Updated Buildings Sector    

Appliance and Equipment 

Costs and Efficiencies

November 2016

Independent Statistics & Analysis 

www.eia.gov

U.S. Department of Energy

Washington, DC 20585
U.S. Energy Information Administration   |   Updated Buildings Sector Appliance and Equipment Costs and Efficiencies i

This report was prepared by the U.S. Energy Information Administration (EIA), the statistical and

analytical agency within the U.S. Department of Energy. By law, EIA’s data, analyses, and forecasts are

independent of approval by any other officer or employee of the United States Government. The views

in this report therefore should not be construed as representing those of the U.S. Department of Energy

or other federal agencies.
November 2016

U.S. Energy Information Administration | Updated Buildings Sector Appliance and Equipment Costs and Efficiencies 1 

Updated Buildings Sector Appliance and Equipment Costs and 

Efficiency 

Energy used in the residential and commercial sectors provides a wide range of services: heating, 

cooling, lighting, refrigeration, cooking, and numerous other end uses. 

The U.S. Energy Information Administration (EIA) conducts multiple building-sector surveys, the 

Residential Energy Consumption Survey (RECS) and Commercial Buildings Energy Consumption Survey 

(CBECS), that provide information on the equipment stock and energy consumption within existing 

buildings. However, these surveys do not directly gather other information that is important to 

forecasting future energy consumption, such as equipment cost information or nameplate efficiency 

ratings. 

The Residential Demand Module (RDM) and Commercial Demand Module (CDM) of the National Energy 

Modeling System (NEMS) contain equipment cost and performance technology "menus" that represent 

competing options for most of the major end uses. Multiple equipment classes and types are 

represented in these menus so that the projected equipment stock can change over time in response to 

fuel prices and other factors that affect equipment choice, such as appliance standards. The equipment 

menus interact with other NEMS parameters to determine market shares, equipment efficiency levels, 

cost estimates, and equipment interactions,1 and are used to translate service demand into energy 

demand. 

The contract reports in Appendices A-D provide the information basis upon which these menus can be 

built with a consistent perspective on cost and efficiency characterizations across equipment and fuel 

types. Previous editions of the Annual Energy Outlook (AEO) used similar contract reports. 

Appendices A and B constitute one set of reports that characterizes most major residential equipment 

and commercial heating, cooling, and water heating equipment. Appendix A is used in developing 

Reference case projections, while Appendix B is used in developing advanced technology cases.2 These 

assumptions were developed and implemented during the AEO2015 cycle. 

Appendices C and D constitute another set of reports that characterizes residential and commercial 

lighting, as well as commercial ventilation and refrigeration equipment. Appendix C is used in developing 

the Reference case, while Appendix D is used in developing advanced technology cases. These 

assumptions were developed and implemented during the AEO2017 cycle. 

When referencing the contract reports in Appendices A-D, they should be cited as reports by Navigant 

Consulting, Inc. and Leidos (formerly SAIC) prepared for the U.S. Energy Information Administration. 

1

 Examples of equipment interactions are solar water heaters that supplement traditional water heaters, clothes washers that 

reduce the need for clothes drying, or water heaters that provide dishwashers and clothes washers with heated water. 

2

In addition to the Reference case, the demand sectors also project scenarios to explore different assumptions for the cost and 

performance of future technologies. For the more optimistic cases, some equipment achieves lower life-cycle costs through 

improved efficiency or lower upfront costs, or both. The contracted reports provide a base case and an advanced case for 

modeling the AEO Reference case along with the more optimistic cases. Advanced case assumptions are used to develop side 

cases for full AEO report years that include such analyses. 
November 2016

U.S. Energy Information Administration   |   Updated Buildings Sector Appliance and Equipment Costs and Efficiencies 2

APPENDIX A 
FINAL

EIA ‐ Technology Forecast 

Residential and Commercia

Technologies – Referen

Presented to:

U.S. Energy Information Adm

Prepared by

Navigant Consulting, Inc.

1200 19 St. NW, Suite 700

Washington, D.C. 20036

With

SAIC

8301 Greensboro Drive

McLean, VA 22102

March 2014
DISCLAIMER

This presentation was prepared as an account of work sponsored by an agency of the 

Government. Neither the United States Government, nor any agency thereof, nor any 

employees, nor any of their contractors, subcontractors, or their employees, makes any 

express or implied, or assumes any legal liability or responsibility for the accuracy, co

usefulness of any information, apparatus, product, or process disclosed, or represents 

would not infringe privately owned rights. Reference herein to any specific commerc

process, or service by trade name, trademark, manufacturer, or otherwise, does not ne

constitute or imply its endorsement, recommendation, or favoring by the United State

or any agency, contractor or subcontractor thereof. The views and opinions of authors 

herein do not necessarily state or reflect those of the United States Government or any 

thereof.

1
Objective 4Methodology 5Definitions 6Market Transformation 7Historical Shipment Data 8

Residential Gas‐Fired Water Heaters 9

Residential Oil‐Fired Water Heaters 12

Residential Electric Resistance Water Heaters 14

Residential Heat Pump Water Heaters 17Residential Instantaneous Water Heaters 19Residential Solar Water Heaters 21Residential Gas‐Fired Furnaces 23Residential Oil‐Fired Furnaces 26Residential Gas‐Fired Boilers 29Residential Oil‐Fired Boilers 31Residential Room Air Conditioners 33Residential Central Air Conditioners (South) 36Residential Central Air Conditioners (North) 37Residential Air Source Heat Pumps 40Residential Ground Source Heat Pumps 44Residential Gas Heat Pumps 46Residential Electric Furnaces 48Residential Electric Resistance Heaters 50

Residential Cordwood Stoves Residential Pellet Wood Stoves Residential Refrigerator/Freezer (T

Residential Refrigerator/Freezer (BResidential Refrigerator/Freezer (S

Residential Freezers (Upright) Residential Freezers (Chest) Residential Natural Gas Cooktops 

Residential Clothes Washers (FronResidential Clothes Washers (Top‐Residential Clothes Dryers (ElectriResidential Clothes Dryers (Gas) Residential Dishwashers Commercial Gas‐Fired Furnaces 

Commercial Oil‐Fired Furnaces Commercial Electric Boilers Commercial Gas‐Fired Boilers Commercial Oil‐Fired Boilers Commercial Gas Fired Chillers Commercial Centrifugal Chillers Commercial Reciprocating ChillerCommercial Screw Chillers 

Commercial Scroll Chillers Commercial Rooftop Air Conditio

Commercial Gas‐Fired Engine‐Dri

Conditioners 

Commercial Rooftop Heat Pumps 

Page 

Table of Contents
• Commercial Ground Source Heat Pumps 109• Commercial Electric Resistance Heaters 111

• Commercial Gas‐Fired Water Heaters 113• Commercial Electric Resistance Water Heaters 116

• Commercial Oil‐Fired Water Heaters 119• Commercial Gas‐Fired Instantaneous Water

Heaters 121

• Commercial Electric Booster Water Heaters 123

• Commercial Gas Booster Water Heaters 124• Commercial Gas Griddles 126• Commercial Electric Griddles 127

• Commercial Hot Food Holding Cabinets 129

• Data Sources A‐1

• References B‐1

Page

Table of Contents
4

The objective of this study is to develop baseline and pro

performance/cost characteristics for residential and comm

end‐use equipment.

• 2003 and 2012 baselines (or 2009 for residential products), as well as to

— Review of literature, standards, installed base, contractor, and ma

information.

— Provide a relative comparison and characterization of the cost/effi

generic product.

• Forecast of technology improvements that are projected to be available 

— Review of trends in standards, product enhancements, and Resear

Development (R&D).

— Projected impact of product improvements and enhancement to te

Objective

The performance/cost characterization of end‐use equipment devestudy will assist EIA in projecting national primary energy consum
5

Input from industry, including government, R&D organiz

manufacturers, was used to project product enhancements 

equipment performance and cost attributes.

• Technology forecasting involves many uncertainties.• Technology developments impact performance and cost forecasts.

• Varied sources ensure a balanced view of technology progress and the 

of commercial availability.

• All cost forecasts are shown in 2013 dollars.

Methodology
6

The following tables represent the current and projected efficiencies for 

commercial building equipment ranging from the installed base in 2003 

2009 for residential products) to the highest efficiency equipment that is 

commercially available by 2040, assuming incremental adoption. Below 

for the terms used in characterizing the status of each technology.

• 2003/2009/2012 Installed Base: Efficiency values are for those units insta

in that year. Cost values are for the typical new unit sold in that year.

• 2013 Current Standard: the minimum efficiency required by current sta

• Typical: the average, or “typical” product being sold in the particular ti

• ENERGY STAR: the minimum efficiency required to meet the ENERGY 

where applicable.

• Mid‐Level: middle tier high‐efficiency product available in the particul

• High: the product with the highest efficiency available in the particular 

Definitions
7

Market Transformation

The market for the reviewed products has changed since th

performed in 2011 and is reflected in the efficiency and co

characteristics.

• In some categories the typical new product purchased today is significa

efficient than the average product in the installed base in 2003 (comm.) 

— Residential sector: room and central air conditioners, heat pumps, re

freezers, clothes washers

— Commercial sector: rooftop air conditioners and hot food holding ca

• More stringent Federal standards are taking effect for the following pro

— residential and commercial boilers in 2012

— residential furnaces and dishwashers in 2013— room air conditioners, refrigerators, and freezers in 2014

— residential central air conditioners, air‐source heat pumps, water he

washers, and clothes dryers in 2015

• ENERGY STAR continues to raise the bar with revised criteria for reside

and new criteria for commercial water heaters, both effective in early 20
8

Shipments

Shipments of home appliances and comfort conditioning (heatin

cooling) equipment peaked during the housing boom in 2005 the

Shipment volumes bottomed out in 2009 and have changed little 

Source: Analysis by Navigant Consulting of data from Appliance Magazine.

05

1015202530354045

2000 2002 2004 2006 2008 2010 2012

Shipments for Final Sales in the United States

(millions of units)

HomeAppliComfCond(Res)Wate(Res & 
9

Residential Gas-Fired Water Heaters

DATA

2009 2013 2020 2030 

Installed

Base

Current

Standard Typical ENERGY STAR High Typical High Typical High 

Typical Capacity (gal) 40 40 40 40 50 40 50 40 5

Energy Factor 0.6 0.59 0.62 0.67 0.80 0.62 0.85 0.62 0.8Average Life (yrs)

66666666

20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 2

Retail Equipment Cost ($)

500 500 510 830 1,500 510 1,470 510 1,33540 540 540 860 3,000 540 3,100 540 2,93

Total Installed Cost ($)

980 980 990 1,310 1,980 990 1,950 990 1,81

1,020 1,020 1,020 1,340 3,480 1,020 3,580 1,020 3,41

Annual Maintenance Cost ($) ‐ ‐ 14 18 18 14 18 14 1
• The current Federal standard, which came into effect in January 2004 ma

0.59 for a 40‐gallon water heater. The equation for the Federal standard is

EF=0.67‐(0.0019*Gal), which is used to expand the analysis to a gre

storage capacities.

• An updated Federal standard will go into effect on April 16, 2015. The eq

Federal standard is:

EF=0.675‐(0.0015*Gal) for a volume ≤ 55 gallons and

EF=0.8012‐(0.00078*Gal) for a volume > 55 gallons

• The current minimum EF for ENERGY STAR qualification is 0.67.

• Per discussions with National Labs, there is a potential trend towards a c

gallons as efficiency increases.

• Gas‐fired water heater capacities typically fall between 30 and 75 gallons

• As part of the heating products Federal standards rulemaking, a high eff

was examined, EF=0.77 at 40 gallons, which represents a condensing unit 

inches of insulation and a power vent.

• The cost of installation is approximately $450, which is higher than electr

heaters for a number of reasons, which includes an extra 1.5 hours of labo

plumbers that is required for gas units.

10

Residential Gas-Fired Water Heaters
Shipments were flat at 5 million units per year through 20

declined gradually over 4 years to a new plateau at 4 millio

11

Residential Gas-Fired Water Heaters

0123456

2000 2002 2004 2006 2008 2010 

Unit Shipments (millions)

Gas Water Heaters

Source: Appliance Magazine (also available from http://www.ahrinet.org/historical+data.aspx)
12

Residential Oil–Fired Water Heaters

DATA

2009 2013 2020 2030 

Installed

Base

Current

Standard Typical Mid‐Level High Typical High Typical High 

Typical Capacity (gal) 30 30 30 30 32 30 30 30 3

Energy Factor 0.50 0.53 0.54 0.62 0.68 0.62 0.68 0.62 0.6Average Life (yrs)

66666666

20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 2

Retail Equipment Cost ($)

1,280 1,380 1,440 1,540 1,700 1,530 1,700 1,510 1,701,380 1,490 1,540 1,650 1,810 1,640 1,810 1,640 1,81

Total Installed Cost ($)

1,920 2,020 2,080 2,180 2,340 2,170 2,340 2,150 2,342,020 2,130 2,180 2,290 2,450 2,280 2,450 2,280 2,45

Annual Maintenance Cost ($) ‐ ‐ 167 167 167 167 167 167 16
• The current Federal standard, which came into effect in January 2004 m

0.53 for a 30‐gallon water heater. The equation for the Federal standard 

EF=0.59‐(0.0019*Gal), which is used to expand the analysis to a gre

of storage capacities.

• An updated Federal standard will go into effect on April 16, 2015. The e

Federal standard is:

EF=0.68‐(0.0019*Gal)

• Oil‐fired water heaters often have small tanks with larger input ratings, 

natural gas and electric residential water heaters.

• No condensing oil‐fired, storage residential water heaters currently exis

market. The range of efficiencies currently reach their peak at near‐cond

efficiency levels.

• The max‐tech model on the market is achieved using a proprietary “turb

13

Residential Oil-Fired Water Heaters
14

Residential Electric Resistance Water Heaters

DATA

2009 2013 2020 2030 

Installed

Base

Current

Standard Typical High Typical High Typical High 

Typical Capacity (gal) 50 50 50 50 50 40 50 40 

Energy Factor 0.9 0.904 0.92 0.95 0.95 0.96 0.95 0.96 

Average Life (yrs)

66666666

20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 

Retail Equipment Cost ($)

270 270 290 350 290 350 290 350 320 320 350 470 350 470 350 470 

Total Installed Cost ($)

590 590 610 670 610 670 610 670 640 640 670 790 670 790 670 790 

Annual Maintenance Cost ($) ‐ ‐ 666666
• The current Federal minimum efficiency standard, which went into effe

2004, requires an EF of 0.90 for a 50‐gallon electric resistance water heatefor the Federal standard is:

EF=0.97‐(0.00132*volume), which is used to expand the analysis to a 

of storage capacities.

• An updated Federal standard will go into effect on April 16, 2015. The e

Federal standard is:

EF=0.96‐(0.0003*Gal) for a volume ≤ 55 gallons, and

EF=2.057‐(0.00113*Gal) for a volume > 55 gallons.

• Residential electric resistance water heater capacities usually range betw

gallons.

15

Residential Electric Resistance Water Heaters
Shipments peaked in 2006 then dropped a total of 22 perce

three years and leveled off at 3.7 million units per year.

16

Residential Electric Resistance Water Heaters

Source: Appliance Magazine (also available from http://www.ahrinet.org/historical+data.aspx)

0123456

2000 2002 2004 2006 2008 2010 

Unit Shipments (millions)

Electric Water Heaters
17

Residential Heat Pump Water Heaters

DATA

2009 2013 2020 2030 

Installed

Base

ENERGY

STAR High Typical High Typical High 

Typical Capacity (gal) 50 50 50 50 50 50 50 

Energy Factor 2 2 2.45 2.3 2.75 2.45 3.6 Average Life (yrs)

6666666

20 20 20 20 20 20 20 

Retail Equipment Cost ($)

1,500 1,500 1,600 1,400 1,600 1,400 5,950 1,800 1,800 2,100 1,700 2,100 1,700 6,800 

Total Installed Cost ($)

1,610 1,610 1,710 1,510 1,710 1,510 1,710 2,330 2,330 2,630 2,230 2,630 2,230 2,630 

Annual Maintenance Cost ($) 16 16 16 16 16 16 16 
• The minimum EF for ENERGY STAR qualification is 2.0 for heat pump wate

(HPWH). All HPWH products on the market meet ENERGY STAR minimu

HPWH products are being offered below the ENERGY STAR efficiency leve

• There is no unique Federal standard HPWH, but integrated HPWHs are in t

class as electric resistance water heaters, so the Federal electric resistance wa

standard also applies to HPWH.

• Technology improvements have advanced efficiency and reliability, but the 

still precludes high‐volume market penetration. Although there is an install

2009, the market penetration of HPWHs was quite low at that time.

• Several major water heater manufacturers have an integrated HPWH mode

and other competitors offer integrated or retrofit units (for existing electric owater heaters).

• Stiebel Eltron has an 80 gallon, 2.51 EF HPWH. This unit was not included i

because it has a significantly larger capacity than the units included on the p

• Sales are estimated to be driven partly by rebates and tax credits at the utilit

and Federal level.

• Resistive heating elements are virtually 100% efficient, but there is a jump in 

heat pump technology is adopted because heat pumps’ COP are usually bet

• Heat pumps raise the water temperature at a slow rate, so it is usual for thes

resistive heat for some of the water heating process. All HPWH systems exa

allow the consumer to adjust the HPWH behavior.

• First‐hour ratings range from 57 to 68 gallons. 18

Residential Heat Pump Water Heaters
19

Residential Instantaneous Water Heaters

DATA

2009 2013 2020 2030 

Installed

Base

Current

Standard Typical ENERGY STAR High Typical High Typical High 

Typical Capacity (kBtu/hr) 185 117 178 178 150 178 150 185 18

Energy Factor 0.82 0.62 0.82 0.82 0.98 0.82 0.98 0.82 0.9

Average Life (yrs)

88888888

30 30 30 30 30 30 30 30 3

Retail Equipment Cost ($)

1,120 900 900 900 2,300 900 2,300 900 2,301,220 1,400 1,400 1,400 2,400 1,400 2,400 1,400 2,40

Total Installed Cost ($)

1,650 1,430 1,430 1,430 2,830 1,430 2,830 1,430 2,831,750 1,930 1,930 1,930 2,930 1,930 2,930 1,930 2,93

Annual Maintenance Cost ($) 85 85 85 85 85 85 85 85 8
• The current minimum EF for ENERGY STAR qualification is 0.80 EF or 

instantaneous water heaters sold in 2013 are gas‐fired and qualify for EN

In July 2013, the criteria will increase to 0.82 EF, which many existing m

for.

• Navien manufactures the highest efficiency gas‐fired models currently a

market, which have an EF of 0.98. This is achieved through the use of el

powered direct venting, and through condensing the flue gases.

• All of the major water heater manufacturers now offer an instantaneous 

• The maintenance cost includes cleaning the water inlet filter and the hea

mineral deposits and replacing the water valve approximately once eve

all energy efficiency levels of instantaneous water heaters.

• When replacing a storage water heater with an instantaneous water hea

significant additional costs to upsize the gas supply line to 3⁄4 inch from 

inch and change the venting.

20

Residential Instantaneous Water Heaters
21

Residential Solar Water Heaters

1 Costs are for an indirect (active closed loop) system, including tank and backup heater. Smaller capacity/cost sy

for southern & western states (>2/3 of the current market). Higher capacity/cost systems are required in colder/cl

2 ENERGY STAR requires OG‐300 rating from SRCC. Most installations use SRCC rated collectors; a high efficien

applicable.

DATA

2009 2013 2020 203

Installed

Base

Current

Standard

Typical /

ENERGY

STAR

Typical Typ

Typical Capacity (sq. ft.)

42 NA 42 42 63 NA 63 63 

Overall Efficiency (Solar Fraction) 0.5 NA 0.5 0.5 Solar Energy Factor 2.5 NA 2.5 3 

Average Life (yrs) 20 NA 20 20 Retail Equipment Cost ($)

3,300 NA 3,300 3,000 25,200 NA 5,200 4,700 4

Total Installed Cost ($)

7,600 NA 7,600 7,300 6

10,000 NA 10,000 9,500 8

Annual Maintenance Cost ($) 25 NA 25 25 
• ENERGY STAR requires an OG‐300 rating from the Solar Rating and Certification 

(SRCC). Most installations use SRCC rated collectors, so there is no high efficiency 

• Solar water heaters (SWHs) can be either active or passive. An active system uses 

to circulate the heat transfer fluid; a passive system has no pump. Most solar wate

United States are the active type.

• Solar water heaters are also characterized as open loop (also called ʺdirectʺ) or clos

called ʺindirectʺ). An open‐loop system circulates household (potable) water throu

A closed‐loop system uses a heat transfer fluid (water or diluted antifreeze, for exa

heat and a heat exchanger to transfer the heat to household water.

• Solar fraction represents the fraction of total annual water heating energy met by t

heater. A backup water heating system is required with SWHs, and it is typically 

to size the system to provide about 50% of water heating energy (solar fraction = 0

• Solar Energy Factor (SEF) is defined by the SRCC as the useful energy delivered b

divided by the total electrical and/or fossil fuel required for backup heating, pump

(the free solar energy input is neglected).

• Over 2/3 of the current SWH market is in the southern or western US (including H

collector area of 42 ft2 would be typical for these areas. Colder areas of the US wou

collector (63 ft2).

• Installed costs are higher for colder areas where larger collectors are required. Co

widely depending on collector quality, type of system, and site‐specific characteris

22

Residential Solar Water Heaters
23

Residential Gas-Fired Furnaces

DATA

2009 2013 2020 2030 

Installed

Base

Current

Standard Typical

ENERGY

STAR

(South)

ENERGY

STAR

(North)

High Typical High Typical Hig

Typical Input Capacity

(kBtu/h) 75 75 75 75 75 75 75 75 75 AFUE (%) 80 80 80 90 95 98 90 98 92 Electric Consumption

(kWh/yr) 312 312 312 289 275 363 289 363 283 Average Life (yrs)

12 12 12 12 12 12 12 12 12 17 17 17 17 17 17 17 17 17 

Retail Equipment Cost ($)

750 750 750 1,000 1,200 1,500 1,000 1,500 1,100 1,

1,100 1,100 1,100 1,300 1,500 1,700 1,300 1,700 1,300 1,

Total Installed Cost ($)

1,500 1,500 1,500 2,200 2,400 2,700 2,200 2,700 2,300 2,2,300 2,300 2,300 2,800 3,000 3,200 2,800 3,200 2,800 3,

Annual Maintenance Cost ($) 45 45 45 45 45 45 45 45 45 
• Current Federal standards for non‐weatherized units:

— South: AFUE ≥ 80%— North: AFUE ≥ 90%— ≤ 10 watts of electrical power when in standby and off modes

— Contested in court and not being enforced by DOE

• ENERGY STAR criteria:

— South: AFUE ≥ 90%— North: AFUE ≥ 95%

• Most efficient available: 98% AFUE. The market is nearly evenly split between non

(AFUE≤85) and condensing units (AFUE≥90).

• Condensing furnaces use an additional heat exchanger to extract additional energ

gases; some models also have variable speed blowers, which decrease electrical en

and inducer fan systems, which usually have modulating gas valves to allow the f

modulate in very small increments, providing an AFUE boost of a few percentage 

• Non‐condensing AFUE levels for natural gas top out at around 81%; above this lev

for exhaust gas condensation increases. This condensate is corrosive and requires 

corrosion resistant venting.

• High‐efficiency condensing furnaces typically have aluminized steel heat exchang

emissions, flexible installation, direct vent, and sealed combustion systems. Direct 

not use room air for combustion, but instead draws combustion air directly from o

• Depending on the location of the home, piping materials in use, and other conside

condensing furnaces may need an acid neutralizer and/or lift pump for the conde

• Furnaces may contain permanent split capacitor (PSC) or electronically commutat

fan motors, though the type of motor has no impact on the AFUE measurement. It 

SEER/EER of the associated air conditioner. 24

Residential Gas-Fired Furnaces
25

Residential Gas-Fired Furnaces

0.00.51.01.52.02.53.03.54.0

2000 2002 2004 2006 2008 2010 

Unit Shipments (millions)

Gas Furnaces

Annual shipments peaked at 3.5 million units in 2005 then 

each year until 2009 and leveled off at about 2.25 million u

Source: Appliance Magazine (also available from http://www.ahrinet.org/historical+data.aspx)
26

Residential Oil-Fired Furnaces

DATA

2009 2013 2020 2030 

Installed

Base

Current

Standard Typical ENERGY STAR High Typical High Typical High 

Typical Input Capacity (kBtu/h) 105 105 105 105 105 105 105 105 1

AFUE (%) 80 83 83 85 97 83 97 84 

Electric Consumption (kWh/yr) 490 477 477 460 410 477 410 472 4

Average Life (yrs)

15 15 15 15 15 15 15 15 19 19 19 19 19 19 19 19 

Retail Equipment Cost ($)

2,050 2,300 2,300 2,300 2,700 2,300 2,700 2,300 2,72,250 2,400 2,400 2,400 2,900 2,400 2,900 2,400 2,9

Total Installed Cost ($)

2,600 3,050 3,050 3,150 4,550 3,050 4,550 3,050 4,53,250 3,550 3,550 4,650 5,200 3,550 5,200 4,350 5,2

Annual Maintenance Cost ($) 65 65 65 65 65 65 65 65 
• Current Federal standards:

— AFUE ≥ 83%— ≤ 11 watts of electrical power when in standby and off modes (non‐weatherized 

• ENERGY STAR criteria: AFUE ≥ 85%

• Since the latent heat content of oil is lower than that for either propane or natural g

appliances can typically operate at a higher AFUE rating than comparable gas‐fired 

before condensation issues arise.

• Most efficient available: 96% AFUE – condensing units with tiny market share (<1%

acceptance issues.

• Condensate from condensing oil furnaces is typically even more corrosive than tha

systems due to the higher sulfur content in fuel oil. Hence, condensing oil furnaces 

require the use of an acid neutralizer.

• Oil‐fired furnaces, like gas‐fired furnaces, achieve condensing conditions through t

secondary heat exchanger. Typically, these heat exchangers use a high‐grade stainl

as the primary heat exchange surface.

• Sooting is an issue for all oil‐fired appliances, but secondary heat exchangers, with 

passages, are even more prone to be plugged by soot. Because of this, oil furnaces r

cleaning and maintenance.

27

Residential Oil-Fired Furnaces
28

Residential Oil-Fired Furnaces

Annual shipments declined rapidly after 2004, likely due 

part to an increase in fuel oil prices, which more than tripl

2002 to 2008.

0

20406080

100120140

2000 2002 2004 2006 2008 2010 

Unit Shipments (thousands)

Oil Furnaces

Source: Appliance Magazine (also available from http://www.ahrinet.org/historical+data.aspx)
29

Residential Gas-Fired Boilers

DATA

2009 2013 2020 2030 

Installed

Base

Current

Standard Typical ENERGY STAR High Typical High Typical High 

Typical Input Capacity (kBtu/h) 105 105 105 105 105 105 105 105 1

AFUE (%) 80 82 82 85 96 90 96 90 Average Life (yrs)

17 17 17 17 17 17 17 17 24 24 24 24 24 24 24 24 

Retail Equipment Cost ($)

1,950 2,100 2,100 2,300 3,450 3,000 3,450 3,000 3,42,550 2,900 2,900 3,100 4,500 3,800 4,500 3,800 4,5

Total Installed Cost ($)

3,900 4,050 4,050 4,700 6,350 5,900 6,350 5,900 6,34,500 4,850 4,850 5,500 7,600 6,900 7,600 6,900 7,6

Annual Maintenance Cost ($) 50 50 50 50 50 50 50 50 
• Federal standard for hot‐water gas‐fired boilers (more common than ste

— AFUE ≥ 82%

— Design requirements that took effect on September 1, 2012 prohibit a 

burning pilot and require an automatic means for adjusting water te

• ENERGY STAR criteria: AFUE ≥ 85%

• Most efficient available: 96% AFUE

• Have lost market share to furnaces and heat pumps over the past 30 yea

• The bulk of U.S. boiler sales are non‐condensing boilers, which are prim

manufactured in North America. These are typically high‐mass systems 

exchangers are made of cast iron.

• Due to incentives and market pressure, the U.S. boiler industry has been 

towards also providing condensing boilers. Most of these boilers are pri

products sourced from Europe, where the hydronic market is much bigg

condensing appliances are much more common and/or required by law.

• Typically, condensing boilers are low‐mass in construction with modula

variable‐speed inducer fan systems, sealed powered direct‐vent combus

sensor technologies, and electronic ignition and control.

• Most value‐added components for condensing boilers are sourced abroa

the condensing boiler is assembled in North America (i.e. heat exchange

burner, blower systems, sensors, and/or controls).

30

Residential Gas-Fired Boilers
31

Residential Oil-Fired Boilers

DATA

2009 2013 2020 2030 

Installed

Base

Current

Standard Typical ENERGY STAR High Typical High Typical High 

Typical Input Capacity (kBtu/h) 140 140 140 140 140 140 140 140 14

AFUE (%) 80 84 84 85 91 84 91 84 

Average Life (yrs)

20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 30 30 30 30 30 30 30 30 

Retail Equipment Cost ($)

2,300 2,300 2,300 2,300 3,300 2,300 3,300 2,300 3,32,900 2,900 2,900 3,350 4,150 2,900 4,150 2,900 4,1

Total Installed Cost ($

4,150 4,150 4,150 4,700 6,200 4,150 6,200 4,150 6,24,750 4,750 4,750 5,900 7,250 4,750 7,250 4,750 7,2

Annual Maintenance Cost ($) 135 135 135 135 135 135 135 135 1
• Federal standard for hot‐water oil‐fired boilers (more common than stea

— AFUE ≥ 84%

— Design requirements that took effect on September 1, 2012 require a

means for adjusting water temperature

• ENERGY STAR criteria: AFUE ≥ 85%

• Most efficient available: 91% AFUE

• Since the latent heat content of oil is lower than that for either propane o

oil‐fired appliances can typically operate at a higher AFUE rating than c

fired appliances before condensation issues arise.

• Oil boilers have heat exchangers comprised of cast iron or steel.

32

Residential Oil-Fired Boilers
33

Residential Room Air Conditioners

* All values are for the most common product class, Product Class 3 (without reverse cycle, with louvered sides, and 8,000 to 13,999 

** Italicized values are estimated. The federal standard is expressed in EER, but will be expressed in CEER beginning in 2014. The tw

comparable, but both values are shown here to facilitate longitudinal analyses.

*** Maintenance costs are negligible.

DATA

2009 2013 2020 2030 

Installed

Base

Current

Standard Typical ENERGY STAR High Typical High Typical H

Typical Capacity (kBtu/hr)* 10.5 10.5 10.5 10.5 10.5 10.5 10.5 10.5 EER** 9.2 9.8 10.8 10.8 11.5 10.9 11.9 10.9 

CEER** 9.3 9.9 10.9 10.9 11.6 11 12 11 

Average Life (yrs)

6 6666666

13 13 13 13 13 13 13 13 

Retail Equipment Cost ($)

220 250 270 270 430 270 480 270 300 320 340 340 500 340 550 340 

Total Installed Cost ($)

320 350 370 370 530 370 580 370 400 420 440 440 600 440 650 440 

Annual Maintenance Cost ($)*** ‐ ‐‐‐‐‐‐‐
• Focus on most common type: louvered sides (window air conditioners) 

cycle and having cooling capacity of 8,000–13,999 Btu/h (DOE Product C

• Federal standards for Product Class 3:

— EER ≥ 9.8 (until May 31, 2014)

— CEER ≥ 10.9 (beginning June 1, 2014)

• Combined Energy Efficiency Ratio (CEER) is a new metric that incorpor

in all operating modes, including standby and off modes.

• Of the 538 models in Product Class 3 listed in DOE’s CCMS database:

— 1/3 are at the standard level (9.8 EER)

— 2/3 are at the ENERGY STAR level (10.8 EER)

— Most efficient model is at 11.8 EER

• New ENERGY STAR criteria take effect on 10/1/2013: EER ≥ 11.3.

• Most efficient product in 2030: 13.0 EER, based on Building Technologie

• Efficiency improvements are attained by:

— Higher efficiency compressor and fan motors, and

— An increased heat transfer area in the evaporator and condenser thr

larger heat exchangers, finer fin spacing, micro‐channel heat exchan

similar design options.

34

Residential Room Air Conditioners
Sales were down in 2009, likely due to the recession and an 

cool summer in the Northeast. Sales have increased each y

35

Residential Room Air Conditioners

Source: Appliance Magazine.

02468

1012

2000 2002 2004 2006 2008 2010 2012

Unit Shipments (millions)

Room Air Conditioners
36

Residential Central Air Conditioners

DATA

2009 2013 2020 2030 

Installed

Base

Current

Standard Typical ENERGY STAR High Typical High Typical High 

Typical Capacity (kBtu/h) 36 36 36 36 36 36 36 36 3

SEER* 11.4 13.0 13.5 14.5 24.0 14.5 24.0 14.5 24Average Life (yrs)

11 11 11 11 11 11 11 11 25 25 25 25 25 25 25 25 2

Retail Equipment Cost ($) 1,700 1,700 1,750 1,900 4,550 1,900 4,550 1,900 4,55Total Installed Cost ($)* 2,100 2,100 2,150 2,300 5,100 2,300 5,100 2,300 5,10Annual Maintenance Cost ($)

22 22 22 22 22 22 22 22 2

130 130 130 130 130 130 130 130 13

* Values shown are for split‐system units in the 36 kBtu/h (3‐ton) size class. Costs are for ʺcoil‐onlyʺ systems, meaning the

blower.

South (Hot‐Dry and Hot‐Humid)
37

Residential Central Air Conditioners

DATA

2009 2013 2020 2030 

Installed

Base

Current

Standard Typical ENERGY STAR High Typical High Typical High 

Typical Capacity (kBtu/h) 36 36 36 36 36 36 36 36 3

SEER* 11.4 13.0 13.0 14.5 24.0 14.0 24.0 14.5 24Average Life (yrs)

11 11 11 11 11 11 11 11 25 25 25 25 25 25 25 25 2

Retail Equipment Cost ($)* 1,700 1,700 1,700 1,900 4,500 1,800 4,500 1,900 4,50Total Installed Cost ($)* 2,300 2,300 2,300 2,500 5,300 2,400 5,300 2,500 5,30Annual Maintenance Cost ($)

22 22 22 22 22 22 22 22 2

130 130 130 130 130 130 130 130 13

North (Rest of Country)

* Values shown are for split‐system units in the 36 kBtu/h (3‐ton) size class. Costs are for ʺcoil‐onlyʺ systems, meaning the

blower.
38

Residential Central Air Conditioners

Residential Central Air

Conditioner ProductClass

Current

Standard

Current ENERGY

STAR Criteria

Future Stan

(Jan. 1, 20

Min.

SEER

Min.

SEER

Min.

EER

Min. SEER

in North

Min. SE

in Sout

Split‐System AC 13 14.5 12 13 14 Single‐Package AC 13 14 11 14 14 Small‐Duct, High‐Velocity 13 – – 13 13 

Space‐Constrained 12 – – 12 12 

• Current standards, which took effect in 2006, represent a significant impro

efficiency from 10 SEER for split systems and 9.7 SEER for single‐package 

• Typical new units today are at the standard level of 13 SEER (for most pro

• Effective Jan. 1, 2015, the standard for split systems will increase to 14 SEE

and the standard for single‐package units will increase to 14 SEER nationw

• Beginning in 2015, central AC units installed in the Southwest (CA, AZ, N

will also have to meet a new energy efficiency ratio (EER) standard that v

cooling capacity.
Annual shipments spiked at 6.5 million units in 2005 at the 

the housing boom and just before more stringent Federal s

took effect in 2006.

39

Residential Central Air Conditioners

01234567

2000 2002 2004 2006 2008 2010 

Unit Shipments (millions)

Central Air Conditioners

Source: Appliance Magazine. (Also available from http://www.ahrinet.org/historical+data.aspx)
40

Residential Air Source Heat Pumps

DATA

2009 2013 2020 2030 

Installed

Base

Current

Standard Typical ENERGY STAR High Typical High Typical High 

Typical Capacity (kBtu/h) 36 36 36 36 36 36 36 36 3

SEER (Cooling)* 12.0 13.0 14.0 14.5 22.0 14.5 23.0 15.5 24HSPF (Heating)* 7 7.7 8.3 8.2 9 8.4 10.8 8.6 10

Average Life (yrs)

99999999

22 22 22 22 22 22 22 22 2

Retail Equipment Cost ($)* 2,700 2,700 2,850 2,900 4,000 2,900 4,150 3,150 4,25Total Installed Cost ($)* 3,150 3,150 3,300 3,400 4,500 3,400 4,600 3,650 4,75Annual Maintenance Cost ($)

22 22 22 22 22 22 22 22 2

130 130 130 130 130 130 130 130 13

* Values shown are for split‐system units in the 36 kBtu/h (3‐ton) size class. “High” units were selected for maximum coo

efficiency.
• High efficiency cooling does not necessarily correlate with high efficienc

range of SEER–HSPF combinations is very broad.

• Heat pumps are generally sized to meet the cooling load of the house. W

load exceeds heat pump heating capacity, electric resistance heat is used 

• When the heat pump’s heating capacity exceeds the heating load, the hea

and stops more frequently, causing wear and tear on the components an

loss of efficiency. Multi‐stage and/or variable‐speed compressors can hel

sophisticated refrigerant management. 41

Residential Air Source Heat Pumps

Residential Heat

Pump Product

Class

Current Standard Current ENERGY STAR Criteria Future 

(Jan

Min.

SEER

Min.

HSPF

Min.

SEER

Min.

EER

Min.

HSPF

Min.

SEER

H

Split‐System 13 7.7 14.5 12 8.2 14 Single‐Package 13 7.7 14 11 8.0 14 Small‐Duct,High‐Velocity 13 7.7 – – – 13 Space‐Constrained 12 7.4 – – – 12 
From 2000 to 2005 annual shipments increased nearly 60% 

million units, then dropped and leveled off around 1.7 mi

42

Residential Air Source Heat Pumps

0.00.51.01.52.02.5

2000 2002 2004 2006 2008 2010 

Unit Shipments (millions)

Air Source Heat Pumps

Source: Appliance Magazine. (Also available from http://www.ahrinet.org/historical+data.aspx)
43

Residential Central Air Conditioners and Air Source Heat Pumps

• Principal energy efficiency drivers for central air conditioners and heat p

— Heat exchanger (surface area, number of tube rows)

— Compressor (type and single‐stage vs. two‐stage vs. variable‐speed 

— Fan motor choices (PSC vs. ECM fan motors on inside and outside)

— Control choices (i.e., piston, thermal, and electronic expansion valve

• Typical high‐efficiency unit (≥16 SEER) has very large heat exchanger, E

fan motor, and two‐stage scroll compressor.

• Variable‐speed compressor technology typically leads to a significant SE

making possible high‐SEER condensing units with smaller enclosures.

• Efficiency levels >21 SEER made possible through combining existing la

exchangers with variable‐speed compressors, ECM fan motors, and elec

expansion valves.
44

Residential Ground Source Heat Pumps

DATA

2009 2013 2020 2030 

Installed

Base

Current

Standard Typical ENERGY STAR High Typical High Typical Hig

Typical Capacity (kBtu/h) 36 36 36 36 36 36 36 36 

COP (Heating) 3 3.1 3.2 3.6 4.5 3.6 4.9 3.8 

EER (Cooling) 12.3 13.4 14.2 17.1 28 17.1 36 21 

Average Life (yrs) 25 25 25 25 25 25 25 25 

Retail Equipment Cost ($)

5,000 3,000 3,000 5,000 7,000 5,000 7,000 5,000 7,07,000 5,000 5,000 7,000 9,000 7,000 9,000 7,000 9,0

Total Installed Cost ($)

15,000 10,000 10,000 15,000 20,000 15,000 20,000 15,000 20,020,000 15,000 15,000 20,000 27,000 20,000 27,000 20,000 27,0

Annual Maintenance Cost ($) 75 75 75 75 75 75 75 75 
• There are currently over 20 ground source heat pump manufacturers/OEMs in th

• Heating COP does not correlate with cooling EER (coefficient of determination, R

ENERGY STAR certified products). The highest efficiency GSHP is the 7 Series b

International, Inc. (41 EER & 5.3 COP). Note that these are equipment‐level therm

according to standardized lab conditions and do not necessarily represent system

worldʺ performance.

• The ENERGY STAR® criteria for water‐to‐air ground source heat pumps are:

• The most common ground source heat pump is a closed‐loop system in which wa

freeze solution is circulated through plastic pipes buried underground. Open loo

employ ground water or surface water (e.g., open well, pond, lake) are used in so

country, but water supply and water quality issues impose limitations on such ap

• Installation cost is for a closed loop system and includes necessary accessories. T

heat exchanger represents a majority of the installation cost. Installed costs for the

widely.

• Variable speed electronically commutated motors (ECMs) improve performance 

models.

45

Residential Ground Source Heat Pumps

Type

Tier 1 (12/1/2009) Tier 2 (1/1/2011) Tier 3 (1/

Heating

COP

Cooling

EER

Heating

COP

Cooling

EER

Heating

COP

Closed Loop 3.3 14.1 3.5 16.1 3.6 

Open Loop 3.6 16.2 3.8 18.2 4.1 

Direct Expansion 3.5 15 3.6 16 3.6 
46

Residential Gas Heat Pumps

NAECA does not cover residential gas heat pumps, but the CEC Title 24, Part 6 Section 112 does indicate minim

cooling efficiency for gas heat pumps.

DATA

2009 2013 2020 2030 

Installed Base Typical Typical Typical 

Typical Capacity (kBtu/h) 60 60 60 60 

Heating (COP) 1.3 1.3 1.3 1.3 Cooling (COP) 0.6 0.6 0.7 0.7 

Annual Electric Use (kWh/yr) 2,000 1,500 1,500 1,500 

Average Life (yrs) 15 15 15 15 

Retail Equipment Cost ($)

10,500 10,500 10,500 10,500 11,700 11,700 11,700 11,700 

Total Installed Cost ($)

12,000 12,000 12,000 12,000 14,200 14,200 14,200 14,200 

Annual Maintenance Cost ($) 160 160 160 160 
• Residential Gas Heat Pumps are not currently covered by NAECA. CE

Section 112 does indicate cooling efficiency requirements for gas heat p

• Gas heat pumps are much more popular in Europe and Asia. Gas‐fired 

equipment currently comprises less than 1% of the residential air condi

pump market in the U.S.

• Currently, Robur is the predominant manufacturer of residential‐sized 

with sales to the US. Robur units are 5‐ton cooling capacity, a size typic

with larger homes. Since only one product is available, no mid‐level or 

categories are included.

• The data represents air‐source absorption heat pumps. Gas engine‐driv

compression heat pumps are available in other parts of the world; York 

the Triathlon gas engine‐driven heat pump in the US. It is possible to c

technology to the ground (ground source) rather than the atmosphere (

• The absorption heat pump is a gas‐fired, ammonia‐water absorption cy

with a high‐efficiency low‐pressure boiler integrated into one outdoor 

• The cooling efficiency of a gas‐fired air source absorption heat pump is 

lower than for an electric air source heat pump. Heating efficiency of an 

pump (electric or gas‐fired absorption) decreases as outdoor temperatu

however the gas‐fired absorption heat pump recovers waste heat from 

process to improve heating efficiency.

47

Residential Gas Heat Pumps
48

Residential Electric Resistance Furnaces

DATA

2009 2013 2020 2030 

Installed Base Typical Typical Typical T

Typical Capacity (kBtu/h) 68 68 68 68 AFUE (%) 99 99 99 99 

Average Life (yrs)

20 20 20 20 30 30 30 30 

Retail Equipment Cost ($)

600 600 600 600 700 700 700 700 

Total Installed Cost ($)

1,000 1,000 1,000 1,000 1,200 1,200 1,200 1,200 

Annual Maintenance Cost ($) 40 40 40 40 
• This analysis examined non‐weatherized (installed indoors) electric resi

warm‐air furnaces.

• There are currently no federal requirements on electric resistance furnac

90.1‐2010 unit heater requirements only capture gas and oil‐fired units.

• According to RECS 2009 data, electric central warm‐air furnaces are the 

space heating in approximately 19.1 million US homes or about 17%.

• Electric furnaces range in capacity from 10 to 25 kW (34 to 85 kBtu/hr), w

kBtu/hr) being the typical for units on the market.

• Electric resistance furnaces are considered near 100% efficient because th

heat loss and any jacket losses are contained within the home. For this a

efficiency is 99% to account for IR losses. Furnace fans or blowers have n

AFUE measurements.

49

Residential Electric Resistance Furnaces
50

Residential Electric Resistance Unit Heaters

* Annual Maintenance Cost is negligible

DATA

2009 2013 2020 2030 

Installed Base Typical Typical Typical 

Typical Capacity (kBTU/h) 3.5 3.5 3.5 3

Efficiency (%) 0.98 0.98 0.98 0.Average Life (yrs) 18 18 18 

Retail Equipment Cost ($)

75 75 75 

200 200 200 2

Total Installed Cost ($)

125 125 125 1275 275 275 2

Annual Maintenance Cost ($)* ‐‐‐
• This analysis examined electric wall and baseboard heaters. Plug‐in spa

considered plug loads and, therefore, not included.

• There are currently no federal requirements on electric resistance unit h

90.1‐2010 unit heater requirements only capture gas and oil‐fired units.

• According to RECS 2009 data, electric resistance unit heaters are the ma

space heating in approximately 5.7 million US homes or about 5%.

• Electric heaters range in capacity from 500 to 2,500 watts (1.7 to 8.5 kBtu

watts (3.5 kBtu/hr) being the most typical for units on the market.

• Electric resistance heaters are considered near 100% efficient because the

loss through ducts or combustion. For this analysis, the efficiency is 98% 

IR losses and fan inefficiency.

51

Residential Electric Resistance Unit Heaters
52

Residential Cordwood Stoves

*Efficiency includes combustion and heat transfer efficiency and is based on the higher heating value (HHV) of the fuel.

**Installed cost includes cost of hearth and stainless steel chimney liner ‐ materials and labor.

***Annual maintenance cost of catalytic stove includes periodic cost of replacing the catalytic combustor.

DATA

2009 2013 2020 2030 

Installed Base EPA Certified (Default) Typical High Typical High Typical 

Typical Capacity (kBtu/h) 50 50 50 50 50 50 50 

Efficiency (Non‐Catalytic) (HHV) 58 63 63 74 70 77 73 

Efficiency (Catalytic) (HHV) 68 72 72 81 78 84 81 

Average Life (yrs)

12 12 12 12 12 12 12 25 25 25 25 25 25 25 

Retail Equipment Cost ($) (Non‐Catalytic) 2,400 2,400 2,400 3,200 2,600 3,400 2,800 

Retail Equipment Cost ($) (Catalytic) 3,300 3,300 3,300 4,100 3,500 4,300 3,700 

Total Installed Cost ($) (Non‐Catalytic) 7,000 7,000 7,000 7,800 7,200 8,000 7,400 

Total Installed Cost ($) (Catalytic) 7,900 7,900 7,500 8,700 8,100 8,900 8,300 

Annual Maintenance Cost ($) (Non Catalytic) 150 150 150 150 150 150 150 

Annual Maintenance Cost ($) (Catalytic) 225 225 225 225 225 225 225 
• Residential cordwood stoves that must meet EPA particulate limits fall in

classes based on whether or not they use a catalyst for air treatment. Ca

stoves use a catalytic combustor to reduce emissions from the combustio

catalytic wood stoves use baffles and introduce secondary air above the f

complete combustion to help reduce emissions.

• There are no efficiency standards for wood stoves. EPA publishes a list o

have met emission limits for particulates and includes default efficiencie

catalytic and catalytic wood stoves). The emission limits are 7.5 grams/h

certified non‐catalytic wood stoves and 4.1 grams/hr. for catalytic wood s

• The EPA default efficiencies are 63% for certified non‐catalytic wood stov

catalytic wood stoves. Manufacturers may submit efficiency data from la

testing to EPA, to include with the default values, but very few have don

• Data from product literature does not generally identify the efficiency tes

not possible to determine performance trends based on construction or c

(e.g., cast iron vs. plate steel, powered blowers vs. no blowers, etc.) tren

equipment type or construction based on published efficiencies.

53

Residential Cordwood Stoves
• Some states have instituted tighter emission standards along with minim

requirements (e.g., Oregon).

• EPA is considering updates to its New Source Performance Standards (N

would tighten the emissions limits and may include minimum efficiency 

However, the timing remains uncertain.

• Cordwood stoves require chimneys for venting combustion gases. Whet

conventional masonry chimneys are used or metal chimney liners, these 

considerable cost to the overall system. Installed costs can be double tha

stove itself.

54

Residential Cordwood Stoves
55

Residential Cordwood Stoves

Source: HPBA

Cordwood stove shipments have averaged 123,000 per yea

and have rebounded somewhat since 2011.
56

Residential Wood Pellet Stoves

*Efficiency includes combustion and heat transfer efficiency and is based on the higher heating value (HHV) of the fuel.

**Electricity consumption is for combustion air fan, distribution blower, and pellet feeder.

***Installed cost includes cost of hearth and vent pipe ‐ materials and labor.

DATA

2009 2013 2020 2030 

Installed

Base

EPA Certified

(Default) Typical High Typical High Typical Hi

Typical Capacity (kBtu/h) 50 50 50 50 50 50 50 

Efficiency (HHV) 65 78 78 81 81 84 83 

Annual ElectricityConsumption (kWh) 1,200 1,200 1,200 1,200 1,200 1,200 1,200 1,Average Life (yrs)

12 12 12 12 12 12 12 25 25 25 25 25 25 25 

Retail Equipment Cost ($) 3,300 3,300 3,300 4,200 3,500 4,400 3,700 4,Total Installed Cost ($) 4,700 4,700 4,700 5,600 4,900 5,800 5,100 6,Annual Maintenance Cost ($) 250 250 250 250 250 250 250 
• There are no efficiency standards for wood pellet stoves and they are not 

certified by EPA. However, manufacturers that wish to be certified must 

emission limit of 2.5 grams/hr.

• The EPA default efficiency for wood pellet stoves is 72%. Manufacturers 

efficiency data from laboratory testing to EPA, to include with the defaul

very few have done so.

• Data from product literature does not generally identify the efficiency tes

• Some states have instituted tighter emission standards along with minim

requirements (e.g., Oregon).

• EPA is considering updates to its New Source Performance Standards (N

would tighten the emissions limits and may include minimum efficiency 

However, the timing remains uncertain.

• Wood pellet stoves may be able to be direct vented to the outdoors, elim

need for a chimney. This reduces the overall system cost as compared to 

stove. However, they do use electricity to power the pellet feeder, the co

fan, and the blower. In the event of a power outage, a pellet stove can no

without some back‐up source of electricity (e.g., battery) .

57

Residential Wood Pellet Stoves
58

Residential Wood Pellet Stoves

Source: HPBA

Wood pellet stove shipments grew substantially in the 200

time period, but have averaged only 40,000 – 60,000 units s

time.
DATA

2009 2013 2020 2030 

Installed

Base

Current

Standard Typical ENERGY STAR High Typical High Typical Hig

Typical Capacity (ft3)* 19 19 19 19 19 19 19 19 

Energy Consumption (kWh/yr)** 586 482 407 385 311 403 311 385 3

Average Life (yrs)

12 12 12 12 12 12 12 12 22 22 22 22 22 22 22 22 

Retail Equipment Cost ($) 550 530 570 620 880 570 880 620 8

Total Installed Cost ($) 550 530 570 620 880 570 880 620 8

Annual Maintenance Cost ($) 99999999

59

Residential Refrigerator-Freezers

* The volume shown here is the nominal total volume, not the adjusted volume, which is used to determine compliance w

** Based on an adjusted volume of 21 ft3.

Top‐Mount (Product Class 3)
DATA

2009 2013 2020 2030 

Installed

Base

Current

Standard Typical ENERGY STAR High Typical High Typical Hig

Typical Capacity (ft3)* 21 21 21 21 21 21 21 21 

Energy Consumption (kWh/yr)** 574 574 540 459 457 538 457 459 4

Average Life (yrs)

12 12 12 12 12 12 12 12 22 22 22 22 22 22 22 22 

Retail Equipment Cost ($) 935 930 940 980 980 940 980 980 9

Total Installed Cost ($) 935 930 940 980 980 940 980 980 9

Annual Maintenance Cost ($) 22 22 22 22 22 22 22 22 

60

Residential Refrigerator-Freezers

* The volume shown here is the nominal total volume, not the adjusted volume, which is used to determine compliance w

** Based on an adjusted volume of 25 ft3.

Bottom‐Mount (Product Class 5)
DATA

2009 2013 2020 2030 

Installed

Base

Current

Standard Typical ENERGY STAR High Typical High Typical Hig

Typical Capacity (ft3)* 26 26 26 26 26 26 26 26 

Energy Consumption (kWh/yr)** 889 729 596 583 509 596 509 583 5

Average Life (yrs)

12 12 12 12 12 12 12 12 22 22 22 22 22 22 22 22 

Retail Equipment Cost ($) 1,150 1,130 1,170 1,180 1,380 1,170 1,380 1,180 1,3

Total Installed Cost ($) 1,150 1,130 1,170 1,180 1,380 1,170 1,380 1,180 1,3

Annual Maintenance Cost ($) 24 24 24 24 24 24 24 24 

61

Residential Refrigerator-Freezers

* The volume shown here is the nominal total volume, not the adjusted volume, which is used to determine compliance w

** Based on an adjusted volume of 32 ft3.

Side‐Mount (Product Class 7)
• Current Federal standards:

— Compliance required beginning July 1, 2001— Models divided into 12 product classes based on size (standard or compact), locatio

bottom, or side), type of defrost (automatic or manual), and presence of through‐the

— Limits on annual electricity consumption expressed as functions of adjusted volum

• ENERGY STAR criteria limit annual electricity consumption to 20% less than the Federa

• More stringent Federal standards:

— Compliance required beginning September 15, 2014

— New product classes for built‐in units

— Amount by which standards are tightened varies by product class

• Current analysis focuses on the three representative product classes analyzed in the rece

• Energy efficiency opportunities include:

— Higher efficiency and/or variable‐speed compressor systems— Larger heat exchangers

— Permanent‐magnet fan motor systems (vs. SPM and PSC fan motors)— Demand defrost systems— Vacuum‐insulated panels— Thicker insulation (though at a loss of consumer utility)

— Better gasketing

— Refrigerants (Isobutane vs. R134a)

— Variable anti‐sweat heating

62

Residential Refrigerator-Freezers

1Adjusted Volume (AV) = (Fresh Volume) + 1.63 × (Freezer Volume). Beginning in 2004, the 1.63 coefficient will change to 
Annual shipment volumes declined 25% from 2006 to 2009, 

slightly in 2010, then declined again to 8.6 million units in 2

63

Residential Refrigerator-Freezers

Source: Appliance Magazine; data provided by AHAM and Navigant analysis for configuration shares.

02468

1012

2000 2002 2004 2006 2008 2010 2012

Unit Shipments (millions)

Refrigerators (Standard‐Size)

ToToSidBo
Bottom‐mount units likely have captured somewhere betw

35 percent of the market, based on shipment‐weighted dat

2007, DOE analysis, and counts of currently available mod

64

Residential Refrigerator-Freezers

0%

10%20%30%40%50%60%70%80%90%

100%

1998 2000 2002 2004 2006 2008 2010 2012

Configuration Market Share

BoMSidTo

Sources: AHAM data; August 2011 Refrigerator Final Rule TSD; Navigant analysis.
DATA

2009 2013 2020 2030 

Installed

Base

Current

Standard Typical ENERGY STAR High Typical High Typical Hig

Typical Capacity (ft3)* 17 17 17 17 17 17 17 17 

Energy Consumption (kWh/yr)** 775 687 642 618 615 487 487 487 4

Average Life (yrs)

17 17 17 17 17 17 17 17 27 27 27 27 27 27 27 27 

Retail Equipment Cost ($) 550 550 555 560 560 660 660 660 6

Total Installed Cost ($) 550 550 555 560 560 660 660 660 6

Annual Maintenance Cost ($) 55555555

65

Residential Freezers

* The volume shown here is the nominal volume, not the adjusted volume, which is used to determine compliance with s

** Based on an adjusted volume of 29 ft3 (30 ft3 beginning in 2014).

Upright Freezers (Product Class 9)
DATA

2009 2013 2020 2030 

Installed

Base

Current

Standard Typical ENERGY STAR High Typical High Typical Hig

Typical Capacity (ft3)* 17 17 17 17 17 17 17 17 

Energy Consumption (kWh/yr)** 430 401 370 361 354 327 327 327 3

Average Life (yrs)

17 17 17 17 17 17 17 17 27 27 27 27 27 27 27 27 

Retail Equipment Cost ($) 400 400 405 410 410 425 425 425 4

Total Installed Cost ($) 400 400 405 410 410 425 425 425 4

Annual Maintenance Cost ($) 33333333

66

Residential Freezers

* The volume shown here is the nominal volume, not the adjusted volume, which is used to determine compliance with s

** Based on an adjusted volume of 26 ft3 (30 ft3 beginning in 2014).

Chest Freezers (Product Class 10)
• Current Federal standards:

— Compliance required beginning July 1, 2001— Models divided into 6 product classes based on size (standard or compact), orientat

upright), and type of defrost (automatic or manual).

— Limits on annual electricity consumption expressed as functions of adjusted volume

• ENERGY STAR criteria limit annual electricity consumption to 10% less than the Federal 

• More stringent Federal standards:

— Compliance required beginning September 15, 2014

— New product classes for built‐in freezers and freezers with an automatic icemaker

— Amount by which standards are tightened varies by product class

• Current analysis focuses on the two representative product classes analyzed in the recent 

• Energy efficiency opportunities include:

— Higher efficiency and/or variable‐speed compressor systems— Larger heat exchangers

— Permanent‐magnet fan motor systems (vs. SPM and PSC fan motors)— Demand defrost systems— Vacuum‐insulated panels— Thicker insulation (though at a loss of consumer utility)

— Better gasketing

— Refrigerants (Isobutane vs. R134a)

— Variable anti‐sweat heating

— Use of forced convection condenser (for upright freezers)

67

Residential Freezers

1Adjusted Volume (AV) = (Fresh Volume) + 1.63 × (Freezer Volume). Beginning in 2004, the 1.63 coefficient will change to 
Shipment volumes have held steady since 2007 at about 2 m

units per year. Chest freezers represent about 60% of the m

68

Residential Freezers

Source: Appliance Magazine.

0.00.51.01.52.02.53.0

2000 2002 2004 2006 2008 2010 2012

Unit Shipments (millions)

Freezers (Full‐Size)
DATA

2009 2013 2020 2030 

Installed

Base Typical High Typical High Typical High 

Typical Capacity (kBtu/h)

9999999

12 12 12 12 12 12 12 

Cooking Efficiency (%) 38.5 39.9 42 39.9 42 39.9 42 Average Life (yrs)

12 12 12 12 12 12 12 22 22 22 22 22 22 22 

Retail Equipment Cost ($)*

225 250 300 250 300 250 300 300 350 400 350 400 350 400 

Total Installed Cost ($)*

275 300 350 300 350 300 350 350 400 450 400 450 400 450 

Annual Maintenance Cost ($)** ‐‐‐‐‐‐‐

69

Residential Natural Gas Cooktops and Stoves

* Equipment and installed costs are for stand‐alone cooktops only (not stoves).

** Maintenance costs are negligible.
• Since January 1, 1990, gas cooking products with an electrical supply cor

required to not be equipped with a constant burning pilot light. This req

extended to gas cooking products without an electrical supply cord, as o

• Little variation in cooking efficiency among gas cooktops and stoves (or 

• DOE final rule published in 2009: no standard for cooking efficiency is c

70

Residential Natural Gas Cooktops and Stoves
Shipments are down from their peak in 2005 and appear to 

leveled off in the past five years.

71

Residential Natural Gas Cooktops and Stoves

Note: Excludes separate ovens, which were categorized as ʺbuilt‐inʺ units prior to 2007.

Source: Appliance Magazine.

0.00.51.01.52.02.53.03.54.0

2000 2002 2004 2006 2008 2010 2012

Unit Shipments (millions)

Natural Gas Cooktops and Stoves

TotalRanges, Surface 

(Cookto
DATA

2009 2013 2020 2030 

Installed

Base

Current

Standard Typical ENERGY STAR High Typical High Typical Hig

Typical Capacity (ft3) 3.09 3.00 3.90 3.00 5.20 3.90 5.20 3.90 5

Modified Energy Factor(ft3/kWh/cycle) 2.07 1.26 3.09 2.00 3.45 3.09 3.45 3.09 3Water Factor (gal/cycle/ft3) 6.2 9.5 3.1 6.0 3.0 3.1 3.0 3.1 

Average Life (yrs)

77777777

14 14 14 14 14 14 14 14 

Water Consumption (gal/cycle) 19 29 12 18 15 12 15 12 

Hot Water Energy (kWh/cycle) 0.32 0.82 0.16 0.29 0.27 0.16 0.27 0.16 0

Machine Energy (kWh/cycle) 0.15 0.2 0.12 0.15 0.11 0.12 0.11 0.12 0Dryer Energy (kWh/cycle) 1.02 1.37 0.99 1.03 1.13 0.99 1.13 0.99 1Retail Equipment Cost ($)

550 550 900 800 1,200 900 1,200 900 1,2700 700 1,000 900 1,500 1,000 1,500 1,000 1,5

Total Installed Cost ($)

650 650 1,000 900 1,300 1,000 1,300 1,000 1,3800 800 1,100 1,000 1,600 1,100 1,600 1,100 1,6

Annual Maintenance Cost ($)* ‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐

72

Residential Clothes Washers – Front-Loading

* Maintenance costs are negligible.
73

Residential Clothes Washers – Top-Loading

* Maintenance costs are negligible.

DATA

2009 2013 2020 2030 

Installed

Base

Current

Standard Typical ENERGY STAR High Typical High Typical Hig

Typical Capacity (ft3) 3.0 3.2 3.5 3.6 4.8 3.6 4.8 3.6 

Modified Energy Factor(ft3/kWh/cycle) 1.20 1.26 1.40 2.00 2.87 2.00 2.87 2.00 2

Water Factor (gal/cycle/ft3) 12.0 9.5 8.5 6.0 3.65 6.0 3.65 6.0 3

Average Life (yrs)

77777777

14 14 14 14 14 14 14 14 

Water Consumption (gal/cycle) 36 30 30 22 18 22 18 22 

Hot Water Energy (kWh/cycle) 0.91 0.87 0.64 0.51 0.39 0.51 0.39 0.51 0

Machine Energy (kWh/cycle) 0.28 0.28 0.28 0.08 0.08 0.08 0.08 0.08 0Dryer Energy (kWh/cycle) 1.31 1.39 1.58 1.21 1.20 1.21 1.20 1.21 1Retail Equipment Cost ($)

550 350 450 550 850 550 850 550 700 450 550 650 950 650 950 650 

Total Installed Cost ($)

650 450 550 650 950 650 950 650 800 550 650 750 1,050 750 1,050 750 1,

Annual Maintenance Cost ($)* ‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐
• Present analysis treats front‐ and top‐loading models separately. Past an

consider the two types separately.

• Federal standards for standard‐capacity clothes washers (≥ 1.6 cubic fee

• Most front‐loading models on the market today surpass the ENERGY ST

comfortable margin; typical new front‐loading unit has MEF = 3.09 and 

• Energy efficiency improvement opportunities include:

— Higher efficiency motors and higher spin speeds

— Better load sensing for adaptive water fill control

— Reduced water temperature and quantity, while providing equivale

rinsing performance 74

Residential Clothes Washers

Modified Energy Factor Water Fact

Top‐Loading Front‐Loading Top‐Loading F

Current DOE Standard ≥ 1.26 (effective 1/1/2007) ≤ 9.5 (effective 1/

Current ENERGY STAR ≥ 2.00 ≤ 6.0

Integrated Modified Energy Factor1 Integrated Wate

March 7, 2015 ≥ 1.29 ≥ 1.84 ≤ 8.4 

January 1, 2018 ≥ 1.57 ≥ 1.84 (no change) ≤ 6.5 ≤

1. IMEF differs from MEF as follows: (a) includes standby power energy; (b) smaller capacity measurement for top

(c) higher drying energy estimate; and (d) additional wash cycles required for testing.

2. IWF differs from WF as follows: WF incorporates water usage from cold water cycles only while IWF incorpora

from all wash temperatures.
Shipment volumes have returned to pre‐housing boom lev

loaders’ market share grew from 5% to about 50% in 10 yea

75

Residential Clothes Washers

02468

10

2000 2002 2004 2006 2008 2010 2012

Unit Shipments (millions)

Clothes Washers

TotalTop‐LFront

Source: Appliance Magazine and Residential Clothes Washer Direct Final Rule TSD, EERE, April 2012.
76

Residential Clothes Dryers

* Italicized values are estimated. The federal standard is expressed in EF, but will be expressed in CEF beginning in 2015. 

not strictly comparable, but both values are shown here to facilitate longitudinal analyses.

** Maintenance costs are negligible.

Electric

DATA

2009 2013 2020 2030 

Installed

Base

Current

Standard Typical High Typical High Typical High 

Typical Capacity (ft3) 7 777777

EF (lb/kWh)* 3.01 3.01 3.10 3.16 3.10 4.51 3.16 4.5

CEF (lb/kWh)* 3.55 3.55 3.73 3.81 3.73 5.42 3.81 5.4

Average Life (yrs)

8888888

15 15 15 15 15 15 15 1

Retail Equipment Cost ($)

400 400 450 500 450 650 500 65500 500 550 600 550 750 600 75

Total Installed Cost ($)

510 510 560 610 560 780 610 78610 610 660 710 660 880 710 88

Annual Maintenance Cost ($)** ‐‐‐‐‐‐‐
77

Residential Clothes Dryers

Natural Gas

* Italicized values are estimated. The federal standard is expressed in EF, but will be expressed in CEF beginning in 2015. 

not strictly comparable, but both values are shown here to facilitate longitudinal analyses.

** Maintenance costs are negligible.

DATA

2009 2013 2020 2030 

Installed

Base

Current

Standard Typical Mid‐ Level High Typical High Typical High 

Typical Capacity (ft3) 7 7777777

EF (lb/kWh)* 2.67 2.67 2.75 2.85 3.02 2.81 3.02 2.81 3.

CEF (lb/kWh)* 3.14 3.14 3.24 3.35 3.61 3.30 3.61 3.30 3.Average Life (yrs)

88888888

15 15 15 15 15 15 15 15 

Retail Equipment Cost ($)

450 400 425 450 550 400 550 400 5550 450 475 550 650 500 650 500 6

Total Installed Cost ($)

610 560 585 610 710 560 710 560 7710 610 635 710 810 660 810 660 8

Annual Maintenance Cost ($)** ‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐
• Current standards in effect since 1994:

— For standard‐size electric units : EF ≥ 3.01 lb/kWh

— For gas units: EF ≥ 2.67 lb/kWh

• New standards announced in April 2011 with compliance date of Jan. 1, 20

metric will change from energy factor (EF) to combined energy factor (CEFincorporates standby mode power consumption:

— For standard‐size vented electric units : CEF ≥ 3.73 lb/kWh (≅3.17 EF)

— For vented gas units: CEF ≥ 3.30 lb/kWh (≅2.81 EF)

• Remaining efficiency improvement opportunities include:

— Multi‐step or modulating heat— Higher efficiency drum motors— Inlet air pre‐heat— Better control systems for cycle termination (not reflected per the curre

however)

— Heat pump (for electric clothes dryers)

• Heat pump clothes dryers with EF around 4.5 currently available in Europe

and potential reliability issues have kept them out of the U.S. market, but a

arrive by 2020.

• In 2012, EPA announced the Emerging Technology Award for Clothes Dry

be awarded to a manufacturer that introduces a high‐efficiency clothes dry

market. 78

Residential Clothes Dryers
Shipment volumes are now slightly below pre‐housing bo

Gas dryers continue to account for about one‐fifth of the m

79

Residential Clothes Dryers

0123456789

2000 2002 2004 2006 2008 2010 20

Unit Shipments (millions)

Clothes Dryers Total

ElectrGas

Source: Appliance Magazine.
80

Residential Dishwashers

* Refers to that portion of ʺTypical Annual Energy Useʺ that is the energy used to heat water in a separate water heater be

dishwasher. The energy used to heat water inside the dishwasher cannot be disaggregated from the total.

** Maintenance costs are negligible.

DATA

2009 2013 2020 2030 

Installed

Base

Current

Standard Typical ENERGY STAR High Typical High Typical Hi

Typical Annual Energy Use (kWh/yr) 312 307 295 295 180 295 180 295 

Water Consumption (gal/cycle) 4.50 5.00 4.25 4.25 2.22 4.25 2.22 4.25 2

Water Heating Energy Use (kWh/yr)* 163 181 153 153 80 153 80 153 Average Life (yrs)

14 14 14 14 14 14 14 14 24 24 24 24 24 24 24 24 

Retail Equipment Cost ($) 390 395 450 450 470 450 470 450 Total Installed Cost ($) 710 715 770 770 790 770 790 770 Annual Maintenance Cost ($)** ‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐
• Performance criteria for standard‐capacity dishwashers (assumes 215 cycles/year)

— Federal Standards:

 Jan. 1, 2010: ≤ 355 kWh/yr, ≤ 6.5 gal/cycle (EISA 2007) May 30, 2013: ≤ 307 kWh/yr, ≤ 5.0 gal/cycle (DOE Direct Final Rule, publish

— ENERGY STAR Criteria:

 Aug. 11, 2009 : ≤ 324 kWh/yr, ≤ 5.8 gal/cycle (version 4.0, announced Nov. 2 Jan. 20, 2012: ≤ 295 kWh/yr, ≤ 4.25 gal/cycle (version 5.0, announced April 2

• ENERGY STAR has maintained a very high market share for several years, so sale

average efficiency has tracked ENERGY STAR levels.

• Test procedures:

— Accounts for motor, dryer, booster heater (if present), and hot water from sep

— Amended test procedure, enters into force May 30, 2013, includes standby and 

— Cleaning performance test method expected to be part of future ENERGY STA

• Efficiency improvement opportunities include:

— Better soil sensing in the water, the filter, and the controls to make use of that

— Water distribution (small pipes, fine filter, small sump, alternating water use)

— Inline water heater (to minimize sump volume)

— High‐efficiency, variable‐speed pump motor— Vent assembly to help drying of dishes

81

Residential Dishwashers
Shipments peaked in 2005 during the housing boom then de

appear to have leveled off at between 5 and 6 million units p

82

Residential Dishwashers

Source: Appliance Magazine

012345678

2000 2002 2004 2006 2008 2010 2012

Unit Shipments (millions)

Dishwashers (Built‐In)
DATA

2003 2012 2013 2020 2030 

Installed Base Current Standard Typical High Typical High Typical High 

Typical Input Capacity (kBtu/h) 400 400 400 400 400 400 400 400 4

Thermal Efficiency (%)* 76 80 80 80 90 80 90 80 

Average Life (yrs) 15 15 15 15 15 15 15 15 

Retail Equipment Cost ($)

1,920 2,370 2,910 2,910 3,590 2,910 3,590 2,910 3,5

2,130 2,580 3,120 3,120 3,900 3,120 3,900 3,120 3,9

Total Installed Cost ($)

2,300 2,750 3,290 3,290 3,970 3,290 3,970 3,290 3,9

2,510 2,960 3,500 3,500 4,280 3,500 4,280 3,500 4,2

Annual Maintenance Cost ($) 320 320 320 320 930 320 930 320 9

83

Commercial Gas-Fired Furnaces

* DOEʹs efficiency metric for commercial furnaces accounts only for flue losses, not jacket losses.
• Current Federal standard requires minimum 80% thermal efficiency. Th

more commonly called “combustion efficiency” in other contexts, accou

flue losses, not jacket losses.

• ASHRAE Standard 90.1, which is used as a commercial building code in 

states, stipulates that furnaces that are not within the conditioned space 

have jacket losses exceeding 0.75% of the input rating.

• The Federal standard applies to all units manufactured on or after Janua

with maximum rated heat input ≥ 225,000 Btu per hour.

• Commercial furnace efficiency ranges are as wide as those for residentia

technology options are similar (though usually scaled up).

• Besides scale, commercial units can differ in terms of the control system 

integration with a Building Management System, twinning, or other sta

strategies) and they may also use a heat recovery system to pre‐heat inle

• The maintenance cost estimate assumes two cleanings per year.

84

Commercial Gas-Fired Furnaces
DATA

2003 2012 2013 2020 20

Installed Base Current Standard Typical Typical Typ

Typical Input Capacity (kBtu/h) 400 400 400 400 400 Thermal Efficiency (%)* 81 81 81 82 82 Average Life (yrs) 15 15 15 15 15 

Retail Equipment Cost ($)

3,200 3,400 4,000 4,000 4,000 

3,800 3,900 4,200 4,200 4,200 

Total Installed Cost ($)

3,800 3,800 4,380 4,380 4,380 

4,400 4,400 4,580 4,580 4,580 

Annual Maintenance ($) 320 320 320 320 320 

85

Commercial Oil-Fired Furnaces

* DOEʹs efficiency metric for commercial furnaces accounts only for flue losses, not jacket losses.
• Current Federal standard requires minimum 81% thermal efficiency. Th

more commonly called “combustion efficiency” in other contexts, accou

flue losses, not jacket losses.

• ASHRAE Standard 90.1, which is used as a commercial building code in 

states, stipulates that furnaces that are not within the conditioned space 

have jacket losses exceeding 0.75% of the input rating.

• The Federal standard applies to all units manufactured on or after Janua

with maximum rated heat input ≥ 225,000 Btu per hour.

• Commercial furnace efficiency ranges are as wide as those for residentia

technology options are similar (though usually scaled up).

• Besides scale, commercial units can differ in terms of the control system 

integration with a Building Management System, twinning, or other sta

strategies) and they may also use a heat recovery system to pre‐heat inle

• The maintenance cost estimate assumes two cleanings per year.

86

Commercial Oil-Fired Furnaces
87

Commercial Electric Boilers

* Capacity is output

DATA

2003 2012 2013 2020 2030 

Installed Base Typical Typical Typical 

Typical Capacity (kW)* 165 165 165 165 165 

Efficiency (%) 98 98 98 98 98 

Average Life (yrs) 15 15 15 15 15 

Retail Equipment Cost ($)

$6,400 $7,000 $7,000 $7,000 $7,000 $7,500 $7,800 $7,800 $7,800 $7,800 

Total Installed Cost ($)

$8,000 $10,500 $10,500 $10,500 $10,500 $9,600 $11,800 $11,800 $11,800 $11,800 

Annual Maintenance Cost ($)

110 110 110 110 110 160 160 160 160 160 
• There are currently no federal standards associated with electric boilers• The costs shown are for one 165kW unit, which would equate to a stead

approximately 550,000 Btu/hr.

• Service life is determined mainly by water quality. Water conditioning 

softeners, de‐alkizers, chemical feeders) may be necessary for a given ap

• Annual maintenance in a typical application would include draining the 

removal of any accumulated scale or sludge buildup.

• Minor end‐use inefficiencies for electric boilers result from heat loss thro

(jacket losses).

88

Commercial Electric Boilers
89

Commercial Gas-Fired Boilers

* The standard level shown here is for small hot water boilers, the most common type of boiler.

** DOEʹs efficiency metric for most types of boilers now accounts for both flue and jacket losses; previously it did not. DO

combustion efficiency metric instead for hot water boilers with heat input > 2,500,000 Btu/h.

*** Installed Base costs have been adjusted to reflect the cost of two 427 kBtu/h boilers rather than one, as was reported in 

DATA

2003 2012 2013 2020 2030 

Installed Base Current Standard* Typical Mid‐ Range High Typical High Typical H

Typical Input Capacity (kBtu/h) 800 800 800 800 800 800 800 800 800 Thermal Efficiency (%)** 76 77 80 80 85 98 82 98 83 

Average Life (yrs) 30 30 30 30 30 30 30 30 30 Retail Equipment Cost ($)***

10,650 11,350 13,050 13,050 15,900 18,150 14,200 18,150 14,750 1

12,750 13,400 15,100 15,100 18,000 20,200 16,250 20,200 16,800 2

Total Installed Cost ($)

17,850 18,550 20,250 20,250 23,100 25,350 21,400 25,350 21,950 2

19,950 20,600 22,300 22,300 25,200 27,400 23,450 27,400 24,000 2

Annual Maintenance Cost ($) 480 480 480 480 480 480 480 480 480 
• Commercial packaged gas‐fired boilers are classified by:

— Heat input capacity— Produce steam or hot water— Draft type (natural draft or not)

• Most common type is small hot water boilers, those with 300,000‐2,500,0

rated heat input.

• DOE’s efficiency metric, thermal efficiency, now aligns with ASHRAE 9

accounts for both flue and jacket losses.

• Federal standards require thermal efficiency ≥ 77%, 79%, or 80%, depen

• Exception is large hot water boilers, which must have combustion efficien

• Similar technologies to the those used in the residential market can be le

the commercial arena. The higher efficiency units typically include elect

ignition, power burners, and improved heat exchangers. They may eve

and/or pre‐heat incoming air.

90

Commercial Gas-Fired Boilers
91

Commercial Oil-Fired Boilers

* The standard level shown here is for small hot water boilers, the most common type of boiler.

** DOEʹs efficiency metric for most types of boilers now accounts for both flue and jacket losses; previously it did not. DO

combustion efficiency metric instead for hot water boilers with heat input > 2,500,000 Btu/h.

DATA

2003 2012 2013 2020 2030 

Installed Base Current Standard* Typical High Typical High Typical High 

Typical Input Capacity

(kBtu/h) 1,200 1,200 1,200 1,200 1,200 1,200 1,200 1,200 1,20

Thermal Efficiency (%)** 79 81 82 83 98 83 98 84 9

Average Life (yrs) 30 30 30 30 30 30 30 30 3

Retail Equipment Cost ($)

11,700 12,400 13,400 14,400 24,700 14,400 24,700 15,500 24,7012,800 14,400 15,400 16,500 26,800 16,500 26,800 17,500 26,80

Total Installed Cost ($)

15,800 16,500 17,500 18,500 30,900 18,500 30,900 19,600 30,9016,900 18,500 19,500 20,600 33,000 20,600 33,000 21,600 33,00

Annual Maintenance Cost ($)

115 115 115 115 115 115 115 115 1165 165 165 165 165 165 165 165 16
• Commercial packaged oil‐fired boilers are classified by:

— Heat input capacity— Produce steam or hot water

• Most common type is small hot water boilers, those with 300,000‐2,500,0

rated heat input.

• DOE’s efficiency metric, thermal efficiency, now aligns with ASHRAE 9

accounts for both flue and jacket losses.

• Federal standards require thermal efficiency ≥ 81% for steam boilers and

hot water boilers.

• Exception is large hot water boilers, which must have combustion efficien

• The higher efficiency units typically include improved heat exchangers, 

step or variable‐output power burners.

92

Commercial Oil-Fired Boilers
93

Commercial Gas-Fired Chillers1

1 This analysis assumes a water‐cooled chiller; both gas‐fired chiller types (absorption and engine‐driven) are shown.

* Capacity is output

DATA

2003 2012 2013 2020 2030 

Installed Base

Absorption Engine‐ Driven Absorption Engine‐ Driven Absorption E

D

Absorption Engine‐ Driven Absorption Engine‐ Driven

Typical Capacity (tons)*

150 150 150 150 150 150 150 150 150 

1,500 400 1,500 400 1,500 400 1,500 400 1,500 

COP 1.0 1.5 1.1 1.7 1.1 1.7 1.2 1.8 1.3 Average Life (yrs) 23 25 23 25 23 25 23 25 23 Retail Equipment Cost

($/ton)

650 750 700 700 700 700 700 700 700 800 850 850 800 850 800 850 800 850 

Total Installed Cost($/ton)

800 900 800 800 800 800 800 800 800 950 1,000 1,050 1,000 1,050 1,000 1,050 1,000 1,050 

Annual Maintenance Cost($/ton)

16 37 16 31 16 31 16 31 16 32 48 32 47 32 47 32 47 32 
• Gas‐fired chillers are available as either air‐cooled (~25‐50 tons) or water‐cooled (150

analysis includes only water‐cooled chillers. Two direct‐fired gas chiller technologie

market; absorption and engine‐driven.

• Direct gas firing provides high enough temperatures to operate double effect absorp

which operate at a 50‐60% higher COP than single effect absorption chillers. Triple e

chillers are expected to boost cooling COP 30‐50% beyond double effect chillers. Pro

fired triple effect absorption chillers have been tested by York and Trane, but are no

available. Due to the prohibitively high cost of advanced high heat/corrosion‐resista

required for triple effect absorption chillers, it is expected that this technology will n

commercial market impact in the near‐term. Some absorption chillers can be operate

provide heating; these are referred to as chiller/heaters.

• Gas‐fired engine‐driven chillers pair conventional vapor compression technologies (

or centrifugal compressors) with natural gas powered reciprocating engines. Gas‐fir

chillers exhibit higher peak cooling COP than absorbers, and engine modulation res

better part load performance. Future efficiency improvements for engine‐driven ch

anticipated. Engine driven chillers allow the opportunity to recover waste heat usef

• Sales dropped by nearly 75 percent in the US from 2006 to 2010. Most new gas‐fired 

the US are for replacement, not for new installations. The increase in electric chiller 

narrowed the operating cost differential with gas chillers. Gas chiller technologies re

and development will in other markets, such as Asia, which currently has 80 percen

chiller market.

• Gas‐fired chiller installations hold value in niche applications such as where electric 

are high, electrical capacity is limited, alternative energy sources are available (such 

landfill gas) or where waste heat is available (such as from an industrial process or m

CHP system) that could be used with a hybrid direct/indirect‐fired absorption chille

use of natural gas. 94

Commercial Gas-Fired Chillers
95

Commercial Centrifugal Chillers

1 COP and kW/ton efficiencies listed are for full load rated conditions as well as integrated part load value (IPLV), which i

indicative of annual performance.

2 2013 typical efficiency based on ASHRAE 90.1‐2010.3 2013 mid efficiency based on FEMP recommendations.* Capacity is output

DATA

2003 2012 2013 2020 2030 

Installed Base Typical2 Mid3 High Typical High Typical 

Typical Capacity (tons)

400 400 400 400 400 400 400 400 600 600 600 600 600 600 600 600 

Efficiency [full‐load](kW/ton)1 0.70 0.66 0.58 0.56 0.45 0.54 0.44 0.52 

Efficiency [IPLV] (kW/ton)1 0.67 0.61 0.40 0.36 0.33 0.36 0.32 0.35 COP [full‐load]1 5.0 5.4 6.1 6.3 7.8 6.5 8.0 6.8 

COP [IPLV] 1 5.2 5.9 8.8 9.8 10.7 9.8 11.0 10.0 

Average Life (yrs) 25 25 25 25 25 25 25 25 

Retail Equipment Cost ($/ton)

250 250 250 300 400 300 400 300 350 350 350 400 500 400 500 400 

Total Installed Cost ($/ton)

300 300 300 350 450 350 450 350 450 450 450 500 600 500 600 500 

Annual Maintenance Cost($/ton)

16 16 16 16 16 16 16 16 32 32 32 32 32 32 32 32 
• For most chiller applications the seasonal performance (represented by the integrated part

is more indicative of performance than the full‐load performance at rated conditions. The 

necessarily correlate well to the full‐load efficiency, so both efficiency parameters are listed comparison table.

• ASHRAE 90.1‐2010 and Addendum M of 90.1‐2007 became effective 1/1/10 and instituted 

Separate compliance paths for applications that spend a significant amount of time at full 

load (encourages the use of chillers with better IPLVs in part‐load applications and full‐loa

full‐load applications; for either path, minimum requirements for both full load and IPLV 

The Addendum also added a new size category for centrifugal chillers ≥600 tons, strengthe

efficiency requirements for centrifugal chillers <150 tons and ≥600 tons, and changed how 

expressed, from coefficient of performance (COP) to kW/ton to reflect industry practice.

• The Federal Energy Management Program (FEMP) requires separate minimum efficiencie

optimized and part‐load optimized applications. For full‐load optimized applications, a fu

less than 0.56 kW/ton and an IPLV efficiency less than 0.55 kW/ton. For full‐load optimize

full‐load efficiency less than 0.60 kW/ton and an IPLV efficiency less than 0.36 kW/ton.

• The highest efficiency centrifugal chillers incorporate some of the following:

— Variable speed drive (VSD) compressors

— Dedicated heat recovery (heat pump chiller)

— Magnetic bearing technology (oil‐free operation)

— Greater heat exchanger surface areas; enhanced tube configurations (counterflow)— Optimized fluid flow velocities— High efficiency electric motors

— Improved turbomachinery design, resulting in higher compressor efficiency

— Better piping and valving, including electronic expansion valves

— Evaporative condenser for the heat rejection equipment

• Installed costs vary widely depending on equipment needed for installation (e .g. crane) an

This is a mature market with centrifugal chillers representing 75% of commercial chiller sa

tons. 96

Commercial Centrifugal Chillers
97

Commercial Reciprocating Chillers

1 COP and kW/ton efficiencies listed are for full load rated conditions as well as integrated part load value (IPLV), which is mo

performance.

2 2013 typical efficiency based on ASHRAE 90.1‐2010.3 2013 mid efficiency based on FEMP recommendations.

* Capacity is output

DATA

2003 2012 2013 2020 2030 

Installed Base Typical2 Mid3 High Typical High Typical H

Typical Capacity (tons)

100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 200 200 200 200 200 200 200 200 

Efficiency [full‐load] (kW/ton)1 1.26 1.26 1.25 1.15 1.00 1.15 1.00 1.15 

Efficiency [IPLV] (kW/ton) 1 1.15 1.13 0.96 0.80 0.79 0.80 0.79 0.80 COP [full‐load] 1 2.80 2.80 2.81 3.06 3.52 3.06 3.52 3.06 COP [IPLV] 1 3.05 3.12 3.66 4.40 4.45 4.40 4.45 4.40 Average Life (yrs) 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 

Retail Equipment Cost ($/ton)

400 575 550 650 750 650 750 650 500 675 650 750 850 750 850 750 

Total Installed Cost ($/ton)

475 650 675 775 875 775 875 775 600 775 825 925 1025 925 1025 925 

Annual Maintenance Cost

($/ton)

27 27 27 27 27 27 27 27 43 43 43 43 43 43 43 43 
• For most chiller applications the seasonal performance (represented by the inte

load value; IPLV) is more indicative of performance than the full‐load performconditions. The IPLV does not necessarily correlate well to the full‐load efficieefficiency parameters are listed in the comparison table.

• Reciprocating chillers are most cost effective for small loads. Reciprocating chi

share continues to be supplanted by screw and scroll chillers. Large manufactumanufacture reciprocating chillers since most packaged reciprocating chillers und

utilize R‐22 which is being phased out under the Montreal Protocol.

• Reciprocating chillers can be used in either air‐cooled or water cooled applicat

Reciprocating chillers shown in the data are air‐cooled. Air‐cooled chillers are than the water‐cooled models. Listed efficiencies include matched condensers associated energy use (as required for compliance with ASHRAE 90.1‐2010).

• ASHRAE 90.1‐2010 instituted separate minimum efficiency requirements for a

chillers more and less than 150 tons and both sets of requirements are more str

90.1‐2007. The 90.1‐2007 minimum efficiency requirements were the same as 90

• The most recent Federal Energy Management Program (FEMP) recommendati

reciprocating chillers (updated December 2012) include a full‐load efficiency okW/ton for base‐loaded chillers or an IPLV efficiency of 0.78 kW/ton and 0.80 k

chillers with seasonally variable loads that are less than 150 tons and more tharespectively.

• The highest efficiency reciprocating chillers incorporate some of the following:

— Multiple compressors for staged capacity control

— Improved heat‐exchangers

98

Commercial Reciprocating Chillers
99

Commercial Screw Chillers

1 COP and kW/ton efficiencies listed are for full load rated conditions as well as integrated part load value (IPLV), which is mo

performance.

2 2013 typical, mid, and high efficiency levels determined base on the range of products currently available on the market.

* Capacity is output

DATA

2003 2012 2013 2020 203

Installed Base Current Standard Typical Mid High Typical High Typical 

Typical Capacity (tons)*

100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 300 300 300 300 300 300 300 300 300 

Efficiency [full‐load](kW/ton) 1.26 1.26 1.25 1.24 1.13 1.02 1.13 0.99 1.10 

Efficiency [IPLV] (kW/ton) 1.15 1.13 0.94 0.94 0.77 0.61 0.77 0.58 0.72 

COP [full‐load] 2.80 2.80 2.81 2.84 3.10 3.46 3.10 3.55 3.20 

COP [IPLV] 3.05 3.12 3.74 3.74 4.58 5.80 4.58 6.06 4.88 

Average Life (yrs) 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 

Retail Equipment Cost

($/ton)

300 500 500 500 600 700 600 700 600 400 600 600 600 700 800 700 800 700 

Total Installed Cost ($/ton)

375 625 625 625 725 825 725 825 725 500 800 800 800 900 1000 900 1000 900 

Annual Maintenance Cost

($/ton)

11 11 11 11 11 11 11 11 11 53 53 53 53 53 53 53 53 53 
• For most chiller applications the seasonal performance (represented by the in

load value; IPLV) is more indicative of performance than the full‐load perforconditions. The IPLV does not necessarily correlate well to the full‐load efficefficiency parameters are listed in the comparison table.

• Screw chillers are available from ~50‐1100 tons but are most cost effective for 

loads. Screw chillers dominate the current market for small to mid‐size chille

• Screw chillers can be used in either air‐cooled or water cooled applications. S

shown in the data are air‐cooled. Air‐cooled chillers are less efficient than th

models. Listed efficiencies include matched condensers and their associated 

required for compliance with ASHRAE 90.1‐2010).

• ASHRAE 90.1‐2010 instituted separate minimum efficiency requirements for 

chillers more and less than 150 tons and both sets of requirements are more s

90.1‐2007. The 90.1‐2007 requirements were the same as 90.1‐2004.

• The most recent Federal Energy Management Program (FEMP) recommenda

reciprocating chillers (updated December 2012) include a full‐load efficiency 

kW/ton for base‐loaded chillers or an IPLV efficiency of 0.78 kW/ton and 0.80 chillers with seasonally variable loads that are less than 150 tons and more threspectively.

• The highest efficiency screw chillers incorporate some of the following:

— Variable speed compressors and/or multiple compressors

— Economizers— Improved heat‐exchangers

100

Commercial Screw Chillers
101

Commercial Scroll Chillers

DATA

2003 2007 2010 2020 2030 

Installed Base Typical Typical Typical 

Typical Capacity (tons) 20‐140 20‐140 20‐140 20‐140 20‐140 

Efficiency [full‐load/IPLV] (kW/ton1) 1.26 / 1.15 1.26 / 1.15 1.19/0.80 1.19/0.80 1.19/0.80 

COP [full‐load/IPLV] 1 2.80 / 3.05 2.80 / 3.05 2.96/4.40 2.96/4.40 2.96/4.40 

Average Life (yrs) 20 20 20 20 20 

Retail Equipment Cost ($/ton) 300‐400 300‐400 350‐450 350‐450 350‐450 

Total Installed Cost ($/ton) 400‐500 400‐500 450‐550 450‐550 450‐550 Annual Maintenance Cost ($/ton) 35‐50 35‐50 35‐50 35‐50 35‐50 

1 COP and kW/ton efficiencies listed are for full load rated conditions as well as integrated part load value (IPLV), which is

more indicative of annual performance.

2 2013 typical, mid, and high efficiency levels determined base on the range of products currently available on the market.

* Capacity is output

DATA

2003 2012 2013 2020 2030 

Installed Base Current Standard Typical2 Mid2 High Typical High Typical 

Typical Capacity (tons)*

20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 

140 140 140 140 140 140 140 140 140 

Efficiency [full‐load](kW/ton)1 1.26 1.23 1.25 1.17 1.14 1.11 1.14 1.09 1.11 

Efficiency [IPLV] (kW/ton)1 1.15 0.99 0.94 0.77 0.75 0.72 0.75 0.71 0.73 COP [full‐load]1 2.80 2.88 2.81 3.02 3.08 3.17 3.08 3.23 3.17 COP [IPLV] 1 3.05 3.67 3.74 4.54 4.67 4.86 4.67 4.99 4.82 Average Life (yrs) 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 

Retail Equipment Cost

($/ton)

320 450 450 450 550 650 550 650 550 420 550 550 550 650 800 650 800 650 

Total Installed Cost ($/ton)

420 700 700 700 800 900 800 900 800 530 800 800 800 900 1050 900 1050 900 

Annual Maintenance Cost

($/ton)

37 37 37 37 37 37 37 37 37 53 53 53 53 53 53 53 53 53 
• For most chiller applications the seasonal performance (represented by th

part‐load value; IPLV) is more indicative of performance than the full‐loaat rated conditions. The IPLV does not necessarily correlate well to the fu

efficiency, so both efficiency parameters are listed in the comparison table

• Scroll chillers can be used in either air‐cooled or water cooled application

chillers shown in the data are air‐cooled, which is most common. Air‐coo

less efficient than the water‐cooled models. Listed efficiencies include ma

condensers and their associated energy use (as required for compliance w

90.1‐2010).

• ASHRAE 90.1‐2010 instituted separate minimum efficiency requirements 

chillers more and less than 150 tons and both sets of requirements are mo

than 90.1‐2007. The 90.1‐2007 requirements were the same as 90.1‐2004.

• The most recent Federal Energy Management Program (FEMP) recommen

reciprocating chillers (updated December 2012) include a full‐load efficien

less kW/ton for base‐loaded chillers or an IPLV efficiency of 0.78 kW/ton kW/ton for chillers with seasonally variable loads that are less than 150 tothan 150 tons, respectively.

• The highest efficiency scroll chillers incorporate some of the following:

— Multiple compressors for staged capacity control

— Improved heat‐exchangers

102

Commercial Scroll Chillers
DATA

2003 2012 2013 2020 2030 

Installed Base Current Standard Typical ENERGY STAR High Typical High Typical H

Typical Output Capacity(kBtu/h) 90 90 90 90 90 90 90 90 90 Efficiency (EER)* 9.2 10.6 11.2 11.2 11.7 13.9 11.5 13.9 11.5 1

Part Load Efficiecny (IEER) ‐ 12.4 ‐ 12.4 11.8 20.8 12.7 20.8 12.7 2

Average Life (yrs) 15 15 15 15 15 15 15 15 15 

Retail Equipment Cost ($)

3,500 5,850 5,850 5,850 6,450 21,500 6,250 21,500 6,250 21,4,800 6,900 6,900 6,900 7,500 22,500 7,300 22,500 7,300 22,

Total Installed Cost ($)

5,300 8,000 8,000 8,000 8,600 23,500 8,400 23,500 8,400 23,6,600 9,050 9,050 9,050 9,650 25,500 9,450 25,500 9,450 25,

Annual Maintenance Cost ($)

160 160 160 160 160 160 160 160 160 320 320 320 320 320 320 320 320 320 

103

Commercial Rooftop Air Conditioners

* Values shown are for air‐cooled units with either electric resistance heating or no heating within the same enclosure.
• This analysis focused on small air‐cooled commercial packaged air condit

kBtu/h or 7.5 tons), though there are also standards for many other types 

air conditioners.

• The high efficiency unit includes a variable capacity digital scroll compres

saves energy during off‐design hours—approximately 17% annual energy 

a typical unit.

104

Commercial Rooftop Air Conditioners

Cooling Capacity(kBtu/h) Heating Type

Federal Standard

Effective 1/1/2010

Min. EER

ENERGY STAR 

Effective 

Min. EER 

Small( ≥ 65 and < 135)

Electric resistanceor none

11.2 11.7 

Any other type 11.0 11.5 

Large(≥ 135 and < 240)

Electric resistanceor none

11.0 11.7 

Any other type 10.8 11.5 

Air‐Cooled Commercial Packaged Air Conditioners
105

Commercial Gas-Fired Engine-Driven Rooftop Air Conditioners

* Capacity is output

DATA

2003 2012 2013 2020 2030 

Installed Base Typical Typical Typical 

Typical Capacity (tons) 25 18 11 11 11 

Heating COP NA 1.4 1.4 1.4 1.4 Cooling COP 0.7 0.9 1.1 1.1 1.1 Average Life (yrs) 15 15 15 15 15 

Retail Equipment Cost ($/ton)

800 2,700 2,700 2,700 2,700 900 3,300 3,300 3,300 3,300 

Total Installed Cost ($/ton)

1,300 3,100 3,100 3,100 3,100 1,400 4,100 4,100 4,100 4,100 

Annual Maintenance Cost ($) 59 59 59 59 59 
• The only gas‐fired engine‐driven rooftop unit currently available in the 

NextAire (an Aisin Seiki product line). It is an 11 ton packaged heat pum

scroll compressors, variable refrigerant flow, and a variable speed supp

coolant heat recovery improves the heating mode COP. This heat pump 

introduced in 2010.

• There are currently no Federal requirements on gas‐fired engine‐driven 

conditioners or heat pumps.

• Annual sales of the engine‐driven rooftop heat pump are estimated at le

units per year.

106

Commercial Gas-Fired Engine-Driven Rooftop Air Conditioners/Heat Pumps
107

Commercial Rooftop Heat Pumps

* Values shown are for air‐cooled units with either electric resistance heating or no heating within the same enclosure.

** ENERGY STAR qualified products must also have IEER of 11.4 or greater.

DATA

2003 2012 2013 2020 2030 

Installed Base Current Standard Typical ENERGY STAR** High Typical High Typical Hi

Typical Capacity (kBtu/h) 90 90 90 90 90 90 90 90 90 

Efficiency (EER)* 9.3 10.2 11.0 11.0 11.3 12.0 11.0 12.0 11.0 1

Part Load Efficiecny (IEER) ‐ 12.0 ‐ 12.0 11.4 20.2 12.0 20.2 12.0 2COP (Heating) 3.1 3.25 3.3 3.3 3.35 3.4 3.3 3.4 3.3 Average Life (yrs) 15 15 15 15 15 15 15 15 15 

Retail Equipment Cost ($)

3,700 5,300 5,300 5,300 5,500 5,850 5,300 5,850 5,300 5,4,800 6,400 6,400 6,400 6,600 6,900 6,400 6,900 6,400 6,

Total Installed Cost ($)

5,300 6,900 6,900 6,900 7,100 8,400 6,900 8,400 6,900 8,6,900 7,750 7,750 7,750 7,950 10,100 7,750 10,100 7,750 10,

Annual Maintenance Cost ($)

105 105 105 105 105 105 105 105 105 160 160 160 160 160 160 160 160 160 
• This analysis focused on small air‐cooled commercial packaged heat pump

7.5 tons), though there are also standards for many other types of commer

108

Commercial Rooftop Heat Pumps

CoolingCapacity(kBtu/h)

Heating Type

Federal Standard

Effective 1/1/2010

ENERGY STAR 

Effective 1

Min. EER Min. COP

at 47°F Min. EER Min. IE

Small( ≥ 65 and < 135)

Electric resistanceor none

11.0 3.3 11.3 11.4 

Any other type 10.8 3.3 ––

Large(≥ 135 and < 240)

Electric resistanceor none

10.6 3.2 10.9 11.0 

Any other type 10.4 3.2 – – 

Air‐Cooled Commercial Packaged Heat Pumps
109

Commercial Ground Source Heat Pumps

DATA

2003 2012 2013 2020 2030 

Installed Base Current Standard Typical Mid High Typical High Typical H

Typical Capacity (kBtu/h) 48 48 48 48 48 48 48 48 48 COP (Heating) 3.4 3.5 3.1 3.6 3.7 4 3.8 4.2 4 

EER (Cooling) 13.8 14 13.4 17.1 17.6 20.6 18 22 20 

Average Life (yrs) 25 25 25 25 25 25 25 25 25 Retail Equipment Cost ($)

6,000 6,000 6,000 6,500 7,000 8,500 6,500 8,500 6,500 

11,000 11,000 7,000 7,500 8,500 11,000 7,500 11,000 7,500 1

Total Installed Cost ($)

16,000 16,000 16,000 16,500 17,000 18,500 16,500 18,500 16,500 136,400 36,400 32,400 32,900 33,900 36,400 32,900 36,400 32,900 3

Annual Maintenance Cost ($) 150 150 150 150 150 150 150 150 150 
• The most common commercial ground source heat pump systems are closed‐loop in w

anti‐freeze solution is circulated through plastic pipes buried underground. Commerc

heat pumps (WAHPs) range in size from 1 ton or less to over 500 tons depending on w

distributed or centralized architecture is used. Distributed systems are more prevalen

• Most geothermal WAHPs are rated for capacity and efficiency based on the ISO 13256

Heating and cooling efficiency measurements under this standard include input energ

pumps on a proportional basis that only includes that power required to transport air 

through the heat pump. The reason for this method is to simplify comparisons betwee

to allow equipment to be optimized for real world conditions without suffering rating world energy use will exceed ratings predictions as a result of higher fluid static press

• ISO 13256‐1 cooling rating conditions call for 77F entering water temperature and 80.6

temperature. More typical peak design criteria would be 80‐90F entering water tempe

entering air temperature. As a result, ISO 13256‐1 rated cooling efficiency would be hi

design peak operation.

• Some WAHPs include efficiency data for a part load operating condition as allowed by 

multiple stage or variable speed compressors. No seasonal energy efficiency metric (a

or IEER) currently applies to WAHPs. The annual performance of a geothermal WAH

more widely than for other system types due to the large influence of ground loop des

characteristics.

• The ENERGY STAR® criteria for ground source heat pumps apply only to residential a

• Installation cost is for a closed loop system and includes necessary accessories. The gr

exchanger and distribution pumping systems represent a majority of the installation co

• Low end WAHPs utilize single stage compressors. Higher efficiency units incorporate 

variable speed compressor controls to improve efficiency as well as humidity and tem

Variable speed electronically commutated (EC) fan motors also improve overall energy 

110

Commercial Ground Source Heat Pumps
111

Commercial Electric Resistance Heaters

* Capacity is output

** Annual Maintenance Cost is negligible

DATA

2003 2012 2013 2020 2030 

Installed Base

Small Large Small Large Small 

Small Large Small Large

Typical Capacity (kBtu/h)* 17 170 17 170 17 170 17 170 17 Efficiency (%) 0.98 0.98 0.98 0.98 0.98 0.98 0.98 0.98 0.98 

Average Life (yrs) 18 18 18 18 18 18 18 18 18 

Retail Equipment Cost ($)

500 3,400 500 3,400 500 3,500 500 3,500 500 700 3,800 700 3,800 700 3,900 700 3,900 700 

Total Installed Cost ($)

600 3,500 600 3,500 650 4,000 650 4,000 650 800 3,900 800 3,900 850 4,500 850 4,500 850 

Annual Maintenance Cost ($)** ‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐
• This analysis examined electric unit heaters.

• Electric unit heaters range in capacity from 2 to 100 kW (7 to 340 kBtu/h

kW (17 to 170 kBtu/hr) being the most typical units on the market.

• Electric resistance heaters are considered near 100% efficient because the

loss through ducts or combustion. For this analysis, the efficiency is 98% 

IR losses and fan inefficiency.

• Installation time and costs are estimated to be minimal.

112

Commercial Electric Resistance Heaters
113

Commercial Gas Storage Water Heaters

DATA

2003 2012 2013 2020 2030 

Installed Base Current Standard Typical High Typical High Typical H

Typical Storage Capacity (gal) 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 

Typical Input Capacity (kBtu/h) 200 200 200 200 200 200 200 200 

Thermal Efficiency (%) 77 79 80 80 99 80 99 80 Average Life (yrs) 13 13 13 13 13 13 13 13 Retail Equipment Cost ($)

3000 3200 3700 3700 5300 3700 5300 3700 4500 4800 6100 6100 6900 6100 6900 6100 

Total Installed Cost ($)

3530 3730 4230 4230 5830 4230 5830 4230 5030 5330 6630 6630 7430 6630 7430 6630 

Annual Maintenance Cost ($)

110 110 110 110 110 110 110 110 210 210 210 210 210 210 210 210 
• Input capacity ≥ 75,000 Btu/h

• Federal standard:

— Minimum thermal efficiency: 80%

— Maximum standby loss: Input Rate/800 + 110 × (Rated Volume)1/2

• ENERGY STAR requirements:

— Minimum thermal efficiency: 94%

— Maximum standby loss: 0.84 × [(Input Rate/800) + 110 × (Rated Volu

• Baseline units are constructed similarly to residential units, though typi

greater storage and/or input capacities.

• High‐efficiency integrated units feature condensing heat exchangers, co

either stainless or enameled tubing and an inducer fan system or power 

Other designs incorporate an external heating module with a storage tan

assembly. Either design approach can yield a condensing appliance.

• Maintenance consists of sediment and scale removal once or twice per y

Estimated cost of $100–$200 per year for one or two cleanings performed 

plumber.

114

Commercial Gas Storage Water Heaters
Annual shipments dropped almost 20 percent over 12 year

99 thousand units in 2000 to 80 thousand units in 2012.

115

Commercial Gas Storage Water Heaters

Source: Appliance Magazine. (Also available from http://www.ahrinet.org/historical+data.aspx)

0

20406080

100120

2000 2002 2004 2006 2008 2010 

Unit Shipments (thousands)

Gas Storage Water Heaters
116

Commercial Electric Resistance Water Heaters

DATA

2003 2012 2013 2020 2

Installed Base Current Standard Typical Typical Ty

Typical Storage Capacity (gal) 120 120 120 120 120 

Typical Input Capacity (kW) 45 45 54 54 54 

Thermal Efficiency (%) 98 98 98 98 98 

Average Life (yrs) 13 13 13 13 13 

Retail Equipment Cost ($)

3600 3600 3600 3600 3600 5600 5600 5600 5600 5600 

Total Installed Cost ($)

4240 4240 4240 4240 4240 6340 6340 6340 6340 6340 

Annual Maintenance Cost ($)

110 110 110 110 110 210 210 210 210 210 
• Federal standard:

— Maximum standby loss: 0.30 + 27/Measured Storage Volume

— Minimum thermal efficiency: no standard, but all units ≥ 98% anyw

• Storage capacity: typically 50 to 120 gallons, though larger units exist fo

applications

• Maintenance consists of sediment and scale removal once or twice per y

cost of $100–$200 per year for one or two cleanings performed by a plum

117

Commercial Electric Resistance Water Heaters
118

Commercial Electric Resistance Water Heaters

Annual shipments increased more than 50 percent over 12 y

44 thousand units in 2000 to 67 thousand units in 2012.

0

1020304050607080

2000 2002 2004 2006 2008 2010 

Unit Shipments (thousands)

Electric Storage Water Heaters

Source: Appliance Magazine. (Also available from http://www.ahrinet.org/historical+data.aspx)
119

Commercial Oil-Fired Water Heaters

DATA

2003 2012 2013 2020 2030 

Installed Base Current Standard Typical High Typical High Typical High 

Typical Storage Capacity (gal) 70 70 70 70 70 70 70 70 

Typical Input Capacity (kBtu/h) 300 300 140 140 140 140 140 140 14

Thermal Efficiency (%) 78 79 78 80 85 80 85 80 

Average Life (yrs) 13 13 13 13 13 13 13 13 

Retail Equipment Cost ($) 4360 4420 4360 6500 8500 6500 8500 6500 85

Total Installed Cost ($) 4890 4950 4890 7030 9030 7030 9030 7030 90

Annual Maintenance Cost ($)

110 110 110 110 110 110 110 110 1210 210 210 210 210 210 210 210 2
• Input capacity ≥ 105,000 Btu/h

• Federal standard:

— Minimum thermal efficiency: 78%

— Maximum standby loss: Input Rate/800 + 110 × (Rated Volume)1/2

• Condensing units do not exist, thus the highest attainable thermal efficie

• Maintenance consists of sediment and scale removal once or twice per y

cost of $100–$200 per year for one or two cleanings performed by a plum

120

Commercial Oil-Fired Water Heaters
121

Commercial Gas-Fired Instantaneous Water Heaters

* Maintenance costs are negligible.

DATA

2003 2012 2013 2020 2030 

Installed Base Current Standard Typical High Typical High Typical High 

Typical Capacity (kBtu/hr)

180 180 180 180 180 180 180 180 1230 230 250 250 250 250 250 250 2

Thermal Efficiency (%) 76 78 80 89 97 89 97 89 

Average Life (yrs) 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 

Retail Equipment Cost ($)

530 640 850 1300 1500 1300 1500 1300 15800 900 1050 1650 1850 1650 1850 1650 18

Total Installed Cost ($)

680 790 1000 1550 1750 1550 1750 1550 17950 1050 1200 2200 2400 2200 2400 2200 24

Annual Maintenance Cost ($)* ‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐
• Input capacity ≥ 200,000 Btu/h

• Federal standard:

— Minimum thermal efficiency: 80%

— Maximum standby loss: Input Rate/800 + 110 x (Rated Volume)1/2

• ENERGY STAR requirements:

— Minimum thermal efficiency: 94%

— Maximum standby loss: 0.84 x [(Input Rate/800) + 110 x (Rated Volu

• Use similar technologies for improving energy efficiency as residential s

however, unlike condensing residential systems, condensing commercia

typically do not use multiple heat exchangers.

• Depending on the manufacturer, input ratings for condensing systems u

at 800,000 Btu/h, requiring the use of multiple units for staging purposethere are reliability, comfort, and efficiency benefits to staging multiple 

• When replacing a storage water heater with an instantaneous water hea

be significant additional costs to upsize the gas supply line and change t

122

Commercial Gas-Fired Instantaneous Water Heaters
123

Commercial Electric Booster Water Heaters

* Annual Maintenance Cost is negligible

DATA

2003 2012 2013 2020 2030 

Installed Base Typical Typical Typical 

Typical Capacity (gal)

66666

16 16 16 16 16 

Thermal Efficiency (%) 98 98 98 98 98 Average Life (yrs)

33333

10 10 10 10 10 

Retail Equipment Cost ($)

1300 1250 1250 1250 1250 1600 2700 2700 2700 2700 

Total Installed Cost ($)

1500 1450 1450 1450 1450 1800 2900 2900 2900 2900 

Annual Maintenance Cost ($)* ‐‐‐‐‐
124

Commercial Gas Booster Water Heaters

DATA

2003 2012 2013 2020 2030 

Installed Base Current Standard Typical High Typical High Typical H

Typical Capacity (gal)

63333333

10 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 

Thermal Efficiency (%) 79 80 80 80 91 82 93 85 

Average Life (yrs)

3333333388888888

Retail Equipment Cost ($)

5,300 4,500 4,500 4,500 8,000 4,500 8,000 4,500 6,400 6,500 6,500 6,500 10,000 6,500 10,000 6,500 1

Total Installed Cost ($)

5,600 4,800 4,800 4,800 8,300 4,800 8,300 4,800 6,700 6,800 6,800 6,800 10,300 6,800 10,300 6,800 1

Annual Maintenance Cost ($) 160 160 160 160 160 160 160 160 
• Booster water heaters are installed, often at the point of use, in series wi

service water heating system to boost service water temperatures. The m

water heating system may provide 110‐140F water, and the booster waincrease that temperature to 180‐195F. Typical commercial application

water heaters include commercial dishwashers, laundromats, hospitals, 

• There is currently no energy efficiency standard for electric booster wat

booster water heater minimum efficiency is dictated by ASHRAE Stand

under the “gas instantaneous water heaters” category.

• Booster water heaters typically have short lifetimes because of high usag

temperatures.

• Typical sales are small due to the limited number of applications.

125

Commercial Booster Water Heaters
126

Commercial Gas Griddles

DATA

2003 2012 2013 2020 2030 

Installed Base Typical ENERGY STAR High Typical High Typical Hig

Cooking Surface (ft2) 12.0 12.0 12.0 12.0 12.0 12.0 12.0 12.0 1

Cooking Energy Efficiency (%) 30 30 30 38 52 30 52 30 

Normalized Idle Energy Rate(Btu/h/ft2) 3,000 3,000 3,000 2,650 1,180 3,000 1,180 3,000 1,

Average Life (yrs) 22 22 22 22 22 22 22 22 Retail Equipment Cost ($) 5,000 5,000 5,000 5,360 6,160 5,000 6,160 5,000 6,Total Installed Cost ($) 5,150 5,150 5,150 5,510 6,310 5,150 6,310 5,150 6,

Annual Maintenance Cost ($)* ––––––––

* Maintenance costs are negligible.
127

Commercial Electric Griddles

* Maintenance costs are negligible.

DATA

2003 2012 2013 2020 2030 

Installed Base Typical ENERGY STAR High Typical High Typical Hig

Cooking Surface (ft2) 12.0 12.0 12.0 12.0 12.0 12.0 12.0 12.0 1

Cooking Energy Efficiency (%) 65 65 65 70 82 65 82 65 

Normalized Idle Energy Rate (W/ft2) 440 440 440 320 210 440 210 440 

Average Life (yrs) 22 22 22 22 22 22 22 22 Retail Equipment Cost ($) 7,800 7,800 7,800 7,800 9,000 7,800 9,000 7,800 9,Total Installed Cost ($) 7,950 7,950 7,950 7,950 9,150 7,950 9,150 7,950 9,

Annual Maintenance Cost ($)* ––––––––
• Used throughout the hospitality industry to crisp, brown, sear, warm, an

• Transfers heat to food by direct contact with a hot plate, usually made of 

• Energy performance metrics are “Cooking Efficiency” (%) and “Normali

Consumption Rate” (Watts/ft2), measured using ASTM F1275‐03 and AST

• No Federal standards, but ENERGY STAR criteria version 1.1 took effect 

and became more stringent on January 1, 2011 for electric griddles.

• Price premiums for ENERGY STAR qualified products: estimated at $0 fo

$360 for gas models.

• Incentives ranging from $25 to $600 per unit available from more than 30 

states.

• Energy savings achieved by using highly conductive or reflective plate m

improved thermostatic controls, sub‐griddle insulation (electric only), an

strategic placement of thermocouples to better regulate temperature.

128

Commercial Gas and Electric Griddles

ENERGY STAR Requirements Gas Elec

Cooking Energy Efficiency ≥ 38% ≥ 7

Normalized Idle Energy Rate ≤ 2,650 Btu/h per ft2 ≤ 320 Wa
129

Commercial Hot Food Holding Cabinets

DATA

2003 2012 2013 2020 2030 

Installed Base State Standards Typical ENERGY STAR High Typical High Typical H

Interior Volume (ft3) 21.4 21.4 21.4 21.4 21.4 21.4 21.4 21.4 21.4 

Maximum Idle Energy Rate (W) 1,400 900 856 856 297 154 856 154 856 Average Life (yrs) 12 12 12 12 12 12 12 12 12 

Retail Equipment Cost ($) 2,400 2,400 2,400 2,400 2,400 2,800 2,400 2,800 2,400 2Total Installed Cost ($) 2,400 2,400 2,400 2,400 2,400 2,800 2,400 2,800 2,400 2Annual Maintenance Cost ($)* – – –––––––

* Maintenance costs are negligible.
• Used in commercial kitchens to keep food warm until it is served.

• Many shapes and sizes, but interior volumes around 21.4 ft3 typical in ma

• Annual unit energy consumption can range from < 1,000 to > 30,000 kWh

on size, efficiency, and usage.

• Energy performance metric is “Idle Energy Consumption Rate” in Watts, 

using ASTM Standard F2140‐11.

• No Federal standards, but eight identical State standards, first took effect 

in 2006, now considered the typical or “baseline” product. ENERGY STA

took effect October 1, 2011.

• Maximum Idle Energy Consumption Rate for products 12 ≤ V < 28:

— State standards: ≤ 40 × V (baseline)

— ENERGY STAR: ≤ 2.0 × V + 254 (about 65% below baseline)

where V is interior volume in ft3.

• Small, if any, price premium for ENERGY STAR qualified products, yet i

ranging from $110 to $900 per unit are available from more than 25 utiliti

• The most efficient products are about 80% below baseline.• Energy savings achieved with insulation, automatic door closers, magnet

gaskets, and Dutch doors (half‐doors).

130

Commercial Hot Food Holding Cabinets
131

Appendix A

Data Sources

Nav

1200 

Was

www.nav

A‐1
Data Sources » Residential Gas-Fired Water Heaters

SOURCES

2009 2013 2020 203

Installed

Base

Current

Standard Typical ENERGY STAR High Typical 

Typical Capacity (gal) AHRI / Distributors EERE AHRI ENERGY STAR AHRI

Navig

Energy Factor AHRI EERE AHRI ENERGY STAR AHRI

Average Life (yrs) EERE

Retail Equipment Cost ($) Distributors EERE Distributors

Total Installed Cost ($)

Distributors /

RS Means

2010

EERE

Annual Maintenance Cost

($) EERE EERE

A‐2
Data Sources » Residential Oil Water Heaters

SOURCES

2009 2013 2020 2030 

Installed

Base

Current

Standard Typical Mid‐Level High Typical 

Typical Capacity (gal) AHRI / Distributors EERE AHRI AHRI AHRI

Navig

Energy Factor AHRI EERE AHRI

Average Life (yrs) EERE

Retail Equipment Cost ($) Distributors EERE

Total Installed Cost ($)

Distributors /

RS Means

2007

EERE

Annual Maintenance Cost($) EERE EERE

A‐3
Data Sources » Residential Electric Resistance Water Heaters

SOURCES

2009 2013 2020 203

Installed Base Current Standard Typical High Typical 

Typical Capacity (gal) AHRI / Distributors EERE AHRI AHRI

Navig

Energy Factor AHRI EERE AHRI AHRI

Average Life (yrs) EERE

Retail Equipment Cost ($) Distributors EERE DistributorsTotal Installed Cost ($) Distributors / RS Means 2010 EERE

Annual Maintenance Cost ($) EERE EERE

A‐4
Data Sources » Residential Heat Pump Water Heaters

SOURCES

2009 2013 2020 203

Installed Base ENERGY STAR High Typical 

Typical Capacity (gal) AHRI EERE ENERGY STAR

Navig

Energy Factor AHRI ENERGY STAR

Average Life (yrs) EERE

Retail Equipment Cost ($) RS Means 2010 / ACEEE, 2007 Distributors

Total Installed Cost ($) RS Means 2010 / ACEEE, 2007 Distributors

Annual Maintenance Cost ($) EERE

A‐5
Data Sources » Residential Instantaneous Water Heaters

SOURCES

2009 2013 2020 203

Installed

Base

Current

Standard Typical ENERGY STAR High Typical 

Typical Capacity (kBtu/hr) EERE AHRI ENERGY STAR / AHRI ENERGY STAR

Navig

Energy Factor Distributors EERE AHRI ENERGY STAR

Average Life (yrs) EERE

Retail Equipment Cost ($)

Distributors /

RS Means

2010

Distributors

Total Installed Cost ($) DEER, 2008 DistributorsAnnual Maintenance Cost ($) Navigant EERE

A‐6
Data Sources » Residential Solar Water Heaters

SOURCES

2009 2013 2020 2030 

Installed Base Current Standard Typical Typical

Typical Capacity (sq. ft.) SRCC

SAIC

Overall Efficiency (Solar Fraction) 0.3‐0.5 (RETScreen); 0.58‐0.83 (SRCC); 0.5‐0.75 (EERE)

Solar Energy Factor ENERGY STAR range=0.53‐47, median=2, average=2.83

Average Life (yrs) 20 year system life (EERE); Collector warranties are 10 years (ENERGY STAR/SRCC)

Retail Equipment Cost1 ($) RS Means

Total Installed Cost1 ($) RS Means

1 Costs are for an indirect (active closed loop) system, including tank and backup heater. Smaller capacity/cost sy

typical for southern & western states (>2/3 of the current market). Higher capacity/cost systems are required in

colder/cloudier regions.

2 ENERGY STAR requires OG‐300 rating from SRCC. Most installations use SRCC rated collectors; a high efficiency 

applicable.

A‐7
Data Sources » Residential Gas-Fired Furnaces

SOURCES

2009 2013 2020 203

Installed

Base

Current

Standard Typical ENERGY STAR High Typical 

Typical Input Capacity(kBtu/h) Navigant EERE

Navig

AFUE (%) Navigant EERE EERE ENERGY STAR ENERGY STAR AHRI

Electric Consumption(kWh/yr) EERE EEREAverage Life (yrs) Appliance Magazine, 2012

Retail Equipment Cost ($) EERE EERETotal Installed Cost ($) EERE EEREAnnual Maintenance Cost

($) EERE EERE

A‐8
Data Sources » Residential Oil-Fired Furnaces

A‐9

SOURCES

2009 2013 2020 203

Installed

Base

Current

Standard Typical ENERGY STAR High Typical 

Typical Input Capacity (kBtu/h) Navigant EERE

Navig

AFUE (%) Navigant EERE EERE ENERGY STAR AHRI

Electric Consumption (kWh) EERE

Average Life (yrs) Appliance Magazine, 2012

Retail Equipment Cost ($) EERE

Total Installed Cost ($) EERE

Annual Maintenance Cost ($) EERE
Data Sources » Residential Gas-Fired Boilers

A‐10

SOURCES

2009 2013 2020 203

Installed

Base

Current

Standard Typical ENERGY STAR High Typical 

Typical Input Capacity (kBtu/h) EERE 2007

Navig

AFUE (%) EERE 2007 / Navigant EERE 2007 EERE 2007 / Navigant ENERGY STAR AHRI

Average Life (yrs) Appliance Magazine, 2012

Retail Equipment Cost ($) EERE 2007

Total Installed Cost ($) EERE 2007

Annual Maintenance Cost ($) EERE 2007
Data Sources » Residential Oil-Fired Boilers

A‐11

SOURCES

2009 2013 2020 203

Installed

Base

Current

Standard Typical ENERGY STAR High Typical 

Typical Input Capacity

(kBtu/h) EERE

Navig

AFUE (%) EERE / Navigant EERE EERE / Navigant ENERGY STAR AHRI

Average Life (yrs) EERERetail Equipment Cost ($) EERE

Total Installed Cost ($) EERE

Annual Maintenance Cost ($) EERE
Data Sources » Residential Room Air Conditioners

A‐12

SOURCES

2009 2013 2020 203

Installed

Base

Current

Standard Typical ENERGY STAR High Typical 

Typical Capacity (kBtu/hr) Distributors AHAM

Navig

EER and CEER Navigant EERE CCMS ENERGY STAR CCMSAverage Life (yrs)

Appliance

Magazine,

2012

Appliance Magazine, 2012

Retail Equipment Cost ($) Distributors EERE

Total Installed Cost ($) Distributors EERE

Annual Maintenance Cost ($) Navigant Navigant
Data Sources » Residential Central Air Conditioners

A‐13

SOURCES

2009 2013 2020 203

Installed

Base

Current

Standard Typical ENERGY STAR High Typical 

Typical Capacity (kBtu/h) EERE

Navig

SEER Navigant eCFR EERE ENERGY STAR AHRI

Average Life (yrs) EERE / Navigant

Retail Equipment Cost ($) EERE Navigant

Total Installed Cost ($) EERE Navigant

Annual Maintenance Cost ($) EERE

SOURCES

2009 2013 2020 203

Installed

Base

Current

Standard Typical ENERGY STAR High Typical 

Typical Capacity (kBtu/h) EERE

Navig

SEER Navigant eCFR EERE ENERGY STAR AHRIAverage Life (yrs) EERE / Navigant

Retail Equipment Cost ($) EERE / Navigant Navigant

Total Installed Cost ($) EERE / Navigant Navigant

Annual Maintenance Cost ($) EERE

South (Hot

‐Dry and Hot

‐Humid)

North (Rest of Country)
Data Sources » Residential Air Source Heat Pumps

A‐14

SOURCES

2009 2013 2020 203

Installed

Base

Current

Standard Typical ENERGY STAR High Typical 

Typical Capacity (kBtu/h) EERE / AHRI

Navig

SEER (Cooling) Navigant eCFR CCMS ENERGY STAR CCMS

HSPF (Heating) Navigant eCFR EERE ENERGY STAR CCMSAverage Life (yrs) EERE / NavigantRetail Equipment Cost ($) EERE

Total Installed Cost ($) EERE

Annual Maintenance Cost ($) EERE
Data Sources » Residential Ground Source Heat Pumps

A‐15

SOURCES

2009 2013 2020 2030 

Installed

Base

Current

Standard Typical ENERGY STAR High Typical / Hi

Typical Capacity (kBTU/h) AHRI/SAIC

SAIC

COP (Heating) SAIC ASHRAE 90.1‐2010 SAIC ENERGY STAR

ENERGY

STAR

Product

Finder/

Product

Literature

EER (Cooling) SAIC ASHRAE 90.1‐2010 SAIC ENERGY STAR

ENERGY

STAR

Product

Finder/

Product

Literature

Average Life (yrs) System life 25 years, ground loop life 50 years (DOE)

Retail Equipment Cost ($) Distributors/IGSHPA/EERE/SAIC

Total Installed Cost ($) Distributors/IGSHPA/EERE/SAICAnnual Maintenance Cost ($) SAIC
Data Sources » Residential Gas Heat Pumps

A‐16

SOURCES

2009 2013 2020 2030 

Installed Base Typical Typical

Typical Capacity (kBTU/h) Manufacturer

SAIC

Heating (COP) Product LiteratureCooling (COP) Product Literature

Annual Electric Use (kWh/yr) Product Literature/SAICAverage Life (yrs) SAIC

Retail Equipment Cost ($) PERC/SAIC

Total Installed Cost ($) SAIC

Annual Maintenance Cost ($) SAIC
A‐17

Data Sources » Residential Electric Resistance Furnaces

SOURCES

2009 2013 2020 2030 

Installed Base Typical Typical

Typical Capacity (kBTU/h) Distributor/SAIC

SAIC

Efficiency (%) DOE/SAICAverage Life (yrs) Distributors

Retail Equipment Cost ($) RS Means 2013/SAIC

Total Installed Cost ($) RS Means 2013/SAIC

Annual Maintenance Cost ($) SAIC
A‐18

SOURCES

2009 2013 2020 203

Installed Base Typical Typic

Typical Capacity (kBTU/h) Distributors/SAIC

SAIC

Efficiency (%) SAICAverage Life (yrs)

Technology Cost and Performance File for

Commercial Model for AEO2010 (adapted for

residential)

Retail Equipment Cost ($) Distributors/RS Means 2013/SAIC

Total Installed Cost ($) Distributors/RS Means 2013/SAIC

Annual Maintenance Cost ($) SAIC

Data Sources » Residential Electric Resistance Heaters
A‐19

Data Sources » Residential Cord Wood Stoves

SOURCES

2009 2013 2020 20

Installed

Base

EPA

Certified Typical High Typica

Typical Capacity (kBTU/h)

Distributors /

Product

Literature

Distributors /

Product

Literature

Distributors / Product

Literature

SA

Efficiency (Non‐Catalytic) (HHV) SAIC/Lit. EPA Default EPA Default Product Lit./SAIC

Thermal Efficiency (Catalytic) (HHV) SAIC/Lit. EPA Default EPA Default Product Lit./SAIC

Average Life (yrs) SAICRetail Equipment Cost ($) Product Lit./Dealers Product Literature/DealersTotal Installed Cost ($) Dealers Dealers/SAIC

Annual Maintenance Cost ($) Dealers/SAIC Dealers/SAIC
A‐20

Data Sources » Residential Wood Pellet Stoves

SOURCES

2009 2013 2020 20

Installed Base EPA Certified Typical High Typica

Typical Capacity (kBtu/h)

Distributors /

Product

Literature

Distributors /

Product

Literature

Distributors /

Product

Literature

Distributors /

Product

Literature

SA

Efficiency (HHV) SAIC/Lit. EPA Default EPA Default Product Lit./ SAIC

Average Life (yrs) SAIC

Retail Equipment Cost ($) Product Lit./Dealers Product Lit./Dealers

Total Installed Cost ($) Dealers Dealers/SAICAnnual Maintenance Cost ($) Dealers Dealers/SAIC
Data Sources » Residential Refrigerator-Freezers and Freezers

A‐21

SOURCES

2009 2013 2020 203

Installed

Base

Current

Standard Typical ENERGY STAR High Typical 

Typical Capacity (ft3) EERE / Navigant

Navig

Energy Consumption (kWh/yr) Navigant

Average Life (yrs) EERE / NavigantRetail Equipment Cost ($) EERE / Navigant

Total Installed Cost ($) NavigantAnnual Maintenance Cost ($) EERE / Navigant
Data Sources » Residential Natural Gas Cooktops

A‐22

SOURCES

2009 2013 2020 203

Installed Base Typical High Typical 

Typical Capacity (kBtu/h) Distributors / Product Literature EERE

Navig

Cooking Efficiency (%) Distributors / Product Literature EERE

Average Life (yrs) Appliance Magazine, 2012

Retail Equipment Cost ($) EERE EERE / Distributors

Total Installed Cost ($) EERE EERE / DistributorsAnnual Maintenance Cost ($) Navigant / EERE Navigant / EERE
Data Sources » Residential Clothes Washers

A‐23

SOURCES

2009 2013 2020 203

Installed

Base

Current

Standard Typical ENERGY STAR High Typical 

Typical Capacity (ft3) Navigant CCMS Distributors CCMS CCMS

Navig

Modified Energy Factor

(ft3/kWh/cycle) Navigant EERE CCMS ENERGY STAR CCMS

Water Factor (gal/cycle/ft3) Navigant EERE CCMS ENERGY STAR CCMS

Average Life (yrs) Appliance Magazine, 2012

Water Consumption (gal/cycle) [calculated]

Hot Water Energy (kWh/cycle) Navigant

Machine Energy (kWh/cycle) Navigant

Dryer Energy (kWh/cycle) Navigant

Retail Equipment Cost ($) EERE / Distributors

Total Installed Cost ($) RS Means 2010

Annual Maintenance Cost ($) Navigant

Front‐Loading
Data Sources » Residential Clothes Washers

A‐24

Top‐Loading

SOURCES

2009 2013 2020 203

Installed

Base

Current

Standard Typical ENERGY STAR High Typical 

Typical Capacity (ft3) Navigant EERE CCMS

Navig

Modified Energy Factor

(ft3/kWh/cycle) Navigant EERE CCMS

Water Factor (gal/cycle/ft3) Navigant EERE CCMS

Average Life (yrs) Appliance Magazine, 2012

Water Consumption (gal/cycle) [calculated]Hot Water Energy (kWh/cycle) Navigant

Machine Energy (kWh/cycle) Navigant

Dryer Energy (kWh/cycle) Navigant

Retail Equipment Cost ($) EERE / Distributors

Total Installed Cost ($) RS Means 2010

Annual Maintenance Cost ($) Navigant
Data Sources » Residential Clothes Dryers

A‐25

SOURCES

2009 2013 2020 203

Installed

Base

Current

Standard Typical High Typical

Typical Capacity (ft3) Navigant CEC CEC / Distributors

Navig

EF and CEF (lb/kWh) Navigant EERE / Navigant

Average Life (yrs) Appliance Magazine, 2012

Retail Equipment Cost ($) Navigant EERE

Total Installed Cost ($) Navigant EEREAnnual Maintenance Cost ($) EERE EERE
Data Sources » Residential Dishwashers

A‐26

SOURCES

2009 2013 2020 203

Installed

Base

Current

Standard Typical ENERGY STAR High Typical 

Typical Annual Energy Use (kWh/yr) EERE EERE

Distributors

/ CCMS /

EPA

EPA CCMS

Navig

Water Consumption (gal/cycle) EERE EERE

Distributors

/ CCMS /

EPA

EPA CCMS

Water Heating Energy Use (kWh/yr) EERE

Average Life (yrs) EERE / NavigantRetail Equipment Cost ($) EERE

Total Installed Cost ($) EERE

Annual Maintenance Cost ($) Navigant
Data Sources » Commercial Gas-Fired Furnaces

A‐27

SOURCES

2003 2012 2013 2020 203

Installed Base Current Standard Typical High Typical 

Typical Input Capacity (kBtu/h) Arthur D. Little, 1997 AHRI AHRI

Navig

Thermal Efficiency (%)

ASHRAE

Standard

AHRI 10 CFR 431.77 AHRI Modine/ 90.1 Reznor ‐2004

Average Life (yrs) EERE / Navigant

Retail Equipment Cost ($)

RS Means

2010 /

Navigant /

Distributors

RS Means

2011 RS Means 2011

Total Installed Cost ($) RS Means 2011 RS Means 2011 RS Means 2011

Annual Maintenance Cost $)

RS Means 2010/

Navigant / Public Comments from Stakeholders

Distributors
Data Sources » Commercial Oil-Fired Furnaces

A‐28

SOURCES

2003 2012 2013 2020 20

Installed Base Current Standard Typical Typi

Typical Input Capacity (kBtu/h)

Navigant /

Distributors /

AHRI

AHRI

Navig

Thermal Efficiency (%)

ASHRAE

Standard 90.1‐

2004

AHRI 10 CFR 431.77 AHRI

Average Life (yrs) EERE / NavigantRetail Equipment Cost ($) RS Means 2010 Navigant RS Means 2011

Total Installed Cost ($) RS Means 2010 Navigant RS Means 2011Annual Maintenance Cost ($) Navigant / Distributors
Data Sources » Commercial Electric Boilers

A‐29

SOURCES

2003 2012 2013 2020 2030 

Installed Base Typical Typica

Typical Capacity (kW) BSRIA

SAIC

Efficiency (%) DOE/SAIC

Average Life (yrs) ASHRAE 2007 HVAC Applications

Retail Equipment Cost ($) RS Means 2010/SAIC RS Means 2013/SAIC

Total Installed Cost ($) RS Means 2010/SAIC RS Means 2013/SAIC

Annual Maintenance Cost ($) RS Means 2010/SAIC RS Means 2013/SAIC
Data Sources » Commercial Gas-Fired Boilers

A‐30

SOURCES

2003 2012 2013 2020 203

Installed Base Current Standard Typical Mid‐ Range High Typical 

Typical Input Capacity (kBtu/h) Navigant

Navig

Thermal Efficiency (%)

ASHRAE Standard

90.1‐2004 /

Navigant

EERE Navigant

Average Life (yrs) EERERetail Equipment Cost ($)

CEC / RS

Means

2010

RS Means

2011 RS Means 2011

Total Installed Cost ($)

CEC / RS

Means

2010

RS Means

2011 RS Means 2011

Annual Maintenance Cost ($) Navigant
Data Sources » Commercial Oil-Fired Boilers

A‐31

SOURCES

2003 2012 2013 2020 203

Installed Base Current Standard Typical High Typical 

Typical Input Capacity

(kBtu/h)

Building

Services

Research and

Information

Association

&

Ducker

Research

Company,

1997, 1998

Navigant Navigant

Navig

Thermal Efficiency (%) ASHRAE Standard 90.1‐2004 EERE Navigant

Average Life (yrs) EERERetail Equipment Cost ($)

Distributors /

RS Means

2010 /

Navigant

RS Means

2011 /

Navigant

RS Means 2011 / Navigant

Total Installed Cost ($) RS Means 2011 / Navigant

Annual Maintenance Cost ($) Navigant EERE
Data Sources » Commercial Gas-Fired Chillers

A‐32

SOURCES

2003 2012 2013 2020 

Installed Base

Absorption Engine‐ Driven Abso

Absorption Engine‐ Driven Absorption Engine‐ Driven

Typical Capacity (tons) BSRIA/Distributors

Efficiency (kW/ton) Product Literature/SAIC

COP Product Literature/SAICAverage Life (yrs) 2007 ASHRAE Applications Handbook/Distributors

Retail Equipment Cost ($/ton) Manufacturer/Distributors/RS Means 2013/GIT/SAIC

Total Installed Cost ($/ton) Manufacturer/Distributors/RS Means 2013/GIT/SAIC

Annual Maintenance Cost

($/ton) Manufacturer/Distributors/RS Means 2013/GIT/SAIC
Data Sources » Commercial Centrifugal Chillers

A‐33

SOURCES

2003 2012 2013 2020 2

Installed Base Typical Mid High Typica

Typical Capacity (tons) US Census IPCC/TEAP/CARB/SAIC

S

Efficiency (kW/ton)

DEER/FEMP/

Product

Literature

ASHRAE 90.1‐2010/FEMP/

eSource/Product Literature

COP

DEER/FEMP/

Product

Literature

ASHRAE 90.1‐2010/FEMP/

eSource/Product Literature

Average Life (yrs) 2007 ASHRAE Applications Handbook

Retail Equipment Cost ($/ton) RS Means/Distributors/SAIC

Total Installed Cost ($/ton) RS Means/Distributors/SAIC

Annual Maintenance Cost

($/ton) SAIC
Data Sources » Commercial Reciprocating Chillers

A‐34

SOURCES

2003 2012 2013 2020 20

Installed Base Typical Mid High Typical

Typical Capacity (tons) BSRIA/DEER

SA

Efficiency (kW/ton) ASHRAE 90.1‐2010/DEER/FEMP/Product LiteratureCOP ASHRAE 90.1‐2010/DEER/FEMP/Product LiteratureAverage Life (yrs) Manufacturers

Retail Equipment Cost ($/ton) RS Means 2013/Distributors/SAIC

Total Installed Cost ($/ton) RS Means 2013/Distributors/SAIC

Annual Maintenance Cost

($/ton) SAIC
Data Sources » Commercial Screw Chillers

A‐35

SOURCES

2003 2012 2013 2020 

Installed Base Current Standard Typical Mid High 

Typical Capacity (tons) SAIC

Efficiency (kW/ton)

DEER/FEMP/

Product

Literature

SAIC ASHRAE 90.1‐2010 Product Literature/SAIC

COP

DEER/FEMP/

Product

Literature

SAIC ASHRAE 90.1‐2010 Product Literature/SAIC

Average Life (yrs) Manufacturers

Retail Equipment Cost ($/ton) RS Means 2013/Distributors/SAIC

Total Installed Cost ($/ton) RS Means 2013/Distributors/SAIC

Annual Maintenance Cost

($/ton) SAIC
Data Sources » Commercial Scroll Chillers

A‐36

SOURCES

2003 2012 2013 2020 

Installed Base Current Standard Typical Mid High 

Typical Capacity (tons) SAIC/Manufacturers

Efficiency [full‐load/IPLV] (kW/ton) Product Literature SAIC ASHRAE 90.1‐2010 Product Literature/SAIC

COP [full‐load/IPLV] Product Literature SAIC ASHRAE 90.1‐2010 Product Literature/SAIC

Average Life (yrs) Manufacturers

Retail Equipment Cost ($/ton) Manufacturers/RS Means 2013/SAIC

Total Installed Cost ($/ton) Manufacturers/RS Means 2013/SAIC

Annual Maintenance Cost ($/ton) SAIC
Data Sources » Commercial Rooftop Air Conditioners

A‐37

SOURCES

2003 2012 2013 2020 

Installed Base Current Standard Typical ENERGY STAR High 

Typical Output Capacity (kBtu/h) AHRI / Navigant

Efficiency (EER)

ASHRAE

Standard

90.1‐2004

Distributors/

Navigant EERE ENERGY STAR AHRI

Average Life (yrs) EERERetail Equipment Cost $) Navigant / LBNL, 2003 Distributors/ Navigant / DEER, 2008 EERE Distributors

Total Installed Cost ($) Navigant / LBNL, 2003 Distributors/ Navigant / DEER, 2008 EERE Distributors

Annual Maintenance Cost ($) EERE
Data Sources » Commercial Gas-Fired Engine-Driven Rooftop Air Conditioners/

A‐38

SOURCES

2003 2012 2013 2020 20

Installed Base Typical Typ

Typical Capacity (tons) Manufacturer/Distributors/SAIC

SA

Heating COP NA Product Literature

Cooling COP Product Literature/SAIC

Average Life (yrs) Distributors/ SAIC Manufacturer/RS Means 2013/SAIC

Retail Equipment Cost ($/ton) Distributors/ SAIC Manufacturer/RS Means 2013/SAIC

Total Installed Cost ($/ton) Distributors/ SAIC Manufacturer/RS Means 2013/SAIC

Annual Maintenance Cost ($) Distributors/ SAIC Manufacturer/RS Means 2013/SAIC
Data Sources » Commercial Rooftop Heat Pumps

A‐39

SOURCES

2003 2012 2013 2020 203

Installed Base Current Standard Typical ENERGY STAR High Typical 

Typical Capacity (kBtu/h) AHRI / Navigant

Navig

Efficiency (EER) ASHRAE Standard 90.1‐ 2004 / Navigant EERE ENERGY STAR EERE

COP (Heating) EERE / Navigant EERE ENERGY STAR EERE

Average Life (yrs) EERERetail Equipment Cost ($) Distributors / RS Means 2010 / DEER / Navigant

Total Installed Cost ($) Distributors / RS Means 2010 / DEER / Navigant

Annual Maintenance Cost ($) Distributors / RS Means 2010 / DEER / Navigant
Data Sources » Commercial Ground Source Heat Pumps

A‐40

SOURCES

2003 2012 2013 2020 203

Installed Base Current Standard Typical Mid High Typical 

Typical Capacity (kBTU/h) US DOE/EIA

SA

COP (Heating) SAIC ASHRAE 90.1‐2010 Product Literature Product Literature Product Literature

EER (Cooling) SAIC ASHRAE 90.1‐2010 Product Literature Product Literature Product LiteratureAverage Life (yrs) System life 25 years, ground loop life 50 years (DOE); system life 25 years (ASHRAE RP 1237‐TRP)

Retail Equipment Cost ($) Distributors/SAIC

Total Installed Cost ($) US DOD/IGSHPA/MA DOER/CEFIA/ASHRAE

Annual Maintenance Cost

($)

Geothermal Heat Pump Consortium, Inc. (US DOE Contract DE‐

FG07‐95ID13347)
Data Sources » Commercial Electric Resistance Heaters

A‐41

SOURCES

2003 2012 2013 2020 2

Small Large Small Large Small Large Smal

Typical Capacity (kBTU/h) Distributors/Navigant

S

Efficiency (%) NavigantAverage Life (yrs) Technology Cost and Performance File for Commercial Model for AEO2010

Retail Equipment Cost ($) RS Means/Distributors/SAIC

Total Installed Cost ($) RS Means/Distributors/SAIC

Annual Maintenance Cost ($) Navigant
Data Sources » Commercial Gas-Fired Water Heaters

A‐42

SOURCES

2003 2012 2013 2020 203

Installed Base Current Standard Typical High Typical 

Typical Storage Capacity (gal) Arthur D. Little / Distributors / AHRI AHRI

Navig

Typical Input Capacity (kBtu/h) Arthur D. Little / AHRI AHRI AHRI

Thermal Efficiency (%) EERE / ASHRAE Standard 90.1‐2004 / Navigant EERE AHRI AHRIAverage Life (yrs) EERERetail Equipment Cost ($) Distributors / CEC / Navigant Distributors

Total Installed Cost ($) Distributors / CEC / Navigant

Annual Maintenance Cost ($) Navigant
Data Sources » Commercial Electric Resistance Water Heaters

A‐43

SOURCES

2003 2012 2013 2020 2030 

Installed Base Current Standard Typical Typic

Typical Storage Capacity (gal) Navigant / Product Literature AHRI

Naviga

Typical Input Capacity (kW) Product Literature AHRIThermal Efficiency (%) Product Literature ASHRAE Standard 90.1‐ 2004 AHRI

Average Life (yrs) EERE

Retail Equipment Cost ($) Distributors/ Navigant Distributors Distributors

Total Installed Cost ($) Distributors/ Navigant Navigant Navigant

Annual Maintenance Cost ($) Navigant
Data Sources » Commercial Oil-Fired Water Heaters

A‐44

SOURCES

2003 2012 2013 2020 203

Installed Base Current Standard Typical High Typical 

Typical Storage Capacity (gal) Navigant AHRI / Navigant AHRI / Navigant

Navig

Typical Input Capacity (kBtu/h) Navigant AHRI / Navigant AHRI / Navigant

Thermal Efficiency (%) Navigant Navigant AHRI / Navigant

Average Life (yrs) EERE

Retail Equipment Cost ($) Navigant Distributors / Navigant Distributors

Total Installed Cost ($) Navigant Distributors / Navigant Navigant

Annual Maintenance Cost ($) Navigant Distributors / Navigant Navigant
Data Sources » Commercial Gas-Fired Instantaneous Water Heaters

A‐45

SOURCES

2003 2012 2013 2020 203

Installed Base Current Standard Typical High Typical 

Typical Capacity (kBtu/h)

Building Services Research

and Information

Association & Ducker

Research Company, 1997,

1998 / AHRI

AHRI

Navig

Thermal Efficiency (%) AHRI Navigant EERE AHRI

Average Life (yrs) EERE

Retail Equipment Cost ($)

CEC /

Navigant /

Distributors

Distributors /

Navigant Distributors

Total Installed Cost ($) CEC / Navigant / Distributors

Annual Maintenance Cost ($) CEC / Navigant / Distributors
Data Sources » Commercial Electric Booster Water Heaters

A‐46

SOURCES

2003 2012 2013 2020 20

Installed Base Typical Typ

Typical Capacity (gal) Product Literature/SAIC

SA

Thermal Efficiency (%) Product LiteratureAverage Life (yrs) Product Literature

Retail Equipment Cost ($) Distributors/SAIC

Total Installed Cost ($) Distributors/SAIC

Annual Maintenance Cost ($) Distributors/SAIC
Data Sources » Commercial Gas Booster Water Heaters

A‐47

SOURCES

2003 2012 2013 2020 2

Installed Base Current Standard Typical High Typical 

Typical Capacity (gal) Distributors/SAIC

SA

Thermal Efficiency (%) Product LiteratureAverage Life (yrs) Product Literature/SAIC

Retail Equipment Cost ($) Distributors/SAIC

Total Installed Cost ($) Distributors/SAIC

Annual Maintenance Cost ($) Distributors/SAIC
A‐48

Data Sources » Commercial Gas Griddles

SOURCES

2003 2012 2013 2020 203

Installed Base Typical ENERGY STAR High Typical 

Cooking Surface (ft2) FSTC, 2013

Navig

Cooking Energy Efficiency (%) FSTC, 2002 Navigant ENERGY STAR ENERGY STAR QPL

Normalized Idle Energy Rate(Btu/h/ft2) FSTC, 2002 Navigant ENERGY STAR ENERGY STAR QPL

Average Life (yrs) FSTC, 2013Retail Equipment Cost ($) Distributors / ENERGY STAR Savings Calculator / Navigant

Total Installed Cost ($) FSTC, 2013

Annual Maintenance Cost ($) FSTC, 2013
A‐49

Data Sources » Commercial Electric Griddles

SOURCES

2003 2012 2013 2020 203

Installed Base Typical ENERGY STAR High Typical 

Cooking Surface (ft2) FSTC, 2013

Navig

Cooking Energy Efficiency (%) FSTC, 2002 Navigant ENERGY STAR ENERGY STAR QPL

Normalized Idle Energy Rate (W/ft2) FSTC, 2002 Navigant ENERGY STAR ENERGY STAR QPL

Average Life (yrs) FSTC, 2013Retail Equipment Cost ($) Distributors / ENERGY STAR Savings Calculator / Navigant

Total Installed Cost ($) FSTC, 2013

Annual Maintenance Cost ($) FSTC, 2013
A‐50

Data Sources » Commercial Hot Food Holding Cabinets

SOURCES

2003 2012 2013 2020 203

Installed Base Current Standard Typical ENERGY STAR High Typical 

Interior Volume (ft3) FEMP

Navig

Maximum Idle Energy Rate (W) CEE / Navigant ENERGY STAR Savings Calculator FEMP

Average Life (yrs) ENERGY STAR Savings Calculator

Retail Equipment Cost ($) Distributors / ENERGY STAR Savings Calculator / Navigant

Total Installed Cost ($) NavigantAnnual Maintenance Cost ($) FSTC
181

Appendix B

References

Nav

1200 

Was

www.nav

B-1
182

• ACEEE. (2007). Top Rated Energy‐Efficient Appliances. American Council for 

Efficient Economy.

• AHAM. (n.d.). Directory of Certified Products. Retrieved September 2010 from

http://www.ahamdir.com/dirsvc/aham.nsf/fraRAC?OpenFrameset&pgm=R

0Conditioners

• AHRI. (n.d.). Directory of Certified Product Performance. Retrieved September 

2013 from: http://www.ahridirectory.org/ahridirectory/pages/home.aspx

• Appliance Magazine. (2012). “The U.S. Appliance Industry: Market Value, L

& Replacement Picture 2012.” UBM Canon.

• Appliance Magazine. (n.d.).

— “U.S. Appliance Industry Statistical Review: 2000 to YTD 2010.” Canon 

Group. July 2010.

— “U.S. Appliance Shipment Statistics Monthly: January 2011.” Canon Da

Group. January 2011.

— “2011 Full‐Year Appliance Industry Shipment Statistics.” UBM Canon. 

— “2012 Full‐Year Appliance Industry Shipment Statistics and Year‐In‐Rev

Canon. March 2013.

• Arthur D. Little. (1997). Massachusetts Market Transformation Scoping Study; F

Massachusetts Gas DSM / Market Transformation Collaborative.

References

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• ASHRAE. (2003). 2003 ASHRAE Handbook ‐ HVAC Applications. ASHRAE, In• ASHRAE. (1999). ASHRAE Standard 90.1‐1999. ASHRAE, Inc.

• ASHRAE. (2004). ASHRAE Standard 90.1‐2004. ASHRAE, Inc.

• ASHRAE. (2007). ANSI/ASHRAE/IESNA Standard 90.1‐2007. ASHRAE, Inc.• Building Services Research and Information Association & Ducker Research 

1998). U.S. Market for Central Plant Air Conditioning; Market for Ducted Warm 

Heating; U.S. Market for Hydronic Heating and Burners; U.S. Water Heating Maand Close Control Air Conditioning.

• California Air Resources Board (CARB). (2009). Inventory of Direct and Indire

from Stationary Air Conditioning and Refrigeration Sources, with Special Emphas

Refrigeration and Unitary Air Conditioning

• CCMS. (n.d.). U.S. DOE Compliance Certification Database. Retrieved June 20

http://www.regulations.doe.gov/certification‐data/

• CEC. (n.d.). California Energy Commission Appliance Efficiency Database. Re

September 2010, and June 2013 from:

http://www.appliances.energy.ca.gov/AdvancedSearch.aspx

• CEE. (2009). “Commercial Hot Food Holding Cabinets Program Guide.” Co

Energy Efficiency. April 2009.

References

B-3
184

• CFR. (n.d.). National energy conservation standards authorized under the E

Conservation Act of 1975 (EPCA) and codified in the Code of Federal Regu

• DEER. (2008, June). Database for Energy Efficiency Resources. Retrieved June 2

California Energy Commission: www.energy.ca.gov/deer

• DOE. (2012, June). Energy Saver: Geothermal Heat Pumps. Retrieved June 201

ENERGY.GOV: http://energy.gov/energysaver/articles/geothermal‐heat‐pu

• Distributors. (n.d.). Navigant and SAIC online research and discussions wit

(e.g., Grainger, Home Depot, Lowe’s, Sears, and others).

• EERE. (2006). Appliance Standards Framework, Rulemaking Framework for Resid

Heaters, Direct Heating Equipment and Pool Heaters.

• EERE. (2006). Buildings Energy Data Book.

• EERE. (2009). Commercial Heating, Air Conditioning and Water Heating Equipm

Equipment).

• EERE. (2001). Energy Conservation Program for Consumer Products: Central Air 

Heat Pumps Energy Conservation Standards; Final Rule.

• EERE. (2010). Energy Conservation Program for Appliance Standards: Residentia

Conditioners and Heat Pumps.

References

B-4
185

• EERE. (2007). Energy Conservation Program for Consumer Products: Energy Con

Standards for Residential Furnaces and Boilers; Final Rule.

• EERE. (2009). Energy Conservation Program: Energy Conservation Standards for 

Products and for Certain Commercial and Industrial Equipment; Final Rule.

• EERE. (2009). Energy Conservation Program for Certain Industrial Equipment: E

Conservation Standards and Test Procedures for Commercial Heating, Air‐Condit

Heating Equipment; Proposed Rule.

• EERE. (2011). Energy Conservation Program: Energy Conservation Standards for 

Clothes Dryers and Room Air Conditioners; Direct Final Rule.

• EERE. (2012). Energy Conservation Program: Energy Conservation Standards for 

Clothes Washers; Direct Final Rule.

• EERE. (2012). Energy Conservation Program: Energy Conservation Standards for 

Dishwashers; Direct Final Rule.

• EERE. (2011). Energy Conservation Program: Energy Conservation Standards for 

Furnaces and Residential Central Air Conditioners and Heat Pumps; Direct Final 

References

B-5
186

• EERE. (2010). Energy Conservation Program: Energy Conservation Standards for 

Heaters, Direct Heating Equipment, and Pool Heaters; Final Rule.

• EERE. (2011). Energy Conservation Program: Standards for Residential Refrigerat

Freezers, and Freezers; Final Rule.

• EERE. (2009). Energy Conservation Program: Energy Conservation Standards for 

Products (Dishwashers, Dehumidifiers, Microwave Ovens, and Electric and Gas K

Ovens) and for Certain Commercial and Industrial Equipment (Commercial Clothe

Rule.

• EERE. (2004). Joint Stakeholders Comments on Standards for Commercial Package 

and Heat Pumps.

• EERE. (2009). Ground‐Source Heat Pumps: Overview of Market Status, Barriers t

Options for Overcoming Barriers.

• EERE. (2011). Technical Support Document: Energy Efficiency Program for Comm

Industrial Equipment: Efficiency Standards for Commercial Heating, Air‐Conditio

Heating Equipment.

References

B-6
• ENERGY STAR Savings Calculator (n.d.). “Savings Calculator for ENERG

Qualified Commercial Kitchen Equipment.” U.S. EPA and DOE. Retrieve

from http://www.energystar.gov/index.cfm?c=bulk_purchasing.bus_pur

• ENERGY STAR. (n.d.). Retrieved June 2013, from ENERGY STAR Produ

http://www.energystar.gov/index.cfm?c=products.pr_find_es_products

• EPA. (2013, March) List of Certified Wood Stoves.

ww.epa.gov/compliance/resources/.../woodstoves/certifiedwood.pdf

• eSource. (n.d.). Centrifugal and Screw Chillers. Retrieved June 2013, from B

Advisor:http://www.esource.com/escrc/0013000000DP22YAAT/BEA1/PA/PA_Co

• FEMP. (2012, December). Covered Product Category: Air‐Cooled Electric Chi

June 2013, from FEMP Technologies:

https://www1.eere.energy.gov/femp/technologies/eep_ac_chillers.html

• FEMP. (2012). “Federal Energy Management Program: Covered Product 

Food Holding Cabinets.” Retrieved June 2013 from:

http://www1.eere.energy.gov/femp/technologies/printable_versions/eep_

• FEMP. (2012, December). Covered Product Category: Water‐Cooled Electric C

Retrieved June 2013, from FEMP Technologies:

https://www1.eere.energy.gov/femp/technologies/eep_wc_chillers.html

B‐7

References
188

• FSTC. (2002). Food Service Technology Center. Commercial Cooking Applianc

Assessment. Fisher Nickel, Inc.

• FSTC. (2013). Personal communication with Yung Lin of the Food Service T

Center. June 21, 2013.

• GeoExchange. GeoExchange Heating and Cooling Systems: Fascinating Facts.

• GHPC. (n.d.). Geothermal Heat Pump Consortium. Retrieved 2007 from www

• Georgia Institute of Technology (GIT). (1998). Analysis And Performance Of G

Chiller Systems

• IGSPHA. (n.d.). International Ground Source Heat Pump Association. Retrieved 

www.igshpa.okstate.edu

• International Ground Source Heat Pump Association (IGSHPA) Conference 

(2012, October). Measuring the Costs & Benefits of Nationwide Geothermal Heat 

Deployment – A Progress Report. Retrieved June 2013, from IGSHPA:

http://www.igshpa.okstate.edu/membership/members_only/proceedings/20130‐Session‐C‐Measuring‐the‐Costs‐&‐Benefits‐of‐Nationwide‐Geotherma

(GHP)‐Deployment‐A‐Progress‐Report.pdf

References

B-8
• LBNL. (2003). Commercial Unitary Air Conditioning and Heat Pumps ‐ Life 

Analysis: Inputs and Results. Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory.

• Manufacturers. (n.d.). SAIC and Navigant discussions with product ma

• Max Neubauer, A. d. (2009). Ka‐BOOM! The Power of Appliance Standards

• Navien America Inc. (n.d.). Navien Condensing 98%. Retrieved Septembe

http://www.navienamerica.com/PDS/ftp/NavienCondensingTankless/Dhure_Manual/NavienCodensing98_Brochure.pdf

• Navigant Consulting, Inc. (n.d.). In‐House Expertise.

• Product Literature. (n.d.). Literature from manufacturers and experts on 

products.

• Propane Education and Research Council (PERC). (2007). Assessment of P

Air Conditioning, Heat Pumping and Dehumidification Technologies, ProductEconomics

B‐9

References
• RS Means Mechanical Cost Data. (2007). Means Construction Information N• RS Means Mechanical Cost Data. (2010). Means Construction Information N• RS Means Mechanical Cost Data. (2011). Means Construction Information N• RS Means Mechanical Cost Data. (2013). Means Construction Information N• SAIC. (n.d.). In‐House Expertise.

• Technology Cost and Performance File for Commercial Model for AEO20

Boedecker, Compiler)

• Technology and Economic Assessment Panel (TEAP). (2004). Report of the 

Task Force.

B‐10

References
November 2016

U.S. Energy Information Administration   |   Updated Buildings Sector Appliance and Equipment Costs and Efficiencies 3

APPENDIX B 
FINAL

EIA ‐ Technology Forecast 

Residential and Commercia

Technologies – Advance

Presented to:

U.S. Energy Information Adm

Prepared by

Navigant Consulting, Inc.

1200 19 St. NW, Suite 700

Washington, D.C. 20036

With

SAIC

8301 Greensboro Drive

McLean, VA 22102

March 2014
DISCLAIMER

This presentation was prepared as an account of work sponsored by an agency of the 

Government. Neither the United States Government, nor any agency thereof, nor any 

employees, nor any of their contractors, subcontractors, or their employees, makes any 

express or implied, or assumes any legal liability or responsibility for the accuracy, co

usefulness of any information, apparatus, product, or process disclosed, or represents 

would not infringe privately owned rights. Reference herein to any specific commerc

process, or service by trade name, trademark, manufacturer, or otherwise, does not ne

constitute or imply its endorsement, recommendation, or favoring by the United State

or any agency, contractor or subcontractor thereof. The views and opinions of authors 

herein do not necessarily state or reflect those of the United States Government or any 

thereof.

1
Objective 4Methodology 5Definitions 6Market Transformation 7Historical Shipment Data 8

Residential Gas‐Fired Water Heaters 9

Residential Oil‐Fired Water Heaters 12

Residential Electric Resistance Water Heaters 14

Residential Heat Pump Water Heaters 17Residential Instantaneous Water Heaters 19Residential Solar Water Heaters 21Residential Gas‐Fired Furnaces 23Residential Oil‐Fired Furnaces 26Residential Gas‐Fired Boilers 29Residential Oil‐Fired Boilers 31Residential Room Air Conditioners 33Residential Central Air Conditioners (South) 36Residential Central Air Conditioners (North) 37Residential Air Source Heat Pumps 40Residential Ground Source Heat Pumps 44Residential Gas Heat Pumps 46Residential Electric Furnaces 48Residential Electric Resistance Heaters 50

Residential Cordwood Stoves Residential Pellet Wood Stoves Residential Refrigerator/Freezer (T

Residential Refrigerator/Freezer (BResidential Refrigerator/Freezer (S

Residential Freezers (Upright) Residential Freezers (Chest) Residential Natural Gas Cooktops 

Residential Clothes Washers (FronResidential Clothes Washers (Top‐Residential Clothes Dryers (ElectriResidential Clothes Dryers (Gas) Residential Dishwashers Commercial Gas‐Fired Furnaces 

Commercial Oil‐Fired Furnaces Commercial Electric Boilers Commercial Gas‐Fired Boilers Commercial Oil‐Fired Boilers Commercial Gas Fired Chillers Commercial Centrifugal Chillers Commercial Reciprocating ChillerCommercial Screw Chillers 

Commercial Scroll Chillers Commercial Rooftop Air Conditio

Commercial Gas‐Fired Engine‐Dri

Conditioners 

Commercial Rooftop Heat Pumps 

Page 

Table of Contents
• Commercial Ground Source Heat Pumps 109• Commercial Electric Resistance Heaters 111

• Commercial Gas‐Fired Water Heaters 113• Commercial Electric Resistance Water Heaters 116

• Commercial Oil‐Fired Water Heaters 119• Commercial Gas‐Fired Instantaneous Water

Heaters 121

• Commercial Electric Booster Water Heaters 123

• Commercial Gas Booster Water Heaters 124• Commercial Gas Griddles 126• Commercial Electric Griddles 127

• Commercial Hot Food Holding Cabinets 129

• Data Sources A‐1• References B‐1

Page

Table of Contents
4

The objective of this study is to develop baseline and pro

performance/cost characteristics for residential and comm

end‐use equipment.

• 2003 and 2012 baselines (or 2009 for residential products), as well as to

— Review of literature, standards, installed base, contractor, and ma

information.

— Provide a relative comparison and characterization of the cost/effi

generic product.

• Forecast of technology improvements that are projected to be available 

— Review of trends in standards, product enhancements, and Resear

Development (R&D).

— Projected impact of product improvements and enhancement to te

Objective

The performance/cost characterization of end‐use equipment devestudy will assist EIA in projecting national primary energy consum
5

Input from industry, including government, R&D organiz

manufacturers, was used to project product enhancements 

equipment performance and cost attributes.

• Technology forecasting involves many uncertainties.• Technology developments impact performance and cost forecasts.

• Varied sources ensure a balanced view of technology progress and the 

of commercial availability.

• All cost forecasts are shown in 2013 dollars.

Methodology
6

The following tables represent the current and projected efficiencies for 

commercial building equipment ranging from the installed base in 2003 

2009 for residential products) to the highest efficiency equipment that is 

commercially available by 2040, assuming advanced adoption. Below ar

the terms used in characterizing the status of each technology.

• 2003/2009/2012 Installed Base: Efficiency values are for those units insta

in that year. Cost values are for the typical new unit sold in that year.

• 2013 Current Standard: the minimum efficiency required by current sta

• Typical: the average, or “typical” product being sold in the particular ti

• ENERGY STAR: the minimum efficiency required to meet the ENERGY 

where applicable.

• Mid‐Level: middle tier high‐efficiency product available in the particul

• High: the product with the highest efficiency available in the particular 

• Advanced adoption assumes increases in market incentives, market ad

technology research and development (R&D).

Definitions
7

Market Transformation

The market for the reviewed products has changed since th

performed in 2011 and is reflected in the efficiency and co

characteristics.

• In some categories the typical new product purchased today is significa

efficient than the average product in the installed base in 2003 (comm.) 

— Residential sector: room and central air conditioners, heat pumps, re

freezers, clothes washers

— Commercial sector: rooftop air conditioners and hot food holding ca

• More stringent Federal standards are taking effect for the following pro

— residential and commercial boilers in 2012

— residential furnaces and dishwashers in 2013— room air conditioners, refrigerators, and freezers in 2014

— residential central air conditioners, air‐source heat pumps, water he

washers, and clothes dryers in 2015

• ENERGY STAR continues to raise the bar with revised criteria for reside

and new criteria for commercial water heaters, both effective in early 20
8

Shipments

Shipments of home appliances and comfort conditioning (heatin

cooling) equipment peaked during the housing boom in 2005 the

Shipment volumes bottomed out in 2009 and have changed little 

Source: Analysis by Navigant Consulting of data from Appliance Magazine.

05

1015202530354045

2000 2002 2004 2006 2008 2010 2012

Shipments for Final Sales in the United States

(millions of units)

HomeAppliComfCond(Res)Wate(Res & 
9

Residential Gas-Fired Water Heaters

DATA

2009 2013 2020 2030 

Installed

Base

Current

Standard Typical ENERGY STAR High Typical High Typical High 

Typical Capacity (gal) 40 40 40 40 50 40 50 40 5

Energy Factor 0.6 0.59 0.62 0.67 0.80 0.67 0.85 0.74 0.8Average Life (yrs)

66666666

20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 2

Retail Equipment Cost ($)

500 500 510 830 1,500 700 1,470 800 1,33540 540 540 860 3,000 800 3,100 900 2,93

Total Installed Cost ($)

980 980 990 1,310 1,980 1,180 1,950 1,280 1,81

1,020 1,020 1,020 1,340 3,480 1,280 3,580 1,380 3,41

Annual Maintenance Cost ($) ‐ ‐ 14 18 18 18 18 18 1

Higher typical efficiency and lower costs for a given efficiency level. 
• The current Federal standard, which came into effect in January 2004 ma

0.59 for a 40‐gallon water heater. The equation for the Federal standard is

EF=0.67‐(0.0019*Gal), which is used to expand the analysis to a gre

storage capacities.

• An updated Federal standard will go into effect on April 16, 2015. The eq

Federal standard is:

EF=0.675‐(0.0015*Gal) for a volume ≤ 55 gallons and

EF=0.8012‐(0.00078*Gal) for a volume > 55 gallons

• The current minimum EF for ENERGY STAR qualification is 0.67.

• Per discussions with National Labs, there is a potential trend towards a c

gallons as efficiency increases.

• Gas‐fired water heater capacities typically fall between 30 and 75 gallons

• As part of the heating products Federal standards rulemaking, a high eff

was examined, EF=0.77 at 40 gallons, which represents a condensing unit 

inches of insulation and a power vent.

• The cost of installation is approximately $450, which is higher than electr

heaters for a number of reasons, which includes an extra 1.5 hours of labo

plumbers that is required for gas units.

10

Residential Gas-Fired Water Heaters
Shipments were flat at 5 million units per year through 20

declined gradually over 4 years to a new plateau at 4 millio

11

Residential Gas-Fired Water Heaters

0123456

2000 2002 2004 2006 2008 2010 

Unit Shipments (millions)

Gas Water Heaters

Source: Appliance Magazine (also available from http://www.ahrinet.org/historical+data.aspx)
12

Residential Oil–Fired Water Heaters

DATA

2009 2013 2020 2030 

Installed

Base

Current

Standard Typical Mid‐Level High Typical High Typical High 

Typical Capacity (gal) 30 30 30 30 32 30 30 30 3

Energy Factor 0.50 0.53 0.54 0.62 0.68 0.62 0.68 0.65 0.6

Average Life (yrs)

66666666

20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 2

Retail Equipment Cost ($)

1,280 1,380 1,440 1,540 1,700 1,540 1,700 1,620 1,701,380 1,490 1,540 1,650 1,810 1,650 1,810 1,730 1,81

Total Installed Cost ($)

1,920 2,020 2,080 2,180 2,340 2,180 2,340 2,260 2,342,020 2,130 2,180 2,290 2,450 2,290 2,450 2,370 2,45

Annual Maintenance Cost ($) ‐ ‐ 167 167 167 167 167 167 16

Higher typical efficiencies than ref. case
• The current Federal standard, which came into effect in January 2004 m

0.53 for a 30‐gallon water heater. The equation for the Federal standard 

EF=0.59‐(0.0019*Gal), which is used to expand the analysis to a gre

of storage capacities.

• An updated Federal standard will go into effect on April 16, 2015. The e

Federal standard is:

EF=0.68‐(0.0019*Gal)

• Oil‐fired water heaters often have small tanks with larger input ratings, 

natural gas and electric residential water heaters.

• No condensing oil‐fired, storage residential water heaters currently exis

market. The range of efficiencies currently reach their peak at near‐cond

efficiency levels.

• The max‐tech model on the market is achieved using a proprietary “turb

13

Residential Oil-Fired Water Heaters
14

Residential Electric Resistance Water Heaters

DATA

2009 2013 2020 2030 

Installed

Base

Current

Standard Typical High Typical High Typical High 

Typical Capacity (gal) 50 50 50 50 50 40 50 40 Energy Factor 0.9 0.904 0.92 0.95 0.95 0.96 0.96 0.97 

Average Life (yrs)

66666666

20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 

Retail Equipment Cost ($)

270 270 290 350 290 350 350 410 320 320 350 470 350 470 470 530 

Total Installed Cost ($)

590 590 610 670 610 670 670 730 640 640 670 790 670 790 790 850 

Annual Maintenance Cost ($) ‐ ‐ 666666

Higher efficiencies than ref. case
• The current Federal minimum efficiency standard, which went into effe

2004, requires an EF of 0.90 for a 50‐gallon electric resistance water heate

for the Federal standard is:

EF=0.97‐(0.00132*volume), which is used to expand the analysis to a 

of storage capacities.

• An updated Federal standard will go into effect on April 16, 2015. The e

Federal standard is:

EF=0.96‐(0.0003*Gal) for a volume ≤ 55 gallons, and

EF=2.057‐(0.00113*Gal) for a volume > 55 gallons.

• Residential electric resistance water heater capacities usually range betw

gallons.

15

Residential Electric Resistance Water Heaters
Shipments peaked in 2006 then dropped a total of 22 perce

three years and leveled off at 3.7 million units per year.

16

Residential Electric Resistance Water Heaters

Source: Appliance Magazine (also available from http://www.ahrinet.org/historical+data.aspx)

0123456

2000 2002 2004 2006 2008 2010 

Unit Shipments (millions)

Electric Water Heaters
17

Residential Heat Pump Water Heaters

DATA

2009 2013 2020 2030 

Installed

Base

ENERGY

STAR High Typical High Typical High 

Typical Capacity (gal) 50 50 50 50 50 50 50 

Energy Factor 2 2 2.45 2.3 2.75 2.5 3.6 Average Life (yrs)

6666666

20 20 20 20 20 20 20 

Retail Equipment Cost ($)

1,500 1,500 1,600 1,500 1,600 1,550 5,250 1,800 1,800 2,100 1,800 2,100 1,950 6,000 

Total Installed Cost ($)

1,610 1,610 1,710 1,610 1,710 1,660 5,360 2,330 2,330 2,630 2,330 2,630 2,480 6,530 

Annual Maintenance Cost ($) 16 16 16 16 16 16 16 

Higher typical efficiencies than ref. case
• The minimum EF for ENERGY STAR qualification is 2.0 for heat pump wate

(HPWH). All HPWH products on the market meet ENERGY STAR minimu

HPWH products are being offered below the ENERGY STAR efficiency leve

• There is no unique Federal standard HPWH, but integrated HPWHs are in t

class as electric resistance water heaters, so the Federal electric resistance wa

standard also applies to HPWH.

• Technology improvements have advanced efficiency and reliability, but the 

still precludes high‐volume market penetration. Although there is an install

2009, the market penetration of HPWHs was quite low at that time.

• Several major water heater manufacturers have an integrated HPWH mode

and other competitors offer integrated or retrofit units (for existing electric owater heaters).

• Stiebel Eltron has an 80 gallon, 2.51 EF HPWH. This unit was not included i

because it has a significantly larger capacity than the units included on the p

• Sales are estimated to be driven partly by rebates and tax credits at the utilit

and Federal level.

• Resistive heating elements are virtually 100% efficient, but there is a jump in 

heat pump technology is adopted because heat pumps’ COP are usually bet

• Heat pumps raise the water temperature at a slow rate, so it is usual for thes

resistive heat for some of the water heating process. All HPWH systems exa

allow the consumer to adjust the HPWH behavior.

• First‐hour ratings range from 57 to 68 gallons. 18

Residential Heat Pump Water Heaters
19

Residential Instantaneous Water Heaters

Higher typical efficiencies than ref. case

DATA

2009 2013 2020 2030 

Installed

Base

Current

Standard Typical ENERGY STAR High Typical High Typical High 

Typical Capacity (kBtu/hr) 185 117 178 178 150 178 150 185 18

Energy Factor 0.82 0.62 0.82 0.82 0.98 0.87 0.98 0.93 0.9

Average Life (yrs)

88888888

30 30 30 30 30 30 30 30 3

Retail Equipment Cost ($)

1,120 900 900 900 2,300 1,350 2,300 1,850 2,301,220 1,400 1,400 1,400 2,400 1,550 2,400 2,000 2,40

Total Installed Cost ($)

1,650 1,430 1,430 1,430 2,830 1,880 2,830 2,380 2,831,750 1,930 1,930 1,930 2,930 2,080 2,930 2,530 2,93

Annual Maintenance Cost ($) 85 85 85 85 85 85 85 85 8
• The current minimum EF for ENERGY STAR qualification is 0.80 EF or 

instantaneous water heaters sold in 2013 are gas‐fired and qualify for EN

In July 2013, the criteria will increase to 0.82 EF, which many existing m

for.

• Navien manufactures the highest efficiency gas‐fired models currently a

market, which have an EF of 0.98. This is achieved through the use of el

powered direct venting, and through condensing the flue gases.

• All of the major water heater manufacturers now offer an instantaneous 

• The maintenance cost includes cleaning the water inlet filter and the hea

mineral deposits and replacing the water valve approximately once eve

all energy efficiency levels of instantaneous water heaters.

• When replacing a storage water heater with an instantaneous water hea

significant additional costs to upsize the gas supply line to 3⁄4 inch from 

inch and change the venting.

20

Residential Instantaneous Water Heaters
21

Residential Solar Water Heaters

1 Costs are for an indirect (active closed loop) system, including tank and backup heater. Smaller capacity/cost sy

for southern & western states (>2/3 of the current market). Higher capacity/cost systems are required in colder/cl

2 ENERGY STAR requires OG‐300 rating from SRCC. Most installations use SRCC rated collectors; a high efficien

applicable.

DATA

2009 2013 2020 203

Installed

Base

Current

Standard

Typical /

ENERGY

STAR

Typical Typ

Typical Capacity (sq. ft.)

42 NA 42 42 63 NA 63 63 

Overall Efficiency (Solar Fraction) 0.5 NA 0.5 0.5 Solar Energy Factor 2.5 NA 2.5 3 

Average Life (yrs) 20 NA 20 20 Retail Equipment Cost ($)

3,300 NA 3,300 3,000 25,200 NA 5,200 4,700 4

Total Installed Cost ($)

7,600 NA 7,600 7,300 6

10,000 NA 10,000 9,500 8

Annual Maintenance Cost ($) 25 NA 25 25 
• ENERGY STAR requires an OG‐300 rating from the Solar Rating and Certification 

(SRCC). Most installations use SRCC rated collectors, so there is no high efficiency 

• Solar water heaters (SWHs) can be either active or passive. An active system uses 

to circulate the heat transfer fluid; a passive system has no pump. Most solar wate

United States are the active type.

• Solar water heaters are also characterized as open loop (also called ʺdirectʺ) or clos

called ʺindirectʺ). An open‐loop system circulates household (potable) water throu

A closed‐loop system uses a heat transfer fluid (water or diluted antifreeze, for exa

heat and a heat exchanger to transfer the heat to household water.

• Solar fraction represents the fraction of total annual water heating energy met by t

heater. A backup water heating system is required with SWHs, and it is typically 

to size the system to provide about 50% of water heating energy (solar fraction = 0

• Solar Energy Factor (SEF) is defined by the SRCC as the useful energy delivered b

divided by the total electrical and/or fossil fuel required for backup heating, pump

(the free solar energy input is neglected).

• Over 2/3 of the current SWH market is in the southern or western US (including H

collector area of 42 ft2 would be typical for these areas. Colder areas of the US wou

collector (63 ft2).

• Installed costs are higher for colder areas where larger collectors are required. Co

widely depending on collector quality, type of system, and site‐specific characteris

22

Residential Solar Water Heaters
23

Residential Gas-Fired Furnaces

Higher typical efficiencies and lower costs for a given efficiency level

DATA

2009 2013 2020 2030 

Installed

Base

Current

Standard Typical

ENERGY

STAR

(South)

ENERGY

STAR

(North)

High Typical High Typical Hig

Typical Input Capacity

(kBtu/h) 75 75 75 75 75 75 75 75 75 

AFUE (%) 80 80 80 90 95 98 90 98 94 Electric Consumption

(kWh/yr) 312 312 312 289 275 363 289 275 283 Average Life (yrs)

12 12 12 12 12 12 12 12 12 17 17 17 17 17 17 17 17 17 

Retail Equipment Cost ($)

750 750 750 1,000 1,200 1,500 1,000 1,500 1,100 1,

1,100 1,100 1,100 1,300 1,500 1,700 1,300 1,700 1,300 1,

Total Installed Cost ($)

1,500 1,500 1,500 2,200 2,400 2,700 2,200 2,700 2,300 2,2,300 2,300 2,300 2,800 3,000 3,200 2,800 3,200 2,800 3,

Annual Maintenance Cost ($) 45 45 45 45 45 45 45 45 45 
• Current Federal standards for non‐weatherized units:

— South: AFUE ≥ 80%— North: AFUE ≥ 90%— ≤ 10 watts of electrical power when in standby and off modes

— Contested in court and not being enforced by DOE

• ENERGY STAR criteria:

— South: AFUE ≥ 90%— North: AFUE ≥ 95%

• Most efficient available: 98% AFUE. The market is nearly evenly split between non

(AFUE≤85) and condensing units (AFUE≥90).

• Condensing furnaces use an additional heat exchanger to extract additional energ

gases; some models also have variable speed blowers, which decrease electrical en

and inducer fan systems, which usually have modulating gas valves to allow the f

modulate in very small increments, providing an AFUE boost of a few percentage 

• Non‐condensing AFUE levels for natural gas top out at around 81%; above this lev

for exhaust gas condensation increases. This condensate is corrosive and requires 

corrosion resistant venting.

• High‐efficiency condensing furnaces typically have aluminized steel heat exchang

emissions, flexible installation, direct vent, and sealed combustion systems. Direct 

not use room air for combustion, but instead draws combustion air directly from o

• Depending on the location of the home, piping materials in use, and other conside

condensing furnaces may need an acid neutralizer and/or lift pump for the conde

• Furnaces may contain permanent split capacitor (PSC) or electronically commutat

fan motors, though the type of motor has no impact on the AFUE measurement. It 

SEER/EER of the associated air conditioner. 24

Residential Gas-Fired Furnaces
25

Residential Gas-Fired Furnaces

0.00.51.01.52.02.53.03.54.0

2000 2002 2004 2006 2008 2010 

Unit Shipments (millions)

Gas Furnaces

Annual shipments peaked at 3.5 million units in 2005 then 

each year until 2009 and leveled off at about 2.25 million u

Source: Appliance Magazine (also available from http://www.ahrinet.org/historical+data.aspx)
26

Residential Oil-Fired Furnaces

Higher typical efficiencies with the same costs as ref. case despite increased efficiency

DATA

2009 2013 2020 2030 

Installed

Base

Current

Standard Typical ENERGY STAR High Typical High Typical High 

Typical Input Capacity (kBtu/h) 105 105 105 105 105 105 105 105 1

AFUE (%) 80 83 83 85 97 84 97 84 

Electric Consumption (kWh/yr) 490 477 477 460 410 472 410 472 4

Average Life (yrs)

15 15 15 15 15 15 15 15 19 19 19 19 19 19 19 19 

Retail Equipment Cost ($)

2,050 2,300 2,300 2,300 2,700 2,300 2,700 2,300 2,72,250 2,400 2,400 2,400 2,900 2,400 2,900 2,400 2,9

Total Installed Cost ($)

2,600 3,050 3,050 3,150 4,550 3,050 4,550 3,050 4,53,250 3,550 3,550 4,650 5,200 3,550 5,200 4,350 5,2

Annual Maintenance Cost ($) 65 65 65 65 65 65 65 65 
• Current Federal standards:

— AFUE ≥ 83%— ≤ 11 watts of electrical power when in standby and off modes (non‐weatherized 

• ENERGY STAR criteria: AFUE ≥ 85%

• Since the latent heat content of oil is lower than that for either propane or natural g

appliances can typically operate at a higher AFUE rating than comparable gas‐fired 

before condensation issues arise.

• Most efficient available: 96% AFUE – condensing units with tiny market share (<1%

acceptance issues.

• Condensate from condensing oil furnaces is typically even more corrosive than tha

systems due to the higher sulfur content in fuel oil. Hence, condensing oil furnaces 

require the use of an acid neutralizer.

• Oil‐fired furnaces, like gas‐fired furnaces, achieve condensing conditions through t

secondary heat exchanger. Typically, these heat exchangers use a high‐grade stainl

as the primary heat exchange surface.

• Sooting is an issue for all oil‐fired appliances, but secondary heat exchangers, with 

passages, are even more prone to be plugged by soot. Because of this, oil furnaces r

cleaning and maintenance.

27

Residential Oil-Fired Furnaces
28

Residential Oil-Fired Furnaces

Annual shipments declined rapidly after 2004, likely due 

part to an increase in fuel oil prices, which more than tripl

2002 to 2008.

0

20406080

100120140

2000 2002 2004 2006 2008 2010 

Unit Shipments (thousands)

Oil Furnaces

Source: Appliance Magazine (also available from http://www.ahrinet.org/historical+data.aspx)
29

Residential Gas-Fired Boilers

DATA

2009 2013 2020 2030 

Installed

Base

Current

Standard Typical ENERGY STAR High Typical High Typical High 

Typical Input Capacity (kBtu/h) 105 105 105 105 105 105 105 105 1

AFUE (%) 80 82 82 85 96 90 96 93 Average Life (yrs)

17 17 17 17 17 17 17 17 24 24 24 24 24 24 24 24 

Retail Equipment Cost ($)

1,950 2,100 2,100 2,300 3,450 3,000 3,450 3,100 3,42,550 2,900 2,900 3,100 4,500 3,800 4,500 3,900 4,4

Total Installed Cost ($)

3,900 4,050 4,050 4,700 6,350 5,900 6,350 6,000 6,34,500 4,850 4,850 5,500 7,600 6,900 7,600 7,000 7,5

Annual Maintenance Cost ($) 50 50 50 50 50 50 50 50 

Higher typical efficiencies and lower costs for a given efficiency level
• Federal standard for hot‐water gas‐fired boilers (more common than ste

— AFUE ≥ 82%

— Design requirements that took effect on September 1, 2012 prohibit a 

burning pilot and require an automatic means for adjusting water te

• ENERGY STAR criteria: AFUE ≥ 85%

• Most efficient available: 96% AFUE

• Have lost market share to furnaces and heat pumps over the past 30 yea

• The bulk of U.S. boiler sales are non‐condensing boilers, which are prim

manufactured in North America. These are typically high‐mass systems 

exchangers are made of cast iron.

• Due to incentives and market pressure, the U.S. boiler industry has been 

towards also providing condensing boilers. Most of these boilers are pri

products sourced from Europe, where the hydronic market is much bigg

condensing appliances are much more common and/or required by law.

• Typically, condensing boilers are low‐mass in construction with modula

variable‐speed inducer fan systems, sealed powered direct‐vent combus

sensor technologies, and electronic ignition and control.

• Most value‐added components for condensing boilers are sourced abroa

the condensing boiler is assembled in North America (i.e. heat exchange

burner, blower systems, sensors, and/or controls).

30

Residential Gas-Fired Boilers
31

Residential Oil-Fired Boilers

DATA

2009 2013 2020 2030 

Installed

Base

Current

Standard Typical ENERGY STAR High Typical High Typical High 

Typical Input Capacity

(kBtu/h) 140 140 140 140 140 140 140 140 14

AFUE (%) 80 84 84 85 91 84 91 85 9

Average Life (yrs)

20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 230 30 30 30 30 30 30 30 3

Retail Equipment Cost ($)

2,300 2,300 2,300 2,300 3,300 2,300 3,300 2,300 3,302,900 2,900 2,900 3,350 4,150 2,900 4,150 2,900 4,15

Total Installed Cost ($)

4,150 4,150 4,150 4,700 6,200 4,150 6,200 4,150 6,204,750 4,750 4,750 5,900 7,250 4,750 7,250 4,750 7,25

Annual Maintenance Cost ($) 135 135 135 135 135 135 135 135 13

Higher typical efficiencies with the same costs as ref. case despite increased efficiency
• Federal standard for hot‐water oil‐fired boilers (more common than stea

— AFUE ≥ 84%

— Design requirements that took effect on September 1, 2012 require a

means for adjusting water temperature

• ENERGY STAR criteria: AFUE ≥ 85%

• Most efficient available: 91% AFUE

• Since the latent heat content of oil is lower than that for either propane o

oil‐fired appliances can typically operate at a higher AFUE rating than c

fired appliances before condensation issues arise.

• Oil boilers have heat exchangers comprised of cast iron or steel.

32

Residential Oil-Fired Boilers
33

Residential Room Air Conditioners

* All values are for the most common product class, Product Class 3 (without reverse cycle, with louvered sides, and 8,000 to 13,999 

** Italicized values are estimated. The federal standard is expressed in EER, but will be expressed in CEER beginning in 2014. The tw

comparable, but both values are shown here to facilitate longitudinal analyses.

*** Maintenance costs are negligible.

DATA

2009 2013 2020 2030 

Installed Base Current Standard Typical ENERGY STAR High Typical High Typical H

Typical Capacity (kBtu/hr)* 10.5 10.5 10.5 10.5 10.5 10.5 10.5 10.5 EER** 9.2 9.8 10.8 10.8 11.5 11.4 11.9 11.9 CEER** 9.3 9.9 10.9 10.9 11.6 11.5 12.0 12.0 Average Life (yrs)

66666666

13 13 13 13 13 13 13 13 

Retail Equipment Cost ($)

220 250 270 270 430 370 480 430 300 320 340 340 500 440 550 500 

Total Installed Cost ($)

320 350 370 370 530 470 580 530 400 420 440 440 600 540 650 600 

Annual Maintenance Cost ($) ‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐

Higher typical efficiencies and lower costs for a given efficiency level
• Focus on most common type: louvered sides (window air conditioners) 

cycle and having cooling capacity of 8,000–13,999 Btu/h (DOE Product C

• Federal standards for Product Class 3:

— EER ≥ 9.8 (until May 31, 2014)

— CEER ≥ 10.9 (beginning June 1, 2014)

• Combined Energy Efficiency Ratio (CEER) is a new metric that incorpor

in all operating modes, including standby and off modes.

• Of the 538 models in Product Class 3 listed in DOE’s CCMS database:

— 1/3 are at the standard level (9.8 EER)

— 2/3 are at the ENERGY STAR level (10.8 EER)

— Most efficient model is at 11.8 EER

• New ENERGY STAR criteria take effect on 10/1/2013: EER ≥ 11.3.

• Most efficient product in 2030: 13.0 EER, based on Building Technologie

• Efficiency improvements are attained by:

— Higher efficiency compressor and fan motors, and

— An increased heat transfer area in the evaporator and condenser thr

larger heat exchangers, finer fin spacing, micro‐channel heat exchan

similar design options.

34

Residential Room Air Conditioners
Sales were down in 2009, likely due to the recession and an 

cool summer in the Northeast. Sales have increased each y

35

Residential Room Air Conditioners

Source: Appliance Magazine.

02468

1012

2000 2002 2004 2006 2008 2010 2012

Unit Shipments (millions)

Room Air Conditioners
36

Residential Central Air Conditioners

* Values shown are for split‐system units in the 36 kBtu/h (3‐ton) size class. Costs are for ʺcoil‐onlyʺ systems, meaning the

blower.

South (Hot‐Dry and Hot‐Humid)

DATA

2009 2013 2020 2030 

Installed

Base

Current

Standard Typical ENERGY STAR High Typical High Typical High 

Typical Capacity (kBtu/h) 36 36 36 36 36 36 36 36 3

SEER* 11.4 13.0 13.5 14.5 24.0 14.5 24.0 15.0 24Average Life (yrs)

11 11 11 11 11 11 11 11 25 25 25 25 25 25 25 25 2

Retail Equipment Cost ($) 1,700 1,700 1,750 1,900 4,550 1,900 4,550 1,900 4,55Total Installed Cost ($) 2,100 2,100 2,150 2,300 5,100 2,300 5,100 2,300 5,10Annual Maintenance Cost ($)

22 22 22 22 22 22 22 22 2

130 130 130 130 130 130 130 130 13

Higher typical efficiencies with the same costs as ref. case despite increased efficiency
37

Residential Central Air Conditioners

North (Rest of Country)

* Values shown are for split‐system units in the 36 kBtu/h (3‐ton) size class. Costs are for ʺcoil‐onlyʺ systems, meaning the

blower.

DATA

2009 2013 2020 2030 

Installed

Base

Current

Standard Typical ENERGY STAR High Typical High Typical High 

Typical Capacity (kBtu/h) 36 36 36 36 36 36 36 36 3

SEER* 11.4 13.0 13.0 14.5 24.0 14.0 24.0 14.5 24Average Life (yrs)

11 11 11 11 11 11 11 11 25 25 25 25 25 25 25 25 2

Retail Equipment Cost ($) 1,700 1,700 1,700 1,900 4,500 1,800 4,500 1,900 4,50Total Installed Cost ($) 2,300 2,300 2,300 2,500 5,300 2,400 5,300 2,500 5,30Annual Maintenance Cost ($)

22 22 22 22 22 22 22 22 2

130 130 130 130 130 130 130 130 13

Higher typical efficiencies with the same costs as ref. case despite increased efficiency
38

Residential Central Air Conditioners

Residential Central Air

Conditioner ProductClass

Current

Standard

Current ENERGY

STAR Criteria

Future Stan

(Jan. 1, 20

Min.

SEER

Min.

SEER

Min.

EER

Min. SEER

in North

Min. SE

in Sout

Split‐System AC 13 14.5 12 13 14 Single‐Package AC 13 14 11 14 14 Small‐Duct, High‐Velocity 13 – – 13 13 

Space‐Constrained 12 – – 12 12 

• Current standards, which took effect in 2006, represent a significant impro

efficiency from 10 SEER for split systems and 9.7 SEER for single‐package 

• Typical new units today are at the standard level of 13 SEER (for most pro

• Effective Jan. 1, 2015, the standard for split systems will increase to 14 SEE

and the standard for single‐package units will increase to 14 SEER nationw

• Beginning in 2015, central AC units installed in the Southwest (CA, AZ, N

will also have to meet a new energy efficiency ratio (EER) standard that v

cooling capacity.
Annual shipments spiked at 6.5 million units in 2005 at the 

the housing boom and just before more stringent Federal s

took effect in 2006.

39

Residential Central Air Conditioners

01234567

2000 2002 2004 2006 2008 2010 

Unit Shipments (millions)

Central Air Conditioners

Source: Appliance Magazine. (Also available from http://www.ahrinet.org/historical+data.aspx)
40

Residential Air Source Heat Pumps

DATA

2009 2013 2020 2030 

Installed

Base

Current

Standard Typical ENERGY STAR High Typical High Typical High 

Typical Capacity (kBtu/h) 36 36 36 36 36 36 36 36 3

SEER (Cooling)* 12.0 13.0 14.0 14.5 22.0 14.5 23.0 15.5 24HSPF (Heating)* 7 7.7 8.3 8.2 9 8.4 10.8 8.6 10

Average Life (yrs)

99999999

22 22 22 22 22 22 22 22 2

Retail Equipment Cost ($)* 2,700 2,700 2,850 2,900 4,000 2,900 4,150 3,150 4,25Total Installed Cost ($)* 3,150 3,150 3,300 3,400 4,500 3,400 4,600 3,650 4,75Annual Maintenance Cost ($)

22 22 22 22 22 22 22 22 2

130 130 130 130 130 130 130 130 13

* Values shown are for split‐system units in the 36 kBtu/h (3‐ton) size class. “High” units were selected for maximum coo

efficiency.

Same as reference case
• High efficiency cooling does not necessarily correlate with high efficienc

range of SEER–HSPF combinations is very broad.

• Heat pumps are generally sized to meet the cooling load of the house. W

load exceeds heat pump heating capacity, electric resistance heat is used 

• When the heat pump’s heating capacity exceeds the heating load, the hea

and stops more frequently, causing wear and tear on the components an

loss of efficiency. Multi‐stage and/or variable‐speed compressors can hel

sophisticated refrigerant management. 41

Residential Air Source Heat Pumps

Residential Heat

Pump Product

Class

Current Standard Current ENERGY STAR Criteria Future 

(Jan

Min.

SEER

Min.

HSPF

Min.

SEER

Min.

EER

Min.

HSPF

Min.

SEER

H

Split‐System 13 7.7 14.5 12 8.2 14 Single‐Package 13 7.7 14 11 8.0 14 Small‐Duct,High‐Velocity 13 7.7 – – – 13 Space‐Constrained 12 7.4 – – – 12 
From 2000 to 2005 annual shipments increased nearly 60% 

million units, then dropped and leveled off around 1.7 mi

42

Residential Air Source Heat Pumps

0.00.51.01.52.02.5

2000 2002 2004 2006 2008 2010 

Unit Shipments (millions)

Air Source Heat Pumps

Source: Appliance Magazine. (Also available from http://www.ahrinet.org/historical+data.aspx)
43

Residential Central Air Conditioners and Air Source Heat Pumps

• Principal energy efficiency drivers for central air conditioners and heat p

— Heat exchanger (surface area, number of tube rows)

— Compressor (type and single‐stage vs. two‐stage vs. variable‐speed 

— Fan motor choices (PSC vs. ECM fan motors on inside and outside)

— Control choices (i.e., piston, thermal, and electronic expansion valve

• Typical high‐efficiency unit (≥16 SEER) has very large heat exchanger, E

fan motor, and two‐stage scroll compressor.

• Variable‐speed compressor technology typically leads to a significant SE

making possible high‐SEER condensing units with smaller enclosures.

• Efficiency levels >21 SEER made possible through combining existing la

exchangers with variable‐speed compressors, ECM fan motors, and elec

expansion valves.
44

Residential Ground Source Heat Pumps

DATA

2009 2013 2020 2030 

Installed

Base

Current

Standard Typical ENERGY STAR High Typical High Typical Hig

Typical Capacity (kBtu/h) 36 36 36 36 36 36 36 36 

COP (Heating) 3 3.1 3.2 3.6 4.5 3.8 4.9 4.1 

EER (Cooling) 12.3 13.4 14.2 17.1 28 22 36 29 

Average Life (yrs) 25 25 25 25 25 25 25 25 

Retail Equipment Cost ($)

5,000 3,000 3,000 5,000 7,000 4,900 7,000 4,800 7,07,000 5,000 5,000 7,000 9,000 6,900 9,000 6,800 9,0

Total Installed Cost ($)

15,000 10,000 10,000 15,000 20,000 14,900 20,000 14,800 20,020,000 15,000 15,000 20,000 27,000 19,900 27,000 19,800 27,0

Annual Maintenance Cost ($) 75 75 75 75 75 75 75 75 

Higher typical efficiencies and lower costs than reference case
• There are currently over 20 ground source heat pump manufacturers/OEMs in th

• Heating COP does not correlate with cooling EER (coefficient of determination, R

ENERGY STAR certified products). The highest efficiency GSHP is the 7 Series b

International, Inc. (41 EER & 5.3 COP). Note that these are equipment‐level therm

according to standardized lab conditions and do not necessarily represent system

worldʺ performance.

• The ENERGY STAR® criteria for water‐to‐air ground source heat pumps are:

• The most common ground source heat pump is a closed‐loop system in which wa

freeze solution is circulated through plastic pipes buried underground. Open loo

employ ground water or surface water (e.g., open well, pond, lake) are used in so

country, but water supply and water quality issues impose limitations on such ap

• Installation cost is for a closed loop system and includes necessary accessories. T

heat exchanger represents a majority of the installation cost. Installed costs for the

widely.

• Variable speed electronically commutated motors (ECMs) improve performance 

models.

45

Residential Ground Source Heat Pumps

Type

Tier 1 (12/1/2009) Tier 2 (1/1/2011) Tier 3 (1/

Heating

COP

Cooling

EER

Heating

COP

Cooling

EER

Heating

COP

Closed Loop 3.3 14.1 3.5 16.1 3.6 

Open Loop 3.6 16.2 3.8 18.2 4.1 

Direct Expansion 3.5 15 3.6 16 3.6 
46

Residential Gas Heat Pumps

NAECA does not cover residential gas heat pumps, but the CEC Title 24, Part 6 Section 112 does indicate minim

cooling efficiency for gas heat pumps.

DATA

2009 2013 2020 2030 

Installed Base Typical Typical Typical 

Typical Capacity (kBtu/h) 60 60 60 60 

Heating (COP) 1.3 1.3 1.4 1.45 Cooling (COP) 0.6 0.6 0.7 0.8 

Annual Electric Use (kWh/yr) 2,000 1,500 1,500 1,500 

Average Life (yrs) 15 15 15 15 

Retail Equipment Cost ($)

10,500 10,500 10,400 10,300 11,700 11,700 11,600 11,500 

Total Installed Cost ($)

12,000 12,000 11,900 11,800 14,200 14,200 14,100 14,000 

Annual Maintenance Cost ($) 160 160 160 160 

Higher efficiencies and lower costs than reference case
• Residential Gas Heat Pumps are not currently covered by NAECA. CE

Section 112 does indicate cooling efficiency requirements for gas heat p

• Gas heat pumps are much more popular in Europe and Asia. Gas‐fired 

equipment currently comprises less than 1% of the residential air condi

pump market in the U.S.

• Currently, Robur is the predominant manufacturer of residential‐sized 

with sales to the US. Robur units are 5‐ton cooling capacity, a size typic

with larger homes. Since only one product is available, no mid‐level or 

categories are included.

• The data represents air‐source absorption heat pumps. Gas engine‐driv

compression heat pumps are available in other parts of the world; York 

the Triathlon gas engine‐driven heat pump in the US. It is possible to c

technology to the ground (ground source) rather than the atmosphere (

• The absorption heat pump is a gas‐fired, ammonia‐water absorption cy

with a high‐efficiency low‐pressure boiler integrated into one outdoor 

• The cooling efficiency of a gas‐fired air source absorption heat pump is 

lower than for an electric air source heat pump. Heating efficiency of an 

pump (electric or gas‐fired absorption) decreases as outdoor temperatu

however the gas‐fired absorption heat pump recovers waste heat from 

process to improve heating efficiency.

47

Residential Gas Heat Pumps
48

Residential Electric Resistance Furnaces

DATA

2009 2013 2020 2030 

Installed Base Typical Typical Typical T

Typical Capacity (kBtu/h) 68 68 68 68 AFUE (%) 99 99 99 99 

Average Life (yrs)

20 20 20 20 30 30 30 30 

Retail Equipment Cost ($)

600 600 600 600 700 700 700 700 

Total Installed Cost ($)

1,000 1,000 1,000 1,000 1,200 1,200 1,200 1,200 

Annual Maintenance Cost ($) 40 40 40 40 

Same as reference case
• This analysis examined non‐weatherized (installed indoors) electric resi

warm‐air furnaces.

• There are currently no federal requirements on electric resistance furnac

90.1‐2010 unit heater requirements only capture gas and oil‐fired units.

• According to RECS 2009 data, electric central warm‐air furnaces are the 

space heating in approximately 19.1 million US homes or about 17%.

• Electric furnaces range in capacity from 10 to 25 kW (34 to 85 kBtu/hr), w

kBtu/hr) being the typical for units on the market.

• Electric resistance furnaces are considered near 100% efficient because th

heat loss and any jacket losses are contained within the home. For this a

efficiency is 99% to account for IR losses. Furnace fans or blowers have n

AFUE measurements.

49

Residential Electric Resistance Furnaces
50

Residential Electric Resistance Unit Heaters

* Annual Maintenance Cost is negligible

DATA

2009 2013 2020 2030 

Installed Base Typical Typical Typical 

Typical Capacity (kBTU/h) 3.5 3.5 3.5 3

Efficiency (%) 0.98 0.98 0.98 0.Average Life (yrs) 18 18 18 

Retail Equipment Cost ($)

75 75 75 

200 200 200 2

Total Installed Cost ($)

125 125 125 1275 275 275 2

Annual Maintenance Cost ($)* ‐‐‐

Same as reference case
• This analysis examined electric wall and baseboard heaters. Plug‐in spa

considered plug loads and, therefore, not included.

• There are currently no federal requirements on electric resistance unit h

90.1‐2010 unit heater requirements only capture gas and oil‐fired units.

• According to RECS 2009 data, electric resistance unit heaters are the ma

space heating in approximately 5.7 million US homes or about 5%.

• Electric heaters range in capacity from 500 to 2,500 watts (1.7 to 8.5 kBtu

watts (3.5 kBtu/hr) being the most typical for units on the market.

• Electric resistance heaters are considered near 100% efficient because the

loss through ducts or combustion. For this analysis, the efficiency is 98% 

IR losses and fan inefficiency.

51

Residential Electric Resistance Unit Heaters
52

Residential Cordwood Stoves

*Efficiency includes combustion and heat transfer efficiency and is based on the higher heating value (HHV) of the fuel.

**Installed cost includes cost of hearth and stainless steel chimney liner ‐ materials and labor.

***Annual maintenance cost of catalytic stove includes periodic cost of replacing the catalytic combustor.

DATA

2009 2013 2020 2030 

Installed Base EPA Certified (Default) Typical High Typical High Typical 

Typical Capacity (kBtu/h) 50 50 50 50 50 50 50 

Efficiency (Non‐Catalytic) (HHV) 58 63 63 74 70 77 73 

Efficiency (Catalytic) (HHV) 68 72 72 81 78 84 81 

Average Life (yrs)

12 12 12 12 12 12 12 25 25 25 25 25 25 25 

Retail Equipment Cost ($) (Non‐Catalytic) 2,400 2,400 2,400 3,200 2,600 3,400 2,800 

Retail Equipment Cost ($) (Catalytic) 3,300 3,300 3,300 4,100 3,500 4,300 3,700 

Total Installed Cost ($) (Non‐Catalytic) 7,000 7,000 7,000 7,800 7,200 8,000 7,400 

Total Installed Cost ($) (Catalytic) 7,900 7,900 7,500 8,700 8,100 8,900 8,300 

Annual Maintenance Cost ($) (Non Catalytic) 150 150 150 150 150 150 150 

Annual Maintenance Cost ($) (Catalytic) 225 225 225 225 225 225 225 

Same as reference case
• Residential cordwood stoves that must meet EPA particulate limits fall in

classes based on whether or not they use a catalyst for air treatment. Ca

stoves use a catalytic combustor to reduce emissions from the combustio

catalytic wood stoves use baffles and introduce secondary air above the f

complete combustion to help reduce emissions.

• There are no efficiency standards for wood stoves. EPA publishes a list o

have met emission limits for particulates and includes default efficiencie

catalytic and catalytic wood stoves). The emission limits are 7.5 grams/h

certified non‐catalytic wood stoves and 4.1 grams/hr. for catalytic wood s

• The EPA default efficiencies are 63% for certified non‐catalytic wood stov

catalytic wood stoves. Manufacturers may submit efficiency data from la

testing to EPA, to include with the default values, but very few have don

• Data from product literature does not generally identify the efficiency tes

not possible to determine performance trends based on construction or c

(e.g., cast iron vs. plate steel, powered blowers vs. no blowers, etc.) tren

equipment type or construction based on published efficiencies.

53

Residential Cordwood Stoves
• Some states have instituted tighter emission standards along with minim

requirements (e.g., Oregon).

• EPA is considering updates to its New Source Performance Standards (N

would tighten the emissions limits and may include minimum efficiency 

However, the timing remains uncertain.

• Cordwood stoves require chimneys for venting combustion gases. Whet

conventional masonry chimneys are used or metal chimney liners, these 

considerable cost to the overall system. Installed costs can be double tha

stove itself.

54

Residential Cordwood Stoves
55

Residential Cordwood Stoves

Source: HPBA

Cordwood stove shipments have averaged 123,000 per yea

and have rebounded somewhat since 2011.
56

Residential Wood Pellet Stoves

*Efficiency includes combustion and heat transfer efficiency and is based on the higher heating value (HHV) of the fuel.

**Electricity consumption is for combustion air fan, distribution blower, and pellet feeder.

***Installed cost includes cost of hearth and vent pipe ‐ materials and labor.

DATA

2009 2013 2020 2030 

Installed

Base

EPA Certified

(Default) Typical High Typical High Typical Hi

Typical Capacity (kBtu/h) 50 50 50 50 50 50 50 

Efficiency (HHV) 65 78 78 81 81 84 83 

Annual ElectricityConsumption (kWh) 1,200 1,200 1,200 1,200 1,200 1,200 1,200 1,Average Life (yrs)

12 12 12 12 12 12 12 25 25 25 25 25 25 25 

Retail Equipment Cost ($) 3,300 3,300 3,300 4,200 3,500 4,400 3,700 4,Total Installed Cost ($) 4,700 4,700 4,700 5,600 4,900 5,800 5,100 6,Annual Maintenance Cost ($) 250 250 250 250 250 250 250 

Same as reference case
• There are no efficiency standards for wood pellet stoves and they are not 

certified by EPA. However, manufacturers that wish to be certified must 

emission limit of 2.5 grams/hr.

• The EPA default efficiency for wood pellet stoves is 72%. Manufacturers 

efficiency data from laboratory testing to EPA, to include with the defaul

very few have done so.

• Data from product literature does not generally identify the efficiency tes

• Some states have instituted tighter emission standards along with minim

requirements (e.g., Oregon).

• EPA is considering updates to its New Source Performance Standards (N

would tighten the emissions limits and may include minimum efficiency 

However, the timing remains uncertain.

• Wood pellet stoves may be able to be direct vented to the outdoors, elim

need for a chimney. This reduces the overall system cost as compared to 

stove. However, they do use electricity to power the pellet feeder, the co

fan, and the blower. In the event of a power outage, a pellet stove can no

without some back‐up source of electricity (e.g., battery) .

57

Residential Wood Pellet Stoves
58

Residential Wood Pellet Stoves

Source: HPBA

Wood pellet stove shipments grew substantially in the 200

time period, but have averaged only 40,000 – 60,000 units s

time.
59

Residential Refrigerator-Freezers

* The volume shown here is the nominal total volume, not the adjusted volume, which is used to determine compliance w

** Based on an adjusted volume of 21 ft3.

Top‐Mount (Product Class 3)

DATA

2009 2013 2020 2030 

Installed

Base

Current

Standard Typical ENERGY STAR High Typical High Typical Hig

Typical Capacity (ft3)* 19 19 19 19 19 19 19 19 

Energy Consumption (kWh/yr)** 586 482 407 385 311 385 311 365 3Average Life (yrs)

12 12 12 12 12 12 12 12 22 22 22 22 22 22 22 22 

Retail Equipment Cost ($) 550 530 570 620 880 620 880 700 8

Total Installed Cost ($) 550 530 570 620 880 620 880 700 8

Annual Maintenance Cost ($) 99999999

Higher typical efficiencies than ref. case
60

Residential Refrigerator-Freezers

* The volume shown here is the nominal total volume, not the adjusted volume, which is used to determine compliance w

** Based on an adjusted volume of 25 ft3.

Bottom‐Mount (Product Class 5)

Higher typical efficiencies than ref. case

DATA

2009 2013 2020 2030 

Installed

Base

Current

Standard Typical ENERGY STAR High Typical High Typical Hig

Typical Capacity (ft3)* 21 21 21 21 21 21 21 21 

Energy Consumption (kWh/yr)** 574 574 540 459 457 500 457 459 4Average Life (yrs)

12 12 12 12 12 12 12 12 22 22 22 22 22 22 22 22 

Retail Equipment Cost ($) 935 930 940 980 980 960 980 980 9

Total Installed Cost ($) 935 930 940 980 980 960 980 980 9

Annual Maintenance Cost ($) 22 22 22 22 22 22 22 22 
61

Residential Refrigerator-Freezers

* The volume shown here is the nominal total volume, not the adjusted volume, which is used to determine compliance w

** Based on an adjusted volume of 32 ft3.

Side‐Mount (Product Class 7)

Higher typical efficiencies than ref. case

DATA

2009 2013 2020 2030 

Installed

Base

Current

Standard Typical ENERGY STAR High Typical High Typical Hig

Typical Capacity (ft3)* 26 26 26 26 26 26 26 26 

Energy Consumption (kWh/yr)** 889 729 596 583 509 575 509 550 5Average Life (yrs)

12 12 12 12 12 12 12 12 22 22 22 22 22 22 22 22 

Retail Equipment Cost ($) 1,150 1,130 1,170 1,180 1,380 1,200 1,380 1,250 1,3

Total Installed Cost ($) 1,150 1,130 1,170 1,180 1,380 1,200 1,380 1,250 1,3

Annual Maintenance Cost ($) 24 24 24 24 24 24 24 24 
• Current Federal standards:

— Compliance required beginning July 1, 2001— Models divided into 12 product classes based on size (standard or compact), locatio

bottom, or side), type of defrost (automatic or manual), and presence of through‐the

— Limits on annual electricity consumption expressed as functions of adjusted volum

• ENERGY STAR criteria limit annual electricity consumption to 20% less than the Federa

• More stringent Federal standards:

— Compliance required beginning September 15, 2014

— New product classes for built‐in units

— Amount by which standards are tightened varies by product class

• Current analysis focuses on the three representative product classes analyzed in the rece

• Energy efficiency opportunities include:

— Higher efficiency and/or variable‐speed compressor systems— Larger heat exchangers

— Permanent‐magnet fan motor systems (vs. SPM and PSC fan motors)— Demand defrost systems— Vacuum‐insulated panels— Thicker insulation (though at a loss of consumer utility)

— Better gasketing

— Refrigerants (Isobutane vs. R134a)

— Variable anti‐sweat heating

62

Residential Refrigerator-Freezers

1Adjusted Volume (AV) = (Fresh Volume) + 1.63 × (Freezer Volume). Beginning in 2004, the 1.63 coefficient will change to 
Annual shipment volumes declined 25% from 2006 to 2009, 

slightly in 2010, then declined again to 8.6 million units in 2

63

Residential Refrigerator-Freezers

Source: Appliance Magazine; data provided by AHAM and Navigant analysis for configuration shares.

02468

1012

2000 2002 2004 2006 2008 2010 2012

Unit Shipments (millions)

Refrigerators (Standard‐Size)

ToToSidBo
Bottom‐mount units likely have captured somewhere betw

35 percent of the market, based on shipment‐weighted dat

2007, DOE analysis, and counts of currently available mod

64

Residential Refrigerator-Freezers

0%

10%20%30%40%50%60%70%80%90%

100%

1998 2000 2002 2004 2006 2008 2010 2012

Configuration Market Share

BoMSidTo

Sources: AHAM data; August 2011 Refrigerator Final Rule TSD; Navigant analysis.
65

Residential Freezers

* The volume shown here is the nominal volume, not the adjusted volume, which is used to determine compliance with s

** Based on an adjusted volume of 29 ft3 (30 ft3 beginning in 2014).

Upright Freezers (Product Class 9)

DATA

2009 2013 2020 2030 

Installed

Base

Current

Standard Typical ENERGY STAR High Typical High Typical Hig

Typical Capacity (ft3)* 17 17 17 17 17 17 17 17 

Energy Consumption (kWh/yr)** 775 687 642 618 615 487 487 487 4

Average Life (yrs)

17 17 17 17 17 17 17 17 27 27 27 27 27 27 27 27 

Retail Equipment Cost ($) 550 550 555 560 560 660 660 660 6

Total Installed Cost ($) 550 550 555 560 560 660 660 660 6

Annual Maintenance Cost ($) 55555555

Same as reference case
66

Residential Freezers

* The volume shown here is the nominal volume, not the adjusted volume, which is used to determine compliance with s

** Based on an adjusted volume of 26 ft3 (30 ft3 beginning in 2014).

Chest Freezers (Product Class 10)

DATA

2009 2013 2020 2030 

Installed

Base

Current

Standard Typical ENERGY STAR High Typical High Typical Hig

Typical Capacity (ft3)* 17 17 17 17 17 17 17 17 

Energy Consumption (kWh/yr)** 430 401 370 361 354 327 327 327 3

Average Life (yrs)

17 17 17 17 17 17 17 17 27 27 27 27 27 27 27 27 

Retail Equipment Cost ($) 400 400 405 410 410 425 425 425 4

Total Installed Cost ($) 400 400 405 410 410 425 425 425 4

Annual Maintenance Cost ($) 33333333

Same as reference case 
• Current Federal standards:

— Compliance required beginning July 1, 2001— Models divided into 6 product classes based on size (standard or compact), orientat

upright), and type of defrost (automatic or manual).

— Limits on annual electricity consumption expressed as functions of adjusted volume

• ENERGY STAR criteria limit annual electricity consumption to 10% less than the Federal 

• More stringent Federal standards:

— Compliance required beginning September 15, 2014

— New product classes for built‐in freezers and freezers with an automatic icemaker

— Amount by which standards are tightened varies by product class

• Current analysis focuses on the two representative product classes analyzed in the recent 

• Energy efficiency opportunities include:

— Higher efficiency and/or variable‐speed compressor systems— Larger heat exchangers

— Permanent‐magnet fan motor systems (vs. SPM and PSC fan motors)— Demand defrost systems— Vacuum‐insulated panels— Thicker insulation (though at a loss of consumer utility)

— Better gasketing

— Refrigerants (Isobutane vs. R134a)

— Variable anti‐sweat heating

— Use of forced convection condenser (for upright freezers)

67

Residential Freezers

1Adjusted Volume (AV) = (Fresh Volume) + 1.63 × (Freezer Volume). Beginning in 2004, the 1.63 coefficient will change to 
Shipment volumes have held steady since 2007 at about 2 m

units per year. Chest freezers represent about 60% of the m

68

Residential Freezers

Source: Appliance Magazine.

0.00.51.01.52.02.53.0

2000 2002 2004 2006 2008 2010 2012

Unit Shipments (millions)

Freezers (Full‐Size)
69

Residential Natural Gas Cooktops and Stoves

* Equipment and installed costs are for stand‐alone cooktops only (not stoves).

** Maintenance costs are negligible.

DATA

2009 2013 2020 2030 

Installed

Base Typical High Typical High Typical High 

Typical Capacity (kBtu/h)

9999999

12 12 12 12 12 12 12 

Cooking Efficiency (%) 38.5 39.9 42 39.9 42 39.9 42 Average Life (yrs)

12 12 12 12 12 12 12 22 22 22 22 22 22 22 

Retail Equipment Cost ($)*

225 250 300 250 300 250 300 300 350 400 350 400 350 400 

Total Installed Cost ($)*

275 300 350 300 350 300 350 350 400 450 400 450 400 450 

Annual Maintenance Cost ($)** ‐‐‐‐‐‐‐

Same as reference case 
• Since January 1, 1990, gas cooking products with an electrical supply cor

required to not be equipped with a constant burning pilot light. This req

extended to gas cooking products without an electrical supply cord, as o

• Little variation in cooking efficiency among gas cooktops and stoves (or 

• DOE final rule published in 2009: no standard for cooking efficiency is c

70

Residential Natural Gas Cooktops and Stoves
Shipments are down from their peak in 2005 and appear to 

leveled off in the past five years.

71

Residential Natural Gas Cooktops and Stoves

Note: Excludes separate ovens, which were categorized as ʺbuilt‐inʺ units prior to 2007.

Source: Appliance Magazine.

0.00.51.01.52.02.53.03.54.0

2000 2002 2004 2006 2008 2010 2012

Unit Shipments (millions)

Natural Gas Cooktops and Stoves

TotalRanges, Surface 

(Cookto
72

Residential Clothes Washers – Front-Loading

* Maintenance costs are negligible.

DATA

2009 2013 2020 2030 

Installed

Base

Current

Standard Typical ENERGY STAR High Typical High Typical Hig

Typical Capacity (ft3) 3.09 3.00 3.90 3.00 5.20 3.90 5.20 3.90 5

Modified Energy Factor(ft3/kWh/cycle) 2.07 1.26 3.09 2.00 3.45 3.09 3.45 3.09 3Water Factor (gal/cycle/ft3) 6.2 9.5 3.1 6.0 3.0 3.1 3.0 3.1 

Average Life (yrs)

77777777

14 14 14 14 14 14 14 14 

Water Consumption (gal/cycle) 19 29 12 18 15 12 15 12 

Hot Water Energy (kWh/cycle) 0.32 0.82 0.16 0.29 0.27 0.16 0.27 0.16 0

Machine Energy (kWh/cycle) 0.15 0.2 0.12 0.15 0.11 0.12 0.11 0.12 0Dryer Energy (kWh/cycle) 1.02 1.37 0.99 1.03 1.13 0.99 1.13 0.99 1Retail Equipment Cost ($)

550 550 900 800 1,200 900 1,200 900 1,2700 700 1,000 900 1,500 1,000 1,500 1,000 1,5

Total Installed Cost ($)

650 650 1,000 900 1,300 1,000 1,300 1,000 1,3800 800 1,100 1,000 1,600 1,100 1,600 1,100 1,6

Annual Maintenance Cost ($)* ‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐

Same as reference case 
73

Residential Clothes Washers – Top-Loading

* Maintenance costs are negligible.

DATA

2009 2013 2020 2030 

Installed

Base

Current

Standard Typical ENERGY STAR High Typical High Typical Hig

Typical Capacity (ft3) 3.0 3.2 3.5 3.6 4.8 3.6 4.8 3.6 

Modified Energy Factor(ft3/kWh/cycle) 1.20 1.26 1.40 2.00 2.87 2.00 2.87 2.00 2

Water Factor (gal/cycle/ft3) 12.0 9.5 8.5 6.0 3.65 6.0 3.65 6.0 3

Average Life (yrs)

77777777

14 14 14 14 14 14 14 14 

Water Consumption (gal/cycle) 36 30 30 22 18 22 18 22 

Hot Water Energy (kWh/cycle) 0.91 0.87 0.64 0.51 0.39 0.51 0.39 0.51 0

Machine Energy (kWh/cycle) 0.28 0.28 0.28 0.08 0.08 0.08 0.08 0.08 0Dryer Energy (kWh/cycle) 1.31 1.39 1.58 1.21 1.20 1.21 1.20 1.21 1Retail Equipment Cost ($)

550 350 450 550 850 550 850 550 700 450 550 650 950 650 950 650 

Total Installed Cost ($)

650 450 550 650 950 650 950 650 800 550 650 750 1,050 750 1,050 750 1,

Annual Maintenance Cost ($)* ‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐

Same as reference case 
• Present analysis treats front‐ and top‐loading models separately. Past an

consider the two types separately.

• Federal standards for standard‐capacity clothes washers (≥ 1.6 cubic fee

• Most front‐loading models on the market today surpass the ENERGY ST

comfortable margin; typical new front‐loading unit has MEF = 3.09 and 

• Energy efficiency improvement opportunities include:

— Higher efficiency motors and higher spin speeds

— Better load sensing for adaptive water fill control

— Reduced water temperature and quantity, while providing equivale

rinsing performance 74

Residential Clothes Washers

Modified Energy Factor Water Fact

Top‐Loading Front‐Loading Top‐Loading F

Current DOE Standard ≥ 1.26 (effective 1/1/2007) ≤ 9.5 (effective 1/

Current ENERGY STAR ≥ 2.00 ≤ 6.0

Integrated Modified Energy Factor1 Integrated Wate

March 7, 2015 ≥ 1.29 ≥ 1.84 ≤ 8.4 

January 1, 2018 ≥ 1.57 ≥ 1.84 (no change) ≤ 6.5 ≤

1. IMEF differs from MEF as follows: (a) includes standby power energy; (b) smaller capacity measurement for top

(c) higher drying energy estimate; and (d) additional wash cycles required for testing.

2. IWF differs from WF as follows: WF incorporates water usage from cold water cycles only while IWF incorpora

from all wash temperatures.
Shipment volumes have returned to pre‐housing boom lev

loaders’ market share grew from 5% to about 50% in 10 yea

75

Residential Clothes Washers

02468

10

2000 2002 2004 2006 2008 2010 2012

Unit Shipments (millions)

Clothes Washers

TotalTop‐LFront

Source: Appliance Magazine and Residential Clothes Washer Direct Final Rule TSD, EERE, April 2012.
76

Residential Clothes Dryers

* Italicized values are estimated. The federal standard is expressed in EF, but will be expressed in CEF beginning in 2015. 

not strictly comparable, but both values are shown here to facilitate longitudinal analyses.

** Maintenance costs are negligible.

Electric

DATA

2009 2013 2020 2030 

Installed

Base

Current

Standard Typical High Typical High Typical High 

Typical Capacity (ft3) 7 777777

EF (lb/kWh)* 3.01 3.01 3.10 3.16 3.10 4.51 3.16 4.5

CEF (lb/kWh)* 3.55 3.55 3.73 3.81 3.73 5.42 3.81 5.4

Average Life (yrs)

8888888

15 15 15 15 15 15 15 1

Retail Equipment Cost ($)

400 400 450 500 450 650 500 65500 500 550 600 550 750 600 75

Total Installed Cost ($)

510 510 560 610 560 780 610 78610 610 660 710 660 880 710 88

Annual Maintenance Cost ($)** ‐‐‐‐‐‐‐

Same as reference case 
77

Residential Clothes Dryers

Natural Gas

* Italicized values are estimated. The federal standard is expressed in EF, but will be expressed in CEF beginning in 2015. 

not strictly comparable, but both values are shown here to facilitate longitudinal analyses.

** Maintenance costs are negligible.

DATA

2009 2013 2020 2030 

Installed

Base

Current

Standard Typical Mid‐ Level High Typical High Typical High 

Typical Capacity (ft3) 7 7777777

EF (lb/kWh)* 2.67 2.67 2.75 2.85 3.02 2.81 3.02 2.81 3.

CEF (lb/kWh)* 3.14 3.14 3.24 3.35 3.61 3.30 3.61 3.30 3.Average Life (yrs)

88888888

15 15 15 15 15 15 15 15 

Retail Equipment Cost ($)

450 400 425 450 550 400 550 400 5550 450 475 550 650 500 650 500 6

Total Installed Cost ($)

610 560 585 610 710 560 710 560 7710 610 635 710 810 660 810 660 8

Annual Maintenance Cost ($)** ‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐

Same as reference case 
• Current standards in effect since 1994:

— For standard‐size electric units : EF ≥ 3.01 lb/kWh

— For gas units: EF ≥ 2.67 lb/kWh

• New standards announced in April 2011 with compliance date of Jan. 1, 20

metric will change from energy factor (EF) to combined energy factor (CEFincorporates standby mode power consumption:

— For standard‐size vented electric units : CEF ≥ 3.73 lb/kWh (≅3.17 EF)

— For vented gas units: CEF ≥ 3.30 lb/kWh (≅2.81 EF)

• Remaining efficiency improvement opportunities include:

— Multi‐step or modulating heat— Higher efficiency drum motors— Inlet air pre‐heat— Better control systems for cycle termination (not reflected per the curre

however)

— Heat pump (for electric clothes dryers)

• Heat pump clothes dryers with EF around 4.5 currently available in Europe

and potential reliability issues have kept them out of the U.S. market, but a

arrive by 2020.

• In 2012, EPA announced the Emerging Technology Award for Clothes Dry

be awarded to a manufacturer that introduces a high‐efficiency clothes dry

market. 78

Residential Clothes Dryers
Shipment volumes are now slightly below pre‐housing bo

Gas dryers continue to account for about one‐fifth of the m

79

Residential Clothes Dryers

0123456789

2000 2002 2004 2006 2008 2010 20

Unit Shipments (millions)

Clothes Dryers Total

ElectrGas

Source: Appliance Magazine.
80

Residential Dishwashers

* Refers to that portion of ʺTypical Annual Energy Useʺ that is the energy used to heat water in a separate water heater be

dishwasher. The energy used to heat water inside the dishwasher cannot be disaggregated from the total.

** Maintenance costs are negligible.

DATA

2009 2013 2020 2030 

Installed

Base

Current

Standard Typical ENERGY STAR High Typical High Typical Hi

Typical Annual Energy Use (kWh/yr) 312 307 295 295 180 275 180 275 

Water Consumption (gal/cycle) 4.50 5.00 4.25 4.25 2.22 4.00 2.22 4.00 2

Water Heating Energy Use (kWh/yr)* 163 181 153 153 80 140 80 140 

Average Life (yrs)

14 14 14 14 14 14 14 14 24 24 24 24 24 24 24 24 

Retail Equipment Cost ($) 390 395 450 450 470 450 470 450 

Total Installed Cost ($) 710 715 770 770 790 770 790 770 Annual Maintenance Cost ($)** ‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐

Higher typical efficiencies with the same costs as ref. case despite increased efficiency
• Performance criteria for standard‐capacity dishwashers (assumes 215 cycles/year)

— Federal Standards:

 Jan. 1, 2010: ≤ 355 kWh/yr, ≤ 6.5 gal/cycle (EISA 2007) May 30, 2013: ≤ 307 kWh/yr, ≤ 5.0 gal/cycle (DOE Direct Final Rule, publish

— ENERGY STAR Criteria:

 Aug. 11, 2009 : ≤ 324 kWh/yr, ≤ 5.8 gal/cycle (version 4.0, announced Nov. 2 Jan. 20, 2012: ≤ 295 kWh/yr, ≤ 4.25 gal/cycle (version 5.0, announced April 2

• ENERGY STAR has maintained a very high market share for several years, so sale

average efficiency has tracked ENERGY STAR levels.

• Test procedures:

— Accounts for motor, dryer, booster heater (if present), and hot water from sep

— Amended test procedure, enters into force May 30, 2013, includes standby and 

— Cleaning performance test method expected to be part of future ENERGY STA

• Efficiency improvement opportunities include:

— Better soil sensing in the water, the filter, and the controls to make use of that

— Water distribution (small pipes, fine filter, small sump, alternating water use)

— Inline water heater (to minimize sump volume)

— High‐efficiency, variable‐speed pump motor— Vent assembly to help drying of dishes

81

Residential Dishwashers
Shipments peaked in 2005 during the housing boom then de

appear to have leveled off at between 5 and 6 million units p

82

Residential Dishwashers

Source: Appliance Magazine

012345678

2000 2002 2004 2006 2008 2010 2012

Unit Shipments (millions)

Dishwashers (Built‐In)
83

Commercial Gas-Fired Furnaces

* DOEʹs efficiency metric for commercial furnaces accounts only for flue losses, not jacket losses.

Higher typical efficiencies than ref. case

DATA

2003 2012 2013 2020 2030 

Installed Base Current Standard Typical High Typical High Typical High 

Typical Input Capacity (kBtu/h) 400 400 400 400 400 400 400 400 4

Thermal Efficiency (%)* 76 80 80 80 90 81 90 81 

Average Life (yrs) 15 15 15 15 15 15 15 15 

Retail Equipment Cost ($)

1,920 2,370 2,910 2,910 3,590 3,000 3,590 3,000 3,5

2,130 2,580 3,120 3,120 3,900 3,200 3,900 3,200 3,9

Total Installed Cost ($)

2,300 2,750 3,290 3,290 3,970 3,380 3,970 3,380 3,9

2,510 2,960 3,500 3,500 4,280 3,580 4,280 3,580 4,2

Annual Maintenance Cost ($)** 320 320 320 320 930 320 930 320 9
• Current Federal standard requires minimum 80% thermal efficiency. Th

more commonly called “combustion efficiency” in other contexts, accou

flue losses, not jacket losses.

• ASHRAE Standard 90.1, which is used as a commercial building code in 

states, stipulates that furnaces that are not within the conditioned space 

have jacket losses exceeding 0.75% of the input rating.

• The Federal standard applies to all units manufactured on or after Janua

with maximum rated heat input ≥ 225,000 Btu per hour.

• Commercial furnace efficiency ranges are as wide as those for residentia

technology options are similar (though usually scaled up).

• Besides scale, commercial units can differ in terms of the control system 

integration with a Building Management System, twinning, or other sta

strategies) and they may also use a heat recovery system to pre‐heat inle

• The maintenance cost estimate assumes two cleanings per year.

84

Commercial Gas-Fired Furnaces
85

Commercial Oil-Fired Furnaces

* DOEʹs efficiency metric for commercial furnaces accounts only for flue losses, not jacket losses.

DATA

2003 2012 2013 2020 20

Installed Base Current Standard Typical Typical Typ

Typical Input Capacity (kBtu/h) 400 400 400 400 400 Thermal Efficiency (%)* 81 81 81 82 82 Average Life (yrs) 15 15 15 15 15 

Retail Equipment Cost ($)

3,200 3,400 4,000 4,000 4,000 

3,800 3,900 4,200 4,200 4,200 

Total Installed Cost ($)

3,800 3,800 4,380 4,380 4,380 

4,400 4,400 4,580 4,580 4,580 

Annual Maintenance ($) 320 320 320 320 320 

Same as reference case 
• Current Federal standard requires minimum 81% thermal efficiency. Th

more commonly called “combustion efficiency” in other contexts, accou

flue losses, not jacket losses.

• ASHRAE Standard 90.1, which is used as a commercial building code in 

states, stipulates that furnaces that are not within the conditioned space 

have jacket losses exceeding 0.75% of the input rating.

• The Federal standard applies to all units manufactured on or after Janua

with maximum rated heat input ≥ 225,000 Btu per hour.

• Commercial furnace efficiency ranges are as wide as those for residentia

technology options are similar (though usually scaled up).

• Besides scale, commercial units can differ in terms of the control system 

integration with a Building Management System, twinning, or other sta

strategies) and they may also use a heat recovery system to pre‐heat inle

• The maintenance cost estimate assumes two cleanings per year.

86

Commercial Oil-Fired Furnaces
87

Commercial Electric Boilers

* Capacity is output

DATA

2003 2012 2013 2020 2030 

Installed Base Typical Typical Typical 

Typical Capacity (kW)* 165 165 165 165 165 

Efficiency (%) 98 98 98 98 98 

Average Life (yrs) 15 15 15 15 15 

Retail Equipment Cost ($)

$6,400 $7,000 $7,000 $7,000 $7,000 $7,500 $7,800 $7,800 $7,800 $7,800 

Total Installed Cost ($)

$8,000 $10,500 $10,500 $10,500 $10,500 $9,600 $11,800 $11,800 $11,800 $11,800 

Annual Maintenance Cost ($)

110 110 110 110 110 160 160 160 160 160 

Same as reference case
• There are currently no federal standards associated with electric boilers• The costs shown are for one 165kW unit, which would equate to a stead

approximately 550,000 Btu/hr.

• Service life is determined mainly by water quality. Water conditioning 

softeners, de‐alkizers, chemical feeders) may be necessary for a given ap

• Annual maintenance in a typical application would include draining the 

removal of any accumulated scale or sludge buildup.

• Minor end‐use inefficiencies for electric boilers result from heat loss thro

(jacket losses).

88

Commercial Electric Boilers
89

Commercial Gas-Fired Boilers

* The standard level shown here is for small hot water boilers, the most common type of boiler.

** DOEʹs efficiency metric for most types of boilers now accounts for both flue and jacket losses; previously it did not. DO

combustion efficiency metric instead for hot water boilers with heat input > 2,500,000 Btu/h.

*** Installed Base costs have been adjusted to reflect the cost of two 427 kBtu/h boilers rather than one, as was reported in 

DATA

2003 2012 2013 2020 2030 

Installed Base Current Standard* Typical Mid‐ Range High Typical High Typical H

Typical Input Capacity (kBtu/h) 800 800 800 800 800 800 800 800 800 Thermal Efficiency (%)** 76 77 80 80 85 98 83 98 84 

Average Life (yrs) 30 30 30 30 30 30 30 30 30 Retail Equipment Cost ($)

10,650 11,350 13,050 13,050 15,900 18,150 14,700 18,150 15,250 1

12,750 13,400 15,100 15,100 18,000 20,200 16,750 20,200 17,300 2

Total Installed Cost ($)

17,850 18,550 20,250 20,250 23,100 25,350 21,900 25,350 22,450 2

19,950 20,600 22,300 22,300 25,200 27,400 23,950 27,400 24,500 2

Annual Maintenance Cost ($)** 480 480 480 480 480 480 480 480 480 

Higher typical efficiencies with the same costs as ref. case despite increased efficiency
• Commercial packaged gas‐fired boilers are classified by:

— Heat input capacity— Produce steam or hot water— Draft type (natural draft or not)

• Most common type is small hot water boilers, those with 300,000‐2,500,0

rated heat input.

• DOE’s efficiency metric, thermal efficiency, now aligns with ASHRAE 9

accounts for both flue and jacket losses.

• Federal standards require thermal efficiency ≥ 77%, 79%, or 80%, depen

• Exception is large hot water boilers, which must have combustion efficien

• Similar technologies to the those used in the residential market can be le

the commercial arena. The higher efficiency units typically include elect

ignition, power burners, and improved heat exchangers. They may eve

and/or pre‐heat incoming air.

90

Commercial Gas-Fired Boilers
91

Commercial Oil-Fired Boilers

* The standard level shown here is for small hot water boilers, the most common type of boiler.

** DOEʹs efficiency metric for most types of boilers now accounts for both flue and jacket losses; previously it did not. DO

combustion efficiency metric instead for hot water boilers with heat input > 2,500,000 Btu/h.

DATA

2003 2012 2013 2020 2030 

Installed Base Current Standard* Typical High Typical High Typical High 

Typical Input Capacity

(kBtu/h) 1,200 1,200 1,200 1,200 1,200 1,200 1,200 1,200 1,20

Thermal Efficiency (%)** 79 81 82 83 98 84 98 85 

Average Life (yrs) 30 30 30 30 30 30 30 30 Retail Equipment Cost ($)

11,700 12,400 13,400 14,400 24,700 14,900 25,200 16,000 24,712,800 14,400 15,400 16,500 26,800 17,000 27,300 18,000 26,8

Total Installed Cost ($)

15,800 16,500 17,500 18,500 30,900 19,000 30,900 20,100 30,916,900 18,500 19,500 20,600 33,000 21,100 33,000 22,100 33,0

Annual Maintenance Cost ($)

115 115 115 115 115 115 115 115 1165 165 165 165 165 165 165 165 1

Higher typical efficiencies with the same costs as ref. case despite increased efficiency
• Commercial packaged oil‐fired boilers are classified by:

— Heat input capacity— Produce steam or hot water

• Most common type is small hot water boilers, those with 300,000‐2,500,0

rated heat input.

• DOE’s efficiency metric, thermal efficiency, now aligns with ASHRAE 9

accounts for both flue and jacket losses.

• Federal standards require thermal efficiency ≥ 81% for steam boilers and

hot water boilers.

• Exception is large hot water boilers, which must have combustion efficien

• The higher efficiency units typically include improved heat exchangers, 

step or variable‐output power burners.

92

Commercial Oil-Fired Boilers
93

Commercial Gas-Fired Chillers1

1 This analysis assumes a water‐cooled chiller; both gas‐fired chiller types (absorption and engine‐driven) are shown.

* Capacity is output

DATA

2003 2012 2013 2020 203

Installed Base

Absorption Engine‐ Driven Absorption Engine‐ Driven Absorption 

Absorption Engine‐ Driven Absorption Engine‐ Driven

Typical Capacity (tons)*

150 150 150 150 150 150 150 150 150 

1,500 400 1,500 400 1,500 400 1,500 400 1,500 

COP 1.0 1.5 1.1 1.7 1.1 1.7 1.3 1.8 1.5 Average Life (yrs) 23 25 23 25 23 25 23 25 23 Retail Equipment Cost

($/ton)

650 750 700 700 700 700 700 700 1,000 800 850 850 800 850 800 850 800 1,300 

Total Installed Cost($/ton)

800 900 800 800 800 800 800 800 1,150 950 1,000 1,050 1,000 1,050 1,000 1,050 1,000 1,600 

Annual Maintenance Cost($/ton)

16 37 16 31 16 31 16 31 16 32 48 32 47 32 47 32 47 32 

Higher efficiencies and costs than reference case
• Gas‐fired chillers are available as either air‐cooled (~25‐50 tons) or water‐cooled (150

analysis includes only water‐cooled chillers. Two direct‐fired gas chiller technologie

market; absorption and engine‐driven.

• Direct gas firing provides high enough temperatures to operate double effect absorp

which operate at a 50‐60% higher COP than single effect absorption chillers. Triple e

chillers are expected to boost cooling COP 30‐50% beyond double effect chillers. Pro

fired triple effect absorption chillers have been tested by York and Trane, but are no

available. Due to the prohibitively high cost of advanced high heat/corrosion‐resista

required for triple effect absorption chillers, it is expected that this technology will n

commercial market impact in the near‐term. Some absorption chillers can be operate

provide heating; these are referred to as chiller/heaters.

• Gas‐fired engine‐driven chillers pair conventional vapor compression technologies (

or centrifugal compressors) with natural gas powered reciprocating engines. Gas‐fir

chillers exhibit higher peak cooling COP than absorbers, and engine modulation res

better part load performance. Future efficiency improvements for engine‐driven ch

anticipated. Engine driven chillers allow the opportunity to recover waste heat usef

• Sales dropped by nearly 75 percent in the US from 2006 to 2010. Most new gas‐fired 

the US are for replacement, not for new installations. The increase in electric chiller 

narrowed the operating cost differential with gas chillers. Gas chiller technologies re

and development will in other markets, such as Asia, which currently has 80 percen

chiller market.

• Gas‐fired chiller installations hold value in niche applications such as where electric 

are high, electrical capacity is limited, alternative energy sources are available (such 

landfill gas) or where waste heat is available (such as from an industrial process or m

CHP system) that could be used with a hybrid direct/indirect‐fired absorption chille

use of natural gas. 94

Commercial Gas-Fired Chillers
95

Commercial Centrifugal Chillers

1 COP and kW/ton efficiencies listed are for full load rated conditions as well as integrated part load value (IPLV), which i

indicative of annual performance.

2 2013 typical efficiency based on ASHRAE 90.1‐2010.3 2013 mid efficiency based on FEMP recommendations.* Capacity is output

DATA

2003 2012 2013 2020 203

Installed Base Typical Mid High Typical High Typical 

Typical Capacity (tons)

400 400 400 400 400 400 400 400 600 600 600 600 600 600 600 600 

Efficiency [full‐load] (kW/ton) 0.70 0.66 0.58 0.56 0.45 0.54 0.44 0.52 

Efficiency [IPLV] (kW/ton) 0.67 0.61 0.40 0.36 0.33 0.35 0.32 0.34 

COP [full‐load] 5.0 5.4 6.1 6.3 7.8 6.5 8.0 6.8 COP [IPLV] 5.2 5.9 8.8 9.8 10.7 10.0 11.0 10.3 Average Life (yrs) 25 25 25 25 25 25 25 25 Retail Equipment Cost ($/ton)

250 250 250 300 400 300 400 300 350 350 350 400 500 400 500 400 

Total Installed Cost ($/ton)

300 300 300 350 450 350 450 350 450 450 450 500 600 500 600 500 

Annual Maintenance Cost ($/ton)

16 16 16 16 16 16 16 16 32 32 32 32 32 32 32 32 

Higher typical efficiencies than reference case
• For most chiller applications the seasonal performance (represented by the integrated part

is more indicative of performance than the full‐load performance at rated conditions. The 

necessarily correlate well to the full‐load efficiency, so both efficiency parameters are listed comparison table.

• ASHRAE 90.1‐2010 and Addendum M of 90.1‐2007 became effective 1/1/10 and instituted 

Separate compliance paths for applications that spend a significant amount of time at full 

load (encourages the use of chillers with better IPLVs in part‐load applications and full‐loa

full‐load applications; for either path, minimum requirements for both full load and IPLV 

The Addendum also added a new size category for centrifugal chillers ≥600 tons, strengthe

efficiency requirements for centrifugal chillers <150 tons and ≥600 tons, and changed how 

expressed, from coefficient of performance (COP) to kW/ton to reflect industry practice.

• The Federal Energy Management Program (FEMP) requires separate minimum efficiencie

optimized and part‐load optimized applications. For full‐load optimized applications, a fu

less than 0.56 kW/ton and an IPLV efficiency less than 0.55 kW/ton. For full‐load optimize

full‐load efficiency less than 0.60 kW/ton and an IPLV efficiency less than 0.36 kW/ton.

• The highest efficiency centrifugal chillers incorporate some of the following:

— Variable speed drive (VSD) compressors

— Dedicated heat recovery (heat pump chiller)

— Magnetic bearing technology (oil‐free operation)

— Greater heat exchanger surface areas; enhanced tube configurations (counterflow)— Optimized fluid flow velocities— High efficiency electric motors

— Improved turbomachinery design, resulting in higher compressor efficiency

— Better piping and valving, including electronic expansion valves

— Evaporative condenser for the heat rejection equipment

• Installed costs vary widely depending on equipment needed for installation (e .g. crane) an

This is a mature market with centrifugal chillers representing 75% of commercial chiller sa

tons. 96

Commercial Centrifugal Chillers
97

Commercial Reciprocating Chillers

1 COP and kW/ton efficiencies listed are for full load rated conditions as well as integrated part load value (IPLV), which is mo

performance.

2 2013 typical efficiency based on ASHRAE 90.1‐2010.3 2013 mid efficiency based on FEMP recommendations.

* Capacity is output

DATA

2003 2012 2013 2020 2030 

Installed Base Typical2 Mid3 High Typical High Typical H

Typical Capacity (tons)

100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 200 200 200 200 200 200 200 200 

Efficiency [full‐load] (kW/ton)1 1.26 1.26 1.25 1.15 1.00 1.15 1.00 1.15 

Efficiency [IPLV] (kW/ton) 1 1.15 1.13 0.96 0.80 0.79 0.80 0.79 0.80 COP [full‐load] 1 2.80 2.80 2.81 3.06 3.52 3.06 3.52 3.06 COP [IPLV] 1 3.05 3.12 3.66 4.40 4.45 4.40 4.45 4.40 Average Life (yrs) 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 

Retail Equipment Cost ($/ton)

400 575 550 650 750 650 750 650 500 675 650 750 850 750 850 750 

Total Installed Cost ($/ton)

475 650 675 775 875 775 875 775 600 775 825 925 1025 925 1025 925 

Annual Maintenance Cost

($/ton)

27 27 27 27 27 27 27 27 43 43 43 43 43 43 43 43 

Same as reference case
• For most chiller applications the seasonal performance (represented by the inte

load value; IPLV) is more indicative of performance than the full‐load performconditions. The IPLV does not necessarily correlate well to the full‐load efficieefficiency parameters are listed in the comparison table.

• Reciprocating chillers are most cost effective for small loads. Reciprocating chi

share continues to be supplanted by screw and scroll chillers. Large manufactumanufacture reciprocating chillers since most packaged reciprocating chillers und

utilize R‐22 which is being phased out under the Montreal Protocol.

• Reciprocating chillers can be used in either air‐cooled or water cooled applicat

Reciprocating chillers shown in the data are air‐cooled. Air‐cooled chillers are than the water‐cooled models. Listed efficiencies include matched condensers associated energy use (as required for compliance with ASHRAE 90.1‐2010).

• ASHRAE 90.1‐2010 instituted separate minimum efficiency requirements for a

chillers more and less than 150 tons and both sets of requirements are more str

90.1‐2007. The 90.1‐2007 minimum efficiency requirements were the same as 90

• The most recent Federal Energy Management Program (FEMP) recommendati

reciprocating chillers (updated December 2012) include a full‐load efficiency okW/ton for base‐loaded chillers or an IPLV efficiency of 0.78 kW/ton and 0.80 k

chillers with seasonally variable loads that are less than 150 tons and more tharespectively.

• The highest efficiency reciprocating chillers incorporate some of the following:

— Multiple compressors for staged capacity control

— Improved heat‐exchangers

98

Commercial Reciprocating Chillers
99

Commercial Screw Chillers

1 COP and kW/ton efficiencies listed are for full load rated conditions as well as integrated part load value (IPLV), which is mo

performance.

2 2013 typical, mid, and high efficiency levels determined base on the range of products currently available on the market.

* Capacity is output

DATA

2003 2012 2013 2020 20

Installed Base Current Standard Typical Mid High Typical High Typical 

Typical Capacity (tons)

100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 300 300 300 300 300 300 300 300 300 

Efficiency [full‐load] (kW/ton) 1.26 1.26 1.25 1.24 1.13 1.02 1.08 0.99 1.04 Efficiency [IPLV] (kW/ton) 1.15 1.13 0.94 0.94 0.77 0.61 0.70 0.58 0.65 COP [full‐load] 2.80 2.80 2.81 2.84 3.10 3.46 3.26 3.55 3.38 

COP [IPLV] 3.05 3.12 3.74 3.74 4.58 5.80 5.02 6.06 5.41 Average Life (yrs) 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 

Retail Equipment Cost ($/ton)

300 500 500 500 600 700 600 700 600 400 600 600 600 700 800 700 800 700 

Total Installed Cost ($/ton)

375 625 625 625 725 825 725 825 725 500 800 800 800 900 1,000 900 1,000 900 

Annual Maintenance Cost ($/ton)

11 11 11 11 11 11 11 11 11 53 53 53 53 53 53 53 53 53 

Higher typical efficiencies than reference case
• For most chiller applications the seasonal performance (represented by the in

load value; IPLV) is more indicative of performance than the full‐load perforconditions. The IPLV does not necessarily correlate well to the full‐load efficefficiency parameters are listed in the comparison table.

• Screw chillers are available from ~50‐1100 tons but are most cost effective for 

loads. Screw chillers dominate the current market for small to mid‐size chille

• Screw chillers can be used in either air‐cooled or water cooled applications. S

shown in the data are air‐cooled. Air‐cooled chillers are less efficient than th

models. Listed efficiencies include matched condensers and their associated 

required for compliance with ASHRAE 90.1‐2010).

• ASHRAE 90.1‐2010 instituted separate minimum efficiency requirements for 

chillers more and less than 150 tons and both sets of requirements are more s

90.1‐2007. The 90.1‐2007 requirements were the same as 90.1‐2004.

• The most recent Federal Energy Management Program (FEMP) recommenda

reciprocating chillers (updated December 2012) include a full‐load efficiency 

kW/ton for base‐loaded chillers or an IPLV efficiency of 0.78 kW/ton and 0.80 chillers with seasonally variable loads that are less than 150 tons and more threspectively.

• The highest efficiency screw chillers incorporate some of the following:

— Variable speed compressors and/or multiple compressors

— Economizers— Improved heat‐exchangers

100

Commercial Screw Chillers
101

Commercial Scroll Chillers

DATA

2003 2007 2010 2020 2030 

Installed Base Typical Typical Typical 

Typical Capacity (tons) 20‐140 20‐140 20‐140 20‐140 20‐140 

Efficiency [full‐load/IPLV] (kW/ton1) 1.26 / 1.15 1.26 / 1.15 1.19/0.80 1.19/0.80 1.19/0.80 

COP [full‐load/IPLV] 1 2.80 / 3.05 2.80 / 3.05 2.96/4.40 2.96/4.40 2.96/4.40 

Average Life (yrs) 20 20 20 20 20 

Retail Equipment Cost ($/ton) 300‐400 300‐400 350‐450 350‐450 350‐450 

Total Installed Cost ($/ton) 400‐500 400‐500 450‐550 450‐550 450‐550 Annual Maintenance Cost ($/ton) 35‐50 35‐50 35‐50 35‐50 35‐50 

1 COP and kW/ton efficiencies listed are for full load rated conditions as well as integrated part load value (IPLV), which is

more indicative of annual performance.

2 2013 typical, mid, and high efficiency levels determined base on the range of products currently available on the market.

* Capacity is output

DATA

2003 2012 2013 2020 2030 

Installed Base Current Standard Typical2 Mid2 High Typical High Typical 

Typical Capacity (tons)*

20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 

140 140 140 140 140 140 140 140 140 

Efficiency [full‐load](kW/ton)1 1.26 1.23 1.25 1.17 1.14 1.11 1.14 1.09 1.11 

Efficiency [IPLV] (kW/ton)1 1.15 0.99 0.94 0.77 0.75 0.72 0.75 0.71 0.73 COP [full‐load]1 2.80 2.88 2.81 3.02 3.08 3.17 3.08 3.23 3.17 COP [IPLV] 1 3.05 3.67 3.74 4.54 4.67 4.86 4.67 4.99 4.82 Average Life (yrs) 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 

Retail Equipment Cost

($/ton)

320 450 450 450 550 650 550 650 550 420 550 550 550 650 800 650 800 650 

Total Installed Cost ($/ton)

420 700 700 700 800 900 800 900 800 530 800 800 800 900 1050 900 1050 900 

Annual Maintenance Cost

($/ton)

37 37 37 37 37 37 37 37 37 53 53 53 53 53 53 53 53 53 

Same as reference case
• For most chiller applications the seasonal performance (represented by th

part‐load value; IPLV) is more indicative of performance than the full‐loaat rated conditions. The IPLV does not necessarily correlate well to the fu

efficiency, so both efficiency parameters are listed in the comparison table

• Scroll chillers can be used in either air‐cooled or water cooled application

chillers shown in the data are air‐cooled, which is most common. Air‐coo

less efficient than the water‐cooled models. Listed efficiencies include ma

condensers and their associated energy use (as required for compliance w

90.1‐2010).

• ASHRAE 90.1‐2010 instituted separate minimum efficiency requirements 

chillers more and less than 150 tons and both sets of requirements are mo

than 90.1‐2007. The 90.1‐2007 requirements were the same as 90.1‐2004.

• The most recent Federal Energy Management Program (FEMP) recommen

reciprocating chillers (updated December 2012) include a full‐load efficien

less kW/ton for base‐loaded chillers or an IPLV efficiency of 0.78 kW/ton kW/ton for chillers with seasonally variable loads that are less than 150 tothan 150 tons, respectively.

• The highest efficiency scroll chillers incorporate some of the following:

— Multiple compressors for staged capacity control

— Improved heat‐exchangers

102

Commercial Scroll Chillers
103

Commercial Rooftop Air Conditioners

* Values shown are for air‐cooled units with either electric resistance heating or no heating within the same enclosure.

Higher typical efficiencies with the same costs as ref. case despite increased efficiency

DATA

2003 2012 2013 2020 2030 

Installed Base Current Standard Typical ENERGY STAR High Typical High Typical Hig

Typical Output Capacity(kBtu/h) 90 90 90 90 90 90 90 90 90 Efficiency (EER)* 9.2 10.6 11.2 11.2 11.7 13.9 11.5 13.9 11.7 13

Part Load Efficiecny (IEER) ‐ 12.4 ‐ 12.4 11.8 20.8 12.7 20.8 14.0 20

Average Life (yrs) 15 15 15 15 15 15 15 15 15 Retail Equipment Cost ($)

3,500 5,850 5,850 5,850 6,450 21,500 6,250 21,500 6,250 21,54,800 6,900 6,900 6,900 7,500 22,500 7,300 22,500 7,300 22,5

Total Installed Cost ($)

5,300 8,000 8,000 8,000 8,600 23,500 8,400 23,500 8,400 23,56,600 9,050 9,050 9,050 9,650 25,500 9,450 25,500 9,450 25,5

Annual Maintenance Cost ($)

160 160 160 160 160 160 160 160 160 1320 320 320 320 320 320 320 320 320 3
• This analysis focused on small air‐cooled commercial packaged air condit

kBtu/h or 7.5 tons), though there are also standards for many other types 

air conditioners.

• The high efficiency unit includes a variable capacity digital scroll compres

saves energy during off‐design hours—approximately 17% annual energy 

a typical unit.

104

Commercial Rooftop Air Conditioners

Cooling Capacity(kBtu/h) Heating Type

Federal Standard

Effective 1/1/2010

Min. EER

ENERGY STAR 

Effective 

Min. EER 

Small( ≥ 65 and < 135)

Electric resistanceor none

11.2 11.7 

Any other type 11.0 11.5 

Large(≥ 135 and < 240)

Electric resistanceor none

11.0 11.7 

Any other type 10.8 11.5 

Air‐Cooled Commercial Packaged Air Conditioners
105

Commercial Gas-Fired Engine-Driven Rooftop Air Conditioners

* Capacity is output

DATA

2003 2012 2013 2020 2030 

Installed Base Typical Typical Typical 

Typical Capacity (tons) 25 18 11 11 11 

Heating COP NA 1.4 1.4 1.4 1.4 Cooling COP 0.7 0.9 1.1 1.1 1.1 Average Life (yrs) 15 15 15 15 15 

Retail Equipment Cost ($/ton)

800 2,700 2,700 2,700 2,700 900 3,300 3,300 3,300 3,300 

Total Installed Cost ($/ton)

1,300 3,100 3,100 3,100 3,100 1,400 4,100 4,100 4,100 4,100 

Annual Maintenance Cost ($) 59 59 59 59 59 

Same as reference case
• The only gas‐fired engine‐driven rooftop unit currently available in the 

NextAire (an Aisin Seiki product line). It is an 11 ton packaged heat pum

scroll compressors, variable refrigerant flow, and a variable speed supp

coolant heat recovery improves the heating mode COP. This heat pump 

introduced in 2010.

• There are currently no Federal requirements on gas‐fired engine‐driven 

conditioners or heat pumps.

• Annual sales of the engine‐driven rooftop heat pump are estimated at le

units per year.

106

Commercial Gas-Fired Engine-Driven Rooftop Air Conditioners/Heat Pumps
107

Commercial Rooftop Heat Pumps

* Values shown are for air‐cooled units with either electric resistance heating or no heating within the same enclosure.

** ENERGY STAR qualified products must also have IEER of 11.4 or greater.

Higher typical efficiencies and lower costs for a given efficiency level

DATA

2003 2012 2013 2020 2030 

Installed Base Current Standard Typical ENERGY STAR** High Typical High Typical High 

Typical Capacity (kBtu/h) 90 90 90 90 90 90 90 90 90 90 

Efficiency (EER)* 9.3 10.2 11.0 11.0 11.3 12.0 11.3 12.0 11.7 12.0 

Part Load Efficiecny (IEER) ‐ 12.0 ‐ 12.0 11.4 20.2 12.0 20.2 14.0 20.2 COP (Heating) 3.1 3.25 3.3 3.3 3.35 3.4 3.35 3.4 3.35 3.4 Average Life (yrs) 15 15 15 15 15 15 15 15 15 15 

Retail Equipment Cost ($)

3,700 5,300 5,300 5,300 5,500 5,850 5,400 5,750 5,500 5,650 4,800 6,400 6,400 6,400 6,600 6,900 6,500 6,800 6,600 6,700 

Total Installed Cost ($)

5,300 6,900 6,900 6,900 7,100 8,400 6,900 8,250 7,200 7,850 6,900 7,750 7,750 7,750 7,950 10,100 8,000 9,300 8,300 8,900 

Annual Maintenance Cost ($)

105 105 105 105 105 105 105 105 105 105 160 160 160 160 160 160 160 160 160 160 
• This analysis focused on small air‐cooled commercial packaged heat pump

7.5 tons), though there are also standards for many other types of commer

108

Commercial Rooftop Heat Pumps

CoolingCapacity(kBtu/h)

Heating Type

Federal Standard

Effective 1/1/2010

ENERGY STAR 

Effective 1

Min. EER Min. COP

at 47°F Min. EER Min. IE

Small( ≥ 65 and < 135)

Electric resistanceor none

11.0 3.3 11.3 11.4 

Any other type 10.8 3.3 ––

Large(≥ 135 and < 240)

Electric resistanceor none

10.6 3.2 10.9 11.0 

Any other type 10.4 3.2 – – 

Air‐Cooled Commercial Packaged Heat Pumps
109

Commercial Ground Source Heat Pumps

Higher typical efficiencies and lower costs than ref. case

DATA

2003 2012 2013 2020 2030 

Installed Base Current Standard Typical Mid High Typical High Typical 

Typical Capacity (kBtu/h) 48 48 48 48 48 48 48 48 48 

COP (Heating) 3.4 3.5 3.1 3.6 3.7 4 4 4.2 4.2 

EER (Cooling) 13.8 14 13.4 17.1 17.6 20.6 20 22 22 

Average Life (yrs) 25 25 25 25 25 25 25 25 25 Retail Equipment Cost ($)

6,000 6,000 6,000 6,500 7,000 8,500 6,400 8,500 6,300 

11,000 11,000 7,000 7,500 8,500 11,000 7,400 11,000 7,300 1

Total Installed Cost ($)

16,000 16,000 16,000 16,500 17,000 18,500 16,400 18,500 16,300 136,400 36,400 32,400 32,900 33,900 36,400 32,800 36,400 32,700 3

Annual Maintenance Cost ($) 150 150 150 150 150 150 150 150 150 
• The most common commercial ground source heat pump systems are closed‐loop in w

anti‐freeze solution is circulated through plastic pipes buried underground. Commerc

heat pumps (WAHPs) range in size from 1 ton or less to over 500 tons depending on w

distributed or centralized architecture is used. Distributed systems are more prevalen

• Most geothermal WAHPs are rated for capacity and efficiency based on the ISO 13256

Heating and cooling efficiency measurements under this standard include input energ

pumps on a proportional basis that only includes that power required to transport air 

through the heat pump. The reason for this method is to simplify comparisons betwee

to allow equipment to be optimized for real world conditions without suffering rating world energy use will exceed ratings predictions as a result of higher fluid static press

• ISO 13256‐1 cooling rating conditions call for 77F entering water temperature and 80.6

temperature. More typical peak design criteria would be 80‐90F entering water tempe

entering air temperature. As a result, ISO 13256‐1 rated cooling efficiency would be hi

design peak operation.

• Some WAHPs include efficiency data for a part load operating condition as allowed by 

multiple stage or variable speed compressors. No seasonal energy efficiency metric (a

or IEER) currently applies to WAHPs. The annual performance of a geothermal WAH

more widely than for other system types due to the large influence of ground loop des

characteristics.

• The ENERGY STAR® criteria for ground source heat pumps apply only to residential a

• Installation cost is for a closed loop system and includes necessary accessories. The gr

exchanger and distribution pumping systems represent a majority of the installation co

• Low end WAHPs utilize single stage compressors. Higher efficiency units incorporate 

variable speed compressor controls to improve efficiency as well as humidity and tem

Variable speed electronically commutated (EC) fan motors also improve overall energy 

110

Commercial Ground Source Heat Pumps
111

Commercial Electric Resistance Heaters

* Capacity is output

** Annual Maintenance Cost is negligible

DATA

2003 2012 2013 2020 2030 

Installed Base

Small Large Small Large Small 

Small Large Small Large

Typical Capacity (kBtu/h)* 17 170 17 170 17 170 17 170 17 Efficiency (%) 0.98 0.98 0.98 0.98 0.98 0.98 0.98 0.98 0.98 

Average Life (yrs) 18 18 18 18 18 18 18 18 18 

Retail Equipment Cost ($)

500 3,400 500 3,400 500 3,500 500 3,500 500 700 3,800 700 3,800 700 3,900 700 3,900 700 

Total Installed Cost ($)

600 3,500 600 3,500 650 4,000 650 4,000 650 800 3,900 800 3,900 850 4,500 850 4,500 850 

Annual Maintenance Cost ($)** ‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐

Same as reference case
• This analysis examined electric unit heaters.

• Electric unit heaters range in capacity from 2 to 100 kW (7 to 340 kBtu/h

kW (17 to 170 kBtu/hr) being the most typical units on the market.

• Electric resistance heaters are considered near 100% efficient because the

loss through ducts or combustion. For this analysis, the efficiency is 98% 

IR losses and fan inefficiency.

• Installation time and costs are estimated to be minimal.

112

Commercial Electric Resistance Heaters
113

Commercial Gas Storage Water Heaters

DATA

2003 2012 2013 2020 2030 

Installed Base Current Standard Typical High Typical High Typical H

Typical Storage Capacity (gal) 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 

Typical Input Capacity (kBtu/h) 200 200 200 200 200 200 200 200 

Thermal Efficiency (%) 77 79 80 80 99 85 99 92 

Average Life (yrs) 13 13 13 13 13 13 13 13 

Retail Equipment Cost (2013$)

3,000 3,200 3,700 3,700 5,300 4,000 5,121 4,500 44,500 4,800 6,100 6,100 6,900 6,150 6,667 6,200 6

Total Installed Cost (2013$)

3,530 3,730 4,230 4,230 5,830 4,530 5,651 5,030 55,030 5,330 6,630 6,630 7,430 6,680 7,197 6,730 6

Annual Maintenance Cost (2013$)

110 110 110 110 110 110 110 110 210 210 210 210 210 210 210 210 

Higher typical efficiencies than ref. case
• Input capacity ≥ 75,000 Btu/h

• Federal standard:

— Minimum thermal efficiency: 80%

— Maximum standby loss: Input Rate/800 + 110 × (Rated Volume)1/2

• ENERGY STAR requirements:

— Minimum thermal efficiency: 94%

— Maximum standby loss: 0.84 × [(Input Rate/800) + 110 × (Rated Volu

• Baseline units are constructed similarly to residential units, though typi

greater storage and/or input capacities.

• High‐efficiency integrated units feature condensing heat exchangers, co

either stainless or enameled tubing and an inducer fan system or power 

Other designs incorporate an external heating module with a storage tan

assembly. Either design approach can yield a condensing appliance.

• Maintenance consists of sediment and scale removal once or twice per y

Estimated cost of $100–$200 per year for one or two cleanings performed 

plumber.

114

Commercial Gas Storage Water Heaters
Annual shipments dropped almost 20 percent over 12 year

99 thousand units in 2000 to 80 thousand units in 2012.

115

Commercial Gas Storage Water Heaters

Source: Appliance Magazine. (Also available from http://www.ahrinet.org/historical+data.aspx)

0

20406080

100120

2000 2002 2004 2006 2008 2010 

Unit Shipments (thousands)

Gas Storage Water Heaters
116

Commercial Electric Resistance Water Heaters

DATA

2003 2012 2013 2020 2

Installed Base Current Standard Typical Typical Ty

Typical Storage Capacity (gal) 120 120 120 120 120 

Typical Input Capacity (kW) 45 45 54 54 54 

Thermal Efficiency (%) 98 98 98 98 98 

Average Life (yrs) 13 13 13 13 13 

Retail Equipment Cost ($)

3600 3600 3600 3600 3600 5600 5600 5600 5600 5600 

Total Installed Cost ($)

4240 4240 4240 4240 4240 6340 6340 6340 6340 6340 

Annual Maintenance Cost ($)

110 110 110 110 110 210 210 210 210 210 

Same as reference case
• Federal standard:

— Maximum standby loss: 0.30 + 27/Measured Storage Volume

— Minimum thermal efficiency: no standard, but all units ≥ 98% anyw

• Storage capacity: typically 50 to 120 gallons, though larger units exist fo

applications

• Maintenance consists of sediment and scale removal once or twice per y

cost of $100–$200 per year for one or two cleanings performed by a plum

117

Commercial Electric Resistance Water Heaters
118

Commercial Electric Resistance Water Heaters

Annual shipments increased more than 50 percent over 12 y

44 thousand units in 2000 to 67 thousand units in 2012.

0

1020304050607080

2000 2002 2004 2006 2008 2010 

Unit Shipments (thousands)

Electric Storage Water Heaters

Source: Appliance Magazine. (Also available from http://www.ahrinet.org/historical+data.aspx)
119

Commercial Oil-Fired Water Heaters

Higher typical efficiencies than ref. case

DATA

2003 2012 2013 2020 2030 

Installed Base Current Standard Typical High Typical High Typical High 

Typical Storage Capacity (gal) 70 70 70 70 70 70 70 70 Typical Input Capacity (kBtu/h) 300 300 140 140 140 140 140 140 1Thermal Efficiency (%) 78 79 78 80 85 82 85 84 Average Life (yrs) 13 13 13 13 13 13 13 13 

Retail Equipment Cost ($) 4,360 4,420 4,360 6,500 8,500 7,250 8,500 8,000 8,5Total Installed Cost ($) 4,890 4,950 4,890 7,030 9,030 7,780 9,030 8,530 9,0Annual Maintenance Cost ($)

110 110 110 110 110 110 110 110 1210 210 210 210 210 210 210 210 2
• Input capacity ≥ 105,000 Btu/h

• Federal standard:

— Minimum thermal efficiency: 78%

— Maximum standby loss: Input Rate/800 + 110 × (Rated Volume)1/2

• Condensing units do not exist, thus the highest attainable thermal efficie

• Maintenance consists of sediment and scale removal once or twice per y

cost of $100–$200 per year for one or two cleanings performed by a plum

120

Commercial Oil-Fired Water Heaters
121

Commercial Gas-Fired Instantaneous Water Heaters

* Maintenance costs are negligible.

Higher typical efficiencies than ref. case

DATA

2003 2012 2013 2020 2

Installed Base Current Standard Typical High Typical High Typic

Typical Capacity (kBtu/h)

180 180 180 180 180 180 180 180 230 230 250 250 250 250 250 250 

Thermal Efficiency (%) 76 78 80 89 97 91 97 94 Average Life (yrs) 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 

Retail Equipment Cost ($)

530 640 850 1,300 1,500 1,350 1,500 1,425 800 900 1,050 1,650 1,850 1,700 1,850 1,775 

Total Installed Cost ($)

680 790 1,000 1,550 1,750 1,600 1,750 1,675 950 1,050 1,200 2,200 2,400 2,250 2,400 2,325 

Annual Maintenance Cost ($)* ‐‐‐‐ ‐‐‐
• Input capacity ≥ 200,000 Btu/h

• Federal standard:

— Minimum thermal efficiency: 80%

— Maximum standby loss: Input Rate/800 + 110 x (Rated Volume)1/2

• ENERGY STAR requirements:

— Minimum thermal efficiency: 94%

— Maximum standby loss: 0.84 x [(Input Rate/800) + 110 x (Rated Volu

• Use similar technologies for improving energy efficiency as residential s

however, unlike condensing residential systems, condensing commercia

typically do not use multiple heat exchangers.

• Depending on the manufacturer, input ratings for condensing systems u

at 800,000 Btu/h, requiring the use of multiple units for staging purposethere are reliability, comfort, and efficiency benefits to staging multiple 

• When replacing a storage water heater with an instantaneous water hea

be significant additional costs to upsize the gas supply line and change t

122

Commercial Gas-Fired Instantaneous Water Heaters
123

Commercial Electric Booster Water Heaters

* Annual Maintenance Cost is negligible

DATA

2003 2012 2013 2020 2030 

Installed Base Typical Typical Typical 

Typical Capacity (gal)

66666

16 16 16 16 16 

Thermal Efficiency (%) 98 98 98 98 98 Average Life (yrs)

33333

10 10 10 10 10 

Retail Equipment Cost ($)

1300 1250 1250 1250 1250 1600 2700 2700 2700 2700 

Total Installed Cost ($)

1500 1450 1450 1450 1450 1800 2900 2900 2900 2900 

Annual Maintenance Cost ($)* ‐‐‐‐‐

Same as reference case
124

Commercial Gas Booster Water Heaters

DATA

2003 2012 2013 2020 2030 

Installed Base Current Standard Typical High Typical High Typical H

Typical Capacity (gal)

63333333

10 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 

Thermal Efficiency (%) 79 80 80 80 91 82 93 85 Average Life (yrs)

3333333388888888

Retail Equipment Cost ($)

5,300 4,500 4,500 4,500 8,000 4,500 8,000 4,500 6,400 6,500 6,500 6,500 10,000 6,500 10,000 6,500 1

Total Installed Cost ($)

5,600 4,800 4,800 4,800 8,300 4,800 8,300 4,800 6,700 6,800 6,800 6,800 10,300 6,800 10,300 6,800 1

Annual Maintenance Cost ($) 160 160 160 160 160 160 160 160 

Same as reference case
• Booster water heaters are installed, often at the point of use, in series wi

service water heating system to boost service water temperatures. The m

water heating system may provide 110‐140F water, and the booster waincrease that temperature to 180‐195F. Typical commercial application

water heaters include commercial dishwashers, laundromats, hospitals, 

• There is currently no energy efficiency standard for electric booster wat

booster water heater minimum efficiency is dictated by ASHRAE Stand

under the “gas instantaneous water heaters” category.

• Booster water heaters typically have short lifetimes because of high usag

temperatures.

• Typical sales are small due to the limited number of applications.

125

Commercial Booster Water Heaters
126

Commercial Gas Griddles

* Maintenance costs are negligible.

Higher typical efficiencies than ref. case

DATA

2003 2012 2013 2020 2030 

Installed Base Typical ENERGY STAR High Typical High Typical Hig

Cooking Surface (ft2) 12.0 12.0 12.0 12.0 12.0 12.0 12.0 12.0 1

Cooking Energy Efficiency (%) 30 30 30 38 52 33 52 37 

Normalized Idle Energy Rate (Btu/h/ft2) 3,000 3,000 3,000 2,650 1,180 2,760 1,180 2,430 1,

Average Life (yrs) 22 22 22 22 22 22 22 22 

Retail Equipment Cost ($) 5,000 5,000 5,000 5,360 6,160 5,150 6,160 5,365 6,Total Installed Cost ($) 5,150 5,150 5,150 5,510 6,310 5,300 6,310 5,515 6,

Annual Maintenance Cost ($)* ––––––––
127

Commercial Electric Griddles

* Maintenance costs are negligible.

DATA

2003 2012 2013 2020 2030 

Installed Base Typical ENERGY STAR High Typical High Typical Hig

Cooking Surface (ft2) 12.0 12.0 12.0 12.0 12.0 12.0 12.0 12.0 1

Cooking Energy Efficiency (%) 65 65 65 70 82 67 82 70 

Normalized Idle Energy Rate (W/ft2) 440 440 440 320 210 410 210 370 

Average Life (yrs) 22 22 22 22 22 22 22 22 

Retail Equipment Cost ($) 7,800 7,800 7,800 7,800 9,000 7,800 9,000 7,800 9,

Total Installed Cost ($) 7,950 7,950 7,950 7,950 9,150 7,950 9,150 7,950 9,

Annual Maintenance Cost ($)* ––––––––

Higher typical efficiencies with the same costs as ref. case despite increased efficiency
• Used throughout the hospitality industry to crisp, brown, sear, warm, an

• Transfers heat to food by direct contact with a hot plate, usually made of 

• Energy performance metrics are “Cooking Efficiency” (%) and “Normali

Consumption Rate” (Watts/ft2), measured using ASTM F1275‐03 and AST

• No Federal standards, but ENERGY STAR criteria version 1.1 took effect 

and became more stringent on January 1, 2011 for electric griddles.

• Price premiums for ENERGY STAR qualified products: estimated at $0 fo

$360 for gas models.

• Incentives ranging from $25 to $600 per unit available from more than 30 

states.

• Energy savings achieved by using highly conductive or reflective plate m

improved thermostatic controls, sub‐griddle insulation (electric only), an

strategic placement of thermocouples to better regulate temperature.

128

Commercial Gas and Electric Griddles

ENERGY STAR Requirements Gas Elec

Cooking Energy Efficiency ≥ 38% ≥ 7

Normalized Idle Energy Rate ≤ 2,650 Btu/h per ft2 ≤ 320 Wa
129

Commercial Hot Food Holding Cabinets

* Maintenance costs are negligible.

DATA

2003 2012 2013 2020 2030 

Installed Base

State

Standard

s

Typical ENERGY STAR High Typical High Typical H

Interior Volume (ft3) 21.4 21.4 21.4 21.4 21.4 21.4 21.4 21.4 21.4 

Maximum Idle Energy Rate (W) 1,400 900 856 856 297 154 700 154 500 

Average Life (yrs) 12 12 12 12 12 12 12 12 12 

Retail Equipment Cost ($) 2,400 2,400 2,400 2,400 2,400 2,800 2,400 2,800 2,400 2

Total Installed Cost ($) 2,400 2,400 2,400 2,400 2,400 2,800 2,400 2,800 2,400 2Annual Maintenance Cost ($)* –––––––––

Higher typical efficiencies with the same costs as ref. case despite increased efficiency
• Used in commercial kitchens to keep food warm until it is served.

• Many shapes and sizes, but interior volumes around 21.4 ft3 typical in ma

• Annual unit energy consumption can range from < 1,000 to > 30,000 kWh

on size, efficiency, and usage.

• Energy performance metric is “Idle Energy Consumption Rate” in Watts, 

using ASTM Standard F2140‐11.

• No Federal standards, but eight identical State standards, first took effect 

in 2006, now considered the typical or “baseline” product. ENERGY STA

took effect October 1, 2011.

• Maximum Idle Energy Consumption Rate for products 12 ≤ V < 28:

— State standards: ≤ 40 × V (baseline)

— ENERGY STAR: ≤ 2.0 × V + 254 (about 65% below baseline)

where V is interior volume in ft3.

• Small, if any, price premium for ENERGY STAR qualified products, yet i

ranging from $110 to $900 per unit are available from more than 25 utiliti

• The most efficient products are about 80% below baseline.• Energy savings achieved with insulation, automatic door closers, magnet

gaskets, and Dutch doors (half‐doors).

130

Commercial Hot Food Holding Cabinets
131

Appendix A

Data Sources

Nav

1200 

Was

www.nav

A‐1
Data Sources » Residential Gas-Fired Water Heaters

SOURCES

2009 2013 2020 203

Installed

Base

Current

Standard Typical ENERGY STAR High Typical 

Typical Capacity (gal) AHRI / Distributors EERE AHRI ENERGY STAR AHRI

Navig

Energy Factor AHRI EERE AHRI ENERGY STAR AHRI

Average Life (yrs) EERE

Retail Equipment Cost ($) Distributors EERE Distributors

Total Installed Cost ($)

Distributors /

RS Means

2010

EERE

Annual Maintenance Cost

($) EERE EERE

A‐2
Data Sources » Residential Oil Water Heaters

SOURCES

2009 2013 2020 2030 

Installed

Base

Current

Standard Typical Mid‐Level High Typical 

Typical Capacity (gal) AHRI / Distributors EERE AHRI AHRI AHRI

Navig

Energy Factor AHRI EERE AHRI

Average Life (yrs) EERE

Retail Equipment Cost ($) Distributors EERE

Total Installed Cost ($)

Distributors /

RS Means

2007

EERE

Annual Maintenance Cost($) EERE EERE

A‐3
Data Sources » Residential Electric Resistance Water Heaters

SOURCES

2009 2013 2020 203

Installed Base Current Standard Typical High Typical 

Typical Capacity (gal) AHRI / Distributors EERE AHRI AHRI

Navig

Energy Factor AHRI EERE AHRI AHRI

Average Life (yrs) EERE

Retail Equipment Cost ($) Distributors EERE DistributorsTotal Installed Cost ($) Distributors / RS Means 2010 EERE

Annual Maintenance Cost ($) EERE EERE

A‐4
Data Sources » Residential Heat Pump Water Heaters

SOURCES

2009 2013 2020 203

Installed Base ENERGY STAR High Typical 

Typical Capacity (gal) AHRI EERE ENERGY STAR

Navig

Energy Factor AHRI ENERGY STAR

Average Life (yrs) EERE

Retail Equipment Cost ($) RS Means 2010 / ACEEE, 2007 Distributors

Total Installed Cost ($) RS Means 2010 / ACEEE, 2007 Distributors

Annual Maintenance Cost ($) EERE

A‐5
Data Sources » Residential Instantaneous Water Heaters

SOURCES

2009 2013 2020 203

Installed

Base

Current

Standard Typical ENERGY STAR High Typical 

Typical Capacity (kBtu/hr) EERE AHRI ENERGY STAR / AHRI ENERGY STAR

Navig

Energy Factor Distributors EERE AHRI ENERGY STAR

Average Life (yrs) EERE

Retail Equipment Cost ($)

Distributors /

RS Means

2010

Distributors

Total Installed Cost ($) DEER, 2008 DistributorsAnnual Maintenance Cost ($) Navigant EERE

A‐6
Data Sources » Residential Solar Water Heaters

SOURCES

2009 2013 2020 2030 

Installed Base Current Standard Typical Typical

Typical Capacity (sq. ft.) SRCC

SAIC

Overall Efficiency (Solar Fraction) 0.3‐0.5 (RETScreen); 0.58‐0.83 (SRCC); 0.5‐0.75 (EERE)

Solar Energy Factor ENERGY STAR range=0.53‐47, median=2, average=2.83

Average Life (yrs) 20 year system life (EERE); Collector warranties are 10 years (ENERGY STAR/SRCC)

Retail Equipment Cost1 ($) RS Means

Total Installed Cost1 ($) RS Means

1 Costs are for an indirect (active closed loop) system, including tank and backup heater. Smaller capacity/cost sy

typical for southern & western states (>2/3 of the current market). Higher capacity/cost systems are required in

colder/cloudier regions.

2 ENERGY STAR requires OG‐300 rating from SRCC. Most installations use SRCC rated collectors; a high efficiency 

applicable.

A‐7
Data Sources » Residential Gas-Fired Furnaces

SOURCES

2009 2013 2020 203

Installed

Base

Current

Standard Typical ENERGY STAR High Typical 

Typical Input Capacity(kBtu/h) Navigant EERE

Navig

AFUE (%) Navigant EERE EERE ENERGY STAR ENERGY STAR AHRIElectric Consumption

(kWh/yr) EERE EERE

Average Life (yrs) Appliance Magazine, 2012

Retail Equipment Cost ($) EERE EERE

Total Installed Cost ($) EERE EEREAnnual Maintenance Cost($) EERE EERE

A‐8
Data Sources » Residential Oil-Fired Furnaces

A‐9

SOURCES

2009 2013 2020 203

Installed

Base

Current

Standard Typical ENERGY STAR High Typical 

Typical Input Capacity (kBtu/h) Navigant EERE

Navig

AFUE (%) Navigant EERE EERE ENERGY STAR AHRI

Electric Consumption (kWh) EERE

Average Life (yrs) Appliance Magazine, 2012

Retail Equipment Cost ($) EERE

Total Installed Cost ($) EERE

Annual Maintenance Cost ($) EERE
Data Sources » Residential Gas-Fired Boilers

A‐10

SOURCES

2009 2013 2020 203

Installed

Base

Current

Standard Typical ENERGY STAR High Typical 

Typical Input Capacity (kBtu/h) EERE 2007

Navig

AFUE (%) EERE 2007 / Navigant EERE 2007 EERE 2007 / Navigant ENERGY STAR AHRI

Average Life (yrs) Appliance Magazine, 2012

Retail Equipment Cost ($) EERE 2007

Total Installed Cost ($) EERE 2007

Annual Maintenance Cost ($) EERE 2007
Data Sources » Residential Oil-Fired Boilers

A‐11

SOURCES

2009 2013 2020 203

Installed

Base

Current

Standard Typical ENERGY STAR High Typical 

Typical Input Capacity

(kBtu/h) EERE

Navig

AFUE (%) EERE / Navigant EERE EERE / Navigant ENERGY STAR AHRI

Average Life (yrs) EERERetail Equipment Cost ($) EERE

Total Installed Cost ($) EERE

Annual Maintenance Cost ($) EERE
Data Sources » Residential Room Air Conditioners

A‐12

SOURCES

2009 2013 2020 203

Installed

Base

Current

Standard Typical ENERGY STAR High Typical 

Typical Capacity (kBtu/hr) Distributors AHAM

Navig

EER and CEER Navigant EERE CCMS ENERGY STAR CCMSAverage Life (yrs)

Appliance

Magazine,

2012

Appliance Magazine, 2012

Retail Equipment Cost ($) Distributors EERE

Total Installed Cost ($) Distributors EERE

Annual Maintenance Cost ($) Navigant Navigant
Data Sources » Residential Central Air Conditioners

A‐13

SOURCES

2009 2013 2020 203

Installed

Base

Current

Standard Typical ENERGY STAR High Typical 

Typical Capacity (kBtu/h) EERE

Navig

SEER Navigant eCFR EERE ENERGY STAR AHRI

Average Life (yrs) EERE / Navigant

Retail Equipment Cost ($) EERE Navigant

Total Installed Cost ($) EERE Navigant

Annual Maintenance Cost ($) EERE

SOURCES

2009 2013 2020 203

Installed

Base

Current

Standard Typical ENERGY STAR High Typical 

Typical Capacity (kBtu/h) EERE

Navig

SEER Navigant eCFR EERE ENERGY STAR AHRIAverage Life (yrs) EERE / Navigant

Retail Equipment Cost ($) EERE / Navigant Navigant

Total Installed Cost ($) EERE / Navigant Navigant

Annual Maintenance Cost ($) EERE

South (Hot

‐Dry and Hot

‐Humid)

North (Rest of Country)
Data Sources » Residential Air Source Heat Pumps

A‐14

SOURCES

2009 2013 2020 203

Installed

Base

Current

Standard Typical ENERGY STAR High Typical 

Typical Capacity (kBtu/h) EERE / AHRI

Navig

SEER (Cooling) Navigant eCFR CCMS ENERGY STAR CCMS

HSPF (Heating) Navigant eCFR EERE ENERGY STAR CCMSAverage Life (yrs) EERE / NavigantRetail Equipment Cost ($) EERE

Total Installed Cost ($) EERE

Annual Maintenance Cost ($) EERE
Data Sources » Residential Ground Source Heat Pumps

A‐15

SOURCES

2009 2013 2020 2030 

Installed

Base

Current

Standard Typical ENERGY STAR High Typical / Hi

Typical Capacity (kBTU/h) AHRI/SAIC

SAIC

COP (Heating) SAIC ASHRAE 90.1‐2010 SAIC ENERGY STAR

ENERGY

STAR

Product

Finder/

Product

Literature

EER (Cooling) SAIC ASHRAE 90.1‐2010 SAIC ENERGY STAR

ENERGY

STAR

Product

Finder/

Product

Literature

Average Life (yrs) System life 25 years, ground loop life 50 years (DOE)

Retail Equipment Cost ($) Distributors/IGSHPA/EERE/SAIC

Total Installed Cost ($) Distributors/IGSHPA/EERE/SAICAnnual Maintenance Cost ($) SAIC
Data Sources » Residential Gas Heat Pumps

A‐16

SOURCES

2009 2013 2020 2030 

Installed Base Typical Typical

Typical Capacity (kBTU/h) Manufacturer

SAIC

Heating (COP) Product LiteratureCooling (COP) Product Literature

Annual Electric Use (kWh/yr) Product Literature/SAICAverage Life (yrs) SAIC

Retail Equipment Cost ($) PERC/SAIC

Total Installed Cost ($) SAIC

Annual Maintenance Cost ($) SAIC
A‐17

Data Sources » Residential Electric Resistance Furnaces

SOURCES

2009 2013 2020 2030 

Installed Base Typical Typical

Typical Capacity (kBTU/h) Distributor/SAIC

SAIC

Efficiency (%) DOE/SAICAverage Life (yrs) Distributors

Retail Equipment Cost ($) RS Means 2013/SAIC

Total Installed Cost ($) RS Means 2013/SAIC

Annual Maintenance Cost ($) SAIC
A‐18

SOURCES

2009 2013 2020 203

Installed Base Typical Typic

Typical Capacity (kBTU/h) Distributors/SAIC

SAIC

Efficiency (%) SAICAverage Life (yrs)

Technology Cost and Performance File for

Commercial Model for AEO2010 (adapted for

residential)

Retail Equipment Cost ($) Distributors/RS Means 2013/SAIC

Total Installed Cost ($) Distributors/RS Means 2013/SAIC

Annual Maintenance Cost ($) SAIC

Data Sources » Residential Electric Resistance Heaters
A‐19

Data Sources » Residential Cord Wood Stoves

SOURCES

2009 2013 2020 20

Installed

Base

EPA

Certified Typical High Typica

Typical Capacity (kBTU/h)

Distributors /

Product

Literature

Distributors /

Product

Literature

Distributors / Product

Literature

SA

Efficiency (Non‐Catalytic) (HHV) SAIC/Lit. EPA Default EPA Default Product Lit./SAIC

Thermal Efficiency (Catalytic) (HHV) SAIC/Lit. EPA Default EPA Default Product Lit./SAIC

Average Life (yrs) SAICRetail Equipment Cost ($) Product Lit./Dealers Product Literature/DealersTotal Installed Cost ($) Dealers Dealers/SAIC

Annual Maintenance Cost ($) Dealers/SAIC Dealers/SAIC
A‐20

Data Sources » Residential Wood Pellet Stoves

SOURCES

2009 2013 2020 20

Installed Base EPA Certified Typical High Typica

Typical Capacity (kBtu/h)

Distributors /

Product

Literature

Distributors /

Product

Literature

Distributors /

Product

Literature

Distributors /

Product

Literature

SA

Efficiency (HHV) SAIC/Lit. EPA Default EPA Default Product Lit./ SAIC

Average Life (yrs) SAIC

Retail Equipment Cost ($) Product Lit./Dealers Product Lit./Dealers

Total Installed Cost ($) Dealers Dealers/SAICAnnual Maintenance Cost ($) Dealers Dealers/SAIC
Data Sources » Residential Refrigerator-Freezers and Freezers

A‐21

SOURCES

2009 2013 2020 203

Installed

Base

Current

Standard Typical ENERGY STAR High Typical 

Typical Capacity (ft3) EERE / Navigant

Navig

Energy Consumption (kWh/yr) Navigant

Average Life (yrs) EERE / Navigant

Retail Equipment Cost ($) EERE / Navigant

Total Installed Cost ($) Navigant

Annual Maintenance Cost ($) EERE / Navigant
Data Sources » Residential Natural Gas Cooktops

A‐22

SOURCES

2009 2013 2020 203

Installed Base Typical High Typical 

Typical Capacity (kBtu/h) Distributors / Product Literature EERE

Navig

Cooking Efficiency (%) Distributors / Product Literature EERE

Average Life (yrs) Appliance Magazine, 2012

Retail Equipment Cost ($) EERE EERE / Distributors

Total Installed Cost ($) EERE EERE / DistributorsAnnual Maintenance Cost ($) Navigant / EERE Navigant / EERE
Data Sources » Residential Clothes Washers

A‐23

SOURCES

2009 2013 2020 203

Installed

Base

Current

Standard Typical ENERGY STAR High Typical 

Typical Capacity (ft3) Navigant CCMS Distributors CCMS CCMS

Navig

Modified Energy Factor

(ft3/kWh/cycle) Navigant EERE CCMS ENERGY STAR CCMS

Water Factor (gal/cycle/ft3) Navigant EERE CCMS ENERGY STAR CCMS

Average Life (yrs) Appliance Magazine, 2012

Water Consumption (gal/cycle) [calculated]

Hot Water Energy (kWh/cycle) Navigant

Machine Energy (kWh/cycle) Navigant

Dryer Energy (kWh/cycle) Navigant

Retail Equipment Cost ($) EERE / Distributors

Total Installed Cost ($) RS Means 2010

Annual Maintenance Cost ($) Navigant

Front‐Loading
Data Sources » Residential Clothes Washers

A‐24

Top‐Loading

SOURCES

2009 2013 2020 203

Installed

Base

Current

Standard Typical ENERGY STAR High Typical 

Typical Capacity (ft3) Navigant EERE CCMS

Navig

Modified Energy Factor

(ft3/kWh/cycle) Navigant EERE CCMS

Water Factor (gal/cycle/ft3) Navigant EERE CCMS

Average Life (yrs) Appliance Magazine, 2012

Water Consumption (gal/cycle) [calculated]Hot Water Energy (kWh/cycle) Navigant

Machine Energy (kWh/cycle) Navigant

Dryer Energy (kWh/cycle) Navigant

Retail Equipment Cost ($) EERE / Distributors

Total Installed Cost ($) RS Means 2010

Annual Maintenance Cost ($) Navigant
Data Sources » Residential Clothes Dryers

A‐25

SOURCES

2009 2013 2020 203

Installed

Base

Current

Standard Typical High Typical

Typical Capacity (ft3) Navigant CEC CEC / Distributors

Navig

EF and CEF (lb/kWh) Navigant EERE / Navigant

Average Life (yrs) Appliance Magazine, 2012

Retail Equipment Cost ($) Navigant EERE

Total Installed Cost ($) Navigant EEREAnnual Maintenance Cost ($) EERE EERE
Data Sources » Residential Dishwashers

A‐26

SOURCES

2009 2013 2020 203

Installed

Base

Current

Standard Typical ENERGY STAR High Typical 

Typical Annual Energy Use (kWh/yr) EERE EERE

Distributors

/ CCMS /

EPA

EPA CCMS

Navig

Water Consumption (gal/cycle) EERE EERE

Distributors

/ CCMS /

EPA

EPA CCMS

Water Heating Energy Use (kWh/yr) EERE

Average Life (yrs) EERE / NavigantRetail Equipment Cost ($) EERE

Total Installed Cost ($) EERE

Annual Maintenance Cost ($) Navigant
Data Sources » Commercial Gas-Fired Furnaces

A‐27

SOURCES

2003 2012 2013 2020 203

Installed Base Current Standard Typical High Typical 

Typical Input Capacity (kBtu/h) Arthur D. Little, 1997 AHRI AHRI

Navig

Thermal Efficiency (%)

ASHRAE

Standard

AHRI 10 CFR 431.77 AHRI Modine/ 90.1 Reznor ‐2004

Average Life (yrs) EERE / Navigant

Retail Equipment Cost ($)

RS Means

2010 /

Navigant /

Distributors

RS Means

2011 RS Means 2011

Total Installed Cost ($) RS Means 2011 RS Means 2011 RS Means 2011

Annual Maintenance Cost $)

RS Means 2010/

Navigant / Public Comments from Stakeholders

Distributors
Data Sources » Commercial Oil-Fired Furnaces

A‐28

SOURCES

2003 2012 2013 2020 20

Installed Base Current Standard Typical Typi

Typical Input Capacity (kBtu/h)

Navigant /

Distributors /

AHRI

AHRI

Navig

Thermal Efficiency (%)

ASHRAE

Standard 90.1‐

2004

AHRI 10 CFR 431.77 AHRI

Average Life (yrs) EERE / NavigantRetail Equipment Cost ($) RS Means 2010 Navigant RS Means 2011

Total Installed Cost ($) RS Means 2010 Navigant RS Means 2011Annual Maintenance Cost ($) Navigant / Distributors
Data Sources » Commercial Electric Boilers

A‐29

SOURCES

2003 2012 2013 2020 2030 

Installed Base Typical Typica

Typical Capacity (kW) BSRIA

SAIC

Efficiency (%) DOE/SAIC

Average Life (yrs) ASHRAE 2007 HVAC Applications

Retail Equipment Cost ($) RS Means 2010/SAIC RS Means 2013/SAIC

Total Installed Cost ($) RS Means 2010/SAIC RS Means 2013/SAIC

Annual Maintenance Cost ($) RS Means 2010/SAIC RS Means 2013/SAIC
Data Sources » Commercial Gas-Fired Boilers

A‐30

SOURCES

2003 2012 2013 2020 203

Installed Base Current Standard Typical Mid‐ Range High Typical 

Typical Input Capacity (kBtu/h) Navigant

Navig

Thermal Efficiency (%)

ASHRAE Standard

90.1‐2004 /

Navigant

EERE Navigant

Average Life (yrs) EERERetail Equipment Cost ($)

CEC / RS

Means

2010

RS Means

2011 RS Means 2011

Total Installed Cost ($)

CEC / RS

Means

2010

RS Means

2011 RS Means 2011

Annual Maintenance Cost ($) Navigant
Data Sources » Commercial Oil-Fired Boilers

A‐31

SOURCES

2003 2012 2013 2020 203

Installed Base Current Standard Typical High Typical 

Typical Input Capacity

(kBtu/h)

Building

Services

Research and

Information

Association

&

Ducker

Research

Company,

1997, 1998

Navigant Navigant

Navig

Thermal Efficiency (%) ASHRAE Standard 90.1‐2004 EERE Navigant

Average Life (yrs) EERERetail Equipment Cost ($)

Distributors /

RS Means

2010 /

Navigant

RS Means

2011 /

Navigant

RS Means 2011 / Navigant

Total Installed Cost ($) RS Means 2011 / Navigant

Annual Maintenance Cost ($) Navigant EERE
Data Sources » Commercial Gas-Fired Chillers

A‐32

SOURCES

2003 2012 2013 2020 

Installed Base

Absorption Engine‐ Driven Abso

Absorption Engine‐ Driven Absorption Engine‐ Driven

Typical Capacity (tons) BSRIA/Distributors

Efficiency (kW/ton) Product Literature/SAIC

COP Product Literature/SAICAverage Life (yrs) 2007 ASHRAE Applications Handbook/Distributors

Retail Equipment Cost ($/ton) Manufacturer/Distributors/RS Means 2013/GIT/SAIC

Total Installed Cost ($/ton) Manufacturer/Distributors/RS Means 2013/GIT/SAIC

Annual Maintenance Cost

($/ton) Manufacturer/Distributors/RS Means 2013/GIT/SAIC
Data Sources » Commercial Centrifugal Chillers

A‐33

SOURCES

2003 2012 2013 2020 2

Installed Base Typical Mid High Typica

Typical Capacity (tons) US Census IPCC/TEAP/CARB/SAIC

S

Efficiency (kW/ton)

DEER/FEMP/

Product

Literature

ASHRAE 90.1‐2010/FEMP/

eSource/Product Literature

COP

DEER/FEMP/

Product

Literature

ASHRAE 90.1‐2010/FEMP/

eSource/Product Literature

Average Life (yrs) 2007 ASHRAE Applications Handbook

Retail Equipment Cost ($/ton) RS Means/Distributors/SAIC

Total Installed Cost ($/ton) RS Means/Distributors/SAIC

Annual Maintenance Cost

($/ton) SAIC
Data Sources » Commercial Reciprocating Chillers

A‐34

SOURCES

2003 2012 2013 2020 20

Installed Base Typical Mid High Typical

Typical Capacity (tons) BSRIA/DEER

SA

Efficiency (kW/ton) ASHRAE 90.1‐2010/DEER/FEMP/Product LiteratureCOP ASHRAE 90.1‐2010/DEER/FEMP/Product LiteratureAverage Life (yrs) Manufacturers

Retail Equipment Cost ($/ton) RS Means 2013/Distributors/SAIC

Total Installed Cost ($/ton) RS Means 2013/Distributors/SAIC

Annual Maintenance Cost

($/ton) SAIC
Data Sources » Commercial Screw Chillers

A‐35

SOURCES

2003 2012 2013 2020 

Installed Base Current Standard Typical Mid High 

Typical Capacity (tons) SAIC

Efficiency (kW/ton)

DEER/FEMP/

Product

Literature

SAIC ASHRAE 90.1‐2010 Product Literature/SAIC

COP

DEER/FEMP/

Product

Literature

SAIC ASHRAE 90.1‐2010 Product Literature/SAIC

Average Life (yrs) Manufacturers

Retail Equipment Cost ($/ton) RS Means 2013/Distributors/SAIC

Total Installed Cost ($/ton) RS Means 2013/Distributors/SAIC

Annual Maintenance Cost

($/ton) SAIC
Data Sources » Commercial Scroll Chillers

A‐36

SOURCES

2003 2012 2013 2020 

Installed Base Current Standard Typical Mid High 

Typical Capacity (tons) SAIC/Manufacturers

Efficiency [full‐load/IPLV] (kW/ton) Product Literature SAIC ASHRAE 90.1‐2010 Product Literature/SAIC

COP [full‐load/IPLV] Product Literature SAIC ASHRAE 90.1‐2010 Product Literature/SAIC

Average Life (yrs) Manufacturers

Retail Equipment Cost ($/ton) Manufacturers/RS Means 2013/SAIC

Total Installed Cost ($/ton) Manufacturers/RS Means 2013/SAIC

Annual Maintenance Cost ($/ton) SAIC
Data Sources » Commercial Rooftop Air Conditioners

A‐37

SOURCES

2003 2012 2013 2020 

Installed Base Current Standard Typical ENERGY STAR High 

Typical Output Capacity (kBtu/h) AHRI / Navigant

Efficiency (EER)

ASHRAE

Standard

90.1‐2004

Distributors/

Navigant EERE ENERGY STAR AHRI

Average Life (yrs) EERERetail Equipment Cost $) Navigant / LBNL, 2003 Distributors/ Navigant / DEER, 2008 EERE Distributors

Total Installed Cost ($) Navigant / LBNL, 2003 Distributors/ Navigant / DEER, 2008 EERE Distributors

Annual Maintenance Cost ($) EERE
Data Sources » Commercial Gas-Fired Engine-Driven Rooftop Air Conditioners/

A‐38

SOURCES

2003 2012 2013 2020 20

Installed Base Typical Typ

Typical Capacity (tons) Manufacturer/Distributors/SAIC

SA

Heating COP NA Product Literature

Cooling COP Product Literature/SAIC

Average Life (yrs) Distributors/ SAIC Manufacturer/RS Means 2013/SAIC

Retail Equipment Cost ($/ton) Distributors/ SAIC Manufacturer/RS Means 2013/SAIC

Total Installed Cost ($/ton) Distributors/ SAIC Manufacturer/RS Means 2013/SAIC

Annual Maintenance Cost ($) Distributors/ SAIC Manufacturer/RS Means 2013/SAIC
Data Sources » Commercial Rooftop Heat Pumps

A‐39

SOURCES

2003 2012 2013 2020 203

Installed Base Current Standard Typical ENERGY STAR High Typical 

Typical Capacity (kBtu/h) AHRI / Navigant

Navig

Efficiency (EER) ASHRAE Standard 90.1‐ 2004 / Navigant EERE ENERGY STAR EERE

COP (Heating) EERE / Navigant EERE ENERGY STAR EERE

Average Life (yrs) EERERetail Equipment Cost ($) Distributors / RS Means 2010 / DEER / Navigant

Total Installed Cost ($) Distributors / RS Means 2010 / DEER / Navigant

Annual Maintenance Cost ($) Distributors / RS Means 2010 / DEER / Navigant
Data Sources » Commercial Ground Source Heat Pumps

A‐40

SOURCES

2003 2012 2013 2020 203

Installed Base Current Standard Typical Mid High Typical 

Typical Capacity (kBTU/h) US DOE/EIA

SA

COP (Heating) SAIC ASHRAE 90.1‐2010 Product Literature Product Literature Product Literature

EER (Cooling) SAIC ASHRAE 90.1‐2010 Product Literature Product Literature Product LiteratureAverage Life (yrs) System life 25 years, ground loop life 50 years (DOE); system life 25 years (ASHRAE RP 1237‐TRP)

Retail Equipment Cost ($) Distributors/SAIC

Total Installed Cost ($) US DOD/IGSHPA/MA DOER/CEFIA/ASHRAE

Annual Maintenance Cost

($)

Geothermal Heat Pump Consortium, Inc. (US DOE Contract DE‐

FG07‐95ID13347)
Data Sources » Commercial Electric Resistance Heaters

A‐41

SOURCES

2003 2012 2013 2020 2

Small Large Small Large Small Large Smal

Typical Capacity (kBTU/h) Distributors/Navigant

S

Efficiency (%) NavigantAverage Life (yrs) Technology Cost and Performance File for Commercial Model for AEO2010

Retail Equipment Cost ($) RS Means/Distributors/SAIC

Total Installed Cost ($) RS Means/Distributors/SAIC

Annual Maintenance Cost ($) Navigant
Data Sources » Commercial Gas-Fired Water Heaters

A‐42

SOURCES

2003 2012 2013 2020 203

Installed Base Current Standard Typical High Typical 

Typical Storage Capacity (gal) Arthur D. Little / Distributors / AHRI AHRI

Navig

Typical Input Capacity (kBtu/h) Arthur D. Little / AHRI AHRI AHRI

Thermal Efficiency (%) EERE / ASHRAE Standard 90.1‐2004 / Navigant EERE AHRI AHRIAverage Life (yrs) EERERetail Equipment Cost ($) Distributors / CEC / Navigant Distributors

Total Installed Cost ($) Distributors / CEC / Navigant

Annual Maintenance Cost ($) Navigant
Data Sources » Commercial Electric Resistance Water Heaters

A‐43

SOURCES

2003 2012 2013 2020 2030 

Installed Base Current Standard Typical Typic

Typical Storage Capacity (gal) Navigant / Product Literature AHRI

Naviga

Typical Input Capacity (kW) Product Literature AHRIThermal Efficiency (%) Product Literature ASHRAE Standard 90.1‐ 2004 AHRI

Average Life (yrs) EERE

Retail Equipment Cost ($) Distributors/ Navigant Distributors Distributors

Total Installed Cost ($) Distributors/ Navigant Navigant Navigant

Annual Maintenance Cost ($) Navigant
Data Sources » Commercial Oil-Fired Water Heaters

A‐44

SOURCES

2003 2012 2013 2020 203

Installed Base Current Standard Typical High Typical 

Typical Storage Capacity (gal) Navigant AHRI / Navigant AHRI / Navigant

Navig

Typical Input Capacity (kBtu/h) Navigant AHRI / Navigant AHRI / Navigant

Thermal Efficiency (%) Navigant Navigant AHRI / NavigantAverage Life (yrs) EERERetail Equipment Cost ($) Navigant Distributors / Navigant Distributors

Total Installed Cost ($) Navigant Distributors / Navigant Navigant

Annual Maintenance Cost ($) Navigant Distributors / Navigant Navigant
Data Sources » Commercial Gas-Fired Instantaneous Water Heaters

A‐45

SOURCES

2003 2012 2013 2020 203

Installed Base Current Standard Typical High Typical 

Typical Capacity (kBtu/h)

Building Services Research

and Information

Association & Ducker

Research Company, 1997,

1998 / AHRI

AHRI

Navig

Thermal Efficiency (%) AHRI Navigant EERE AHRI

Average Life (yrs) EERE

Retail Equipment Cost ($)

CEC /

Navigant /

Distributors

Distributors /

Navigant Distributors

Total Installed Cost ($) CEC / Navigant / Distributors

Annual Maintenance Cost ($) CEC / Navigant / Distributors
Data Sources » Commercial Electric Booster Water Heaters

A‐46

SOURCES

2003 2012 2013 2020 20

Installed Base Typical Typ

Typical Capacity (gal) Product Literature/SAIC

SA

Thermal Efficiency (%) Product LiteratureAverage Life (yrs) Product Literature

Retail Equipment Cost ($) Distributors/SAIC

Total Installed Cost ($) Distributors/SAIC

Annual Maintenance Cost ($) Distributors/SAIC
Data Sources » Commercial Gas Booster Water Heaters

A‐47

SOURCES

2003 2012 2013 2020 2

Installed Base Current Standard Typical High Typical 

Typical Capacity (gal) Distributors/SAIC

SA

Thermal Efficiency (%) Product LiteratureAverage Life (yrs) Product Literature/SAIC

Retail Equipment Cost ($) Distributors/SAIC

Total Installed Cost ($) Distributors/SAIC

Annual Maintenance Cost ($) Distributors/SAIC
A‐48

Data Sources » Commercial Gas Griddles

SOURCES

2003 2012 2013 2020 203

Installed Base Typical ENERGY STAR High Typical 

Cooking Surface (ft2) FSTC, 2013

Navig

Cooking Energy Efficiency (%) FSTC, 2002 Navigant ENERGY STAR ENERGY STAR QPL

Normalized Idle Energy Rate(Btu/h/ft2) FSTC, 2002 Navigant ENERGY STAR ENERGY STAR QPL

Average Life (yrs) FSTC, 2013Retail Equipment Cost ($) Distributors / ENERGY STAR Savings Calculator / Navigant

Total Installed Cost ($) FSTC, 2013

Annual Maintenance Cost ($) FSTC, 2013
A‐49

Data Sources » Commercial Electric Griddles

SOURCES

2003 2012 2013 2020 203

Installed Base Typical ENERGY STAR High Typical 

Cooking Surface (ft2) FSTC, 2013

Navig

Cooking Energy Efficiency (%) FSTC, 2002 Navigant ENERGY STAR ENERGY STAR QPL

Normalized Idle Energy Rate (W/ft2) FSTC, 2002 Navigant ENERGY STAR ENERGY STAR QPL

Average Life (yrs) FSTC, 2013Retail Equipment Cost ($) Distributors / ENERGY STAR Savings Calculator / Navigant

Total Installed Cost ($) FSTC, 2013

Annual Maintenance Cost ($) FSTC, 2013
A‐50

Data Sources » Commercial Hot Food Holding Cabinets

SOURCES

2003 2012 2013 2020 203

Installed Base Current Standard Typical ENERGY STAR High Typical 

Interior Volume (ft3) FEMP

Navig

Maximum Idle Energy Rate (W) CEE / Navigant ENERGY STAR Savings Calculator FEMP

Average Life (yrs) ENERGY STAR Savings Calculator

Retail Equipment Cost ($) Distributors / ENERGY STAR Savings Calculator / Navigant

Total Installed Cost ($) NavigantAnnual Maintenance Cost ($) FSTC
181

Appendix B

References

Nav

1200 

Was

www.nav

B-1
182

• ACEEE. (2007). Top Rated Energy‐Efficient Appliances. American Council for 

Efficient Economy.

• AHAM. (n.d.). Directory of Certified Products. Retrieved September 2010 from

http://www.ahamdir.com/dirsvc/aham.nsf/fraRAC?OpenFrameset&pgm=R

0Conditioners

• AHRI. (n.d.). Directory of Certified Product Performance. Retrieved September 

2013 from: http://www.ahridirectory.org/ahridirectory/pages/home.aspx

• Appliance Magazine. (2012). “The U.S. Appliance Industry: Market Value, L

& Replacement Picture 2012.” UBM Canon.

• Appliance Magazine. (n.d.).

— “U.S. Appliance Industry Statistical Review: 2000 to YTD 2010.” Canon 

Group. July 2010.

— “U.S. Appliance Shipment Statistics Monthly: January 2011.” Canon Da

Group. January 2011.

— “2011 Full‐Year Appliance Industry Shipment Statistics.” UBM Canon. 

— “2012 Full‐Year Appliance Industry Shipment Statistics and Year‐In‐Rev

Canon. March 2013.

• Arthur D. Little. (1997). Massachusetts Market Transformation Scoping Study; F

Massachusetts Gas DSM / Market Transformation Collaborative.

References

B-2
183

• ASHRAE. (2003). 2003 ASHRAE Handbook ‐ HVAC Applications. ASHRAE, In

• ASHRAE. (1999). ASHRAE Standard 90.1‐1999. ASHRAE, Inc.

• ASHRAE. (2004). ASHRAE Standard 90.1‐2004. ASHRAE, Inc.

• ASHRAE. (2007). ANSI/ASHRAE/IESNA Standard 90.1‐2007. ASHRAE, Inc.

• Building Services Research and Information Association & Ducker Research 

1998). U.S. Market for Central Plant Air Conditioning; Market for Ducted Warm 

Heating; U.S. Market for Hydronic Heating and Burners; U.S. Water Heating Ma

and Close Control Air Conditioning.

• California Air Resources Board (CARB). (2009). Inventory of Direct and Indire

from Stationary Air Conditioning and Refrigeration Sources, with Special Emphas

Refrigeration and Unitary Air Conditioning

• CCMS. (n.d.). U.S. DOE Compliance Certification Database. Retrieved June 20

http://www.regulations.doe.gov/certification‐data/

• CEC. (n.d.). California Energy Commission Appliance Efficiency Database. Re

September 2010, and June 2013 from:

http://www.appliances.energy.ca.gov/AdvancedSearch.aspx

• CEE. (2009). “Commercial Hot Food Holding Cabinets Program Guide.” Co

Energy Efficiency. April 2009.

References

B-3
184

• CFR. (n.d.). National energy conservation standards authorized under the E

Conservation Act of 1975 (EPCA) and codified in the Code of Federal Regu

• DEER. (2008, June). Database for Energy Efficiency Resources. Retrieved June 2

California Energy Commission: www.energy.ca.gov/deer

• DOE. (2012, June). Energy Saver: Geothermal Heat Pumps. Retrieved June 201

ENERGY.GOV: http://energy.gov/energysaver/articles/geothermal‐heat‐pu

• Distributors. (n.d.). Navigant and SAIC online research and discussions wit

(e.g., Grainger, Home Depot, Lowe’s, Sears, and others).

• EERE. (2006). Appliance Standards Framework, Rulemaking Framework for Resid

Heaters, Direct Heating Equipment and Pool Heaters.

• EERE. (2006). Buildings Energy Data Book.

• EERE. (2009). Commercial Heating, Air Conditioning and Water Heating Equipm

Equipment).

• EERE. (2001). Energy Conservation Program for Consumer Products: Central Air 

Heat Pumps Energy Conservation Standards; Final Rule.

• EERE. (2010). Energy Conservation Program for Appliance Standards: Residentia

Conditioners and Heat Pumps.

References

B-4
185

• EERE. (2007). Energy Conservation Program for Consumer Products: Energy Con

Standards for Residential Furnaces and Boilers; Final Rule.

• EERE. (2009). Energy Conservation Program: Energy Conservation Standards for 

Products and for Certain Commercial and Industrial Equipment; Final Rule.

• EERE. (2009). Energy Conservation Program for Certain Industrial Equipment: E

Conservation Standards and Test Procedures for Commercial Heating, Air‐Condit

Heating Equipment; Proposed Rule.

• EERE. (2011). Energy Conservation Program: Energy Conservation Standards for 

Clothes Dryers and Room Air Conditioners; Direct Final Rule.

• EERE. (2012). Energy Conservation Program: Energy Conservation Standards for 

Clothes Washers; Direct Final Rule.

• EERE. (2012). Energy Conservation Program: Energy Conservation Standards for 

Dishwashers; Direct Final Rule.

• EERE. (2011). Energy Conservation Program: Energy Conservation Standards for 

Furnaces and Residential Central Air Conditioners and Heat Pumps; Direct Final 

References

B-5
186

• EERE. (2010). Energy Conservation Program: Energy Conservation Standards for 

Heaters, Direct Heating Equipment, and Pool Heaters; Final Rule.

• EERE. (2011). Energy Conservation Program: Standards for Residential Refrigerat

Freezers, and Freezers; Final Rule.

• EERE. (2009). Energy Conservation Program: Energy Conservation Standards for 

Products (Dishwashers, Dehumidifiers, Microwave Ovens, and Electric and Gas K

Ovens) and for Certain Commercial and Industrial Equipment (Commercial Clothe

Rule.

• EERE. (2004). Joint Stakeholders Comments on Standards for Commercial Package 

and Heat Pumps.

• EERE. (2009). Ground‐Source Heat Pumps: Overview of Market Status, Barriers t

Options for Overcoming Barriers.

• EERE. (2011). Technical Support Document: Energy Efficiency Program for Comm

Industrial Equipment: Efficiency Standards for Commercial Heating, Air‐Conditio

Heating Equipment.

References

B-6
• ENERGY STAR Savings Calculator (n.d.). “Savings Calculator for ENERG

Qualified Commercial Kitchen Equipment.” U.S. EPA and DOE. Retrieve

from http://www.energystar.gov/index.cfm?c=bulk_purchasing.bus_pur

• ENERGY STAR. (n.d.). Retrieved June 2013, from ENERGY STAR Produ

http://www.energystar.gov/index.cfm?c=products.pr_find_es_products

• EPA. (2013, March) List of Certified Wood Stoves.

ww.epa.gov/compliance/resources/.../woodstoves/certifiedwood.pdf

• eSource. (n.d.). Centrifugal and Screw Chillers. Retrieved June 2013, from B

Advisor:

http://www.esource.com/escrc/0013000000DP22YAAT/BEA1/PA/PA_Co

• FEMP. (2012, December). Covered Product Category: Air‐Cooled Electric Chi

June 2013, from FEMP Technologies:

https://www1.eere.energy.gov/femp/technologies/eep_ac_chillers.html

• FEMP. (2012). “Federal Energy Management Program: Covered Product 

Food Holding Cabinets.” Retrieved June 2013 from:

http://www1.eere.energy.gov/femp/technologies/printable_versions/eep_

• FEMP. (2012, December). Covered Product Category: Water‐Cooled Electric C

Retrieved June 2013, from FEMP Technologies:

https://www1.eere.energy.gov/femp/technologies/eep_wc_chillers.html

B‐7

References
188

• FSTC. (2002). Food Service Technology Center. Commercial Cooking Applianc

Assessment. Fisher Nickel, Inc.

• FSTC. (2013). Personal communication with Yung Lin of the Food Service T

Center. June 21, 2013.

• GeoExchange. GeoExchange Heating and Cooling Systems: Fascinating Facts.

• GHPC. (n.d.). Geothermal Heat Pump Consortium. Retrieved 2007 from www

• Georgia Institute of Technology (GIT). (1998). Analysis And Performance Of G

Chiller Systems

• IGSPHA. (n.d.). International Ground Source Heat Pump Association. Retrieved 

www.igshpa.okstate.edu

• International Ground Source Heat Pump Association (IGSHPA) Conference 

(2012, October). Measuring the Costs & Benefits of Nationwide Geothermal Heat 

Deployment – A Progress Report. Retrieved June 2013, from IGSHPA:

http://www.igshpa.okstate.edu/membership/members_only/proceedings/2

0130‐Session‐C‐Measuring‐the‐Costs‐&‐Benefits‐of‐Nationwide‐Geotherma

(GHP)‐Deployment‐A‐Progress‐Report.pdf

References

B-8
• LBNL. (2003). Commercial Unitary Air Conditioning and Heat Pumps ‐ Life 

Analysis: Inputs and Results. Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory.

• Manufacturers. (n.d.). SAIC and Navigant discussions with product ma

• Max Neubauer, A. d. (2009). Ka‐BOOM! The Power of Appliance Standards

• Navien America Inc. (n.d.). Navien Condensing 98%. Retrieved Septembe

http://www.navienamerica.com/PDS/ftp/NavienCondensingTankless/Dhure_Manual/NavienCodensing98_Brochure.pdf

• Navigant Consulting, Inc. (n.d.). In‐House Expertise.

• Product Literature. (n.d.). Literature from manufacturers and experts on 

products.

• Propane Education and Research Council (PERC). (2007). Assessment of P

Air Conditioning, Heat Pumping and Dehumidification Technologies, Product

Economics

B‐9

References
• RS Means Mechanical Cost Data. (2007). Means Construction Information N

• RS Means Mechanical Cost Data. (2010). Means Construction Information N

• RS Means Mechanical Cost Data. (2011). Means Construction Information N

• RS Means Mechanical Cost Data. (2013). Means Construction Information N

• SAIC. (n.d.). In‐House Expertise.

• Technology Cost and Performance File for Commercial Model for AEO20

Boedecker, Compiler)

• Technology and Economic Assessment Panel (TEAP). (2004). Report of the 

Task Force.

B‐10

References
November 2016

U.S. Energy Information Administration   |   Updated Buildings Sector Appliance and Equipment Costs and Efficiencies 4

APPENDIX C 
EIA - Technology Forecast Updates –

Residential and Commercial Building 

Technologies – Reference Case

Presented to:

U.S. Energy Information Administration

Prepared by: 

Navigant Consulting, Inc.

1200 19th Street, NW, Suite 700

Washington, D.C. 20036

And

Leidos

11951 Freedom Drive

Reston, VA 20190

August 10, 2016 Confidential and Proprietary, 

©2015 Navigant Consulting, Inc.

Do not distribute or copy

Final
DISCLAIMER

This presentation was prepared as an account of work sponsored by an agency of the United States Government. Neither 

the United States Government, nor any agency thereof, nor any of their employees, nor any of their contractors, 

subcontractors, or their employees, makes any warranty, express or implied, or assumes any legal liability or 

responsibility for the accuracy, completeness, or usefulness of any information, apparatus, product, or process disclosed, 

or represents that its use would not infringe privately owned rights. Reference herein to any specific commercial product, 

process, or service by trade name, trademark, manufacturer, or otherwise, does not necessarily constitute or imply its 

endorsement, recommendation, or favoring by the United States Government or any agency, contractor or subcontractor 

thereof. The views and opinions of authors expressed herein do not necessarily state or reflect those of the United States 

Government or any agency thereof. 

August 2016

Draft Final
Table of Contents

Page

Objective4

Methodology5

Definitions6

Calculations7

Market Transformation8

Residential Lighting9

General Service Lamps 10

Reflector Lamps 18 4-foot Linear 2-lamp Lighting Systems 26

Outdoor Lamps 33

Commercial Lighting 44

General Service Lamps 45

Reflector Lamps 51 4-Foot Linear 2 Lamp Lighting Systems 56 8-Foot Linear 2 Lamp Lighting Systems 63

Low Bay Lighting Systems 70

High Bay Lighting Systems 76

Additional Technologies of Interest 83

Page

Commercial Refrigeration 84

Compressor Rack Systems 85

Condensers 87

Supermarket Display Cases 89

Reach-In Refrigerators 92

Reach-In Freezers 95

Walk-In Refrigerators 98

Walk-In Freezers 102

Ice Machines 106

Beverage Merchandisers 110

Refrigerated Vending Machines 113

Commercial Ventilation 116

Constant Air Volume Ventilation 117

Variable Air Volume Ventilation 119

Fan Coil Units 121

Appendix A: Data SourcesA-1

Appendix B: ReferencesB-1

Final
Objective

• The objective of this study is to develop baseline and projected performance/cost characteristics for residential and 

commercial end-use equipment.

4

Draft

• 2003/2012 (commercial) and 2009 (residential) baselines, as well as today’s (2015)

— Review of literature, standards, installed base, contractor, and manufacturer information.

— Provide a relative comparison and characterization of the cost/efficiency of a generic 

product.

• Forecast of technology improvements that are projected to be available through 2040

— Review of trends in standards, product enhancements, and Research and Development 

(R&D).

— Projected impact of product improvements and enhancement to technology.

The performance/cost characterization of end-use equipment developed in this study 

will assist EIA in projecting national primary energy consumption.

Final
Methodology

• Input from industry, including government, R&D organizations, and manufacturers, was used to project product 

enhancements concerning equipment performance and cost attributes.

— Technology forecasting involves many uncertainties.

— Technology developments impact performance and cost forecasts.

— Varied sources ensure a balanced view of technology progress and the probable timing of commercial availability.

5

Draft Final
Definitions

• The following tables represent the current and projected efficiencies for residential and commercial building equipment ranging from 

the installed base in 2003 and 2012 (for commercial products) and 2009 (for residential) to the highest efficiency equipment that is 

expected to be commercially available by 2040, assuming incremental adoption. Below are definitions for the terms used in 

characterizing the status of each technology.

— Installed Base: the installed and “in use” equipment for that year. Represents the installed stock of equipment, but does NOT 

represent sales.

— Current Standard: the minimum efficiency (or maximum energy use) required (allowed) by current DOE standards, when 

applicable.

— ENERGY STAR: the minimum efficiency required (or maximum energy use allowed) to meet the ENERGY STAR criteria, when 

applicable. Presented performance data represents certified products just meeting current ENERGY STAR specifications.

— Low: The minimum available efficiency product or product mix available on the market. This typically reflects minimal 

compliance with DOE standards. 

— Typical: the average, or “typical,” product being sold in the particular timeframe.

— High: the product with the highest efficiency available in the particular timeframe.

— Lumens: All reported lumens are initial lumens.

— Correlated Color Temperature (CCT): a specification of the color appearance of the light emitted by a lamp.

— Color Rendering Index (CRI): a scale from 0 to 100 percent indicating how accurate a "given" light source is at rendering color when 

compared to a "reference" light source. The higher the CRI, the better the color rendering ability.

6

Draft Final
Calculations

• The following metrics are commonly referred to throughout the tables to follow. Below are the calculations for each metric

— Lighting

 System Wattage = (Lamp Wattage * Ballast Factor) / Ballast Efficiency

 System Lumens = Lamp Lumens * Ballast Factor

 Lamp Efficacy = Lamp Lumens / Lamp Wattage

 System Efficacy = System Lumens / System Wattage

 Lamp Cost ($/klm) = Lamp Cost / (Lamp Lumens / 1000)

 Total Equipment Cost = Lamp Cost + Fixture (including ballast) Cost

 System Cost ($/klm) = Total Equipment Cost / (System Lumens / 1000)

 Total Installed Cost = Total Equipment Cost + Labor Installation Cost

 BLE = A/(1+B*Avg Total Lamp Arc Power^(-C))

— Commercial Refrigeration

 Nominal Capacity over Average Input (Btu in / Btu out) = (Cooling or Heat Rejection Capacity)*24*365/(Annual Energy Consumption * 3412)

 Total Installed Cost = Retail Equipment Cost + Labor Installation Cost

 Total Installed Cost ($/kBtu/hr) = Total Installed Cost*1000 / (Cooling or Heat Rejection Capacity)

 Annual Maintenance Cost ($/kBtu/hr) = Annual Maintenance Cost * 1000 / (Cooling or Heat Rejection Capacity)

— Ventilation

 CFM out / Btu in / hr = System Airflow / (System Fan Power * 3412)

 Total Installed Cost ($/1000 CFM) = Total Installed Cost * 1000 / System Airflow

 Annual Maintenance Cost ($/1000 CFM) = Annual Maintenance Cost * 1000 / System Fan Power

7

Draft Final
Market Transformation

• The market for the reviewed products has changed since the analysis was performed in 2012. These changes are noted 

and reflected in the efficiency and cost characteristics.

— DOE issued Federal minimum efficiency standards that have or will soon go into effect for General Service 

Fluorescent Lamps (effective 2012), Incandescent Reflector Lamps (July 2012), Fluorescent Lamp Ballasts (2014), 

Refrigerated Beverage Vending Machines (2012), Automatic Commercial Ice Makers (2018), Walk-In Coolers and 

Freezers (2017) and Commercial Refrigeration Equipment (2017). DOE published a Final Rule updating energy 

conservation standards for Refrigerated Beverage Vending Machines at the end of 2015, effective in 2018.

8

Draft Final
9

Residential Lighting

Final
10

Performance/Cost Characteristics » Residential General Service Lamps

The residential general service lamps characterized in this report are a 60 watt and a 75 watt medium screw based A-type incandescent lamp and their halogen, CFL, and LED equivalents. A 

standard 60 watt incandescent lamp produces approximately 800 lumens. A standard 75 watt incandescent lamp produces approximately 1100 lumens (ENERGY STAR Program). 

Performance: 

• A majority of residential lamps have a nominal CCT rating of 2700K and give off a warm, yellowish white color, but products with CCTs of 3000K, 3500K, 4100K (neutral white), 5000K 

(daylight) and 6500K (blueish white) are also available. Traditional incandescent light bulbs have a nominal CCT of about 2700K. When replacing a light bulb, it is advised to chose a 

product with a similar CCT value in order to achieve the same look. 

• Incandescent and halogen lamps have perfect color rendering with a CRI value of 100, but for CFL and LEDs products commonly fall between 70 and 90 CRI, with an average around 80. 

CRI values of 80 are considered suitable for general illumination, with high CRI products being preferable for retail and display applications where improved color quality is of real value. 

Higher CRI is not expected to be a focus for future LED products except for these very specific retail and display applications.

Cost: 

• Many factors influence the price of LED lamps including CRI, lifetime, dimming capabilities, and efficacy. Therefore typical lamp prices in 2015 reflecting a mix of lamp characteristics and 

features were used as the basis for projections for both typical and high efficacy products in the future. 

• Fixture prices and installation costs are not included for the residential sector. Labor costs are assumed to be negligible as the homeowner likely replaces lamps themselves as they burn out. 

Therefore total installed cost is the price of a lamp, and annual maintenance costs are the cost of replacing the lamps, which is a function of lamp life, lamp price, and the annual operating 

hours of 652 hours/year for residential general service lamps (DOE SSL Program, 2012a). 

Legislation:

• The Energy Independence and Security Act of 2007 (EISA 2007) established standards for 60 watt general service lamps effective in 2014 and 75 watt lamps effective in 2013. These standards 

cannot be achieved by incandescent bulbs, but can by halogen, CFL, and LED technologies. As a result, 2015 data is not provided for incandescent general service lamps. 

• EISA 2007 also established a requirement that DOE establish standards for general service lamps that are equal to or greater than 45 lm/W by 2020. California’s Appliance Efficiency 

Regulations will require 45 lm/W for general service lamps with certain bases beginning in 2018. These standards can not be achieved by traditional incandescent or halogen technologies 

currently on the market and given current and projected trends in industry it is not likely they will be met. It is currently assumed that industry will increase their investment in LED 

technology at the expense of incandescent, halogen, and CFL technologies. 

• EPACT 2005 sets performance for medium based compact fluorescent lamps. It adopts ENERGY STAR performance requirements (August 6, 2001 version) for efficacy, lumen maintenance, 

lamp life, rapid cycle stress test, CRI, etc. The standard is effective for lamps manufactured on or after January 1, 2006. Note that EPACT 2005 standards do not apply to CFL lamps with 

screw bases other than medium (e.g., pin based). The Secretary may revise these requirements by rule or establish other requirements at a later date. An updated DOE standard is expected 

in 2017 with a potential effective date of 2020. 

• Beginning in 2017, California’s Title 24 will require all light sources to be high efficacy. All general service lamps with medium screw bases must meet the following requirements: initial 

efficacy ≥45 lm/W, power factor ≥0.90, CCT ≤3000K, CRI ≥90, rated life ≥15,000 hours. 

• For ENERGY STAR qualification, general service, omnidirectional lamps must have a minimum lamp efficacy of 55 lm/W and 65 lm/W for lamps with rated wattage <15W and ≥15W, 

respectively. Additionally, the lamps must have a CRI ≥ 80, nominal CCT of 2700, 3000, 3500, 4000/4100, 5000, or 6000 K, and rated lifetime ≥ 10,000 hours (ENERGY STAR, 2014). The 

ENERGY STAR Lamps Version 2.0 specification, currently under revision and will take effect January 2, 2017, will require 70 lm/W for omnidirectional lamps with CRI ≥ 90 and 80 lm/W for 

omnidirectional lamps with CRI < 90 (ENERGY STAR).

Final
11

Performance/Cost Characteristics » Residential General Service Lamps

Future Performance Improvements:

• Projections were provided for both typical and high performing products for 2020, 2030, and 2040. Assumptions were made that the focus would be on improving efficacy, lifetime 

and price for products at constant CRI and CCT values. 

• Due to continued R&D investment, competition from LED lighting products, and general market demand for cost-effective lighting, the performance and cost characteristics of conventional lighting 

technologies are expected to improve over the analysis period. However, the ability of these conventional technologies to react rapidly (in terms of performance improvement) to the emergence of a new 

light source such as LED lighting is relatively small because these are mature technologies (particularly incandescent and fluorescent) and established market competitors (Navigant, 2014).

• For LED Technology, efficacy, lifetime, and price improvements were based on the model described in the Energy Savings Forecast of Solid-State Lighting in General Illumination 

Applications (Navigant, 2014). For traditional technologies, the following future improvements were assumed to occur year over year through 2040: 

Technology Efficacy Lifetime Price Potential for Improvements

Incandescent 0% 0% -0.5% Limited as the technology is mature and the technology cannot meet legislative requirements.

Halogen +0.5% +0.5% -0.5% Limited as the technology is mature.

CFL +0.5% +0.5% -0.5% Improvements in efficacy can be made by using more rare-earth phosphors in compact fluorescent 

lamps. Lifetime improvements can be made by improving the compact fluorescent lamp electrodes.

Final
12

Performance/Cost Characteristics » Residential General Service Incandescent Lamps (60 watt)

1. The Energy Independence and Security Act of 2007 (EISA 2007) prescribes standards for 60 watt incandescent lamps as of January 1, 2014. Starting in 2014, 60 watt incandescent 

lamps were replaced by halogen lamps.

DATA

2009 20151 20201 20301 20401

Installed 

Stock 

Average

Low Typical High Energy 

Star Typical High Typical High Typical High

Lamp Wattage 60 N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A

Lamp Lumens 850 N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A

Lamp Efficacy (lm/W) 14.2 N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A

CRI 100 N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A

Correlated Color Temperature (CCT) 2850 N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A

Average Lamp Life (1000 hrs) 1.0 N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A

Annual Operating Hours (hrs/yr) 652 N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A

Lamp Price ($) $0.25 N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A

Lamp Cost ($/klm) $0.29 N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A

Labor Cost ($/hr) $0.00 N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A

Labor Lamp Installation (hr) 0 N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A

Total Installed Cost ($) $0.25 N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A

Annual Maintenance Cost ($) $0.16 N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A

Total Installed Cost ($/klm) $0.29 N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A

Annual Maintenance Cost ($/klm) $0.19 N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A

Final
13

Performance/Cost Characteristics » Residential General Service Incandescent Lamps (75 watt)

1. The Energy Independence and Security Act of 2007 prescribes standards for current 75 watt incandescent lamps as of January 1, 2013. Starting in 2013, 75 watt incandescent lamps 

were replaced by halogen lamps.

DATA

2009 20151 20201 20301 20401

Installed 

Stock 

Average

Low Typical High Energy 

Star Typical High Typical High Typical High

Lamp Wattage 75 N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A

Lamp Lumens 1170 N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A

Lamp Efficacy (lm/W) 15.6 N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A

CRI 100 N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A

Correlated Color Temperature (CCT) 2850 N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A

Average Lamp Life (1000 hrs) 0.8 N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A

Annual Operating Hours (hrs/yr) 652 N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A

Lamp Price ($) $0.37 N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A

Lamp Cost ($/klm) $0.32 N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A

Labor Cost ($/hr) $0.00 N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A

Labor Lamp Installation (hr) 0 N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A

Total Installed Cost ($) $0.37 N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A

Annual Maintenance Cost ($) $0.32 N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A

Total Installed Cost ($/klm) $0.32 N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A

Annual Maintenance Cost ($/klm) $0.27 N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A

Final
14

Performance/Cost Characteristics » Residential General Service Halogen Lamps (60 watt Incandescent Equivalent)

DATA

2009 20151 20202 20302 20402

Installed 

Stock 

Average

Low Typical High Energy 

Star Typical High Typical High Typical High

Lamp Wattage 44 N/A 43 N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A

Lamp Lumens 750 N/A 750 N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A

Lamp Efficacy (lm/W) 16.9 N/A 17.4 N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A

CRI 100 N/A 100 N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A

Correlated Color Temperature (CCT) 2850 N/A 2850 N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A

Average Lamp Life (1000 hrs) 1.0 N/A 1.0 N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A

Annual Operating Hours (hrs/yr) 652 N/A 652 N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A

Lamp Price ($) $2.05 N/A $1.99 N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A

Lamp Cost ($/klm) $2.73 N/A $2.65 N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A

Labor Cost ($/hr) $0.00 N/A $0.00 N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A

Labor Lamp Installation (hr) 0 N/A 0 N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A

Total Installed Cost ($) $2.05 N/A $1.99 N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A

Annual Maintenance Cost ($) $1.38 N/A $1.30 N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A

Total Installed Cost ($/klm) $2.73 N/A $2.65 N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A

Annual Maintenance Cost ($/klm) $1.83 N/A $1.73 N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A

1. The Energy Independence and Security Act of 2007 (EISA 2007) prescribes standards for 60 watt incandescent lamps as of January 1, 2014. Starting in 2014, 60 watt incandescent 

lamps were replaced by halogen lamps.

2. In 2020, EISA 2007 sets a minimum efficacy for general service lamps of 45 lm/W. These standards cannot be met with existing commercialized halogen lamp technologies and 

current trends in industry lead us to believe they will not be met.

Final
15

Performance/Cost Characteristics » Residential General Service Halogen Lamps (75 watt Incandescent Equivalent)

1. The Energy Independence and Security Act of 2007 prescribes standards for current 75 watt incandescent lamps as of January 1, 2013. Starting in 2013, 75 watt incandescent lamps 

were replaced by halogen lamps.

2. In 2020, EISA 2007 sets a minimum efficacy for general service lamps of 45 lm/W. These standards cannot be met with existing commercialized halogen lamp technologies and 

current trends in industry lead us to believe they will not be met.

DATA

2009 20151 20202 20302 20402

Installed 

Stock 

Average

Low Typical High Energy 

Star Typical High Typical High Typical High

Lamp Wattage 55 N/A 53 N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A

Lamp Lumens 1050 N/A 1050 N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A

Lamp Efficacy (lm/W) 19.2 N/A 19.8 N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A

CRI 100 N/A 100 N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A

Correlated Color Temperature (CCT) 2850 N/A 2850 N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A

Average Lamp Life (1000 hrs) 1.0 N/A 1.0 N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A

Annual Operating Hours (hrs/yr) 652 N/A 652 N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A

Lamp Price ($) $2.06 N/A $2.00 N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A

Lamp Cost ($/klm) $1.96 N/A $1.90 N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A

Labor Cost ($/hr) $0.00 N/A $0.00 N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A

Labor Lamp Installation (hr) 0 N/A 0 N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A

Total Installed Cost ($) $2.06 N/A $2.00 N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A

Annual Maintenance Cost ($) $1.38 N/A $1.30 N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A

Total Installed Cost ($/klm) $1.96 N/A $1.90 N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A

Annual Maintenance Cost ($/klm) $1.32 N/A $1.24 N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A

Final
16

Performance/Cost Characteristics » Residential General Service Compact Fluorescent Lamps

DATA

2009 2015 2020 2030 2040

Installed 

Stock 

Average

Low Typical High Energy 

Star1 Typical High Typical High Typical High

Lamp Wattage 13 14 13 13 14 13 13 12 12 11 11

Lamp Lumens 825 850 897 926 800 897 926 897 926 897 926

Lamp Efficacy (lm/W) 63.5 60.7 68.9 71.2 58.0 70.6 73.0 74.2 76.7 78.0 80.6

CRI 82 82 82 82 82 82 82 82 82 82 82

Correlated Color Temperature (CCT) 2700 2700 2700 2700 2700 2700 2700 2700 2700 2700 2700

Average Lamp Life (1000 hrs) 10.0 10.0 10.0 10.0 10.0 10.3 10.3 10.8 10.8 11.3 11.3

Annual Operating Hours (hrs/yr) 652 652 652 652 N/A 652 652 652 652 652 652

Lamp Price ($) $2.15 $2.74 $2.03 $5.49 N/A $1.98 $5.35 $1.89 $5.09 $1.79 $4.84

Lamp Cost ($/klm) $2.61 $3.22 $2.27 $5.93 N/A $2.21 $5.78 $2.10 $5.50 $2.00 $5.23 

Labor Cost ($/hr) $0.00 $0.00 $0.00 $0.00 N/A $0.00 $0.00 $0.00 $0.00 $0.00 $0.00 

Labor Installation (hr) 0 0 0 0 N/A 0 0 0 0 0 0

Total Installed Cost ($/klm) $2.15 $2.74 $2.03 $5.49 N/A $1.98 $5.35 $1.89 $5.09 $1.79 $4.84 

Annual Maintenance Cost ($) $0.14 $0.18 $0.13 $0.36 N/A $0.13 $0.34 $0.11 $0.31 $0.10 $0.28 

Total Installed Cost ($/klm) $2.61 $3.22 $2.27 $5.93 N/A $2.21 $5.78 $2.10 $5.50 $2.00 $5.23 

Annual Maintenance Cost ($/klm) $0.17 $0.21 $0.15 $0.39 N/A $0.14 $0.37 $0.13 $0.33 $0.12 $0.30 

1. Meets criteria outlined in ENERGY STAR® Program Requirements Product Specification for Lamps (Light Bulbs): Eligibility Criteria Version 1.1 (Rev. August 2014) 

Final
17

Performance/Cost Characteristics » Residential General Service LED Lamps (60 Watt Equivalent)

1. Based on lowest efficacy product in the LED Lighting Facts Database (as downloaded on 10/30/15) for which all of the information in the table is available. 

2. Based on the average of products in the LED Lighting Facts Database (as downloaded on 10/30/15).

3. Based on highest efficacy product in the LED Lighting Facts Database (as downloaded on 10/30/15) for which all of the information in the table is available. 

4. Represents the lowest efficacy product in the Energy Star Database (as downloaded on 11/4/15) for which all of the information in the table is available, and meets criteria outlined in 

ENERGY STAR® Program Requirements Product Specification for Lamps (Light Bulbs): Eligibility Criteria Version 1.1 (Rev. August 2014)

DATA

2009 2015 2020 2030 2040

Installed 

Stock 

Average

Low1 Typical2 High3 Energy 

Star4 Typical High Typical High Typical High

Lamp Wattage 18 13 9 8 14 8 7 6 5 5 4

Lamp Lumens 800 850 837 865 800 840 840 840 840 840 840

Lamp Efficacy (lm/W) 44 64 93 104 59 102 123 131 171 161 219

CRI 80 83 84 81 92 84 84 84 84 84 84

Correlated Color Temperature (CCT) 3000 2700 2700 2700 2700 2700 2700 2700 2700 2700 2700

Average Lamp Life (1000 hrs) 20 25 25 25 25 48 49 50 50 50 50

Annual Operating Hours (hrs/yr) 652 652 652 652 652 652 652 652 652 652 652

Lamp Price ($) $68.00 $24.00 $7.53 $4.99 $11.98 $5.89 $5.89 $3.00 $3.00 $2.00 $2.00

Lamp Cost ($/klm) $85.00 $28.22 $9.00 $5.77 $14.98 $7.02 $7.02 $3.57 $3.57 $2.38 $2.38

Labor Cost ($/hr) $0.00 $0.00 $0.00 $0.00 $0.00 $0.00 $0.00 $0.00 $0.00 $0.00 $0.00

Labor Lamp Installation (hr) 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0

Total Installed Cost ($) $68.00 $24.00 $7.53 $4.99 $11.98 $5.89 $5.89 $3.00 $3.00 $2.00 $2.00 

Annual Maintenance Cost ($) $2.22 $0.63 $0.20 $0.13 $0.31 $0.08 $0.08 $0.04 $0.04 $0.03 $0.03 

Total Installed Cost ($/klm) $85.00 $28.22 $9.00 $5.77 $14.98 $7.02 $7.02 $3.57 $3.57 $2.38 $2.38 

Annual Maintenance Cost ($/klm) $2.77 $0.74 $0.23 $0.15 $0.39 $0.10 $0.09 $0.05 $0.05 $0.03 $0.03 

Final
18

Performance/Cost Characteristics » Residential Reflector Lamps

The residential reflector lamps characterized in this report are directional lamps that emit between approximately 550-750 lumens. Multiple baseline reflector lamps were analyzed, 

including: 65W Incandescent BR30, Halogen PAR30, Halogen Infrared Reflector (HIR) PAR30, CFL BR30, LED BR30, LED PAR38. 

Performance: 

• A majority of residential lamps have a nominal CCT rating of 2700K and give off a warm, yellowish white color, but products with CCTs of 3000K, 3500K, 4100K (neutral white), 

5000K (daylight) and 6500K (blueish white) are also available. Traditional incandescent light bulbs have a nominal CCT of about 2700K. When replacing a light bulb, it is advised 

to chose a product with a similar CCT value in order to achieve the same look. 

• Incandescent and halogen lamps have perfect color rendering with a CRI value of 100, but for CFL and LEDs products commonly fall between 70 and 90 CRI, with an average 

around 80. CRI values of 80 are considered suitable for general illumination, with high CRI products being preferable for retail and display applications where improved color 

quality is of real value. Higher CRI is not expected to be a focus for future LED products except for these very specific retail and display applications.

Cost: 

• Many factors influence the price of LED lamps including CRI, lifetime, dimming capabilities, and efficacy. Therefore typical lamp prices in 2015 reflecting a mix of lamp 

characteristics and features were used as the basis for projections for both typical and high efficacy products in the future. 

• Fixture prices and installation costs are not included for the residential sector. Labor costs are assumed to be negligible as the homeowner likely replaces lamps themselves as they 

burn out. Therefore total installed cost is the price of a lamp, and annual maintenance costs are the cost of replacing the lamps, which is a function of lamp life, lamp price, and the 

annual operating hours of 642 hours/year for residential reflector lamps (DOE SSL Program, 2012a). 

Legislation:

• EPACT92 established minimum performance standards for some reflector lamps and provided exemptions for certain specialty applications (e.g., ER/BR, vibration service, more 

than 5% neodymium oxide, impact resistant, infrared heat, colored). EPACT92 effectively phased-out R-shaped tungsten filament incandescent reflector lamps at certain wattages 

and bulb diameters, replacing them with more efficient and cost effective tungsten-halogen parabolic aluminized reflector (PAR) lamps. EISA 2007 took away certain exemptions 

from EPACT 1992, requiring certain previously exempted lamps to meet EPACT92 minimum performance standards by January 1, 2008. The 65W BR30, a large majority of the 

incandescent reflector lamp market is still exempted. In 2015, DOE issued a final rule which determined that amending the standards for incandescent reflector lamps could not 

be economically justified.

• For ENERGY STAR qualification, directional, reflector lamps must have a minimum lamp efficacy of 40 lm/W and 50 lm/W for lamps with rated wattage of <20W and ≥ 20 W, 

respectively. Additionally, the lamps must have a CRI ≥ 80, nominal CCT of 2700, 3000, 3500, 4000/4100, 5000, or 6000 K, and rated lifetime ≥ 10,000 hours (ENERGY STAR, 2014). 

The ENERGY STAR Lamps Version 2.0 specification, currently under revision and will take effect January 2, 2017, will require 61 lm/W for directional lamps with CRI ≥ 90 and 70 

lm/W for directional lamps with CRI < 90 (ENERGY STAR).

Final
19

Performance/Cost Characteristics » Residential Reflector Lamps

Future Performance Improvements:

• Projections were provided for both typical and high performing products for 2020, 2030, and 2040. Assumptions were made that the focus would be on improving efficacy, lifetime 

and price for products at constant CRI and CCT values. 

• Due to continued R&D investment, competition from LED lighting products, and general market demand for cost-effective lighting, the performance and cost characteristics of conventional lighting 

technologies are expected to improve over the analysis period. However, the ability of these conventional technologies to react rapidly (in terms of performance improvement) to the emergence of a new 

light source such as LED lighting is relatively small because these are mature technologies (particularly incandescent and fluorescent) and established market competitors (Navigant, 2014).

• For LED Technology, efficacy, lifetime, and price improvements were based on the model described in the Energy Savings Forecast of Solid-State Lighting in General Illumination 

Applications (Navigant, 2014). For traditional technologies, the following future improvements were assumed to occur year over year through 2040: 

Technology Efficacy Lifetime Price Potential for Improvements

Incandescent +0.2% +0.5% -0.5% Improvements can be made by improved filament design and placement, higher pressure capsules, 

or higher efficiency reflector coatings. 

Halogen +0.5% +0.5% -0.5% Improvements can be made by improved filament design and placement, higher pressure capsules, 

or higher efficiency reflector coatings. 

CFL +0.5% +0.5% -0.5% In addition to benefiting from higher efficiency reflector coatings, improvements in efficacy can be 

made by using more rare-earth phosphors in compact fluorescent lamps. Lifetime improvements 

can be made by improving the compact fluorescent lamp electrodes.

Final
20

Performance/Cost Characteristics » Residential Reflector Lamps (65W BR30 Incandescent)

DATA

2009 2015 2020 2030 2040

Installed 

Stock 

Average

Low Typical High Energy 

Star Typical High Typical High Typical High

Lamp Wattage 65 N/A 65 N/A N/A 64 N/A 63 N/A 62 N/A

Lamp Lumens 620 N/A 637 N/A N/A 637 N/A 637 N/A 637 N/A

Lamp Efficacy (lm/W) 9.5 N/A 9.8 N/A N/A 9.9 N/A 10.1 N/A 10.3 N/A

CRI 100 N/A 100 N/A N/A 100 N/A 100 N/A 100 N/A

Correlated Color Temperature (CCT) 2700 N/A 2700 N/A N/A 2700 N/A 2700 N/A 2700 N/A

Average Lamp Life (1000 hrs) 2.0 N/A 2.0 N/A N/A 2.1 N/A 2.2 N/A 2.3 N/A

Annual Operating Hours (hrs/yr) 642 N/A 642 N/A N/A 642 N/A 642 N/A 642 N/A

Lamp Price ($) $1.37 N/A $3.37 N/A N/A $3.29 N/A $3.13 N/A $2.97 N/A

Lamp Cost ($/klm) $2.21 N/A $5.29 N/A N/A $5.16 N/A $4.91 N/A $4.67 N/A

Labor Cost ($/hr) $0.00 N/A $0.00 N/A N/A $0.00 N/A $0.00 N/A $0.00 N/A

Labor Lamp Installation (hr) 0 N/A 0 N/A N/A 0 N/A 0 N/A 0 N/A

Total Installed Cost ($) $1.37 N/A $3.37 N/A N/A $3.29 N/A $3.13 N/A $2.97 N/A

Annual Maintenance Cost ($) $0.44 N/A $1.08 N/A N/A $1.03 N/A $0.93 N/A $0.84 N/A

Total Installed Cost ($/klm) $2.21 N/A $5.29 N/A N/A $5.16 N/A $4.91 N/A $4.67 N/A

Annual Maintenance Cost ($/klm) $0.71 N/A $1.70 N/A N/A $1.61 N/A $1.46 N/A $1.32 N/A

Final
21

Performance/Cost Characteristics » Residential Reflector Lamps (PAR30 Halogen)

DATA

2009 2015 2020 2030 2040

Installed 

Stock 

Average

Low Typical High Energy 

Star Typical High Typical High Typical High

Lamp Wattage 50 N/A 47 N/A N/A 46 N/A 44 N/A 42 N/A

Lamp Lumens 660 N/A 660 N/A N/A 660 N/A 660 N/A 660 N/A

Lamp Efficacy (lm/W) 13.2 N/A 14.0 N/A N/A 14.4 N/A 15.1 N/A 15.9 N/A

CRI 100 N/A 100 N/A N/A 100 N/A 100 N/A 100 N/A

Correlated Color Temperature (CCT) 2850 N/A 2850 N/A N/A 2850 N/A 2850 N/A 2850 N/A

Average Lamp Life (1000 hrs) 1.4 N/A 1.5 N/A N/A 1.5 N/A 1.6 N/A 1.7 N/A

Annual Operating Hours (hrs/yr) 642 N/A 642 N/A N/A 642 N/A 642 N/A 642 N/A

Lamp Price ($) $4.19 N/A $5.71 N/A N/A $5.57 N/A $5.30 N/A $5.04 N/A

Lamp Cost ($/klm) $6.35 N/A $8.65 N/A N/A $8.44 N/A $8.02 N/A $7.63 N/A

Labor Cost ($/hr) $0.00 N/A $0.00 N/A N/A $0.00 N/A $0.00 N/A $0.00 N/A

Labor Lamp Installation (hr) 0 N/A 0 N/A N/A 0 N/A 0 N/A 0 N/A

Total Installed Cost ($) $4.19 N/A $5.71 N/A N/A $5.57 N/A $5.30 N/A $5.04 N/A

Annual Maintenance Cost ($) $1.92 N/A $2.44 N/A N/A $2.32 N/A $2.10 N/A $1.90 N/A

Total Installed Cost ($/klm) $6.35 N/A $8.65 N/A N/A $8.44 N/A $8.02 N/A $7.63 N/A

Annual Maintenance Cost ($/klm) $2.91 N/A $3.70 N/A N/A $3.52 N/A $3.18 N/A $2.88 N/A

Final
22

Performance/Cost Characteristics » Residential Reflector Lamps (PAR30 Halogen Infrared Reflector (HIR)

DATA

2009 2015 2020 2030 2040

Installed 

Stock 

Average

Low Typical High Energy 

Star Typical High Typical High Typical High

Lamp Wattage 40 N/A 39 N/A N/A 38 N/A 36 N/A 34 N/A

Lamp Lumens 650 N/A 650 N/A N/A 650 N/A 650 N/A 650 N/A

Lamp Efficacy (lm/W) 16.2 N/A 16.7 N/A N/A 17.1 N/A 18.0 N/A 18.9 N/A

CRI 100 N/A 100 N/A N/A 100 N/A 100 N/A 100 N/A

Correlated Color Temperature (CCT) 2850 N/A 2850 N/A N/A 2850 N/A 2850 N/A 2850 N/A

Average Lamp Life (1000 hrs) 3.9 N/A 4.0 N/A N/A 4.1 N/A 4.3 N/A 4.5 N/A

Annual Operating Hours (hrs/yr) 642 N/A 642 N/A N/A 642 N/A 642 N/A 642 N/A

Lamp Price ($) $12.76 N/A $12.38 N/A N/A $12.07 N/A $11.48 N/A $10.92 N/A

Lamp Cost ($/klm) $19.63 N/A $19.05 N/A N/A $18.57 N/A $17.67 N/A $16.80 N/A

Labor Cost ($/hr) $0.00 N/A $0.00 N/A N/A $0.00 N/A $0.00 N/A $0.00 N/A

Labor Lamp Installation (hr) 0 N/A 0 N/A N/A 0 N/A 0 N/A 0 N/A

Total Installed Cost ($) $12.76 N/A $12.38 N/A N/A $12.07 N/A $11.48 N/A $10.92 N/A

Annual Maintenance Cost ($) $2.11 N/A $1.99 N/A N/A $1.89 N/A $1.71 N/A $1.55 N/A

Total Installed Cost ($/klm) $19.63 N/A $19.05 N/A N/A $18.57 N/A $17.67 N/A $16.80 N/A

Annual Maintenance Cost ($/klm) $3.24 N/A $3.05 N/A N/A $2.91 N/A $2.63 N/A $2.38 N/A

Final
23

Performance/Cost Characteristics » Residential Reflector Lamps (BR30 CFL)

DATA

2009 2015 2020 2030 2040

Installed 

Stock 

Average

Low Typical High Energy 

Star1 Typical High Typical High Typical High

Lamp Wattage 16 14 15 15 15 14 15 14 14 13 13

Lamp Lumens 750 600 700 750 650 700 750 700 750 700 750

Lamp Efficacy (lm/W) 46.9 42.9 47.4 50.0 43.3 48.6 51.3 51.1 53.9 53.7 56.6

CRI 82 82 82 82 82 82 82 82 82 82 82

Correlated Color Temperature (CCT) 2700 2700 2700 2700 2700 2700 2700 2700 2700 2700 2700

Average Lamp Life (1000 hrs) 8.0 10.0 10.0 10.0 10.0 10.3 10.3 10.8 10.8 11.3 11.3

Annual Operating Hours (hrs/yr) 642 642 642 642 N/A 642 642 642 642 642 642

Lamp Price ($) $5.87 $6.98 $5.46 $5.60 N/A $5.32 $5.46 $5.06 $5.19 $4.82 $4.94

Lamp Cost ($/klm) $7.82 $11.63 $7.80 $7.47 N/A $7.61 $7.28 $7.24 $6.93 $6.88 $6.59 

Labor Cost ($/hr) $0.00 $0.00 $0.00 $0.00 N/A $0.00 $0.00 $0.00 $0.00 $0.00 $0.00 

Labor Lamp Installation (hr) 0 0 0 0 N/A 0 0 0 0 0 0

Total Installed Cost ($) $5.87 $6.98 $5.46 $5.60 N/A $5.32 $5.46 $5.06 $5.19 $4.82 $4.94 

Annual Maintenance Cost ($) $0.47 $0.45 $0.35 $0.36 N/A $0.33 $0.34 $0.30 $0.31 $0.27 $0.28 

Total Installed Cost ($/klm) $7.83 $11.63 $7.80 $7.47 N/A $7.61 $7.28 $7.24 $6.93 $6.88 $6.59 

Annual Maintenance Cost ($/klm) $0.63 $0.75 $0.50 $0.48 N/A $0.48 $0.46 $0.43 $0.41 $0.39 $0.37 

1. Meets criteria outlined in ENERGY STAR® Program Requirements Product Specification for Lamps (Light Bulbs): Eligibility Criteria Version 1.1 (Rev. August 2014) 

Final
24

Performance/Cost Characteristics » Residential Reflector LED BR30

DATA

2009 2015 2020 2030 2040

Installed 

Stock 

Average

Low1 Typical2 Best3 Energy 

Star4 Typical Best Typical Best Typical Best

Lamp Wattage 18 11 10 8 12 8 6 6 5 5 4

Lamp Lumens 600 670 794 699 605 700 700 700 700 700 700

Lamp Efficacy (lm/W) 33 59 78 89 50 91 109 117 153 144 196

CRI 80 95 84 82 93 84 84 84 84 84 84

Correlated Color Temperature (CCT) 3000 2700 3000 5000 2700 3000 3000 3000 3000 3000 3000

Average Lamp Life (1000 hrs) 20 25 28 25 25 49 49 50 50 50 50

Annual Operating Hours (hrs/yr) 642 642 642 642 642 642 642 642 642 642 642

Lamp Price ($) $98.40 $12.99 $16.67 $20.97 $74.57 $8.63 $8.63 $4.90 $4.90 $2.80 $2.80

Lamp Cost ($/klm) $164.00 $19.39 $21.00 $30.01 $123.26 $12.33 $12.33 $7.00 $7.00 $4.00 $4.00

Labor Cost ($/hr) $0.00 $0.00 $0.00 $0.00 $0.00 $0.00 $0.00 $0.00 $0.00 $0.00 $0.00

Labor Lamp Installation (hr) 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0

Total Installed Cost ($) $98.40 $12.99 $16.67 $20.97 $74.57 $8.63 $8.63 $4.90 $4.90 $2.80 $2.80 

Annual Maintenance Cost ($) $3.16 $0.33 $0.38 $0.54 $1.91 $0.11 $0.11 $0.06 $0.06 $0.04 $0.04 

Total Installed Cost ($/klm) $164.00 $19.39 $21.00 $30.01 $123.26 $12.33 $12.33 $7.00 $7.00 $4.00 $4.00

Annual Maintenance Cost ($/klm) $5.26 $0.50 $0.48 $0.77 $3.16 $0.16 $0.16 $0.09 $0.09 $0.05 $0.05 

1. Based on lowest efficacy product in the LED Lighting Facts Database (as downloaded on 10/30/15) for which all of the information in the table is available. 

2. Based on the average of products in the LED Lighting Facts Database (as downloaded on 10/30/15).

3. Based on highest efficacy product in the LED Lighting Facts Database (as downloaded on 10/30/15) for which all of the information in the table is available. 

4. Represents the lowest efficacy product in the Energy Star Database (as downloaded on 11/4/15) for which all of the information in the table is available. Meets criteria 

outlined in ENERGY STAR® Program Requirements Product Specification for Lamps (Light Bulbs): Eligibility Criteria Version 1.1 (Rev. August 2014)

Final
25

Performance/Cost Characteristics » Residential Reflector LED PAR38

DATA

2009 2015 2020 2030 2040

Installed 

Stock 

Average

Low1 Typical2 Best3 Energy 

Star4 Typical Best Typical Best Typical Best

Lamp Wattage 28 18 16 17 20 15 13 12 9 10 7

Lamp Lumens 1000 1172 1328 1958 1050 1400 1400 1400 1400 1400 1400

Lamp Efficacy (lm/W) 36 64 83 116 53 91 109 117 153 144 196

CRI 80 91 84 81 93 84 84 84 84 84 84

Correlated Color Temperature (CCT) 3000 2700 3000 4000 3000 3000 3000 3000 3000 3000 3000

Average Lamp Life (1000 hrs) 20 25 28 25 25 49 49 50 50 50 50

Annual Operating Hours (hrs/yr) 642 642 642 642 642 642 642 642 642 642 642

Lamp Price ($) $164.00 $25.68 $27.89 $36.59 $34.47 $17.26 $17.26 $9.80 $9.80 $5.60 $5.60

Lamp Cost ($/klm) $164.00 $21.92 $21.00 $18.69 $32.83 $12.33 $12.33 $7.00 $7.00 $4.00 $4.00

Labor Cost ($/hr) $0.00 $0.00 $0.00 $0.00 $0.00 $0.00 $0.00 $0.00 $0.00 $0.00 $0.00

Labor Lamp Installation (hr) 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0

Total Installed Cost ($) $164.00 $25.68 $27.89 $36.59 $34.47 $17.26 $17.26 $9.80 $9.80 $5.60 $5.60 

Annual Maintenance Cost ($) $5.26 $0.66 $0.64 $0.94 $0.88 $0.23 $0.23 $0.13 $0.13 $0.07 $0.07 

Total Installed Cost ($/klm) $164.00 $21.92 $21.00 $18.69 $32.83 $12.33 $12.33 $7.00 $7.00 $4.00 $4.00 

Annual Maintenance Cost ($/klm) $5.26 $0.56 $0.48 $0.48 $0.84 $0.16 $0.16 $0.09 $0.09 $0.05 $0.05 

1. Based on lowest efficacy product in the LED Lighting Facts Database (as downloaded on 10/30/15) for which all of the information in the table is available. 

2. Based on the average of products in the LED Lighting Facts Database (as downloaded on 10/30/15).

3. Based on highest efficacy product in the LED Lighting Facts Database (as downloaded on 10/30/15) for which all of the information in the table is available. 

4. Represents the lowest efficacy product in the Energy Star Database (as downloaded on 11/4/15) for which all of the information in the table is available. Meets criteria 

outlined in ENERGY STAR® Program Requirements Product Specification for Lamps (Light Bulbs): Eligibility Criteria Version 1.1 (Rev. August 2014)

Final
26

Performance/Cost Characteristics » Residential 4-foot Linear 2-Lamp Lighting Systems

This section characterizes commercial linear fixtures that house 2 4ft long linear lamps and their integrated luminaire equivalents. The technologies available for this system are linear 

fluorescent and LED. 

• T5 lamps are approximately 40% narrower than T8 lamps and almost 60% narrower than T12 lamps. This allows T5 lamps to be coated with higher quality, more efficient phosphor blends 

than larger diameter lamps, resulting in a more efficacious lamp. The compact size of T5 lamps also permits greater flexibility in lighting design and construction.

• LED options for linear fixtures include replacement lamps that are able to fit directly into an existing fixture and fully integrated luminaire that can be used to replace existing fixtures. LED 

replacement lamps, also known as T lamps or TLEDs, do not require a ballast but can be installed in existing ballasted configurations with or without the removal of the linear fluorescent 

ballast. Replacement lamps are only sold to go into existing fixtures, if a new fixture is to be installed, a fully integrated LED luminaire is a more cost effective and efficient option. Because 

LED luminaires are fully integrated, they do not have lamp/fixture efficiency losses associated with ballasts and fixture optics. 

Performance: 

• A majority of residential lamps have a nominal CCT rating of 2700K and give off a warm, yellowish white color, but products with CCTs of 3000K, 3500K, 4100K (neutral white), 5000K 

(daylight) and 6500K (blueish white) are also available. Traditional incandescent light bulbs have a nominal CCT of about 2700K. When replacing a light bulb, it is advised to chose a 

product with a similar CCT value in order to achieve the same look. 

• Incandescent and halogen lamps have perfect color rendering with a CRI value of 100, but for CFL and LEDs products commonly fall between 70 and 90 CRI, with an average around 80. 

CRI values of 80 are considered suitable for general illumination, with high CRI products being preferable for retail and display applications where improved color quality is of real value. 

Higher CRI is not expected to be a focus for future LED products except for these very specific retail and display applications.

Cost: 

• Many factors influence the price of LED lamps including CRI, lifetime, dimming capabilities, and efficacy. Therefore typical lamp prices in 2015 reflecting a mix of lamp characteristics and 

features were used as the basis for projections for both typical and high efficacy products in the future. 

• The total installed cost is the price of a lamp, ballast (if applicable), and fixture plus the cost for labor associated with the installation, except for in the case of LED replacement lamps which 

are sold only as a replacement for use in an existing fixture. The LED luminaire is more efficient and cost effective for new installations or fixture retrofits.

• Labor costs for lamp changes are assumed to be negligible as the homeowner likely replaces lamps themselves as they burn out. Therefore annual maintenance costs are the cost of the 

replacement lamp itself. The frequency at which lamps are replaced is a function of lamp life and the annual operating hours of 684 hours/year for residential linear systems(DOE SSL 

Program, 2012a). 

Legislation:

• Beginning July 14, 2012 (or July 14, 2014 for T8 700-series phosphor lamps), DOE fluorescent lamp standards will require a minimum efficacy of 89 lm/W. While the amended performancebased standards do not explicitly prohibit T12 lamps, no T12 lamps met the standard at the time of its announcement. Since then, however, T12 lamps meeting the standard have entered 

the market.

• Beginning November 14, 2014, DOE standards will require that the characterized residential ballasts have a minimum BLE = 0.993 / (1 + 0.41 * Avg Total Lamp Arc power ^ (- 0.25)). 

Residential ballasts also must have a minimum power factor of 0.5.

• California's Title 24 mandates the use of electronic ballasts with high efficacy luminaires (including fluorescent) of 13 W or higher (CEC, 2005).

• ENERGY STAR residential fixtures require ≥ 65 lm/W per lamp-ballast platform before September 1, 2013 and ≥ 70 lm/W per lamp-ballast platform thereafter (ENERGY STAR, 2012).

Final
27

Performance/Cost Characteristics » Residential 4-foot Linear 2-Lamp Lighting Systems

Future Performance Improvements:

• Projections were provided for both typical and high performing products for 2020, 2030, and 2040. Assumptions were made that the focus would be on improving efficacy, lifetime 

and price for products at constant CRI and CCT values. 

• Due to continued R&D investment, competition from LED lighting products, and general market demand for cost-effective lighting, the performance and cost characteristics of conventional lighting 

technologies are expected to improve over the analysis period. However, the ability of these conventional technologies to react rapidly (in terms of performance improvement) to the emergence of a new 

light source such as LED lighting is relatively small because these are mature technologies (particularly incandescent and fluorescent) and established market competitors (Navigant, 2014).

• For LED Technology, efficacy, lifetime, and price improvements were based on the model described in the Energy Savings Forecast of Solid-State Lighting in General Illumination 

Applications (Navigant, 2014). For traditional technologies, the following future improvements were assumed to occur year over year through 2040: 

Technology Efficacy Lifetime Price Potential for Improvements

T12 0% 0% -0.5% Limited as the technology is mature.

T8 +0.2% +0.5% -0.5% Limited as the technology is mature.

T5 +0.2% +0.5% -0.5% Limited as the technology is mature.

Final
28

Performance/Cost Characteristics » Residential Linear Fluorescent Lamp T12

DATA

2009 2015 2020 2030 2040

Installed 

Stock 

Average

Low Typical High Energy 

Star Typical High Typical High Typical High

Lamp Wattage 40 N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A

Lamp Lumens 2860 N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A

Lamp Efficacy (lm/W) 72 N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A

System Wattage 70 N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A

System Lumens 3890 N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A

System Efficacy (lm/W) 56 N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A

Ballast Efficiency (BLE) 78% N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A

CRI 70 N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A

Correlated Color Temperature (CCT) 4100 N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A

Average Lamp Life (1000 hrs) 15 N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A

Annual Operating Hours 684 N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A

Lamp Price ($) $0.92 N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A

Ballast Price ($) $11.22 N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A

Fixture Price ($) $25.01 N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A

Lamp Cost ($/klm) $0.32 N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A

System (l/b/f) Cost ($/klm) $9.79 N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A

Labor Cost ($/hr) $68.20 N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A

Labor System Installation (hr) 0.5 N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A

Labor Lamp Change (hr) N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A

Total Installed Cost ($) $35.02 N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A

Annual Maintenance Cost ($) $1.60 N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A

Total Installed Cost ($/klm) $9.00 N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A

Annual Maintenance Cost ($/klm) $0.41 N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A

Final
29

Performance/Cost Characteristics » Residential Linear Fluorescent Lamp T8

1. Represents the lowest efficacy product in the Energy Star Database (as downloaded on 11/4/15) for which all of the information in the table is available. 

DATA

2009 2015 2020 2030 2040

Installed 

Stock 

Average

Low Typical High Energy 

Star1 Typical High Typical High Typical High

Lamp Wattage 32 32 32 28 32 32 28 31 27 30 27

Lamp Lumens 2520 2725 2770 2590 2800 2770 2590 2770 2590 2770 2590

Lamp Efficacy (lm/W) 79 85 87 93 88 87 93 89 95 91 97

System Wattage 65 61 61 54 60 60 53 59 52 58 51

System Lumens 4435 4796 4875 4558 4410 4875 4558 4875 4558 4875 4558

System Efficacy (lm/W) 69 79 80 85 74 81 86 82 88 84 89

Ballast Efficiency (BLE) 87% 92% 92% 92% 92% 92% 92% 92% 92% 92% 92%

CRI 75 83 85 85 80 85 85 85 85 85 85

Correlated Color Temperature (CCT) 4100 4100 4100 4100 3000 4100 4100 4100 4100 4100 4100

Average Lamp Life (1000 hrs) 20 24 21 24 10 22 25 23 26 24 27

Annual Operating Hours 684 684 684 684 684 684 684 684 684 684 684

Lamp Price ($) $0.85 $4.99 $5.51 $8.23 $4.79 $5.37 $8.03 $5.11 $7.63 $4.86 $7.26 

Ballast Price ($) $9.94 $16.10 $16.10 $16.10 N/A $15.70 $15.70 $14.93 $14.93 $14.20 $14.20 

Fixture Price ($) $25.01 $24.64 $24.64 $24.64 $24.98 $24.03 $24.03 $22.86 $22.86 $21.74 $21.74 

Lamp Cost ($/klm) $0.34 $1.83 $1.99 $3.18 $1.71 $1.94 $3.10 $1.85 $2.95 $1.75 $2.80 

System (l/b/f) Cost ($/klm) $14.55 $18.61 $18.69 $22.09 $12.34 $18.22 $21.54 $17.33 $20.49 $16.49 $19.48 

Labor Cost ($/hr) $68.20 $68.20 $68.20 $68.20 $68.20 $68.20 $68.20 $68.20 $68.20 $68.20 $68.20 

Labor System Installation (hr) 0.5 0.5 0.5 0.5 0.5 0.5 0.5 0.5 0.5 0.5 0.5

Labor Lamp Change (hr) 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0

Total Installed Cost ($) $98.62 $123.37 $125.20 $134.78 $88.53 $122.95 $132.28 $118.60 $127.48 $114.47 $122.92 

Annual Maintenance Cost ($) $0.06 $0.28 $0.36 $0.47 $0.66 $0.34 $0.45 $0.31 $0.40 $0.28 $0.37 

Total Installed Cost ($/klm) $22.24 $25.72 $25.68 $29.57 $20.08 $25.22 $29.02 $24.33 $27.97 $23.48 $26.97 

Annual Maintenance Cost ($/klm) $0.01 $0.06 $0.07 $0.10 $0.15 $0.07 $0.10 $0.06 $0.09 $0.06 $0.08 

Final
30

Performance/Cost Characteristics » Residential Linear Fluorescent Lamp T5

DATA

2009 2015 2020 2030 2040

Installed 

Stock 

Average

Low Typical High Energy 

Star1 Typical High Typical High Typical High

Lamp Wattage 28 28 28 28 28 28 28 27 27 27 27

Lamp Lumens 2660 2446 2697 2898 2900 2697 2898 2697 2898 2697 2898

Lamp Efficacy (lm/W) 95 87 96 104 104 97 105 99 107 101 109

System Wattage 63 61 61 61 56 60 60 59 59 58 58

System Lumens 5320 4892 5394 5796 4350 5394 5796 5394 5796 5394 5796

System Efficacy (lm/W) 84 80 89 95 78 90 96 91 98 93 100

Ballast Efficiency (BLE) 89% 92% 92% 92% 92% 92% 92% 92% 92% 92% 92%

CRI 85 85 85 85 80 85 85 85 85 85 85

Correlated Color Temperature (CCT) 4100 4100 4100 4100 3500 4100 4100 4100 4100 4100 4100

Average Lamp Life (1000 hrs) 20 30 30 30 10 31 31 32 32 34 34

Annual Operating Hours 684 684 684 684 684 684 684 684 684 684 684

Lamp Price ($) $3.18 $4.10 $5.94 $7.06 $7.20 $5.79 $6.89 $5.51 $6.55 $5.24 $6.23 

Ballast Price ($) $20.94 $26.28 $26.28 $26.28 N/A $25.63 $25.63 $24.38 $24.38 $23.18 $23.18 

Fixture Price ($) $94.07 $92.67 $92.67 $92.67 $79.97 $90.38 $90.38 $85.96 $85.96 $81.76 $81.76 

Lamp Cost ($/klm) $0.60 $1.68 $2.20 $2.44 $2.48 $2.15 $2.38 $2.04 $2.26 $1.94 $2.15 

System (l/b/f) Cost ($/klm) $45.63 $51.98 $48.51 $45.92 $32.54 $47.31 $44.78 $45.00 $42.59 $42.80 $40.51 

Labor Cost ($/hr) $68.20 $68.20 $68.20 $68.20 $68.20 $68.20 $68.20 $68.20 $68.20 $68.20 $68.20 

Labor System Installation (hr) 0.5 0.5 0.5 0.5 0.5 0.5 0.5 0.5 0.5 0.5 0.5

Labor Lamp Change (hr) 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0

Total Installed Cost ($) $276.83 $288.40 $295.76 $300.24 $175.66 $289.29 $293.65 $276.81 $280.96 $264.94 $268.90 

Annual Maintenance Cost ($) $0.22 $0.19 $0.27 $0.32 $0.98 $0.26 $0.31 $0.23 $0.28 $0.21 $0.25 

Total Installed Cost ($/klm) $52.04 $58.95 $54.83 $51.80 $40.38 $53.63 $50.67 $51.32 $48.48 $49.12 $46.39 

Annual Maintenance Cost ($/klm) $0.04 $0.04 $0.05 $0.06 $0.23 $0.05 $0.05 $0.04 $0.05 $0.04 $0.04 

1. Represents the lowest efficacy product in the Energy Star Database (as downloaded on 11/4/15) for which all of the information in the table is available. 

Final
31

Performance/Cost Characteristics » Residential Linear LED Replacement Lamp 2 Lamp System*

1. Based on lowest efficacy product in the LED Lighting Facts Database (as downloaded on 10/30/15) for which all of the information in the table is available. 

2. Based on the average of products in the LED Lighting Facts Database (as downloaded on 10/30/15).

3. Based on highest efficacy product in the LED Lighting Facts Database (as downloaded on 10/30/15) for which all of the information in the table is available.

4. N/A because Linear LED Replacement Lamps are a retrofit option and sold only to be put in existing fixtures. 

DATA

2009 2015 2020 2030 2040

Installed 

Stock 

Average

Low1 Typical2 Best3 Energy 

Star Typical High Typical High Typical High

Lamp Wattage 18 19 18 18 N/A 15 14 13 11 11 9

Lamp Lumens 1355 1743 2151 2309 N/A 2100 2100 2100 2100 2100 2100

Lamp Efficacy (lm/W) 75 92 116 132 N/A 136 151 164 199 192 230

System Wattage 36 38 37 35 N/A 31 28 26 21 22 18

System Lumens 2304 3103 3829 4110 N/A 3948 3948 4032 4032 4032 4032

System Efficacy (lm/W) 64 82 104 117 N/A 128 142 158 191 184 221

Ballast Efficiency (BLE) N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A

CRI 70 80 83 85 N/A 83 83 83 83 83 83

Correlated Color Temperature (CCT) 4000 4000 4100 5000 N/A 4100 4100 4100 4100 4100 4100

Average Lamp Life (1000 hrs) 35 50 45 50 N/A 49 49 50 50 50 50

Annual Operating Hours (hrs/yr) 684 684 684 684 N/A 684 684 684 684 684 684

Lamp Price ($) $135.83 $22.19 $34.42 $38.30 N/A $22.76 $22.76 $10.44 $10.44 $4.79 $4.79

Ballast Price ($) N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A

Fixture Price ($)4 N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A

Lamp Cost ($/klm) $100.25 $12.73 $16.00 $16.59 N/A $10.84 $10.84 $4.97 $4.97 $2.28 $2.28

System (l/b/f) Cost ($/klm)4 N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A

Labor Cost ($/hr) $0.00 $0.00 $0.00 $0.00 N/A $0.00 $0.00 $0.00 $0.00 $0.00 $0.00

Labor System Installation (hr) 4 N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A

Labor Lamp Change (hr) 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 N/A 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0

Total Installed Cost ($) $271.67 $44.38 $68.84 $76.60 N/A $45.51 $45.51 $20.88 $20.88 $9.58 $9.58 

Annual Maintenance Cost ($) $5.31 $0.61 $1.05 $1.05 N/A $0.64 $0.64 $0.29 $0.29 $0.13 $0.13

Total Installed Cost ($/klm) $200.49 $25.46 $32.00 $33.17 N/A $21.67 $21.67 $9.94 $9.94 $4.56 $4.56 

Annual Maintenance Cost ($/klm) $3.92 $0.35 $0.49 $0.45 N/A $0.30 $0.30 $0.14 $0.14 $0.06 $0.06

Final
32

Performance/Cost Characteristics » Residential Linear LED Luminaire

1. Based on lowest efficacy product in the LED Lighting Facts Database (as downloaded on 10/30/15) for which all of the information in the table is available. 

2. Based on the average of products in the LED Lighting Facts Database (as downloaded on 10/30/15).

3. Based on highest efficacy product in the LED Lighting Facts Database (as downloaded on 10/30/15) for which all of the information in the table is available. 

4. Represents the lowest efficacy product in the Energy Star Database (as downloaded on 11/4/15) for which all of the information in the table is available.

5. Linear LED Luminaires are a fully integrated lighting solutions used to replace existing lamp/ballast/fixture systems and therefore does not have lamp, ballast, and 

fixture components. 

DATA

2009 2015 2020 2030 2040

Installed 

Stock 

Average

Low1 Typical2 Best3 Energy 

Star4 Typical High Typical High Typical High

Lamp Wattage N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A

Lamp Lumens N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A

Lamp Efficacy (lm/W) N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A

System Wattage 46 48 57 40 55 37 30 28 22 22 22

System Lumens 3395 4044 5697 4918 4000 5000 5000 5000 5000 5000 5000

System Efficacy (lm/W) 67 84 100 122 73 137 164 181 230 225 230

Ballast Efficiency (BLE) N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A

CRI 87 83 83 83 82 83 83 83 83 83 83

Correlated Color Temperature (CCT) 3500 3500 3500 3500 3500 3500 3500 3500 3500 3500 3500

Average Lamp Life (1000 hrs) 50 60 56 50 36 97 97 100 100 100 100

Annual Operating Hours (hrs/yr) 684 684 684 684 684 684 684 684 684 684 684

Lamp Price ($) $731.04 $439.00 $176.61 $513.45 $139.00 $98.98 $98.98 $52.60 $52.60 $27.96 $27.96

Ballast Price ($) N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A

Fixture Price ($)5 N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A

Lamp Cost ($/klm) N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A

System (l/b/f) Cost ($/klm)5 $215.34 $108.56 $31.00 $104.41 $34.75 $19.80 $19.80 $10.52 $10.52 $5.59 $5.59

Labor Cost ($/hr) $68.20 $68.20 $68.20 $68.20 $68.20 $68.20 $68.20 $68.20 $68.20 $68.20 $68.20

Labor System Installation (hr) 5 0.5 0.5 0.5 0.5 0.5 0.5 0.5 0.5 0.5 0.5 0.5

Labor Lamp Change (hr) N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A

Total Installed Cost ($) $765.14 $473.10 $210.71 $547.55 $173.10 $133.08 $133.08 $86.70 $86.70 $62.06 $62.06 

Annual Maintenance Cost ($) $10.46 $5.39 $2.57 $7.49 $3.29 $0.94 $0.94 $0.59 $0.59 $0.42 $0.42

Total Installed Cost ($/klm) $225.38 $116.99 $36.99 $111.35 $43.28 $26.62 $26.62 $17.34 $17.34 $12.41 $12.41 

Annual Maintenance Cost ($/klm) $3.08 $1.33 $0.45 $1.52 $0.82 $0.19 $0.19 $0.12 $0.12 $0.08 $0.08

Final
33

Performance/Cost Characteristics » Residential Outdoor Lamps

• The residential outdoor lamps characterized in this report include reflector and general service lamps used for security and/or porch lighting that can be switched on from inside 

the home (i.e. parking lot/garage and outdoor common area lighting at multifamily buildings are excluded) with lumen outputs of approximately 1000-1400 lumens. Multiple 

baseline lamps were analyzed according to estimates of installed base average lumens by lamp type, including: 

• In 2010, it was estimated that over 96% of residential outdoor lamps were incandescent, halogen, or CFL technologies. Approximately, 51% of residential outdoor lamps were 

general service and 24% were reflector lamps. The remaining share was made up of primarily decorative and miscellaneous lamp types (DOE, 2012(3)).

Performance: 

• 65W BR30 is the only viable incandescent reflector lamp due to exemption from EISA 2007. The lumen output of this lamp type is well below other reflector lamp technologies 

characterized for residential outdoor spaces, thus its use is limited for this application.

• A majority of residential lamps have a nominal CCT rating of 2700K and give off a warm, yellowish white color, but products with CCTs of 3000K, 3500K, 4100K (neutral white), 

5000K (daylight) and 6500K (blueish white) are also available. Traditional incandescent light bulbs have a nominal CCT of about 2700K. When replacing a light bulb, it is advised 

to chose a product with a similar CCT value in order to achieve the same look. 

• Incandescent and halogen lamps have perfect color rendering with a CRI value of 100, but for CFL and LEDs products commonly fall between 70 and 90 CRI, with an average 

around 80. CRI values of 80 are considered suitable for general illumination, with high CRI products being preferable for retail and display applications where improved color 

quality is of real value. Higher CRI is not expected to be a focus for future LED products except for these very specific retail and display applications.

Cost: 

• Many factors influence the price of LED lamps including CRI, lifetime, dimming capabilities, and efficacy. Therefore typical lamp prices in 2015 reflecting a mix of lamp 

characteristics and features were used as the basis for projections for both typical and high efficacy products in the future. 

• Fixture prices and installation costs are not included for the residential sector. Labor costs are assumed to be negligible as the homeowner likely replaces lamps themselves as they 

burn out. Therefore total installed cost is the price of a lamp, and annual maintenance costs are the cost of replacing the lamps, which is a function of lamp life, lamp price, and the 

annual operating hours of 1059 hours/year for residential reflector lamps (DOE SSL Program, 2012b). 

Security (Reflector Lamps) Porch (General Service Lamps)

Incandescent BR30 Incandescent A-Type

Halogen PAR38 Halogen A-Type

Halogen Infrared Reflector (HIR) PAR38 CFL Bare Spiral

CFL PAR38 LED A-Type Lamp

LED PAR38

Final
34

Performance/Cost Characteristics » Residential Outdoor Lamps

Legislation:

• For ENERGY STAR qualification, general service, omnidirectional lamps must have a minimum lamp efficacy of 55 lm/W and 65 lm/W for lamps with rated wattage of <15W and 

≥ 15 W, respectively. The ENERGY STAR Lamps Version 2.0 specification, currently under revision and will take effect January 2, 2017, will require 70 lm/W for omnidirectional 

lamps with CRI ≥ 90 and 80 lm/W for omnidirectional lamps with CRI < 90 (ENERGY STAR).

• For ENERGY STAR qualification, directional, reflector lamps must have a minimum lamp efficacy of 40 lm/W and 50 lm/W for lamps with rated wattage of <20W and ≥ 20 W, 

respectively. The ENERGY STAR Lamps Version 2.0 specification, currently under revision and will take effect January 2, 2017, will require 61 lm/W for directional lamps with 

CRI ≥ 90 and 70 lm/W for directional lamps with CRI < 90 (ENERGY STAR).

• Additionally, all lamps must have a CRI ≥ 80 Energy Star, nominal CCT of 2700, 3000, 3500, 4000/4100, 5000, or 6000 K, and rated lifetime ≥ 10,000 hours (ENERGY STAR, 2014). 

Future Performance Improvements:

• Projections were provided for both typical and high performing products for 2020, 2030, and 2040. Assumptions were made that the focus would be on improving efficacy, lifetime 

and price for products at constant CRI and CCT values. 

• Due to continued R&D investment, competition from LED lighting products, and general market demand for cost-effective lighting, the performance and cost characteristics of conventional lighting 

technologies are expected to improve over the analysis period. However, the ability of these conventional technologies to react rapidly (in terms of performance improvement) to the emergence of a new 

light source such as LED lighting is relatively small because these are mature technologies (particularly incandescent and fluorescent) and established market competitors (Navigant, 2014).

• For LED Technology, efficacy, lifetime, and price improvements were based on the model described in the Energy Savings Forecast of Solid-State Lighting in General Illumination 

Applications (Navigant, 2014). For traditional technologies, the following future improvements were assumed to occur year over year through 2040: 

Technology Efficacy Lifetime Price Potential for Improvements

Incandescent 

Omnidirectional

0% +0.5% -0.5% Limited as the technology is mature and the technology cannot meet legislative requirements.

Incandescent 

Directional

+0.2% +0.5% -0.5% Improvements can be made by improved filament design and placement, higher pressure capsules, 

or higher efficiency reflector coatings. 

Halogen +0.5% +0.5% -0.5% Improvements can be made by improved filament design and placement, higher pressure capsules, 

or higher efficiency reflector coatings. 

CFL +0.5% +0.5% -0.5% In addition to benefiting from higher efficiency reflector coatings, improvements in efficacy can be 

made by using more rare-earth phosphors in compact fluorescent lamps. Lifetime improvements 

can be made by improving the compact fluorescent lamp electrodes.

Final
35

Performance/Cost Characteristics » Residential Outdoor Lamps (Security: Incandescent BR30 )

DATA

2009 2015 2020 2030 2040

Installed 

Stock 

Average

Low Typical High Energy 

Star Typical High Typical High Typical High

Lamp Wattage 65 N/A 65 N/A N/A 64 N/A 63 N/A 62 N/A

Lamp Lumens 620 N/A 637 N/A N/A 637 N/A 637 N/A 637 N/A

Lamp Efficacy (lm/W) 9.5 N/A 9.8 N/A N/A 9.9 N/A 10.1 N/A 10.3 N/A

CRI 100 N/A 100 N/A N/A 100 N/A 100 N/A 100 N/A

Correlated Color Temperature (CCT) 2700 N/A 2700 N/A N/A 2700 N/A 2700 N/A 2700 N/A

Average Lamp Life (1000 hrs) 2.0 N/A 2.0 N/A N/A 2.1 N/A 2.2 N/A 2.3 N/A

Annual Operating Hours (hrs/yr) 1059 N/A 1059 N/A N/A 1059 N/A 1059 N/A 1059 N/A

Lamp Price ($) $1.37 N/A $3.37 N/A N/A $3.29 N/A $3.13 N/A $2.97 N/A

Lamp Cost ($/klm) $2.21 N/A $5.29 N/A N/A $5.16 N/A $4.91 N/A $4.67 N/A

Labor Cost ($/hr) $0.00 N/A $0.00 N/A N/A $0.00 N/A $0.00 N/A $0.00 N/A

Labor Lamp Installation (hr) 0 N/A 0 N/A N/A 0 N/A 0 N/A 0 N/A

Total Installed Cost ($) $1.37 N/A $3.37 N/A N/A $3.29 N/A $3.13 N/A $2.97 N/A

Annual Maintenance Cost ($) $0.73 N/A $1.78 N/A N/A $1.70 N/A $1.54 N/A $1.39 N/A

Total Installed Cost ($/klm) $2.21 N/A $5.29 N/A N/A $5.16 N/A $4.91 N/A $4.67 N/A

Annual Maintenance Cost ($/klm) $1.17 N/A $2.80 N/A N/A $2.66 N/A $2.41 N/A $2.18 N/A

Final
36

Performance/Cost Characteristics » Residential Outdoor Lamps (Security: Halogen PAR38 )

DATA

2009 2015 2020 2030 2040

Installed 

Stock 

Average

Low Typical High Energy 

Star Typical High Typical High Typical High

Lamp Wattage 90 N/A 72 N/A N/A 70 N/A 67 N/A 63 N/A

Lamp Lumens 1320 N/A 1350 N/A N/A 1350 N/A 1350 N/A 1350 N/A

Lamp Efficacy (lm/W) 14.7 N/A 18.8 N/A N/A 19.3 N/A 20.3 N/A 21.3 N/A

CRI 100 N/A 100 N/A N/A 100 N/A 100 N/A 100 N/A

Correlated Color Temperature (CCT) 2900 N/A 2900 N/A N/A 2850 N/A 2850 N/A 2850 N/A

Average Lamp Life (1000 hrs) 2.4 N/A 2.4 N/A N/A 2.5 N/A 2.6 N/A 2.7 N/A

Annual Operating Hours (hrs/yr) 1059 N/A 1059 N/A N/A 1059 N/A 1059 N/A 1059 N/A

Lamp Price ($) $4.47 N/A $5.61 N/A N/A $5.47 N/A $5.20 N/A $4.95 N/A

Lamp Cost ($/klm) $3.39 N/A $4.16 N/A N/A $4.05 N/A $3.85 N/A $3.67 N/A

Labor Cost ($/hr) $0.00 N/A $0.00 N/A N/A $0.00 N/A $0.00 N/A $0.00 N/A

Labor Lamp Installation (hr) 0 N/A 0 N/A N/A 0 N/A 0 N/A 0 N/A

Total Installed Cost ($) $4.47 N/A $5.61 N/A N/A $5.47 N/A $5.20 N/A $4.95 N/A

Annual Maintenance Cost ($) $1.97 N/A $2.47 N/A N/A $2.35 N/A $2.13 N/A $1.93 N/A

Total Installed Cost ($/klm) $3.39 N/A $4.16 N/A N/A $4.05 N/A $3.85 N/A $3.67 N/A

Annual Maintenance Cost ($/klm) $1.50 N/A $1.83 N/A N/A $1.74 N/A $1.58 N/A $1.43 N/A

Final
37

Performance/Cost Characteristics » Residential Outdoor Lamps (Security: HIR PAR38 )

DATA

2009 2015 2020 2030 2040

Installed 

Stock 

Average

Low Typical High Energy 

Star Typical High Typical High Typical High

Lamp Wattage 70 N/A 70 N/A N/A 68 N/A 65 N/A 62 N/A

Lamp Lumens 1358 N/A 1453 N/A N/A 1453 N/A 1453 N/A 1453 N/A

Lamp Efficacy (lm/W) 19.4 N/A 20.8 N/A N/A 21.3 N/A 22.4 N/A 23.6 N/A

CRI 100 N/A 100 N/A N/A 100 N/A 100 N/A 100 N/A

Correlated Color Temperature (CCT) 2850 N/A 2850 N/A N/A 2850 N/A 2850 N/A 2850 N/A

Average Lamp Life (1000 hrs) 3.4 N/A 4.4 N/A N/A 4.5 N/A 4.7 N/A 5.0 N/A

Annual Operating Hours (hrs/yr) 1059 N/A 1059 N/A N/A 1059 N/A 1059 N/A 1059 N/A

Lamp Price ($) $13.63 N/A $9.16 N/A N/A $8.93 N/A $8.50 N/A $8.08 N/A

Lamp Cost ($/klm) $10.04 N/A $6.30 N/A N/A $6.15 N/A $5.85 N/A $5.56 N/A

Labor Cost ($/hr) $0.00 N/A $0.00 N/A N/A $0.00 N/A $0.00 N/A $0.00 N/A

Labor Lamp Installation (hr) 0 N/A 0 N/A N/A 0 N/A 0 N/A 0 N/A

Total Installed Cost ($) $13.63 N/A $9.16 N/A N/A $8.93 N/A $8.50 N/A $8.08 N/A

Annual Maintenance Cost ($) $4.24 N/A $2.20 N/A N/A $2.10 N/A $1.90 N/A $1.72 N/A

Total Installed Cost ($/klm) $10.04 N/A $6.30 N/A N/A $6.15 N/A $5.85 N/A $5.56 N/A

Annual Maintenance Cost ($/klm) $3.12 N/A $1.52 N/A N/A $1.44 N/A $1.31 N/A $1.18 N/A

Final
38

Performance/Cost Characteristics » Residential Outdoor Lamps (Security: CFL PAR38)

DATA

2009 2015 2020 2030 2040

Installed 

Stock 

Average

Low Typical High Energy 

Star1 Typical High Typical High Typical High

Lamp Wattage 19 N/A 23 N/A 23 22 N/A 21 N/A 20 N/A

Lamp Lumens 1300 N/A 1300 N/A 1300 1300 N/A 1300 N/A 1300 N/A

Lamp Efficacy (lm/W) 54.9 N/A 56.5 N/A 56.5 57.9 N/A 60.9 N/A 64.0 N/A

CRI 82 N/A 82 N/A 82 82 N/A 82 N/A 82 N/A

Correlated Color Temperature (CCT) 2700 N/A 2700 N/A 2700 2700 N/A 2700 N/A 2700 N/A

Average Lamp Life (1000 hrs) 9.7 N/A 10.0 N/A 10.0 10.3 N/A 10.8 N/A 11.3 N/A

Annual Operating Hours (hrs/yr) 1059 N/A 1059 N/A N/A 1059 N/A 1059 N/A 1059 N/A

Lamp Price ($) $7.18 N/A $6.97 N/A N/A $6.80 N/A $6.47 N/A $6.15 N/A

Lamp Cost ($/klm) $5.53 N/A $5.36 N/A N/A $5.23 N/A $4.97 N/A $4.73 N/A

Labor Cost ($/hr) $0.00 N/A $0.00 N/A N/A $0.00 N/A $0.00 N/A $0.00 N/A

Labor Lamp Installation (hr) 0 N/A 0 N/A N/A 0 N/A 0 N/A 0 N/A

Total Installed Cost ($) $7.18 N/A $6.97 N/A N/A $6.80 N/A $6.47 N/A $6.15 N/A

Annual Maintenance Cost ($) $0.78 N/A $0.74 N/A N/A $0.70 N/A $0.64 N/A $0.57 N/A

Total Installed Cost ($/klm) $5.53 N/A $5.36 N/A N/A $5.23 N/A $4.97 N/A $4.73 N/A

Annual Maintenance Cost ($/klm) $0.60 N/A $0.57 N/A N/A $0.54 N/A $0.49 N/A $0.44 N/A

1. Meets criteria outlined in ENERGY STAR® Program Requirements Product Specification for Lamps (Light Bulbs): Eligibility Criteria Version 1.1 (Rev. August 2014) 

Final
39

Performance/Cost Characteristics » Residential Outdoor Lamps (Security: LED PAR381)

DATA

2009 2015 2020 2030 2040

Installed 

Stock 

Average

Low Typical High Energy

Star2 Typical High Typical High Typical High

Lamp Wattage 28 18 16 17 20 15 13 12 9 10 7

Lamp Lumens 1000 1172 1328 1958 1050 1400 1400 1400 1400 1400 1400

Lamp Efficacy (lm/W) 36 64 83 116 53 91 109 117 153 144 196

CRI 80 91 84 81 93 84 84 84 84 84 84

Correlated Color Temperature (CCT) 3000 2700 3000 4000 3000 3000 3000 3000 3000 3000 3000

Average Lamp Life (1000 hrs) 20 25 28 25 25 49 49 50 50 50 50

Annual Operating Hours (hrs/yr) 1059 1059 1059 1059 1059 1059 1059 1059 1059 1059 1059

Lamp Price ($) $164.00 $25.68 $27.89 $36.59 $34.47 $17.26 $17.26 $9.80 $9.80 $5.60 $5.60

Lamp Cost ($/klm) $164.00 $21.92 $21.00 $18.69 $32.83 $12.33 $12.33 $7.00 $7.00 $4.00 $4.00

Labor Cost ($/hr) $0.00 $0.00 $0.00 $0.00 $0.00 $0.00 $0.00 $0.00 $0.00 $0.00 $0.00

Labor Lamp Installation (hr) 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0

Total Installed Cost ($) $164.00 $25.68 $27.89 $36.59 $34.47 $17.26 $17.26 $9.80 $9.80 $5.60 $5.60 

Annual Maintenance Cost ($) $8.68 $1.09 $1.05 $1.55 $1.46 $0.37 $0.37 $0.21 $0.21 $0.12 $0.12 

Total Installed Cost ($/klm) $164.00 $21.92 $21.00 $18.69 $32.83 $12.33 $12.33 $7.00 $7.00 $4.00 $4.00 

Annual Maintenance Cost ($/klm) $8.68 $0.93 $0.79 $0.79 $1.39 $0.27 $0.27 $0.15 $0.15 $0.08 $0.08 

1. Data based on an indoor LED PAR38 lamp with adjustments for annual operating hours.

2. Meets criteria outlined in ENERGY STAR® Program Requirements Product Specification for Lamps (Light Bulbs): Eligibility Criteria Version 1.1 (Rev. August 2014) 

Final
40

Performance/Cost Characteristics » Residential Outdoor Lamps (Porch: Incandescent A19 )

1. The Energy Independence and Security Act of 2007 (EISA 2007) prescribes standards for current 75 watt incandescent lamps as of January 1, 2013. Starting in 2013, 75 watt 

incandescent lamps were replaced by halogen lamps.

DATA

2009 20151 20201 20301 20401

Installed 

Stock 

Average

Low Typical High Energy 

Star Typical High Typical High Typical High

Lamp Wattage 75 N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A

Lamp Lumens 1170 N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A

Lamp Efficacy (lm/W) 15.6 N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A

CRI 100 N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A

Correlated Color Temperature (CCT) 2850 N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A

Average Lamp Life (1000 hrs) 0.8 N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A

Annual Operating Hours (hrs/yr) 1059 N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A

Lamp Price ($) $0.37 N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A

Lamp Cost ($/klm) $0.32 N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A

Labor Cost ($/hr) $0.00 N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A

Labor Lamp Installation (hr) 0 N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A

Total Installed Cost ($) $0.37 N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A

Annual Maintenance Cost ($) $0.52 N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A

Total Installed Cost ($/klm) $0.32 N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A

Annual Maintenance Cost ($/klm) $0.45 N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A

Final
41

Performance/Cost Characteristics » Residential Outdoor Lamps (Porch: Halogen A19)

1. The Energy Independence and Security Act of 2007 (EISA 2007) prescribes standards for current 75 watt incandescent lamps as of January 1, 2013. Starting in 2013, 75 watt 

incandescent lamps were replaced by halogen lamps.

2. In 2020, EISA 2007 sets a minimum efficacy for general service lamps of 45 lm/W. These standards can not be met with existing commercialized halogen lamp technologies and 

current trends in industry lead us to believe they will not be met. 

DATA

2009 20151 20202 20302 20402

Installed 

Stock 

Average

Low Typical High Energy 

Star Typical High Typical High Typical High

Lamp Wattage 55 N/A 53 N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A

Lamp Lumens 1050 N/A 1050 N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A

Lamp Efficacy (lm/W) 19.2 N/A 19.8 N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A

CRI 100 N/A 100 N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A

Correlated Color Temperature (CCT) 2850 N/A 2850 N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A

Average Lamp Life (1000 hrs) 1.0 N/A 1.0 N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A

Annual Operating Hours (hrs/yr) 1059 N/A 1059 N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A

Lamp Price ($) $2.06 N/A $2.00 N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A

Lamp Cost ($/klm) $1.96 N/A $1.90 N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A

Labor Cost ($/hr) $0.00 N/A $0.00 N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A

Labor Lamp Installation (hr) 0 N/A 0 N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A

Total Installed Cost ($) $2.06 N/A $2.00 N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A

Annual Maintenance Cost ($) $2.25 N/A $2.12 N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A

Total Installed Cost ($/klm) $1.96 N/A $1.90 N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A

Annual Maintenance Cost ($/klm) $2.14 N/A $2.02 N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A

Final
42

Performance/Cost Characteristics » Residential Outdoor Lamps (Porch: CFL Bare Spiral)

DATA

2009 2015 2020 2030 2040

Installed 

Stock 

Average

Low Typical High Energy 

Star1 Typical High Typical High Typical High

Lamp Wattage 19 19 19 18 20 18 18 17 17 16 16

Lamp Lumens 1216 1200 1216 1300 1200 1216 1300 1216 1300 1216 1300

Lamp Efficacy (lm/W) 63.5 63.2 65.4 72.2 60.0 67.1 74.0 70.5 77.8 74.1 81.8

CRI 82 82 82 82 82 82 82 82 82 82 82

Correlated Color Temperature (CCT) 2700 2700 2700 2700 2700 2700 2700 2700 2700 2700 2700

Average Lamp Life (1000 hrs) 10 10.0 10.0 10.0 10.0 10.3 10.3 10.8 10.8 11.3 11.3

Annual Operating Hours (hrs/yr) 1059 1059 1059 1059 N/A 1059 1059 1059 1059 1059 1059

Lamp Price ($) $3.32 $3.24 $3.22 $6.49 N/A $3.14 $6.33 $2.99 $6.02 $2.84 $5.73

Lamp Cost ($/klm) $2.73 $2.70 $2.65 $4.99 N/A $2.58 $4.87 $2.46 $4.63 $2.34 $4.40 

Labor Cost ($/hr) $0.00 $0.00 $0.00 $0.00 N/A $0.00 $0.00 $0.00 $0.00 $0.00 $0.00 

Labor Lamp Installation (hr) 0 0 0 0 N/A 0 0 0 0 0 0

Total Installed Cost ($) $3.32 $3.24 $3.22 $6.49 N/A $3.14 $6.33 $2.99 $6.02 $2.84 $5.73 

Annual Maintenance Cost ($) $0.36 $0.34 $0.34 $0.69 N/A $0.32 $0.65 $0.29 $0.59 $0.27 $0.54 

Total Installed Cost ($/klm) $2.73 $2.70 $2.65 $4.99 N/A $2.58 $4.87 $2.46 $4.63 $2.34 $4.40 

Annual Maintenance Cost ($/klm) $0.30 $0.29 $0.28 $0.53 N/A $0.27 $0.50 $0.24 $0.45 $0.22 $0.41 

1. Meets criteria outlined in ENERGY STAR® Program Requirements Product Specification for Lamps (Light Bulbs): Eligibility Criteria Version 1.1 (Rev. August 2014)

Final
43

Performance/Cost Characteristics » Residential Outdoor Lamps (Porch: LED A-Type1)

1. Data based on an indoor 100W Equivalent LED A-type lamp, scaled to lumen output reported for the building exterior low-output technologies in the Energy Savings Forecast of 

Solid-State Lighting in General Illumination Applications (Navigant, 2014)

2. Meets criteria outlined in ENERGY STAR® Program Requirements Product Specification for Lamps (Light Bulbs): Eligibility Criteria Version 1.1 (Rev. August 2014)

DATA

2009 2015 2020 2030 2040

Installed 

Stock 

Average

Low Typical High Energy 

Star2 Typical High Typical High Typical High

Lamp Wattage 18 13 9 8 14 9 8 7 6 6 4

Lamp Lumens 964 964 964 964 964 964 964 964 964 964 964

Lamp Efficacy (lm/W) 44 64 93 104 71 102 123 131 171 161 219

CRI 80 83 84 81 92 84 84 84 84 84 84

Correlated Color Temperature (CCT) 3000 2700 2700 2700 2700 2700 2700 2700 2700 2700 2700

Average Lamp Life (1000 hrs) 20 25 25 25 25 48 49 50 50 50 50

Annual Operating Hours (hrs/yr) 1059 1059 1059 1059 1059 1059 1059 1059 1059 1059 1059

Lamp Price ($) $68.00 $24.00 $8.68 $4.99 $11.98 $6.76 $6.76 $3.44 $3.44 $2.30 $2.30

Lamp Cost ($/klm) $85.00 $24.90 $9.00 $5.18 $12.43 $7.02 $7.02 $3.57 $3.57 $2.38 $2.38

Labor Cost ($/hr) $0.00 $0.00 $0.00 $0.00 $0.00 $0.00 $0.00 $0.00 $0.00 $0.00 $0.00

Labor Lamp Change (hr) 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0

Total Installed Cost ($) $68.00 $24.00 $8.68 $4.99 $11.98 $6.76 $6.76 $3.44 $3.44 $2.30 $2.30 

Annual Maintenance Cost ($) $3.60 $1.02 $0.37 $0.21 $0.51 $0.15 $0.15 $0.07 $0.07 $0.05 $0.05 

Total Installed Cost ($/klm) $70.54 $24.90 $9.00 $5.18 $12.43 $7.02 $7.02 $3.57 $3.57 $2.38 $2.38 

Annual Maintenance Cost ($/klm) $3.73 $1.05 $0.38 $0.22 $0.53 $0.15 $0.15 $0.08 $0.08 $0.05 $0.05 

Final
Commercial Lighting

44

Final
45

Performance/Cost Characteristics » Commercial General Service Lamps in Recessed Can Fixtures

This section characterizes commercial omnidirectional incandescent, halogen, CFL, and LED screw based general service lamps emitting approximately 1600 lumens (equivalent to a 100W incandescent lamp) used 

in recessed can fixtures. A recessed can is a directional fixture set into the ceiling, in which all of the light is directed downwards from the opening. Therefore, an omnidirectional lamp is not well suited for use in 

such fixtures, as light that emits upwards and out of the sides must be reflected downwards and out of the fixture and some light is absorbed in the process. A fixture efficiency of 61% is used to characterize these 

lumen losses for all omnidirectional lamps. For all lamp technologies, an annual fixture renovation rate of 10% (i.e., 10-year fixture service life) is used to reflect the proportion of equipment that retires each year.

Performance: 

• A majority of residential lamps have a nominal CCT rating of 2700K and give off a warm, yellowish white color, but products with CCTs of 3000K, 3500K, 4100K (neutral white), 5000K (daylight) and 6500K 

(blueish white) are also available. Traditional incandescent light bulbs have a nominal CCT of about 2700K. When replacing a light bulb, it is advised to chose a product with a similar CCT value in order to 

achieve the same look. 

• Incandescent and halogen lamps have perfect color rendering with a CRI value of 100, but for CFL and LEDs products commonly fall between 70 and 90 CRI, with an average around 80. CRI values of 80 are 

considered suitable for general illumination, with high CRI products being preferable for retail and display applications where improved color quality is of real value. Higher CRI is not expected to be a focus 

for future LED products except for these very specific retail and display applications.

Cost: 

• The total installed cost is the price of a lamp, ballast (if applicable), and fixture plus the cost for labor associated with the installation, except for in the case of LED replacement lamps which are sold only as a 

replacement for use in an existing fixture. There are integrated LED luminaires that are more efficient and cost effective for new installations or fixture retrofits. Many factors influence the price of LED lamps 

including CRI, lifetime, dimming capabilities, and efficacy. Therefore typical lamp prices in 2015 reflecting a mix of lamp characteristics and features were used as the basis for projections for both typical and 

high efficacy products in the future. 

• Annual maintenance costs are the cost of labor for replacing the lamps and the cost of the replacement lamp itself. The frequency at which lamps are replaced is a function of lamp life and the annual operating 

hours of 3868 hours/year for commercial general service lamps (DOE SSL Program, 2012a). 

Legislation:

• The Energy Independence and Security Act of 2007 (EISA 2007) established standards for 100W lamps effective in 2012. These standards cannot be achieved by incandescent bulbs, but can by halogen, CFL, and 

LED technologies. As a result, 2015 data is not provided for incandescent general service lamps. 

• EISA 2007 also established a requirement that DOE establish standards for general service lamps that are equal to or greater than 45 lm/W by 2020. California’s Appliance Efficiency Regulations will require 45 

lm/W for general service lamps with certain bases beginning in 2018. These standards can not be achieved by traditional incandescent or halogen technologies currently on the market and given current and 

projected trends in industry it is not likely they will be met. It is currently assumed that industry will increase their investment in LED technology at the expense of incandescent, halogen, and CFL 

technologies. 

• EPACT 2005 sets performance for medium based compact fluorescent lamps. It adopts ENERGY STAR performance requirements (August 6, 2001 version) for efficacy, lumen maintenance, lamp life, rapid 

cycle stress test, CRI, etc. The standard is effective for lamps manufactured on or after January 1, 2006. Note that EPACT 2005 standards do not apply to CFL lamps with screw bases other than medium (e.g., 

pin based). The Secretary may revise these requirements by rule or establish other requirements at a later date. An updated DOE standard is expected in 2017 with a potential effective date of 2020. 

• For ENERGY STAR qualification, general service, omnidirectional lamps, must have a minimum lamp efficacy of 55 lm/W and 65 lm/W for lamps with rated wattage of <15W and ≥15 W, respectively. 

Additionally, the lamps must have a CRI ≥ 80, nominal CCT of 2700, 3000, 3500, 4000/4100, 5000, or 6000 K, and rated lifetime ≥ 10,000 hours (ENERGY STAR, 2014). The ENERGY STAR Lamps Version 2.0 

specification, currently under revision and will take effect January 2, 2017, will require 70 lm/W for omnidirectional lamps with CRI ≥ 90 and 80 lm/W for omnidirectional lamps with CRI < 90 (ENERGY STAR).

• The ENERGY STAR Luminaires v1.2 specification took effect on December 21, 2012 and requires 42 lm/W for recessed downlights (ENERGY STAR, 2012). The ENERGY STAR Luminaires v2.0 specification will 

supersede v1.2 effective June 1, 2016 and will require 55 lm/W for recessed downlights (ENERGY STAR). 

Final
46

Performance/Cost Characteristics » Commercial General Service Lamps in Recessed Can Fixtures

Future Performance Improvements:

• Projections were provided for both typical and high performing products for 2020, 2030, and 2040. Assumptions were made that the focus would be on improving efficacy, lifetime 

and price for products at constant CRI and CCT values. 

• Due to continued R&D investment, competition from LED lighting products, and general market demand for cost-effective lighting, the performance and cost characteristics of conventional lighting 

technologies are expected to improve over the analysis period. However, the ability of these conventional technologies to react rapidly (in terms of performance improvement) to the emergence of a new 

light source such as LED lighting is relatively small because these are mature technologies (particularly incandescent and fluorescent) and established market competitors (Navigant, 2014).

• For LED Technology, efficacy, lifetime, and price improvements were based on the model described in the Energy Savings Forecast of Solid-State Lighting in General Illumination 

Applications (Navigant, 2014). For traditional technologies, the following future improvements were assumed to occur year over year through 2040: 

Technology Efficacy Lifetime Price Potential for Improvements

Incandescent 0% 0% -0.5% Limited as the technology is mature and the technology cannot meet legislative requirements.

Halogen +0.5% +0.5% -0.5% Limited as the technology is mature.

CFL +0.5% +0.5% -0.5% Improvements in efficacy can be made by using more rare-earth phosphors in compact fluorescent 

lamps. Lifetime improvements can be made by improving the compact fluorescent lamp electrodes.

Final
47

Performance/Cost Characteristics » Commercial General Service 100W Incandescent Lamp in Recessed 

Can Fixture

1. The Energy Independence and Security Act of 2007 prescribes standards for current 100 watt incandescent lamps as of January 1, 2012. Starting in 2012, 

100-watt incandescent lamps will be replaced by halogen lamps.

DATA

2003 20121 20151 20201 20301 20401

Installed 

Stock 

Average

Installed 

Stock 

Average

Low Typical High Energy 

Star Typical High Typical High Typical High

Lamp Wattage 100 100 N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A

Lamp Lumens 1620 1620 N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A

Lamp Efficacy (lm/W) 16.2 16.2 N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A

System Wattage 100 100 N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A

System Lumens 988 988 N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A

System Efficacy (lm/W) 9.9 9.9 N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A

Ballast Efficiency (BLE) N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A

CRI 100 100 N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A

Correlated Color Temperature (CCT) 2850 2850 N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A

Average Lamp Life (1000 hrs) 0.8 0.8 N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A

Annual Operating Hours (hrs/yr) 3868 3868 N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A

Lamp Price ($) $0.37 $0.56 N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A

Ballast Price ($) N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A

Fixture Price ($) $16.50 $20.00 N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A

Lamp Cost ($/klm) $0.23 $0.35 N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A

System (l/b/f) Cost ($/klm) $17.07 $20.81 N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A

Labor Cost ($/hr) $65.35 $77.05 N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A

Labor System Installation (hr) 1.0 1.0 N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A

Labor Lamp Change (hr) 0.05 0.05 N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A

Total Installed Cost ($) $82.22 $97.61 N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A

Annual Maintenance Cost ($) $18.78 $22.78 N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A

Total Installed Cost ($/klm) $83.20 $98.78 N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A

Annual Maintenance Cost ($/klm) $19.00 $23.05 N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A

Final
48

Performance/Cost Characteristics » Commercial General Service Halogen Lamp (100W Incandescent 

Equivalent) in Recessed Can Fixture

1. The Energy Independence and Security Act of 2007 prescribes standards for current 100 watt incandescent lamps as of January 1, 2012. Starting in 2012, 

100-watt incandescent lamps will be replaced by halogen lamps.

2. In 2020, EISA 2007 sets a minimum efficacy for general service lamps of 45 lm/W. These standards can not be met with existing commercialized 

halogen lamp technologies and current trends in industry lead us to believe they will not be met. 

DATA

2003 20121 20151 20202 20302 20402

Installed 

Stock 

Average

Installed 

Stock 

Average

Low Typical High Energy 

Star Typical High Typical High Typical High

Lamp Wattage 90 72 N/A 72 N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A

Lamp Lumens 1620 1490 N/A 1490 N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A

Lamp Efficacy (lm/W) 18.0 20.7 N/A 20.7 N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A

System Wattage 90 72 N/A 72 N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A

System Lumens 988 909 N/A 909 N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A

System Efficacy (lm/W) 11.0 12.6 N/A 12.6 N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A

Ballast Efficiency (BLE) N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A

CRI 100 100 N/A 100 N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A

Correlated Color Temperature (CCT) 2850 2850 N/A 2850 N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A

Average Lamp Life (1000 hrs) 1.0 1.0 N/A 1.0 N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A

Annual Operating Hours (hrs/yr) 3868 3868 N/A 3868 N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A

Lamp Price ($) $8.07 $1.97 N/A $2.01 N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A

Ballast Price ($) N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A

Fixture Price ($) $16.50 $20.00 N/A $22.56 N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A

Lamp Cost ($/klm) $4.98 $1.32 N/A $1.35 N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A

System (l/b/f) Cost ($/klm) $24.86 $24.17 N/A $27.03 N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A

Labor Cost ($/hr) $65.35 $77.05 N/A $81.95 N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A

Labor System Installation (hr) 1.0 1.0 N/A 1.0 N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A

Labor Lamp Change (hr) 0.05 0.05 N/A 0.05 N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A

Total Installed Cost ($) $89.92 $99.02 N/A $106.52 N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A

Annual Maintenance Cost ($) $43.85 $22.51 N/A $23.63 N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A

Total Installed Cost ($/klm) $90.99 $108.94 N/A $117.20 N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A

Annual Maintenance Cost ($/klm) $44.37 $24.77 N/A $25.99 N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A

Final
49

Performance/Cost Characteristics » Commercial General Service 100W Equivalent CFL Bare Spiral in 

Recessed Can Fixture

DATA

2003 2012 2015 2020 2030 2040

Installed 

Stock 

Average

Installed 

Stock 

Average

Low Typical High Energy 

Star1 Typical High Typical High Typical High

Lamp Wattage 26 25 27 23 23 26 23 22 22 21 21 20

Lamp Lumens 1750 1680 1700 1611 1640 1686 1611 1640 1611 1640 1611 1640

Lamp Efficacy (lm/W) 67.3 68.1 63.7 68.9 71.3 65.0 70.7 73.1 74.3 76.8 78.1 80.8

System Wattage 26 25 27 23 23 26 23 22 22 21 21 20

System Lumens 1068 1025 1037 983 1000 1028 983 1000 983 1000 983 1000

System Efficacy (lm/W) 41.1 41.6 38.9 42.7 43.5 39.6 43.1 44.6 45.3 46.9 47.6 49.3

Ballast Efficiency (BLE) N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A

CRI 82 82 82 82 82 81 82 82 82 82 82 82

Correlated Color Temperature (CCT) 3000 3000 3000 3000 3000 2700 3000 3000 3000 3000 3000 3000

Average Lamp Life (1000 hrs) 10.0 10.0 10.0 10.0 10.0 12.0 10.3 10.3 10.8 10.8 11.3 11.3

Annual Operating Hours (hrs/yr) 3868 3868 3868 3868 3868 N/A 3868 3868 3868 3868 3868 3868

Lamp Price ($) $7.02 $2.60 $3.30 $3.33 $3.50 N/A $3.24 $3.41 $3.08 $3.24 $2.93 $3.08

Ballast Price ($) N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A

Fixture Price ($) $16.50 $20.00 $22.56 $22.56 $22.56 N/A $22.00 $22.00 $20.93 $20.93 $19.90 $19.90 

Lamp Cost ($/klm) $4.01 $1.55 $1.94 $2.06 $2.13 N/A $2.01 $2.08 $1.91 $1.98 $1.82 $1.88 

System (l/b/f) Cost ($/klm) $22.02 $22.05 $24.94 $26.34 $26.04 N/A $25.69 $25.40 $24.43 $24.16 $23.24 $22.98 

Labor Cost ($/hr) $65.35 $77.05 $81.95 $81.95 $81.95 N/A $81.95 $81.95 $81.95 $81.95 $81.95 $81.95 

Labor System Installation (hr) 1.0 1.0 1.0 1.0 1.0 N/A 1.0 1.0 1.0 1.0 1.0 1.0

Labor Lamp Change (hr) 0.05 0.05 0.05 0.05 0.05 N/A 0.05 0.05 0.05 0.05 0.05 0.05

Total Installed Cost ($) $88.87 $99.65 $107.81 $107.84 $108.01 N/A $107.19 $107.36 $105.96 $106.12 $104.79 $104.94 

Annual Maintenance Cost ($) $3.98 $2.50 $2.86 $2.87 $2.94 N/A $2.77 $2.83 $2.58 $2.63 $2.40 $2.45

Total Installed Cost ($/klm) $83.21 $97.22 $103.96 $109.73 $107.96 N/A $109.07 $107.32 $107.82 $106.08 $106.62 $104.89 

Annual Maintenance Cost ($/klm) $3.73 $2.44 $2.76 $2.92 $2.94 N/A $2.82 $2.83 $2.62 $2.63 $2.44 $2.45

1. Meets criteria outlined in ENERGY STAR® Program Requirements Product Specification for Lamps (Light Bulbs): Eligibility Criteria Version 1.1 (Rev. 

August 2014) 

Final
50

Performance/Cost Characteristics » Commercial General Service 100W Equivalent LED Replacement 

Lamp in Recessed Can Fixture

1. Based on lowest efficacy product in the LED Lighting Facts Database (as downloaded on 10/30/15) for which all of the information in the table is available. 

2. Based on the average of products in the LED Lighting Facts Database (as downloaded on 10/30/15).

3. Based on highest efficacy product in the LED Lighting Facts Database (as downloaded on 10/30/15) for which all of the information in the table is available. 

4. Represents the lowest efficacy product in the Energy Star Database (as downloaded on 11/4/15) for which all of the information in the table is available. 

5. N/A b/c this is an LED Replacement lamp that is for existing fixtures. For new installations or retrofits where a fixture must be purchased, an integrated LED Luminaire 

would be more efficient and cost effective. 

DATA

2003 2012 2015 2020 2030 2040

Installed 

Stock 

Average

Installed 

Stock 

Average

Low1 Typical2 Best3 Energy 

Star4 Typical High Typical High Typical High

Lamp Wattage N/A 27 17 15 16 23 12 11 9 8 7 7

Lamp Lumens N/A 1600 1580 1646 1710 1600 1600 1600 1600 1600 1600 1600

Lamp Efficacy (lm/W) N/A 60 92 108 110 71 137 150 176 209 216 230

System Wattage N/A 27 17 15 16 23 12 11 9 8 7 7

System Lumens N/A 976 964 1004 1043 976 976 976 976 976 976 976

System Efficacy (lm/W) N/A 36.6 56.4 66.2 67.3 43.4 83.3 91.6 107.4 127.4 131.6 140.3

Ballast Efficiency (BLE) N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A

CRI N/A 80 84 83 81 82 83 83 83 83 83 83

Correlated Color Temperature (CCT) N/A 3000 3000 2700 2700 3000 2700 2700 2700 2700 2700 2700

Average Lamp Life (1000 hrs) N/A 22 25 25 25 25 48 49 50 50 50 50

Annual Operating Hours (hrs/yr) N/A 3868 3868 3868 3868 3868 3868 3868 3868 3868 3868 3868

Lamp Price ($) N/A $40.00 $14.71 $15.30 $15.99 $22.99 $11.22 $11.22 $5.71 $5.71 $3.81 $3.81

Ballast Price ($) N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A

Fixture Price ($)5 N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A

Lamp Cost ($/klm) N/A $25.00 $9.31 $9.30 $9.35 $14.37 $7.02 $7.02 $3.57 $3.57 $2.38 $2.38

System (l/b/f) Cost ($/klm)5 N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A

Labor Cost ($/hr) N/A $77.05 $81.95 $81.95 $81.95 $81.95 $81.95 $81.95 $81.95 $81.95 $81.95 $81.95

Labor System Installation (hr)5 N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A

Labor Lamp Change (hr) N/A 0.05 0.05 0.05 0.05 0.05 0.05 0.05 0.05 0.05 0.05 0.05

Total Installed Cost ($) N/A $43.85 $18.81 $19.40 $20.09 $27.09 $15.32 $15.32 $9.81 $9.81 $7.91 $7.91 

Annual Maintenance Cost ($) N/A $7.71 $2.91 $3.00 $3.11 $4.19 $1.23 $1.21 $0.76 $0.76 $0.61 $0.61

Total Installed Cost ($/klm) N/A $44.93 $19.51 $19.33 $19.26 $27.75 $15.70 $15.70 $10.05 $10.05 $8.10 $8.10 

Annual Maintenance Cost ($/klm) N/A $7.90 $3.02 $2.99 $2.98 $4.29 $1.27 $1.24 $0.78 $0.78 $0.63 $0.63

Final
51

Performance/Cost Characteristics » Commercial Reflector Lamps in Recessed Can Fixtures

This section characterizes commercial halogen, Halogen infrared reflector (HIR), and LED screw based reflector lamps emitting approximately 1400 lumens used in recessed can fixtures. 

• HIR lamps contain a tungsten halogen capsule with a film coating on the inside of the capsule. The coating reflects infrared radiation back into the lamp filament, which forces the filament to 

burn at a higher temperature. This increases the efficacy of the lamp, without reducing operating life.

• A recessed can is a directional fixture set into the ceiling, in which all of the light is directed downwards from the opening. Therefore, a reflector lamp, which employs reflective coating to 

direct light out in only one direction, is well suited for use in such fixtures. However, some light is not able to escape the fixture, and a fixture efficiency of 93% is used to characterize these 

minimal lumen losses. For all lamp technologies, an annual fixture renovation rate of 10% (i.e., 10-year fixture service life) is used to reflect the proportion of equipment that retires each year.

Performance: 

• A majority of residential lamps have a nominal CCT rating of 2700K and give off a warm, yellowish white color, but products with CCTs of 3000K, 3500K, 4100K (neutral white), 5000K 

(daylight) and 6500K (blueish white) are also available. Traditional incandescent light bulbs have a nominal CCT of about 2700K. When replacing a light bulb, it is advised to chose a product 

with a similar CCT value in order to achieve the same look. 

• Incandescent and halogen lamps have perfect color rendering with a CRI value of 100, but for CFL and LEDs products commonly fall between 70 and 90 CRI, with an average around 80. CRI 

values of 80 are considered suitable for general illumination, with high CRI products being preferable for retail and display applications where improved color quality is of real value. Higher 

CRI is not expected to be a focus for future LED products except for these very specific retail and display applications.

Cost: 

• The total installed cost is the price of a lamp, ballast (if applicable), and fixture plus the cost for labor associated with the installation, except for in the case of LED replacement lamps which 

are sold only as a replacement for use in an existing fixture. There are integrated LED luminaires that are more efficient and cost effective for new installations or fixture retrofits. Many 

factors influence the price of LED lamps including CRI, lifetime, dimming capabilities, and efficacy. Therefore typical lamp prices in 2015 reflecting a mix of lamp characteristics and features 

were used as the basis for projections for both typical and high efficacy products in the future. 

• Annual maintenance costs are the cost of labor for replacing the lamps and the cost of the replacement lamp itself. The frequency at which lamps are replaced is a function of lamp life and 

the annual operating hours of 3860 hours/year for commercial reflector lamps (DOE SSL Program, 2012a). 

Legislation:

• EPACT92 established minimum performance standards for some reflector lamps and provided exemptions for certain specialty applications (e.g., ER/BR, vibration service, more than 5% 

neodymium oxide, impact resistant, infrared heat, colored). EPACT92 effectively phased-out R-shaped tungsten filament incandescent reflector lamps at certain wattages and bulb diameters, 

replacing them with more efficient and cost effective tungsten-halogen parabolic aluminized reflector (PAR) lamps. EISA2007 took away certain exemptions from EPACT 1992, requiring 

certain previously exempted lamps to meet EPACT92 minimum performance standards by January 1, 2008. In 2015, DOE issued a final rule which determined that amending the standards 

for incandescent reflector lamps could not be economically justified. 

• For ENERGY STAR qualification, directional, reflector lamps must have a minimum lamp efficacy of 40 lm/W and 50 lm/W for lamps with rated wattage of <20W and ≥ 20 W, respectively. 

Additionally, the lamps must have a CRI ≥ 80 Energy Star, nominal CCT of 2700, 3000, 3500, 4000/4100, 5000, or 6000 K, and rated lifetime ≥ 10,000 hours (ENERGY STAR, 2014). The 

ENERGY STAR Lamps Version 2.0 specification, currently under revision and will take effect January 2, 2017, will require 61 lm/W for omnidirectional lamps with CRI ≥ 90 and 70 lm/W for 

omnidirectional lamps with CRI < 90 (ENERGY STAR).

• The ENERGY STAR Luminaires v1.2 specification took effect on December 21, 2012 and requires 42 lm/W for recessed downlights (ENERGY STAR, 2012). The ENERGY STAR Luminaires 

v2.0 specification will supersede v1.2 effective June 1, 2016 and will require 55 lm/W for recessed downlights (ENERGY STAR).

Final
52

Performance/Cost Characteristics » Commercial Reflector Lamps in Recessed Can Fixtures

Future Performance Improvements:

• Projections were provided for both typical and high performing products for 2020, 2030, and 2040. Assumptions were made that the focus would be on improving efficacy, lifetime 

and price for products at constant CRI and CCT values. 

• Due to continued R&D investment, competition from LED lighting products, and general market demand for cost-effective lighting, the performance and cost characteristics of conventional lighting 

technologies are expected to improve over the analysis period. However, the ability of these conventional technologies to react rapidly (in terms of performance improvement) to the emergence of a new 

light source such as LED lighting is relatively small because these are mature technologies (particularly incandescent and fluorescent) and established market competitors (Navigant, 2014).

• For LED Technology, efficacy, lifetime, and price improvements were based on the model described in the Energy Savings Forecast of Solid-State Lighting in General Illumination 

Applications (Navigant, 2014). For traditional technologies, the following future improvements were assumed to occur year over year through 2040: 

Technology Efficacy Lifetime Price Potential for Improvements

Halogen +0.5% +0.5% -0.5% Improvements can be made by improved filament design and placement, higher pressure capsules, 

or higher efficiency reflector coatings.

HIR +0.5% +0.5% -0.5% Improvements can be made by improved filament design and placement, higher pressure capsules, 

or higher efficiency reflector coatings.

CFL +0.5% +0.5% -0.5% Improvements in efficacy can be made by using more rare-earth phosphors in compact fluorescent 

lamps. Lifetime improvements can be made by improving the compact fluorescent lamp electrodes.

Final
53

Performance/Cost Characteristics » Commercial Halogen Reflector Lamp (PAR38) in Recessed Can 

Fixture

DATA

2003 2012 2015 2020 2030 2040

Installed 

Stock 

Average

Installed 

Stock 

Average

Low Typical High Energy 

Star Typical High Typical High Typical High

Lamp Wattage 90 90 N/A 72 N/A N/A 70 N/A 67 N/A 63 N/A

Lamp Lumens 1314 1323 N/A 1350 N/A N/A 1350 N/A 1350 N/A 1350 N/A

Lamp Efficacy (lm/W) 14.6 14.7 N/A 18.8 N/A N/A 19.3 N/A 20.3 N/A 21.3 N/A

System Wattage 90 90 N/A 72 N/A N/A 70 N/A 67 N/A 63 N/A

System Lumens 1222 1230 N/A 1256 N/A N/A 1256 N/A 1256 N/A 1256 N/A

System Efficacy (lm/W) 13.5 13.7 N/A 17.5 N/A N/A 17.9 N/A 18.8 N/A 19.8 N/A

Ballast Efficiency (BLE) N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A

CRI 100 100 N/A 100 N/A N/A 100 N/A 100 N/A 100 N/A

Correlated Color Temperature (CCT) 2900 2900 N/A 2900 N/A N/A 2900 N/A 2900 N/A 2900 N/A

Average Lamp Life (1000 hrs) 2.4 2.4 N/A 2.4 N/A N/A 2.5 N/A 2.6 N/A 2.7 N/A

Annual Operating Hours (hrs/yr) 3860 3860 N/A 3860 N/A N/A 3860 N/A 3860 N/A 3860 N/A

Lamp Price ($) $6.54 $3.78 N/A $5.61 N/A N/A $5.47 N/A $5.20 N/A $4.95 N/A

Ballast Price ($) N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A

Fixture Price ($) $16.50 $20.00 N/A $22.56 N/A N/A $22.00 N/A $20.93 N/A $19.90 N/A

Lamp Cost ($/klm) $4.98 $2.86 N/A $4.16 N/A N/A $4.05 N/A $3.85 N/A $3.67 N/A

System (l/b/f) Cost ($/klm) $18.86 $19.33 N/A $22.44 N/A N/A $21.88 N/A $20.81 N/A $19.79 N/A

Labor Cost ($/hr) $65.35 $77.05 N/A $81.95 N/A N/A $81.95 N/A $81.95 N/A $81.95 N/A

Labor System Installation (hr) 1.0 1.0 N/A 1.0 N/A N/A 1.0 N/A 1.0 N/A 1.0 N/A

Labor Lamp Change (hr) 0.0615 0.0615 N/A 0.0615 N/A N/A 0.0615 N/A 0.0615 N/A 0.0615 N/A

Total Installed Cost ($) $88.39 $100.83 N/A $110.12 N/A N/A $109.42 N/A $108.08 N/A $106.80 N/A

Annual Maintenance Cost ($) $16.99 $13.71 N/A $17.13 N/A N/A $16.49 N/A $15.29 N/A $14.18 N/A

Total Installed Cost ($/klm) $72.33 $81.95 N/A $87.71 N/A N/A $87.15 N/A $86.08 N/A $85.07 N/A

Annual Maintenance Cost ($/klm) $13.90 $11.14 N/A $13.64 N/A N/A $13.13 N/A $12.18 N/A $11.30 N/A

Final
54

Performance/Cost Characteristics » Commercial Halogen Infrared Reflector Lamp (PAR38) in Recessed 

Can Fixture

DATA

2003 2012 2015 2020 2030 2040

Installed 

Stock 

Average

Installed 

Stock 

Average

Low Typical High Energy 

Star Typical High Typical High Typical High

Lamp Wattage 70 70 N/A 70 N/A N/A 68 N/A 65 N/A 62 N/A

Lamp Lumens 1260 1407 N/A 1453 N/A N/A 1453 N/A 1453 N/A 1453 N/A

Lamp Efficacy (lm/W) 18.0 20.1 N/A 20.8 N/A N/A 21.3 N/A 22.4 N/A 23.6 N/A

System Wattage 70 70 N/A 70 N/A N/A 68 N/A 65 N/A 62 N/A

System Lumens 1172 1309 N/A 1351 N/A N/A 1351 N/A 1351 N/A 1351 N/A

System Efficacy (lm/W) 16.7 18.7 N/A 19.3 N/A N/A 19.8 N/A 20.8 N/A 21.9 N/A

Ballast Efficiency (BLE) N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A

CRI 100 100 N/A 100 N/A N/A 100 N/A 100 N/A 100 N/A

Correlated Color Temperature (CCT) 2850 2850 N/A 2850 N/A N/A 2850 N/A 2850 N/A 2850 N/A

Average Lamp Life (1000 hrs) 3.0 3.6 N/A 4.4 N/A N/A 4.5 N/A 4.7 N/A 5.0 N/A

Annual Operating Hours (hrs/yr) 3860 3860 N/A 3860 N/A N/A 3860 N/A 3860 N/A 3860 N/A

Lamp Price ($) $8.52 $15.66 N/A $9.16 N/A N/A $8.93 N/A $8.50 N/A $8.08 N/A

Ballast Price ($) N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A

Fixture Price ($) $16.50 $20.00 N/A $22.56 N/A N/A $22.00 N/A $20.93 N/A $19.90 N/A

Lamp Cost ($/klm) $6.76 $11.13 N/A $6.30 N/A N/A $6.15 N/A $5.85 N/A $5.56 N/A

System (l/b/f) Cost ($/klm) $21.35 $27.25 N/A $23.47 N/A N/A $22.89 N/A $21.77 N/A $20.71 N/A

Labor Cost ($/hr) $65.35 $77.05 N/A $81.95 N/A N/A $81.95 N/A $81.95 N/A $81.95 N/A

Labor System Installation (hr) 1.0 1.0 N/A 1.0 N/A N/A 1.0 N/A 1.0 N/A 1.0 N/A

Labor Lamp Change (hr) 0.0615 0.0615 N/A 0.0615 N/A N/A 0.0615 N/A 0.0615 N/A 0.0615 N/A

Total Installed Cost ($) $90.37 $112.71 N/A $113.67 N/A N/A $112.88 N/A $111.37 N/A $109.93 N/A

Annual Maintenance Cost ($) $16.13 $21.87 N/A $12.46 N/A N/A $11.96 N/A $11.02 N/A $10.16 N/A

Total Installed Cost ($/klm) $77.11 $86.14 N/A $84.12 N/A N/A $83.54 N/A $82.42 N/A $81.35 N/A

Annual Maintenance Cost ($/klm) $13.76 $16.72 N/A $9.22 N/A N/A $8.85 N/A $8.16 N/A $7.52 N/A

Final
55

Performance/Cost Characteristics » Commercial LED Reflector Lighting (PAR38)

1. Based on lowest efficacy product in the LED Lighting Facts Database (as downloaded on 10/30/15) for which all of the information in the table is available. 

2. Based on the average of products in the LED Lighting Facts Database (as downloaded on 10/30/15).

3. Based on highest efficacy product in the LED Lighting Facts Database (as downloaded on 10/30/15) for which all of the information in the table is available. 

4. Represents the lowest efficacy product in the Energy Star Database (as downloaded on 11/4/15) for which all of the information in the table is available. 

5. N/A b/c this is an LED Replacement lamp that is for existing fixtures. For new installations or retrofits where a fixture must be purchased, an integrated LED Luminaire 

would be more efficient and cost effective. 

DATA

2003 2012 2015 2020 2030 2040

Installed 

Stock 

Average

Installed 

Stock 

Average

Low1 Typical2 Best3 Energy 

Star4 Typical High Typical High Typical High

Lamp Wattage N/A 17 18 16 17 20 13 12 10 9 8 7

Lamp Lumens N/A 1045 1172 1328 1958 1050 1400 1400 1400 1400 1400 1400

Lamp Efficacy (lm/W) N/A 61 64 83 116 53 105 116 136 162 167 209

System Wattage N/A 17 18 16 17 20 13 12 10 9 8 7

System Lumens N/A 972 1090 1235 1821 977 1302 1302 1302 1302 1302 1302

System Efficacy (lm/W) N/A 57 59 78 108 49 98 108 127 151 156 194

Ballast Efficiency (BLE) N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A

CRI N/A 83 91 84 81 93 84 84 84 84 84 84

Correlated Color Temperature (CCT) N/A 3000 2700 3000 4000 3000 3000 3000 3000 3000 3000 3000

Average Lamp Life (1000 hrs) N/A 22 25 28 25 25 49 49 50 50 50 50

Annual Operating Hours (hrs/yr) N/A 3860 3860 3860 3860 3860 3860 3860 3860 3860 3860 3860

Lamp Price ($) N/A $52.25 $25.68 $27.89 $36.59 $34.47 $17.26 $17.26 $9.80 $9.80 $5.60 $5.60

Ballast Price ($) N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A

Fixture Price ($)5 N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A

Lamp Cost ($/klm) N/A $50.00 $21.92 $21.00 $18.69 $32.83 $12.33 $12.33 $7.00 $7.00 $4.00 $4.00

System (l/b/f) Cost ($/klm)5 N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A

Labor Cost ($/hr) N/A $77.05 $81.95 $81.95 $81.95 $81.95 $81.95 $81.95 $81.95 $81.95 $81.95 $81.95

Labor System Installation (hr)5 N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A

Labor Lamp Change (hr) N/A 0.06 0.06 0.06 0.06 0.06 0.06 0.06 0.06 0.06 0.06 0.06

Total Installed Cost ($) N/A $56.99 $30.72 $32.93 $41.63 $39.51 $22.30 $22.30 $14.84 $14.84 $10.64 $10.64 

Annual Maintenance Cost ($) N/A $10.00 $4.74 $4.54 $6.43 $6.10 $1.76 $1.76 $1.15 $1.15 $0.82 $0.82

Total Installed Cost ($/klm) N/A $58.64 $28.19 $26.66 $22.86 $40.46 $17.13 $17.13 $11.40 $11.40 $8.17 $8.17 

Annual Maintenance Cost ($/klm) N/A $10.29 $4.35 $3.68 $3.53 $6.25 $1.35 $1.35 $0.88 $0.88 $0.63 $0.63

Final
56

Performance/Cost Characteristics » Commercial 4-foot Linear 2-Lamp Lighting Systems

This section characterizes commercial linear fixtures that house 2 4ft long linear lamps and their integrated luminaire equivalents. The technologies available for this system are linear 

fluorescent and LED. 

• Linear fluorescent options are T5, T8, and T12 lamps. T5 lamps are approximately 40% narrower than T8 lamps and almost 60% narrower than T12 lamps. This allows T5 lamps to 

be coated with higher quality, more efficient phosphor blends than larger diameter lamps, resulting in a more efficacious lamp. The compact size of T5 lamps also permits greater 

flexibility in lighting design and construction.

• LED options for linear fixtures include replacement lamps that are able to fit directly into an existing fixture and fully integrated luminaire that can be used to replace existing 

fixtures. LED replacement lamps, also known as T lamps or TLEDs, do not require a ballast but can be installed in existing ballasted configurations with or without the removal of 

the linear fluorescent ballast. Replacement lamps are only sold to go into existing fixtures, if a new fixture is to be installed, a fully integrated LED luminaire is a more cost effective 

and efficient option. Because LED luminaires are fully integrated, they do not have lamp/fixture efficiency losses associated with ballasts and fixture optics. For all lamp 

technologies, an annual fixture renovation rate of 10% (i.e., 10-year fixture service life) is used to reflect the proportion of equipment that retires each year.

Performance: 

• A majority of residential lamps have a nominal CCT rating of 2700K and give off a warm, yellowish white color, but products with CCTs of 3000K, 3500K, 4100K (neutral white), 

5000K (daylight) and 6500K (blueish white) are also available. Traditional incandescent light bulbs have a nominal CCT of about 2700K. When replacing a light bulb, it is advised 

to chose a product with a similar CCT value in order to achieve the same look. 

• Incandescent and halogen lamps have perfect color rendering with a CRI value of 100, but for CFL and LEDs products commonly fall between 70 and 90 CRI, with an average 

around 80. CRI values of 80 are considered suitable for general illumination, with high CRI products being preferable for retail and display applications where improved color 

quality is of real value. Higher CRI is not expected to be a focus for future LED products except for these very specific retail and display applications.

Cost: 

• The total installed cost is the price of 2 lamps, ballast (if applicable), and fixture plus the cost for labor associated with the installation, except for in the case of LED replacement 

lamps which are sold only as a replacement for use in an existing fixture. There are integrated LED luminaires that are more efficient and cost effective for new installations or 

fixture retrofits. Many factors influence the price of LED lamps including CRI, lifetime, dimming capabilities, and efficacy. Therefore typical lamp prices in 2015 reflecting a mix of 

lamp characteristics and features were used as the basis for projections for both typical and high efficacy products in the future. 

• Annual maintenance costs are the cost of labor for replacing the lamps and the cost of the replacement lamp itself. The frequency at which lamps are replaced is a function of lamp 

life and the annual operating hours of 4055 hours/year for commercial 4ft linear systems (DOE SSL Program, 2012a). 

Legislation:

• Beginning July 14, 2012 (or July 14, 2014 for T8 700-series phosphor lamps), DOE fluorescent lamp standards will require a minimum efficacy of 89 lm/W. While the amended 

performance-based standards do not explicitly prohibit T12 lamps, no T12 lamps met the standard at the time of its announcement. Since then, however, T12 lamps meeting the 

standard have entered the market.

• California's Title 24 mandates the use of electronic ballasts with high efficacy luminaires (including fluorescent) of 13 W or higher (CEC, 2005).

• ENERGY STAR does not cover commercial linear luminaires (ENERGY STAR, 2012). 

Final
57

Performance/Cost Characteristics » Commercial 4-foot Linear 2-Lamp Lighting Systems

Future Performance Improvements:

• Projections were provided for both typical and high performing products for 2020, 2030, and 2040. Assumptions were made that the focus would be on improving efficacy, lifetime 

and price for products at constant CRI and CCT values. 

• Due to continued R&D investment, competition from LED lighting products, and general market demand for cost-effective lighting, the performance and cost characteristics of conventional lighting 

technologies are expected to improve over the analysis period. However, the ability of these conventional technologies to react rapidly (in terms of performance improvement) to the emergence of a new 

light source such as LED lighting is relatively small because these are mature technologies (particularly incandescent and fluorescent) and established market competitors (Navigant, 2014).

• For LED Technology, efficacy, lifetime, and price improvements were based on the model described in the Energy Savings Forecast of Solid-State Lighting in General Illumination 

Applications (Navigant, 2014). For traditional technologies, the following future improvements were assumed to occur year over year through 2040: 

Technology Efficacy Lifetime Price Potential for Improvements

T8 F32 Commodity +0.2% +0.5% -0.5% Limited as the technology is mature.

T8 F32 High Efficiency/High Output +0.2% +0.5% -0.5% Limited as the technology is mature.

T5 F28 +0.2% +0.5% -0.5% Limited as the technology is mature.

Final
58

Performance/Cost Characteristics » Commercial 4-ft T8 F32 Commodity in 2-Lamp System

DATA

2003 2012 2015 2020 2030 2040

Installed 

Stock 

Average

Installed 

Stock 

Average

Low Typical High Energy 

Star Typical High Typical High Typical High

Lamp Wattage 32 32 32 32 32 N/A 32 32 31 31 30 30

Lamp Lumens 2520 2725 2725 2770 2915 N/A 2770 2915 2770 2915 2770 2915

Lamp Efficacy (lm/W) 79 85 85 87 91 N/A 87 92 89 94 91 96

System Wattage 65 56 55 55 55 N/A 55 55 54 54 53 53

System Lumens 3282 4796 4349 4421 4652 N/A 4421 4652 4421 4652 4421 4652

System Efficacy (lm/W) 50 86 79 80 84 N/A 81 85 82 87 84 88

Ballast Efficiency (BLE) 86% 91% 92% 92% 92% N/A 92% 92% 92% 92% 92% 92%

CRI 75 83 83 85 85 N/A 85 85 85 85 85 85

Correlated Color Temperature (CCT) 4100 4100 4100 4100 4100 N/A 4100 4100 4100 4100 4100 4100

Average Lamp Life (1000 hrs) 20 24 24 21 24 N/A 22 25 23 26 24 27

Annual Operating Hours 4055 4055 4055 4055 4055 N/A 4055 4055 4055 4055 4055 4055

Lamp Price ($) $0.96 $6.58 $4.99 $5.51 $9.54 N/A $5.37 $9.30 $5.11 $8.85 $4.86 $8.42 

Ballast Price ($) $17.25 $16.49 $16.10 $16.10 $16.10 N/A $15.70 $15.70 $14.93 $14.93 $14.20 $14.20 

Fixture Price ($) $26.17 $25.02 $24.64 $24.64 $24.64 N/A $24.03 $24.03 $22.86 $22.86 $21.74 $21.74 

Lamp Cost ($/klm) $0.38 $2.41 $1.83 $1.99 $3.27 N/A $1.94 $3.19 $1.85 $3.04 $1.75 $2.89 

System (l/b/f) Cost ($/klm) $13.81 $20.06 $18.61 $18.69 $20.52 N/A $18.22 $20.01 $17.33 $19.04 $16.49 $18.10 

Labor Cost ($/hr) $57.34 $65.10 $68.20 $68.20 $68.20 N/A $68.20 $68.20 $68.20 $68.20 $68.20 $68.20 

Labor System Installation (hr) 0.5 0.5 0.5 0.5 0.5 N/A 0.5 0.5 0.5 0.5 0.5 0.5

Labor Lamp Change (hr) 0.4 0.4 0.4 0.4 0.4 N/A 0.4 0.4 0.4 0.4 0.4 0.4

Total Installed Cost ($) $74.00 $80.64 $79.83 $80.35 $84.38 N/A $79.21 $83.14 $77.00 $80.74 $74.90 $78.46 

Annual Maintenance Cost ($) $3.03 $6.59 $6.26 $7.35 $7.80 N/A $7.12 $7.53 $6.68 $7.02 $6.27 $6.55 

Total Installed Cost ($/klm) $22.55 $16.81 $18.36 $18.18 $18.14 N/A $17.92 $17.87 $17.42 $17.35 $16.94 $16.86 

Annual Maintenance Cost ($/klm) $0.92 $1.37 $1.44 $1.66 $1.68 N/A $1.61 $1.62 $1.51 $1.51 $1.42 $1.41 

Final
59

Performance/Cost Characteristics » Commercial 4-ft T8 F32 High-efficiency/High-output in 2-Lamp 

System

DATA

2003 2012 2015 2020 2030 2040

Installed 

Stock 

Average

Installed 

Stock 

Average

Low Typical High Energy 

Star Typical High Typical High Typical High

Lamp Wattage N/A 28 N/A 28 N/A N/A 28 N/A 27 N/A 27 N/A

Lamp Lumens N/A 2560 N/A 2590 N/A N/A 2590 N/A 2590 N/A 2590 N/A

Lamp Efficacy (lm/W) N/A 91 N/A 93 N/A N/A 93 N/A 95 N/A 97 N/A

System Wattage N/A 50 N/A 50 N/A N/A 49 N/A 48 N/A 47 N/A

System Lumens N/A 4506 N/A 4229 N/A N/A 4229 N/A 4229 N/A 4229 N/A

System Efficacy (lm/W) N/A 90 N/A 85 N/A N/A 86 N/A 88 N/A 89 N/A

Ballast Efficiency (BLE) N/A 91% N/A 92% N/A N/A 92% N/A 92% N/A 92% N/A

CRI N/A 85 N/A 85 N/A N/A 85 N/A 85 N/A 85 N/A

Correlated Color Temperature (CCT) N/A 4100 N/A 4100 N/A N/A 4100 N/A 4100 N/A 4100 N/A

Average Lamp Life (1000 hrs) N/A 24 N/A 24 N/A N/A 25 N/A 26 N/A 27 N/A

Annual Operating Hours N/A 4055 N/A 4055 N/A N/A 4055 N/A 4055 N/A 4055 N/A

Lamp Price ($) N/A $9.42 N/A $8.23 N/A N/A $8.03 N/A $7.63 N/A $7.26 N/A

Ballast Price ($) N/A $16.49 N/A $16.10 N/A N/A $15.70 N/A $14.93 N/A $14.20 N/A

Fixture Price ($) N/A $25.02 N/A $24.64 N/A N/A $24.03 N/A $22.86 N/A $21.74 N/A

Lamp Cost ($/klm) N/A $3.68 N/A $3.18 N/A N/A $3.10 N/A $2.95 N/A $2.80 N/A

System (l/b/f) Cost ($/klm) N/A $23.57 N/A $22.09 N/A N/A $21.54 N/A $20.49 N/A $19.48 N/A

Labor Cost ($/hr) N/A $65.10 N/A $68.20 N/A N/A $68.20 N/A $68.20 N/A $68.20 N/A

Labor System Installation (hr) N/A 0.5 N/A 0.5 N/A N/A 0.5 N/A 0.5 N/A 0.5 N/A

Labor Lamp Change (hr) N/A 0.4 N/A 0.4 N/A N/A 0.4 N/A 0.4 N/A 0.4 N/A

Total Installed Cost ($) N/A $83.48 N/A $83.07 N/A N/A $81.86 N/A $79.52 N/A $77.30 N/A

Annual Maintenance Cost ($) N/A $7.55 N/A $7.35 N/A N/A $7.10 N/A $6.64 N/A $6.20 N/A

Total Installed Cost ($/klm) N/A $18.53 N/A $19.64 N/A N/A $19.36 N/A $18.80 N/A $18.28 N/A

Annual Maintenance Cost ($/klm) N/A $1.67 N/A $1.74 N/A N/A $1.68 N/A $1.57 N/A $1.47 N/A

Final
60

Performance/Cost Characteristics » Commercial 4-ft T5 F28 in 2-Lamp System

DATA

2003 2012 2015 2020 2030 2040

Installed 

Stock 

Average

Installed 

Stock 

Average

Low Typical High Energy 

Star Typical High Typical High Typical High

Lamp Wattage 28 28 28 28 28 N/A 28 28 27 27 27 27

Lamp Lumens 2660 2697 2446 2697 2898 N/A 2697 2898 2697 2898 2697 2898

Lamp Efficacy (lm/W) 95 96 87 96 104 N/A 97 105 99 107 101 109

System Wattage 66 60 60 60 60 N/A 60 60 59 59 57 57

System Lumens 4698 5394 4892 5394 5796 N/A 5394 5796 5394 5796 5394 5796

System Efficacy (lm/W) 71 89 81 89 96 N/A 90 97 92 99 94 101

Ballast Efficiency (BLE) 89% 92% 92% 92% 92% N/A 92% 92% 92% 92% 92% 92%

CRI 85 85 85 85 85 N/A 85 85 85 85 85 85

Correlated Color Temperature (CCT) 4100 4100 4100 4100 4100 N/A 4100 4100 4100 4100 4100 4100

Average Lamp Life (1000 hrs) 20 30 30 30 30 N/A 31 31 32 32 34 34

Annual Operating Hours 4055 4055 4055 4055 4055 N/A 4055 4055 4055 4055 4055 4055

Lamp Price ($) $4.08 $5.51 $4.10 $5.94 $7.06 N/A $5.79 $6.89 $5.51 $6.55 $5.24 $6.23 

Ballast Price ($) $28.17 $26.93 $26.28 $26.28 $26.28 N/A $25.63 $25.63 $24.38 $24.38 $23.18 $23.18 

Fixture Price ($) $98.42 $94.07 $92.67 $92.67 $92.67 N/A $90.38 $90.38 $85.96 $85.96 $81.76 $81.76 

Lamp Cost ($/klm) $1.53 $2.04 $1.68 $2.20 $2.44 N/A $2.15 $2.38 $2.04 $2.26 $1.94 $2.15 

System (l/b/f) Cost ($/klm) $28.68 $48.95 $51.98 $48.51 $45.92 N/A $47.31 $44.78 $45.00 $42.59 $42.80 $40.51 

Labor Cost ($/hr) $60.42 $65.10 $68.20 $68.20 $68.20 N/A $68.20 $68.20 $68.20 $68.20 $68.20 $68.20 

Labor System Installation (hr) 0.5 0.5 0.5 0.5 0.5 N/A 0.5 0.5 0.5 0.5 0.5 0.5

Labor Lamp Change (hr) 0.4 0.4 0.4 0.4 0.4 N/A 0.4 0.4 0.4 0.4 0.4 0.4

Total Installed Cost ($) $164.95 $159.06 $157.15 $158.99 $160.11 N/A $155.90 $156.99 $149.94 $150.98 $144.28 $145.27 

Annual Maintenance Cost ($) $2.81 $4.98 $4.77 $5.26 $5.57 N/A $5.09 $5.38 $4.78 $5.04 $4.48 $4.71 

Total Installed Cost ($/klm) $35.11 $29.49 $32.12 $29.48 $27.62 N/A $28.90 $27.09 $27.80 $26.05 $26.75 $25.06 

Annual Maintenance Cost ($/klm) $0.60 $0.92 $0.97 $0.98 $0.96 N/A $0.94 $0.93 $0.89 $0.87 $0.83 $0.81 

Final
61

Performance/Cost Characteristics » Commercial 4-ft Linear LED Replacement Lamp in 2-Lamp System

1. Based on lowest efficacy product in the DLC Qualified Product Database (as downloaded on 11/18/15) for which all of the information in the table is available. 

2. Based on the average of products in the LED Lighting Facts Database (as downloaded on 10/30/15).

3. Based on highest efficacy product in the LED Lighting Facts Database (as downloaded on 10/30/15) for which all of the information in the table is available. 

4. N/A because Linear LED Replacement Lamps are a retrofit option and sold only to be put in existing fixtures. 

DATA

2003 2012 2015 2020 2030 2040

Installed 

Stock 

Average

Installed 

Stock 

Average

Low1 Typical2 Best3 Energy 

Star Typical High Typical High Typical High

Lamp Wattage N/A 21 19 18 18 N/A 15 14 13 11 11 9

Lamp Lumens N/A 2091 1743 2151 2303 N/A 2100 2100 2100 2100 2100 2100

Lamp Efficacy (lm/W) N/A 101 92 116 132 N/A 136 151 164 199 192 230

System Wattage N/A 42 38 37 35 N/A 31 28 26 21 22 18

System Lumens N/A 3555 3102 3829 4099 N/A 3948 3948 4032 4032 4032 4032

System Efficacy (lm/W) N/A 85 82 104 117 N/A 128 142 158 191 184 221

Ballast Efficiency (BLE) N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A

CRI N/A 86 80.1 83 85 N/A 83 83 83 83 83 83

Correlated Color Temperature (CCT) N/A 4100 4000 4100 5000 N/A 4100 4100 4100 4100 4100 4100

Average Lamp Life (1000 hrs) N/A 50 50 45 50 N/A 49 49 50 50 50 50

Annual Operating Hours (hrs/yr) N/A 4055 4055 4055 4055 N/A 4055 4055 4055 4055 4055 4055

Lamp Price ($) N/A $234.66 $22.19 $34.42 $38.30 N/A $22.76 $22.76 $10.44 $10.44 $4.79 $4.79

Ballast Price ($)4 N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A

Fixture Price ($)4 N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A

Lamp Cost ($/klm) N/A $112.20 $12.73 $16.00 $16.63 N/A $10.84 $10.84 $4.97 $4.97 $2.28 $2.28

System (l/b/f) Cost ($/klm)4 N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A

Labor Cost ($/hr) N/A $65.10 $68.20 $68.20 $68.20 N/A $68.20 $68.20 $68.20 $68.20 $68.20 $68.20

Labor System Installation (hr)4 N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A

Labor Lamp Change (hr) N/A 0.4 0.4 0.4 0.4 N/A 0.4 0.4 0.4 0.4 0.4 0.4

Total Installed Cost ($) N/A $495.15 $71.43 $95.90 $103.65 N/A $49.81 $49.81 $37.49 $37.49 $31.84 $31.84 

Annual Maintenance Cost ($) N/A $40.16 $5.79 $8.64 $8.41 N/A $4.12 $4.12 $3.04 $3.04 $2.58 $2.58

Total Installed Cost ($/klm) N/A $236.76 $40.98 $44.57 $45.01 N/A $23.72 $23.72 $17.85 $17.85 $15.16 $15.16 

Annual Maintenance Cost ($/klm) N/A $19.20 $3.32 $4.02 $3.65 N/A $1.96 $1.96 $1.45 $1.45 $1.23 $1.23

Final
62

Performance/Cost Characteristics » Commercial 4-ft Linear LED Luminaire to Replace 2-Lamp 

Systems*

1. Based on lowest efficacy product in the DLC Qualified Product Database (as downloaded on 11/18/15) for which all of the information in the table is available. 

2. Based on the average of products in the LED Lighting Facts Database (as downloaded on 10/30/15).

3. Based on highest efficacy product in the DLC Qualified Product Database (as downloaded on 11/18/15) for which all of the information in the table is available.

4. N/A because Linear LED Luminaires are a fully integrated lighting solutions used to replace existing lamp/ballast/fixture systems and therefore does not have lamp, 

ballast, and fixture components. 

DATA

2003 2012 2015 2020 2030 2040

Installed 

Stock 

Average

Installed 

Stock 

Average

Low1 Typical2 Best3 Energy 

Star Typical High Typical High Typical High

Lamp Wattage4 N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A

Lamp Lumens4 N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A

Lamp Efficacy (lm/W) 4 N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A

System Wattage 36 51 48 57 40 N/A 37 30 28 22 22 22

System Lumens 548 4818 4044 5697 4918 N/A 5000 5000 5000 5000 5000 5000

System Efficacy (lm/W) 15 94 84 100 122 N/A 137 164 181 230 225 230

Ballast Efficiency (BLE) 4 N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A

CRI 92 84 82.7 83 83 N/A 83 83 83 83 83 83

Correlated Color Temperature (CCT) 3500 3500 3500 3500 3500 N/A 3500 3500 3500 3500 3500 3500

Average Lamp Life (1000 hrs) 50 67 60 56 50 N/A 97 97 100 100 100 100

Annual Operating Hours (hrs/yr) 4055 4055 4055 4055 4055 N/A 4055 4055 4055 4055 4055 4055

Lamp Price ($) $215.19 $610.32 $439.00 $176.61 $513.45 N/A $98.98 $98.98 $52.60 $52.60 $27.96 $27.96

Ballast Price ($)4 N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A

Fixture Price ($)4 N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A

Lamp Cost ($/klm)4 N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A

System (l/b/f) Cost ($/klm) $392.68 $126.67 $108.56 $31.00 $104.41 N/A $19.80 $19.80 $10.52 $10.52 $5.59 $5.59

Labor Cost ($/hr) $110.50 $65.10 $68.20 $68.20 $68.20 N/A $68.20 $68.20 $68.20 $68.20 $68.20 $68.20

Labor System Installation (hr) 0.5 0.5 0.5 0.5 0.5 N/A 0.5 0.5 0.5 0.5 0.5 0.5

Labor Lamp Change (hr)4 N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A

Total Installed Cost ($) $270.44 $642.87 $473.10 $210.71 $547.55 N/A $133.08 $133.08 $86.70 $86.70 $62.06 $62.06 

Annual Maintenance Cost ($) 21.934591 $38.91 $31.98 $15.26 $44.41 N/A $5.56 $5.56 $3.52 $3.52 $2.52 $2.52

Total Installed Cost ($/klm) $493.50 $133.43 $116.99 $36.99 $111.35 N/A $26.62 $26.62 $17.34 $17.34 $12.41 $12.41 

Annual Maintenance Cost ($/klm) 40.026627 $8.08 $7.91 $2.68 $9.03 N/A $1.11 $1.11 $0.70 $0.70 $0.50 $0.50

Final
63

Performance/Cost Characteristics » Commercial 8-foot Linear 2-Lamp Lighting Systems

This section characterizes commercial linear fixtures that house 2 8ft long linear lamps and their integrated luminaire equivalents. The technologies available for this system are linear 

fluorescent and LED. 

• Linear fluorescent options are T5, T8, and T12 lamps. T5 lamps are approximately 40% narrower than T8 lamps and almost 60% narrower than T12 lamps. This allows T5 lamps to 

be coated with higher quality, more efficient phosphor blends than larger diameter lamps, resulting in a more efficacious lamp. The compact size of T5 lamps also permits greater 

flexibility in lighting design and construction.

• LED options for linear fixtures include replacement lamps that are able to fit directly into an existing fixture and fully integrated luminaire that can be used to replace existing 

fixtures. LED replacement lamps, also known as T lamps or TLEDs, do not require a ballast but can be installed in existing ballasted configurations with or without the removal of 

the linear fluorescent ballast. Replacement lamps are only sold to go into existing fixtures, if a new fixture is to be installed, a fully integrated LED luminaire is a more cost effective 

and efficient option. Because LED luminaires are fully integrated, they do not have lamp/fixture efficiency losses associated with ballasts and fixture optics. For all lamp 

technologies, an annual fixture renovation rate of 10% (i.e., 10-year fixture service life) is used to reflect the proportion of equipment that retires each year.

Performance: 

• A majority of residential lamps have a nominal CCT rating of 2700K and give off a warm, yellowish white color, but products with CCTs of 3000K, 3500K, 4100K (neutral white), 

5000K (daylight) and 6500K (blueish white) are also available. Traditional incandescent light bulbs have a nominal CCT of about 2700K. When replacing a light bulb, it is advised 

to chose a product with a similar CCT value in order to achieve the same look. 

• Incandescent and halogen lamps have perfect color rendering with a CRI value of 100, but for CFL and LEDs products commonly fall between 70 and 90 CRI, with an average 

around 80. CRI values of 80 are considered suitable for general illumination, with high CRI products being preferable for retail and display applications where improved color 

quality is of real value. Higher CRI is not expected to be a focus for future LED products except for these very specific retail and display applications.

Cost: 

• The total installed cost is the price of 2 lamps, ballast (if applicable), and fixture plus the cost for labor associated with the installation, except for in the case of LED replacement 

lamps which are sold only as a replacement for use in an existing fixture. There are integrated LED luminaires that are more efficient and cost effective for new installations or 

fixture retrofits. Many factors influence the price of LED lamps including CRI, lifetime, dimming capabilities, and efficacy. Therefore typical lamp prices in 2015 reflecting a mix of 

lamp characteristics and features were used as the basis for projections for both typical and high efficacy products in the future. 

• Annual maintenance costs are the cost of labor for replacing the lamps and the cost of the replacement lamp itself. The frequency at which lamps are replaced is a function of lamp 

life and the annual operating hours of 4147 hours/year for commercial 8ft linear systems (DOE SSL Program, 2012a). 

Legislation:

• Beginning July 14, 2012 (or July 14, 2014 for T8 700-series phosphor lamps), DOE fluorescent lamp standards will require a minimum efficacy of 89 lm/W. While the amended 

performance-based standards do not explicitly prohibit T12 lamps, no T12 lamps met the standard at the time of its announcement. Since then, however, T12 lamps meeting the 

standard have entered the market.

• California's Title 24 mandates the use of electronic ballasts with high efficacy luminaires (including fluorescent) of 13 W or higher (CEC, 2005).

• ENERGY STAR does not cover commercial linear luminaires (ENERGY STAR, 2012). 

Final
64

Performance/Cost Characteristics » Commercial 8-foot Linear 2-Lamp Lighting Systems

Future Performance Improvements:

• Projections were provided for both typical and high performing products for 2020, 2030, and 2040. Assumptions were made that the focus would be on improving efficacy, lifetime 

and price for products at constant CRI and CCT values. 

• Due to continued R&D investment, competition from LED lighting products, and general market demand for cost-effective lighting, the performance and cost characteristics of conventional lighting 

technologies are expected to improve over the analysis period. However, the ability of these conventional technologies to react rapidly (in terms of performance improvement) to the emergence of a new 

light source such as LED lighting is relatively small because these are mature technologies (particularly incandescent and fluorescent) and established market competitors (Navigant, 2014).

• For LED Technology, efficacy, lifetime, and price improvements were based on the model described in the Energy Savings Forecast of Solid-State Lighting in General Illumination 

Applications (Navigant, 2014). For traditional technologies, the following future improvements were assumed to occur year over year through 2040: 

Technology Efficacy Lifetime Price Potential for Improvements

T8 F59 Typical Efficiency +0.2% +0.5% -0.5% Limited as the technology is mature.

T8 F59 High Efficiency +0.2% +0.5% -0.5% Limited as the technology is mature.

T8 F96 High Output +0.2% +0.5% -0.5% Limited as the technology is mature.

Final
65

Performance/Cost Characteristics » Commercial 8-ft T8 F59 Typical Efficiency in a 2-Lamp System

DATA

2003 2012 2015 2020 2030 2040

Installed 

Stock 

Average

Installed 

Stock 

Average

Low Typical High Energy 

Star Typical High Typical High Typical High

Lamp Wattage 60 59 59 59 59 N/A 58 58 57 57 56 56

Lamp Lumens 5214 5430 5220 5490 5650 N/A 5490 5650 5490 5650 5490 5650

Lamp Efficacy (lm/W) 87 92 88 93 96 N/A 94 97 96 99 98 101

System Wattage 113 107 107 107 107 N/A 105 105 103 103 101 101

System Lumens 8300 9448 9083 9553 9831 N/A 9553 9831 9553 9831 9553 9831

System Efficacy (lm/W) 73 88 85 90 92 N/A 91 93 92 95 94 97

Ballast Efficiency (BLE) 89% 93% 93% 93% 93% N/A 93% 93% 93% 93% 93% 93%

CRI 75 82 80 85 85 N/A 85 85 85 85 85 85

Correlated Color Temperature (CCT) 4100 4100 4100 4100 4100 N/A 4100 4100 4100 4100 4100 4100

Average Lamp Life (1000 hrs) 15 24 24 24 24 N/A 25 25 26 26 27 27

Annual Operating Hours (hrs/yr) 4147 4147 4147 4147 4147 N/A 4147 4147 4147 4147 4147 4147

Lamp Price ($) $4.16 $12.39 $10.48 $11.74 $14.18 N/A $11.45 $13.83 $10.89 $13.15 $10.36 $12.51 

Ballast Price ($) $20.51 $19.61 $19.14 $19.14 $19.14 N/A $18.67 $18.67 $17.75 $17.75 $16.89 $16.89 

Fixture Price ($) $23.99 $22.93 $22.59 $22.59 $22.59 N/A $22.03 $22.03 $20.95 $20.95 $19.93 $19.93 

Lamp Cost ($/klm) $0.80 $2.28 $2.01 $2.14 $2.51 N/A $2.09 $2.45 $1.98 $2.33 $1.89 $2.21 

System (l/b/f) Cost ($/klm) $6.36 $12.40 $12.01 $11.88 $12.40 N/A $11.58 $12.10 $11.02 $11.51 $10.48 $10.94 

Labor Cost ($/hr) $57.31 $65.10 $68.20 $68.20 $68.20 N/A $68.20 $68.20 $68.20 $68.20 $68.20 $68.20 

Labor System Installation (hr) 0.9 0.9 0.9 0.9 0.9 N/A 0.9 0.9 0.9 0.9 0.9 0.9

Labor Lamp Change (hr) 0.3 0.3 0.3 0.3 0.3 N/A 0.3 0.3 0.3 0.3 0.3 0.3

Total Installed Cost ($) $105.35 $114.60 $114.72 $115.98 $118.42 N/A $114.66 $117.04 $112.11 $114.37 $109.68 $111.84 

Annual Maintenance Cost ($) $4.39 $7.43 $6.92 $7.36 $8.20 N/A $7.08 $7.88 $6.55 $7.28 $6.07 $6.73 

Total Installed Cost ($/klm) $12.69 $12.13 $12.63 $12.14 $12.05 N/A $12.00 $11.91 $11.74 $11.63 $11.48 $11.38 

Annual Maintenance Cost ($/klm) $0.53 $0.79 $0.76 $0.77 $0.83 N/A $0.74 $0.80 $0.69 $0.74 $0.64 $0.68 

Final
66

Performance/Cost Characteristics » Commercial 8-ft T8 F59 High Efficiency in a 2-Lamp System

DATA

2003 2012 2015 2020 2030 2040

Installed 

Stock 

Average

Installed 

Stock 

Average

Low Typical High Energy 

Star Typical High Typical High Typical High

Lamp Wattage 60 59 59 59 59 N/A 58 58 57 57 56 56

Lamp Lumens 5892 5430 5220 5490 5650 N/A 5490 5650 5490 5650 5490 5650

Lamp Efficacy (lm/W) 98 92 88 93 96 N/A 94 97 96 99 98 101

System Wattage 100 107 105 94 94 N/A 93 93 91 91 89 89

System Lumens 8311 9448 9083 8455 8701 N/A 8455 8701 8455 8701 8455 8701

System Efficacy (lm/W) 83 88 86 90 93 N/A 91 94 93 95 95 97

Ballast Efficiency (BLE) 89% 93% 94% 94% 94% N/A 94% 94% 94% 94% 94% 94%

CRI 85 82 80 85 85 N/A 85 85 85 85 85 85

Correlated Color Temperature (CCT) 4100 4100 4100 4100 4100 N/A 4100 4100 4100 4100 4100 4100

Average Lamp Life (1000 hrs) 18 24 24 24 24 N/A 25 25 26 26 27 27

Annual Operating Hours (hrs/yr) 4147 4147 4147 4147 4147 N/A 4147 4147 4147 4147 4147 4147

Lamp Price ($) $7.27 $12.39 $10.48 $11.74 $14.18 N/A $11.45 $13.83 $10.89 $13.15 $10.36 $12.51 

Ballast Price ($) $20.51 $19.61 $19.14 $19.14 $19.14 N/A $18.67 $18.67 $17.75 $17.75 $16.89 $16.89 

Fixture Price ($) $23.85 $22.79 $22.45 $22.45 $22.45 N/A $21.90 $21.90 $20.83 $20.83 $19.81 $19.81 

Lamp Cost ($/klm) $1.23 $2.28 $2.01 $2.14 $2.51 N/A $2.09 $2.45 $1.98 $2.33 $1.89 $2.21 

System (l/b/f) Cost ($/klm) $7.09 $12.37 $11.98 $11.85 $12.38 N/A $11.56 $12.07 $10.99 $11.48 $10.46 $10.92 

Labor Cost ($/hr) $57.64 $65.10 $68.20 $68.20 $68.20 N/A $68.20 $68.20 $68.20 $68.20 $68.20 $68.20 

Labor System Installation (hr) 0.9 0.9 0.9 0.9 0.9 N/A 0.9 0.9 0.9 0.9 0.9 0.9

Labor Lamp Change (hr) 0.3 0.3 0.3 0.3 0.3 N/A 0.3 0.3 0.3 0.3 0.3 0.3

Total Installed Cost ($) $111.74 $114.47 $114.59 $115.85 $118.29 N/A $114.53 $116.91 $111.99 $114.25 $109.57 $111.72 

Annual Maintenance Cost ($) $4.22 $7.43 $6.92 $7.36 $8.20 N/A $7.08 $7.88 $6.55 $7.28 $6.07 $6.73 

Total Installed Cost ($/klm) $13.44 $12.12 $12.62 $13.70 $13.60 N/A $13.55 $13.44 $13.25 $13.13 $12.96 $12.84 

Annual Maintenance Cost ($/klm) $0.51 $0.79 $0.76 $0.87 $0.94 N/A $0.84 $0.91 $0.78 $0.84 $0.72 $0.77 

Final
67

Performance/Cost Characteristics » Commercial 8-ft T8 F96 High-Output in a 2-Lamp System

DATA

2003 2012 2015 2020 2030 2040

Installed 

Stock 

Average

Installed 

Stock 

Average

Low Typical High Energy 

Star Typical High Typical High Typical High

Lamp Wattage N/A 86 86 85 86 N/A 85 85 83 83 81 82

Lamp Lumens N/A 7600 7342 7600 7800 N/A 7600 7800 7600 7800 7600 7800

Lamp Efficacy (lm/W) N/A 88 85 89 91 N/A 90 92 92 93 93 95

System Wattage N/A 148 179 172 179 N/A 170 178 167 174 163 171

System Lumens N/A 12026 13949 14000 14820 N/A 14000 14820 14000 14820 14000 14820

System Efficacy (lm/W) N/A 81 78 82 83 N/A 82 83 84 85 86 87

Ballast Efficiency (BLE) N/A 92% 92% 92% 92% N/A 92% 92% 92% 92% 92% 92%

CRI N/A 78 78 78 78 N/A 78 78 78 78 78 78

Correlated Color Temperature (CCT) N/A 4100 4100 4100 4100 N/A 4100 4100 4100 4100 4100 4100

Average Lamp Life (1000 hrs) N/A 18 18 18 18 N/A 18 18 19 19 20 20

Annual Operating Hours (hrs/yr) N/A 4147 4147 4147 4147 N/A 4147 4147 4147 4147 4147 4147

Lamp Price ($) N/A $17.05 $8.63 $13.19 $16.61 N/A $12.86 $16.20 $12.23 $15.41 $11.64 $14.65 

Ballast Price ($) N/A $15.64 $17.49 $17.49 $17.49 N/A $17.06 $17.06 $16.22 $16.22 $15.43 $15.43 

Fixture Price ($) N/A $22.93 $22.59 $22.59 $22.59 N/A $22.03 $22.03 $20.95 $20.95 $19.93 $19.93 

Lamp Cost ($/klm) N/A $2.24 $1.18 $1.74 $2.13 N/A $1.69 $2.08 $1.61 $1.98 $1.53 $1.88 

System (l/b/f) Cost ($/klm) N/A $9.56 $7.81 $8.74 $9.40 N/A $8.53 $9.16 $8.11 $8.72 $7.71 $8.29 

Labor Cost ($/hr) N/A $65.10 $68.20 $68.20 $68.20 N/A $68.20 $68.20 $68.20 $68.20 $68.20 $68.20 

Labor System Installation (hr) N/A 1.0 1.0 1.0 1.0 N/A 1.0 1.0 1.0 1.0 1.0 1.0

Labor Lamp Change (hr) N/A 0.4 0.4 0.4 0.4 N/A 0.4 0.4 0.4 0.4 0.4 0.4

Total Installed Cost ($) N/A $120.72 $116.91 $121.47 $124.89 N/A $120.15 $123.48 $117.61 $120.78 $115.19 $118.21 

Annual Maintenance Cost ($) N/A $13.48 $9.87 $11.97 $13.55 N/A $11.53 $13.03 $10.70 $12.05 $9.93 $11.16 

Total Installed Cost ($/klm) N/A $10.04 $8.38 $8.68 $8.43 N/A $8.58 $8.33 $8.40 $8.15 $8.23 $7.98 

Annual Maintenance Cost ($/klm) N/A $1.12 $0.71 $0.85 $0.91 N/A $0.82 $0.88 $0.76 $0.81 $0.71 $0.75 

Final
68

Performance/Cost Characteristics » Commercial 8-ft Linear LED Replacement Lamp for a 2 Lamp 

System

1. Based on the average of products in the LED Lighting Facts Database (as downloaded on 10/30/15).

2. N/A because Linear LED Replacement Lamps are a retrofit option and sold only to be put in existing fixtures. 

DATA

2003 2012 2015 2020 2030 2040

Installed 

Stock 

Average

Installed 

Stock 

Average

Low Typical1 High Energy 

Star Typical High Typical High Typical High

Lamp Wattage N/A N/A N/A 36 N/A N/A 31 28 26 21 22 17

Lamp Lumens N/A N/A N/A 3975 N/A N/A 4000 4000 4000 4000 4000 4000

Lamp Efficacy (lm/W) N/A N/A N/A 111 N/A N/A 130 144 157 190 183 230

System Wattage N/A N/A N/A 71 N/A N/A 61 56 51 42 44 35

System Lumens N/A N/A N/A 7076 N/A N/A 7520 7520 7680 7680 7680 7680

System Efficacy (lm/W) N/A N/A N/A 99 N/A N/A 122 135 150 182 176 221

Ballast Efficiency (BLE) N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A

CRI N/A N/A N/A 80 N/A N/A 80 80 80 80 80 80

Correlated Color Temperature (CCT) N/A N/A N/A 5000 N/A N/A 5000 5000 5000 5000 5000 5000

Average Lamp Life (1000 hrs) N/A N/A N/A 50 N/A N/A 50 50 50 50 50 50

Annual Operating Hours (hrs/yr) N/A N/A N/A 4147 N/A N/A 4147 4147 4147 4147 4147 4147

Lamp Price ($) N/A N/A N/A $75.53 N/A N/A $51.47 $51.47 $23.61 $23.61 $10.83 $10.83

Ballast Price ($)2 N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A

Fixture Price ($)2 N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A

Lamp Cost ($/klm) N/A N/A N/A $19.00 N/A N/A $12.87 $12.87 $5.90 $5.90 $2.71 $2.71

System (l/b/f) Cost ($/klm)2 N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A

Labor Cost ($/hr) N/A N/A N/A $68.20 N/A N/A $68.20 $68.20 $68.20 $68.20 $68.20 $68.20

Labor System Installation (hr)2 N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A

Labor Lamp Change (hr) N/A N/A N/A 0.4 N/A N/A 0.4 0.4 0.4 0.4 0.4 0.4

Total Installed Cost ($) N/A N/A N/A $176.63 N/A N/A $128.52 $128.52 $72.80 $72.80 $48.72 $48.72 

Annual Maintenance Cost ($) N/A N/A N/A $14.65 N/A N/A $10.66 $10.66 $6.04 $6.04 $4.04 $4.04

Total Installed Cost ($/klm) N/A N/A N/A $44.43 N/A N/A $32.13 $32.13 $18.20 $18.20 $12.18 $12.18 

Annual Maintenance Cost ($/klm) N/A N/A N/A $3.69 N/A N/A $2.66 $2.66 $1.51 $1.51 $1.01 $1.01

Final
69

Performance/Cost Characteristics » Commercial 8-ft Linear LED Luminaire Replacement for a 2-Lamp 

System

1. Based on the CREE CS18-80LHE found on Grainger online of 11/20/15.

2. N/A because Linear LED Luminaires are a fully integrated lighting solutions used to replace existing lamp/ballast/fixture systems and therefore does not have lamp, ballast, and 

fixture components. 

DATA

2003 2012 2015 2020 2030 2040

Installed 

Stock 

Average

Installed 

Stock 

Average

Low Typical1 High Energy 

Star Typical High Typical High Typical High

Lamp Wattage2 N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A

Lamp Lumens2 N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A

Lamp Efficacy (lm/W) 2 N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A

System Wattage N/A N/A N/A 73 N/A N/A 58 46 44 35 36 35

System Lumens N/A N/A N/A 8000 N/A N/A 8000 8000 8000 8000 8000 8000

System Efficacy (lm/W) N/A N/A N/A 110 N/A N/A 137 173 181 230 225 230

Ballast Efficiency (BLE) 2 N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A

CRI N/A N/A N/A 90 N/A N/A 90 90 90 90 90 90

Correlated Color Temperature (CCT) N/A N/A N/A 4000 N/A N/A 4000 4000 4000 4000 4000 4000

Average Lamp Life (1000 hrs) N/A N/A N/A 75 N/A N/A 97 97 100 100 100 100

Annual Operating Hours (hrs/yr) N/A N/A N/A 4147 N/A N/A 4147 4147 4147 4147 4147 4147

Lamp Price ($) N/A N/A N/A $640.00 N/A N/A $408.70 $408.70 $217.21 $217.21 $115.44 $115.44

Ballast Price ($) 2 N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A

Fixture Price ($) 2 N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A

Lamp Cost ($/klm) 2 N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A

System (l/b/f) Cost ($/klm) N/A N/A N/A $80.00 N/A N/A $51.09 $51.09 $27.15 $27.15 $14.43 $14.43

Labor Cost ($/hr) N/A N/A N/A $68.20 N/A N/A $68.20 $68.20 $68.20 $68.20 $68.20 $68.20 

Labor System Installation (hr) N/A N/A N/A 1.0 N/A N/A 1.0 1.0 1.0 1.0 1.0 1.0

Labor Lamp Change (hr) 2 N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A

Total Installed Cost ($) N/A N/A N/A $708.20 N/A N/A $476.90 $476.90 $285.41 $285.41 $183.64 $183.64 

Annual Maintenance Cost ($) N/A N/A N/A $39.16 N/A N/A $20.39 $20.39 $11.84 $11.84 $7.62 $7.62 

Total Installed Cost ($/klm) N/A N/A N/A $88.53 N/A N/A $59.61 $59.61 $35.68 $35.68 $22.95 $22.95 

Annual Maintenance Cost ($/klm) N/A N/A N/A $4.89 N/A N/A $2.55 $2.55 $1.48 $1.48 $0.95 $0.95 

Final
70

Performance/Cost Characteristics » Commercial Low-Bay Lighting Systems

The commercial low bay lighting characterized in this report is a one-lamp and one-ballast system in a low/high bay fixture that emits between 6,000 and 10,000 system lumens. Low 

bay lighting is defined as “interior lighting where the roof trusses or ceiling height is less than 25ft. above the floor”(IESNA, 2000). For all lamp technologies, an annual fixture 

renovation rate of 10% (i.e., 10-year fixture service life) is used to reflect the proportion of equipment that retires each year.

Performance: 

• A majority of residential lamps have a nominal CCT rating of 2700K and give off a warm, yellowish white color, but products with CCTs of 3000K, 3500K, 4100K (neutral white), 

5000K (daylight) and 6500K (blueish white) are also available. Traditional incandescent light bulbs have a nominal CCT of about 2700K. When replacing a light bulb, it is advised 

to chose a product with a similar CCT value in order to achieve the same look. 

• Incandescent and halogen lamps have perfect color rendering with a CRI value of 100, but for CFL and LEDs products commonly fall between 70 and 90 CRI, with an average 

around 80. CRI values of 80 are considered suitable for general illumination, with high CRI products being preferable for retail and display applications where improved color 

quality is of real value. Higher CRI is not expected to be a focus for future LED products except for these very specific retail and display applications.

Cost: 

• The total installed cost is the price of a lamp, ballast (if applicable), and fixture plus the cost for labor associated with the installation, except for in the case of LED luminaires 

which are sold as one integrated system. Many factors influence the price of LED lamps including CRI, lifetime, dimming capabilities, and efficacy. Therefore typical lamp prices 

in 2015 reflecting a mix of lamp characteristics and features were used as the basis for projections for both typical and high efficacy products in the future. 

• Annual maintenance costs are the cost of labor for replacing the lamps and the cost of the replacement lamp itself. The frequency at which lamps are replaced is a function of lamp 

life and the annual operating hours of 4042 hours/year for commercial low-bay systems (DOE SSL Program, 2012a). 

Legislation:

• ENERGY STAR does not cover low/high bay luminaires (ENERGY STAR, 2012). 

Final
71

Performance/Cost Characteristics » Commercial Low-Bay Lighting Systems

Future Performance Improvements:

• Projections were provided for both typical and high performing products for 2020, 2030, and 2040. Assumptions were made that the focus would be on improving efficacy, lifetime 

and price for products at constant CRI and CCT values. 

• Due to continued R&D investment, competition from LED lighting products, and general market demand for cost-effective lighting, the performance and cost characteristics of conventional lighting 

technologies are expected to improve over the analysis period. However, the ability of these conventional technologies to react rapidly (in terms of performance improvement) to the emergence of a new 

light source such as LED lighting is relatively small because these are mature technologies (particularly incandescent and fluorescent) and established market competitors (Navigant, 2014).

• For LED Technology, efficacy, lifetime, and price improvements were based on the model described in the Energy Savings Forecast of Solid-State Lighting in General Illumination 

Applications (Navigant, 2014). For traditional technologies, the following future improvements were assumed to occur year over year through 2040: 

Efficacy Lifetime Price Potential for Improvements

Mercury Vapor +0.2% +0.5% -0.5% Limited as the technology is mature.

Metal Halide +0.5% +0.5% -0.5% Limited as the technology is mature.

Sodium Vapor +0.5% +0.5% -0.5% Limited as the technology is mature.

Final
72

Performance/Cost Characteristics » Commercial Mercury Vapor Low-bay

DATA

2003 2012 2015 2020 2030 2040

Installed 

Stock 

Average

Installed 

Stock 

Average

Low Typical High Energy 

Star Typical High Typical High Typical High

Lamp Wattage 175 175 N/A 174 N/A N/A 172 N/A 169 N/A 165 N/A

Lamp Lumens 6825 7400 N/A 7400 N/A N/A 7400 N/A 7400 N/A 7400 N/A

Lamp Efficacy (lm/W) 39 42 N/A 43 N/A N/A 43 N/A 44 N/A 45 N/A

System Wattage 208 206 N/A 205 N/A N/A 203 N/A 199 N/A 195 N/A

System Lumens 5176 7400 N/A 7400 N/A N/A 7400 N/A 7400 N/A 7400 N/A

System Efficacy (lm/W) 25 36 N/A 36 N/A N/A 37 N/A 37 N/A 38 N/A

Ballast Efficiency (BLE) 85% 85% N/A 85% N/A N/A 85% N/A 85% N/A 85% N/A

CRI 15 33 N/A 33 N/A N/A 33 N/A 33 N/A 33 N/A

Correlated Color Temperature (CCT) 3000 3700 N/A 3700 N/A N/A 3700 N/A 3700 N/A 3700 N/A

Average Lamp Life (1000 hrs) 24 24 N/A 24 N/A N/A 25 N/A 26 N/A 27 N/A

Annual Operating Hours (hrs/yr) 4042 4042 N/A 4042 N/A N/A 4042 N/A 4042 N/A 4042 N/A

Lamp Price ($) $14.96 $11.77 N/A $11.59 N/A N/A $11.31 N/A $10.75 N/A $10.23 N/A

Ballast Price ($) $45.77 $43.76 N/A $43.11 N/A N/A $42.04 N/A $39.98 N/A $38.03 N/A

Fixture Price ($) $34.15 $32.65 N/A $32.16 N/A N/A $31.37 N/A $29.83 N/A $28.37 N/A

Lamp Cost ($/klm) $2.19 $1.59 N/A $1.57 N/A N/A $1.53 N/A $1.45 N/A $1.38 N/A

System (l/b/f) Cost ($/klm) $35.80 $11.92 N/A $11.74 N/A N/A $11.45 N/A $10.89 N/A $10.36 N/A

Labor Cost ($/hr) $95.69 $72.71 N/A $68.99 N/A N/A $68.99 N/A $68.99 N/A $68.99 N/A

Labor System Installation (hr) 1.5 1.5 N/A 1.5 N/A N/A 1.5 N/A 1.5 N/A 1.5 N/A

Labor Lamp Change (hr) 0.5 0.5 N/A 0.5 N/A N/A 0.5 N/A 0.5 N/A 0.5 N/A

Total Installed Cost ($) $328.83 $197.24 N/A $190.35 N/A N/A $188.20 N/A $184.06 N/A $180.12 N/A

Annual Maintenance Cost ($) $3.93 $10.09 N/A $9.71 N/A N/A $9.38 N/A $8.75 N/A $8.17 N/A

Total Installed Cost ($/klm) $63.53 $26.65 N/A $25.72 N/A N/A $25.43 N/A $24.87 N/A $24.34 N/A

Annual Maintenance Cost ($/klm) $0.76 $1.36 N/A $1.31 N/A N/A $1.27 N/A $1.18 N/A $1.10 N/A

Final
73

Performance/Cost Characteristics » Commercial Metal Halide Low-bay

DATA

2003 2012 2015 2020 2030 2040

Installed 

Stock 

Average

Installed 

Stock 

Average

Low Typical High Energy 

Star Typical High Typical High Typical High

Lamp Wattage 175 175 N/A 174 N/A N/A 170 N/A 161 N/A 154 N/A

Lamp Lumens 8803 7400 N/A 7400 N/A N/A 7400 N/A 7400 N/A 7400 N/A

Lamp Efficacy (lm/W) 50 42 N/A 43 N/A N/A 44 N/A 46 N/A 48 N/A

System Wattage 210 199 N/A 198 N/A N/A 193 N/A 183 N/A 175 N/A

System Lumens 6669 7400 N/A 7400 N/A N/A 7400 N/A 7400 N/A 7400 N/A

System Efficacy (lm/W) 32 37 N/A 37 N/A N/A 38 N/A 40 N/A 42 N/A

Ballast Efficiency (BLE) 88% 88% N/A 88% N/A N/A 88% N/A 88% N/A 88% N/A

CRI 65 80 N/A 80 N/A N/A 80 N/A 80 N/A 80 N/A

Correlated Color Temperature (CCT) 3000 4000 N/A 4000 N/A N/A 4000 N/A 4000 N/A 4000 N/A

Average Lamp Life (1000 hrs) 10 15 N/A 15 N/A N/A 15 N/A 16 N/A 17 N/A

Annual Operating Hours (hrs/yr) 4042 4042 N/A 4042 N/A N/A 4042 N/A 4042 N/A 4042 N/A

Lamp Price ($) $24.17 $20.39 N/A $20.09 N/A N/A $19.59 N/A $18.63 N/A $17.72 N/A

Ballast Price ($) $51.12 $48.87 N/A $48.14 N/A N/A $46.95 N/A $44.66 N/A $42.47 N/A

Fixture Price ($) $34.15 $32.65 N/A $32.16 N/A N/A $31.37 N/A $29.83 N/A $28.37 N/A

Lamp Cost ($/klm) $2.75 $2.76 N/A $2.71 N/A N/A $2.65 N/A $2.52 N/A $2.39 N/A

System (l/b/f) Cost ($/klm) $26.17 $13.77 N/A $13.57 N/A N/A $13.23 N/A $12.58 N/A $11.97 N/A

Labor Cost ($/hr) $95.78 $72.71 N/A $68.99 N/A N/A $68.99 N/A $68.99 N/A $68.99 N/A

Labor System Installation (hr) 1.5 1.5 N/A 1.5 N/A N/A 1.5 N/A 1.5 N/A 1.5 N/A

Labor Lamp Change (hr) 0.5 0.5 N/A 0.5 N/A N/A 0.5 N/A 0.5 N/A 0.5 N/A

Total Installed Cost ($) $318.18 $210.98 N/A $203.88 N/A N/A $201.39 N/A $196.60 N/A $192.05 N/A

Annual Maintenance Cost ($) $4.81 $20.78 N/A $20.12 N/A N/A $19.36 N/A $17.94 N/A $16.63 N/A

Total Installed Cost ($/klm) $47.71 $28.51 N/A $27.55 N/A N/A $27.22 N/A $26.57 N/A $25.95 N/A

Annual Maintenance Cost ($/klm) $0.72 $2.81 N/A $2.72 N/A N/A $2.62 N/A $2.42 N/A $2.25 N/A

Final
74

Performance/Cost Characteristics » Commercial Sodium Vapor Low-bay

DATA

2003 2012 2015 2020 2030 2040

Installed 

Stock 

Average

Installed 

Stock 

Average

Low Typical High Energy 

Star Typical High Typical High Typical High

Lamp Wattage 70 100 N/A 99 N/A N/A 97 N/A 92 N/A 88 N/A

Lamp Lumens 5453 8550 N/A 8550 N/A N/A 8550 N/A 8550 N/A 8550 N/A

Lamp Efficacy (lm/W) 78 86 N/A 86 N/A N/A 88 N/A 93 N/A 97 N/A

System Wattage 93 128 N/A 127 N/A N/A 124 N/A 118 N/A 112 N/A

System Lumens 4130 8550 N/A 8550 N/A N/A 8550 N/A 8550 N/A 8550 N/A

System Efficacy (lm/W) 64 67 N/A 67 N/A N/A 69 N/A 72 N/A 76 N/A

Ballast Efficiency (BLE) 78% 78% N/A 78% N/A N/A 78% N/A 78% N/A 78% N/A

CRI 22 22 N/A 22 N/A N/A 22 N/A 22 N/A 22 N/A

Correlated Color Temperature (CCT) 3000 2000 N/A 2000 N/A N/A 2000 N/A 2000 N/A 2000 N/A

Average Lamp Life (1000 hrs) 24 24 N/A 24 N/A N/A 25 N/A 26 N/A 27 N/A

Annual Operating Hours (hrs/yr) 4042 4042 N/A 4042 N/A N/A 4042 N/A 4042 N/A 4042 N/A

Lamp Price ($) $16.94 $45.56 N/A $44.88 N/A N/A $43.77 N/A $41.63 N/A $39.59 N/A

Ballast Price ($) $49.50 $47.33 N/A $46.62 N/A N/A $45.47 N/A $43.25 N/A $41.13 N/A

Fixture Price ($) $112.99 $108.03 N/A $106.42 N/A N/A $103.78 N/A $98.71 N/A $93.88 N/A

Lamp Cost ($/klm) $3.11 $5.33 N/A $5.25 N/A N/A $5.12 N/A $4.87 N/A $4.63 N/A

System (l/b/f) Cost ($/klm) $41.15 $23.50 N/A $23.15 N/A N/A $22.58 N/A $21.47 N/A $20.42 N/A

Labor Cost ($/hr) $95.27 $72.71 N/A $68.99 N/A N/A $68.99 N/A $68.99 N/A $68.99 N/A

Labor System Installation (hr) 1.5 1.5 N/A 1.5 N/A N/A 1.5 N/A 1.5 N/A 1.5 N/A

Labor Lamp Change (hr) 0.5 0.5 N/A 0.5 N/A N/A 0.5 N/A 0.5 N/A 0.5 N/A

Total Installed Cost ($) $312.86 $309.98 N/A $301.40 N/A N/A $296.51 N/A $287.07 N/A $278.09 N/A

Annual Maintenance Cost ($) $3.93 $21.47 N/A $20.92 N/A N/A $20.04 N/A $18.40 N/A $16.90 N/A

Total Installed Cost ($/klm) $75.75 $36.26 N/A $35.25 N/A N/A $34.68 N/A $33.58 N/A $32.53 N/A

Annual Maintenance Cost ($/klm) $0.95 $2.51 N/A $2.45 N/A N/A $2.34 N/A $2.15 N/A $1.98 N/A

Final
75

Performance/Cost Characteristics » Commercial LED Low-bay Luminaire

1. Based on lowest efficacy product in the DLC Qualified Product Database (as downloaded on 11/18/15) for which all of the information in the table is available. 

2. Based on the average of products in the DLC Qualified Product Database (as downloaded on 11/18//15).

3. Based on highest efficacy product in the LED Lighting Facts Database (as downloaded on 10/30/15) for which all of the information in the table is available. 

4. LED Low-Bay Luminaires are a fully integrated lighting solutions used to replace existing lamp/ballast/fixture systems and therefore does not have lamp, ballast, and fixture 

components. 

DATA

2003 2012 2015 2020 2030 2040

Installed 

Stock 

Average

Installed 

Stock 

Average

Low1 Typical2 High3 Energy 

Star Typical High Typical High Typical High

Lamp Wattage4 N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A

Lamp Lumens4 N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A

Lamp Efficacy (lm/W) 4 N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A

System Wattage 36 68 104 71 46 N/A 56 47 44 34 36 30

System Lumens 548 4877 8410 7042 6294 N/A 7000 7000 7000 7000 7000 7000

System Efficacy (lm/W) 15 72 81 100 136 N/A 125 150 160 207 194 230

Ballast Efficiency (BLE) 4 N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A

CRI 92 85 75 81 84 N/A 81 81 81 81 81 81

Correlated Color Temperature (CCT) 4000 4000 5000 4000 4000 N/A 4000 4000 4000 4000 4000 4000

Average Lamp Life (1000 hrs) 50 50 100 60 100 N/A 97 97 100 100 100 100

Annual Operating Hours (hrs/yr) 4042 4042 4042 4042 4042 N/A 4042 4042 4042 4042 4042 4042

Lamp Price ($) $215.19 $761.95 $447.31 $267.59 $332.80 N/A $169.86 $169.86 $90.28 $90.28 $47.98 $47.98

Ballast Price ($) 4 N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A

Fixture Price ($) 4 N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A

Lamp Cost ($/klm) 4 N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A

System (l/b/f) Cost ($/klm) $392.68 $156.23 $53.19 $38.00 $52.88 N/A $24.27 $24.27 $12.90 $12.90 $6.85 $6.85

Labor Cost ($/hr) $36.83 $68.99 $68.99 $68.99 $68.99 N/A $68.99 $68.99 $68.99 $68.99 $68.20 $68.20 

Labor System Installation (hr) 1.5 1.5 1.5 1.5 1.5 N/A 1.5 1.5 1.5 1.5 1.5 1.5

Labor Lamp Change (hr) 4 N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A

Total Installed Cost ($) $270.44 $865.44 $550.80 $371.08 $436.29 N/A $273.35 $273.35 $193.76 $193.76 $150.28 $150.28 

Annual Maintenance Cost ($) $0.07 $69.95 $22.26 $25.00 $17.63 N/A $11.39 $11.39 $7.83 $7.83 $6.07 $6.07 

Total Installed Cost ($/klm) $493.50 $177.44 $65.49 $52.70 $69.32 N/A $39.05 $39.05 $27.68 $27.68 $21.47 $21.47 

Annual Maintenance Cost ($/klm) $0.13 $14.34 $2.65 $3.55 $2.80 N/A $1.63 $1.63 $1.12 $1.12 $0.87 $0.87 

Final
76

Performance/Cost Characteristics » Commercial High-Bay Lighting Systems

The commercial high-bay lighting characterized in this report is a one-lamp and one-ballast system in a low/high bay fixture that emits greater than 10,000 system lumens. High-bay 

lighting is defined as “interior lighting where the roof trusses or ceiling height is greater than 25ft. above the floor” (IESNA, 2000). For all lamp technologies, an annual fixture 

renovation rate of 10% (i.e., 10-year fixture service life) is used to reflect the proportion of equipment that retires each year.

Performance: 

• A majority of residential lamps have a nominal CCT rating of 2700K and give off a warm, yellowish white color, but products with CCTs of 3000K, 3500K, 4100K (neutral white), 

5000K (daylight) and 6500K (blueish white) are also available. Traditional incandescent light bulbs have a nominal CCT of about 2700K. When replacing a light bulb, it is advised 

to chose a product with a similar CCT value in order to achieve the same look. 

• Incandescent and halogen lamps have perfect color rendering with a CRI value of 100, but for CFL and LEDs products commonly fall between 70 and 90 CRI, with an average 

around 80. CRI values of 80 are considered suitable for general illumination, with high CRI products being preferable for retail and display applications where improved color 

quality is of real value. Higher CRI is not expected to be a focus for future LED products except for these very specific retail and display applications.

Cost: 

• The total installed cost is the price of a lamp, ballast (if applicable), and fixture plus the cost for labor associated with the installation, except for in the case of LED luminaires 

which are sold as one integrated system. Many factors influence the price of LED lamps including CRI, lifetime, dimming capabilities, and efficacy. Therefore typical lamp prices 

in 2015 reflecting a mix of lamp characteristics and features were used as the basis for projections for both typical and high efficacy products in the future. 

• Annual maintenance costs are the cost of labor for replacing the lamps and the cost of the replacement lamp itself. The frequency at which lamps are replaced is a function of lamp 

life and the annual operating hours of 4042 hours/year for commercial low-bay systems (DOE SSL Program, 2012a). 

Legislation:

• ENERGY STAR does not cover low/high bay luminaires (ENERGY STAR, 2012). 

Final
77

Performance/Cost Characteristics » Commercial Low-Bay Lighting Systems

Future Performance Improvements:

• Projections were provided for both typical and high performing products for 2020, 2030, and 2040. Assumptions were made that the focus would be on improving efficacy, lifetime 

and price for products at constant CRI and CCT values. 

• Due to continued R&D investment, competition from LED lighting products, and general market demand for cost-effective lighting, the performance and cost characteristics of conventional lighting 

technologies are expected to improve over the analysis period. However, the ability of these conventional technologies to react rapidly (in terms of performance improvement) to the emergence of a new 

light source such as LED lighting is relatively small because these are mature technologies (particularly incandescent and fluorescent) and established market competitors (Navigant, 2014).

• For LED Technology, efficacy, lifetime, and price improvements were based on the model described in the Energy Savings Forecast of Solid-State Lighting in General Illumination 

Applications (Navigant, 2014). For traditional technologies, the following future improvements were assumed to occur year over year through 2040: 

Technology Efficacy Lifetime Price Potential for Improvements

Mercury Vapor +0.2% +0.5% -0.5% Limited as the technology is mature.

Metal Halide +0.5% +0.5% -0.5% Limited as the technology is mature.

Sodium Vapor +0.5% +0.5% -0.5% Limited as the technology is mature.

T5 4xF54 HO Linear System +0.2% +0.5% -0.5% Limited as the technology is mature.

Final
78

Performance/Cost Characteristics » Commercial Mercury Vapor High-Bay

DATA

2003 2012 2015 2020 2030 2040

Installed 

Stock 

Average

Installed 

Stock 

Average

Low Typical High Energy 

Star Typical High Typical High Typical High

Lamp Wattage 400 400 N/A 398 N/A N/A 394 N/A 386 N/A 378 N/A

Lamp Lumens 14400 15800 N/A 15800 N/A N/A 15800 N/A 15800 N/A 15800 N/A

Lamp Efficacy (lm/W) 36 40 N/A 40 N/A N/A 40 N/A 41 N/A 42 N/A

System Wattage 453 449 N/A 447 N/A N/A 442 N/A 434 N/A 425 N/A

System Lumens 13061 15800 N/A 15800 N/A N/A 15800 N/A 15800 N/A 15800 N/A

System Efficacy (lm/W) 29 35 N/A 35 N/A N/A 36 N/A 36 N/A 37 N/A

Ballast Efficiency (BLE) 89% 89% N/A 89% N/A N/A 89% N/A 89% N/A 89% N/A

CRI 50 50 N/A 50 N/A N/A 50 N/A 50 N/A 50 N/A

Correlated Color Temperature (CCT) 3100 3900 N/A 3900 N/A N/A 3900 N/A 3900 N/A 3900 N/A

Average Lamp Life (1000 hrs) 24 24 N/A 24 N/A N/A 25 N/A 26 N/A 27 N/A

Annual Operating Hours 4042 4042 N/A 4042 N/A N/A 4042 N/A 4042 N/A 4042 N/A

Lamp Price ($) $16.70 $20.07 N/A $19.77 N/A N/A $19.28 N/A $18.34 N/A $17.44 N/A

Ballast Price ($) $48.84 $46.70 N/A $46.00 N/A N/A $44.86 N/A $42.67 N/A $40.58 N/A

Fixture Price ($) $94.03 $89.91 N/A $88.56 N/A N/A $86.37 N/A $82.15 N/A $78.13 N/A

Lamp Cost ($/klm) $1.16 $1.27 N/A $1.25 N/A N/A $1.22 N/A $1.16 N/A $1.10 N/A

System (l/b/f) Cost ($/klm) $11.06 $9.92 N/A $9.77 N/A N/A $9.53 N/A $9.06 N/A $8.62 N/A

Labor Cost ($/hr) $95.28 $72.71 N/A $68.99 N/A N/A $68.99 N/A $68.99 N/A $68.99 N/A

Labor System Installation (hr) 1.5 1.5 N/A 1.5 N/A N/A 1.5 N/A 1.5 N/A 1.5 N/A

Labor Lamp Change (hr) 1.0 1.0 N/A 1.0 N/A N/A 1.0 N/A 1.0 N/A 1.0 N/A

Total Installed Cost ($) $287.32 $265.74 N/A $257.82 N/A N/A $254.00 N/A $246.64 N/A $239.64 N/A

Annual Maintenance Cost ($) $3.93 $19.00 N/A $18.28 N/A N/A $17.67 N/A $16.51 N/A $15.44 N/A

Total Installed Cost ($/klm) $22.00 $16.82 N/A $16.32 N/A N/A $16.08 N/A $15.61 N/A $15.17 N/A

Annual Maintenance Cost ($/klm) $0.30 $1.20 N/A $1.16 N/A N/A $1.12 N/A $1.05 N/A $0.98 N/A

Final
79

Performance/Cost Characteristics » Commercial Metal Halide High-Bay

DATA

2003 2012 2015 2020 2030 2040

Installed 

Stock 

Average

Installed 

Stock 

Average

Low Typical High Energy 

Star Typical High Typical High Typical High

Lamp Wattage 250 400 N/A 398 N/A N/A 388 N/A 369 N/A 351 N/A

Lamp Lumens 13500 32000 N/A 32000 N/A N/A 32000 N/A 32000 N/A 32000 N/A

Lamp Efficacy (lm/W) 54 80 N/A 80 N/A N/A 83 N/A 87 N/A 91 N/A

System Wattage 293 443 N/A 440 N/A N/A 430 N/A 409 N/A 389 N/A

System Lumens 12245 32000 N/A 32000 N/A N/A 32000 N/A 32000 N/A 32000 N/A

System Efficacy (lm/W) 42 72 N/A 73 N/A N/A 75 N/A 78 N/A 82 N/A

Ballast Efficiency (BLE) 90% 90% N/A 90% N/A N/A 90% N/A 90% N/A 90% N/A

CRI 65 80 N/A 80 N/A N/A 80 N/A 80 N/A 80 N/A

Correlated Color Temperature (CCT) 3100 4000 N/A 4000 N/A N/A 4000 N/A 4000 N/A 4000 N/A

Average Lamp Life (1000 hrs) 10 15 N/A 15 N/A N/A 15 N/A 16 N/A 17 N/A

Annual Operating Hours 4042 4042 N/A 4042 N/A N/A 4042 N/A 4042 N/A 4042 N/A

Lamp Price ($) $17.67 $29.46 N/A $29.63 N/A N/A $28.90 N/A $27.48 N/A $26.14 N/A

Ballast Price ($) $48.84 $46.70 N/A $46.00 N/A N/A $44.86 N/A $42.67 N/A $40.58 N/A

Fixture Price ($) $94.03 $89.91 N/A $88.56 N/A N/A $86.37 N/A $82.15 N/A $78.13 N/A

Lamp Cost ($/klm) $1.31 $0.92 N/A $0.93 N/A N/A $0.90 N/A $0.86 N/A $0.82 N/A

System (l/b/f) Cost ($/klm) $12.83 $5.19 N/A $5.13 N/A N/A $5.00 N/A $4.76 N/A $4.53 N/A

Labor Cost ($/hr) $71.47 $72.71 N/A $68.99 N/A N/A $68.99 N/A $68.99 N/A $68.99 N/A

Labor System Installation (hr) 2.0 2.0 N/A 2.0 N/A N/A 2.0 N/A 2.0 N/A 2.0 N/A

Labor Lamp Change (hr) 1.4 1.4 N/A 1.4 N/A N/A 1.4 N/A 1.4 N/A 1.4 N/A

Total Installed Cost ($) $300.09 $311.48 N/A $302.18 N/A N/A $298.11 N/A $290.28 N/A $282.84 N/A

Annual Maintenance Cost ($) $4.81 $43.12 N/A $41.82 N/A N/A $40.40 N/A $37.73 N/A $35.25 N/A

Total Installed Cost ($/klm) $24.51 $9.73 N/A $9.44 N/A N/A $9.32 N/A $9.07 N/A $8.84 N/A

Annual Maintenance Cost ($/klm) $0.39 $1.35 N/A $1.31 N/A N/A $1.26 N/A $1.18 N/A $1.10 N/A

Final
80

Performance/Cost Characteristics » Commercial Sodium Vapor High-Bay

DATA

2003 2012 2015 2020 2030 2040

Installed 

Stock 

Average

Installed 

Stock 

Average

Low Typical High Energy 

Star Typical High Typical High Typical High

Lamp Wattage 150 250 N/A 249 N/A N/A 242 N/A 231 N/A 219 N/A

Lamp Lumens 13500 24300 N/A 24300 N/A N/A 24300 N/A 24300 N/A 24300 N/A

Lamp Efficacy (lm/W) 90 97 N/A 98 N/A N/A 100 N/A 105 N/A 111 N/A

System Wattage 190 297 N/A 295 N/A N/A 288 N/A 274 N/A 261 N/A

System Lumens 10754 24300 N/A 24300 N/A N/A 24300 N/A 24300 N/A 24300 N/A

System Efficacy (lm/W) 57 82 N/A 82 N/A N/A 84 N/A 89 N/A 93 N/A

Ballast Efficiency (BLE) 84% 84% N/A 84% N/A N/A 84% N/A 84% N/A 84% N/A

CRI 22 22 N/A 22 N/A N/A 22 N/A 22 N/A 22 N/A

Correlated Color Temperature (CCT) 3100 2100 N/A 2100 N/A N/A 2100 N/A 2100 N/A 2100 N/A

Average Lamp Life (1000 hrs) 24 24 N/A 24 N/A N/A 25 N/A 26 N/A 27 N/A

Annual Operating Hours 4042 4042 N/A 4042 N/A N/A 4042 N/A 4042 N/A 4042 N/A

Lamp Price ($) $62.80 $45.28 N/A $44.60 N/A N/A $43.50 N/A $41.37 N/A $39.35 N/A

Ballast Price ($) $79.49 $76.00 N/A $74.87 N/A N/A $73.02 N/A $69.45 N/A $66.05 N/A

Fixture Price ($) $247.51 $236.65 N/A $233.11 N/A N/A $227.34 N/A $216.23 N/A $205.66 N/A

Lamp Cost ($/klm) $4.65 $1.86 N/A $1.84 N/A N/A $1.79 N/A $1.70 N/A $1.62 N/A

System (l/b/f) Cost ($/klm) $30.96 $14.73 N/A $14.51 N/A N/A $14.15 N/A $13.46 N/A $12.80 N/A

Labor Cost ($/hr) $241.44 $72.71 N/A $68.99 N/A N/A $68.99 N/A $68.99 N/A $68.99 N/A

Labor System Installation (hr) 2.0 2.0 N/A 2.0 N/A N/A 2.0 N/A 2.0 N/A 2.0 N/A

Labor Lamp Change (hr) 1.4 1.4 N/A 1.4 N/A N/A 1.4 N/A 1.4 N/A 1.4 N/A

Total Installed Cost ($) $815.84 $503.35 N/A $490.57 N/A N/A $481.84 N/A $465.03 N/A $449.04 N/A

Annual Maintenance Cost ($) $3.93 $32.28 N/A $31.18 N/A N/A $30.05 N/A $27.92 N/A $25.96 N/A

Total Installed Cost ($/klm) $75.86 $20.71 N/A $20.19 N/A N/A $19.83 N/A $19.14 N/A $18.48 N/A

Annual Maintenance Cost ($/klm) $0.37 $1.33 N/A $1.28 N/A N/A $1.24 N/A $1.15 N/A $1.07 N/A

Final
81

Performance/Cost Characteristics » Commercial T5 4xF54 HO High-bay

DATA

2003 2012 2015 2020 2030 2040

Installed 

Stock 

Average

Installed 

Stock 

Average

Low Typical High Energy 

Star Typical High Typical High Typical High

Lamp Wattage 54 54 N/A 54 54 N/A 53 53 52 52 51 51

Lamp Lumens 4752 4850 N/A 4273 4750 N/A 4273 4750 4273 4750 4273 4750

Lamp Efficacy (lm/W) 88 90 N/A 79 88 N/A 80 89 82 91 83 92

System Wattage 240 240 N/A 240 240 N/A 238 238 233 233 228 228

System Lumens 18060 19400 N/A 17092 19000 N/A 17092 19000 17092 19000 17092 19000

System Efficacy (lm/W) 75 81 N/A 71 79 N/A 72 80 73 82 75 83

Ballast Efficiency (BLE) 92% 92% N/A 92% 92% N/A 92% 92% 92% 92% 92% 92%

CRI 85 86 N/A 86 86 N/A 86 86 86 86 86 86

Correlated Color Temperature (CCT) 4100 4100 N/A 4100 4100 N/A 4100 4100 4100 4100 4100 4100

Average Lamp Life (1000 hrs) 20 24 N/A 25 25 N/A 26 26 27 27 28 28

Annual Operating Hours 4042 4042 N/A 4042 4042 N/A 4042 4042 4042 4042 4042 4042

Lamp Price ($) $5.06 $7.12 N/A $5.66 $9.48 N/A $5.52 $9.25 $5.25 $8.79 $4.99 $8.36 

Ballast Price ($) $29.47 $28.18 N/A $27.51 $27.51 N/A $26.83 $26.83 $25.52 $25.52 $24.27 $24.27 

Fixture Price ($) $113.97 $108.94 N/A $107.32 $107.32 N/A $104.66 $104.66 $99.54 $99.54 $94.68 $94.68 

Lamp Cost ($/klm) $1.06 $1.47 N/A $1.32 $2.00 N/A $1.29 $1.95 $1.23 $1.85 $1.17 $1.76 

System (l/b/f) Cost ($/klm) $8.50 $8.54 N/A $9.21 $9.09 N/A $8.98 $8.87 $8.55 $8.43 $8.13 $8.02 

Labor Cost ($/hr) $45.81 $65.10 N/A $68.20 $68.20 N/A $68.20 $68.20 $68.20 $68.20 $68.20 $68.20 

Labor System Installation (hr) 0.7 0.7 N/A 0.7 0.7 N/A 0.7 0.7 0.7 0.7 0.7 0.7

Labor Lamp Change (hr) 0.4 0.4 N/A 0.4 0.4 N/A 0.4 0.4 0.4 0.4 0.4 0.4

Total Installed Cost ($) $184.10 $187.64 N/A $185.95 $189.77 N/A $182.48 $186.20 $175.78 $179.32 $169.41 $172.78 

Annual Maintenance Cost ($) $2.81 $6.93 N/A $6.39 $7.62 N/A $6.19 $7.36 $5.80 $6.87 $5.45 $6.41 

Total Installed Cost ($/klm) $10.19 $9.67 N/A $10.88 $9.99 N/A $10.68 $9.80 $10.28 $9.44 $9.91 $9.09 

Annual Maintenance Cost ($/klm) $0.16 $0.36 N/A $0.37 $0.40 N/A $0.36 $0.39 $0.34 $0.36 $0.32 $0.34 

Final
82

Performance/Cost Characteristics » Commercial LED High-bay Luminaire

1. Based on lowest efficacy product in the DLC Qualified Product Database (as downloaded on 11/18/15) for which all of the information in the table is available. 

2. Based on the average of products in the DLC Qualified Product Database (as downloaded on 11/18/15).

3. Based on highest efficacy product in the DLC Qualified Product Database (as downloaded on 11/18/15) for which all of the information in the table is available.

4. LED High-Bay Luminaires are a fully integrated lighting solutions used to replace existing lamp/ballast/fixture systems and therefore does not have lamp, ballast, and fixture 

components. 

DATA

2003 2012 2015 2020 2030 2040

Installed 

Stock 

Average

Installed 

Stock 

Average

Low1 Typical2 High3 Energy 

Star Typical High Typical High Typical High

Lamp Wattage4 N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A

Lamp Lumens4 N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A

Lamp Efficacy (lm/W) 4 N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A

System Wattage 36 212 189 183 101 N/A 128 107 100 77 82 70

System Lumens 548 18915 15070 18722 13640 N/A 16000 16000 16000 16000 16000 16000

System Efficacy (lm/W) 15 89 80 102 135 N/A 125 150 160 207 194 230

Ballast Efficiency (BLE) 4 N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A

CRI 92 74 73 80 83 N/A 80 80 80 80 80 80

Correlated Color Temperature (CCT) 5000 5000 5000 4000 4100 N/A 4000 4000 4000 4000 4000 4000

Average Lamp Life (1000 hrs) 50 70 50 60 50 N/A 97 97 100 100 100 100

Annual Operating Hours (hrs/yr) 4042 4042 4042 4042 4042 N/A 4042 4042 4042 4042 4042 4042

Lamp Price ($) $215.19 $2,395.94 $398.34 $711.42 $297.76 N/A $388.26 $388.26 $206.35 $206.35 $109.67 $109.67

Ballast Price ($) 4 N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A

Fixture Price ($) 4 N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A

Lamp Cost ($/klm) 4 N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A

System (l/b/f) Cost ($/klm) $392.68 $126.67 $26.43 $38.00 $21.83 N/A $24.27 $24.27 $12.90 $12.90 $6.85 $6.85

Labor Cost ($/hr) $36.83 $72.71 $68.99 $68.99 $68.99 N/A $68.99 $68.99 $68.99 $68.99 $68.99 $68.99 

Labor System Installation (hr) 1.5 1.5 1.5 1.5 1.5 N/A 1.5 1.5 1.5 1.5 1.5 1.5

Labor Lamp Change (hr) 4 N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A

Total Installed Cost ($) $270.44 $2,505.00 $501.83 $814.90 $401.25 N/A $491.75 $491.75 $309.83 $309.83 $213.15 $213.15 

Annual Maintenance Cost ($) $0.07 $144.63 $40.56 $54.89 $32.43 N/A $20.49 $20.49 $12.52 $12.52 $8.61 $8.61 

Total Installed Cost ($/klm) $493.50 $132.44 $33.30 $43.53 $29.42 N/A $30.73 $30.73 $19.36 $19.36 $13.32 $13.32 

Annual Maintenance Cost ($/klm) $0.13 $7.65 $2.69 $2.93 $2.38 N/A $1.28 $1.28 $0.78 $0.78 $0.54 $0.54 

Final
Additional Technologies of Interest: Lighting

• Tables were not provided for technologies of 

interest utilizing occupancy sensors and other 

controls due to lack of available data and 

currently small market presence. 

• Lighting controls can save energy by either 

reducing input wattage or limiting hours of 

operation. 

• The following table indicates prevalence of 

various lighting controls in 2010 (DOE SSL 

Program, 2012a). 

• Leading experts claim that controls 

penetration remains low, particularly for 

integrated/advanced controls (DOE 

Connected Lighting Systems Meeting, 

November 2015).

• As a result, there is not enough information 

to determine the price and performance 

impacts of controls on current lighting 

technologies or to project improvements 

going forward.

83

Prevalence of Lighting Controls by Sector and Lamp Type

None Dimmer

Light 

Sensor

Motion 

Detector Timer EMS Total

Residential

Incandescent 76% 5% 0% 0% 2% 16% 100%

Halogen 73% 5% 0% 1% 3% 18% 100%

CFL 77% 0% 0% 3% 2% 18% 100%

Linear Fluorescent 68% 3% 1% 7% 4% 17% 100%

HID 71% 0% 2% 1% 6% 20% 100%

Other 85% 0% 0% 0% 0% 15% 100%

Commercial

Incandescent 76% 5% 0% 0% 2% 16% 100%

Halogen 73% 5% 0% 1% 3% 18% 100%

CFL 77% 0% 0% 3% 2% 18% 100%

Linear Fluorescent 68% 3% 1% 7% 4% 17% 100%

HID 71% 0% 2% 1% 6% 20% 100%

Other 85% 0% 0% 0% 0% 15% 100%

EMS: Energy Management System

HID: High Intensity Discharge:

CFL: Compact Fluorescent Lamp

Final
Refrigeration

84

Draft Final
Commercial Compressor Rack Systems

85

Performance/Cost Characteristics » Commercial Compressor Rack Systems

DATA

2003 2012 2015 2020 2030 2040

Installed 

Stock 

Average

Installed 

Stock 

Average

Low Typical High Energy 

Star Typical High Typical High Typical High

Total Capacity (kBtu/hr) 1 1,050 1,200 1,200 1,190 930 N/A 830 816 818 715 818 715

Median Store Size (ft2) 44,000 46,500 46,500 46,500 46,500 N/A 46,500 46,500 46,500 46,500 46,500 46,500

Power Input (kW) 180 162 162 160 125 N/A 104 102 94 82 82 78

Energy Use (MWh/yr) 2 1,618 1,497 1,497 1,484 1,160 N/A 1,033 1,016 934 816 934 816

Indexed Annual Efficiency3 1.00 1.08 1.08 1.09 1.40 N/A 1.57 1.59 1.73 1.98 1.73 1.98

Average Life (yrs) 15 15 15 15 15 N/A 15 15 15 15 15 15

Total Installed Cost ($1000) 4 $630 $630 $630 $625 $488 N/A $452 $444 $388 $339 $388 $339 

Total Installed Cost ($/kBtu/hr) $600 $525 $525 $525 $525 N/A $545 $544 $474 $474 $474 $474 

Annual Maintenance Cost ($1000)5 $33 $34 $34 $34 $34 N/A $34 $34 $34 $34 $34 $34 

Annual Maintenance Cost 

($/kBtu/hr) $31.14 $28.33 $28.33 $28.57 $36.56 N/A $40.96 $41.67 $41.54 $47.55 $41.54 $47.55

1 The total capacity represents the nominal compressor capacity required for the entire refrigeration system of a typical supermarket. This usually includes two low temperature racks and two medium temperature 

racks. For 2012 a 1,200 MBtu/hr total cooling capacity is based on a 100 ton estimate for total capacity – 80 tons for the medium temperature racks and 20 tons for the low temperature racks. Beyond 2012, 

estimates are based on data provided by a supermarket refrigeration efficiency consultant. 

2

Capacity and Annual energy consumption for 2012 and beyond are based on interviews with supermarket refrigeration consultants

3

Annual efficiency normalized to the efficiency of the 2003 installed base. Indexed Annual Efficiency = (2003 Energy Use) / (Energy Use).

4

The total installed cost for 2003 is based on the entire supermarket compressor rack system (two medium temperature racks and two low temperature racks). The equipment purchase price for an entire 

supermarket compressor rack system is approximately $130,000, the installation cost (including piping, electrical, startup and commissioning) is approximately $400,000, and the rack defrost and lighting controls 

are approximately $100,000. Therefore the total installed cost for a typical supermarket compressor rack system is approximately $630,000. Total installed cost for 2012 and beyond is based on updated Navigant 

estimates. Note the decrease in cost over time as required capacity is decreased.

5 Maintenance cost includes oil changes, bearing lubrication, filter replacement, and system functionality checks. 

Final
Commercial Compressor Rack Systems

86

Performance/Cost Characteristics » Commercial Compressor Rack Systems

• Commercial compressor rack systems that serve commercial supermarket display cases and walk-ins consist of a 

number of parallel-connected compressors located in a separate machine room. By modulating compressor capacity, 

these integrated systems provide higher efficiency and mechanical longevity.

• Rack integrators generally supply a packaged compressor rack for which much of the necessary piping, insulation, 

components, and controls are pre-assembled. 

• A typical supermarket will have 10 to 20 compressors mounted in racks in the 3-hp to 15-hp size range. Usually there 

are 3 to 5 compressors per rack serving a series of loads with nearly identical evaporator temperature.

• The duty cycle for compressors is usually in the range 60% to 70%.

• Approximately 34 percent of the total annual electricity consumption for a typical supermarket is attributable to 

compressors. (NCI, 2009)

• There are an estimated 140,000 compressor rack systems installed in supermarkets across the U.S. as of 2008. (NCI, 

2009)

• Installed cost, power draw, and capacity are all expected to decrease in the future due to the reduced load of 

supermarket display cases

Final
Commercial Condensers

87

Performance/Cost Characteristics » Commercial Condensers

DATA

2003 2012 2015 2020 2030 2040

Installed 

Stock 

Average

Installed 

Stock 

Average

Low Typical High Energy 

Star Typical High Typical High Typical High

Total Capacity (kBtu/hr) 1 1,680 1,680 1,680 1,666 1,302 N/A 1,121 1,102 1,004 877 1,004 877

Median Store Size (ft2) 44,000 46,500 46,500 46,500 46,500 N/A 46,500 46,500 46,500 46,500 46,500 46,500

Power Input (kW) 25 25 24 22 18 N/A 14 14 12 10 12 10

Energy Use (MWh/yr) 138 120 115 106 86 N/A 67 66 58 51 58 48

Indexed Annual Efficiency2 1.00 1.15 1.20 1.30 1.60 N/A 2.06 2.10 2.38 2.72 2.38 2.87

Average Life (yrs) 10 10 10 10 10 N/A 10 10 10 10 10 10

Total Installed Cost ($1000) $47 $54 $54 $53 $51 N/A $51 $51 $51 $51 $51 $51 

Total Installed Cost ($/kBtu/hr) $27.87 $32.14 $32.14 $31.81 $39.17 N/A $45.50 $46.28 $50.80 $58.13 $50.80 $58.15 

Annual Maintenance Cost3 $817 $954 $954 $954 $954 N/A $956 $956 $956 $956 $956 $956 

Annual Maintenance Cost 

($/kBtu/hr) $0.49 $0.57 $0.57 $0.57 $0.73 N/A $0.85 $0.87 $0.95 $1.09 $0.95 $1.09

1

Total capacity is the total heat rejected (THR) of condensers comprised of two low temperature condensers (THRL = 240 MBtu/hr each, suction temperature = -25°F, condensing temperature 110°F) and two 

medium temperature (THRM = 520 MBtu/hr each, suction temperature = 15°F, condensing temperature = 115°F) condensers; ambient temperature = 95°F. (NCI, 2009). For 2012 and beyond, capacity was 

estimated based on consultation with a supermarket refrigeration expert.

2

Annual efficiency normalized to the efficiency of the 2003 installed base. Indexed Annual Efficiency = (2003 Energy Use) / (Energy Use).

3 Maintenance cost includes coil cleaning, leak checking, belt replacement as necessary, and system functionality checks. Note a slight expected increase in maintenance costs due to the expected implementation 

of hybrid condenser systems.

Final
Commercial Condensers

88

Performance/Cost Characteristics » Commercial Condensers

• Condensers are designed with multiple methods of cooling: air-cooled, water-cooled, and evaporative. These units 

can be single-circuit or a multiple circuit.

• Commercial condensers are remotely located, typically installed on the roof of a supermarket. 

• For use with parallel compressors in supermarkets, air-cooled units are the most commonly used condensers. This 

analysis is based on multiple air-cooled condensers connected to a supermarket refrigeration system comprised of 

two low temperature condensers and two medium temperature condensers, using R-404A refrigerant. 

• Each compressor rack has a dedicated condenser or a separate circuit of a single common condenser. Condenser 

temperatures of multiple racks are often different. 

• The duty cycle for condensers is usually in the range 50 - 70%.

• Approximately 5 percent of the total annual electricity consumption for a typical supermarket is attributable to 

condensers. (NCI, 2009)

• There are an estimated 140,000 condensers installed in supermarkets across the U.S. as of 2008. (NCI, 2009)

• Total installed cost is expected to decrease over time due to an expected reduction in required capacity due to more 

efficient display cases

Final
Commercial Supermarket Display Cases

89

Performance/Cost Characteristics » Commercial Supermarket Display Cases

DATA SOURCES

2003 2012 2015 2020 2030 2040

Installed 

Stock 

Average

Installed 

Stock 

Average

Low Typical High Energy 

Star Typical High Typical High Typical High

Cooling Capacity (Btu/hr) 20,000 17,623 17,623 17,623 17,623 N/A 17,623 17,623 17,623 17,623 17,623 17,623

Median Store Size (ft2) 44,000 46,500 46,500 46,500 46,500 N/A 46,500 46,500 46,500 46,500 46,500 46,500

Case Length (ft) 12 12 12 12 12 N/A 12 12 12 12 12 12

Energy Use (kWh/yr) 1,2 21,000 13,497 13,497 12,565 11,746 N/A 11,787 11,586 10,467 9,146 9,146 8,689

Energy Use (kWh/ft) 1,750 1,125 1,125 1,047 979 N/A 982 966 872 762 762 724

Indexed Annual Efficiency3 1.00 1.56 1.56 1.67 1.79 N/A 1.78 1.81 2.01 2.30 2.30 2.42

Average Life (yrs) 10 10 10 10 10 N/A 10 10 10 10 10 10

Retail Equipment Cost $4,371 $8,510 $8,510 $8,940 $9,601 N/A $9,356 $9,806 $9,453 $9,550 $9,550 $9,806 

Total Installed Cost $6,452 $10,811 $10,811 $11,241 $11,902 N/A $11,657 $12,107 $11,754 $11,851 $11,851 $12,107 

Total Installed Cost ($/kBtu/hr) 323 613 613 638 675 N/A 661 687 667 672 672 687

Annual Maintenance Cost4 $657 $940 $940 $940 $940 N/A $940 $940 $940 $940 $940 $940 

Annual Maintenance Cost 

($/kBtu/hr) $32.85 $53.34 $53.34 $53.34 $53.34 N/A $53.34 $53.34 $53.34 $53.34 $53.34 $53.34

1

DOE’s Federal energy conservation standards for Commercial Refrigeration Equipment (CRE) went into effect on January 1, 2012. The 2012 typical and 2015 low efficiency values are based on minimal compliance 

with this standard. For 2015 and beyond, energy consumption and cost values were estimated using shipments-weighted averages reported in DOE’s 2014 CRE Final Rule TSD for equipment commonly used as 

display cases. DOE’s updated conservation standard goes into effect in 2017, so units sold in 2020 are assumed to comply with this standard. 

2

For consistency with DOE rulemaking practices, Supermarket Display Case Energy Use reported above includes energy use of the compressor racks and condensers. To avoid double counting, do not add 

Energy Use from the Compressor Rack or Condenser Systems tabs if calculating total energy consumption.

3

Annual efficiency normalized to the efficiency of the 2003 installed base. Indexed Annual Efficiency = (2003 Energy Use) / (Energy Use).

4

Maintenance cost includes preventative maintenance costs such as cleaning evaporator coils, drain pans, fans, and intake screens as well as lamp replacements and other lighting maintenance activities. After 

2012, these values are based on a reported maintenance and repair cost of $220 per unit for preventative maintenance plus approximately $60 per linear foot for additional repair and maintenance

Final
Commercial Supermarket Display Cases

• DOE set Federal energy efficiency standards for Commercial Refrigeration Equipment (CRE) in 2009. These standards set maximum

daily energy consumption levels, in kWh/day, for display cases manufactured and/or sold in the United States on or after January 1, 

2012. 

• DOE updated its Energy Conservation Standards for Commercial Refrigeration Equipment in 2014, for equipment sold on or after 

March 27, 2017. 

• The table below lists equipment used as supermarket display cases and their corresponding Energy Conservation Standard levels. The 

maximum allowable daily energy consumption for each equipment class is a linear function of Total Display Area (TDA)

90

Performance/Cost Characteristics » Commercial Supermarket Display Cases

Equipment Description DOE Designation

Standards

Equation (2012)

Standards

Equation (2017)

Vertical Open Cooler VOP.RC.M 0.82xTDA+4.07 0.64xTDA+4.07

Semi vertical Open Cooler SVO.RC.M 0.83xTDA+3.18 0.66xTDA+3.18

Horizontal Open Cooler HZO.RC.M 0.35xTDA+2.88 0.35xTDA+2.88

Transparent-Doored Cooler VCT.RC.M 0.22xTDA+1.95 0.15xTDA+1.95

Deli Display Cooler SOC.RC.M 0.51xTDA+0.11 0.44xTDA+0.11

Transparent-Doored Freezer VCT.RC.L 0.56xTDA+2.61 0.49xTDA+2.61

Horizontal Open Freezer HZO.RC.L 0.57xTDA+6.88 0.55xTDA+6.88

Final
Commercial Supermarket Display Cases

• The Food Marketing Institute reported the median total supermarket size in 2003 was 44,000 sq. ft., and in 

2013, the last year reported in the study, it was listed as 46,500 sq. ft.

• Unit energy consumption for 2012 and beyond is estimated using a shipments weighted average by 

efficiency level and equipment class, using data in DOE’s 2014 CRE Final Rule TSD and Engineering 

Spreadsheet. The equipment classes analyzed are listed in the table on the previous slide.

• Supermarket refrigeration systems consist of refrigerated display cases, condensing units, and centralized 

compressor racks

• A typical supermarket display case contains lighting, evaporators, evaporator fans, piping, insulation, 

valves, and controls. 

• Approximately 20% of total annual electricity consumption for a typical supermarket is directly attributable 

to display cases (this does not include the energy consumed by compressors and condensers necessary to 

cool the display cases). (NCI, 2009) 

• The efficiency of supermarket display cases can be increased through the use of improved evaporator coils, 

larger evaporators, higher efficiency evaporator fan blades, high efficiency doors, LED lighting, and 

improved insulation.

• Unit energy consumption for supermarket display cases is expected to decrease over time as a result of 

DOE’s updated energy conservation standards

• In addition, a transition from open to transparent-doored display cases is expected to occur as supermarkets 

increase focus on energy efficiency. 

91

Performance/Cost Characteristics » Commercial Supermarket Display Cases

Final
Commercial Reach-In Refrigerators

92

Performance/Cost Characteristics » Commercial Reach-In Refrigerators

DATA

2003 2012 2015 2020 2030 2040

Installed 

Stock 

Average

Installed 

Stock 

Average

Low Typical High Energy

Star2 Typical High Typical High Typical High

Cooling Capacity (Btu/hr) 3,000 2,929 2,929 2,929 2,929 2,929 2,929 2,929 2,929 2,929 2,929 2,929

Size (ft3) 49 49 49 49 49 49 49 49 49 49 49 49

Energy Use (kWh/yr) 3,800 2,340 2,665 2,033 1,394 1,394 1,448 1,340 1,259 1,150 1,221 1,117

Energy Use (kWh/yr/ft3) 1 79 48 54 41 28 28 30 27 26 23 25 23

Indexed Annual Efficiency3 1.00 1.62 1.43 1.87 2.73 2.73 2.62 2.84 3.02 3.31 3.11 3.40

Average Life (yrs) 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10

Retail Equipment Cost $2,810 $2,624 $2,728 $2,780 $3,021 $3,021 $2,947 $3,001 $3,214 $2,934 $3,280 $2,959 

Total Installed Cost4 $2,966 $3,454 $3,591 $3,643 $3,884 $3,884 $3,810 $3,864 $4,077 $3,797 $4,143 $3,822

Total Installed Cost ($/kBtu/hr) $989 $1,179 $1,226 $1,244 $1,326 $1,326 $1,301 $1,319 $1,392 $1,296 $1,415 $1,305

Annual Maintenance Cost5 $143 $185 $185 $185 $185 $185 $185 $185 $185 $185 $185 $185 

Annual Maintenance Cost 

($/kBtu/hr) $48 $63 $63 $63 $63 $63 $63 $63 $63 $63 $63 $63

1 EPACT 2005 energy standards went into effect in 2010. 2015 low efficiency cost and energy consumption values are based on minimum compliance with this standard. Unless otherwise noted, all other cases are 

based on shipments-weighted averages of solid and transparent doored units reported in the 2014 CRE TSD. DOE’s updated Energy Conservation standards go into effect in 2017; therefore, compliance with this 

standard is assumed for 2020 and beyond. 

2

The Energy Star category is based on a shipments weighted average of solid and transparent-doored units that are minimally compliant with Energy Star v3, effective October 1, 2014. Units compliant with Energy 

Star are found to be the most efficient reach-in refrigeration equipment on the market in 2015 

3

Annual efficiency normalized to the efficiency of the 2003 installed base. Indexed Annual Efficiency = (2003 Energy Use) / (Energy Use).

4

Installation cost for 2003 is based on ADL, 1996 & NCI, 2009 reports which assumes a cost of $156. Installation cost for 2012 and beyond is based DOE’s CRE Final Rule, which assumes a installation cost of $863 

for self-contained equipment.

5

Maintenance costs after 2003 are based on DOE's CRE Final Rule TSD, which reports $35 annual preventative maintenance, per unit, per year, plus approximately $40 per linear foot, per year of additional repair 

and maintenance costs for the units characterized

Final
Commercial Reach-In Refrigerators

93

Performance/Cost Characteristics » Commercial Reach-In Refrigerators

• The Energy Policy Act of 2005 (EPACT 2005) set maximum daily energy consumption levels, in kWh/day, for 

commercial reach-in refrigerators that went into effect on January 1, 2010. The daily energy consumption is based on 

the volume of the unit (V).

• In 2014, DOE updated its energy conservation standards for Reach-in refrigerators, effective March 27, 2017. Both 

standards are reported in the table below.

• In 2013, EPA updated its Energy Star® for Reach-in refrigerators, effective October 1, 2014. These standards are also 

based on the refrigerated volume of the unit.

Reach-In Refrigerator 

Size

0 < V < 15 15 ≤ V < 30 30 ≤ V < 50 50 ≤ V

Solid Door (VCS.SC.M) 0.02xV+1.60 0.09xV+0.55 0.01xV+2.95 0.06xV+0.45

Glass Door (VCT.SC.M) 0.10xV+1.07 0.15xV+0.32 0.06xV+3.02 0.08xV+2.02

Equipment Class EPCA Standard Level (2010) DOE Standard Level (2017)

Solid Door 

(VCS.SC.M)

0.10xV+2.04 0.05xV + 1.36

Glass Door

(VCT.SC.M)

0.12xV+3.34 0.1xV+0.86

Final
Commercial Reach-In Refrigerators

• Unit energy consumption for 2012 and beyond was estimated based on shipmentweighted averages by efficiency level and equipment class for 49 ft^3 VCS.SC.M and 

VCT.SC.M units reported in DOE’s 2014 CRE Final Rule TSD. These units were 

estimated to comprise approximately 85% and 15% of total reach-in refrigerator 

shipments, respectively.

• The efficiency of commercial reach-in refrigerators can be increased through the use of 

efficient compressors, efficient evaporator fans, efficient condenser fans, electric defrost, 

and more efficient lighting.

• Unit energy consumption is expected to decrease as a result of DOE’s updated energy 

conservation standards, as well as a transition to more efficient propane refrigerant due 

to compliance with EPA SNAP

• After 2020, the high efficiency cases are based on solid doored units rather than 

shipment-weighted averages due to the assumption that stakeholders will increasingly 

value energy conservation.

94

Performance/Cost Characteristics » Commercial Reach-In Refrigerators

Final
Commercial Reach-In Freezers

95

Performance/Cost Characteristics » Commercial Reach-In Freezers

DATA

2003 2012 2015 2020 2030 2040

Installed

Stock 

Average

Installed

Stock 

Average

Low Typical High Energy 

Star3 Typical High Typical High Typical High

Cooling Capacity (Btu/hr) 4,341 4,341 4,341 4,341 4,341 4,341 4,341 4,341 4,341 4,341 4,341 4,341

Size (ft3) 49 49 49 49 49 49 49 49 49 49 49 49

Energy Use (kWh/yr) 1 9,392 6,023 7,658 5,592 4,563 4,763 4,453 4,417 4,417 3,975 3,776 3,587

Energy Use (kWh/yr/ft3) 192 123 156 114 93 97 91 90 90 81 77 69

Indexed Annual Efficiency4 1.00 1.56 1.23 1.68 2.06 1.97 2.11 2.13 2.13 2.36 2.49 2.62

Average Life (yrs) 8 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10

Retail Equipment Cost $2,498 $2,886 $3,002 $3,033 $3,186 $3,118 $3,395 $3,389 $3,230 $3,588 $3,617 $3,812 

Total Installed Cost5 $2,654 $3,749 $3,865 $3,896 $4,049 $3,981 $4,258 $4,252 $4,093 $4,451 $4,480 $4,675

Total Installed Cost 

($/kBtu/hr) $611 $864 $890 $897 $933 $917 $981 $979 $943 $1,025 $1,032 $1,077

Annual Maintenance Cost6 $140 $181 $181 $181 $181 $181 $181 $181 $181 $181 $181 $181 

Annual Maintenance Cost 

($/kBtu/hr) $32.25 $41.70 $41.70 $41.70 $41.70 $41.70 $41.70 $41.70 $41.70 $41.70 $41.70 $41.70

1 EPACT 2005 energy standards went into effect in 2010. The 2015 low energy consumption and cost values are based on minimal compliance with this standard.

2 A 49 ft3

unit was characterized, as this was the representative size selected for DOE’s rulemaking analysis. 

3 The Energy Star category was based on a solid doored unit that is minimally compliant with Energy Star v3, effective October 1, 2014

4

Annual efficiency normalized to the efficiency of the 2003 installed base. Indexed Annual Efficiency = (2003 Energy Use) / (Energy Use).

5

Installation cost for 2003 is based on ADL, 1996 & NCI, 2009 reports which assumes a cost of $156. Installation cost for 2012 and beyond is based on DOE’s on-going CRE rulemaking which assumes a cost of $863 

for self-contained equipment.

6

Maintenance costs are calculated based on a $35 per unit annual preventative maintenance cost, plus an additional $45 per linear foot repair and maintenance cost estimated based on values reported in the in 

the CRE TSD

Final
Commercial Reach-In Freezers

• EPACT 2005 set maximum daily energy consumption levels, in kWh/day, for commercial reach-in freezers that went into effect on January 1, 2010. The daily 

energy consumption is based on the volume of the unit (V). 

• In December of 2014, DOE updated its energy conservation standards for commercial refrigeration equipment, including reach-in freezers. Both the EPCA 

and DOE standards are reported in the table below.

• In 2013, EPA updated its Energy Star standards for reach-in freezers, effective October 1, 2014. These standards are also based on the refrigerated volume of 

the unit

96

Performance/Cost Characteristics » Commercial Reach-In Freezers

Reach-In Freezer Size 0 < V < 15 15 ≤ V < 30 30 ≤ V < 50 50 ≤ V

Solid Door (VCS.SC.L) 0.25xV+1.55 0.20xV+2.30 0.25xV+0.80 0.14xV+6.30

Glass Door (VCT.SC.L) 0.56xV+1.61 0.30xV+5.50 0.55xV+2.00 0.32xV+9.49

Equipment Class EPCA (2010) DOE Standard Level (2017)

Solid Door (VCS.SC.L) 0.4xV+1.38 0.22xV+1.38

Transparent Door (VCT.SC.L) 0.75xV+4.10 0.29xV+2.95

Final
Commercial Reach-In Freezers

• The commercial reach-in freezer characterized in this report, which is the typical unit 

according to DOE’s 2014 CRE rulemaking, is a 49 cubic ft. solid two-door unit with a 

nominal compressor size 4,341 Btu/hr. 

• The efficiency of commercial reach-in freezers can be increased through the use of 

efficient compressors, efficient evaporator fans, efficient condenser fans, electric defrost, 

and more efficient lighting.

• Unit energy consumption for reach-in freezers is expected to decrease as a result of 

DOE’s updated energy conservation standards, as well as a transition to more efficient 

propane refrigerant due to EPA SNAP compliance. 

97

Performance/Cost Characteristics » Commercial Reach-In Freezers

Final
Commercial Walk-In Refrigerators

98

Performance/Cost Characteristics » Commercial Walk-In Refrigerators

DATA

2003 2012 2015 2020 2030 2040

Installed 

Stock 

Average

Installed 

Stock 

Average

Low Typical High Energy 

Star Typical High Typical High Typical High

Cooling Capacity (Btu/hr) 37,820 37,820 37,820 37,820 37,820 N/A 37,820 37,820 37,820 37,820 37,820 37,820

Size (ft2

) 1 305 305 305 305 305 N/A 305 305 305 305 305 305

Energy Use (kWh/yr) 2 53,756 30,689 31,892 30,689 27,571 N/A 16,014 15,855 15,214 15,063 14,453 14,310

Energy Use (kWh/ft2

/yr) 176 101 105 101 90 N/A 53 52 50 49 47 47

Indexed Annual Efficiency3 1.00 1.75 1.69 1.75 1.95 N/A 3.36 3.39 3.53 3.57 3.72 3.76

Insulated Box Average Life 

(yrs) 12 12 12 12 12 N/A 12 12 12 12 12 12

Compressor Average Life (yrs) 10 10 10 10 10 N/A 10 10 10 10 10 10

Retail Equipment Cost $19,607 $23,598 $23,583 $23,598 $23,644 N/A $24,290 $24,473 $24,290 $24,473 $24,290 $24,473 

Total Installed Cost4 $23,846 $27,012 $26,997 $27,012 $27,057 N/A $27,703 $27,886 $27,703 $27,886 $27,703 $27,886 

Total Installed 

Cost($/kBtu/hr) $631 $714 $714 $714 $715 N/A $733 $737 $733 $737 $733 $737 

Annual Maintenance Cost5 $573 $716 $741 $741 $741 N/A $741 $741 $741 $741 $741 $741

Annual Maintenance Cost 

($/kBtu/hr) $15.15 $18.93 $19.59 $19.59 $19.59 N/A $19.59 $19.59 $19.59 $19.59 $19.59 $19.59

1

Estimated based on analysis from the 2014 WICF TSD, which reports the average size of a walk in cooler as 305 ft2

2

EISA 2007 includes prescriptive standards for walk-in refrigerators that went into effect in 2009. All units for 2012 and beyond include these prescriptive standards. In 2014, DOE updated energy conservation 

standards for walk-ins. All units 2015 and beyond use data from this rulemaking, and all units 2020 and beyond are assumed to comply with DOE’s updated standards. 

3

Annual efficiency normalized to the efficiency of the 2003 installed base. Indexed Annual Efficiency = (2003 Energy Use) / (Energy Use)

4

Installation cost for 2003 is based on ADL, 1996 & NCI, 2009 reports which assume a cost of $4,163 and $4,891 respectively. Installation cost for 2012 and beyond is based on DOE’s Walk-In TSD

5

Maintenance cost includes checking and maintaining refrigerant charge levels, checking settings, and cleaning heat exchanger coils.

Final
Commercial Walk-In Refrigerators

99

Performance/Cost Characteristics » Commercial Walk-In Refrigerators

• The unit characterized in 2003 was a walk-in cooler with merchandising doors, which was also characterized in the ADL 1996 and 

NCI, 2009 reports. For 2012 and beyond, the unit characterized was walk-in storage cooler, based on DOE’s WICF TSD

• A typical walk-in refrigerator includes:

- insulated floor and wall panels

- merchandising doors, shelving, and lighting (not included in cost estimate)

- semi-hermetic reciprocating compressor

- refrigerant (R404A)

- condenser

- evaporator

• Energy consumption is assumed to scale with AWEF (Annual Walk-in Energy Factor), defined as the ratio of total heat removed from

the refrigerated volume per year to the total electrical energy input of refrigeration systems over the same time period. 

• The installation cost consists of freight and delivery costs in addition to on-site assembly.

Final
Commercial Walk-In Refrigerators

100

Performance/Cost Characteristics » Commercial Walk-In Refrigerators

• The Energy Independence and Security Act (EISA) of 2007 included prescriptive standards for walk-in 

refrigerators (coolers) that went into effect in 2009. These prescriptive standards, which are included in the 

analysis for all units for 2012 and beyond, state that all walk-in refrigerators manufactured after January 1, 2009 

must:

— have automatic door closers 

— have strip doors, spring hinged doors, or other method of minimizing infiltration when doors are open

— contain wall, ceiling, and door insulation of at least R–25, except for glazed portions of doors and 

structural members

— use electronically commutated motors or 3-phase motors (for evaporator fan motors of under 1 

horsepower and less than 460 volts)

— use electronically commutated motors, permanent split capacitor-type motors, or 3-phase motors (for 

condenser fan motors of under 1 horsepower)

— use light sources with an efficacy of 40 lumens per watt or more, including ballast losses (if any), except 

that light sources with an efficacy of 40 lumens per watt or less, including ballast losses (if any), may be 

used in conjunction with a timer or device that turns off the lights within 15 minutes of when the walk-in 

refrigerator is not occupied by people.

Final
Commercial Walk-In Refrigerators

101

Performance/Cost Characteristics » Commercial Walk-In Refrigerators

• In 2014, DOE updated its energy conservation standards for walk-in coolers and freezers. 

Minimum AWEFs (Annual Walk-in Energy Factor) was set for refrigeration systems, as 

well as upper limits on energy consumption attributable to passage, freight, and display 

doors. DOE elected not to set new standards for the R-value of Walk-in Panels.

ENERGY CONSERVATION STANDARDS FOR WALK-IN COOLERS AND WALK-IN FREEZERS

Class descriptor Class Standard level

Refrigeration Systems Minimum AWEF (Btu/W-h)

Dedicated Condensing, Medium Temperature, Indoor System, <9,000 Btu/h Capacity ......... DC.M.I, <9,000 ... 5.61

Dedicated Condensing, Medium Temperature, Indoor System, ≥ 9,000 Btu/h Capacity ......... DC.M.I, ≥ 9,000 ... 5.61

Dedicated Condensing, Medium Temperature, Outdoor System, <9,000 Btu/h Capacity ...... DC.M.O, <9,000 ...7.60

Dedicated Condensing, Medium Temperature, Outdoor System, ≥ 9,000 Btu/h Capacity ...... DC.M.O,≥9,000 ...7.60

Dedicated Condensing, Low Temperature, Indoor System, <9,000 Btu/h Capacity ............... DC.L.I, <9,000 ..... 5.93 ⋅ 10¥5 ⋅ Q + 2.33

Dedicated Condensing, Low Temperature, Indoor System, ≥ 9,000 Btu/h Capacity ............... DC.L.I, ≥9,000 .... 3.10

Dedicated Condensing, Low Temperature, Outdoor System, <9,000 Btu/h Capacity ............. DC.L.O, <9,000 .. 2.30 ⋅ 10¥4 ⋅ Q + 2.73

Dedicated Condensing, Low Temperature, Outdoor System, ≥ 9,000 Btu/h Capacity ............. DC.L.O, ≥9,000 .. 4.79

Multiplex Condensing, Medium Temperature ........................................................................... MC.M .................. 10.89

Multiplex Condensing, Low Temperature ................................................................................. MC.L ................... 6.57

Panels Minimum R-value (h-ft2-°F/Btu)

Structural Panel, Medium Temperature .................................................................................... SP.M .................. 25

Structural Panel, Low Temperature .......................................................................................... SP.L ................... 32

Floor Panel, Low Temperature ................................................................................................. FP.L .................... 28

Non-Display Doors Maximum energy consumption

(kWh/day) **

Passage Door, Medium Temperature ...................................................................................... PD.M .................. 0.05 ⋅ And + 1.7

Passage Door, Low Temperature ............................................................................................. PD.L ................... 0.14 ⋅ And + 4.8

Freight Door, Medium Temperature ......................................................................................... FD.M .................. 0.04 ⋅ And + 1.9

Freight Door, Low Temperature ............................................................................................... FD.L ................... 0.12 ⋅ And + 5.6

Display Doors Maximum Energy Consumption (kWh/day) †

Display Door, Medium Temperature ......................................................................................... DD.M .................. 0.04 ⋅ Add + 0.41

Display Door, Low Temperature ............................................................................................... DD.L ................... 0.15 ⋅ Add + 0.29

Final
Commercial Walk-In Freezers

102

Performance/Cost Characteristics » Commercial Walk-In Freezers

DATA

2003 2012 2015 2020 2030 2040

Installed 

Stock 

Average

Installed 

Stock 

Average

Low Typical High Energy 

Star Typical High Typical High Typical High

Cooling Capacity (Btu/hr) 22,114 22,114 22,114 22,114 22,114 N/A 22,114 22,114 22,114 22,114 22,114 22,114

Size (ft2) 1 172 172 172 172 172 N/A 172 172 172 172 172 172

Energy Use (kWh/yr) 2 33,540 22,862 23,610 22,862 20,878 N/A 13,421 13,303 12,750 12,637 12,113 12,006

Energy Use (kWh/ft2/yr) 195 133 137 133 121 N/A 78 77 74 73 70 70

Indexed Annual Efficiency3 1.00 1.47 1.42 1.47 1.61 N/A 2.50 2.52 2.63 2.65 2.77 2.79

Insulated Box Average Life (yrs) 12 12 12 12 12 N/A 12 12 12 12 12 12

Compressor Average Life (yrs) 10 10 10 10 10 N/A 10 10 10 10 10 10

Retail Equipment Cost $16,333 $22,008 $21,993 $22,008 $22,054 N/A $22,793 $23,452 $22,793 $23,452 $22,793 $23,452 

Total Installed Cost4 $18,570 $24,058 $24,043 $24,058 $24,103 N/A $24,843 $25,501 $24,843 $25,501 $24,843 $25,501 

Total Installed Cost ($/kBtu/hr) $840 $1,088 $1,087 $1,088 $1,090 N/A $1,123 $1,153 $1,123 $1,153 $1,123 $1,153 

Annual Maintenance Cost5 $573 $741 $741 $741 $741 N/A $741 $741 $741 $741 $741 $741

Annual Maintenance Cost 

($/kBtu/hr) $25.91 $33.51 $33.51 $33.51 $33.51 N/A $33.51 $33.51 $33.51 $33.51 $33.51 $33.51

1

Based on DOE's 2014 WICF Final Rule TSD which states the average floor area for a walk-in storage freezer as 172 ft2

2

EISA 2007 includes prescriptive standards for walk-in freezers that went into effect in 2009. All units for 2012 and beyond include these prescriptive standards. Units for 2015 and beyond are characterized using 

data from DOE’s 2014 WICF rulemaking. All units 2020 and beyond are assumed to comply with this standard

3

Annual efficiency normalized to the efficiency of the 2003 installed base. Indexed Annual Efficiency = (2003 Energy Use) / (Energy Use)

4

Installation cost for 2003 is based on ADL, 1996 & NCI, 2009 reports which assume a cost of $1,040. Installation cost for 2012 and beyond is based on DOE’s WICF TSD. 

5

Maintenance cost includes checking and maintaining refrigerant charge levels, checking settings, and cleaning heat exchanger coils

Final
Commercial Walk-In Freezers

103

Performance/Cost Characteristics » Commercial Walk-In Freezers

• The commercial walk-in freezer characterized in this report is a walk-in storage freezer with an area of 172 ft2

• A typical walk-in freezer includes:

- insulated floor, door, and wall panels

- semi-hermetic reciprocating compressor

- refrigerant (R404A)

- condenser

- evaporator

• Energy consumption is assumed to scale with AWEF (Annual Walk-in Energy Factor), defined as the ratio of total 

heat removed from the refrigerated volume per year to the total electrical energy input of refrigeration systems over 

the same time period. 

• The installation cost consists of freight and delivery costs in addition to on-site assembly.

Final
Commercial Walk-In Freezers: EISA 2007

104

Performance/Cost Characteristics » Commercial Walk-In Freezers

• EISA 2007 included prescriptive standards for walk-in freezers that went into effect in 2009. These prescriptive 

standards, which are included in all units for 2011 and beyond, state that all walk-in freezers manufactured after 

January 1, 2009 must:

— have automatic door closers 

— have strip doors, spring hinged doors, or other method of minimizing infiltration when doors are open

— contain wall, ceiling, and door insulation of at least R–32, except for glazed portions of doors and structural 

members

— contain floor insulation of at least R–28

— use electronically commutated motors or 3-phase motors (for evaporator fan motors of under 1 horsepower and 

less than 460 volts)

— use electronically commutated motors, permanent split capacitor-type motors, or 3-phase motors (for condenser 

fan motors of under 1 horsepower)

— use light sources with an efficacy of 40 lumens per watt or more, including ballast losses (if any), except that 

light sources with an efficacy of 40 lumens per watt or less, including ballast losses (if any), may be used in 

conjunction with a timer or device that turns off the lights within 15 minutes of when the walk-in freezer is not 

occupied by people.

Final
Commercial Walk-In Freezers: DOE 2014 Standards

105

Performance/Cost Characteristics » Commercial Walk-In Freezers

• In 2014, DOE updated its energy conservation standards for walk-in coolers and freezers. Minimum AWEFs 

(Annual Walk-in Energy Factor) was set for refrigeration systems, as well as upper limits on energy 

consumption attributable to passage, freight, and display doors. DOE elected not to set new standards for 

the R-value of Walk-in Panels.

ENERGY CONSERVATION STANDARDS FOR WALK-IN COOLERS AND WALK-IN FREEZERS

Class descriptor Class Standard level

Refrigeration Systems Minimum AWEF (Btu/W-h)

Dedicated Condensing, Medium Temperature, Indoor System, <9,000 Btu/h Capacity ......... DC.M.I, <9,000 ... 5.61

Dedicated Condensing, Medium Temperature, Indoor System, ≥ 9,000 Btu/h Capacity ......... DC.M.I, ≥ 9,000 ... 5.61

Dedicated Condensing, Medium Temperature, Outdoor System, <9,000 Btu/h Capacity ...... DC.M.O, <9,000 ...7.60

Dedicated Condensing, Medium Temperature, Outdoor System, ≥ 9,000 Btu/h Capacity ...... DC.M.O,≥9,000 ...7.60

Dedicated Condensing, Low Temperature, Indoor System, <9,000 Btu/h Capacity ............... DC.L.I, <9,000 ..... 5.93 ⋅ 10¥5 ⋅ Q + 2.33

Dedicated Condensing, Low Temperature, Indoor System, ≥ 9,000 Btu/h Capacity ............... DC.L.I, ≥9,000 .... 3.10

Dedicated Condensing, Low Temperature, Outdoor System, <9,000 Btu/h Capacity ............. DC.L.O, <9,000 .. 2.30 ⋅ 10¥4 ⋅ Q + 2.73

Dedicated Condensing, Low Temperature, Outdoor System, ≥ 9,000 Btu/h Capacity ............. DC.L.O, ≥9,000 .. 4.79

Multiplex Condensing, Medium Temperature ........................................................................... MC.M .................. 10.89

Multiplex Condensing, Low Temperature ................................................................................. MC.L ................... 6.57

Panels Minimum R-value (h-ft2-°F/Btu)

Structural Panel, Medium Temperature .................................................................................... SP.M .................. 25

Structural Panel, Low Temperature .......................................................................................... SP.L ................... 32

Floor Panel, Low Temperature ................................................................................................. FP.L .................... 28

Non-Display Doors Maximum energy consumption

(kWh/day) **

Passage Door, Medium Temperature ...................................................................................... PD.M .................. 0.05 ⋅ And + 1.7

Passage Door, Low Temperature ............................................................................................. PD.L ................... 0.14 ⋅ And + 4.8

Freight Door, Medium Temperature ......................................................................................... FD.M .................. 0.04 ⋅ And + 1.9

Freight Door, Low Temperature ............................................................................................... FD.L ................... 0.12 ⋅ And + 5.6

Display Doors Maximum Energy Consumption (kWh/day) †

Display Door, Medium Temperature ......................................................................................... DD.M .................. 0.04 ⋅ Add + 0.41

Display Door, Low Temperature ............................................................................................... DD.L ................... 0.15 ⋅ Add + 0.29

Final
Commercial Ice Machines

106

Performance/Cost Characteristics » Commercial Ice Machines

DATA

2003 2012 2015 2020 2030 2040

Installed 

Stock 

Average

Installed 

Stock 

Average

Low Typical High Energy 

Star5 Typical High Typical High Typical High

Output (lbs/day) 1 300 300 300 300 300 300 300 300 300 300 300 300

Cooling Capacity (Btu/hr)2 1963 1963 1963 1963 1963 1963 1963 1963 1963 1963 1963 1963

Water Use (gal/100 lbs) 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20

Energy Use (kWh/100 lbs) 8.4 7.7 7.7 6.7 6.1 6.7 6.1 6.0 6.0 5.7 5.7 5.7

Energy Use (kWh/yr)3 3,833 3,185 3,185 3,078 3,009 3,078 2,901 2,901 2,658 2,640 2,525 2,508

Normalized Annual Efficiency4 1.00 1.20 1.20 1.25 1.27 1.25 1.32 1.32 1.44 1.45 1.52 1.53

Average Life (yrs) 8.0 8.0 8.0 8.0 8.0 8.0 8.0 8.0 8.0 8.0 8.0 8.0

Retail Equipment Cost $1,374 $2,146 $2,189 $2,284 $2,392 $2,284 $2,392 $2,427 $2,427 $2,786 $2,786 $2,786 

Total Installed Cost (with Bin) $1,499 $2,441 $2,484 $2,579 $2,687 $2,579 $2,687 $2,722 $2,722 $3,081 $3,081 $3,081 

Total Installed Cost ($/kBtu/hr) $763 $1,244 $1,265 $1,314 $1,369 $1,314 $1,369 $1,387 $1,387 $1,570 $1,570 $1,570 

Annual Maintenance Cost6 $639 $826 $826 $826 $826 $826 $826 $826 $826 $826 $826 $826

Annual Maintenance Cost 

($/kBtu/hr) $326 $421 $421 $421 $421 $421 $421 $421 $421 $421 $421 $421

1

Based on the Final Rule shipment data from DOE’s Automatic Ice Maker rulemaking which states the most common equipment type is a small air cooled unit with an integrated ice making head with a 

representative capacity of 300 lbs/day.

2

Defined as the average heat load to remove the latent and sensible heat required to freeze the daily output capacity of ice

3 EPACT 2005 energy standards went into effect in 2010. The 2015 Low values are based on this standard. In 2014, DOE set new standards for commercial ice machines, with compliance required by 2018. The 

unit characterized for 2012 and beyond use data from this rulemaking. All units 2020 and beyond are assumed to comply with the updated standard.

4

Annual efficiency normalized to the efficiency of the 2003 installed base. Indexed Annual Efficiency = (2003 Energy Use) / (Energy Use)

5

The Energy Star category is based on minimum compliance with the Energy Star v2.0 standard, which went into effect on February 1, 2013. According to this analysis, Energy Star certification is typical for the 

small air-cooled IMH unit characterized.

6

Maintenance cost includes cleaning and maintaining refrigerant levels, replacing filters, checking water distribution lines for leaks, cleaning, sanitizing, and descaling the bin and water system. Maintenance cost 

decreases as the size of the ice machine (i.e. output) decreases.

Final
Commercial Ice Machines

107

Performance/Cost Characteristics » Commercial Ice Machines

• The commercial ice machine characterized in this report is an air-cooled, ice maker head unit with an approximate output of 300 lbs/day. 

Commercial ice machines are typically integrated with an insulated ice storage bin or mounted on top of a separate storage bin. The retail 

equipment cost includes the ice making head and the integrated storage bin. Commercial ice machine condensers are either air-cooled or watercooled. Approximately 90% of all units are the air-cooled type.

• Commercial ice machine maintenance includes periodic cleaning (every 2 to 6 weeks) to remove lime and scale, and sanitizing to kill bacteria.

Some ice machines are self-cleaning/sanitizing.

• ENERGY STAR® updated its maximum energy consumption levels, in KWh/100 lbs ice, for air cooled ice machines that went into effect on 

February 1, 2013. These efficiency levels are based on the harvest rate, in lbs/24 hrs. (H). Water cooled ice machines are not eligible for Energy 

Star certification.

ENERGY STAR Requirements for Air-Cooled Batch-Type Ice Makers

Equipment Type

Applicable Ice 

Harvest Rate Range 

(lbs of ice/24 hrs)

Energy 

Consumption Rate 

(kWh/100 lbs ice)

Potable Water Use 

(gal/100 lbs ice)

IMH 200 ≤ H ≤ 1600 ≤ 37.72 * H -0.298 ≤ 20.0

RCU

400 ≤ H ≤ 1600 ≤ 22.95 * H -0.258 + 

1.00 ≤ 20.0

1600 ≤ H ≤ 4000 ≤ -0.00011 * H + 4.60 ≤ 20.0

SCU 50 ≤ H ≤ 450 ≤ 48.66 * H -0.326 + 

0.08 ≤ 25.0

ENERGY STAR Requirements for Air-Cooled Continuous-Type Ice Makers

Equipment Type Energy Consumption Rate 

(kWh/100 lbs ice)

Potable Water Use (gal/100 

lbs ice)

IMH ≤ 9.18 * H -0.057 ≤ 15.0

RCU ≤ 6.00 * H -0.162 + 3.50 ≤ 15.0

SCU ≤ 59.45 * H -0.349 + 0.08 ≤ 15.0

Final
Commercial Ice Machines: EPACT 2005

108

• EPACT 2005 issued standard levels for commercial ice machines with capacities between 50 and 2500 pounds per 24-

hour period that are manufactured and/or sold in the United States on or after January 1, 2010. The energy 

consumption is based on the harvest rate in pounds per 24 hours (H).

Performance/Cost Characteristics » Commercial Ice Machines

Water use is for the condenser only and does not include potable water used to make ice.

Equipment Type Type of

Cooling

Harvest Rate

(lbs ice/24 hrs)

Maximum Energy Use

(kWh/100 lbs ice)

Maximum Condenser Water

Use (gal/100 lbs ice)

Ice Making Head

Water

<500 7.80-0.0055 H 200-0.022 H

≥500 and <1436 5.58-0.0011 H 200-0.022 H

≥1436 4.0 200-0.022 H

Air

<450 10.26-0.0086 H Not Applicable

≥450 6.89-0.0011 H Not Applicable

Remote Condensing

(but not remote compressor)

Air

<1000 8.85-0.0038 H Not Applicable

≥1000 5.10 Not Applicable

Remote Condensing

and Remote Compressor

Air

<934 8.85-0.0038 H Not Applicable

≥934 5.3 Not Applicable

Self Contained

Water

<200 11.40-0.019 H 191-0.0315 H

≥200 7.60 191-0.0315 H

Air

<175 18.0-0.0469 H Not Applicable

≥175 9.80 Not Applicable

Final
Commercial Ice Machines: 2014 DOE Standards

109

Performance/Cost Characteristics » Commercial Ice Machines

Energy Conservation Standards for Batch Type Automatic Commercial Ice Makers 

Effective January 2018

Equipment Type Type of Cooling Harvest Rate

lb ice/24 hours

Maximum Energy 

Use

kWh/100 lb ice*

Maximum 

Condenser Water 

Use

gal/100 lb ice**

Ice-Making Head Water

<300 6.88 - 0.0055H 200 - 0.022H

300 and <850 5.80 - 0.00191H 200 - 0.022H

850 and <1,500 4.42 - 0.00028H 200 - 0.022H

1500 and <2,500 4.0 200 - 0.022H

2500 and <4,000 4.0 145

Ice-Making Head Air

<300 10 - 0.01233H Not Applicable

300 and <800 7.05 - 0.0025H Not Applicable

800 and <1500 5.55 - 0.00063H Not Applicable

1500 and <4,000 4.61 Not Applicable

Remote Condensing 

(but not remote 

compressor)

Air

50 and <1,000 7.97 - 0.00342H Not Applicable

1,000 and <4,000 4.55 Not Applicable

Remote Condensing 

and Remote 

Compressor

Air

<942 7.97 - 0.00342H Not Applicable

942 and <4,000 4.75 Not Applicable

Self-Contained Water

<200 9.5 - 0.019H 191 - 0.0315H

200 and <2,500 5.7 191 - 0.0315H

2500 and <4,000 5.7 112

Self-Contained Air

<110 14.79 - 0.0469H Not Applicable

110 and <200 12.42 - 0.02533H Not Applicable

200 and <4,000 7.35 Not Applicable

Energy Conservation Standards for Continuous Type Automatic Commercial Ice Makers 

Effective January 2018

Equipment Type Type of Cooling Harvest Rate

lb ice/24 hours

Maximum Energy 

Use

kWh/100 lb ice*

Maximum 

Condenser Water 

Use

gal/100 lb ice**

Ice-Making Head Water

<801 6.48 - 0.00267H 180 - 0.0198H

801 and <2,500 4.34 180 - 0.0198H

2,500 and <4,000 4.34 130.5

Ice-Making Head Air

<310 9.19 - 0.00629H Not Applicable

310 and <820 8.23 - 0.0032H Not Applicable

820 and <4,000 5.61 Not Applicable

Remote 

Condensing (but 

not remote 

compressor)

Air

<800 9.7 - 0.0058H Not Applicable

800 and <4,000 5.06 Not Applicable

Remote 

Condensing and 

Remote 

Compressor

Air

<800 9.9 - 0.0058H Not Applicable

800 and <4,000 5.26 Not Applicable

Self-Contained Water

<900 7.6 - 0.00302H 153 - 0.0252H

900 and <2,500 4.88 153 - 0.0252H

2500 and <4,000 4.88 90

Self-Contained Air

<200 14.22 - 0.03H Not Applicable

200 and <700 9.47 - 0.00624H Not Applicable

700 and <4,000 5.1 Not Applicable

Final
Commercial Beverage Merchandisers

110

Performance/Cost Characteristics » Commercial Beverage Merchandisers

DATA

2003 2012 2015 2020 2030 2040

Installed 

Stock 

Average

Installed 

Stock 

Average

Low Typical High Energy 

Star2 Typical High Typical High Typical High

Cooling Capacity (Btu/hr) 4,689 4,689 4,689 4,689 4,689 4,689 4,689 4,689 4,689 4,689 4,689 4,689

Size (ft3) 27 27 27 27 27 27 27 27 27 27 27 27

Energy Use (kWh/yr) 3,900 1,829 2,523 1,781 1,694 1,694 1,380 1,369 1,369 1,329 1,318 1,186

Energy Use (kWh/ft3/yr) 1 144 68 93 66 63 63 51 51 51 49 49 44

Indexed Annual Efficiency3 1.00 2.13 1.55 2.19 2.30 2.30 2.83 2.85 2.85 2.94 2.96 3.29

Average Life (yrs) 8.0 10.0 10.0 10.0 10.0 10.0 10.0 10.0 10.0 10.0 10.0 10.0

Retail Equipment Cost $1,457 $2,382 $2,326 $2,602 $2,628 $2,628 $2,811 $2,839 $2,839 $2,972 $3,078 $3,232 

Total Installed Cost4 $1,457 $2,382 $2,326 $2,602 $2,628 $2,628 $2,811 $2,839 $2,839 $2,972 $3,078 $3,232 

Total Installed Cost ($/kBtu/hr) $311 $508 $496 $555 $560 $560 $599 $605 $605 $634 $656 $689 

Annual Maintenance Cost5 $84 $108 $108 $98 $95 $95 $95 $95 $95 $95 $95 $95

Annual Maintenance Cost 

($/kBtu/hr) $17.91 $23.03 $23.03 $20.79 $20.15 $20.15 $20.15 $20.15 $20.15 $20.15 $20.15 $20.15

1 EPACT 2005 energy conservation standards went into effect in 2010. The 2015 Low values are based on this standard. In 2015, DOE updated its energy conservation standards for commercial refrigeration 

equipment, including transparent-doored refrigerators with pull-down capability. Compliance with this standard is required by 2017. Units characterized for 2012 and beyond use data reported in this 

rulemaking’s TSD. Units 2020 and beyond are assumed to comply with this updated standard.

2

The Energy Star category characterizes a unit that is compliant with Energy Star v3, effective October 1, 2014. This standard does not separately define units with pull-down capability

3

Annual efficiency normalized to the efficiency of the 2003 installed base. Indexed Annual Efficiency = (2003 Energy Use) / (Energy Use) 

4

Beverage merchandisers are shipped ready to be plugged in, so installation costs are assumed to be negligible

5 Maintenance costs are estimated based on CRE Final Rule TSD data. Note that maintenance costs decrease slightly for more efficient units, which are assumed to include LED lighting with lower associated 

maintenance costs 

Final
Commercial Beverage Merchandisers

111

Performance/Cost Characteristics » Commercial Beverage Merchandisers

• EPACT 2005 sets maximum daily energy consumption levels, in kWh/day, for commercial refrigerators with a selfcontained condensing unit designed for pull-down temperature applications and transparent doors (i.e., beverage 

merchandisers) that went into effect on January 1, 2010. 

• In 2014, DOE updated its energy consumption standards for commercial refrigeration equipment, including beverage 

merchandisers, effective March 27, 2015. Both the DOE and EPCA standards are reported below. 

• In 2013, EPA updated its Energy Star standards for glass doored commercial refrigerators, which can be used as 

beverage merchandisers, effective October 1, 2014. These standards are also based on the volume of the unit (V). 

Note that Energy Star does not have a separate equipment class for units with pull-down capability. 

Beverage Merchandiser Size 0 < V < 15 15 ≤ V < 30 30 ≤ V < 50 50 ≤ V

Glass Door 0.118*V + 1.382 ≤ 0.140*V + 1.050 ≤ 0.088*V + 2.625 ≤ 0.110*V + 1.500

Equipment Type EPCA (2010) DOE Standards (2017)

Beverage Merchandisers 

(PD.SC.M)

0.126xV + 3.51 0.11xV+0.81

Final
Commercial Beverage Merchandisers

112

Performance/Cost Characteristics » Commercial Beverage Merchandisers

• The beverage merchandiser characterized in this report, which is the typical unit according to DOE’s 2014 CRE 

rulemaking, is a 27 cubic foot cooler with a single hinged, transparent door, bright lighting, and shelving with a 

nominal compressor size of 4,689 Btu/hr. 

• The efficiency of beverage merchandisers can be increased through the use of more efficient compressors, fluorescent 

lighting with electronic ballasts, and improved insulation.

• Beverage merchandisers have an estimated installed base of 920,000 units in 2008. Of those beverage merchandisers 

460,000 are one-door units, which represents the most common type of beverage merchandiser.

• Unit energy consumption of beverage merchandisers is expected to decrease as a result of DOE’s updated Energy 

Conservation Standards, as well as a transition from R-134a to more efficient propane refrigerant due to EPA SNAP 

compliance

• By 2040, beverage merchandisers with vapor-compression refrigeration systems are expected to have reached the 

limit of possible improvements to energy efficiency.

Final
Commercial Refrigerated Vending Machines

113

Performance/Cost Characteristics » Commercial Refrigerated Vending Machines

DATA

2003 2012 2015 2020 2030 2040

Installed 

Stock 

Average

Installed 

Stock 

Average

Low Typical High Energy 

Star2 Typical High Typical High Typical High

Cooling Capacity (Btu/hr) 1,810 1,810 1,810 1,810 1,810 1,810 1,810 1,810 1,810 1,810 1,810 1,810

Can Capacity 500 470 470 470 470 470 470 470 470 470 470 470

Size (ft3) 26 26 26 26 26 26 26 26 26 26 26 26

Energy Use (kWh/yr) 1 3,000 1,632 1,718 1,632 1,504 1,504 1,360 1,292 1,319 1,253 1,293 1,228

Energy Use (kWh/ft3/yr) 115 63 66 63 58 58 52 50 51 48 50 47

Indexed Annual Efficiency3 1.00 1.84 1.75 1.84 1.99 1.99 2.21 2.32 2.27 2.39 2.32 2.44

Average Life (yrs) 14 13.5 13.5 13.5 13.5 13.5 13.5 13.5 13.5 13.5 13.5 13.5

Retail Equipment Cost $1,769 $3,209 $3,187 $3,209 $3,276 $3,276 $3,551 $3,738 $3,661 $3,854 $3,736 $3,933 

Total Installed Cost $1,844 $3,320 $3,298 $3,320 $3,387 $3,387 $3,662 $3,849 $3,772 $3,965 $3,847 $4,044 

Total Installed Cost ($/kBtu/hr) $1,019 $1,834 $1,822 $1,834 $1,872 $1,872 $2,023 $2,127 $2,084 $2,191 $2,125 $2,234

Annual Maintenance Cost4 $209 $270 $270 $270 $250 $250 $250 $250 $250 $250 $250 $250 

Annual Maintenance Cost 

($/kBtu/hr) $115 $149 $149 $149 $138 $138 $138 $138 $138 $138 $138 $138

1

Energy use for 2012 and beyond is estimated based on DOE’s 2015 BVM Final Rule

2

The Energy Star category assumes units that are compliant with the Energy Star v3 standard, since combination units are currently not separately defined by Energy Star. This standard went into effect on March 

1, 2013. Our analysis finds Energy Star certified equipment to be the most efficient currently available on the market

3 Annual efficiency normalized to the efficiency of the 2003 installed base. Indexed Annual Efficiency = (2003 Energy Use) / (Energy Use)

4

Maintenance cost includes preventative maintenance costs such as checking and maintaining refrigerant charge levels, cleaning heat exchanger coils and also includes an annualized cost for 

refurbishments/remanufacturing. 

Final
Commercial Refrigerated Vending Machines

114

Performance/Cost Characteristics » Commercial Refrigerated Vending Machines

• DOE set Federal energy efficiency standards for refrigerated vending machines. These standards set maximum daily 

energy consumption levels, in kWh/day, for commercial refrigerated vending machines manufactured and/or sold in 

the United States on or after August 31, 2012. The daily energy consumption is based on the volume of the unit (V).

— Refrigerated Vending Machines that are fully-cooled (Type A) ≤ 0.055*V + 2.56

— Refrigerated Vending Machines that are zone-cooled (Type B) ≤ 0.073*V + 3.16

• Energy Star® updated its maximum daily energy consumption efficiency levels, also in KWh/day, for refrigerated 

vending machines that went into effect on March 1, 2013. These efficiency levels are based on refrigerated volume.

• DOE is currently engaged in rulemaking for refrigerated vending machines, which will separately define 

combination vending machines with a separate, partitioned volume for unrefrigerated products. Data for 

characterizing units 2012 and beyond is drawn from this NOPR TSD. 

Equipment Type Maximum Daily Energy 

Consumption

Low Power Mode Requirement

Class A (Transparent-Front) MDEC= 0.0523 x V + 2.432 Hard-wired controls and/or software 

capable of placing the machine into a 

low power mode during periods of 

extended inactivity while still 

connected to its power source Class B (Solid-Front) MDEC = 0.0657 x V + 2.844 

Final
Commercial Refrigerated Vending Machines

115

Performance/Cost Characteristics » Commercial Refrigerated Vending Machines

• In December 2015, DOE updated its energy conservation standards for beverage vending machines, and defined two new product 

classes for combination vending machines Compliance with these standards is required by 2019. For this analysis, compliance with 

these updated standards is assumed for equipment sold in 2020 and beyond. The updated standards and DOE equipment definitions 

are listed in the table below.

Equipment Class Maximum daily energy consumption (kilowatt hours per day)

Class A – a refrigerated bottled or canned beverage vending machine that is not a 

combination vending machine and in which 25 percent or more of the surface area 

on the front side of the beverage vending machine is transparent

MDEC = 0.052 x V + 2.43

Class B – any refrigerated bottled or canned beverage vending machine that is not 

considered to be Class A and is not a combination vending machine MDEC = 0.052 x V + 2.20

Combination A – a combination vending machine where 25 percent or more of the 

surface area on the front side of the beverage vending machine is transparent MDEC = 0.086 x V + 2.66

Combination B – a combination vending machine that is not considered to be 

Combination A MDEC = 0.111 x V + 2.04

Final
116

Commercial Ventilation 

Final
Commercial Constant Air Volume

117

Performance/Cost Characteristics » Commercial Constant Air Volume

DATA

2003 2012 2015 2020 2030 2040

Installed 

Stock 

Average

Installed 

Stock 

Average3

Low4,5 Typical4,6 High4,7 Energy Star Typical4,7 High4,8 Typical4,7,9 High4,8,9 Typical4,7,9 High4,8,9

System Airflow (CFM) 15,000 15,000 15,000 15,000 15,000 N/A 15,000 15,000 15,000 15,000 15,000 15,000

System Fan Power (kW) 11.80 11.56 11.56 11.56 11.56 N/A 11.56 11.56 10.98 10.98 9.83 9.83

Specific Fan Power (W/CFM) 0.787 0.771 0.771 0.771 0.771 N/A 0.771 0.771 0.732 0.732 0.655 0.655

Annual Fan Energy Use (kWh/yr)1 44,858 43,924 23,038 20,018 15,226 N/A 15,226 11,155 14,465 10,597 12,942 9,482

Average Life (yrs) 20 20 20 20 20 N/A 20 20 20 20 20 20

Total Installed Cost ($)2 $68,539 $68,539 $68,979 $68,979 $74,178 N/A $74,178 $74,778 $74,178 $74,778 $74,178 $74,778 

Annual Maintenance Cost ($) $900 $900 $900 $900 $900 N/A $900 $900 $900 $900 $900 $900 

Total Installed Cost ($/1000 CFM) $4,569 $4,569 $4,599 $4,599 $4,945 N/A $4,945 $4,985 $4,945 $4,985 $4,945 $4,985 

Annual Maintenance Cost ($/1000 CFM) $60 $60 $60 $60 $60 N/A $60 $60 $60 $60 $60 $60 

1

Based on 3800 operating hours per year (ADL, 1999) and typical zone air flow requirement profile (ASHRAE S45.11-2012).

2

Total installed cost of 15,000 CFM CAV AHU and hypothetical supply ductwork layout.

3

Based on ASHRAE 90.1-2007 fan power limit (Table 6.5.3.1.1A) with no pressure drop adjustment. Assumed 80% motor load and 91% motor efficiency.

4

ASHRAE 90.1-2010 & 2013 Section 6.5.3.2 require minimum 2-speed fan control (no longer always constant volume).

5

Two-speed motor.

6

Two-speed VFD.

7

Modulating VFD (66-100%).

8

Modulating VFD (50-100%).

9

High aerodynamic efficiency fan.

Final
Commercial Constant Air Volume

118

Performance/Cost Characteristics » Commercial Constant Air Volume

• Constant air volume (CAV) ventilation systems are common, inexpensive, air-side HVAC systems that operate in 

response to a single control zone. Historically, these systems provide a constant flow rate of air (typically a mix of 

recirculated and outside air) and adjust the supply temperature of that air in order to maintain space temperature 

setpoint. Recent energy efficiency standard changes (ASHRAE 90.1-2013) now mandate at least two fan speed 

settings with the requirement of a maximum 40% power at 66% flow. Systems with variable speed fans are 

increasingly popular, making the term “constant air volume” somewhat of a misnomer for this system type. This 

analysis examines only the fan energy of the CAV system.

• There is movement in the industry and in energy codes to reduce fan power. ASHRAE 90.1 includes fan power limits 

for CAV systems. Fan power can be minimized through good design practice (efficient duct layout, low pressure 

drop ductwork, filters, coils), proper fan selection, and high efficiency type fans. ASHRAE 90.1-2013 now requires a 

minimum fan efficiency grade (FEG, based on AMCA 205-12: Energy Efficiency Classification for Fans) of 67 and a 

design operating fan efficiency within 15% of the maximum fan total efficiency. There are exceptions to this 

requirement, including packaged systems such as the CAV system type considered here. Still the fan power limits are 

expected to become more stringent, and fan efficiency will become more important throughout the industry.

• The unit characterized in this report is a 15,000 CFM CAV system. The average commercial building is approximately 

15,000 square feet (CBECS 2003 and BED 2007). Assuming 1 CFM is needed per square foot of floor area results in a 

15,000 CFM air handling unit.

• A 15,000 CFM CAV packaged indoor air handling unit with cooling and heating coils can be installed for 

approximately $60,722 (RS Means 2016). Ductwork would cost approximately $7,817 additional ($68,539 total). A 2-

speed motor (estimated $440 incremental cost) and variable frequency drive (estimated $5,639) add cost.

• ASHRAE Standard 90.1, which is used as a basis for most state energy codes, limits the fan power (brake HP or 

nameplate HP) for CAV systems. The 2007 version of Standard 90.1 was used to represent the 2012 minimum 

efficiency level (state energy codes typically refer to older versions of Standard 90.1 due to code revision cycles).

• Fan energy is affected by several factors, including: fan type (e.g., centrifugal, axial), fan blade shape (e.g., forwardcurved, backward-curved, backward-inclined, airfoil), drive type (belt or direct), configuration (plenum or housed 

centrifugal), system effects, duct design, filter and coil pressure drops, motor efficiency, and speed/flow control. 

Final
Commercial Variable Air Volume

119

Performance/Cost Characteristics » Commercial Variable Air Volume

DATA

2003 2012 2015 2020 2030 2040

Installed 

Stock 

Average

Installed 

Stock 

Average3

Low4 Typical5 High6 Energy Star Typical6 High6,7 Typical6,7 High6,7 Typical6,7 High6,7

System Airflow (CFM) 15,000 15,000 15,000 15,000 15,000 N/A 15,000 15,000 15,000 15,000 15,000 15,000

System Fan Power (kW) 16.72 15.99 15.99 15.99 15.99 N/A 15.99 15.19 15.19 14.39 14.39 13.59

Specific Fan Power (W/CFM) 1.115 1.066 1.066 1.066 1.066 N/A 1.066 1.013 1.013 0.959 0.959 0.906

Annual Fan Energy Use (kWh/yr)1 25,839 24,699 24,699 18,181 16,425 N/A 16,425 15,604 15,604 14,783 14,783 13,961

Average Life (yrs) 20 20 20 20 20 N/A 20 20 20 20 20 20

Total Installed Cost ($)2 $88,207 $88,207 $88,207 $93,846 $94,346 N/A $94,446 $94,946 $94,446 $94,946 $94,446 $94,946 

Annual Maintenance Cost ($) $900 $900 $900 $900 $900 N/A $900 $900 $900 $900 $900 $900 

Total Installed Cost ($/1000 CFM) $5,880 $5,880 $5,880 $6,256 $6,290 N/A $6,296 $6,330 $6,296 $6,330 $6,296 $6,330 

Annual Maintenance Cost ($/1000 CFM) $60 $60 $60 $60 $60 N/A $60 $60 $60 $60 $60 $60 

1 Based on 3800 operating hours per year (ADL, 1999) and typical zone air flow requirement profile (ASHRAE S45.11-2012).

2 Total installed cost of 15,000 CFM VAV AHU, VFD, (10) VAV boxes, and hypothetical supply ductwork layout.

3 Based on ASHRAE 90.1-2007 fan power limit (Table 6.5.3.1.1A) with no pressure drop adjustment. Assumed 80% motor load and 91% motor efficiency.

4 ASHRAE 90.1-2010 Section 6.5.3.2 minimum power-flow requirement.

5 ASHRAE 90.1-2013 fan power limit and typical VAV power-flow relationship for 50%-100% flow.

6 ASHRAE 90.1-2013 fan power limit and typical VAV power-flow relationship for 30%-100% flow.

7 High aerodynamic efficiency fan.

Final
Commercial Variable Air Volume

120

Performance/Cost Characteristics » Commercial Variable Air Volume

• Variable air volume (VAV) ventilation systems are the most common multi-zone system type specified today for 

conditioning commercial buildings. These systems provide conditioned air to multiple zone terminal units (VAV 

boxes) that use dampers to modulate the amount of cool air to each zone. An individual zone thermostat controls the 

VAV box damper to allow more or less cooling. If a zone requires heating then the VAV box provides the minimum 

flow rate and typically includes a reheat coil to meet space temperature setpoint. As VAV box dampers close in the 

system, a variable frequency drive reduces fan speed and flow continuously to meet current requirements.

• This analysis examines only the fan energy of the VAV system. VAV systems vary fan speed/flow to meet space 

conditioning requirements; minimum flow settings apply for DX cooling stages and gas furnace heating stages. Most 

hours of operation are much lower than full speed, and fan power varies with the cube of fan speed according to fan 

affinity laws. The 2012 ASHRAE Handbook: HVAC Systems and Equipment (p. 45.11) provided the typical flow 

profile used for this analysis. The unit characterized in this report is a 15,000 CFM VAV system. 

• There is movement in the industry and in energy codes to reduce fan power. ASHRAE 90.1 includes fan power limits 

for VAV systems. Fan power can be minimized through good design practice (efficient duct layout, low pressure 

drop ductwork, filters, coils), proper fan selection, and high efficiency type fans. ASHRAE 90.1-2013 now requires a 

minimum fan efficiency grade (FEG, based on AMCA 205-12: Energy Efficiency Classification for Fans) of 67 and a 

design operating fan efficiency within 15% of the maximum fan total efficiency. There are exceptions to this 

requirement, including packaged systems such as the VAV system type considered here. Still the fan power limits are 

expected to become more stringent, and fan efficiency will become more important throughout the industry.

• A 15,000 CFM VAV packaged indoor air handling unit with cooling and heating coils can be installed for 

approximately $69,100 (RS Means 2016). Ductwork and (10) VAV boxes with reheat would cost approximately 

$19,107 additional ($88,207 total). A 20 hp variable frequency drive (estimated $5,639) is an additional cost.

• ASHRAE Standard 90.1, which is used as a basis for most state energy codes, limits the fan power for VAV systems 

(brake HP or nameplate HP). The 2007 version of Standard 90.1 was used to represent the 2012 minimum efficiency 

level (state energy codes typically refer to older versions of Standard 90.1 due to code revision cycles).

• Fan energy is affected by several factors, including: fan type (e.g., centrifugal, axial), fan blade shape (e.g., forwardcurved, backward-curved, backward-inclined, airfoil), drive type (belt or direct), configuration (plenum or housed 

centrifugal), system effects, duct design, filter and coil pressure drops, and motor VFD efficiency. 

Final
Commercial Fan Coil Units

121

Performance/Cost Characteristics » Commercial Fan Coil Units

DATA

2003 2012 2015 2020 2030 2040

Installed 

Stock 

Average

Installed 

Stock 

Average5

Low3 Typical5 High6 Energy Star Typical4,6 High4,7 Typical4,7 High4,8 Typical4,8 High4,8,9

System Airflow (CFM) 800 800 800 800 800 N/A 800 800 800 800 800 800

System Fan Power (kW) 0.315 0.241 0.748 0.241 0.148 N/A 0.148 0.148 0.148 0.148 0.148 0.141

Specific Fan Power (W/CFM) 0.394 0.302 0.935 0.301 0.185 N/A 0.185 0.185 0.185 0.185 0.185 0.176

Annual Fan Energy Use (kWh/yr)1 709 543 1,683 543 333 N/A 333 152 152 94 94 89

Average Life (yrs) 20 20 20 20 20 N/A 20 20 20 20 20 20

Total Installed Cost ($)2 $2,429 $2,429 $2,429 $2,429 $2,753 N/A $2,753 $2,995 $2,753 $2,995 $2,753 $2,995 

Annual Maintenance Cost ($) $100 $100 $100 $100 $100 N/A $100 $100 $100 $100 $100 $100 

Total Installed Cost ($/1000 CFM) $3,036 $3,036 $3,036 $3,036 $3,441 N/A $3,441 $3,744 $3,441 $3,744 $3,441 $3,744 

Annual Maintenance Cost ($/1000 CFM) $125 $125 $125 $125 $125 N/A $125 $125 $125 $125 $125 $125 

1 Based on 2250 operating hours per year (ADL, 1999) and typical zone air flow requirement profile (ASHRAE S45.11-2012).

2 Total installed cost of 2-ton horizontal 2-pipe fan coil unit, housing and controls. 

3 Based on ASHRAE 90.1-2010 fan power limit (Table 6.5.3.1.1A) with no pressure drop adjustment. Assumed 80% motor load and 60% motor efficiency.

4 Based on ASHRAE 90.1-2013 Section 6.5.3.5 requirement of electronically commutated or 70+% efficient fan motor.

5 Permanent split capacitor fan motor.

6 Electronically commutated fan motor (single speed).

7 Electronically commutated fan motor (two-speed).

8 Electronically commutated fan motor (variable speed).

9 High aerodynamic efficiency fan.

Final
Commercial Fan Coil Units

122

Performance/Cost Characteristics » Commercial Fan Coil Units

• Commercial fan coil units (FCUs) are self-contained, mass-produced assemblies that provide cooling, heating, or 

cooling and heating, but do not include the source of cooling or heating. The unit characterized in this report is a 

cooling only (2-pipe), horizontal unit with housing and controls. Fan coil units are typically installed in or adjacent to 

the space being served and have no (or very limited) ductwork. 

• According to manufacturer literature, the cooling capacity for a nominal 800 CFM fan coil unit is about 2 tons. This 

analysis examines only the fan energy of FCUs.

• Fan coil unit fan motors can be shaded pole, a single phase AC motor with offset start winding and no capacitor; PSC, 

a single phase AC motor with offset start winding with capacitor; or ECM, an AC electronically commutated 

permanent magnet DC motor. PSC motors are currently the most common motor type in FCUs, but most 

manufacturers offer ECM as an option. ASHRAE 90.1-2013 requires an electronically commutated fan motor (or 

minimum motor efficiency of 70%) for this system.

• There is movement in the industry and in energy codes to reduce fan power. ASHRAE 90.1 includes fan power limits 

for FCUs. Fan power can be minimized through good design practice and high efficiency type fans. ASHRAE 90.1-

2013 now requires a minimum fan efficiency grade (FEG, based on AMCA 205-12: Energy Efficiency Classification for 

Fans) of 67 and a design operating fan efficiency within 15% of the maximum fan total efficiency. There are 

exceptions to this requirement, including small systems such as the FCU considered here. Still the fan power limits 

are expected to become more stringent, and fan efficiency will become more important throughout the industry.

• Fan coil units have higher maintenance costs than central air systems due to the distributed nature of the system. For 

each unit the filters must be changed and drain systems must be flushed periodically.

• ASHRAE Standard 90.1, which is used as a basis for most state energy codes, limits the fan power (brake HP or 

nameplate HP). The 2007 version of Standard 90.1 was used to represent the 2012 minimum efficiency level (state 

energy codes typically refer to older versions of Standard 90.1 due to code revision cycles).

• Fan energy is affected by several factors, including: fan type configuration, filter and coil pressure drops, motor 

efficiency, and fan speed control. 

Final
Appendix A

Data Sources

A-1

Navigant Consulting, Inc.

1200 19th Street, NW, Suite 700

Washington, D.C. 20036

And

SAIC

8301 Greensboro Drive

McLean, VA 22102

Final
124

Residential Lighting

Final
125

Data Sources » Residential General Service Incandescent Lamps (60 watt)

DATA SOURCES

2009 2015 2020 2030 2040

Installed 

Stock 

Average

Low Typical High Energy 

Star Typical High Typical High Typical High

Lamp Wattage 

2012 EIA 

Ref. Case

N/A

Lamp Lumens 

Lamp Efficacy (lm/W) 

CRI

Correlated Color Temperature (CCT) DOE, 2008

Average Lamp Life (1000 hrs) 2012 EIA 

Ref. Case

Annual Operating Hours (hrs/yr) DOE, 

2012(3)

Lamp Price ($) 2012 EIA 

Lamp Cost ($/klm) Ref. Case

Labor Cost ($/hr) N/A Labor Lamp Installation (hr)

Total Installed Cost ($)

Calculated Annual Maintenance Cost ($)

Total Installed Cost ($/klm)

Annual Maintenance Cost ($/klm)

Final
126

Data Sources » Residential General Service Incandescent Lamps (75 watt)

DATA SOURCES

2009 2015 2020 2030 2040

Installed 

Stock 

Average

Low Typical High Energy 

Star Typical High Typical High Typical High

Lamp Wattage 

2012 EIA 

Ref. Case

N/A

Lamp Lumens 

Lamp Efficacy (lm/W) 

CRI

Correlated Color Temperature (CCT) DOE, 2008

Average Lamp Life (1000 hrs) 2012 EIA 

Ref. Case

Annual Operating Hours (hrs/yr) DOE, 

2012(3)

Lamp Price ($) 2012 EIA 

Lamp Cost ($/klm) Ref. Case

Labor Cost ($/hr) N/A Labor Lamp Installation (hr)

Total Installed Cost ($)

Calculated Annual Maintenance Cost ($)

Total Installed Cost ($/klm)

Annual Maintenance Cost ($/klm)

Final
127

Data Sources » Residential General Service Halogen Lamps (60 watt Incandescent Equivalent)

DATA SOURCES

2009 2015 2020 2030 2040

Installed 

Stock 

Average

Low Typical High Energy Star Typical High Typical High Typical High

Lamp Wattage Calculated

N/A

Product 

Catalogs

N/A

Lamp Lumens Product 

Catalogs

Lamp Efficacy (lm/W) Calculated; 

NCI, 2014(1)

CRI Product 

Catalogs

Correlated Color Temperature (CCT) DOE, 2008 DOE, 2008

Average Lamp Life (1000 hrs) Calculated; 

NCI, 2014(1)

Product 

Catalogs

Annual Operating Hours (hrs/yr) DOE, 

2012(3)

DOE, 

2012(3)

Lamp Price ($) Calculated; 

NCI, 2014(1)

Distributor 

Websites

Lamp Cost ($/klm) Calculated

Labor Cost ($/hr) N/A N/A Labor Installation (hr)

Total Installed Cost ($)

Calculated Calculated Annual Maintenance Cost ($)

Total Installed Cost ($/klm)

Annual Maintenance Cost ($/klm)

Final
128

Data Sources» Residential General Service Halogen Lamps (75 watt Incandescent Equivalent)

DATA SOURCES

2009 2015 2020 2030 2040

Installed 

Stock 

Average

Low Typical High Energy Star Typical High Typical High Typical High

Lamp Wattage Calculated

N/A

Product 

Catalogs

N/A

Lamp Lumens Product 

Catalogs

Lamp Efficacy (lm/W) Calculated; 

NCI, 2014(1)

CRI Product 

Catalogs

Correlated Color Temperature (CCT) DOE, 2008 DOE, 2008

Average Lamp Life (1000 hrs) Calculated; 

NCI, 2014(1)

Product 

Catalogs

Annual Operating Hours (hrs/yr) DOE, 2012(3) DOE, 2012(3)

Lamp Price ($) Calculated; 

NCI, 2014(1)

Distributor 

Websites

Lamp Cost ($/klm) Calculated

Labor Cost ($/hr)

N/A N/A Labor Installation (hr)

Total Installed Cost ($)

Calculated Calculated

Annual Maintenance Cost ($)

Total Installed Cost ($/klm)

Annual Maintenance Cost ($/klm)

Final
129

Data Sources » Residential General Service Compact Fluorescent Lamps

DATA SOURCES

2009 2015 2020 2030 2040

Installed 

Stock 

Average

Low Typical High Energy Star Typical High Typical High Typical High

Lamp Wattage

2012 EIA 

Ref. Case

Product Catalogs TCP 

1ES134AM

O, Lowest 

performing 

product in 

the Energy 

Star Light 

Bulb 

product 

database 

downloade

d 11-10-15

NCI, 2014(1)

Lamp Lumens 

Lamp Efficacy (lm/W) Calculated

CRI

Product Catalogs

Correlated Color Temperature (CCT) Product 

Catalogs

Average Lamp Life (1000 hrs) 2012 EIA 

Ref. Case

Annual Operating Hours (hrs/yr) DOE, 2012(3)

Lamp Price ($) 2012 EIA 

Ref. Case

Distributor Websites

N/A

NCI, 2014(1) Lamp Cost ($/klm) Calculated

Labor Cost ($/hr) N/A N/A Labor Installation (hr)

Total Installed Cost ($)

Calculated Calculated Annual Maintenance Cost ($)

Total Installed Cost ($/klm)

Annual Maintenance Cost ($/klm)

Final
130

Data Sources » Residential General Service LED Lamps (60 Watt Equivalent)

DATA SOURCES

2009 2015 2020 2030 2040

Installed 

Stock 

Average

Low Typical High Energy Star Typical High Typical High Typical High

Lamp Wattage Calculated

LED Lighting Facts Database (downloaded 

10/31/15)

Energy Star 

Light Bulb 

product 

database 

(downloaded 

11/4/15)

Calculated

Lamp Lumens Product 

Catalogs Calculated from 2015 Values

Lamp Efficacy (lm/W) 2012 SSL 

MYPP Calculated

U.S. DOE SSL Program, Energy Savings Forecast of 

Solid-State Lighting in General Illumination Applications 

(Navigant, 2014)

Calculated

CRI

Product 

Catalogs

Energy Star 

Light Bulb 

product 

database 

(downloaded 

11/4/15)

Assume Unchanged From 2015 Typical Correlated Color Temperature (CCT)

LED Lighting 

Facts 

Database 

(downloaded 

10/31/15)

SSL R&D Plan 

Table 2.1 

(DOE SSL 

Program, 

2015)

LED Lighting 

Facts 

Database 

(downloaded 

10/31/15)

Average Lamp Life (1000 hrs) Retailer 

Websites Retailer Websites

U.S. DOE SSL Program, Energy Savings Forecast of 

Solid-State Lighting in General Illumination Applications 

(Navigant, 2014)

Assume Unchanged

Annual Operating Hours (hrs/yr) U.S. DOE SSL Program, 2010 Lighting Market Characterization, Prepared by Navigant Consulting Inc., January 2012.

Lamp Price ($) Calculated Retailer 

Websites Calculated Retailer Websites Calculated

Lamp Cost ($/klm) 2012 SSL 

MYPP Calculated

SSL R&D Plan 

Table 2.1 

+adjustment 

(DOE SSL 

Program, 

2015)

Calculated

U.S. DOE SSL Program, Energy Savings Forecast of 

Solid-State Lighting in General Illumination Applications 

(Navigant, 2014)

Calculated

Labor Cost ($/hr) N/A Labor Lamp Installation (hr)

Total Installed Cost ($)

Calculated Annual Maintenance Cost ($)

Total Installed Cost ($/klm)

Annual Maintenance Cost ($/klm)

Final
131

Data Sources » Residential Reflector Lamps (65W BR30 Incandescent)

DATA SOURCES

2009 2015 2020 2030 2040

Installed 

Stock 

Average

Low Typical High Energy Star Typical High Typical High Typical High

Lamp Wattage 

2012 EIA 

Ref. Case

N/A

Product 

Catalogs

N/A

NCI, 

2014(1)

N/A

NCI, 

2014(1)

N/A

NCI, 

2014(1)

N/A

Lamp Lumens 

Lamp Efficacy (lm/W) 

CRI

Correlated Color Temperature (CCT) DOE, 

2012(1)

Average Lamp Life (1000 hrs) 2012 EIA 

Ref. Case

Annual Operating Hours (hrs/yr) DOE, 

2012(3)

DOE, 

2012(3)

DOE, 

2012(3)

DOE, 

2012(3)

DOE, 

2012(3)

Lamp Price ($) Calculated; 

NCI 2014(1)

Distributor 

Websites NCI, 

2014(1)

NCI, 

2014(1)

NCI, 

2014(1)

Lamp Cost ($/klm) Calculated

Labor Cost ($/hr) N/A Labor Lamp Installation (hr)

Total Installed Cost ($)

Calculated Annual Maintenance Cost ($)

Total Installed Cost ($/klm)

Annual Maintenance Cost ($/klm)

Final
132

Data Sources » Residential Reflector Lamps (PAR30 Halogen)

DATA SOURCES

2009 2015 2020 2030 2040

Installed 

Stock 

Average

Low Typical High Energy Star Typical High Typical High Typical High

Lamp Wattage 

2012 EIA 

Ref. Case

N/A

Product 

Catalogs

N/A N/A

NCI, 

2014(1)

N/A

NCI, 

2014(1)

N/A

NCI, 

2014(1)

N/A

Lamp Lumens 

Lamp Efficacy (lm/W) 

CRI

Correlated Color Temperature (CCT) DOE, 

2012(1)

Average Lamp Life (1000 hrs) 2012 EIA 

Ref. Case

Annual Operating Hours (hrs/yr) DOE, 

2012(3)

DOE, 

2012(3)

DOE, 

2012(3)

DOE, 

2012(3)

DOE, 

2012(3)

Lamp Price ($) Calculated; 

NCI 2014(1)

Distributor 

Websites NCI, 

2014(1)

NCI, 

2014(1)

NCI, 

2014(1)

Lamp Cost ($/klm) Calculated

Labor Cost ($/hr) N/A Labor Lamp Installation (hr)

Total Installed Cost ($)

Calculated Annual Maintenance Cost ($)

Total Installed Cost ($/klm)

Annual Maintenance Cost ($/klm)

Final
133

Data Sources » Residential Reflector Lamps (PAR30 Halogen Infrared Reflector (HIR)

DATA SOURCES

2009 2015 2020 2030 2040

Installed 

Stock 

Average

Low Typical High Energy 

Star Typical High Typical High Typical High

Lamp Wattage Calculated

N/A

Product 

Catalogs

N/A

NCI, 

2014(1)

N/A

NCI, 

2014(1)

N/A

NCI, 

2014(1)

N/A

Lamp Lumens Product 

Catalogs

Lamp Efficacy (lm/W) 

Calculated

; NCI, 

2014(1)

CRI Product 

Correlated Color Temperature (CCT) Catalogs

Average Lamp Life (1000 hrs) 

Calculated

; NCI, 

2014(1)

Annual Operating Hours (hrs/yr) DOE, 

2012(3)

DOE, 

2012(3)

DOE, 

2012(3)

DOE, 

2012(3)

DOE, 

2012(3)

Lamp Price ($) Calculated

; NCI, 

2014(1)

Distributo

r Websites NCI, 

2014(1)

NCI, 

2014(1)

NCI, 

2014(1) Lamp Cost ($/klm) Calculated

Labor Cost ($/hr) N/A Labor Lamp Installation (hr)

Total Installed Cost ($)

Calculated Annual Maintenance Cost ($)

Total Installed Cost ($/klm)

Annual Maintenance Cost ($/klm)

Final
134

Data Sources » Residential Reflector Lamps (BR30 CFL)

DATA SOURCES

2009 2015 2020 2030 2040

Installed 

Stock 

Average

Low Typical High Energy 

Star Typical High Typical High Typical High

Lamp Wattage 

2012 EIA 

Ref. Case

Product Catalogs

EcoSmart 

CFL 15W 

BR30 158-

653, 

Lowest 

performin

g product 

in the 

Energy 

Star Light 

Bulb 

product 

database 

download

ed 11-10-

15

NCI, 

2014(1)

N/A

NCI, 

2014(1)

N/A

NCI, 

2014(1)

N/A

Lamp Lumens 

Lamp Efficacy (lm/W) 

CRI

Correlated Color Temperature (CCT) DOE, 

2012(1)

Average Lamp Life (1000 hrs) 2012 EIA 

Ref. Case

Annual Operating Hours (hrs/yr) DOE, 2012(3)

N/A

DOE, 

2012(3)

DOE, 

2012(3)

DOE, 

2012(3)

Lamp Price ($) 2012 EIA 

Ref. Case

Distributor Websites NCI, 

2014(1)

NCI, 

2014(1)

NCI, 

Lamp Cost ($/klm) Calculated 2014(1)

Labor Cost ($/hr) N/A Labor Lamp Installation (hr)

Total Installed Cost ($)

Calculated Annual Maintenance Cost ($)

Total Installed Cost ($/klm)

Annual Maintenance Cost ($/klm)

Final
135

Data Sources » Residential Reflector LED BR30

DATA SOURCES

2009 2015 2020 2030 2040

Installed 

Stock 

Average

Low Typical High Energy Star Typical High Typical High Typical High

Lamp Wattage Calculated

LED Lighting Facts Database (downloaded 

10/31/15)

Energy Star 

Light Bulb 

product 

database 

(downloaded 

11/4/15)

Calculated

Lamp Lumens Adjusted 

based on 

PAR38 values

Nominal lumen output based on historical values

Lamp Efficacy (lm/W) Calculated

U.S. DOE SSL Program, Energy Savings Forecast of SolidState Lighting in General Illumination Applications 

(Navigant, 2014)

CRI

Adjusted 

based on 

PAR38 values

Energy Star 

Light Bulb 

product 

database 

(downloaded 

11/4/15)

Assume Unchanged Correlated Color Temperature (CCT)

LED Lighting 

Facts 

Database 

(downloaded 

10/31/15)

DOE SSL 

Program R&D 

Plan (DOE 

SSL Program, 

2015)

LED Lighting 

Facts 

Database 

(downloaded 

10/31/15)

Average Lamp Life (1000 hrs) Retailer 

Websites Retailer Websites

U.S. DOE SSL Program, Energy Savings Forecast of SolidState Lighting in General Illumination Applications 

(Navigant, 2014)

Assume Unchanged

Annual Operating Hours (hrs/yr) U.S. DOE SSL Program, 2010 Lighting Market Characterization, Prepared by Navigant Consulting Inc., January 2012.

Lamp Price ($) Calculated Retailer 

Websites Calculated Retailer Websites Calculated

Lamp Cost ($/klm) 

Adjusted 

based on 

PAR38 values

Calculated

DOE SSL 

Program R&D 

Plan (DOE 

SSL Program, 

2015)

Calculated

U.S. DOE SSL Program, Energy Savings Forecast of SolidState Lighting in General Illumination Applications 

(Navigant, 2014)

Calculated

Labor Cost ($/hr) N/A Labor Lamp Installation (hr)

Total Installed Cost ($)

Calculated Annual Maintenance Cost ($)

Total Installed Cost ($/klm)

Annual Maintenance Cost ($/klm)

Final
DATA SOURCES

2009 2015 2020 2030 2040

Installed 

Stock Average Low Typical High Energy Star Typical High Typical High Typical High

Lamp Wattage Calculated

LED Lighting Facts Database (downloaded 

10/31/15)

Energy Star 

Light Bulb 

product 

database 

(downloaded 

11/4/15)

Calculated

Lamp Lumens 

Product 

Catalogs

Nominal lumen output based on historical values

Lamp Efficacy (lm/W) 2012 SSL 

MYPP

Calculated

U.S. DOE SSL Program, Energy Savings Forecast of SolidState Lighting in General Illumination Applications 

(Navigant, 2014) Calculated

CRI

Product 

Catalogs

Energy Star 

Light Bulb 

product 

database 

(downloaded 

11/4/15)

Assume Unchanged Correlated Color Temperature (CCT)

LED Lighting 

Facts Database 

(downloaded 

10/31/15)

DOE SSL 

Program R&D 

Plan (DOE SSL 

Program, 

2015)

LED Lighting 

Facts Database 

(downloaded 

10/31/15)

Average Lamp Life (1000 hrs) Retailer 

Websites

Retailer 

Websites

U.S. DOE SSL Program, Energy Savings Forecast of SolidState Lighting in General Illumination Applications 

(Navigant, 2014) Assume Unchanged

Annual Operating Hours (hrs/yr) U.S. DOE SSL Program, 2010 Lighting Market Characterization, Prepared by Navigant Consulting Inc., January 2012.

Lamp Price ($) Calculated

Retailer 

Websites Calculated Retailer Websites Calculated

Calculated

Lamp Cost ($/klm) 

2012 SSL 

MYPP Calculated

DOE SSL 

Program R&D 

Plan (DOE SSL 

Program, 

2015) Calculated

U.S. DOE SSL Program, Energy Savings Forecast of SolidState Lighting in General Illumination Applications 

(Navigant, 2014)

Labor Cost ($/hr)

Labor Lamp Installation (hr) N/A

Total Installed Cost ($)

Calculated Annual Maintenance Cost ($)

Total Installed Cost ($/klm)

Annual Maintenance Cost ($/klm)

136

Data Sources » Residential Reflector LED PAR38

Final
137

Data Sources » Residential Linear Fluorescent Lamp T12

DATA SOURCES

2009 2015 2020 2030 2040

Installed Stock Average Low Typical High Energy 

Star Typical High Typical High Typical High

Lamp Wattage 

DOE GSFL and IRL Energy Conservation Standard, 2009

N/A

Lamp Lumens 

Lamp Efficacy (lm/W) 

Calculated

System Wattage 

System Lumens 

System Efficacy (lm/W) 

Ballast Efficiency (BLE) DOE Fluorescent Lamp Ballast Energy Conservation Standard, 2011

CRI DOE GSFL and IRL Energy Conservation Standard, 2009

Correlated Color Temperature (CCT) DOE Solid-State Lighting Multi-Year Program Plan, 2013

Average Lamp Life (1000 hrs) DOE GSFL and IRL Energy Conservation Standard, 2009

Annual Operating Hours (hrs/yr) U.S. DOE SSL Program, 2010 Lighting Market Characterization, 

Prepared by Navigant Consulting Inc., January 2012.

Lamp Price ($) DOE GSFL and IRL Energy Conservation Standard, 2009

Ballast Price ($) DOE Fluorescent Lamp Ballast Energy Conservation Standard, 2011

Fixture Price ($)

Calculated

Lamp Cost ($/klm) 

System (l/b/f) Cost ($/klm)

Labor Cost ($/hr)

Labor System Installation (hr)

Labor Lamp Change (hr)

Total Installed Cost ($)

Annual Maintenance Cost ($)

Total Installed Cost ($/klm)

Annual Maintenance Cost ($/klm)

Final
138

Data Sources » Residential Linear Fluorescent Lamp T8

DATA SOURCES 2009 2015 2020 2030 2040

Installed Stock Average Low Typical High Energy Star Typical High Typical High Typical High

Lamp Wattage DOE GSFL and IRL Energy 

Conservation Standard, 2009 GSFL IRL Final Rule TSD (DOE, 2015) Retailer 

Websites

Calculated

Lamp Lumens Assume Unchanged from 2015

Lamp Efficacy (lm/W) Calculated Calculated

U.S. DOE SSL Program, Energy Savings Forecast of Solid-State Lighting in General 

Illumination Applications (Navigant, 2014)

System Wattage 

GSFL IRL Final Rule TSD (DOE, 2015)

Energy Star 

Light Bulb 

product 

database 

(downloaded 

11-4-15)

System Lumens 

System Efficacy (lm/W) Calculated

Ballast Efficiency (BLE) DOE Fluorescent Lamp Ballast 

Energy Conservation Standard, 2011

GSFL IRL Final Rule TSD (DOE, 2015)

Assume same 

as other 2015 

data

Assume Unchanged from 2015 CRI DOE GSFL and IRL Energy 

Conservation Standard, 2009

Energy Star 

Light Bulb 

product 

database 

(downloaded 

11-4-15)

Correlated Color Temperature (CCT) DOE Solid-State Lighting Multi-Year 

Program Plan, 2013

Average Lamp Life (1000 hrs) DOE GSFL and IRL Energy 

Conservation Standard, 2009

U.S. DOE SSL Program, Energy Savings Forecast of Solid-State Lighting in General 

Illumination Applications (Navigant, 2014)

Annual Operating Hours (hrs/yr) U.S. DOE SSL Program, 2010 Lighting Market Characterization, Prepared by Navigant Consulting 

Inc., January 2012.

U.S. DOE SSL Program, 2010 Lighting Market Characterization, Prepared by Navigant 

Consulting Inc., January 2012.

Lamp Price ($) DOE GSFL and IRL Energy 

Conservation Standard, 2009

GSFL IRL Final Rule TSD (DOE, 2015)

Retailer 

Websites

U.S. DOE SSL Program, Energy Savings Forecast of Solid-State Lighting in General 

Illumination Applications (Navigant, 2014)

Ballast Price ($) DOE Fluorescent Lamp Ballast 

Energy Conservation Standard, 2011 N/A

Fixture Price ($) Assume Same as Commercial Fixture

Retailer 

Websites

Lamp Cost ($/klm) 

Calculated

Calculated System (l/b/f) Cost ($/klm)

Labor Cost ($/hr)

GSFL IRL Final Rule TSD (DOE, 2015)

Labor System Installation (hr)

Labor Lamp Change (hr)

Total Installed Cost ($)

Calculated Calculated Annual Maintenance Cost ($)

Total Installed Cost ($/klm)

Annual Maintenance Cost ($/klm)

Final
139

Data Sources » Residential Linear Fluorescent Lamp T5

DATA SOURCES 2009 2015 2020 2030 2040

Installed Stock Average Low Typical High Energy Star Typical High Typical High Typical High

Lamp Wattage DOE GSFL and IRL Energy 

Conservation Standard, 2009 GSFL IRL Final Rule TSD (DOE, 2015) Retailer Websites

Calculated

Lamp Lumens Assume Unchanged from 2015

Lamp Efficacy (lm/W) Calculated

U.S. DOE SSL Program, Energy Savings Forecast of Solid-State Lighting in General 

Illumination Applications (Navigant, 2014)

System Wattage 

Calculated GSFL IRL Final Rule TSD (DOE, 2015)

Energy Star 

Light Bulb 

product 

database 

(downloaded 

11-4-15)

System Lumens 

System Efficacy (lm/W) Calculated

Ballast Efficiency (BLE)

DOE Fluorescent Lamp Ballast 

Energy Conservation Standard, 

2011

GSFL IRL Final Rule TSD (DOE, 2015)

Asssume 

Constant

Assume Unchanged from 2015 CRI DOE GSFL and IRL Energy 

Conservation Standard, 2009

Energy Star 

Light Bulb 

product 

database 

(downloaded 

11-4-15)

Correlated Color Temperature (CCT) DOE Solid-State Lighting MultiYear Program Plan, 2013

Average Lamp Life (1000 hrs) DOE GSFL and IRL Energy 

Conservation Standard, 2009

U.S. DOE SSL Program, Energy Savings Forecast of Solid-State Lighting in General 

Illumination Applications (Navigant, 2014)

Annual Operating Hours (hrs/yr) U.S. DOE SSL Program, 2010 Lighting Market Characterization, Prepared by Navigant Consulting 

Inc., January 2012.

U.S. DOE SSL Program, 2010 Lighting Market Characterization, Prepared by Navigant 

Consulting Inc., January 2012.

Lamp Price ($) DOE GSFL and IRL Energy 

Conservation Standard, 2009

GSFL IRL Final Rule TSD (DOE, 2015)

Retailer 

Websites

U.S. DOE SSL Program, Energy Savings Forecast of Solid-State Lighting in General 

Illumination Applications (Navigant, 2014)

Ballast Price ($)

DOE Fluorescent Lamp Ballast 

Energy Conservation Standard, 

2011

Fixture Price ($) Assume Same as Commercial Fixture Retailer 

Websites

Lamp Cost ($/klm) 

Calculated Calculated System (l/b/f) Cost ($/klm)

Labor Cost ($/hr)

Labor System Installation (hr) GSFL IRL Final Rule TSD (DOE, 2015) Assume same as 2015 Labor Lamp Change (hr)

Total Installed Cost ($)

Calculated Calculated Annual Maintenance Cost ($)

Total Installed Cost ($/klm)

Annual Maintenance Cost ($/klm)

Final
DATA SOURCES 2009 2015 2020 2030 2040

Installed Stock Average Low Typical High Energy Star Typical High Typical High Typical High

Lamp Wattage DOE SSL Program: LED 

Application Series, Linear 

Fluorescent Replacement Lamps 

(DOE SSL Program, 2011) LED Lighting Facts Qualified Product List 

(Downloaded 11/17/15)

N/A

Calculated

Lamp Lumens Adjusted for 2015 Typical Lumen Output

Lamp Efficacy (lm/W) Calculated

U.S. DOE SSL Program, Energy Savings Forecast of SolidState Lighting in General Illumination Applications 

(Navigant, 2014)

Calculated

System Wattage Calculated Calculated

System Lumens DOE SSL Program R&D Plan (DOE SSL Program, 2015) DOE SSL Program R&D Plan (DOE SSL Program, 2015)

System Efficacy (lm/W) Calculated Calculated

Ballast Efficiency (BLE) N/A N/A

CRI DOE SSL Program: LED 

Application Series, Linear 

Fluorescent Replacement Lamps 

(DOE SSL Program, 2011)

LED Lighting 

Facts Qualified 

Product List 

(Downloaded 

11/17/15)

LED Lighting 

Facts Qualified 

Product List 

Downloaded 

11/17/15

LED Lighting 

Facts Qualified 

Product List 

(Downloaded 

11/17/15)

Assume Unchanged

Correlated Color Temperature (CCT) DOE SSL 

Program R&D 

Plan (DOE SSL 

Program, 2015)

Average Lamp Life (1000 hrs) Retailer 

Websites

Retailer 

Websites

U.S. DOE SSL Program, Energy Savings Forecast of SolidState Lighting in General Illumination Applications 

(Navigant, 2014)

Assume Unchanged

Annual Operating Hours (hrs/yr) U.S. DOE SSL Program, 2010 Lighting Market Characterization, Prepared by 

Navigant Consulting Inc., January 2012.

U.S. DOE SSL Program, 2010 Lighting Market Characterization, Prepared by Navigant 

Consulting Inc., January 2012.

Lamp Price ($)

DOE SSL Program: LED 

Application Series, Linear 

Fluorescent Replacement Lamps 

(DOE SSL Program, 2011)

Retailer 

Websites Calculated Retailer Websites Calculated

Ballast Price ($) N/A N/A Fixture Price ($)*

Lamp Cost ($/klm) Calculated Calculated

DOE SSL 

Program R&D 

Plan (DOE SSL 

Program, 2015)

Calculated

U.S. DOE SSL Program, Energy Savings Forecast of SolidState Lighting in General Illumination Applications 

(Navigant, 2014)

Calculated

System (l/b/f) Cost ($/klm)* N/A N/A

Labor Cost ($/hr) U.S. DOE SSL Program, Energy Savings Forecast of Solid-State Lighting in 

General Illumination Applications (Navigant, 2014)

U.S. DOE SSL Program, Energy Savings Forecast of Solid-State Lighting in General 

Illumination Applications (Navigant, 2014) Labor System Installation (hr)*

Labor Lamp Change (hr)

Total Installed Cost ($)

Calculated Calculated Annual Maintenance Cost ($)

Total Installed Cost ($/klm)

Annual Maintenance Cost ($/klm) 140

Data Sources » Residential Linear LED Replacement Lamp 2 Lamp System* Final
141

Data Sources » Residential Linear LED Luminaire*

DATA SOURCES

2009 2015 2020 2030 2040

Installed Stock 

Average Low Typical High Energy Star Typical High Typical High Typical High

Lamp Wattage 

Lamp Lumens N/A

Lamp Efficacy (lm/W) 

System Wattage 

Calculated

DLC Qualified 

Product List 

(Downloaded 

11/18/15) LED Lighting 

Facts Database 

(downloaded 

10/31/15)

DLC Qualified 

Product List 

(Downloaded 

11/18/15)

Energy Star Light 

Bulb product 

database 

(downloaded 

11/4/15)

Calculated

System Lumens Calculated Calculated Adjusted for 2015 Typical Lumen Output

System Efficacy (lm/W) 

DLC Qualified 

Product List 

(Downloaded 

11/18/15)

DLC Qualified 

Product List 

(Downloaded 

11/18/15)

Calculated U.S. DOE SSL Program, Energy Savings Forecast of Solid-State Lighting 

in General Illumination Applications (Navigant, 2014) Calculated

Ballast Efficiency (BLE) N/A

CRI

Calculated

DLC Qualified 

Product List 

(Downloaded 

11/18/15)

LED Lighting 

Facts Database 

(downloaded 

10/31/15)

DLC Qualified 

Product List 

(Downloaded 

11/18/15)

Energy Star Light 

Bulb product 

database 

(downloaded 

11/4/15)

Assume Unchanged Correlated Color Temperature (CCT)

Average Lifetime (1000 hrs) 

DOE SSL 

Program R&D 

Plan (DOE SSL 

Program, 2015)

U.S. DOE SSL Program, Energy Savings Forecast of Solid-State Lighting 

in General Illumination Applications (Navigant, 2014) Assume Unchanged

Annual Operating Hours (hrs/yr) U.S. DOE SSL Program, 2010 Lighting Market Characterization, Prepared by Navigant Consulting Inc., January 2012.

Lamp/Luminaire Price ($) Calculated Retailer Websites Calculated Retailer Websites Retailer Websites Calculated

Ballast Price ($)

Fixture Price ($) N/A

Lamp Cost ($/klm) 

System (l/b/f) Cost ($/klm) Calculated Calculated

DOE SSL 

Program R&D 

Plan (DOE SSL 

Program, 2015)

Calculated Calculated U.S. DOE SSL Program, Energy Savings Forecast of Solid-State Lighting 

in General Illumination Applications (Navigant, 2014) Calculated

Labor Cost ($/hr) Assume Same as T5 Labor System Installation (hr)

Labor Lamp Change (hr) N/A

Total Installed Cost ($)

Calculated Annual Maintenance Cost ($)

Total Installed Cost ($/klm)

Annual Maintenance Cost ($/klm)

Final
142

Data Sources » Residential Outdoor Lamps (Security: BR30 Incandescent)

DATA SOURCES

2009 2015 2020 2030 2040

Installed 

Stock 

Average

Low Typical High Energy Star Typical High Typical High Typical High

Lamp Wattage 

Same as 

indoor 

Residential 

Incandescen

t Reflector

N/A

Same as 

indoor 

Residential 

Incandescen

t Reflector

N/A

Same as 

indoor 

Residential 

Incandescen

t Reflector

N/A

Same as 

indoor 

Residential 

Incandescen

t Reflector

N/A

Same as 

indoor 

Residential 

Incandescen

t Reflector

N/A

Lamp Lumens 

Lamp Efficacy (lm/W) 

CRI

Correlated Color Temperature (CCT)

Average Lamp Life (1000 hrs) 

Annual Operating Hours (hrs/yr) DOE, 

2012(2)

DOE, 

2012(2)

DOE, 

2012(2)

DOE, 

2012(2)

DOE, 

2012(2)

Lamp Price ($) Same as 

indoor 

Residential 

Incandescen

t Reflector

Same as 

indoor 

Residential 

Incandescen

t Reflector

Same as 

indoor 

Residential 

Incandescen

t Reflector

Same as 

indoor 

Residential 

Incandescen

t Reflector

Same as 

indoor 

Residential 

Incandescen

t Reflector

Lamp Cost ($/klm) 

Labor Cost ($/hr) N/A Labor Lamp Installation (hr)

Total Installed Cost ($)

Calculated Annual Maintenance Cost ($)

Total Installed Cost ($/klm)

Annual Maintenance Cost ($/klm)

Final
143

Data Sources » Residential Outdoor Lamps (Security: PAR38 Halogen)

DATA SOURCES

2009 2015 2020 2030 2040

Installed 

Stock 

Average

Low Typical High Energy Star Typical High Typical High Typical High

Lamp Wattage 

Interpolated 

from 

Commercial 

PAR38 

Halogen

N/A

Same as 

Commercial 

PAR38 

Halogen

N/A

Same as Commercial PAR38 Halogen

Lamp Lumens 

Lamp Efficacy (lm/W) 

CRI

Correlated Color Temperature (CCT)

Average Lamp Life (1000 hrs) 

Annual Operating Hours (hrs/yr) DOE, 

2012(2)

DOE, 

2012(2) DOE, 2012(2)

Lamp Price ($) Interpolated 

from 

Commercial 

PAR38 

Halogen

Same as 

Commercial 

PAR38 

Halogen

Same as Commercial PAR38 Halogen Lamp Cost ($/klm) 

Labor Cost ($/hr) N/A Labor Lamp Installation (hr)

Total Installed Cost ($)

Calculated Annual Maintenance Cost ($)

Total Installed Cost ($/klm)

Annual Maintenance Cost ($/klm)

Final
144

Data Sources » Residential Outdoor Lamps (Security: PAR38 HIR)

DATA SOURCES

2009 2015 2020 2030 2040

Installed 

Stock 

Average

Low Typical High Energy Star Typical High Typical High Typical High

Lamp Wattage 

Interpolate

d from 

Commercial 

PAR38 HIR

N/A

Same as 

Commercial 

PAR38 HIR

N/A

Same as Commercial PAR38 HIR

Lamp Lumens 

Lamp Efficacy (lm/W) 

CRI

Correlated Color Temperature (CCT)

Average Lamp Life (1000 hrs) 

Annual Operating Hours (hrs/yr) DOE, 

2012(2)

DOE, 

2012(2) DOE, 2012(2)

Lamp Price ($) Interpolate

d from 

Commercial 

PAR38 HIR

Same as 

Commercial 

PAR38 HIR

Same as Commercial PAR38 HIR Lamp Cost ($/klm) 

Labor Cost ($/hr) N/A Labor Lamp Installation (hr)

Total Installed Cost ($)

Calculated Annual Maintenance Cost ($)

Total Installed Cost ($/klm)

Annual Maintenance Cost ($/klm)

Final
145

Data Sources » Residential Outdoor Lamps (Security: CFL PAR38)

DATA SOURCES

2009 2015 2020 2030 2040

Installed Stock 

Average Low Typical High Energy Star Typical High Typical High Typical High

Lamp Wattage Calculated

N/A

Product 

Catalogs

N/A

Product 

Catalogs; 

Distributor 

Websites 

(Distributor 

websites 

claim 

ENERGY 

STAR 

certification 

for nearly all 

lamp models 

but no PAR38 

CFLs listed 

on ENERGY 

STAR 

product list)

NCI, 2014(1)

Lamp Lumens Same as outdoor 

halogen reflector

Lamp Efficacy (lm/W) Calculated; NCI, 2014(1)

CRI

Correlated Color Temperature Product Catalogs

(CCT)

Average Lamp Life (1000 hrs) Calculated; NCI, 2014(1)

Annual Operating Hours (hrs/yr) DOE, 2012(2) DOE, 2012(2)

N/A

DOE, 2012(2)

Lamp Price ($) Calculated Distributor 

Websites

NCI, 2014(1)

Lamp Cost ($/klm) Calculated; NCI, 2014(1) Calculated

Labor Cost ($/hr) N/A Labor Lamp Installation (hr)

Total Installed Cost ($)

Calculated

Annual Maintenance Cost ($)

Total Installed Cost ($/klm)

Annual Maintenance Cost 

($/klm)

Final
146

Data Sources » Residential Outdoor Lamps (Security: LED PAR38)

DATA SOURCES

2009 2015 2020 2030 2040

Installed 

Stock Average Low Typical High Energy Star Typical High Typical High Typical High

Lamp Wattage Calculated

LED Lighting Facts Database (downloaded 

10/31/15)

Energy Star 

Light Bulb 

product 

database 

(downloaded 

11/4/15)

Calculated

Lamp Lumens Product 

Catalogs Nominal lumen output based on historical values

Lamp Efficacy (lm/W) 2012 SSL 

MYPP Calculated

U.S. DOE SSL Program, Energy Savings Forecast of SolidState Lighting in General Illumination Applications 

(Navigant, 2014)

Calculated

CRI

Product 

Catalogs

Energy Star 

Light Bulb 

product 

database 

(downloaded 

11/4/15)

Assume Unchanged Correlated Color Temperature (CCT)

LED Lighting 

Facts Database 

(downloaded 

10/31/15)

DOE SSL 

Program R&D 

Plan (DOE 

SSL Program, 

2015)

LED Lighting 

Facts Database 

(downloaded 

10/31/15)

Average Lamp Life (1000 hrs) Retailer 

Websites

Retailer 

Websites

U.S. DOE SSL Program, Energy Savings Forecast of SolidState Lighting in General Illumination Applications 

(Navigant, 2014)

Assume Unchanged

Annual Operating Hours (hrs/yr) U.S. DOE SSL Program, 2010 Lighting Market Characterization, Prepared by Navigant Consulting Inc., January 2012.

Lamp Price ($) Calculated Retailer 

Websites Calculated Retailer Websites Calculated

Calculated

Lamp Cost ($/klm) 2012 SSL 

MYPP Calculated

DOE SSL 

Program R&D 

Plan (DOE 

SSL Program, 

2015)

Calculated

U.S. DOE SSL Program, Energy Savings Forecast of SolidState Lighting in General Illumination Applications 

(Navigant, 2014)

Labor Cost ($/hr) N/A Labor Lamp Installation (hr)

Total Installed Cost ($)

Calculated Annual Maintenance Cost ($)

Total Installed Cost ($/klm)

Annual Maintenance Cost ($/klm)

Final
147

Data Sources » Residential Outdoor Lamps (Porch: A19 Incandescent)

DATA SOURCES

2009 2015* 2020* 2030* 2040*

Installed 

Stock 

Average

Low Typical High Energy Star Typical High Typical High Typical High

Lamp Wattage 

Same as 

Residential 

General 

Service 75W 

Incandescen

t

N/A

Lamp Lumens 

Lamp Efficacy (lm/W) 

CRI

Correlated Color Temperature (CCT)

Average Lamp Life (1000 hrs) 

Annual Operating Hours (hrs/yr) DOE, 

2012(2)

Lamp Price ($)

Same as 

Residential 

General 

Service 75W 

Incandescen

t

Lamp Cost ($/klm) 

Labor Cost ($/hr)

Labor Lamp Installation (hr)

Total Installed Cost ($)

Annual Maintenance Cost ($)

Total Installed Cost ($/klm)

Annual Maintenance Cost ($/klm)

Final
148

Data Sources » Residential Outdoor Lamps (Porch: Halogen A-Type)

DATA SOURCES

2009 2015* 2020** 2030** 2040**

Installed 

Stock 

Average

Low Typical High Energy Star Typical High Typical High Typical High

Lamp Wattage 

Same as 

Residential 

General 

Service 75W 

Equivalent 

Halogen

N/A

Same as 

Residential 

General 

Service 75W 

Equivalent 

Halogen

N/A

Lamp Lumens 

Lamp Efficacy (lm/W) 

CRI

Correlated Color Temperature (CCT)

Average Lamp Life (1000 hrs) 

Annual Operating Hours (hrs/yr) DOE, 

2012(2)

DOE, 

2012(2)

Lamp Price ($)

Same as 

Residential 

General 

Service 75W 

Equivalent 

Halogen

Same as 

Residential 

General 

Service 75W 

Equivalent 

Halogen

Lamp Cost ($/klm) 

Labor Cost ($/hr)

Labor Lamp Installation (hr)

Total Installed Cost ($)

Annual Maintenance Cost ($)

Total Installed Cost ($/klm)

Annual Maintenance Cost ($/klm)

Final
149

Data Sources » Residential Outdoor Lamps (Porch: CFL Bare Spiral)

DATA SOURCES

2009 2015 2020 2030 2040

Installed 

Stock 

Average

Low Typical High Energy Star Typical High Typical High Typical High

Lamp Wattage Calculated

Product Catalogs

Energy Star 

Light Bulb 

product 

database 

downloaded 

11-10-15

NCI, 2014(1)

Lamp Lumens Same as 

2015 Typical

Lamp Efficacy (lm/W) Calculated; 

NCI, 2014(1) Calculated

CRI Product 

Catalogs

Product Catalogs

Correlated Color Temperature (CCT)

Average Lamp Life (1000 hrs) Calculated; 

NCI, 2014(1)

Annual Operating Hours (hrs/yr) DOE, 2012(2)

N/A

DOE, 2012(2)

Lamp Price ($) Calculated; 

NCI, 2014(1)

Distributor Websites

NCI, 2014(1)

Lamp Cost ($/klm) Calculated

Labor Cost ($/hr) N/A Labor Lamp Installation (hr)

Total Installed Cost ($)

Calculated

Annual Maintenance Cost ($)

Total Installed Cost ($/klm)

Annual Maintenance Cost ($/klm)

Final
150

Data Sources » Residential Outdoor Lamps (Porch: LED A-Type*)

DATA SOURCES

2009 2015 2020 2030 2040

Installed 

Stock 

Average

Low Typical High Energy 

Star* Typical High Typical High Typical High

Lamp Wattage Calculated

Lamp Lumens U.S. DOE SSL Program, Energy Savings Forecast of Solid-State Lighting in General Illumination Applications (Navigant, 2014)

Lamp Efficacy (lm/W) 

Scaled based on 60W Residential A-type Lamp

CRI

Correlated Color Temperature (CCT)

Average Lamp Life (1000 hrs) 

Annual Operating Hours (hrs/yr) DOE SSL Program, Residential Lighting End-Use Consumption Study: Estimation Framework and Initial Estimates (DOE SSL Program, 

2012)

Lamp Price ($) Calculated

Lamp Cost ($/klm) Scaled based on 60W Residential A-type Lamp

Labor Cost ($/hr) U.S. DOE SSL Program, Energy Savings Forecast of Solid-State Lighting in General Illumination Applications (Navigant, 2014)

Labor Lamp Installation (hr)

Total Installed Cost ($)

Calculated Annual Maintenance Cost ($)

Total Installed Cost ($/klm)

Annual Maintenance Cost ($/klm)

Final
Commercial Lighting

151

Final
152

Data Sources » Commercial General Service 100W Incandescent Lamp in Recessed Can Fixture

DATA SOURCES

2003 2012 2015 2020 2030 2040

Installed 

Stock 

Average

Installed 

Stock 

Average

Low Typical High Energy 

Star Typical High Typical High Typical High

Lamp Wattage 

2012 EIA Reference 

Case

N/A

Lamp Lumens 

Lamp Efficacy (lm/W) 

System Wattage 

System Lumens 

System Efficacy (lm/W) 

Ballast Efficiency (BLE)

CRI

Correlated Color Temperature (CCT) DOE, 2008

Average Lamp Life (1000 hrs) 2012 EIA Reference 

Case

Annual Operating Hours (hrs/yr) DOE, 2012(3)

Lamp Price ($)

2012 EIA Reference 

Case; Calculated

Ballast Price ($)

Fixture Price ($)

Lamp Cost ($/klm) 

System (l/b/f) Cost ($/klm)

Labor Cost ($/hr) 2016 RSMeans 

Online Labor System Installation (hr)

Labor Lamp Change (hr)

Total Installed Cost ($)

Calculated Annual Maintenance Cost ($)

Total Installed Cost ($/klm)

Annual Maintenance Cost ($/klm)

Final
153

Data Sources » Commercial General Service Halogen Lamp (100W Incandescent Equivalent) in 

Recessed Can Fixture

DATA SOURCES

2003 2012 2015 2020 2030 2040

Installed 

Stock 

Average

Installed 

Stock 

Average

Low Typical High Energy 

Star Typical High Typical High Typical High

Lamp Wattage 

2012 EIA Reference 

Case

N/A

Product 

Catalogs

N/A

Lamp Lumens 

Lamp Efficacy (lm/W) 

System Wattage 

System Lumens 

System Efficacy (lm/W) 

Ballast Efficiency (BLE)

CRI

Correlated Color Temperature (CCT) DOE, 2008

Average Lamp Life (1000 hrs) 2012 EIA Reference 

Case

Annual Operating Hours (hrs/yr) DOE, 2012(3) DOE, 

2012(3)

Lamp Price ($)

2012 EIA Reference 

Case; Calculated

Distributor 

Ballast Price ($) Websites

Fixture Price ($) NCI, 

2014(2)

Lamp Cost ($/klm) Calculated System (l/b/f) Cost ($/klm)

Labor Cost ($/hr)

2016 RSMeans Online

2016 

RSMeans 

Online

Labor System Installation (hr)

Labor Lamp Change (hr)

Total Installed Cost ($)

Calculated Calculated Annual Maintenance Cost ($)

Total Installed Cost ($/klm)

Annual Maintenance Cost ($/klm)

Final
154

Data Sources » Commercial General Service 100W Equivalent CFL Bare Spiral in Recessed Can Fixture

DATA SOURCES

2003 2012 2015 2020 2030 2040

Installed 

Stock 

Average

Installed 

Stock 

Average

Low Typical High Energy 

Star Typical High Typical High Typical High

Lamp Wattage 

2012 EIA Reference 

Case

Product Catalogs

GE 

FLE26HT3/

2/SXE/SW, 

Lowest 

Performing 

product in 

the Energy 

Star Light 

Bulb 

product 

database 

downloade

d 11-10-15

Calculated

Lamp Lumens Held Constant 2015-2040

Lamp Efficacy (lm/W) NCI, 2014(1)

System Wattage Same as lamp wattage

System Lumens 

System Efficacy (lm/W) Calculated; 2012 EIA Reference Case

Ballast Efficiency (BLE)

CRI 2012 EIA Reference Case

Correlated Color Temperature (CCT) Product Catalogs Product Catalogs

Average Lamp Life (1000 hrs) 2012 EIA Reference 

Case Calculated; Product Catalogs; NCI, 2014(1)

Annual Operating Hours (hrs/yr) DOE, 2012(3)

N/A

DOE, 2012(3)

Lamp Price ($)

2012 EIA Reference 

Case; Calculated

Distributor Websites

Calculated; Distributor Websites; NCI, 2014(1)

Ballast Price ($)

Fixture Price ($) NCI, 2014(2)

Lamp Cost ($/klm) Calculated System (l/b/f) Cost ($/klm)

Labor Cost ($/hr)

Labor System Installation (hr) 2016 RSMeans Online 2016 RSMeans Online

Labor Lamp Change (hr)

Total Installed Cost ($)

Calculated Calculated Annual Maintenance Cost ($)

Total Installed Cost ($/klm)

Annual Maintenance Cost ($/klm)

Final
155

Data Sources » Commercial General Service 100W Equivalent LED Replacement Lamp in Recessed Can Fixture

DATA SOURCES

2003 2012 2015 2020 2030 2040

Installed Stock 

Average

Installed Stock 

Average Low Typical High Energy Star Typical High Typical High Typical High

Lamp Wattage 

N/A

DOE SSL 

Program, 2013 

Multi-Year 

Program Plan 

(DOE SSL 

Program, 2013)

LED Lighting Facts Database (downloaded 

10/31/15)

Energy Star 

Light Bulb 

product 

database 

(downloaded 

11/4/15)

Calculated

Lamp Lumens U.S. DOE SSL Program, Energy Savings Forecast of Solid-State 

Lighting in General Illumination Applications (Navigant, 2014)

Assume Unchanged

Lamp Efficacy (lm/W) Calculated Calculated

System Wattage 

Calculated System Lumens* 

System Efficacy (lm/W) 

Ballast Efficiency (BLE)

CRI

DOE SSL 

Program, 2013 

Multi-Year 

Program Plan 

(DOE SSL 

Program, 2013)

LED Lighting Facts Database (downloaded 

10/31/15) Energy Star 

Light Bulb 

product 

database 

(downloaded 

11/4/15)

Assume Unchanged

Correlated Color Temperature (CCT) Retailer 

Websites

Assume Same 

as A19 60W 

equiv

Retailer 

Websites

Average Lamp Life (1000 hrs) Calculated U.S. DOE SSL Program, Energy Savings Forecast of Solid-State Lighting in General Illumination 

Applications (Navigant, 2014)

Annual Operating Hours (hrs/yr) U.S. DOE SSL Program, 2010 Lighting Market Characterization, Prepared by Navigant Consulting Inc., January 2012.

Lamp Price ($) Calculated Retailer 

Websites Calculated Retailer Websites U.S. DOE SSL Program, Energy Savings Forecast of Solid-State Lighting in General Illumination Applications (Navigant, 2014) Calculated

Ballast Price ($) N/A Fixture Price ($)**

Lamp Cost ($/klm) 

DOE SSL 

Program, 2013 

Multi-Year 

Program Plan 

(DOE SSL 

Program, 2013)

Calculated

DOE SSL 

Program R&D 

Plan (DOE SSL 

Program, 2015)

Calculated Calculated Calculated Calculated

System (l/b/f) Cost ($/klm) N/A

Labor Cost ($/hr)

Labor System Installation (hr)** Same as for CFL

Labor Lamp Change (hr)

Total Installed Cost ($)

Calculated Annual Maintenance Cost ($)

Total Installed Cost ($/klm)

Annual Maintenance Cost ($/klm)

Final
156

Data Sources » Commercial Halogen Reflector Lamp (PAR38) in Recessed Can Fixture

DATA SOURCES

2003 2012 2015 2020 2030 2040

Installed 

Stock 

Average

Installed 

Stock 

Average

Low Typical High Energy 

Star Typical High Typical High Typical High

Lamp Wattage 

2012 EIA Reference 

Case

N/A

Product 

Catalogs

N/A

Calculated

Lamp Lumens Held Constant 2015-2040

Lamp Efficacy (lm/W) NCI, 2014(1)

System Wattage Same as lamp wattage

System Lumens 

System Efficacy (lm/W) Calculated; 2012 EIA Reference Case

Ballast Efficiency (BLE)

CRI 2012 EIA Reference Case

Correlated Color Temperature (CCT) Product Catalogs Product Catalogs

Average Lamp Life (1000 hrs) 2012 EIA Reference 

Case Calculated; Product Catalogs; NCI, 2014(1)

Annual Operating Hours (hrs/yr) DOE, 2012(3) DOE, 

2012(3) DOE, 2012(3)

Lamp Price ($)

2012 EIA Reference 

Case; Calculated

Distributo

r Websites

Calculated; Distributor Websites; NCI, 2014(1)

Ballast Price ($)

Fixture Price ($) NCI, 

2014(2)

Lamp Cost ($/klm) Calculated System (l/b/f) Cost ($/klm)

Labor Cost ($/hr)

2016 RSMeans Online

2016 

RSMeans 

Online

Labor System Installation (hr) 2016 RSMeans Online

Labor Lamp Change (hr)

Total Installed Cost ($)

Calculated Calculated Calculated Annual Maintenance Cost ($)

Total Installed Cost ($/klm)

Annual Maintenance Cost ($/klm)

Final
157

Data Sources » Commercial Halogen Infrared Reflector Lamp (PAR38) in Recessed Can Fixture

DATA SOURCES

2003 2012 2015 2020 2030 2040

Installed 

Stock 

Average

Installed 

Stock 

Average

Low Typical High Energy 

Star Typical High Typical High Typical High

Lamp Wattage 

2012 EIA Reference 

Case

N/A

Product 

Catalogs

N/A

Calculated

Lamp Lumens Held Constant 2015-2040

Lamp Efficacy (lm/W) NCI, 2014(1)

System Wattage Same as lamp wattage

System Lumens 

System Efficacy (lm/W) Calculated; 2012 EIA Reference Case

Ballast Efficiency (BLE)

CRI 2012 EIA Reference Case

Correlated Color Temperature (CCT) Product Catalogs Product Catalogs

Average Lamp Life (1000 hrs) 2012 EIA Reference 

Case Calculated; Product Catalogs; NCI, 2014(1)

Annual Operating Hours (hrs/yr) DOE, 2012(3) DOE, 

2012(3) DOE, 2012(3)

Lamp Price ($)

2012 EIA Reference 

Case; Calculated

Distributor 

Websites

Calculated; Distributor Websites; NCI, 2014(1)

Ballast Price ($)

Fixture Price ($) NCI, 

2014(2)

Lamp Cost ($/klm) Calculated System (l/b/f) Cost ($/klm)

Labor Cost ($/hr)

2016 RSMeans Online

2016 

RSMeans 

Online

Labor System Installation (hr) 2016 RSMeans Online

Labor Lamp Change (hr)

Total Installed Cost ($)

Calculated Calculated Calculated Annual Maintenance Cost ($)

Total Installed Cost ($/klm)

Annual Maintenance Cost ($/klm)

Final
DATA SOURCES

2003 2012 2015 2020 2030 2040

Installed Stock 

Average

Installed Stock 

Average Low Typical High Energy Star Typical High Typical High Typical High

Lamp Wattage 

N/A

LED Lighting Facts Qualified Product List (Downloaded 11/17/15)

Energy Star 

Light Bulb 

product 

database 

(downloaded 

11/4/15)

Calculated

Lamp Lumens U.S. DOE SSL Program, Energy Savings Forecast of Solid-State 

Lighting in General Illumination Applications (Navigant, 2014)

Assume Unchanged

Lamp Efficacy (lm/W) Calculated Calculated

System Wattage 

System Lumens* Calculated

System Efficacy (lm/W) 

Ballast Efficiency (BLE) N/A

CRI LED Lighting Facts Qualified 

Product List (Downloaded 

11/17/15)

LED Lighting 

Facts Qualified 

Product List 

(Downloaded 

11/17/15)

LED Lighting 

Facts Qualified 

Product List 

(Downloaded 

11/17/15)

Energy Star 

Light Bulb 

product 

database 

(downloaded 

11/4/15)

Assume Unchanged

Correlated Color Temperature (CCT) DOE SSL 

Program R&D 

Plan (DOE SSL 

Program, 2015)

Average Lamp Life (1000 hrs) Calculated Retailer 

Websites

Retailer 

Websites

U.S. DOE SSL Program, Energy Savings Forecast of Solid-State 

Lighting in General Illumination Applications (Navigant, 2014) Assume Unchanged

Annual Operating Hours (hrs/yr) U.S. DOE SSL Program, 2010 Lighting Market Characterization, Prepared by Navigant Consulting Inc., January 2012.

Lamp Price ($) Calculated Retailer 

Websites Calculated Retailer Websites Calculated Calculated

Ballast Price ($) N/A Fixture Price ($)**

Lamp Cost ($/klm) 

DOE SSL 

Program, 2013 

Multi-Year 

Program Plan 

(DOE SSL 

Program, 2013)

Calculated

DOE SSL 

Program R&D 

Plan (DOE SSL 

Program, 2015)

Calculated U.S. DOE SSL Program, Energy Savings Forecast of Solid-State 

Lighting in General Illumination Applications (Navigant, 2014) Calculated

System (l/b/f) Cost ($/klm)** N/A

Labor Cost ($/hr)

Labor System Installation (hr)** Same as for Halogen

Labor Lamp Change (hr)

Total Installed Cost ($)

Calculated Annual Maintenance Cost ($)

Total Installed Cost ($/klm)

Annual Maintenance Cost ($/klm) 158

Data Sources » Commercial LED Reflector Lighting (PAR38) Final
159

Data Sources » Commercial 4-ft T8 F32 Commodity in 2-Lamp System

DATA SOURCES

2003 2012 2015 2020 2030 2040

Installed Stock 

Average

Installed Stock 

Average Low Typical High Energy Star Typical High Typical High Typical High

Lamp Wattage 2008 EIA 

Reference Case

GSFL IRL 

Preliminary 

Analysis TSD 

(DOE, 2013)

GSFL IRL Final Rule TSD (DOE, 2015)

N/A

Calculated

Lamp Lumens Calculated Assume Unchanged from 2015

Lamp Efficacy (lm/W) 

2008 EIA 

Reference Case

Calculated

U.S. DOE SSL Program, Energy Savings Forecast of Solid-State Lighting in General Illumination 

Applications (Navigant, 2014)

System Wattage GSFL IRL 

Preliminary 

Analysis TSD 

(DOE, 2013)

GSFL IRL Final Rule TSD (DOE, 2015) System Lumens 

System Efficacy (lm/W) Calculated

Ballast Efficiency (BLE) 2008 EIA 

Reference Case

GSFL IRL 

Preliminary 

Analysis TSD 

(DOE, 2013)

GSFL IRL Final Rule TSD (DOE, 2015)

Assume Unchanged from 2015

CRI

Correlated Color Temperature 

(CCT)

DOE Solid-State 

Lighting MultiYear Program 

Plan, 2013

Average Lamp Life (1000 hrs) 2008 EIA 

Reference Case

U.S. DOE SSL Program, Energy Savings Forecast of Solid-State Lighting in General Illumination 

Applications (Navigant, 2014)

Annual Operating Hours (hrs/yr) U.S. DOE SSL Program, 2010 Lighting Market Characterization, Prepared by 

Navigant Consulting Inc., January 2012.

U.S. DOE SSL Program, 2010 Lighting Market Characterization, Prepared by Navigant Consulting 

Inc., January 2012.

Lamp Price ($)

Calculated

GSFL IRL 

Preliminary 

Analysis TSD 

(DOE, 2013)

GSFL IRL Final Rule TSD (DOE, 2015)

U.S. DOE SSL Program, Energy Savings Forecast of Solid-State Lighting in General Illumination 

Applications (Navigant, 2014)

Ballast Price ($)

Fixture Price ($) Calculated

Lamp Cost ($/klm) 2008 EIA 

Reference Case Calculated System (l/b/f) Cost ($/klm)

Labor Cost ($/hr)

Calculated

GSFL IRL 

Preliminary 

Analysis TSD 

(DOE, 2013)

GSFL IRL Final Rule TSD (DOE, 2015) Assume Unchanged from 2015 Labor System Installation (hr)

Labor Lamp Change (hr)

Total Installed Cost ($) 2008 EIA 

Reference Case Calculated Calculated Annual Maintenance Cost ($)

Total Installed Cost ($/klm) Calculated Annual Maintenance Cost ($/klm)

Final
DATA SOURCES

2003 2012 2015 2020 2030 2040

Installed Stock 

Average

Installed Stock 

Average Low Typical High Energy Star Typical High Typical High Typical High

Lamp Wattage 

N/A

GSFL IRL 

Preliminary Analysis 

TSD (DOE, 2013)

N/A

GSFL IRL Final Rule 

TSD (DOE, 2015)

N/A N/A

Calculated

Lamp Lumens Assume Unchanged

Lamp Efficacy (lm/W) Calculated Calculated

U.S. DOE SSL Program, Energy Savings Forecast of Solid-State Lighting in General 

Illumination Applications (Navigant, 2014)

System Wattage GSFL IRL 

Preliminary Analysis 

TSD (DOE, 2013)

GSFL IRL Final Rule 

System Lumens TSD (DOE, 2015)

System Efficacy (lm/W) Calculated Calculated

Ballast Efficiency (BLE) GSFL IRL 

Preliminary Analysis 

TSD (DOE, 2013)

GSFL IRL Final Rule 

TSD (DOE, 2015)

CRI Assume Unchanged

Correlated Color Temperature (CCT)

Average Lamp Life (1000 hrs) 

U.S. DOE SSL 

Program, 2010 

Lighting Market 

Characterization, 

Prepared by Navigant 

Consulting Inc., 

January 2012.

U.S. DOE SSL Program, Energy Savings Forecast of Solid-State Lighting in General 

Illumination Applications (Navigant, 2014)

Annual Operating Hours (hrs/yr)

U.S. DOE SSL 

Program, 2010 

Lighting Market 

Characterization, 

Prepared by Navigant 

Consulting Inc., 

January 2012.

U.S. DOE SSL Program, 

2010 Lighting Market 

Characterization, 

Prepared by Navigant 

Consulting Inc., January 

2012.

U.S. DOE SSL Program, 2010 Lighting Market Characterization, Prepared by Navigant 

Consulting Inc., January 2012.

Lamp Price ($) GSFL IRL 

Preliminary Analysis 

TSD (DOE, 2013)

GSFL IRL Final Rule 

TSD (DOE, 2015)

U.S. DOE SSL Program, Energy Savings Forecast of Solid-State Lighting in General 

Illumination Applications (Navigant, 2014)

Ballast Price ($)

Calculated Fixture Price ($)

Lamp Cost ($/klm) Calculated Calculated

System (l/b/f) Cost ($/klm)

Labor Cost ($/hr) GSFL IRL 

Preliminary Analysis 

TSD (DOE, 2013)

GSFL IRL Final Rule 

TSD (DOE, 2015) Labor System Installation (hr) Assume Unchanged

Labor Lamp Change (hr)

Total Installed Cost ($) Calculated - See 

Chapter 8; Section 

8.2.2 of GSFL IRL 

Preliminary Analysis 

TSD (DOE, 2013)

Calculated Calculated

Annual Maintenance Cost ($)

Total Installed Cost ($/klm)

Annual Maintenance Cost ($/klm) 160

Data Sources » Commercial 4-ft T8 F32 High-efficiency/High-output in 2-Lamp System Final
161

Data Sources » Commercial 4-ft T5 F28 in 2-Lamp System

DATA SOURCES

2003 2012 2015 2020 2030 2040

Installed Stock 

Average

Installed Stock 

Average Low Typical High Energy Star Typical High Typical High Typical High

Lamp Wattage 2008 EIA 

Reference Case

GSFL IRL 

Preliminary 

Analysis TSD 

(DOE, 2013)

GSFL IRL Final Rule TSD (DOE, 2015)

N/A

Calculated

Lamp Lumens Calculated Assume Unchanged from 2015

Lamp Efficacy (lm/W) 

2008 EIA 

Reference Case

Calculated

U.S. DOE SSL Program, Energy Savings Forecast of Solid-State Lighting in General Illumination 

Applications (Navigant, 2014)

System Wattage GSFL IRL 

Preliminary 

Analysis TSD 

(DOE, 2013)

GSFL IRL Final Rule TSD (DOE, 2015) System Lumens 

System Efficacy (lm/W) Calculated

Ballast Efficiency (BLE) 2008 EIA 

Reference Case

GSFL IRL 

Preliminary 

Analysis TSD 

(DOE, 2013)

GSFL IRL Final Rule TSD (DOE, 2015)

Assume Unchanged from 2015

CRI

Correlated Color Temperature 

(CCT)

DOE Solid-State 

Lighting MultiYear Program 

Plan, 2013

Average Lamp Life (1000 hrs) 2008 EIA 

Reference Case

U.S. DOE SSL Program, Energy Savings Forecast of Solid-State Lighting in General Illumination 

Applications (Navigant, 2014)

Annual Operating Hours (hrs/yr) U.S. DOE SSL Program, 2010 Lighting Market Characterization, Prepared by 

Navigant Consulting Inc., January 2012.

U.S. DOE SSL Program, 2010 Lighting Market Characterization, Prepared by Navigant Consulting 

Inc., January 2012.

Lamp Price ($)

Calculated

GSFL IRL 

Preliminary 

Analysis TSD 

(DOE, 2013)

GSFL IRL Final Rule TSD (DOE, 2015)

U.S. DOE SSL Program, Energy Savings Forecast of Solid-State Lighting in General Illumination 

Applications (Navigant, 2014)

Ballast Price ($)

Fixture Price ($) Calculated

Lamp Cost ($/klm) 2008 EIA 

Reference Case Calculated System (l/b/f) Cost ($/klm)

Labor Cost ($/hr) Calculated GSFL IRL 

Preliminary 

Analysis TSD 

(DOE, 2013)

GSFL IRL Final Rule TSD (DOE, 2015) Labor System Installation (hr) Assume 

Labor Lamp Change (hr) unchanged

Total Installed Cost ($) 2008 EIA 

Reference Case

Calculated Calculated

Annual Maintenance Cost ($)

Total Installed Cost ($/klm)

Annual Maintenance Cost Calculated

($/klm)

Final
DATA SOURCES

2003 2012 2015 2020 2030 2040

Installed Stock 

Average

Installed Stock 

Average Low Typical High Energy Star Typical High Typical High Typical High

Lamp Wattage 

N/A

DLC Qualified 

Product List 

(Downloaded 

11/18/15)

LED Lighting Facts Database (downloaded 

11/17/15)

N/A

Calculated

Lamp Lumens Adjusted for 2015 Typical Lumen Output

Lamp Efficacy (lm/W) U.S. DOE SSL Program, Energy Savings Forecast of Solid-State 

Lighting in General Illumination Applications (Navigant, 2014) Calculated

System Wattage 

Calculated Calculated System Lumens 

System Efficacy (lm/W) 

Ballast Efficiency (BLE)

CRI

DLC Qualified 

Product List 

(Downloaded 

11/18/15)

LED Lighting Facts Database (downloaded 

11/17/15) Correlated Color Temperature Assume Unchanged

(CCT)

Average Lamp Life (1000 hrs) Retailer 

Websites

DOE SSL 

Program R&D 

Plan (DOE SSL 

Program, 2015)

Retailer 

Websites

U.S. DOE SSL Program, Energy Savings Forecast of Solid-State 

Lighting in General Illumination Applications (Navigant, 2014)

Assume 

Unchanged

Annual Operating Hours 

(hrs/yr)

U.S. DOE SSL Program, 2010 Lighting Market Characterization, 

Prepared by Navigant Consulting Inc., January 2012.

U.S. DOE SSL Program, 2010 Lighting Market Characterization, Prepared by Navigant Consulting 

Inc., January 2012.

Lamp Price ($) Calculated Retailer 

Websites Calculated Retailer Websites

U.S. DOE SSL Program, Energy Savings Forecast of Solid-State 

Lighting in General Illumination Applications (Navigant, 2014) Calculated

Ballast Price ($) N/A N/A Fixture Price ($)*

Lamp Cost ($/klm) 

U.S. DOE SSL 

Program, Energy 

Savings Forecast 

of Solid-State 

Lighting in 

General 

Illumination 

Applications 

(Navigant, 2014)

Calculated

DOE SSL 

Program R&D 

Plan (DOE SSL 

Program, 2015)

Calculated U.S. DOE SSL Program, Energy Savings Forecast of Solid-State 

Lighting in General Illumination Applications (Navigant, 2014) Calculated

System (l/b/f) Cost ($/klm)* N/A N/A

Labor Cost ($/hr) Calculated

Labor System Installation (hr)* N/A Assume Same as Analgous Conventional Tech Assume Unchanged

Labor Lamp Change (hr) Calculated

Total Installed Cost ($)

Calculated Calculated

Annual Maintenance Cost ($)

Total Installed Cost ($/klm)

Annual Maintenance Cost 

($/klm) 162

Data Sources » Commercial 4-ft Linear LED Replacement Lamp in 2-Lamp System Final
DATA SOURCES

2003 2012 2015 2020 2030 2040

Installed Stock 

Average

Installed Stock 

Average Low Typical High Energy Star Typical High Typical High Typical High

Lamp Wattage 

N/A

N/A

Lamp Lumens N/A

Lamp Efficacy (lm/W) 

System Wattage 

2008 EIA 

Reference Case

DLC Qualified Product List 

(Downloaded 11/18/15)

LED Lighting 

Facts Qualified 

Product List 

(Downloaded 

11/17/15)

DLC Qualified 

Product List 

(Downloaded 

11/18/15)

Calculated

System Lumens 

U.S. DOE SSL Program, Energy Savings Forecast of Solid-State 

Lighting in General Illumination Applications (Navigant, 2014)

Assume Unchanged

System Efficacy (lm/W) Calculated

Ballast Efficiency (BLE) N/A N/A

CRI 2008 EIA 

Reference Case DLC Qualified Product List 

(Downloaded 11/18/15)

LED Lighting 

Facts Qualified 

Product List 

(Downloaded 

11/17/15)

DLC Qualified 

Product List 

(Downloaded 

11/18/15)

Correlated Color Temperature Assume Unchanged from 2015

(CCT)

Average Lifetime (1000 hrs) Calculated U.S. DOE SSL Program, Energy Savings Forecast of Solid-State 

Lighting in General Illumination Applications (Navigant, 2014)

Assume Unchanged

Annual Operating Hours 

(hrs/yr)

U.S. DOE SSL Program, 2010 Lighting Market Characterization, Prepared by 

Navigant Consulting Inc., January 2012.

U.S. DOE SSL Program, 2010 Lighting Market Characterization, Prepared by Navigant Consulting 

Inc., January 2012.

Lamp/Luminaire Price ($) 2008 EIA 

Reference Case Calculated Retailer Website Calculated Retailer Website U.S. DOE SSL Program, Energy Savings Forecast of Solid-State 

Lighting in General Illumination Applications (Navigant, 2014) Calculated

Ballast Price ($)

Fixture Price ($) N/A N/A

Lamp Cost ($/klm) 

System (l/b/f) Cost ($/klm) Calculated

U.S. DOE SSL 

Program, Energy 

Savings Forecast 

of Solid-State 

Lighting in 

General 

Illumination 

Applications 

(Navigant, 2014)

Calculated

DOE SSL 

Program R&D 

Plan (DOE SSL 

Program, 2015)

Calculated

U.S. DOE SSL Program, Energy Savings Forecast of Solid-State 

Lighting in General Illumination Applications (Navigant, 2014)

Calculated

Labor Cost ($/hr) 2008 EIA 

Reference Case Calculated Assume Unchanged

Labor System Installation (hr) 2008 EIA 

Reference Case

Labor Lamp Change (hr) N/A N/A

Total Installed Cost ($)

Calculated Calculated

Annual Maintenance Cost ($)

Total Installed Cost ($/klm)

Annual Maintenance Cost 

($/klm)

163

Data Sources » Commercial 4-ft Linear LED Luminaire to Replace 2-Lamp Systems* Final
164

Data Sources » Commercial 8-ft T8 F59 Typical Efficiency in a 2-Lamp System

DATA SOURCES

2003 2012 2015 2020 2030 2040

Installed Stock 

Average

Installed Stock 

Average Low Typical High Energy Star Typical High Typical High Typical High

Lamp Wattage 2008 EIA 

Reference Case

GSFL IRL 

Preliminary 

Analysis TSD 

(DOE, 2013)

GSFL IRL Final Rule TSD (DOE, 2015)

N/A

Calculated

Lamp Lumens Calculated Assume Unchanged from 2015

Lamp Efficacy (lm/W) 

2008 EIA 

Reference Case

Calculated

U.S. DOE SSL Program, Energy Savings Forecast of Solid-State Lighting in General Illumination 

Applications (Navigant, 2014)

System Wattage GSFL IRL 

Preliminary 

Analysis TSD 

(DOE, 2013)

GSFL IRL Final Rule TSD (DOE, 2015) System Lumens 

System Efficacy (lm/W) Calculated

Ballast Efficiency (BLE) 2008 EIA 

Reference Case

GSFL IRL 

Preliminary 

Analysis TSD 

(DOE, 2013)

GSFL IRL Final Rule TSD (DOE, 2015)

Assume Unchanged from 2015

CRI

Correlated Color Temperature (CCT)

DOE Solid-State 

Lighting MultiYear Program 

Plan, 2013

Average Lamp Life (1000 hrs) 2008 EIA 

Reference Case

U.S. DOE SSL Program, Energy Savings Forecast of Solid-State Lighting in General Illumination 

Applications (Navigant, 2014)

Annual Operating Hours (hrs/yr) U.S. DOE SSL Program, 2010 Lighting Market Characterization, Prepared by 

Navigant Consulting Inc., January 2012.

U.S. DOE SSL Program, 2010 Lighting Market Characterization, Prepared by Navigant Consulting 

Inc., January 2012.

Lamp Price ($)

Calculated

GSFL IRL 

Preliminary 

Analysis TSD 

(DOE, 2013)

GSFL IRL Final Rule TSD (DOE, 2015)

U.S. DOE SSL Program, Energy Savings Forecast of Solid-State Lighting in General Illumination 

Applications (Navigant, 2014)

Ballast Price ($)

Fixture Price ($) Calculated

Lamp Cost ($/klm) 2008 EIA 

Reference Case Calculated System (l/b/f) Cost ($/klm)

Labor Cost ($/hr)

Calculated

GSFL IRL 

Preliminary 

Analysis TSD 

(DOE, 2013)

GSFL IRL Final Rule TSD (DOE, 2015) Assume Unchanged from 2015 Labor System Installation (hr)

Labor Lamp Change (hr)

Total Installed Cost ($) 2008 EIA 

Reference Case Calculated Calculated Annual Maintenance Cost ($)

Total Installed Cost ($/klm) Calculated Annual Maintenance Cost ($/klm)

Final
165

Data Sources » Commercial 8-ft T8 F59 High Efficiency in a 2-Lamp System

DATA SOURCES

2003 2012 2015 2020 2030 2040

Installed Stock 

Average

Installed Stock 

Average Low Typical High Energy Star Typical High Typical High Typical High

Lamp Wattage 2008 EIA 

Reference Case

GSFL IRL 

Preliminary 

Analysis TSD 

(DOE, 2013)

GSFL IRL Final Rule TSD (DOE, 2015)

N/A

Calculated

Lamp Lumens Calculated Assume Unchanged from 2015

Lamp Efficacy (lm/W) 

2008 EIA 

Reference Case

Calculated

U.S. DOE SSL Program, Energy Savings Forecast of Solid-State Lighting in General Illumination 

Applications (Navigant, 2014)

System Wattage GSFL IRL 

Preliminary 

Analysis TSD 

(DOE, 2013)

GSFL IRL Final Rule TSD (DOE, 2015) System Lumens 

System Efficacy (lm/W) Calculated

Ballast Efficiency (BLE) 2008 EIA 

Reference Case

GSFL IRL 

Preliminary 

Analysis TSD 

(DOE, 2013)

GSFL IRL Final Rule TSD (DOE, 2015)

Assume Unchanged from 2015

CRI

Correlated Color Temperature 

(CCT)

DOE Solid-State 

Lighting MultiYear Program 

Plan, 2013

Average Lamp Life (1000 hrs) 2008 EIA 

Reference Case

U.S. DOE SSL Program, Energy Savings Forecast of Solid-State Lighting in General Illumination 

Applications (Navigant, 2014)

Annual Operating Hours (hrs/yr) U.S. DOE SSL Program, 2010 Lighting Market Characterization, Prepared by 

Navigant Consulting Inc., January 2012.

U.S. DOE SSL Program, 2010 Lighting Market Characterization, Prepared by Navigant 

Consulting Inc., January 2012.

Lamp Price ($)

Calculated

GSFL IRL 

Preliminary 

Analysis TSD 

(DOE, 2013)

GSFL IRL Final Rule TSD (DOE, 2015)

U.S. DOE SSL Program, Energy Savings Forecast of Solid-State Lighting in General Illumination 

Applications (Navigant, 2014)

Ballast Price ($)

Fixture Price ($) Calculated

Lamp Cost ($/klm) 2008 EIA 

Reference Case Calculated System (l/b/f) Cost ($/klm)

Labor Cost ($/hr)

Calculated

GSFL IRL 

Preliminary 

Analysis TSD 

(DOE, 2013)

GSFL IRL Final Rule TSD (DOE, 2015) Assume Unchanged from 2015 Labor System Installation (hr)

Labor Lamp Change (hr)

Total Installed Cost ($) 2008 EIA 

Reference Case Calculated Calculated Annual Maintenance Cost ($)

Total Installed Cost ($/klm) Calculated Annual Maintenance Cost ($/klm)

Final
166

Data Sources » Commercial 8-ft T8 F96 High-Output in a 2-Lamp System

DATA SOURCES

2003 2012 2015 2020 2030 2040

Installed Stock 

Average

Installed Stock 

Average Low Typical High Energy Star Typical High Typical High Typical High

Lamp Wattage 

N/A

GSFL IRL 

Preliminary 

Analysis TSD 

(DOE, 2013)

GSFL IRL Final Rule TSD (DOE, 2015)

N/A

Calculated

Lamp Lumens Assume Unchanged from 2015

Lamp Efficacy (lm/W) Calculated

U.S. DOE SSL Program, Energy Savings Forecast of Solid-State Lighting in General Illumination 

Applications (Navigant, 2014)

System Wattage GSFL IRL 

Preliminary 

Analysis TSD 

(DOE, 2013)

GSFL IRL Final Rule TSD (DOE, 2015) System Lumens 

System Efficacy (lm/W) Calculated

Ballast Efficiency (BLE) GSFL IRL 

Preliminary 

Analysis TSD 

(DOE, 2013)

GSFL IRL Final Rule TSD (DOE, 2015)

CRI Assume Unchanged from 2015

Correlated Color Temperature (CCT)

Average Lamp Life (1000 hrs) U.S. DOE SSL Program, Energy Savings Forecast of Solid-State Lighting in General Illumination 

Applications (Navigant, 2014)

Annual Operating Hours (hrs/yr) U.S. DOE SSL Program, 2010 Lighting Market Characterization, 

Prepared by Navigant Consulting Inc., January 2012.

U.S. DOE SSL Program, 2010 Lighting Market Characterization, Prepared by Navigant 

Consulting Inc., January 2012.

Lamp Price ($) GSFL IRL 

Preliminary 

Analysis TSD 

(DOE, 2013)

GSFL IRL Final Rule TSD (DOE, 2015)

U.S. DOE SSL Program, Energy Savings Forecast of Solid-State Lighting in General Illumination 

Applications (Navigant, 2014)

Ballast Price ($)

Fixture Price ($)

Lamp Cost ($/klm) Calculated

System (l/b/f) Cost ($/klm)

Labor Cost ($/hr) GSFL IRL 

Preliminary 

Analysis TSD 

(DOE, 2013)

GSFL IRL Final Rule TSD (DOE, 2015) Assume Unchanged from 2015 Labor System Installation (hr)

Labor Lamp Change (hr)

Total Installed Cost ($)

Calculated Calculated Annual Maintenance Cost ($)

Total Installed Cost ($/klm)

Annual Maintenance Cost ($/klm)

Final
167

Data Sources » Commercial 8-ft Linear LED Replacement Lamp for a 2 Lamp System*

DATA SOURCES

2003 2012 2015 2020 2030 2040

Installed 

Stock 

Average

Installed 

Stock 

Average

Low Typical High Energy Star Typical High Typical High Typical High

Lamp Wattage 

N/A

LED Lighting Facts Qualified 

Product List (Downloaded 

11/17/15)

N/A

Calculated

Lamp Lumens Nominal Lumen output based on 2015 values

Lamp Efficacy (lm/W) U.S. DOE SSL Program, Energy Savings Forecast of Solid-State Lighting in General Illumination 

Applications (Navigant, 2014)

System Wattage 

System Lumens Calculated Calculated

System Efficacy (lm/W) 

Ballast Efficiency (BLE) N/A

CRI Assume Unchanged from 2015

Calculated from LED Lighting 

Facts Qualified Product List 

Downloaded 11/17/15

Correlated Color Temperature (CCT) DOE SSL Program R&D Plan 

Average Lamp Life (1000 hrs) (DOE SSL Program, 2015) U.S. DOE SSL Program, Energy Savings Forecast of Solid-State Lighting in General Illumination 

Applications (Navigant, 2014)

Annual Operating Hours (hrs/yr)

U.S. DOE SSL Program, 2010 

Lighting Market 

Characterization, Prepared by 

Navigant Consulting Inc., 

January 2012.

U.S. DOE SSL Program, 2010 Lighting Market Characterization, Prepared by Navigant Consulting 

Inc., January 2012.

Lamp Price ($) Calculated U.S. DOE SSL Program, Energy Savings Forecast of Solid-State Lighting in General Illumination 

Applications (Navigant, 2014)

Ballast Price ($) N/A N/A Fixture Price ($)*

Lamp Cost ($/klm) Navigant Price Analysis U.S. DOE SSL Program, Energy Savings Forecast of Solid-State Lighting in General Illumination 

Applications (Navigant, 2014)

System (l/b/f) Cost ($/klm)* N/A N/A

Labor Cost ($/hr) Assume Same as Analgous 

Conventional Tech Labor System Installation (hr)* Assume Unchanged from 2015

Labor Lamp Change (hr)

Total Installed Cost ($)

Calculated Calculated Annual Maintenance Cost ($)

Total Installed Cost ($/klm)

Annual Maintenance Cost ($/klm)

Final
168

Data Sources » Commercial 8-ft Linear LED Luminaire Replacement for a 2-Lamp System*

DATA SOURCES

2003 2012 2015 2020 2030 2040

Installed Stock 

Average

Installed Stock 

Average Low Typical High Energy Star Typical High Typical High Typical High

Lamp Wattage 

N/A

Calculated

N/A

Lamp Lumens N/A

Lamp Efficacy (lm/W) 

System Wattage Retailer 

Websites

Calculated

System Lumens U.S. DOE SSL Program, Energy Savings Forecast of Solid-State 

Lighting in General Illumination Applications (Navigant, 2014)

Assume Unchanged

System Efficacy (lm/W) Calculated

Ballast Efficiency (BLE) N/A N/A

CRI

Retailer 

Websites

Assume Unchanged from 2015 Correlated Color Temperature (CCT)

Average Lifetime (1000 hrs) U.S. DOE SSL Program, Energy Savings Forecast of Solid-State Lighting in General Illumination 

Applications (Navigant, 2014)

Annual Operating Hours (hrs/yr)

U.S. DOE SSL 

Program, 2010 

Lighting 

Market 

Characterizatio

n, Prepared by 

Navigant 

Consulting Inc., 

January 2012.

U.S. DOE SSL Program, 2010 Lighting Market Characterization, Prepared by Navigant 

Consulting Inc., January 2012.

Lamp/Luminaire Price ($) Calculated Calculated

Ballast Price ($)

Fixture Price ($) N/A N/A

Lamp Cost ($/klm) 

System (l/b/f) Cost ($/klm) Navigant Price 

analysis

U.S. DOE SSL Program, Energy Savings Forecast of Solid-State 

Lighting in General Illumination Applications (Navigant, 2014)

Calculated

Labor Cost ($/hr) Assume Same 

as Analgous

Conventional 

Tech

Assume Unchanged Labor System Installation (hr)

Labor Lamp Change (hr) N/A N/A

Total Installed Cost ($)

Calculated Calculated Annual Maintenance Cost ($)

Total Installed Cost ($/klm)

Annual Maintenance Cost ($/klm)

Final
DATA SOURCES

2003 2012 2015 2020 2030 2040

Installed Stock 

Average

Installed Stock 

Average Low Typical High Energy Star Typical High Typical High Typical High

Lamp Wattage 2008 EIA 

Reference Case

HID Final 

Determination 

TSD (DOE, 

2015)

N/A

HID Final 

Determination 

TSD (DOE, 

2015)

N/A

Calculated

Lamp Lumens Calculated Assume Unchanged from 2015

Lamp Efficacy (lm/W) 2008 EIA 

Reference Case U.S. DOE SSL Program, Energy Savings Forecast of Solid-State Lighting in General Illumination 

Applications (Navigant, 2014)

System Wattage 

System Lumens 

System Efficacy (lm/W) Calculated

Ballast Efficiency (BLE) 2008 EIA 

Reference Case

Assume Unchanged from 2015

CRI

Correlated Color Temperature (CCT)

DOE Solid-State 

Lighting MultiYear Program 

Plan, 2013

Average Lamp Life (1000 hrs) 2008 EIA 

Reference Case

U.S. DOE SSL Program, Energy Savings Forecast of Solid-State Lighting in General Illumination 

Applications (Navigant, 2014)

Annual Operating Hours (hrs/yr)

U.S. DOE SSL 

Program, 2010 

Lighting 

Market 

Characterizatio

n, Prepared by 

Navigant 

Consulting Inc., 

January 2012.

U.S. DOE SSL 

Program, 2010 

Lighting 

Market 

Characterizatio

n, Prepared by 

Navigant 

Consulting Inc., 

January 2012.

U.S. DOE SSL 

Program, 2010 

Lighting 

Market 

Characterizatio

n, Prepared by 

Navigant 

Consulting Inc., 

January 2012.

U.S. DOE SSL Program, 2010 Lighting Market Characterization, Prepared by Navigant 

Consulting Inc., January 2012.

Lamp Price ($)

2008 EIA 

Reference Case

HID Final 

Determination 

TSD (DOE, 

2015)

HID Final 

Determination 

TSD (DOE, 

2015)

U.S. DOE SSL Program, Energy Savings Forecast of Solid-State Lighting in General Illumination 

Applications (Navigant, 2014)

Ballast Price ($)

Fixture Price ($)

Lamp Cost ($/klm) 2008 EIA 

Reference Case Calculated Calculated System (l/b/f) Cost ($/klm)

Labor Cost ($/hr) Calculated

HID Final 

Determination 

TSD (DOE, 

2015)

HID Final 

Determination 

TSD (DOE, 

2015) Assume Unchanged from 2015

Labor System Installation (hr) GSFL Rule GSFL Rule Labor Lamp Change (hr)

Total Installed Cost ($) 2008 EIA 

Reference Case Calculated Calculated Calculated Annual Maintenance Cost ($)

Total Installed Cost ($/klm) Calculated Annual Maintenance Cost ($/klm)

169

Data Sources » Commercial Mercury Vapor Low-bay Final
170

Data Sources » Commercial Metal Halide Low-bay

DATA SOURCES

2003 2012 2015 2020 2030 2040

Installed Stock 

Average

Installed Stock 

Average Low Typical High Energy Star Typical High Typical High Typical High

Lamp Wattage 2008 EIA 

Reference Case

HID Final 

Determination 

TSD (DOE, 

2015)

N/A

HID Final 

Determination 

TSD (DOE, 

2015)

N/A N/A

Calculated

Lamp Lumens Calculated Assume Unchanged from 2015

Lamp Efficacy (lm/W) 

2008 EIA 

Reference Case

Calculated Calculated

U.S. DOE SSL Program, Energy Savings Forecast of Solid-State Lighting in General Illumination 

Applications (Navigant, 2014)

System Wattage HID Final 

Determination 

TSD (DOE, 

2015)

HID Final 

Determination 

TSD (DOE, 

2015)

System Lumens 

System Efficacy (lm/W) Calculated Calculated Calculated

Ballast Efficiency (BLE) 2008 EIA 

Reference Case

HID Final 

Determination 

TSD (DOE, 

2015)

HID Final 

Determination 

TSD (DOE, 

2015)

Assume Unchanged from 2015

CRI

Correlated Color Temperature 

(CCT)

DOE Solid-State 

Lighting MultiYear Program 

Plan, 2013

Average Lamp Life (1000 hrs) 2008 EIA 

Reference Case

U.S. DOE SSL Program, Energy Savings Forecast of Solid-State Lighting in General Illumination 

Applications (Navigant, 2014)

Annual Operating Hours (hrs/yr)

U.S. DOE SSL 

Program, 2010 

Lighting Market 

Characterization

, Prepared by 

Navigant 

Consulting Inc., 

January 2012.

U.S. DOE SSL 

Program, 2010 

Lighting Market 

Characterization

, Prepared by 

Navigant 

Consulting Inc., 

January 2012.

U.S. DOE SSL 

Program, 2010 

Lighting Market 

Characterization

, Prepared by 

Navigant 

Consulting Inc., 

January 2012.

U.S. DOE SSL Program, 2010 Lighting Market Characterization, Prepared by Navigant Consulting 

Inc., January 2012.

Lamp Price ($) 2008 EIA 

Reference Case HID Final 

Determination 

TSD (DOE, 

2015)

HID Final 

Determination 

TSD (DOE, 

2015)

U.S. DOE SSL Program, Energy Savings Forecast of Solid-State Lighting in General Illumination 

Applications (Navigant, 2014)

Ballast Price ($)

Fixture Price ($)

Lamp Cost ($/klm) 2008 EIA 

System (l/b/f) Cost ($/klm) Reference Case

Labor Cost ($/hr) Calculated

Labor System Installation (hr) Assume Unchanged from 2015 GSFL Rule GSFL Rule GSFL Rule Labor Lamp Change (hr)

Total Installed Cost ($) 2008 EIA 

Reference Case Calculated Calculated Calculated Annual Maintenance Cost ($)

Total Installed Cost ($/klm) Calculated Annual Maintenance Cost ($/klm)

Final
DATA SOURCES

2003 2012 2015 2020 2030 2040

Installed Stock 

Average

Installed Stock 

Average Low Typical High Energy Star Typical High Typical High Typical High

Lamp Wattage 2008 EIA 

Reference Case

HID Final 

Determination 

TSD (DOE, 2015)

N/A

HID Final 

Determination 

TSD (DOE, 2015)

N/A

Calculated

Lamp Lumens Calculated Assume Unchanged from 2015

Lamp Efficacy (lm/W) 

2008 EIA 

Reference Case

Calculated Calculated

U.S. DOE SSL Program, Energy Savings Forecast of Solid-State Lighting in General Illumination 

Applications (Navigant, 2014)

System Wattage HID Final 

Determination 

TSD (DOE, 2015)

HID Final 

Determination 

TSD (DOE, 2015) System Lumens 

System Efficacy (lm/W) Calculated Calculated Calculated

Ballast Efficiency (BLE) 2008 EIA 

Reference Case

HID Final 

Determination 

TSD (DOE, 2015)

HID Final 

Determination 

TSD (DOE, 2015)

Assume Unchanged from 2015

CRI

Correlated Color 

Temperature (CCT)

DOE Solid-State 

Lighting MultiYear Program 

Plan, 2013

Average Lamp Life (1000 

hrs) 

2008 EIA 

Reference Case

U.S. DOE SSL Program, Energy Savings Forecast of Solid-State Lighting in General Illumination 

Applications (Navigant, 2014)

Annual Operating Hours 

(hrs/yr)

U.S. DOE SSL 

Program, 2010 

Lighting Market 

Characterization, 

Prepared by 

Navigant 

Consulting Inc., 

January 2012.

U.S. DOE SSL 

Program, 2010 

Lighting Market 

Characterization, 

Prepared by 

Navigant 

Consulting Inc., 

January 2012.

U.S. DOE SSL 

Program, 2010 

Lighting Market 

Characterization, 

Prepared by 

Navigant 

Consulting Inc., 

January 2012.

U.S. DOE SSL Program, 2010 Lighting Market Characterization, Prepared by Navigant Consulting Inc., 

January 2012.

Lamp Price ($) 2008 EIA 

Reference Case HID Final 

Determination 

TSD (DOE, 2015)

HID Final 

Determination 

TSD (DOE, 2015)

U.S. DOE SSL Program, Energy Savings Forecast of Solid-State Lighting in General Illumination 

Applications (Navigant, 2014)

Ballast Price ($)

Fixture Price ($)

Lamp Cost ($/klm) 2008 EIA 

System (l/b/f) Cost ($/klm) Reference Case

Labor Cost ($/hr) Calculated

Assume Unchanged from 2015 Labor System Installation 

(hr) GSFL Rule GSFL Rule GSFL Rule

Labor Lamp Change (hr)

Total Installed Cost ($) 2008 EIA 

Reference Case

Calculated Calculated Calculated

Annual Maintenance Cost 

($)

Total Installed Cost 

($/klm) Calculated Annual Maintenance Cost 

($/klm)

171

Data Sources » Commercial Sodium Vapor Low-bay Final
172

Data Sources » Commercial LED Low-bay Luminaire *

DATA SOURCES

2003 2012 2015 2020 2030 2040

Installed Stock 

Average

Installed Stock 

Average Low Typical High Energy Star Typical High Typical High Typical High

Lamp Wattage 

N/A

N/A

Lamp Lumens N/A

Lamp Efficacy (lm/W) 

System Wattage 

2008 EIA 

Reference Case Calculated

DLC Qualified 

Product List 

(Downloaded 

11/18/15)

DLC Qualified 

Product List 

(Downloaded 

11/18/15)

LED Lighting 

Facts Database 

(downloaded 

11/17/15)

Calculated

System Lumens U.S. DOE SSL Program, Energy Savings Forecast of Solid-State 

Lighting in General Illumination Applications (Navigant, 2014)

Assume Unchanged

System Efficacy (lm/W) Calculated

Ballast Efficiency (BLE) N/A N/A

CRI

2008 EIA 

Reference Case

Calculated

DLC Qualified 

Product List 

(Downloaded 

11/18/15)

DLC Qualified 

Product List 

(Downloaded 

11/18/15)

LED Lighting 

Facts Database 

(downloaded 

11/17/15)

Assume Unchanged from 2015

Correlated Color Temperature (CCT)

DOE SSL 

Program R&D 

Plan (DOE SSL 

Program, 2015)

Average Lifetime (1000 hrs) Calculated

DLC Qualified 

Product List 

(Downloaded 

11/18/15)

Retailer 

Websites

U.S. DOE SSL Program, Energy Savings Forecast of Solid-State Lighting in General 

Illumination Applications (Navigant, 2014)

Annual Operating Hours (hrs/yr) U.S. DOE SSL Program, 2010 Lighting Market Characterization, Prepared by 

Navigant Consulting Inc., January 2012.

U.S. DOE SSL Program, 2010 Lighting Market Characterization, Prepared by Navigant 

Consulting Inc., January 2012.

Lamp/Luminaire Price ($) 2008 EIA 

Reference Case Calculated Retailer Websites Calculated Retailer Websites Calculated

Ballast Price ($)

Fixture Price ($) N/A N/A

Lamp Cost ($/klm) 

System (l/b/f) Cost ($/klm) Calculated

Calculated

Calculated

DOE SSL 

Program R&D 

Plan (DOE SSL 

Program, 2015)

Calculated

U.S. DOE SSL Program, Energy Savings Forecast of Solid-State 

Lighting in General Illumination Applications (Navigant, 2014)

Calculated

Labor Cost ($/hr) 2008 EIA 

Reference Case Assume Same as Analgous Conventional Tech Assume Unchanged Labor System Installation (hr)

Labor Lamp Change (hr) N/A N/A

Total Installed Cost ($)

Calculated Calculated Annual Maintenance Cost ($)

Total Installed Cost ($/klm)

Annual Maintenance Cost ($/klm)

Final
DATA SOURCES

2003 2012 2015 2020 2030 2040

Installed Stock 

Average

Installed Stock 

Average Low Typical High Energy Star Typical High Typical High Typical High

Lamp Wattage 2008 EIA 

Reference Case

HID Final 

Determination 

TSD (DOE, 2015)

N/A

HID Final 

Determination 

TSD (DOE, 2015)

N/A

Calculated

Lamp Lumens Calculated Assume Unchanged from 2015

Lamp Efficacy (lm/W) 2008 EIA 

Reference Case U.S. DOE SSL Program, Energy Savings Forecast of Solid-State Lighting in General Illumination 

Applications (Navigant, 2014)

System Wattage 

System Lumens 

System Efficacy (lm/W) Calculated

Ballast Efficiency (BLE) 2008 EIA 

Reference Case

Assume Unchanged from 2015

CRI

Correlated Color 

Temperature (CCT)

DOE Solid-State 

Lighting MultiYear Program 

Plan, 2013

Average Lamp Life (1000 hrs) 2008 EIA 

Reference Case

U.S. DOE SSL Program, Energy Savings Forecast of Solid-State Lighting in General Illumination 

Applications (Navigant, 2014)

Annual Operating Hours 

(hrs/yr)

U.S. DOE SSL 

Program, 2010 

Lighting Market 

Characterization

, Prepared by 

Navigant 

Consulting Inc., 

January 2012.

U.S. DOE SSL 

Program, 2010 

Lighting Market 

Characterization

, Prepared by 

Navigant 

Consulting Inc., 

January 2012.

U.S. DOE SSL 

Program, 2010 

Lighting Market 

Characterization

, Prepared by 

Navigant 

Consulting Inc., 

January 2012.

U.S. DOE SSL Program, 2010 Lighting Market Characterization, Prepared by Navigant Consulting 

Inc., January 2012.

Lamp Price ($) 2008 EIA 

Reference Case

HID Final 

Determination 

TSD (DOE, 2015)

HID Final 

Determination 

TSD (DOE, 2015) U.S. DOE SSL Program, Energy Savings Forecast of Solid-State Lighting in General Illumination 

Applications (Navigant, 2014)

Ballast Price ($)

Fixture Price ($)

Lamp Cost ($/klm) 2008 EIA 

Reference Case Calculated Calculated System (l/b/f) Cost ($/klm)

Labor Cost ($/hr) Calculated

HID Final 

Determination 

TSD (DOE, 2015)

HID Final 

Determination 

TSD (DOE, 2015) Assume Unchanged from 2015 Labor System Installation 

(hr) GSFL Rule GSFL Rule

Labor Lamp Change (hr)

Total Installed Cost ($) 2008 EIA 

Reference Case

Calculated Calculated Calculated

Annual Maintenance Cost ($)

Total Installed Cost ($/klm)

Annual Maintenance Cost Calculated

($/klm) 173

Data Sources » Commercial Mercury Vapor High-Bay

Final
DATA SOURCES

2003 2012 2015 2020 2030 2040

Installed Stock 

Average

Installed Stock 

Average Low Typical High Energy Star Typical High Typical High Typical High

Lamp Wattage 2008 EIA 

Reference Case

HID Final 

Determination 

TSD (DOE, 

2015)

N/A

HID Final 

Determination 

TSD (DOE, 

2015)

N/A

Calculated

Lamp Lumens Calculated Assume Unchanged from 2015

Lamp Efficacy (lm/W) 

2008 EIA 

Reference Case

Calculated Calculated

U.S. DOE SSL Program, Energy Savings Forecast of Solid-State Lighting in General Illumination 

Applications (Navigant, 2014)

System Wattage HID Final 

Determination 

TSD (DOE, 

2015)

HID Final 

Determination 

TSD (DOE, 

2015)

System Lumens 

System Efficacy (lm/W) Calculated Calculated Calculated

Ballast Efficiency (BLE) 2008 EIA 

Reference Case

HID Final 

Determination 

TSD (DOE, 

2015)

HID Final 

Determination 

TSD (DOE, 

2015)

Assume Unchanged from 2015

CRI

Correlated Color Temperature 

(CCT)

DOE Solid-State 

Lighting MultiYear Program 

Plan, 2013

Average Lamp Life (1000 hrs) 2008 EIA 

Reference Case

U.S. DOE SSL Program, Energy Savings Forecast of Solid-State Lighting in General Illumination 

Applications (Navigant, 2014)

Annual Operating Hours 

(hrs/yr)

U.S. DOE SSL 

Program, 2010 

Lighting Market 

Characterization

, Prepared by 

Navigant 

Consulting Inc., 

January 2012.

U.S. DOE SSL 

Program, 2010 

Lighting Market 

Characterization

, Prepared by 

Navigant 

Consulting Inc., 

January 2012.

U.S. DOE SSL 

Program, 2010 

Lighting Market 

Characterization

, Prepared by 

Navigant 

Consulting Inc., 

January 2012.

U.S. DOE SSL Program, 2010 Lighting Market Characterization, Prepared by Navigant Consulting 

Inc., January 2012.

Lamp Price ($) 2008 EIA 

Reference Case HID Final 

Determination 

TSD (DOE, 

2015)

HID Final 

Determination 

TSD (DOE, 

2015)

U.S. DOE SSL Program, Energy Savings Forecast of Solid-State Lighting in General Illumination 

Applications (Navigant, 2014)

Ballast Price ($)

Fixture Price ($)

Lamp Cost ($/klm) 2008 EIA 

System (l/b/f) Cost ($/klm) Reference Case

Labor Cost ($/hr) Calculated

Labor System Installation (hr) Assume Unchanged from 2015 GSFL Rule GSFL Rule GSFL Rule Labor Lamp Change (hr)

Total Installed Cost ($) 2008 EIA 

Reference Case

Calculated Calculated Calculated

Annual Maintenance Cost ($)

Total Installed Cost ($/klm)

Annual Maintenance Cost Calculated

($/klm) 174

Data Sources » Commercial Metal Halide High-Bay

Final
175

Data Sources » Commercial Sodium Vapor High-Bay

DATA SOURCES

2003 2012 2015 2020 2030 2040

Installed Stock 

Average

Installed Stock 

Average Low Typical High Energy Star Typical High Typical High Typical High

Lamp Wattage 2008 EIA 

Reference Case

HID Final 

Determination 

TSD (DOE, 

2015)

N/A

HID Final 

Determination 

TSD (DOE, 

2015)

N/A

Calculated

Lamp Lumens Calculated Assume Unchanged from 2015

Lamp Efficacy (lm/W) 

2008 EIA 

Reference Case

Calculated Calculated

U.S. DOE SSL Program, Energy Savings Forecast of Solid-State Lighting in General Illumination 

Applications (Navigant, 2014)

System Wattage HID Final 

Determination 

TSD (DOE, 

2015)

HID Final 

Determination 

TSD (DOE, 

2015)

System Lumens 

System Efficacy (lm/W) Calculated Calculated Calculated

Ballast Efficiency (BLE) 2008 EIA 

Reference Case

HID Final 

Determination 

TSD (DOE, 

2015)

HID Final 

Determination 

TSD (DOE, 

2015)

Assume Unchanged from 2015

CRI

Correlated Color Temperature 

(CCT)

DOE Solid-State 

Lighting MultiYear Program 

Plan, 2013

Average Lamp Life (1000 hrs) 2008 EIA 

Reference Case

U.S. DOE SSL Program, Energy Savings Forecast of Solid-State Lighting in General Illumination 

Applications (Navigant, 2014)

Annual Operating Hours (hrs/yr)

U.S. DOE SSL 

Program, 2010 

Lighting Market 

Characterization

, Prepared by 

Navigant 

Consulting Inc., 

January 2012.

U.S. DOE SSL 

Program, 2010 

Lighting Market 

Characterization

, Prepared by 

Navigant 

Consulting Inc., 

January 2012.

U.S. DOE SSL 

Program, 2010 

Lighting Market 

Characterization

, Prepared by 

Navigant 

Consulting Inc., 

January 2012.

U.S. DOE SSL Program, 2010 Lighting Market Characterization, Prepared by Navigant Consulting 

Inc., January 2012.

Lamp Price ($) 2008 EIA 

Reference Case HID Final 

Determination 

TSD (DOE, 

2015)

HID Final 

Determination 

TSD (DOE, 

2015)

U.S. DOE SSL Program, Energy Savings Forecast of Solid-State Lighting in General Illumination 

Applications (Navigant, 2014)

Ballast Price ($)

Fixture Price ($)

Lamp Cost ($/klm) 2008 EIA 

System (l/b/f) Cost ($/klm) Reference Case

Labor Cost ($/hr) Calculated

Labor System Installation (hr) Assume Unchanged from 2015 GSFL Rule GSFL Rule GSFL Rule Labor Lamp Change (hr)

Total Installed Cost ($) 2008 EIA 

Reference Case Calculated Calculated Calculated Annual Maintenance Cost ($)

Total Installed Cost ($/klm) Calculated Annual Maintenance Cost ($/klm)

Final
DATA SOURCES

2003 2012 2015 2020 2030 2040

Installed Stock Average Installed Stock Average Low Typical High Energy 

Star Typical High Typical High Typical High

Lamp Wattage 2008 EIA Reference Case GSFL IRL Preliminary 

Analysis TSD (DOE, 2013)

N/A

GSFL IRL Final Rule TSD (DOE, 

2015)

N/A

Calculated

Lamp Lumens Calculated Assume Unchanged from 2015

Lamp Efficacy (lm/W) 

2008 EIA Reference Case U.S. DOE SSL Program, Energy Savings Forecast of Solid-State Lighting in General 

Illumination Applications (Navigant, 2014)

System Wattage Calculated Calculated

System Lumens GSFL IRL Preliminary 

Analysis TSD (DOE, 2013)

GSFL IRL Final Rule TSD (DOE, 

2015)

System Efficacy (lm/W) Calculated Calculated Calculated

Ballast Efficiency (BLE) 2008 EIA Reference Case

GSFL IRL Preliminary 

Analysis TSD (DOE, 2013)

GSFL IRL Final Rule TSD (DOE, 

2015)

Assume Unchanged from 2015

CRI

Correlated Color Temperature 

(CCT)

DOE Solid-State Lighting 

Multi-Year Program Plan, 

2013

Average Lamp Life (1000 hrs) 2008 EIA Reference Case U.S. DOE SSL Program, Energy Savings Forecast of Solid-State Lighting in General 

Illumination Applications (Navigant, 2014)

Annual Operating Hours 

(hrs/yr)

U.S. DOE SSL Program, 

2010 Lighting Market 

Characterization, 

Prepared by Navigant 

Consulting Inc., January 

2012.

U.S. DOE SSL Program, 

2010 Lighting Market 

Characterization, Prepared 

by Navigant Consulting 

Inc., January 2012.

U.S. DOE SSL Program, 2010 

Lighting Market 

Characterization, Prepared by 

Navigant Consulting Inc., 

January 2012.

U.S. DOE SSL Program, 2010 Lighting Market Characterization, Prepared by 

Navigant Consulting Inc., January 2012.

Lamp Price ($)

2008 EIA Reference Case

GSFL IRL Preliminary 

Analysis TSD (DOE, 2013)

GSFL IRL Final Rule TSD (DOE, 

2015) U.S. DOE SSL Program, Energy Savings Forecast of Solid-State Lighting in General 

Illumination Applications (Navigant, 2014)

Ballast Price ($)

Fixture Price ($)

Lamp Cost ($/klm) Calculated Calculated 2008 EIA Reference Case System (l/b/f) Cost ($/klm)

Labor Cost ($/hr) Calculated

GSFL IRL Preliminary 

Analysis TSD (DOE, 2013)

GSFL IRL Final Rule TSD (DOE, 

2015) Assume Unchanged from 2015 Labor System Installation (hr) GSFL Rule Labor Lamp Change (hr)

Total Installed Cost ($) 2008 EIA Reference Case

Calculated Calculated Calculated

Annual Maintenance Cost ($)

Total Installed Cost ($/klm)

Annual Maintenance Cost Calculated

($/klm)

176

Data Sources » Commercial T5 4xF54 HO High-bay Final
DATA SOURCES

2003 2012 2015 2020 2030 2040

Installed Stock 

Average

Installed Stock 

Average Low Typical High Energy Star Typical High Typical High Typical High

Lamp Wattage 

N/A

N/A

Lamp Lumens N/A

Lamp Efficacy (lm/W) 

System Wattage 

2008 EIA 

Reference Case

DLC Qualified 

Product List 

(Downloaded 

11/18/15)

DLC Qualified 

Product List 

(Downloaded 

11/18/15)

DLC Qualified 

Product List 

(Downloaded 

11/18/15)

LED Lighting 

Facts Database 

(downloaded 

11/17/15)

Calculated

System Lumens U.S. DOE SSL Program, Energy Savings Forecast of Solid-State 

Lighting in General Illumination Applications (Navigant, 2014)

Assume Unchanged

System Efficacy (lm/W) Calculated

Ballast Efficiency (BLE) N/A N/A

CRI

2008 EIA 

Reference Case DLC Qualified 

Product List 

(Downloaded 

11/18/15)

DLC Qualified 

Product List 

(Downloaded 

11/18/15)

DLC Qualified 

Product List 

(Downloaded 

11/18/15)

LED Lighting 

Facts Database 

(downloaded 

11/17/15) Assume Unchanged from 2015

Correlated Color Temperature 

(CCT)

DOE SSL 

Program R&D 

Plan (DOE SSL 

Program, 2015)

Retailer 

Websites

Average Lifetime (1000 hrs) Calculated

DLC Qualified 

Product List 

(Downloaded 

11/18/15)

LED Lighting 

Facts Database 

(downloaded 

11/17/15)

U.S. DOE SSL Program, Energy Savings Forecast of Solid-State Lighting in General Illumination 

Applications (Navigant, 2014)

Annual Operating Hours (hrs/yr) U.S. DOE SSL Program, 2010 Lighting Market Characterization, Prepared by 

Navigant Consulting Inc., January 2012.

U.S. DOE SSL Program, 2010 Lighting Market Characterization, Prepared by Navigant Consulting 

Inc., January 2012.

Lamp/Luminaire Price ($) 2008 EIA 

Reference Case Calculated Retailer Websites Calculated Retailer Websites Calculated

Ballast Price ($)

Fixture Price ($) N/A N/A

Lamp Cost ($/klm) 

System (l/b/f) Cost ($/klm) Calculated Calculated Calculated

DOE SSL 

Program R&D 

Plan (DOE SSL 

Program, 2015)

Calculated

U.S. DOE SSL Program, Energy Savings Forecast of Solid-State 

Lighting in General Illumination Applications (Navigant, 2014)

Calculated

Labor Cost ($/hr) 2008 EIA 

Reference Case Assume Same as Analgous Conventional Tech Assume Unchanged

Labor System Installation (hr) Assume Same as Analgous Conventional Tech

Labor Lamp Change (hr) N/A N/A

Total Installed Cost ($)

Calculated Calculated Annual Maintenance Cost ($)

Total Installed Cost ($/klm)

Annual Maintenance Cost ($/klm) 177

Data Sources » Commercial LED High-bay Luminaire *

Final
Refrigeration

178

Draft Final
Data Sources » Commercial Compressor Rack Systems

A-3

DATA SOURCES

2003 2012 2015 2020 2030 2040

Installed 

Stock 

Average

Installed 

Stock 

Average

Low Typical Energy Star High Typical High Typical High Typical High

Total Capacity (MBtu/hr) ADL, 1996 Interview with supermarket refrigeration efficiency consultant / Navigant Analysis, 2015

Median Store Size

Food 

Marketing 

Institute (FMI), 

2012

Food Marketing Institute, 2015 / Navigant Analysis, 2015

Power Input (kW) Copeland, 

2008 Interview with supermarket refrigeration efficiency consultant / Navigant Analysis, 2015

Energy Use (MWh/yr)

ADL, 1996 / 

NCI Analysis, 

2015

Interview with supermarket refrigeration efficiency consultant / Navigant Analysis, 2015

Normalized Annual Efficiency Calculated

Average Life (yrs) Kysor-Warren, 

2008 EIA, 2012

Total Installed Cost ($1000)

NCI, 2009 /

NCI Analysis, 

2012

Interview with supermarket refrigeration efficiency consultant / Navigant Analysis, 2015

Total Installed Cost ($/kBtu/hr) Calculated

Annual Maintenance Cost ($1000)

ADL, 1996 / 

NCI Analysis, 

2008

Interview with supermarket refrigeration efficiency consultant / Navigant Analysis, 2015

Annual Maintenance Cost ($/kBtu/hr) Calculated

Final
Data Sources » Commercial Condensers

A-4

DATA SOURCES

2003 2012 2015 2020 2030 2040

Installed 

Stock 

Average

Installed 

Stock 

Average

Low Typical Energy Star High Typical High Typical High Typical High

Total Capacity (MBtu/hr)

NCI Analysis, 

2008 / Heatcraft, 

2008 / ADL, 

1996

Interview with supermarket refrigeration efficiency consultant / Navigant Analysis, 2015

Median Store Size

Food Marketing 

Institute (FMI), 

2012

Food Marketing Institute, 2015 / Navigant Analysis, 2015

Power Input (kW)

NCI Analysis, 

2008 / Heatcraft, 

2008 / ADL, 

1996

Interview with supermarket refrigeration efficiency consultant / Navigant Analysis, 2015

Energy Use (MWh/yr)

NCI Analysis, 

2008 / ADL, 

1996

Interview with supermarket refrigeration efficiency consultant / Navigant Analysis, 2015

Normalized Annual Efficiency Calculated

Nominal Capacity Over Average Input (Btu 

out / Btu in) Calculated

Average Life (yrs) ADL, 1996 / NCI 

Analysis, 2008 EIA, 2012

Total Installed Cost ($1000)

NCI Analysis, 

2008 / Heatcraft, 

2008 / RS 

Means, 2007

Interviews with supermarket refrigeration efficiency consultant / Navigant Analysis, 2015

Total Installed Cost ($/kBtu/hr) Calculated

Annual Maintenance Cost NCI Analysis, 

2008 EIA, 2012

Annual Maintenance Cost ($/kBtu/hr) Calculated

Final
Data Sources » Commercial Supermarket Display Cases

A-2

DATA SOURCES

2003 2012 2015 2020 2030 2040

Installed 

Stock 

Average

Installed 

Stock 

Average

Low Typical Energy Star High Typical High Typical High Typical High

Cooling Capacity (Btu/hr) DOE, 2007 / NCI 

Analysis, 2008 Navigant Analysis, 2015

Median Store Size (ft2) 

Food Marketing 

Institute (FMI), 

2012

Food Marketing Institute, 2015 / Navigant Analysis

Case Length DOE, 2014: CRE TSD

Energy Use (kWh/yr) DOE, 2007 / NCI 

Analysis, 2008 DOE 2014: CRE Engineering Spreadsheet / Navigant Analysis

Energy Use (kWh/ft) Calculated

Normalized Annual Efficiency Calculated

Average Life (yrs) DOE, 2007 / NCI 

Analysis, 2008 DOE 2014: CRE TSD

Retail Equipment Cost DOE, 2007 / NCI 

Analysis, 2008 DOE 2014: CRE Engineering Spreadsheet / Navigant Analysis

Total Installed Cost DOE, 2007 / NCI 

Analysis, 2008 DOE, 2014: CRE TSD / Navigant Analysis

Total Installed Cst ($/kBtu/hr) Calculated

Annual Maintenance Cost DOE, 2007 / NCI 

Analysis, 2008 DOE, 2014: CRE TSD / Navigant Analysis

Annual Maintenance Cost ($/kBtu/hr) Calculated

Final
Data Sources » Commercial Reach-In Refrigerators

A-7

DATA SOURCES

2003 2012 2015 2020 2030 2040

Installed Stock 

Average

Installed Stock 

Average Low Typical Energy Star High Typical High Typical High Typical High

Cooling Capacity (Btu/hr)

ADL, 1996 / 

NCI Analysis, 

2008

DOE, 2014: CRE Engineering Spreadsheet

Size (ft3) 

ADL, 1996 / 

Distributor Web 

Sites

DOE, 2014: CRE TSD

Energy Use (kWh/yr)

ADL, 1996 / 

NCI Analysis, 

2008

DOE, 2014: CRE TSD / Navigant Analysis

Energy Use (kWh/yr/ft3) NCI Analysis, 

2012 Calculated

Normalized Annual Efficiency Calculated

Nominal Capacity Over Average 

Input (Btu out / Btu in) Calculated

Average Life (yrs) ACEEE, 2002 DOE, 2014: CRE TSD

Retail Equipment Cost 

ADL, 1996/ 

Distributor Web 

Sites / NCI 

Analysis, 2008

DOE, 2014: CRE TSD / Navigant Analysis

Total Installed Cost

Distributor Web 

Sites / NCI 

Analysis, 2008

DOE, 2014: CRE TSD / Navigant Analysis

Total Installed Cost ($/kBtu/hr) Calculated

Annual Maintenance Cost NCI Analysis, 

2008 DOE, 2014: CRE TSD / Navigant Analysis

Annual Maintenance Cost 

($/kBtu/hr) Calculated

Final
Data Sources » Commercial Reach-In Freezers

A-8

DATA SOURCES

2003 2012 2015 2020 2030 2040

Installed Stock 

Average

Installed Stock 

Average Low Typical Energy Star High Typical High Typical High Typical High

Cooling Capacity (Btu/hr) ADL, 1996 / NCI 

Analysis, 2008 DOE, 2014: CRE TSD 

Size (ft3

) 

ADL, 1996 / 

Distributor Web 

Sites

DOE, 2014: CRE TSD 

Energy Use (kWh/yr) ADL, 1996 / NCI 

Analysis, 2008 DOE, 2014: CRE TSD / Navigant Analysis, 2015

Energy Use (kWh/yr/ft3

) NCI Analysis, 

2012 Calculated

Nominal Capacity Over Average 

Input (Btu out / Btu in) Calculated

Average Life (yrs) ACEEE, 2002 DOE, 2014: CRE TSD

Retail Equipment Cost 

ADL, 1996/ 

Distributor Web 

Sites / NCI 

Analysis, 2008

DOE, 2014: CRE TSD / Navigant Analysis, 2015

Total Installed Cost

Distributor Web 

Sites / NCI 

Analysis, 2008

DOE, 2014: CRE TSD / Navigant Analysis, 2015

Total Installed Cost ($/kBtu/hr) Calculated

Annual Maintenance Cost NCI Analysis, 

2008 DOE, 2014: CRE TSD

Annual Maintenance Cost 

($/kBtu/hr) Calculated

Final
Data Sources » Commercial Walk-In Refrigerators

A-5

DATA SOURCES

2003 2012 2015 2020 2030 2040

Installed Stock 

Average

Installed Stock 

Average Low Typical Energy Star High Typical High Typical High Typical High

Cooling Capacity (Btu/hr) Fricke, et al, 2012, Navigant Analysis, 2015

Size (ft2) Navigant Analysis, 2015

Energy Use (kWh/yr)

ADL, 1996 / 

PG&E, 2004 / 

NCI Analysis, 

2008

DOE, 2014: WICF TSD / Navigant Analysis, 2015

Energy Use (kWh/ft2/yr) Calculated

Indexed Annual Efficiency Calculated

Insulated Box Average Life 

(yrs)

ADL, 1996 / 

PG&E, 2004 DOE, 2014: WICF TSD

Compressor Average Life 

(yrs)

ADL, 1996 / 

PG&E, 2004 DOE, 2014: WICF TSD

Retail Equipment Cost

ADL, 1996 / 

Distributor Web 

Sites / NCI 

Analysis, 2008

DOE, 2014: WICF TSD / Navigant Analysis, 2015

Total Installed Cost

ADL, 1996 / 

Distributor Web 

Sites / NCI 

Analysis, 2008

DOE, 2014: WICF TSD / Navigant Analysis, 2015

Total Installed Cost 

($/kBtu/hr) Calculated

Annual Maintenance Cost

ADL, 1996 / 

FMI, 2005 / NCI 

Analysis, 2008

DOE, 2014: WICF TSD / Navigant Analysis, 2015

Annual Maintenance Cost 

($/kBtu/hr) Calculated

Final
Data Sources » Commercial Walk-In Freezers

A-6

DATA SOURCES

2003 2012 2015 2020 2030 2040

Installed 

Stock Average

Installed 

Stock Average Low Typical High Typical High Typical High Typical High

Cooling Capacity (Btu/hr)

ADL, 1996 / 

NCI Analysis, 

2008

Fricke, et al, 2012, Navigant Analysis, 2015

Size (ft2) 

ADL, 1996 / 

NCI Analysis, 

2008

DOE, 2014: WICF TSD

Energy Use (kWh/yr)

ADL, 1996 / 

PG&E, 2004 / 

NCI Analysis, 

2008

DOE, 2014: WICF TSD / Navigant Analysis, 2015

Energy Use (kWh/ft2/yr) Calculated

Indexed Annual Efficiency Calculated

Insulated Box Average Life (yrs) ADL, 1996 / 

PG&E, 2004 DOE, 2014: WICF TSD

Compressor Average Life (yrs) ADL, 1996 / 

PG&E, 2004 DOE, 2014: WICF TSD

Retail Equipment Cost

ADL, 1996 / 

Distributor Web 

Sites / NCI 

Analysis, 2008

DOE, 2014: WICF TSD / Navigant Analysis, 2015

Total Installed Cost

ADL, 1996 / 

Distributor Web 

Sites / NCI 

Analysis, 2008

DOE, 2014: WICF TSD / Navigant Analysis, 2015

Total Installed Cost ($/kBtu/hr) Calculated

Annual Maintenance Cost DOE, 2014: WICF TSD / Navigant Analysis, 2014

Annual Maintenance Cost 

($/kBtu/hr) Calculated

Final
Data Sources » Commercial Ice Machines

A-9

DATA SOURCES

2003 2012 2015 2020 2030 2040

Installed Stock 

Average

Installed Stock 

Average Low Typical Energy Star High Typical High Typical High Typical High

Output (lbs/day) ADL, 1996 / NCI 

Analysis, 2008 DOE, 2014: ACIM TSD / Navigant Analysis, 2015

Water Use (gal/100 lbs)

ADL, 1996 / 

Distributor Web 

Sites

DOE, 2014: ACIM TSD / Navigant Analysis, 2015

Energy Use (kWh/100 lbs) ADL, 1996 / NCI 

Analysis, 2008 DOE, 2014: ACIM TSD / Navigant Analysis, 2015

Energy Use (kWh/yr)

ACEEE, 2002 /

NCI Analysis, 

2012

DOE, 2014: ACIM TSD / Navigant Analysis, 2015

Nominal Capacity Over Average 

Input (Btu out / Btu in) Calculated

Average Life (yrs)

ADL, 1996/ 

Distributor Web 

Sites / NCI 

Analysis, 2008

DOE, 2014: ACIM TSD / Navigant Analysis, 2015

Retail Equipment Cost 

Distributor Web 

Sites / NCI 

Analysis, 2008

DOE, 2014: ACIM TSD / Navigant Analysis, 2015

Total Installed Cost (with Bin) NCI Analysis, 

2008 DOE, 2014: ACIM TSD / Distributor Websites / Navigant Analysis, 2015

Total Installed Cost ($/kBtu/hr) Calculated

Annual Maintenance Cost ADL, 1996 / NCI 

Analysis, 2008 DOE, 2014: ACIM TSD / Navigant Analysis, 2015

Annual Maintenance Cost 

($/kBtu/hr) Calculated

Final
Data Sources » Commercial Beverage Merchandisers

A-10

DATA SOURCES

2003 2012 2015 2020 2030 2040

Installed 

Stock 

Average

Installed 

Stock 

Average

Low Typical Energy Star High Typical High Typical High Typical High

Cooling Capacity (Btu/hr) DOE, 2014: CRE TSD

Size (ft3) 

ADL, 1996 / 

Distributor Web 

Sites

DOE, 2014: CRE TSD

Energy Use (kWh/yr)

ADL, 1996 / 

NCI Analysis, 

2008

DOE, 2014: CRE TSD / Navigant Analysis, 2015

Energy Use (kWh/ft3/yr) Calculated

Indexed Annual Efficiency Calculated

Average Life (yrs) ACEEE, 2002 DOE, 2015: CRE TSD

Retail Equipment Cost 

ADL, 1996 / 

Distributor Web 

Sites

DOE, 2014: CRE TSD / Navigant Analysis, 2015

Total Installed Cost DOE, 2014: CRE TSD, Navigant Analysis

Total Installed Cost ($/kBtu/hr) Calculated

Annual Maintenance Cost DOE, 2014: CRE TSD, Navigant Analysis, 2015

Annual Maintenance Cost ($/kBtu/hr) Calculated

Final
Data Sources » Commercial Refrigerated Vending Machines

A-11

DATA SOURCES

2003 2012 2015 2020 2030 2040

Installed 

Stock 

Average

Installed 

Stock 

Average

Low Typical Energy Star High Typical High Typical High Typical High

Cooling Capacity (Btu/hr) 

DOE, 2008 / 

NCI Analysis, 

2008

DOE, 2015: BVM TSD / Navigant Analysis, 2015

Can Capacity

CEC, 2005 / 

NREL, 2003 / 

FEMP, 2004

DOE, 2015: BVM TSD

Size (ft3) DOE, 2015: BVM TSD / Navigant Analysis, 2015

Energy Use (kWh/yr)

ADL, 1996 / 

CEC, 2008 / 

NREL, 2003

DOE, 2015: BVM TSD

Energy Use (kWh/ft3/yr) Calculated

Indexed Annual Efficiency Calculated

Average Life (yrs) DOE, 2008 DOE, 2015: BVM TSD

Retail Equipment Cost 

Distributor Web 

Sites / NCI 

Analysis, 2008 

/ DOE, 2008

DOE, 2015: BVM TSD

Total Installed Cost

Distributor Web 

Sites / NCI 

Analysis, 2008 

/ DOE, 2008

DOE, 2015: BVM TSD

Total Installed Cost 

($/kBtu/hr) Calculated

Annual Maintenance Cost DOE, 2008 DOE, 2015: BVM TSD / Navigant Analysis, 2015

Annual Maintenance Cost 

($/kBtu/hr) Calculated

Final
189

Commercial Ventilation 

Final
Data Sources » Commercial Constant Air Volume Ventilation

DATA SOURCES

2003 2012 2015 2020 2030 2040

Installed Stock 

Average

Installed Stock 

Average Low Typical Best Energy Star Typical Best Typical Best Typical Best

System Airflow (CFM) CBECS 2003 & BED 2007

System Fan Power (kW) 

ASHRAE 90.1-

2004

ASHRAE 90.1-

2007

ASHRAE 90.1-

2010 Specific Fan Power (W/CFM) Leidos

Annual Fan Energy Use (kWh/yr)1

Average Life (yrs) ASHRAE A37.3-2015

Total Installed Cost ($)2

2016 RS Means Online

Annual Maintenance Cost ($) 2016 RS Means Online

Total Installed Cost ($/1000 CFM) Calculated

Annual Maintenance Cost ($/1000 CFM)

A-12

Final
Data Sources » Commercial Variable Air Volume Ventilation

DATA SOURCES

2003 2012 2015 2020 2030 2040

Installed Stock 

Average

Installed Stock 

Average Low Typical Best Energy Star Typical Best Typical Best Typical Best

System Airflow (CFM) CBECS 2003 & BED 2007

System Fan Power (kW) 

ASHRAE 90.1-

2004

ASHRAE 90.1-

2007

ASHRAE 90.1-

2010 Specific Fan Power (W/CFM) Leidos

Annual Fan Energy Use (kWh/yr)1

Average Life (yrs) ASHRAE A37.3-2015

Total Installed Cost ($)2

2016 RS Means Online

Annual Maintenance Cost ($) 2016 RS Means Online

Total Installed Cost ($/1000 CFM) Calculated

Annual Maintenance Cost ($/1000 CFM)

A-13

Final
Data Sources » Commercial Fan Coil Unit

DATA SOURCES

2003 2012 2015 2020 2030 2040

Installed Stock 

Average

Installed Stock 

Average Low Typical Best Energy Star Typical Best Typical Best Typical Best

System Airflow (CFM) Product Literature

System Fan Power (kW) 

Product 

Literature

ASHRAE 90.1-

2007

ASHRAE 90.1-

2010 Specific Fan Power (W/CFM) Leidos

Annual Fan Energy Use (kWh/yr)1

Average Life (yrs) ASHRAE A37.3-2015

Total Installed Cost ($)2

2016 RS Means Online

Annual Maintenance Cost ($) 2016 RS Means Online

Total Installed Cost ($/1000 CFM) Calculated

Annual Maintenance Cost ($/1000 CFM)

A-14

Final
Appendix B

References

193

Navigant Consulting, Inc.

1200 19th Street, NW, Suite 700

Washington, D.C. 20036

And

Leidos

11951 Freedom Drive 

Reston, VA 20190

Final
References

• Appliance Magazine. (2005). Portrait of the U.S. Appliance Industry. Appliance Magazine.

• Arthur D. Little. (1996). Energy Savings Potential for Commercial Refrigeration Equipment.

• DOE SSL Program. (2012a). 2010 U.S. Lighting Market Characterization

• DOE SSL Program. (2012b). Residential Lighting End-Use Consumption Study: Estimation Framework and Initial Estimates

• EERE. (2014). Energy Conservation Program for Appliance Standards: Automatic Commercial Ice Makers

• EERE. (2014). Energy Conservation Program for Appliance Standards: Commercial Refrigeration Equipment.

• EERE. (2014). Energy Conservation Program for Appliance Standards: Refrigerated Beverage Vending Machines

• EERE. (2015). Energy Conservation Program for Appliance Standards: Walk-in Coolers and Freezers.

• ENERGY STAR. (n.d.). Retrieved November 2015, from ENERGY STAR Products: 

http://www.energystar.gov/index.cfm?c=products.pr_find_es_products

• ENERGY STAR. (n.d.) Retrieved January 2016, from ENERGY STAR Lamps Specification Version 2.0: 

https://www.energystar.gov/products/spec/lamps_specification_version_2_0_pd

• ENERGY STAR. (n.d.) Retrieved January 2016, from ENERGY STAR Luminaires Specification Version 2.0: 

https://www.energystar.gov/products/spec/luminaires_specification_version_2_0_pd

• ENERGY STAR. (2014) ENERGY STAR® Program Requirements Product Specification for Lamps (Light Bulbs) Eligibility 

Criteria Version 1.1

• ENERGY STAR. (2012) ENERGY STAR® Program Requirements Product Specification for Luminaires (Light Fixtures) 

Eligibility Criteria Version 1.1

B-1

Final
References

• Federal Standard. (1975). National energy conservation standards authorized under the Energy and Policy 

Conservation Act of 2007 (EPCA 1975).

• Federal Standard. (2005). National energy conservation standards authorized under the Energy Policy Act of 2005 

(EPACT 2005).

• Federal Standard. (2007). National energy conservation standards authorized under the Energy Independence and 

Security Act of 2007 (EISA 2007).

• Food Marketing Institute. (n.d.). Retrieved November 2015, from FMI Supermarket Facts: 

http://www.fmi.org/research-resources/supermarket-facts/median-total-store-size-square-feet

• Navigant Consulting, Inc. (2009). Energy Savings Potential and R&D Opportunities for Commercial Refrigeration.

• Navigant Consulting, Inc. (n.d.). In House Expertise.

• Product Literature. (n.d.). Literature from manufacturers and experts on specific products

B-1

Final
November 2016

U.S. Energy Information Administration   |   Updated Buildings Sector Appliance and Equipment Costs and Efficiencies 5

APPENDIX D 
EIA - Technology Forecast Updates –

Residential and Commercial Building 

Technologies – Advanced Case

Presented to:

U.S. Energy Information Administration

Prepared by: 

Navigant Consulting, Inc.

1200 19th Street, NW, Suite 700

Washington, D.C. 20036

And

Leidos

11951 Freedom Drive

Reston, VA 20190

August 10, 2016 Confidential and Proprietary, 

©2015 Navigant Consulting, Inc.

Do not distribute or copy

Final
2

Draft

DISCLAIMER

This presentation was prepared as an account of work sponsored by an agency of the United States Government. Neither the United

States Government, nor any agency thereof, nor any of their employees, nor any of their contractors, subcontractors, or their employees, 

makes any warranty, express or implied, or assumes any legal liability or responsibility for the accuracy, completeness, or usefulness of 

any information, apparatus, product, or process disclosed, or represents that its use would not infringe privately owned rights. Reference 

herein to any specific commercial product, process, or service by trade name, trademark, manufacturer, or otherwise, does not necessarily 

constitute or imply its endorsement, recommendation, or favoring by the United States Government or any agency, contractor or

subcontractor thereof. The views and opinions of authors expressed herein do not necessarily state or reflect those of the United States 

Government or any agency thereof. 

August 2016

Final
Table of Contents

Page

Objective4

Methodology5

Definitions6

Calculations7

Market Transformation8

Residential Lighting9

General Service 10

Reflector Lamps 13 4-foot Linear 2-lamp Lighting Systems 17

Outdoor Lamps 21

Commercial Lighting 25

General Service Lamps 26

Reflector Lamps 29 4-Foot Linear 2 Lamp Lighting Systems 32 8-Foot Linear 2 Lamp Lighting Systems 36

Low Bay Lighting Systems 40

High Bay Lighting Systems 43

Additional Technologies of Interest 46

Page

Commercial Refrigeration 47

Compressor Rack Systems 48

Condensers 50

Supermarket Display Cases 52

Reach-In Refrigerators 55

Reach-In Freezers 58

Walk-In Refrigerators 61

Walk-In Freezers 65

Ice Machines 69

Beverage Merchandisers 73

Refrigerated Vending Machines 76

Commercial Ventilation 79

Constant Air Volume Ventilation 80

Variable Air Volume Ventilation 82

Fan Coil Units 84

Appendix A: Data SourcesA-1

Appendix B: ReferencesB-1

Final
4

Draft Objective

The objective of this study is to develop baseline and projected performance/cost 

characteristics for residential and commercial end-use equipment in an “Advanced 

Case” that assumes accelerated adoption of energy-saving technologies due to 

increased R&D funding and market incentives.

• 2003/2012 (commercial) and 2009 (residential) baselines, as well as today’s (2015)

— Review of literature, standards, installed base, contractor, and manufacturer information.

— Provide a relative comparison and characterization of the cost/efficiency of a generic 

product.

• Forecast of technology improvements that are projected to be available through 2040

— Review of trends in standards, product enhancements, and Research and Development 

(R&D).

— Projected impact of product improvements and enhancement to technology.

The performance/cost characterization of end-use equipment developed in this study 

will assist EIA in projecting national primary energy consumption.

Final
5

Draft

Input from industry, including government, R&D organizations, and manufacturers, 

was used to project product enhancements concerning equipment performance and cost 

attributes.

• Technology forecasting involves many uncertainties.

• Technology developments impact performance and cost forecasts.

• Varied sources ensure a balanced view of technology progress and the probable timing of 

commercial availability.

Methodology

Final
Definitions

• The following tables represent the current and projected efficiencies for residential and commercial building equipment ranging from 

the installed base in 2003 and 2012 (for commercial products) and 2009 (for residential) to the highest efficiency equipment that is 

expected to be commercially available by 2040, assuming incremental adoption. Below are definitions for the terms used in 

characterizing the status of each technology.

— Installed Base: the installed and “in use” equipment for that year. Represents the installed stock of equipment, but does NOT 

represent sales.

— Current Standard: the minimum efficiency (or maximum energy use) required (allowed) by current DOE standards, when 

applicable.

— ENERGY STAR: the minimum efficiency required (or maximum energy use allowed) to meet the ENERGY STAR criteria, when 

applicable. Presented performance data represents certified products just meeting current ENERGY STAR specifications.

— Low: The minimum available efficiency product or product mix available on the market. This typically reflects minimal 

compliance with DOE standards. 

— Typical: the average, or “typical,” product being sold in the particular timeframe.

— High: the product with the highest efficiency available in the particular timeframe.

— Lumens: All reported lumens are initial lumens.

— Correlated Color Temperature (CCT): a specification of the color appearance of the light emitted by a lamp.

— Color Rendering Index (CRI): a scale from 0 to 100 percent indicating how accurate a "given" light source is at rendering color when 

compared to a "reference" light source. The higher the CRI, the better the color rendering ability.

6

Draft Final
Calculations

• The following metrics are commonly referred to throughout the tables to follow. Below are the calculations for each metric

— Lighting

 System Wattage = (Lamp Wattage * Ballast Factor) / Ballast Efficiency

 System Lumens = Lamp Lumens * Ballast Factor

 Lamp Efficacy = Lamp Lumens / Lamp Wattage

 System Efficacy = System Lumens / System Wattage

 Lamp Cost ($/klm) = Lamp Cost / (Lamp Lumens / 1000)

 Total Equipment Cost = Lamp Cost + Fixture (including ballast) Cost

 System Cost ($/klm) = Total Equipment Cost / (System Lumens / 1000)

 Total Installed Cost = Total Equipment Cost + Labor Installation Cost

 BLE = A/(1+B*Avg Total Lamp Arc Power^(-C))

— Commercial Refrigeration

 Nominal Capacity over Average Input (Btu in / Btu out) = (Cooling or Heat Rejection Capacity)*24*365/(Annual Energy Consumption * 3412)

 Total Installed Cost = Retail Equipment Cost + Labor Installation Cost

 Total Installed Cost ($/kBtu/hr) = Total Installed Cost*1000 / (Cooling or Heat Rejection Capacity)

 Annual Maintenance Cost ($/kBtu/hr) = Annual Maintenance Cost * 1000 / (Cooling or Heat Rejection Capacity)

— Ventilation

 CFM out / Btu in / hr = System Airflow / (System Fan Power * 3412)

 Total Installed Cost ($/1000 CFM) = Total Installed Cost * 1000 / System Airflow

 Annual Maintenance Cost ($/1000 CFM) = Annual Maintenance Cost * 1000 / System Fan Power

7

Draft Final
8

Draft

The market for the reviewed products has changed since the analysis was performed in 

2012. These changes are noted and reflected in the efficiency and cost characteristics.

• DOE issued Federal minimum efficiency standards that have or will soon go into effect for 

General Service Fluorescent Lamps (effective 2012), Incandescent Reflector Lamps (July 2012), 

Fluorescent Lamp Ballasts (2014), Refrigerated Beverage Vending Machines (2012), Automatic 

Commercial Ice Makers (2018), Walk-In Coolers and Freezers (2017) and Commercial 

Refrigeration Equipment (2017). DOE published a Final Rule updating energy conservation 

standards for Refrigerated Beverage Vending Machines at the end of 2015, effective in 2018.

Market Transformation

Final
9

Residential Lighting

Note: More aggressive R&D investment and effort in the lighting 

industry will only change future projections of LED technologies as it 

is unlikely that additional funding/effort will be applied to traditional 

technologies that have been exceeded in performance by their LED 

counterparts. Therefore, the inputs for all non-LED technologies 

remain unchanged from the Reference Case and are therefore not 

included in this report. 

Final
10

Performance/Cost Characteristics » Residential General Service Lamps

The residential general service lamps characterized in this report are a 60 watt and a 75 watt medium screw based A-type incandescent lamp and their halogen, CFL, and LED equivalents. A 

standard 60 watt incandescent lamp produces approximately 800 lumens. A standard 75 watt incandescent lamp produces approximately 1100 lumens (ENERGY STAR Program). 

Performance: 

• A majority of residential lamps have a nominal CCT rating of 2700K and give off a warm, yellowish white color, but products with CCTs of 3000K, 3500K, 4100K (neutral white), 5000K 

(daylight) and 6500K (blueish white) are also available. Traditional incandescent light bulbs have a nominal CCT of about 2700K. When replacing a light bulb, it is advised to chose a 

product with a similar CCT value in order to achieve the same look. 

• Incandescent and halogen lamps have perfect color rendering with a CRI value of 100, but for CFL and LEDs products commonly fall between 70 and 90 CRI, with an average around 80. 

CRI values of 80 are considered suitable for general illumination, with high CRI products being preferable for retail and display applications where improved color quality is of real value. 

Higher CRI is not expected to be a focus for future LED products except for these very specific retail and display applications.

Cost: 

• Many factors influence the price of LED lamps including CRI, lifetime, dimming capabilities, and efficacy. Therefore typical lamp prices in 2015 reflecting a mix of lamp characteristics and 

features were used as the basis for projections for both typical and high efficacy products in the future. 

• Fixture prices and installation costs are not included for the residential sector. Labor costs are assumed to be negligible as the homeowner likely replaces lamps themselves as they burn out. 

Therefore total installed cost is the price of a lamp, and annual maintenance costs are the cost of replacing the lamps, which is a function of lamp life, lamp price, and the annual operating 

hours of 652 hours/year for residential general service lamps (DOE SSL Program, 2012a). 

Legislation:

• The Energy Independence and Security Act of 2007 (EISA 2007) established standards for 60 watt general service lamps effective in 2014 and 75 watt lamps effective in 2013. These standards 

cannot be achieved by incandescent bulbs, but can by halogen, CFL, and LED technologies. As a result, 2015 data is not provided for incandescent general service lamps. 

• EISA 2007 also established a requirement that DOE establish standards for general service lamps that are equal to or greater than 45 lm/W by 2020. California’s Appliance Efficiency 

Regulations will require 45 lm/W for general service lamps with certain bases beginning in 2018. These standards can not be achieved by traditional incandescent or halogen technologies 

currently on the market and given current and projected trends in industry it is not likely they will be met. It is currently assumed that industry will increase their investment in LED 

technology at the expense of incandescent, halogen, and CFL technologies. 

• EPACT 2005 sets performance for medium based compact fluorescent lamps. It adopts ENERGY STAR performance requirements (August 6, 2001 version) for efficacy, lumen maintenance, 

lamp life, rapid cycle stress test, CRI, etc. The standard is effective for lamps manufactured on or after January 1, 2006. Note that EPACT 2005 standards do not apply to CFL lamps with 

screw bases other than medium (e.g., pin based). The Secretary may revise these requirements by rule or establish other requirements at a later date. An updated DOE standard is expected 

in 2017 with a potential effective date of 2020. 

• Beginning in 2017, California’s Title 24 will require all light sources to be high efficacy. All general service lamps with medium screw bases must meet the following requirements: initial 

efficacy ≥45 lm/W, power factor ≥0.90, CCT ≤3000K, CRI ≥90, rated life ≥15,000 hours. 

• For ENERGY STAR qualification, general service, omnidirectional lamps must have a minimum lamp efficacy of 55 lm/W and 65 lm/W for lamps with rated wattage of <15W and ≥ 15 W, 

respectively. Additionally, the lamps must have a CRI ≥ 80, nominal CCT of 2700, 3000, 3500, 4000/4100, 5000, or 6000 K, and rated lifetime ≥ 10,000 hours (ENERGY STAR, 2014). The 

ENERGY STAR Lamps Version 2.0 specification, currently under revision and will take effect January 2, 2017, will require 70 lm/W for omnidirectional lamps with CRI ≥ 90 and 80 lm/W for 

omnidirectional lamps with CRI < 90 (ENERGY STAR).

Final
11

Performance/Cost Characteristics » Residential General Service Lamps

Future Performance Improvements:

• Projections were provided for both typical and high performing products for 2020, 2030, and 2040. Assumptions were made that the focus would be on improving efficacy, lifetime 

and price for products at constant CRI and CCT values. 

• Due to continued R&D investment, competition from LED lighting products, and general market demand for cost-effective lighting, the performance and cost characteristics of conventional lighting 

technologies are expected to improve over the analysis period. However, the ability of these conventional technologies to react rapidly (in terms of performance improvement) to the emergence of a new 

light source such as LED lighting is relatively small because these are mature technologies (particularly incandescent and fluorescent) and established market competitors (Navigant, 2014).

• For LED Technology, efficacy, lifetime, and price improvements were based on the model described in the Energy Savings Forecast of Solid-State Lighting in General Illumination 

Applications (Navigant, 2014). For traditional technologies, the following future improvements were assumed to occur year over year through 2040: 

Technology Efficacy Lifetime Price Potential for Improvements

Incandescent 0% 0% -0.5% Limited as the technology is mature and the technology cannot meet legislative requirements.

Halogen +0.5% +0.5% -0.5% Limited as the technology is mature.

CFL +0.5% +0.5% -0.5% Improvements in efficacy can be made by using more rare-earth phosphors in compact fluorescent 

lamps. Lifetime improvements can be made by improving the compact fluorescent lamp electrodes.

Final
12

Performance/Cost Characteristics » Residential General Service LED Lamps (60 Watt Equivalent)

1. Based on lowest efficacy product in the LED Lighting Facts Database (as downloaded on 10/30/15) for which all of the information in the table is available. 

2. Based on the average of products in the LED Lighting Facts Database (as downloaded on 10/30/15).

3. Based on highest efficacy product in the LED Lighting Facts Database (as downloaded on 10/30/15) for which all of the information in the table is available. 

4. Represents the lowest efficacy product in the Energy Star Database (as downloaded on 11/4/15) for which all of the information in the table is available. 

DATA

2009 2015 2020 2030 2040

Installed 

Stock 

Average

Low1 Typical2 High3 Energy 

Star4 Typical High Typical High Typical High

Lamp Wattage 18 13 9 8 14 7 4 5 4 4 4

Lamp Lumens 800 850 837 865 800 840 840 840 840 840 840

Lamp Efficacy (lm/W) 44 64 93 104 59 123 197 171 230 219 230

CRI 80 83 84 81 92 84 84 84 84 84 84

Correlated Color Temperature (CCT) 3000 2700 2700 2700 2700 2700 2700 2700 2700 2700 2700

Average Lamp Life (1000 hrs) 20 25 25 25 25 49 49 50 50 50 50

Annual Operating Hours (hrs/yr) 652 652 652 652 652 652 652 652 652 652 652

Lamp Price ($) $68.00 $24.00 $7.53 $4.99 $11.98 $4.07 $4.07 $1.33 $1.33 $1.00 $1.00

Lamp Cost ($/klm) $85.00 $28.22 $9.00 $5.77 $14.98 $4.84 $4.84 $1.58 $1.58 $1.19 $1.19

Labor Cost ($/hr) $0.00 $0.00 $0.00 $0.00 $0.00 $0.00 $0.00 $0.00 $0.00 $0.00 $0.00

Labor Lamp Installation (hr) 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0

Total Installed Cost ($) $68.00 $24.00 $7.53 $4.99 $11.98 $4.07 $4.07 $1.33 $1.33 $1.00 $1.00 

Annual Maintenance Cost ($) $2.22 $0.63 $0.20 $0.13 $0.31 $0.05 $0.05 $0.02 $0.02 $0.01 $0.01 

Total Installed Cost ($/klm) $85.00 $28.22 $9.00 $5.77 $14.98 $4.84 $4.84 $1.58 $1.58 $1.19 $1.19 

Annual Maintenance Cost ($/klm) $2.77 $0.74 $0.23 $0.15 $0.39 $0.06 $0.06 $0.02 $0.02 $0.02 $0.02 

Final
13

Performance/Cost Characteristics » Residential Reflector Lamps

The residential reflector lamps characterized in this report are directional lamps that emit between approximately 550-750 lumens. Multiple baseline reflector lamps were analyzed, 

including: 65W Incandescent BR30, Halogen PAR30, Halogen Infrared Reflector (HIR) PAR30, CFL BR30, LED BR30, LED PAR38. 

Performance: 

• A majority of residential lamps have a nominal CCT rating of 2700K and give off a warm, yellowish white color, but products with CCTs of 3000K, 3500K, 4100K (neutral white), 

5000K (daylight) and 6500K (blueish white) are also available. Traditional incandescent light bulbs have a nominal CCT of about 2700K. When replacing a light bulb, it is advised 

to chose a product with a similar CCT value in order to achieve the same look. 

• Incandescent and halogen lamps have perfect color rendering with a CRI value of 100, but for CFL and LEDs products commonly fall between 70 and 90 CRI, with an average 

around 80. CRI values of 80 are considered suitable for general illumination, with high CRI products being preferable for retail and display applications where improved color 

quality is of real value. Higher CRI is not expected to be a focus for future LED products except for these very specific retail and display applications.

Cost: 

• Many factors influence the price of LED lamps including CRI, lifetime, dimming capabilities, and efficacy. Therefore typical lamp prices in 2015 reflecting a mix of lamp 

characteristics and features were used as the basis for projections for both typical and high efficacy products in the future. 

• Fixture prices and installation costs are not included for the residential sector. Labor costs are assumed to be negligible as the homeowner likely replaces lamps themselves as they 

burn out. Therefore total installed cost is the price of a lamp, and annual maintenance costs are the cost of replacing the lamps, which is a function of lamp life, lamp price, and the 

annual operating hours of 642 hours/year for residential reflector lamps(DOE SSL Program, 2012a). 

Legislation:

• EPACT92 established minimum performance standards for some reflector lamps and provided exemptions for certain specialty applications (e.g., ER/BR, vibration service, more 

than 5% neodymium oxide, impact resistant, infrared heat, colored). EPACT92 effectively phased-out R-shaped tungsten filament incandescent reflector lamps at certain wattages 

and bulb diameters, replacing them with more efficient and cost effective tungsten-halogen parabolic aluminized reflector (PAR) lamps. EISA 2007 took away certain exemptions 

from EPACT 1992, requiring certain previously exempted lamps to meet EPACT92 minimum performance standards by January 1, 2008. The 65W BR30, a large majority of the 

incandescent reflector lamp market is still exempted. In 2015, DOE issued a final rule which determined that amending the standards for incandescent reflector lamps could not 

be economically justified.

• For ENERGY STAR qualification, directional, reflector lamps must have a minimum lamp efficacy of 40 lm/W and 50 lm/W for lamps with rated wattage of <20W and ≥ 20 W, 

respectively. Additionally, the lamps must have a CRI ≥ 80, nominal CCT of 2700, 3000, 3500, 4000/4100, 5000, or 6000 K, and rated lifetime ≥ 10,000 hours (ENERGY STAR, 2014). 

The ENERGY STAR Lamps Version 2.0 specification, currently under revision and will take effect January 2, 2017, will require 61 lm/W for omnidirectional lamps with CRI ≥ 90 

and 70 lm/W for omnidirectional lamps with CRI < 90 (ENERGY STAR).

Final
14

Performance/Cost Characteristics » Residential Reflector Lamps

Future Performance Improvements:

• Projections were provided for both typical and high performing products for 2020, 2030, and 2040. Assumptions were made that the focus would be on improving efficacy, lifetime 

and price for products at constant CRI and CCT values. 

• Due to continued R&D investment, competition from LED lighting products, and general market demand for cost-effective lighting, the performance and cost characteristics of conventional lighting 

technologies are expected to improve over the analysis period. However, the ability of these conventional technologies to react rapidly (in terms of performance improvement) to the emergence of a new 

light source such as LED lighting is relatively small because these are mature technologies (particularly incandescent and fluorescent) and established market competitors (Navigant, 2014).

• For LED Technology, efficacy, lifetime, and price improvements were based on the model described in the Energy Savings Forecast of Solid-State Lighting in General Illumination 

Applications (Navigant, 2014). For traditional technologies, the following future improvements were assumed to occur year over year through 2040: 

Technology Efficacy Lifetime Price Potential for Improvements

Incandescent +0.2% +0.5% -0.5% Improvements can be made by improved filament design and placement, higher pressure capsules, 

or higher efficiency reflector coatings. 

Halogen +0.5% +0.5% -0.5% Improvements can be made by improved filament design and placement, higher pressure capsules, 

or higher efficiency reflector coatings. 

CFL +0.5% +0.5% -0.5% In addition to benefiting from higher efficiency reflector coatings, improvements in efficacy can be 

made by using more rare-earth phosphors in compact fluorescent lamps. Lifetime improvements 

can be made by improving the compact fluorescent lamp electrodes.

Final
15

Performance/Cost Characteristics » Residential Reflector LED BR30

DATA

2009 2015 2020 2030 2040

Installed 

Stock 

Average

Low1 Typical2 Best3 Energy 

Star4 Typical Best Typical Best Typical Best

Lamp Wattage 18 11 10 8 12 6 4 5 3 4 3

Lamp Lumens 600 670 794 699 605 700 700 700 700 700 700

Lamp Efficacy (lm/W) 33 59 78 89 50 109 197 153 230 196 230

CRI 80 95 84 82 93 84 84 84 84 84 84

Correlated Color Temperature (CCT) 3000 2700 3000 5000 2700 3000 3000 3000 3000 3000 3000

Average Lamp Life (1000 hrs) 20 25 28 25 25 49 49 50 50 50 50

Annual Operating Hours (hrs/yr) 642 642 642 642 642 642 642 642 642 642 642

Lamp Price ($) $98.40 $12.99 $16.67 $20.97 $74.57 $3.39 $3.39 $1.11 $1.11 $1.00 $1.00

Lamp Cost ($/klm) $164.00 $19.39 $21.00 $30.01 $123.26 $4.84 $4.84 $1.58 $1.58 $1.43 $1.43

Labor Cost ($/hr) $0.00 $0.00 $0.00 $0.00 $0.00 $0.00 $0.00 $0.00 $0.00 $0.00 $0.00

Labor Lamp Installation (hr) 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0

Total Installed Cost ($) $98.40 $12.99 $16.67 $20.97 $74.57 $3.39 $3.39 $1.11 $1.11 $1.00 $1.00 

Annual Maintenance Cost ($) $3.16 $0.33 $0.38 $0.54 $1.91 $0.04 $0.04 $0.01 $0.01 $0.01 $0.01 

Total Installed Cost ($/klm) $164.00 $19.39 $21.00 $30.01 $123.26 $4.84 $4.84 $1.58 $1.58 $1.43 $1.43

Annual Maintenance Cost ($/klm) $5.26 $0.50 $0.48 $0.77 $3.16 $0.06 $0.06 $0.02 $0.02 $0.02 $0.02 

1. Based on lowest efficacy product in the LED Lighting Facts Database (as downloaded on 10/30/15) for which all of the information in the table is available. 

2. Based on the average of products in the LED Lighting Facts Database (as downloaded on 10/30/15).

3. Based on highest efficacy product in the LED Lighting Facts Database (as downloaded on 10/30/15) for which all of the information in the table is available. 

4. Represents the lowest efficacy product in the Energy Star Database (as downloaded on 11/4/15) for which all of the information in the table is available. 

Final
16

Performance/Cost Characteristics » Residential Reflector LED PAR38

DATA

2009 2015 2020 2030 2040

Installed 

Stock 

Average

Low1 Typical2 Best3 Energy 

Star4 Typical Best Typical Best Typical Best

Lamp Wattage 28 18 16 17 20 13 7 9 6 7 6

Lamp Lumens 1000 1172 1328 1958 1050 1400 1400 1400 1400 1400 1400

Lamp Efficacy (lm/W) 36 64 83 116 53 109 197 153 230 196 230

CRI 80 91 84 81 93 84 84 84 84 84 84

Correlated Color Temperature (CCT) 3000 2700 3000 4000 3000 3000 3000 3000 3000 3000 3000

Average Lamp Life (1000 hrs) 20 25 28 25 25 49 49 50 50 50 50

Annual Operating Hours (hrs/yr) 642 642 642 642 642 642 642 642 642 642 642

Lamp Price ($) $164.00 $25.68 $27.89 $36.59 $34.47 $6.78 $6.78 $2.21 $2.21 $1.67 $1.67

Lamp Cost ($/klm) $164.00 $21.92 $21.00 $18.69 $32.83 $4.84 $4.84 $1.58 $1.58 $1.19 $1.19

Labor Cost ($/hr) $0.00 $0.00 $0.00 $0.00 $0.00 $0.00 $0.00 $0.00 $0.00 $0.00 $0.00

Labor Lamp Installation (hr) 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0

Total Installed Cost ($) $164.00 $25.68 $27.89 $36.59 $34.47 $6.78 $6.78 $2.21 $2.21 $1.67 $1.67 

Annual Maintenance Cost ($) $5.26 $0.66 $0.64 $0.94 $0.88 $0.09 $0.09 $0.03 $0.03 $0.02 $0.02 

Total Installed Cost ($/klm) $164.00 $21.92 $21.00 $18.69 $32.83 $4.84 $4.84 $1.58 $1.58 $1.19 $1.19 

Annual Maintenance Cost ($/klm) $5.26 $0.56 $0.48 $0.48 $0.84 $0.06 $0.06 $0.02 $0.02 $0.02 $0.02 

1. Based on lowest efficacy product in the LED Lighting Facts Database (as downloaded on 10/30/15) for which all of the information in the table is available. 

2. Based on the average of products in the LED Lighting Facts Database (as downloaded on 10/30/15).

3. Based on highest efficacy product in the LED Lighting Facts Database (as downloaded on 10/30/15) for which all of the information in the table is available. 

4. Represents the lowest efficacy product in the Energy Star Database (as downloaded on 11/4/15) for which all of the information in the table is available. 

Final
17

Performance/Cost Characteristics » Residential 4-foot Linear 2-Lamp Lighting Systems

This section characterizes commercial linear fixtures that house 2 4ft long linear lamps and their integrated luminaire equivalents. The technologies available for this system are linear fluorescent 

and LED. 

• T5 lamps are approximately 40% narrower than T8 lamps and almost 60% narrower than T12 lamps. This allows T5 lamps to be coated with higher quality, more efficient phosphor blends than 

larger diameter lamps, resulting in a more efficacious lamp. The compact size of T5 lamps also permits greater flexibility in lighting design and construction.

• LED options for linear fixtures include replacement lamps that are able to fit directly into an existing fixture and fully integrated luminaire that can be used to replace existing fixtures. LED 

replacement lamps, also known as T lamps or TLEDs, do not require a ballast but can be installed in existing ballasted configurations with or without the removal of the linear fluorescent 

ballast. Replacement lamps are only sold to go into existing fixtures, if a new fixture is to be installed, a fully integrated LED luminaire is a more cost effective and efficient option. Because LED 

luminaires are fully integrated, they do not have lamp/fixture efficiency losses associated with ballasts and fixture optics.

Performance: 

• A majority of residential lamps have a nominal CCT rating of 2700K and give off a warm, yellowish white color, but products with CCTs of 3000K, 3500K, 4100K (neutral white), 5000K 

(daylight) and 6500K (blueish white) are also available. Traditional incandescent light bulbs have a nominal CCT of about 2700K. When replacing a light bulb, it is advised to chose a product 

with a similar CCT value in order to achieve the same look. 

• Incandescent and halogen lamps have perfect color rendering with a CRI value of 100, but for CFL and LEDs products commonly fall between 70 and 90 CRI, with an average around 80. CRI 

values of 80 are considered suitable for general illumination, with high CRI products being preferable for retail and display applications where improved color quality is of real value. Higher 

CRI is not expected to be a focus for future LED products except for these very specific retail and display applications.

Cost: 

• Many factors influence the price of LED lamps including CRI, lifetime, dimming capabilities, and efficacy. Therefore typical lamp prices in 2015 reflecting a mix of lamp characteristics and 

features were used as the basis for projections for both typical and high efficacy products in the future. 

• The total installed cost is the price of a lamp, ballast (if applicable), and fixture plus the cost for labor associated with the installation, except for in the case of LED replacement lamps which are 

sold only as a replacement for use in an existing fixture. The LED luminaire is more efficient and cost effective for new installations or fixture retrofits. 

• Labor costs for lamp changes are assumed to be negligible as the homeowner likely replaces lamps themselves as they burn out. Therefore annual maintenance costs are the cost of the 

replacement lamp itself. The frequency at which lamps are replaced is a function of lamp life and the annual operating hours of 684 hours/year for residential linear systems(DOE SSL 

Program, 2012a). 

Legislation:

• Beginning July 14, 2012 (or July 14, 2014 for T8 700-series phosphor lamps), DOE fluorescent lamp standards will require a minimum efficacy of 89 lm/W. While the amended performance-based 

standards do not explicitly prohibit T12 lamps, no T12 lamps met the standard at the time of its announcement. Since then, however, T12 lamps meeting the standard have entered the market.

• Beginning November 14, 2014, DOE standards will require that the characterized residential ballasts have a minimum BLE = 0.993 / (1 + 0.41 * Avg Total Lamp Arc power ^ (- 0.25)). Residential 

ballasts also must have a minimum power factor of 0.5.

• California's Title 24 mandates the use of electronic ballasts with high efficacy luminaires (including fluorescent) of 13 W or higher (CEC, 2005).

• ENERGY STAR residential fixtures require ≥ 65 lm/W per lamp-ballast platform before September 1, 2013 and ≥ 70 lm/W per lamp-ballast platform thereafter (ENERGY STAR, 2012).

Final
18

Performance/Cost Characteristics » Residential 4-foot Linear 2-Lamp Lighting Systems

Future Performance Improvements:

• Projections were provided for both typical and high performing products for 2020, 2030, and 2040. Assumptions were made that the focus would be on improving efficacy, lifetime 

and price for products at constant CRI and CCT values. 

• Due to continued R&D investment, competition from LED lighting products, and general market demand for cost-effective lighting, the performance and cost characteristics of conventional lighting 

technologies are expected to improve over the analysis period. However, the ability of these conventional technologies to react rapidly (in terms of performance improvement) to the emergence of a new 

light source such as LED lighting is relatively small because these are mature technologies (particularly incandescent and fluorescent) and established market competitors (Navigant, 2014).

• For LED Technology, efficacy, lifetime, and price improvements were based on the model described in the Energy Savings Forecast of Solid-State Lighting in General Illumination 

Applications (Navigant, 2014). For traditional technologies, the following future improvements were assumed to occur year over year through 2040: 

Technology Efficacy Lifetime Price Potential for Improvements

T12 0% 0% -0.5% Limited as the technology is mature.

T8 +0.2% +0.5% -0.5% Limited as the technology is mature.

T5 +0.2% +0.5% -0.5% Limited as the technology is mature.

Final
19

Performance/Cost Characteristics » Residential Linear LED Replacement Lamp 2 Lamp System

1. Based on lowest efficacy product in the LED Lighting Facts Database (as downloaded on 10/30/15) for which all of the information in the table is available. 

2. Based on the average of products in the LED Lighting Facts Database (as downloaded on 10/30/15).

3. N/A because Linear LED Replacement Lamps are a retrofit option and sold only to be put in existing fixtures. 

4. Based on highest efficacy product in the LED Lighting Facts Database (as downloaded on 10/30/15) for which all of the information in the table is available. 

DATA

2009 2015 2020 2030 2040

Installed 

Stock 

Average

Low1 Typical2 High3 Energy 

Star Typical High Typical High Typical High

Lamp Wattage 18 19 18 18 N/A 14 12 11 10 9 9

Lamp Lumens 1355 1743 2151 2309 N/A 2100 2100 2100 2100 2100 2100

Lamp Efficacy (lm/W) 75 92 116 132 N/A 151 173 199 203 230 230

System Wattage 36 38 37 35 N/A 28 24 21 21 18 18

System Lumens 2304 3103 3829 4110 N/A 3948 3948 4032 4032 4032 4032

System Efficacy (lm/W) 64 82 104 117 N/A 142 162 191 194 221 221

Ballast Efficiency (BLE) N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A

CRI 70 80 83 85 N/A 83 83 83 83 83 83

Correlated Color Temperature (CCT) 4000 4000 4100 5000 N/A 4100 4100 4100 4100 4100 4100

Average Lamp Life (1000 hrs) 35 50 45 50 N/A 49 49 50 50 50 50

Annual Operating Hours (hrs/yr) 684 684 684 684 684 684 684 684 684 684 684

Lamp Price ($) $135.83 $22.19 $34.42 $38.30 N/A $15.21 $15.21 $4.97 $4.97 $2.10 $2.10

Ballast Price ($) N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A

Fixture Price ($)3 N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A

Lamp Cost ($/klm) $100.25 $12.73 $16.00 $16.59 N/A $7.24 $7.24 $2.36 $2.36 $1.00 $1.00

System (l/b/f) Cost ($/klm)

3 N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A

Labor Cost ($/hr) $0.00 $0.00 $0.00 $0.00 N/A $0.00 $0.00 $0.00 $0.00 $0.00 $0.00

Labor System Installation (hr)

3 N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A

Labor Lamp Change (hr) 0 0 0 0 N/A 0 0 0 0 0 0

Total Installed Cost ($) $271.67 $44.38 $68.84 $76.60 N/A $30.43 $30.43 $9.93 $9.93 $4.20 $4.20

Annual Maintenance Cost ($) $5.31 $0.61 $1.05 $1.05 N/A $0.42 $0.42 $0.14 $0.14 $0.06 $0.06

Total Installed Cost ($/klm) $200.49 $25.46 $32.00 $33.17 N/A $14.49 $14.49 $4.73 $4.73 $2.00 $2.00

Annual Maintenance Cost ($/klm) $3.92 $0.35 $0.49 $0.45 N/A $0.20 $0.20 $0.06 $0.06 $0.03 $0.03

Final
20

Performance/Cost Characteristics » Residential Linear LED Luminaire

1. Based on lowest efficacy product in the LED Lighting Facts Database (as downloaded on 10/30/15) for which all of the information in the table is available. 

2. Based on the average of products in the LED Lighting Facts Database (as downloaded on 10/30/15).

3. Based on highest efficacy product in the LED Lighting Facts Database (as downloaded on 10/30/15) for which all of the information in the table is available. 

4. Represents the lowest efficacy product in the Energy Star Database (as downloaded on 11/4/15) for which all of the information in the table is available. 

5. N/A because Linear LED Luminaires are a fully integrated lighting solutions used to replace existing lamp/ballast/fixture systems and therefore does not have lamp, ballast, and fixture 

components. 

DATA

2009 2015 2020 2030 2040

Installed 

Stock 

Average

Low1 Typical2 Best3 Energy 

Star4 Typical High Typical High Typical High

Lamp Wattage 5 N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A

Lamp Lumens 5 N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A

Lamp Efficacy (lm/W) 5 N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A

System Wattage 46 48 57 40 55 30 25 22 22 22 22

System Lumens 3395 4044 5697 4918 4000 5000 5000 5000 5000 5000 5000

System Efficacy (lm/W) 67 84 100 122 73 164 197 230 230 230 230

Ballast Efficiency (BLE) 5 N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A

CRI 87 83 83 83 82 83 83 83 83 83 83

Correlated Color Temperature (CCT) 3500 3500 3500 3500 3500 3500 3500 3500 3500 3500 3500

Average Lamp Life (1000 hrs) 50 60 56 50 36 97 97 100 100 100 100

Annual Operating Hours (hrs/yr) 684 684 684 684 684 684 684 684 684 684 684

Lamp Price ($) $731.04 $439.00 $176.61 $513.45 $139.00 $93.02 $93.02 $45.29 $45.29 $22.06 $22.06

Ballast Price ($) 5 N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A

Fixture Price ($)5 N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A

Lamp Cost ($/klm) 5 N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A

System (l/b/f) Cost ($/klm)

5 $215.34 $108.56 $31.00 $104.41 $34.75 $18.60 $18.60 $9.06 $9.06 $4.41 $4.41

Labor Cost ($/hr) $68.20 $68.20 $68.20 $68.20 $68.20 $68.20 $68.20 $68.20 $68.20 $68.20 $68.20

Labor System Installation (hr) 0.5 0.5 0.5 0.5 0.5 0.5 0.5 0.5 0.5 0.5 0.5

Labor Lamp Change (hr) 5 N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A

Total Installed Cost ($) $765.14 $473.10 $210.71 $547.55 $173.10 $127.12 $127.12 $79.39 $79.39 $56.16 $56.16

Annual Maintenance Cost ($) $10.46 $5.39 $2.57 $7.49 $3.29 $0.90 $0.90 $0.54 $0.54 $0.38 $0.38

Total Installed Cost ($/klm) $225.38 $116.99 $36.99 $111.35 $43.28 $25.42 $25.42 $15.88 $15.88 $11.23 $11.23

Annual Maintenance Cost ($/klm) $3.08 $1.33 $0.45 $1.52 $0.82 $0.18 $0.18 $0.11 $0.11 $0.08 $0.08

Final
21

Performance/Cost Characteristics » Residential Outdoor Lamps

• The residential outdoor lamps characterized in this report include reflector and general service lamps used for security and/or porch lighting that can be switched on from inside 

the home (i.e. parking lot/garage and outdoor common area lighting at multifamily buildings are excluded) with lumen outputs of approximately 1000 lumens. Multiple baseline 

lamps were analyzed according to estimates of installed base average lumens by lamp type, including: 

• In 2010, it was estimated that over 96% of residential outdoor lamps were incandescent, halogen, or CFL technologies. Approximately, 51% of residential outdoor lamps were 

general service and 24% were reflector lamps. The remaining share was made up of primarily decorative and miscellaneous lamp types (DOE, 2012(3)).

Performance: 

• 65W BR30 is the only viable incandescent reflector lamp due to exemption from EISA 2007. The lumen output of this lamp type is well below other reflector lamp technologies 

characterized for residential outdoor spaces, thus its use is limited for this application.

• A majority of residential lamps have a nominal CCT rating of 2700K and give off a warm, yellowish white color, but products with CCTs of 3000K, 3500K, 4100K (neutral white), 

5000K (daylight) and 6500K (blueish white) are also available. Traditional incandescent light bulbs have a nominal CCT of about 2700K. When replacing a light bulb, it is advised 

to chose a product with a similar CCT value in order to achieve the same look. 

• Incandescent and halogen lamps have perfect color rendering with a CRI value of 100, but for CFL and LEDs products commonly fall between 70 and 90 CRI, with an average 

around 80. CRI values of 80 are considered suitable for general illumination, with high CRI products being preferable for retail and display applications where improved color 

quality is of real value. Higher CRI is not expected to be a focus for future LED products except for these very specific retail and display applications.

Cost: 

• Many factors influence the price of LED lamps including CRI, lifetime, dimming capabilities, and efficacy. Therefore typical lamp prices in 2015 reflecting a mix of lamp 

characteristics and features were used as the basis for projections for both typical and high efficacy products in the future. 

• Fixture prices and installation costs are not included for the residential sector. Labor costs are assumed to be negligible as the homeowner likely replaces lamps themselves as they 

burn out. Therefore total installed cost is the price of a lamp, and annual maintenance costs are the cost of replacing the lamps, which is a function of lamp life, lamp price, and the 

annual operating hours of 1059 hours/year for residential reflector lamps (DOE SSL Program, 2012b). 

Security (Reflector Lamps) Porch (General Service Lamps)

Incandescent BR30 Incandescent A-Type

Halogen PAR38 Halogen A-Type

Halogen Infrared Reflector (HIR) PAR38 CFL Bare Spiral

CFL PAR38 LED A-Type Lamp

LED PAR38

Final
22

Performance/Cost Characteristics » Residential Outdoor Lamps

Legislation:

• For ENERGY STAR qualification, general service, omnidirectional lamps must have a minimum lamp efficacy of 55 lm/W and 65 lm/W for lamps with rated wattage of <15W and 

≥ 15 W, respectively. The ENERGY STAR Lamps Version 2.0 specification, currently under revision and will take effect January 2, 2017, will require 70 lm/W for omnidirectional 

lamps with CRI ≥ 90 and 80 lm/W for omnidirectional lamps with CRI < 90 (ENERGY STAR).

• For ENERGY STAR qualification, directional, reflector lamps must have a minimum lamp efficacy of 40 lm/W and 50 lm/W for lamps with rated wattage of <20W and ≥ 20 W, 

respectively. Additionally, the lamps must have a CRI ≥ 80 Energy Star, nominal CCT of 2700, 3000, 3500, 4000/4100, 5000, or 6000 K, and rated lifetime ≥ 10,000 hours (ENERGY 

STAR, 2014).

• Additionally, the lamps must have a CRI ≥ 80 Energy Star, nominal CCT of 2700, 3000, 3500, 4000/4100, 5000, or 6000 K, and rated lifetime ≥ 10,000 hours (ENERGY STAR, 2014). 

Future Performance Improvements:

• Projections were provided for both typical and high performing products for 2020, 2030, and 2040. Assumptions were made that the focus would be on improving efficacy, lifetime 

and price for products at constant CRI and CCT values. 

• Due to continued R&D investment, competition from LED lighting products, and general market demand for cost-effective lighting, the performance and cost characteristics of conventional lighting 

technologies are expected to improve over the analysis period. However, the ability of these conventional technologies to react rapidly (in terms of performance improvement) to the emergence of a new 

light source such as LED lighting is relatively small because these are mature technologies (particularly incandescent and fluorescent) and established market competitors (Navigant, 2014).

• For LED Technology, efficacy, lifetime, and price improvements were based on the model described in the Energy Savings Forecast of Solid-State Lighting in General Illumination 

Applications (Navigant, 2014). For traditional technologies, the following future improvements were assumed to occur year over year through 2040: 

Efficacy Lifetime Price Potential for Improvements

Incandescent 

Omnidirectional

0% +0.5% -0.5% Limited as the technology is mature and the technology cannot meet legislative requirements.

Incandescent +0.2% +0.5% -0.5% Improvements can be made by improved filament design and placement, higher pressure capsules, 

or higher efficiency reflector coatings. 

Halogen +0.5% +0.5% -0.5% Improvements can be made by improved filament design and placement, higher pressure capsules, 

or higher efficiency reflector coatings. 

CFL +0.5% +0.5% -0.5% In addition to benefiting from higher efficiency reflector coatings, improvements in efficacy can be 

made by using more rare-earth phosphors in compact fluorescent lamps. Lifetime improvements 

can be made by improving the compact fluorescent lamp electrodes.

Final
23

Performance/Cost Characteristics » Residential Outdoor Lamps (Security: LED Reflector)

Data based on an indoor 100W Equivalent LED A-type lamp, scaled to lumen output reported for the building exterior low-output technologies in the Energy Savings 

Forecast of Solid-State Lighting in General Illumination Applications (Navigant, 2014)

DATA

2009 2015 2020 2030 2040

Installed 

Stock 

Average

Low Typical High Energy Star Typical High Typical High Typical High

Lamp Wattage 28 18 16 17 20 13 7 9 6 7 6

Lamp Lumens 1000 1172 1328 1958 1050 1400 1400 1400 1400 1400 1400

Lamp Efficacy (lm/W) 36 64 83 116 53 109 197 153 230 196 230

CRI 80 91 84 81 93 84 84 84 84 84 84

Correlated Color Temperature (CCT) 3000 2700 3000 4000 3000 3000 3000 3000 3000 3000 3000

Average Lamp Life (1000 hrs) 20 25 28 25 25 49 49 50 50 50 50

Annual Operating Hours (hrs/yr) 1059 1059 1059 1059 1059 1059 1059 1059 1059 1059 1059

Lamp Price ($) $164.00 $25.68 $27.89 $36.59 $34.47 $6.78 $6.78 $2.21 $2.21 $1.67 $1.67

Lamp Cost ($/klm) $164.00 $21.92 $21.00 $18.69 $32.83 $4.84 $4.84 $1.58 $1.58 $1.19 $1.19

Labor Cost ($/hr) $0.00 $0.00 $0.00 $0.00 $0.00 $0.00 $0.00 $0.00 $0.00 $0.00 $0.00

Labor Lamp Change (hr) 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0

Total Installed Cost ($) $164.00 $25.68 $27.89 $36.59 $34.47 $6.78 $6.78 $2.21 $2.21 $1.67 $1.67 

Annual Maintenance Cost ($) $8.68 $1.09 $1.05 $1.55 $1.46 $0.15 $0.15 $0.05 $0.05 $0.04 $0.04 

Total Installed Cost ($/klm) $164.00 $21.92 $21.00 $18.69 $32.83 $4.84 $4.84 $1.58 $1.58 $1.19 $1.19

Annual Maintenance Cost ($/klm) $8.68 $0.93 $0.79 $0.79 $1.39 $0.10 $0.10 $0.03 $0.03 $0.03 $0.03 

Final
24

Performance/Cost Characteristics » Residential Outdoor Lamps (Porch: LED A-Type)

Data based on an indoor 100W Equivalent LED A-type lamp, scaled to lumen output reported for the building exterior low-output technologies in the Energy Savings 

Forecast of Solid-State Lighting in General Illumination Applications (Navigant, 2014)

DATA

2009 2015 2020 2030 2040

Installed 

Stock 

Average

Low Typical High Energy Star Typical High Typical High Typical High

Lamp Wattage 18 13 9 8 14 8 5 6 4 4 4

Lamp Lumens 964 964 964 964 964 964 964 964 964 964 964

Lamp Efficacy (lm/W) 44 64 93 104 71 123 197 171 230 219 230

CRI 80 83 84 81 92 84 84 84 84 84 84

Correlated Color Temperature (CCT) 3000 2700 2700 2700 2700 2700 2700 2700 2700 2700 2700

Average Lamp Life (1000 hrs) 20 25 25 25 25 49 49 50 50 50 50

Annual Operating Hours (hrs/yr) 1059 1059 1059 1059 1059 1059 1059 1059 1059 1059 1059

Lamp Price ($) $68.00 $24.00 $8.68 $4.99 $11.98 $5.02 $5.02 $1.64 $1.64 $1.04 $1.04

Lamp Cost ($/klm) $85.00 $24.90 $9.00 $5.18 $12.43 $4.84 $4.84 $1.58 $1.58 $1.00 $1.00

Labor Cost ($/hr) $0.00 $0.00 $0.00 $0.00 $0.00 $0.00 $0.00 $0.00 $0.00 $0.00 $0.00

Labor Lamp Change (hr) 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0

Total Installed Cost ($) $68.00 $24.00 $8.68 $4.99 $11.98 $5.02 $5.02 $1.64 $1.64 $1.04 $1.04 

Annual Maintenance Cost ($) $3.60 $1.02 $0.37 $0.21 $0.51 $0.11 $0.11 $0.03 $0.03 $0.02 $0.02 

Total Installed Cost ($/klm) $70.54 $24.90 $9.00 $5.18 $12.43 $5.21 $5.21 $1.70 $1.70 $1.08 $1.08 

Annual Maintenance Cost ($/klm) $3.73 $1.05 $0.38 $0.22 $0.53 $0.11 $0.11 $0.04 $0.04 $0.02 $0.02 

Final
Commercial Lighting

25

Note: More aggressive R&D investment and effort in the lighting 

industry will only change future projections of LED technologies as it 

is unlikely that additional funding/effort will be applied to traditional 

technologies that have been exceeded in performance by their LED 

counterparts. Therefore, the inputs for all non-LED technologies 

remain unchanged from the Reference Case and are therefore not 

included in this report. 

. 

Final
26

Performance/Cost Characteristics » Commercial General Service Lamps in Recessed Can Fixtures

This section characterizes commercial omnidirectional incandescent, halogen, CFL, and LED screw based general service lamps emitting approximately 1600 lumens (equivalent to a 100W incandescent lamp) used 

in recessed can fixtures. A recessed can is a directional fixture set into the ceiling, in which all of the light is directed downwards from the opening. Therefore, an omnidirectional lamp is not well suited for use in 

such fixtures, as light that emits upwards and out of the sides must be reflected downwards and out of the fixture and some light is absorbed in the process. A fixture efficiency of 61% is used to characterize these 

lumen losses for all omnidirectional lamps. For all lamp technologies, an annual fixture renovation rate of 10% (i.e., 10-year fixture service life) is used to reflect the proportion of equipment that retires each year.

Performance: 

• A majority of residential lamps have a nominal CCT rating of 2700K and give off a warm, yellowish white color, but products with CCTs of 3000K, 3500K, 4100K (neutral white), 5000K (daylight) and 6500K 

(blueish white) are also available. Traditional incandescent light bulbs have a nominal CCT of about 2700K. When replacing a light bulb, it is advised to chose a product with a similar CCT value in order to 

achieve the same look. 

• Incandescent and halogen lamps have perfect color rendering with a CRI value of 100, but for CFL and LEDs products commonly fall between 70 and 90 CRI, with an average around 80. CRI values of 80 are 

considered suitable for general illumination, with high CRI products being preferable for retail and display applications where improved color quality is of real value. Higher CRI is not expected to be a focus 

for future LED products except for these very specific retail and display applications.

Cost: 

• The total installed cost is the price of a lamp, ballast (if applicable), and fixture plus the cost for labor associated with the installation, except for in the case of LED replacement lamps which are sold only as a 

replacement for use in an existing fixture. There are integrated LED luminaires that are more efficient and cost effective for new installations or fixture retrofits. Many factors influence the price of LED lamps 

including CRI, lifetime, dimming capabilities, and efficacy. Therefore typical lamp prices in 2015 reflecting a mix of lamp characteristics and features were used as the basis for projections for both typical and 

high efficacy products in the future. 

• Annual maintenance costs are the cost of labor for replacing the lamps and the cost of the replacement lamp itself. The frequency at which lamps are replaced is a function of lamp life and the annual 

operating hours of 3868 hours/year for commercial general service lamps (DOE SSL Program, 2012a). 

Legislation:

• The Energy Independence and Security Act of 2007 (EISA 2007) established standards for 100W lamps effective in 2012. These standards cannot be achieved by incandescent bulbs, but can by halogen, CFL, 

and LED technologies. As a result, 2015 data is not provided for incandescent general service lamps. 

• EISA 2007 also established a requirement that DOE establish standards for general service lamps that are equal to or greater than 45 lm/W by 2020. California’s Appliance Efficiency Regulations will require 45 

lm/W for general service lamps with certain bases beginning in 2018. These standards can not be achieved by traditional incandescent or halogen technologies currently on the market and given current and 

projected trends in industry it is not likely they will be met. It is currently assumed that industry will increase their investment in LED technology at the expense of incandescent, halogen, and CFL 

technologies. 

• EPACT 2005 sets performance for medium based compact fluorescent lamps. It adopts ENERGY STAR performance requirements (August 6, 2001 version) for efficacy, lumen maintenance, lamp life, rapid 

cycle stress test, CRI, etc. The standard is effective for lamps manufactured on or after January 1, 2006. Note that EPACT 2005 standards do not apply to CFL lamps with screw bases other than medium (e.g., 

pin based). The Secretary may revise these requirements by rule or establish other requirements at a later date. An updated DOE standard is expected in 2017 with a potential effective date of 2020. 

• For ENERGY STAR qualification, general service, omnidirectional lamps, must have a minimum lamp efficacy of 55 lm/W and 65 lm/W for lamps with rated wattage of <15W and ≥ 15 W, respectively. 

Additionally, the lamps must have a CRI ≥ 80, nominal CCT of 2700, 3000, 3500, 4000/4100, 5000, or 6000 K, and rated lifetime ≥ 10,000 hours (ENERGY STAR, 2014). The ENERGY STAR Lamps Version 2.0 

specification, currently under revision and will take effect January 2, 2017, will require 70 lm/W for omnidirectional lamps with CRI ≥ 90 and 80 lm/W for omnidirectional lamps with CRI < 90 (ENERGY 

STAR).

• The ENERGY STAR Luminaires v1.2 specification took effect on December 21, 2012 and requires 42 lm/W for recessed downlights (ENERGY STAR, 2012). The ENERGY STAR Luminaires v2.0 specification 

will supersede v1.2 effective June 1, 2016 and will require 55 lm/W for recessed downlights (ENERGY STAR). 

Final
27

Performance/Cost Characteristics » Commercial General Service Lamps in Recessed Can Fixtures

Future Performance Improvements:

• Projections were provided for both typical and high performing products for 2020, 2030, and 2040. Assumptions were made that the focus would be on improving efficacy, lifetime 

and price for products at constant CRI and CCT values. 

• Due to continued R&D investment, competition from LED lighting products, and general market demand for cost-effective lighting, the performance and cost characteristics of conventional lighting 

technologies are expected to improve over the analysis period. However, the ability of these conventional technologies to react rapidly (in terms of performance improvement) to the emergence of a new 

light source such as LED lighting is relatively small because these are mature technologies (particularly incandescent and fluorescent) and established market competitors (Navigant, 2014).

• For LED Technology, efficacy, lifetime, and price improvements were based on the model described in the Energy Savings Forecast of Solid-State Lighting in General Illumination 

Applications (Navigant, 2014). For traditional technologies, the following future improvements were assumed to occur year over year through 2040: 

Efficacy Lifetime Price Potential for Improvements

Incandescent 0% 0% -0.5% Limited as the technology is mature and the technology cannot meet legislative requirements.

Halogen +0.5% +0.5% -0.5% Limited as the technology is mature.

CFL +0.5% +0.5% -0.5% Improvements in efficacy can be made by using more rare-earth phosphors in compact fluorescent 

lamps. Lifetime improvements can be made by improving the compact fluorescent lamp electrodes.

Final
28

Performance/Cost Characteristics » Commercial General Service 100W Equivalent LED Replacement 

Lamp in Recessed Can Fixture

DATA

2003 2012 2015 2020 2030 2040

Installed 

Stock 

Average

Installed 

Stock 

Average

Low1 Typical2 High3 Energy 

Star4 Typical High Typical High Typical High

Lamp Wattage N/A 27 17 15 16 23 11 10 8 7 7 7

Lamp Lumens N/A 1600 1580 1646 1710 1600 1600 1600 1600 1600 1600 1600

Lamp Efficacy (lm/W) N/A 60 92 108 110 71 150 161 209 220 230 230

System Wattage N/A 27 17 15 16 23 11 10 8 7 7 7

System Lumens N/A 976 964 1004 1043 976 976 976 976 976 976 976

System Efficacy (lm/W) N/A 36.6 56.4 66.2 67.3 43.4 91.6 98.1 127.4 133.9 140.3 140.3

Ballast Efficiency (BLE) N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A

CRI N/A 80 84 83 81 82 83 83 83 83 83 83

Correlated Color Temperature (CCT) N/A 3000 3000 2700 2700 3000 2700 2700 2700 2700 2700 2700

Average Lamp Life (1000 hrs) N/A 22 25 25 25 25 48 49 50 50 50 50

Annual Operating Hours (hrs/yr) N/A 3868 3868 3868 3868 3868 3868 3868 3868 3868 3868 3868

Lamp Price ($) N/A $40.00 $14.71 $15.30 $15.99 $22.99 $7.74 $7.74 $2.53 $2.53 $1.60 $1.60

Ballast Price ($) 5 N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A

Fixture Price ($)5 N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A

Lamp Cost ($/klm) N/A $25.00 $9.31 $9.30 $9.35 $14.37 $4.84 $4.84 $1.58 $1.58 $1.00 $1.00

System (l/b/f) Cost ($/klm) 5 N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A

Labor Cost ($/hr) N/A $77.05 $81.95 $81.95 $81.95 $81.95 $81.95 $81.95 $81.95 $81.95 $81.95 $81.95

Labor System Installation (hr) N/A 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00

Labor Lamp Change (hr) N/A 0.05 0.05 0.05 0.05 0.05 0.05 0.05 0.05 0.05 0.05 0.05

Total Installed Cost ($) N/A $117.05 $96.66 $97.25 $97.94 $104.94 $89.69 $89.69 $84.48 $84.48 $83.55 $83.55

Annual Maintenance Cost ($) N/A $7.71 $2.91 $3.00 $3.11 $4.19 $0.95 $0.93 $0.51 $0.51 $0.44 $0.44

Total Installed Cost ($/klm) N/A $73.16 $61.18 $59.10 $57.27 $65.59 $56.06 $56.06 $52.80 $52.80 $52.22 $52.22

Annual Maintenance Cost ($/klm) N/A $4.82 $1.84 $1.82 $1.82 $2.62 $0.60 $0.58 $0.32 $0.32 $0.28 $0.28

1. Based on lowest efficacy product in the LED Lighting Facts Database (as downloaded on 10/30/15) for which all of the information in the table is available. 

2. Based on the average of products in the LED Lighting Facts Database (as downloaded on 10/30/15).

3. Based on highest efficacy product in the LED Lighting Facts Database (as downloaded on 10/30/15) for which all of the information in the table is available. 

4. Represents the lowest efficacy product in the Energy Star Database (as downloaded on 11/4/15) for which all of the information in the table is available. 

5. N/A b/c this is an LED Replacement lamp that is for existing fixtures. For installations where a fixture must be purchased, an integrated LED Luminaire would be more efficient and cost effective. 

Final
29

Performance/Cost Characteristics » Commercial Reflector Lamps in Recessed Can Fixtures

This section characterizes commercial halogen, HIR, and LED screw based reflector lamps emitting approximately 1400 lumens used in recessed can fixtures. 

• Halogen infrared reflector (HIR) lamps contain a tungsten halogen capsule with a film coating on the inside of the capsule. The coating reflects infrared radiation back into the lamp filament, 

which forces the filament to burn at a higher temperature. This increases the efficacy of the lamp, without reducing operating life.

• A recessed can is a directional fixture set into the ceiling, in which all of the light is directed downwards from the opening. Therefore, a reflector lamp, which employs reflective coating to 

direct light out in only one direction, is well suited for use in such fixtures. However, some light is not able to escape the fixture, and a fixture efficiency of 93% is used to characterize these 

minimal lumen losses. For all lamp technologies, an annual fixture renovation rate of 10% (i.e., 10-year fixture service life) is used to reflect the proportion of equipment that retires each year.

Performance: 

• A majority of residential lamps have a nominal CCT rating of 2700K and give off a warm, yellowish white color, but products with CCTs of 3000K, 3500K, 4100K (neutral white), 5000K 

(daylight) and 6500K (blueish white) are also available. Traditional incandescent light bulbs have a nominal CCT of about 2700K. When replacing a light bulb, it is advised to chose a product 

with a similar CCT value in order to achieve the same look. 

• Incandescent and halogen lamps have perfect color rendering with a CRI value of 100, but for CFL and LEDs products commonly fall between 70 and 90 CRI, with an average around 80. CRI 

values of 80 are considered suitable for general illumination, with high CRI products being preferable for retail and display applications where improved color quality is of real value. Higher 

CRI is not expected to be a focus for future LED products except for these very specific retail and display applications.

Cost: 

• The total installed cost is the price of a lamp, ballast (if applicable), and fixture plus the cost for labor associated with the installation, except for in the case of LED replacement lamps which are 

sold only as a replacement for use in an existing fixture. There are integrated LED luminaires that are more efficient and cost effective for new installations or fixture retrofits. Many factors 

influence the price of LED lamps including CRI, lifetime, dimming capabilities, and efficacy. Therefore typical lamp prices in 2015 reflecting a mix of lamp characteristics and features were 

used as the basis for projections for both typical and high efficacy products in the future. 

• Annual maintenance costs are the cost of labor for replacing the lamps and the cost of the replacement lamp itself. The frequency at which lamps are replaced is a function of lamp life and the 

annual operating hours of 3860 hours/year for commercial reflector lamps (DOE SSL Program, 2012a). 

Legislation:

• EPACT92 established minimum performance standards for some reflector lamps and provided exemptions for certain specialty applications (e.g., ER/BR, vibration service, more than 5% 

neodymium oxide, impact resistant, infrared heat, colored). EPACT92 effectively phased-out R-shaped tungsten filament incandescent reflector lamps at certain wattages and bulb diameters, 

replacing them with more efficient and cost effective tungsten-halogen parabolic aluminized reflector (PAR) lamps. EISA2007 took away certain exemptions from EPACT 1992, requiring 

certain previously exempted lamps to meet EPACT92 minimum performance standards by January 1, 2008. In 2015, DOE issued a final rule which determined that amending the standards for 

incandescent reflector lamps could not be economically justified. 

• For ENERGY STAR qualification, directional, reflector lamps must have a minimum lamp efficacy of 40 lm/W and 50 lm/W for lamps with rated wattage of <20W and ≥ 20 W, respectively. 

Additionally, the lamps must have a CRI ≥ 80, nominal CCT of 2700, 3000, 3500, 4000/4100, 5000, or 6000 K, and rated lifetime ≥ 10,000 hours (ENERGY STAR, 2014). The ENERGY STAR 

Lamps Version 2.0 specification, currently under revision and will take effect January 2, 2017, will require 61 lm/W for omnidirectional lamps with CRI ≥ 90 and 70 lm/W for omnidirectional 

lamps with CRI < 90 (ENERGY STAR).

• The ENERGY STAR Luminaires v1.2 specification took effect on December 21, 2012 and requires 42 lm/W for recessed downlights (ENERGY STAR, 2012). The ENERGY STAR Luminaires v2.0 

specification will supersede v1.2 effective June 1, 2016 and will require 55 lm/W for recessed downlights (ENERGY STAR).

Final
30

Performance/Cost Characteristics » Commercial Reflector Lamps in Recessed Can Fixtures

Future Performance Improvements:

• Projections were provided for both typical and high performing products for 2020, 2030, and 2040. Assumptions were made that the focus would be on improving efficacy, lifetime 

and price for products at constant CRI and CCT values. 

• Due to continued R&D investment, competition from LED lighting products, and general market demand for cost-effective lighting, the performance and cost characteristics of conventional lighting 

technologies are expected to improve over the analysis period. However, the ability of these conventional technologies to react rapidly (in terms of performance improvement) to the emergence of a new 

light source such as LED lighting is relatively small because these are mature technologies (particularly incandescent and fluorescent) and established market competitors (Navigant, 2014).

• For LED Technology, efficacy, lifetime, and price improvements were based on the model described in the Energy Savings Forecast of Solid-State Lighting in General Illumination 

Applications (Navigant, 2014). For traditional technologies, the following future improvements were assumed to occur year over year through 2040: 

Efficacy Lifetime Price Potential for Improvements

Halogen +0.5% +0.5% -0.5% Improvements can be made by improved filament design and placement, higher pressure capsules, 

or higher efficiency reflector coatings.

HIR +0.5% +0.5% -0.5% Improvements can be made by improved filament design and placement, higher pressure capsules, 

or higher efficiency reflector coatings.

CFL +0.5% +0.5% -0.5% Improvements in efficacy can be made by using more rare-earth phosphors in compact fluorescent 

lamps. Lifetime improvements can be made by improving the compact fluorescent lamp electrodes.

Final
31

Performance/Cost Characteristics » Commercial LED Reflector Lighting (PAR38)

1. Based on lowest efficacy product in the LED Lighting Facts Database (as downloaded on 10/30/15) for which all of the information in the table is available. 

2. Based on the average of products in the LED Lighting Facts Database (as downloaded on 10/30/15).

3. Based on highest efficacy product in the LED Lighting Facts Database (as downloaded on 10/30/15) for which all of the information in the table is available. 

4. Represents the lowest efficacy product in the Energy Star Database (as downloaded on 11/4/15) for which all of the information in the table is available. 

5. N/A b/c this is an LED Replacement lamp that is for existing fixtures. For installations where a fixture must be purchased, an integrated LED Luminaire would be more efficient and cost effective.

DATA

2003 2012 2015 2020 2030 2040

Installed 

Stock 

Average

Installed 

Stock 

Average

Low1 Typical2 High3 Energy 

Star4 Typical High Typical High Typical High

Lamp Wattage N/A 17 18 16 17 20 12 11 9 8 7 6

Lamp Lumens N/A 1045 1172 1328 1958 1050 1400 1400 1400 1400 1400 1400

Lamp Efficacy (lm/W) N/A 61 64 83 116 53 116 124 162 170 209 216

System Wattage N/A 17 18 16 17 20 12 11 9 8 7 6

System Lumens* N/A 972 1090 1235 1821 977 1302 1302 1302 1302 1302 1302

System Efficacy (lm/W) N/A 57 59 78 108 49 108 115 151 158 194 201

Ballast Efficiency (BLE) N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A

CRI N/A 83 91 84 81 93 84 84 84 84 84 84

Correlated Color Temperature (CCT) N/A 3000 2700 3000 4000 3000 3000 3000 3000 3000 3000 3000

Average Lamp Life (1000 hrs) N/A 22 25 28 25 25 49 49 50 50 50 50

Annual Operating Hours (hrs/yr) N/A 3860 3860 3860 3860 3860 3860 3860 3860 3860 3860 3860

Lamp Price ($) N/A $52.25 $25.68 $27.89 $36.59 $34.47 $6.78 $6.78 $2.21 $2.21 $1.40 $1.40

Ballast Price ($) N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A

Fixture Price ($)** N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A

Lamp Cost ($/klm) N/A $50.00 $21.92 $21.00 $18.69 $32.83 $4.84 $4.84 $1.58 $1.58 $1.00 $1.00

System (l/b/f) Cost ($/klm)

5 N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A

Labor Cost ($/hr) N/A $77.05 $81.95 $81.95 $81.95 $81.95 $81.95 $81.95 $81.95 $81.95 $81.95 $81.95

Labor System Installation (hr)

5 N/A 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00

Labor Lamp Change (hr) N/A 0.06 0.06 0.06 0.06 0.06 0.06 0.06 0.06 0.06 0.06 0.06

Total Installed Cost ($) N/A $56.99 $30.72 $32.93 $41.63 $39.51 $11.82 $11.82 $7.25 $7.25 $6.44 $6.44

Annual Maintenance Cost ($) N/A $10.00 $4.74 $4.54 $6.43 $6.10 $0.93 $0.93 $0.56 $0.56 $0.50 $0.50

Total Installed Cost ($/klm) N/A $54.53 $26.22 $24.79 $21.26 $37.63 $8.44 $8.44 $5.18 $5.18 $4.60 $4.60

Annual Maintenance Cost ($/klm) N/A $9.57 $4.05 $3.42 $3.28 $5.81 $0.66 $0.66 $0.40 $0.40 $0.36 $0.36

Final
32

Performance/Cost Characteristics » Commercial 4-foot Linear 2-Lamp Lighting Systems

This section characterizes commercial linear fixtures that house 2 4ft long linear lamps and their integrated luminaire equivalents. The technologies available for this system are linear 

fluorescent and LED. 

• Linear fluorescent options are T5, T8, and T12 lamps. T5 lamps are approximately 40% narrower than T8 lamps and almost 60% narrower than T12 lamps. This allows T5 lamps to 

be coated with higher quality, more efficient phosphor blends than larger diameter lamps, resulting in a more efficacious lamp. The compact size of T5 lamps also permits greater 

flexibility in lighting design and construction.

• LED options for linear fixtures include replacement lamps that are able to fit directly into an existing fixture and fully integrated luminaire that can be used to replace existing 

fixtures. LED replacement lamps, also known as T lamps or TLEDs, do not require a ballast but can be installed in existing ballasted configurations with or without the removal of 

the linear fluorescent ballast. Replacement lamps are only sold to go into existing fixtures, if a new fixture is to be installed, a fully integrated LED luminaire is a more cost effective 

and efficient option. Because LED luminaires are fully integrated, they do not have lamp/fixture efficiency losses associated with ballasts and fixture optics. For all lamp 

technologies, an annual fixture renovation rate of 10% (i.e., 10-year fixture service life) is used to reflect the proportion of equipment that retires each year.

Performance: 

• A majority of residential lamps have a nominal CCT rating of 2700K and give off a warm, yellowish white color, but products with CCTs of 3000K, 3500K, 4100K (neutral white), 

5000K (daylight) and 6500K (blueish white) are also available. Traditional incandescent light bulbs have a nominal CCT of about 2700K. When replacing a light bulb, it is advised 

to chose a product with a similar CCT value in order to achieve the same look. 

• Incandescent and halogen lamps have perfect color rendering with a CRI value of 100, but for CFL and LEDs products commonly fall between 70 and 90 CRI, with an average 

around 80. CRI values of 80 are considered suitable for general illumination, with high CRI products being preferable for retail and display applications where improved color 

quality is of real value. Higher CRI is not expected to be a focus for future LED products except for these very specific retail and display applications.

Cost: 

• The total installed cost is the price of 2 lamps, ballast (if applicable), and fixture plus the cost for labor associated with the installation, except for in the case of LED replacement 

lamps which are sold only as a replacement for use in an existing fixture. There are integrated LED luminaires that are more efficient and cost effective for new installations or 

fixture retrofits. Many factors influence the price of LED lamps including CRI, lifetime, dimming capabilities, and efficacy. Therefore typical lamp prices in 2015 reflecting a mix of 

lamp characteristics and features were used as the basis for projections for both typical and high efficacy products in the future. 

• Annual maintenance costs are the cost of labor for replacing the lamps and the cost of the replacement lamp itself. The frequency at which lamps are replaced is a function of lamp 

life and the annual operating hours of 4055 hours/year for commercial 4ft linear systems (DOE SSL Program, 2012a). 

Legislation:

• Beginning July 14, 2012 (or July 14, 2014 for T8 700-series phosphor lamps), DOE fluorescent lamp standards will require a minimum efficacy of 89 lm/W. While the amended 

performance-based standards do not explicitly prohibit T12 lamps, no T12 lamps met the standard at the time of its announcement. Since then, however, T12 lamps meeting the 

standard have entered the market.

• California's Title 24 mandates the use of electronic ballasts with high efficacy luminaires (including fluorescent) of 13 W or higher (CEC, 2005).

• ENERGY STAR does not cover commercial linear luminaires (ENERGY STAR, 2012). 

Final
33

Performance/Cost Characteristics » Commercial 4-foot Linear 2-Lamp Lighting Systems

Future Performance Improvements:

• Projections were provided for both typical and high performing products for 2020, 2030, and 2040. Assumptions were made that the focus would be on improving efficacy, lifetime 

and price for products at constant CRI and CCT values. 

• Due to continued R&D investment, competition from LED lighting products, and general market demand for cost-effective lighting, the performance and cost characteristics of conventional lighting 

technologies are expected to improve over the analysis period. However, the ability of these conventional technologies to react rapidly (in terms of performance improvement) to the emergence of a new 

light source such as LED lighting is relatively small because these are mature technologies (particularly incandescent and fluorescent) and established market competitors (Navigant, 2014).

• For LED Technology, efficacy, lifetime, and price improvements were based on the model described in the Energy Savings Forecast of Solid-State Lighting in General Illumination 

Applications (Navigant, 2014). For traditional technologies, the following future improvements were assumed to occur year over year through 2040: 

Technology Efficacy Lifetime Price Potential for Improvements

T8 F32 Commodity +0.2% +0.5% -0.5% Limited as the technology is mature.

T8 F32 High 

Efficiency/High Output

+0.2% +0.5% -0.5% Limited as the technology is mature.

T5 F28 +0.2% +0.5% -0.5% Limited as the technology is mature.

Final
34

Performance/Cost Characteristics » Commercial 4-ft Linear LED Replacement Lamp in 2-Lamp System

1. Based on lowest efficacy product in the DLC Qualified Product Database (as downloaded on 11/18/15) for which all of the information in the table is available. 

2. Based on the average of products in the LED Lighting Facts Database (as downloaded on 10/30/15).

3. Based on highest efficacy product in the LED Lighting Facts Database (as downloaded on 10/30/15) for which all of the information in the table is available. 

4. N/A because Linear LED Replacement Lamps are a retrofit option and sold only to be put in existing fixtures. 

DATA

2003 2012 2015 2020 2030 2040

Installed 

Stock 

Average

Installed 

Stock 

Average

Low1 Typical2 High3 Energy Star Typical High Typical High Typical High

Lamp Wattage N/A 21 19 18 18 N/A 14 12 11 10 9 9

Lamp Lumens N/A 2091 1743 2151 2303 N/A 2100 2100 2100 2100 2100 2100

Lamp Efficacy (lm/W) N/A 101 92 116 132 N/A 151 173 199 221 230 230

System Wattage N/A 42 38 37 35 N/A 28 24 21 19 18 18

System Lumens N/A 3555 3102 3829 4099 N/A 3948 3948 4032 4032 4032 4032

System Efficacy (lm/W) N/A 85 82 104 117 N/A 142 162 191 212 221 221

Ballast Efficiency (BLE) N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A

CRI N/A 86 80 83 85 N/A 83 83 83 83 83 83

Correlated Color Temperature (CCT) N/A 4100 4000 4100 5000 N/A 4100 4100 4100 4100 4100 4100

Average Lifetime (1000 hrs) N/A 50 50 45 50 N/A 49 49 50 50 50 50

Annual Operating Hours (hrs/yr) N/A 4055 4055 4055 4055 N/A 4055 4055 4055 4055 4055 4055

Lamp/Luminaire Price ($) N/A $234.66 $22.19 $34.42 $38.30 N/A $15.21 $15.21 $4.97 $4.97 $2.10 $2.10

Ballast Price ($)* N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A

Fixture Price ($)* N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A

Lamp Cost ($/klm) N/A $112.20 $12.73 $16.00 $16.63 N/A $7.24 $7.24 $2.36 $2.36 $1.00 $1.00

System (l/b/f) Cost ($/klm)

4 N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A

Labor Cost ($/hr) N/A $65.10 $68.20 $68.20 $68.20 N/A $68.20 $68.20 $68.20 $68.20 $68.20 $68.20

Labor System Installation (hr)

4 N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A

Labor Lamp Change (hr) N/A 0.40 0.40 0.40 0.40 N/A 0.40 0.40 0.40 0.40 0.40 0.40

Total Installed Cost ($) N/A $495.15 $71.43 $95.90 $103.65 N/A $42.27 $42.27 $32.02 $32.02 $29.15 $29.15

Annual Maintenance Cost ($) N/A $40.16 $5.79 $8.64 $8.41 N/A $3.50 $3.50 $2.60 $2.60 $2.36 $2.36

Total Installed Cost ($/klm) N/A $236.76 $40.98 $44.57 $45.01 N/A $20.13 $20.13 $15.25 $15.25 $13.88 $13.88

Annual Maintenance Cost ($/klm) N/A $19.20 $3.32 $4.02 $3.65 N/A $1.67 $1.67 $1.24 $1.24 $1.13 $1.13

Final
35

Performance/Cost Characteristics » Commercial 4-ft Linear LED Luminaire to Replace 2-Lamp 

Systems

1. Based on lowest efficacy product in the DLC Qualified Product Database (as downloaded on 11/18/15) for which all of the information in the table is available. 

2. Based on the average of products in the LED Lighting Facts Database (as downloaded on 10/30/15).

3. Based on highest efficacy product in the DLC Qualified Product Database (as downloaded on 11/18/15) for which all of the information in the table is available. 

4. N/A because Linear LED Luminaires are a fully integrated lighting solutions used to replace existing lamp/ballast/fixture systems and therefore does not have lamp, ballast, and fixture components

DATA

2003 2012 2015 2020 2030 2040

Installed 

Stock 

Average

Installed 

Stock 

Average

Low1 Typical2 High3 Energy Star Typical High Typical High Typical High

Lamp Wattage N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A

Lamp Lumens N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A

Lamp Efficacy (lm/W) N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A

System Wattage 36.4 51 48 57 40 N/A 30 25 22 22 22 22

System Lumens 548 4818 4044 5697 4918 N/A 5000 5000 5000 5000 5000 5000

System Efficacy (lm/W) 15 94 84 100 122 N/A 164 197 230 230 230 230

Ballast Efficiency (BLE) N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A

CRI 92 84 83 83 83 N/A 83 83 83 83 83 83

Correlated Color Temperature (CCT) 3500 3500 3500 3500 3500 N/A 3500 3500 3500 3500 3500 3500

Average Lifetime (1000 hrs) 50 67 60 56 50 N/A 97 97 100 100 100 100

Annual Operating Hours (hrs/yr) 4055 4055 4055 4055 4055 N/A 4055 4055 4055 4055 4055 4055

Lamp/Luminaire Price ($) $215.19 $610.32 $439.00 $176.61 $513.45 N/A $93.02 $93.02 $45.29 $45.29 $22.06 $22.06

Ballast Price ($)4 N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A

Fixture Price ($)4 N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A

Lamp Cost ($/klm)

4 N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A

System (l/b/f) Cost ($/klm) $392.68 $126.67 $108.56 $31.00 $104.41 N/A $18.60 $18.60 $9.06 $9.06 $4.41 $4.41

Labor Cost ($/hr) $110.50 $65.10 $68.20 $68.20 $68.20 N/A $68.20 $68.20 $68.20 $68.20 $68.20 $68.20

Labor System Installation (hr) 0.5 0.50 0.50 0.50 0.50 N/A 0.50 0.50 0.50 0.50 0.50 0.50

Labor Lamp Change (hr)

4 N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A

Total Installed Cost ($) $270.44 $642.87 $473.10 $210.71 $547.55 N/A $127.12 $127.12 $79.39 $79.39 $56.16 $56.16

Annual Maintenance Cost ($) $0.07 $38.91 $31.98 $15.26 $44.41 N/A $5.31 $5.31 $3.22 $3.22 $2.28 $2.28

Total Installed Cost ($/klm) $493.50 $133.43 $116.99 $36.99 $111.35 N/A $25.42 $25.42 $15.88 $15.88 $11.23 $11.23

Annual Maintenance Cost ($/klm) $0.13 $8.08 $7.91 $2.68 $9.03 N/A $1.06 $1.06 $0.64 $0.64 $0.46 $0.46

Final
36

Performance/Cost Characteristics » Commercial 8-foot Linear 2-Lamp Lighting Systems

This section characterizes commercial linear fixtures that house 2 8ft long linear lamps and their integrated luminaire equivalents. The technologies available for this system are linear 

fluorescent and LED. 

• Linear fluorescent options are T5, T8, and T12 lamps. T5 lamps are approximately 40% narrower than T8 lamps and almost 60% narrower than T12 lamps. This allows T5 lamps to 

be coated with higher quality, more efficient phosphor blends than larger diameter lamps, resulting in a more efficacious lamp. The compact size of T5 lamps also permits greater 

flexibility in lighting design and construction.

• LED options for linear fixtures include replacement lamps that are able to fit directly into an existing fixture and fully integrated luminaire that can be used to replace existing 

fixtures. LED replacement lamps, also known as T lamps or TLEDs, do not require a ballast but can be installed in existing ballasted configurations with or without the removal of 

the linear fluorescent ballast. Replacement lamps are only sold to go into existing fixtures, if a new fixture is to be installed, a fully integrated LED luminaire is a more cost effective 

and efficient option. Because LED luminaires are fully integrated, they do not have lamp/fixture efficiency losses associated with ballasts and fixture optics. For all lamp 

technologies, an annual fixture renovation rate of 10% (i.e., 10-year fixture service life) is used to reflect the proportion of equipment that retires each year.

Performance: 

• A majority of residential lamps have a nominal CCT rating of 2700K and give off a warm, yellowish white color, but products with CCTs of 3000K, 3500K, 4100K (neutral white), 

5000K (daylight) and 6500K (blueish white) are also available. Traditional incandescent light bulbs have a nominal CCT of about 2700K. When replacing a light bulb, it is advised 

to chose a product with a similar CCT value in order to achieve the same look. 

• Incandescent and halogen lamps have perfect color rendering with a CRI value of 100, but for CFL and LEDs products commonly fall between 70 and 90 CRI, with an average 

around 80. CRI values of 80 are considered suitable for general illumination, with high CRI products being preferable for retail and display applications where improved color 

quality is of real value. Higher CRI is not expected to be a focus for future LED products except for these very specific retail and display applications.

Cost: 

• The total installed cost is the price of 2 lamps, ballast (if applicable), and fixture plus the cost for labor associated with the installation, except for in the case of LED replacement 

lamps which are sold only as a replacement for use in an existing fixture. There are integrated LED luminaires that are more efficient and cost effective for new installations or 

fixture retrofits. Many factors influence the price of LED lamps including CRI, lifetime, dimming capabilities, and efficacy. Therefore typical lamp prices in 2015 reflecting a mix of 

lamp characteristics and features were used as the basis for projections for both typical and high efficacy products in the future. 

• Annual maintenance costs are the cost of labor for replacing the lamps and the cost of the replacement lamp itself. The frequency at which lamps are replaced is a function of lamp 

life and the annual operating hours of 4147 hours/year for commercial 8ft linear systems (DOE SSL Program, 2012a). 

Legislation:

• Beginning July 14, 2012 (or July 14, 2014 for T8 700-series phosphor lamps), DOE fluorescent lamp standards will require a minimum efficacy of 89 lm/W. While the amended 

performance-based standards do not explicitly prohibit T12 lamps, no T12 lamps met the standard at the time of its announcement. Since then, however, T12 lamps meeting the 

standard have entered the market.

• California's Title 24 mandates the use of electronic ballasts with high efficacy luminaires (including fluorescent) of 13 W or higher (CEC, 2005).

• ENERGY STAR does not cover commercial linear luminaires (ENERGY STAR, 2012). 

Final
37

Performance/Cost Characteristics » Commercial 8-foot Linear 2-Lamp Lighting Systems

Future Performance Improvements:

• Projections were provided for both typical and high performing products for 2020, 2030, and 2040. Assumptions were made that the focus would be on improving efficacy, lifetime 

and price for products at constant CRI and CCT values. 

• Due to continued R&D investment, competition from LED lighting products, and general market demand for cost-effective lighting, the performance and cost characteristics of conventional lighting 

technologies are expected to improve over the analysis period. However, the ability of these conventional technologies to react rapidly (in terms of performance improvement) to the emergence of a new 

light source such as LED lighting is relatively small because these are mature technologies (particularly incandescent and fluorescent) and established market competitors (Navigant, 2014).

• For LED Technology, efficacy, lifetime, and price improvements were based on the model described in the Energy Savings Forecast of Solid-State Lighting in General Illumination 

Applications (Navigant, 2014). For traditional technologies, the following future improvements were assumed to occur year over year through 2040: 

Technology Efficacy Lifetime Price Potential for Improvements

T8 F59 Typical Efficiency +0.2% +0.5% -0.5% Limited as the technology is mature.

T8 F59 High Efficiency +0.2% +0.5% -0.5% Limited as the technology is mature.

T8 F96 High Output +0.2% +0.5% -0.5% Limited as the technology is mature.

Final
38

Performance/Cost Characteristics » Commercial 8-ft Linear LED Replacement Lamp for a 2 Lamp 

System

1. Based on the average of products in the LED Lighting Facts Database (as downloaded on 10/30/15).

2. N/A because Linear LED Replacement Lamps are a retrofit option and sold only to be put in existing fixtures.

DATA

2003 2012 2015 2020 2030 2040

Installed 

Stock 

Average

Installed 

Stock 

Average

Low Typical1 High Energy Star Typical High Typical High Typical High

Lamp Wattage N/A N/A N/A 36 N/A N/A 39 34 30 27 25 25

Lamp Lumens N/A N/A N/A 3975 N/A N/A 5650 5650 5650 5650 5650 5650

Lamp Efficacy (lm/W) N/A N/A N/A 111 N/A N/A 144 165 190 211 230 230

System Wattage N/A N/A N/A 71 N/A N/A 79 69 59 54 49 49

System Lumens N/A N/A N/A 7076 N/A N/A 10622 10622 10848 10848 10848 10848

System Efficacy (lm/W) N/A N/A N/A 99 N/A N/A 135 155 182 203 221 221

Ballast Efficiency (BLE) N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A

CRI N/A N/A N/A 80 N/A N/A 80 80 80 80 80 80

Correlated Color Temperature (CCT) N/A N/A N/A 5000 N/A N/A 5000 5000 5000 5000 5000 5000

Average Lifetime (1000 hrs) N/A N/A N/A 50 N/A N/A 49 49 50 50 50 50

Annual Operating Hours (hrs/yr) N/A N/A N/A 4147 N/A N/A 4147 4147 4147 4147 4147 4147

Lamp/Luminaire Price ($) N/A N/A N/A $75.53 N/A N/A $48.60 $48.60 $15.87 $15.87 $5.65 $5.65

Ballast Price ($)* N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A

Fixture Price ($)* N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A

Lamp Cost ($/klm) N/A N/A N/A $19.00 N/A N/A $8.60 $8.60 $2.81 $2.81 $1.00 $1.00

System (l/b/f) Cost ($/klm)

2 N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A

Labor Cost ($/hr) N/A N/A N/A $68.20 N/A N/A $68.20 $68.20 $68.20 $68.20 $68.20 $68.20 

Labor System Installation (hr)

2 N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A

Labor Lamp Change (hr) N/A N/A N/A 0.4 N/A N/A 0.4 0.4 0.4 0.4 0.4 0.4

Total Installed Cost ($) N/A N/A N/A $176.63 N/A N/A $74.18 $74.18 $41.44 $41.44 $32.70 $32.70 

Annual Maintenance Cost ($) N/A N/A N/A $14.65 N/A N/A $6.28 $6.28 $3.44 $3.44 $2.71 $2.71 

Total Installed Cost ($/klm) N/A N/A N/A $44.43 N/A N/A $13.13 $13.13 $7.33 $7.33 $5.79 $5.79 

Annual Maintenance Cost ($/klm) N/A N/A N/A $3.69 N/A N/A $1.11 $1.11 $0.61 $0.61 $0.48 $0.48 

Final
39

Performance/Cost Characteristics » Commercial 8-ft Linear LED Luminaire Replacement for a 2-Lamp 

System

1. Based on the CREE CS18-80LHE found on Grainger online of 11/20/15

2. N/A because Linear LED Luminaires are a fully integrated lighting solutions used to replace existing lamp/ballast/fixture systems and therefore does not have lamp, ballast, and 

fixture components.

DATA

2003 2012 2015 2020 2030 2040

Installed 

Stock 

Average

Installed 

Stock 

Average

Low Typical1 High Energy Star Typical High Typical High Typical High

Lamp Wattage N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A

Lamp Lumens N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A

Lamp Efficacy (lm/W) N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A

System Wattage N/A N/A N/A 73 N/A N/A 46 41 35 35 35 35

System Lumens N/A N/A N/A 8000 N/A N/A 8000 8000 8000 8000 8000 8000

System Efficacy (lm/W) N/A N/A N/A 110 N/A N/A 173 197 230 230 230 230

Ballast Efficiency (BLE) N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A

CRI N/A N/A N/A 90 N/A N/A 90 90 90 90 90 90

Correlated Color Temperature (CCT) N/A N/A N/A 4000 N/A N/A 4000 4000 4000 4000 4000 4000

Average Lifetime (1000 hrs) N/A N/A N/A 75 N/A N/A 97 97 100 100 100 100

Annual Operating Hours (hrs/yr) N/A N/A N/A 4147 N/A N/A 4147 4147 4147 4147 4147 4147

Lamp/Luminaire Price ($) N/A N/A N/A $640.00 N/A N/A $384.08 $384.08 $187.02 $187.02 $91.07 $91.07

Ballast Price ($)* N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A

Fixture Price ($)* N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A

Lamp Cost ($/klm)

2 N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A

System (l/b/f) Cost ($/klm) N/A N/A N/A $80.00 N/A N/A $48.01 $48.01 $23.38 $23.38 $11.38 $11.38

Labor Cost ($/hr) N/A N/A N/A $68.20 N/A N/A $68.20 $68.20 $68.20 $68.20 $68.20 $68.20 

Labor System Installation (hr) N/A N/A N/A 1.0 N/A N/A 1.0 1.0 1.0 1.0 1.0 1.0

Labor Lamp Change (hr)

2 N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A

Total Installed Cost ($) N/A N/A N/A $708.20 N/A N/A $452.28 $452.28 $255.22 $255.22 $159.27 $159.27 

Annual Maintenance Cost ($) N/A N/A N/A $39.16 N/A N/A $19.34 $19.34 $10.58 $10.58 $6.60 $6.60 

Total Installed Cost ($/klm) N/A N/A N/A $88.53 N/A N/A $56.53 $56.53 $31.90 $31.90 $19.91 $19.91

Annual Maintenance Cost ($/klm) N/A N/A N/A $4.89 N/A N/A $2.42 $2.42 $1.32 $1.32 $0.83 $0.83

Final
40

Performance/Cost Characteristics » Commercial Low-Bay Lighting Systems

The commercial low bay lighting characterized in this report is a one-lamp and one-ballast system in a low/high bay fixture that emits between 6,000 and 10,000 system lumens. Low 

bay lighting is defined as “interior lighting where the roof trusses or ceiling height is less than 25ft. above the floor”(IESNA, 2000). For all lamp technologies, an annual fixture 

renovation rate of 10% (i.e., 10-year fixture service life) is used to reflect the proportion of equipment that retires each year.

Performance: 

• A majority of residential lamps have a nominal CCT rating of 2700K and give off a warm, yellowish white color, but products with CCTs of 3000K, 3500K, 4100K (neutral white), 

5000K (daylight) and 6500K (blueish white) are also available. Traditional incandescent light bulbs have a nominal CCT of about 2700K. When replacing a light bulb, it is advised 

to chose a product with a similar CCT value in order to achieve the same look. 

• Incandescent and halogen lamps have perfect color rendering with a CRI value of 100, but for CFL and LEDs products commonly fall between 70 and 90 CRI, with an average 

around 80. CRI values of 80 are considered suitable for general illumination, with high CRI products being preferable for retail and display applications where improved color 

quality is of real value. Higher CRI is not expected to be a focus for future LED products except for these very specific retail and display applications.

Cost: 

• The total installed cost is the price of a lamp, ballast (if applicable), and fixture plus the cost for labor associated with the installation, except for in the case of LED luminaires 

which are sold as one integrated system. Many factors influence the price of LED lamps including CRI, lifetime, dimming capabilities, and efficacy. Therefore typical lamp prices 

in 2015 reflecting a mix of lamp characteristics and features were used as the basis for projections for both typical and high efficacy products in the future. 

• Annual maintenance costs are the cost of labor for replacing the lamps and the cost of the replacement lamp itself. The frequency at which lamps are replaced is a function of lamp 

life and the annual operating hours of 4042 hours/year for commercial low-bay systems (DOE SSL Program, 2012a). 

Legislation:

• ENERGY STAR does not cover low/high bay luminaires (ENERGY STAR, 2012). 

Final
41

Performance/Cost Characteristics » Commercial Low-Bay Lighting Systems

Future Performance Improvements:

• Projections were provided for both typical and high performing products for 2020, 2030, and 2040. Assumptions were made that the focus would be on improving efficacy, lifetime 

and price for products at constant CRI and CCT values. 

• Due to continued R&D investment, competition from LED lighting products, and general market demand for cost-effective lighting, the performance and cost characteristics of conventional lighting 

technologies are expected to improve over the analysis period. However, the ability of these conventional technologies to react rapidly (in terms of performance improvement) to the emergence of a new 

light source such as LED lighting is relatively small because these are mature technologies (particularly incandescent and fluorescent) and established market competitors (Navigant, 2014).

• For LED Technology, efficacy, lifetime, and price improvements were based on the model described in the Energy Savings Forecast of Solid-State Lighting in General Illumination 

Applications (Navigant, 2014). For traditional technologies, the following future improvements were assumed to occur year over year through 2040: 

Technology Efficacy Lifetime Price Potential for Improvements

Mercury Vapor +0.2% +0.5% -0.5% Limited as the technology is mature.

Metal Halide +0.5% +0.5% -0.5% Limited as the technology is mature.

Sodium Vapor +0.5% +0.5% -0.5% Limited as the technology is mature.

T5 4xF54 HO 

Linear System

+0.2% +0.5% -0.5% Limited as the technology is mature.

Final
42

Performance/Cost Characteristics » Commercial LED Low-bay Luminaire

1. Based on lowest efficacy product in the DLC Qualified Product Database (as downloaded on 11/18/15) for which all of the information in the table is available. 

2. Based on the average of products in the DLC Qualified Product Database (as downloaded on 11/18//15).

3. Based on highest efficacy product in the LED Lighting Facts Database (as downloaded on 10/30/15) for which all of the information in the table is available. 

4. LED Low-Bay Luminaires are a fully integrated lighting solutions used to replace existing lamp/ballast/fixture systems and therefore does not have lamp, ballast, and fixture 

components. 

DATA

2003 2012 2015 2020 2030 2040

Installed 

Stock 

Average

Installed 

Stock 

Average

Low1 Typical2 High3 Energy Star Typical High Typical High Typical High

Lamp Wattage N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A

Lamp Lumens N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A

Lamp Efficacy (lm/W) N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A

System Wattage 36 68 104 71 46 N/A 47 36 34 30 30 30

System Lumens 548 4877 8410 7042 6294 N/A 7000 7000 7000 7000 7000 7000

System Efficacy (lm/W) 15 72 81 100 136 N/A 150 197 207 230 230 230

Ballast Efficiency (BLE) N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A

CRI 92 85 75 81 84 N/A 81 81 81 81 81 81

Correlated Color Temperature (CCT) 4000 4000 5000 4000 4000 N/A 4000 4000 4000 4000 4000 4000

Average Lifetime (1000 hrs) 50 50 100 60 100 N/A 97 97 100 100 100 100

Annual Operating Hours (hrs/yr) 4042 4042 4042 4042 4042 N/A 4042 4042 4042 4042 4042 4042

Lamp/Luminaire Price ($) $215.19 $761.95 $447.31 $267.59 $332.80 N/A $159.63 $159.63 $77.73 $77.73 $37.85 $37.85

Ballast Price ($)4 N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A

Fixture Price ($)4 N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A

Lamp Cost ($/klm)

4 N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A

System (l/b/f) Cost ($/klm) $392.68 $156.23 $53.19 $38.00 $52.88 N/A $22.80 $22.80 $11.10 $11.10 $5.41 $5.41

Labor Cost ($/hr) $36.83 $68.99 $68.99 $68.99 $68.99 N/A $68.99 $68.99 $68.99 $68.99 $68.20 $68.20 

Labor System Installation (hr) 1.5 1.5 1.5 1.5 1.5 N/A 1.5 1.5 1.5 1.5 1.5 1.5

Labor Lamp Change (hr) N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A

Total Installed Cost ($) $270.44 $865.44 $550.80 $371.08 $436.29 N/A $263.12 $263.12 $181.22 $181.22 $140.15 $140.15 

Annual Maintenance Cost ($) $0.07 $69.95 $22.26 $25.00 $17.63 N/A $10.96 $10.96 $7.32 $7.32 $5.66 $5.66 

Total Installed Cost ($/klm) $493.50 $177.44 $65.49 $52.70 $69.32 N/A $37.59 $37.59 $25.89 $25.89 $20.02 $20.02 

Annual Maintenance Cost ($/klm) $0.13 $14.34 $2.65 $3.55 $2.80 N/A $1.57 $1.57 $1.05 $1.05 $0.81 $0.81 

Final
43

Performance/Cost Characteristics » Commercial High-Bay Lighting Systems

The commercial high-bay lighting characterized in this report is a one-lamp and one-ballast system in a low/high bay fixture that emits greater than 10,000 system lumens. High-bay 

lighting is defined as “interior lighting where the roof trusses or ceiling height is greater than 25ft. above the floor” (IESNA, 2000). For all lamp technologies, an annual fixture 

renovation rate of 10% (i.e., 10-year fixture service life) is used to reflect the proportion of equipment that retires each year.

Performance: 

• A majority of residential lamps have a nominal CCT rating of 2700K and give off a warm, yellowish white color, but products with CCTs of 3000K, 3500K, 4100K (neutral white), 

5000K (daylight) and 6500K (blueish white) are also available. Traditional incandescent light bulbs have a nominal CCT of about 2700K. When replacing a light bulb, it is advised 

to chose a product with a similar CCT value in order to achieve the same look. 

• Incandescent and halogen lamps have perfect color rendering with a CRI value of 100, but for CFL and LEDs products commonly fall between 70 and 90 CRI, with an average 

around 80. CRI values of 80 are considered suitable for general illumination, with high CRI products being preferable for retail and display applications where improved color 

quality is of real value. Higher CRI is not expected to be a focus for future LED products except for these very specific retail and display applications.

Cost: 

• The total installed cost is the price of a lamp, ballast (if applicable), and fixture plus the cost for labor associated with the installation, except for in the case of LED luminaires 

which are sold as one integrated system. Many factors influence the price of LED lamps including CRI, lifetime, dimming capabilities, and efficacy. Therefore typical lamp prices 

in 2015 reflecting a mix of lamp characteristics and features were used as the basis for projections for both typical and high efficacy products in the future. 

• Annual maintenance costs are the cost of labor for replacing the lamps and the cost of the replacement lamp itself. The frequency at which lamps are replaced is a function of lamp 

life and the annual operating hours of 4042 hours/year for commercial low-bay systems (DOE SSL Program, 2012a). 

Legislation:

• ENERGY STAR does not cover low/high bay luminaires (ENERGY STAR, 2012). 

Final
44

Performance/Cost Characteristics » Commercial Low-Bay Lighting Systems

Future Performance Improvements:

• Projections were provided for both typical and high performing products for 2020, 2030, and 2040. Assumptions were made that the focus would be on improving efficacy, lifetime 

and price for products at constant CRI and CCT values. 

• Due to continued R&D investment, competition from LED lighting products, and general market demand for cost-effective lighting, the performance and cost characteristics of conventional lighting 

technologies are expected to improve over the analysis period. However, the ability of these conventional technologies to react rapidly (in terms of performance improvement) to the emergence of a new 

light source such as LED lighting is relatively small because these are mature technologies (particularly incandescent and fluorescent) and established market competitors (Navigant, 2014).

• For LED Technology, efficacy, lifetime, and price improvements were based on the model described in the Energy Savings Forecast of Solid-State Lighting in General Illumination 

Applications (Navigant, 2014). For traditional technologies, the following future improvements were assumed to occur year over year through 2040: 

Technology Efficacy Lifetime Price Potential for Improvements

Mercury Vapor +0.2% +0.5% -0.5% Limited as the technology is mature.

Metal Halide +0.5% +0.5% -0.5% Limited as the technology is mature.

Sodium Vapor +0.5% +0.5% -0.5% Limited as the technology is mature.

T5 4xF54 HO 

Linear System

+0.2% +0.5% -0.5% Limited as the technology is mature.

Final
45

Performance/Cost Characteristics » Commercial LED High-bay Luminaire

1. Based on lowest efficacy product in the DLC Qualified Product Database (as downloaded on 11/18/15) for which all of the information in the table is available. 

2. Based on the average of products in the DLC Qualified Product Database (as downloaded on 11/18/15).

3. Based on highest efficacy product in the DLC Qualified Product Database (as downloaded on 11/18/15) for which all of the information in the table is available.

4. LED High-Bay Luminaires are a fully integrated lighting solutions used to replace existing lamp/ballast/fixture systems and therefore does not have lamp, ballast, and fixture 

components. 

DATA

2003 2012 2015 2020 2030 2040

Installed 

Stock 

Average

Installed 

Stock 

Average

Low1 Typical2 High3 Energy Star Typical High Typical High Typical High

Lamp Wattage N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A

Lamp Lumens N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A

Lamp Efficacy (lm/W) N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A

System Wattage 36 212 189 183 101 N/A 100 76 72 65 65 65

System Lumens 548 18915 15070 18722 13640 N/A 15000 15000 15000 15000 15000 15000

System Efficacy (lm/W) 15 89 80 102 135 N/A 150 197 207 230 230 230

Ballast Efficiency (BLE) N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A

CRI 92 74 73 80 83 N/A 80 80 80 80 80 80

Correlated Color Temperature (CCT) 5000 5000 5000 4000 4100 N/A 4000 4000 4000 4000 4000 4000

Average Lifetime (1000 hrs) 50 70 50 60 50 N/A 97 97 100 100 100 100

Annual Operating Hours (hrs/yr) 4042 4042 4042 4042 4042 N/A 4042 4042 4042 4042 4042 4042

Lamp/Luminaire Price ($) $215.19 $2,395.94 $398.34 $711.42 $297.76 N/A $342.07 $342.07 $166.57 $166.57 $81.11 $81.11

Ballast Price ($)4 N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A

Fixture Price ($)4 N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A

Lamp Cost ($/klm)

4 N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A

System (l/b/f) Cost ($/klm) $392.68 $126.67 $26.43 $38.00 $21.83 N/A $22.80 $22.80 $11.10 $11.10 $5.41 $5.41

Labor Cost ($/hr) $36.83 $72.71 $68.99 $68.99 $68.99 N/A $68.99 $68.99 $68.99 $68.99 $68.99 $68.99 

Labor System Installation (hr) 2 2 2 1.5 1.5 N/A 1.5 1.5 1.5 1.5 1.5 1.5

Labor Lamp Change (hr) N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A

Total Installed Cost ($) $270.44 $2,505.00 $501.83 $814.90 $401.25 N/A $445.55 $445.55 $270.05 $270.05 $184.59 $184.59 

Annual Maintenance Cost ($) $0.07 $144.63 $40.56 $54.89 $32.43 N/A $18.56 $18.56 $10.91 $10.91 $7.46 $7.46 

Total Installed Cost ($/klm) $493.50 $132.44 $33.30 $43.53 $29.42 N/A $29.70 $29.70 $18.00 $18.00 $12.31 $12.31 

Annual Maintenance Cost ($/klm) $0.13 $7.65 $2.69 $2.93 $2.38 N/A $1.24 $1.24 $0.73 $0.73 $0.50 $0.50 

Final
Additional Technologies of Interest: Lighting

• Tables were not provided for technologies of 

interest utilizing occupancy sensors and other 

controls due to lack of available data and 

currently small market presence. 

• Lighting controls can save energy by either 

reducing input wattage or limiting hours of 

operation. 

• The following table indicates prevalence of 

various lighting controls in 2010 (DOE SSL 

Program, 2012a). 

• Leading experts claim that controls 

penetration remains low, particularly for 

integrated/advanced controls (DOE 

Connected Lighting Systems Meeting, 

November 2015).

• As a result, there is not enough information 

to determine the price and performance 

impacts of controls on current lighting 

technologies or to project improvements 

going forward.

46

Prevalence of Lighting Controls by Sector and Lamp Type

None Dimmer

Light 

Sensor

Motion 

Detector Timer EMS Total

Residential

Incandescent 76% 5% 0% 0% 2% 16% 100%

Halogen 73% 5% 0% 1% 3% 18% 100%

CFL 77% 0% 0% 3% 2% 18% 100%

Linear Fluorescent 68% 3% 1% 7% 4% 17% 100%

HID 71% 0% 2% 1% 6% 20% 100%

Other 85% 0% 0% 0% 0% 15% 100%

Commercial

Incandescent 76% 5% 0% 0% 2% 16% 100%

Halogen 73% 5% 0% 1% 3% 18% 100%

CFL 77% 0% 0% 3% 2% 18% 100%

Linear Fluorescent 68% 3% 1% 7% 4% 17% 100%

HID 71% 0% 2% 1% 6% 20% 100%

Other 85% 0% 0% 0% 0% 15% 100%

EMS: Energy Management System

HID: High Intensity Discharge:

CFL: Compact Fluorescent Lamp

Final
Refrigeration

Advanced Case

47

Draft Final
Commercial Compressor Rack Systems

48

Performance/Cost Characteristics » Commercial Compressor Rack Systems

DATA

2003 2012 2015 2020 2030 2040

Installed 

Stock 

Average

Installed 

Stock 

Average

Low Typical High Energy Star Typical High Typical High Typical High

Total Capacity (kBtu/hr) 1 1,050 1,200 1,200 1,190 930 N/A 830 775 777 679 777 679

Median Store Size (ft2

) 44,000 46,500 46,500 46,500 46,500 N/A 46,500 46,500 46,500 46,500 46,500 46,500

Power Input (kW) 180 162 162 160 125 N/A 104 102 85 74 74 70

Energy Use (MWh/yr) 2 1,618 1,497 1,497 1,484 1,160 N/A 1033 914 841 735 841 735

Indexed Annual Efficiency3 1.00 1.08 1.08 1.09 1.40 N/A 1.57 1.77 1.92 2.20 1.92 2.20

Average Life (yrs) 15 15 15 15 15 N/A 15 15 15 15 15 15

Total Installed Cost ($1000) 4 $630 $630 $630 $625 $488 N/A $452 $422 $408 $356 $408 $356 

Total Installed Cost ($/kBtu/hr) $600 $525 $525 $525 $525 N/A $545 $545 $524 $524 $524 $524 

Annual Maintenance Cost ($1000)5 $33 $34 $34 $34 $34 N/A $34 $34 $34 $34 $34 $34 

Annual Maintenance Cost ($/kBtu/hr) $31.14 $28 $28 $29 $37 N/A $41 $44 $44 $50 $44 $50 1 The total capacity represents the nominal compressor capacity required for the entire refrigeration system of a typical supermarket. This usually includes two low temperature racks and two medium 

temperature racks. For 2012 a 1,200 MBtu/hr total cooling capacity is based on a 100 ton estimate for total capacity – 80 tons for the medium temperature racks and 20 tons for the low temperature 

racks. Beyond 2012, estimates are based on data provided by a supermarket refrigeration efficiency consultant. 

2

Capacity and Annual energy consumption for 2012 and beyond are based on interviews with supermarket refrigeration consultants

3

Annual efficiency normalized to the efficiency of the 2003 installed base. Indexed Annual Efficiency = (2003 Energy Use) / (Energy Use). 4

The total installed cost for 2003 is based on the entire supermarket compressor rack system (two medium temperature racks and two low temperature racks). The equipment purchase price for an 

entire supermarket compressor rack system is approximately $130,000, the installation cost (including piping, electrical, startup and commissioning) is approximately $400,000, and the rack defrost and 

lighting controls are approximately $100,000. Therefore the total installed cost for a typical supermarket compressor rack system is approximately $630,000. Total installed cost for 2012 and beyond is 

based on updated Navigant estimates. Note the decrease in cost over time as required capacity is decreased.

5 Maintenance cost includes oil changes, bearing lubrication, filter replacement, and system functionality checks. 

Final
Commercial Compressor Rack Systems

49

Performance/Cost Characteristics » Commercial Compressor Rack Systems

• Commercial compressor rack systems that serve commercial supermarket display cases and walk-ins consist of a 

number of parallel-connected compressors located in a separate machine room. By modulating compressor capacity, 

these integrated systems provide higher efficiency and mechanical longevity.

• Rack integrators generally supply a packaged compressor rack for which much of the necessary piping, insulation, 

components, and controls are pre-assembled. 

• A typical supermarket will have 10 to 20 compressors mounted in racks in the 3-hp to 15-hp size range. Usually there 

are 3 to 5 compressors per rack serving a series of loads with nearly identical evaporator temperature.

• The duty cycle for compressors is usually in the range 60% to 70%.

• Approximately 34 percent of the total annual electricity consumption for a typical supermarket is attributable to 

compressors. (NCI, 2009)

• There are an estimated 140,000 compressor rack systems installed in supermarkets across the U.S. as of 2008. (NCI, 

2009)

• Installed cost, power draw, and capacity are all expected to decrease in the future due to the reduced load of 

supermarket display cases

• For this advanced case, a 10% reduction in energy consumption and a 5% reduction in required capacity is assumed 

to occur over the reference case for 2020 and beyond due to VIP adoption by display cases and a relaxation in 

charge size limits for more efficient, low GWP, but toxic/flammable refrigerants such as ammonia and propane due 

to improved safety technology such as leak detection. 

Final
Commercial Condensers

50

Performance/Cost Characteristics » Commercial Condensers

DATA

2003 2012 2015 2020 2030 2040

Installed 

Stock 

Average

Installed

Stock 

Average

Low Typical High Energy Star Typical High Typical High Typical High

Total Capacity (kBtu/hr) 1 1,680 1,680 1,680 1,666 1,302 N/A 1,121 1,065 904 833 904 833

Median Store Size (ft2) 44,000 46,500 46,500 46,500 46,500 N/A 46,500 46,500 46,500 46,500 46,500 46,500

Power Input (kW) 25 25 24 22 18 N/A 14 13 11 9 11 9

Energy Use (MWh/yr) 138 120 115 106 86 N/A 67 64 52 46 52 43

Indexed Annual Efficiency2 1.00 1.15 1.20 1.30 1.60 N/A 2.06 2.17 2.64 3.03 2.64 3.18

Average Life (yrs) 10 10 10 10 10 N/A 10 10 10 10 10 10

Total Installed Cost ($1000) $47 $54 $54 $53 $51 N/A $51 $50 $50 $50 $50 $50 

Total Installed Cost ($/kBtu/hr) $27.87 $32 $32 $32 $39 N/A $45 $47 $55 $60 $55 $60 

Annual Maintenance Cost3 $817 $954 $954 $954 $954 N/A $956 $956 $956 $956 $956 $956 

Annual Maintenance Cost 

($/kBtu/hr) $0.49 $0.57 $0.57 $0.57 $0.73 N/A $0.85 $0.90 $1.06 $1.15 $1.06 $1.15

1 Total capacity is the total heat rejected (THR) of condensers comprised of two low temperature condensers (THRL = 240 MBtu/hr each, suction temperature = -25°F, condensing temperature 

110°F) and two medium temperature (THRM = 520 MBtu/hr each, suction temperature = 15°F, condensing temperature = 115°F) condensers; ambient temperature = 95°F. (NCI, 2009). For 

2012 and beyond, capacity was estimated based on consultation with a supermarket refrigeration expert.

2 Annual efficiency normalized to the efficiency of the 2003 installed base. Indexed Annual Efficiency = (2003 Energy Use) / (Energy Use).

3 Maintenance cost includes coil cleaning, leak checking, belt replacement as necessary, and system functionality checks. Note a slight expected increase in maintenance costs due to the 

expected implementation of hybrid condenser systems.

Final
Commercial Condensers

51

Performance/Cost Characteristics » Commercial Condensers

• Condensers are designed with multiple methods of cooling: air-cooled, water-cooled, and evaporative. These units can be singlecircuit or a multiple circuit.

• Commercial condensers are remotely located, typically installed on the roof of a supermarket. 

• For use with parallel compressors in supermarkets, air-cooled units are the most commonly used condensers. This analysis is based 

on multiple air-cooled condensers connected to a supermarket refrigeration system comprised of two low temperature condensers 

and two medium temperature condensers, using R-404A refrigerant. 

• Each compressor rack has a dedicated condenser or a separate circuit of a single common condenser. Condenser temperatures of 

multiple racks are often different. 

• The duty cycle for condensers is usually in the range 50 - 70%.

• Approximately 5 percent of the total annual electricity consumption for a typical supermarket is attributable to condensers. (NCI, 

2009)

• There are an estimated 140,000 condensers installed in supermarkets across the U.S. as of 2008. (NCI, 2009)

• Total installed cost is expected to decrease over time due to an expected reduction in required capacity due to more efficient display 

cases

• For this advanced case, a 10% reduction in energy consumption and a 5% reduction in required capacity is assumed to occur over 

the reference case for 2020 and beyond due to VIP adoption by display cases and a relaxation in charge size limits for more 

efficient, low GWP, but toxic/flammable refrigerants such as ammonia and propane due to improved safety technology such as 

leak detection. 

Final
Commercial Supermarket Display Cases

52

Performance/Cost Characteristics » Commercial Supermarket Display Cases

DATA

2003 2012 2015 2020 2030 2040

Installed 

Stock 

Average

Installed 

Stock 

Average

Low Typical High Energy Star Typical High Typical High Typical High

Cooling Capacity (Btu/hr) 20,000 17623 17623 17623 17623 N/A 17623 17623 17623 17623 17623 17623

Median Store Size (ft2

) 44,000 46,500 46,500 46,500 46,500 N/A 46,500 46,500 46,500 46,500 46,500 46,500

Case Length (ft) 12 12 10 10 10 N/A 10 10 10 10 10 10

Energy Use (kWh/yr) 1,2 21,000 13,497 13,497 12,565 11,746 N/A 11,787 10,467 9,420 8,938 7,823 7,667

Energy Use (kWh/ft) 1,750 1,125 1,350 1,257 1,175 N/A 1,179 1,047 942 894 782 767

Indexed Annual Efficiency3 1.00 1.56 1.56 1.67 1.79 N/A 1.78 2.01 2.23 2.35 2.68 2.74

Average Life (yrs) 10 10 10 10 10 N/A 10 10 10 10 10 10

Retail Equipment Cost $4,371 $8,510 $8,510 $8,940 $9,601 N/A $9,356 $9,454 $9,926 $10,868 $10,096 $10,302 

Total Installed Cost $6,452 $10,811 $10,811 $11,241 $11,902 N/A $11,657 $11,755 $12,227 $13,169 $12,397 $12,603 

Total Installed Cost 

($/kBtu/hr) 323 613 613 638 675 N/A 661 667 694 747 703 715

Annual Maintenance Cost4 $657 $940 $940 $940 $940 N/A $940 $940 $940 $940 $940 $940 

Annual Maintenance Cost 

($/kBtu/hr) $32.85 $53.34 $53.34 $53.34 $53.34 N/A $53.34 $53.34 $53.34 $53.34 $53.34 $53.34

1 DOE’s Federal energy conservation standards for Commercial Refrigeration Equipment (CRE) went into effect on January 1, 2012. The 2012 typical and 2015 low efficiency values are based on minimal 

compliance with this standard. For 2015 and beyond, energy consumption and cost values were estimated using shipments-weighted averages reported in DOE’s 2014 CRE Final Rule TSD for equipment 

commonly used as display cases. DOE’s updated conservation standard goes into effect in 2017, so units sold in 2020 are assumed to comply with this standard. 2 For consistency with DOE rulemaking practices, Supermarket Display Case Energy Use reported above includes energy use of the compressor racks and condensers. To avoid double counting, do 

not add Energy Use from the Compressor Rack or Condenser Systems tabs if calculating total energy consumption.

3 Annual efficiency normalized to the efficiency of the 2003 installed base. Indexed Annual Efficiency = (2003 Energy Use) / (Energy Use). 4 Maintenance cost includes preventative maintenance costs such as cleaning evaporator coils, drain pans, fans, and intake screens as well as lamp replacements and other lighting maintenance 

activities. After 2012, these values are based on a reported maintenance and repair cost of $220 per unit for preventative maintenance plus approximately $60 per linear foot for additional repair and 

maintenance

Final
Commercial Supermarket Display Cases

• DOE set Federal energy efficiency standards for Commercial Refrigeration Equipment (CRE) in 2009. These standards set maximum

daily energy consumption levels, in kWh/day, for display cases manufactured and/or sold in the United States on or after January 1, 

2012. 

• DOE updated its Energy Conservation Standards for Commercial Refrigeration Equipment in 2014, for equipment sold on or after 

March 27, 2017. 

• The table below lists equipment used as supermarket display cases and their corresponding Energy Conservation Standard levels. The 

maximum allowable daily energy consumption for each equipment class is a linear function of Total Display Area (TDA)

53

Performance/Cost Characteristics » Commercial Supermarket Display Cases

Equipment Description DOE Designation

Standards

Equation (2012)

Standards

Equation (2017)

Vertical Open Cooler VOP.RC.M 0.82xTDA+4.07 0.64xTDA+4.07

Semi vertical Open Cooler SVO.RC.M 0.83xTDA+3.18 0.66xTDA+3.18

Horizontal Open Cooler HZO.RC.M 0.35xTDA+2.88 0.35xTDA+2.88

Transparent-Doored Cooler VCT.RC.M 0.22xTDA+1.95 0.15xTDA+1.95

Deli Display Cooler SOC.RC.M 0.51xTDA+0.11 0.44xTDA+0.11

Transparent-Doored Freezer VCT.RC.L 0.56xTDA+2.61 0.49xTDA+2.61

Horizontal Open Freezer HZO.RC.L 0.57xTDA+6.88 0.55xTDA+6.88

Final
Commercial Supermarket Display Cases

• The Food Marketing Institute reported the median total supermarket size in 2003 was 44,000 sq. ft., and in 2013, the last year reported in the study, it was listed as 46,500 

sq. ft.

• Unit energy consumption for 2012 and beyond is estimated using a shipments weighted average by efficiency level and equipment class, using data in DOE’s 2014 CRE 

Final Rule TSD and Engineering Spreadsheet. The equipment classes analyzed are listed in the table on the previous slide.

• Supermarket refrigeration systems consist of refrigerated display cases, condensing units, and centralized compressor racks

• A typical supermarket display case contains lighting, evaporators, evaporator fans, piping, insulation, valves, and controls.

• Approximately 20% of total annual electricity consumption for a typical supermarket is directly attributable to display cases (this does not include the energy consumed by 

compressors and condensers necessary to cool the display cases). (NCI, 2009) 

• The efficiency of supermarket display cases can be increased through the use of improved evaporator coils, larger evaporators, higher efficiency evaporator fan blades, 

high efficiency doors, LED lighting, and improved insulation.

• Unit energy consumption for supermarket display cases is expected to decrease over time as a result of DOE’s updated energy conservation standards

• In addition, a transition from open to transparent-doored display cases is expected to occur as supermarkets increase focus on energy efficiency. 

• For this advanced scenario, the typical display case in 2020 is assumed to minimally comply DOE’s updated ECS. 

• For 2020 and beyond, accelerated adoption of energy savings technologies is assumed to take place over the reference case, including accelerated shipments migration 

to doored over open units, where applicable, as well as vacuum insulated panels.

• The incremental cost of VIPs is assumed to decrease from its present value due to increased R&D funding

• Projected installed costs for this advanced scenario are higher than the reference case, even assuming increased R&D funding. Advanced energy-saving technologies 

are assumed to be made financially viable for operators by increased market incentives such as utility efficiency rebate programs and/or carbon pricing.

• This advanced case assumes a transition from HFC to more efficient propane and ammonia refrigerants by 2040

54

Performance/Cost Characteristics » Commercial Supermarket Display Cases

Final
Commercial Reach-In Refrigerators

55

Performance/Cost Characteristics » Commercial Reach-In Refrigerators

DATA

2003 2012 2015 2020 2030 2040

Installed 

Stock 

Average

Installed 

Stock 

Average

Low Typical High Energy 

Star2 Typical High Typical High Typical High

Cooling Capacity (Btu/hr) 3,000 2,929 2,929 2,929 2,929 2,929 2,929 2,929 2,929 2,929 2,929 2,929

Size (ft3

) 49 49 49 49 49 49 49 49 49 49 49 49

Energy Use (kWh/yr) 3,800 2,340 2,665 2,033 1,394 1,394 1,448 1,303 1,099 1,047 1,047 1,026

Energy Use (kWh/yr/ft3

) 1 79 48 54 41 28 28 30 27 22 21 21 21

Indexed Annual Efficiency3 1.00 1.62 1.43 1.87 2.73 2.73 2.62 2.92 3.46 3.63 3.63 3.70

Average Life (yrs) 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10

Retail Equipment Cost $2,810 $2,624 $2,728 $2,780 $3,021 $3,021 $2,947 $3,242 $3,632 $3,335 $3,115 $3,271 

Total Installed Cost4 $2,966 $3,454 $3,591 $3,643 $3,884 $3,884 $3,810 $4,105 $4,495 $4,198 $3,978 $4,134

Total Installed Cost 

($/kBtu/hr) $989 $1,227 $1,226 $1,244 $1,326 $1,326 $1,301 $1,402 $1,535 $1,434 $1,358 $1,411

Annual Maintenance Cost5 $143 $185 $185 $185 $185 $185 $185 $185 $185 $185 $185 $185 

Annual Maintenance Cost 

($/kBtu/hr) $48 $63 $63 $63 $63 $63 $63 $63 $63 $63 $63 $63

1 EPACT 2005 energy standards went into effect in 2010. 2015 low efficiency cost and energy consumption values are based on minimum compliance with this standard. Unless otherwise 

noted, all other cases are based on shipments-weighted averages of solid and transparent doored units reported in the 2014 CRE TSD. DOE’s updated Energy Conservation standards go into 

effect in 2017; therefore, compliance with this standard is assumed for 2020 and beyond. 

2 The Energy Star category is based on a shipments weighted average of solid and transparent-doored units that are minimally compliant with Energy Star v3, effective October 1, 2014. Units 

compliant with Energy Star are found to be the most efficient reach-in refrigeration equipment on the market in 2015 

3 Annual efficiency normalized to the typical efficiency of the 2003 installed base. Normalized Annual Efficiency = (Typical 2003 Energy Use) / (Energy Use)4 Installation cost for 2003 is based 

on ADL, 1996 & NCI, 2009 reports which assumes a cost of $156. Installation cost for 2012 and beyond is based DOE’s CRE Final Rule, which assumes a installation cost of $863 for selfcontained equipment.

4 Maintenance costs after 2003 are based on DOE's CRE Final Rule TSD, which reports $35 annual preventative maintenance, per unit, per year, plus approximately $40 per linear foot, per 

year of additional repair and maintenance costs for the units characterized

Final
Commercial Reach-In Refrigerators

56

Performance/Cost Characteristics » Commercial Reach-In Refrigerators

• The Energy Policy Act of 2005 (EPACT 2005) set maximum daily energy consumption levels, in kWh/day, for 

commercial reach-in refrigerators that went into effect on January 1, 2010. The daily energy consumption is based on 

the volume of the unit (V).

• In 2014, DOE updated its energy conservation standards for Reach-in refrigerators, effective March 27, 2017. Both 

standards are reported in the table below.

• In 2013, EPA updated its Energy Star® for Reach-in refrigerators, effective October 1, 2014. These standards are also 

based on the refrigerated volume of the unit.

Reach-In Refrigerator 

Size

0 < V < 15 15 ≤ V < 30 30 ≤ V < 50 50 ≤ V

Solid Door (VCS.SC.M) 0.02xV+1.60 0.09xV+0.55 0.01xV+2.95 0.06xV+0.45

Glass Door (VCT.SC.M) 0.10xV+1.07 0.15xV+0.32 0.06xV+3.02 0.08xV+2.02

Equipment Class EPCA Standard Level (2010) DOE Standard Level (2017)

Solid Door 

(VCS.SC.M)

0.10xV+2.04 0.05xV + 1.36

Glass Door

(VCT.SC.M)

0.12xV+3.34 0.1xV+0.86

Final
Commercial Reach-In Refrigerators

• Unit energy consumption for 2012 and beyond was estimated based on shipment-weighted averages by efficiency level and 

equipment class for 49 ft^3 VCS.SC.M and VCT.SC.M units reported in DOE’s 2014 CRE Final Rule TSD. These units were 

estimated to comprise approximately 85% and 15% of total reach-in refrigerator shipments, respectively.

• The efficiency of commercial reach-in refrigerators can be increased through the use of efficient compressors, efficient evaporator 

fans, efficient condenser fans, electric defrost, and more efficient lighting.

• Unit energy consumption is expected to decrease as a result of DOE’s updated energy conservation standards, as well as a 

transition to more efficient propane refrigerant due to compliance with EPA SNAP

• For this advanced scenario, the typical unit in 2020 is assumed to comply with DOE’s updated energy conservation standards 

for commercial refrigeration

• A shipments migration from transparent to solid-doored units is assumed for the advanced case

• By 2040, the adoption of vacuum insulated panels is assumed to occur, with the aid of decreased incremental costs due to 

increased R&D funding

• Projected installed costs for this advanced scenario are higher than the reference case, even assuming increased R&D funding.

Advanced energy-saving technologies are assumed to be made financially viable for operators by increased market incentives 

such as utility efficiency rebate programs and/or carbon pricing.

• This analysis finds that with increased R&D and market incentives for energy efficiency technologies, a limit of possible 

efficiency improvements for self-contained, vapor compression refrigeration systems will be reached by 2040. 

57

Performance/Cost Characteristics » Commercial Reach-In Refrigerators

Final
Commercial Reach-In Freezers

58

Performance/Cost Characteristics » Commercial Reach-In Freezers

DATA

2003 2012 2015 2020 2030 2040

Installed 

Stock 

Average

Installed 

Stock 

Average

Low Typical High Energy 

Star3 Typical High Typical High Typical High

Cooling Capacity (Btu/hr) 4,341 4,341 4,341 4,341 4,341 4,341 4,341 4,341 4,341 4,341 4,341 4,341

Size (ft3) 49 49 49 49 49 49 49 49 49 49 49 49

Energy Use (kWh/yr) 1 9,392 6,023 7,658 5,592 4,563 4,763 4,453 4,008 3,656 3,473 3,473 3,369

Energy Use (kWh/yr/ft3) 192 123 156 114 93 97 93 93 93 93 93 93

Indexed Annual Efficiency4 1.00 1.56 1.23 1.68 2.06 1.97 2.11 2.34 2.57 2.70 2.70 2.79

Average Life (yrs) 8 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10

Retail Equipment Cost $2,498 $2,886 $3,002 $3,033 $3,186 $3,118 $3,395 $3,490 $4,099 $4,304 $3,674 $3,777 

Total Installed Cost5 $2,654 $3,749 $3,865 $3,896 $4,049 $3,981 $4,258 $4,353 $4,962 $5,167 $4,537 $4,640

Total Installed Cost ($/kBtu/hr) $611 $864 $890 $897 $933 $917 $981 $1,003 $1,143 $1,190 $1,045 $1,069

Annual Maintenance Cost6 $140 $181 $181 $181 $181 $181 $181 $181 $181 $181 $181 $181 

Annual Maintenance Cost 

($/kBtu/hr) $32.25 $41.70 $41.70 $41.70 $41.70 $41.70 $41.70 $41.70 $41.70 $41.70 $41.70 $41.70

1 EPACT 2005 energy standards went into effect in 2010. The 2015 low energy consumption and cost values are based on minimal compliance with this standard. 2 A 49 ft3 unit was characterized, as this was the representative size selected for DOE’s rulemaking analysis. 

3 The Energy Star category was based on a solid doored unit that is minimally compliant with Energy Star v3, effective October 1, 2014 4 Annual efficiency normalized to the efficiency of the 2003 installed base. Indexed Annual Efficiency = (2003 Energy Use) / (Energy Use). 5 Installation cost for 2003 is based on ADL, 1996 & NCI, 2009 reports which assumes a cost of $156. Installation cost for 2012 and beyond is based on DOE’s on-going CRE rulemaking which assumes a 

cost of $863 for self-contained equipment.

6 Maintenance costs are calculated based on a $35 per unit annual preventative maintenance cost, plus an additional $45 per linear foot repair and maintenance cost estimated based on values reported 

in the in the CRE TSD

Final
Commercial Reach-In Freezers

• EPACT 2005 set maximum daily energy consumption levels, in kWh/day, for commercial reach-in freezers that went into effect on January 1, 2010. The daily 

energy consumption is based on the volume of the unit (V). 

• In December of 2014, DOE updated its energy conservation standards for commercial refrigeration equipment, including reach-in freezers. Both the EPCA 

and DOE standards are reported in the table below.

• In 2013, EPA updated its Energy Star standards for reach-in freezers, effective October 1, 2014. These standards are also based on the refrigerated volume of 

the unit

59

Performance/Cost Characteristics » Commercial Reach-In Freezers

Reach-In Freezer Size 0 < V < 15 15 ≤ V < 30 30 ≤ V < 50 50 ≤ V

Solid Door (VCS.SC.L) 0.25xV+1.55 0.20xV+2.30 0.25xV+0.80 0.14xV+6.30

Glass Door (VCT.SC.L) 0.56xV+1.61 0.30xV+5.50 0.55xV+2.00 0.32xV+9.49

Equipment Class EPCA (2010) DOE Standard Level (2017)

Solid Door (VCS.SC.L) 0.4xV+1.38 0.22xV+1.38

Transparent Door (VCT.SC.L) 0.75xV+4.10 0.29xV+2.95

Final
Commercial Reach-In Freezers

• The commercial reach-in freezer characterized in this report, which is the typical unit according to DOE’s 2014 CRE 

rulemaking, is a 49 cubic ft. solid two-door unit with a nominal compressor size 4,341 Btu/hr. 

• The efficiency of commercial reach-in freezers can be increased through the use of efficient compressors, efficient 

evaporator fans, efficient condenser fans, electric defrost, and more efficient lighting.

• Unit energy consumption for reach-in freezers is expected to decrease as a result of DOE’s updated energy conservation 

standards, as well as a transition to more efficient propane refrigerant due to EPA SNAP compliance. 

• For this advanced scenario, the typical unit in 2020 is assumed to comply with DOE’s updated energy conservation 

standards for commercial refrigeration

• By 2040, the adoption of vacuum insulated panels is assumed to occur, with the aid of decreased incremental costs 

due to increased R&D funding

• Projected installed costs for this advanced scenario are higher than the reference case, even assuming increased R&D 

funding. Advanced energy-saving technologies are assumed to be made financially viable for operators by increased 

market incentives such as utility efficiency rebate programs.

• This analysis finds that with increased R&D and market incentives for energy efficiency technologies, a limit of 

possible efficiency improvements for self-contained, vapor compression refrigeration systems will be reached by 

2040. 

60

Performance/Cost Characteristics » Commercial Reach-In Freezers

Final
Commercial Walk-In Refrigerators

61

Performance/Cost Characteristics » Commercial Walk-In Refrigerators

DATA

2003 2012 2015 2020 2030 2040

Installed Stock 

Average

Installed Stock 

Average Low Typical High Energy Star Typical High Typical High Typical High

Cooling Capacity (Btu/hr) 37,820 37,820 37,820 37,820 37,820 N/A 37,820 37,820 37,820 37,820 37,820 37,820

Size (ft2)1 305 305 305 305 305 N/A 305 305 305 305 305 305

Energy Use (kWh/yr)2 53,756 30,689 31,892 30,689 27,571 N/A 16,014 14,413 14,453 14,310 14,019 13,880

Energy Use (kWh/ft2/yr) 176 101 105 101 90 N/A 53 47 47 47 46 46

Indexed Annual Efficiency3 1.00 1.38 1.69 1.75 1.95 N/A 3.36 3.73 3.72 3.76 3.83 3.87

Insulated Box Average Life (yrs) 12 12 12 12 12 N/A 12 12 12 12 12 12

Compressor Average Life (yrs) 10 10 10 10 10 N/A 10 10 10 10 10 10

Retail Equipment Cost $19,607 $23,598 $23,583 $23,598 $23,644 N/A $24,290 $25,696 $25,504 $25,696 $25,504 $25,696 

Total Installed Cost4 $23,846 $27,012 $26,997 $27,012 $27,057 N/A $27,703 $29,280 $29,088 $29,280 $29,088 $29,280 

Total Installed Cost($/kBtu/hr) $631 $714 $714 $714 $715 N/A $733 $774 $769 $774 $769 $774 

Annual Maintenance Cost5 $573 $716 $741 $741 $741 N/A $741 $741 $741 $741 $741 $741

Annual Maintenance Cost ($/kBtu/hr) $15.15 $18.93 $19.59 $19.59 $19.59 N/A $19.59 $19.59 $19.59 $19.59 $19.59 $19.59

1 Size is estimated based on analysis from the 2014 WICF TSD, which lists the average size of a walk in cooler as 305 ft2

2 EISA 2007 includes prescriptive standards for walk-in refrigerators that went into effect in 2009. All units for 2012 and beyond include these prescriptive standards. In 2014, DOE updated energy conservation 

standards for walk-ins. All units 2015 and beyond use data from this rulemaking, and all units 2020 and beyond are assumed to comply with DOE’s updated standards. 3 Annual efficiency normalized to the efficiency of the 2003 installed base. Indexed Annual Efficiency = (2003 Energy Use) / (Energy Use) 4 Installation cost for 2003 is based on ADL, 1996 & NCI, 2009 reports which assume a cost of $4,163 and $4,891 respectively. Installation cost for 2012 and beyond is based on DOE’s Walk-In TSD 5 Maintenance cost includes checking and maintaining refrigerant charge levels, checking settings, and cleaning heat exchanger coils.

Final
Commercial Walk-In Refrigerators

62

Performance/Cost Characteristics » Commercial Walk-In Refrigerators

• The unit characterized in this report is a walk-in storage cooler with an area of 305 ft2, the average floor area reported by DOE’s 2014 

Final Rule TSD for this equipment type. 

• A typical walk-in refrigerator includes:

- insulated floor and wall panels

- merchandising doors, shelving, and lighting (not included in cost estimate)

- semi-hermetic reciprocating compressor

- refrigerant (R404A)

- condenser

- evaporator

• Energy consumption is assumed to scale with AWEF (Annual Walk-in Energy Factor), defined as the ratio of total heat removed from

the refrigerated volume per year to the total electrical energy input of refrigeration systems over the same time period. 

• The installation cost consists of freight and delivery costs in addition to on-site assembly.

• This advanced scenario assumes a projected 10% decrease in energy consumption over the reference case due to adoption of 

more efficient refrigerants. 

Final
Commercial Walk-In Refrigerators

63

Performance/Cost Characteristics » Commercial Walk-In Refrigerators

• The Energy Independence and Security Act (EISA) of 2007 included prescriptive standards for walk-in 

refrigerators (coolers) that went into effect in 2009. These prescriptive standards, which are included in the 

analysis for all units for 2012 and beyond, state that all walk-in refrigerators manufactured after January 1, 2009 

must:

— have automatic door closers 

— have strip doors, spring hinged doors, or other method of minimizing infiltration when doors are open

— contain wall, ceiling, and door insulation of at least R–25, except for glazed portions of doors and 

structural members

— use electronically commutated motors or 3-phase motors (for evaporator fan motors of under 1 

horsepower and less than 460 volts)

— use electronically commutated motors, permanent split capacitor-type motors, or 3-phase motors (for 

condenser fan motors of under 1 horsepower)

— use light sources with an efficacy of 40 lumens per watt or more, including ballast losses (if any), except 

that light sources with an efficacy of 40 lumens per watt or less, including ballast losses (if any), may be 

used in conjunction with a timer or device that turns off the lights within 15 minutes of when the walk-in 

refrigerator is not occupied by people.

Final
Commercial Walk-In Refrigerators

64

Performance/Cost Characteristics » Commercial Walk-In Refrigerators

• In 2014, DOE updated its energy conservation standards for walk-in coolers and freezers. 

Minimum AWEFs (Annual Walk-in Energy Factor) was set for refrigeration systems, as 

well as upper limits on energy consumption attributable to passage, freight, and display 

doors. DOE elected not to set new standards for the R-value of Walk-in Panels.

ENERGY CONSERVATION STANDARDS FOR WALK-IN COOLERS AND WALK-IN FREEZERS

Class descriptor Class Standard level

Refrigeration Systems Minimum AWEF (Btu/W-h)

Dedicated Condensing, Medium Temperature, Indoor System, <9,000 Btu/h Capacity ......... DC.M.I, <9,000 ... 5.61

Dedicated Condensing, Medium Temperature, Indoor System, ≥ 9,000 Btu/h Capacity ......... DC.M.I, ≥ 9,000 ... 5.61

Dedicated Condensing, Medium Temperature, Outdoor System, <9,000 Btu/h Capacity ...... DC.M.O, <9,000 ...7.60

Dedicated Condensing, Medium Temperature, Outdoor System, ≥ 9,000 Btu/h Capacity ...... DC.M.O,≥9,000 ...7.60

Dedicated Condensing, Low Temperature, Indoor System, <9,000 Btu/h Capacity ............... DC.L.I, <9,000 ..... 5.93 ⋅ 10¥5 ⋅ Q + 2.33

Dedicated Condensing, Low Temperature, Indoor System, ≥ 9,000 Btu/h Capacity ............... DC.L.I, ≥9,000 .... 3.10

Dedicated Condensing, Low Temperature, Outdoor System, <9,000 Btu/h Capacity ............. DC.L.O, <9,000 .. 2.30 ⋅ 10¥4 ⋅ Q + 2.73

Dedicated Condensing, Low Temperature, Outdoor System, ≥ 9,000 Btu/h Capacity ............. DC.L.O, ≥9,000 .. 4.79

Multiplex Condensing, Medium Temperature ........................................................................... MC.M .................. 10.89

Multiplex Condensing, Low Temperature ................................................................................. MC.L ................... 6.57

Panels Minimum R-value (h-ft2-°F/Btu)

Structural Panel, Medium Temperature .................................................................................... SP.M .................. 25

Structural Panel, Low Temperature .......................................................................................... SP.L ................... 32

Floor Panel, Low Temperature ................................................................................................. FP.L .................... 28

Non-Display Doors Maximum energy consumption

(kWh/day) **

Passage Door, Medium Temperature ...................................................................................... PD.M .................. 0.05 ⋅ And + 1.7

Passage Door, Low Temperature ............................................................................................. PD.L ................... 0.14 ⋅ And + 4.8

Freight Door, Medium Temperature ......................................................................................... FD.M .................. 0.04 ⋅ And + 1.9

Freight Door, Low Temperature ............................................................................................... FD.L ................... 0.12 ⋅ And + 5.6

Display Doors Maximum Energy Consumption (kWh/day) †

Display Door, Medium Temperature ......................................................................................... DD.M .................. 0.04 ⋅ Add + 0.41

Display Door, Low Temperature ............................................................................................... DD.L ................... 0.15 ⋅ Add + 0.29

Final
Commercial Walk-In Freezers

65

Performance/Cost Characteristics » Commercial Walk-In Freezers

DATA

2003 2012 2015 2020 2030 2040

Installed 

Stock 

Average

Installed 

Stock 

Average

Low Typical High Energy Star Typical High Typical High Typical High

Cooling Capacity (Btu/hr) 22,114 22,114 22,114 22,114 22,114 N/A 22,114 22,114 22,114 22,114 22,114 22,114

Size (ft2) 1 172 172 172 172 172 N/A 172 172 172 172 172 172

Energy Use (kWh/yr) 2 33,540 22,862 23,610 22,862 20,878 N/A 13,421 12,079 12,113 12,006 11,749 11,645

Energy Use (kWh/ft2/yr) 195 133 137 133 121 N/A 78 70 70 70 68 68

Indexed Annual Efficiency3 1.00 1.47 1.42 1.47 1.61 N/A 2.50 2.78 2.77 2.79 2.85 2.88

Insulated Box Average Life 

(yrs) 12 12 12 12 12 N/A 12 12 12 12 12 12

Compressor Average Life (yrs) 10 10 10 10 10 N/A 10 10 10 10 10 10

Retail Equipment Cost $16,333 $22,008 $21,993 $22,008 $22,054 N/A $22,793 $25,856 $25,130 $25,856 $25,130 $25,856 

Total Installed Cost4 $18,570 $24,058 $24,043 $24,058 $24,103 N/A $24,843 $28,115 $27,389 $28,115 $27,389 $28,115 

Total Installed Cost ($/kBtu/hr) $840 $1,088 $1,087 $1,088 $1,090 N/A $1,123 $1,271 $1,239 $1,271 $1,239 $1,271 

Annual Maintenance Cost5 $573 $741 $741 $741 $741 N/A $741 $741 $741 $741 $741 $741

Annual Maintenance Cost 

($/kBtu/hr) $25.91 $33.51 $33.51 $33.51 $33.51 N/A $33.51 $33.51 $33.51 $33.51 $33.51 $33.51

1 Based on DOE's 2014 WICF Final Rule TSD which states the average floor area for a walk-in storage freezer as 172 ft2

2 EISA 2007 includes prescriptive standards for walk-in freezers that went into effect in 2009. All units for 2012 and beyond include these prescriptive standards. Units for 2015 and beyond are characterized 

using data from DOE’s 2014 WICF rulemaking. All units 2020 and beyond are assumed to comply with this standard

3 Annual efficiency normalized to the efficiency of the 2003 installed base. Indexed Annual Efficiency = (2003 Energy Use) / (Energy Use) 4 Installation cost for 2003 is based on ADL, 1996 & NCI, 2009 reports which assume a cost of $1,040. Installation cost for 2012 and beyond is based on DOE’s WICF TSD. 5 Maintenance cost includes checking and maintaining refrigerant charge levels, checking settings, and cleaning heat exchanger coils

Final
Commercial Walk-In Freezers

66

Performance/Cost Characteristics » Commercial Walk-In Freezers

• The commercial walk-in freezer characterized in this report is a walk-in storage freezer with an area of 172 ft2 , the 

average size reported by DOE’s WICF TSD

• A typical walk-in freezer includes:

- insulated floor, door, and wall panels

- semi-hermetic reciprocating compressor

- refrigerant (R404A)

- condenser

- evaporator

• Energy consumption is assumed to scale with AWEF (Annual Walk-in Energy Factor), defined as the ratio of total 

heat removed from the refrigerated volume per year to the total electrical energy input of refrigeration systems over 

the same time period. 

• The installation cost consists of freight and delivery costs in addition to on-site assembly.

• This advanced scenario assumes a projected 10% decrease in energy consumption over the reference case due to 

adoption of more efficient refrigerants. 

Final
Commercial Walk-In Freezers: EISA 2007

67

Performance/Cost Characteristics » Commercial Walk-In Freezers

• EISA 2007 included prescriptive standards for walk-in freezers that went into effect in 2009. These prescriptive 

standards, which are included in all units for 2011 and beyond, state that all walk-in freezers manufactured after 

January 1, 2009 must:

— have automatic door closers 

— have strip doors, spring hinged doors, or other method of minimizing infiltration when doors are open

— contain wall, ceiling, and door insulation of at least R–32, except for glazed portions of doors and structural 

members

— contain floor insulation of at least R–28

— use electronically commutated motors or 3-phase motors (for evaporator fan motors of under 1 horsepower and 

less than 460 volts)

— use electronically commutated motors, permanent split capacitor-type motors, or 3-phase motors (for condenser 

fan motors of under 1 horsepower)

— use light sources with an efficacy of 40 lumens per watt or more, including ballast losses (if any), except that 

light sources with an efficacy of 40 lumens per watt or less, including ballast losses (if any), may be used in 

conjunction with a timer or device that turns off the lights within 15 minutes of when the walk-in freezer is not 

occupied by people.

Final
Commercial Walk-In Freezers: DOE 2014 Standards

68

Performance/Cost Characteristics » Commercial Walk-In Freezers

• In 2014, DOE updated its energy conservation standards for walk-in coolers and freezers. Minimum AWEFs 

(Annual Walk-in Energy Factor) was set for refrigeration systems, as well as upper limits on energy 

consumption attributable to passage, freight, and display doors. DOE elected not to set new standards for 

the R-value of Walk-in Panels.

ENERGY CONSERVATION STANDARDS FOR WALK-IN COOLERS AND WALK-IN FREEZERS

Class descriptor Class Standard level

Refrigeration Systems Minimum AWEF (Btu/W-h)

Dedicated Condensing, Medium Temperature, Indoor System, <9,000 Btu/h Capacity ......... DC.M.I, <9,000 ... 5.61

Dedicated Condensing, Medium Temperature, Indoor System, ≥ 9,000 Btu/h Capacity ......... DC.M.I, ≥ 9,000 ... 5.61

Dedicated Condensing, Medium Temperature, Outdoor System, <9,000 Btu/h Capacity ...... DC.M.O, <9,000 ...7.60

Dedicated Condensing, Medium Temperature, Outdoor System, ≥ 9,000 Btu/h Capacity ...... DC.M.O,≥9,000 ...7.60

Dedicated Condensing, Low Temperature, Indoor System, <9,000 Btu/h Capacity ............... DC.L.I, <9,000 ..... 5.93 ⋅ 10¥5 ⋅ Q + 2.33

Dedicated Condensing, Low Temperature, Indoor System, ≥ 9,000 Btu/h Capacity ............... DC.L.I, ≥9,000 .... 3.10

Dedicated Condensing, Low Temperature, Outdoor System, <9,000 Btu/h Capacity ............. DC.L.O, <9,000 .. 2.30 ⋅ 10¥4 ⋅ Q + 2.73

Dedicated Condensing, Low Temperature, Outdoor System, ≥ 9,000 Btu/h Capacity ............. DC.L.O, ≥9,000 .. 4.79

Multiplex Condensing, Medium Temperature ........................................................................... MC.M .................. 10.89

Multiplex Condensing, Low Temperature ................................................................................. MC.L ................... 6.57

Panels Minimum R-value (h-ft2-°F/Btu)

Structural Panel, Medium Temperature .................................................................................... SP.M .................. 25

Structural Panel, Low Temperature .......................................................................................... SP.L ................... 32

Floor Panel, Low Temperature ................................................................................................. FP.L .................... 28

Non-Display Doors Maximum energy consumption

(kWh/day) **

Passage Door, Medium Temperature ...................................................................................... PD.M .................. 0.05 ⋅ And + 1.7

Passage Door, Low Temperature ............................................................................................. PD.L ................... 0.14 ⋅ And + 4.8

Freight Door, Medium Temperature ......................................................................................... FD.M .................. 0.04 ⋅ And + 1.9

Freight Door, Low Temperature ............................................................................................... FD.L ................... 0.12 ⋅ And + 5.6

Display Doors Maximum Energy Consumption (kWh/day) †

Display Door, Medium Temperature ......................................................................................... DD.M .................. 0.04 ⋅ Add + 0.41

Display Door, Low Temperature ............................................................................................... DD.L ................... 0.15 ⋅ Add + 0.29

Final
Commercial Ice Machines

69

Performance/Cost Characteristics » Commercial Ice Machines

DATA

2003 2012 2015 2020 2030 2040

Installed 

Stock 

Average

Installed 

Stock 

Average

Low Typical High Energy 

Star5 Typical High Typical High Typical High

Output (lbs/day) 1 300 300 300 300 300 300 300 300 300 300 300 300

Cooling Capacity (Btu/hr)2 1963 1963 1963 1963 1963 1963 1963 1963 1963 1963 1963 1963

Water Use (gal/100 lbs) 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20

Energy Use (kWh/100 lbs) 8.4 7.7 7.7 6.7 6.1 6.7 6.1 5.4 5.7 5.4 5.4 5.4

Energy Use (kWh/yr)3 3,833 3,185 3,185 3,078 3,009 3,078 2901.0 2,611 2,525 2,508 2,399 2,383

Normalized Annual 

Efficiency4 1.00 1.20 1.20 1.25 1.27 1.25 1.32 1.47 1.52 1.53 1.60 1.61

Average Life (yrs) 8.0 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8

Retail Equipment Cost $1,374 $2,146 $2,189 $2,284 $2,392 $2,284 $2,392 $2,548 $2,548 $2,925 $2,925 $2,925 

Total Installed Cost (with Bin) $1,499 $2,484 $2,484 $2,579 $2,687 $2,579 $2,699 $2,855 $2,855 $3,232 $3,232 $3,232 

Total Installed Cost 

($/kBtu/hr) $763 $1,265 $1,265 $1,314 $1,369 $1,314 $1,375 $1,455 $1,455 $1,647 $1,647 $1,647 

Annual Maintenance Cost6 $639 $826 $826 $826 $826 $826 $826 $826 $826 $826 $826 $826

Annual Maintenance Cost 

($/kBtu/hr) $326 $421 $421 $421 $421 $421 $421 $421 $421 $421 $421 $421

1 Based on the Final Rule shipment data from DOE’s Automatic Ice Maker rulemaking which states the most common equipment type is a small air cooled unit with an integrated ice making head with a 

representative capacity of 300 lbs/day. 2 Defined as the average heat load to remove the latent and sensible heat required to freeze the daily output capacity of ice

3 EPACT 2005 energy standards went into effect in 2010. The 2015 Low values are based on this standard. In 2014, DOE set new standards for commercial ice machines, with compliance required by 

2018. The unit characterized for 2012 and beyond use data from this rulemaking. All units 2020 and beyond are assumed to comply with the updated standard. 4 Annual efficiency normalized to the efficiency of the 2003 installed base. Indexed Annual Efficiency = (2003 Energy Use) / (Energy Use) 5 The Energy Star category is based on minimum compliance with the Energy Star v2.0 standard, which went into effect on February 1, 2013. According to this analysis, Energy Star certification is typical 

for the small air-cooled IMH unit characterized.

6 Maintenance cost includes cleaning and maintaining refrigerant levels, replacing filters, checking water distribution lines for leaks, cleaning, sanitizing, and descaling the bin and water system. 

Maintenance cost decreases as the size of the ice machine (i.e. output) decreases.

Final
Commercial Ice Machines

70

Performance/Cost Characteristics » Commercial Ice Machines

• For this advanced case, a 10% reduction in energy consumption is projected over the reference case due to the adoption of more efficient 

refrigerants such as propane, which, while not currently required by EPA SNAP, are a source of possible efficiency improvements

• The commercial ice machine characterized in this report is an air-cooled, ice maker head unit with an approximate output of 300 lbs/day. 

Commercial ice machines are typically integrated with an insulated ice storage bin or mounted on top of a separate storage bin. The retail 

equipment cost includes the ice making head and the integrated storage bin. Commercial ice machine condensers are either air-cooled or watercooled. Approximately 90% of all units are the air-cooled type.

• Commercial ice machine maintenance includes periodic cleaning (every 2 to 6 weeks) to remove lime and scale, and sanitizing to kill bacteria.

Some ice machines are self-cleaning/sanitizing.

• ENERGY STAR® updated its maximum energy consumption levels, in KWh/100 lbs ice, for air cooled ice machines that went into effect on 

February 1, 2013. These efficiency levels are based on the harvest rate, in lbs/24 hrs. (H). Water cooled ice machines are not eligible for Energy 

Star certification.

ENERGY STAR Requirements for Air-Cooled Batch-Type Ice Makers

Equipment Type

Applicable Ice 

Harvest Rate Range 

(lbs of ice/24 hrs)

Energy 

Consumption Rate 

(kWh/100 lbs ice)

Potable Water Use 

(gal/100 lbs ice)

IMH 200 ≤ H ≤ 1600 ≤ 37.72 * H -0.298 ≤ 20.0

RCU

400 ≤ H ≤ 1600 ≤ 22.95 * H -0.258 + 

1.00 ≤ 20.0

1600 ≤ H ≤ 4000 ≤ -0.00011 * H + 4.60 ≤ 20.0

SCU 50 ≤ H ≤ 450 ≤ 48.66 * H -0.326 + 

0.08 ≤ 25.0

ENERGY STAR Requirements for Air-Cooled Continuous-Type Ice Makers

Equipment Type Energy Consumption Rate 

(kWh/100 lbs ice)

Potable Water Use (gal/100 

lbs ice)

IMH ≤ 9.18 * H -0.057 ≤ 15.0

RCU ≤ 6.00 * H -0.162 + 3.50 ≤ 15.0

SCU ≤ 59.45 * H -0.349 + 0.08 ≤ 15.0

Final
Commercial Ice Machines: EPACT 2005

71

• EPACT 2005 issued standard levels for commercial ice machines with capacities between 50 and 2500 pounds per 24-

hour period that are manufactured and/or sold in the United States on or after January 1, 2010. The energy 

consumption is based on the harvest rate in pounds per 24 hours (H).

Performance/Cost Characteristics » Commercial Ice Machines

Water use is for the condenser only and does not include potable water used to make ice.

Equipment Type Type of

Cooling

Harvest Rate

(lbs ice/24 hrs)

Maximum Energy Use

(kWh/100 lbs ice)

Maximum Condenser Water

Use (gal/100 lbs ice)

Ice Making Head

Water

<500 7.80-0.0055 H 200-0.022 H

≥500 and <1436 5.58-0.0011 H 200-0.022 H

≥1436 4.0 200-0.022 H

Air

<450 10.26-0.0086 H Not Applicable

≥450 6.89-0.0011 H Not Applicable

Remote Condensing

(but not remote compressor)

Air

<1000 8.85-0.0038 H Not Applicable

≥1000 5.10 Not Applicable

Remote Condensing

and Remote Compressor

Air

<934 8.85-0.0038 H Not Applicable

≥934 5.3 Not Applicable

Self Contained

Water

<200 11.40-0.019 H 191-0.0315 H

≥200 7.60 191-0.0315 H

Air

<175 18.0-0.0469 H Not Applicable

≥175 9.80 Not Applicable

Final
Commercial Ice Machines: 2014 DOE Standards

72

Performance/Cost Characteristics » Commercial Ice Machines

Energy Conservation Standards for Batch Type Automatic Commercial Ice Makers 

Effective January 2018

Equipment Type Type of Cooling Harvest Rate

lb ice/24 hours

Maximum Energy 

Use

kWh/100 lb ice*

Maximum 

Condenser Water 

Use

gal/100 lb ice**

Ice-Making Head Water

<300 6.88 - 0.0055H 200 - 0.022H

300 and <850 5.80 - 0.00191H 200 - 0.022H

850 and <1,500 4.42 - 0.00028H 200 - 0.022H

1500 and <2,500 4.0 200 - 0.022H

2500 and <4,000 4.0 145

Ice-Making Head Air

<300 10 - 0.01233H Not Applicable

300 and <800 7.05 - 0.0025H Not Applicable

800 and <1500 5.55 - 0.00063H Not Applicable

1500 and <4,000 4.61 Not Applicable

Remote Condensing 

(but not remote 

compressor)

Air

50 and <1,000 7.97 - 0.00342H Not Applicable

1,000 and <4,000 4.55 Not Applicable

Remote Condensing 

and Remote 

Compressor

Air

<942 7.97 - 0.00342H Not Applicable

942 and <4,000 4.75 Not Applicable

Self-Contained Water

<200 9.5 - 0.019H 191 - 0.0315H

200 and <2,500 5.7 191 - 0.0315H

2500 and <4,000 5.7 112

Self-Contained Air

<110 14.79 - 0.0469H Not Applicable

110 and <200 12.42 - 0.02533H Not Applicable

200 and <4,000 7.35 Not Applicable

Energy Conservation Standards for Continuous Type Automatic Commercial Ice Makers 

Effective January 2018

Equipment Type Type of Cooling Harvest Rate

lb ice/24 hours

Maximum Energy 

Use

kWh/100 lb ice*

Maximum 

Condenser Water 

Use

gal/100 lb ice**

Ice-Making Head Water

<801 6.48 - 0.00267H 180 - 0.0198H

801 and <2,500 4.34 180 - 0.0198H

2,500 and <4,000 4.34 130.5

Ice-Making Head Air

<310 9.19 - 0.00629H Not Applicable

310 and <820 8.23 - 0.0032H Not Applicable

820 and <4,000 5.61 Not Applicable

Remote 

Condensing (but 

not remote 

compressor)

Air

<800 9.7 - 0.0058H Not Applicable

800 and <4,000 5.06 Not Applicable

Remote 

Condensing and 

Remote 

Compressor

Air

<800 9.9 - 0.0058H Not Applicable

800 and <4,000 5.26 Not Applicable

Self-Contained Water

<900 7.6 - 0.00302H 153 - 0.0252H

900 and <2,500 4.88 153 - 0.0252H

2500 and <4,000 4.88 90

Self-Contained Air

<200 14.22 - 0.03H Not Applicable

200 and <700 9.47 - 0.00624H Not Applicable

700 and <4,000 5.1 Not Applicable

Final
Commercial Beverage Merchandisers

73

Performance/Cost Characteristics » Commercial Beverage Merchandisers

DATA

2003 2012 2015 2020 2030 2040

Installed 

Stock 

Average

Installed 

Stock 

Average

Low Typical High Energy Star2 Typical High Typical High Typical High

Cooling Capacity (Btu/hr) 4,689 4,689 4,689 4,689 4,689 4,689 4,689 4,689 4,689 4,689 4,689 4,689

Size (ft3) 27 27 27 27 27 27 27 27 27 27 27 27

Energy Use (kWh/yr) 3,900 1,829 2,523 1,781 1,694 1,694 1,380 1,242 1,119 1,063 1,063 1,041

Energy Use (kWh/ft3/yr) 1 144 68 93 66 63 63 51 46 41 39 39 39

Indexed Annual Efficiency3 1.00 2.13 1.55 2.19 2.30 2.30 2.83 3.14 3.49 3.67 3.67 3.75

Average Life (yrs) 8.0 10.0 10.0 10.0 10.0 10.0 10.0 10.0 10.0 10.0 10.0 10.0

Retail Equipment Cost $1,457 $2,382 $2,326 $2,602 $2,628 $2,628 $2,811 $2,839 $3,398 $3,432 $3,034 $3,064

Total Installed Cost4 $1,457 $2,382 $2,326 $2,602 $2,628 $2,628 $2,811 $2,839 $3,398 $3,432 $3,034 $3,064 

Total Installed Cost ($/kBtu/hr) $311 $508 $496 $555 $560 $560 $599 $605 $725 $732 $647 $654 

Annual Maintenance Cost5 $84 $108 $108 $98 $95 $95 $95 $95 $95 $95 $95 $95

Annual Maintenance Cost 

($/kBtu/hr) $17.91 $23.03 $23.03 $20.79 $20.15 $20.15 $20.15 $20.15 $20.15 $20.15 $20.15 $20.15

1 EPACT 2005 energy conservation standards went into effect in 2010. The 2015 Low values are based on this standard. In 2015, DOE updated its energy conservation standards for commercial 

refrigeration equipment, including transparent-doored refrigerators with pull-down capability. Compliance with this standard is required by 2017. Units characterized for 2012 and beyond use data 

reported in this rulemaking’s TSD. Units 2020 and beyond are assumed to comply with this updated standard. 

2 The Energy Star category characterizes a unit that is compliant with Energy Star v3, effective October 1, 2014. This standard does not separately define units with pull-down capability 

3 Annual efficiency normalized to the efficiency of the 2003 installed base. Indexed Annual Efficiency = (2003 Energy Use) / (Energy Use) 4 Beverage merchandisers are shipped ready to be plugged in, so installation costs are assumed to be negligible 

5 Maintenance costs are estimated based on CRE Final Rule TSD data. Note that maintenance costs decrease slightly for more efficient units, which are assumed to include LED lighting with lower 

associated maintenance costs 

Final
Commercial Beverage Merchandisers

74

Performance/Cost Characteristics » Commercial Beverage Merchandisers

• EPACT 2005 sets maximum daily energy consumption levels, in kWh/day, for commercial refrigerators with a selfcontained condensing unit designed for pull-down temperature applications and transparent doors (i.e., beverage 

merchandisers) that went into effect on January 1, 2010. 

• In 2014, DOE updated its energy consumption standards for commercial refrigeration equipment, including beverage 

merchandisers, effective March 27, 2015. Both the DOE and EPCA standards are reported below. 

• In 2013, EPA updated its Energy Star standards for glass doored commercial refrigerators, which can be used as 

beverage merchandisers, effective October 1, 2014. These standards are also based on the volume of the unit (V). 

Note that Energy Star does not have a separate equipment class for units with pull-down capability. 

Beverage Merchandiser Size 0 < V < 15 15 ≤ V < 30 30 ≤ V < 50 50 ≤ V

Glass Door 0.118*V + 1.382 ≤ 0.140*V + 1.050 ≤ 0.088*V + 2.625 ≤ 0.110*V + 1.500

Equipment Type EPCA (2010) DOE Standards (2017)

Beverage Merchandisers 

(PD.SC.M)

0.126xV + 3.51 0.11xV+0.81

Final
Commercial Beverage Merchandisers

75

Performance/Cost Characteristics » Commercial Beverage Merchandisers

• The beverage merchandiser characterized in this report, which is the typical unit according to DOE’s 2014 CRE 

rulemaking, is a 27 cubic foot cooler with a single hinged, transparent door, bright lighting, and shelving with a 

nominal compressor size of 4,689 Btu/hr..

• The efficiency of beverage merchandisers can be increased through the use of more efficient compressors, fluorescent 

lighting with electronic ballasts, and improved insulation.

• Beverage merchandisers have an estimated installed base of 920,000 units in 2008. Of those beverage merchandisers 

460,000 are one-door units, which represents the most common type of beverage merchandiser.

• Unit energy consumption of beverage merchandisers is expected to decrease as a result of DOE’s updated Energy 

Conservation Standards, as well as a transition from R-134a to more efficient propane refrigerant due to EPA SNAP 

compliance

• For this advanced scenario, the typical unit in 2020 is assumed to comply with DOE’s updated energy conservation 

standards for commercial refrigeration

• By 2040, the adoption of vacuum insulated panels is assumed to occur, with the aid of decreased incremental costs 

due to increased R&D funding

• Projected installed costs for this advanced scenario are higher than the reference case, even assuming increased 

R&D funding. Advanced energy-saving technologies are assumed to be made financially viable for operators by 

increased market incentives such as utility efficiency rebate programs and/or carbon pricing.

• This analysis finds that with increased R&D and market incentives for energy efficiency technologies, a limit of 

possible efficiency improvements for self-contained, vapor compression refrigeration systems will be reached by 

2040. 

Final
Commercial Refrigerated Vending Machines

76

Performance/Cost Characteristics » Commercial Refrigerated Vending Machines

DATA

2003 2012 2015 2020 2030 2040

Installed Stock 

Average

Installed 

Stock 

Average

Low Typical High Energy 

Star2 Typical High Typical High Typical High

Cooling Capacity (Btu/hr) 1,810 1,810 1,810 1,810 1,810 1,810 1,810 1,810 1,810 1,810 1,810 1,810

Can Capacity 500 470 470 470 470 470 470 470 470 470 470 470

Size (ft3) 26 26 26 26 26 26 26 26 26 26 26 26

Energy Use (kWh/yr) 1 3,000 1,632 1,718 1,632 1,504 1,504 1,360 1,224 803 701 701 687

Energy Use (kWh/ft3/yr) 115 63 66 63 58 58 52 47 31 27 27 26

Indexed Annual Efficiency3 1.00 1.84 1.75 1.84 1.99 1.99 2.21 2.45 3.74 4.28 4.28 4.37

Average Life (yrs) 14 13.5 13.5 13.5 13.5 13.5 13.5 13.5 13.5 13.5 13.5 13.5

Retail Equipment Cost $1,769 $3,209 $3,187 $3,209 $3,276 $3,276 $3,551 $3,626 $4,479 $4,612 $4,343 $4,434 

Total Installed Cost $1,844 $3,320 $3,298 $3,320 $3,387 $3,387 $3,662 $3,737 $4,590 $4,723 $4,454 $4,545 

Total Installed Cost ($/kBtu/hr) $1,019 $1,834 $1,822 $1,834 $1,872 $1,872 $2,023 $2,065 $2,536 $2,609 $2,461 $2,511

Annual Maintenance Cost4 $209 $270 $270 $270 $250 $250 $250 $250 $250 $250 $250 $250 

Annual Maintenance Cost 

($/kBtu/hr) $115 $149.17 $149.17 $149.17 $138.12 $138.12 $138.12 $138.12 $138.12 $138.12 $138.12 $138.12

1 Energy use for 2012 and beyond is estimated based on DOE’s 2015 BVM Final Rule

2 The Energy Star category assumes units that are compliant with the Energy Star v3 standard, since combination units are currently not separately defined by Energy Star. This standard went into effect 

on March 1, 2013. Our analysis finds Energy Star certified equipment to be the most efficient currently available on the market

3 Annual efficiency normalized to the efficiency of the 2003 installed base. Indexed Annual Efficiency = (2003 Energy Use) / (Energy Use) 4 Maintenance cost includes preventative maintenance costs such as checking and maintaining refrigerant charge levels, cleaning heat exchanger coils and also includes an annualized cost for 

refurbishments/remanufacturing. 

Final
Commercial Refrigerated Vending Machines

77

Performance/Cost Characteristics » Commercial Refrigerated Vending Machines

• DOE set Federal energy efficiency standards for refrigerated vending machines in 2009. These standards set maximum daily energy consumption levels, in kWh/day, for 

commercial refrigerated vending machines manufactured and/or sold in the United States on or after August 31, 2012. The daily energy consumption is based on the volume of 

the unit (V).

• Refrigerated Vending Machines that are fully-cooled (Type A) ≤ 0.055*V + 2.56

• Refrigerated Vending Machines that are zone-cooled (Type B) ≤ 0.073*V + 3.16

• Energy Star® updated its maximum daily energy consumption efficiency levels, also in KWh/day, for refrigerated vending machines, which went into effect on March 1, 2013. 

These efficiency levels are based on refrigerated volume.

• Currently, stakeholders such as Coca Cola have indicated a preference for CO2 refrigerant, which is less efficient. However, this advanced case scenario assumes a shift to 

more efficient propane for cost and energy consumption projections due to the superior efficiency of propane refrigerant. 

• By 2040, the adoption of vacuum insulated panels is assumed to occur, with the aid of decreased incremental costs due to increased R&D funding

• Projected installed costs for this advanced scenario are higher than the reference case, even assuming increased R&D funding. Advanced energy-saving technologies are 

assumed to be made financially viable for operators by increased market incentives such as utility efficiency rebate programs and/or carbon pricing.

• This analysis finds that with increased R&D and market incentives for energy efficiency technologies, a limit of possible efficiency improvements for self-contained, 

vapor compression refrigeration systems will be reached by 2040. 

Equipment Type Maximum Daily Energy 

Consumption

Low Power Mode Requirement

Class A (Transparent-Front) MDEC= 0.0523 x V + 2.432 Hard-wired controls and/or software capable 

of placing the machine into a low power 

mode during periods of extended inactivity 

while still connected to its power source Class B (Solid-Front) MDEC = 0.0657 x V + 2.844 

Final
Commercial Refrigerated Vending Machines

78

Performance/Cost Characteristics » Commercial Refrigerated Vending Machines

• In December 2015, DOE updated its energy conservation standards for beverage vending machines, and defined two new product 

classes for combination vending machines Compliance with these standards is required by 2019. For this analysis, compliance with 

these updated standards is assumed for equipment sold in 2020 and beyond. The updated standards and DOE equipment definitions 

are listed in the table below.

Equipment Class Maximum daily energy consumption (kilowatt hours per day)

Class A – a refrigerated bottled or canned beverage vending machine that is not a 

combination vending machine and in which 25 percent or more of the surface area 

on the front side of the beverage vending machine is transparent

MDEC = 0.052 x V + 2.43

Class B – any refrigerated bottled or canned beverage vending machine that is not 

considered to be Class A and is not a combination vending machine MDEC = 0.052 x V + 2.20

Combination A – a combination vending machine where 25 percent or more of the 

surface area on the front side of the beverage vending machine is transparent MDEC = 0.086 x V + 2.66

Combination B – a combination vending machine that is not considered to be 

Combination A MDEC = 0.111 x V + 2.04

Final
79

Commercial Ventilation

Advanced Case

Final
Commercial Constant Air Volume

80

Performance/Cost Characteristics » Commercial Constant Air Volume

2003 2012

Installed 

Stock 

Average

Installed 

Stock 

Average3

Low4,5 Typical4,6 Best4,7 Energy Star Typical4,7 Best4,8 Typical4,8,9 Best4,8,9 Typical4,8,9 Best4,8,9

System Airflow (CFM) 15,000 15,000 15,000 15,000 15,000 N/A 15,000 15,000 15,000 15,000 15,000 15,000

System Fan Power (kW) 11.80 11.56 11.56 11.56 11.56 N/A 11.56 11.56 11.56 11.56 11.56 11.56

Specific Fan Power (W/CFM) 0.787 0.771 0.771 0.771 0.771 N/A 0.771 0.771 0.771 0.771 0.771 0.771

Annual Fan Energy Use (kWh/yr)1 44,858 43,924 23,038 20,018 15,226 N/A 15,226 11,155 10,597 9,482 9,482 8,366

Average Life (yrs) 20 20 20 20 20 N/A 20 20 20 20 20 20

Total Installed Cost ($)2 $68,539 $68,539 $68,979 $68,979 $74,178 N/A $74,178 $74,778 $75,378 $75,978 $75,978 $76,578 

Annual Maintenance Cost ($) $900 $900 $900 $900 $900 N/A $900 $900 $900 $900 $900 $900

Total Installed Cost ($/1000 CFM) $4,569 $4,569 $4,599 $4,599 $4,945 N/A $4,945 $4,985 $5,025 $5,065 $5,065 $5,105

Annual Maintenance Cost ($/1000 CFM) $60 $60 $60 $60 $60 N/A $60 $60 $60 $60 $60 $60

DATA

2015 2020 2030 2040

1

 Based on 3800 operating hours per year (ADL, 1999) and typical zone air flow requirement profile (ASHRAE S45.11-2012).

2

 Total installed cost of 15,000 CFM CAV AHU and hypothetical supply ductwork layout.

3

 Based on ASHRAE 90.1-2007 fan power limit (Table 6.5.3.1.1A) with no pressure drop adjustment. Assumed 80% motor load and 91% motor efficiency.

4

 ASHRAE 90.1-2010 & 2013 Section 6.5.3.2 require minimum 2-speed fan control (no longer always constant volume).

5

 Two-speed motor.

6

 Two-speed VFD.

7

 Modulating VFD (66-100%).

8

 Modulating VFD (50-100%).

9

 High aerodynamic efficiency fan.

Assumes increased rate of technology 

advancement (lower energy use)

Final
Commercial Constant Air Volume

81

Performance/Cost Characteristics » Commercial Constant Air Volume

• Constant air volume (CAV) ventilation systems are common, inexpensive, air-side HVAC systems that operate in 

response to a single control zone. Historically, these systems provide a constant flow rate of air (typically a mix of 

recirculated and outside air) and adjust the supply temperature of that air in order to maintain space temperature 

setpoint. Recent energy efficiency standard changes (ASHRAE 90.1-2013) now mandate at least two fan speed 

settings with the requirement of a maximum 40% power at 66% flow. This analysis examines only the fan energy of 

the CAV system.

• There is movement in the industry and in energy codes to reduce fan power. ASHRAE 90.1 includes fan power limits 

for CAV systems. Fan power can be minimized through good design practice (efficient duct layout, low pressure 

drop ductwork, filters, coils), proper fan selection, and high efficiency type fans. ASHRAE 90.1-2013 now requires a 

minimum fan efficiency grade (FEG, based on AMCA 205-12: Energy Efficiency Classification for Fans) of 67 and a 

design operating fan efficiency within 15% of the maximum fan total efficiency. There are exceptions to this 

requirement, including packaged systems such as the CAV system type considered here. Still the fan power limits are 

expected to become more stringent, and fan efficiency will become more important throughout the industry.

• The unit characterized in this report is a 15,000 CFM CAV system. The average commercial building is approximately 

15,000 square feet (CBECS 2003 and BED 2007). Assuming 1 CFM is needed per square foot of floor area results in a 

15,000 CFM air handling unit.

• A 15,000 CFM CAV packaged indoor air handling unit with cooling and heating coils can be installed for 

approximately $60,722 (RS Means 2016). Ductwork would cost approximately $7,817 additional ($68,539 total). A 2-

speed motor (estimated $440 incremental cost) and variable frequency drive (estimated $5,639) add cost.

• ASHRAE Standard 90.1, which is used as a basis for most state energy codes, limits the fan power (brake HP or 

nameplate HP) for CAV systems. The 2007 version of Standard 90.1 was used to represent the 2012 minimum 

efficiency level (state energy codes typically refer to older versions of Standard 90.1 due to code revision cycles).

• Fan energy is affected by several factors, including: fan type (e.g., centrifugal, axial), fan blade shape (e.g., forwardcurved, backward-curved, backward-inclined, airfoil), drive type (belt or direct), configuration (plenum or housed 

centrifugal), system effects, duct design, filter and coil pressure drops, motor efficiency, and speed/flow control. 

Final
Commercial Variable Air Volume

82

Performance/Cost Characteristics » Commercial Variable Air Volume

2003 2012

Installed 

Stock 

Average

Installed 

Stock 

Average3

Low4 Typical5 Best6 Energy Star Typical8 Best6,7 Typical6,7 Best6,7 Typical6,7 Best6,7

System Airflow (CFM) 15,000 15,000 15,000 15,000 15,000 N/A 15,000 15,000 15,000 15,000 15,000 15,000

System Fan Power (kW) 16.72 15.99 15.99 15.99 15.99 N/A 15.99 15.99 15.99 15.99 15.99 15.99

Specific Fan Power (W/CFM) 1.115 1.066 1.066 1.066 1.066 N/A 1.066 1.066 1.066 1.066 1.066 1.066

Annual Fan Energy Use (kWh/yr)1 25,839 24,699 24,699 18,181 16,425 N/A 15,604 15,604 14,783 14,783 13,961 13,140

Average Life (yrs) 20 20 20 20 20 N/A 20 20 20 20 20 20

Total Installed Cost ($)2 $88,207 $88,207 $88,207 $93,846 $94,346 N/A $94,446 $94,946 $94,446 $94,946 $94,446 $94,946 

Annual Maintenance Cost ($) $900 $900 $900 $900 $900 N/A $900 $900 $900 $900 $900 $900

Total Installed Cost ($/1000 CFM) $5,880 $5,880 $5,880 $6,256 $6,290 N/A $6,296 $6,330 $6,296 $6,330 $6,296 $6,330

Annual Maintenance Cost ($/1000 CFM) $60 $60 $60 $60 $60 N/A $60 $60 $60 $60 $60 $60

DATA

2015 2020 2030 2040

1 Based on 3800 operating hours per year (ADL, 1999) and typical zone air flow requirement profile (ASHRAE S45.11-2012).

2 Total installed cost of 15,000 CFM VAV AHU, VFD, (10) VAV boxes, and hypothetical supply ductwork layout.

3 Based on ASHRAE 90.1-2007 fan power limit (Table 6.5.3.1.1A) with no pressure drop adjustment. Assumed 80% motor load and 91% motor efficiency.

4 ASHRAE 90.1-2010 Section 6.5.3.2 minimum power-flow requirement.

5 ASHRAE 90.1-2013 fan power limit and typical VAV power-flow relationship for 50%-100% flow.

6 ASHRAE 90.1-2013 fan power limit and typical VAV power-flow relationship for 30%-100% flow.

7 High aerodynamic efficiency fan.

Assumes increased rate of technology 

advancement (lower energy use)

Final
Commercial Variable Air Volume

83

Performance/Cost Characteristics » Commercial Variable Air Volume

• Variable air volume (VAV) ventilation systems are the most common multi-zone system type specified today for 

conditioning commercial buildings. These systems provide conditioned air to multiple zone terminal units (VAV 

boxes) that use dampers to modulate the amount of cool air to each zone. An individual zone thermostat controls the 

VAV box damper to allow more or less cooling. If a zone requires heating then the VAV box provides the minimum 

flow rate and typically includes a reheat coil to meet space temperature setpoint. As VAV box dampers close in the 

system, a variable frequency drive reduces fan speed and flow continuously to meet current requirements.

• This analysis examines only the fan energy of the VAV system. VAV systems vary fan speed/flow to meet space 

conditioning requirements; minimum flow settings apply for DX cooling stages and gas furnace heating stages. Most 

hours of operation are much lower than full speed, and fan power varies with the cube of fan speed according to fan 

affinity laws. The 2012 ASHRAE Handbook: HVAC Systems and Equipment (p. 45.11) provided the typical flow 

profile used for this analysis. The unit characterized in this report is a 15,000 CFM VAV system. 

• There is movement in the industry and in energy codes to reduce fan power. ASHRAE 90.1 includes fan power limits 

for VAV systems. Fan power can be minimized through good design practice (efficient duct layout, low pressure 

drop ductwork, filters, coils), proper fan selection, and high efficiency type fans. ASHRAE 90.1-2013 now requires a 

minimum fan efficiency grade (FEG, based on AMCA 205-12: Energy Efficiency Classification for Fans) of 67 and a 

design operating fan efficiency within 15% of the maximum fan total efficiency. There are exceptions to this 

requirement, including packaged systems such as the VAV system type considered here. Still the fan power limits are 

expected to become more stringent, and fan efficiency will become more important throughout the industry.

• A 15,000 CFM VAV packaged indoor air handling unit with cooling and heating coils can be installed for 

approximately $69,100 (RS Means 2016). Ductwork and (10) VAV boxes with reheat would cost approximately 

$19,107 additional ($88,207 total). A 20 hp variable frequency drive (estimated $5,639) is an additional cost.

• ASHRAE Standard 90.1, which is used as a basis for most state energy codes, limits the fan power for VAV systems 

(brake HP or nameplate HP). The 2007 version of Standard 90.1 was used to represent the 2012 minimum efficiency 

level (state energy codes typically refer to older versions of Standard 90.1 due to code revision cycles).

• Fan energy is affected by several factors, including: fan type (e.g., centrifugal, axial), fan blade shape (e.g., forwardcurved, backward-curved, backward-inclined, airfoil), drive type (belt or direct), configuration (plenum or housed 

centrifugal), system effects, duct design, filter and coil pressure drops, and motor VFD efficiency. 

Final
Commercial Fan Coil Units

84

Performance/Cost Characteristics » Commercial Fan Coil Units

2003 2012

Installed 

Stock 

Average

Installed 

Stock 

Average5

Low3 Typical6 Best6 Energy Star Typical4,7 Best4,8 Typical4,8 Best4,8,9 Typical4,8,9 Best4,8,9

System Airflow (CFM) 800 800 800 800 800 N/A 800 800 800 800 800 800

System Fan Power (kW) 0.315 0.241 0.748 0.241 0.148 N/A 0.148 0.148 0.148 0.141 0.141 0.133

Specific Fan Power (W/CFM) 0.394 0.302 0.935 0.301 0.185 N/A 0.185 0.185 0.185 0.176 0.176 0.166

Annual Fan Energy Use (kWh/yr)1 709 543 1,683 543 333 N/A 152 94 94 89 89 84

Average Life (yrs) 20 20 20 20 20 N/A 20 20 20 20 20 20

Total Installed Cost ($)2 $2,429 $2,429 $2,429 $2,429 $2,753 N/A $2,753 $2,995 $2,753 $2,995 $2,995 $3,044 

Annual Maintenance Cost ($) $100 $100 $100 $100 $100 N/A $100 $100 $100 $100 $100 $100

Total Installed Cost ($/1000 CFM) $3,036 $3,036 $3,036 $3,036 $3,441 N/A $3,441 $3,744 $3,441 $3,744 $3,744 $3,805

Annual Maintenance Cost ($/1000 CFM) $125 $125 $125 $125 $125 N/A $125 $125 $125 $125 $125 $125

DATA

2015 2020 2030 2040

1 Based on 2250 operating hours per year (ADL, 1999) and typical zone air flow requirement profile (ASHRAE S45.11-2012).

2 Total installed cost of 2-ton horizontal 2-pipe fan coil unit, housing and controls. 

3 Based on ASHRAE 90.1-2010 fan power limit (Table 6.5.3.1.1A) with no pressure drop adjustment. Assumed 80% motor load and 60% motor efficiency.

4 Based on ASHRAE 90.1-2013 Section 6.5.3.5 requirement of electronically commutated or 70+% efficient fan motor.

5 Permanent split capacitor fan motor.

6 Electronically commutated fan motor (single speed).

7 Electronically commutated fan motor (two-speed).

8 Electronically commutated fan motor (variable speed).

9 High aerodynamic efficiency fan.

Assumes increased rate of technology 

advancement (lower energy use)

Final
Commercial Fan Coil Units

85

Performance/Cost Characteristics » Commercial Fan Coil Units

• Commercial fan coil units (FCUs) are self-contained, mass-produced assemblies that provide cooling, heating, or 

cooling and heating, but do not include the source of cooling or heating. The unit characterized in this report is a 

cooling only (2-pipe), horizontal unit with housing and controls. Fan coil units are typically installed in or adjacent to 

the space being served and have no (or very limited) ductwork. 

• According to manufacturer literature, the cooling capacity for a nominal 800 CFM fan coil unit is about 2 tons. This 

analysis examines only the fan energy of FCUs.

• Fan coil unit fan motors can be shaded pole, a single phase AC motor with offset start winding and no capacitor; PSC, 

a single phase AC motor with offset start winding with capacitor; or ECM, an AC electronically commutated 

permanent magnet DC motor. PSC motors are currently the most common motor type in FCUs, but most 

manufacturers offer ECM as an option. ASHRAE 90.1-2013 requires an electronically commutated fan motor (or 

minimum motor efficiency of 70%) for this system.

• There is movement in the industry and in energy codes to reduce fan power. ASHRAE 90.1 includes fan power limits 

for FCUs. Fan power can be minimized through good design practice and high efficiency type fans. ASHRAE 90.1-

2013 now requires a minimum fan efficiency grade (FEG, based on AMCA 205-12: Energy Efficiency Classification for 

Fans) of 67 and a design operating fan efficiency within 15% of the maximum fan total efficiency. There are 

exceptions to this requirement, including small systems such as the FCU considered here. Still the fan power limits 

are expected to become more stringent, and fan efficiency will become more important throughout the industry.

• Fan coil units have higher maintenance costs than central air systems due to the distributed nature of the system. For 

each unit the filters must be changed and drain systems must be flushed periodically.

• ASHRAE Standard 90.1, which is used as a basis for most state energy codes, limits the fan power (brake HP or 

nameplate HP). The 2007 version of Standard 90.1 was used to represent the 2012 minimum efficiency level (state 

energy codes typically refer to older versions of Standard 90.1 due to code revision cycles).

• Fan energy is affected by several factors, including: fan type configuration, filter and coil pressure drops, motor 

efficiency, and fan speed control. 

Final
Appendix A

Data Sources

A-1

Navigant Consulting, Inc.

1200 19th Street, NW, Suite 700

Washington, D.C. 20036

And

Leidos

8301 Greensboro Drive

McLean, VA 22102

Final
A-2

Residential Lighting

Final
A-3

Data Sources » Residential General Service LED Lamps (60 Watt Equivalent)

DATA SOURCES

2009 2015 2020 2030 2040

Installed 

Stock 

Average

Low Typical High Energy Star Typical High Typical High Typical High

Lamp Wattage Calculated

LED Lighting Facts Database (downloaded 

10/31/15)

Energy Star 

Light Bulb 

product 

database 

(downloaded 

11/4/15)

Calculated

Lamp Lumens Product 

Catalogs Calculated from 2015 Values

Lamp Efficacy (lm/W) 2012 SSL 

MYPP Calculated

U.S. DOE SSL Program, Energy Savings Forecast of 

Solid-State Lighting in General Illumination Applications 

(Navigant, 2014)

Calculated

CRI

Product 

Catalogs

Energy Star 

Light Bulb 

product 

database 

(downloaded 

11/4/15)

Assume Unchanged From 2015 Typical Correlated Color Temperature (CCT)

LED Lighting 

Facts 

Database 

(downloaded 

10/31/15)

SSL R&D Plan 

Table 2.1 

(DOE SSL 

Program, 

2015)

LED Lighting 

Facts 

Database 

(downloaded 

10/31/15)

Average Lamp Life (1000 hrs) Retailer 

Websites Retailer Websites

U.S. DOE SSL Program, Energy Savings Forecast of 

Solid-State Lighting in General Illumination Applications 

(Navigant, 2014)

Assume Unchanged

Annual Operating Hours (hrs/yr) U.S. DOE SSL Program, 2010 Lighting Market Characterization, Prepared by Navigant Consulting Inc., January 2012.

Lamp Price ($) Calculated Retailer 

Websites Calculated Retailer Websites Calculated

Lamp Cost ($/klm) 2012 SSL 

MYPP Calculated

SSL R&D Plan 

Table 2.1 

+adjustment 

(DOE SSL 

Program, 

2015)

Calculated

U.S. DOE SSL Program, Energy Savings Forecast of 

Solid-State Lighting in General Illumination Applications 

(Navigant, 2014)

Calculated

Labor Cost ($/hr) N/A Labor Lamp Installation (hr)

Total Installed Cost ($)

Calculated Annual Maintenance Cost ($)

Total Installed Cost ($/klm)

Annual Maintenance Cost ($/klm)

Final
A-4

Data Sources » Residential Reflector LED BR30

DATA SOURCES

2009 2015 2020 2030 2040

Installed 

Stock Average Low Typical High Energy Star Typical High Typical High Typical High

Lamp Wattage Calculated

LED Lighting Facts Database (downloaded 

10/31/15)

Energy Star 

Light Bulb 

product 

database 

(downloaded 

11/4/15)

Calculated

Lamp Lumens Adjusted 

based on 

PAR38 values

Nominal lumen output based on historical values

Lamp Efficacy (lm/W) Calculated

U.S. DOE SSL Program, Energy Savings Forecast of SolidState Lighting in General Illumination Applications 

(Navigant, 2014)

CRI

Adjusted 

based on 

PAR38 values

Energy Star 

Light Bulb 

product 

database 

(downloaded 

11/4/15)

Assume Unchanged Correlated Color Temperature (CCT)

LED Lighting 

Facts Database 

(downloaded 

10/31/15)

DOE SSL 

Program R&D 

Plan (DOE SSL 

Program, 

2015)

LED Lighting 

Facts Database 

(downloaded 

10/31/15)

Average Lamp Life (1000 hrs) Retailer 

Websites Retailer Websites

U.S. DOE SSL Program, Energy Savings Forecast of SolidState Lighting in General Illumination Applications 

(Navigant, 2014)

Assume Unchanged

Annual Operating Hours (hrs/yr) U.S. DOE SSL Program, 2010 Lighting Market Characterization, Prepared by Navigant Consulting Inc., January 2012.

Lamp Price ($) Calculated Retailer 

Websites Calculated Retailer Websites Calculated

Lamp Cost ($/klm) 

Adjusted 

based on 

PAR38 values

Calculated

DOE SSL 

Program R&D 

Plan (DOE SSL 

Program, 

2015)

Calculated

U.S. DOE SSL Program, Energy Savings Forecast of SolidState Lighting in General Illumination Applications 

(Navigant, 2014)

Calculated

Labor Cost ($/hr) N/A Labor Lamp Installation (hr)

Total Installed Cost ($)

Calculated Annual Maintenance Cost ($)

Total Installed Cost ($/klm)

Annual Maintenance Cost ($/klm)

Final
DATA SOURCES

2009 2015 2020 2030 2040

Installed 

Stock 

Average

Low Typical High Energy Star Typical High Typical High Typical High

Lamp Wattage Calculated

LED Lighting Facts Database (downloaded 

10/31/15)

Energy Star Light 

Bulb product 

database 

(downloaded 11/4/15)

Calculated

Lamp Lumens Product 

Catalogs

Nominal lumen output based on historical values

Lamp Efficacy (lm/W) 2012 SSL 

MYPP

Calculated

U.S. DOE SSL Program, Energy Savings Forecast of 

Solid-State Lighting in General Illumination 

Applications (Navigant, 2014) Calculated

CRI

Product 

Catalogs

Energy Star Light 

Bulb product 

database 

(downloaded 11/4/15) Assume Unchanged Correlated Color Temperature (CCT)

LED Lighting 

Facts Database 

(downloaded 

10/31/15)

DOE SSL 

Program R&D 

Plan (DOE 

SSL Program, 

2015)

LED Lighting 

Facts Database 

(downloaded 

10/31/15)

Average Lamp Life (1000 hrs) Retailer 

Websites

Retailer 

Websites

U.S. DOE SSL Program, Energy Savings Forecast of 

Solid-State Lighting in General Illumination 

Applications (Navigant, 2014) Assume Unchanged

Annual Operating Hours (hrs/yr) U.S. DOE SSL Program, 2010 Lighting Market Characterization, Prepared by Navigant Consulting Inc., January 2012.

Lamp Price ($) Calculated

Retailer 

Websites Calculated Retailer Websites Calculated

Calculated

Lamp Cost ($/klm) 

2012 SSL 

MYPP Calculated

DOE SSL 

Program R&D 

Plan (DOE 

SSL Program, 

2015) Calculated

U.S. DOE SSL Program, Energy Savings Forecast of 

Solid-State Lighting in General Illumination 

Applications (Navigant, 2014)

Labor Cost ($/hr)

Labor Lamp Installation (hr) N/A

Total Installed Cost ($)

Calculated

Annual Maintenance Cost ($)

Total Installed Cost ($/klm)

Annual Maintenance Cost ($/klm) A-5

Data Sources » Residential Reflector LED PAR38

Final
A-6

Data Sources » Residential Linear LED Replacement Lamp 2 Lamp System*

DATA SOURCES 2009 2015 2020 2030 2040

Installed Stock Average Low Typical High Energy Star Typical High Typical High Typical High

Lamp Wattage DOE SSL Program: LED 

Application Series, Linear 

Fluorescent Replacement Lamps 

(DOE SSL Program, 2011) LED Lighting Facts Qualified Product List 

(Downloaded 11/17/15)

N/A

Calculated

Lamp Lumens Adjusted for 2015 Typical Lumen Output

Lamp Efficacy (lm/W) Calculated

U.S. DOE SSL Program, Energy Savings Forecast of SolidState Lighting in General Illumination Applications 

(Navigant, 2014)

Calculated

System Wattage Calculated Calculated

System Lumens DOE SSL Program R&D Plan (DOE SSL Program, 2015) DOE SSL Program R&D Plan (DOE SSL Program, 2015)

System Efficacy (lm/W) Calculated Calculated

Ballast Efficiency (BLE) N/A N/A

CRI

DOE SSL Program: LED 

Application Series, Linear 

Fluorescent Replacement Lamps 

(DOE SSL Program, 2011)

LED Lighting 

Facts Qualified 

Product List 

(Downloaded 

11/17/15)

LED Lighting 

Facts Qualified 

Product List 

Downloaded 

11/17/15

LED Lighting 

Facts Qualified 

Product List 

(Downloaded 

11/17/15)

Assume Unchanged

Correlated Color Temperature (CCT) DOE SSL 

Program R&D 

Plan (DOE SSL 

Program, 2015)

Average Lamp Life (1000 hrs) Retailer 

Websites

Retailer 

Websites

U.S. DOE SSL Program, Energy Savings Forecast of SolidState Lighting in General Illumination Applications 

(Navigant, 2014)

Assume Unchanged

Annual Operating Hours (hrs/yr) U.S. DOE SSL Program, 2010 Lighting Market Characterization, Prepared by 

Navigant Consulting Inc., January 2012.

U.S. DOE SSL Program, 2010 Lighting Market Characterization, Prepared by Navigant 

Consulting Inc., January 2012.

Lamp Price ($)

DOE SSL Program: LED 

Application Series, Linear 

Fluorescent Replacement Lamps 

(DOE SSL Program, 2011)

Retailer 

Websites Calculated Retailer Websites Calculated

Ballast Price ($) N/A N/A Fixture Price ($)*

Lamp Cost ($/klm) Calculated Calculated

DOE SSL 

Program R&D 

Plan (DOE SSL 

Program, 2015)

Calculated

U.S. DOE SSL Program, Energy Savings Forecast of SolidState Lighting in General Illumination Applications 

(Navigant, 2014)

Calculated

System (l/b/f) Cost ($/klm)* N/A N/A

Labor Cost ($/hr) U.S. DOE SSL Program, Energy Savings Forecast of Solid-State Lighting in 

General Illumination Applications (Navigant, 2014)

U.S. DOE SSL Program, Energy Savings Forecast of Solid-State Lighting in General 

Illumination Applications (Navigant, 2014) Labor System Installation (hr)*

Labor Lamp Change (hr)

Total Installed Cost ($)

Calculated Calculated Annual Maintenance Cost ($)

Total Installed Cost ($/klm)

Annual Maintenance Cost ($/klm)

Final
A-7

Data Sources » Residential Linear LED Luminaire*

DATA SOURCES

2009 2015 2020 2030 2040

Installed Stock 

Average Low Typical High Energy Star Typical High Typical High Typical High

Lamp Wattage 

Lamp Lumens N/A

Lamp Efficacy (lm/W) 

System Wattage 

Calculated

DLC Qualified 

Product List 

(Downloaded 

11/18/15)

LED Lighting 

Facts Database 

(downloaded 

10/31/15)

DLC Qualified 

Product List 

(Downloaded 

11/18/15)

Energy Star Light 

Bulb product 

database 

(downloaded 

11/4/15)

Calculated

System Lumens Calculated Calculated Adjusted for 2015 Typical Lumen Output

System Efficacy (lm/W) 

DLC Qualified 

Product List 

(Downloaded 

11/18/15)

DLC Qualified 

Product List 

(Downloaded 

11/18/15) Calculated

U.S. DOE SSL Program, Energy Savings Forecast of Solid-State Lighting 

in General Illumination Applications (Navigant, 2014)

Calculated

Ballast Efficiency (BLE) N/A

CRI

Calculated

DLC Qualified 

Product List 

(Downloaded 

11/18/15)

LED Lighting 

Facts Database 

(downloaded 

10/31/15)

DLC Qualified 

Product List 

(Downloaded 

11/18/15)

Energy Star Light 

Bulb product 

database 

(downloaded 

11/4/15)

Assume Unchanged Correlated Color Temperature (CCT)

Average Lifetime (1000 hrs) 

DOE SSL Program 

R&D Plan (DOE 

SSL Program, 

2015)

U.S. DOE SSL Program, Energy Savings Forecast of Solid-State Lighting 

in General Illumination Applications (Navigant, 2014)

Assume Unchanged

Annual Operating Hours (hrs/yr) U.S. DOE SSL Program, 2010 Lighting Market Characterization, Prepared by Navigant Consulting Inc., January 2012.

Lamp/Luminaire Price ($) Calculated Retailer Websites Calculated Retailer Websites Retailer Websites Calculated

Ballast Price ($)

Fixture Price ($) N/A

Lamp Cost ($/klm) 

System (l/b/f) Cost ($/klm)

Calculated Calculated

DOE SSL Program 

R&D Plan (DOE 

SSL Program, 

2015) Calculated Calculated

U.S. DOE SSL Program, Energy Savings Forecast of Solid-State Lighting 

in General Illumination Applications (Navigant, 2014)

Calculated

Labor Cost ($/hr)

Labor System Installation (hr) Assume Same as T5

Labor Lamp Change (hr) N/A

Total Installed Cost ($)

Calculated

Annual Maintenance Cost ($)

Total Installed Cost ($/klm)

Annual Maintenance Cost ($/klm)

Final
A-8

Data Sources » Residential Outdoor Lamps (Security: LED PAR38)

DATA SOURCES

2009 2015 2020 2030 2040

Installed Stock 

Average Low Typical High Energy Star Typical High Typical High Typical High

Lamp Wattage Calculated

LED Lighting Facts Database (downloaded 

10/31/15)

Energy Star 

Light Bulb 

product 

database 

(downloaded 

11/4/15)

Calculated

Lamp Lumens 

Product 

Catalogs

Nominal lumen output based on historical values

Lamp Efficacy (lm/W) 

2012 SSL MYPP

Calculated U.S. DOE SSL Program, Energy Savings Forecast of Solid-State 

Lighting in General Illumination Applications (Navigant, 2014) Calculated

CRI

Product 

Catalogs

Energy Star 

Light Bulb 

product 

database 

(downloaded 

11/4/15)

Assume Unchanged Correlated Color Temperature (CCT)

LED Lighting 

Facts Database 

(downloaded 

10/31/15)

DOE SSL 

Program R&D 

Plan (DOE SSL 

Program, 2015)

LED Lighting 

Facts Database 

(downloaded 

10/31/15)

Average Lamp Life (1000 hrs) Retailer 

Websites

Retailer 

Websites

U.S. DOE SSL Program, Energy Savings Forecast of Solid-State 

Lighting in General Illumination Applications (Navigant, 2014) Assume Unchanged

Annual Operating Hours (hrs/yr) U.S. DOE SSL Program, 2010 Lighting Market Characterization, Prepared by Navigant Consulting Inc., January 2012.

Lamp Price ($) Calculated

Retailer 

Websites Calculated Retailer Websites Calculated

Calculated

Lamp Cost ($/klm) 

2012 SSL MYPPCalculated

DOE SSL 

Program R&D 

Plan (DOE SSL 

Program, 2015) Calculated

U.S. DOE SSL Program, Energy Savings Forecast of Solid-State 

Lighting in General Illumination Applications (Navigant, 2014)

Labor Cost ($/hr)

Labor Lamp Installation (hr) N/A

Total Installed Cost ($)

Calculated

Annual Maintenance Cost ($)

Total Installed Cost ($/klm)

Annual Maintenance Cost ($/klm)

Final
A-9

Data Sources » Residential Outdoor Lamps (Porch: LED A-Type*)

DATA SOURCES

2009 2015 2020 2030 2040

Installed 

Stock 

Average

Low Typical High Energy 

Star* Typical High Typical High Typical High

Lamp Wattage Calculated

Lamp Lumens U.S. DOE SSL Program, Energy Savings Forecast of Solid-State Lighting in General Illumination Applications (Navigant, 2014)

Lamp Efficacy (lm/W) 

Scaled based on 60W Residential A-type Lamp

CRI

Correlated Color Temperature (CCT)

Average Lamp Life (1000 hrs) 

Annual Operating Hours (hrs/yr) DOE SSL Program, Residential Lighting End-Use Consumption Study: Estimation Framework and Initial Estimates (DOE SSL Program, 

2012)

Lamp Price ($) Calculated

Lamp Cost ($/klm) Scaled based on 60W Residential A-type Lamp

Labor Cost ($/hr) U.S. DOE SSL Program, Energy Savings Forecast of Solid-State Lighting in General Illumination Applications (Navigant, 2014)

Labor Lamp Installation (hr)

Total Installed Cost ($)

Calculated Annual Maintenance Cost ($)

Total Installed Cost ($/klm)

Annual Maintenance Cost ($/klm)

Final
Commercial Lighting

A-10

Final
A-11

Data Sources » Commercial General Service 100W Equivalent LED Replacement Lamp in Recessed Can Fixture

DATA SOURCES

2003 2012 2015 2020 2030 2040

Installed Stock 

Average

Installed Stock 

Average Low Typical High Energy Star Typical High Typical High Typical High

Lamp Wattage 

N/A

DOE SSL 

Program, 2013 

Multi-Year 

Program Plan 

(DOE SSL 

Program, 2013)

LED Lighting Facts Database (downloaded 

10/31/15)

Energy Star 

Light Bulb 

product 

database 

(downloaded 

11/4/15)

Calculated

Lamp Lumens U.S. DOE SSL Program, Energy Savings Forecast of Solid-State 

Lighting in General Illumination Applications (Navigant, 2014)

Assume Unchanged

Lamp Efficacy (lm/W) Calculated Calculated

System Wattage 

Calculated System Lumens* 

System Efficacy (lm/W) 

Ballast Efficiency (BLE)

CRI

DOE SSL 

Program, 2013 

Multi-Year 

Program Plan 

(DOE SSL 

Program, 2013)

LED Lighting Facts Database (downloaded 

10/31/15)

Energy Star 

Light Bulb 

product 

database 

(downloaded 

11/4/15)

Assume Unchanged

Correlated Color Temperature (CCT) Retailer 

Websites

Assume Same as 

A19 60W equiv

Retailer 

Websites

Average Lamp Life (1000 hrs) Calculated U.S. DOE SSL Program, Energy Savings Forecast of Solid-State Lighting in General Illumination 

Applications (Navigant, 2014)

Annual Operating Hours (hrs/yr) U.S. DOE SSL Program, 2010 Lighting Market Characterization, Prepared by Navigant Consulting Inc., January 2012.

Lamp Price ($) Calculated Retailer 

Websites Calculated Retailer Websites U.S. DOE SSL Program, Energy Savings Forecast of Solid-State 

Lighting in General Illumination Applications (Navigant, 2014) Calculated

Ballast Price ($) N/A Fixture Price ($)**

Lamp Cost ($/klm) 

DOE SSL 

Program, 2013 

Multi-Year 

Program Plan 

(DOE SSL 

Program, 2013)

Calculated

DOE SSL 

Program R&D 

Plan (DOE SSL 

Program, 2015)

Calculated Calculated Calculated Calculated

System (l/b/f) Cost ($/klm) N/A

Labor Cost ($/hr)

Labor System Installation (hr)** Same as for CFL

Labor Lamp Change (hr)

Total Installed Cost ($)

Calculated

Annual Maintenance Cost ($)

Total Installed Cost ($/klm)

Annual Maintenance Cost ($/klm)

Final
A-12

Data Sources » Commercial LED Reflector Lighting (PAR38)

DATA SOURCES

2003 2012 2015 2020 2030 2040

Installed Stock 

Average

Installed Stock 

Average Low Typical High Energy Star Typical High Typical High Typical High

Lamp Wattage 

N/A

LED Lighting Facts Qualified Product List (Downloaded 11/17/15) Energy Star 

Light Bulb 

product 

database 

(downloaded 

11/4/15)

Calculated

Lamp Lumens U.S. DOE SSL Program, Energy Savings Forecast of Solid-State 

Lighting in General Illumination Applications (Navigant, 2014)

Assume Unchanged

Lamp Efficacy (lm/W) Calculated Calculated

System Wattage Calculated

System Lumens*

System Efficacy (lm/W) 

Ballast Efficiency (BLE) N/A

CRI

LED Lighting Facts Qualified 

Product List (Downloaded 

11/17/15)

LED Lighting 

Facts Qualified 

Product List 

(Downloaded 

11/17/15)

LED Lighting 

Facts Qualified 

Product List 

(Downloaded 

11/17/15)

Energy Star 

Light Bulb 

product 

database 

(downloaded 

11/4/15)

Assume Unchanged

Correlated Color Temperature (CCT) DOE SSL 

Program R&D 

Plan (DOE SSL 

Program, 2015)

Average Lamp Life (1000 hrs) 

Calculated

Retailer 

Websites

Retailer 

Websites

U.S. DOE SSL Program, Energy Savings Forecast of Solid-State 

Lighting in General Illumination Applications (Navigant, 2014) Assume Unchanged

Annual Operating Hours (hrs/yr) U.S. DOE SSL Program, 2010 Lighting Market Characterization, Prepared by Navigant Consulting Inc., January 2012.

Lamp Price ($) Calculated

Retailer 

Websites Calculated Retailer Websites Calculated Calculated

Ballast Price ($)

Fixture Price ($)** N/A

Lamp Cost ($/klm) 

DOE SSL 

Program, 2013 

Multi-Year 

Program Plan 

(DOE SSL 

Program, 2013) Calculated

DOE SSL 

Program R&D 

Plan (DOE SSL 

Program, 2015) Calculated

U.S. DOE SSL Program, Energy Savings Forecast of Solid-State 

Lighting in General Illumination Applications (Navigant, 2014) Calculated

System (l/b/f) Cost ($/klm)** N/A

Labor Cost ($/hr)

Same as for Halogen

Labor System Installation (hr)**

Labor Lamp Change (hr)

Total Installed Cost ($)

Calculated

Annual Maintenance Cost ($)

Total Installed Cost ($/klm)

Annual Maintenance Cost ($/klm)

Final
DATA SOURCES

2003 2012 2015 2020 2030 2040

Installed Stock 

Average

Installed Stock 

Average Low Typical High Energy Star Typical High Typical High Typical High

Lamp Wattage 

N/A

DLC Qualified 

Product List 

(Downloaded 

11/18/15)

LED Lighting Facts Database (downloaded 

11/17/15)

N/A

Calculated

Lamp Lumens Adjusted for 2015 Typical Lumen Output

Lamp Efficacy (lm/W) U.S. DOE SSL Program, Energy Savings Forecast of Solid-State 

Lighting in General Illumination Applications (Navigant, 2014) Calculated

System Wattage 

Calculated Calculated

System Lumens 

System Efficacy (lm/W) 

Ballast Efficiency (BLE)

CRI

DLC Qualified 

Product List 

(Downloaded 

11/18/15)

LED Lighting Facts Database (downloaded 

11/17/15)

Correlated Color Temperature Assume Unchanged

(CCT)

Average Lamp Life (1000 hrs) Retailer 

Websites

DOE SSL 

Program R&D 

Plan (DOE SSL 

Program, 2015)

Retailer 

Websites

U.S. DOE SSL Program, Energy Savings Forecast of Solid-State 

Lighting in General Illumination Applications (Navigant, 2014)

Assume 

Unchanged

Annual Operating Hours 

(hrs/yr)

U.S. DOE SSL Program, 2010 Lighting Market Characterization, 

Prepared by Navigant Consulting Inc., January 2012.

U.S. DOE SSL Program, 2010 Lighting Market Characterization, Prepared by Navigant Consulting 

Inc., January 2012.

Lamp Price ($) Calculated

Retailer 

Websites Calculated

Retailer 

Websites

U.S. DOE SSL Program, Energy Savings Forecast of Solid-State 

Lighting in General Illumination Applications (Navigant, 2014) Calculated

Ballast Price ($)

N/A

N/A

Fixture Price ($)*

Lamp Cost ($/klm) 

U.S. DOE SSL 

Program, 

Energy Savings 

Forecast of 

Solid-State 

Lighting in 

General 

Illumination 

Applications 

(Navigant, 2014) Calculated

DOE SSL 

Program R&D 

Plan (DOE SSL 

Program, 2015) Calculated

U.S. DOE SSL Program, Energy Savings Forecast of Solid-State 

Lighting in General Illumination Applications (Navigant, 2014)

Calculated

System (l/b/f) Cost ($/klm)* N/A N/A

Labor Cost ($/hr) Calculated Assume Same as Analgous Conventional Tech

Assume Unchanged

Labor System Installation (hr)* N/A

Labor Lamp Change (hr) Calculated

Total Installed Cost ($)

Calculated Calculated

Annual Maintenance Cost ($)

Total Installed Cost ($/klm)

Annual Maintenance Cost 

($/klm)

A-13

Data Sources » Commercial 4-ft Linear LED Replacement Lamp in 2-Lamp System Final
A-14

Data Sources » Commercial 4-ft Linear LED Luminaire to Replace 2-Lamp Systems*

DATA SOURCES

2003 2012 2015 2020 2030 2040

Installed Stock 

Average

Installed Stock 

Average Low Typical High Energy Star Typical High Typical High Typical High

Lamp Wattage 

N/A

N/A

N/A

Lamp Lumens 

Lamp Efficacy (lm/W) 

System Wattage 

2008 EIA Reference 

Case

DLC Qualified Product List (Downloaded 

11/18/15)

LED Lighting Facts 

Qualified Product 

List (Downloaded 

11/17/15)

DLC Qualified 

Product List 

(Downloaded 

11/18/15)

Calculated

System Lumens U.S. DOE SSL Program, Energy Savings Forecast of Solid-State Lighting in General 

Illumination Applications (Navigant, 2014)

Assume Unchanged

System Efficacy (lm/W) 

Calculated

Ballast Efficiency (BLE) N/A N/A

CRI

2008 EIA Reference 

Case

DLC Qualified Product List (Downloaded 

11/18/15)

LED Lighting Facts 

Qualified Product 

List (Downloaded 

11/17/15)

DLC Qualified 

Product List 

(Downloaded 

11/18/15)

Assume Unchanged from 2015 Correlated Color Temperature (CCT)

Average Lifetime (1000 hrs) 

Calculated

U.S. DOE SSL Program, Energy Savings Forecast of Solid-State Lighting in General 

Illumination Applications (Navigant, 2014)

Assume Unchanged

Annual Operating Hours (hrs/yr) U.S. DOE SSL Program, 2010 Lighting Market Characterization, Prepared by Navigant Consulting Inc., 

January 2012. U.S. DOE SSL Program, 2010 Lighting Market Characterization, Prepared by Navigant Consulting Inc., January 2012.

Lamp/Luminaire Price ($) 2008 EIA Reference 

Case Calculated Retailer Website Calculated Retailer Website

U.S. DOE SSL Program, Energy Savings Forecast of Solid-State Lighting in General 

Illumination Applications (Navigant, 2014) Calculated

Ballast Price ($)

Fixture Price ($) N/A N/A

Lamp Cost ($/klm) 

System (l/b/f) Cost ($/klm)

Calculated

U.S. DOE SSL 

Program, Energy 

Savings Forecast of 

Solid-State Lighting 

in General 

Illumination 

Applications 

(Navigant, 2014) Calculated

DOE SSL Program 

R&D Plan (DOE SSL 

Program, 2015) Calculated

U.S. DOE SSL Program, Energy Savings Forecast of Solid-State Lighting in General 

Illumination Applications (Navigant, 2014)

Calculated

Labor Cost ($/hr) 2008 EIA Reference 

Case

Calculated Assume Unchanged Labor System Installation (hr) 2008 EIA Reference Case

Labor Lamp Change (hr) N/A N/A

Total Installed Cost ($)

Calculated Calculated

Annual Maintenance Cost ($)

Total Installed Cost ($/klm)

Annual Maintenance Cost ($/klm)

Final
A-15

Data Sources » Commercial 8-ft Linear LED Replacement Lamp for a 2 Lamp System*

DATA SOURCES

2003 2012 2015 2020 2030 2040

Installed 

Stock 

Average

Installed 

Stock 

Average

Low Typical High Energy 

Star Typical High Typical High Typical High

Lamp Wattage 

N/A

LED Lighting Facts 

Qualified Product List 

(Downloaded 11/17/15)

N/A

Calculated

Lamp Lumens Nominal Lumen output based on 2015 values

Lamp Efficacy (lm/W) U.S. DOE SSL Program, Energy Savings Forecast of Solid-State Lighting in General 

Illumination Applications (Navigant, 2014)

System Wattage 

Calculated

System Lumens Calculated

System Efficacy (lm/W) 

Ballast Efficiency (BLE) N/A

Assume Unchanged from 2015 CRI

Calculated from LED 

Lighting Facts Qualified 

Product List Downloaded 

11/17/15

Correlated Color Temperature 

(CCT) DOE SSL Program R&D 

Plan (DOE SSL Program, 

2015) Average Lamp Life (1000 hrs) U.S. DOE SSL Program, Energy Savings Forecast of Solid-State Lighting in General 

Illumination Applications (Navigant, 2014)

Annual Operating Hours 

(hrs/yr)

U.S. DOE SSL Program, 

2010 Lighting Market 

Characterization, Prepared 

by Navigant Consulting 

Inc., January 2012.

U.S. DOE SSL Program, 2010 Lighting Market Characterization, Prepared by 

Navigant Consulting Inc., January 2012.

Lamp Price ($) Calculated

U.S. DOE SSL Program, Energy Savings Forecast of Solid-State Lighting in General 

Illumination Applications (Navigant, 2014)

Ballast Price ($)

N/A N/A Fixture Price ($)*

Lamp Cost ($/klm) Navigant Price Analysis

U.S. DOE SSL Program, Energy Savings Forecast of Solid-State Lighting in General 

Illumination Applications (Navigant, 2014)

System (l/b/f) Cost ($/klm)* N/A N/A

Labor Cost ($/hr) Assume Same as Analgous 

Labor System Installation (hr)* Conventional Tech Assume Unchanged from 2015

Labor Lamp Change (hr)

Total Installed Cost ($)

Calculated Calculated

Annual Maintenance Cost ($)

Total Installed Cost ($/klm)

Annual Maintenance Cost 

($/klm)

Final
A-16

Data Sources » Commercial 8-ft Linear LED Luminaire Replacement for a 2-Lamp System*

DATA SOURCES

2003 2012 2015 2020 2030 2040

Installed Stock 

Average

Installed Stock 

Average Low Typical High Energy Star Typical High Typical High Typical High

Lamp Wattage 

N/A

Calculated

N/A

Lamp Lumens N/A

Lamp Efficacy (lm/W) 

System Wattage Retailer 

Websites

Calculated

System Lumens U.S. DOE SSL Program, Energy Savings Forecast of SolidState Lighting in General Illumination Applications 

(Navigant, 2014)

Assume Unchanged

System Efficacy (lm/W) Calculated

Ballast Efficiency (BLE) N/A N/A

CRI Retailer 

Correlated Color Temperature (CCT) Websites Assume Unchanged from 2015

Average Lifetime (1000 hrs) U.S. DOE SSL Program, Energy Savings Forecast of Solid-State Lighting in General 

Illumination Applications (Navigant, 2014)

Annual Operating Hours (hrs/yr)

U.S. DOE SSL 

Program, 2010 

Lighting 

Market 

Characterizatio

n, Prepared by 

Navigant 

Consulting 

Inc., January 

2012.

U.S. DOE SSL Program, 2010 Lighting Market Characterization, Prepared by Navigant 

Consulting Inc., January 2012.

Lamp/Luminaire Price ($) Calculated Calculated

Ballast Price ($)

Fixture Price ($) N/A N/A

Lamp Cost ($/klm) 

System (l/b/f) Cost ($/klm) Navigant Price 

analysis

U.S. DOE SSL Program, Energy Savings Forecast of SolidState Lighting in General Illumination Applications 

(Navigant, 2014)

Calculated

Labor Cost ($/hr) Assume Same 

as Analgous 

Conventional 

Tech Assume Unchanged

Labor System Installation (hr)

Labor Lamp Change (hr) N/A N/A

Total Installed Cost ($)

Calculated Calculated Annual Maintenance Cost ($)

Total Installed Cost ($/klm)

Annual Maintenance Cost ($/klm)

Final
DATA SOURCES

2003 2012 2015 2020 2030 2040

Installed Stock 

Average

Installed Stock 

Average Low Typical High Energy Star Typical High Typical High Typical High

Lamp Wattage 

N/A

N/A

Lamp Lumens N/A

Lamp Efficacy (lm/W) 

System Wattage 

2008 EIA 

Reference Case Calculated

DLC Qualified 

Product List 

(Downloaded 

11/18/15)

DLC Qualified 

Product List 

(Downloaded 

11/18/15)

LED Lighting 

Facts Database 

(downloaded 

11/17/15)

Calculated

System Lumens U.S. DOE SSL Program, Energy Savings Forecast of SolidState Lighting in General Illumination Applications 

(Navigant, 2014)

Assume Unchanged

System Efficacy (lm/W) Calculated

Ballast Efficiency (BLE) N/A N/A

CRI

2008 EIA 

Reference Case

Calculated

DLC Qualified 

Product List 

(Downloaded 

11/18/15)

DLC Qualified 

Product List 

(Downloaded 

11/18/15)

LED Lighting 

Facts Database 

(downloaded 

11/17/15)

Assume Unchanged from 2015

Correlated Color Temperature (CCT)

DOE SSL 

Program R&D 

Plan (DOE SSL 

Program, 2015)

Average Lifetime (1000 hrs) 

Calculated

DLC Qualified 

Product List 

(Downloaded 

11/18/15)

Retailer 

Websites

U.S. DOE SSL Program, Energy Savings Forecast of Solid-State Lighting in General 

Illumination Applications (Navigant, 2014)

Annual Operating Hours (hrs/yr) U.S. DOE SSL Program, 2010 Lighting Market Characterization, Prepared by 

Navigant Consulting Inc., January 2012.

U.S. DOE SSL Program, 2010 Lighting Market Characterization, Prepared by Navigant 

Consulting Inc., January 2012.

Lamp/Luminaire Price ($) 2008 EIA 

Reference Case Calculated

Retailer 

Websites Calculated

Retailer 

Websites Calculated

Ballast Price ($)

N/A

Fixture Price ($) N/A

Lamp Cost ($/klm) 

System (l/b/f) Cost ($/klm)

Calculated

Calculated

Calculated

DOE SSL 

Program R&D 

Plan (DOE SSL 

Program, 2015) Calculated

U.S. DOE SSL Program, Energy Savings Forecast of SolidState Lighting in General Illumination Applications 

(Navigant, 2014)

Calculated

Labor Cost ($/hr) 2008 EIA 

Reference Case

Assume Same as Analgous Conventional Tech

Assume Unchanged Labor System Installation (hr)

Labor Lamp Change (hr) N/A N/A

Total Installed Cost ($)

Calculated

Calculated Annual Maintenance Cost ($)

Total Installed Cost ($/klm)

Annual Maintenance Cost ($/klm)

A-17

Data Sources » Commercial LED Low-bay Luminaire * Final
DATA SOURCES

2003 2012 2015 2020 2030 2040

Installed Stock 

Average

Installed Stock 

Average Low Typical High Energy Star Typical High Typical High Typical High

Lamp Wattage 

N/A

N/A

Lamp Lumens N/A

Lamp Efficacy (lm/W) 

System Wattage 

2008 EIA 

Reference Case

DLC Qualified 

Product List 

(Downloaded 

11/18/15)

DLC Qualified 

Product List 

(Downloaded 

11/18/15)

DLC Qualified 

Product List 

(Downloaded 

11/18/15)

LED Lighting 

Facts Database 

(downloaded 

11/17/15)

Calculated

System Lumens U.S. DOE SSL Program, Energy Savings Forecast of Solid-State 

Lighting in General Illumination Applications (Navigant, 2014)

Assume Unchanged

System Efficacy (lm/W) Calculated

Ballast Efficiency (BLE) N/A N/A

CRI

2008 EIA 

Reference Case

DLC Qualified 

Product List 

(Downloaded 

11/18/15)

DLC Qualified 

Product List 

(Downloaded 

11/18/15)

DLC Qualified 

Product List 

(Downloaded 

11/18/15)

LED Lighting 

Facts Database 

(downloaded 

11/17/15)

Assume Unchanged from 2015

Correlated Color Temperature 

(CCT)

DOE SSL 

Program R&D 

Plan (DOE SSL 

Program, 2015)

Retailer 

Websites

Average Lifetime (1000 hrs) 

Calculated

DLC Qualified 

Product List 

(Downloaded 

11/18/15)

LED Lighting 

Facts Database 

(downloaded 

11/17/15)

U.S. DOE SSL Program, Energy Savings Forecast of Solid-State Lighting in General Illumination 

Applications (Navigant, 2014)

Annual Operating Hours (hrs/yr) U.S. DOE SSL Program, 2010 Lighting Market Characterization, Prepared by Navigant 

Consulting Inc., January 2012.

U.S. DOE SSL Program, 2010 Lighting Market Characterization, Prepared by Navigant Consulting Inc., 

January 2012.

Lamp/Luminaire Price ($) 2008 EIA 

Reference Case Calculated

Retailer 

Websites Calculated

Retailer 

Websites Calculated

Ballast Price ($)

N/A

Fixture Price ($) N/A

Lamp Cost ($/klm) 

System (l/b/f) Cost ($/klm)

Calculated Calculated Calculated

DOE SSL 

Program R&D 

Plan (DOE SSL 

Program, 2015) Calculated

U.S. DOE SSL Program, Energy Savings Forecast of Solid-State 

Lighting in General Illumination Applications (Navigant, 2014)

Calculated

Labor Cost ($/hr) 2008 EIA 

Reference Case Assume Same as Analgous Conventional Tech

Labor System Installation (hr) Assume Same as Analgous Conventional Tech Assume Unchanged

Labor Lamp Change (hr) N/A N/A

Total Installed Cost ($)

Calculated Calculated

Annual Maintenance Cost ($)

Total Installed Cost ($/klm)

Annual Maintenance Cost ($/klm)

A-18

Data Sources » Commercial LED High-bay Luminaire * Final
Refrigeration

A-19

Draft Final
Data Sources » Commercial Compressor Rack Systems

A-20

DATA SOURCES

2003 2012 2015 2020 2030 2040

Installed Stock 

Average

Installed Stock 

Average Low Typical Energy Star High Typical High Typical High Typical High

Total Capacity (MBtu/hr) ADL, 1996 Interview with supermarket refrigeration efficiency consultant / Navigant Analysis, 2015

Median Store Size

Food Marketing 

Institute (FMI), 

2012

Food Marketing Institute, 2015 / Navigant Analysis, 2015

Power Input (kW) Copeland, 2008 Interview with supermarket refrigeration efficiency consultant / Navigant Analysis, 2015

Energy Use (MWh/yr) ADL, 1996 / NCI 

Analysis, 2015 Interview with supermarket refrigeration efficiency consultant / Navigant Analysis, 2015

Normalized Annual Efficiency Calculated

Nominal Capacity Over Average Input (Btu out / Btu 

in) Calculated

Average Life (yrs) Kysor-Warren, 

2008 EIA, 2012

Total Installed Cost ($1000)

NCI, 2009 /

NCI Analysis, 

2012

Interview with supermarket refrigeration efficiency consultant / Navigant Analysis, 2015

Total Installed Cost ($/kBtu/hr) Calculated

Annual Maintenance Cost ($1000) ADL, 1996 / NCI 

Analysis, 2008 Interview with supermarket refrigeration efficiency consultant / Navigant Analysis, 2015

Annual Maintenance Cost ($/kBtu/hr) Calculated

Final
Data Sources » Commercial Condensers

A-21

DATA SOURCES

2003 2012 2015 2020 2030 2040

Installed Stock 

Average

Installed Stock 

Average Low Typical Energy Star High Typical High Typical High Typical High

Total Capacity (MBtu/hr)

NCI Analysis, 2008 

/ Heatcraft, 2008 

/ ADL, 1996

Interview with supermarket refrigeration efficiency consultant / Navigant Analysis, 2015

Median Store Size

Food Marketing 

Institute (FMI), 

2012

Food Marketing Institute, 2015 / Navigant Analysis, 2015

Power Input (kW)

NCI Analysis, 2008 

/ Heatcraft, 2008 

/ ADL, 1996

Interview with supermarket refrigeration efficiency consultant / Navigant Analysis, 2015

Energy Use (MWh/yr) NCI Analysis, 2008 

/ ADL, 1996 Interview with supermarket refrigeration efficiency consultant / Navigant Analysis, 2015

Indexed Annual Efficiency #REF!

Average Life (yrs) ADL, 1996 / NCI 

Analysis, 2008 EIA, 2012

Total Installed Cost ($1000)

NCI Analysis, 2008 

/ Heatcraft, 2008 

/ RS Means, 2007

Interviews with supermarket refrigeration efficiency consultant / Navigant Analysis, 2015

Total Installed Cost ($/kBtu/hr) Calculated

Annual Maintenance Cost NCI Analysis, 2008 EIA, 2012

Annual Maintenance Cost ($/kBtu/hr) Calculated

Final
Data Sources » Commercial Supermarket Display Cases

A-22

DATA SOURCES

2003 2012 2015 2020 2030 2040

Installed Stock 

Average

Installed Stock 

Average Low Typical Energy Star High Typical High Typical High Typical High

Cooling Capacity (Btu/hr) DOE, 2007 / NCI 

Analysis, 2008 Navigant Analysis, 2015

Median Store Size (ft2

) 

Food Marketing 

Institute (FMI), 

2012

Food Marketing Institute, 2015 / Navigant Analysis

Case Length DOE, 2014: CRE TSD

Energy Use (kWh/yr) DOE, 2007 / NCI 

Analysis, 2008 DOE 2014: CRE Engineering Spreadsheet / Navigant Analysis

Energy Use (kWh/ft) Calculated

Indexed Annual Efficiency Calculated

Average Life (yrs) DOE, 2007 / NCI 

Analysis, 2008 DOE 2014: CRE TSD

Retail Equipment Cost DOE, 2007 / NCI 

Analysis, 2008 DOE 2014: CRE Engineering Spreadsheet / Navigant Analysis

Total Installed Cost DOE, 2007 / NCI 

Analysis, 2008 DOE, 2014: CRE TSD / Navigant Analysis

Total Installed Cst ($/kBtu/hr) Navigant Analysis, 2015

Annual Maintenance Cost DOE, 2007 / NCI 

Analysis, 2008 DOE, 2014: CRE TSD / Navigant Analysis

Annual Maintenance Cost ($/kBtu/hr) Calculated

Final Final
Data Sources » Commercial Reach-In Refrigerators

A-23

DATA SOURCES

2003 2012 2015 2020 2030 2040

Installed Stock 

Average

Installed Stock 

Average Low Typical Energy Star High Typical High Typical High Typical High

Cooling Capacity (Btu/hr) ADL, 1996 / NCI 

Analysis, 2008 DOE, 2014: CRE Engineering Spreadsheet

Size (ft3) 

ADL, 1996 / 

Distributor Web 

Sites

DOE, 2014: CRE TSD

Energy Use (kWh/yr) ADL, 1996 / NCI 

Analysis, 2008 DOE, 2014: CRE TSD / Navigant Analysis

Energy Use (kWh/yr/ft3) NCI Analysis, 2012 Calculated

Indexed Annual Efficiency Calculated

Average Life (yrs) ACEEE, 2002 DOE, 2014: CRE TSD

Retail Equipment Cost 

ADL, 1996/ 

Distributor Web 

Sites / NCI 

Analysis, 2008

DOE, 2014: CRE TSD / Navigant Analysis

Total Installed Cost

Distributor Web 

Sites / NCI 

Analysis, 2008

DOE, 2014: CRE TSD / Navigant Analysis

Total Installed Cost ($/kBtu/hr) Calculated

Annual Maintenance Cost NCI Analysis, 2008 DOE, 2014: CRE TSD / Navigant Analysis

Annual Maintenance Cost ($/kBtu/hr) Calculated

Final Final
Data Sources » Commercial Reach-In Freezers

A-24

DATA SOURCES

2003 2012 2015 2020 2030 2040

Installed Stock 

Average

Installed Stock 

Average Low Typical Energy Star High Typical High Typical High Typical High

Cooling Capacity (Btu/hr) ADL, 1996 / NCI 

Analysis, 2008 DOE, 2014: CRE TSD 

Size (ft3) 

ADL, 1996 / 

Distributor Web 

Sites

DOE, 2014: CRE TSD 

Energy Use (kWh/yr) ADL, 1996 / NCI 

Analysis, 2008 DOE, 2014: CRE TSD / Navigant Analysis, 2015

Energy Use (kWh/yr/ft3) NCI Analysis, 2012 Calculated

Normalized Annual Efficiency Calculated

Nominal Capacity Over Average Input (Btu 

out / Btu in) Calculated

Average Life (yrs) ACEEE, 2002 DOE, 2014: CRE TSD

Retail Equipment Cost 

ADL, 1996/ 

Distributor Web 

Sites / NCI 

Analysis, 2008

DOE, 2014: CRE TSD / Navigant Analysis, 2015

Total Installed Cost

Distributor Web 

Sites / NCI 

Analysis, 2008

DOE, 2014: CRE TSD / Navigant Analysis, 2015

Total Installed Cost ($/kBtu/hr) Calculated

Annual Maintenance Cost NCI Analysis, 2008 DOE, 2014: CRE TSD

Annual Maintenance Cost ($/kBtu/hr)

Calculated

Final
Data Sources » Commercial Walk-In Refrigerators

A-25

DATA SOURCES

2003 2012 2015 2020 2030 2040

Installed Stock 

Average

Installed Stock 

Average Low Typical Energy Star High Typical High Typical High Typical High

Cooling Capacity (Btu/hr) ADL, 1996 / NCI 

Analysis, 2008 DOE, 2014: WICF TSD

Size (ft2) ADL, 1996 / NCI 

Analysis, 2008 DOE, 2014: WICF TSD

Energy Use (kWh/yr)

ADL, 1996 / 

PG&E, 2004 / NCI 

Analysis, 2008

DOE, 2014: WICF TSD / Navigant Analysis, 2015

Energy Use (kWh/ft2/yr) Calculated

Indexed Annual Efficiency Calculated

Insulated Box Average Life (yrs) ADL, 1996 / 

PG&E, 2004 DOE, 2014: WICF TSD

Compressor Average Life (yrs) ADL, 1996 / 

PG&E, 2004 DOE, 2014: WICF TSD

Retail Equipment Cost

ADL, 1996 / 

Distributor Web 

Sites / NCI 

Analysis, 2008

DOE, 2014: WICF TSD / Navigant Analysis, 2015

Total Installed Cost

ADL, 1996 / 

Distributor Web 

Sites / NCI 

Analysis, 2008

DOE, 2014: WICF TSD / Navigant Analysis, 2015

Total Installed Cost ($/kBtu/hr) Calculated

Annual Maintenance Cost

ADL, 1996 / FMI, 

2005 / NCI 

Analysis, 2008

DOE, 2014: WICF TSD / Navigant Analysis, 2015

Annual Maintenance Cost ($/kBtu/hr) Calculated

Final
Data Sources » Commercial Walk-In Freezers

A-26

DATA SOURCES

2003 2012 2015 2020 2030 2040

Installed 

Stock 

Average

Installed 

Stock 

Average

Low Typical Energy Star High Typical High Typical High Typical High

Cooling Capacity (Btu/hr)

ADL, 1996 / 

NCI Analysis, 

2008

DOE, 2014: WICF TSD

Size (ft2) 

ADL, 1996 / 

NCI Analysis, 

2008

DOE, 2014: WICF TSD

Energy Use (kWh/yr)

ADL, 1996 / 

PG&E, 2004 / 

NCI Analysis, 

2008

DOE, 2014: WICF TSD / Navigant Analysis, 2015

Energy Use (kWh/ft2/yr) Calculated

Indexed Annual Efficiency Calculated

Insulated Box Average Life 

(yrs)

ADL, 1996 / 

PG&E, 2004 DOE, 2014: WICF TSD

Compressor Average Life 

(yrs)

ADL, 1996 / 

PG&E, 2004 DOE, 2014: WICF TSD

Retail Equipment Cost

ADL, 1996 / 

Distributor 

Web Sites / 

NCI Analysis, 

2008

DOE, 2014: WICF TSD / Navigant Analysis, 2015

Total Installed Cost

ADL, 1996 / 

Distributor 

Web Sites / 

NCI Analysis, 

2008

DOE, 2014: WICF TSD / Navigant Analysis, 2015

Total Installed Cost 

($/kBtu/hr) Calculated

Annual Maintenance Cost DOE, 2014: WICF TSD / Navigant Analysis, 2014

Annual Maintenance Cost 

($/kBtu/hr) Calculated

Final
Data Sources » Commercial Ice Machines

A-27

DATA SOURCES

2003 2012 2015 2020 2030 2040

Installed 

Stock 

Average

Installed 

Stock 

Average

Low Typical Energy Star High Typical High Typical High Typical High

Output (lbs/day) ADL, 1996 / NCI 

Analysis, 2008 DOE, 2014: ACIM TSD / Navigant Analysis, 2015

Water Use (gal/100 lbs)

ADL, 1996 / 

Distributor 

Web Sites

DOE, 2014: ACIM TSD / Navigant Analysis, 2015

Energy Use (kWh/100 lbs) ADL, 1996 / NCI 

Analysis, 2008 DOE, 2014: ACIM TSD / Navigant Analysis, 2015

Energy Use (kWh/yr)

ACEEE, 2002 /

NCI Analysis, 

2012

DOE, 2014: ACIM TSD / Navigant Analysis, 2015

Average Life (yrs)

ADL, 1996/ 

Distributor 

Web Sites / NCI 

Analysis, 2008

DOE, 2014: ACIM TSD / Navigant Analysis, 2015

Retail Equipment Cost 

Distributor 

Web Sites / NCI 

Analysis, 2008

DOE, 2014: ACIM TSD / Navigant Analysis, 2015

Total Installed Cost (with Bin) NCI Analysis, 

2008 DOE, 2014: ACIM TSD / Distributor Websites / Navigant Analysis, 2015

Total Installed Cost ($/kBtu/hr) Calculated

Annual Maintenance Cost ADL, 1996 / NCI 

Analysis, 2008 DOE, 2014: ACIM TSD / Navigant Analysis, 2015

Annual Maintenance Cost 

($/kBtu/hr) Calculated

Final
Data Sources » Commercial Beverage Merchandisers

A-28

DATA SOURCES

2003 2012 2015 2020 2030 2040

Installed 

Stock 

Average

Installed 

Stock 

Average

Low Typical Energy Star High Typical High Typical High Typical High

Cooling Capacity (Btu/hr) DOE, 2014: CRE TSD

Size (ft3) 

ADL, 1996 / 

Distributor 

Web Sites

DOE, 2014: CRE TSD

Energy Use (kWh/yr)

ADL, 1996 / 

NCI Analysis, 

2008

DOE, 2014: CRE TSD / Navigant Analysis, 2015

Energy Use (kWh/ft3/yr) Calculated

Normalized Annual Efficiency Calculated

Nominal Capacity Over Average Input 

(Btu out / Btu in) Calculated

Average Life (yrs) ACEEE, 2002 DOE, 2015: CRE TSD

Retail Equipment Cost 

ADL, 1996 / 

Distributor 

Web Sites

DOE, 2014: CRE TSD / Navigant Analysis, 2015

Total Installed Cost DOE, 2014: CRE TSD, Navigant Analysis

Total Installed Cost ($/kBtu/hr) Calculated

Annual Maintenance Cost DOE, 2014: CRE TSD, Navigant Analysis, 2015

Annual Maintenance Cost 

($/kBtu/hr) Calculated

Final
Data Sources » Commercial Refrigerated Vending Machines

A-29

DATA SOURCES

2003 2012 2015 2020 2030 2040

Installed Stock 

Average

Installed Stock 

Average Low Typical Energy Star High Typical High Typical High Typical High

Cooling Capacity (Btu/hr) DOE, 2008 / NCI 

Analysis, 2008 DOE, 2015: BVM Engineering Spreadsheet

Can Capacity CEC, 2005 / NREL, 

2003 / FEMP, 2004 DOE, 2015: BVM FR TSD / Navigant Analysis, 2015

Size (ft3) DOE, 2015: BVM Engineering Spreadsheet

Energy Use (kWh/yr) ADL, 1996 / CEC, 

2008 / NREL, 2003 DOE, 2015: BVM Engineering Spreadsheet

Energy Use (kWh/ft3/yr) Calculated

Normalized Annual Efficiency Calculated

Nominal Capacity Over Average Input 

(Btu out / Btu in) Calculated

Average Life (yrs) ADL,1996 DOE, 2015: BVM FR TSD

Retail Equipment Cost 

Distributor Web 

Sites / NCI 

Analysis, 2008 / 

DOE, 2008

DOE, 2015: BVM Engineering Spreadsheet

Total Installed Cost

Distributor Web 

Sites / NCI 

Analysis, 2008 / 

DOE, 2008

DOE, 2015: BVM FR TSD

Total Installed Cost ($/kBtu/hr) Calculated

Annual Maintenance Cost DOE, 2008 DOE, 2014: BVM FR TSD / Navigant Analysis, 2015

Annual Maintenance Cost 

($/kBtu/hr) Calculated

Final
A-30

Commercial Ventilation 

Final
Commercial Constant Air Volume

A-31

Data Sources » Commercial Constant Air Volume

2003 2012

Installed 

Stock 

Average

Installed 

Stock 

Average

Low Typical Best Energy Star Typical Best Typical Best Typical Best

System Airflow (CFM) 

System Fan Power (kW) 

Specific Fan Power (W/CFM) 

Annual Fan Energy Use (kWh/yr)1

Average Life (yrs) 

Total Installed Cost ($)2

Annual Maintenance Cost ($)

Total Installed Cost ($/1000 CFM)

Annual Maintenance Cost ($/1000 CFM)

Calculated

2030 2040

DATA SOURCES

2015 2020

2016 RS Means Online

CBECS 2003 & BED 2007

ASHRAE 

90.1-2004

ASHRAE 

90.1-2007

ASHRAE 

90.1-2010

Leidos

ASHRAE A37.3-2015

2016 RS Means Online

Final
Commercial Variable Air Volume

A-32

Data Sources » Commercial Variable Air Volume

2003 2012

Installed 

Stock 

Average

Installed 

Stock 

Average

Low Typical Best Energy Star Typical Best Typical Best Typical Best

System Airflow (CFM) 

System Fan Power (kW) 

Specific Fan Power (W/CFM) 

Annual Fan Energy Use (kWh/yr)1

Average Life (yrs) 

Total Installed Cost ($)2

Annual Maintenance Cost ($)

Total Installed Cost ($/1000 CFM)

Annual Maintenance Cost ($/1000 CFM)

DATA SOURCES

2015

ASHRAE A37.3-2015

2016 RS Means Online

2016 RS Means Online

Calculated

2020 2030 2040

CBECS 2003 & BED 2007

ASHRAE 

90.1-2004

ASHRAE 

90.1-2007

ASHRAE 

90.1-2010

Leidos

Final
Commercial Fan Coil Units

A-33

Data Sources » Commercial Fan Coil Units

2003 2012

Installed 

Stock 

Average

Installed 

Stock 

Average

Low Typical Best Energy Star Typical Best Typical Best Typical Best

System Airflow (CFM) 

System Fan Power (kW) 

Specific Fan Power (W/CFM) 

Annual Fan Energy Use (kWh/yr)1

Average Life (yrs) 

Total Installed Cost ($)2

Annual Maintenance Cost ($)

Total Installed Cost ($/1000 CFM)

Annual Maintenance Cost ($/1000 CFM)

DATA SOURCES

2015

ASHRAE A37.3-2015

2016 RS Means Online

2016 RS Means Online

Calculated

2020 2030 2040

Product Literature

Product 

Literature

ASHRAE 

90.1-2007

ASHRAE 

90.1-2010

Leidos

Final
119

Appendix B

References

Navigant Consulting, Inc.

1200 19th Street, NW, Suite 700

Washington, D.C. 20036

And

Leidos

11951 Freedom Drive

Reston, VA 20190

Final
References

• Appliance Magazine. (2005). Portrait of the U.S. Appliance Industry. Appliance Magazine.

• Arthur D. Little. (1996). Energy Savings Potential for Commercial Refrigeration Equipment.

• DOE SSL Program. (2012a). 2010 U.S. Lighting Market Characterization

• DOE SSL Program. (2012b). Residential Lighting End-Use Consumption Study: Estimation Framework and Initial Estimates

• EERE. (2014). Energy Conservation Program for Appliance Standards: Automatic Commercial Ice Makers

• EERE. (2014). Energy Conservation Program for Appliance Standards: Commercial Refrigeration Equipment.

• EERE. (2014). Energy Conservation Program for Appliance Standards: Refrigerated Beverage Vending Machines

• EERE. (2015). Energy Conservation Program for Appliance Standards: Walk-in Coolers and Freezers.

• ENERGY STAR. (n.d.). Retrieved November 2015, from ENERGY STAR Products: 

http://www.energystar.gov/index.cfm?c=products.pr_find_es_products

• ENERGY STAR. (n.d.) Retrieved January 2016, from ENERGY STAR Lamps Specification Version 2.0: 

https://www.energystar.gov/products/spec/lamps_specification_version_2_0_pd

• ENERGY STAR. (n.d.) Retrieved January 2016, from ENERGY STAR Luminaires Specification Version 2.0: 

https://www.energystar.gov/products/spec/luminaires_specification_version_2_0_pd

• ENERGY STAR. (2014) ENERGY STAR® Program Requirements Product Specification for Lamps (Light Bulbs) Eligibility 

Criteria Version 1.1

• ENERGY STAR. (2012) ENERGY STAR® Program Requirements Product Specification for Luminaires (Light Fixtures) 

Eligibility Criteria Version 1.1

B-1

Final
References

• Federal Standard. (1975). National energy conservation standards authorized under the Energy and Policy 

Conservation Act of 2007 (EPCA 1975).

• Federal Standard. (2005). National energy conservation standards authorized under the Energy Policy Act of 2005 

(EPACT 2005).

• Federal Standard. (2007). National energy conservation standards authorized under the Energy Independence and 

Security Act of 2007 (EISA 2007).

• Food Marketing Institute. (n.d.). Retrieved November 2015, from FMI Supermarket Facts: 

http://www.fmi.org/research-resources/supermarket-facts/median-total-store-size-square-feet

• Navigant Consulting, Inc. (2009). Energy Savings Potential and R&D Opportunities for Commercial Refrigeration.

• Navigant Consulting, Inc. (n.d.). In House Expertise.

• Product Literature. (n.d.). Literature from manufacturers and experts on specific products

B-2

Final