40 2.00 2.87 2.00 2.87 2.00 2

Water Factor (gal/cycle/ft3) 12.0 9.5 8.5 6.0 3.65 6.0 3.65 6.0 3

Average Life (yrs)

77777777

14 14 14 14 14 14 14 14 

Water Consumption (gal/cycle) 36 30 30 22 18 22 18 22 

Hot Water Energy (kWh/cycle) 0.91 0.87 0.64 0.51 0.39 0.51 0.39 0.51 0

Machine Energy (kWh/cycle) 0.28 0.28 0.28 0.08 0.08 0.08 0.08 0.08 0Dryer Energy (kWh/cycle) 1.31 1.39 1.58 1.21 1.20 1.21 1.20 1.21 1Retail Equipment Cost ($)

550 350 450 550 850 550 850 550 700 450 550 650 950 650 950 650 

Total Installed Cost ($)

650 450 550 650 950 650 950 650 800 550 650 750 1,050 750 1,050 750 1,

Annual Maintenance Cost ($)* ‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐

Same as reference case 
• Present analysis treats front‐ and top‐loading models separately. Past an

consider the two types separately.

• Federal standards for standard‐capacity clothes washers (≥ 1.6 cubic fee

• Most front‐loading models on the market today surpass the ENERGY ST

comfortable margin; typical new front‐loading unit has MEF = 3.09 and 

• Energy efficiency improvement opportunities include:

— Higher efficiency motors and higher spin speeds

— Better load sensing for adaptive water fill control

— Reduced water temperature and quantity, while providing equivale

rinsing performance 74

Residential Clothes Washers

Modified Energy Factor Water Fact

Top‐Loading Front‐Loading Top‐Loading F

Current DOE Standard ≥ 1.26 (effective 1/1/2007) ≤ 9.5 (effective 1/

Current ENERGY STAR ≥ 2.00 ≤ 6.0

Integrated Modified Energy Factor1 Integrated Wate

March 7, 2015 ≥ 1.29 ≥ 1.84 ≤ 8.4 

January 1, 2018 ≥ 1.57 ≥ 1.84 (no change) ≤ 6.5 ≤

1. IMEF differs from MEF as follows: (a) includes standby power energy; (b) smaller capacity measurement for top

(c) higher drying energy estimate; and (d) additional wash cycles required for testing.

2. IWF differs from WF as follows: WF incorporates water usage from cold water cycles only while IWF incorpora

from all wash temperatures.
Shipment volumes have returned to pre‐housing boom lev

loaders’ market share grew from 5% to about 50% in 10 yea

75

Residential Clothes Washers

02468

10

2000 2002 2004 2006 2008 2010 2012

Unit Shipments (millions)

Clothes Washers

TotalTop‐LFront

Source: Appliance Magazine and Residential Clothes Washer Direct Final Rule TSD, EERE, April 2012.
76

Residential Clothes Dryers

* Italicized values are estimated. The federal standard is expressed in EF, but will be expressed in CEF beginning in 2015. 

not strictly comparable, but both values are shown here to facilitate longitudinal analyses.

** Maintenance costs are negligible.

Electric

DATA

2009 2013 2020 2030 

Installed

Base

Current

Standard Typical High Typical High Typical High 

Typical Capacity (ft3) 7 777777

EF (lb/kWh)* 3.01 3.01 3.10 3.16 3.10 4.51 3.16 4.5

CEF (lb/kWh)* 3.55 3.55 3.73 3.81 3.73 5.42 3.81 5.4

Average Life (yrs)

8888888

15 15 15 15 15 15 15 1

Retail Equipment Cost ($)

400 400 450 500 450 650 500 65500 500 550 600 550 750 600 75

Total Installed Cost ($)

510 510 560 610 560 780 610 78610 610 660 710 660 880 710 88

Annual Maintenance Cost ($)** ‐‐‐‐‐‐‐

Same as reference case 
77

Residential Clothes Dryers

Natural Gas

* Italicized values are estimated. The federal standard is expressed in EF, but will be expressed in CEF beginning in 2015. 

not strictly comparable, but both values are shown here to facilitate longitudinal analyses.

** Maintenance costs are negligible.

DATA

2009 2013 2020 2030 

Installed

Base

Current

Standard Typical Mid‐ Level High Typical High Typical High 

Typical Capacity (ft3) 7 7777777

EF (lb/kWh)* 2.67 2.67 2.75 2.85 3.02 2.81 3.02 2.81 3.

CEF (lb/kWh)* 3.14 3.14 3.24 3.35 3.61 3.30 3.61 3.30 3.Average Life (yrs)

88888888

15 15 15 15 15 15 15 15 

Retail Equipment Cost ($)

450 400 425 450 550 400 550 400 5550 450 475 550 650 500 650 500 6

Total Installed Cost ($)

610 560 585 610 710 560 710 560 7710 610 635 710 810 660 810 660 8

Annual Maintenance Cost ($)** ‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐

Same as reference case 
• Current standards in effect since 1994:

— For standard‐size electric units : EF ≥ 3.01 lb/kWh

— For gas units: EF ≥ 2.67 lb/kWh

• New standards announced in April 2011 with compliance date of Jan. 1, 20

metric will change from energy factor (EF) to combined energy factor (CEFincorporates standby mode power consumption:

— For standard‐size vented electric units : CEF ≥ 3.73 lb/kWh (≅3.17 EF)

— For vented gas units: CEF ≥ 3.30 lb/kWh (≅2.81 EF)

• Remaining efficiency improvement opportunities include:

— Multi‐step or modulating heat— Higher efficiency drum motors— Inlet air pre‐heat— Better control systems for cycle termination (not reflected per the curre

however)

— Heat pump (for electric clothes dryers)

• Heat pump clothes dryers with EF around 4.5 currently available in Europe

and potential reliability issues have kept them out of the U.S. market, but a

arrive by 2020.

• In 2012, EPA announced the Emerging Technology Award for Clothes Dry

be awarded to a manufacturer that introduces a high‐efficiency clothes dry

market. 78

Residential Clothes Dryers
Shipment volumes are now slightly below pre‐housing bo

Gas dryers continue to account for about one‐fifth of the m

79

Residential Clothes Dryers

0123456789

2000 2002 2004 2006 2008 2010 20

Unit Shipments (millions)

Clothes Dryers Total

ElectrGas

Source: Appliance Magazine.
80

Residential Dishwashers

* Refers to that portion of ʺTypical Annual Energy Useʺ that is the energy used to heat water in a separate water heater be

dishwasher. The energy used to heat water inside the dishwasher cannot be disaggregated from the total.

** Maintenance costs are negligible.

DATA

2009 2013 2020 2030 

Installed

Base

Current

Standard Typical ENERGY STAR High Typical High Typical Hi

Typical Annual Energy Use (kWh/yr) 312 307 295 295 180 275 180 275 

Water Consumption (gal/cycle) 4.50 5.00 4.25 4.25 2.22 4.00 2.22 4.00 2

Water Heating Energy Use (kWh/yr)* 163 181 153 153 80 140 80 140 

Average Life (yrs)

14 14 14 14 14 14 14 14 24 24 24 24 24 24 24 24 

Retail Equipment Cost ($) 390 395 450 450 470 450 470 450 

Total Installed Cost ($) 710 715 770 770 790 770 790 770 Annual Maintenance Cost ($)** ‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐

Higher typical efficiencies with the same costs as ref. case despite increased efficiency
• Performance criteria for standard‐capacity dishwashers (assumes 215 cycles/year)

— Federal Standards:

 Jan. 1, 2010: ≤ 355 kWh/yr, ≤ 6.5 gal/cycle (EISA 2007) May 30, 2013: ≤ 307 kWh/yr, ≤ 5.0 gal/cycle (DOE Direct Final Rule, publish

— ENERGY STAR Criteria:

 Aug. 11, 2009 : ≤ 324 kWh/yr, ≤ 5.8 gal/cycle (version 4.0, announced Nov. 2 Jan. 20, 2012: ≤ 295 kWh/yr, ≤ 4.25 gal/cycle (version 5.0, announced April 2

• ENERGY STAR has maintained a very high market share for several years, so sale

average efficiency has tracked ENERGY STAR levels.

• Test procedures:

— Accounts for motor, dryer, booster heater (if present), and hot water from sep

— Amended test procedure, enters into force May 30, 2013, includes standby and 

— Cleaning performance test method expected to be part of future ENERGY STA

• Efficiency improvement opportunities include:

— Better soil sensing in the water, the filter, and the controls to make use of that

— Water distribution (small pipes, fine filter, small sump, alternating water use)

— Inline water heater (to minimize sump volume)

— High‐efficiency, variable‐speed pump motor— Vent assembly to help drying of dishes

81

Residential Dishwashers
Shipments peaked in 2005 during the housing boom then de

appear to have leveled off at between 5 and 6 million units p

82

Residential Dishwashers

Source: Appliance Magazine

012345678

2000 2002 2004 2006 2008 2010 2012

Unit Shipments (millions)

Dishwashers (Built‐In)
83

Commercial Gas-Fired Furnaces

* DOEʹs efficiency metric for commercial furnaces accounts only for flue losses, not jacket losses.

Higher typical efficiencies than ref. case

DATA

2003 2012 2013 2020 2030 

Installed Base Current Standard Typical High Typical High Typical High 

Typical Input Capacity (kBtu/h) 400 400 400 400 400 400 400 400 4

Thermal Efficiency (%)* 76 80 80 80 90 81 90 81 

Average Life (yrs) 15 15 15 15 15 15 15 15 

Retail Equipment Cost ($)

1,920 2,370 2,910 2,910 3,590 3,000 3,590 3,000 3,5

2,130 2,580 3,120 3,120 3,900 3,200 3,900 3,200 3,9

Total Installed Cost ($)

2,300 2,750 3,290 3,290 3,970 3,380 3,970 3,380 3,9

2,510 2,960 3,500 3,500 4,280 3,580 4,280 3,580 4,2

Annual Maintenance Cost ($)** 320 320 320 320 930 320 930 320 9
• Current Federal standard requires minimum 80% thermal efficiency. Th

more commonly called “combustion efficiency” in other contexts, accou

flue losses, not jacket losses.

• ASHRAE Standard 90.1, which is used as a commercial building code in 

states, stipulates that furnaces that are not within the conditioned space 

have jacket losses exceeding 0.75% of the input rating.

• The Federal standard applies to all units manufactured on or after Janua

with maximum rated heat input ≥ 225,000 Btu per hour.

• Commercial furnace efficiency ranges are as wide as those for residentia

technology options are similar (though usually scaled up).

• Besides scale, commercial units can differ in terms of the control system 

integration with a Building Management System, twinning, or other sta

strategies) and they may also use a heat recovery system to pre‐heat inle

• The maintenance cost estimate assumes two cleanings per year.

84

Commercial Gas-Fired Furnaces
85

Commercial Oil-Fired Furnaces

* DOEʹs efficiency metric for commercial furnaces accounts only for flue losses, not jacket losses.

DATA

2003 2012 2013 2020 20

Installed Base Current Standard Typical Typical Typ

Typical Input Capacity (kBtu/h) 400 400 400 400 400 Thermal Efficiency (%)* 81 81 81 82 82 Average Life (yrs) 15 15 15 15 15 

Retail Equipment Cost ($)

3,200 3,400 4,000 4,000 4,000 

3,800 3,900 4,200 4,200 4,200 

Total Installed Cost ($)

3,800 3,800 4,380 4,380 4,380 

4,400 4,400 4,580 4,580 4,580 

Annual Maintenance ($) 320 320 320 320 320 

Same as reference case 
• Current Federal standard requires minimum 81% thermal efficiency. Th

more commonly called “combustion efficiency” in other contexts, accou

flue losses, not jacket losses.

• ASHRAE Standard 90.1, which is used as a commercial building code in 

states, stipulates that furnaces that are not within the conditioned space 

have jacket losses exceeding 0.75% of the input rating.

• The Federal standard applies to all units manufactured on or after Janua

with maximum rated heat input ≥ 225,000 Btu per hour.

• Commercial furnace efficiency ranges are as wide as those for residentia

technology options are similar (though usually scaled up).

• Besides scale, commercial units can differ in terms of the control system 

integration with a Building Management System, twinning, or other sta

strategies) and they may also use a heat recovery system to pre‐heat inle

• The maintenance cost estimate assumes two cleanings per year.

86

Commercial Oil-Fired Furnaces
87

Commercial Electric Boilers

* Capacity is output

DATA

2003 2012 2013 2020 2030 

Installed Base Typical Typical Typical 

Typical Capacity (kW)* 165 165 165 165 165 

Efficiency (%) 98 98 98 98 98 

Average Life (yrs) 15 15 15 15 15 

Retail Equipment Cost ($)

$6,400 $7,000 $7,000 $7,000 $7,000 $7,500 $7,800 $7,800 $7,800 $7,800 

Total Installed Cost ($)

$8,000 $10,500 $10,500 $10,500 $10,500 $9,600 $11,800 $11,800 $11,800 $11,800 

Annual Maintenance Cost ($)

110 110 110 110 110 160 160 160 160 160 

Same as reference case
• There are currently no federal standards associated with electric boilers• The costs shown are for one 165kW unit, which would equate to a stead

approximately 550,000 Btu/hr.

• Service life is determined mainly by water quality. Water conditioning 

softeners, de‐alkizers, chemical feeders) may be necessary for a given ap

• Annual maintenance in a typical application would include draining the 

removal of any accumulated scale or sludge buildup.

• Minor end‐use inefficiencies for electric boilers result from heat loss thro

(jacket losses).

88

Commercial Electric Boilers
89

Commercial Gas-Fired Boilers

* The standard level shown here is for small hot water boilers, the most common type of boiler.

** DOEʹs efficiency metric for most types of boilers now accounts for both flue and jacket losses; previously it did not. DO

combustion efficiency metric instead for hot water boilers with heat input > 2,500,000 Btu/h.

*** Installed Base costs have been adjusted to reflect the cost of two 427 kBtu/h boilers rather than one, as was reported in 

DATA

2003 2012 2013 2020 2030 

Installed Base Current Standard* Typical Mid‐ Range High Typical High Typical H

Typical Input Capacity (kBtu/h) 800 800 800 800 800 800 800 800 800 Thermal Efficiency (%)** 76 77 80 80 85 98 83 98 84 

Average Life (yrs) 30 30 30 30 30 30 30 30 30 Retail Equipment Cost ($)

10,650 11,350 13,050 13,050 15,900 18,150 14,700 18,150 15,250 1

12,750 13,400 15,100 15,100 18,000 20,200 16,750 20,200 17,300 2

Total Installed Cost ($)

17,850 18,550 20,250 20,250 23,100 25,350 21,900 25,350 22,450 2

19,950 20,600 22,300 22,300 25,200 27,400 23,950 27,400 24,500 2

Annual Maintenance Cost ($)** 480 480 480 480 480 480 480 480 480 

Higher typical efficiencies with the same costs as ref. case despite increased efficiency
• Commercial packaged gas‐fired boilers are classified by:

— Heat input capacity— Produce steam or hot water— Draft type (natural draft or not)

• Most common type is small hot water boilers, those with 300,000‐2,500,0

rated heat input.

• DOE’s efficiency metric, thermal efficiency, now aligns with ASHRAE 9

accounts for both flue and jacket losses.

• Federal standards require thermal efficiency ≥ 77%, 79%, or 80%, depen

• Exception is large hot water boilers, which must have combustion efficien

• Similar technologies to the those used in the residential market can be le

the commercial arena. The higher efficiency units typically include elect

ignition, power burners, and improved heat exchangers. They may eve

and/or pre‐heat incoming air.

90

Commercial Gas-Fired Boilers
91

Commercial Oil-Fired Boilers

* The standard level shown here is for small hot water boilers, the most common type of boiler.

** DOEʹs efficiency metric for most types of boilers now accounts for both flue and jacket losses; previously it did not. DO

combustion efficiency metric instead for hot water boilers with heat input > 2,500,000 Btu/h.

DATA

2003 2012 2013 2020 2030 

Installed Base Current Standard* Typical High Typical High Typical High 

Typical Input Capacity

(kBtu/h) 1,200 1,200 1,200 1,200 1,200 1,200 1,200 1,200 1,20

Thermal Efficiency (%)** 79 81 82 83 98 84 98 85 

Average Life (yrs) 30 30 30 30 30 30 30 30 Retail Equipment Cost ($)

11,700 12,400 13,400 14,400 24,700 14,900 25,200 16,000 24,712,800 14,400 15,400 16,500 26,800 17,000 27,300 18,000 26,8

Total Installed Cost ($)

15,800 16,500 17,500 18,500 30,900 19,000 30,900 20,100 30,916,900 18,500 19,500 20,600 33,000 21,100 33,000 22,100 33,0

Annual Maintenance Cost ($)

115 115 115 115 115 115 115 115 1165 165 165 165 165 165 165 165 1

Higher typical efficiencies with the same costs as ref. case despite increased efficiency
• Commercial packaged oil‐fired boilers are classified by:

— Heat input capacity— Produce steam or hot water

• Most common type is small hot water boilers, those with 300,000‐2,500,0

rated heat input.

• DOE’s efficiency metric, thermal efficiency, now aligns with ASHRAE 9

accounts for both flue and jacket losses.

• Federal standards require thermal efficiency ≥ 81% for steam boilers and

hot water boilers.

• Exception is large hot water boilers, which must have combustion efficien

• The higher efficiency units typically include improved heat exchangers, 

step or variable‐output power burners.

92

Commercial Oil-Fired Boilers
93

Commercial Gas-Fired Chillers1

1 This analysis assumes a water‐cooled chiller; both gas‐fired chiller types (absorption and engine‐driven) are shown.

* Capacity is output

DATA

2003 2012 2013 2020 203

Installed Base

Absorption Engine‐ Driven Absorption Engine‐ Driven Absorption 

Absorption Engine‐ Driven Absorption Engine‐ Driven

Typical Capacity (tons)*

150 150 150 150 150 150 150 150 150 

1,500 400 1,500 400 1,500 400 1,500 400 1,500 

COP 1.0 1.5 1.1 1.7 1.1 1.7 1.3 1.8 1.5 Average Life (yrs) 23 25 23 25 23 25 23 25 23 Retail Equipment Cost

($/ton)

650 750 700 700 700 700 700 700 1,000 800 850 850 800 850 800 850 800 1,300 

Total Installed Cost($/ton)

800 900 800 800 800 800 800 800 1,150 950 1,000 1,050 1,000 1,050 1,000 1,050 1,000 1,600 

Annual Maintenance Cost($/ton)

16 37 16 31 16 31 16 31 16 32 48 32 47 32 47 32 47 32 

Higher efficiencies and costs than reference case
• Gas‐fired chillers are available as either air‐cooled (~25‐50 tons) or water‐cooled (150

analysis includes only water‐cooled chillers. Two direct‐fired gas chiller technologie

market; absorption and engine‐driven.

• Direct gas firing provides high enough temperatures to operate double effect absorp

which operate at a 50‐60% higher COP than single effect absorption chillers. Triple e

chillers are expected to boost cooling COP 30‐50% beyond double effect chillers. Pro

fired triple effect absorption chillers have been tested by York and Trane, but are no

available. Due to the prohibitively high cost of advanced high heat/corrosion‐resista

required for triple effect absorption chillers, it is expected that this technology will n

commercial market impact in the near‐term. Some absorption chillers can be operate

provide heating; these are referred to as chiller/heaters.

• Gas‐fired engine‐driven chillers pair conventional vapor compression technologies (

or centrifugal compressors) with natural gas powered reciprocating engines. Gas‐fir

chillers exhibit higher peak cooling COP than absorbers, and engine modulation res

better part load performance. Future efficiency improvements for engine‐driven ch

anticipated. Engine driven chillers allow the opportunity to recover waste heat usef

• Sales dropped by nearly 75 percent in the US from 2006 to 2010. Most new gas‐fired 

the US are for replacement, not for new installations. The increase in electric chiller 

narrowed the operating cost differential with gas chillers. Gas chiller technologies re

and development will in other markets, such as Asia, which currently has 80 percen

chiller market.

• Gas‐fired chiller installations hold value in niche applications such as where electric 

are high, electrical capacity is limited, alternative energy sources are available (such 

landfill gas) or where waste heat is available (such as from an industrial process or m

CHP system) that could be used with a hybrid direct/indirect‐fired absorption chille

use of natural gas. 94

Commercial Gas-Fired Chillers
95

Commercial Centrifugal Chillers

1 COP and kW/ton efficiencies listed are for full load rated conditions as well as integrated part load value (IPLV), which i

indicative of annual performance.

2 2013 typical efficiency based on ASHRAE 90.1‐2010.3 2013 mid efficiency based on FEMP recommendations.* Capacity is output

DATA

2003 2012 2013 2020 203

Installed Base Typical Mid High Typical High Typical 

Typical Capacity (tons)

400 400 400 400 400 400 400 400 600 600 600 600 600 600 600 600 

Efficiency [full‐load] (kW/ton) 0.70 0.66 0.58 0.56 0.45 0.54 0.44 0.52 

Efficiency [IPLV] (kW/ton) 0.67 0.61 0.40 0.36 0.33 0.35 0.32 0.34 

COP [full‐load] 5.0 5.4 6.1 6.3 7.8 6.5 8.0 6.8 COP [IPLV] 5.2 5.9 8.8 9.8 10.7 10.0 11.0 10.3 Average Life (yrs) 25 25 25 25 25 25 25 25 Retail Equipment Cost ($/ton)

250 250 250 300 400 300 400 300 350 350 350 400 500 400 500 400 

Total Installed Cost ($/ton)

300 300 300 350 450 350 450 350 450 450 450 500 600 500 600 500 

Annual Maintenance Cost ($/ton)

16 16 16 16 16 16 16 16 32 32 32 32 32 32 32 32 

Higher typical efficiencies than reference case
• For most chiller applications the seasonal performance (represented by the integrated part

is more indicative of performance than the full‐load performance at rated conditions. The 

necessarily correlate well to the full‐load efficiency, so both efficiency parameters are listed comparison table.

• ASHRAE 90.1‐2010 and Addendum M of 90.1‐2007 became effective 1/1/10 and instituted 

Separate compliance paths for applications that spend a significant amount of time at full 

load (encourages the use of chillers with better IPLVs in part‐load applications and full‐loa

full‐load applications; for either path, minimum requirements for both full load and IPLV 

The Addendum also added a new size category for centrifugal chillers ≥600 tons, strengthe

efficiency requirements for centrifugal chillers <150 tons and ≥600 tons, and changed how 

expressed, from coefficient of performance (COP) to kW/ton to reflect industry practice.

• The Federal Energy Management Program (FEMP) requires separate minimum efficiencie

optimized and part‐load optimized applications. For full‐load optimized applications, a fu

less than 0.56 kW/ton and an IPLV efficiency less than 0.55 kW/ton. For full‐load optimize

full‐load efficiency less than 0.60 kW/ton and an IPLV efficiency less than 0.36 kW/ton.

• The highest efficiency centrifugal chillers incorporate some of the following:

— Variable speed drive (VSD) compressors

— Dedicated heat recovery (heat pump chiller)

— Magnetic bearing technology (oil‐free operation)

— Greater heat exchanger surface areas; enhanced tube configurations (counterflow)— Optimized fluid flow velocities— High efficiency electric motors

— Improved turbomachinery design, resulting in higher compressor efficiency

— Better piping and valving, including electronic expansion valves

— Evaporative condenser for the heat rejection equipment

• Installed costs vary widely depending on equipment needed for installation (e .g. crane) an

This is a mature market with centrifugal chillers representing 75% of commercial chiller sa

tons. 96

Commercial Centrifugal Chillers
97

Commercial Reciprocating Chillers

1 COP and kW/ton efficiencies listed are for full load rated conditions as well as integrated part load value (IPLV), which is mo

performance.

2 2013 typical efficiency based on ASHRAE 90.1‐2010.3 2013 mid efficiency based on FEMP recommendations.

* Capacity is output

DATA

2003 2012 2013 2020 2030 

Installed Base Typical2 Mid3 High Typical High Typical H

Typical Capacity (tons)

100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 200 200 200 200 200 200 200 200 

Efficiency [full‐load] (kW/ton)1 1.26 1.26 1.25 1.15 1.00 1.15 1.00 1.15 

Efficiency [IPLV] (kW/ton) 1 1.15 1.13 0.96 0.80 0.79 0.80 0.79 0.80 COP [full‐load] 1 2.80 2.80 2.81 3.06 3.52 3.06 3.52 3.06 COP [IPLV] 1 3.05 3.12 3.66 4.40 4.45 4.40 4.45 4.40 Average Life (yrs) 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 

Retail Equipment Cost ($/ton)

400 575 550 650 750 650 750 650 500 675 650 750 850 750 850 750 

Total Installed Cost ($/ton)

475 650 675 775 875 775 875 775 600 775 825 925 1025 925 1025 925 

Annual Maintenance Cost

($/ton)

27 27 27 27 27 27 27 27 43 43 43 43 43 43 43 43 

Same as reference case
• For most chiller applications the seasonal performance (represented by the inte

load value; IPLV) is more indicative of performance than the full‐load performconditions. The IPLV does not necessarily correlate well to the full‐load efficieefficiency parameters are listed in the comparison table.

• Reciprocating chillers are most cost effective for small loads. Reciprocating chi

share continues to be supplanted by screw and scroll chillers. Large manufactumanufacture reciprocating chillers since most packaged reciprocating chillers und

utilize R‐22 which is being phased out under the Montreal Protocol.

• Reciprocating chillers can be used in either air‐cooled or water cooled applicat

Reciprocating chillers shown in the data are air‐cooled. Air‐cooled chillers are than the water‐cooled models. Listed efficiencies include matched condensers associated energy use (as required for compliance with ASHRAE 90.1‐2010).

• ASHRAE 90.1‐2010 instituted separate minimum efficiency requirements for a

chillers more and less than 150 tons and both sets of requirements are more str

90.1‐2007. The 90.1‐2007 minimum efficiency requirements were the same as 90

• The most recent Federal Energy Management Program (FEMP) recommendati

reciprocating chillers (updated December 2012) include a full‐load efficiency okW/ton for base‐loaded chillers or an IPLV efficiency of 0.78 kW/ton and 0.80 k

chillers with seasonally variable loads that are less than 150 tons and more tharespectively.

• The highest efficiency reciprocating chillers incorporate some of the following:

— Multiple compressors for staged capacity control

— Improved heat‐exchangers

98

Commercial Reciprocating Chillers
99

Commercial Screw Chillers

1 COP and kW/ton efficiencies listed are for full load rated conditions as well as integrated part load value (IPLV), which is mo

performance.

2 2013 typical, mid, and high efficiency levels determined base on the range of products currently available on the market.

* Capacity is output

DATA

2003 2012 2013 2020 20

Installed Base Current Standard Typical Mid High Typical High Typical 

Typical Capacity (tons)

100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 300 300 300 300 300 300 300 300 300 

Efficiency [full‐load] (kW/ton) 1.26 1.26 1.25 1.24 1.13 1.02 1.08 0.99 1.04 Efficiency [IPLV] (kW/ton) 1.15 1.13 0.94 0.94 0.77 0.61 0.70 0.58 0.65 COP [full‐load] 2.80 2.80 2.81 2.84 3.10 3.46 3.26 3.55 3.38 

COP [IPLV] 3.05 3.12 3.74 3.74 4.58 5.80 5.02 6.06 5.41 Average Life (yrs) 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 

Retail Equipment Cost ($/ton)

300 500 500 500 600 700 600 700 600 400 600 600 600 700 800 700 800 700 

Total Installed Cost ($/ton)

375 625 625 625 725 825 725 825 725 500 800 800 800 900 1,000 900 1,000 900 

Annual Maintenance Cost ($/ton)

11 11 11 11 11 11 11 11 11 53 53 53 53 53 53 53 53 53 

Higher typical efficiencies than reference case
• For most chiller applications the seasonal performance (represented by the in

load value; IPLV) is more indicative of performance than the full‐load perforconditions. The IPLV does not necessarily correlate well to the full‐load efficefficiency parameters are listed in the comparison table.

• Screw chillers are available from ~50‐1100 tons but are most cost effective for 

loads. Screw chillers dominate the current market for small to mid‐size chille

• Screw chillers can be used in either air‐cooled or water cooled applications. S

shown in the data are air‐cooled. Air‐cooled chillers are less efficient than th

models. Listed efficiencies include matched condensers and their associated 

required for compliance with ASHRAE 90.1‐2010).

• ASHRAE 90.1‐2010 instituted separate minimum efficiency requirements for 

chillers more and less than 150 tons and both sets of requirements are more s

90.1‐2007. The 90.1‐2007 requirements were the same as 90.1‐2004.

• The most recent Federal Energy Management Program (FEMP) recommenda

reciprocating chillers (updated December 2012) include a full‐load efficiency 

kW/ton for base‐loaded chillers or an IPLV efficiency of 0.78 kW/ton and 0.80 chillers with seasonally variable loads that are less than 150 tons and more threspectively.

• The highest efficiency screw chillers incorporate some of the following:

— Variable speed compressors and/or multiple compressors

— Economizers— Improved heat‐exchangers

100

Commercial Screw Chillers
101

Commercial Scroll Chillers

DATA

2003 2007 2010 2020 2030 

Installed Base Typical Typical Typical 

Typical Capacity (tons) 20‐140 20‐140 20‐140 20‐140 20‐140 

Efficiency [full‐load/IPLV] (kW/ton1) 1.26 / 1.15 1.26 / 1.15 1.19/0.80 1.19/0.80 1.19/0.80 

COP [full‐load/IPLV] 1 2.80 / 3.05 2.80 / 3.05 2.96/4.40 2.96/4.40 2.96/4.40 

Average Life (yrs) 20 20 20 20 20 

Retail Equipment Cost ($/ton) 300‐400 300‐400 350‐450 350‐450 350‐450 

Total Installed Cost ($/ton) 400‐500 400‐500 450‐550 450‐550 450‐550 Annual Maintenance Cost ($/ton) 35‐50 35‐50 35‐50 35‐50 35‐50 

1 COP and kW/ton efficiencies listed are for full load rated conditions as well as integrated part load value (IPLV), which is

more indicative of annual performance.

2 2013 typical, mid, and high efficiency levels determined base on the range of products currently available on the market.

* Capacity is output

DATA

2003 2012 2013 2020 2030 

Installed Base Current Standard Typical2 Mid2 High Typical High Typical 

Typical Capacity (tons)*

20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 

140 140 140 140 140 140 140 140 140 

Efficiency [full‐load](kW/ton)1 1.26 1.23 1.25 1.17 1.14 1.11 1.14 1.09 1.11 

Efficiency [IPLV] (kW/ton)1 1.15 0.99 0.94 0.77 0.75 0.72 0.75 0.71 0.73 COP [full‐load]1 2.80 2.88 2.81 3.02 3.08 3.17 3.08 3.23 3.17 COP [IPLV] 1 3.05 3.67 3.74 4.54 4.67 4.86 4.67 4.99 4.82 Average Life (yrs) 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 

Retail Equipment Cost

($/ton)

320 450 450 450 550 650 550 650 550 420 550 550 550 650 800 650 800 650 

Total Installed Cost ($/ton)

420 700 700 700 800 900 800 900 800 530 800 800 800 900 1050 900 1050 900 

Annual Maintenance Cost

($/ton)

37 37 37 37 37 37 37 37 37 53 53 53 53 53 53 53 53 53 

Same as reference case
• For most chiller applications the seasonal performance (represented by th

part‐load value; IPLV) is more indicative of performance than the full‐loaat rated conditions. The IPLV does not necessarily correlate well to the fu

efficiency, so both efficiency parameters are listed in the comparison table

• Scroll chillers can be used in either air‐cooled or water cooled application

chillers shown in the data are air‐cooled, which is most common. Air‐coo

less efficient than the water‐cooled models. Listed efficiencies include ma

condensers and their associated energy use (as required for compliance w

90.1‐2010).

• ASHRAE 90.1‐2010 instituted separate minimum efficiency requirements 

chillers more and less than 150 tons and both sets of requirements are mo

than 90.1‐2007. The 90.1‐2007 requirements were the same as 90.1‐2004.

• The most recent Federal Energy Management Program (FEMP) recommen

reciprocating chillers (updated December 2012) include a full‐load efficien

less kW/ton for base‐loaded chillers or an IPLV efficiency of 0.78 kW/ton kW/ton for chillers with seasonally variable loads that are less than 150 tothan 150 tons, respectively.

• The highest efficiency scroll chillers incorporate some of the following:

— Multiple compressors for staged capacity control

— Improved heat‐exchangers

102

Commercial Scroll Chillers
103

Commercial Rooftop Air Conditioners

* Values shown are for air‐cooled units with either electric resistance heating or no heating within the same enclosure.

Higher typical efficiencies with the same costs as ref. case despite increased efficiency

DATA

2003 2012 2013 2020 2030 

Installed Base Current Standard Typical ENERGY STAR High Typical High Typical Hig

Typical Output Capacity(kBtu/h) 90 90 90 90 90 90 90 90 90 Efficiency (EER)* 9.2 10.6 11.2 11.2 11.7 13.9 11.5 13.9 11.7 13

Part Load Efficiecny (IEER) ‐ 12.4 ‐ 12.4 11.8 20.8 12.7 20.8 14.0 20

Average Life (yrs) 15 15 15 15 15 15 15 15 15 Retail Equipment Cost ($)

3,500 5,850 5,850 5,850 6,450 21,500 6,250 21,500 6,250 21,54,800 6,900 6,900 6,900 7,500 22,500 7,300 22,500 7,300 22,5

Total Installed Cost ($)

5,300 8,000 8,000 8,000 8,600 23,500 8,400 23,500 8,400 23,56,600 9,050 9,050 9,050 9,650 25,500 9,450 25,500 9,450 25,5

Annual Maintenance Cost ($)

160 160 160 160 160 160 160 160 160 1320 320 320 320 320 320 320 320 320 3
• This analysis focused on small air‐cooled commercial packaged air condit

kBtu/h or 7.5 tons), though there are also standards for many other types 

air conditioners.

• The high efficiency unit includes a variable capacity digital scroll compres

saves energy during off‐design hours—approximately 17% annual energy 

a typical unit.

104

Commercial Rooftop Air Conditioners

Cooling Capacity(kBtu/h) Heating Type

Federal Standard

Effective 1/1/2010

Min. EER

ENERGY STAR 

Effective 

Min. EER 

Small( ≥ 65 and < 135)

Electric resistanceor none

11.2 11.7 

Any other type 11.0 11.5 

Large(≥ 135 and < 240)

Electric resistanceor none

11.0 11.7 

Any other type 10.8 11.5 

Air‐Cooled Commercial Packaged Air Conditioners
105

Commercial Gas-Fired Engine-Driven Rooftop Air Conditioners

* Capacity is output

DATA

2003 2012 2013 2020 2030 

Installed Base Typical Typical Typical 

Typical Capacity (tons) 25 18 11 11 11 

Heating COP NA 1.4 1.4 1.4 1.4 Cooling COP 0.7 0.9 1.1 1.1 1.1 Average Life (yrs) 15 15 15 15 15 

Retail Equipment Cost ($/ton)

800 2,700 2,700 2,700 2,700 900 3,300 3,300 3,300 3,300 

Total Installed Cost ($/ton)

1,300 3,100 3,100 3,100 3,100 1,400 4,100 4,100 4,100 4,100 

Annual Maintenance Cost ($) 59 59 59 59 59 

Same as reference case
• The only gas‐fired engine‐driven rooftop unit currently available in the 

NextAire (an Aisin Seiki product line). It is an 11 ton packaged heat pum

scroll compressors, variable refrigerant flow, and a variable speed supp

coolant heat recovery improves the heating mode COP. This heat pump 

introduced in 2010.

• There are currently no Federal requirements on gas‐fired engine‐driven 

conditioners or heat pumps.

• Annual sales of the engine‐driven rooftop heat pump are estimated at le

units per year.

106

Commercial Gas-Fired Engine-Driven Rooftop Air Conditioners/Heat Pumps
107

Commercial Rooftop Heat Pumps

* Values shown are for air‐cooled units with either electric resistance heating or no heating within the same enclosure.

** ENERGY STAR qualified products must also have IEER of 11.4 or greater.

Higher typical efficiencies and lower costs for a given efficiency level

DATA

2003 2012 2013 2020 2030 

Installed Base Current Standard Typical ENERGY STAR** High Typical High Typical High 

Typical Capacity (kBtu/h) 90 90 90 90 90 90 90 90 90 90 

Efficiency (EER)* 9.3 10.2 11.0 11.0 11.3 12.0 11.3 12.0 11.7 12.0 

Part Load Efficiecny (IEER) ‐ 12.0 ‐ 12.0 11.4 20.2 12.0 20.2 14.0 20.2 COP (Heating) 3.1 3.25 3.3 3.3 3.35 3.4 3.35 3.4 3.35 3.4 Average Life (yrs) 15 15 15 15 15 15 15 15 15 15 

Retail Equipment Cost ($)

3,700 5,300 5,300 5,300 5,500 5,850 5,400 5,750 5,500 5,650 4,800 6,400 6,400 6,400 6,600 6,900 6,500 6,800 6,600 6,700 

Total Installed Cost ($)

5,300 6,900 6,900 6,900 7,100 8,400 6,900 8,250 7,200 7,850 6,900 7,750 7,750 7,750 7,950 10,100 8,000 9,300 8,300 8,900 

Annual Maintenance Cost ($)

105 105 105 105 105 105 105 105 105 105 160 160 160 160 160 160 160 160 160 160 
• This analysis focused on small air‐cooled commercial packaged heat pump

7.5 tons), though there are also standards for many other types of commer

108

Commercial Rooftop Heat Pumps

CoolingCapacity(kBtu/h)

Heating Type

Federal Standard

Effective 1/1/2010

ENERGY STAR 

Effective 1

Min. EER Min. COP

at 47°F Min. EER Min. IE

Small( ≥ 65 and < 135)

Electric resistanceor none

11.0 3.3 11.3 11.4 

Any other type 10.8 3.3 ––

Large(≥ 135 and < 240)

Electric resistanceor none

10.6 3.2 10.9 11.0 

Any other type 10.4 3.2 – – 

Air‐Cooled Commercial Packaged Heat Pumps
109

Commercial Ground Source Heat Pumps

Higher typical efficiencies and lower costs than ref. case

DATA

2003 2012 2013 2020 2030 

Installed Base Current Standard Typical Mid High Typical High Typical 

Typical Capacity (kBtu/h) 48 48 48 48 48 48 48 48 48 

COP (Heating) 3.4 3.5 3.1 3.6 3.7 4 4 4.2 4.2 

EER (Cooling) 13.8 14 13.4 17.1 17.6 20.6 20 22 22 

Average Life (yrs) 25 25 25 25 25 25 25 25 25 Retail Equipment Cost ($)

6,000 6,000 6,000 6,500 7,000 8,500 6,400 8,500 6,300 

11,000 11,000 7,000 7,500 8,500 11,000 7,400 11,000 7,300 1

Total Installed Cost ($)

16,000 16,000 16,000 16,500 17,000 18,500 16,400 18,500 16,300 136,400 36,400 32,400 32,900 33,900 36,400 32,800 36,400 32,700 3

Annual Maintenance Cost ($) 150 150 150 150 150 150 150 150 150 
• The most common commercial ground source heat pump systems are closed‐loop in w

anti‐freeze solution is circulated through plastic pipes buried underground. Commerc

heat pumps (WAHPs) range in size from 1 ton or less to over 500 tons depending on w

distributed or centralized architecture is used. Distributed systems are more prevalen

• Most geothermal WAHPs are rated for capacity and efficiency based on the ISO 13256

Heating and cooling efficiency measurements under this standard include input energ

pumps on a proportional basis that only includes that power required to transport air 

through the heat pump. The reason for this method is to simplify comparisons betwee

to allow equipment to be optimized for real world conditions without suffering rating world energy use will exceed ratings predictions as a result of higher fluid static press

• ISO 13256‐1 cooling rating conditions call for 77F entering water temperature and 80.6

temperature. More typical peak design criteria would be 80‐90F entering water tempe

entering air temperature. As a result, ISO 13256‐1 rated cooling efficiency would be hi

design peak operation.

• Some WAHPs include efficiency data for a part load operating condition as allowed by 

multiple stage or variable speed compressors. No seasonal energy efficiency metric (a

or IEER) currently applies to WAHPs. The annual performance of a geothermal WAH

more widely than for other system types due to the large influence of ground loop des

characteristics.

• The ENERGY STAR® criteria for ground source heat pumps apply only to residential a

• Installation cost is for a closed loop system and includes necessary accessories. The gr

exchanger and distribution pumping systems represent a majority of the installation co

• Low end WAHPs utilize single stage compressors. Higher efficiency units incorporate 

variable speed compressor controls to improve efficiency as well as humidity and tem

Variable speed electronically commutated (EC) fan motors also improve overall energy 

110

Commercial Ground Source Heat Pumps
111

Commercial Electric Resistance Heaters

* Capacity is output

** Annual Maintenance Cost is negligible

DATA

2003 2012 2013 2020 2030 

Installed Base

Small Large Small Large Small 

Small Large Small Large

Typical Capacity (kBtu/h)* 17 170 17 170 17 170 17 170 17 Efficiency (%) 0.98 0.98 0.98 0.98 0.98 0.98 0.98 0.98 0.98 

Average Life (yrs) 18 18 18 18 18 18 18 18 18 

Retail Equipment Cost ($)

500 3,400 500 3,400 500 3,500 500 3,500 500 700 3,800 700 3,800 700 3,900 700 3,900 700 

Total Installed Cost ($)

600 3,500 600 3,500 650 4,000 650 4,000 650 800 3,900 800 3,900 850 4,500 850 4,500 850 

Annual Maintenance Cost ($)** ‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐

Same as reference case
• This analysis examined electric unit heaters.

• Electric unit heaters range in capacity from 2 to 100 kW (7 to 340 kBtu/h

kW (17 to 170 kBtu/hr) being the most typical units on the market.

• Electric resistance heaters are considered near 100% efficient because the

loss through ducts or combustion. For this analysis, the efficiency is 98% 

IR losses and fan inefficiency.

• Installation time and costs are estimated to be minimal.

112

Commercial Electric Resistance Heaters
113

Commercial Gas Storage Water Heaters

DATA

2003 2012 2013 2020 2030 

Installed Base Current Standard Typical High Typical High Typical H

Typical Storage Capacity (gal) 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 

Typical Input Capacity (kBtu/h) 200 200 200 200 200 200 200 200 

Thermal Efficiency (%) 77 79 80 80 99 85 99 92 

Average Life (yrs) 13 13 13 13 13 13 13 13 

Retail Equipment Cost (2013$)

3,000 3,200 3,700 3,700 5,300 4,000 5,121 4,500 44,500 4,800 6,100 6,100 6,900 6,150 6,667 6,200 6

Total Installed Cost (2013$)

3,530 3,730 4,230 4,230 5,830 4,530 5,651 5,030 55,030 5,330 6,630 6,630 7,430 6,680 7,197 6,730 6

Annual Maintenance Cost (2013$)

110 110 110 110 110 110 110 110 210 210 210 210 210 210 210 210 

Higher typical efficiencies than ref. case
• Input capacity ≥ 75,000 Btu/h

• Federal standard:

— Minimum thermal efficiency: 80%

— Maximum standby loss: Input Rate/800 + 110 × (Rated Volume)1/2

• ENERGY STAR requirements:

— Minimum thermal efficiency: 94%

— Maximum standby loss: 0.84 × [(Input Rate/800) + 110 × (Rated Volu

• Baseline units are constructed similarly to residential units, though typi

greater storage and/or input capacities.

• High‐efficiency integrated units feature condensing heat exchangers, co

either stainless or enameled tubing and an inducer fan system or power 

Other designs incorporate an external heating module with a storage tan

assembly. Either design approach can yield a condensing appliance.

• Maintenance consists of sediment and scale removal once or twice per y

Estimated cost of $100–$200 per year for one or two cleanings performed 

plumber.

114

Commercial Gas Storage Water Heaters
Annual shipments dropped almost 20 percent over 12 year

99 thousand units in 2000 to 80 thousand units in 2012.

115

Commercial Gas Storage Water Heaters

Source: Appliance Magazine. (Also available from http://www.ahrinet.org/historical+data.aspx)

0

20406080

100120

2000 2002 2004 2006 2008 2010 

Unit Shipments (thousands)

Gas Storage Water Heaters
116

Commercial Electric Resistance Water Heaters

DATA

2003 2012 2013 2020 2

Installed Base Current Standard Typical Typical Ty

Typical Storage Capacity (gal) 120 120 120 120 120 

Typical Input Capacity (kW) 45 45 54 54 54 

Thermal Efficiency (%) 98 98 98 98 98 

Average Life (yrs) 13 13 13 13 13 

Retail Equipment Cost ($)

3600 3600 3600 3600 3600 5600 5600 5600 5600 5600 

Total Installed Cost ($)

4240 4240 4240 4240 4240 6340 6340 6340 6340 6340 

Annual Maintenance Cost ($)

110 110 110 110 110 210 210 210 210 210 

Same as reference case
• Federal standard:

— Maximum standby loss: 0.30 + 27/Measured Storage Volume

— Minimum thermal efficiency: no standard, but all units ≥ 98% anyw

• Storage capacity: typically 50 to 120 gallons, though larger units exist fo

applications

• Maintenance consists of sediment and scale removal once or twice per y

cost of $100–$200 per year for one or two cleanings performed by a plum

117

Commercial Electric Resistance Water Heaters
118

Commercial Electric Resistance Water Heaters

Annual shipments increased more than 50 percent over 12 y

44 thousand units in 2000 to 67 thousand units in 2012.

0

1020304050607080

2000 2002 2004 2006 2008 2010 

Unit Shipments (thousands)

Electric Storage Water Heaters

Source: Appliance Magazine. (Also available from http://www.ahrinet.org/historical+data.aspx)
119

Commercial Oil-Fired Water Heaters

Higher typical efficiencies than ref. case

DATA

2003 2012 2013 2020 2030 

Installed Base Current Standard Typical High Typical High Typical High 

Typical Storage Capacity (gal) 70 70 70 70 70 70 70 70 Typical Input Capacity (kBtu/h) 300 300 140 140 140 140 140 140 1Thermal Efficiency (%) 78 79 78 80 85 82 85 84 Average Life (yrs) 13 13 13 13 13 13 13 13 

Retail Equipment Cost ($) 4,360 4,420 4,360 6,500 8,500 7,250 8,500 8,000 8,5Total Installed Cost ($) 4,890 4,950 4,890 7,030 9,030 7,780 9,030 8,530 9,0Annual Maintenance Cost ($)

110 110 110 110 110 110 110 110 1210 210 210 210 210 210 210 210 2
• Input capacity ≥ 105,000 Btu/h

• Federal standard:

— Minimum thermal efficiency: 78%

— Maximum standby loss: Input Rate/800 + 110 × (Rated Volume)1/2

• Condensing units do not exist, thus the highest attainable thermal efficie

• Maintenance consists of sediment and scale removal once or twice per y

cost of $100–$200 per year for one or two cleanings performed by a plum

120

Commercial Oil-Fired Water Heaters
121

Commercial Gas-Fired Instantaneous Water Heaters

* Maintenance costs are negligible.

Higher typical efficiencies than ref. case

DATA

2003 2012 2013 2020 2

Installed Base Current Standard Typical High Typical High Typic

Typical Capacity (kBtu/h)

180 180 180 180 180 180 180 180 230 230 250 250 250 250 250 250 

Thermal Efficiency (%) 76 78 80 89 97 91 97 94 Average Life (yrs) 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 

Retail Equipment Cost ($)

530 640 850 1,300 1,500 1,350 1,500 1,425 800 900 1,050 1,650 1,850 1,700 1,850 1,775 

Total Installed Cost ($)

680 790 1,000 1,550 1,750 1,600 1,750 1,675 950 1,050 1,200 2,200 2,400 2,250 2,400 2,325 

Annual Maintenance Cost ($)* ‐‐‐‐ ‐‐‐
• Input capacity ≥ 200,000 Btu/h

• Federal standard:

— Minimum thermal efficiency: 80%

— Maximum standby loss: Input Rate/800 + 110 x (Rated Volume)1/2

• ENERGY STAR requirements:

— Minimum thermal efficiency: 94%

— Maximum standby loss: 0.84 x [(Input Rate/800) + 110 x (Rated Volu

• Use similar technologies for improving energy efficiency as residential s

however, unlike condensing residential systems, condensing commercia

typically do not use multiple heat exchangers.

• Depending on the manufacturer, input ratings for condensing systems u

at 800,000 Btu/h, requiring the use of multiple units for staging purposethere are reliability, comfort, and efficiency benefits to staging multiple 

• When replacing a storage water heater with an instantaneous water hea

be significant additional costs to upsize the gas supply line and change t

122

Commercial Gas-Fired Instantaneous Water Heaters
123

Commercial Electric Booster Water Heaters

* Annual Maintenance Cost is negligible

DATA

2003 2012 2013 2020 2030 

Installed Base Typical Typical Typical 

Typical Capacity (gal)

66666

16 16 16 16 16 

Thermal Efficiency (%) 98 98 98 98 98 Average Life (yrs)

33333

10 10 10 10 10 

Retail Equipment Cost ($)

1300 1250 1250 1250 1250 1600 2700 2700 2700 2700 

Total Installed Cost ($)

1500 1450 1450 1450 1450 1800 2900 2900 2900 2900 

Annual Maintenance Cost ($)* ‐‐‐‐‐

Same as reference case
124

Commercial Gas Booster Water Heaters

DATA

2003 2012 2013 2020 2030 

Installed Base Current Standard Typical High Typical High Typical H

Typical Capacity (gal)

63333333

10 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 

Thermal Efficiency (%) 79 80 80 80 91 82 93 85 Average Life (yrs)

3333333388888888

Retail Equipment Cost ($)

5,300 4,500 4,500 4,500 8,000 4,500 8,000 4,500 6,400 6,500 6,500 6,500 10,000 6,500 10,000 6,500 1

Total Installed Cost ($)

5,600 4,800 4,800 4,800 8,300 4,800 8,300 4,800 6,700 6,800 6,800 6,800 10,300 6,800 10,300 6,800 1

Annual Maintenance Cost ($) 160 160 160 160 160 160 160 160 

Same as reference case
• Booster water heaters are installed, often at the point of use, in series wi

service water heating system to boost service water temperatures. The m

water heating system may provide 110‐140F water, and the booster waincrease that temperature to 180‐195F. Typical commercial application

water heaters include commercial dishwashers, laundromats, hospitals, 

• There is currently no energy efficiency standard for electric booster wat

booster water heater minimum efficiency is dictated by ASHRAE Stand

under the “gas instantaneous water heaters” category.

• Booster water heaters typically have short lifetimes because of high usag

temperatures.

• Typical sales are small due to the limited number of applications.

125

Commercial Booster Water Heaters
126

Commercial Gas Griddles

* Maintenance costs are negligible.

Higher typical efficiencies than ref. case

DATA

2003 2012 2013 2020 2030 

Installed Base Typical ENERGY STAR High Typical High Typical Hig

Cooking Surface (ft2) 12.0 12.0 12.0 12.0 12.0 12.0 12.0 12.0 1

Cooking Energy Efficiency (%) 30 30 30 38 52 33 52 37 

Normalized Idle Energy Rate (Btu/h/ft2) 3,000 3,000 3,000 2,650 1,180 2,760 1,180 2,430 1,

Average Life (yrs) 22 22 22 22 22 22 22 22 

Retail Equipment Cost ($) 5,000 5,000 5,000 5,360 6,160 5,150 6,160 5,365 6,Total Installed Cost ($) 5,150 5,150 5,150 5,510 6,310 5,300 6,310 5,515 6,

Annual Maintenance Cost ($)* ––––––––
127

Commercial Electric Griddles

* Maintenance costs are negligible.

DATA

2003 2012 2013 2020 2030 

Installed Base Typical ENERGY STAR High Typical High Typical Hig

Cooking Surface (ft2) 12.0 12.0 12.0 12.0 12.0 12.0 12.0 12.0 1

Cooking Energy Efficiency (%) 65 65 65 70 82 67 82 70 

Normalized Idle Energy Rate (W/ft2) 440 440 440 320 210 410 210 370 

Average Life (yrs) 22 22 22 22 22 22 22 22 

Retail Equipment Cost ($) 7,800 7,800 7,800 7,800 9,000 7,800 9,000 7,800 9,

Total Installed Cost ($) 7,950 7,950 7,950 7,950 9,150 7,950 9,150 7,950 9,

Annual Maintenance Cost ($)* ––––––––

Higher typical efficiencies with the same costs as ref. case despite increased efficiency
• Used throughout the hospitality industry to crisp, brown, sear, warm, an

• Transfers heat to food by direct contact with a hot plate, usually made of 

• Energy performance metrics are “Cooking Efficiency” (%) and “Normali

Consumption Rate” (Watts/ft2), measured using ASTM F1275‐03 and AST

• No Federal standards, but ENERGY STAR criteria version 1.1 took effect 

and became more stringent on January 1, 2011 for electric griddles.

• Price premiums for ENERGY STAR qualified products: estimated at $0 fo

$360 for gas models.

• Incentives ranging from $25 to $600 per unit available from more than 30 

states.

• Energy savings achieved by using highly conductive or reflective plate m

improved thermostatic controls, sub‐griddle insulation (electric only), an

strategic placement of thermocouples to better regulate temperature.

128

Commercial Gas and Electric Griddles

ENERGY STAR Requirements Gas Elec

Cooking Energy Efficiency ≥ 38% ≥ 7

Normalized Idle Energy Rate ≤ 2,650 Btu/h per ft2 ≤ 320 Wa
129

Commercial Hot Food Holding Cabinets

* Maintenance costs are negligible.

DATA

2003 2012 2013 2020 2030 

Installed Base

State

Standard

s

Typical ENERGY STAR High Typical High Typical H

Interior Volume (ft3) 21.4 21.4 21.4 21.4 21.4 21.4 21.4 21.4 21.4 

Maximum Idle Energy Rate (W) 1,400 900 856 856 297 154 700 154 500 

Average Life (yrs) 12 12 12 12 12 12 12 12 12 

Retail Equipment Cost ($) 2,400 2,400 2,400 2,400 2,400 2,800 2,400 2,800 2,400 2

Total Installed Cost ($) 2,400 2,400 2,400 2,400 2,400 2,800 2,400 2,800 2,400 2Annual Maintenance Cost ($)* –––––––––

Higher typical efficiencies with the same costs as ref. case despite increased efficiency
• Used in commercial kitchens to keep food warm until it is served.

• Many shapes and sizes, but interior volumes around 21.4 ft3 typical in ma

• Annual unit energy consumption can range from < 1,000 to > 30,000 kWh

on size, efficiency, and usage.

• Energy performance metric is “Idle Energy Consumption Rate” in Watts, 

using ASTM Standard F2140‐11.

• No Federal standards, but eight identical State standards, first took effect 

in 2006, now considered the typical or “baseline” product. ENERGY STA

took effect October 1, 2011.

• Maximum Idle Energy Consumption Rate for products 12 ≤ V < 28:

— State standards: ≤ 40 × V (baseline)

— ENERGY STAR: ≤ 2.0 × V + 254 (about 65% below baseline)

where V is interior volume in ft3.

• Small, if any, price premium for ENERGY STAR qualified products, yet i

ranging from $110 to $900 per unit are available from more than 25 utiliti

• The most efficient products are about 80% below baseline.• Energy savings achieved with insulation, automatic door closers, magnet

gaskets, and Dutch doors (half‐doors).

130

Commercial Hot Food Holding Cabinets
131

Appendix A

Data Sources

Nav

1200 

Was

www.nav

A‐1
Data Sources » Residential Gas-Fired Water Heaters

SOURCES

2009 2013 2020 203

Installed

Base

Current

Standard Typical ENERGY STAR High Typical 

Typical Capacity (gal) AHRI / Distributors EERE AHRI ENERGY STAR AHRI

Navig

Energy Factor AHRI EERE AHRI ENERGY STAR AHRI

Average Life (yrs) EERE

Retail Equipment Cost ($) Distributors EERE Distributors

Total Installed Cost ($)

Distributors /

RS Means

2010

EERE

Annual Maintenance Cost

($) EERE EERE

A‐2
Data Sources » Residential Oil Water Heaters

SOURCES

2009 2013 2020 2030 

Installed

Base

Current

Standard Typical Mid‐Level High Typical 

Typical Capacity (gal) AHRI / Distributors EERE AHRI AHRI AHRI

Navig

Energy Factor AHRI EERE AHRI

Average Life (yrs) EERE

Retail Equipment Cost ($) Distributors EERE

Total Installed Cost ($)

Distributors /

RS Means

2007

EERE

Annual Maintenance Cost($) EERE EERE

A‐3
Data Sources » Residential Electric Resistance Water Heaters

SOURCES

2009 2013 2020 203

Installed Base Current Standard Typical High Typical 

Typical Capacity (gal) AHRI / Distributors EERE AHRI AHRI

Navig

Energy Factor AHRI EERE AHRI AHRI

Average Life (yrs) EERE

Retail Equipment Cost ($) Distributors EERE DistributorsTotal Installed Cost ($) Distributors / RS Means 2010 EERE

Annual Maintenance Cost ($) EERE EERE

A‐4
Data Sources » Residential Heat Pump Water Heaters

SOURCES

2009 2013 2020 203

Installed Base ENERGY STAR High Typical 

Typical Capacity (gal) AHRI EERE ENERGY STAR

Navig

Energy Factor AHRI ENERGY STAR

Average Life (yrs) EERE

Retail Equipment Cost ($) RS Means 2010 / ACEEE, 2007 Distributors

Total Installed Cost ($) RS Means 2010 / ACEEE, 2007 Distributors

Annual Maintenance Cost ($) EERE

A‐5
Data Sources » Residential Instantaneous Water Heaters

SOURCES

2009 2013 2020 203

Installed

Base

Current

Standard Typical ENERGY STAR High Typical 

Typical Capacity (kBtu/hr) EERE AHRI ENERGY STAR / AHRI ENERGY STAR

Navig

Energy Factor Distributors EERE AHRI ENERGY STAR

Average Life (yrs) EERE

Retail Equipment Cost ($)

Distributors /

RS Means

2010

Distributors

Total Installed Cost ($) DEER, 2008 DistributorsAnnual Maintenance Cost ($) Navigant EERE

A‐6
Data Sources » Residential Solar Water Heaters

SOURCES

2009 2013 2020 2030 

Installed Base Current Standard Typical Typical

Typical Capacity (sq. ft.) SRCC

SAIC

Overall Efficiency (Solar Fraction) 0.3‐0.5 (RETScreen); 0.58‐0.83 (SRCC); 0.5‐0.75 (EERE)

Solar Energy Factor ENERGY STAR range=0.53‐47, median=2, average=2.83

Average Life (yrs) 20 year system life (EERE); Collector warranties are 10 years (ENERGY STAR/SRCC)

Retail Equipment Cost1 ($) RS Means

Total Installed Cost1 ($) RS Means

1 Costs are for an indirect (active closed loop) system, including tank and backup heater. Smaller capacity/cost sy

typical for southern & western states (>2/3 of the current market). Higher capacity/cost systems are required in

colder/cloudier regions.

2 ENERGY STAR requires OG‐300 rating from SRCC. Most installations use SRCC rated collectors; a high efficiency 

applicable.

A‐7
Data Sources » Residential Gas-Fired Furnaces

SOURCES

2009 2013 2020 203

Installed

Base

Current

Standard Typical ENERGY STAR High Typical 

Typical Input Capacity(kBtu/h) Navigant EERE

Navig

AFUE (%) Navigant EERE EERE ENERGY STAR ENERGY STAR AHRIElectric Consumption

(kWh/yr) EERE EERE

Average Life (yrs) Appliance Magazine, 2012

Retail Equipment Cost ($) EERE EERE

Total Installed Cost ($) EERE EEREAnnual Maintenance Cost($) EERE EERE

A‐8
Data Sources » Residential Oil-Fired Furnaces

A‐9

SOURCES

2009 2013 2020 203

Installed

Base

Current

Standard Typical ENERGY STAR High Typical 

Typical Input Capacity (kBtu/h) Navigant EERE

Navig

AFUE (%) Navigant EERE EERE ENERGY STAR AHRI

Electric Consumption (kWh) EERE

Average Life (yrs) Appliance Magazine, 2012

Retail Equipment Cost ($) EERE

Total Installed Cost ($) EERE

Annual Maintenance Cost ($) EERE
Data Sources » Residential Gas-Fired Boilers

A‐10

SOURCES

2009 2013 2020 203

Installed

Base

Current

Standard Typical ENERGY STAR High Typical 

Typical Input Capacity (kBtu/h) EERE 2007

Navig

AFUE (%) EERE 2007 / Navigant EERE 2007 EERE 2007 / Navigant ENERGY STAR AHRI

Average Life (yrs) Appliance Magazine, 2012

Retail Equipment Cost ($) EERE 2007

Total Installed Cost ($) EERE 2007

Annual Maintenance Cost ($) EERE 2007
Data Sources » Residential Oil-Fired Boilers

A‐11

SOURCES

2009 2013 2020 203

Installed

Base

Current

Standard Typical ENERGY STAR High Typical 

Typical Input Capacity

(kBtu/h) EERE

Navig

AFUE (%) EERE / Navigant EERE EERE / Navigant ENERGY STAR AHRI

Average Life (yrs) EERERetail Equipment Cost ($) EERE

Total Installed Cost ($) EERE

Annual Maintenance Cost ($) EERE
Data Sources » Residential Room Air Conditioners

A‐12

SOURCES

2009 2013 2020 203

Installed

Base

Current

Standard Typical ENERGY STAR High Typical 

Typical Capacity (kBtu/hr) Distributors AHAM

Navig

EER and CEER Navigant EERE CCMS ENERGY STAR CCMSAverage Life (yrs)

Appliance

Magazine,

2012

Appliance Magazine, 2012

Retail Equipment Cost ($) Distributors EERE

Total Installed Cost ($) Distributors EERE

Annual Maintenance Cost ($) Navigant Navigant
Data Sources » Residential Central Air Conditioners

A‐13

SOURCES

2009 2013 2020 203

Installed

Base

Current

Standard Typical ENERGY STAR High Typical 

Typical Capacity (kBtu/h) EERE

Navig

SEER Navigant eCFR EERE ENERGY STAR AHRI

Average Life (yrs) EERE / Navigant

Retail Equipment Cost ($) EERE Navigant

Total Installed Cost ($) EERE Navigant

Annual Maintenance Cost ($) EERE

SOURCES

2009 2013 2020 203

Installed

Base

Current

Standard Typical ENERGY STAR High Typical 

Typical Capacity (kBtu/h) EERE

Navig

SEER Navigant eCFR EERE ENERGY STAR AHRIAverage Life (yrs) EERE / Navigant

Retail Equipment Cost ($) EERE / Navigant Navigant

Total Installed Cost ($) EERE / Navigant Navigant

Annual Maintenance Cost ($) EERE

South (Hot

‐Dry and Hot

‐Humid)

North (Rest of Country)
Data Sources » Residential Air Source Heat Pumps

A‐14

SOURCES

2009 2013 2020 203

Installed

Base

Current

Standard Typical ENERGY STAR High Typical 

Typical Capacity (kBtu/h) EERE / AHRI

Navig

SEER (Cooling) Navigant eCFR CCMS ENERGY STAR CCMS

HSPF (Heating) Navigant eCFR EERE ENERGY STAR CCMSAverage Life (yrs) EERE / NavigantRetail Equipment Cost ($) EERE

Total Installed Cost ($) EERE

Annual Maintenance Cost ($) EERE
Data Sources » Residential Ground Source Heat Pumps

A‐15

SOURCES

2009 2013 2020 2030 

Installed

Base

Current

Standard Typical ENERGY STAR High Typical / Hi

Typical Capacity (kBTU/h) AHRI/SAIC

SAIC

COP (Heating) SAIC ASHRAE 90.1‐2010 SAIC ENERGY STAR

ENERGY

STAR

Product

Finder/

Product

Literature

EER (Cooling) SAIC ASHRAE 90.1‐2010 SAIC ENERGY STAR

ENERGY

STAR

Product

Finder/

Product

Literature

Average Life (yrs) System life 25 years, ground loop life 50 years (DOE)

Retail Equipment Cost ($) Distributors/IGSHPA/EERE/SAIC

Total Installed Cost ($) Distributors/IGSHPA/EERE/SAICAnnual Maintenance Cost ($) SAIC
Data Sources » Residential Gas Heat Pumps

A‐16

SOURCES

2009 2013 2020 2030 

Installed Base Typical Typical

Typical Capacity (kBTU/h) Manufacturer

SAIC

Heating (COP) Product LiteratureCooling (COP) Product Literature

Annual Electric Use (kWh/yr) Product Literature/SAICAverage Life (yrs) SAIC

Retail Equipment Cost ($) PERC/SAIC

Total Installed Cost ($) SAIC

Annual Maintenance Cost ($) SAIC
A‐17

Data Sources » Residential Electric Resistance Furnaces

SOURCES

2009 2013 2020 2030 

Installed Base Typical Typical

Typical Capacity (kBTU/h) Distributor/SAIC

SAIC

Efficiency (%) DOE/SAICAverage Life (yrs) Distributors

Retail Equipment Cost ($) RS Means 2013/SAIC

Total Installed Cost ($) RS Means 2013/SAIC

Annual Maintenance Cost ($) SAIC
A‐18

SOURCES

2009 2013 2020 203

Installed Base Typical Typic

Typical Capacity (kBTU/h) Distributors/SAIC

SAIC

Efficiency (%) SAICAverage Life (yrs)

Technology Cost and Performance File for

Commercial Model for AEO2010 (adapted for

residential)

Retail Equipment Cost ($) Distributors/RS Means 2013/SAIC

Total Installed Cost ($) Distributors/RS Means 2013/SAIC

Annual Maintenance Cost ($) SAIC

Data Sources » Residential Electric Resistance Heaters
A‐19

Data Sources » Residential Cord Wood Stoves

SOURCES

2009 2013 2020 20

Installed

Base

EPA

Certified Typical High Typica

Typical Capacity (kBTU/h)

Distributors /

Product

Literature

Distributors /

Product

Literature

Distributors / Product

Literature

SA

Efficiency (Non‐Catalytic) (HHV) SAIC/Lit. EPA Default EPA Default Product Lit./SAIC

Thermal Efficiency (Catalytic) (HHV) SAIC/Lit. EPA Default EPA Default Product Lit./SAIC

Average Life (yrs) SAICRetail Equipment Cost ($) Product Lit./Dealers Product Literature/DealersTotal Installed Cost ($) Dealers Dealers/SAIC

Annual Maintenance Cost ($) Dealers/SAIC Dealers/SAIC
A‐20

Data Sources » Residential Wood Pellet Stoves

SOURCES

2009 2013 2020 20

Installed Base EPA Certified Typical High Typica

Typical Capacity (kBtu/h)

Distributors /

Product

Literature

Distributors /

Product

Literature

Distributors /

Product

Literature

Distributors /

Product

Literature

SA

Efficiency (HHV) SAIC/Lit. EPA Default EPA Default Product Lit./ SAIC

Average Life (yrs) SAIC

Retail Equipment Cost ($) Product Lit./Dealers Product Lit./Dealers

Total Installed Cost ($) Dealers Dealers/SAICAnnual Maintenance Cost ($) Dealers Dealers/SAIC
Data Sources » Residential Refrigerator-Freezers and Freezers

A‐21

SOURCES

2009 2013 2020 203

Installed

Base

Current

Standard Typical ENERGY STAR High Typical 

Typical Capacity (ft3) EERE / Navigant

Navig

Energy Consumption (kWh/yr) Navigant

Average Life (yrs) EERE / Navigant

Retail Equipment Cost ($) EERE / Navigant

Total Installed Cost ($) Navigant

Annual Maintenance Cost ($) EERE / Navigant
Data Sources » Residential Natural Gas Cooktops

A‐22

SOURCES

2009 2013 2020 203

Installed Base Typical High Typical 

Typical Capacity (kBtu/h) Distributors / Product Literature EERE

Navig

Cooking Efficiency (%) Distributors / Product Literature EERE

Average Life (yrs) Appliance Magazine, 2012

Retail Equipment Cost ($) EERE EERE / Distributors

Total Installed Cost ($) EERE EERE / DistributorsAnnual Maintenance Cost ($) Navigant / EERE Navigant / EERE
Data Sources » Residential Clothes Washers

A‐23

SOURCES

2009 2013 2020 203

Installed

Base

Current

Standard Typical ENERGY STAR High Typical 

Typical Capacity (ft3) Navigant CCMS Distributors CCMS CCMS

Navig

Modified Energy Factor

(ft3/kWh/cycle) Navigant EERE CCMS ENERGY STAR CCMS

Water Factor (gal/cycle/ft3) Navigant EERE CCMS ENERGY STAR CCMS

Average Life (yrs) Appliance Magazine, 2012

Water Consumption (gal/cycle) [calculated]

Hot Water Energy (kWh/cycle) Navigant

Machine Energy (kWh/cycle) Navigant

Dryer Energy (kWh/cycle) Navigant

Retail Equipment Cost ($) EERE / Distributors

Total Installed Cost ($) RS Means 2010

Annual Maintenance Cost ($) Navigant

Front‐Loading
Data Sources » Residential Clothes Washers

A‐24

Top‐Loading

SOURCES

2009 2013 2020 203

Installed

Base

Current

Standard Typical ENERGY STAR High Typical 

Typical Capacity (ft3) Navigant EERE CCMS

Navig

Modified Energy Factor

(ft3/kWh/cycle) Navigant EERE CCMS

Water Factor (gal/cycle/ft3) Navigant EERE CCMS

Average Life (yrs) Appliance Magazine, 2012

Water Consumption (gal/cycle) [calculated]Hot Water Energy (kWh/cycle) Navigant

Machine Energy (kWh/cycle) Navigant

Dryer Energy (kWh/cycle) Navigant

Retail Equipment Cost ($) EERE / Distributors

Total Installed Cost ($) RS Means 2010

Annual Maintenance Cost ($) Navigant
Data Sources » Residential Clothes Dryers

A‐25

SOURCES

2009 2013 2020 203

Installed

Base

Current

Standard Typical High Typical

Typical Capacity (ft3) Navigant CEC CEC / Distributors

Navig

EF and CEF (lb/kWh) Navigant EERE / Navigant

Average Life (yrs) Appliance Magazine, 2012

Retail Equipment Cost ($) Navigant EERE

Total Installed Cost ($) Navigant EEREAnnual Maintenance Cost ($) EERE EERE
Data Sources » Residential Dishwashers

A‐26

SOURCES

2009 2013 2020 203

Installed

Base

Current

Standard Typical ENERGY STAR High Typical 

Typical Annual Energy Use (kWh/yr) EERE EERE

Distributors

/ CCMS /

EPA

EPA CCMS

Navig

Water Consumption (gal/cycle) EERE EERE

Distributors

/ CCMS /

EPA

EPA CCMS

Water Heating Energy Use (kWh/yr) EERE

Average Life (yrs) EERE / NavigantRetail Equipment Cost ($) EERE

Total Installed Cost ($) EERE

Annual Maintenance Cost ($) Navigant
Data Sources » Commercial Gas-Fired Furnaces

A‐27

SOURCES

2003 2012 2013 2020 203

Installed Base Current Standard Typical High Typical 

Typical Input Capacity (kBtu/h) Arthur D. Little, 1997 AHRI AHRI

Navig

Thermal Efficiency (%)

ASHRAE

Standard

AHRI 10 CFR 431.77 AHRI Modine/ 90.1 Reznor ‐2004

Average Life (yrs) EERE / Navigant

Retail Equipment Cost ($)

RS Means

2010 /

Navigant /

Distributors

RS Means

2011 RS Means 2011

Total Installed Cost ($) RS Means 2011 RS Means 2011 RS Means 2011

Annual Maintenance Cost $)

RS Means 2010/

Navigant / Public Comments from Stakeholders

Distributors
Data Sources » Commercial Oil-Fired Furnaces

A‐28

SOURCES

2003 2012 2013 2020 20

Installed Base Current Standard Typical Typi

Typical Input Capacity (kBtu/h)

Navigant /

Distributors /

AHRI

AHRI

Navig

Thermal Efficiency (%)

ASHRAE

Standard 90.1‐

2004

AHRI 10 CFR 431.77 AHRI

Average Life (yrs) EERE / NavigantRetail Equipment Cost ($) RS Means 2010 Navigant RS Means 2011

Total Installed Cost ($) RS Means 2010 Navigant RS Means 2011Annual Maintenance Cost ($) Navigant / Distributors
Data Sources » Commercial Electric Boilers

A‐29

SOURCES

2003 2012 2013 2020 2030 

Installed Base Typical Typica

Typical Capacity (kW) BSRIA

SAIC

Efficiency (%) DOE/SAIC

Average Life (yrs) ASHRAE 2007 HVAC Applications

Retail Equipment Cost ($) RS Means 2010/SAIC RS Means 2013/SAIC

Total Installed Cost ($) RS Means 2010/SAIC RS Means 2013/SAIC

Annual Maintenance Cost ($) RS Means 2010/SAIC RS Means 2013/SAIC
Data Sources » Commercial Gas-Fired Boilers

A‐30

SOURCES

2003 2012 2013 2020 203

Installed Base Current Standard Typical Mid‐ Range High Typical 

Typical Input Capacity (kBtu/h) Navigant

Navig

Thermal Efficiency (%)

ASHRAE Standard

90.1‐2004 /

Navigant

EERE Navigant

Average Life (yrs) EERERetail Equipment Cost ($)

CEC / RS

Means

2010

RS Means

2011 RS Means 2011

Total Installed Cost ($)

CEC / RS

Means

2010

RS Means

2011 RS Means 2011

Annual Maintenance Cost ($) Navigant
Data Sources » Commercial Oil-Fired Boilers

A‐31

SOURCES

2003 2012 2013 2020 203

Installed Base Current Standard Typical High Typical 

Typical Input Capacity

(kBtu/h)

Building

Services

Research and

Information

Association

&

Ducker

Research

Company,

1997, 1998

Navigant Navigant

Navig

Thermal Efficiency (%) ASHRAE Standard 90.1‐2004 EERE Navigant

Average Life (yrs) EERERetail Equipment Cost ($)

Distributors /

RS Means

2010 /

Navigant

RS Means

2011 /

Navigant

RS Means 2011 / Navigant

Total Installed Cost ($) RS Means 2011 / Navigant

Annual Maintenance Cost ($) Navigant EERE
Data Sources » Commercial Gas-Fired Chillers

A‐32

SOURCES

2003 2012 2013 2020 

Installed Base

Absorption Engine‐ Driven Abso

Absorption Engine‐ Driven Absorption Engine‐ Driven

Typical Capacity (tons) BSRIA/Distributors

Efficiency (kW/ton) Product Literature/SAIC

COP Product Literature/SAICAverage Life (yrs) 2007 ASHRAE Applications Handbook/Distributors

Retail Equipment Cost ($/ton) Manufacturer/Distributors/RS Means 2013/GIT/SAIC

Total Installed Cost ($/ton) Manufacturer/Distributors/RS Means 2013/GIT/SAIC

Annual Maintenance Cost

($/ton) Manufacturer/Distributors/RS Means 2013/GIT/SAIC
Data Sources » Commercial Centrifugal Chillers

A‐33

SOURCES

2003 2012 2013 2020 2

Installed Base Typical Mid High Typica

Typical Capacity (tons) US Census IPCC/TEAP/CARB/SAIC

S

Efficiency (kW/ton)

DEER/FEMP/

Product

Literature

ASHRAE 90.1‐2010/FEMP/

eSource/Product Literature

COP

DEER/FEMP/

Product

Literature

ASHRAE 90.1‐2010/FEMP/

eSource/Product Literature

Average Life (yrs) 2007 ASHRAE Applications Handbook

Retail Equipment Cost ($/ton) RS Means/Distributors/SAIC

Total Installed Cost ($/ton) RS Means/Distributors/SAIC

Annual Maintenance Cost

($/ton) SAIC
Data Sources » Commercial Reciprocating Chillers

A‐34

SOURCES

2003 2012 2013 2020 20

Installed Base Typical Mid High Typical

Typical Capacity (tons) BSRIA/DEER

SA

Efficiency (kW/ton) ASHRAE 90.1‐2010/DEER/FEMP/Product LiteratureCOP ASHRAE 90.1‐2010/DEER/FEMP/Product LiteratureAverage Life (yrs) Manufacturers

Retail Equipment Cost ($/ton) RS Means 2013/Distributors/SAIC

Total Installed Cost ($/ton) RS Means 2013/Distributors/SAIC

Annual Maintenance Cost

($/ton) SAIC
Data Sources » Commercial Screw Chillers

A‐35

SOURCES

2003 2012 2013 2020 

Installed Base Current Standard Typical Mid High 

Typical Capacity (tons) SAIC

Efficiency (kW/ton)

DEER/FEMP/

Product

Literature

SAIC ASHRAE 90.1‐2010 Product Literature/SAIC

COP

DEER/FEMP/

Product

Literature

SAIC ASHRAE 90.1‐2010 Product Literature/SAIC

Average Life (yrs) Manufacturers

Retail Equipment Cost ($/ton) RS Means 2013/Distributors/SAIC

Total Installed Cost ($/ton) RS Means 2013/Distributors/SAIC

Annual Maintenance Cost

($/ton) SAIC
Data Sources » Commercial Scroll Chillers

A‐36

SOURCES

2003 2012 2013 2020 

Installed Base Current Standard Typical Mid High 

Typical Capacity (tons) SAIC/Manufacturers

Efficiency [full‐load/IPLV] (kW/ton) Product Literature SAIC ASHRAE 90.1‐2010 Product Literature/SAIC

COP [full‐load/IPLV] Product Literature SAIC ASHRAE 90.1‐2010 Product Literature/SAIC

Average Life (yrs) Manufacturers

Retail Equipment Cost ($/ton) Manufacturers/RS Means 2013/SAIC

Total Installed Cost ($/ton) Manufacturers/RS Means 2013/SAIC

Annual Maintenance Cost ($/ton) SAIC
Data Sources » Commercial Rooftop Air Conditioners

A‐37

SOURCES

2003 2012 2013 2020 

Installed Base Current Standard Typical ENERGY STAR High 

Typical Output Capacity (kBtu/h) AHRI / Navigant

Efficiency (EER)

ASHRAE

Standard

90.1‐2004

Distributors/

Navigant EERE ENERGY STAR AHRI

Average Life (yrs) EERERetail Equipment Cost $) Navigant / LBNL, 2003 Distributors/ Navigant / DEER, 2008 EERE Distributors

Total Installed Cost ($) Navigant / LBNL, 2003 Distributors/ Navigant / DEER, 2008 EERE Distributors

Annual Maintenance Cost ($) EERE
Data Sources » Commercial Gas-Fired Engine-Driven Rooftop Air Conditioners/

A‐38

SOURCES

2003 2012 2013 2020 20

Installed Base Typical Typ

Typical Capacity (tons) Manufacturer/Distributors/SAIC

SA

Heating COP NA Product Literature

Cooling COP Product Literature/SAIC

Average Life (yrs) Distributors/ SAIC Manufacturer/RS Means 2013/SAIC

Retail Equipment Cost ($/ton) Distributors/ SAIC Manufacturer/RS Means 2013/SAIC

Total Installed Cost ($/ton) Distributors/ SAIC Manufacturer/RS Means 2013/SAIC

Annual Maintenance Cost ($) Distributors/ SAIC Manufacturer/RS Means 2013/SAIC
Data Sources » Commercial Rooftop Heat Pumps

A‐39

SOURCES

2003 2012 2013 2020 203

Installed Base Current Standard Typical ENERGY STAR High Typical 

Typical Capacity (kBtu/h) AHRI / Navigant

Navig

Efficiency (EER) ASHRAE Standard 90.1‐ 2004 / Navigant EERE ENERGY STAR EERE

COP (Heating) EERE / Navigant EERE ENERGY STAR EERE

Average Life (yrs) EERERetail Equipment Cost ($) Distributors / RS Means 2010 / DEER / Navigant

Total Installed Cost ($) Distributors / RS Means 2010 / DEER / Navigant

Annual Maintenance Cost ($) Distributors / RS Means 2010 / DEER / Navigant
Data Sources » Commercial Ground Source Heat Pumps

A‐40

SOURCES

2003 2012 2013 2020 203

Installed Base Current Standard Typical Mid High Typical 

Typical Capacity (kBTU/h) US DOE/EIA

SA

COP (Heating) SAIC ASHRAE 90.1‐2010 Product Literature Product Literature Product Literature

EER (Cooling) SAIC ASHRAE 90.1‐2010 Product Literature Product Literature Product LiteratureAverage Life (yrs) System life 25 years, ground loop life 50 years (DOE); system life 25 years (ASHRAE RP 1237‐TRP)

Retail Equipment Cost ($) Distributors/SAIC

Total Installed Cost ($) US DOD/IGSHPA/MA DOER/CEFIA/ASHRAE

Annual Maintenance Cost

($)

Geothermal Heat Pump Consortium, Inc. (US DOE Contract DE‐

FG07‐95ID13347)
Data Sources » Commercial Electric Resistance Heaters

A‐41

SOURCES

2003 2012 2013 2020 2

Small Large Small Large Small Large Smal

Typical Capacity (kBTU/h) Distributors/Navigant

S

Efficiency (%) NavigantAverage Life (yrs) Technology Cost and Performance File for Commercial Model for AEO2010

Retail Equipment Cost ($) RS Means/Distributors/SAIC

Total Installed Cost ($) RS Means/Distributors/SAIC

Annual Maintenance Cost ($) Navigant
Data Sources » Commercial Gas-Fired Water Heaters

A‐42

SOURCES

2003 2012 2013 2020 203

Installed Base Current Standard Typical High Typical 

Typical Storage Capacity (gal) Arthur D. Little / Distributors / AHRI AHRI

Navig

Typical Input Capacity (kBtu/h) Arthur D. Little / AHRI AHRI AHRI

Thermal Efficiency (%) EERE / ASHRAE Standard 90.1‐2004 / Navigant EERE AHRI AHRIAverage Life (yrs) EERERetail Equipment Cost ($) Distributors / CEC / Navigant Distributors

Total Installed Cost ($) Distributors / CEC / Navigant

Annual Maintenance Cost ($) Navigant
Data Sources » Commercial Electric Resistance Water Heaters

A‐43

SOURCES

2003 2012 2013 2020 2030 

Installed Base Current Standard Typical Typic

Typical Storage Capacity (gal) Navigant / Product Literature AHRI

Naviga

Typical Input Capacity (kW) Product Literature AHRIThermal Efficiency (%) Product Literature ASHRAE Standard 90.1‐ 2004 AHRI

Average Life (yrs) EERE

Retail Equipment Cost ($) Distributors/ Navigant Distributors Distributors

Total Installed Cost ($) Distributors/ Navigant Navigant Navigant

Annual Maintenance Cost ($) Navigant
Data Sources » Commercial Oil-Fired Water Heaters

A‐44

SOURCES

2003 2012 2013 2020 203

Installed Base Current Standard Typical High Typical 

Typical Storage Capacity (gal) Navigant AHRI / Navigant AHRI / Navigant

Navig

Typical Input Capacity (kBtu/h) Navigant AHRI / Navigant AHRI / Navigant

Thermal Efficiency (%) Navigant Navigant AHRI / NavigantAverage Life (yrs) EERERetail Equipment Cost ($) Navigant Distributors / Navigant Distributors

Total Installed Cost ($) Navigant Distributors / Navigant Navigant

Annual Maintenance Cost ($) Navigant Distributors / Navigant Navigant
Data Sources » Commercial Gas-Fired Instantaneous Water Heaters

A‐45

SOURCES

2003 2012 2013 2020 203

Installed Base Current Standard Typical High Typical 

Typical Capacity (kBtu/h)

Building Services Research

and Information

Association & Ducker

Research Company, 1997,

1998 / AHRI

AHRI

Navig

Thermal Efficiency (%) AHRI Navigant EERE AHRI

Average Life (yrs) EERE

Retail Equipment Cost ($)

CEC /

Navigant /

Distributors

Distributors /

Navigant Distributors

Total Installed Cost ($) CEC / Navigant / Distributors

Annual Maintenance Cost ($) CEC / Navigant / Distributors
Data Sources » Commercial Electric Booster Water Heaters

A‐46

SOURCES

2003 2012 2013 2020 20

Installed Base Typical Typ

Typical Capacity (gal) Product Literature/SAIC

SA

Thermal Efficiency (%) Product LiteratureAverage Life (yrs) Product Literature

Retail Equipment Cost ($) Distributors/SAIC

Total Installed Cost ($) Distributors/SAIC

Annual Maintenance Cost ($) Distributors/SAIC
Data Sources » Commercial Gas Booster Water Heaters

A‐47

SOURCES

2003 2012 2013 2020 2

Installed Base Current Standard Typical High Typical 

Typical Capacity (gal) Distributors/SAIC

SA

Thermal Efficiency (%) Product LiteratureAverage Life (yrs) Product Literature/SAIC

Retail Equipment Cost ($) Distributors/SAIC

Total Installed Cost ($) Distributors/SAIC

Annual Maintenance Cost ($) Distributors/SAIC
A‐48

Data Sources » Commercial Gas Griddles

SOURCES

2003 2012 2013 2020 203

Installed Base Typical ENERGY STAR High Typical 

Cooking Surface (ft2) FSTC, 2013

Navig

Cooking Energy Efficiency (%) FSTC, 2002 Navigant ENERGY STAR ENERGY STAR QPL

Normalized Idle Energy Rate(Btu/h/ft2) FSTC, 2002 Navigant ENERGY STAR ENERGY STAR QPL

Average Life (yrs) FSTC, 2013Retail Equipment Cost ($) Distributors / ENERGY STAR Savings Calculator / Navigant

Total Installed Cost ($) FSTC, 2013

Annual Maintenance Cost ($) FSTC, 2013
A‐49

Data Sources » Commercial Electric Griddles

SOURCES

2003 2012 2013 2020 203

Installed Base Typical ENERGY STAR High Typical 

Cooking Surface (ft2) FSTC, 2013

Navig

Cooking Energy Efficiency (%) FSTC, 2002 Navigant ENERGY STAR ENERGY STAR QPL

Normalized Idle Energy Rate (W/ft2) FSTC, 2002 Navigant ENERGY STAR ENERGY STAR QPL

Average Life (yrs) FSTC, 2013Retail Equipment Cost ($) Distributors / ENERGY STAR Savings Calculator / Navigant

Total Installed Cost ($) FSTC, 2013

Annual Maintenance Cost ($) FSTC, 2013
A‐50

Data Sources » Commercial Hot Food Holding Cabinets

SOURCES

2003 2012 2013 2020 203

Installed Base Current Standard Typical ENERGY STAR High Typical 

Interior Volume (ft3) FEMP

Navig

Maximum Idle Energy Rate (W) CEE / Navigant ENERGY STAR Savings Calculator FEMP

Average Life (yrs) ENERGY STAR Savings Calculator

Retail Equipment Cost ($) Distributors / ENERGY STAR Savings Calculator / Navigant

Total Installed Cost ($) NavigantAnnual Maintenance Cost ($) FSTC
181

Appendix B

References

Nav

1200 

Was

www.nav

B-1
182

• ACEEE. (2007). Top Rated Energy‐Efficient Appliances. American Council for 

Efficient Economy.

• AHAM. (n.d.). Directory of Certified Products. Retrieved September 2010 from

http://www.ahamdir.com/dirsvc/aham.nsf/fraRAC?OpenFrameset&pgm=R

0Conditioners

• AHRI. (n.d.). Directory of Certified Product Performance. Retrieved September 

2013 from: http://www.ahridirectory.org/ahridirectory/pages/home.aspx

• Appliance Magazine. (2012). “The U.S. Appliance Industry: Market Value, L

& Replacement Picture 2012.” UBM Canon.

• Appliance Magazine. (n.d.).

— “U.S. Appliance Industry Statistical Review: 2000 to YTD 2010.” Canon 

Group. July 2010.

— “U.S. Appliance Shipment Statistics Monthly: January 2011.” Canon Da

Group. January 2011.

— “2011 Full‐Year Appliance Industry Shipment Statistics.” UBM Canon. 

— “2012 Full‐Year Appliance Industry Shipment Statistics and Year‐In‐Rev

Canon. March 2013.

• Arthur D. Little. (1997). Massachusetts Market Transformation Scoping Study; F

Massachusetts Gas DSM / Market Transformation Collaborative.

References

B-2
183

• ASHRAE. (2003). 2003 ASHRAE Handbook ‐ HVAC Applications. ASHRAE, In

• ASHRAE. (1999). ASHRAE Standard 90.1‐1999. ASHRAE, Inc.

• ASHRAE. (2004). ASHRAE Standard 90.1‐2004. ASHRAE, Inc.

• ASHRAE. (2007). ANSI/ASHRAE/IESNA Standard 90.1‐2007. ASHRAE, Inc.

• Building Services Research and Information Association & Ducker Research 

1998). U.S. Market for Central Plant Air Conditioning; Market for Ducted Warm 

Heating; U.S. Market for Hydronic Heating and Burners; U.S. Water Heating Ma

and Close Control Air Conditioning.

• California Air Resources Board (CARB). (2009). Inventory of Direct and Indire

from Stationary Air Conditioning and Refrigeration Sources, with Special Emphas

Refrigeration and Unitary Air Conditioning

• CCMS. (n.d.). U.S. DOE Compliance Certification Database. Retrieved June 20

http://www.regulations.doe.gov/certification‐data/

• CEC. (n.d.). California Energy Commission Appliance Efficiency Database. Re

September 2010, and June 2013 from:

http://www.appliances.energy.ca.gov/AdvancedSearch.aspx

• CEE. (2009). “Commercial Hot Food Holding Cabinets Program Guide.” Co

Energy Efficiency. April 2009.

References

B-3
184

• CFR. (n.d.). National energy conservation standards authorized under the E

Conservation Act of 1975 (EPCA) and codified in the Code of Federal Regu

• DEER. (2008, June). Database for Energy Efficiency Resources. Retrieved June 2

California Energy Commission: www.energy.ca.gov/deer

• DOE. (2012, June). Energy Saver: Geothermal Heat Pumps. Retrieved June 201

ENERGY.GOV: http://energy.gov/energysaver/articles/geothermal‐heat‐pu

• Distributors. (n.d.). Navigant and SAIC online research and discussions wit

(e.g., Grainger, Home Depot, Lowe’s, Sears, and others).

• EERE. (2006). Appliance Standards Framework, Rulemaking Framework for Resid

Heaters, Direct Heating Equipment and Pool Heaters.

• EERE. (2006). Buildings Energy Data Book.

• EERE. (2009). Commercial Heating, Air Conditioning and Water Heating Equipm

Equipment).

• EERE. (2001). Energy Conservation Program for Consumer Products: Central Air 

Heat Pumps Energy Conservation Standards; Final Rule.

• EERE. (2010). Energy Conservation Program for Appliance Standards: Residentia

Conditioners and Heat Pumps.

References

B-4
185

• EERE. (2007). Energy Conservation Program for Consumer Products: Energy Con

Standards for Residential Furnaces and Boilers; Final Rule.

• EERE. (2009). Energy Conservation Program: Energy Conservation Standards for 

Products and for Certain Commercial and Industrial Equipment; Final Rule.

• EERE. (2009). Energy Conservation Program for Certain Industrial Equipment: E

Conservation Standards and Test Procedures for Commercial Heating, Air‐Condit

Heating Equipment; Proposed Rule.

• EERE. (2011). Energy Conservation Program: Energy Conservation Standards for 

Clothes Dryers and Room Air Conditioners; Direct Final Rule.

• EERE. (2012). Energy Conservation Program: Energy Conservation Standards for 

Clothes Washers; Direct Final Rule.

• EERE. (2012). Energy Conservation Program: Energy Conservation Standards for 

Dishwashers; Direct Final Rule.

• EERE. (2011). Energy Conservation Program: Energy Conservation Standards for 

Furnaces and Residential Central Air Conditioners and Heat Pumps; Direct Final 

References

B-5
186

• EERE. (2010). Energy Conservation Program: Energy Conservation Standards for 

Heaters, Direct Heating Equipment, and Pool Heaters; Final Rule.

• EERE. (2011). Energy Conservation Program: Standards for Residential Refrigerat

Freezers, and Freezers; Final Rule.

• EERE. (2009). Energy Conservation Program: Energy Conservation Standards for 

Products (Dishwashers, Dehumidifiers, Microwave Ovens, and Electric and Gas K

Ovens) and for Certain Commercial and Industrial Equipment (Commercial Clothe

Rule.

• EERE. (2004). Joint Stakeholders Comments on Standards for Commercial Package 

and Heat Pumps.

• EERE. (2009). Ground‐Source Heat Pumps: Overview of Market Status, Barriers t

Options for Overcoming Barriers.

• EERE. (2011). Technical Support Document: Energy Efficiency Program for Comm

Industrial Equipment: Efficiency Standards for Commercial Heating, Air‐Conditio

Heating Equipment.

References

B-6
• ENERGY STAR Savings Calculator (n.d.). “Savings Calculator for ENERG

Qualified Commercial Kitchen Equipment.” U.S. EPA and DOE. Retrieve

from http://www.energystar.gov/index.cfm?c=bulk_purchasing.bus_pur

• ENERGY STAR. (n.d.). Retrieved June 2013, from ENERGY STAR Produ

http://www.energystar.gov/index.cfm?c=products.pr_find_es_products

• EPA. (2013, March) List of Certified Wood Stoves.

ww.epa.gov/compliance/resources/.../woodstoves/certifiedwood.pdf

• eSource. (n.d.). Centrifugal and Screw Chillers. Retrieved June 2013, from B

Advisor:

http://www.esource.com/escrc/0013000000DP22YAAT/BEA1/PA/PA_Co

• FEMP. (2012, December). Covered Product Category: Air‐Cooled Electric Chi

June 2013, from FEMP Technologies:

https://www1.eere.energy.gov/femp/technologies/eep_ac_chillers.html

• FEMP. (2012). “Federal Energy Management Program: Covered Product 

Food Holding Cabinets.” Retrieved June 2013 from:

http://www1.eere.energy.gov/femp/technologies/printable_versions/eep_

• FEMP. (2012, December). Covered Product Category: Water‐Cooled Electric C

Retrieved June 2013, from FEMP Technologies:

https://www1.eere.energy.gov/femp/technologies/eep_wc_chillers.html

B‐7

References
188

• FSTC. (2002). Food Service Technology Center. Commercial Cooking Applianc

Assessment. Fisher Nickel, Inc.

• FSTC. (2013). Personal communication with Yung Lin of the Food Service T

Center. June 21, 2013.

• GeoExchange. GeoExchange Heating and Cooling Systems: Fascinating Facts.

• GHPC. (n.d.). Geothermal Heat Pump Consortium. Retrieved 2007 from www

• Georgia Institute of Technology (GIT). (1998). Analysis And Performance Of G

Chiller Systems

• IGSPHA. (n.d.). International Ground Source Heat Pump Association. Retrieved 

www.igshpa.okstate.edu

• International Ground Source Heat Pump Association (IGSHPA) Conference 

(2012, October). Measuring the Costs & Benefits of Nationwide Geothermal Heat 

Deployment – A Progress Report. Retrieved June 2013, from IGSHPA:

http://www.igshpa.okstate.edu/membership/members_only/proceedings/2

0130‐Session‐C‐Measuring‐the‐Costs‐&‐Benefits‐of‐Nationwide‐Geotherma

(GHP)‐Deployment‐A‐Progress‐Report.pdf

References

B-8
• LBNL. (2003). Commercial Unitary Air Conditioning and Heat Pumps ‐ Life 

Analysis: Inputs and Results. Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory.

• Manufacturers. (n.d.). SAIC and Navigant discussions with product ma

• Max Neubauer, A. d. (2009). Ka‐BOOM! The Power of Appliance Standards

• Navien America Inc. (n.d.). Navien Condensing 98%. Retrieved Septembe

http://www.navienamerica.com/PDS/ftp/NavienCondensingTankless/Dhure_Manual/NavienCodensing98_Brochure.pdf

• Navigant Consulting, Inc. (n.d.). In‐House Expertise.

• Product Literature. (n.d.). Literature from manufacturers and experts on 

products.

• Propane Education and Research Council (PERC). (2007). Assessment of P

Air Conditioning, Heat Pumping and Dehumidification Technologies, Product

Economics

B‐9

References
• RS Means Mechanical Cost Data. (2007). Means Construction Information N

• RS Means Mechanical Cost Data. (2010). Means Construction Information N

• RS Means Mechanical Cost Data. (2011). Means Construction Information N

• RS Means Mechanical Cost Data. (2013). Means Construction Information N

• SAIC. (n.d.). In‐House Expertise.

• Technology Cost and Performance File for Commercial Model for AEO20

Boedecker, Compiler)

• Technology and Economic Assessment Panel (TEAP). (2004). Report of the 

Task Force.

B‐10

References
April 2015

U.S. Energy Information Administration   |   Updated Buildings Sector Appliance and Equipment Costs and Efficiencies 4

APPENDIX C 

   
EIA - Technology Forecast Updates –

Residential and Commercial Building 

Technologies – Reference Case

Presented to:

U.S. Energy Information Administration

Prepared by: 

Navigant Consulting, Inc.

1200 19th Street, NW, Suite 700

Washington, D.C. 20036

And

SAIC

8301 Greensboro Drive

McLean, VA 22102

December 19, 2012 Confidential and Proprietary, 

©2012 Navigant Consulting, Inc.

Do not distribute or copy
Final

DISCLAIMER

This presentation was prepared as an account of work sponsored by an agency of the United States 

Government. Neither the United States Government, nor any agency thereof, nor any of their 

employees, nor any of their contractors, subcontractors, or their employees, makes any warranty, 

express or implied, or assumes any legal liability or responsibility for the accuracy, completeness, or 

usefulness of any information, apparatus, product, or process disclosed, or represents that its use 

would not infringe privately owned rights. Reference herein to any specific commercial product, 

process, or service by trade name, trademark, manufacturer, or otherwise, does not necessarily 

constitute or imply its endorsement, recommendation, or favoring by the United States Government 

or any agency, contractor or subcontractor thereof. The views and opinions of authors expressed 

herein do not necessarily state or reflect those of the United States Government or any agency 

thereof. 

December 2012

1
Final

2

Objective 3

Methodology 4

Definitions 5

Calculations 6

Market Transformation 7

Residential General Service Incandescent Lighting 8

Residential Reflector Lighting 11

Residential Compact Fluorescent Lighting 14

Residential Linear Fluorescent Lighting 16

Residential Torchieres 23

Residential Solid State Lighting 26

Commercial General Service Incandescent Lighting 29

Commercial Compact Fluorescent Lighting 31

Commercial Halogen Lighting – PAR 38 and Edison 33

Commercial Solid State Lighting 36

Commercial Linear Fluorescent Lighting – T8 and 

T12 (Less Than/Equal To Four Foot) 40

Commercial Linear Fluorescent Lighting – T5 44

Commercial Linear Fluorescent Lighting – T8 and 

T12 (Greater Than Four Foot) 47

Commercial High Intensity Discharge –

Low Bay Lighting 54

Page Page

Table of Contents

Commercial High Intensity Discharge –

High Bay Lighting 62

Commercial Supermarket Display Cases 73

Commercial Compressor Rack Systems 75

Commercial Condensers 77

Commercial Walk-In Refrigerators 79

Commercial Walk-In Freezers 82

Commercial Reach-In Refrigerators 85

Commercial Reach-In Freezers 87

Commercial Ice Machines 89

Commercial Beverage Merchandisers 92

Commercial Refrigerated Vending Machines 94

Commercial Constant Air Volume Ventilation 96

Commercial Variable Air Volume Ventilation 98

Commercial Fan Coil Units 100

Data Sources A-1

References B-1
Final

3

The objective of this study is to develop baseline and projected performance/cost 

characteristics for residential and commercial 

end-use equipment.

• 2003/2007 (commercial) and 2005/2009 (residential) baselines, as well as today’s (2011)

— Review of literature, standards, installed base, contractor, and manufacturer information.

— Provide a relative comparison and characterization of the cost/efficiency of a generic product.

• Forecast of technology improvements that are projected to be available through 2040

— Review of trends in standards, product enhancements, and Research and Development (R&D).

— Projected impact of product improvements and enhancement to technology.

Objective

The performance/cost characterization of end-use equipment developed in this study 

will assist EIA in projecting national primary energy consumption.
Final

4

Input from industry, including government, R&D organizations, and manufacturers, 

was used to project product enhancements concerning equipment performance and cost 

attributes.

• Technology forecasting involves many uncertainties.

• Technology developments impact performance and cost forecasts.

• Varied sources ensure a balanced view of technology progress and the probable timing of 

commercial availability.

• All cost forecasts are shown in 2011 dollars.

Methodology
Final

5

The following tables represent the current and projected efficiencies for residential and 

commercial building equipment ranging from the installed base in 2003 and 2007 (for 

commercial products) and 2005 and 2009 (for residential) to the highest efficiency 

equipment that is expected to be commercially available by 2040, assuming incremental

adoption. Below are definitions for the terms used in characterizing the status of each 

technology.

• 2003/2007; 2005/2009 Installed Base: the installed and “in use” equipment for that year. Represents 

the installed stock of equipment, but does NOT represent sales.

• 2011 Current Standard: the minimum efficiency (or maximum energy use) required (allowed) by 

current DOE standards, when applicable.

• Typical: the average, or “typical,” product being sold in the particular timeframe.

• ENERGY STAR: the minimum efficiency required (or maximum energy use allowed) to meet the 

ENERGY STAR criteria, when applicable.

• Mid-Level: middle tier higher-efficiency product available in the particular timeframe.

• High: the product with the highest efficiency available in the particular timeframe.

• Lumens: All reported lumens are mean lumens, not initial lumens.

• CCT: The correlated color temperature (CCT) is a specification of the color appearance of the light 

emitted by a lamp.

Definitions
Final

6

The following metrics are commonly referred to throughout the tables to follow. Below 

are the calculations for each metric.

• System Wattage = (Lamp Wattage * Ballast Factor) / Ballast Efficiency

• System Lumens = Lamp Lumens * Ballast Factor

• Lamp Efficacy = Lamp Lumens / Lamp Wattage

• System Efficacy = System Lumens / System Wattage

• Lamp Cost ($/klm) = Lamp Cost / (Lamp Lumens / 1000)

• Total Equipment Cost = Lamp Cost + Fixture (including ballast) Cost

• System Cost ($/klm) = Total Equipment Cost / (System Lumens / 1000)

• Total Installed Cost = Total Equipment Cost + Labor Installation Cost

• BLE = A/(1+B*Avg Total Lamp Arc Power^(-C))

Calculations
Final

7

Market Transformation

The market for the reviewed products has changed since the analysis was performed in 

2008. These changes are noted and reflected in the efficiency and cost characteristics.

• EPACT 2005 established standards for certain types of self-contained Commercial Refrigeration 

Equipment and batch Automatic Ice Makers which went into effect in 2010.

• EISA 2007 set several requirements for Walk-in Coolers and Freezers which went into effect in 2009.

• DOE issued Federal minimum efficiency standards that have or will soon go into effect for General 

Service Fluorescent Lamps (July 2012 effective date), Incandescent Reflector Lamps (July 2012), 

Fluorescent Lamp Ballasts (2014), Refrigerated Beverage Vending Machines (Aug. 2012), and certain 

Commercial Refrigeration Equipment (Jan. 2012) not covered by the EPACT 2005 standards.
Final

8

Performance/Cost Characteristics » Residential General Service Incandescent Lamps (60 Watts)

DATA

2005 2009 2011 2014120202

Installed Base Low Typical High Typical High Typical High

60W 60W 60W 60W 60W 60W 60W 60W 60W

Lamp Wattage

60 60 60 60 60 43 43 N/A N/A

Lamp Lumens 

850 850 830 860 870 750 750 N/A N/A

Lamp Efficacy (lm/W) 

14.2 14.2 13.8 14.3 14.5 17.4 17.4 N/A N/A

Lamp Price

$0.25 $0.25 $0.31 $0.34 $0.37 $4.57 $4.57 N/A N/A

Lamp Cost ($/klm) 

$0.29 $0.29 $0.37 $0.40 $0.43 $6.09 $6.09 N/A N/A

Average Lamp Life (1000 hrs) 

1 1 2 1 1 3 3 N/A N/A

CRI

100 100 100 100 100 100 100 N/A N/A

1 The Energy Independence and Security Act of 2007 prescribes standards for current 60 watt incandescent lamps as of January 1, 2014. 

Starting in 2014, we assume 60 watt incandescents will be replaced by halogen infrared incandescents. 

2

In 2020, EISA 2007 sets a minimum efficacy for general service lamps of 45 lm/W. These standards can not be met with existing

commercialized incandescent lamp technologies and current trends in industry lead us to believe they will not be met.
Final

9

Performance/Cost Characteristics » Residential General Service Incandescent Lamps (75 Watts)

1 The Energy Independence and Security Act of 2007 prescribes standards for current 75 watt incandescent lamps as of January 1, 2013. 

Starting in 2014, we assume 75 watt incandescents will be replaced by halogen infrared incandescents. 

2

In 2020, EISA 2007 sets a minimum efficacy for general service lamps of 45 lm/W. These standards can not be met with existing

commercialized incandescent lamp technologies and current trends in industry lead us to believe they will not be met.

DATA

2005 2009 2011 2013120202

Installed Base Low Typical High Typical High Typical High

75W 75W 75W 75W 75W 75W 75W 75W 75W

Lamp Wattage

75 75 75 75 75 53 53 N/A N/A

Lamp Lumens 

1170 1170 1060 1170 1190 1050 1050 N/A N/A

Lamp Efficacy (lm/W) 

15.6 15.6 14.1 15.6 15.9 19.8 19.8 N/A N/A

Lamp Price

$0.36 $0.37 $0.35 $0.40 $0.49 $4.69 $4.69 N/A N/A

Lamp Cost ($/klm) 

$0.32 $0.32 $0.33 $0.34 $0.41 $4.47 $4.47 N/A N/A

Average Lamp Life (1000 hrs) 

1 1 2 1 1 3 3 N/A N/A

CRI

100 100 100 100 100 100 100 N/A N/A
Final

10

Performance/Cost Characteristics » Residential General Service Incandescent Lamps (60 and 75 Watts)

• The residential incandescent lighting characterized in this report is a 60 watt and a 75 watt medium 

screw based incandescent lamp.

• A standard 60 watt incandescent lamp produces approximately 860 lumens. A standard 75 watt 

incandescent lamp produces approximately 1170 lumens (GE, 2012; OSRAM, 2012; Philips, 2012; 

Sylvania, 2012). There is little variation in light output between products. Therefore, there is little 

variation in lamp efficacy.

• The Energy Independence and Security Act of 2007 (EISA 2007) established standards for 60W lamps 

effective in 2014 and 75W lamps effective in 2013. These standards can be achieved if incandescent 

bulbs use halogen infrared technologies. 

• EISA 2007 also established a requirement that DOE establish standards for general service lamps that 

are equal to or greater than 45 lm/W by 2020. These standards can not be achieved by any 

incandescent technology currently on the market and given current and projected trends in industry 

it is not likely they will be met. It is currently assumed that industry will increase their investment in 

LED technology at the expense of incandescent technology. 

• California’s Appliance Efficiency Regulations include efficiency regulations for general service 

incandescent lamps with certain bases. California is currently undergoing a rulemaking to reduce 

indoor residential lighting by not less than 50% of 2007 levels over the next 10 years in accordance 

with Assembly Bill 1109. They are going to regulate general purpose lighting (incandescent lamps) 

and portable lighting fixtures. 

• Fixture prices, installation costs, and maintenance costs are not included for the residential sector.

Residential General Service Incandescent Lamps (60 and 75 Watts)
Final

11

Performance/Cost Characteristics » Residential Reflector Lighting

DATA

2005 2009 2011

Installed Base Typical Typical Typical

Typical Inc. Hal. CFL Inc. Hal. CFL

Lamp Wattage

65 65 50 16 65 50 15

Lamp Lumens 

620 620 660 750 630 630 720

Lamp Efficacy (lm/W) 

9.5 9.5 13.2 46.9 9.7 12.6 48.0

Lamp Price

$1.36 $1.37 $4.19 $5.87 $3.38 $6.12 $6.36

Lamp Cost ($/klm) 

$2.20 $2.21 $6.35 $7.82 $5.36 $9.72 $8.83 

Average Lamp Life (1000 hrs) 

2.0 2.0 3.0 8.0 1.8 3.0 8.0

CRI

100 100 100 82 100 100 82
Final

12

Performance/Cost Characteristics » Residential Reflector Lighting

DATA

2020 2030 2040

Typical Typical Typical Typical Typical Typical Typical Typical Typical 

Inc. Hal. CFL Inc. Hal. CFL Inc. Hal. CFL

Lamp Wattage

65 50 15 65 50 15 65 50 15

Lamp Lumens 

636 662 756 643 695 794 649 729 833

Lamp Efficacy (lm/W) 

9.8 13.2 50.4 9.9 13.9 52.9 10.0 14.6 55.6

Lamp Price

$3.30 $5.97 $6.20 $3.21 $5.82 $6.05 $3.13 $5.67 $5.89

Lamp Cost ($/klm) 

$5.18 $9.02 $8.20 $5.00 $8.38 $7.62 $4.83 $7.78 $7.07 

Average Lamp Life (1000 hrs) 

1.8 3.1 8.2 1.9 3.2 8.4 1.9 3.2 8.6

CRI

100 100 82 100 100 82 100 100 82
Final

13

Performance/Cost Characteristics » Residential Reflector Lighting

• The residential reflector lamps characterized in this report is a 65W BR30 incandescent, a 50W PAR30 

halogen, and a 16W BR30 Reflector compact fluorescent.

• EPACT92 established minimum performance standards for some reflector lamps and provided 

exemptions for certain specialty applications (e.g., ER/BR, vibration service, more than 5% 

neodymium oxide, impact resistant, infrared heat, colored). EPACT92 effectively phased-out Rshaped tungsten filament incandescent reflector lamps at certain wattages and bulb diameters, 

replacing them with more efficient and cost effective tungsten-halogen parabolic aluminized 

reflector (PAR) lamps. EISA 2007 took away certain exemptions from EPACT 1992, requiring certain 

previously exempted lamps to meet EPACT92 minimum performance standards by January 1, 2008. 

The 65W BR30, a large majority of the incandescent reflector lamp market is still exempted.

• The following future improvements for the system were assumed to occur over a 30 year period: 

— Incandescents: Efficacy +3%, Life +7.5%, and Price -7.5% (NCI, 2012). 

— Halogen: Efficacy +15%, Life +7.5%, and Price -7.5% (NCI, 2012). 

— CFL: Efficacy +15%, Life +7.5%, and Price -7.5% (NCI, 2012). 

• These improvements can be made by improved filament design and placement, higher pressure 

capsules, or higher efficiency reflector coatings.

• Fixture prices, installation costs, and maintenance costs are not included for the residential sector.

Residential Reflector Lamps
Final

14

Performance/Cost Characteristics » Residential Compact Fluorescent Lighting

DATA

2005 2009 2011 2020 2030 2040

Installed Base Energy 

Star Low Typical High Typical High Typical High Typical High

13W 13W 13W 13W 13W 13W 13W 13W 13W 13W 13W 13W

Lamp Wattage

13 13 13 13 13 13 13 13 13 13 13 13

Lamp Lumens 

825 825 715 825 875 900 919 945 965 992 1013 1042

Lamp Efficacy (lm/W) 

63.5 63.5 55.0 63.5 67.2 69.2 70.7 72.7 74.2 76.3 77.9 80.1

Lamp Price

$3.14 $2.15 N/A $1.57 $2.38 $3.33 $2.32 $3.25 $2.26 $3.17 $2.21 $3.09

Lamp Cost ($/klm) 

$4.22 $2.61 N/A $1.90 $2.72 $3.70 $2.53 $3.44 $2.35 $3.19 $2.18 $2.96 

Average Lamp Life (1000 hrs) 

10.0 10.0 6.0 8.0 10.0 10.0 10.3 10.3 10.5 10.5 10.8 10.8

CRI

82 82 80 82 82 82 82 82 82 82 82 82
Final

15

Performance/Cost Characteristics » Residential Compact Fluorescent Lighting

• The residential compact fluorescent lamp characterized in this report is a 13 watt compact 

fluorescent lamp.

• Compact Fluorescents contain mercury and therefore require appropriate disposal. In addition, 

because the color rendering index of compact fluorescents is lower than that incandescent lamps (82 

compared to 100), the quality of the light of a compact fluorescent falls short of incandescent lamps.

• EPACT 2005 sets performance for medium based compact fluorescent lamps. It adopts Energy Star 

performance requirements (August 6, 2001 version) for efficacy, lumen maintenance, lamp life, rapid 

cycle stress test, CRI, etc. The standard is effective for lamps manufactured on or after January 1, 

2006. The Secretary may revise these requirements by rule or establish other requirements at a later 

date. [Note: EPACT 2005 standards do not apply to CFL lamps with screw bases other than medium (e.g., pin 

based)]

• Energy Star® and the Consortium for Energy Efficiency (CEE) offer voluntary specifications for CFL 

lamps.

• The following future improvements were assumed to occur over a 30 year period: Efficacy +15%, Life 

+7.5%, and Price -7.5% (NCI, 2012).

— Improvements in efficacy can be made by using more rare-earth phosphors in compact 

fluorescent lamps. Lifetime improvements can be made by improving the electrodes. 

• Fixture prices, installation costs, and maintenance costs are not included for the residential sector.

Residential Compact Florescent Lamps
Final

16

Performance/Cost Characteristics » Residential Linear Fluorescent Lamps (T12 and T8)

DATA

2005 2009 2011

Installed Base Current 

Standard 

Mid-Level 

T12 High T12 Baseline T8 

Mid-Level 

T8 High T8 

32WT8 40WT12 32WT8 40WT12 40WT12 34WT12 32WT8 32WT8 28WT8 

Lamp Wattage 64 80 64 80 80 68 64 64 56

Lamp Lumens 5040 5720 5040 5720 6500 5580 5040 5420 5120

System Wattage 65 70 65 70 70 60 65 65 57

System Lumens 4435 3890 4435 3890 4420 3794 4435 4770 4506

Lamp Efficacy (lm/W) 78.8 71.5 78.8 71.5 81.3 82.1 78.8 84.7 91.4

System Efficacy (lm/W) 68.7 55.6 68.7 55.6 63.1 63.8 68.7 73.8 79.7

Lamp Price ($) $3.35 $1.85 $1.71 $1.85 $5.91 $5.79 $1.71 $2.67 $2.88 

Ballast Price ($) $15.71 $11.22 $9.94 $11.22 $11.22 $11.22 $9.94 $9.94 $9.94 

Lamp Cost ($/klm) $0.66 $0.32 $0.34 $0.32 $0.91 $1.04 $0.34 $0.49 $0.56 

Average Lamp Life (1000 hrs) 20 15 20 15 24 24 20 20 18

CRI 75 70 75 70 85 85 75 82 82

Ballast Efficiency (BLE) 83% 78% 87% 78% 78% 78% 87% 87% 87%
Final

17

Performance/Cost Characteristics » Residential Linear Fluorescent Lamps (T12 and T8)

DATA

2020 2030 2040

Typical T8 High T8 Typical T8 High T8 Typical T8 High T8

32WT8 28WT8 32WT8 28WT8 32WT8 28WT8

Lamp Wattage 64 56 64 56 64 56

Lamp Lumens 5700 5197 5700 5282 5700 5367

System Wattage 65 57 65 57 65 57

System Lumens 5016 4573 5016 4648 5016 4723

Lamp Efficacy (lm/W) 89.1 92.8 89.1 94.3 89.1 95.8

System Efficacy (lm/W) 77.7 80.9 77.7 82.3 77.7 83.6

Lamp Price ($) $2.76 $2.84 $2.71 $2.79 $2.67 $2.74 

Ballast Price ($) $9.79 $9.79 $9.62 $9.62 $9.46 $9.46 

Lamp Cost ($/klm) $0.48 $0.55 $0.48 $0.53 $0.47 $0.51 

Average Lamp Life (1000 hrs) 25 19 26 19 26 20

CRI 85 82 85 82 85 82

Ballast Efficiency (BLE) 87% 87% 87% 87% 87% 87%
Final

Residential Linear Fluorescent Lighting (T12/T8)

• This report assumes that T12 and T8 residential linear fluorescent lamps provide the same utility to 

consumers. Each characterized technology is a two-lamp, one-ballast system that emits approximately 

4,500 system lumens.

• In a change from the 2008 EIA Reference Case, this report characterizes a range of efficacies for T12 

and T8 lamps and does not use T5 lamps for direct comparison because T5 lamps are almost never 

used as residential replacement options.

• Assumptions for 2011:

— Low efficiency and mid-range efficiency T12s: 2 F40T12 lamps with a residential low power 

factor electronic ballast (ballast factor =0.68, ballast luminous efficiency (BLE)= 77.7%)

— High efficiency T12: 2 F34T12 lamps with a residential low power factor electronic ballast 

(ballast factor =0.68, BLE =77.7%)

— Baseline and mid-range efficiency T8s: 2 F32T8 lamps with instant start electronic ballast 

(ballast factor=0.88, BLE=87.2%)

— High efficiency T8: 2 F28T8 lamps with instant start electronic ballast (ballast factor=0.88, 

BLE=87.2%)

• Since 1995, DOE standards have required that the lamps characterized by this report have a minimum 

efficacy of 75 lm/W and a minimum CRI of 69 for >35W lamps or 45 for <35W lamps.

• In 2005, DOE standards raised the minimum ballast efficacy factor (BEF) of the ballasts paired with the 

characterized lamps, effectively promoting the use of T8 lamp and ballast systems. Residential ballasts 

were originally exempted from regulation.

18

Performance/Cost Characteristics » Residential Linear Fluorescent Lamps (T12 and T8)
Final

Residential Linear Fluorescent Lighting (T12/T8)

• Beginning July 14, 2012 (or July 14, 2014 for T8 700-series phosphor lamps), DOE fluorescent lamp 

standards will require a minimum efficacy of 89 lm/W. While the amended performance-based 

standards do not explicitly prohibit T12 lamps, no T12 lamps met the standard at the time of its 

announcement. Since then, however, T12 lamps meeting the standard have entered the market.

• Beginning November 14, 2014, DOE standards will require that the characterized residential ballasts 

have a minimum BLE = 0.993 / (1 + 0.41 * Avg Total Lamp Arc power ^ (- 0.25)). Residential ballasts 

also must have a minimum power factor of 0.5.

• California's Title 24 mandates the use of electronic ballasts with high efficacy luminaires (including 

fluorescent) of 13 W or higher (CEC, 2005).

• ENERGY STAR residential fixtures require ≥ 65 lm/W per lamp-ballast platform before September 1, 

2013 and ≥ 70 lm/W per lamp-ballast platform thereafter.

• The following future improvements were assumed to occur over a 30-year period in addition to the 

improvements necessitated by DOE standards: Efficacy +5%, Life +10%, and Price -5% (NCI, 2012). 

Improvements can be made by using more rare-earth phosphors. Improvements in life can be made 

by using better electrodes. Additional future energy savings are expected to come from increased use 

of dimming ballasts and occupancy sensors with linear fluorescent lighting.

• Fixture prices, installation costs, and maintenance costs are not included for the residential sector.

19

Performance/Cost Characteristics » Residential Linear Fluorescent Lamps (T12 and T8) (cont.’d)
Final

20

Performance/Cost Characteristics » Residential Linear Fluorescent Lamps (T5)

DATA

2005 2009 2011 2020 2030 2040

Installed Base Typical High Typical High Typical High Typical High 

28WT5 28WT5 28WT5 26WT5 28WT5 26WT5 28WT5 26WT5 28WT5 26WT5 

Lamp Wattage 

56 56 56 52 56 52 56 52 56 52

Lamp Lumens 

5320 5320 5320 5320 5400 5400 5488 5488 5577 5577

System Wattage 

63 63 63 59 61 57 61 57 61 57

System Lumens 

5320 5320 5320 5320 5400 5400 5488 5488 5577 5577

Lamp Efficacy (lm/W) 

95.0 95.0 95.0 102.3 96.4 103.8 98.0 105.5 99.6 107.3

System Efficacy (lm/W) 

84.3 84.3 84.3 90.7 88.7 95.5 90.2 97.1 91.6 98.7

Lamp Price ($) $3.56 $3.18 $3.18 $3.97 $3.13 $3.91 $3.08 $3.85 $3.03 $3.78 

Ballast Price ($) $20.94 $20.94 $20.94 $20.94 $26.72 $26.72 $26.26 $26.26 $25.81 $25.81 

Lamp Cost ($/klm) $0.67 $0.60 $0.60 $0.75 $0.58 $0.72 $0.56 $0.70 $0.54 $0.68 

Average Lamp Life (1000 hrs) 

20 20 20 25 21 26 21 27 22 27

CRI

85 85 85 85 85 85 85 85 85 85

Ballast Efficiency (BLE) 88.7% 88.7% 88.7% 88.7% 92.0% 92.0% 92.0% 92.0% 92.0% 92.0%
Final

Residential Linear Fluorescent Lighting (T5)

• The residential T5 lamps characterized in this report are part of a two-lamp, one-ballast systems that 

emit approximately 5,300 system lumens. 

• Compared to the 2008 EIA Reference Case, this report characterizes a range of efficacies within the T5 

family and does not use T12 and T8 lamps for direct comparison because of a distinct utility for T5 

lamps. Notably, T5 systems are very rarely used in the residential sector.

• T5 lamps are approximately 40% narrower than T8 lamps and almost 60% narrower than T12 lamps. 

This allows T5 lamps to be coated with higher quality, more efficient phosphor blends than larger 

diameter lamps, resulting in a more efficacious lamp. The compact size of T5 lamps also permits 

greater flexibility in lighting design and construction.

• Assumptions for 2011:

— Typical: 2 F28T5 lamps with a programmed start electronic ballast (ballast factor =1, 

BLE=88.7%)

— Best available: 2 F26T5 lamps with a programmed start electronic ballast (ballast factor =1, 

BLE=88.7%)

21

Performance/Cost Characteristics » Residential Linear Fluorescent Lamps (T5)
Final

Residential Linear Fluorescent Lighting (T5)

• Currently no federal standards exist for the T5 lamps or their corresponding ballasts.

• Beginning July 14, 2012, DOE fluorescent lamp standards will require a minimum efficacy of 86 

lm/W.

• Beginning November 14, 2014, DOE standards will require that the characterized ballasts have a 

minimum BLE = 0.993 / (1 + 0.51 * Avg Total Lamp Arc power ^ (- 0.25)).

• California's Title 24 mandates the use of electronic ballasts with high efficacy luminaires (including 

fluorescent) of 13 W or higher (CEC, 2005).

• The following future improvements were assumed to occur over a 30-year period: Efficacy +5%, Life 

+10%, and Price -5% (NCI, 2012). Improvements can be made by using more rare-earth phosphors. 

Improvements in life can be made by using better electrodes. Additional future energy savings are 

expected to come from increased use of dimming ballasts and occupancy sensors with linear 

fluorescent lighting.

• Fixture prices, installation costs, and maintenance costs are not included for the residential sector.

22

Performance/Cost Characteristics » Residential Linear Fluorescent Lamps (T5) (Cont.’d)
Final

23

Performance/Cost Characteristics » Residential Torchieres

DATA

2005 2009 2011

Installed Base Typical Typical Typical

Typical Inc. Hal. CFL Inc. Hal. CFL

Lamp Wattage

253 150 154 37 150 150 40

Lamp Lumens 

4300 2670 2670 2670 2733 2650 2666

Lamp Efficacy (lm/W) 

17.0 17.8 17.3 72.7 18.2 17.7 66.6

Lamp Price

$4.15 $2.27 $1.10 $12.71 $2.87 $3.88 $12.33

Lamp Cost ($/klm) 

$0.97 $0.85 $0.42 $4.76 $1.05 $1.46 $4.63 

Average Lamp Life (1000 hrs) 

2.1 1.0 1.8 10.0 0.8 3.0 9.5

CRI 98 100 100 82 100 100 82
Final

24

Performance/Cost Characteristics » Residential Torchieres

DATA

2020 2030 2040

Typical Typical Typical Typical Typical Typical Typical Typical Typical 

Inc. Hal. CFL Inc. Hal. CFL Inc. Hal. CFL

Lamp Wattage

150 150 40 150 150 40 150 150 40

Lamp Lumens 

2760 2783 2799 2788 2922 2939 2816 3068 3086

Lamp Efficacy (lm/W) 

18.4 18.6 70.0 18.6 19.5 73.5 18.8 20.5 77.1

Lamp Price

$2.80 $3.78 $12.02 $2.73 $3.69 $11.72 $2.66 $3.60 $11.43

Lamp Cost ($/klm) 

$1.01 $1.36 $4.30 $0.98 $1.26 $3.99 $0.94 $1.17 $3.70 

Average Lamp Life (1000 hrs) 

0.8 3.1 9.7 0.8 3.2 10.0 0.8 3.2 10.2

CRI

100 100 82 100 100 82 100 100 82
Final

25

Performance/Cost Characteristics » Residential Torchieres

• The residential torchiere characterized in this report emits approximately 2,683 lumens. The typical 

characteristics are a weighted average of a halogen, incandescent, and CFL torchieres based. The 

2005 typical wattage is based on 2003 installed base data. The 2009 typical wattage is based on 

EPACT standards.

• Energy Star® and the Consortium for Energy Efficiency (CEE) offer voluntary specifications for 

torchieres.

• The following future improvements for the system were assumed to occur over a 30 year period: 

— Incandescents: Efficacy +3%, Life +7.5%, and Price -7.5% (NCI, 2012). 

— Halogen: Efficacy +15%, Life +7.5%, and Price -7.5% (NCI, 2012). 

— CFL: Efficacy +15%, Life +7.5%, and Price -7.5% (NCI, 2012). 

• Fixture prices, installation costs, and maintenance costs are not included for the residential sector.

Residential Torchieres
Final

26

Performance/Cost Characteristics » Residential Solid State Lighting (LED A19 Replacement)

DATA

2005 2009 2011 2020 2030 2040

Installed Base Typical Typical Typical Typical 

LED A19 LED A19 LED A19 LED A19 LED A19 LED

Typical Wattage

36 18 13 5 4 4

Lumens

630 800 800 800 800 800

Efficacy (lm/W)

17.3 44.0 60.0 157.0 202.0 202.0

Lamp Price ($)

$189.82 $68.00 $26.40 $4.00 $2.40 $2.40 

Cost ($/klm)

$301.00 $85.00 $33.00 $5.00 $3.00 $3.00 

Average Life (1000 hrs)

50 20 25 50 50 50

CRI

92 80 90 92 92 92

CCT

2700 3000 2700 2700 2700 2700
Final

27

Performance/Cost Characteristics » Residential Solid State Lighting (LED PAR38 Replacement)

DATA

2005 2009 2011 2020 2030 2040

Installed Base Typical Typical Typical Typical 

LED PAR38 LED PAR38 LED PAR38 LED PAR38 LED PAR38 LED

Typical Wattage 36 28 20 6 5 5

Lumens 630 1000 1000 1000 1000 1000

Efficacy (lm/W) 17.3 36.0 50.0 157.0 202.0 202.0

Lamp Price ($) $189.82 $164.00 $51.00 $7.00 $5.00 $5.00 

Cost ($/klm) $301.00 $164.00 $51.00 $7.00 $5.00 $5.00 

Average Life (1000 hrs) 50 20 25 50 50 50

CRI 92 80 90 92 92 92

CCT 2700 3000 2700 2700 2700 2700
Final

28

Performance/Cost Characteristics » Residential Solid-State Lighting (LED A19 and PAR38 Replacements)

Residential Solid-State Lighting

• The residential solid-state lighting characterized in this report are replacements for a 60W A19 lamp 

and a 75W PAR38 lamp. These represent the most common uses of LED technology in the residential 

sector.

• This report characterizes two distinct applications for LEDs in the residential sector rather than one, 

as was done in the 2008 EIA Reference Case. Because of rapid LED technology development, the 

market is best characterized by the state of the technology at a given time rather than a range of 

performance at any one time. 

• Assumptions for 2011:

— 60W A19 equivalent: 13W LED emitting 800 lumens

— 75W PAR38 equivalent: 20W LED emitting 1000 lumens

• No federal standards exist for solid-state lighting.

• The 2012 Solid State Lighting Multi-Year Program Plan and 2012 Energy Savings Forecast Model 

served as sources for many of the projections for LED technology.

• Installation costs and maintenance costs are not included for the residential sector.
Final

29

Performance/Cost Characteristics » Commercial General Service Incandescent Lighting

1 The Energy Independence and Security Act of 2007 prescribes standards for current 100 watt incandescent lamps as of January 1, 2012. Starting in 

2012, 100-watt incandescents will be replaced by halogen infrared incandescents. 

2

In 2020, EISA 2007 sets a minimum efficacy for general service lamps of 45 lm/W. These standards can not be met with existing commercialized 

incandescent lamp technologies and current trends in industry lead us to believe they will not be met.

DATA

2003 2007 2011 2012120202

Installed Base Low Typical High Typical Typical 

Typical Typical Low Typical High 72W Inc 72W Inc

System Wattage 

100 100 100 100 100 72 N/A

System Lumens 

997 997 903 965 1003 879 N/A

Lamp Efficacy (lm/W) 

16.9 16.9 15.3 16.2 17.0 20.7 N/A

System Efficacy (lm/W) 

10.0 10.0 9.0 9.6 10.0 12.2 N/A

Lamp Cost ($/klm) $0.23 $0.19 $0.40 $0.35 $0.39 $3.09 N/A

System Cost ($/klm) $17.07 $13.97 $20.46 $21.29 $22.59 $19.14 N/A

Average Lamp Life (1000 hrs) 

1 1 2 1 1 3 N/A

CRI

100 100 100 100 100 100 N/A

Total Installed Cost ($) $89.76 $73.45 $85.40 $85.35 $85.39 $71.00 N/A

Annual Maintenance Cost ($) $3.58 $3.58 $3.58 $3.58 $3.58 $0.86 N/A
Final

30

Performance/Cost Characteristics » Commercial General Service Incandescent Lighting

• The Commercial incandescent lighting characterized in this report is a 100 watt medium screw based 

incandescent lamp (NCI, 2002) in an open down light recessed can fixture (~$20) with a fixture 

efficiency of 59% (DOE, 2008).

• A The Energy Independence and Security Act of 2007 (EISA 2007) established standards for 100W 

lamps effective in 2012. These standards can be achieved if incandescent bulbs use halogen infrared 

technologies. 

• EISA 2007 also established a requirement that DOE establish standards for general service lamps that 

are equal to or greater than 45 lm/W by 2020. These standards can not be achieved by any 

incandescent technology currently on the market and given current and projected trends in industry 

it is not likely they will be met. It is currently assumed that industry will increase their investment in 

LED technology at the expense of incandescent technology. 

• California’s Appliance Efficiency Regulations include efficiency regulations for general service 

incandescent lamps with certain bases. California’s Appliance Efficiency Regulations include 

efficiency regulations for general service incandescent lamps with certain bases. California is 

currently undergoing a rulemaking to reduce commercial lighting by not less than 25% of 2007 levels 

over the next 10 years in accordance with Assembly Bill 1109. They are going to regulate general 

purpose lighting (incandescent lamps).

• Total installed cost includes equipment and installation costs. Annual maintenance costs and 

installation costs are calculated using labor rate and labor time to install/replace equipment from RS 

Means and the fluorescent and incandescent energy conservation standard advanced notice of 

proposed rulemaking (lamps ANOPR). Maintenance costs include labor only based on 3,376 

operating hours per year. (lamps ANOPR)

Commercial General Service Incandescent Lighting
Final

31

Performance/Cost Characteristics » Commercial Compact Fluorescent Lamps

DATA

2003 2007 2011 2020 2030 2040

Installed Base Low Typical High Typical High Typical High Typical High 

26W 26W 23W 23W 23W 23W 23W 23W 23W 23W 23W

System Wattage 

26 26 23 23 23 23 23 23 23 23 23

System Lumens 

1068 1068 976 976 1010 1025 1060 1076 1113 1130 1169

Lamp Efficacy (lm/W) 

67.3 67.3 69.6 69.6 72.0 73.0 75.6 76.7 79.3 80.5 83.3

System Efficacy (lm/W) 

41.1 41.1 42.4 42.4 43.9 44.6 46.1 46.8 48.4 49.1 50.8

Lamp Cost ($/klm) 

$4.01 $3.28 $1.56 $1.56 $1.73 $1.52 $1.69 $1.49 $1.65 $1.45 $1.61 

System Cost ($/klm)

$22.14 $18.12 $23.05 $23.05 $22.65 $22.48 $22.09 $21.92 $21.54 $21.37 $21.00 

Average Lamp Life (1000 hrs) 

10.0 10.0 10.0 12.0 12.0 12.3 12.3 12.6 12.6 12.9 12.9

CRI

82 82 82 82 82 82 82 82 82 82 82

Total Installed Cost ($)

$96.56 $79.02 $80.00 $80.00 $80.00 $78.00 $78.00 $76.05 $76.05 $74.15 $74.15 

Annual Maintenance Cost ($)

$0.39 $0.39 $0.39 $0.39 $0.39 $0.39 $0.39 $0.39 $0.39 $0.39 $0.39 
Final

32

Performance/Cost Characteristics » Commercial Compact Fluorescent Lamps

• The commercial compact fluorescent lamp characterized in this report is a 23 watt screw-base 

compact fluorescent lamp in an open down light recessed can fixture (~$20) with a fixture 

efficiency of 61%.

• EPACT 2005 sets performance for medium based compact fluorescent lamps. It adopts 

Energy Star performance requirements (August 6, 2001 version) for efficacy, lumen 

maintenance, lamp life, rapid cycle stress test, CRI, etc. The standard is effective for lamps 

manufactured on or after January 1, 2006. The Secretary may revise these requirements by 

rule or establish other requirements at a later date. [Note: EPACT 2005 standards do not apply to 

CFL lamps with screw bases other than medium (e.g., pin based)]

• Energy Star® and the Consortium for Energy Efficiency (CEE) offer voluntary specifications 

for CFL lamps.

• California’s Title 24 mandates the use of electronic ballasts with high efficacy luminaires 

(including fluorescent) of 13 W or higher (CEC, 2005)

• The following future improvements were assumed to occur over a 30 year period: Efficacy 

+15%, Life +7.5%, and Price -7.5% (NCI, 2012). Improvements in efficacy can be made by 

using more rare-earth phosphors in compact fluorescent lamps. Lifetime improvements can 

be made by improving the compact fluorescent lamp electrodes.

• Total installed cost includes equipment and installation costs. Annual maintenance costs and 

installation costs are calculated using labor rate and labor time to install/replace equipment 

from RS Means and the lamps ANOPR. Maintenance costs include labor only based on 3,650 

operating hours per year. 

Commercial Compact Fluorescent Lamps
Final

33

Performance/Cost Characteristics » Commercial Halogen Lighting (PAR 38)

DATA

2003 2007 2011 2020 2030 2040

Installed Base Typical Typical Typical Typical Typical Typical Typical Typical 

90W PAR 

38 70W HIR 90W PAR 38 70W HIR 90W PAR 38 70W HIR 90W PAR 38 70W HIR 90W PAR 38 70W HIR 90W PAR 38 70W HIR

System Wattage 

90 70 90 70 90 70 90 70 90 70 90 70

System Lumens 

1218 1172 1218 1172 1230 1306 1291 1372 1355 1441 1423 1513

Lamp Efficacy (lm/W) 

14.6 18.0 14.6 18.0 14.7 20.1 15.4 21.1 16.2 22.1 17.0 23.2

System Efficacy (lm/W) 

13.5 16.7 13.5 16.7 13.7 18.7 14.3 19.6 15.1 20.6 15.8 21.6

Lamp Cost ($/klm) 

$4.98 $6.76 $4.07 $5.53 $2.87 $11.19 $2.80 $10.91 $2.73 $10.64 $2.66 $10.37 

System Cost ($/klm)

$19.01 $21.46 $15.56 $17.56 $19.35 $27.34 $18.87 $26.65 $18.39 $25.99 $17.93 $25.34 

Average Lamp Life (1000 hrs) 

2.5 3.0 2.5 3.0 2.4 3.6 2.5 3.7 2.5 3.8 2.6 3.9

CRI

100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100

Total Installed Cost ($)

$96.56 $97.92 $79.02 $80.13 $81.00 $93.00 $80.19 $92.07 $79.39 $91.15 $78.59 $90.24 

Annual Maintenance Cost ($)

$1.47 $1.22 $1.47 $1.22 $1.47 $1.22 $1.47 $1.22 $1.47 $1.22 $1.47 $1.22 
Final

34

Performance/Cost Characteristics » Commercial Halogen Lighting (Edison)

DATA

2003 2007 2011 2020 2030 2040

Installed Base Typical Typical Typical Typical 

90W Edison 90W Edison 90W Edison 90W Edison 90W Edison 90W Edison

System Wattage 

90 90 72 72 72 72

System Lumens 

1218 1218 1395 1465 1538 1615

Lamp Efficacy (lm/W) 

14.6 14.6 20.8 21.9 23.0 24.1

System Efficacy (lm/W) 

13.5 13.5 19.4 20.3 21.4 22.4

Lamp Cost ($/klm) 

$4.98 $4.07 $1.33 $1.30 $1.26 $1.23 

System Cost ($/klm)

$19.01 $15.56 $15.76 $15.37 $14.99 $14.61 

Average Lamp Life (1000 hrs) 

2.5 2.5 1.0 1.0 1.1 1.1

CRI

100 100 100 100 100 100

Total Installed Cost ($)

$96.56 $79.02 $80.00 $78.00 $76.05 $74.15 

Annual Maintenance Cost ($)

$1.92 $1.57 $1.41 $1.41 $1.41 $1.41 
Final

35

Performance/Cost Characteristics » Commercial Halogen Lighting (Par 38 and Edison)

• The commercial halogen lighting characterized in this report is a lamp that emits approximately 1200-1400 lumens in 

an open down light recessed can fixture (~$20) with a fixture efficiency of 93% (DOE, 2008).

• Multiple types of halogen lamps were analyzed, including:

— Typical efficiency unit: 90W halogen PAR38 

— High efficiency unit: 70W halogen infrared reflector PAR38 

— Typical efficiency unit: 72 W halogen Edison A-line lamp

• Halogen infrared reflector (HIR) lamps contain a tungsten halogen capsule with a film coating on the inside of the 

capsule. The coating reflects infrared radiation back into the lamp filament, which forces the filament to burn at a 

higher temperature. This increases the efficacy of the lamp, without reducing operating life. 

• EPACT92 established minimum performance standards for some reflector lamps and provided exemptions for 

certain specialty applications (e.g., ER/BR, vibration service, more than 5% neodymium oxide, impact resistant, 

infrared heat, colored). EPACT92 effectively phased-out R-shaped tungsten filament incandescent reflector lamps at 

certain wattages and bulb diameters, replacing them with more efficient and cost effective tungsten-halogen parabolic 

aluminized reflector (PAR) lamps. EISA2007 took away certain exemptions from EPACT 1992, requiring certain 

previously exempted lamps to meet EPACT92 minimum performance standards by January 1, 2008.

• The following future improvements for the system were assumed to occur over a 30 year period: Efficacy +15%, Life 

+7.5%, and Price -7.5% (NCI, 2012). These improvements can be made by improved filament design and placement, 

higher pressure capsules, or higher efficiency reflector coatings.

• Total installed cost includes equipment and installation costs. Annual maintenance costs and installation costs are 

calculated using labor rate and labor time to install/replace equipment from RS Means and the lamps ANOPR. 

Maintenance costs include labor only based on 3,450 operating hours per year. (lamps ANOPR)

Commercial Halogen Lighting
Final

36

Performance/Cost Characteristics » Commercial Solid State Lighting (Edison Socket Substitute)

DATA

2003 2007 2011 2020 2030 2040

Installed Base Typical Typical Typical Typical 

LED BR30 LED BR30 LED BR30 LED BR30 LED BR30 LED

Wattage

36.4 12.7 10.8 3.8 3.2 3.2

Lumens 548 650 650 650 650 650

Efficacy (lm/W) 15.1 51.0 60.0 170.0 202.0 202.0

Lamp Cost ($/klm) $392.68 $205.00 $80.00 $20.00 $13.00 $13.00

Life (1000 hrs) 50 25 50 75 75 75

CRI

92 85 90 92 92 92

CCT

2700 3000 2700 2700 2700 2700

Total Installed Cost ($) $270.44 $186.77 $105.52 $66.52 $61.97 $61.97

Annual Maintenance Cost ($) $0.07 $0.07 $0.07 $0.07 $0.07 $0.07
Final

37

Performance/Cost Characteristics » Commercial Solid State Lighting (Edison Socket Substitute)

Commercial Solid-State Lighting (Edison Socket Substitute)

• The commercial solid-state lighting characterized is a replacement for a 65W BR30 lamp. This 

represents the most common use of LED technology in Edison sockets in the commercial sector.

• Assumptions for 2011:

— 65W BR30 equivalent: 11W LED emitting 650 lumens in a downlight fixture

• No federal standards exist for solid-state lighting.

• The 2012 Solid State Lighting Multi-Year Program Plan and 2012 Energy Savings Forecast Model 

served as sources for many of the projections for LED technology.

• Total installed cost includes equipment and installation costs. Annual maintenance costs and 

installation costs are calculated using labor rate and labor time to install/replace equipment from RS 

Means and the 2009 lamps rulemaking. Maintenance costs include labor only based on 3,376 

operating hours per year. (DOE, 2009)
Final

38

Performance/Cost Characteristics » Commercial 4-ft T8 Linear Fluorescent Lighting

DATA

2003 2007 2011

Installed Base Baseline High 

Efficiency 

HE w/ Occ. 

Sensor 

HE w/ Spec. 

Reflector 

HE w/ OS & 

Spec. Ref. 

32WT8 32WT8 32WT8 28WT8 28WT8 28WT8 28WT8

System Wattage 65 65 65 57 57 57 57

System Lumens 3282 3282 3282 3334 3334 3942 3942

Lamp Efficacy (lm/W) 78.8 78.8 78.8 91.4 91.4 91.4 91.4

System Efficacy (lm/W) 50.1 50.1 50.1 58.2 58.2 68.8 68.8

Cost ($/klm) $0.38 $0.38 $0.38 $0.63 $0.63 $0.63 $0.63 

Cost ($/klm l/b/f) $13.81 $13.81 $13.81 $14.38 $15.29 $17.64 $18.40 

Average Lamp Life (1000 hrs) 20 20 20 18 9 18 9

CRI

75 75 75 82 82 82 82

Total Installed Cost ($) $74.00 $74.00 $74.00 $76.63 $79.64 $98.20 $101.21 

Annual Maintenance Cost ($) $3.03 $3.03 $3.03 $3.16 $4.41 $3.16 $4.41 

Ballast Efficiency (BLE) 86.0% 86.0% 86.0% 86.0% 86.0% 86.0% 86.0%
Final

39

Performance/Cost Characteristics » Commercial 4-ft T8 Linear Fluorescent Lighting (Cont.’d)

DATA

2020 2030 2040

Base HE HE w/ 

OS 

HE w/ 

SR HE Max Base HE HE w/ OS 

HE w/ 

SR 

HE 

Max Base HE HE w/ OS 

HE w/ 

SR 

HE 

Max 

32WT8 28WT8 28WT8 28WT8 28WT8 32WT8 F28T8 F28T8 F28T8 F28T8 F32T8 F28T8 F28T8 F28T8 F28T8

System Wattage 

62 54 54 54 54 62 54 54 54 54 62 54 54 54 54

System Lumens 

3712 3384 3384 4002 4002 3712 3440 3440 4067 4067 3712 3495 3495 4133 4133

Lamp Efficacy (lm/W) 

89.1 92.8 92.8 92.8 92.8 89.1 94.3 94.3 94.3 94.3 89.1 95.8 95.8 95.8 95.8

System Efficacy (lm/W) 

60.0 62.6 62.6 74.0 74.0 60.0 63.6 63.6 75.2 75.2 60.0 64.6 64.6 76.4 76.4

Cost ($/klm) 

$0.54 $0.61 $0.61 $0.61 $0.61 $0.53 $0.59 $0.59 $0.59 $0.59 $0.52 $0.57 $0.57 $0.57 $0.57 

Cost ($/klm l/b/f)

$12.68 $13.96 $14.84 $17.11 $17.86 $12.46 $13.50 $14.35 $16.55 $17.27 $12.25 $13.06 $13.88 $16.01 $16.70 

Average Lamp Life 

(1000 hrs) 25 19 9 19 9 26 19 10 19 10 26 20 10 20 10

CRI

85 82 82 82 82 85 82 82 82 82 85 82 82 82 82

Total Installed Cost ($)

$75.73 $75.91 $78.88 $97.15 $100.13 $74.93 $75.11 $78.03 $95.99 $98.92 $74.14 $74.31 $77.18 $94.84 $97.71 

Annual Maintenance 

Cost ($) $3.03 $3.16 $4.41 $3.16 $4.41 $3.03 $3.16 $4.41 $3.16 $4.41 $3.03 $3.16 $4.41 $3.16 $4.41 

Ballast Efficiency (BLE)

91.1% 91.1% 91.1% 91.1% 91.1% 91.1% 91.1% 91.1% 91.1% 91.1% 91.1% 91.1% 91.1% 91.1% 91.1%
Final

Commercial Linear Fluorescent Lighting – ≤ 4 ft. T8/T12

• The commercial linear fluorescent lighting (≤ 4 ft.) characterized in this report is a two-lamp system (one ballast and 

one fixture) that emits approximately 4,000 system lumens. 

• Compared to the 2008 EIA Reference Case, this report excludes F34T12 lamps and F32T8 HE magnetic systems. T12 

lamps have largely disappeared from the market, and F32T8 HE magnetic systems are a niche product for sensitive 

applications that do not represent any significant portion of the market. This report also assumes that the high 

efficiency T8 lamp has a reduced wattage of 28W rather than 32W.

• Assumptions for 2011:

— Baseline F32T8: 2 32W T8 lamps with instant start electronic ballast (ballast factor=0.88, BLE=86%), fixture 

efficiency = 74%

— F32T8 HE unit: 2 28W T8 lamps with instant start electronic ballast (ballast factor=0.88, BLE=86%), fixture 

efficiency = 74%

— F32T8 HE unit w/ occupancy sensor: 2 28W T8 lamps with a electronic ballast (ballast factor=0.88, BLE=86%) and 

occupancy sensor (designed for 1,000 sq. ft. or ~25 two lamp systems), fixture efficiency = 74%. Note that 

occupancy sensor is assumed to be associated with a 50% reduction in lamp lifetime.

— F32T8 HE unit w/ specular reflector: 2 28W T8 lamps with instant start electronic ballast (ballast factor=0.88, 

BLE=86%), fixture efficiency = 88%

— F32T8 HE unit w/ OS and SR: 2 28W T8 lamps with electronic ballast (ballast factor=0.88, BLE=86%) and 

occupancy sensor (designed for 1,000 sq. ft. or ~25 two lamp systems), fixture efficiency = 88%. Note that 

occupancy sensor is assumed to be associated with a 50% reduction in lamp lifetime.

• Since 1995, DOE standards have required that the lamps characterized by this report have a minimum efficacy of 75 

lm/W and a minimum CRI of 45 for <35W lamps.

• In 2005, DOE standards raised the minimum BEF of the ballasts paired with the characterized lamps, effectively 

promoting the use of T8 lamp and ballast systems. 

40

Performance/Cost Characteristics » Commercial 4-ft T8 Linear Fluorescent Lighting
Final

Commercial Linear Fluorescent Lighting – ≤ 4 ft. T8/T12

• Beginning July 14, 2012 (or July 14, 2014 for T8 700-series phosphor lamps), DOE fluorescent lamp 

standards will require a minimum efficacy of 89 lm/W. While the amended performance-based 

standards do not explicitly prohibit T12 lamps, no T12 lamps met the standard at the time of its 

announcement. Since then, however, T12 lamps meeting the standard have entered the market.

• Beginning November 14, 2014, DOE standards will require that the characterized ballasts have a 

minimum BLE = 0.993 / (1 + 0.27 * Avg Total Lamp Arc power ^ (- 0.25)). 

• California's Title 24 mandates the use of electronic ballasts with high efficacy luminaires (including 

fluorescent) of 13 W or higher (CEC, 2005).

• Though system watts for the F32T8 HE with the occupancy sensor are the same as the F32T8 HE, 

occupancy sensors can result in 17% to 60% energy savings due to reduced operating hours. (LRC) 

Savings potential is highly dependent on the time-delay programmed into the sensor, which ranges 

from 5-30 minutes and room type. Shorter time delays save more energy, but possibly at expense of 

lamp life. Occupancy sensors can reduce fluorescent lamp lifetime by as much as 50%. (Lutron) This 

decrease in lifetime results in higher overall maintenance costs. 

• The following future improvements were assumed to occur over a 30-year period: Efficacy +5%, Life 

+10%, and Price -5% (NCI, 2012). Improvements in efficacy and life can be made with better 

phosphors and electrodes. Additional future energy savings are expected to come from increased 

use of dimming ballasts and occupancy sensors with linear fluorescent lighting.

• Total installed cost includes equipment and installation costs. Annual maintenance costs and 

installation costs are calculated using labor rate and labor time to install/replace equipment from RS 

Means. Maintenance costs include labor only based on 3,435 operating hours per year. (DOE, 2009)

41

Performance/Cost Characteristics » Commercial 4-ft T8 Linear Fluorescent Lighting (cont.’d)
Final

42

Performance/Cost Characteristics » Commercial 4-ft T5 Linear Fluorescent Lighting

DATA

2003 2007 2011 2020 2030 2040

Installed Base Typical High Typical High Typical High Typical High 

28WT5 28WT5 28WT5 26WT5 28WT5 26WT5 28WT5 26WT5 28WT5 26WT5 

System Wattage 

66 63 63 59 61 57 61 57 61 57

System Lumens 

4698 4698 4698 4698 4768 4768 4846 4846 4925 4925

Lamp Efficacy (lm/W) 

95.0 95.0 95.0 102.3 96.4 103.8 98.0 105.5 99.6 107.3

System Efficacy (lm/W) 

71.2 74.4 74.4 80.1 78.3 84.4 79.6 85.7 80.9 87.1

Cost ($/klm) 

$1.53 $0.67 $0.67 $0.84 $0.65 $0.81 $0.63 $0.79 $0.61 $0.76 

Cost ($/klm l/b/f) 

$28.68 $28.46 $28.46 $28.84 $27.62 $27.99 $26.72 $27.07 $25.84 $26.18 

Average Lamp Life (1000 hrs) 

20 20 20 25 21 26 21 27 22 27

CRI 85 85 85 85 85 85 85 85 85 85

Total Installed Cost ($) $164.95 $161.39 $161.39 $163.17 $159.38 $161.14 $157.15 $158.88 $154.92 $156.62 

Annual Maintenance Cost ($) $2.81 $2.93 $2.93 $2.71 $2.93 $2.71 $2.93 $2.71 $2.93 $2.71 

Ballast Efficiency (BLE) 89% 89% 89% 89% 92% 92% 92% 92% 92% 92%
Final

Commercial 4-ft T5 Linear Fluorescent Lighting

• The commercial T5 linear fluorescent lighting characterized in this report is a two-lamp system (one 

ballast and one 88.3% efficient fixture) that emits approximately 4,700 system lumens.

• Compared to the 2008 EIA Reference Case, this report assumes that the high efficiency T5 lamp has 

a reduced wattage of 26 W rather than 28 W.

• T5 lamps are approximately 40% narrower than T8 lamps and almost 60% narrower than T12 lamps. 

This allows T5 lamps to be coated with higher quality, more efficient phosphor blends than larger 

diameter lamps, resulting in a more efficacious lamp. The compact size of T5 lamps also permits 

greater flexibility in lighting design and construction.

• Assumptions for 2011:

— Typical: 2 F28T5 lamps with a programmed start electronic ballast (ballast factor =1, 

BLE=88.7%)

— Best available: 2 F26T5 lamps with a programmed start electronic ballast (ballast factor =1, 

BLE=88.7%)

• Currently no federal standards exist for the T5 lamps or corresponding ballasts characterized in this 

report.

43

Performance/Cost Characteristics » Commercial 4-ft T5 Linear Fluorescent Lighting
Final

Commercial 4-ft T5 Linear Fluorescent Lighting

• Beginning July 14, 2012, DOE fluorescent lamp standards will require a minimum efficacy of 86 

lm/W for standard output T5 lamps.

• Beginning November 14, 2014, DOE standards will require that the characterized ballasts have a 

minimum BLE = 0.993 / (1 + 0.51 * Avg Total Lamp Arc power ^ (- 0.25)). 

• California's Title 24 mandates the use of electronic ballasts with high efficacy luminaires (including 

fluorescent) of 13 W or higher (CEC, 2005).

• The following future improvements were assumed to occur over a 30-year period: Efficacy +5%, Life 

+10%, and Price -5% (NCI, 2012). Efficiency and life improvements can be made by using improved 

phosphors and electrodes. Additional future energy savings are expected to come from increased 

use of dimming ballasts and occupancy sensors with linear fluorescent lighting.

• Total installed cost includes equipment and installation costs. Annual maintenance costs and 

installation costs are calculated using labor rate and labor time to install/replace equipment from RS 

Means and 2009 lamps rulemaking. Maintenance costs include labor only based on 3,435 operating 

hours per year. (DOE, 2009)

44

Performance/Cost Characteristics » Commercial 4-ft T5 Linear Fluorescent Lighting (Cont.’d)
Final

45

Performance/Cost Characteristics » Commercial Solid State Lighting (4-ft Linear Fluorescent Lighting 

Substitute)

DATA

2003 2007 2011 2020 2030 2040

Installed Base T8 T8 T8 T8

LED LED 32W T8 LED 32W T8 LED 32W T8 LED 32W T8 LED 32W T8

Typical Wattage 36.4 80.0 55.4 29.6 25.0 25.0

Lumens 548 5040 5040 5040 5040 5040

Efficacy (lm/W) 15.1 63.0 91.0 170.0 202.0 202.0

Cost ($/klm) $392.68 $301.00 $110.00 $20.00 $13.00 $13.00

Average Lamp Life (1000 hrs) 50 25 50 75 75 75

CRI 92 70 80 85 85 85

CCT 2700 3500 3500 3500 3500 3500

Total Installed Cost ($) $270.44 $1,570.56 $607.92 $154.32 $119.04 $119.04

Annual Maintenance Cost ($) $0.07 $0.07 $0.07 $0.07 $0.07 $0.07
Final

46

Performance/Cost Characteristics » Commercial Solid State Lighting (4-ft Linear Fluorescent Lighting 

Substitute)

Commercial Solid-State Lighting (4-ft Linear Fluorescent Substitute)

• The commercial solid-state lighting characterized is a replacement for 2 4-ft 32W T8 lamps in a 

troffer fixture. This represents the most common use of LED technology in the 4-ft linear fluorescent 

lighting market.

• Assumptions for 2011:

— 2 F32T8 lamps equivalent: 56W LED emitting 5040 lumens

• No federal standards exist for solid-state lighting.

• The 2012 Solid State Lighting Multi-Year Program Plan and 2012 Energy Savings Forecast Model 

served as sources for many of the projections for LED technology.

• Total installed cost includes equipment and installation costs. Annual maintenance costs and 

installation costs are calculated using labor rate and labor time to install/replace equipment from RS 

Means and the 2009 lamps rulemaking. Maintenance costs include labor only based on 3,376 

operating hours per year. (DOE, 2009)
Final

47

Performance/Cost Characteristics » Commercial 8-ft Linear Fluorescent Lighting

DATA

2003 2007

Installed Base 

75WT12 60WT12 59WT8 59WT8 HE 75WT12 60WT12 59WT8 55WT8

System Wattage 158 126 113 100 148 119 113 106

System Lumens 10208 7546 8300 8311 9376 7404 8379 8844

Lamp Efficacy (lm/W) 78.7 77.7 86.9 98.2 78.7 77.7 86.9 98.5

System Efficacy (lm/W) 64.6 59.9 73.5 83.1 63.1 62.3 73.9 83.7

Cost ($/klm) $0.99 $0.73 $0.80 $1.23 $0.52 $0.38 $0.42 $0.51 

Cost ($/klm l/b/f) $5.31 $6.54 $6.36 $7.09 $4.41 $4.41 $6.35 $9.26 

Average Lamp Life (1000 hrs) 12 12 15 18 12 12 15 24

CRI 70 62 75 85 62 62 75 78

Total Installed Cost ($) $106.42 $102.16 $105.35 $111.74 $83.44 $83.44 $103.93 $162.76 

Annual Maintenance Cost ($) $4.64 $4.64 $4.39 $4.22 $4.66 $4.66 $4.40 $4.55 

Ballast Efficiency (BLE) 88.9% 88.9% 88.9% 88.9% 88.9% 88.9% 91.6% 91.7%
Final

48

Performance/Cost Characteristics » Commercial 8-ft Linear Fluorescent Lighting (Cont.’d)

DATA

2011 2020 2030 2040

Electronic 

HE Typical High Efficiency Typical HE Typical HE Typical HE 

60WT12 59WT8 55WT8 59WT8 55WT8 59WT8 55WT8 59WT8 55WT8

System Wattage 119 113 106 112 104 112 104 112 104

System Lumens 7404 8379 8844 8865 8977 8865 9124 8865 9272

Lamp Efficacy (lm/W) 77.7 86.9 98.5 92.0 99.9 92.0 101.6 92.0 103.2

System Efficacy (lm/W) 62.3 73.9 83.7 79.3 86.2 79.3 87.6 79.3 89.0

Cost ($/klm) $0.38 $0.42 $0.59 $0.60 $0.57 $0.59 $0.55 $0.58 $0.53 

Cost ($/klm l/b/f) $4.41 $6.35 $6.48 $6.42 $6.29 $6.31 $6.08 $6.20 $5.88 

Average Lamp Life (1000 hrs) 12 15 18 15 19 16 19 16 20

CRI 62 75 82 82 82 82 82 82 82

Total Installed Cost ($) $83.44 $103.93 $108.05 $107.63 $107.19 $106.67 $106.24 $105.70 $105.28 

Annual Maintenance Cost ($) $4.66 $4.40 $4.23 $4.40 $4.23 $4.40 $4.23 $4.40 $4.23 

Ballast Efficiency (BLE) 88.9% 91.6% 91.6% 92.9% 92.9% 92.9% 92.9% 92.9% 92.9%
Final

49

Performance/Cost Characteristics » Commercial 8-ft Linear Fluorescent Lighting

Commercial Linear Fluorescent Lighting – 8 ft. T8/T12

• The commercial linear fluorescent lighting (> 4 ft.) characterized in this report is a two-lamp system 

(one ballast and one fixture) that emits approximately 8,000 system lumens.

• Compared to the 2008 EIA Reference Case, this report:

— Assumes that the high efficiency 8 ft. T8 lamp has a reduced wattage of 55 W rather than 59 

W. 

— Continues to includes 75W T12 lamps only in the installed base

— Characterizes the 60W T12 lamps with an electronic ballast rather than a magnetic ballast 

because of the inability to meet current ballast standards with magnetic ballasts

• Assumptions for 2011:

— 2 F96T12 lamps (60W each) with electronic ballast (ballast factor =0.88, BLE=88.9%), fixture 

efficiency= 90.2%

— 2 F96T8 lamps (59W each) with electronic ballast (ballast factor=0.88, BLE=91.6%), fixture 

efficiency= 92.8%

— 2 high efficiency F96T8 lamps (55W each) with electronic ballast (ballast factor=0.88,

BLE=91.6%), fixture efficiency= 92.8.%

• Since 1994, DOE standards have required that the lamps characterized by this report have a 

minimum efficacy of 80 lm/W and a minimum CRI of 69 for >35W lamps.

• In 2005, DOE standards raised the minimum BEF of the ballasts paired with the characterized lamps, 

effectively promoting the use of T8 lamp and ballast systems. 
Final

50

Performance/Cost Characteristics » Commercial 8-ft Linear Fluorescent Lighting (Cont.’d)

Commercial Linear Fluorescent Lighting – 8 ft. T8/T12

• Beginning July 14, 2012 (or July 14, 2014 for T8 700-series phosphor lamps), DOE fluorescent lamp 

standards will require a minimum efficacy of 97 lm/W. While the amended performance-based 

standards do not explicitly prohibit T12 lamps, no T12 lamps met the standard at the time of its 

announcement. Since then, however, T12 lamps meeting the standard have entered the market.

• Beginning November 14, 2014, DOE standards will require that the characterized ballasts have a 

minimum BLE = 0.993 / (1 + 0.27 * Avg Total Lamp Arc power ^ (- 0.25)). 

• The following future improvements were assumed to occur over a 30-year period: Efficacy +5%, Life 

+10%, and Price -5% (NCI, 2012). Improvements can be made through improved phosphors and 

electrodes. Additional future energy savings are expected to come from increased use of dimming 

ballasts and occupancy sensors with linear fluorescent lighting.

• California’s Title 24 mandates the use of electronic ballasts with high efficacy luminaires (including 

fluorescent) of 13 W or higher (CEC, 2005).

• Total installed cost includes equipment and installation costs. Annual maintenance costs and 

installation costs are calculated using labor rate and labor time to install/replace equipment from RS 

Means and the 2009 lamps rulemaking. Maintenance costs include labor only based on 3,435 

operating hours per year. (NCI, 2009)
Final

51

Performance/Cost Characteristics » Commercial 8-ft Linear Fluorescent Lighting (High Output)

DATA

2003 2007 2011 2020 2030 2040

Installed Base Typical High Typical High Typical High Typical High 

86WT8HO 86WT8HO 86WT8HO 86WT8HO 86WT8HO 86WT8HO 86WT8HO 86WT8HO 86WT8HO 86WT8HO

System Wattage 165 165 165 165 165 165 165 165 165 165

System Lumens 11488 11596 11596 12740 11770 12931 11964 13143 12157 13355

Lamp Efficacy (lm/W) 82.6 82.6 82.6 90.7 83.8 92.1 85.2 93.6 86.5 95.1

System Efficacy (lm/W) 69.6 70.3 70.3 77.2 71.3 78.3 72.5 79.6 73.7 80.9

Cost ($/klm) $0.99 $0.51 $0.51 $0.58 $0.48 $0.54 $0.48 $0.54 $0.47 $0.52 

Cost ($/klm l/b/f) $9.29 $9.26 $9.26 $8.69 $8.69 $8.16 $8.69 $8.16 $8.41 $7.89 

Average Lamp Life (1000 hrs) 24 24 24 18 26 19 26 19 26 20

CRI 78 78 78 86 78 86 78 86 78 86

Total Installed Cost ($) $163.88 $162.76 $162.76 $166.10 $159.36 $162.59 $159.36 $162.59 $157.57 $160.75 

Annual Maintenance Cost ($) $4.64 $4.55 $4.55 $4.83 $4.55 $4.83 $4.55 $4.83 $4.55 $4.83 

Ballast Efficiency (BLE) 88.9% 91.7% 91.7% 91.7% 91.7% 91.7% 91.7% 91.7% 91.7% 91.7%
Final

52

Performance/Cost Characteristics » Commercial 8-ft Linear Fluorescent Lighting (High Output)

Commercial Linear Fluorescent Lighting – 8 ft. T8/T12 High Output

• The high output commercial linear fluorescent lighting (> 4 ft.) characterized in this report is a twolamp system (one ballast and one 92.8% efficient fixture) that emits approximately 10,000 system 

lumens.

• Compared to the 2008 EIA Reference Case, this report characterizes a best available unit in addition 

to the typical unit.

• Assumptions for 2011:

— Typical: 2 F96T8HO lamps (86W each) with electronic ballast (ballast factor=0.78, BLE=91.7%)

— Best available: 2 F96T8HO lamps (86W each) with electronic ballast (ballast factor=0.78, 

BLE=91.7%) and emitting additional lumens

• Since 1994, DOE standards have required that the lamps characterized by this report have a 

minimum efficacy of 80 lm/W and a minimum CRI of 69 for >35W lamps.

• In 2005, DOE standards raised the minimum BEF of the ballasts paired with the characterized lamps, 

effectively promoting the use of T8 lamp and ballast systems. 
Final

53

Performance/Cost Characteristics » Commercial 8-ft Linear Fluorescent Lighting (High Output) (Cont.’d)

Commercial Linear Fluorescent Lighting – 8 ft. T8/T12 High Output

• Beginning July 14, 2012 (or July 14, 2014 for T8 700-series phosphor lamps), DOE fluorescent lamp 

standards will require a minimum efficacy of 92 lm/W. While the amended performance-based 

standards do not explicitly prohibit T12 lamps, no T12 lamps met the standard at the time of its 

announcement. Since then, however, T12 lamps meeting the standard have entered the market.

• Beginning November 14, 2014, DOE standards will require that the characterized ballasts have a 

minimum BLE of 0.993 / (1 + 0.38 * Avg Total Lamp Arc power ^ (- 0.25)). 

• The following future improvements were assumed to occur over a 30 year period: Efficacy +5%, Life 

+10%, and Price -5% (NCI, 2012). Improvements can be made through improved phosphors and 

electrodes. Additional future energy savings are expected to come from increased use of dimming 

ballasts and occupancy sensors with linear fluorescent lighting.

• California’s Title 24 mandates the use of electronic ballasts with high-efficacy luminaires (including 

fluorescent) of 13 W or higher (CEC, 2005).

• Total installed cost includes equipment and installation costs. Annual maintenance costs and 

installation costs are calculated using labor rate and labor time to install/replace equipment from RS 

Means and the 2009 lamps rule. Maintenance costs include labor only based on 3,435 operating hours 

per year. (DOE, 2009)
Final

54

Performance/Cost Characteristics » Commercial Low Bay HID Lighting (Metal Halide)

DATA

2003 2007 2011 2020 2030 2040

Installed Base Typical High Typical High Typical High Typical High

175W

MV

175W

MH

175W

MH

175W

MH

175W

MH

175W

MH

175W

MH

175W

MH

175W

MH

175W

MH

175W

MH

System Wattage 208 210 211 199 170 199 170 199 170 199 170

System Lumens 5176 6669 7171 10186 11409 10492 11751 10832 12131 11171 12512

Lamp Efficacy 

(lm/W) 39.0 50.3 50.3 71.4 93.3 73.6 96.1 76.0 99.2 78.3 102.4

System Efficacy 

(lm/W) 24.9 31.8 34.0 51.2 67.2 52.8 69.3 54.5 71.5 56.2 73.7

Lamp Cost ($/klm) $2.19 $2.75 $5.81 $5.67 $5.06 $5.42 $4.84 $5.17 $4.61 $4.92 $4.39 

System Cost ($/klm) $35.80 $26.17 $44.58 $39.92 $35.64 $38.18 $34.09 $36.35 $32.46 $34.64 $30.93 

Average Lamp Life 

(1000 hrs) 24 10 10 15 15 15 15 16 16 16 16

CRI 15 65 67 69 69 69 69 69 69 69 69

Total Installed Cost 

($) $328.83 $318.18 $771.67 $858.59 $858.59 $852.49 $852.49 $845.72 $845.72 $838.94 $838.94 

Annual Maintenance 

Cost ($) $3.93 $4.81 $4.83 $4.32 $4.32 $4.32 $4.32 $4.32 $4.32 $4.32 $4.32 
Final

55

Commercial HID Low Bay Lighting (Metal Halide)

Performance/Cost Characteristics » Commercial HID Low Bay Lighting (Metal Halide)

• The commercial metal halide low bay lighting characterized in this report is a one-lamp and oneballast system in a low bay fixture with 81.5% efficiency that emits approximately 10,000 system 

lumens. 

• Low bay lighting is defined as “interior lighting where the roof trusses or ceiling height is less than 

25ft. above the floor.” (IESNA, 2000)

• Compared to the 2008 EIA Reference Case, this report:

— Characterizes a best available unit in addition to the typical unit.

— Increases the ballast efficiency to increase system efficiency for the high efficiency unit rather than 

increase the lamp efficacy due to the existence of more data on ballast efficiency than lamp 

efficacy at this time. 

— Characterizes metal halide lamps separately from high pressure sodium lamps because of their 

separate utilities. Metal halide lamps provide an intense white light and are typically used in retail 

applications; high pressure sodium lamps provide a yellow light and are typically used in 

warehouses and distribution centers.

• A 175W mercury vapor lamp with a magnetic ballast is included in the 2003 reference case for 

comparison, but EPACT 2005 prohibited the manufacture and import of mercury vapor lamp ballasts 

after January 1, 2008, causing mercury vapor lamp sales to decline until ultimately disappearing after 

the failure of all existing mercury vapor lamp ballasts.

• Assumptions for 2011:

— Typical efficiency unit: 175W metal halide lamp with pulse start magnetic ballast (ballast 

efficiency=88%)

— High efficiency unit: 175W metal halide lamp with pulse start magnetic ballast (ballast 

efficiency=88.4%)
Final

56

Commercial HID Low Bay Lighting (Metal Halide)

Performance/Cost Characteristics » Commercial HID Low Bay Lighting (Metal Halide) (Cont.’d)

• In 2010, DOE published a determination that energy conservation standards for HID lamps would be 

technologically feasible and economically justified. The rulemaking to establish standards for these 

lamps is ongoing and is expected to be completed by June 2014. No current standards exist for HID 

lamps.

• EISA 2007 established efficiency standards for probe start magnetic ballasts (94%) and pulse start 

magnetic or electronic ballasts (88%) for ballasts that operate metal halide lamps between 150 and 400 

watts, effective January 1, 2009. The 94% efficiency requirement effectively banned probe start 

magnetic ballasts.

• A DOE rulemaking is ongoing to establish new and amended energy conservation standards for metal 

halide lamp fixtures as directed by EISA 2007. This rulemaking is expected to be completed by June 

2014.

• The following future improvements were assumed to occur over a 30 year period: Efficacy +10%, Life 

+10%, and Price -5% (NCI, 2012). Improvements can be made by using ceramic arc tubes.

• Utilities in MA, NY, OR, TX, VT, WA, WI, FL and CA offer non-regulatory incentive programs to 

promote energy efficient HID lighting. Incentive programs favor efficient T5 high output lamps or T8 

lamps for low bay applications.

• Total installed cost includes equipment and installation costs and is based on the ongoing DOE metal 

halide lamp fixtures rulemaking. Annual maintenance costs are calculated using labor rate and labor 

time to install/replace equipment from RS Means and the 2009 lamps rule. Maintenance costs include 

labor only based on 3,650 operating hours per year.
Final

57

Performance/Cost Characteristics » Commercial Low Bay HID Lighting (High Pressure Sodium)

DATA

2003 2007 2011 2020 2030 2040

Installed Base Typical High Typical High Typical High Typical High

175W MV 70W HPS 100W HPS 100W HPS 100W HPS 100W HPS 100W HPS 100W HPS 100W HPS 100W HPS 100W HPS

System Wattage 208 93 130 130 122 130 122 130 122 130 122

System Lumens 5176 4130 7213 7213 7213 7213 7213 7213 7213 7213 7213

Lamp Efficacy 

(lm/W) 39.0 77.9 94.5 94.5 94.5 94.5 94.5 94.5 94.5 94.5 94.5

System Efficacy 

(lm/W) 24.9 44.4 55.5 55.5 59.1 55.5 59.1 55.5 59.1 55.5 59.1

Lamp Cost ($/klm) $2.19 $3.11 $5.37 $5.37 $5.37 $5.29 $5.29 $5.20 $5.20 $5.11 $5.11 

System Cost ($/klm) $35.80 $41.15 $43.68 $43.68 $45.58 $43.03 $44.89 $42.30 $44.13 $41.57 $43.37 

Average Lamp Life 

(1000 hrs) 24 24 24 24 24 24 24 24 24 24 24

CRI 15 22 22 22 22 22 22 22 22 22 22

Total Installed Cost 

($) $328.83 $312.86 $767.01 $767.01 $780.68 $762.29 $775.74 $757.04 $770.27 $751.78 $764.79 

Annual Maintenance 

Cost ($) $3.93 $3.93 $3.93 $3.93 $4.03 $3.93 $4.03 $3.93 $4.03 $3.93 $4.03 
Final

58

Commercial HID Low Bay Lighting (High Pressure Sodium)

Performance/Cost Characteristics » Commercial HID Low Bay Lighting (High Pressure Sodium)

• The commercial high pressure sodium low bay lighting characterized in this report is a one-lamp and 

one-ballast system in a low bay fixture with 76.3% efficiency that emits approximately 7,000 system 

lumens. 

• Low bay lighting is defined as “interior lighting where the roof trusses or ceiling height is less than 

25ft. above the floor.” (IESNA, 2000)

• Compared to the 2008 EIA Reference Case, this report:

— Characterizes a best available unit in addition to the typical unit. 

— Increases the ballast efficiency to increase system efficiency rather than increase the lamp efficacy 

due to the existence of more data on ballast efficiency than lamp efficacy at this time. 

— Analyzes a 100W unit rather than a 70W unit as the typical low bay unit.

— Characterizes high pressure sodium lamps separately from metal halide lamps because of their 

separate utilities. Metal halide lamps provide an intense white light and are typically used in retail 

applications; high pressure sodium lamps provide a yellow light and are typically used in 

warehouses and distribution centers.

• A 175W mercury vapor lamp with a magnetic ballast is included in the 2003 reference case for 

comparison, but EPACT 2005 prohibited the manufacture and import of mercury vapor lamp ballasts 

after January 1, 2008, causing mercury vapor lamp sales to decline until ultimately disappearing after 

the failure of all existing mercury vapor lamp ballasts.
Final

59

Commercial HID Low Bay Lighting (High Pressure Sodium)

Performance/Cost Characteristics » Commercial HID Low Bay Lighting (High Pressure Sodium) (Cont.’d)

• Assumptions for 2011:

— Typical efficiency unit: 100W high pressure sodium lamp with magnetic ballast (ballast 

efficiency=76.9%)

— High efficiency unit: 100W high pressure sodium lamp with magnetic ballast (ballast 

efficiency=82%)

• In 2010, DOE published a determination that energy conservation standards for HID lamps would be 

technologically feasible and economically justified. The rulemaking to establish standards for these 

lamps is ongoing and is expected to be completed by June 2014. No current standards exist for HID 

lamps.

• Efficacy and lifetime are not expected to improve over a 30 year period for HPS lamps. Manufacturers 

do not plan to devote resources to HPS research and development. Price is expected to decrease 5% 

over 30 years. (NCI, 2012)

• Utilities in MA, NY, OR, TX, VT, WA, WI, FL and CA offer non-regulatory incentive programs to 

promote energy efficient HID lighting. Incentive programs favor efficient T5 high output lamps or T8 

lamps for low bay applications.

• Total installed cost includes equipment and installation costs and is based on the ongoing DOE metal 

halide lamp fixtures rulemaking. Annual maintenance costs are calculated using labor rate and labor 

time to install/replace equipment from RS Means and the 2009 lamps rule. Maintenance costs include 

labor only based on 3,650 operating hours per year.
Final

60

Performance/Cost Characteristics » Commercial Solid State Lighting (Low Bay Applications)

DATA

2003 2007 2011 2020 2030 2040

Installed Base HPS HPS HPS HPS

LED LED 100W HPS LED 100W HPS LED 100W HPS LED 100W HPS LED

Typical Wattage 36 11 100 42 36 36

Lumens 548 630 7200 7200 7200 7200

Efficacy (lm/W) 15.1 55.3 72.0 170.0 202.0 202.0

Cost ($/klm) $392.68 $160.00 $112.00 $20.00 $13.00 $13.00

Average Lamp Life (1000 hrs) 50 50 50 75 75 75

CRI 92 92 80 80 80 80

CCT 2700 2700 5500 5500 5500 5500

Total Installed Cost ($) $270.44 $154.32 $859.92 $197.52 $147.12 $147.12

Annual Maintenance Cost ($) $0.07 $0.07 $0.07 $0.07 $0.07 $0.07
Final

61

Performance/Cost Characteristics » Commercial Solid State Lighting (Low Bay Applications)

Commercial Solid-State Lighting (Low Bay Applications)

• The commercial solid-state lighting technology characterized in this report is a replacement for a 

100W high pressure sodium lamp. This represents the most common use of LED technology in the 

low bay market.

• Assumptions for 2011:

— 100W HPS lamp equivalent: 100W LED emitting 7,200 lumens

• No federal standards exist for solid-state lighting.

• The 2012 Solid State Lighting Multi-Year Program Plan and 2012 Energy Savings Forecast Model 

served as sources for many of the projections for LED technology.

• Total installed cost includes equipment and installation costs. Annual maintenance costs and 

installation costs are calculated using labor rate and labor time to install/replace equipment from RS 

Means and the 2009 Lamps Rule. Maintenance costs include labor only based on 3,376 operating 

hours per year. (DOE, 2009)
Final

62

Performance/Cost Characteristics » Commercial High Bay HID Lighting (Metal Halide)

DATA

2003 2007 2011 2020 2030 2040

Installed Base Typical High Typical High Typical High Typical High 

400W MV 250W MH 400W MH 400W MH 400W MH 400W MH 400W MH 400W MH 400W MH 400W MH 400W MH

System Wattage 453 293 465 480 423 455 423 455 423 455 423

System Lumens 13061 12245 20607 21261 23551 21899 24257 22607 25042 23316 25827

Lamp Efficacy (lm/W) 36.0 54.0 63.0 65.0 72.0 67.0 74.2 69.1 76.6 71.3 79.0

System Efficacy (lm/W) 28.8 41.8 44.3 44.3 55.6 48.2 57.3 49.7 59.2 51.3 61.0

Lamp Cost ($/klm) $1.16 $1.31 $2.38 $3.55 $3.21 $3.40 $3.07 $3.24 $2.92 $3.08 $2.78 

System Cost ($/klm) $11.06 $12.83 $21.54 $16.19 $22.14 $15.48 $21.17 $14.74 $20.16 $14.05 $19.21 

Average Lamp Life (1000 hrs) 24.0 10.0 20.0 18.4 18.4 19.2 19.2 20.1 20.1 21.0 21.0

CRI 50 65 68 66 66 66 66 66 66 66 66

Total Installed Cost ($) $287.32 $300.09 $926.65 $827.03 $1,004.28 $821.87 $996.45 $816.13 $987.77 $810.40 $979.08 

Annual Maintenance Cost ($) $3.93 $4.81 $4.13 $4.13 $4.13 $4.13 $4.13 $4.13 $4.13 $4.13 $4.13 
Final

63

Commercial HID High Bay Lighting (Metal Halide)

Performance/Cost Characteristics » Commercial HID High Bay Lighting (Metal Halide)

• The commercial metal halide high bay lighting characterized in this report is a one-lamp and oneballast system in a high bay fixture with 81.8% efficiency that emits approximately 24,000 system 

lumens. 

• High bay lighting is defined as “interior lighting where the roof trusses or ceiling height is greater than 

25ft. above the floor.” (IESNA, 2000)

• Compared to the 2008 EIA Reference Case, this report:

— Characterizes a best available unit in addition to the typical unit. 

— Increases the ballast efficiency to increase system efficiency rather than increase the lamp efficacy 

due to the existence of more data on ballast efficiency than lamp efficacy at this time. 

— Analyzes a 400W unit rather than a 250W unit as the typical high bay unit.

— Characterizes metal halide lamps separately from high pressure sodium lamps because of their 

separate utilities. Metal halide lamps provide an intense white light and are typically used in retail 

applications; high pressure sodium lamps provide a yellow light and are typically used in 

warehouses and distribution centers.

• A 400W mercury vapor lamp with a magnetic ballast is included in the 2003 reference case for 

comparison, but EPACT 2005 prohibited the manufacture and import of mercury vapor lamp ballasts 

after January 1, 2008, causing mercury vapor lamp sales to decline until ultimately disappearing after 

the failure of all existing mercury vapor lamp ballasts.

• Assumptions for 2011:

— Typical efficiency unit: 400W metal halide lamp with pulse start magnetic ballast (ballast 

efficiency=88%)

— High efficiency unit: 400W metal halide lamp with pulse start magnetic ballast (ballast 

efficiency=94.5%)
Final

64

Commercial HID High Bay Lighting (Metal Halide)

Performance/Cost Characteristics » Commercial HID High Bay Lighting (Metal Halide) (Cont.’d)

• In 2010, DOE published a determination that energy conservation standards for HID lamps would 

be technologically feasible and economically justified. The rulemaking to establish standards for 

these lamps is ongoing and is expected to be completed by June 2014. No current standards exist for 

HID lamps.

• EISA 2007 established efficiency standards for probe start magnetic ballasts (94%) and pulse start 

magnetic or electronic ballasts (88%) for ballasts that operate metal halide lamps between 150 and 

400 watts, effective January 1, 2009. The 94% efficiency requirement effectively banned probe start 

magnetic ballasts.

• A DOE rulemaking is ongoing to establish new and amended energy conservation standards for 

metal halide lamp fixtures as directed by EISA 2007. This rulemaking is expected to be completed 

by June 2014.

• The following future improvements were assumed to occur over a 30 year period: Efficacy +10%, 

Life +10%, and Price -5% (NCI, 2012). Improvements can be made by using ceramic arc tubes.

• Utilities in MA, NY, OR, TX, VT, WA, WI, FL and CA offer non-regulatory incentive programs to 

promote energy efficient HID lighting. Incentive programs favor efficient T5 high output lamps or 

T8 lamps for low bay applications.

• Total installed cost includes equipment and installation costs and is based on the ongoing DOE 

metal halide lamp fixtures rulemaking. Annual maintenance costs are calculated using labor rate 

and labor time to install/replace equipment from RS Means and the 2009 lamps rule. Maintenance 

costs include labor only based on 3,650 operating hours per year.
Final

65

Performance/Cost Characteristics » Commercial High Bay HID Lighting (High Pressure Sodium)

DATA

2003 2007 2011 2020 2030 2040

Installed Base Typical High Typical High Typical High Typical High

400W MV 150W HPS 150W HPS 150W HPS 150W HPS 150W HPS 150W HPS 150W HPS 150W HPS 150W HPS 150W HPS

System Wattage 453 190 190 190 171 190 171 190 171 190 171

System Lumens 13061 10754 10754 10754 10754 10754 10754 10754 10754 10754 10754

Lamp Efficacy 

(lm/W) 36.0 90.0 90.0 90.0 90.0 90.0 90.0 90.0 90.0 90.0 90.0

System Efficacy 

(lm/W) 28.8 56.6 56.6 56.6 62.9 56.6 62.9 56.6 62.9 56.6 62.9

Lamp Cost ($/klm) $1.16 $4.65 $4.65 $4.65 $4.65 $4.58 $4.58 $4.50 $4.50 $4.43 $4.43 

System Cost ($/klm) $11.06 $30.96 $30.96 $30.96 $31.79 $30.50 $31.31 $29.98 $30.78 $29.47 $30.25 

Average Lamp Life 

(1000 hrs) 24 24 24 24 24 24 24 24 24 24 24

CRI 50 22 22 22 22 22 22 22 22 22 22

Total Installed Cost 

($) $287.32 $815.84 $815.84 $815.84 $824.72 $810.84 $819.59 $805.29 $813.90 $799.74 $808.20 

Annual Maintenance 

Cost ($) $3.93 $3.93 $3.93 $3.93 $3.93 $3.93 $3.93 $3.93 $3.93 $3.93 $3.93 
Final

66

Commercial HID High Bay Lighting (High Pressure Sodium)

Performance/Cost Characteristics » Commercial HID High Bay Lighting (High Pressure Sodium)

• The commercial high pressure sodium high bay lighting characterized in this report is a one-lamp 

and one-ballast system in a fixture with 79.7% efficiency that emits approximately 11,000 system 

lumens. 

• High bay lighting is defined as “interior lighting where the roof trusses or ceiling height is greater 

than 25ft. above the floor.” (IESNA, 2000)

• Compared to the 2008 EIA Reference Case, this report:

— Characterizes a best available unit in addition to the typical unit. 

— Increases the ballast efficiency to increase system efficiency rather than increase the lamp 

efficacy due to the existence of more data on ballast efficiency than lamp efficacy at this time. 

— Characterizes high pressure sodium lamps separately from metal halide lamps because of their 

separate utilities. Metal halide lamps provide an intense white light and are typically used in 

retail applications; high pressure sodium lamps provide a yellow light and are typically used in 

warehouses and distribution centers.

• A 400W mercury vapor lamp with a magnetic ballast is included in the 2003 reference case for 

comparison, but EPACT 2005 prohibited the manufacture and import of mercury vapor lamp 

ballasts after January 1, 2008, causing mercury vapor lamp sales to decline until ultimately 

disappearing after the failure of all existing mercury vapor lamp ballasts.
Final

67

Commercial HID High Bay Lighting (High Pressure Sodium)

Performance/Cost Characteristics » Commercial HID High Bay Lighting (High Pressure Sodium) (Cont.’d)

• Assumptions for 2011:

— Typical efficiency unit: 150W high pressure sodium lamp with magnetic ballast (ballast 

efficiency=78.9%)

— High efficiency unit: 150W high pressure sodium lamp with magnetic ballast (ballast 

efficiency=87.7%)

• In 2010, DOE published a determination that energy conservation standards for HID lamps would be 

technologically feasible and economically justified. The rulemaking to establish standards for these 

lamps is ongoing and is expected to be completed by June 2014. No current standards exist for HID 

lamps.

• Efficacy and lifetime are not expected to improve over a 30 year period for HPS lamps. Manufacturers 

do not plan to devote resources to HPS research and development. Price is expected to decrease 5% 

over 30 years. (NCI, 2012)

• Utilities in MA, NY, OR, TX, VT, WA, WI, FL and CA offer non-regulatory incentive programs to 

promote energy efficient HID lighting. Incentive programs favor efficient T5 high output lamps or T8 

lamps for low bay applications.

• Total installed cost includes equipment and installation costs and is based on the ongoing DOE metal 

halide lamp fixtures rulemaking. Annual maintenance costs are calculated using labor rate and labor 

time to install/replace equipment from RS Means and the 2009 lamps rule. Maintenance costs include 

labor only based on 3,650 operating hours per year.
Final

68

Performance/Cost Characteristics » Commercial T5 HO Lighting (High Bay Applications)

DATA

2003 2007 2011 2020 2030 2040

Installed Base Typical High Typical High Typical High Typical High 

54WT5HO 54WT5HO 54WT5HO 51WT5HO 54WT5HO 51WT5HO 54WT5HO 51WT5HO 54WT5HO 51WT5HO

System Wattage 240 234 234 221 231 218 231 218 231 218

System Lumens 18060 17646 17646 17646 17910 17910 18204 18204 18498 18498

Lamp Efficacy (lm/W) 88.0 85.2 85.2 90.2 86.5 91.5 87.9 93.1 89.3 94.6

System Efficacy (lm/W) 75.2 75.5 75.5 79.9 77.5 82.1 78.8 83.4 80.0 84.8

Cost ($/klm) $1.06 $0.26 $0.26 $0.38 $0.25 $0.37 $0.24 $0.36 $0.24 $0.35 

Cost ($/klm l/b/f) $8.50 $8.30 $8.30 $8.82 $8.05 $8.56 $7.79 $8.27 $7.53 $8.00 

Average Lamp Life (1000 hrs) 20 20 20 20 21 21 21 21 22 22

CRI 85 85 85 85 85 85 85 85 85 85

Total Installed Cost ($) $184.10 $174.12 $174.12 $183.24 $171.92 $180.91 $169.48 $178.32 $167.04 $175.72 

Annual Maintenance Cost ($) $2.81 $2.93 $2.93 $2.93 $2.93 $2.93 $2.93 $2.93 $2.93 $2.93 

Ballast Efficiency (BLE) 92.4% 92.4% 92.4% 92.4% 93.5% 93.5% 93.5% 93.5% 93.5% 93.5%
Final

Commercial T5 HO Linear Fluorescent Lighting (High Bay Applications)

• The commercial T5 HO linear fluorescent lighting characterized in this report is a four-lamp 

system (one ballast and one 95.9% efficient fixture) that emits approximately 17,000 system lumens.

• Compared to the 2008 EIA Reference Case, this report characterizes a best available unit in 

addition to the typical unit and assumes that the high efficiency T5 HO lamp has a reduced 

wattage of 51 W rather than 54 W.

• Assumptions for 2011:

— Typical: 4 54W T5 high output lamps with electronic ballast (ballast factor=1, BLE=92.4%)

— Best available: 4 51W T5 lamps with electronic ballast (ballast factor =1, BLE=92.4%)

• Currently no federal standards exist for the T5 lamps or corresponding ballasts characterized in 

this report.

69

Performance/Cost Characteristics » Commercial T5 HO Lighting (High Bay Applications)
Final

Commercial T5 HO Linear Fluorescent Lighting (High Bay Applications)

• Beginning July 14, 2012, DOE fluorescent lamp standards will require a minimum efficacy of 76 

lm/W.

• Beginning November 14, 2014, DOE standards will require that the characterized ballasts have a 

minimum BLE of 0.993 / (1 + 0.51 * Avg Total Lamp Arc power ^ (- 0.25)). 

• Many utilities offer rebates for T5 high output fixtures, generally to replace HID high bay fixtures. 

The programs include new construction incentives, customized programs, retrofit and upgrade 

incentives.

• California's Title 24 mandates the use of electronic ballasts with high efficacy luminaires (including 

fluorescent) of 13 W or higher. (CEC, 2005)

• The following future improvements were assumed to occur over a 30 year period: Efficacy +5%, Life 

+10%, and Price -5% (NCI, 2012). Efficiency and life improvements can be made by using improved 

phosphors and electrodes. Additional future energy savings are expected to come from increased 

use of dimming ballasts and occupancy sensors with linear fluorescent lighting.

• Total installed cost includes equipment and installation costs. Annual maintenance costs and 

installation costs are calculated using labor rate and labor time to install/replace equipment from RS 

Means and 2009 lamps rulemaking. Maintenance costs include labor only based on 3,435 operating 

hours per year. (DOE, 2009)

70

Performance/Cost Characteristics » Commercial T5 HO Lighting (High Bay Applications) (Cont.’d)
Final

71

Performance/Cost Characteristics » Commercial Solid State Lighting (High Bay Applications)

DATA

2003 2007 2011 2020 2030 2040

Installed Base HPS HPS HPS HPS

LED LED 150W HPS LED 150W HPS LED 150W HPS LED 150W HPS LED

Typical Wattage 36 11 125 63 53 53

Lumens 548 630 10700 10700 10700 10700

Efficacy (lm/W) 15.1 55.3 85.4 170.0 202.0 202.0

Cost ($/klm) $392.68 $160.00 $63.00 $20.00 $13.00 $13.00

Average Lamp Life (1000 hrs) 50 50 50 75 75 75

CRI 92 92 80 80 80 80

CCT 2700 2700 5500 5500 5500 5500

Total Installed Cost ($) $270.44 $154.32 $727.62 $267.52 $192.62 $192.62

Annual Maintenance Cost ($) $0.07 $0.07 $0.07 $0.07 $0.07 $0.07
Final

72

Performance/Cost Characteristics » Commercial Solid State Lighting (High Bay Applications)

Commercial Solid-State Lighting (High Bay Applications)

• The commercial solid-state lighting technology characterized is a replacement for a 150W high 

pressure sodium lamp. This represents the most common use of LED technology in the high bay 

market.

• Assumptions for 2011:

— 150W HPS lamp equivalent: 125W LED emitting 10,700 lumens

• No federal standards exist for solid-state lighting.

• The 2012 Solid State Lighting Multi-Year Program Plan and 2012 Energy Savings Forecast Model 

served as sources for many of the projections for LED technology.

• Total installed cost includes equipment and installation costs. Annual maintenance costs and 

installation costs are calculated using labor rate and labor time to install/replace equipment from RS 

Means and the 2009 Lamps Rule. Maintenance costs include labor only based on 3,376 operating 

hours per year. (DOE, 2009)
Final

Commercial Supermarket Display Cases

73

Performance/Cost Characteristics » Commercial Supermarket Display Cases

1 DOE’s Federal energy standards for Commercial Refrigeration Equipment (CRE) went into effect on January 1, 2012. The 2020 Typical values are 

based on this standard.

2 The annual energy use for the display case includes the energy from the supermarket compressors and condensers necessary to cool the display 

case. This energy is also partially calculated in the commercial compressor rack and condenser annual energy consumption values.

3 Maintenance cost includes preventative maintenance costs such as cleaning evaporator coils, drain pans, fans, and intake screens as well as lamp 

replacements and other lighting maintenance activities.

DATA

2003 2007 2011 2020 2030 2040

Typical Typical Low Typical High Typical1 High Typical High Typical High

Cooling Capacity (Btu/hr) 20,000 20,730 20,000 20,000 20,000 20,000 20,000 20,000 20,000 20,000 20,000

Median Store Size (ft3) 44,000 47,500 46,000 46,000 46,000 46,000 46,000 46,000 46,000 46,000 46,000

Energy Use (kWh/yr)221,000 23,117 21,134 18,440 17,002 17,438 16,140 17,438 16,140 17,438 16,140

Average Life (yrs) 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10

Retail Equipment Cost $4,371 $10,094 $7,425 $7,600 $8,173 $8,763 $7,803 $8,763 $7,803 $8,763 $7,803 

Total Installed Cost $6,452 $12,176 $9,603 $9,777 $10,351 $10,937 $9,981 $10,937 $9,981 $10,937 $9,981 

Annual Maintenance Cost3$283 $337 $376 $376 $376 $376 $376 $376 $376 $376 $376 
Final

Commercial Supermarket Display Cases

74

Performance/Cost Characteristics » Commercial Supermarket Display Cases

• DOE set Federal energy efficiency standards for Commercial Refrigeration Equipment (CRE). These standards set 

maximum daily energy consumption levels, in kWh/day, for display cases manufactured and/or sold in the United 

States on or after January 1, 2012. The daily energy consumption is based on the total display area of the display case 

(TDA).

— Vertical, open, medium temperature, remote condensing display case (VOP.RC.M) ≤ 0.82*TDA + 4.07

• The Food Marketing Institute reported the median total supermarket size in 2003 was 44,000 sq. ft., in 2007 it was 

47,500 sq. ft., and in 2010, the last year that was reported by the study, it was 46,000 sq. ft. (FMI, 2012)

• The unit used to estimate energy use and installed cost is a vertical, open, medium temperature, remote condensing 

display case 12 ft. in length with a total display area of 53 sq. ft.

• Commercial central refrigeration systems consist of refrigerated display cases, condensing units, and centralized 

compressor racks.

• A typical commercial supermarket display case contains T8 electronic lighting, evaporators, evaporator fans, piping, 

insulation, valves, and controls.

• The efficiency of supermarket display cases can be increased through the use of improved evaporator coils, larger 

evaporators, higher efficiency evaporator fan blades, high efficiency doors, LED lighting, thicker insulation, improved 

insulation, etc.

• Approximately 20 percent of the total annual electricity consumption for a typical supermarket is directly attributable 

to display cases (this does not include the energy consumed by compressors and condensers necessary to cool the 

display cases). (NCI, 2009)

• As part of DOE’s on-going CRE rulemaking, DOE estimates 177,000 display cases were shipped in 2005. Of those 

display cases 38,743 were vertical, open, medium temperature, remote condensing display cases (VOP.RC.M), which 

represented the most common type of remote condensing display case shipped in 2005. 
Final

Commercial Compressor Rack Systems

75

Performance/Cost Characteristics » Commercial Compressor Rack Systems

1 The total capacity represents the capacity required for the entire refrigeration system of a typical supermarket. This usually includes two 

low temperature racks and two medium temperature racks. For 2007 and beyond a 1,077 MBtu/hr total cooling capacity is the sum of

769 MBtu/hr for the medium temperature racks and 308 MBtu/hr for the low temperature racks.

2 The total installed cost is based on the entire supermarket compressor rack system (two medium temperature racks and two low 

temperature racks). The equipment purchase price for an entire supermarket compressor rack system is approximately $130,000, the 

installation cost (including piping, electrical, startup and commissioning) is approximately $400,000, and the rack defrost and lighting 

controls are approximately $100,000. Therefore the total installed cost for a typical supermarket compressor rack system is 

approximately $630,000.

3 Maintenance cost includes oil changes, bearing lubrication, filter replacement, and system functionality checks.

DATA

2003 2007 2011 2020 2030 2040

Typical Typical Typical High Typical High Typical High Typical High

Total Capacity (MBtu/hr)1

1,050 1,077 1,077 1,077 1,077 1,077 1,077 1,077 1,077 1,077

Power Input (kW) 180 184 162 146 162 146 162 146 162 146

Energy Use (MWh/yr) 1,000 1,023 900 810 900 810 900 810 900 810

Average Life (yrs) 20 15 15 15 15 15 15 15 15 15

Total Installed Cost ($1000)2$630 $630 $630 $693 $630 $693 $630 $693 $630 $693 

Annual Maintenance Cost 

($1000)3 $33 $33 $33 $33 $33 $33 $33 $33 $33 $33 
Final

Commercial Compressor Rack Systems

76

• Commercial compressor rack systems that serve commercial supermarket display cases and walk-ins consist of a 

number of parallel-connected compressors located in a separate machine room. By modulating compressor capacity, 

these integrated systems provide higher efficiency and mechanical longevity.

• Rack integrators generally supply a packaged compressor rack for which much of the necessary piping, insulation, 

components, and controls are pre-assembled. 

• A typical supermarket will have 10 to 20 compressors mounted in racks in the 3-hp to 15-hp size range. Usually there 

are 3 to 5 compressors per rack serving a series of loads with nearly identical evaporator temperature.

• The duty cycle for compressors is usually in the range 60% to 70%.

• The typical supermarket uses a reciprocating compressor system that has two medium temperature compressor racks 

with an overall capacity of 769 MBtu/hr and two low temperature compressor racks with an overall capacity of 308 

MBtu/hr. (NCI, 2009)

• Approximately 34 percent of the total annual electricity consumption for a typical supermarket is attributable to 

compressors. (NCI, 2009)

• There are an estimated 140,000 compressor rack systems installed in supermarkets across the U.S. as of 2008. (NCI, 

2009)

Performance/Cost Characteristics » Commercial Compressor Rack Systems
Final

Commercial Condensers

77

Performance/Cost Characteristics » Commercial Condensers

1 Total capacity is the total heat rejected (THR) of condensers comprised of two low temperature condensers (THRL = 240 MBtu/hr each, 

suction temperature = -25°F, condensing temperature 110 F) and two medium temperature (THRM = 520 MBtu/hr each, suction 

temperature = 15°F, condensing temperature = 115°F) condensers; ambient temperature = 95°F. (NCI, 2009)

2 Maintenance cost includes coil cleaning, leak checking, belt replacement as necessary, and system functionality checks.

DATA

2003 2007 2011 2020 2030 2040

Typical Typical Typical High Typical High Typical High Typical High

Total Capacity (MBtu/hr)1

1,520 1,520 1,520 1,520 1,520 1,520 1,520 1,520 1,520 1,520

Power Input (kW) 25 25 22 20 22 20 22 20 22 20

Energy Use (MWh/yr) 138 138 120 108 120 108 120 108 120 108

Average Life (yrs) 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10

Total Installed Cost ($1000) $47 $54 $54 $60 $54 $60 $54 $60 $54 $60 

Annual Maintenance Cost2 $817 -

$1,090

$817 -

$1,090

$817 -

$1,090

$817 -

$1,090

$817 -

$1,090

$817 -

$1,090

$817 -

$1,090

$817 -

$1,090

$817 -

$1,090

$817 -

$1,090
Final

Commercial Condensers

78

• Condensers are designed with multiple methods of cooling: air-cooled, water-cooled, and evaporative. These units 

can be single-circuit or a multiple circuit.

• Commercial condensers are remotely located, typically installed on the roof of a supermarket. 

• For use with parallel compressors in supermarkets, air-cooled units are the most commonly used condensers. This 

analysis is based on multiple air-cooled condensers connected to a supermarket refrigeration system comprised of 

two low temperature condensers and two medium temperature condensers, using R-404A refrigerant. 

• Each compressor rack has a dedicated condenser or a separate circuit of a single common condenser. Condenser 

temperatures of multiple racks are often different. 

• The duty cycle for condensers is usually in the range 50 - 70%.

• Approximately 5 percent of the total annual electricity consumption for a typical supermarket is attributable to 

condensers. (NCI, 2009)

• There are an estimated 140,000 condensers installed in supermarkets across the U.S. as of 2008. (NCI, 2009)

Performance/Cost Characteristics » Commercial Condensers
Final

Commercial Walk-In Refrigerators

79

Performance/Cost Characteristics » Commercial Walk-In Refrigerators

1 EISA 2007 includes prescriptive standards for walk-in refrigerators that went into effect in 2009. All units for 2011 and beyond include these 

prescriptive standards.

2 The size for 2003 and 2007 is based on ADL, 1996 & NCI, 2009 reports which states the typical footprint of a walk-in refrigerator is 240 sq. ft. The 

size for 2011 and beyond is based on the NOPR analysis shipment data from DOE’s on-going Walk-In rulemaking which states the typical 

footprint of a walk-in refrigerator is 96 sq. ft.

3

Installation cost for 2003 and 2007 are based on ADL, 1996 & NCI, 2009 reports which assume a cost of $4,163 and $4,891 respectively. Installation 

cost for 2011 and beyond is based on DOE’s on-going Walk-In rulemaking which assumes installation cost scales based on the cooling capacity 

(which for a cooling capacity of 18,000 Btu/hr is $1,054).

4 Maintenance cost includes checking and maintaining refrigerant charge levels, checking settings, and cleaning heat exchanger coils.

DATA

2003 2007 201112020 2030 2040

Typical Typical Low Typical High Typical High Typical High Typical High

Cooling Capacity (Btu/hr) 44,970 44,970 18,000 18,000 18,000 18,000 18,000 18,000 18,000 18,000 18,000

Size (ft2)

2

240 240 96 96 96 96 96 96 96 96 96

Energy Use (kWh/yr) 42,300 42,182 12,337 6,329 4,822 6,329 4,822 6,329 4,822 6,329 4,822

Insulated Box Average Life 

(yrs) 18 18 15 15 15 15 15 15 15 15 15

Compressor Average Life 

(yrs) 10 10 11 11 11 11 11 11 11 11 11

Retail Equipment Cost $19,252 $33,821 $13,026 $15,087 $18,821 $15,087 $18,821 $15,087 $18,821 $15,087 $18,821 

Total Installed Cost3

$23,415 $38,712 $14,080 $16,141 $19,875 $16,141 $19,875 $16,141 $19,875 $16,141 $19,875 

Annual Maintenance Cost4 $817 -

$1,090

$817 -

$1,090 $2,755 $2,970 $2,970 $2,970 $2,970 $2,970 $2,970 $2,970 $2,970 
Final

Commercial Walk-In Refrigerators

80

Performance/Cost Characteristics » Commercial Walk-In Refrigerators

• The commercial walk-in refrigerator characterized in this report from 2011 and beyond, which is the typical unit 

according to DOE’s on-going Walk-In rulemaking, is a small non-display cooler with a footprint of 96 sq. ft. and 

includes a floor and a single door. The typical size of 240 sq. ft. was used for 2003 and 2007 because that was the 

typical size reported in the ADL, 1996 and NCI, 2009 reports respectively.

• A typical walk-in refrigerator includes:

- insulated floor and wall panels

- merchandising doors, shelving, and lighting (not included in cost estimate)

- semi-hermetic reciprocating compressor

- refrigerant (R404A)

- condenser

- evaporator

• The high efficiency unit is based on the energy savings potential and cost premiums of several advanced refrigeration 

technologies identified in the preliminary analysis of DOE’s ongoing Walk-In rulemaking. These include: 

- ECM (electronically commutated motor) evaporator and condenser fan motors

- floating heat pressure

- ambient sub-cooling

- evaporator fan shutdown

• The installation cost consists of freight and delivery costs in addition to on-site assembly.

• DOE is currently working on a Federal energy consumption standard for commercial walk-in refrigerators. The 

estimated effective date is 2016.

• As part of DOE’s on-going Walk-In rulemaking, DOE estimates 85,333 walk-in coolers will be shipped in 2015. Of 

those walk-in coolers, 41,403 will be small non-display coolers, which represents the most common type of walk-in 

cooler estimated to ship in 2015.
Final

Commercial Walk-In Refrigerators

81

Performance/Cost Characteristics » Commercial Walk-In Refrigerators

• The Energy Independence and Security Act (EISA) of 2007 included prescriptive standards for walk-in refrigerators 

(coolers) that went into effect in 2009. These prescriptive standards, which are included in all units for 2011 and 

beyond, state that all walk-in refrigerators manufactured after January 1, 2009 must:

— have automatic door closers 

— have strip doors, spring hinged doors, or other method of minimizing infiltration when doors are open

— contain wall, ceiling, and door insulation of at least R–25, except for glazed portions of doors and structural 

members

— use electronically commutated motors or 3-phase motors (for evaporator fan motors of under 1 horsepower and 

less than 460 volts)

— use electronically commutated motors, permanent split capacitor-type motors, or 3-phase motors (for condenser 

fan motors of under 1 horsepower)

— use light sources with an efficacy of 40 lumens per watt or more, including ballast losses (if any), except that 

light sources with an efficacy of 40 lumens per watt or less, including ballast losses (if any), may be used in 

conjunction with a timer or device that turns off the lights within 15 minutes of when the walk-in refrigerator is 

not occupied by people.
Final

Commercial Walk-In Freezers

82

Performance/Cost Characteristics » Commercial Walk-In Freezers

1 EISA 2007 includes prescriptive standards for walk-in freezers that went into effect in 2009. All units for 2011 and beyond include these 

prescriptive standards.

2 The size for 2003 and 2007 is based on ADL, 1996 & NCI, 2009 reports which states the typical footprint of a walk-in freezer is 80 sq. ft. The size for 

2011 and beyond is based on the NOPR analysis shipment data from DOE’s on-going Walk-In rulemaking which states the typical footprint of a 

walk-in freezer is 64 sq. ft.

3

Installation cost for 2003 and 2007 are based on ADL, 1996 & NCI, 2009 reports which assume a cost of $1,040. Installation cost for 2011 and 

beyond is based on DOE’s on-going Walk-In rulemaking which assumes installation cost scales based on the cooling capacity (which for a cooling 

capacity of 9,000 Btu/hr is $852).

4 Maintenance cost includes checking and maintaining refrigerant charge levels, checking settings, and cleaning heat exchanger coils.

DATA

2003 2007 201112020 2030 2040

Typical Typical Low Typical High Typical High Typical High Typical High

Cooling Capacity (Btu/hr) 4,929 4,929 9,000 9,000 9,000 9,000 9,000 9,000 9,000 9,000 9,000

Size (ft2)

2

80 80 64 64 64 64 64 64 64 64 64

Energy Use (kWh/yr) 15,600 15,524 28,455 13,844 12,319 13,844 12,319 13,844 12,319 13,844 12,319

Insulated Box Average Life 

(yrs) 18 18 15 15 15 15 15 15 15 15 15

Compressor Average Life 

(yrs) 10 10 11 11 11 11 11 11 11 11 11

Retail Equipment Cost $7,597 $13,008 $12,068 $14,070 $20,637 $14,070 $20,637 $14,070 $20,637 $14,070 $20,637 

Total Installed Cost3

$8,637 $14,049 $12,920 $14,921 $21,489 $14,921 $21,489 $14,921 $21,489 $14,921 $21,489 

Annual Maintenance Cost4

$545 $545 $2,755 $2,970 $2,970 $2,970 $2,970 $2,970 $2,970 $2,970 $2,970 
Final

Commercial Walk-In Freezers

83

Performance/Cost Characteristics » Commercial Walk-In Freezers

• The commercial walk-in freezer characterized in this report from 2011 and beyond, which is the typical unit 

according to DOE’s on-going Walk-In rulemaking, is a small non-display freezer with a footprint of 64 sq. ft. and 

includes a floor and a single door. The typical size of 80 sq. ft. was used for 2003 and 2007 because that was the 

typical size reported in the ADL, 1996 and NCI, 2009 reports respectively.

• A typical walk-in freezer includes:

- insulated floor, door, and wall panels

- semi-hermetic reciprocating compressor

- refrigerant (R404A)

- condenser

- evaporator

• The high efficiency unit is based on the energy savings potential and cost premiums of several advanced refrigeration 

technologies determined by the preliminary analysis from DOE’s ongoing Walk-In standard rulemaking. These 

include: 

- ECM (electronically commutated motor) evaporator and condenser fan motors

- external heat rejection

- hot gas defrost

- evaporator fan shutdown

• DOE is currently working on a Federal energy consumption standard for commercial walk-in freezers. The estimated 

effective date is 2016.

• As part of DOE’s on-going Walk-In rulemaking, DOE estimates 34,985 walk-in freezers will be shipped in 2015. Of 

those walk-in freezers, 17,291 will be small non-display freezers, which represents the most common type of walk-in 

freezers estimated to ship in 2015.
Final

Commercial Walk-In Freezers

84

Performance/Cost Characteristics » Commercial Walk-In Freezers

• EISA 2007 included prescriptive standards for walk-in freezers that went into effect in 2009. These prescriptive 

standards, which are included in all units for 2011 and beyond, state that all walk-in freezers manufactured after 

January 1, 2009 must:

— have automatic door closers 

— have strip doors, spring hinged doors, or other method of minimizing infiltration when doors are open

— contain wall, ceiling, and door insulation of at least R–32, except for glazed portions of doors and structural 

members

— contain floor insulation of at least R–28

— use electronically commutated motors or 3-phase motors (for evaporator fan motors of under 1 horsepower and 

less than 460 volts)

— use electronically commutated motors, permanent split capacitor-type motors, or 3-phase motors (for condenser 

fan motors of under 1 horsepower)

— use light sources with an efficacy of 40 lumens per watt or more, including ballast losses (if any), except that 

light sources with an efficacy of 40 lumens per watt or less, including ballast losses (if any), may be used in 

conjunction with a timer or device that turns off the lights within 15 minutes of when the walk-in freezer is not 

occupied by people.
Final

Commercial Reach-In Refrigerators

85

Performance/Cost Characteristics » Commercial Reach-In Refrigerators

1 EPACT 2005 energy standards went into effect in 2010. The 2011 Low values are based on this standard.

2 ENERGY STAR® set energy consumption levels for solid door commercial refrigerators, including reach-in refrigerators, that went into effect in 

2010. The 2011 Typical values are based on this energy consumption level.

3 Installation cost for 2003 and 2007 is based on ADL, 1996 & NCI, 2009 reports which assumes a cost of $156. Installation cost for 2011 and beyond is 

based on DOE’s on-going CRE rulemaking which assumes a cost of $817.

4 Maintenance is only performed if there is a problem with the equipment.

DATA

2003 2007 2011 2020 2030 2040

Typical Typical Low1 Typical2 High Typical High Typical High Typical High

Cooling Capacity (Btu/hr) 3,000 2,700 1,000 1,000 1,000 1,000 1,000 1,000 1,000 1,000 1,000

Size (ft3) 48 48 49 49 49 49 49 49 49 49 49

Energy Use (kWh/yr) 3,800 2,477 2,533 1,598 993 1,598 993 1,598 993 1,598 993

Energy Use (kWh/yr/ft3) 79 52 52 33 20 33 20 33 20 33 20

Average Life (yrs) 8 9 15 15 15 15 15 15 15 15 15

Retail Equipment Cost $2,810 $2,988 $3,131 $3,146 $3,191 $3,146 $3,191 $3,146 $3,191 $3,146 $3,191 

Total Installed Cost3$2,966 $3,144 $3,948 $3,963 $4,008 $3,963 $4,008 $3,963 $4,008 $3,963 $4,008

Annual Maintenance Cost4 Negligible Negligible $36 $36 $36 $36 $36 $36 $36 $36 $36 
Final

Commercial Reach-In Refrigerators

86

• The Energy Policy Act of 2005 (EPACT 2005) set maximum daily energy consumption levels, in kWh/day, for 

commercial reach-in refrigerators that went into effect on January 1, 2010. The daily energy consumption is based on 

the volume of the unit (V).

— Refrigerators with solid doors ≤ 0.10*V + 2.04

— Refrigerators with transparent doors ≤ 0.12*V + 3.34

• Energy Star® also set maximum daily energy consumption levels, in KWh/day, for commercial reach-in refrigerators 

that went into effect on April 1, 2009 for glass and mixed door models and on January 1, 2010 for solid door models. 

These efficiency levels are also based on the volume of the unit (V).

• The commercial reach-in refrigerator characterized in this report from 2011 and beyond, which is the typical unit 

according to DOE’s on-going CRE rulemaking, is a 49 cubic ft. solid two-door unit with a cooling capacity of 1,000 

Btu/hr. The typical size of 48 cubic ft. solid two-door unit with a cooling capacity of 3,000 Btu/hr and 2,700 Btu/hr was 

used for 2003 and 2007 because that was the typical size and capacity reported in the ADL, 1996 and NCI, 2009 

reports respectively.

• The efficiency of commercial reach-in refrigerators can be increased through the use of efficient compressors, efficient 

evaporator fans, efficient condenser fans, electric defrost, and more efficient lighting.

• Annual shipments of reach-in refrigerators in the U.S. in 2008 are estimated to be 263,000 with an estimated installed 

base of 1,556,000. (NCI, 2009)

Performance/Cost Characteristics » Commercial Reach-In Refrigerators

Reach-In Refrigerator Size 0 < V < 15 15 ≤ V < 30 30 ≤ V < 50 50 ≤ V

Solid Door ≤ 0.089*V + 1.411 ≤ 0.037*V + 2.200 ≤ 0.056*V + 1.635 ≤ 0.060*V + 1.416

Glass Door ≤ 0.118*V + 1.382 ≤ 0.140*V + 1.050 ≤ 0.088*V + 2.625 ≤ 0.110*V + 1.500
Final

Commercial Reach-In Freezers

87

Performance/Cost Characteristics » Commercial Reach-In Freezers

1 EPACT 2005 energy standards went into effect in 2010. The 2011 Low values are based on this standard.

2 ENERGY STAR® set energy consumption levels for solid door commercial freezers, including reach-in freezers, that went into effect in 2010. The 

2011 Typical values are based on this energy consumption level.

3 Installation cost for 2003 and 2007 is based on ADL, 1996 & NCI, 2009 reports which assumes a cost of $156. Installation cost for 2011 and beyond is 

based on DOE’s on-going CRE rulemaking which assumes a cost of $816.

4 Maintenance is only performed if there is a problem with the equipment.

DATA

2003 2007 2011 2020 2030 2040

Typical Typical Low1 Typical2 High Typical High Typical High Typical High

Cooling Capacity (Btu/hr) 2,200 2,200 1,800 1,800 1,800 1,800 1,800 1,800 1,800 1,800 1,800

Size (ft3) 24 24 49 49 49 49 49 49 49 49 49

Energy Use (kWh/yr) 4,600 3,960 7,658 5,151 3,037 5,151 3,037 5,151 3,037 5,151 3,037

Energy Use (kWh/yr/ft3) 192 165 156 105 62 105 62 105 62 105 62

Average Life (yrs) 8 9 15 15 15 15 15 15 15 15 15

Retail Equipment Cost $2,498 $2,905 $3,277 $3,290 $3,353 $3,290 $3,353 $3,290 $3,353 $3,290 $3,353 

Total Installed Cost3$2,654 $3,061 $4,093 $4,107 $4,170 $4,107 $4,170 $4,107 $4,170 $4,107 $4,170

Annual Maintenance Cost4 Negligible Negligible $36 $36 $36 $36 $36 $36 $36 $36 $36 
Final

Commercial Reach-In Freezers

88

• EPACT 2005 set maximum daily energy consumption levels, in kWh/day, for commercial reach-in freezers that went 

into effect on January 1, 2010. The daily energy consumption is based on the volume of the unit (V). 

— Freezers with solid doors ≤ 0.40*V + 1.38

— Freezers with transparent doors ≤ 0.75*V + 4.10

• Energy Star® also set maximum daily energy consumption levels, in KWh/day, for commercial reach-in freezers that 

went into effect on April 1, 2009 for glass and mixed door models and on January 1, 2010 for solid door models. These 

efficiency levels are also based on the volume of the unit (V).

• The commercial reach-in freezer characterized in this report from 2011 and beyond, which is the typical unit 

according to DOE’s on-going CRE rulemaking, is a 49 cubic ft. solid two-door unit with a cooling capacity of 1,800 

Btu/hr. The typical size of 24 cubit ft. solid one-door unit with a cooling capacity of 2,200 Btu/hr was used for 2003 

and 2007 because that was the typical size and capacity reported in the ADL, 1996 and NCI, 2009 reports respectively.

• The efficiency of commercial reach-in freezers can be increased through the use of efficient compressors, efficient 

evaporator fans, efficient condenser fans, electric defrost, and more efficient lighting.

• Annual shipments of reach-in freezers in the U.S. in 2008 are estimated to be 52,000 with an estimated installed base 

of 1,156,000. (NCI, 2009)

Performance/Cost Characteristics » Commercial Reach-In Freezers

Reach-In Freezer Size 0 < V < 15 15 ≤ V < 30 30 ≤ V < 50 50 ≤ V

Solid Door ≤ 0.250*V + 1.250 ≤ 0.400*V - 1.000 ≤ 0.163*V + 6.125 ≤ 0.158*V + 6.333

Glass Door ≤ 0.607*V + 0.893 ≤ 0.733*V – 1.000 ≤ 0.250*V + 13.500 ≤ 0.450*V + 3.500
Final

Commercial Ice Machines

89

Performance/Cost Characteristics » Commercial Ice Machines

1 EPACT 2005 energy standards went into effect in 2010. The 2011 Low values are based on this standard.

2 ENERGY STAR® set energy consumption levels for ice makers that went into effect in 2008. The 2011 Typical values are based on this energy 

consumption level.

3 The output for 2003 and 2007 is based on ADL, 1996 & NCI, 2009 reports which states the typical ice output is 500 lbs/day. The output for 2011 and 

beyond is based on the preliminary analysis shipment data from DOE’s on-going Automatic Ice Maker rulemaking which states the typical ice 

output is 300 lbs/day.

4 The annual energy use is based on assuming 4,380 hours per year of use, which is a utilization rate of 50%.

5

Installation cost for 2003 and 2007 is based on ADL, 1996 & NCI, 2009 reports which assumes a cost of $209 and $521 respectively. Installation cost 

for 2011 and beyond is based on DOE’s on-going Automatic Ice Maker rulemaking which assumes a cost of $372.

5 Maintenance cost includes cleaning and maintaining refrigerant levels, replacing filters, checking water distribution lines for leaks, cleaning, 

sanitizing, and descaling the bin and water system. Maintenance cost decreases as the size of the ice machine (i.e. output) decreases.

DATA

2003 2007 2011 2020 2030 2040

Typical Typical Low1 Typical2 High Typical High Typical High Typical High

Output (lbs/day)3

500 500 300 300 300 300 300 300 300 300 300

Water Use (gal/100 lbs) 24 28 22 20 18 20 18 20 18 20 18

Energy Use (kWh/100 lbs) 7.0 5.5 7.7 6.9 6.1 6.9 6.1 6.9 6.1 6.9 6.1

Energy Use (kWh/yr)4

6,388 5,019 4,249 3,833 3,408 3,833 3,408 3,833 3,408 3,833 3,408

Average Life (yrs) 8.0 8.5 8.5 8.5 8.5 8.5 8.5 8.5 8.5 8.5 8.5

Retail Equipment Cost $2,289 $3,954 $4,059 $4,077 $4,152 $4,077 $4,152 $4,077 $4,152 $4,077 $4,152 

Total Installed Cost (with 

Bin)5 $2,498 $4,475 $4,431 $4,449 $4,524 $4,449 $4,524 $4,449 $4,524 $4,449 $4,524 

Annual Maintenance Cost6

$218 - $327 $218 - $327 $110 $110 $110 $110 $110 $110 $110 $110 $110 
Final

Commercial Ice Machines

90

• The commercial ice machine characterized in this report from 2011 and beyond is an air-cooled, ice maker head unit 

with an approximate output of 300 lbs/day. Commercial ice machines are typically integrated with an insulated ice 

storage bin or mounted on top of a separate storage bin. The retail equipment cost includes the ice making head and 

the integrated storage bin.

• Commercial ice machine condensers are either air-cooled or water-cooled. Approximately 90% of all units are the aircooled type.

• ENERGY STAR® set maximum energy consumption levels, in KWh/100 lbs ice, for air cooled ice machines that went 

into effect on January 1, 2008. These efficiency levels are based on the harvest rate, in lbs/24 hrs. (H).

• Commercial ice machine maintenance includes periodic cleaning (every 2 to 6 weeks) to remove lime and scale, and 

sanitizing to kill bacteria. Some ice machines are self-cleaning/sanitizing.

• As part of DOE’s on-going Automatic Ice Makers rulemaking, DOE estimates 263,552 ice machines will be shipped in 

2016. Of those ice-machines 71,357 will be air cooled, ice making head units with a harvest capacity rate between 50 

lbs/24 hr. and 450 lbs/24 hrs., which represents the most common type of ice maker estimated to ship in 2016.

Performance/Cost Characteristics » Commercial Ice Machines

Equipment Type Harvest Rate Energy Use Potable Water Use Limit

Ice Maker Head

< 450 9.23 – 0.0077*H ≤ 25

≥ 450 6.20 – 0.0010*H ≤ 25
Final

Commercial Ice Machines: EPACT 2005

91

• EPACT 2005 issued standard levels for commercial ice machines with capacities between 50 and 2500 pounds per 24-

hour period that are manufactured and/or sold in the United States on or after January 1, 2010. The energy 

consumption is based on the harvest rate in pounds per 24 hours (H).

Performance/Cost Characteristics » Commercial Ice Machines

Water use is for the condenser only and does not include potable water used to make ice.

Equipment Type

Type of

Cooling

Harvest Rate

(lbs ice/24 hrs)

Maximum Energy Use

(kWh/100 lbs ice)

Maximum Condenser Water

Use (gal/100 lbs ice)

Ice Making Head

Water

<500 7.80-0.0055 H 200-0.022 H

≥500 and <1436 5.58-0.0011 H 200-0.022 H

≥1436 4.0 200-0.022 H

Air

<450 10.26-0.0086 H Not Applicable

≥450 6.89-0.0011 H Not Applicable

Remote Condensing

(but not remote compressor)

Air

<1000 8.85-0.0038 H Not Applicable

≥1000 5.10 Not Applicable

Remote Condensing

and Remote Compressor

Air

<934 8.85-0.0038 H Not Applicable

≥934 5.3 Not Applicable

Self Contained

Water

<200 11.40-0.019 H 191-0.0315 H

≥200 7.60 191-0.0315 H

Air

<175 18.0-0.0469 H Not Applicable

≥175 9.80 Not Applicable
Final

Commercial Beverage Merchandisers

92

Performance/Cost Characteristics » Commercial Beverage Merchandisers

1 EPACT 2005 energy standards went into effect in 2010. The 2011 Low values are based on this standard.

2 ENERGY STAR® set energy consumption levels for glass door beverage merchandisers that went into effect in 2009. The 2011 Typical values are 

based on this energy consumption level.

3 Installation cost for 2003 and 2007 is based on ADL, 1996 & NCI, 2009 reports which assumes a cost of $156. Installation cost for 2011 and beyond is 

based on DOE’s on-going CRE rulemaking which assumes a cost of $817.

4 Maintenance is only performed if there is a problem with the equipment.

DATA

2003 2007 2011 2020 2030 2040

Typical Typical Low1 Typical2 High Typical High Typical High Typical High

Cooling Capacity (Btu/hr) 1,200 2,500 2,100 2,100 2,100 2,100 2,100 2,100 2,100 2,100 2,100

Size (ft3) 27 27 27 27 27 27 27 27 27 27 27

Energy Use (kWh/yr) 3,900 2,527 2,523 1,763 996 1,763 996 1,763 996 1,763 996

Average Life (yrs) 8.0 8.5 15.0 15.0 15.0 15.0 15.0 15.0 15.0 15.0 15.0

Retail Equipment Cost $1,457 $2,706 $2,662 $2,810 $2,935 $2,810 $2,935 $2,810 $2,935 $2,810 $2,935 

Total Installed Cost3

$1,613 $2,862 $3,479 $3,626 $3,752 $3,626 $3,752 $3,626 $3,752 $3,626 $3,752 

Annual Maintenance Cost4 Negligible Negligible $36 $36 $36 $36 $36 $36 $36 $36 $36 
Final

Commercial Beverage Merchandisers

93

• EPACT 2005 sets maximum daily energy consumption levels, in kWh/day, for commercial refrigerators with a selfcontained condensing unit designed for pull-down temperature applications and transparent doors (i.e., beverage 

merchandisers) that went into effect on January 1, 2010. The daily energy consumption is based on the volume of the 

unit (V).

— Beverage merchandisers with transparent doors ≤ 0.126*V + 3.51

• Energy Star® also set maximum daily energy consumption levels, in KWh/day, for beverage merchandisers that went 

into effect on April 1, 2009 for glass and mixed door models. These efficiency levels are also based on the volume of 

the unit (V).

• The beverage merchandiser characterized in this report from 2011 and beyond, which is the typical unit according to 

DOE’s on-going CRE rulemaking, is a 27 cubic foot cooler with a single hinged, transparent door, bright lighting, and 

shelving with a cooling capacity of 2,100 Btu/hr. A similar beverage merchandiser with a cooling capacity of 1,200 

Btu/hr and 2,500 Btu/hr was used for 2003 and 2007 because that was the typical capacity reported in the ADL, 1996 

and NCI, 2009 reports respectively.

• The efficiency of beverage merchandisers can be increased through the use of more efficient compressors and 

fluorescent lighting with electronic ballasts.

• Beverage merchandisers have an estimated installed base of 920,000 units in 2008. Of those beverage merchandisers 

460,000 are one-door units, which represents the most common type of beverage merchandiser.

Performance/Cost Characteristics » Commercial Beverage Merchandisers

Beverage Merchandiser Size 0 < V < 15 15 ≤ V < 30 30 ≤ V < 50 50 ≤ V

Glass Door ≤ 0.118*V + 1.382 ≤ 0.140*V + 1.050 ≤ 0.088*V + 2.625 ≤ 0.110*V + 1.500
Final

Commercial Refrigerated Vending Machines

94

Performance/Cost Characteristics » Commercial Refrigerated Vending Machines

1 DOE’s Federal energy standards for Refrigerated Beverage Vending Machines will go into effect on August 31, 2012. The 2020 Typical values are 

based on this standard.

2 Energy use is based on a zone-cooled machine tested in 75°F steady state ambient conditions.

3 Installation cost for 2003 and 2007 is based on ADL, 1996 & NCI, 2009 reports which assumes a cost of $75 and $104 respectively. Installation cost 

for 2011 and beyond is based on DOE’s Refrigerated Beverage Vending Machine rulemaking which assumes a cost of $84.

4 Maintenance cost includes preventative maintenance costs such as checking and maintaining refrigerant charge levels, cleaning heat exchanger 

coils and also includes an annualized cost for refurbishments/remanufacturing. 

DATA

2003 2007 2011 2020 2030 2040

Typical Typical Low Typical High Typical1 High Typical High Typical High

Cooling Capacity (Btu/hr) 700 2,400 2,400 2,400 2,400 2,400 2,400 2,400 2,400 2,400 2,400

Can Capacity 500 650 650 650 650 650 650 650 650 650 650

Energy Use (kWh/yr)2

3,000 2,913 2,383 2,029 1,821 1,740 1,566 1,740 1,566 1,740 1,566

Average Life (yrs) 14 14 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10

Retail Equipment Cost $1,769 $1,907 $1,742 $2,046 $2,096 $2,137 $2,632 $2,137 $2,632 $2,137 $2,632 

Total Installed Cost3

$1,844 $2,011 $1,826 $2,130 $2,180 $2,221 $2,716 $2,221 $2,716 $2,221 $2,716 

Annual Maintenance Cost4

$180 $177 $159 $159 $159 $159 $159 $159 $159 $159 $159 
Final

Commercial Refrigerated Vending Machines

95

• DOE set Federal energy efficiency standards for refrigerated vending machines. These standards set maximum daily 

energy consumption levels, in kWh/day, for commercial refrigerated vending machines manufactured and/or sold in 

the United States on or after August 31, 2012. The daily energy consumption is based on the volume of the unit (V).

— Refrigerated Vending Machines that are fully-cooled (Type A) ≤ 0.055*V + 2.56

— Refrigerated Vending Machines that are zone-cooled (Type B) ≤ 0.073*V + 3.16

• Energy Star® also set maximum daily energy consumption efficiency levels, also in KWh/day, for refrigerated 

vending machines that went into effect on July 1, 2007. These efficiency levels are based on vendible capacity (C).

— Refrigerated Vending Machines ≤ 0.45*(8.66 + 0.009*C)

• The annual maintenance cost is consists of preventive maintenance including checking and maintaining refrigerant 

charge levels, cleaning heat exchanger coils, and replacement of lighting and the annualized value of a single 

refurbishment at approximately the mid-point of the machine’s useful life. The preventative annual maintenance cost 

is approximately $98 and the annualize value of a one-time refurbishment cost of $599 over the lifetime of the 

machine is $61. Therefore, the annual maintenance cost is $159 for refrigerated vending machines.

• As part of DOE’s Refrigerated Beverage Vending Machine rulemaking, DOE estimates 190,200 refrigerated vending 

machines will be shipped in 2012. Of those refrigerated vending machines 63,700 will be zone-cooled, medium size 

units, which represents the most common type of refrigerated vending machine estimated to ship in 2012.

Performance/Cost Characteristics » Commercial Refrigerated Vending Machines
Final

Commercial Constant Air Volume Ventilation

96

Performance/Cost Characteristics » Commercial Constant Air Volume Ventilation

1Based on 3800 effective full load hours per year (operating 3800 hours per year at constant load) (ADL, 1999).

2Total installed cost of 15,000 CFM CAV AHU and hypothetical supply ductwork layout. 

3Based on ASHRAE 90.1-2007 fan power limit (Table 6.5.3.1.1A) with no pressure drop adjustment. Assumed 80% motor load and 91% motor efficiency.

DATA

2003 2007 2011 2020 2030 2040

Survey 

Base

Survey 

Base Minimum3 Typical High Typical High Typical High Typical High

System Airflow (CFM) 

15,000 15,000 15,000 15,000 15,000 15,000 15,000 15,000 15,000 15,000 15,000

System Fan Power (kW) 

11.75 11.55 10.82 10.28 9.20 9.74 8.66 9.20 8.12 8.66 7.57

Specific Fan Power (W/CFM) 

0.783 0.770 0.721 0.685 0.613 0.649 0.577 0.613 0.541 0.577 0.505 

Annual Fan Energy Use (kWh/yr)1 

44,631 43,890 41,120 39,064 34,952 37,008 32,896 34,952 30,840 32,896 28,784

Average Life (yrs) 

20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20

Total Installed Cost ($)2 

$73,500 $73,500 $73,500 $73,500 $80,000 $73,500 $80,000 $73,500 $80,000 $73,500 $80,000

Annual Maintenance Cost ($)

$500 $500 $500 $500 $500 $500 $500 $500 $500 $500 $500
Final

Commercial Constant Air Volume Ventilation

97

Performance/Cost Characteristics » Commercial Constant Air Volume Ventilation

• Constant air volume (CAV) ventilation systems are common, inexpensive, and straightforward air-side HVAC 

systems. These systems provide a constant flow rate of air (typically a mix of recirculated and outside air) and adjust 

the supply temperature of that air in order to maintain space temperature setpoint. These systems are most 

applicable to single zone applications in order to ensure adequate temperature control. Many existing buildings 

utilize CAV systems that serve multiple zones where individual zone space temperatures are maintained by reheating 

air delivered to that zone after it is cooled by the central cooling coil; this is prohibited by most current energy codes. 

New building CAV systems are common for single zone applications. This analysis examines only the fan energy of 

the CAV system.

• The unit characterized in this report is a 15,000 CFM CAV system. The average commercial building is approximately 

15,000 square feet (CBECS 2003 and BED 2007). Assuming 1 CFM is needed per square foot of floor area results in a 

15,000 CFM air handling unit.

• A 15,000 CFM CAV packaged indoor air handling unit with cooling and heating coils can be installed for 

approximately $56,500 (RS Means 2012). Ductwork would cost approximately $17,000 additional ($73,500 total).

• ASHRAE Standard 90.1, which is used as a basis for most state energy codes, limits the fan power (brake HP or 

nameplate HP) for CAV systems. The 2007 version of Standard 90.1 was used to represent the 2011 minimum 

efficiency level (state energy codes typically refer to older versions of Standard 90.1 due to code revision cycles).

• Fan energy is affected by several factors, including: fan type (e.g., centrifugal, axial), fan blade shape (e.g., forwardcurved, backward-curved, backward-inclined, airfoil), drive type (belt or direct), configuration (plenum or housed 

centrifugal), system effects, duct design, filter and coil pressure drops, and motor efficiency. 
Final

Commercial Variable Air Volume Ventilation

98

Performance/Cost Characteristics » Commercial Variable Air Volume Ventilation

1Based on 887 effective full load hours (power-based) per year (operating 3800 hours per year at variable load).

2Total installed cost of 15,000 CFM VAV AHU, VFD, (10) VAV boxes, and hypothetical supply ductwork layout. 

3Based on ASHRAE 90.1-2007 fan power limit (Table 6.5.3.1.1A) with no pressure drop adjustment. Assumed 80% motor load and 91% motor efficiency.

DATA

2003 2007 2011 2020 2030 2040

Survey 

Base

Survey 

Base Minimum3 Typical High Typical High Typical High Typical High

System Airflow (CFM) 

15,000 15,000 15,000 15,000 15,000 15,000 15,000 15,000 15,000 15,000 15,000

System Fan Power (kW) 

16.35 15.00 14.76 14.03 12.55 13.29 11.81 12.55 11.07 11.81 10.33

Specific Fan Power (W/CFM) 

1.090 1.000 0.984 0.935 0.837 0.886 0.787 0.837 0.738 0.787 0.689 

Annual Fan Energy Use (kWh/yr)1 

14,502 13,305 13,096 12,441 11,131 11,786 10,477 11,131 9,822 10,477 9,167

Average Life (yrs) 

20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20

Total Installed Cost ($)2 

$91,000 $91,000 $91,000 $91,000 $100,000 $91,000 $100,000 $91,000 $100,000 $91,000 $100,000

Annual Maintenance Cost ($)

$500 $500 $500 $500 $500 $500 $500 $500 $500 $500 $500
Final

Commercial Variable Air Volume Ventilation

99

Performance/Cost Characteristics » Commercial Variable Air Volume Ventilation

• Variable air volume (VAV) ventilation systems are the most common multi-zone system type specified today for 

conditioning commercial buildings. These systems provide conditioned air to multiple zone terminal units (VAV 

boxes) that use dampers to modulate the amount of cool air to each zone. An individual zone thermostat controls the 

VAV box damper to allow more or less cooling. If a zone requires heating then the VAV box provides the minimum 

flow rate and typically includes a reheat coil to meet space temperature setpoint. As VAV box dampers close in the 

system, a variable frequency drive reduces fan speed and flow continuously to meet current requirements.

• This analysis examines only the fan energy of the VAV system. VAV systems vary fan speeds between about 30-100% 

speed (and flow); most hours of operation being much lower than full speed. Since fan power varies with the cube of 

fan speed according to fan affinity laws, SAIC estimated the fan-power equivalent full load hours (EFLH) of 887 

hours given an annual runtime of 3800 hours and a typical VAV operating profile. The unit characterized in this 

report is a 15,000 CFM VAV system. 

• A 15,000 CFM VAV packaged indoor air handling unit with cooling and heating coils can be installed for 

approximately $59,000 (RS Means 2012). Ductwork, (10) VAV boxes with reheat, and a VFD would cost 

approximately $32,000 additional ($91,000 total).

• ASHRAE Standard 90.1, which is used as a basis for most state energy codes, limits the fan power for VAV systems 

(brake HP or nameplate HP). The 2007 version of Standard 90.1 was used to represent the 2011 minimum efficiency 

level (state energy codes typically refer to older versions of Standard 90.1 due to code revision cycles).

• Fan energy is affected by several factors, including: fan type (e.g., centrifugal, axial), fan blade shape (e.g., forwardcurved, backward-curved, backward-inclined, airfoil), drive type (belt or direct), configuration (plenum or housed 

centrifugal), system effects, duct design, filter and coil pressure drops, and motor VFD efficiency. 
Final

Commercial Fan Coil Unit

100

Performance/Cost Characteristics » Commercial Fan Coil Unit

1 Based on 2250 effective full load hours per year (operating 2250 hours per year at constant load) (ADL, 1999).

2 Total installed cost of 2-ton horizontal 2-pipe fan coil unit, housing and controls. 

3 Based on ASHRAE 90.1-2007 fan power limit (Table 6.5.3.1.1A) with no pressure drop adjustment. Assumed 80% motor load and 60% 

motor efficiency.

DATA

2003 2007 2011 2020 2030 2040

Survey 

Base

Survey 

Base Minimum3 Typical High Typical High Typical High Typical High

System Airflow (CFM) 

800 800 800 800 800 800 800 800 800 800 800

System Fan Power (W) 

315 304 875 241 148 232 143 223 136 215 130

Specific Fan Power (W/CFM) 

0.394 0.380 1.094 0.302 0.185 0.290 0.178 0.279 0.171 0.268 0.163 

Annual Fan Energy Use (kWh/yr)1 

709 684 1,969 543 333 522 321 502 307 483 293

Average Life (yrs) 

20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20

Total Installed Cost ($)2 

$2,400 $2,400 $2,400 $2,400 $2,600 $2,400 $2,600 $2,400 $2,600 $2,400 $2,600

Annual Maintenance Cost ($)

$50-100 $50-100 $50-100 $50-100 $50-100 $50-100 $50-100 $50-100 $50-100 $50-100 $50-100 
Final

Commercial Fan Coil Unit

101

Performance/Cost Characteristics » Commercial Fan Coil Unit

• Commercial fan coil units (FCUs) are self‐contained, mass‐produced assemblies that provide cooling, heating, or 

cooling and heating, but do not include the source of cooling or heating. The unit characterized in this report is a 

cooling only (2-pipe), horizontal unit with housing and controls. Fan coil units are typically installed in or adjacent to 

the space being served and have no (or very limited) ductwork.

• Four‐pipe units have separate circuits for heating and cooling. Two‐pipe units with electric heat are a low‐cost 

alternative to four‐pipe units but may use more energy.

• According to manufacturer literature, the cooling capacity for a nominal 800 CFM fan coil unit is about 2 tons.

• Fan coil unit fan motors can be shaded pole, a single phase AC motor with offset start winding and no capacitor; PSC, 

a single phase AC motor with offset start winding with capacitor; or ECM, an AC electronically commutated 

permanent magnet DC motor. PSC motors are currently the most common motor type in FCUs, but most 

manufacturers offer ECM as an option. This analysis examines only the fan energy of the CAV system.

• Fan coil units have higher maintenance costs than central air systems due to the distributed nature of the system. For 

each unit the filters must be changed and drain systems must be flushed periodically.

• ASHRAE Standard 90.1, which is used as a basis for most state energy codes, limits the fan power (brake HP or 

nameplate HP). The 2007 version of Standard 90.1 was used to represent the 2011 minimum efficiency level (state 

energy codes typically refer to older versions of Standard 90.1 due to code revision cycles).

• Fan energy is affected by several factors, including: fan type configuration, filter and coil pressure drops, and motor 

efficiency. 
Final

102

Appendix A

Data Sources

Navigant Consulting, Inc.

1200 19th Street, NW, Suite 700

Washington, D.C. 20036

And

SAIC

8301 Greensboro Drive

McLean, VA 22102
Final

A-1

Data Sources » Residential General Service Incandescent Lamps (60 Watts)

DATA SOURCES

2005 2009 2011 2014* 2020**

Installed Base Low Typical High Typical High Typical High

60W 60W 60W 60W 60W 60W 60W 60W 60W

Lamp Wattage

2008 EIA Reference Case

Product Catalogs

EISA 2007;

NCI, 2012 EISA, 2007

Lamp Lumens 

Lamp Efficacy (lm/W) Calculated

Lamp Price Distributor Websites

Lamp Cost ($/klm) Calculated

Average Lamp Life (1000 hrs) 

Product Catalogs

CRI
Final

A-2

Data Sources » Residential General Service Incandescent Lamps (75 Watts)

DATA SOURCES

2005 2009 2011 2013* 2020**

Installed Base Low Typical High Typical High Typical High

75W 75W 75W 75W 75W 75W 75W 75W 75W

Lamp Wattage

2008 EIA Reference Case

Product Catalogs

EISA 2007;

NCI, 2012 EISA, 2007

Lamp Lumens 

Lamp Efficacy (lm/W) Calculated

Lamp Price Distributor Websites

Lamp Cost ($/klm) Calculated

Average Lamp Life (1000 hrs) 

Product Catalogs

CRI
Final

A-3

Data Sources » Residential Reflector Lamps

DATA SOURCES

2005 2009 2011

Installed Base Typical Typical Typical

Typical Inc. Hal. CFL Inc. Hal. CFL

Lamp Wattage

2008 EIA Reference Case

Product Catalogs

Lamp Lumens 

Lamp Efficacy (lm/W) Calculated

Lamp Price Distributor Websites

Lamp Cost ($/klm) Calculated

Average Lamp Life (1000 hrs) 

Product Catalogs

CRI
Final

A-4

Data Sources » Residential Reflector Lamps

DATA SOURCES

2020 2030 2040

Typical Typical Typical Typical Typical Typical Typical Typical Typical 

Inc. Hal. CFL Inc. Hal. CFL Inc. Hal. CFL

Lamp Wattage

NCI, 2012

Lamp Lumens 

Lamp Efficacy (lm/W) 

Lamp Price

Lamp Cost ($/klm) 

Average Lamp Life (1000 hrs) 

CRI
Final

A-5

Data Sources » Residential Compact Fluorescent Lamps

DATA SOURCES

2005 2009 2011 2020 2030 2040

Installed Base Energy Star Low Typical High Typical High Typical High Typical High

13W 13W 13W 13W 13W 13W 13W 13W 13W 13W 13W 13W

Lamp Wattage

2008 EIA Reference 

Case

Product 

Catalogs Product Catalogs

NCI, 2012

Lamp Lumens 

Lamp Efficacy (lm/W) Calculated Calculated

Lamp Price Distributor Websites

Lamp Cost ($/klm) Calculated

Average Lamp Life (1000 hrs) 

Product 

Catalogs Product Catalogs

CRI
Final

A-6

Data Sources » Residential Linear Fluorescent Lamps (T12 and T8)

DATA SOURCES

2005 2009 2011

Installed Base Current 

Standard 

Mid-Level 

T12 High T12 Baseline T8 Mid-Level T8 High T8 

32WT8 40WT12 32WT8 40WT12 40WT12 34WT12 32WT8 32WT8 28WT8 

Lamp Wattage 

2008 EIA 

Reference 

Case

DOE GSFL and IRL Energy Conservation Standard, 2009

Lamp Lumens 

System Wattage 

Calculated

System Lumens 

Lamp Efficacy (lm/W) 

System Efficacy (lm/W) 

Lamp Price ($) DOE GSFL and IRL Energy Conservation Standard, 2009

Ballast Price ($) DOE Fluorescent Lamp Ballast Energy Conservation Standard, 2011

Lamp Cost ($/klm) Calculated

Average Lamp Life (1000 hrs) 

DOE GSFL and IRL Energy Conservation Standard, 2009

CRI

Ballast Efficiency (BLE) DOE Fluorescent Lamp Ballast Energy Conservation Standard, 2011
Final

A-7

Data Sources » Residential Linear Fluorescent Lamps (T12 and T8)

DATA SOURCES

2020 2030 2040

Typical T8 High T8 Typical T8 High T8 Typical T8 High T8 

32WT8 28WT8 32WT8 28WT8 32WT8 28WT8 

Lamp Wattage 

NCI, 2012

Lamp Lumens 

System Wattage 

System Lumens 

Lamp Efficacy (lm/W) 

System Efficacy (lm/W) 

Lamp Price ($) 

Ballast Price ($) 

Lamp Cost ($/klm) 

Average Lamp Life (1000 hrs) 

CRI

Ballast Efficiency (BLE)
Final

A-8

Data Sources » Residential Linear Fluorescent Lamps (T5)

DATA SOURCES

2005 2009 2011 2020 2030 2040

Installed Base Typical High Typical High Typical High Typical High 

28WT5 28WT5 28WT5 26WT5 28WT5 26WT5 28WT5 26WT5 28WT5 26WT5 

Lamp Wattage DOE GSFL and IRL Energy Conservation 

Standard, 2009

NCI, 2012

Lamp Lumens 

System Wattage 

Calculated

System Lumens 

Lamp Efficacy (lm/W) 

System Efficacy (lm/W) 

Lamp Price ($) DOE GSFL and IRL Energy Conservation 

Standard, 2009

Ballast Price ($) DOE Fluorescent Lamp Ballast Energy 

Conservation Standard, 2011

Lamp Cost ($/klm) Calculated

Average Lamp Life (1000 hrs) 

DOE GSFL and IRL Energy Conservation 

Standard, 2009 CRI

Ballast Efficiency (BLE) DOE Fluorescent Lamp Ballast Energy 

Conservation Standard, 2011
Final

A-9

Data Sources » Residential Torchieres

DATA SOURCES

2005 2009 2011

Installed Base Typical Typical Typical

Typical Inc. Hal. CFL Inc. Hal. CFL

Lamp Wattage

2008 EIA Reference Case

Product Catalogs

Lamp Lumens 

Lamp Efficacy (lm/W) Calculated

Lamp Price Distributor Websites

Lamp Cost ($/klm) Calculated

Average Lamp Life (1000 hrs) 

Product Catalogs

CRI
Final

A-10

Data Sources » Residential Torchieres

DATA SOURCES

2020 2030 2040

Typical Typical Typical Typical Typical Typical Typical Typical Typical 

Inc. Hal. CFL Inc. Hal. CFL Inc. Hal. CFL

Lamp Wattage

NCI, 2012

Lamp Lumens 

Lamp Efficacy (lm/W) 

Lamp Price

Lamp Cost ($/klm) 

Average Lamp Life (1000 hrs) 

CRI
Final

A-11

Data Sources » Residential Solid State Lighting (LED A19 and PAR38 Replacements)

DATA SOURCES

2005 2009 2011 2020 2030 2040

Installed Base Typical Typical Typical Typical 

LED LED LED LED LED LED

Typical Wattage

2008 EIA 

Reference Case

Calculated

Lumens Product Catalogs

Efficacy (lm/W) 2012 SSL MYPP

Lamp Price ($) Calculated

Cost ($/klm) 2012 SSL MYPP 2012 Energy Savings Forecast 

Model

Average Life (1000 hrs)

Product Catalogs

2012 Energy Savings Forecast Model

CRI

NCI, 2012

CCT
Final

A-12

Data Sources » Commercial General Service Incandescent Lighting

DATA SOURCES

2003 2007 2011 2020

Installed Base Low Typical High Typical High 

Typical Typical Low Typical High 72W Inc 72W Inc

System Wattage 

2008 EIA Reference Case

Distributor Websites; Calculated

NCI, 2012

System Lumens 

Lamp Efficacy (lm/W) 

Distributor Websites; Calculated

System Efficacy (lm/W) 

Lamp Cost ($/klm) 

System Cost ($/klm)

Average Lamp Life (1000 hrs) 

Distributor Websites

CRI

Total Installed Cost ($)

Distributor Websites; NCI 2012; RSMeans 

2007; Calculated

Annual Maintenance Cost ($)
Final

A-13

Data Sources » Commercial Compact Fluorescent Lamps

DATA SOURCES

2003 2007 2011 2020 2030 2040

Installed Base Low Typical High Typical High Typical High Typical High 

26W 26W 23W 23W 23W 23W 23W 23W 23W 23W 23W

System Wattage 

2008 EIA Reference 

Case

Distributor Websites; Calculated

NCI, 2012

System Lumens 

Lamp Efficacy (lm/W) 

Distributor Websites; Calculated

System Efficacy (lm/W) 

Lamp Cost ($/klm) 

System Cost ($/klm)

Average Lamp Life (1000 hrs) 

Distributor Websites

CRI

Total Installed Cost ($)

Distributor Websites; NCI 2012; 

RSMeans 2007; Calculated

Annual Maintenance Cost ($)
Final

A-14

Data Sources » Commercial Halogen Lighting (PAR 38)

DATA SOURCES

2003 2007 2011 2020 2030 2040

Installed Base Typical Typical Typical Typical Typical Typical Typical Typical 

90W 

Halogen 70W HIR 90W Halogen 70W HIR 90W Halogen 70W HIR 90W Halogen 70W HIR 90W Halogen 70W HIR 90W Halogen 70W HIR

System Wattage 

2008 EIA Reference Case

Distributor 

Websites; 

Calculated

NCI, 2012

System Lumens 

Lamp Efficacy (lm/W) 

Distributor 

Websites; 

Calculated

System Efficacy (lm/W) 

Lamp Cost ($/klm) 

System Cost ($/klm)

Average Lamp Life (1000 hrs) 

Distributor 

Websites

CRI

Total Installed Cost ($) NCI 2012; RSMeans 

2007; Calculated

Annual Maintenance Cost ($)
Final

A-15

Data Sources » Commercial Halogen Lighting (Edison)

DATA SOURCES

2003 2007 2011 2020 2030 2040

Installed Base Typical Typical Typical Typical 

90W Edison 90W Halogen 90W Halogen 90W Halogen 90W Halogen 90W Halogen

System Wattage 

2008 EIA Reference Case

Distributor 

Websites; 

Calculated

NCI, 2012

System Lumens 

Lamp Efficacy (lm/W) 

Distributor 

Websites; 

Calculated

System Efficacy (lm/W) 

Lamp Cost ($/klm) 

System Cost ($/klm)

Average Lamp Life (1000 hrs) 

Distributor Websites

CRI

Total Installed Cost ($) NCI 2012; RSMeans 

2007; Calculated

Annual Maintenance Cost ($)
Final

A-16

Data Sources » Commercial Solid State Lighting (Edison Socket Substitute)

DATA SOURCES

2003 2007 2011 2020 2030 2040

Installed Base Typical Typical Typical Typical 

LED BR30 LED BR30 LED BR30 LED BR30 LED BR30 LED

Wattage

2008 EIA 

Reference Case

Calculated

Lumens Product Catalogs

Efficacy (lm/W)

Product Catalogs

2012 SSL MYPP

Cost ($/klm)

2012 Energy Savings Forecast Model

Life (1000 hrs)

CRI

NCI, 2012

CCT

Total Installed Cost ($)

RSMeans 2007; Calculated

Annual Maintenance Cost ($)
Final

A-17

Data Sources » Commercial 4-ft T8 Linear Fluorescent Lighting

DATA

2003 2007 2011

Installed Base Baseline High 

Efficiency 

HE w/ Occ. 

Sensor 

HE w/ Spec. 

Reflector 

HE w/ OS & 

Spec. Ref. 

32WT8 32WT8 32WT8 28WT8 28WT8 28WT8 28WT8

System Wattage 

2008 EIA 

Reference 

Case

DOE GSFL and IRL Energy Conservation Standard, 2009; DOE Fluorescent Lamp Ballast 

Energy Conservation Standard, 2011; Product Catalogs; Calculated System Lumens 

Lamp Efficacy (lm/W) 

Calculated

System Efficacy (lm/W) 

Cost ($/klm) 

Cost ($/klm l/b/f)

Average Lamp Life (1000 hrs) 

DOE GSFL and IRL Energy Conservation Standard, 2009

CRI

Total Installed Cost ($) DOE GSFL and IRL Energy Conservation Standard, 2009; Distributor Websites; RSMeans

2007; Calculated

Annual Maintenance Cost ($)

Ballast Efficiency (BLE) DOE Fluorescent Lamp Ballast Energy Conservation Standard, 2011
Final

A-18

Data Sources » Commercial 4-ft T8 Linear Fluorescent Lighting (Cont.’d)

DATA

2020 2030 2040

Base HE HE w/ 

OS 

HE w/ 

SR 

HE 

Max Base HE HE w/ OS 

HE w/ 

SR 

HE 

Max Base HE HE w/ OS 

HE w/ 

SR 

HE 

Max 

32WT8 28WT8 28WT8 28WT8 28WT8 32WT8 F28T8 F28T8 F28T8 F28T8 F32T8 F28T8 F28T8 F28T8 F28T8

System Wattage 

NCI, 2012

System Lumens 

Lamp Efficacy (lm/W) 

System Efficacy (lm/W) 

Cost ($/klm) 

Cost ($/klm l/b/f)

Average Lamp Life (1000 

hrs) 

CRI

Total Installed Cost ($)

Annual Maintenance 

Cost ($)

Ballast Efficiency (BLE)
Final

A-19

Data Sources » Commercial 4-ft T5 Linear Fluorescent Lighting

DATA SOURCES

2003 2007 2011 2020 2030 2040

Installed Base Typical High Typical High Typical High Typical High 

28WT5 28WT5 28WT5 26WT5 28WT5 26WT5 28WT5 26WT5 28WT5 26WT5 

System Wattage 

2008 EIA 

Reference 

Case

DOE GSFL and IRL Energy 

Conservation Standard, 2009; DOE 

Fluorescent Lamp Ballast Energy 

Conservation Standard, 2011; 

Product Catalogs; Calculated

NCI, 2012

System Lumens 

Lamp Efficacy (lm/W) 

Calculated

System Efficacy (lm/W) 

Cost ($/klm) 

Cost ($/klm l/b/f) 

Average Lamp Life (1000 hrs) DOE GSFL and IRL Energy 

Conservation Standard, 2009

CRI

Total Installed Cost ($) DOE GSFL and IRL Energy 

Conservation Standard, 2009; 

Distributor Websites; RSMeans 

2007; Calculated

Annual Maintenance Cost ($)

Ballast Efficiency (BLE)

DOE Fluorescent Lamp Ballast 

Energy Conservation Standard, 

2011
Final

A-20

Data Sources » Commercial Solid State Lighting (4-ft Linear Fluorescent Lighting Substitute)

DATA SOURCES

2003 2007 2011 2020 2030 2040

Installed Base Typical Typical Typical Typical 

LED LED 32W T8 LED 32W T8 LED 32W T8 LED 32W T8 LED 32W T8

Wattage

2008 EIA 

Reference Case

Calculated

Lumens Product Catalogs

Efficacy (lm/W)

Product Catalogs

2012 SSL MYPP

Cost ($/klm)

2012 Energy Savings Forecast Model

Life (1000 hrs)

CRI

NCI, 2012

CCT

Total Installed Cost ($)

RSMeans 2007; Calculated

Annual Maintenance Cost ($)
Final

A-21

Data Sources » Commercial 8-ft Linear Fluorescent Lighting

DATA SOURCES 

2003 2007

Installed Base 

75WT12 60WT12 59WT8 59WT8 HE 75WT12 60WT12 59WT8 55WT8

System Wattage 

2008 EIA Reference Case

DOE GSFL and IRL Energy Conservation Standard, 

2009; DOE Fluorescent Lamp Ballast Energy 

Conservation Standard, 2011; Product Catalogs; 

Calculated

System Lumens 

Lamp Efficacy (lm/W) 

Calculated

System Efficacy (lm/W) 

Cost ($/klm) 

Cost ($/klm l/b/f)

Average Lamp Life (1000 hrs) DOE GSFL and IRL Energy Conservation Standard, 

2009

CRI

Total Installed Cost ($)

DOE GSFL and IRL Energy Conservation Standard, 

2009; Distributor Websites; RSMeans 2007; Calculated

Annual Maintenance Cost ($)

Ballast Efficiency (BLE)

DOE Fluorescent Lamp Ballast Energy Conservation 

Standard, 2011
Final

A-22

Data Sources » Commercial 8-ft Linear Fluorescent Lighting (Cont.’d)

DATA SOURCES

2011 2020 2030 2040

Magnetic

HE Typical High Efficiency Typical HE Typical HE Typical HE

60WT12 59WT8 55WT8 59WT8 55WT8 59WT8 55WT8 59WT8 55WT8

System Wattage DOE Energy Conservation Standards, 

2009 and 2011; Product Catalogs; 

Calculated

NCI, 2012

System Lumens

Lamp Efficacy (lm/W)

Calculated

System Efficacy (lm/W)

Cost ($/klm)

Cost ($/klm l/b/f)

Average Lamp Life (1000 

hrs) DOE Energy Conservation Standards, 

2009

CRI

Total Installed Cost ($)

DOE Energy Conservation Standards, 

2009; Distributor Websites; RSMeans 2007; 

Calculated Annual Maintenance 

Cost ($)
Final

A-23

Data Sources » Commercial 8-ft Linear Fluorescent Lighting (High Output)

DATA SOURCES 

2011 2020 2030 2040

Magnetic 

HE Typical High Efficiency Typical HE Typical HE Typical HE 

60WT12 59WT8 55WT8 59WT8 55WT8 59WT8 55WT8 59WT8 55WT8

System Wattage 

DOE GSFL and IRL Energy 

Conservation Standard, 2009; DOE 

Fluorescent Lamp Ballast Energy 

Conservation Standard, 2011; Product 

Catalogs; Calculated

NCI, 2012

System Lumens 

Lamp Efficacy (lm/W) 

Calculated

System Efficacy (lm/W) 

Cost ($/klm) 

Cost ($/klm l/b/f)

Average Lamp Life (1000 hrs) DOE GSFL and IRL Energy 

Conservation Standard, 2009 CRI

Total Installed Cost ($)

DOE GSFL and IRL Energy 

Conservation Standard, 2009; 

Distributor Websites; RSMeans 2007; 

Calculated

Annual Maintenance Cost ($)

Ballast Efficiency (BLE) DOE Ballast Energy Conservation 

Standard, 2011
Final

A-24

Data Sources » Commercial Low Bay HID Lighting (Metal Halide)

DATA SOURCES

2003 2007 2011 2020 2030 2040

Installed Base Typical High Typical High Typical High Typical High

175W

MV

175W

MH

175W

MH

175W

MH

175W

MH

175W

MH

175W

MH

175W

MH

175W

MH

175W

MH

175W

MH

System Wattage

2008 EIA Reference 

Case

DOE Energy Conservation

Standards, 2010; Product Catalogs; 

Calculated

NCI, 2012

System Lumens

Lamp Efficacy 

(lm/W)

Calculated

System Efficacy 

(lm/W)

Cost ($/klm)

Cost ($/klm l/b/f)

Average Lamp Life 

(1000 hrs)

DOE Energy Conservation

Standards, 2010

CRI Product Catalogs

Total Installed Cost 

($) DOE Energy Conservation

Standards, 2010; Distributor 

Websites; RSMeans 2007; 

Calculated Annual Maintenance 

Cost ($)
Final

A-25

Data Sources » Commercial Low Bay HID Lighting (High Pressure Sodium)

DATA SOURCES

2003 2007 2011 2020 2030 2040

Installed Base Typical High Typical High Typical High Typical High

175W MV 70W HPS 100W HPS 100W HPS 100W HPS 100W HPS 100W HPS 100W HPS 100W HPS 100W HPS 100W HPS

System Wattage

2008 EIA Reference 

Case

DOE Energy Conservation

Standards, 2010; Product Catalogs; 

Calculated

NCI, 2012

System Lumens

Lamp Efficacy 

(lm/W)

Calculated

System Efficacy 

(lm/W)

Cost ($/klm)

Cost ($/klm l/b/f)

Average Lamp Life 

(1000 hrs)

DOE Energy Conservation

Standards, 2010

CRI Product Catalogs

Total Installed Cost 

($) DOE Energy Conservation

Standards, 2010; Distributor 

Websites; RSMeans 2007; 

Calculated Annual Maintenance 

Cost ($)
Final

A-26

Data Sources » Commercial Solid State Lighting (Low Bay Applications)

DATA SOURCES

2003 2007 2011 2020 2030 2040

Installed Base HPS HPS HPS HPS

LED LED 100W HPS LED 100W HPS LED 100W HPS LED 100W HPS LED

Typical Wattage 

2008 EIA Reference Case

Calculated

Lumens Product Catalogs

Efficacy (lm/W) 

Product Catalogs

2012 SSL MYPP

Cost ($/klm) 

2012 Energy Savings Forecast Model

Average Lamp Life (1000 hrs) 

CRI

NCI, 2012

CCT

Total Installed Cost ($)

RSMeans 2007; Calculated

Annual Maintenance Cost ($)
Final

A-27

Data Sources » Commercial High Bay HID Lighting (Metal Halide)

DATA SOURCES

2003 2007 2011 2020 2030 2040

Installed Base Typical High Typical High Typical High Typical High

400W MV 250W MH 400W MH 400W MH 400W MH 400W MH 400W MH 400W MH 400W MH 400W MH 400W MH

System Wattage

2008 EIA Reference 

Case

DOE Energy Conservation

Standards, 2010 and 2011; Product 

Catalogs; Calculated

NCI, 2012

System Lumens

Lamp Efficacy 

(lm/W)

Calculated

System Efficacy 

(lm/W)

Cost ($/klm)

Cost ($/klm l/b/f)

Average Lamp Life 

(1000 hrs)

DOE Energy Conservation

Standards, 2010 and 2011

CRI Product Catalogs

Total Installed Cost 

($) DOE Energy Conservation

Standards, 2010 and 2011; 

Distributor Websites; RSMeans 

2007; Calculated Annual Maintenance 

Cost ($)
Final

A-28

Data Sources » Commercial High Bay HID Lighting (High Pressure Sodium)

DATA SOURCES

2003 2007 2011 2020 2030 2040

Installed Base Typical High Typical High Typical High Typical High

400W MV 150W HPS 150W HPS 150W HPS 150W HPS 150W HPS 150W HPS 150W HPS 150W HPS 150W HPS 150W HPS

System Wattage

2008 EIA Reference 

Case

DOE Energy Conservation

Standards, 2010; Product Catalogs; 

Calculated

NCI, 2012

System Lumens

Lamp Efficacy 

(lm/W)

Calculated

System Efficacy 

(lm/W)

Cost ($/klm)

Cost ($/klm l/b/f)

Average Lamp Life 

(1000 hrs)

DOE Energy Conservation

Standards, 2010

CRI Product Catalogs

Total Installed Cost 

($) DOE Energy Conservation

Standards, 2010; Distributor 

Websites; RSMeans 2007; 

Calculated Annual Maintenance 

Cost ($)
Final

A-29

Data Sources » Commercial T5 HO Lighting (High Bay Applications)

DATA SOURCES

2003 2007 2011 2020 2030 2040

Installed Base Typical High Typical High Typical High Typical High 

54WT5HO 54WT5HO 54WT5HO 51WT5HO 54WT5HO 51WT5HO 54WT5HO 51WT5HO 54WT5HO 51WT5HO

System Wattage 

2008 EIA 

Reference 

Case

DOE GSFL and IRL Energy 

Conservation Standard, 2009; DOE 

Fluorescent Lamp Ballast Energy 

Conservation Standard, 2011; 

Product Catalogs; Calculated

NCI, 2012

System Lumens 

Lamp Efficacy (lm/W) 

Calculated

System Efficacy (lm/W) 

Cost ($/klm) 

Cost ($/klm l/b/f) 

Average Lamp Life (1000 hrs) DOE GSFL and IRL Energy 

Conservation Standard, 2009 CRI

Total Installed Cost ($)

DOE GSFL and IRL Energy 

Conservation Standard, 2009; 

Distributor Websites; RSMeans 

2007; Calculated

Annual Maintenance Cost ($)

Ballast Efficiency (BLE) DOE Ballast Energy Conservation 

Standard, 2011
Final

A-30

Data Sources » Commercial Solid State Lighting (High Bay Applications)

DATA SOURCES

2003 2007 2011 2020 2030 2040

Installed Base HPS HPS HPS HPS

LED LED 150W HPS LED 150W HPS LED 150W HPS LED 150W HPS LED

Typical Wattage 

2008 EIA Reference Case

Calculated

Lumens Product Catalogs

Efficacy (lm/W) 

Product Catalogs

2012 SSL MYPP

Cost ($/klm) 

2012 Energy Savings Forecast Model

Average Lamp Life (1000 hrs) 

CRI

NCI, 2012

CCT

Total Installed Cost ($)

RSMeans 2007; Calculated

Annual Maintenance Cost ($)
Final

Data Sources » Commercial Supermarket Display Cases

A-31

DATA SOURCES

2003 2007 2011 2020 2030 2040

Typical Typical Low Typical High Typical High Typical High Typical High

Cooling Capacity 

(Btu/hr)

DOE, 2007 / 

NCI Analysis, 

2008

NCI, 2009 NCI Analysis, 2012

DOE, 2009 / DOE, 2011 /

FMI, 2012 / NCI Analysis 2012

Median Store Size (ft3) Food Marketing Institute (FMI), 2012

Energy Use (kWh/yr)

DOE, 2007 / 

NCI Analysis, 

2008

NCI, 2009 / 

NCI Analysis, 

2012

DOE, 2011

Average Life (yrs)

NCI, 2009

Retail Equipment Cost

Total Installed Cost

Annual Maintenance 

Cost
Final

Data Sources » Commercial Compressor Rack Systems

A-32

DATA SOURCES

2003 2007 2011 2020 2030 2040

Typical Typical Typical High Typical High Typical High Typical High

Total Capacity 

(MBtu/hr) ADL, 1996

NCI, 2009 /

NCI Analysis, 

2012

NCI, 2009 / NCI Analysis, 2012 / ADL, 1996

Power Input (kW) Copeland, 2008

Energy Use (MWh/yr) ADL, 1996 / NCI 

Analysis, 2008

Average Life (yrs) Kysor-Warren, 2008

Total Installed Cost 

($1000)

NCI, 2009 /

NCI Analysis, 2012

Annual Maintenance 

Cost ($1000)

ADL, 1996 / NCI 

Analysis, 2008

ADL, 1996 / 

NCI Analysis, 

2012
Final

Data Sources » Commercial Condensers

A-33

DATA SOURCES

2003 2007 2011 2020 2030 2040

Typical Typical Typical High Typical High Typical High Typical High

Total Capacity 

(MBtu/hr)

NCI Analysis, 2008 / 

Heatcraft, 2008 / ADL, 

1996

NCI, 2009

NCI, 2009 / NCI Analysis, 2012

Power Input (kW)

NCI Analysis, 2008 / 

Heatcraft, 2008 / ADL, 

1996

Energy Use (MWh/yr) NCI Analysis, 2008 / 

ADL, 1996

Average Life (yrs) ADL, 1996 / NCI 

Analysis, 2008

Total Installed Cost 

($1000)

NCI Analysis, 2008 / 

Heatcraft, 2008 / RS 

Means, 2007

Annual Maintenance 

Cost NCI Analysis, 2008 NCI Analysis, 

2012
Final

Data Sources » Commercial Walk-In Refrigerators

A-34

DATA SOURCES

2003 2007 2011 2020 2030 2040

Typical Typical Low Typical High Typical High Typical High Typical High

Cooling Capacity 

(Btu/hr) ADL, 1996 / 

NCI Analysis, 

2008

NCI, 2009

DOE, 2011 DOE, 2011 / NCI Analysis, 2012

Size (ft2) 

Energy Use 

(kWh/yr)

ADL, 1996 / 

PG&E, 2004 / 

NCI Analysis, 

2008

Insulated Box 

Average Life (yrs) ADL, 1996 / 

PG&E, 2004

Compressor 

Average Life (yrs)

Retail Equipment 

Cost

ADL, 1996 / 

Distributor 

Web Sites / 

NCI Analysis, 

2008 Total Installed Cost

Annual 

Maintenance Cost

ADL, 1996 / 

FMI, 2005 / 

NCI Analysis, 

2008

DOE, 2011 /

NCI Analysis, 

2012
Final

Data Sources » Commercial Walk-In Freezers

A-35

DATA SOURCES

2003 2007 2011 2020 2030 2040

Typical Typical Low Typical High Typical High Typical High Typical High

Cooling Capacity 

(Btu/hr) ADL, 1996 / 

NCI Analysis, 

2008

NCI, 2009

DOE, 2011 DOE, 2011 / NCI Analysis, 2012

Size (ft2) 

Energy Use 

(kWh/yr)

ADL, 1996 / 

PG&E, 2004 / 

NCI Analysis, 

2008

Insulated Box 

Average Life (yrs) ADL, 1996 / 

PG&E, 2004

Compressor 

Average Life (yrs)

Retail Equipment 

Cost

ADL, 1996 / 

Distributor 

Web Sites / 

NCI Analysis, 

2008 Total Installed Cost

Annual 

Maintenance Cost

ADL, 1996 / 

FMI, 2005 / 

NCI Analysis, 

2008

DOE, 2011 /

NCI Analysis, 

2012
Final

Data Sources » Commercial Reach-In Refrigerators

A-36

DATA SOURCES

2003 2007 2011 2020 2030 2040

Typical Typical Low Typical High Typical High Typical High Typical High

Cooling Capacity 

(Btu/hr)

ADL, 1996 / NCI 

Analysis, 2008

NCI, 2009 /

NCI Analysis, 

2012

NCI Analysis, 2012

DOE, 2011 / NCI Analysis, 2012

Size (ft3) 

ADL, 1996 / 

Distributor Web 

Sites

DOE, 2011

Energy Use (kWh/yr) ADL, 1996 / NCI 

Analysis, 2008

DOE, 2011 / ENERGY STAR, 

2012 / EPACT, 2005

Energy Use 

(kWh/yr/ft3)

NCI Analysis, 2012 NCI Analysis, 2012

Average Life (yrs) ACEEE, 2002

DOE, 2011

Retail Equipment Cost 

ADL, 1996/ 

Distributor Web 

Sites / NCI 

Analysis, 2008

Total Installed Cost

Distributor Web 

Sites / NCI 

Analysis, 2008

Annual Maintenance 

Cost NCI Analysis, 2008 NCI Analysis, 2012
Final

Data Sources » Commercial Reach-In Freezers

A-37

DATA SOURCES

2003 2007 2011 2020 2030 2040

Typical Typical Low Typical High Typical High Typical High Typical High

Cooling Capacity 

(Btu/hr)

ADL, 1996 / NCI 

Analysis, 2008

NCI, 2009 /

NCI Analysis, 

2012

NCI Analysis, 2012

DOE, 2011 / NCI Analysis, 2012

Size (ft3) 

ADL, 1996 / 

Distributor Web 

Sites

DOE, 2011

Energy Use (kWh/yr) ADL, 1996 / NCI 

Analysis, 2008

DOE, 2011 / ENERGY STAR, 

2012 / EPACT, 2005

Energy Use 

(kWh/yr/ft3)

NCI Analysis, 2012 NCI Analysis, 2012

Average Life (yrs) ACEEE, 2002

DOE, 2011

Retail Equipment Cost 

ADL, 1996/ 

Distributor Web 

Sites / NCI 

Analysis, 2008

Total Installed Cost

Distributor Web 

Sites / NCI 

Analysis, 2008

Annual Maintenance 

Cost NCI Analysis, 2008 NCI Analysis, 2012
Final

Data Sources » Commercial Ice Machines

A-38

DATA SOURCES

2003 2007 2011 2020 2030 2040

Typical Typical Low Typical High Typical High Typical High Typical High

Output (lbs/day) ADL, 1996 / NCI 

Analysis, 2008

NCI, 2009 /

NCI Analysis, 

2012

NCI Analysis, 2012

DOE, 2011 / NCI Analysis, 2012

Water Use (gal/100 

lbs)

ADL, 1996 / 

Distributor Web 

Sites

DOE, 2011

Energy Use 

(kWh/100 lbs)

ADL, 1996 / NCI 

Analysis, 2008

DOE, 2011 / ENERGY 

STAR, 2012 / EPACT, 2005

Energy Use 

(kWh/yr)

ACEEE, 2002 /

NCI Analysis, 

2012

DOE, 2011 /

NCI Analysis, 2012

Average Life (yrs)

ADL, 1996/ 

Distributor Web 

Sites / NCI 

Analysis, 2008

Retail Equipment 

Cost 

Distributor Web 

Sites / NCI 

Analysis, 2008

Total Installed Cost 

(with Bin)

NCI Analysis, 

2008

NCI Analysis, 

2012

Annual 

Maintenance Cost

ADL, 1996 / NCI 

Analysis, 2008 NCI, 2009 NCI Analysis, 2012 DOE, 2011 / NCI Analysis, 2012
Final

Data Sources » Commercial Beverage Merchandisers

A-39

DATA SOURCES

2003 2007 2011 2020 2030 2040

Typical Typical Low Typical High Typical High Typical High Typical High

Cooling Capacity 

(Btu/hr)

ADL, 1996 / NCI 

Analysis, 2008

NCI, 2009

NCI Analysis, 2012

DOE, 2011 / NCI Analysis, 2012

Size (ft3) 

ADL, 1996 / 

Distributor Web 

Sites

DOE, 2011

Energy Use (kWh/yr) ADL, 1996 / NCI 

Analysis, 2008

DOE, 2011 / ENERGY 

STAR, 2012 / EPACT, 2005

Average Life (yrs) ACEEE, 2002

DOE, 2011

Retail Equipment Cost 

ADL, 1996 / 

Distributor Web 

Sites

Total Installed Cost

Distributor Web 

Sites / NCI 

Analysis, 2008

Annual Maintenance 

Cost

NCI Analysis, 

2008

NCI Analysis, 

2012
Final

Data Sources » Commercial Refrigerated Vending Machines

A-40

DATA SOURCES

2003 2007 2011 2020 2030 2040

Typical Typical Low Typical High Typical High Typical High Typical High

Cooling Capacity 

(Btu/hr) 

DOE, 2008 / NCI 

Analysis, 2008

NCI, 2009 /

NCI Analysis, 

2012

DOE, 2009

DOE, 2009 / NCI Analysis, 2012

Can Capacity

CEC, 2005 / 

NREL, 2003 / 

FEMP, 2004

Energy Use 

(kWh/yr)

ADL, 1996 / CEC, 

2008 / NREL, 

2003

DOE, 2009 / ENERGY 

STAR, 2012

Average Life (yrs) DOE, 2008

DOE, 2009

Retail Equipment 

Cost 

Distributor Web 

Sites / NCI 

Analysis, 2008 / 

DOE, 2008

Total Installed Cost

Distributor Web 

Sites / NCI 

Analysis, 2008 / 

DOE, 2008

Annual 

Maintenance Cost DOE, 2008
Final

Data Sources » Commercial Constant Air Volume Ventilation

A-41

DATA

2003 2007 2011 2020 2030 2040

Installed Base Minimum3 Typical High Typical High Typical High Typical High

System Airflow (CFM) Assumed based on average 15,000 square foot commercial building (CBECS 2003 and BED 2007)

System Fan Power (kW)

eQUEST/DOE-2

ASHRA

E 90.1-

2007

SAIC & Mfrs

Specific Fan Power (W/CFM)

Annual Fan Energy Use 

(kWh/yr)1 Calculated – see note 1

Average Life (yrs) 2011 ASHRAE Handbook: HVAC Applications

Total Installed Cost ($)2 RS Means 2012

Annual Maintenance Cost ($) Jones Lang LaSalle

1Based on 3800 effective full load hours per year (operating 3800 hours per year at constant load) (ADL, 1999).

2Total installed cost of 15,000 CFM CAV AHU and hypothetical supply ductwork layout. 

3Based on ASHRAE 90.1-2007 fan power limit (Table 6.5.3.1.1A) with no pressure drop adjustment. Assumed 80% motor load and 91% 

motor efficiency.
Final

Data Sources » Commercial Variable Air Volume Ventilation

A-42

DATA

2003 2007 2011 2020 2030 2040

Installed Base Minimum3 Typical High Typical High Typical High Typical High

System Airflow (CFM) Assumed based on average 15,000 square foot commercial building (CBECS 2003 and BED 2007)

System Fan Power (kW)

eQUEST/DOE-2

ASHRA

E 90.1-

2007

SAIC & Mfrs

Specific Fan Power (W/CFM)

Annual Fan Energy Use 

(kWh/yr)1 Calculated – see note 1

Average Life (yrs) 2011 ASHRAE Handbook: HVAC Applications

Total Installed Cost ($)2 RS Means 2012

Annual Maintenance Cost ($) Jones Lang LaSalle

1Based on 887 effective full load hours (power-based) per year (operating 3800 hours per year at variable load).

2Total installed cost of 15,000 CFM VAV AHU, VFD, (10) VAV boxes, and hypothetical supply ductwork layout. 

3Based on ASHRAE 90.1-2007 fan power limit (Table 6.5.3.1.1A) with no pressure drop adjustment. Assumed 80% motor load and 91% 

motor efficiency.
Final

Data Sources » Commercial Fan Coil Unit

A-43

DATA

2003 2007 2011 2020 2030 2040

Installed Base Minimum3 Typical High Typical High Typical High Typical High

System Airflow (CFM) 800 CFM is typical for a 2-ton fan coil unit

System Fan Power (kW)

ADL 1999, NCI 2008

ASHRA

E 90.1-

2007

SAIC & Mfrs

Specific Fan Power (W/CFM)

Annual Fan Energy Use 

(kWh/yr)1 Calculated – see note 1

Average Life (yrs) 2011 ASHRAE Handbook: HVAC Applications

Total Installed Cost ($)2 RS Means 2012

Annual Maintenance Cost ($) ASHRAE 2000, NCI 2008

1Based on 2250 effective full load hours per year (operating 2250 hours per year at constant load) (ADL, 1999).

2Total installed cost of 2-ton horizontal 2-pipe fan coil unit, housing and controls. 

3Based on ASHRAE 90.1-2007 fan power limit (Table 6.5.3.1.1A) with no pressure drop adjustment. Assumed 80% motor load and 60% 

motor efficiency.
Final

146

Appendix B

References

Navigant Consulting, Inc.

1200 19th Street, NW, Suite 700

Washington, D.C. 20036

And

SAIC

8301 Greensboro Drive

McLean, VA 22102
Final

• ACEEE. (2007). Top Rated Energy-Efficient Appliances. American Council for an EnergyEfficient Economy.

• AHAM - ACEEE. (2010). Agreement on Minimum Federal Efficiency Standards, Smart 

Appliances, Federal Incentives and Related Matters for Specified Appliances.

• AHAM. (n.d.). AHAM Directory of Certified Products. Retrieved September 2010, from 

http://www.ahamdir.com/dirsvc/aham.nsf/fraRAC?OpenFrameset&pgm=Room%20Air

%20Conditioners

• AHRI. (n.d.). Certification Directory. Retrieved September 2010, from Directory of 

Certified Product Performance: 

http://www.ahridirectory.org/ahridirectory/pages/home.aspx

• Appliance Magazine. (2010). Appliance Market Research Report - U.S. Appliance Industry: 

Market Share, Life Expectancy & Replacement Market, and Saturation Levels. Appliance 

Magazine.

• Appliance Magazine. (2005). Portrait of the U.S. Appliance Industry. Appliance Magazine.

• Arthur D. Little. (1996). Energy Savings Potential for Commercial Refrigeration Equipment.

• Arthur D. Little. (1997). Massachusetts Market Transformation Scoping Study; Final Report.

Massachusetts Gas DSM / Market Transformation Collaborative.

147

References

B-1
Final

• ASHRAE. (2003). 2003 ASHRAE Handbook - HVAC Applications. ASHRAE, Inc.

• ASHRAE. (2007). ANSI/ASHRAE/IESNA Standard 90.1-2007. ASHRAE, Inc.

• ASHRAE. (1999). ASHRAE Standard 90.1-1999. ASHRAE, Inc.

• ASHRAE. (2004). ASHRAE Standard 90.1-2004. ASHRAE, Inc.

• Building Services Research and Information Association & Ducker Research Company. 

(1997, 1998). U.S. Market for Central Plant Air Conditioning; Market for Ducted Warm Air 

Central Heating; U.S. Market for Hydronic Heating and Burners; U.S. Water Heating Market; 

U.S. Unitary and Close Control Air Conditioning.

• California Energy Commission. (n.d.). Retrieved September 2010, from Appliance 

Efficiency Database: http://www.appliances.energy.ca.gov/AdvancedSearch.aspx

• DEER. (2008, June). Database for Energy Efficiency Resources. Retrieved September 2010, 

from California Energy Commission: www.energy.ca.gov/deer

• Distributors. (n.d.). NCI discussions with distributors and online research (i.e. Grainger, 

Home Depot, Lowes, Sears, and others).

B148 -2

References
Final

• EERE. Preliminary Technical Support Document: Energy Efficiency Program for Consumer 

Products: Refrigerators, Refrigerator-Freezers, and Freezers.

• EERE. (2000). Clothes Washers Technical Support Document, Final Rule Technical Support 

Document: Energy Efficiency Standards for Consumer Products: Clothes Washers.

• EERE. (2001). Energy Conservation Program for Consumer Products: Central Air Conditioners 

and Heat Pumps Energy Conservation Standards; Final Rule.

• EERE. (2004). Joint Stakeholders Comments on Standards for Commercial Package Air 

Conditioners and Heat Pumps.

• EERE. (2005). Draft Technical Analysis for Refrigerators, Analysis of Amended Energy 

Conservation Standards for Residential Refrigerators-Freezers.

• EERE. (2005). Technical Support Document: Energy Efficiency Program for Commercial and 

Industrial Equipment: Commercial Unitary Air Conditioners and Heat Pumps.

• EERE. (2006). Technical Analysis for Residential Furnaces and Boilers, Energy Conservation 

Program for Residential Furnaces and Boilers; Proposed Rule.

• EERE. (2006). Technical Analysis for Rulemaking Framework for 

Dishwashers/Cooktops/Ovens, Rulemaking Framework for Commercial Clothes Washers and 

Residential Dishwashers, Dehumidifiers, and Cooking Products.

B149 -3

References
Final

• EERE. (2006). Buildings Energy Data Book.

• EERE. (2006). DOE Appliance Standards Framework, Rulemaking Framework for Residential 

Water Heaters, Direct Heating Equipment and Pool Heaters.

• EERE. (2009). Commercial Heating, Air Conditioning and Water Heating Equipment (i.e. 

ASHRAE Equipment).

• EERE. (2007). Energy Conservation Program for Consumer Products: Energy Conservation 

Standards for Residential Furnaces and Boilers; Final Rule.

• EERE. (2009). Energy Conservation Program: Energy Conservation Standards for Certain 

Consumer Products and for Certain Commercial and Industrial Equipment; Final Rule.

• EERE. (2009). Final Rule Technical Support Document: Residential Dishwashers, 

Dehumidifiers, Cooking Products, and Commercial Clothes Washers.

• EERE. (2009). Commercial Refrigeration Equipment; Final Rule.

• EERE. (2009). Refrigerated Beverage Vending Machines; Final Rule Technical Support 

Document.

B150 -4

References
Final

• EERE. (2010). Energy Conservation Program for Appliance Standards: Residential Central Air 

Conditioners and Heat Pumps.

• EERE. (2010). Energy Conservation Program: Energy Conservation Standards for Residential 

Water Heaters, Direct Heating Equipment, and Pool Heaters; Final Rule.

• EERE. (2010). Residential Clothes Dryers and Room Air Conditioners Preliminary Technical 

Support Document.

• EERE. (2010). Walk-In Coolers and Walk-In Freezers; Preliminary Analysis Technical Support 

Document.

• EERE. (2011). Commercial Refrigeration Equipment; Preliminary Analysis Technical Support 

Document.

• EERE. (2012). Automatic Commercial Ice Makers; Preliminary Analysis Technical Support 

Document.

B151 -5

References
Final

• ENERGY STAR. (n.d.). Retrieved May 2012, from ENERGY STAR Products: 

http://www.energystar.gov/index.cfm?c=products.pr_find_es_products

• Federal Standard. (1975). National energy conservation standards authorized under the 

Energy and Policy Conservation Act of 2007 (EPCA 1975).

• Federal Standard. (2005). National energy conservation standards authorized under the 

Energy Policy Act of 2005 (EPACT 2005).

• Federal Standard. (2007). National energy conservation standards authorized under the 

Energy Independence and Security Act of 2007 (EISA 2007).

• Food Marketing Institute. (n.d.). Retrieved May 2012, from FMI Supermarket Facts: 

http://www.fmi.org/research-resources/supermarket-facts/median-total-store-sizesquare-feet

• GeoExchange. GeoExchange Heating and Cooling Systems: Fascinating Facts.

B152 -6

References
Final

• GHPC. (n.d.). Geothermal Heat Pump Consortium. Retrieved 2007, from 

www.geoexchange.org

• IGSPHA. (n.d.). International Ground Source Heat Pump Association. Retrieved 2007, from 

www.igshpa.okstate.edu

• LBNL. (2003). Commercial Unitary Air Conditioning and Heat Pumps - Life Cycle Cost 

Analysis: Inputs and Results. Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory.

• Max Neubauer, A. d. (2009). Ka-BOOM! The Power of Appliance Standards. ACEEE, ASAP.

• Navigant Consulting, Inc. (n.d.). In House Expertise.

• Navigant Consulting, Inc. (2009). Energy Savings Potential and R&D Opportunities for 

Commercial Refrigeration.

• Navien America Inc. (n.d.). Navien Condensing 98%. Retrieved September 2010, from 

http://www.navienamerica.com/PDS/ftp/NavienCondensingTankless/DownLoad_Broc

hure_Manual/NavienCodensing98_Brochure.pdf

• Product Literature. (n.d.). Literature from manufacturers and experts on specific products.

B153 -7

References
Final

• RS Means Mechanical Cost Data. (2007). Means Construction Information Network.

• RS Means Mechanical Cost Data. (2010). Means Construction Information Network.

• SAIC. (n.d.). In House Expertise.

• Technology Cost and Performance File for Commercial Model for AEO2010. (2009). (E. 

Boedecker, Compiler)

B154 -8

References
April 2015

U.S. Energy Information Administration   |   Updated Buildings Sector Appliance and Equipment Costs and Efficiencies 5

APPENDIX D 
EIA - Technology Forecast Updates –

Residential and Commercial Building 

Technologies – Advanced Case

Presented to:

U.S. Energy Information Administration

Prepared by: 

Navigant Consulting, Inc.

1200 19th Street, NW, Suite 700

Washington, D.C. 20036

And

SAIC

8301 Greensboro Drive

McLean, VA 22102

December 19, 2012 Confidential and Proprietary, 

©2012 Navigant Consulting, Inc.

Do not distribute or copy
Advanced Case Final

DISCLAIMER

This presentation was prepared as an account of work sponsored by an agency of the United States 

Government. Neither the United States Government, nor any agency thereof, nor any of their 

employees, nor any of their contractors, subcontractors, or their employees, makes any warranty, 

express or implied, or assumes any legal liability or responsibility for the accuracy, completeness, or 

usefulness of any information, apparatus, product, or process disclosed, or represents that its use 

would not infringe privately owned rights. Reference herein to any specific commercial product, 

process, or service by trade name, trademark, manufacturer, or otherwise, does not necessarily 

constitute or imply its endorsement, recommendation, or favoring by the United States Government 

or any agency, contractor or subcontractor thereof. The views and opinions of authors expressed 

herein do not necessarily state or reflect those of the United States Government or any agency 

thereof. 

December 2012

1
Advanced Case Final

2

Objective 3

Methodology 4

Definitions 5

Calculations 6

Market Transformation 7

Residential General Service Incandescent Lighting 8

Residential Reflector Lighting 11

Residential Compact Fluorescent Lighting 14

Residential Linear Fluorescent Lighting 16

Residential Torchieres 23

Residential Solid State Lighting 26

Commercial General Service Incandescent Lighting 29

Commercial Compact Fluorescent Lighting 31

Commercial Halogen Lighting – PAR 38 and Edison 33

Commercial Solid State Lighting 36

Commercial Linear Fluorescent Lighting – T8 and 

T12 (Less Than/Equal To Four Foot) 40

Commercial Linear Fluorescent Lighting – T5 44

Commercial Linear Fluorescent Lighting – T8 and 

T12 (Greater Than Four Foot) 47

Commercial High Intensity Discharge –

Low Bay Lighting 54

Page Page

Table of Contents

Commercial High Intensity Discharge –

High Bay Lighting 62

Commercial Supermarket Display Cases 73

Commercial Compressor Rack Systems 75

Commercial Condensers 77

Commercial Walk-In Refrigerators 79

Commercial Walk-In Freezers 82

Commercial Reach-In Refrigerators 85

Commercial Reach-In Freezers 87

Commercial Ice Machines 89

Commercial Beverage Merchandisers 92

Commercial Refrigerated Vending Machines 94

Commercial Constant Air Volume Ventilation 96

Commercial Variable Air Volume Ventilation 98

Commercial Fan Coil Units 100

Data Sources A-1

References B-1
Advanced Case Final

3

The objective of this study is to develop baseline and projected performance/cost 

characteristics for residential and commercial 

end-use equipment, assuming an accelerated adoption of technology.

• 2003/2007 (commercial) and 2005/2009 (residential) baselines, as well as today’s (2011)

— Review of literature, standards, installed base, contractor, and manufacturer information.

— Provide a relative comparison and characterization of the cost/efficiency of a generic product.

• Forecast of technology improvements that are projected to be available through 2040

— Review of trends in standards, product enhancements, and Research and Development (R&D).

— Projected impact of product improvements and enhancement to technology.

Objective

The performance/cost characterization of end-use equipment developed in this study 

will assist EIA in projecting national primary energy consumption.
Advanced Case Final

4

Input from industry, including government, R&D organizations, and manufacturers, 

was used to project product enhancements concerning equipment performance and cost 

attributes.

• Technology forecasting involves many uncertainties.

• Technology developments impact performance and cost forecasts.

• Varied sources ensure a balanced view of technology progress and the probable timing of 

commercial availability.

• All cost forecasts are shown in 2011 dollars.

Methodology
Advanced Case Final

5

The following tables represent the current and projected efficiencies for residential and 

commercial building equipment ranging from the installed base in 2003 and 2007 (for 

commercial products) and 2005 and 2009 (for residential) to the highest efficiency 

equipment that is expected to be commercially available by 2040, assuming advanced

adoption. Below are definitions for the terms used in characterizing the status of each 

technology.

• Advanced Adoption Case: the projected end-use characteristics if an outside force (i.e., fuel price 

increase, deregulation) or industry adoption of energy-efficient technology takes place.

• 2003/2007; 2005/2009 Installed Base: the installed and “in use” equipment for that year. Represents 

the installed stock of equipment, but does NOT represent sales.

• 2011 Current Standard: the minimum efficiency (or maximum energy use) required (allowed) by 

current DOE standards, when applicable.

• Typical: the average, or “typical,” product being sold in the particular timeframe.

• ENERGY STAR: the minimum efficiency required (or maximum energy use allowed) to meet the 

ENERGY STAR criteria, when applicable.

• Mid-Level: middle tier higher-efficiency product available in the particular timeframe.

• High: the product with the highest efficiency available in the particular timeframe.

• Lumens: All reported lumens are mean lumens, not initial lumens.

• CCT: The correlated color temperature (CCT) is a specification of the color appearance of the light 

emitted by a lamp.

Definitions
Advanced Case Final

6

The following metrics are commonly referred to throughout the tables to follow. Below 

are the calculations for each metric.

• System Wattage = (Lamp Wattage * Ballast Factor) / Ballast Efficiency

• System Lumens = Lamp Lumens * Ballast Factor

• Lamp Efficacy = Lamp Lumens / Lamp Wattage

• System Efficacy = System Lumens / System Wattage

• Lamp Cost ($/klm) = Lamp Cost / (Lamp Lumens / 1000)

• Total Equipment Cost = Lamp Cost + Fixture (including ballast) Cost

• System Cost ($/klm) = Total Equipment Cost / (System Lumens / 1000)

• Total Installed Cost = Total Equipment Cost + Labor Installation Cost

• BLE = A/(1+B*Avg Total Lamp Arc Power^(-C)) 

Calculations
Advanced Case Final

7

Market Transformation

The market for the reviewed products has changed since the analysis was performed in 

2008. These changes are noted and reflected in the efficiency and cost characteristics.

• EPACT 2005 established standards for certain types of self-contained Commercial Refrigeration 

Equipment and batch Automatic Ice Makers which went into effect in 2010.

• EISA 2007 set several requirements for Walk-in Coolers and Freezers which went into effect in 2009.

• DOE issued Federal minimum efficiency standards that have or will soon go into effect for General 

Service Fluorescent Lamps (July 2012 effective date), Incandescent Reflector Lamps (July 2012), 

Fluorescent Lamp Ballasts (2014), Refrigerated Beverage Vending Machines (Aug. 2012), and certain 

Commercial Refrigeration Equipment (Jan. 2012) not covered by the EPACT 2005 standards.
Advanced Case Final

8

Performance/Cost Characteristics » Residential General Service Incandescent Lamps (60 Watts)

DATA

2005 2009 2011 2014120202

Installed Base Low Typical High Typical High Typical High

60W 60W 60W 60W 60W 60W 60W 60W 60W

Lamp Wattage

60 60 60 60 60 43 43 N/A N/A

Lamp Lumens 

850 850 830 860 870 750 750 N/A N/A

Lamp Efficacy (lm/W) 

14.2 14.2 13.8 14.3 14.5 17.4 17.4 N/A N/A

Lamp Price

$0.25 $0.25 $0.31 $0.34 $0.37 $4.57 $4.57 N/A N/A

Lamp Cost ($/klm) 

$0.29 $0.29 $0.37 $0.40 $0.43 $6.09 $6.09 N/A N/A

Average Lamp Life (1000 hrs) 

1 1 2 1 1 3 3 N/A N/A

CRI

100 100 100 100 100 100 100 N/A N/A

1 The Energy Independence and Security Act of 2007 prescribes standards for current 60 watt incandescent lamps as of January 1, 2014. 

Starting in 2014, we assume 60 watt incandescents will be replaced by halogen infrared incandescents. 

2

In 2020, EISA 2007 sets a minimum efficacy for general service lamps of 45 lm/W. These standards can not be met with existing

commercialized incandescent lamp technologies and current trends in industry lead us to believe they will not be met.
Advanced Case Final

9

Performance/Cost Characteristics » Residential General Service Incandescent Lamps (75 Watts)

1 The Energy Independence and Security Act of 2007 prescribes standards for current 75 watt incandescent lamps as of January 1, 2013. 

Starting in 2014, we assume 75 watt incandescents will be replaced by halogen infrared incandescents. 

2

In 2020, EISA 2007 sets a minimum efficacy for general service lamps of 45 lm/W. These standards can not be met with existing

commercialized incandescent lamp technologies and current trends in industry lead us to believe they will not be met.

DATA

2005 2009 2011 2013120202

Installed Base Low Typical High Typical High Typical High

75W 75W 75W 75W 75W 75W 75W 75W 75W

Lamp Wattage

75 75 75 75 75 53 53 N/A N/A

Lamp Lumens 

1170 1170 1060 1170 1190 1050 1050 N/A N/A

Lamp Efficacy (lm/W) 

15.6 15.6 14.1 15.6 15.9 19.8 19.8 N/A N/A

Lamp Price

$0.36 $0.37 $0.35 $0.40 $0.49 $4.69 $4.69 N/A N/A

Lamp Cost ($/klm) 

$0.32 $0.32 $0.33 $0.34 $0.41 $4.47 $4.47 N/A N/A

Average Lamp Life (1000 hrs) 

1 1 2 1 1 3 3 N/A N/A

CRI

100 100 100 100 100 100 100 N/A N/A
Advanced Case Final

10

Performance/Cost Characteristics » Residential General Service Incandescent Lamps (60 and 75 Watts)

• The residential incandescent lighting characterized in this report is a 60 watt and a 75 watt medium 

screw based incandescent lamp.

• A standard 60 watt incandescent lamp produces approximately 860 lumens. A standard 75 watt 

incandescent lamp produces approximately 1170 lumens (GE, 2012; OSRAM, 2012; Philips, 2012; 

Sylvania, 2012). There is little variation in light output between products. Therefore, there is little 

variation in lamp efficacy.

• The Energy Independence and Security Act of 2007 (EISA 2007) established standards for 60W lamps 

effective in 2014 and 75W lamps effective in 2013. These standards can be achieved if incandescent 

bulbs use halogen infrared technologies. 

• EISA 2007 also established a requirement that DOE establish standards for general service lamps that 

are equal to or greater than 45 lm/W by 2020. These standards can not be achieved by any 

incandescent technology currently on the market and given current and projected trends in industry 

it is not likely they will be met. It is currently assumed that industry will increase their investment in 

LED technology at the expense of incandescent technology. 

• California’s Appliance Efficiency Regulations include efficiency regulations for general service 

incandescent lamps with certain bases. California is currently undergoing a rulemaking to reduce 

indoor residential lighting by not less than 50% of 2007 levels over the next 10 years in accordance 

with Assembly Bill 1109. They are going to regulate general purpose lighting (incandescent lamps) 

and portable lighting fixtures. 

• Fixture prices, installation costs, and maintenance costs are not included for the residential sector.

Residential General Service Incandescent Lamps (60 and 75 Watts)
Advanced Case Final

11

Performance/Cost Characteristics » Residential Reflector Lighting

DATA

2005 2009 2011

Installed Base Typical Typical Typical

Typical Inc. Hal. CFL Inc. Hal. CFL

Lamp Wattage

65 65 50 16 65 50 15

Lamp Lumens 

620 620 660 750 630 630 720

Lamp Efficacy (lm/W) 

9.5 9.5 13.2 46.9 9.7 12.6 48.0

Lamp Price

$1.36 $1.37 $4.19 $5.87 $3.38 $6.12 $6.36

Lamp Cost ($/klm) 

$2.20 $2.21 $6.35 $7.82 $5.36 $9.72 $8.83 

Average Lamp Life (1000 hrs) 

2.0 2.0 3.0 8.0 1.8 3.0 8.0

CRI

100 100 100 82 100 100 82
Advanced Case Final

12

Performance/Cost Characteristics » Residential Reflector Lighting

DATA

2020 2030 2040

Typical Typical Typical Typical Typical Typical Typical Typical Typical 

Inc. Hal. CFL Inc. Hal. CFL Inc. Hal. CFL

Lamp Wattage

65 50 15 65 50 15 65 50 15

Lamp Lumens 

636 662 756 643 695 794 649 729 833

Lamp Efficacy (lm/W) 

9.8 13.2 50.4 9.9 13.9 52.9 10.0 14.6 55.6

Lamp Price

$3.30 $5.97 $6.20 $3.21 $5.82 $6.05 $3.13 $5.67 $5.89

Lamp Cost ($/klm) 

$5.18 $9.02 $8.20 $5.00 $8.38 $7.62 $4.83 $7.78 $7.07 

Average Lamp Life (1000 hrs) 

1.9 3.2 8.3 2.1 3.5 8.5 2.2 3.7 8.8

CRI

100 100 82 100 100 82 100 100 82
Advanced Case Final

13

Performance/Cost Characteristics » Residential Reflector Lighting

• The residential reflector lamps characterized in this report is a 65W BR30 incandescent, a 50W PAR30 

halogen, and a 16W BR30 Reflector compact fluorescent.

• EPACT92 established minimum performance standards for some reflector lamps and provided 

exemptions for certain specialty applications (e.g., ER/BR, vibration service, more than 5% 

neodymium oxide, impact resistant, infrared heat, colored). EPACT92 effectively phased-out Rshaped tungsten filament incandescent reflector lamps at certain wattages and bulb diameters, 

replacing them with more efficient and cost effective tungsten-halogen parabolic aluminized 

reflector (PAR) lamps. EISA 2007 took away certain exemptions from EPACT 1992, requiring certain 

previously exempted lamps to meet EPACT92 minimum performance standards by January 1, 2008. 

The 65W BR30, a large majority of the incandescent reflector lamp market is still exempted.

• The following future improvements for the system were assumed to occur over a 30 year period: 

— Incandescents: Efficacy +3%, Life +7.5%, and Price -7.5% (NCI, 2012). 

— Halogen: Efficacy +15%, Life +7.5%, and Price -7.5% (NCI, 2012). 

— CFL: Efficacy +15%, Life +7.5%, and Price -7.5% (NCI, 2012). 

• These improvements can be made by improved filament design and placement, higher pressure 

capsules, or higher efficiency reflector coatings.

• Fixture prices, installation costs, and maintenance costs are not included for the residential sector.

Residential Reflector Lamps
Advanced Case Final

14

Performance/Cost Characteristics » Residential Compact Fluorescent Lighting

DATA

2005 2009 2011 2020 2030 2040

Installed Base Energy 

Star Low Typical High Typical High Typical High Typical High

13W 13W 13W 13W 13W 13W 13W 13W 13W 13W 13W 13W

Lamp Wattage

13 13 13 13 13 13 13 13 13 13 13 13

Lamp Lumens 

825 825 715 825 875 900 919 945 965 992 1013 1042

Lamp Efficacy (lm/W) 

63.5 63.5 55.0 63.5 67.2 69.2 70.7 72.7 74.2 76.3 77.9 80.1

Lamp Price

$3.14 $2.15 N/A $1.57 $2.38 $3.33 $2.32 $3.25 $2.26 $3.17 $2.21 $3.09

Lamp Cost ($/klm) 

$4.22 $2.61 N/A $1.90 $2.72 $3.70 $2.53 $3.44 $2.35 $3.19 $2.18 $2.96 

Average Lamp Life (1000 hrs) 

10.0 10.0 6.0 8.0 10.0 10.0 10.3 10.3 10.7 10.7 11.0 11.0

CRI

82 82 80 82 82 82 82 82 82 82 82 82
Advanced Case Final

15

Performance/Cost Characteristics » Residential Compact Fluorescent Lighting

• The residential compact fluorescent lamp characterized in this report is a 13 watt compact 

fluorescent lamp.

• Compact Fluorescents contain mercury and therefore require appropriate disposal. In addition, 

because the color rendering index of compact fluorescents is lower than that incandescent lamps (82 

compared to 100), the quality of the light of a compact fluorescent falls short of incandescent lamps.

• EPACT 2005 sets performance for medium based compact fluorescent lamps. It adopts Energy Star 

performance requirements (August 6, 2001 version) for efficacy, lumen maintenance, lamp life, rapid 

cycle stress test, CRI, etc. The standard is effective for lamps manufactured on or after January 1, 

2006. The Secretary may revise these requirements by rule or establish other requirements at a later 

date. [Note: EPACT 2005 standards do not apply to CFL lamps with screw bases other than medium (e.g., pin 

based)]

• Energy Star® and the Consortium for Energy Efficiency (CEE) offer voluntary specifications for CFL 

lamps.

• The following future improvements were assumed to occur over a 30 year period: Efficacy +15%, Life 

+7.5%, and Price -7.5% (NCI, 2012).

— Improvements in efficacy can be made by using more rare-earth phosphors in compact 

fluorescent lamps. Lifetime improvements can be made by improving the electrodes. 

• Fixture prices, installation costs, and maintenance costs are not included for the residential sector.

Residential Compact Florescent Lamps
Advanced Case Final

16

Performance/Cost Characteristics » Residential Linear Fluorescent Lamps (T12 and T8)

DATA

2005 2009 2011

Installed Base Current 

Standard 

Mid-Level 

T12 High T12 Baseline T8 

Mid-Level 

T8 High T8 

32WT8 40WT12 32WT8 40WT12 40WT12 34WT12 32WT8 32WT8 28WT8 

Lamp Wattage 64 80 64 80 80 68 64 64 56

Lamp Lumens 5040 5720 5040 5720 6500 5580 5040 5420 5120

System Wattage 65 70 65 70 70 60 65 65 57

System Lumens 4435 3890 4435 3890 4420 3794 4435 4770 4506

Lamp Efficacy (lm/W) 78.8 71.5 78.8 71.5 81.3 82.1 78.8 84.7 91.4

System Efficacy (lm/W) 68.7 55.6 68.7 55.6 63.1 63.8 68.7 73.8 79.7

Lamp Price ($) $3.35 $1.85 $1.71 $1.85 $5.91 $5.79 $1.71 $2.67 $2.88 

Ballast Price ($) $15.71 $11.22 $9.94 $11.22 $11.22 $11.22 $9.94 $9.94 $9.94 

Lamp Cost ($/klm) $0.66 $0.32 $0.34 $0.32 $0.91 $1.04 $0.34 $0.49 $0.56 

Average Lamp Life (1000 hrs) 20 15 20 15 24 24 20 20 18

CRI 75 70 75 70 85 85 75 82 82

Ballast Efficiency (BLE) 83.0% 77.7% 87.2% 77.7% 77.7% 77.7% 87.2% 87.2% 87.2%

Assumes increased rate of technology advancement (higher efficacy, lower price).
Advanced Case Final

17

Performance/Cost Characteristics » Residential Linear Fluorescent Lamps (T12 and T8)

DATA

2020 2030 2040

Typical T8 High T8 Typical T8 High T8 Typical T8 High T8

32WT8 28WT8 32WT8 28WT8 32WT8 28WT8

Lamp Wattage 64 56 64 56 64 56

Lamp Lumens 5740 5274 5785 5444 5830 5615

System Wattage 65 57 65 57 65 57

System Lumens 5052 4641 5091 4791 5130 4941

Lamp Efficacy (lm/W) 89.7 94.2 90.4 97.2 91.1 100.3

System Efficacy (lm/W) 78.2 82.1 78.8 84.8 79.4 87.4

Lamp Price ($) $2.72 $2.79 $2.62 $2.70 $2.53 $2.60 

Ballast Price ($) $9.64 $9.64 $9.31 $9.31 $8.98 $8.98 

Lamp Cost ($/klm) $0.47 $0.53 $0.45 $0.50 $0.43 $0.46 

Average Lamp Life (1000 hrs) 25 19 26 19 26 20

CRI 85 82 85 82 85 82

Ballast Efficiency (BLE) 87.2% 87.2% 87.2% 87.2% 87.2% 87.2%

Assumes increased rate of technology advancement (higher efficacy, lower price).
Advanced Case Final

Residential Linear Fluorescent Lighting (T12/T8)

• This report assumes that T12 and T8 residential linear fluorescent lamps provide the same utility to 

consumers. Each characterized technology is a two-lamp, one-ballast system that emits 

approximately 4,500 system lumens.

• In a change from the 2008 EIA Reference Case, this report characterizes a range of efficacies for T12 

and T8 lamps and does not use T5 lamps for direct comparison because T5 lamps are almost never 

used as residential replacement options.

• Assumptions for 2011:

— Low efficiency and mid-range efficiency T12s: 2 F40T12 lamps with a residential low power 

factor electronic ballast (ballast factor =0.68, ballast luminous efficiency (BLE)= 77.7%)

— High efficiency T12: 2 F34T12 lamps with a residential low power factor electronic ballast 

(ballast factor =0.68, BLE =77.7%)

— Baseline and mid-range efficiency T8s: 2 F32T8 lamps with instant start electronic ballast 

(ballast factor=0.88, BLE=87.2%)

— High efficiency T8: 2 F28T8 lamps with instant start electronic ballast (ballast factor=0.88, 

BLE=87.2%)

• Since 1995, DOE standards have required that the lamps characterized by this report have a 

minimum efficacy of 75 lm/W and a minimum CRI of 69 for >35W lamps or 45 for <35W lamps.

• In 2005, DOE standards raised the minimum ballast efficacy factor (BEF) of the ballasts paired with 

the characterized lamps, effectively promoting the use of T8 lamp and ballast systems. Residential 

ballasts were originally exempted from regulation.

18

Performance/Cost Characteristics » Residential Linear Fluorescent Lamps (T12 and T8)
Advanced Case Final

Residential Linear Fluorescent Lighting (T12/T8)

• Beginning July 14, 2012 (or July 14, 2014 for T8 700-series phosphor lamps), DOE fluorescent lamp 

standards will require a minimum efficacy of 89 lm/W. While the amended performance-based 

standards do not explicitly prohibit T12 lamps, no T12 lamps met the standard at the time of its 

announcement. Since then, however, T12 lamps meeting the standard have entered the market.

• Beginning November 14, 2014, DOE standards will require that the characterized residential ballasts 

have a minimum BLE = 0.993 / (1 + 0.41 * Avg Total Lamp Arc power ^ (- 0.25)). Residential ballasts 

also must have a minimum power factor of 0.5.

• California's Title 24 mandates the use of electronic ballasts with high efficacy luminaires (including 

fluorescent) of 13 W or higher (CEC, 2005).

• ENERGY STAR residential fixtures require ≥ 65 lm/W per lamp-ballast platform before September 

1, 2013 and ≥ 70 lm/W per lamp-ballast platform thereafter.

• Fluorescent technologies are approaching maximum technologically feasible levels. Therefore, they 

are assumed to be improving gradually compared to SSL lighting and ceramic metal halide 

technologies. While improvements can be made by using more rare-earth phosphors, additional 

energy savings are most likely to be captured through the use of dimming ballasts and occupancy 

sensors.

• Fixture prices, installation costs, and maintenance costs are not included for the residential sector.

19

Performance/Cost Characteristics » Residential Linear Fluorescent Lamps (T12 and T8) (cont.’d)
Advanced Case Final

20

Performance/Cost Characteristics » Residential Linear Fluorescent Lamps (T5)

DATA

2005 2009 2011 2020 2030 2040

Installed Base Typical High Typical High Typical High Typical High 

28WT5 28WT5 28WT5 26WT5 28WT5 26WT5 28WT5 26WT5 28WT5 26WT5 

Lamp Wattage 56 56 56 52 56 52 56 52 56 52

Lamp Lumens 5320 5320 5320 5320 5468 5480 5632 5657 5796 5834

System Wattage 63 63 63 59 61 57 61 57 61 57

System Lumens 5320 5320 5320 5320 5468 5480 5632 5657 5796 5834

Lamp Efficacy (lm/W) 95.0 95.0 95.0 102.3 97.6 105.4 100.6 108.8 103.5 112.2

System Efficacy (lm/W) 84.3 84.3 84.3 90.7 89.8 96.9 92.5 100.1 95.2 103.2

Lamp Price ($) $3.56 $3.18 $3.18 $3.97 $3.08 $3.85 $2.98 $3.72 $2.87 $3.59 

Ballast Price ($) $20.94 $20.94 $20.94 $20.94 $26.31 $26.31 $25.41 $25.41 $24.50 $24.50 

Lamp Cost ($/klm) $0.67 $0.60 $0.60 $0.75 $0.56 $0.70 $0.53 $0.66 $0.50 $0.62 

Average Lamp Life (1000 hrs) 20 20 20 25 21 26 21 27 22 27

CRI 85 85 85 85 85 85 85 85 85 85

Ballast Efficiency (BLE) 88.7% 88.7% 88.7% 88.7% 92.0% 92.0% 92.0% 92.0% 92.0% 92.0%

Assumes increased rate of technology advancement (higher efficacy, lower price).
Advanced Case Final

Residential Linear Fluorescent Lighting (T5)

• The residential T5 lamps characterized in this report are part of a two-lamp, one-ballast systems that 

emit approximately 5,300 system lumens. 

• Compared to the 2008 EIA Reference Case, this report characterizes a range of efficacies within the 

T5 family and does not use T12 and T8 lamps for direct comparison because of a distinct utility for 

T5 lamps. Notably, T5 systems are very rarely used in the residential sector.

• T5 lamps are approximately 40% narrower than T8 lamps and almost 60% narrower than T12 lamps. 

This allows T5 lamps to be coated with higher quality, more efficient phosphor blends than larger 

diameter lamps, resulting in a more efficacious lamp. The compact size of T5 lamps also permits 

greater flexibility in lighting design and construction.

• Assumptions for 2011:

— Typical: 2 F28T5 lamps with a programmed start electronic ballast (ballast factor =1, 

BLE=88.7%)

— Best available: 2 F26T5 lamps with a programmed start electronic ballast (ballast factor =1, 

BLE=88.7%)

21

Performance/Cost Characteristics » Residential Linear Fluorescent Lamps (T5)
Advanced Case Final

Residential Linear Fluorescent Lighting (T5)

• Currently no federal standards exist for the T5 lamps or their corresponding ballasts.

• Beginning July 14, 2012, DOE fluorescent lamp standards will require a minimum efficacy of 86 

lm/W.

• Beginning November 14, 2014, DOE standards will require that the characterized ballasts have a 

minimum BLE = 0.993 / (1 + 0.51 * Avg Total Lamp Arc power ^ (- 0.25)).

• California's Title 24 mandates the use of electronic ballasts with high efficacy luminaires (including 

fluorescent) of 13 W or higher (CEC, 2005).

• Fluorescent technologies are approaching maximum technologically feasible levels. Therefore, they 

are assumed to be improving gradually compared to SSL lighting and ceramic metal halide 

technologies. While improvements can be made by using more rare-earth phosphors, additional 

energy savings are most likely to be captured through the use of dimming ballasts and occupancy 

sensors.

• Fixture prices, installation costs, and maintenance costs are not included for the residential sector.

22

Performance/Cost Characteristics » Residential Linear Fluorescent Lamps (T5) (Cont.’d)
Advanced Case Final

23

Performance/Cost Characteristics » Residential Torchieres

DATA

2005 2009 2011

Installed Base Typical Typical Typical

Typical Inc. Hal. CFL Inc. Hal. CFL

Lamp Wattage

253 150 154 37 150 150 40

Lamp Lumens 

4300 2670 2670 2670 2733 2650 2666

Lamp Efficacy (lm/W) 

17.0 17.8 17.3 72.7 18.2 17.7 66.6

Lamp Price

$4.15 $2.27 $1.10 $12.71 $2.87 $3.88 $12.33

Lamp Cost ($/klm) 

$0.97 $0.85 $0.42 $4.76 $1.05 $1.46 $4.63 

Average Lamp Life (1000 hrs) 

2.1 1.0 1.8 10.0 0.8 3.0 9.5

CRI 98 100 100 82 100 100 82
Advanced Case Final

24

Performance/Cost Characteristics » Residential Torchieres

DATA

2020 2030 2040

Typical Typical Typical Typical Typical Typical Typical Typical Typical 

Inc. Hal. CFL Inc. Hal. CFL Inc. Hal. CFL

Lamp Wattage 150 150 40 150 150 40 150 150 40

Lamp Lumens 2760 2783 2799 2788 2922 2939 2816 3068 3086

Lamp Efficacy (lm/W) 18.4 18.6 70.0 18.6 19.5 73.5 18.8 20.5 77.1

Lamp Price $2.80 $3.78 $12.02 $2.73 $3.69 $11.72 $2.66 $3.60 $11.43

Lamp Cost ($/klm) $1.01 $1.36 $4.30 $0.98 $1.26 $3.99 $0.94 $1.17 $3.70 

Average Lamp Life (1000 hrs) 

0.8 3.2 9.8 0.9 3.5 10.1 0.9 3.7 10.5

CRI 100 100 82 100 100 82 100 100 82
Advanced Case Final

25

Performance/Cost Characteristics » Residential Torchieres

• The residential torchiere characterized in this report emits approximately 2,683 lumens. The typical 

characteristics are a weighted average of a halogen, incandescent, and CFL torchieres based. The 

2005 typical wattage is based on 2003 installed base data. The 2009 typical wattage is based on 

EPACT standards.

• Energy Star® and the Consortium for Energy Efficiency (CEE) offer voluntary specifications for 

torchieres.

• The following future improvements for the system were assumed to occur over a 30 year period: 

— Incandescents: Efficacy +3%, Life +7.5%, and Price -7.5% (NCI, 2012). 

— Halogen: Efficacy +15%, Life +7.5%, and Price -7.5% (NCI, 2012). 

— CFL: Efficacy +15%, Life +7.5%, and Price -7.5% (NCI, 2012). 

• Fixture prices, installation costs, and maintenance costs are not included for the residential sector.

Residential Torchieres
Advanced Case Final

26

Performance/Cost Characteristics » Residential Solid State Lighting (LED A19 Replacement)

DATA

2005 2009 2011 2020 2030 2040

Installed Base Typical Typical Typical Typical 

LED A19 LED A19 LED A19 LED A19 LED A19 LED

Typical Wattage 36 18 13 3.8 3.6 3.5

Lumens 630 800 800 800 800 800

Efficacy (lm/W) 17.3 44.0 60.0 210.0 224.0 230.0

Lamp Price ($) $189.82 $68.00 $26.40 $2.16 $1.12 $0.80 

Cost ($/klm) $301.00 $85.00 $33.00 $2.70 $1.40 $1.40 

Average Life (1000 hrs) 50 20 25 90 100 100

CRI 92 80 90 92 92 92

CCT 2700 3000 2700 2700 2700 2700

Assumes increased rate of technology advancement (higher efficacy, longer life, lower price).
Advanced Case Final

27

Performance/Cost Characteristics » Residential Solid State Lighting (LED PAR38 Replacement)

DATA

2005 2009 2011 2020 2030 2040

Installed Base Typical Typical Typical Typical 

LED PAR38 LED PAR38 LED PAR38 LED PAR38 LED PAR38 LED

Typical Wattage 36 28 20 4.8 4.5 4.3

Lumens 630 1000 1000 1000 1000 1000

Efficacy (lm/W) 17.3 36.0 50.0 210.0 224.0 230.0

Lamp Price ($) $189.82 $164.00 $51.00 $2.70 $1.40 $1.00 

Cost ($/klm) $301.00 $164.00 $51.00 $2.70 $1.40 $1.00 

Average Life (1000 hrs) 50 20 25 90 100 100

CRI 92 80 90 92 92 92

CCT 2700 3000 2700 2700 2700 2700

Assumes increased rate of technology advancement (higher efficacy, longer life, lower price).
Advanced Case Final

28

Performance/Cost Characteristics » Residential Solid-State Lighting (LED A19 and PAR38 Replacements)

Residential Solid-State Lighting

• The residential solid-state lighting characterized in this report are replacements for a 60W A19 lamp 

and a 75W PAR38 lamp. These represent the most common uses of LED technology in the residential 

sector.

• This report characterizes two distinct applications for LEDs in the residential sector rather than one, 

as was done in the 2008 EIA Reference Case. Because of rapid LED technology development, the 

market is best characterized by the state of the technology at a given time rather than a range of 

performance at any one time. 

• Assumptions for 2011:

— 60W A19 equivalent: 13W LED emitting 800 lumens

— 75W PAR38 equivalent: 20W LED emitting 1000 lumens

• No federal standards exist for solid-state lighting.

• In the advanced case, projections are based on 2012 Energy Savings Forecast Model’s ‘high 

improvement’ case, a scenario analyzed in the “Energy Savings Potential of Solid-State Lighting in 

General Illumination Applications” report, and assume LED technology advances faster than 

anticipated by the DOE SSL Multi-Year Program Plan.
Advanced Case Final

29

Performance/Cost Characteristics » Commercial General Service Incandescent Lighting

1 The Energy Independence and Security Act of 2007 prescribes standards for current 100 watt incandescent lamps as of January 1, 2012. Starting in 

2012, 100-watt incandescents will be replaced by halogen infrared incandescents. 

2

In 2020, EISA 2007 sets a minimum efficacy for general service lamps of 45 lm/W. These standards can not be met with existing commercialized 

incandescent lamp technologies and current trends in industry lead us to believe they will not be met.

DATA

2003 2007 2011 2012120202

Installed Base Low Typical High Typical Typical 

Typical Typical Low Typical High 72W Inc 72W Inc

System Wattage 

100 100 100 100 100 72 N/A

System Lumens 

997 997 903 965 1003 879 N/A

Lamp Efficacy (lm/W) 

16.9 16.9 15.3 16.2 17.0 20.7 N/A

System Efficacy (lm/W) 

10.0 10.0 9.0 9.6 10.0 12.2 N/A

Lamp Cost ($/klm) $0.23 $0.19 $0.40 $0.35 $0.39 $3.09 N/A

System Cost ($/klm) $17.07 $13.97 $20.46 $21.29 $22.59 $19.14 N/A

Average Lamp Life (1000 hrs) 

1 1 2 1 1 3 N/A

CRI

100 100 100 100 100 100 N/A

Total Installed Cost ($) $89.76 $73.45 $85.40 $85.35 $85.39 $71.00 N/A

Annual Maintenance Cost ($) $3.58 $3.58 $3.58 $3.58 $3.58 $0.86 N/A
Advanced Case Final

30

Performance/Cost Characteristics » Commercial General Service Incandescent Lighting

• The Commercial incandescent lighting characterized in this report is a 100 watt medium screw based 

incandescent lamp (NCI, 2002) in an open down light recessed can fixture (~$20) with a fixture 

efficiency of 59% (DOE, 2008).

• A The Energy Independence and Security Act of 2007 (EISA 2007) established standards for 100W 

lamps effective in 2012. These standards can be achieved if incandescent bulbs use halogen infrared 

technologies. 

• EISA 2007 also established a requirement that DOE establish standards for general service lamps that 

are equal to or greater than 45 lm/W by 2020. These standards can not be achieved by any 

incandescent technology currently on the market and given current and projected trends in industry 

it is not likely they will be met. It is currently assumed that industry will increase their investment in 

LED technology at the expense of incandescent technology. 

• California’s Appliance Efficiency Regulations include efficiency regulations for general service 

incandescent lamps with certain bases. California’s Appliance Efficiency Regulations include 

efficiency regulations for general service incandescent lamps with certain bases. California is 

currently undergoing a rulemaking to reduce commercial lighting by not less than 25% of 2007 levels 

over the next 10 years in accordance with Assembly Bill 1109. They are going to regulate general 

purpose lighting (incandescent lamps).

• Total installed cost includes equipment and installation costs. Annual maintenance costs and 

installation costs are calculated using labor rate and labor time to install/replace equipment from RS 

Means and the fluorescent and incandescent energy conservation standard advanced notice of 

proposed rulemaking (lamps ANOPR). Maintenance costs include labor only based on 3,376 

operating hours per year. (lamps ANOPR)

Commercial General Service Incandescent Lighting
Advanced Case Final

31

Performance/Cost Characteristics » Commercial Compact Fluorescent Lamps

DATA

2003 2007 2011 2020 2030 2040

Installed Base Low Typical High Typical High Typical High Typical High 

26W 26W 23W 23W 23W 23W 23W 23W 23W 23W 23W

System Wattage 

26 26 23 23 23 23 23 23 23 23 23

System Lumens 

1068 1068 976 976 1010 1025 1060 1076 1113 1130 1169

Lamp Efficacy (lm/W) 

67.3 67.3 69.6 69.6 72.0 73.0 75.6 76.7 79.3 80.5 83.3

System Efficacy (lm/W) 

41.1 41.1 42.4 42.4 43.9 44.6 46.1 46.8 48.4 49.1 50.8

Lamp Cost ($/klm) 

$4.01 $3.28 $1.56 $1.56 $1.73 $1.52 $1.69 $1.49 $1.65 $1.45 $1.61 

System Cost ($/klm)

$22.14 $18.12 $23.05 $23.05 $22.65 $22.48 $22.09 $21.92 $21.54 $21.37 $21.00 

Average Lamp Life (1000 hrs) 

10.0 10.0 10.0 12.0 12.0 12.4 12.4 12.8 12.8 13.2 13.2

CRI

82 82 82 82 82 82 82 82 82 82 82

Total Installed Cost ($)

$96.56 $79.02 $80.00 $80.00 $80.00 $78.00 $78.00 $76.05 $76.05 $74.15 $74.15 

Annual Maintenance Cost ($)

$0.39 $0.39 $0.39 $0.39 $0.39 $0.39 $0.39 $0.39 $0.39 $0.39 $0.39 
Advanced Case Final

32

Performance/Cost Characteristics » Commercial Compact Fluorescent Lamps

• The commercial compact fluorescent lamp characterized in this report is a 23 watt screw-base 

compact fluorescent lamp in an open down light recessed can fixture (~$20) with a fixture 

efficiency of 61%.

• EPACT 2005 sets performance for medium based compact fluorescent lamps. It adopts 

Energy Star performance requirements (August 6, 2001 version) for efficacy, lumen 

maintenance, lamp life, rapid cycle stress test, CRI, etc. The standard is effective for lamps 

manufactured on or after January 1, 2006. The Secretary may revise these requirements by 

rule or establish other requirements at a later date. [Note: EPACT 2005 standards do not apply to 

CFL lamps with screw bases other than medium (e.g., pin based)]

• Energy Star® and the Consortium for Energy Efficiency (CEE) offer voluntary specifications 

for CFL lamps.

• California’s Title 24 mandates the use of electronic ballasts with high efficacy luminaires 

(including fluorescent) of 13 W or higher (CEC, 2005)

• The following future improvements were assumed to occur over a 30 year period: Efficacy 

+15%, Life +7.5%, and Price -7.5% (NCI, 2012). Improvements in efficacy can be made by 

using more rare-earth phosphors in compact fluorescent lamps. Lifetime improvements can 

be made by improving the compact fluorescent lamp electrodes.

• Total installed cost includes equipment and installation costs. Annual maintenance costs and 

installation costs are calculated using labor rate and labor time to install/replace equipment 

from RS Means and the lamps ANOPR. Maintenance costs include labor only based on 3,650 

operating hours per year. 

Commercial Compact Fluorescent Lamps
Advanced Case Final

33

Performance/Cost Characteristics » Commercial Halogen Lighting (PAR 38)

DATA

2003 2007 2011 2020 2030 2040

Installed Base Typical Typical Typical Typical Typical Typical Typical Typical 

90W PAR 

38 70W HIR 90W PAR 38 70W HIR 90W PAR 38 70W HIR 90W PAR 38 70W HIR 90W PAR 38 70W HIR 90W PAR 38 70W HIR

System Wattage 

90 70 90 70 90 70 90 70 90 70 90 70

System Lumens 

1218 1172 1218 1172 1230 1306 1291 1372 1355 1441 1423 1513

Lamp Efficacy (lm/W) 

14.6 18.0 14.6 18.0 14.7 20.1 15.4 21.1 16.2 22.1 17.0 23.2

System Efficacy (lm/W) 

13.5 16.7 13.5 16.7 13.7 18.7 14.3 19.6 15.1 20.6 15.8 21.6

Lamp Cost ($/klm) 

$4.98 $6.76 $4.07 $5.53 $2.87 $11.19 $2.80 $10.91 $2.73 $10.64 $2.66 $10.37 

System Cost ($/klm)

$19.01 $21.46 $15.56 $17.56 $19.35 $27.34 $18.87 $26.65 $18.39 $25.99 $17.93 $25.34 

Average Lamp Life (1000 hrs) 

2.5 3.0 2.5 3.0 2.4 3.6 2.6 3.9 2.8 4.2 3.0 4.5

CRI

100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100

Total Installed Cost ($)

$96.56 $97.92 $79.02 $80.13 $81.00 $93.00 $80.19 $92.07 $79.39 $91.15 $78.59 $90.24 

Annual Maintenance Cost ($)

$1.47 $1.22 $1.47 $1.22 $1.47 $1.22 $1.47 $1.22 $1.47 $1.22 $1.47 $1.22 

Assumes increased rate of technology advancement (higher efficacy, longer life, lower price).
Advanced Case Final

34

Performance/Cost Characteristics » Commercial Halogen Lighting (Edison)

DATA

2003 2007 2011 2020 2030 2040

Installed Base Typical Typical Typical Typical 

90W Edison 90W Edison 90W Edison 90W Edison 90W Edison 90W Edison

System Wattage 

90 90 72 72 72 72

System Lumens 

1218 1218 1395 1465 1538 1615

Lamp Efficacy (lm/W) 

14.6 14.6 20.8 21.9 23.0 24.1

System Efficacy (lm/W) 

13.5 13.5 19.4 20.3 21.4 22.4

Lamp Cost ($/klm) 

$4.98 $4.07 $1.33 $1.30 $1.26 $1.23 

System Cost ($/klm)

$19.01 $15.56 $15.76 $15.37 $14.99 $14.61 

Average Lamp Life (1000 hrs) 

2.5 2.5 1.0 1.1 1.2 1.2

CRI

100 100 100 100 100 100

Total Installed Cost ($)

$96.56 $79.02 $80.00 $78.00 $76.05 $74.15 

Annual Maintenance Cost ($)

$1.92 $1.57 $1.41 $1.41 $1.41 $1.41 

Assumes increased rate of technology advancement (higher efficacy, longer life, lower price).
Advanced Case Final

35

Performance/Cost Characteristics » Commercial Halogen Lighting (Par 38 and Edison)

• The commercial halogen lighting characterized in this report is a lamp that emits approximately 1200-1400 lumens in 

an open down light recessed can fixture (~$20) with a fixture efficiency of 93% (DOE, 2008).

• Multiple types of halogen lamps were analyzed, including:

— Typical efficiency unit: 90W halogen PAR38 

— High efficiency unit: 70W halogen infrared reflector PAR38 

— Typical efficiency unit: 72 W halogen Edison A-line lamp

• Halogen infrared reflector (HIR) lamps contain a tungsten halogen capsule with a film coating on the inside of the 

capsule. The coating reflects infrared radiation back into the lamp filament, which forces the filament to burn at a 

higher temperature. This increases the efficacy of the lamp, without reducing operating life. 

• EPACT92 established minimum performance standards for some reflector lamps and provided exemptions for 

certain specialty applications (e.g., ER/BR, vibration service, more than 5% neodymium oxide, impact resistant, 

infrared heat, colored). EPACT92 effectively phased-out R-shaped tungsten filament incandescent reflector lamps at 

certain wattages and bulb diameters, replacing them with more efficient and cost effective tungsten-halogen parabolic 

aluminized reflector (PAR) lamps. EISA2007 took away certain exemptions from EPACT 1992, requiring certain 

previously exempted lamps to meet EPACT92 minimum performance standards by January 1, 2008.

• The following future improvements for the system were assumed to occur over a 30 year period: Efficacy +15%, Life 

+7.5%, and Price -7.5% (NCI, 2012). These improvements can be made by improved filament design and placement, 

higher pressure capsules, or higher efficiency reflector coatings.

• Total installed cost includes equipment and installation costs. Annual maintenance costs and installation costs are 

calculated using labor rate and labor time to install/replace equipment from RS Means and the lamps ANOPR. 

Maintenance costs include labor only based on 3,450 operating hours per year. (lamps ANOPR)

Commercial Halogen Lighting
Advanced Case Final

36

Performance/Cost Characteristics » Commercial Solid State Lighting (Edison Socket Substitute)

DATA

2003 2007 2011 2020 2030 2040

Installed Base Typical Typical Typical Typical 

LED BR30 LED BR30 LED BR30 LED BR30 LED BR30 LED

Wattage

36 13 11 3.1 2.9 2.8

Lumens 548 650 650 650 650 650

Efficacy (lm/W) 15.1 51.0 60.0 210.0 224.0 230.0

Lamp Cost ($/klm) $392.68 $205.00 $80.00 $10.00 $5.30 $3.60

Life (1000 hrs) 50 25 50 100 100 100

CRI

92 85 90 92 92 92

CCT

2700 3000 2700 2700 2700 2700

Total Installed Cost ($) $270.44 $186.77 $105.52 $60.02 $56.96 $55.86

Annual Maintenance Cost ($) $0.07 $0.07 $0.07 $0.07 $0.07 $0.07

Assumes increased rate of technology advancement (higher efficacy, longer life, lower price).
Advanced Case Final

37

Performance/Cost Characteristics » Commercial Solid State Lighting (Edison Socket Substitute)

Commercial Solid-State Lighting (Edison Socket Substitute)

• The commercial solid-state lighting characterized is a replacement for a 65W BR30 lamp. This 

represents the most common use of LED technology in Edison sockets in the commercial sector.

• Assumptions for 2011:

— 65W BR30 equivalent: 11W LED emitting 650 lumens in a downlight fixture

• No federal standards exist for solid-state lighting.

• In the advanced case, projections are based on 2012 Energy Savings Forecast Model’s ‘high 

improvement’ case, a scenario analyzed in the “Energy Savings Potential of Solid-State Lighting in 

General Illumination Applications” report, and assume LED technology advances faster than 

anticipated by the DOE SSL Multi-Year Program Plan.

• Total installed cost includes equipment and installation costs. Annual maintenance costs and 

installation costs are calculated using labor rate and labor time to install/replace equipment from RS 

Means and the 2009 lamps rulemaking. Maintenance costs include labor only based on 3,376 

operating hours per year. (DOE, 2009)
Advanced Case Final

38

Performance/Cost Characteristics » Commercial 4-ft T8 Linear Fluorescent Lighting

DATA

2003 2007 2011

Installed Base Baseline High 

Efficiency 

HE w/ Occ. 

Sensor 

HE w/ Spec. 

Reflector 

HE w/ OS & 

Spec. Ref. 

32WT8 32WT8 32WT8 28WT8 28WT8 28WT8 28WT8

System Wattage 65 65 65 57 57 57 57

System Lumens 3282 3282 3282 3334 3334 3942 3942

Lamp Efficacy (lm/W) 78.8 78.8 78.8 91.4 91.4 91.4 91.4

System Efficacy (lm/W) 50.1 50.1 50.1 58.2 58.2 68.8 68.8

Cost ($/klm) $0.38 $0.38 $0.38 $0.63 $0.63 $0.63 $0.63 

Cost ($/klm l/b/f) $13.81 $13.81 $13.81 $14.38 $15.29 $17.64 $18.40 

Average Lamp Life (1000 hrs) 20 20 20 18 9 18 9

CRI 75 75 75 82 82 82 82

Total Installed Cost ($) $74.00 $74.00 $74.00 $76.63 $79.64 $98.20 $101.21 

Annual Maintenance Cost ($) $3.03 $3.03 $3.03 $3.16 $4.41 $3.16 $4.41 

Ballast Efficiency (BLE) 86.0% 86.0% 86.0% 86.0% 86.0% 86.0% 86.0%

Assumes increased rate of technology advancement (higher efficacy, lower price).
Advanced Case Final

39

Performance/Cost Characteristics » Commercial 4-ft T8 Linear Fluorescent Lighting (Cont.’d)

DATA

2020 2030 2040

Base HE HE w/ 

OS 

HE w/ 

SR HE Max Base HE HE w/ OS 

HE w/ 

SR 

HE 

Max Base HE HE w/ OS 

HE w/ 

SR 

HE 

Max 

32WT8 28WT8 28WT8 28WT8 28WT8 32WT8 F28T8 F28T8 F28T8 F28T8 F32T8 F28T8 F28T8 F28T8 F28T8

System Wattage 62 54 54 54 54 62 54 54 54 54 62 54 54 54 54

System Lumens 3738 3434 3434 4061 4061 3767 3545 3545 4192 4192 3796 3656 3656 4323 4323

Lamp Efficacy (lm/W) 89.7 94.2 94.2 94.2 94.2 90.4 97.2 97.2 97.2 97.2 91.1 100.3 100.3 100.3 100.3

System Efficacy (lm/W) 60.5 63.5 63.5 75.1 75.1 60.9 65.5 65.5 77.5 77.5 61.4 67.6 67.6 79.9 79.9

Cost ($/klm) $0.53 $0.59 $0.59 $0.59 $0.59 $0.51 $0.56 $0.56 $0.56 $0.56 $0.49 $0.52 $0.52 $0.52 $0.52 

Cost ($/klm l/b/f) $12.40 $13.55 $14.40 $16.61 $17.33 $11.88 $12.67 $13.47 $15.53 $16.21 $11.37 $11.85 $12.59 $14.53 $15.16 

Average Lamp Life 

(1000 hrs) 25 19 9 19 9 26 19 10 19 10 26 20 10 20 10

CRI 85 82 82 82 82 85 82 82 82 82 85 82 82 82 82

Total Installed Cost ($) $75.01 $75.19 $78.11 $96.11 $99.04 $73.42 $73.59 $76.42 $93.79 $96.62 $71.83 $71.99 $74.72 $91.47 $94.20 

Annual Maintenance 

Cost ($) $3.03 $3.16 $4.41 $3.16 $4.41 $3.03 $3.16 $4.41 $3.16 $4.41 $3.03 $3.16 $4.41 $3.16 $4.41 

Ballast Efficiency (BLE) 91.1% 91.1% 91.1% 91.1% 91.1% 91.1% 91.1% 91.1% 91.1% 91.1% 91.1% 91.1% 91.1% 91.1% 91.1%

Assumes increased rate of technology advancement (higher efficacy, lower price).
Advanced Case Final

Commercial Linear Fluorescent Lighting – ≤ 4 ft. T8/T12

• The commercial linear fluorescent lighting (≤ 4 ft.) characterized in this report is a two-lamp system (one ballast and 

one fixture) that emits approximately 4,000 system lumens. 

• Compared to the 2008 EIA Reference Case, this report excludes F34T12 lamps and F32T8 HE magnetic systems. T12 

lamps have largely disappeared from the market, and F32T8 HE magnetic systems are a niche product for sensitive 

applications that do not represent any significant portion of the market. This report also assumes that the high 

efficiency T8 lamp has a reduced wattage of 28W rather than 32W.

• Assumptions for 2011:

— Baseline F32T8: 2 32W T8 lamps with instant start electronic ballast (ballast factor=0.88, BLE=86%), fixture 

efficiency = 74%

— F32T8 HE unit: 2 28W T8 lamps with instant start electronic ballast (ballast factor=0.88, BLE=86%), fixture 

efficiency = 74%

— F32T8 HE unit w/ occupancy sensor: 2 28W T8 lamps with a electronic ballast (ballast factor=0.88, BLE=86%) and 

occupancy sensor (designed for 1,000 sq. ft. or ~25 two lamp systems), fixture efficiency = 74%. Note that 

occupancy sensor is assumed to be associated with a 50% reduction in lamp lifetime.

— F32T8 HE unit w/ specular reflector: 2 28W T8 lamps with instant start electronic ballast (ballast factor=0.88, 

BLE=86%), fixture efficiency = 88%

— F32T8 HE unit w/ OS and SR: 2 28W T8 lamps with electronic ballast (ballast factor=0.88, BLE=86%) and 

occupancy sensor (designed for 1,000 sq. ft. or ~25 two lamp systems), fixture efficiency = 88%. Note that 

occupancy sensor is assumed to be associated with a 50% reduction in lamp lifetime.

• Since 1995, DOE standards have required that the lamps characterized by this report have a minimum efficacy of 75 

lm/W and a minimum CRI of 45 for <35W lamps.

• In 2005, DOE standards raised the minimum BEF of the ballasts paired with the characterized lamps, effectively 

promoting the use of T8 lamp and ballast systems.

40

Performance/Cost Characteristics » Commercial 4-ft T8 Linear Fluorescent Lighting
Advanced Case Final

Commercial Linear Fluorescent Lighting – ≤ 4 ft. T8/T12

• Beginning July 14, 2012 (or July 14, 2014 for T8 700-series phosphor lamps), DOE fluorescent lamp 

standards will require a minimum efficacy of 89 lm/W. While the amended performance-based 

standards do not explicitly prohibit T12 lamps, no T12 lamps met the standard at the time of its 

announcement. Since then, however, T12 lamps meeting the standard have entered the market.

• Beginning November 14, 2014, DOE standards will require that the characterized ballasts have a 

minimum BLE = 0.993 / (1 + 0.27 * Avg Total Lamp Arc power ^ (- 0.25)). 

• California's Title 24 mandates the use of electronic ballasts with high efficacy luminaires (including 

fluorescent) of 13 W or higher (CEC, 2005).

• Though system watts for the F32T8 HE with the occupancy sensor are the same as the F32T8 HE, 

occupancy sensors can result in 17% to 60% energy savings due to reduced operating hours. (LRC) 

Savings potential is highly dependent on the time-delay programmed into the sensor, which ranges 

from 5-30 minutes and room type. Shorter time delays save more energy, but possibly at expense of 

lamp life. Occupancy sensors can reduce fluorescent lamp lifetime by as much as 50%. (Lutron) This 

decrease in lifetime results in higher overall maintenance costs. 

• Fluorescent technologies are approaching maximum technologically feasible levels. Therefore, they 

are assumed to be improving gradually compared to SSL lighting and ceramic metal halide 

technologies. While improvements can be made by using more rare-earth phosphors, additional 

energy savings are most likely to be captured through the use of dimming ballasts and occupancy 

sensors.

• Total installed cost includes equipment and installation costs. Annual maintenance costs and 

installation costs are calculated using labor rate and labor time to install/replace equipment from RS 

Means. Maintenance costs include labor only based on 3,435 operating hours per year. (DOE, 2009)

41

Performance/Cost Characteristics » Commercial 4-ft T8 Linear Fluorescent Lighting (cont.’d)
Advanced Case Final

42

Performance/Cost Characteristics » Commercial 4-ft T5 Linear Fluorescent Lighting

DATA

2003 2007 2011 2020 2030 2040

Installed Base Typical High Typical High Typical High Typical High 

28WT5 28WT5 28WT5 26WT5 28WT5 26WT5 28WT5 26WT5 28WT5 26WT5 

System Wattage 66 63 63 59 61 57 61 57 61 57

System Lumens 4698 4698 4698 4698 4783 4838 4973 4995 5118 5152

Lamp Efficacy (lm/W) 95.0 95.0 95.0 102.3 96.7 105.4 100.6 108.8 103.5 112.2

System Efficacy (lm/W) 71.2 74.4 74.4 80.1 78.6 85.6 81.7 88.4 84.1 91.1

Cost ($/klm) $1.53 $0.67 $0.67 $0.84 $0.64 $0.79 $0.59 $0.74 $0.56 $0.69 

Cost ($/klm l/b/f) $28.68 $28.46 $28.46 $28.84 $27.12 $27.16 $25.18 $25.41 $23.60 $23.76 

Average Lamp Life (1000 hrs) 20 20 20 25 21 26 21 27 22 27

CRI

85 85 85 85 85 85 85 85 85 85

Total Installed Cost ($)

$164.95 $161.39 $161.39 $163.17 $157.38 $159.10 $152.92 $154.59 $148.46 $150.07 

Annual Maintenance Cost ($)

$2.81 $2.93 $2.93 $2.71 $2.93 $2.71 $2.93 $2.71 $2.93 $2.71 

Ballast Efficiency (BLE)

88.7% 88.7% 88.7% 88.7% 92.0% 92.0% 92.0% 92.0% 92.0% 92.0%

Assumes increased rate of technology advancement (higher efficacy, lower price).
Advanced Case Final

Commercial 4-ft T5 Linear Fluorescent Lighting

• The commercial T5 linear fluorescent lighting characterized in this report is a two-lamp system (one 

ballast and one 88.3% efficient fixture) that emits approximately 4,700 system lumens.

• Compared to the 2008 EIA Reference Case, this report assumes that the high efficiency T5 lamp has 

a reduced wattage of 26 W rather than 28 W.

• T5 lamps are approximately 40% narrower than T8 lamps and almost 60% narrower than T12 lamps. 

This allows T5 lamps to be coated with higher quality, more efficient phosphor blends than larger 

diameter lamps, resulting in a more efficacious lamp. The compact size of T5 lamps also permits 

greater flexibility in lighting design and construction.

• Assumptions for 2011:

— Typical: 2 F28T5 lamps with a programmed start electronic ballast (ballast factor =1, 

BLE=88.7%)

— Best available: 2 F26T5 lamps with a programmed start electronic ballast (ballast factor =1, 

BLE=88.7%)

• Currently no federal standards exist for the T5 lamps or corresponding ballasts characterized in this 

report.

43

Performance/Cost Characteristics » Commercial 4-ft T5 Linear Fluorescent Lighting
Advanced Case Final

Commercial 4-ft T5 Linear Fluorescent Lighting

• Beginning July 14, 2012, DOE fluorescent lamp standards will require a minimum efficacy of 86 

lm/W for standard output T5 lamps.

• Beginning November 14, 2014, DOE standards will require that the characterized ballasts have a 

minimum BLE = 0.993 / (1 + 0.51 * Avg Total Lamp Arc power ^ (- 0.25)). 

• California's Title 24 mandates the use of electronic ballasts with high efficacy luminaires (including 

fluorescent) of 13 W or higher (CEC, 2005).

• Fluorescent technologies are approaching maximum technologically feasible levels. Therefore, they 

are assumed to be improving gradually compared to SSL lighting and ceramic metal halide 

technologies. While improvements can be made by using more rare-earth phosphors, additional 

energy savings are most likely to be captured through the use of dimming ballasts and occupancy 

sensors.

• Total installed cost includes equipment and installation costs. Annual maintenance costs and 

installation costs are calculated using labor rate and labor time to install/replace equipment from RS 

Means and 2009 lamps rulemaking. Maintenance costs include labor only based on 3,435 operating 

hours per year. (DOE, 2009)

44

Performance/Cost Characteristics » Commercial 4-ft T5 Linear Fluorescent Lighting (Cont.’d)
Advanced Case Final

45

Performance/Cost Characteristics » Commercial Solid State Lighting (4-ft Linear Fluorescent 

Lighting Substitute)

DATA

2003 2007 2011 2020 2030 2040

Installed Base T8 T8 T8 T8

LED LED 32W T8 LED 32W T8 LED 32W T8 LED 32W T8 LED 32W T8

Typical Wattage 36.4 80.0 55.4 24.0 22.5 21.9

Lumens 548 5040 5040 5040 5040 5040

Efficacy (lm/W) 15.1 63.0 91.0 210.0 224.0 230.0

Cost ($/klm) $392.68 $301.00 $110.00 $10.00 $5.30 $3.60

Average Lamp Life (1000 hrs) 50 25 50 100 100 100

CRI 92 70 80 85 85 85

CCT 2700 3500 3500 3500 3500 3500

Total Installed Cost ($) $270.44 $1,570.56 $607.92 $103.92 $80.23 $71.66

Annual Maintenance Cost ($) $0.07 $0.07 $0.07 $0.07 $0.07 $0.07

Assumes increased rate of technology advancement (higher efficacy, lower price).
Advanced Case Final

46

Performance/Cost Characteristics » Commercial Solid State Lighting (4-ft Linear Fluorescent 

Lighting Substitute)

Commercial Solid-State Lighting (4-ft Linear Fluorescent Substitute)

• The commercial solid-state lighting characterized is a replacement for 2 4-ft 32W T8 lamps in a 

troffer fixture. This represents the most common use of LED technology in the 4-ft linear fluorescent 

lighting market.

• Assumptions for 2011:

— 2 F32T8 lamps equivalent: 56W LED emitting 5040 lumens

• No federal standards exist for solid-state lighting.

• In the advanced case, projections are based on 2012 Energy Savings Forecast Model’s ‘high 

improvement’ case, a scenario analyzed in the “Energy Savings Potential of Solid-State Lighting in 

General Illumination Applications” report, and assume LED technology advances faster than 

anticipated by the DOE SSL Multi-Year Program Plan.

• Total installed cost includes equipment and installation costs. Annual maintenance costs and 

installation costs are calculated using labor rate and labor time to install/replace equipment from RS 

Means and the 2009 lamps rulemaking. Maintenance costs include labor only based on 3,376 

operating hours per year. (DOE, 2009)
Advanced Case Final

47

Performance/Cost Characteristics » Commercial 8-ft Linear Fluorescent Lighting

DATA

2003 2007

Installed Base 

75WT12 60WT12 59WT8 59WT8 HE 75WT12 60WT12 59WT8 55WT8

System Wattage 158 126 113 100 148 119 113 106

System Lumens 10208 7546 8300 8311 9376 7404 8379 8844

Lamp Efficacy (lm/W) 78.7 77.7 86.9 98.2 78.7 77.7 86.9 98.5

System Efficacy (lm/W) 64.6 59.9 73.5 83.1 63.1 62.3 73.9 83.7

Cost ($/klm) $0.99 $0.73 $0.80 $1.23 $0.52 $0.38 $0.42 $0.51 

Cost ($/klm l/b/f) $5.31 $6.54 $6.36 $7.09 $4.41 $4.41 $6.35 $9.26 

Average Lamp Life (1000 hrs) 12 12 15 18 12 12 15 24

CRI 70 62 75 85 62 62 75 78

Total Installed Cost ($) $106.42 $102.16 $105.35 $111.74 $83.44 $83.44 $103.93 $162.76 

Annual Maintenance Cost ($) $4.64 $4.64 $4.39 $4.22 $4.66 $4.66 $4.40 $4.55 

Ballast Efficiency (BLE) 88.9% 88.9% 88.9% 88.9% 88.9% 88.9% 91.6% 91.7%

Assumes increased rate of technology advancement (higher efficacy, lower price).
Advanced Case Final

48

Performance/Cost Characteristics » Commercial 8-ft Linear Fluorescent Lighting (Cont.’d)

DATA

2011 2020 2030 2040

Electronic 

HE Typical High Efficiency Typical HE Typical HE Typical HE 

60WT12 59WT8 55WT8 59WT8 55WT8 59WT8 55WT8 59WT8 55WT8

System Wattage 119 113 106 112 104 112 104 112 104

System Lumens 7404 8379 8844 9051 9110 9258 9404 9465 9699

Lamp Efficacy (lm/W) 77.7 86.9 98.5 93.9 101.4 96.1 104.7 98.2 108.0

System Efficacy (lm/W) 62.3 73.9 83.7 81.0 87.4 82.8 90.3 84.7 93.1

Cost ($/klm) $0.38 $0.42 $0.59 $0.58 $0.55 $0.54 $0.52 $0.51 $0.48 

Cost ($/klm l/b/f) $4.41 $6.35 $6.48 $6.19 $6.10 $5.84 $5.71 $5.51 $5.34 

Average Lamp Life (1000 hrs) 12 15 18 15 19 16 19 16 20

CRI 62 75 82 82 82 82 82 82 82

Total Installed Cost ($) $83.44 $103.93 $108.05 $106.76 $106.33 $104.84 $104.42 $102.91 $102.51 

Annual Maintenance Cost ($) $4.66 $4.40 $4.23 $4.40 $4.23 $4.40 $4.23 $4.40 $4.23 

Ballast Efficiency (BLE) 88.9% 91.6% 91.6% 92.9% 92.9% 92.9% 92.9% 92.9% 92.9%

Assumes increased rate of technology advancement (higher efficacy, lower price).
Advanced Case Final

49

Performance/Cost Characteristics » Commercial 8-ft Linear Fluorescent Lighting

Commercial Linear Fluorescent Lighting – 8 ft. T8/T12

• The commercial linear fluorescent lighting (> 4 ft.) characterized in this report is a two-lamp system 

(one ballast and one fixture) that emits approximately 8,000 system lumens.

• Compared to the 2008 EIA Reference Case, this report:

— Assumes that the high efficiency 8 ft. T8 lamp has a reduced wattage of 55 W rather than 59 

W. 

— Continues to includes 75W T12 lamps only in the installed base

— Characterizes the 60W T12 lamps with an electronic ballast rather than a magnetic ballast 

because of the inability to meet current ballast standards with magnetic ballasts

• Assumptions for 2011:

— 2 F96T12 lamps (60W each) with electronic ballast (ballast factor =0.88, BLE=88.9%), fixture 

efficiency= 90.2%

— 2 F96T8 lamps (59W each) with electronic ballast (ballast factor=0.88, BLE=91.6%), fixture 

efficiency= 92.8%

— 2 high efficiency F96T8 lamps (55W each) with electronic ballast (ballast factor=0.88,

BLE=91.6%), fixture efficiency= 92.8.%

• Since 1994, DOE standards have required that the lamps characterized by this report have a 

minimum efficacy of 80 lm/W and a minimum CRI of 69 for >35W lamps.

• In 2005, DOE standards raised the minimum BEF of the ballasts paired with the characterized 

lamps, effectively promoting the use of T8 lamp and ballast systems. 
Advanced Case Final

50

Performance/Cost Characteristics » Commercial 8-ft Linear Fluorescent Lighting (Cont.’d)

Commercial Linear Fluorescent Lighting – 8 ft. T8/T12

• Beginning July 14, 2012 (or July 14, 2014 for T8 700-series phosphor lamps), DOE fluorescent lamp 

standards will require a minimum efficacy of 97 lm/W. While the amended performance-based 

standards do not explicitly prohibit T12 lamps, no T12 lamps met the standard at the time of its 

announcement. Since then, however, T12 lamps meeting the standard have entered the market.

• Beginning November 14, 2014, DOE standards will require that the characterized ballasts have a 

minimum BLE = 0.993 / (1 + 0.27 * Avg Total Lamp Arc power ^ (- 0.25)).

• Fluorescent technologies are approaching maximum technologically feasible levels. Therefore, they 

are assumed to be improving gradually compared to SSL lighting and ceramic metal halide 

technologies. While improvements can be made by using more rare-earth phosphors, additional 

energy savings are most likely to be captured through the use of dimming ballasts and occupancy 

sensors.

• California’s Title 24 mandates the use of electronic ballasts with high efficacy luminaires (including 

fluorescent) of 13 W or higher (CEC, 2005).

• Total installed cost includes equipment and installation costs. Annual maintenance costs and 

installation costs are calculated using labor rate and labor time to install/replace equipment from RS 

Means and the 2009 lamps rulemaking. Maintenance costs include labor only based on 3,435 

operating hours per year. (NCI, 2009)
Advanced Case Final

51

Performance/Cost Characteristics » Commercial 8-ft Linear Fluorescent Lighting (High Output)

DATA

2003 2007 2011 2020 2030 2040

Installed Base Typical High Typical High Typical High Typical High 

86WT8HO 86WT8HO 86WT8HO 86WT8HO 86WT8HO 86WT8HO 86WT8HO 86WT8HO 86WT8HO 86WT8HO

System Wattage 165 165 165 165 165 165 165 165 165 165

System Lumens 11488 11596 11596 12740 11951 13122 12345 13546 12740 13971

Lamp Efficacy (lm/W) 82.6 82.6 82.6 90.7 85.1 93.4 87.9 96.4 90.7 99.5

System Efficacy (lm/W) 69.6 70.3 70.3 77.2 72.4 79.5 74.8 82.1 77.2 84.6

Cost ($/klm) $0.99 $0.51 $0.51 $0.58 $0.45 $0.51 $0.45 $0.51 $0.42 $0.47 

Cost ($/klm l/b/f) $9.29 $9.26 $9.26 $8.69 $8.15 $7.66 $8.15 $7.66 $7.62 $7.16 

Average Lamp Life (1000 hrs) 24 24 24 18 26 19 26 19 26 20

CRI 78 78 78 86 78 86 78 86 78 86

Total Installed Cost ($) $163.88 $162.76 $162.76 $166.10 $155.96 $159.09 $155.96 $159.09 $152.38 $155.40 

Annual Maintenance Cost ($) $4.64 $4.55 $4.55 $4.83 $4.55 $4.83 $4.55 $4.83 $4.55 $4.83 

Ballast Efficiency (BLE) 88.9% 91.7% 91.7% 91.7% 91.7% 91.7% 91.7% 91.7% 91.7% 91.7%

Assumes increased rate of technology advancement (higher efficacy, lower price).
Advanced Case Final

52

Performance/Cost Characteristics » Commercial 8-ft Linear Fluorescent Lighting (High Output)

Commercial Linear Fluorescent Lighting – 8 ft. T8/T12 High Output

• The high output commercial linear fluorescent lighting (> 4 ft.) characterized in this report is a twolamp system (one ballast and one 92.8% efficient fixture) that emits approximately 10,000 system 

lumens.

• Compared to the 2008 EIA Reference Case, this report characterizes a best available unit in addition 

to the typical unit.

• Assumptions for 2011:

— Typical: 2 F96T8HO lamps (86W each) with electronic ballast (ballast factor=0.78, BLE=91.7%)

— Best available: 2 F96T8HO lamps (86W each) with electronic ballast (ballast factor=0.78, 

BLE=91.7%) and emitting additional lumens

• Since 1994, DOE standards have required that the lamps characterized by this report have a 

minimum efficacy of 80 lm/W and a minimum CRI of 69 for >35W lamps.

• In 2005, DOE standards raised the minimum BEF of the ballasts paired with the characterized lamps, 

effectively promoting the use of T8 lamp and ballast systems. 
Advanced Case Final

53

Performance/Cost Characteristics » Commercial 8-ft Linear Fluorescent Lighting (High Output) (Cont.’d)

Commercial Linear Fluorescent Lighting – 8 ft. T8/T12 High Output

• Beginning July 14, 2012 (or July 14, 2014 for T8 700-series phosphor lamps), DOE fluorescent lamp 

standards will require a minimum efficacy of 92 lm/W. While the amended performance-based 

standards do not explicitly prohibit T12 lamps, no T12 lamps met the standard at the time of its 

announcement. Since then, however, T12 lamps meeting the standard have entered the market.

• Beginning November 14, 2014, DOE standards will require that the characterized ballasts have a 

minimum BLE of 0.993 / (1 + 0.38 * Avg Total Lamp Arc power ^ (- 0.25)). 

• Fluorescent technologies are approaching maximum technologically feasible levels. Therefore, they 

are assumed to be improving gradually compared to SSL lighting and ceramic metal halide 

technologies. While improvements can be made by using more rare-earth phosphors, additional 

energy savings are most likely to be captured through the use of dimming ballasts and occupancy 

sensors.

• California’s Title 24 mandates the use of electronic ballasts with high-efficacy luminaires (including 

fluorescent) of 13 W or higher (CEC, 2005).

• Total installed cost includes equipment and installation costs. Annual maintenance costs and 

installation costs are calculated using labor rate and labor time to install/replace equipment from RS 

Means and the 2009 lamps rule. Maintenance costs include labor only based on 3,435 operating hours 

per year. (DOE, 2009)
Advanced Case Final

54

Performance/Cost Characteristics » Commercial Low Bay HID Lighting (Metal Halide)

DATA

2003 2007 2011 2020 2030 2040

Installed Base Typical High Typical High Typical High Typical High

175W

MV

175W

MH

175W

MH

175W

MH

175W

MH

175W

MH

175W

MH

175W

MH

175W

MH

175W

MH

175W

MH

System Wattage 208 210 211 199 170 199 170 199 170 199 170

System Lumens 5176 6669 7171 10186 11409 10645 11922 11154 12493 11663 13063

Lamp Efficacy 

(lm/W) 39.0 50.3 50.3 71.4 93.3 74.6 97.5 78.2 102.2 81.8 106.9

System Efficacy 

(lm/W) 24.9 31.8 34.0 51.2 67.2 53.5 70.3 56.1 73.6 58.7 77.0

Lamp Cost ($/klm) $2.19 $2.75 $5.81 $5.67 $5.06 $5.26 $4.70 $4.85 $4.33 $4.47 $4.00 

System Cost ($/klm) $35.80 $26.17 $44.58 $39.92 $35.64 $37.06 $33.09 $34.15 $30.49 $31.49 $28.12 

Average Lamp Life 

(1000 hrs) 24.0 10.0 10.0 15.0 15.0 15.7 15.7 16.4 16.4 17.2 17.2

CRI 15 65 67 69 69 69 69 69 69 69 69

Total Installed Cost 

($) $328.83 $318.18 $771.67 $858.59 $858.59 $846.39 $846.39 $832.84 $832.84 $819.28 $819.28 

Annual Maintenance 

Cost ($) $3.93 $4.81 $4.83 $4.32 $4.32 $4.32 $4.32 $4.32 $4.32 $4.32 $4.32 

Assumes increased rate of technology advancement (higher efficacy, longer life, lower price).
Advanced Case Final

55

Commercial HID Low Bay Lighting (Metal Halide)

Performance/Cost Characteristics » Commercial HID Low Bay Lighting (Metal Halide)

• The commercial metal halide low bay lighting characterized in this report is a one-lamp and oneballast system in a low bay fixture with 81.5% efficiency that emits approximately 10,000 system 

lumens. 

• Low bay lighting is defined as “interior lighting where the roof trusses or ceiling height is less than 

25ft. above the floor.” (IESNA, 2000)

• Compared to the 2008 EIA Reference Case, this report:

— Characterizes a best available unit in addition to the typical unit.

— Increases the ballast efficiency to increase system efficiency for the high efficiency unit rather than 

increase the lamp efficacy due to the existence of more data on ballast efficiency than lamp 

efficacy at this time. 

— Characterizes metal halide lamps separately from high pressure sodium lamps because of their 

separate utilities. Metal halide lamps provide an intense white light and are typically used in retail 

applications; high pressure sodium lamps provide a yellow light and are typically used in 

warehouses and distribution centers.

• A 175W mercury vapor lamp with a magnetic ballast is included in the 2003 reference case for 

comparison, but EPACT 2005 prohibited the manufacture and import of mercury vapor lamp ballasts 

after January 1, 2008, causing mercury vapor lamp sales to decline until ultimately disappearing after 

the failure of all existing mercury vapor lamp ballasts.

• Assumptions for 2011:

— Typical efficiency unit: 175W metal halide lamp with pulse start magnetic ballast (ballast 

efficiency=88%)

— High efficiency unit: 175W metal halide lamp with pulse start magnetic ballast (ballast 

efficiency=88.4%)
Advanced Case Final

56

Commercial HID Low Bay Lighting (Metal Halide)

Performance/Cost Characteristics » Commercial HID Low Bay Lighting (Metal Halide) (Cont.’d)

• In 2010, DOE published a determination that energy conservation standards for HID lamps would be 

technologically feasible and economically justified. The rulemaking to establish standards for these 

lamps is ongoing and is expected to be completed by June 2014. No current standards exist for HID 

lamps.

• EISA 2007 established efficiency standards for probe start magnetic ballasts (94%) and pulse start 

magnetic or electronic ballasts (88%) for ballasts that operate metal halide lamps between 150 and 400 

watts, effective January 1, 2009. The 94% efficiency requirement effectively banned probe start 

magnetic ballasts.

• A DOE rulemaking is ongoing to establish new and amended energy conservation standards for metal 

halide lamp fixtures as directed by EISA 2007. This rulemaking is expected to be completed by June 

2014.

• In the advanced case, assumed improvements could be made using improved ceramic arc tubes and 

better electrodes (and double arc tubes for lifetime improvement).

• Utilities in MA, NY, OR, TX, VT, WA, WI, FL and CA offer non-regulatory incentive programs to 

promote energy efficient HID lighting. 

• Total installed cost includes equipment and installation costs and is based on the ongoing DOE metal 

halide lamp fixtures rulemaking. Annual maintenance costs are calculated using labor rate and labor 

time to install/replace equipment from RS Means and the 2009 lamps rule. Maintenance costs include 

labor only based on 3,650 operating hours per year.
Advanced Case Final

57

Performance/Cost Characteristics » Commercial Low Bay HID Lighting (High Pressure Sodium)

DATA

2003 2007 2011 2020 2030 2040

Installed Base Typical High Typical High Typical High Typical High

175W MV 70W HPS 100W HPS 100W HPS 100W HPS 100W HPS 100W HPS 100W HPS 100W HPS 100W HPS 100W HPS

System Wattage 208 93 130 130 122 130 122 130 122 130 122

System Lumens 5176 4130 7213 7213 7213 7213 7213 7213 7213 7213 7213

Lamp Efficacy 

(lm/W) 39.0 77.9 94.5 94.5 94.5 94.5 94.5 94.5 94.5 94.5 94.5

System Efficacy 

(lm/W) 24.9 44.4 55.5 55.5 59.1 55.5 59.1 55.5 59.1 55.5 59.1

Lamp Cost ($/klm) $2.19 $3.11 $5.37 $5.37 $5.37 $5.29 $5.29 $5.20 $5.20 $5.11 $5.11 

System Cost ($/klm) $35.80 $41.15 $43.68 $43.68 $45.58 $43.03 $44.89 $42.30 $44.13 $41.57 $43.37 

Average Lamp Life 

(1000 hrs) 24 24 24 24 24 24 24 24 24 24 24

CRI 15 22 22 22 22 22 22 22 22 22 22

Total Installed Cost 

($) $328.83 $312.86 $767.01 $767.01 $780.68 $762.29 $775.74 $757.04 $770.27 $751.78 $764.79 

Annual Maintenance 

Cost ($) $3.93 $3.93 $3.93 $3.93 $4.04 $3.93 $4.04 $3.93 $4.04 $3.93 $4.04 

No change from reference case.
Advanced Case Final

58

Commercial HID Low Bay Lighting (High Pressure Sodium)

Performance/Cost Characteristics » Commercial HID Low Bay Lighting (High Pressure Sodium)

• The commercial high pressure sodium low bay lighting characterized in this report is a one-lamp and 

one-ballast system in a low bay fixture with 76.3% efficiency that emits approximately 7,000 system 

lumens. 

• Low bay lighting is defined as “interior lighting where the roof trusses or ceiling height is less than 

25ft. above the floor.” (IESNA, 2000)

• Compared to the 2008 EIA Reference Case, this report:

— Characterizes a best available unit in addition to the typical unit. 

— Increases the ballast efficiency to increase system efficiency rather than increase the lamp efficacy 

due to the existence of more data on ballast efficiency than lamp efficacy at this time. 

— Analyzes a 100W unit rather than a 70W unit as the typical low bay unit.

— Characterizes high pressure sodium lamps separately from metal halide lamps because of their 

separate utilities. Metal halide lamps provide an intense white light and are typically used in retail 

applications; high pressure sodium lamps provide a yellow light and are typically used in 

warehouses and distribution centers.

• A 175W mercury vapor lamp with a magnetic ballast is included in the 2003 reference case for 

comparison, but EPACT 2005 prohibited the manufacture and import of mercury vapor lamp ballasts 

after January 1, 2008, causing mercury vapor lamp sales to decline until ultimately disappearing after 

the failure of all existing mercury vapor lamp ballasts.
Advanced Case Final

59

Commercial HID Low Bay Lighting (High Pressure Sodium)

Performance/Cost Characteristics » Commercial HID Low Bay Lighting (High Pressure Sodium) (Cont.’d)

• Assumptions for 2011:

— Typical efficiency unit: 100W high pressure sodium lamp with magnetic ballast (ballast 

efficiency=76.9%)

— High efficiency unit: 100W high pressure sodium lamp with magnetic ballast (ballast 

efficiency=82%)

• In 2010, DOE published a determination that energy conservation standards for HID lamps would be 

technologically feasible and economically justified. The rulemaking to establish standards for these 

lamps is ongoing and is expected to be completed by June 2014. No current standards exist for HID 

lamps.

• The market is moving away from HPS technology with relatively little investment going into its 

development. Therefore, even in an advanced case, efficacy, price and lifetime are not expected to 

improve faster than the reference case. 

• Utilities in MA, NY, OR, TX, VT, WA, WI, FL and CA offer non-regulatory incentive programs to 

promote energy efficient HID lighting. Incentive programs favor efficient T5 high output lamps or T8 

lamps for low bay applications.

• Total installed cost includes equipment and installation costs and is based on the ongoing DOE metal 

halide lamp fixtures rulemaking. Annual maintenance costs are calculated using labor rate and labor 

time to install/replace equipment from RS Means and the 2009 lamps rule. Maintenance costs include 

labor only based on 3,650 operating hours per year.
Advanced Case Final

60

Performance/Cost Characteristics » Commercial Solid State Lighting (Low Bay Applications)

DATA

2003 2007 2011 2020 2030 2040

Installed Base HPS HPS HPS HPS

LED LED 100W HPS LED 100W HPS LED 100W HPS LED 100W HPS LED

Typical Wattage 36 11 100 34 32 31

Lumens 548 630 7200 7200 7200 7200

Efficacy (lm/W) 15.1 55.3 72.0 210.0 224.0 230.0

Cost ($/klm) $392.68 $160.00 $112.00 $10.00 $5.30 $3.60

Average Lamp Life (1000 hrs) 50 50 50 100 100 100

CRI 92 92 80 80 80 80

CCT 2700 2700 5500 5500 5500 5500

Total Installed Cost ($) $270.44 $154.32 $859.92 $125.52 $91.68 $79.44

Annual Maintenance Cost ($) $0.07 $0.07 $0.07 $0.07 $0.07 $0.07

Assumes increased rate of technology advancement (higher efficacy, longer life, lower price).
Advanced Case Final

61

Performance/Cost Characteristics » Commercial Solid State Lighting (Low Bay Applications)

Commercial Solid-State Lighting (Low Bay Applications)

• The commercial solid-state lighting technology characterized in this report is a replacement for a 

100W high pressure sodium lamp. This represents the most common use of LED technology in the 

low bay market.

• Assumptions for 2011:

— 100W HPS lamp equivalent: 100W LED emitting 7,200 lumens

• No federal standards exist for solid-state lighting.

• In the advanced case, projections are based on 2012 Energy Savings Forecast Model’s ‘high 

improvement’ case, a scenario analyzed in the “Energy Savings Potential of Solid-State Lighting in 

General Illumination Applications” report, and assume LED technology advances faster than 

anticipated by the DOE SSL Multi-Year Program Plan.

• Total installed cost includes equipment and installation costs. Annual maintenance costs and 

installation costs are calculated using labor rate and labor time to install/replace equipment from RS 

Means and the 2009 Lamps Rule. Maintenance costs include labor only based on 3,376 operating 

hours per year. (DOE, 2009)
Advanced Case Final

62

Performance/Cost Characteristics » Commercial High Bay HID Lighting (Metal Halide)

DATA

2003 2007 2011 2020 2030 2040

Installed Base Typical High Typical High Typical High Typical High 

400W MV 250W MH 400W MH 400W MH 400W MH 400W MH 400W MH 400W MH 400W MH 400W MH 400W MH

System Wattage 453 293 465 480 423 455 423 455 423 455 423

System Lumens 13061 12245 20607 21261 23551 22218 24610 23281 25788 24344 26965

Lamp Efficacy (lm/W) 36.0 54.0 63.0 65.0 72.0 67.9 75.2 71.2 78.8 74.4 82.4

System Efficacy (lm/W) 28.8 41.8 44.3 44.3 55.6 48.9 58.1 51.2 60.9 53.6 63.7

Lamp Cost ($/klm) $1.16 $1.31 $2.38 $3.55 $3.21 $3.30 $2.98 $3.04 $2.74 $2.80 $2.53 

System Cost ($/klm) $11.06 $12.83 $21.54 $16.19 $22.14 $15.03 $20.55 $13.85 $18.94 $12.77 $17.47 

Average Lamp Life (1000 hrs) 24.0 10.0 20.0 18.4 18.4 19.2 19.2 20.1 20.1 21.0 21.0

CRI 50 65 68 66 66 66 66 66 66 66 66

Total Installed Cost ($) $287.32 $300.09 $926.65 $827.03 $1,004.28 $816.71 $988.63 $805.24 $971.25 $793.76 $953.87 

Annual Maintenance Cost ($) $3.93 $4.81 $4.13 $4.13 $4.13 $4.13 $4.13 $4.13 $4.13 $4.13 $4.13 

Assumes increased rate of technology advancement (higher efficacy, longer life, lower price).
Advanced Case Final

63

Commercial HID High Bay Lighting (Metal Halide)

Performance/Cost Characteristics » Commercial HID High Bay Lighting (Metal Halide)

• The commercial metal halide high bay lighting characterized in this report is a one-lamp and oneballast system in a high bay fixture with 81.8% efficiency that emits approximately 24,000 system 

lumens. 

• High bay lighting is defined as “interior lighting where the roof trusses or ceiling height is greater than 

25ft. above the floor.” (IESNA, 2000)

• Compared to the 2008 EIA Reference Case, this report:

— Characterizes a best available unit in addition to the typical unit. 

— Increases the ballast efficiency to increase system efficiency rather than increase the lamp efficacy 

due to the existence of more data on ballast efficiency than lamp efficacy at this time. 

— Analyzes a 400W unit rather than a 250W unit as the typical high bay unit.

— Characterizes metal halide lamps separately from high pressure sodium lamps because of their 

separate utilities. Metal halide lamps provide an intense white light and are typically used in retail 

applications; high pressure sodium lamps provide a yellow light and are typically used in 

warehouses and distribution centers.

• A 400W mercury vapor lamp with a magnetic ballast is included in the 2003 reference case for 

comparison, but EPACT 2005 prohibited the manufacture and import of mercury vapor lamp ballasts 

after January 1, 2008, causing mercury vapor lamp sales to decline until ultimately disappearing after 

the failure of all existing mercury vapor lamp ballasts.

• Assumptions for 2011:

— Typical efficiency unit: 400W metal halide lamp with pulse start magnetic ballast (ballast 

efficiency=88%)

— High efficiency unit: 400W metal halide lamp with pulse start magnetic ballast (ballast 

efficiency=94.5%)
Advanced Case Final

64

Commercial HID High Bay Lighting (Metal Halide)

Performance/Cost Characteristics » Commercial HID High Bay Lighting (Metal Halide) (Cont.’d)

• In 2010, DOE published a determination that energy conservation standards for HID lamps would be 

technologically feasible and economically justified. The rulemaking to establish standards for these 

lamps is ongoing and is expected to be completed by June 2014. No current standards exist for HID 

lamps.

• EISA 2007 established efficiency standards for probe start magnetic ballasts (94%) and pulse start 

magnetic or electronic ballasts (88%) for ballasts that operate metal halide lamps between 150 and 400 

watts, effective January 1, 2009. The 94% efficiency requirement effectively banned probe start 

magnetic ballasts.

• A DOE rulemaking is ongoing to establish new and amended energy conservation standards for metal 

halide lamp fixtures as directed by EISA 2007. This rulemaking is expected to be completed by June 

2014.

• In the advanced case , assumed improvements could be made using improved ceramic arc tubes and 

better electrodes (and double arc tubes for lifetime improvement).

• Utilities in MA, NY, OR, TX, VT, WA, WI, FL and CA offer non-regulatory incentive programs to 

promote energy efficient HID lighting. 

• Total installed cost includes equipment and installation costs and is based on the ongoing DOE metal 

halide lamp fixtures rulemaking. Annual maintenance costs are calculated using labor rate and labor 

time to install/replace equipment from RS Means and the 2009 lamps rule. Maintenance costs include 

labor only based on 3,650 operating hours per year.
Advanced Case Final

65

Performance/Cost Characteristics » Commercial High Bay HID Lighting (High Pressure Sodium)

DATA

2003 2007 2011 2020 2030 2040

Installed Base Typical High Typical High Typical High Typical High

400W MV 150W HPS 150W HPS 150W HPS 150W HPS 150W HPS 150W HPS 150W HPS 150W HPS 150W HPS 150W HPS

System Wattage 453 190 190 190 171 190 171 190 171 190 171

System Lumens 13061 10754 10754 10754 10754 10754 10754 10754 10754 10754 10754

Lamp Efficacy 

(lm/W) 36.0 90.0 90.0 90.0 90.0 90.0 90.0 90.0 90.0 90.0 90.0

System Efficacy 

(lm/W) 28.8 56.6 56.6 56.6 62.9 56.6 62.9 56.6 62.9 56.6 62.9

Lamp Cost ($/klm) $1.16 $4.65 $4.65 $4.65 $4.65 $4.51 $4.51 $4.36 $4.36 $4.20 $4.20 

System Cost ($/klm) $11.06 $30.96 $30.96 $30.96 $31.79 $30.03 $30.83 $29.00 $29.77 $27.97 $28.72 

Average Lamp Life 

(1000 hrs) 24 24 24 24 24 24 24 24 24 24 24

CRI 50 22 22 22 22 22 22 22 22 22 22

Total Installed Cost 

($) $287.32 $815.84 $815.84 $815.84 $824.72 $805.85 $814.47 $794.75 $803.07 $783.65 $791.68 

Annual Maintenance 

Cost ($) $3.93 $3.93 $3.93 $3.93 $3.93 $3.93 $3.93 $3.93 $3.93 $3.93 $3.93 

No change from reference case.
Advanced Case Final

66

Commercial HID High Bay Lighting (High Pressure Sodium)

Performance/Cost Characteristics » Commercial HID High Bay Lighting (High Pressure Sodium)

• The commercial high pressure sodium high bay lighting characterized in this report is a one-lamp and 

one-ballast system in a fixture with 79.7% efficiency that emits approximately 11,000 system lumens. 

• High bay lighting is defined as “interior lighting where the roof trusses or ceiling height is greater than 

25ft. above the floor.” (IESNA, 2000)

• Compared to the 2008 EIA Reference Case, this report:

— Characterizes a best available unit in addition to the typical unit. 

— Increases the ballast efficiency to increase system efficiency rather than increase the lamp efficacy 

due to the existence of more data on ballast efficiency than lamp efficacy at this time. 

— Characterizes high pressure sodium lamps separately from metal halide lamps because of their 

separate utilities. Metal halide lamps provide an intense white light and are typically used in retail 

applications; high pressure sodium lamps provide a yellow light and are typically used in 

warehouses and distribution centers.

• A 400W mercury vapor lamp with a magnetic ballast is included in the 2003 reference case for 

comparison, but EPACT 2005 prohibited the manufacture and import of mercury vapor lamp ballasts 

after January 1, 2008, causing mercury vapor lamp sales to decline until ultimately disappearing after 

the failure of all existing mercury vapor lamp ballasts.
Advanced Case Final

67

Commercial HID High Bay Lighting (High Pressure Sodium)

Performance/Cost Characteristics » Commercial HID High Bay Lighting (High Pressure Sodium) (Cont.’d)

• Assumptions for 2011:

— Typical efficiency unit: 150W high pressure sodium lamp with magnetic ballast (ballast 

efficiency=78.9%)

— High efficiency unit: 150W high pressure sodium lamp with magnetic ballast (ballast 

efficiency=87.7%)

• In 2010, DOE published a determination that energy conservation standards for HID lamps would be 

technologically feasible and economically justified. The rulemaking to establish standards for these 

lamps is ongoing and is expected to be completed by June 2014. No current standards exist for HID 

lamps.

• The market is moving away from HPS technology with relatively little investment going into its 

development. Therefore, even in an advanced case, efficacy, price and lifetime are not expected to 

improve faster than the reference case. 

• Utilities in MA, NY, OR, TX, VT, WA, WI, FL and CA offer non-regulatory incentive programs to 

promote energy efficient HID lighting. Incentive programs favor efficient T5 high output lamps or T8 

lamps for low bay applications.

• Total installed cost includes equipment and installation costs and is based on the ongoing DOE metal 

halide lamp fixtures rulemaking. Annual maintenance costs are calculated using labor rate and labor 

time to install/replace equipment from RS Means and the 2009 lamps rule. Maintenance costs include 

labor only based on 3,650 operating hours per year.
Advanced Case Final

68

Performance/Cost Characteristics » Commercial T5 HO Lighting (High Bay Applications)

DATA

2003 2007 2011 2020 2030 2040

Installed Base Typical High Typical High Typical High Typical High 

54WT5HO 54WT5HO 54WT5HO 51WT5HO 54WT5HO 51WT5HO 54WT5HO 51WT5HO 54WT5HO 51WT5HO

System Wattage 240 234 234 221 231 218 231 218 231 218

System Lumens 18060 17646 17646 17646 18175 18175 18763 18763 19351 19351

Lamp Efficacy (lm/W) 88.0 85.2 85.2 90.2 87.7 92.9 90.6 95.9 93.4 98.9

System Efficacy (lm/W) 75.2 75.5 75.5 79.9 78.6 83.3 81.2 86.0 83.7 88.7

Cost ($/klm) $1.06 $0.26 $0.26 $0.38 $0.24 $0.36 $0.23 $0.34 $0.21 $0.32 

Cost ($/klm l/b/f) $8.50 $8.30 $8.30 $8.82 $7.82 $8.30 $7.31 $7.77 $6.84 $7.26 

Average Lamp Life (1000 hrs) 20 20 20 20 21 21 21 21 22 22

CRI 85 85 85 85 85 85 85 85 85 85

Total Installed Cost ($) $184.10 $174.12 $174.12 $183.24 $169.72 $178.58 $164.84 $173.39 $159.96 $168.20 

Annual Maintenance Cost ($) $2.81 $2.93 $2.93 $2.93 $2.93 $2.93 $2.93 $2.93 $2.93 $2.93 

Ballast Efficiency (BLE) 92.4% 92.4% 92.4% 92.4% 93.5% 93.5% 93.5% 93.5% 93.5% 93.5%

Assumes increased rate of technology advancement (higher efficacy, lower price).
Advanced Case Final

Commercial T5 HO Linear Fluorescent Lighting (High Bay Applications)

• The commercial T5 HO linear fluorescent lighting characterized in this report is a four-lamp 

system (one ballast and one 95.9% efficient fixture) that emits approximately 17,000 system lumens.

• Compared to the 2008 EIA Reference Case, this report characterizes a best available unit in 

addition to the typical unit and assumes that the high efficiency T5 HO lamp has a reduced 

wattage of 51 W rather than 54 W.

• Assumptions for 2011:

— Typical: 4 54W T5 high output lamps with electronic ballast (ballast factor=1, BLE=92.4%)

— Best available: 4 51W T5 lamps with electronic ballast (ballast factor =1, BLE=92.4%)

• Currently no federal standards exist for the T5 lamps or corresponding ballasts characterized in 

this report.

69

Performance/Cost Characteristics » Commercial T5 HO Lighting (High Bay Applications)
Advanced Case Final

Commercial T5 HO Linear Fluorescent Lighting (High Bay Applications)

• Beginning July 14, 2012, DOE fluorescent lamp standards will require a minimum efficacy of 76 lm/W.

• Beginning November 14, 2014, DOE standards will require that the characterized ballasts have a 

minimum BLE of 0.993 / (1 + 0.51 * Avg Total Lamp Arc power ^ (- 0.25)). 

• Many utilities offer rebates for T5 high output fixtures, generally to replace HID high bay fixtures. The 

programs include new construction incentives, customized programs, retrofit and upgrade incentives.

• California's Title 24 mandates the use of electronic ballasts with high efficacy luminaires (including 

fluorescent) of 13 W or higher. (CEC, 2005)

• Fluorescent technologies are approaching maximum technologically feasible levels. Therefore, they are 

assumed to be improving gradually compared to SSL lighting and ceramic metal halide technologies. 

While improvements can be made by using more rare-earth phosphors, additional energy savings are 

most likely to be captured through the use of dimming ballasts and occupancy sensors.

• Total installed cost includes equipment and installation costs. Annual maintenance costs and 

installation costs are calculated using labor rate and labor time to install/replace equipment from RS 

Means and 2009 lamps rulemaking. Maintenance costs include labor only based on 3,435 operating 

hours per year. (DOE, 2009)

70

Performance/Cost Characteristics » Commercial T5 HO Lighting (High Bay Applications) (Cont.’d)
Advanced Case Final

71

Performance/Cost Characteristics » Commercial Solid State Lighting (High Bay Applications)

DATA

2003 2007 2011 2020 2030 2040

Installed Base HPS HPS HPS HPS

LED LED 150W HPS LED 150W HPS LED 150W HPS LED 150W HPS LED

Typical Wattage 36 11 125 51 48 47

Lumens 548 630 10700 10700 10700 10700

Efficacy (lm/W) 15.1 55.3 85.4 210.0 224.0 230.0

Cost ($/klm) $392.68 $160.00 $63.00 $10.00 $5.30 $3.60

Average Lamp Life (1000 hrs) 50 50 50 100 100 100

CRI 92 92 80 80 80 80

CCT 2700 2700 5500 5500 5500 5500

Total Installed Cost ($) $270.44 $154.32 $727.62 $160.52 $110.23 $92.04

Annual Maintenance Cost ($) $0.07 $0.07 $0.07 $0.07 $0.07 $0.07

Assumes increased rate of technology advancement (higher efficacy, longer life, lower price).
Advanced Case Final

72

Performance/Cost Characteristics » Commercial Solid State Lighting (High Bay Applications)

Commercial Solid-State Lighting (High Bay Applications)

• The commercial solid-state lighting technology characterized is a replacement for a 150W high 

pressure sodium lamp. This represents the most common use of LED technology in the high bay 

market.

• Assumptions for 2011:

— 150W HPS lamp equivalent: 125W LED emitting 10,700 lumens

• No federal standards exist for solid-state lighting.

• In the advanced case, projections are based on 2012 Energy Savings Forecast Model’s ‘high 

improvement’ case, a scenario analyzed in the “Energy Savings Potential of Solid-State Lighting in 

General Illumination Applications” report, and assume LED technology advances faster than 

anticipated by the DOE SSL Multi-Year Program Plan.

• Total installed cost includes equipment and installation costs. Annual maintenance costs and 

installation costs are calculated using labor rate and labor time to install/replace equipment from RS 

Means and the 2009 Lamps Rule. Maintenance costs include labor only based on 3,376 operating 

hours per year. (DOE, 2009)
Advanced Case Final

Commercial Supermarket Display Cases

73

Performance/Cost Characteristics » Commercial Supermarket Display Cases

1 DOE’s Federal energy standards for Commercial Refrigeration Equipment (CRE) went into effect on January 1, 2012. The 2020 Typical values are 

based on this standard.

2 The annual energy use for the display case includes the energy from the supermarket compressors and condensers necessary to cool the display 

case. This energy is also partially calculated in the commercial compressor rack and condenser annual energy consumption values.

3 Maintenance cost includes preventative maintenance costs such as cleaning evaporator coils, drain pans, fans, and intake screens as well as lamp 

replacements and other lighting maintenance activities.

DATA

2003 2007 2011 2020 2030 2040

Typical Typical Low Typical High Typical1 High Typical High Typical High

Cooling Capacity (Btu/hr) 20,000 20,730 20,000 20,000 20,000 20,000 20,000 20,000 20,000 20,000 20,000

Median Store Size (ft3) 44,000 47,500 46,000 46,000 46,000 46,000 46,000 46,000 46,000 46,000 46,000

Energy Use (kWh/yr)221,000 23,117 21,134 18,440 17,002 16,566 15,333 15,694 14,526 14,823 13,719

Average Life (yrs) 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10

Retail Equipment Cost $4,371 $10,094 $7,425 $7,600 $8,173 $8,763 $7,803 $8,763 $7,803 $8,763 $7,803 

Total Installed Cost $6,452 $12,176 $9,603 $9,777 $10,351 $10,937 $9,981 $10,937 $9,981 $10,937 $9,981 

Annual Maintenance Cost3$283 $337 $376 $376 $376 $376 $376 $376 $376 $376 $376 

Assumes increased rate of technology 

advancement (lower energy use)
Advanced Case Final

Commercial Supermarket Display Cases

74

• DOE set Federal energy efficiency standards for Commercial Refrigeration Equipment (CRE). These standards set 

maximum daily energy consumption levels, in kWh/day, for display cases manufactured and/or sold in the United 

States on or after January 1, 2012. The daily energy consumption is based on the total display area of the display case 

(TDA).

— Vertical, open, medium temperature, remote condensing display case (VOP.RC.M) ≤ 0.82*TDA + 4.07

• The Food Marketing Institute reported the median total supermarket size in 2003 was 44,000 sq. ft., in 2007 it was 

47,500 sq. ft., and in 2010, the last year that was reported by the study, it was 46,000 sq. ft. (FMI, 2012)

• The unit used to estimate energy use and installed cost is a vertical, open, medium temperature, remote condensing 

display case 12 ft. in length with a total display area of 53 sq. ft.

• Commercial central refrigeration systems consist of refrigerated display cases, condensing units, and centralized 

compressor racks.

• Approximately 20 percent of the total annual electricity consumption for a typical supermarket is directly attributable 

to display cases (this does not include the energy consumed by compressors and condensers necessary to cool the 

display cases). (NCI, 2009)

• As part of DOE’s on-going CRE rulemaking, DOE estimates 177,000 display cases were shipped in 2005. Of those 

display cases 38,743 were vertical, open, medium temperature, remote condensing display cases (VOP.RC.M), which 

represented the most common type of remote condensing display case shipped in 2005.

• A typical commercial supermarket display case contains T8 electronic lighting, evaporators, evaporator fans, piping, 

insulation, valves, and controls.

• The energy use decreases in the advanced case due to the use of more efficient technologies including improved 

evaporator coils, larger evaporators, higher efficiency evaporator fan blades, high efficiency doors, LED lighting, 

thicker insulation, and improved insulation.

• Assuming the use of more efficient technologies, the energy use will decrease by 5% in 2020, 10% in 2030, and 15% in 

2040 in the advanced case. Equipment costs will stay the same as the reference case assuming constant market 

volumes.

Performance/Cost Characteristics » Commercial Supermarket Display Cases
Advanced Case Final

Commercial Compressor Rack Systems

75

1 The total capacity represents the capacity required for the entire refrigeration system of a typical supermarket. This usually includes two 

low temperature racks and two medium temperature racks. For 2007 and beyond a 1,077 MBtu/hr total cooling capacity is the sum of

769 MBtu/hr for the medium temperature racks and 308 MBtu/hr for the low temperature racks.

2 The total installed cost is based on the entire supermarket compressor rack system (two medium temperature racks and two low 

temperature racks). The equipment purchase price and the installation cost of a typical rack is approximately $208,130 and $20,813 per 

rack respectively. Therefore the total installed cost for a typical supermarket compressor rack system is approximately $913,691.

3 Maintenance cost includes oil changes, bearing lubrication, filter replacement, and system functionality checks.

DATA

2003 2007 2011 2020 2030 2040

Typical Typical Typical High Typical High Typical High Typical High

Total Capacity (MBtu/hr)11,050 1,077 1,077 1,077 1,077 1,077 1,077 1,077 1,077 1,077

Power Input (kW) 180 184 162 146 159 143 156 140 152 137

Energy Use (MWh/yr) 1,000 1,023 900 810 882 794 864 778 846 761

Average Life (yrs) 20 15 15 15 15 15 15 15 15 15

Total Installed Cost ($1000)2$630 $630 $630 $693 $630 $693 $630 $693 $630 $693 

Annual Maintenance Cost 

($1000)3 $33 $33 $33 $33 $33 $33 $33 $33 $33 $33 

Assumes increased rate of technology 

advancement (lower energy use and power input)

Performance/Cost Characteristics » Commercial Compressor Rack Systems
Advanced Case Final

Commercial Compressor Rack Systems

76

• Commercial compressor rack systems that serve commercial supermarket display cases and walk-ins consist of a 

number of parallel-connected compressors located in a separate machine room. By modulating compressor 

capacity, these integrated systems provide higher efficiency and mechanical longevity.

• Rack integrators generally supply a packaged compressor rack for which much of the necessary piping, 

insulation, components, and controls are pre-assembled. 

• A typical supermarket will have 10 to 20 compressors mounted in racks in the 3-hp to 15-hp size range. Usually 

there are 3 to 5 compressors per rack serving a series of loads with nearly identical evaporator temperature.

• The duty cycle for compressors is usually in the range 60% to 70%.

• The typical supermarket uses a reciprocating compressor system that has two medium temperature compressor 

racks with an overall capacity of 769 MBtu/hr and two low temperature compressor racks with an overall capacity 

of 308 MBtu/hr. (NCI, 2009)

• Approximately 34 percent of the total annual electricity consumption for a typical supermarket is attributable to 

compressors. (NCI, 2009)

• There are an estimated 140,000 compressor rack systems installed in supermarkets across the U.S. as of 2008. (NCI, 

2009)

• The energy use and power input decreases in the advanced case due to the use of more efficient technologies 

including higher efficiency compressors, improved compressor configurations, and improved controls.

• Assuming the use of more efficient technologies, the energy use and power input will decrease by 2% in 2020, 4% 

in 2030, and 6% in 2040 in the advanced case. Equipment costs will stay the same as the reference case assuming 

constant market volumes.

Performance/Cost Characteristics » Commercial Compressor Rack Systems
Advanced Case Final

Commercial Condensers

77

1 Total capacity is the total heat rejected (THR) of condensers comprised of two low temperature condensers (THRL = 240 MBtu/hr each, 

suction temperature = -25°F, condensing temperature 110 F) and two medium temperature (THRM = 520 MBtu/hr each, suction 

temperature = 15°F, condensing temperature = 115°F) condensers; ambient temperature = 95°F. (NCI, 2009)

2 Maintenance cost includes coil cleaning, leak checking, belt replacement as necessary, and system functionality checks.

DATA

2003 2007 2011 2020 2030 2040

Typical Typical Typical High Typical High Typical High Typical High

Total Capacity (MBtu/hr)1

1,520 1,520 1,520 1,520 1,520 1,520 1,520 1,520 1,520 1,520

Power Input (kW) 25 25 22 20 21 19 20 18 19 17

Energy Use (MWh/yr) 138 138 120 108 114 103 108 97 102 92

Average Life (yrs) 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10

Total Installed Cost ($1000) $47 $54 $54 $60 $54 $60 $54 $60 $54 $60 

Annual Maintenance Cost2 $817 -

$1,090

$817 -

$1,090

$817 -

$1,090

$817 -

$1,090

$817 -

$1,090

$817 -

$1,090

$817 -

$1,090

$817 -

$1,090

$817 -

$1,090

$817 -

$1,090

Assumes increased rate of technology 

advancement (lower energy use and power input)

Performance/Cost Characteristics » Commercial Condensers
Advanced Case Final

Commercial Condensers

78

• Condensers are designed with multiple methods of cooling: air-cooled, water-cooled, and evaporative. These units 

can be single-circuit or a multiple circuit.

• Commercial condensers are remotely located, typically installed on the roof of a supermarket. 

• For use with parallel compressors in supermarkets, air-cooled units are the most commonly used condensers. This 

analysis is based on multiple air-cooled condensers connected to a supermarket refrigeration system comprised of 

two low temperature condensers and two medium temperature condensers, using R-404A refrigerant. 

• Each compressor rack has a dedicated condenser or a separate circuit of a single common condenser. Condenser 

temperatures of multiple racks are often different. 

• The duty cycle for condensers is usually in the range 50 - 70%.

• Approximately 5 percent of the total annual electricity consumption for a typical supermarket is attributable to 

condensers. (NCI, 2009)

• There are an estimated 140,000 condensers installed in supermarkets across the U.S. as of 2008. (NCI, 2009)

• The energy use and power input decreases in the advanced case due to the use of more efficient fan motors. 

• Assuming the use of more efficient technologies, the energy use and power input will decrease by 5% in 2020, 10% 

in 2030, and 15% in 2040 in the advanced case. Equipment costs will stay the same as the reference case assuming 

constant market volumes.

Performance/Cost Characteristics » Commercial Condensers
Advanced Case Final

Commercial Walk-In Refrigerators

79

1 EISA 2007 includes prescriptive standards for walk-in refrigerators that went into effect in 2009. All units for 2011 and beyond include these 

prescriptive standards.

2 The size for 2003 and 2007 is based on ADL, 1996 & NCI, 2009 reports which states the typical footprint of a walk-in refrigerator is 240 sq. ft. The 

size for 2011 and beyond is based on the NOPR analysis shipment data from DOE’s on-going Walk-In rulemaking which states the typical 

footprint of a walk-in refrigerator is 96 sq. ft.

3

Installation cost for 2003 and 2007 are based on ADL, 1996 & NCI, 2009 reports which assume a cost of $4,163 and $4,891 respectively. Installation 

cost for 2011 and beyond is based on DOE’s on-going Walk-In rulemaking which assumes installation cost scales based on the cooling capacity 

(which for a cooling capacity of 18,000 Btu/hr is $1,054).

4 Maintenance cost includes checking and maintaining refrigerant charge levels, checking settings, and cleaning heat exchanger coils.

DATA

2003 2007 201112020 2030 2040

Typical Typical Low Typical High Typical High Typical High Typical High

Cooling Capacity (Btu/hr) 44,970 44,970 18,000 18,000 18,000 18,000 18,000 18,000 18,000 18,000 18,000

Size (ft2)

2

240 240 96 96 96 96 96 96 96 96 96

Energy Use (kWh/yr) 42,300 42,182 12,337 6,329 4,822 6,013 4,581 5,696 4,339 5,380 4,098

Insulated Box Average Life 

(yrs) 18 18 15 15 15 15 15 15 15 15 15

Compressor Average Life 

(yrs) 10 10 11 11 11 11 11 11 11 11 11

Retail Equipment Cost $19,252 $33,821 $13,026 $15,087 $18,821 $15,087 $18,821 $15,087 $18,821 $15,087 $18,821 

Total Installed Cost3$23,415 $38,712 $14,080 $16,141 $19,875 $16,141 $19,875 $16,141 $19,875 $16,141 $19,875 

Annual Maintenance Cost4 $817 -

$1,090

$817 -

$1,090 $2,755 $2,970 $2,970 $2,970 $2,970 $2,970 $2,970 $2,970 $2,970 

Assumes increased rate of technology 

advancement (lower energy use)

Performance/Cost Characteristics » Commercial Walk-In Refrigerators
Advanced Case Final

Commercial Walk-In Refrigerators

80

• The commercial walk-in refrigerator characterized in this report from 2011 and beyond, which is the typical unit 

according to DOE’s on-going Walk-In rulemaking, is a small non-display cooler with a footprint of 96 sq. ft. and 

includes a floor and a single door. The typical size of 240 sq. ft. was used for 2003 and 2007 because that was the 

typical size reported in the ADL, 1996 and NCI, 2009 reports respectively.

• A typical walk-in refrigerator includes: insulated floor and wall panels, merchandising doors, shelving, lighting (not 

included in cost estimate), semi-hermetic reciprocating compressor, refrigerant (R404A), condenser, and evaporator.

• The high efficiency unit is based on the energy savings potential and cost premiums of several advanced refrigeration 

technologies identified in the preliminary analysis of DOE’s ongoing Walk-In rulemaking. These include: 

- ECM (electronically commutated motor) evaporator and condenser fan motors

- floating heat pressure

- ambient sub-cooling

- evaporator fan shutdown

• The installation cost consists of freight and delivery costs in addition to on-site assembly.

• DOE is currently working on a Federal energy consumption standard for commercial walk-in refrigerators. The 

estimated effective date is 2016.

• As part of DOE’s on-going Walk-In rulemaking, DOE estimates 85,333 walk-in coolers will be shipped in 2015. Of 

those walk-in coolers, 41,403 will be small non-display coolers, which represents the most common type of walk-in 

cooler estimated to ship in 2015.

• The energy use decreases in the advanced case due to the use of more efficient technologies including higher 

efficiency fan motors, lighting, evaporators, condensers, compressors, insulation, and controls.

• Assuming the use of more efficient technologies, the energy use will decrease by 5% in 2020, 10% in 2030, and 15% in 

2040 in the advanced case. Equipment costs will stay the same as the reference case assuming constant market 

volumes.

Performance/Cost Characteristics » Commercial Walk-In Refrigerators
Advanced Case Final

Commercial Walk-In Refrigerators

81

• The Energy Independence and Security Act (EISA) of 2007 included prescriptive standards for walk-in refrigerators 

(coolers) that went into effect in 2009. These prescriptive standards, which are included in all units for 2011 and 

beyond, state that all walk-in refrigerators manufactured after January 1, 2009 must:

— have automatic door closers 

— have strip doors, spring hinged doors, or other method of minimizing infiltration when doors are open

— contain wall, ceiling, and door insulation of at least R–25, except for glazed portions of doors and structural 

members

— use electronically commutated motors or 3-phase motors (for evaporator fan motors of under 1 horsepower and 

less than 460 volts)

— use electronically commutated motors, permanent split capacitor-type motors, or 3-phase motors (for condenser 

fan motors of under 1 horsepower)

— use light sources with an efficacy of 40 lumens per watt or more, including ballast losses (if any), except that 

light sources with an efficacy of 40 lumens per watt or less, including ballast losses (if any), may be used in 

conjunction with a timer or device that turns off the lights within 15 minutes of when the walk-in refrigerator is 

not occupied by people.

Performance/Cost Characteristics » Commercial Walk-In Refrigerators
Advanced Case Final

Commercial Walk-In Freezers

82

1 EISA 2007 includes prescriptive standards for walk-in freezers that went into effect in 2009. All units for 2011 and beyond include these 

prescriptive standards.

2 The size for 2003 and 2007 is based on ADL, 1996 & NCI, 2009 reports which states the typical footprint of a walk-in freezer is 80 sq. ft. The size for 

2011 and beyond is based on the NOPR analysis shipment data from DOE’s on-going Walk-In rulemaking which states the typical footprint of a 

walk-in freezer is 64 sq. ft.

3

Installation cost for 2003 and 2007 are based on ADL, 1996 & NCI, 2009 reports which assume a cost of $1,040. Installation cost for 2011 and 

beyond is based on DOE’s on-going Walk-In rulemaking which assumes installation cost scales based on the cooling capacity (which for a cooling 

capacity of 9,000 Btu/hr is $852).

4 Maintenance cost includes checking and maintaining refrigerant charge levels, checking settings, and cleaning heat exchanger coils.

DATA

2003 2007 201112020 2030 2040

Typical Typical Low Typical High Typical High Typical High Typical High

Cooling Capacity (Btu/hr) 4,929 4,929 9,000 9,000 9,000 9,000 9,000 9,000 9,000 9,000 9,000

Size (ft2)

2

80 80 64 64 64 64 64 64 64 64 64

Energy Use (kWh/yr) 15,600 15,524 28,455 13,844 12,319 13,637 12,134 13,429 11,949 13,152 11,703

Insulated Box Average Life 

(yrs) 18 18 15 15 15 15 15 15 15 15 15

Compressor Average Life 

(yrs) 10 10 11 11 11 11 11 11 11 11 11

Retail Equipment Cost $7,597 $13,008 $12,068 $14,070 $20,637 $14,070 $20,637 $14,070 $20,637 $14,070 $20,637 

Total Installed Cost3$8,637 $14,049 $12,920 $14,921 $21,489 $14,921 $21,489 $14,921 $21,489 $14,921 $21,489 

Annual Maintenance Cost4$545 $545 $2,755 $2,970 $2,970 $2,970 $2,970 $2,970 $2,970 $2,970 $2,970 

Assumes increased rate of technology 

advancement (lower energy use)

Performance/Cost Characteristics » Commercial Walk-In Freezers
Advanced Case Final

Commercial Walk-In Freezers

83

• The commercial walk-in freezer characterized in this report from 2011 and beyond, which is the typical unit 

according to DOE’s on-going Walk-In rulemaking, is a small non-display freezer with a footprint of 64 sq. ft. and 

includes a floor and a single door. The typical size of 80 sq. ft. was used for 2003 and 2007 because that was the 

typical size reported in the ADL, 1996 and NCI, 2009 reports respectively.

• A typical walk-in freezer includes: insulated floor, door, and wall panels, semi-hermetic reciprocating compressor, 

refrigerant (R404A), condenser, and evaporator.

• The high efficiency unit is based on the energy savings potential and cost premiums of several advanced 

refrigeration technologies determined by the preliminary analysis from DOE’s ongoing Walk-In standard 

rulemaking. These include: 

- ECM (electronically commutated motor) evaporator and condenser fan motors

- external heat rejection

- hot gas defrost

- evaporator fan shutdown

• DOE is currently working on a Federal energy consumption standard for commercial walk-in freezers. The 

estimated effective date is 2016.

• As part of DOE’s on-going Walk-In rulemaking, DOE estimates 34,985 walk-in freezers will be shipped in 2015. Of 

those walk-in freezers, 17,291 will be small non-display freezers, which represents the most common type of walkin freezers estimated to ship in 2015.

• The energy use decreases in the advanced case due to the use of more efficient technologies including higher 

efficiency fan motors, lighting, evaporators, condensers, compressors, insulation, defrost, and controls.

• Assuming the use of more efficient technologies, the energy use will decrease by 1.5% in 2020, 3% in 2030, and 5% 

in 2040 in the advanced case. Equipment costs will stay the same as the reference case assuming constant market 

volumes.

Performance/Cost Characteristics » Commercial Walk-In Freezers
Advanced Case Final

Commercial Walk-In Freezers

84

• EISA 2007 included prescriptive standards for walk-in freezers that went into effect in 2009. These prescriptive 

standards, which are included in all units for 2011 and beyond, state that all walk-in freezers manufactured after 

January 1, 2009 must:

— have automatic door closers 

— have strip doors, spring hinged doors, or other method of minimizing infiltration when doors are open

— contain wall, ceiling, and door insulation of at least R–32, except for glazed portions of doors and structural 

members

— contain floor insulation of at least R–28

— use electronically commutated motors or 3-phase motors (for evaporator fan motors of under 1 horsepower and 

less than 460 volts)

— use electronically commutated motors, permanent split capacitor-type motors, or 3-phase motors (for condenser 

fan motors of under 1 horsepower)

— use light sources with an efficacy of 40 lumens per watt or more, including ballast losses (if any), except that 

light sources with an efficacy of 40 lumens per watt or less, including ballast losses (if any), may be used in 

conjunction with a timer or device that turns off the lights within 15 minutes of when the walk-in freezer is not 

occupied by people.

Performance/Cost Characteristics » Commercial Walk-In Freezers
Advanced Case Final

Commercial Reach-In Refrigerators

85

1 EPACT 2005 energy standards went into effect in 2010. The 2011 Low values are based on this standard.

2 ENERGY STAR® set energy consumption levels for solid door commercial refrigerators, including reach-in refrigerators, that went into effect in 

2010. The 2011 Typical values are based on this energy consumption level.

3 Installation cost for 2003 and 2007 is based on ADL, 1996 & NCI, 2009 reports which assumes a cost of $156. Installation cost for 2011 and beyond is 

based on DOE’s on-going CRE rulemaking which assumes a cost of $817.

4 Maintenance is only performed if there is a problem with the equipment.

DATA

2003 2007 2011 2020 2030 2040

Typical Typical Low1 Typical2 High Typical High Typical High Typical High

Cooling Capacity (Btu/hr) 3,000 2,700 1,000 1,000 1,000 1,000 1,000 1,000 1,000 1,000 1,000

Size (ft3) 48 48 49 49 49 49 49 49 49 49 49

Energy Use (kWh/yr) 3,800 2,477 2,533 1,598 993 1,439 894 1,359 844 1,279 794

Energy Use (kWh/yr/ft3) 79 52 52 33 20 29 18 28 17 26 16

Average Life (yrs) 8 9 15 15 15 15 15 15 15 15 15

Retail Equipment Cost $2,810 $2,988 $3,131 $3,146 $3,191 $3,146 $3,191 $3,146 $3,191 $3,146 $3,191 

Total Installed Cost3$2,966 $3,144 $3,948 $3,963 $4,008 $3,963 $4,008 $3,963 $4,008 $3,963 $4,008

Annual Maintenance Cost4 Negligible Negligible $36 $36 $36 $36 $36 $36 $36 $36 $36 

Assumes increased rate of technology 

advancement (lower energy use)

Performance/Cost Characteristics » Commercial Reach-In Refrigerators
Advanced Case Final

Commercial Reach-In Refrigerators

86

• The Energy Policy Act of 2005 (EPACT 2005) set maximum daily energy consumption levels, in kWh/day, for 

commercial reach-in refrigerators that went into effect on January 1, 2010. The daily energy consumption is based 

on the volume of the unit (V).

— Refrigerators with solid doors ≤ 0.10*V + 2.04

— Refrigerators with transparent doors ≤ 0.12*V + 3.34

• Energy Star® also set maximum daily energy consumption levels, in KWh/day, for commercial reach-in 

refrigerators that went into effect on April 1, 2009 for glass and mixed door models and on January 1, 2010 for solid 

door models. These efficiency levels are also based on the volume of the unit (V).

• The commercial reach-in refrigerator characterized in this report from 2011 and beyond, which is the typical unit 

according to DOE’s on-going CRE rulemaking, is a 49 cubic ft. solid two-door unit with a cooling capacity of 1,000 

Btu/hr. The typical size of 48 cubic ft. solid two-door unit with a cooling capacity of 3,000 Btu/hr and 2,700 Btu/hr 

was used for 2003 and 2007 because that was the typical size and capacity reported in the ADL, 1996 and NCI, 2009 

reports respectively.

• Annual shipments of reach-in refrigerators in the U.S. in 2008 are estimated to be 263,000 with an estimated 

installed base of 1,556,000. (NCI, 2009)

• The energy use decreases in the advanced case due to the use of more efficient technologies including higher 

efficiency fan motors, lighting, evaporators, condensers, compressors, insulation, and controls..

• Assuming the use of more efficient technologies, the energy use will decrease by 10% in 2020, 15% in 2030, and 20% 

in 2040 in the advanced case. Equipment costs will stay the same as the reference case assuming constant market 

volumes.

Reach-In Refrigerator Size 0 < V < 15 15 ≤ V < 30 30 ≤ V < 50 50 ≤ V

Solid Door ≤ 0.089*V + 1.411 ≤ 0.037*V + 2.200 ≤ 0.056*V + 1.635 ≤ 0.060*V + 1.416

Glass Door ≤ 0.118*V + 1.382 ≤ 0.140*V + 1.050 ≤ 0.088*V + 2.625 ≤ 0.110*V + 1.500

Performance/Cost Characteristics » Commercial Reach-In Refrigerators
Advanced Case Final

Commercial Reach-In Freezers

87

1 EPACT 2005 energy standards went into effect in 2010. The 2011 Low values are based on this standard.

2 ENERGY STAR® set energy consumption levels for solid door commercial freezers, including reach-in freezers, that went into effect in 2010. The 

2011 Typical values are based on this energy consumption level.

3 Installation cost for 2003 and 2007 is based on ADL, 1996 & NCI, 2009 reports which assumes a cost of $156. Installation cost for 2011 and beyond is 

based on DOE’s on-going CRE rulemaking which assumes a cost of $816.

4 Maintenance is only performed if there is a problem with the equipment.

DATA

2003 2007 2011 2020 2030 2040

Typical Typical Low1 Typical2 High Typical High Typical High Typical High

Cooling Capacity (Btu/hr) 2,200 2,200 1,800 1,800 1,800 1,800 1,800 1,800 1,800 1,800 1,800

Size (ft3) 24 24 49 49 49 49 49 49 49 49 49

Energy Use (kWh/yr) 4,600 3,960 7,658 5,151 3,037 4,636 2,733 4,378 2,581 4,121 2,429

Energy Use (kWh/yr/ft3) 192 165 156 105 62 95 56 89 53 84 50

Average Life (yrs) 8 9 15 15 15 15 15 15 15 15 15

Retail Equipment Cost $2,498 $2,905 $3,277 $3,290 $3,353 $3,290 $3,353 $3,290 $3,353 $3,290 $3,353 

Total Installed Cost3$2,654 $3,061 $4,093 $4,107 $4,170 $4,107 $4,170 $4,107 $4,170 $4,107 $4,170

Annual Maintenance Cost4 Negligible Negligible $36 $36 $36 $36 $36 $36 $36 $36 $36 

Assumes increased rate of technology 

advancement (lower energy use)

Performance/Cost Characteristics » Commercial Reach-In Freezers
Advanced Case Final

Commercial Reach-In Freezers

88

• EPACT 2005 set maximum daily energy consumption levels, in kWh/day, for commercial reach-in freezers that 

went into effect on January 1, 2010. The daily energy consumption is based on the volume of the unit (V). 

— Freezers with solid doors ≤ 0.40*V + 1.38

— Freezers with transparent doors ≤ 0.75*V + 4.10

• Energy Star® also set maximum daily energy consumption levels, in KWh/day, for commercial reach-in freezers 

that went into effect on April 1, 2009 for glass and mixed door models and on January 1, 2010 for solid door models. 

These efficiency levels are also based on the volume of the unit (V).

• The commercial reach-in freezer characterized in this report from 2011 and beyond, which is the typical unit 

according to DOE’s on-going CRE rulemaking, is a 49 cubic ft. solid two-door unit with a cooling capacity of 1,800 

Btu/hr. The typical size of 24 cubit ft. solid one-door unit with a cooling capacity of 2,200 Btu/hr was used for 2003 

and 2007 because that was the typical size and capacity reported in the ADL, 1996 and NCI, 2009 reports 

respectively.

• Annual shipments of reach-in freezers in the U.S. in 2008 are estimated to be 52,000 with an estimated installed 

base of 1,156,000. (NCI, 2009)

• The energy use decreases in the advanced case due to the use of more efficient technologies including higher 

efficiency fan motors, lighting, evaporators, condensers, compressors, insulation, defrost, and controls.

• Assuming the use of more efficient technologies, the energy use will decrease by 10% in 2020, 15% in 2030, and 20% 

in 2040 in the advanced case. Equipment costs will stay the same as the reference case assuming constant market 

volumes.

Reach-In Freezer Size 0 < V < 15 15 ≤ V < 30 30 ≤ V < 50 50 ≤ V

Solid Door ≤ 0.250*V + 1.250 ≤ 0.400*V - 1.000 ≤ 0.163*V + 6.125 ≤ 0.158*V + 6.333

Glass Door ≤ 0.607*V + 0.893 ≤ 0.733*V – 1.000 ≤ 0.250*V + 13.500 ≤ 0.450*V + 3.500

Performance/Cost Characteristics » Commercial Reach-In Freezers
Advanced Case Final

Commercial Ice Machines

89

1 EPACT 2005 energy standards went into effect in 2010. The 2011 Low values are based on this standard.

2 ENERGY STAR® set energy consumption levels for ice makers that went into effect in 2008. The 2011 Typical values are based on this energy 

consumption level.

3 The output for 2003 and 2007 is based on ADL, 1996 & NCI, 2009 reports which states the typical ice output is 500 lbs/day. The output for 2011 and 

beyond is based on the preliminary analysis shipment data from DOE’s on-going Automatic Ice Maker rulemaking which states the typical ice 

output is 300 lbs/day.

4 The annual energy use is based on assuming 4,380 hours per year of use, which is a utilization rate of 50%.

5

Installation cost for 2003 and 2007 is based on ADL, 1996 & NCI, 2009 reports which assumes a cost of $209 and $521 respectively. Installation cost 

for 2011 and beyond is based on DOE’s on-going Automatic Ice Maker rulemaking which assumes a cost of $372.

5 Maintenance cost includes cleaning and maintaining refrigerant levels, replacing filters, checking water distribution lines for leaks, cleaning, 

sanitizing, and descaling the bin and water system. Maintenance cost decreases as the size of the ice machine (i.e. output) decreases.

DATA

2003 2007 2011 2020 2030 2040

Typical Typical Low1 Typical2 High Typical High Typical High Typical High

Output (lbs/day)3

500 500 300 300 300 300 300 300 300 300 300

Water Use (gal/100 lbs) 24.0 27.5 22.0 19.8 17.6 19.6 17.4 19.4 17.3 19.2 17.2

Energy Use (kWh/100 lbs) 7.0 5.5 7.7 6.9 6.1 6.7 6.0 6.6 5.8 6.4 5.7

Energy Use (kWh/yr)4

6,388 5,019 4,249 3,833 3,408 3,719 3,307 3,643 3,239 3,529 3,139

Average Life (yrs) 8.0 8.5 8.5 8.5 8.5 8.5 8.5 8.5 8.5 8.5 8.5

Retail Equipment Cost $2,289 $3,954 $4,059 $4,077 $4,152 $4,077 $4,152 $4,077 $4,152 $4,077 $4,152 

Total Installed Cost (with 

Bin)5 $2,498 $4,475 $4,431 $4,449 $4,524 $4,449 $4,524 $4,449 $4,524 $4,449 $4,524 

Annual Maintenance Cost6

$218 - $327 $218 - $327 $110 $110 $110 $110 $110 $110 $110 $110 $110 

Assumes increased rate of technology 

advancement (lower energy use and water use)

Performance/Cost Characteristics » Commercial Ice Machines
Advanced Case Final

Commercial Ice Machines

90

• The commercial ice machine characterized in this report from 2011 and beyond is an air-cooled, ice maker head unit 

with an approximate output of 300 lbs/day. Commercial ice machines are typically integrated with an insulated ice 

storage bin or mounted on top of a separate storage bin. The retail equipment cost includes the ice making head and 

the integrated storage bin.

• Commercial ice machine condensers are either air-cooled or water-cooled. Approximately 90% of all units are the aircooled type.

• ENERGY STAR® set maximum energy consumption levels, in KWh/100 lbs ice, for air cooled ice machines that went 

into effect on January 1, 2008. These efficiency levels are based on the harvest rate, in lbs/24 hrs. (H).

• Commercial ice machine maintenance includes periodic cleaning (every 2 to 6 weeks) to remove lime and scale, and 

sanitizing to kill bacteria. Some ice machines are self-cleaning/sanitizing.

• As part of DOE’s on-going Automatic Ice Makers rulemaking, DOE estimates 263,552 ice machines will be shipped in 

2016. Of those ice-machines 71,357 will be air cooled, ice making head units with a harvest capacity rate between 50 

lbs/24 hr. and 450 lbs/24 hrs., which represents the most common type of ice maker estimated to ship in 2016.

• The energy use and water use decreases in the advanced case due to the use of more efficient technologies including 

higher efficiency fan motors, evaporators, condensers, compressors, insulation, water circulation pumps, and 

controls.

• Assuming the use of more efficient technologies, the energy use will decrease by 3% in 2020, 5% in 2030, and 8% in 

2040 in the advanced case. Equipment costs will stay the same as the reference case assuming constant market 

volumes.

Equipment Type Harvest Rate Energy Use Potable Water Use Limit

Ice Maker Head

< 450 9.23 – 0.0077*H ≤ 25

≥ 450 6.20 – 0.0010*H ≤ 25

Performance/Cost Characteristics » Commercial Ice Machines
Advanced Case Final

Commercial Ice Machines: EPACT 2005

91

• EPACT 2005 issued standard levels for commercial ice machines with capacities between 50 and 2500 pounds per 

24-hour period that are manufactured and/or sold in the United States on or after January 1, 2010. The energy 

consumption is based on the harvest rate in pounds per 24 hours (H).

Water use is for the condenser only and does not include potable water used to make ice.

Equipment Type

Type of

Cooling

Harvest Rate

(lbs ice/24 hrs)

Maximum Energy Use

(kWh/100 lbs ice)

Maximum Condenser Water

Use (gal/100 lbs ice)

Ice Making Head

Water

<500 7.80-0.0055 H 200-0.022 H

≥500 and <1436 5.58-0.0011 H 200-0.022 H

≥1436 4.0 200-0.022 H

Air

<450 10.26-0.0086 H Not Applicable

≥450 6.89-0.0011 H Not Applicable

Remote Condensing

(but not remote compressor)

Air

<1000 8.85-0.0038 H Not Applicable

≥1000 5.10 Not Applicable

Remote Condensing

and Remote Compressor

Air

<934 8.85-0.0038 H Not Applicable

≥934 5.3 Not Applicable

Self Contained

Water

<200 11.40-0.019 H 191-0.0315 H

≥200 7.60 191-0.0315 H

Air

<175 18.0-0.0469 H Not Applicable

≥175 9.80 Not Applicable

Performance/Cost Characteristics » Commercial Ice Machines
Advanced Case Final

Commercial Beverage Merchandisers

92

1 EPACT 2005 energy standards went into effect in 2010. The 2011 Low values are based on this standard.

2 ENERGY STAR® set energy consumption levels for glass door beverage merchandisers that went into effect in 2009. The 2011 Typical values are 

based on this energy consumption level.

3 Installation cost for 2003 and 2007 is based on ADL, 1996 & NCI, 2009 reports which assumes a cost of $156. Installation cost for 2011 and beyond is 

based on DOE’s on-going CRE rulemaking which assumes a cost of $817.

4 Maintenance is only performed if there is a problem with the equipment.

DATA

2003 2007 2011 2020 2030 2040

Typical Typical Low1 Typical2 High Typical High Typical High Typical High

Cooling Capacity (Btu/hr) 1,200 2,500 2,100 2,100 2,100 2,100 2,100 2,100 2,100 2,100 2,100

Size (ft3) 27 27 27 27 27 27 27 27 27 27 27

Energy Use (kWh/yr) 3,900 2,527 2,523 1,763 996 1,587 897 1,499 847 1,410 797

Average Life (yrs) 8.0 8.5 15.0 15.0 15.0 15.0 15.0 15.0 15.0 15.0 15.0

Retail Equipment Cost $1,457 $2,706 $2,662 $2,810 $2,935 $2,810 $2,935 $2,810 $2,935 $2,810 $2,935 

Total Installed Cost3$1,613 $2,862 $3,479 $3,626 $3,752 $3,626 $3,752 $3,626 $3,752 $3,626 $3,752 

Annual Maintenance Cost4 Negligible Negligible $36 $36 $36 $36 $36 $36 $36 $36 $36 

Assumes increased rate of technology 

advancement (lower energy use)

Performance/Cost Characteristics » Commercial Beverage Merchandisers
Advanced Case Final

Commercial Beverage Merchandisers

93

• EPACT 2005 sets maximum daily energy consumption levels, in kWh/day, for commercial refrigerators with a selfcontained condensing unit designed for pull-down temperature applications and transparent doors (i.e., beverage 

merchandisers) that went into effect on January 1, 2010. The daily energy consumption is based on the volume of 

the unit (V).

— Beverage merchandisers with transparent doors ≤ 0.126*V + 3.51

• Energy Star® also set maximum daily energy consumption levels, in KWh/day, for beverage merchandisers that 

went into effect on April 1, 2009 for glass and mixed door models. These efficiency levels are also based on the 

volume of the unit (V).

• The beverage merchandiser characterized in this report from 2011 and beyond, which is the typical unit according 

to DOE’s on-going CRE rulemaking, is a 27 cubic foot cooler with a single hinged, transparent door, bright 

lighting, and shelving with a cooling capacity of 2,100 Btu/hr. A similar beverage merchandiser with a cooling 

capacity of 1,200 Btu/hr and 2,500 Btu/hr was used for 2003 and 2007 because that was the typical capacity 

reported in the ADL, 1996 and NCI, 2009 reports respectively.

• Beverage merchandisers have an estimated installed base of 920,000 units in 2008. Of those beverage 

merchandisers 460,000 are one-door units, which represents the most common type of beverage merchandiser.

• The energy use decreases in the advanced case due to the use of more efficient technologies including higher 

efficiency fan motors, lighting, evaporators, condensers, compressors, insulation, and controls.

• Assuming the use of more efficient technologies, the energy use will decrease by 10% in 2020, 15% in 2030, and 

20% in 2040 in the advanced case. Equipment costs will stay the same as the reference case assuming constant 

market volumes.

Beverage Merchandiser Size 0 < V < 15 15 ≤ V < 30 30 ≤ V < 50 50 ≤ V

Glass Door ≤ 0.118*V + 1.382 ≤ 0.140*V + 1.050 ≤ 0.088*V + 2.625 ≤ 0.110*V + 1.500

Performance/Cost Characteristics » Commercial Beverage Merchandisers
Advanced Case Final

Commercial Refrigerated Vending Machines

94

1 DOE’s Federal energy standards for Refrigerated Beverage Vending Machines will go into effect on August 31, 2012. The 2020 Typical values are 

based on this standard.

2 Energy use is based on a zone-cooled machine tested in 75°F steady state ambient conditions.

3 Installation cost for 2003 and 2007 is based on ADL, 1996 & NCI, 2009 reports which assumes a cost of $75 and $104 respectively. Installation cost 

for 2011 and beyond is based on DOE’s Refrigerated Beverage Vending Machine rulemaking which assumes a cost of $84.

4 Maintenance cost includes preventative maintenance costs such as checking and maintaining refrigerant charge levels, cleaning heat exchanger 

coils and also includes an annualized cost for refurbishments/remanufacturing. 

DATA

2003 2007 2011 2020 2030 2040

Typical Typical Low Typical High Typical1 High Typical High Typical High

Cooling Capacity (Btu/hr) 700 2,400 2,400 2,400 2,400 2,400 2,400 2,400 2,400 2,400 2,400

Can Capacity 500 650 650 650 650 650 650 650 650 650 650

Energy Use (kWh/yr)2

3,000 2,913 2,383 2,029 1,821 1,653 1,487 1,566 1,409 1,479 1,331

Average Life (yrs) 14 14 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10

Retail Equipment Cost $1,769 $1,907 $1,742 $2,046 $2,096 $2,137 $2,632 $2,137 $2,632 $2,137 $2,632 

Total Installed Cost3

$1,844 $2,011 $1,826 $2,130 $2,180 $2,221 $2,716 $2,221 $2,716 $2,221 $2,716 

Annual Maintenance Cost4

$180 $177 $159 $159 $159 $159 $159 $159 $159 $159 $159 

Assumes increased rate of technology 

advancement (lower energy use)

Performance/Cost Characteristics » Commercial Refrigerated Vending Machines
Advanced Case Final

Commercial Refrigerated Vending Machines

95

• DOE set Federal energy efficiency standards for refrigerated vending machines. These standards set maximum daily 

energy consumption levels, in kWh/day, for commercial refrigerated vending machines manufactured and/or sold in 

the United States on or after August 31, 2012. The daily energy consumption is based on the volume of the unit (V).

— Refrigerated Vending Machines that are fully-cooled (Type A) ≤ 0.055*V + 2.56

— Refrigerated Vending Machines that are zone-cooled (Type B) ≤ 0.073*V + 3.16

• Energy Star® also set maximum daily energy consumption efficiency levels, also in KWh/day, for refrigerated 

vending machines that went into effect on July 1, 2007. These efficiency levels are based on vendible capacity (C).

— Refrigerated Vending Machines ≤ 0.45*(8.66 + 0.009*C)

• The annual maintenance cost is consists of preventive maintenance including checking and maintaining refrigerant 

charge levels, cleaning heat exchanger coils, and replacement of lighting and the annualized value of a single 

refurbishment at approximately the mid-point of the machine’s useful life. The preventative annual maintenance cost 

is approximately $98 and the annualize value of a one-time refurbishment cost of $599 over the lifetime of the 

machine is $61. Therefore, the annual maintenance cost is $159 for refrigerated vending machines.

• As part of DOE’s Refrigerated Beverage Vending Machine rulemaking, DOE estimates 190,200 refrigerated vending 

machines will be shipped in 2012. Of those refrigerated vending machines 63,700 will be zone-cooled, medium size 

units, which represents the most common type of refrigerated vending machine estimated to ship in 2012.

• The energy use decreases in the advanced case due to the use of more efficient technologies including higher 

efficiency fan motors, lighting, evaporators, condensers, compressors, insulation, and controls.

• Assuming the use of more efficient technologies, the energy use will decrease by 5% in 2020, 10% in 2030, and 15% in 

2040 in the advanced case. Equipment costs will stay the same as the reference case assuming constant market 

volumes.

Performance/Cost Characteristics » Commercial Refrigerated Vending Machines
Advanced Case Final

Commercial Constant Air Volume Ventilation

96

Performance/Cost Characteristics » Commercial Constant Air Volume Ventilation

1 Based on 3800 effective full load hours per year (operating 3800 hours per year at constant load) (ADL, 1999).

2 Total installed cost of 15,000 CFM CAV AHU and hypothetical supply ductwork layout. 

3 Based on ASHRAE 90.1-2007 fan power limit (Table 6.5.3.1.1A) with no pressure drop adjustment. Assumed 80% motor load and 91% motor efficiency.

DATA

2003 2007 2011 2020 2030 2040

Survey 

Base

Survey 

Base Minimum3 Typical High Typical High Typical High Typical High

System Airflow (CFM) 

15,000 15,000 15,000 15,000 15,000 15,000 15,000 15,000 15,000 15,000 15,000

System Fan Power (kW) 

11.75 11.55 10.82 10.28 9.20 9.74 8.66 9.20 8.12 8.66 7.57

Specific Fan Power (W/CFM) 

0.783 0.770 0.721 0.685 0.613 0.649 0.577 0.613 0.541 0.577 0.505 

Annual Fan Energy Use (kWh/yr)1 

44,631 43,890 41,120 39,064 34,952 37,008 32,896 34,952 30,840 32,896 28,784

Average Life (yrs) 

20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20

Total Installed Cost ($)2 

$73,500 $73,500 $73,500 $73,500 $80,000 $73,500 $80,000 $73,500 $80,000 $73,500 $80,000

Annual Maintenance Cost ($)

$500 $500 $500 $500 $500 $500 $500 $500 $500 $500 $500

Assumes increased rate of technology 

advancement (lower energy use)
Advanced Case Final

Commercial Constant Air Volume Ventilation

97

Performance/Cost Characteristics » Commercial Constant Air Volume Ventilation

• Constant air volume (CAV) ventilation systems are common, inexpensive, and straightforward air-side HVAC 

systems. These systems provide a constant flow rate of air (typically a mix of recirculated and outside air) and adjust 

the supply temperature of that air in order to maintain space temperature setpoint. These systems are most 

applicable to single zone applications in order to ensure adequate temperature control. Many existing buildings 

utilize CAV systems that serve multiple zones where individual zone space temperatures are maintained by reheating 

air delivered to that zone after it is cooled by the central cooling coil; this is prohibited by most current energy codes. 

New building CAV systems are common for single zone applications. This analysis examines only the fan energy of 

the CAV system.

• The unit characterized in this report is a 15,000 CFM CAV system. The average commercial building is approximately 

15,000 square feet (CBECS 2003 and BED 2007). Assuming 1 CFM is needed per square foot of floor area results in a 

15,000 CFM air handling unit.

• A 15,000 CFM CAV packaged indoor air handling unit with cooling and heating coils can be installed for 

approximately $56,500 (RS Means 2012). Ductwork would cost approximately $17,000 additional ($73,500 total).

• ASHRAE Standard 90.1, which is used as a basis for most state energy codes, limits the fan power (brake HP or 

nameplate HP) for CAV systems. The 2007 version of Standard 90.1 was used to represent the 2011 minimum 

efficiency level (state energy codes typically refer to older versions of Standard 90.1 due to code revision cycles).

• Fan energy is affected by several factors, including: fan type (e.g., centrifugal, axial), fan blade shape (e.g., forwardcurved, backward-curved, backward-inclined, airfoil), drive type (belt or direct), configuration (plenum or housed 

centrifugal), system effects, duct design, filter and coil pressure drops, and motor efficiency.
Advanced Case Final

Commercial Variable Air Volume Ventilation

98

Performance/Cost Characteristics » Commercial Variable Air Volume Ventilation

1Based on 887 effective full load hours (power-based) per year (operating 3800 hours per year at variable load).

2Total installed cost of 15,000 CFM VAV AHU, VFD, (10) VAV boxes, and hypothetical supply ductwork layout. 

3Based on ASHRAE 90.1-2007 fan power limit (Table 6.5.3.1.1A) with no pressure drop adjustment. Assumed 80% motor load and 91% motor efficiency.

DATA

2003 2007 2011 2020 2030 2040

Survey 

Base

Survey 

Base Minimum3 Typical High Typical High Typical High Typical High

System Airflow (CFM) 

15,000 15,000 15,000 15,000 15,000 15,000 15,000 15,000 15,000 15,000 15,000

System Fan Power (kW) 

16.35 15.00 14.76 14.03 12.55 13.29 11.81 12.55 11.07 11.81 10.33

Specific Fan Power (W/CFM) 

1.090 1.000 0.984 0.935 0.837 0.886 0.787 0.837 0.738 0.787 0.689 

Annual Fan Energy Use (kWh/yr)1 

14,502 13,305 13,096 12,441 11,131 11,786 10,477 11,131 9,822 10,477 9,167

Average Life (yrs) 

20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20

Total Installed Cost ($)2 

$91,000 $91,000 $91,000 $91,000 $100,000 $91,000 $100,000 $91,000 $100,000 $91,000 $100,000

Annual Maintenance Cost ($)

$500 $500 $500 $500 $500 $500 $500 $500 $500 $500 $500

Assumes increased rate of technology 

advancement (lower energy use)
Advanced Case Final

Commercial Variable Air Volume Ventilation

99

Performance/Cost Characteristics » Commercial Variable Air Volume Ventilation

• Variable air volume (VAV) ventilation systems are the most common multi-zone system type specified today for 

conditioning commercial buildings. These systems provide conditioned air to multiple zone terminal units (VAV 

boxes) that use dampers to modulate the amount of cool air to each zone. An individual zone thermostat controls the 

VAV box damper to allow more or less cooling. If a zone requires heating then the VAV box provides the minimum 

flow rate and typically includes a reheat coil to meet space temperature setpoint. As VAV box dampers close in the 

system, a variable frequency drive reduces fan speed and flow continuously to meet current requirements.

• This analysis examines only the fan energy of the VAV system. VAV systems vary fan speeds between about 30-100% 

speed (and flow); most hours of operation being much lower than full speed. Since fan power varies with the cube of 

fan speed according to fan affinity laws, SAIC estimated the fan-power equivalent full load hours (EFLH) of 887 

hours given an annual runtime of 3800 hours and a typical VAV operating profile. The unit characterized in this 

report is a 15,000 CFM VAV system. 

• A 15,000 CFM VAV packaged indoor air handling unit with cooling and heating coils can be installed for 

approximately $59,000 (RS Means 2012). Ductwork, (10) VAV boxes with reheat, and a VFD would cost 

approximately $32,000 additional ($91,000 total).

• ASHRAE Standard 90.1, which is used as a basis for most state energy codes, limits the fan power for VAV systems 

(brake HP or nameplate HP). The 2007 version of Standard 90.1 was used to represent the 2011 minimum efficiency 

level (state energy codes typically refer to older versions of Standard 90.1 due to code revision cycles).

• Fan energy is affected by several factors, including: fan type (e.g., centrifugal, axial), fan blade shape (e.g., forwardcurved, backward-curved, backward-inclined, airfoil), drive type (belt or direct), configuration (plenum or housed 

centrifugal), system effects, duct design, filter and coil pressure drops, and motor VFD efficiency.
Advanced Case Final

Commercial Fan Coil Unit

100

Performance/Cost Characteristics » Commercial Fan Coil Unit

1 Based on 2250 effective full load hours per year (operating 2250 hours per year at constant load) (ADL, 1999).

2 Total installed cost of 2-ton horizontal 2-pipe fan coil unit, housing and controls. 

3 Based on ASHRAE 90.1-2007 fan power limit (Table 6.5.3.1.1A) with no pressure drop adjustment. Assumed 80% motor load and 60% 

motor efficiency.

DATA

2003 2007 2011 2020 2030 2040

Survey 

Base

Survey 

Base Minimum3 Typical High Typical High Typical High Typical High

System Airflow (CFM) 

800 800 800 800 800 800 800 800 800 800 800

System Fan Power (W) 

315 304 875 241 148 232 143 223 136 215 130

Specific Fan Power (W/CFM) 

0.394 0.380 1.094 0.302 0.185 0.290 0.178 0.279 0.171 0.268 0.163 

Annual Fan Energy Use (kWh/yr)1 

709 684 1,969 543 333 522 321 502 307 483 293

Average Life (yrs) 

20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20

Total Installed Cost ($)2 

$2,400 $2,400 $2,400 $2,400 $2,600 $2,400 $2,600 $2,400 $2,600 $2,400 $2,600

Annual Maintenance Cost ($)

$50-100 $50-100 $50-100 $50-100 $50-100 $50-100 $50-100 $50-100 $50-100 $50-100 $50-100 

Assumes increased rate of technology 

advancement (lower energy use)
Advanced Case Final

Commercial Fan Coil Unit

101

Performance/Cost Characteristics » Commercial Fan Coil Unit

• Commercial fan coil units (FCUs) are self‐contained, mass‐produced assemblies that provide cooling, heating, or 

cooling and heating, but do not include the source of cooling or heating. The unit characterized in this report is a 

cooling only (2-pipe), horizontal unit with housing and controls. Fan coil units are typically installed in or adjacent to 

the space being served and have no (or very limited) ductwork.

• Four‐pipe units have separate circuits for heating and cooling. Two‐pipe units with electric heat are a low‐cost 

alternative to four‐pipe units but may use more energy.

• According to manufacturer literature, the cooling capacity for a nominal 800 CFM fan coil unit is about 2 tons.

• Fan coil unit fan motors can be shaded pole, a single phase AC motor with offset start winding and no capacitor; PSC, 

a single phase AC motor with offset start winding with capacitor; or ECM, an AC electronically commutated 

permanent magnet DC motor. PSC motors are currently the most common motor type in FCUs, but most 

manufacturers offer ECM as an option. This analysis examines only the fan energy of the CAV system.

• Fan coil units have higher maintenance costs than central air systems due to the distributed nature of the system. For 

each unit the filters must be changed and drain systems must be flushed periodically.

• ASHRAE Standard 90.1, which is used as a basis for most state energy codes, limits the fan power (brake HP or 

nameplate HP). The 2007 version of Standard 90.1 was used to represent the 2011 minimum efficiency level (state 

energy codes typically refer to older versions of Standard 90.1 due to code revision cycles).

• Fan energy is affected by several factors, including: fan type configuration, filter and coil pressure drops, and motor 

efficiency.
Advanced Case Final

102

Appendix A

Data Sources

Navigant Consulting, Inc.

1200 19th Street, NW, Suite 700

Washington, D.C. 20036

And

SAIC

8301 Greensboro Drive

McLean, VA 22102
Advanced Case Final

A-1

Data Sources » Residential General Service Incandescent Lamps (60 Watts)

DATA SOURCES

2005 2009 2011 2014* 2020**

Installed Base Low Typical High Typical High Typical High

60W 60W 60W 60W 60W 60W 60W 60W 60W

Lamp Wattage

2008 EIA Reference Case

Product Catalogs

EISA 2007;

NCI, 2012 EISA, 2007

Lamp Lumens 

Lamp Efficacy (lm/W) Calculated

Lamp Price Distributor Websites

Lamp Cost ($/klm) Calculated

Average Lamp Life (1000 hrs) 

Product Catalogs

CRI
Advanced Case Final

A-2

Data Sources » Residential General Service Incandescent Lamps (75 Watts)

DATA SOURCES

2005 2009 2011 2013* 2020**

Installed Base Low Typical High Typical High Typical High

75W 75W 75W 75W 75W 75W 75W 75W 75W

Lamp Wattage

2008 EIA Reference Case

Product Catalogs

EISA 2007;

NCI, 2012 EISA, 2007

Lamp Lumens 

Lamp Efficacy (lm/W) Calculated

Lamp Price Distributor Websites

Lamp Cost ($/klm) Calculated

Average Lamp Life (1000 hrs) 

Product Catalogs

CRI
Advanced Case Final

A-3

Data Sources » Residential Reflector Lamps

DATA SOURCES

2005 2009 2011

Installed Base Typical Typical Typical

Typical Inc. Hal. CFL Inc. Hal. CFL

Lamp Wattage

2008 EIA Reference Case

Product Catalogs

Lamp Lumens 

Lamp Efficacy (lm/W) Calculated

Lamp Price Distributor Websites

Lamp Cost ($/klm) Calculated

Average Lamp Life (1000 hrs) 

Product Catalogs

CRI
Advanced Case Final

A-4

Data Sources » Residential Reflector Lamps

DATA SOURCES

2020 2030 2040

Typical Typical Typical Typical Typical Typical Typical Typical Typical 

Inc. Hal. CFL Inc. Hal. CFL Inc. Hal. CFL

Lamp Wattage

NCI, 2012

Lamp Lumens 

Lamp Efficacy (lm/W) 

Lamp Price

Lamp Cost ($/klm) 

Average Lamp Life (1000 hrs) 

CRI
Advanced Case Final

A-5

Data Sources » Residential Compact Fluorescent Lamps

DATA SOURCES

2005 2009 2011 2020 2030 2040

Installed Base Energy Star Low Typical High Typical High Typical High Typical High

13W 13W 13W 13W 13W 13W 13W 13W 13W 13W 13W 13W

Lamp Wattage

2008 EIA Reference 

Case

Product 

Catalogs Product Catalogs

NCI, 2012

Lamp Lumens 

Lamp Efficacy (lm/W) Calculated Calculated

Lamp Price Distributor Websites

Lamp Cost ($/klm) Calculated

Average Lamp Life (1000 hrs) 

Product 

Catalogs Product Catalogs

CRI
Advanced Case Final

A-6

Data Sources » Residential Linear Fluorescent Lamps (T12 and T8)

DATA SOURCES

2005 2009 2011

Installed Base Current 

Standard 

Mid-Level 

T12 High T12 Baseline T8 Mid-Level T8 High T8 

32WT8 40WT12 32WT8 40WT12 40WT12 34WT12 32WT8 32WT8 28WT8 

Lamp Wattage 

2008 EIA 

Reference 

Case

DOE GSFL and IRL Energy Conservation Standard, 2009

Lamp Lumens 

System Wattage 

Calculated

System Lumens 

Lamp Efficacy (lm/W) 

System Efficacy (lm/W) 

Lamp Price ($) DOE GSFL and IRL Energy Conservation Standard, 2009

Ballast Price ($) DOE Fluorescent Lamp Ballast Energy Conservation Standard, 2011

Lamp Cost ($/klm) Calculated

Average Lamp Life (1000 hrs) 

DOE GSFL and IRL Energy Conservation Standard, 2009

CRI

Ballast Efficiency (BLE) DOE Fluorescent Lamp Ballast Energy Conservation Standard, 2011
Advanced Case Final

A-7

Data Sources » Residential Linear Fluorescent Lamps (T12 and T8)

DATA SOURCES

2020 2030 2040

Typical T8 High T8 Typical T8 High T8 Typical T8 High T8 

32WT8 28WT8 32WT8 28WT8 32WT8 28WT8 

Lamp Wattage 

NCI, 2012

Lamp Lumens 

System Wattage 

System Lumens 

Lamp Efficacy (lm/W) 

System Efficacy (lm/W) 

Lamp Price ($) 

Ballast Price ($) 

Lamp Cost ($/klm) 

Average Lamp Life (1000 hrs) 

CRI

Ballast Efficiency (BLE)
Advanced Case Final

A-8

Data Sources » Residential Linear Fluorescent Lamps (T5)

DATA SOURCES

2005 2009 2011 2020 2030 2040

Installed Base Typical High Typical High Typical High Typical High 

28WT5 28WT5 28WT5 26WT5 28WT5 26WT5 28WT5 26WT5 28WT5 26WT5 

Lamp Wattage DOE GSFL and IRL Energy Conservation 

Standard, 2009

NCI, 2012

Lamp Lumens 

System Wattage 

Calculated

System Lumens 

Lamp Efficacy (lm/W) 

System Efficacy (lm/W) 

Lamp Price ($) DOE GSFL and IRL Energy Conservation 

Standard, 2009

Ballast Price ($) DOE Fluorescent Lamp Ballast Energy 

Conservation Standard, 2011

Lamp Cost ($/klm) Calculated

Average Lamp Life (1000 hrs) 

DOE GSFL and IRL Energy Conservation 

Standard, 2009 CRI

Ballast Efficiency (BLE) DOE Fluorescent Lamp Ballast Energy 

Conservation Standard, 2011
Advanced Case Final

A-9

Data Sources » Residential Torchieres

DATA SOURCES

2005 2009 2011

Installed Base Typical Typical Typical

Typical Inc. Hal. CFL Inc. Hal. CFL

Lamp Wattage

2008 EIA Reference Case

Product Catalogs

Lamp Lumens 

Lamp Efficacy (lm/W) Calculated

Lamp Price Distributor Websites

Lamp Cost ($/klm) Calculated

Average Lamp Life (1000 hrs) 

Product Catalogs

CRI
Advanced Case Final

A-10

Data Sources » Residential Torchieres

DATA SOURCES

2020 2030 2040

Typical Typical Typical Typical Typical Typical Typical Typical Typical 

Inc. Hal. CFL Inc. Hal. CFL Inc. Hal. CFL

Lamp Wattage

NCI, 2012

Lamp Lumens 

Lamp Efficacy (lm/W) 

Lamp Price

Lamp Cost ($/klm) 

Average Lamp Life (1000 hrs) 

CRI
Advanced Case Final

A-11

Data Sources » Residential Solid State Lighting (LED A19 and PAR38 Replacements)

DATA SOURCES

2005 2009 2011 2020 2030 2040

Installed Base Typical Typical Typical Typical 

LED LED LED LED LED LED

Typical Wattage

2008 EIA Reference 

Case

Calculated

Lumens Product Catalogs

Efficacy (lm/W) 2012 SSL MYPP

Lamp Price ($) Calculated

Cost ($/klm) 2012 SSL MYPP 2012 Energy Savings Forecast Model

Average Life (1000 hrs)

Product Catalogs

2012 Energy Savings Forecast Model

CRI

NCI, 2012

CCT
Advanced Case Final

A-12

Data Sources » Commercial General Service Incandescent Lighting

DATA SOURCES

2003 2007 2011 2020

Installed Base Low Typical High Typical High 

Typical Typical Low Typical High 72W Inc 72W Inc

System Wattage 

2008 EIA Reference Case

Distributor Websites; Calculated

NCI, 2012

System Lumens 

Lamp Efficacy (lm/W) 

Distributor Websites; Calculated

System Efficacy (lm/W) 

Lamp Cost ($/klm) 

System Cost ($/klm)

Average Lamp Life (1000 hrs) 

Distributor Websites

CRI

Total Installed Cost ($)

Distributor Websites; NCI 2012; RSMeans 

2007; Calculated

Annual Maintenance Cost ($)
Advanced Case Final

A-13

Data Sources » Commercial Compact Fluorescent Lamps

DATA SOURCES

2003 2007 2011 2020 2030 2040

Installed Base Low Typical High Typical High Typical High Typical High 

26W 26W 23W 23W 23W 23W 23W 23W 23W 23W 23W

System Wattage 

2008 EIA Reference 

Case

Distributor Websites; Calculated

NCI, 2012

System Lumens 

Lamp Efficacy (lm/W) 

Distributor Websites; Calculated

System Efficacy (lm/W) 

Lamp Cost ($/klm) 

System Cost ($/klm)

Average Lamp Life (1000 hrs) 

Distributor Websites

CRI

Total Installed Cost ($)

Distributor Websites; NCI 2012; 

RSMeans 2007; Calculated

Annual Maintenance Cost ($)
Advanced Case Final

A-14

Data Sources » Commercial Halogen Lighting (PAR 38)

DATA SOURCES

2003 2007 2011 2020 2030 2040

Installed Base Typical Typical Typical Typical Typical Typical Typical Typical 

90W 

Halogen 70W HIR 90W Halogen 70W HIR 90W Halogen 70W HIR 90W Halogen 70W HIR 90W Halogen 70W HIR 90W Halogen 70W HIR

System Wattage 

2008 EIA Reference Case

Distributor 

Websites; 

Calculated

NCI, 2012

System Lumens 

Lamp Efficacy (lm/W) 

Distributor 

Websites; 

Calculated

System Efficacy (lm/W) 

Lamp Cost ($/klm) 

System Cost ($/klm)

Average Lamp Life (1000 hrs) 

Distributor 

Websites

CRI

Total Installed Cost ($) NCI 2012; RSMeans 

2007; Calculated

Annual Maintenance Cost ($)
Advanced Case Final

A-15

Data Sources » Commercial Halogen Lighting (Edison)

DATA SOURCES

2003 2007 2011 2020 2030 2040

Installed Base Typical Typical Typical Typical 

90W Edison 90W Halogen 90W Halogen 90W Halogen 90W Halogen 90W Halogen

System Wattage 

2008 EIA Reference Case

Distributor 

Websites; 

Calculated

NCI, 2012

System Lumens 

Lamp Efficacy (lm/W) 

Distributor 

Websites; 

Calculated

System Efficacy (lm/W) 

Lamp Cost ($/klm) 

System Cost ($/klm)

Average Lamp Life (1000 hrs) 

Distributor Websites

CRI

Total Installed Cost ($) NCI 2012; RSMeans 

2007; Calculated

Annual Maintenance Cost ($)
Advanced Case Final

A-16

Data Sources » Commercial Solid State Lighting (Edison Socket Substitute)

DATA SOURCES

2003 2007 2011 2020 2030 2040

Installed Base Typical Typical Typical Typical 

LED BR30 LED BR30 LED BR30 LED BR30 LED BR30 LED

Wattage

2008 EIA 

Reference Case

Calculated

Lumens Product Catalogs

Efficacy (lm/W)

Product Catalogs

2012 SSL MYPP

Cost ($/klm)

2012 Energy Savings Forecast Model

Life (1000 hrs)

CRI

NCI, 2012

CCT

Total Installed Cost ($)

RSMeans 2007; Calculated

Annual Maintenance Cost ($)
Advanced Case Final

A-17

Data Sources » Commercial 4-ft T8 Linear Fluorescent Lighting

DATA

2003 2007 2011

Installed Base Baseline High 

Efficiency 

HE w/ Occ. 

Sensor 

HE w/ Spec. 

Reflector 

HE w/ OS & 

Spec. Ref. 

32WT8 32WT8 32WT8 28WT8 28WT8 28WT8 28WT8

System Wattage 

2008 EIA 

Reference 

Case

DOE GSFL and IRL Energy Conservation Standard, 2009; DOE Fluorescent Lamp Ballast 

Energy Conservation Standard, 2011; Product Catalogs; Calculated System Lumens 

Lamp Efficacy (lm/W) 

Calculated

System Efficacy (lm/W) 

Cost ($/klm) 

Cost ($/klm l/b/f)

Average Lamp Life (1000 hrs) 

DOE GSFL and IRL Energy Conservation Standard, 2009

CRI

Total Installed Cost ($) DOE GSFL and IRL Energy Conservation Standard, 2009; Distributor Websites; RSMeans

2007; Calculated

Annual Maintenance Cost ($)

Ballast Efficiency (BLE) DOE Fluorescent Lamp Ballast Energy Conservation Standard, 2011
Advanced Case Final

A-18

Data Sources » Commercial 4-ft T8 Linear Fluorescent Lighting (Cont.’d)

DATA

2020 2030 2040

Base HE HE w/ 

OS 

HE w/ 

SR 

HE 

Max Base HE HE w/ OS 

HE w/ 

SR 

HE 

Max Base HE HE w/ OS 

HE w/ 

SR 

HE 

Max 

32WT8 28WT8 28WT8 28WT8 28WT8 32WT8 F28T8 F28T8 F28T8 F28T8 F32T8 F28T8 F28T8 F28T8 F28T8

System Wattage 

NCI, 2012

System Lumens 

Lamp Efficacy (lm/W) 

System Efficacy (lm/W) 

Cost ($/klm) 

Cost ($/klm l/b/f)

Average Lamp Life (1000 

hrs) 

CRI

Total Installed Cost ($)

Annual Maintenance 

Cost ($)

Ballast Efficiency (BLE)
Advanced Case Final

A-19

Data Sources » Commercial 4-ft T5 Linear Fluorescent Lighting

DATA SOURCES

2003 2007 2011 2020 2030 2040

Installed Base Typical High Typical High Typical High Typical High 

28WT5 28WT5 28WT5 26WT5 28WT5 26WT5 28WT5 26WT5 28WT5 26WT5 

System Wattage 

2008 EIA 

Reference 

Case

DOE GSFL and IRL Energy 

Conservation Standard, 2009; DOE 

Fluorescent Lamp Ballast Energy 

Conservation Standard, 2011; 

Product Catalogs; Calculated

NCI, 2012

System Lumens 

Lamp Efficacy (lm/W) 

Calculated

System Efficacy (lm/W) 

Cost ($/klm) 

Cost ($/klm l/b/f) 

Average Lamp Life (1000 hrs) DOE GSFL and IRL Energy 

Conservation Standard, 2009

CRI

Total Installed Cost ($) DOE GSFL and IRL Energy 

Conservation Standard, 2009; 

Distributor Websites; RSMeans 

2007; Calculated

Annual Maintenance Cost ($)

Ballast Efficiency (BLE)

DOE Fluorescent Lamp Ballast 

Energy Conservation Standard, 

2011
Advanced Case Final

A-20

Data Sources » Commercial Solid State Lighting (4-ft Linear Fluorescent Lighting Substitute)

DATA SOURCES

2003 2007 2011 2020 2030 2040

Installed Base Typical Typical Typical Typical 

LED LED 32W T8 LED 32W T8 LED 32W T8 LED 32W T8 LED 32W T8

Wattage

2008 EIA 

Reference Case

Calculated

Lumens Product Catalogs

Efficacy (lm/W)

Product Catalogs

2012 SSL MYPP

Cost ($/klm)

2012 Energy Savings Forecast Model

Life (1000 hrs)

CRI

NCI, 2012

CCT

Total Installed Cost ($)

RSMeans 2007; Calculated

Annual Maintenance Cost ($)
Advanced Case Final

A-21

Data Sources » Commercial 8-ft Linear Fluorescent Lighting

DATA SOURCES 

2003 2007

Installed Base 

75WT12 60WT12 59WT8 59WT8 HE 75WT12 60WT12 59WT8 55WT8

System Wattage 

2008 EIA Reference Case

DOE GSFL and IRL Energy Conservation Standard, 

2009; DOE Fluorescent Lamp Ballast Energy 

Conservation Standard, 2011; Product Catalogs; 

Calculated

System Lumens 

Lamp Efficacy (lm/W) 

Calculated

System Efficacy (lm/W) 

Cost ($/klm) 

Cost ($/klm l/b/f)

Average Lamp Life (1000 hrs) DOE GSFL and IRL Energy Conservation Standard, 

2009

CRI

Total Installed Cost ($)

DOE GSFL and IRL Energy Conservation Standard, 

2009; Distributor Websites; RSMeans 2007; Calculated

Annual Maintenance Cost ($)

Ballast Efficiency (BLE)

DOE Fluorescent Lamp Ballast Energy Conservation 

Standard, 2011
Advanced Case Final

A-22

Data Sources » Commercial 8-ft Linear Fluorescent Lighting (Cont.’d)

DATA SOURCES

2011 2020 2030 2040

Magnetic

HE Typical High Efficiency Typical HE Typical HE Typical HE

60WT12 59WT8 55WT8 59WT8 55WT8 59WT8 55WT8 59WT8 55WT8

System Wattage DOE Energy Conservation Standards, 

2009 and 2011; Product Catalogs; 

Calculated

NCI, 2012

System Lumens

Lamp Efficacy (lm/W)

Calculated

System Efficacy (lm/W)

Cost ($/klm)

Cost ($/klm l/b/f)

Average Lamp Life (1000 

hrs) DOE Energy Conservation Standards, 

2009

CRI

Total Installed Cost ($)

DOE Energy Conservation Standards, 

2009; Distributor Websites; RSMeans 2007; 

Calculated Annual Maintenance 

Cost ($)
Advanced Case Final

A-23

Data Sources » Commercial 8-ft Linear Fluorescent Lighting (High Output)

DATA SOURCES 

2011 2020 2030 2040

Magnetic 

HE Typical High Efficiency Typical HE Typical HE Typical HE 

60WT12 59WT8 55WT8 59WT8 55WT8 59WT8 55WT8 59WT8 55WT8

System Wattage 

DOE GSFL and IRL Energy 

Conservation Standard, 2009; DOE 

Fluorescent Lamp Ballast Energy 

Conservation Standard, 2011; Product 

Catalogs; Calculated

NCI, 2012

System Lumens 

Lamp Efficacy (lm/W) 

Calculated

System Efficacy (lm/W) 

Cost ($/klm) 

Cost ($/klm l/b/f)

Average Lamp Life (1000 hrs) DOE GSFL and IRL Energy 

Conservation Standard, 2009 CRI

Total Installed Cost ($)

DOE GSFL and IRL Energy 

Conservation Standard, 2009; 

Distributor Websites; RSMeans 2007; 

Calculated

Annual Maintenance Cost ($)

Ballast Efficiency (BLE) DOE Ballast Energy Conservation 

Standard, 2011
Advanced Case Final

A-24

Data Sources » Commercial Low Bay HID Lighting (Metal Halide)

DATA SOURCES

2003 2007 2011 2020 2030 2040

Installed Base Typical High Typical High Typical High Typical High

175W

MV

175W

MH

175W

MH

175W

MH

175W

MH

175W

MH

175W

MH

175W

MH

175W

MH

175W

MH

175W

MH

System Wattage

2008 EIA Reference 

Case

DOE Energy Conservation

Standards, 2010; Product Catalogs; 

Calculated

NCI, 2012

System Lumens

Lamp Efficacy 

(lm/W)

Calculated

System Efficacy 

(lm/W)

Cost ($/klm)

Cost ($/klm l/b/f)

Average Lamp Life 

(1000 hrs)

DOE Energy Conservation

Standards, 2010

CRI Product Catalogs

Total Installed Cost 

($) DOE Energy Conservation

Standards, 2010; Distributor 

Websites; RSMeans 2007; 

Calculated Annual Maintenance 

Cost ($)
Advanced Case Final

A-25

Data Sources » Commercial Low Bay HID Lighting (High Pressure Sodium)

DATA SOURCES

2003 2007 2011 2020 2030 2040

Installed Base Typical High Typical High Typical High Typical High

175W MV 70W HPS 100W HPS 100W HPS 100W HPS 100W HPS 100W HPS 100W HPS 100W HPS 100W HPS 100W HPS

System Wattage

2008 EIA Reference 

Case

DOE Energy Conservation

Standards, 2010; Product Catalogs; 

Calculated

NCI, 2012

System Lumens

Lamp Efficacy 

(lm/W)

Calculated

System Efficacy 

(lm/W)

Cost ($/klm)

Cost ($/klm l/b/f)

Average Lamp Life 

(1000 hrs)

DOE Energy Conservation

Standards, 2010

CRI Product Catalogs

Total Installed Cost 

($) DOE Energy Conservation

Standards, 2010; Distributor 

Websites; RSMeans 2007; 

Calculated Annual Maintenance 

Cost ($)
Advanced Case Final

A-26

Data Sources » Commercial Solid State Lighting (Low Bay Applications)

DATA SOURCES

2003 2007 2011 2020 2030 2040

Installed Base HPS HPS HPS HPS

LED LED 100W HPS LED 100W HPS LED 100W HPS LED 100W HPS LED

Typical Wattage 

2008 EIA Reference Case

Calculated

Lumens Product Catalogs

Efficacy (lm/W) 

Product Catalogs

2012 SSL MYPP

Cost ($/klm) 

2012 Energy Savings Forecast Model

Average Lamp Life (1000 hrs) 

CRI

NCI, 2012

CCT

Total Installed Cost ($)

RSMeans 2007; Calculated

Annual Maintenance Cost ($)
Advanced Case Final

A-27

Data Sources » Commercial High Bay HID Lighting (Metal Halide)

DATA SOURCES

2003 2007 2011 2020 2030 2040

Installed Base Typical High Typical High Typical High Typical High

400W MV 250W MH 400W MH 400W MH 400W MH 400W MH 400W MH 400W MH 400W MH 400W MH 400W MH

System Wattage

2008 EIA Reference 

Case

DOE Energy Conservation

Standards, 2010 and 2011; Product 

Catalogs; Calculated

NCI, 2012

System Lumens

Lamp Efficacy 

(lm/W)

Calculated

System Efficacy 

(lm/W)

Cost ($/klm)

Cost ($/klm l/b/f)

Average Lamp Life 

(1000 hrs)

DOE Energy Conservation

Standards, 2010 and 2011

CRI Product Catalogs

Total Installed Cost 

($) DOE Energy Conservation

Standards, 2010 and 2011; 

Distributor Websites; RSMeans 

2007; Calculated Annual Maintenance 

Cost ($)
Advanced Case Final

A-28

Data Sources » Commercial High Bay HID Lighting (High Pressure Sodium)

DATA SOURCES

2003 2007 2011 2020 2030 2040

Installed Base Typical High Typical High Typical High Typical High

400W MV 150W HPS 150W HPS 150W HPS 150W HPS 150W HPS 150W HPS 150W HPS 150W HPS 150W HPS 150W HPS

System Wattage

2008 EIA Reference 

Case

DOE Energy Conservation

Standards, 2010; Product Catalogs; 

Calculated

NCI, 2012

System Lumens

Lamp Efficacy 

(lm/W)

Calculated

System Efficacy 

(lm/W)

Cost ($/klm)

Cost ($/klm l/b/f)

Average Lamp Life 

(1000 hrs)

DOE Energy Conservation

Standards, 2010

CRI Product Catalogs

Total Installed Cost 

($) DOE Energy Conservation

Standards, 2010; Distributor 

Websites; RSMeans 2007; 

Calculated Annual Maintenance 

Cost ($)
Advanced Case Final

A-29

Data Sources » Commercial T5 HO Lighting (High Bay Applications)

DATA SOURCES

2003 2007 2011 2020 2030 2040

Installed Base Typical High Typical High Typical High Typical High 

54WT5HO 54WT5HO 54WT5HO 51WT5HO 54WT5HO 51WT5HO 54WT5HO 51WT5HO 54WT5HO 51WT5HO

System Wattage 

2008 EIA 

Reference 

Case

DOE GSFL and IRL Energy 

Conservation Standard, 2009; DOE 

Fluorescent Lamp Ballast Energy 

Conservation Standard, 2011; 

Product Catalogs; Calculated

NCI, 2012

System Lumens 

Lamp Efficacy (lm/W) 

Calculated

System Efficacy (lm/W) 

Cost ($/klm) 

Cost ($/klm l/b/f) 

Average Lamp Life (1000 hrs) DOE GSFL and IRL Energy 

Conservation Standard, 2009 CRI

Total Installed Cost ($)

DOE GSFL and IRL Energy 

Conservation Standard, 2009; 

Distributor Websites; RSMeans 

2007; Calculated

Annual Maintenance Cost ($)

Ballast Efficiency (BLE) DOE Ballast Energy Conservation 

Standard, 2011
Advanced Case Final

A-30

Data Sources » Commercial Solid State Lighting (High Bay Applications)

DATA SOURCES

2003 2007 2011 2020 2030 2040

Installed Base HPS HPS HPS HPS

LED LED 150W HPS LED 150W HPS LED 150W HPS LED 150W HPS LED

Typical Wattage 

2008 EIA Reference Case

Calculated

Lumens Product Catalogs

Efficacy (lm/W) 

Product Catalogs

2012 SSL MYPP

Cost ($/klm) 

2012 Energy Savings Forecast Model

Average Lamp Life (1000 hrs) 

CRI

NCI, 2012

CCT

Total Installed Cost ($)

RSMeans 2007; Calculated

Annual Maintenance Cost ($)
Advanced Case Final

Data Sources » Commercial Supermarket Display Cases

A-31

DATA SOURCES

2003 2007 2011 2020 2030 2040

Typical Typical Low Typical High Typical High Typical High Typical High

Cooling Capacity 

(Btu/hr)

DOE, 2007 / 

NCI Analysis, 

2008

NCI, 2009 NCI Analysis, 2012

DOE, 2009 / DOE, 2011 /

FMI, 2012 / NCI Analysis 2012

Median Store Size (ft3) Food Marketing Institute (FMI), 2012

Energy Use (kWh/yr)

DOE, 2007 / 

NCI Analysis, 

2008

NCI, 2009 / 

NCI Analysis, 

2012

DOE, 2011

Average Life (yrs)

NCI, 2009

Retail Equipment Cost

Total Installed Cost

Annual Maintenance 

Cost
Advanced Case Final

Data Sources » Commercial Compressor Rack Systems

A-32

DATA SOURCES

2003 2007 2011 2020 2030 2040

Typical Typical Typical High Typical High Typical High Typical High

Total Capacity 

(MBtu/hr) ADL, 1996

NCI, 2009 /

NCI Analysis, 

2012 NCI, 2009 / NCI Analysis, 2012 / ADL, 1996

Power Input (kW) Copeland, 2008

Energy Use (MWh/yr) ADL, 1996 / NCI 

Analysis, 2008

Average Life (yrs) Kysor-Warren, 2008

Total Installed Cost 

($1000)

NCI, 2009 /

NCI Analysis, 2012

Annual Maintenance 

Cost ($1000)

ADL, 1996 / NCI 

Analysis, 2008

ADL, 1996 / NCI 

Analysis, 2012
Advanced Case Final

Data Sources » Commercial Condensers

A-33

DATA SOURCES

2003 2007 2011 2020 2030 2040

Typical Typical Typical High Typical High Typical High Typical High

Total Capacity 

(MBtu/hr)

NCI Analysis, 2008 / 

Heatcraft, 2008 / ADL, 

1996

NCI, 2009

NCI, 2009 / NCI Analysis, 2012

Power Input (kW)

NCI Analysis, 2008 / 

Heatcraft, 2008 / ADL, 

1996

Energy Use (MWh/yr) NCI Analysis, 2008 / 

ADL, 1996

Average Life (yrs) ADL, 1996 / NCI 

Analysis, 2008

Total Installed Cost 

($1000)

NCI Analysis, 2008 / 

Heatcraft, 2008 / RS 

Means, 2007

Annual Maintenance 

Cost NCI Analysis, 2008 NCI Analysis, 

2012
Advanced Case Final

Data Sources » Commercial Walk-In Refrigerators

A-34

DATA SOURCES

2003 2007 2011 2020 2030 2040

Typical Typical Low Typical High Typical High Typical High Typical High

Cooling Capacity 

(Btu/hr) ADL, 1996 / 

NCI Analysis, 

2008

NCI, 2009

DOE, 2011 DOE, 2011 / NCI Analysis, 2012

Size (ft2) 

Energy Use 

(kWh/yr)

ADL, 1996 / 

PG&E, 2004 / 

NCI Analysis, 

2008

Insulated Box 

Average Life (yrs) ADL, 1996 / 

PG&E, 2004

Compressor 

Average Life (yrs)

Retail Equipment 

Cost

ADL, 1996 / 

Distributor 

Web Sites / 

NCI Analysis, 

2008 Total Installed Cost

Annual 

Maintenance Cost

ADL, 1996 / 

FMI, 2005 / 

NCI Analysis, 

2008

DOE, 2011 /

NCI Analysis, 

2012
Advanced Case Final

Data Sources » Commercial Walk-In Freezers

A-35

DATA SOURCES

2003 2007 2011 2020 2030 2040

Typical Typical Low Typical High Typical High Typical High Typical High

Cooling Capacity 

(Btu/hr) ADL, 1996 / 

NCI Analysis, 

2008

NCI, 2009

DOE, 2011 DOE, 2011 / NCI Analysis, 2012

Size (ft2) 

Energy Use 

(kWh/yr)

ADL, 1996 / 

PG&E, 2004 / 

NCI Analysis, 

2008

Insulated Box 

Average Life (yrs) ADL, 1996 / 

PG&E, 2004

Compressor 

Average Life (yrs)

Retail Equipment 

Cost

ADL, 1996 / 

Distributor 

Web Sites / 

NCI Analysis, 

2008 Total Installed Cost

Annual 

Maintenance Cost

ADL, 1996 / 

FMI, 2005 / 

NCI Analysis, 

2008

DOE, 2011 /

NCI Analysis, 

2012
Advanced Case Final

Data Sources » Commercial Reach-In Refrigerators

A-36

DATA SOURCES

2003 2007 2011 2020 2030 2040

Typical Typical Low Typical High Typical High Typical High Typical High

Cooling Capacity 

(Btu/hr)

ADL, 1996 / NCI 

Analysis, 2008

NCI, 2009 /

NCI Analysis, 

2012

NCI Analysis, 2012

DOE, 2011 / NCI Analysis, 2012

Size (ft3) 

ADL, 1996 / 

Distributor Web 

Sites

DOE, 2011

Energy Use (kWh/yr) ADL, 1996 / NCI 

Analysis, 2008

DOE, 2011 / ENERGY STAR, 

2012 / EPACT, 2005

Energy Use 

(kWh/yr/ft3)

NCI Analysis, 2012 NCI Analysis, 2012

Average Life (yrs) ACEEE, 2002

DOE, 2011

Retail Equipment Cost 

ADL, 1996/ 

Distributor Web 

Sites / NCI 

Analysis, 2008

Total Installed Cost

Distributor Web 

Sites / NCI 

Analysis, 2008

Annual Maintenance 

Cost NCI Analysis, 2008 NCI Analysis, 2012
Advanced Case Final

Data Sources » Commercial Reach-In Freezers

A-37

DATA SOURCES

2003 2007 2011 2020 2030 2040

Typical Typical Low Typical High Typical High Typical High Typical High

Cooling Capacity 

(Btu/hr)

ADL, 1996 / NCI 

Analysis, 2008

NCI, 2009 / 

NCI Analysis, 

2012

NCI Analysis, 2012

DOE, 2011 / NCI Analysis, 2012

Size (ft3) 

ADL, 1996 / 

Distributor Web 

Sites

DOE, 2011

Energy Use (kWh/yr) ADL, 1996 / NCI 

Analysis, 2008

DOE, 2011 / ENERGY STAR, 

2012 / EPACT, 2005

Energy Use 

(kWh/yr/ft3)

NCI Analysis, 2012 NCI Analysis, 2012

Average Life (yrs) ACEEE, 2002

DOE, 2011

Retail Equipment Cost 

ADL, 1996/ 

Distributor Web 

Sites / NCI 

Analysis, 2008

Total Installed Cost

Distributor Web 

Sites / NCI 

Analysis, 2008

Annual Maintenance 

Cost NCI Analysis, 2008 NCI Analysis, 2012
Advanced Case Final

Data Sources » Commercial Ice Machines

A-38

DATA SOURCES

2003 2007 2011 2020 2030 2040

Typical Typical Low Typical High Typical High Typical High Typical High

Output (lbs/day) ADL, 1996 / NCI 

Analysis, 2008

NCI, 2009 /

NCI Analysis, 

2012

NCI Analysis, 2012

DOE, 2011 / NCI Analysis, 2012

Water Use (gal/100 

lbs)

ADL, 1996 / 

Distributor Web 

Sites

DOE, 2011

Energy Use 

(kWh/100 lbs)

ADL, 1996 / NCI 

Analysis, 2008

DOE, 2011 / ENERGY 

STAR, 2012 / EPACT, 2005

Energy Use 

(kWh/yr)

ACEEE, 2002 /

NCI Analysis, 

2012

DOE, 2011 /

NCI Analysis, 2012

Average Life (yrs)

ADL, 1996/ 

Distributor Web 

Sites / NCI 

Analysis, 2008

Retail Equipment 

Cost 

Distributor Web 

Sites / NCI 

Analysis, 2008

Total Installed Cost 

(with Bin)

NCI Analysis, 

2008

NCI Analysis, 

2012

Annual 

Maintenance Cost

ADL, 1996 / NCI 

Analysis, 2008 NCI, 2009 NCI Analysis, 2012 DOE, 2011 / NCI Analysis, 2012
Advanced Case Final

Data Sources » Commercial Beverage Merchandisers

A-39

DATA SOURCES

2003 2007 2011 2020 2030 2040

Typical Typical Low Typical High Typical High Typical High Typical High

Cooling Capacity 

(Btu/hr)

ADL, 1996 / NCI 

Analysis, 2008

NCI, 2009

NCI Analysis, 2012

DOE, 2011 / NCI Analysis, 2012

Size (ft3) 

ADL, 1996 / 

Distributor Web 

Sites

DOE, 2011

Energy Use (kWh/yr) ADL, 1996 / NCI 

Analysis, 2008

DOE, 2011 / ENERGY 

STAR, 2012 / EPACT, 2005

Average Life (yrs) ACEEE, 2002

DOE, 2011

Retail Equipment Cost 

ADL, 1996 / 

Distributor Web 

Sites

Total Installed Cost

Distributor Web 

Sites / NCI 

Analysis, 2008

Annual Maintenance 

Cost

NCI Analysis, 

2008

NCI Analysis, 

2012
Advanced Case Final

Data Sources » Commercial Refrigerated Vending Machines

A-40

DATA SOURCES

2003 2007 2011 2020 2030 2040

Typical Typical Low Typical High Typical High Typical High Typical High

Cooling Capacity 

(Btu/hr) 

DOE, 2008 / NCI 

Analysis, 2008

NCI, 2009 / 

NCI Analysis, 

2012

DOE, 2009

DOE, 2009 / NCI Analysis, 2012

Can Capacity

CEC, 2005 / 

NREL, 2003 / 

FEMP, 2004

Energy Use 

(kWh/yr)

ADL, 1996 / CEC, 

2008 / NREL, 

2003

DOE, 2009 / ENERGY 

STAR, 2012

Average Life (yrs) DOE, 2008

DOE, 2009

Retail Equipment 

Cost 

Distributor Web 

Sites / NCI 

Analysis, 2008 / 

DOE, 2008

Total Installed Cost

Distributor Web 

Sites / NCI 

Analysis, 2008 / 

DOE, 2008

Annual 

Maintenance Cost DOE, 2008
Advanced Case Final

Data Sources » Commercial Constant Air Volume Ventilation

A-41

DATA

2003 2007 2011 2020 2030 2040

Installed Base Minimum3 Typical High Typical High Typical High Typical High

System Airflow (CFM) Assumed based on average 15,000 square foot commercial building (CBECS 2003 and BED 2007)

System Fan Power (kW)

eQUEST/DOE-2

ASHRA

E 90.1-

2007

SAIC & Mfrs

Specific Fan Power (W/CFM)

Annual Fan Energy Use 

(kWh/yr)1 Calculated – see note 1

Average Life (yrs) 2011 ASHRAE Handbook: HVAC Applications

Total Installed Cost ($)2 RS Means 2012

Annual Maintenance Cost ($) Jones Lang LaSalle

1 Based on 3800 effective full load hours per year (operating 3800 hours per year at constant load) (ADL, 1999).

2 Total installed cost of 15,000 CFM CAV AHU and hypothetical supply ductwork layout. 

3 Based on ASHRAE 90.1-2007 fan power limit (Table 6.5.3.1.1A) with no pressure drop adjustment. Assumed 80% motor load and 91% 

motor efficiency.
Advanced Case Final

Data Sources » Commercial Variable Air Volume Ventilation

A-42

DATA

2003 2007 2011 2020 2030 2040

Installed Base Minimum3 Typical High Typical High Typical High Typical High

System Airflow (CFM) Assumed based on average 15,000 square foot commercial building (CBECS 2003 and BED 2007)

System Fan Power (kW)

eQUEST/DOE-2

ASHRA

E 90.1-

2007

SAIC & Mfrs

Specific Fan Power (W/CFM)

Annual Fan Energy Use 

(kWh/yr)1 Calculated – see note 1

Average Life (yrs) 2011 ASHRAE Handbook: HVAC Applications

Total Installed Cost ($)2 RS Means 2012

Annual Maintenance Cost ($) Jones Lang LaSalle

1 Based on 887 effective full load hours (power-based) per year (operating 3800 hours per year at variable load).

2 Total installed cost of 15,000 CFM VAV AHU, VFD, (10) VAV boxes, and hypothetical supply ductwork layout. 

3 Based on ASHRAE 90.1-2007 fan power limit (Table 6.5.3.1.1A) with no pressure drop adjustment. Assumed 80% motor load and 91% 

motor efficiency.
Advanced Case Final

Data Sources » Commercial Fan Coil Unit

A-43

DATA

2003 2007 2011 2020 2030 2040

Installed Base Minimum3 Typical High Typical High Typical High Typical High

System Airflow (CFM) 800 CFM is typical for a 2-ton fan coil unit

System Fan Power (kW)

ADL 1999, NCI 2008

ASHRA

E 90.1-

2007

SAIC & Mfrs

Specific Fan Power (W/CFM)

Annual Fan Energy Use 

(kWh/yr)1 Calculated – see note 1

Average Life (yrs) 2011 ASHRAE Handbook: HVAC Applications

Total Installed Cost ($)2 RS Means 2012

Annual Maintenance Cost ($) ASHRAE 2000, NCI 2008

1 Based on 2250 effective full load hours per year (operating 2250 hours per year at constant load) (ADL, 1999).

2 Total installed cost of 2-ton horizontal 2-pipe fan coil unit, housing and controls. 

3 Based on ASHRAE 90.1-2007 fan power limit (Table 6.5.3.1.1A) with no pressure drop adjustment. Assumed 80% motor load and 60% 

motor efficiency.
Advanced Case Final

146

Appendix B

References

Navigant Consulting, Inc.

1200 19th Street, NW, Suite 700

Washington, D.C. 20036

And

SAIC

8301 Greensboro Drive

McLean, VA 22102
Advanced Case Final

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• AHAM - ACEEE. (2010). Agreement on Minimum Federal Efficiency Standards, Smart 

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%20Conditioners

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147

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B-1
Advanced Case Final

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148

References

B-2
Advanced Case Final

• EERE. Preliminary Technical Support Document: Energy Efficiency Program for Consumer 

Products: Refrigerators, Refrigerator-Freezers, and Freezers.

• EERE. (2000). Clothes Washers Technical Support Document, Final Rule Technical Support 

Document: Energy Efficiency Standards for Consumer Products: Clothes Washers.

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and Heat Pumps Energy Conservation Standards; Final Rule.

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Conditioners and Heat Pumps.

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Conservation Standards for Residential Refrigerators-Freezers.

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Industrial Equipment: Commercial Unitary Air Conditioners and Heat Pumps.

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Program for Residential Furnaces and Boilers; Proposed Rule.

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Dishwashers/Cooktops/Ovens, Rulemaking Framework for Commercial Clothes Washers and 

Residential Dishwashers, Dehumidifiers, and Cooking Products.

149

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B-3
Advanced Case Final

• EERE. (2006). Buildings Energy Data Book.

• EERE. (2006). DOE Appliance Standards Framework, Rulemaking Framework for Residential 

Water Heaters, Direct Heating Equipment and Pool Heaters.

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ASHRAE Equipment).

• EERE. (2007). Energy Conservation Program for Consumer Products: Energy Conservation 

Standards for Residential Furnaces and Boilers; Final Rule.

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Consumer Products and for Certain Commercial and Industrial Equipment; Final Rule.

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Dehumidifiers, Cooking Products, and Commercial Clothes Washers.

• EERE. (2009). Commercial Refrigeration Equipment; Final Rule.

• EERE. (2009). Refrigerated Beverage Vending Machines; Final Rule Technical Support 

Document.

150

References

B-4
Advanced Case Final

• EERE. (2010). Energy Conservation Program for Appliance Standards: Residential Central Air 

Conditioners and Heat Pumps.

• EERE. (2010). Energy Conservation Program: Energy Conservation Standards for Residential 

Water Heaters, Direct Heating Equipment, and Pool Heaters; Final Rule.

• EERE. (2010). Residential Clothes Dryers and Room Air Conditioners Preliminary Technical 

Support Document.

• EERE. (2010). Walk-In Coolers and Walk-In Freezers; Preliminary Analysis Technical Support 

Document.

• EERE. (2011). Commercial Refrigeration Equipment; Preliminary Analysis Technical Support 

Document.

• EERE. (2012). Automatic Commercial Ice Makers; Preliminary Analysis Technical Support 

Document.

151

References

B-5
Advanced Case Final

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152

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B-6
Advanced Case Final

• GHPC. (n.d.). Geothermal Heat Pump Consortium. Retrieved 2007, from 

www.geoexchange.org

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• LBNL. (2003). Commercial Unitary Air Conditioning and Heat Pumps - Life Cycle Cost 

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• Max Neubauer, A. d. (2009). Ka-BOOM! The Power of Appliance Standards. ACEEE, ASAP.

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B-7
Advanced Case Final

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B-8