#### State of MONTANA DEPARTMENT OF REVENUE, Appellant/cross-appellee v. Timothy L. BLIXSETH, Appellee/cross-appellant

2:13-cv-01324-JAD

United States District Court, D. Nevada.

Signed 12/15/2017

*885Keith A. Jones, Montana Department of Revenue, Helena, MT, Lynn Hamilton Butler, Husch Blackwell LLP, Austin, TX, Rodney M. Jean, Lionel, Sawyer & Collins, Mark J. Gardberg, Howard & Howard At*886torneys PLLC, Las Vegas, NV, for Appellant/Cross-Appellee.

Mitchell D. Stipp, Las Vegas, NV, Nathan A. Schultz, Law Office of Nathan A. Schultz, P.C., Traverse City, MI, for Ap-pellee/Cross-Appellant.

Decision Affirming Bankruptcy Court’s Order Dismissing Involuntary Bankruptcy Case and Granting Motion for Leave to File Supplemental Authorities

[ECF No. 85]

Jennifer A. Dorsey, U.S. District Judge

This appeal and cross-appeal challenge the bankruptcy court’s decision to dismiss the involuntary bankruptcy case that taxing authorities for the States of Montana, California, and Idaho filed against Timothy Blixseth. When Blixseth settled with the California and Idaho authorities a few weeks after the petition was filed, those creditors withdrew their support for the petition nunc pro tunc as of its filing date, and they took no further part in the bankruptcy case. Another creditor then joined in the petition. Blixseth moved to dismiss the case, arguing that the involuntary-bankruptcy standard was not met because three qualified creditors were needed to maintain the case, but none of the four contenders fit the bill.

The bankruptcy court allowed the parties to engage in expedited discovery and set the motion for an evidentiary hearing. After a two-day evidentiary hearing, the bankruptcy court converted the dismissal motion into one for summary judgment and dismissed the case. It found that Blix-seth had met his burden to show that he had at least 12 creditors on the petition date, but that the petitioning creditors had not met their burden to show that those creditors were not qualified, so three qualified creditors were required to maintain the case against Blixseth. It held that, as amended in 2005, the involuntary bankruptcy statute now disqualifies petitioning creditors whose claims are the subject of any bona fide dispute as to amount, and it found that the petitioning creditors were not qualified because their claims were the subject of bona fide disputes. And, finally, the bankruptcy court concluded that the statute does not require the joining creditor’s claim to be an undisputed debt.

Montana appeals all of the bankruptcy court’s rulings except its determination that the joining creditor’s claim was not required to be an undisputed debt.1 Blix-seth cross-appeals only the determination about the joining creditor’s claim.2 I have jurisdiction to consider the appeal and cross-appeal under 28 U.S.C. § 158(a), and I affirm.

Background

The State of Montana Department of Revenue (Montana), California Franchise Tax Board (California), and Idaho State Tax Commission (Idaho) filed an involuntary bankruptcy petition against Timothy Blixseth on April 5, 2011.3 Fifteen days later, Idaho and California each filed notice that they were withdrawing their participation in the petition nunc pro tunc as of the date it was filed due to settlements that they reached with Blixseth.4 The trustee of the Yellowstone Club Liquidating *887Trust (Yellowstone) then joined the involuntary petition,5 and Blixseth moved to dismiss the involuntary case, arguing that the petition did not meet 11 U.S.C. § 303(b)’s requirements because it lacked the support of three creditors who held noncontingent, undisputed claims against him.6

The bankruptcy court allowed the parties to conduct discovery on the dismissal issues and held a two-day evidentiary hearing on the motion.7 It then issued a written decision that converted the dismissal motion into one for partial summary judgment, granted the motion, and dismissed the involuntary bankruptcy case.8 The appeal and cross-appeal timely followed.9

Discussion

The bankruptcy code permits qualified creditors to file an involuntary bankruptcy case against an individual under certain conditions.10 To qualify as a petitioning creditor under the code, an entity must hold a claim against an individual “that is not contingent as to liability or the subject of a bona fide dispute as to liability or amount....”11 The petitioning creditors’ “noncontingent, undisputed claims” must aggregate at least $14,425 more than the value of any lien on property of the debtor securing the holders’ claims.12 If the involuntary debtor has fewer than 12 qualified creditors (excluding employees, insiders, and any transferee of any transfer that is voidable under 11 U.S.C. §§ 544, 545, 547, 548, 549, or 724(a)), then an involuntary case can be commenced by as few as one qualifying creditor.13 Otherwise, at least three qualifying creditors are needed to maintain an involuntary case against the individual.14

The parties challenge every aspect of the bankruptcy court’s decision to dismiss the involuntary bankruptcy case. I begin ■with the question of how many qualified creditors were needed to maintain the case against Blixseth. I find that the bankruptcy court applied the correct standard to decide this question and not clearly err in its conclusion, so I affirm its decision that three qualified creditors were needed to maintain the case against Blixseth. I then consider whether there was a sufficient number of qualified creditors to maintain the involuntary case. I find that Montana and California are not qualified because their claims were the subject of bona fide *888disputes. Because that leaves only one petitioning creditor and a joining creditor, and they could not possibly fill the three-qualified-creditors requirement, I disregard the parties’ remaining arguments as moot and affirm the bankruptcy court’s decision to dismiss the involuntary bankruptcy case.

A. How many qualified creditors are needed to maintain the case against Blixseth?

If an individual has 12 or more creditors whose claims are not contingent as to liability or the subject of a bona fide dispute as to liability or amount—referred to as “qualified” creditors in the jurisprudence—then the support of three such creditors is needed to maintain an involuntary bankruptcy case against that individual.15 But if an individual has 11 or fewer qualified creditors, then an involuntary case can be maintained against him by a single qualified creditor.16

The bankruptcy court determined that three qualified creditors were needed to maintain the case against Blixseth because he had met his burden to show that he had at least 12 creditors on the petition date, but that the petitioning creditors had failed to meet their burden to show that any of those creditors should be disqualified.17 Montana argues that the bankruptcy court got the burden of proof wrong and erred in finding that Blixseth had met his burden but that the petitioning creditors had not.18

Reviewing courts “apply de novo review to questions of law, such as the question of whether the ... [bankruptcy] court applied the correct burden of proof.”19 “Whether that burden of proof has been met, however, is reviewed for clear error.”20 Clear error is a “deferential” standard that “does not entitle [me] to overturn a finding ‘simply because [I am] convinced that [I] would have decided the case differently.’ ”21 This standard requires me to have “a definite and firm conviction that a mistake has been made.”22

*1. Burden of proof*

Montana argues that the burden of proof on the number of qualified creditors needed to maintain an involuntary bankruptcy case is a shifting one: the debtor has the initial burden to “prove up the existence of 12 or more creditors” and, once met, the burden shifts “to the petitioning creditors to show ‘that the [d]ebtor has fewer than ... 12 ... *bona fide*creditors.’ ”23 According to Montana, the bankruptcy court erroneously placed the entire burden on the petitioning creditors. I disagree.

The bankruptcy court began by noting that petitioning creditors have the “burden *889to show that they have met all the requirements of Section 303(b). This includes showing that they collectively have a sufficient number of petitioning creditors.”24 It next analyzed whether Blixseth, the moving party, had proffered evidence showing that he had 12 or more creditors on the petition date.25 It stated that Federal Rule of Bankruptcy Procedure 1003(b) requires that, if a debtor’s “answer to an involuntary petition filed by fewer than three creditors avers the existence of 12 or more creditors,” then “the debtor shall file with the answer a list of all creditors with their addresses....”26 But, the court reasoned, FRBP 1003(b) did not apply because Blix-seth filed a motion to dismiss the involuntary petition, not an answer.27 The court then explained that Blixseth had responded “in discovery with a non-exhaustive list of 18 creditors he claimed he had on the Petition Date.”28 Montana, it continued, had engaged “in extensive cross examination on the issue”29 during the hearing, and “Blixseth reiterated his discovery responses and authenticated documents related to each of these creditors.”30

The bankruptcy court then considered the parties’ arguments and the evidence pertaining to the 18 creditors that Blixseth had identified. It determined that the evidence showed that Blixseth owed debts to at least 16 of those creditors on the petition date.31 The court found that those 16 creditors had continued to provide services to Blixseth and, thus, possessed at least “accrued but unbilled balances on the [petition [d]ate.”32 The bankruptcy court recounted Blixseth’s testimony that, for 11 of these creditors, “periodic, recurring” debts were “owed, undisputed and generally paid in the ordinary course.”33 As for the five professionals that Blixseth listed among his creditors, the bankruptcy court determined that Blixseth had “authenticated these debts to the court’s satisfaction. He testified and was subject to cross examination as to the existence and validity of these debts, and the court credits his testimony.” 34

*890The bankruptcy court did not turn to Montana’s burden until after it determined that Blixseth had met his initial burden to show that he had at least 12 creditors as of the petition date.35 To show that many of Blixseth’s creditors were not qualified, Montana argued that they received payments after the petition date and, thus, were not qualified under § 303(b)(2) because the transfers are avoidable under the bankruptcy code.36 The bankruptcy court explained that the burden of establishing avoidability rested with Montana, but it found that Montana had not provided evidence to support this argument.37 The court pointed out that it was “left to guess what was paid, from what source, and for what consideration.”38 Because the qualifications for 16 of Blixseth’s creditors were not genuinely disputed by Montana, the bankruptcy court did not disqualify them.39

The bankruptcy court’s analysis is consistent with the burden-shifting method that Montana advocates. It is also consistent with the Ninth Circuit’s *In re Rothery*decision. The only issue in *In re Rothery*was whether the Bankruptcy Appellate Panel properly reversed the bankruptcy court’s grant of partial summary judgment against the debtor on the question of whether she had twelve creditors.40 The Ninth Circuit began its discussion by noting that “[t]he filing of an involuntary case requires the petitioning creditor to meet the burden of proof on the main elements of § 303.”41 It explained that the bankruptcy court had “defined the deficiency and invited ... [the debtor] to support her bare allegation of more than twelve creditors.” 42 But the debtor “declined, arguing that the burden was on ... [the petitioning creditor]. She was mistaken and that mistake is fatal to her argument on appeal. It was not error to grant summary judgment *sua sponte.*The party opposing summary judgment may not do so based on ‘mere allegations.’ ”43

Like in *Rothery,*the bankruptcy court held Blixseth to a standard higher than mere allegation. But unlike the debt- or in *Rothery,*Blixseth produced far more than allegations to support his contention that he had at least 12 creditors as of the petition date. I conclude that the bankruptcy court did not err when it placed the initial burden on Blixseth to show that he had at least 12 creditors on the petition date and, once met, shifted the burden to the petitioning creditors to show that those creditors were not qualified.

*2. Applying the burden of proof*

The next question is whether the bankruptcy court clearly erred when it applied this shifting burden-of-proof standard to the evidence before it. Montana argues that the bankruptcy court ignored the lack of evidence showing that Blixseth owed any of the creditors a debt as of the petition date and, instead, relied “on its own speculation that debts should exist.”44*891It also argues that the undisputed evidence demonstrates that a significant number of Blixseth’s alleged creditors were not qualified because they are recipients of transfers that could be avoided under 11 U.S.C. §§ 547, 548, and 549.45

Blixseth produced substantial evidence that he owed debts to 12 or more creditors on the petition date. He first offered a list of 18 creditors identifying them by name, type of claim, and amount owed (or estimation of the amount owed).46 Then he produced invoices for 13 of those creditors; he did not provide invoices for the other five—citing attorney-client and work-product privilege47—but he did state what amounts he owed them and provide their contact information.48 Most of the invoices show on their face that Blixseth had an ongoing relationship with the creditors.49 Blixseth provided a declaration stating that, on the petition date, he “had no less than 12 creditors holding undisputed claims that aggregated no less than $15,325 all of which were being paid when they came due or, in some instances, earlier.” 50

Blixseth also testified extensively about his creditors during the evidentiary hearing on the motion to dismiss.51 He testified about his beliefs that the 18 creditors have claims against him that are undisputed52 and that the Neiman Marcus balance was paid on March 24, 2011, based on the hand notation on the invoice, which, to him, appears to belong to his wife.53 But he also testified that he owes a debt to this creditor “every month.”54 Blixseth testified that he was “pretty sure” he owes Medina Gardening a fixed amount each month.55 Although Blixseth had overpaid that contractor two months prior, he was certain that “there were more charges” by the petition date.56 He testified that Puget Sound Energy provides utility services for his per*892sonal residence in Medina, Washington,57 and “didn’t shut the lights off. And between the billing cutoff time on this [produced] bill and the next billing, you incur amounts owed, an ongoing undisputed-creditor I would call it amount, and it’s—if its roughly $700, if that’s the estimate, that’s what it would cost every month.”58 Blixseth did not dispute that the Puget Sound Energy bill he produced had been paid prepetition, but he added that, “[a]s of the petition date, there was money owed to Puget Sound Energy.”59

Blixseth also testified that his normal practice for his U.S. Bank credit card is to estimate the balance and make a payment over that amount before the due date to avoid interest charges.60 Blixseth was unsure if the handwritten notation on the Quest bill meant that it had been paid on April 1, 2011, or received on that date.61 He testified that ADT provided security at a building in Rancho Mirage, California, that was owned by Desert Ranch, Triple LP and in which Blixseth had an office.62 He was not sure if the “posted” stamp on the invoice meant that it was received or paid on the date handwritten onto the stamp.63 Blixseth testified that he continued to make charges on his U,S. Bank card and his Neiman Marcus card, he continued to receive services from Puget Sound Energy, Quest, and Comcast, he maintained his membership with Bighorn Golf Club, and he has annual contracts with Prudential and Transamerica that he pays quarterly.64 As for the five professionals that Blixseth listed among his undisputed creditors, Blixseth testified that he has “ongoing representation” by them for his tax, accounting, and legal needs, and that he incurs charges from them “every single month.”65

The bankruptcy court found that the evidence showed that Blixseth was indebted to 16 creditors on an ongoing, recurring basis.66 This finding is supported by the record, and the petitioning creditors did not produce any evidence to contradict it nor did they produce evidence from which contradictory inferences could be drawn.

Montana argues that the bankruptcy court made a mistake when it inferred that Blixseth would have owed debts to these 16 creditors on the petition date.67 In the summary-judgment context, “courts are required to view the facts and draw all reasonable inferences ‘in the light most favorable to the party opposing the [summary judgment] motion.’ ”68 The bankruptcy court first stated that “[t]he bills themselves were evidence of ongoing, recurring debts, such as cable and electrical service, and it begs common sense to believe that these entities did not provide services after payment, thus possessing accrued but unbilled balances on the Petition *893Date.”69 It later stated, regarding the U.S. Bank creditor, that “it is reasonable to assume, from the sheer amount of monthly charges, that some new charges would have been incurred and were thus owing as of the Petition Date.”70 But Blixseth specifically testified that he continued to use—and the creditors continued to provide—services for which he was obligated to pay.71 Because the undisputed evidence showed that Blixseth owed debts to these creditors as of the petition date, there was no need for the bankruptcy court to infer that he did. Thus, I am not persuaded that the bankruptcy court was mistaken about what the evidence showed.

Montana’s final argument on this topic is that the bankruptcy court erred when it failed to disqualify many of Blix-seth’s creditors for receiving preferential, fraudulent, or post-petition transfers that are avoidable under 11 U.S.C. §§ 547, 548, and 549.72 The bankruptcy court found that the petitioning creditors had failed to discharge their burden of establishing the avoidability of any transfer to those creditors.73 I do not find that the bankruptcy court made a mistake on this front either for I, too, “am left to guess” from this record “what was paid, from what source, and for what consideration.”74

I thus find that the bankruptcy court correctly applied a shifting burden-of-proof standard to assess the number of qualified creditors needed to maintain the involuntary case against Blixseth, and this record does not leave me with a definite and firm conviction that the bankruptcy court made a mistake in that assessment. I therefore affirm the bankruptcy court’s decision that three qualified creditors were needed to maintain the involuntary bankruptcy case against Blixseth.

B. Were there three qualified creditors?

The next issue is whether, among the three petitioning and one joining creditors, three of them were qualified under § 303 to maintain the involuntary bankruptcy case against Blixseth. Montana argues that the bankruptcy court erred when it determined that petitioning creditors Montana, California, and Idaho were not qualified because their claims were the subject of bona fide disputes.75 The determination of whether a “bona fide dispute” exists under § 303(b) “is essentially a factual inquiry” and reviewed under “a clearly erroneous standard of review.”76 “However, when the issue ... is made in the context of a summary[-]judgment analysis, it is not based upon an assessment of the credibility of witnesses or other facts in evidence.”77 Thus, it is reviewed “de novo *894rather than applying a clearly erroneous standard.”78

In determining whether a bona fide dispute exists, the court “is not asked to evaluate the potential outcome of a dispute, but merely to determine whether there are facts that give rise to a legitimate disagreement over whether money is owed[ ] or ... how much.”79 The court is thus tasked with determining “‘whether there is an objective basis for either a factual or a legal dispute as to the validity [or amount] of the debt.’ ”80

*1. Montana’s claim*

Montana argued in the bankruptcy case that it had a “tax claim” against Blix-seth in the amount of “$219,258.”81 A brief dive into the record is required to understand Montana’s claim. After it audited Blixseth’s Montana individual income tax returns (and those of his related entities) for the 2002-2006 tax years, Montana’s Department of Revenue noticed a deficiency between the amount reported on those returns and what Montana believed it was owed by the audited entities and individuals. So, the department sent a deficiency assessment to Blixseth on July 27, 2009, notifying him of “additional tax, penalties and interest assessed for the years December 31, 2002 through December 31, 2006.”82 The notice explained that Montana’s “audit findings resulted in numerous changes to [Blixseth’s] Montana and Federal adjusted gross income.”83 The department categorized the adjustments into eight “audit issues” and went on to describe each in detail.84 It also informed Blixseth of his appellate rights: “Failure to file a written objection within 30 days shall be deemed an admission that you agree with this assessment. ARM 42.2.510. If you object to the assessment, § 15-1-211, MCA allows for you to provide the basis for your objections in writing, by telephone, or if requested, at an informal conference.” 85

Blixseth timely requested an informal conference to review the deficiency assessment.86 Following that process, on March 3, 2010, the department sent Blixseth notice that it had made adjustments as a result of the review and provided a breakdown of the amended assessment for the audited tax years.87 The letter advised, “[i]f you disagree with this determination, you can send a written request for review or form APLS102F to the Department’s Office of Dispute Resolution within 15 days of the date of this letter.”88

Blixseth timely filed that form with the department’s Office of Dispute Resolution, thus appealing the department’s final determination as to the deficiencies for tax years 2002-2006.89 He listed all of the audit issues that the department had raised during the process except for the one *895termed Audit Issue 4.90 That issue concerns a $1,800,000 civil environmental penalty that one of Blixseth’s related entities (Yellowstone Development, LLC) was assessed in 2004 for violating the Clean Water Act.91 That entity claimed the penalty and other related expenses as a deduction on its 2004 Montana and federal tax returns, for a total of $2,678,582.92 In its deficiency assessment, the department informed Blixseth that the deduction was denied as improper.93 “Denial of the deduction increased Yellowstone Development’s income, which in turn increased Blixseth Group, Inc.’s income!,]” which had the “cumulative effect” of increasing the “Federal adjusted gross income and Montana adjusted gross income reported by [him] and Mrs. Blixseth for tax year 2005.”94 During the internal review, the department determined that $878,582 of the original deduction actually was for legitimate environmental expenses, so, in its final determination, the department stated that it had “adjusted the entity’s tax return to reflect the allowable deduction.”95 Blixseth did not appeal Audit Issue 4, but he did appeal the rest and he did not concede liability for a minimum amount of tax owing for those tax years.96

On January 7, 2011, the department sent Blixseth a letter with a Statement of Account listing the amount ($216,657), including interest calculated through January 2011 and late penalties, that the department decided Blixseth himself owed as a result of its final determination on Audit Issue 4.97 One week later, Blixseth and the department stipulated to move his appeal to Montana’s State Tax Appeals Board (STAB).98 That appeal was pending during the entirety of the bankruptcy case; STAB issued its final order in the appeal on March 20, 2015.99

Montana’s $219,258 claim in the bankruptcy case is for the portion of the deficiency it proposed for the 2004 tax year that stems from Audit Issue 4. Blixseth disputes both the validity and amount of the debt claimed by Montana, arguing that Montana was not authorized to create a separate liability or claim related to Audit Issue 4.100 Blixseth has an objective basis for his legal dispute: whether Montana was authorized to create a separate claim or liability stemming from Audit Issue 4 is a matter of statutory interpretation.

Montana contends that Rule 42.2.510 of the Administrative Rules of Montana specifies the procedure that Montana’s Department of Resources “must follow” when it issues a deficiency assessment to an individual taxpayer.101 The steps taken by Montana and Blixseth perfectly follow ARM 42.2.510’s procedures except for Montana’s sending Blixseth a Statement of Account on Audit Issue 4 after Blixseth appealed from the department’s final de*896termination on the deficiency assessment. The rule does not expressly state what action the department can take, if any, when a taxpayer appeals some but not all’ of the disputes identified in the department’s final determination on a deficiency assessment, especially an assessment that raises multiple issues and spans many tax years. I note that the rule speaks in singular terms—“the debt,” “the disagreement,” and “the matter.” It provides that, once the taxpayer timely appeals the department’s final determination on a deficiency assessment to the Office of Dispute Resolution (ODR), “the matter” is then submitted to the ODR and “ARM 42.2.13 through 42.2.621 apply.”102 And it does not expressly allow the department to effectively restart ARM 42.2.510’s procedures on an assessed deficiency.

Blixseth argues that, to make a portion of a deficiency assessment immediately due and payable, Montana’s administrative rules and tax code both provide that the department must issue a jeopardy assessment.103 The statute and rule both require the department to first find that collection of a deficiency will be jeopardized by delay and then mail notice of that finding to the taxpayer, together with a demand for immediate payment of the deficiency declared to be in jeopardy, including any penalty and accrued interest. It is undisputed that Montana did not issue a jeopardy assessment. Blixseth also points to a provision in Montana’s tax code indicating that tax must be assessed by the department “on an annual basis, not by individual line item.”104 All of this, Blixseth says, cuts against Montana’s theory that his liability for the deficiency proposed for the 2004 tax year could—and did—arise in fits and spurts.

The parties have differing interpretations of what Montana’s administrative rules and statutes say the department can do once it sends a deficiency assessment and its final determination on that assessment has been appealed. I do not find either party’s interpretation of these rules and statutes, and how they interplay with one another, to be absurd. Because Montana’s authority to create a separate liability or tax claim. for Audit Issue 4 was legitimately disputed, so, too, was Blix-seth’s liability for that debt. Those disputes, in turn, raise substantial questions about the amount of the debt claimed by Montana in the bankruptcy case. So, I find that Blixseth raised material issues of law about the validity and amount of Montana’s claim.

*2. California’s claim*

California’s claim is more straightforward: Blixseth’s income tax return reflected that he owed California $690,127 for the 2007 tax year,105 and with taxes, penalties, and interest, California calculated that he owed it $986,957.95 on the petition date.106 Montana argues that the bankruptcy court erred when it found that California’s claim was the subject of a bona fide dispute as to amount.107

The settlement agreement that Blixseth and California reached post-petition recites *897that Blixseth disputes the amount of California’s claim because “he is owed a substantial refund” that “he is prepared to litigate” and “that he has other claims against” California’s taxing authority.108 Michael Flynn, one of Blixseth’s attorneys who was tapped to testify about Blixseth’s disputes with California, testified that he was aware that Blixseth disputed the amount of California’s claim because it was likely he would not owe the state anything for the 2007 tax year.109 California’s records show that Blixseth authorized his accountant, Mr. Mack, to deal with that taxing authority on his behalf.110 California’s records also show that on August 25, 2009, Mr. Mack informed California that Blix-seth will be entitled to a large refund for the 2008 tax year, as would be shown on his return to be filed on October 15, 2009.111 According to California’s records, the taxing authority responded that it wanted $50,000 to be paid and then it would review the 2008 tax return once filed, and if the refund would satisfy Blix-seth’s debt in full, that would be processed, but if not, Blixseth would have to negotiate a payment plan.112

California’s records show that on October 16, 2009, the first two pages of Blix-seth’s return for the 2008 tax year were faxed to the taxing authority and the original had been mailed to it.113 California’s records state that the tax return shows Blixseth’s adjusted gross income for 2008 was a loss of $18,226,044.114 The large loss that Blixseth suffered for the 2008 tax year is the basis for his argument that he is entitled to a large refund from California and, thus, his dispute about the amount of its claim (e.g., a tax loss to carry back to 2007). Based on this record, I find that Blixseth raised material issues of fact regarding the amount of California’s claim.

*3. Interpreting 11 U.S.C. § 303(b)’s “bona fide dispute as to*... *amount”*

Montana argues that the bankruptcy court erred when it determined that 11 U.S.C. § 303(b), as amended in 2005, now provides that any bona fide dispute as to the amount of a petitioning creditor’s claim is sufficient to render that creditor unqualified under the statute.115 I reach this issue because I find that Montana’s and California’s claims were both genuinely disputed as to amount. District courts review issues of federal statutory construction, including interpretations of the bankruptcy code’s provisions, de novo.116

*a. Section 303(b)’s history*

“As originally enacted, § 303 did not exclude creditors’ claims that were the subject of bona fide disputes.”117 Language was added to the statute by the Bankruptcy Amendments and Federal *898Judgeship Act of 1984118 to provide that an involuntary case can be commenced against a person by an entity that is the “holder of a claim against such person that is not contingent as to liability or the subject of a bona fide dispute....”119 But the Code did not define bona fide dispute, so courts interpreted § 303(b) to derive its meaning. In the Ninth Circuit, this began with the proposition “that the existence of a counterclaim against a creditor does not automatically render the creditor’s claim the subject of a ‘bona fide dispute.’ ”120

The Ninth Circuit revisited the issue in *In re Vortex Fishing Systems, Inc.,*adopting an objective test to determine whether a claim is subject to a bona fide dispute “regarding liability or amount.”121 It came back to the issue in *In re Focus Media, Inc.,*stating its disagreement with the “contention that an uncertainty or dispute as to amounts owed above ... [the statutory threshold] can create a bona fide dispute as to the entire debt.” 122 The court also stated that it is “a widely accepted proposition regarding involuntary bankruptcy petitions” that “ ‘if at least a portion of the debt that is the subject of the petition is undisputed, the undisputed portion is sufficient to create a debt under Section 303(b)(1) not subject to a bona fide dispute.’ ”123

Then, effective April 20, 2005, the statute was amended by the Bankruptcy Abuse Prevention and Consumer Protection Act of 2005 (BAPCPA) to provide that an involuntary case can be commenced against a person by three or more entities, “each of which is ... a holder of a claim against such person that is not contingent as to liability or the subject of a bona fide dispute as to liability or amount.....”124 This sparked a disagreement among courts about whether the amendment displaced judicial gloss that narrowed the meaning of bona fide dispute as it pertains to the amount of a claim.

Many bankruptcy courts found that the 2005 amendment “overrules prior decisions holding that the dispute about the amount of a claim disqualifies the petitioning creditor only if the undisputed portion of the claim is less than the statutory minimum amount.”125 Two circuit courts have agreed with this reasoning. When the Fifth Circuit examined the issue in *In the**899*Matter of Green Hills Development Co., LLC,*it determined that the bankruptcy court’s reliance on the Ninth Circuit’s pre-BAPCPA *Seko*case was “misplaced.”126 The Fifth Circuit distinguished *Seko*from the case before it, explaining that *Seko*“concerned only the treatment of *unrelated*counterclaims advanced by a debtor as a potential offset to the creditor’s debt[,]” not a bona fide dispute that “directly calls into question [the debtor’s] liability under the Note, including the amount it may owe.”127 It also found that “the addition of the phrase ‘as to liability or amount’ to § 303(b) eliminated the textual justification that existed [to narrow the statute’s meaning] prior to the BAPCPA.”128 The Fifth Circuit thus concluded that, “even if *Seko*remains valid in the Ninth Circuit after BAPCPA, [it] has never adopted [51⁄81⁄801⁄8] holding, and [it] [saw] no reason to adopt it now.”129

The First Circuit took up the issue in *Fustolo v. 50 Thomas Patton Drive, LLC.*130 Similar to what Montana seeks here, the creditor in *Fustolo*asked the First Circuit “to rule that any dispute concerning the amount of the liability represented by the judgment can be ignored, because the amount admittedly owed well exceeds the amount necessary to justify ... [the creditor’s] joinder as a petitioning creditor under 11 U.S.C. § 303(b)(1).”131 Citing the Ninth Circuit’s *Focus Media*case, among others, the First Circuit explained that, “[p]rior to 2005, some courts had held—as the bankruptcy court held here—that a claim to a disputed amount could nevertheless form the basis of an involuntary petition if the undisputed portion of the claim could independently qualify the creditor.” 132 It then discussed the 2005 amendment and subsequent court split about whether it “was intended to change the prevailing law by establishing that a dispute as to any portion of a claim ... means there is a bona fide dispute as to amount of the claim or simply to reinforce the then-prevailing interpretation.”133

The First Circuit “decline[d] to read a materiality requirement into section 303.”134 It reasoned that “the bona fide dispute provision strikes a balance between the Bankruptcy Code’s dual purposes of ensuring the orderly disposition of creditors’ claims and protecting debtors from coercive tactics. Limiting petitioning creditors to only those claims that are of undisputed value is in line with those aims.”135 Thus, the court “followed] the straightforward reading of section 303, which places no qualifiers on the requirement that any asserted claim be free of ‘bona fide dispute as to ... amount.’ ”136

But some bankruptcy courts have found that, even after the amendment, “[t]he better reasoned authority suggests that a petitioning creditor is not disqualified even if a bona fide dispute exists regarding a *portion*of its claim.”137 Montana asks me to *900follow this line of authorities and hold that the 2005 amendments simply clarified the prevailing interpretation that a dispute over amount is bona fide only if it lowers the claims below the statutory threshold. Montana’s interpretation has its origin in *In re DemirCo Holdings, Inc.,*in which a bankruptcy court in the District of Illinois examined the legislative history for the 1984 amendment and determined that the 2005 amendment “appears to clarify the prior legislative intent[:]” “the addition of the ‘bona fide dispute’ phrase to the statute [in 1984] originally was intended to cover disputes as to both liability and amount.”138

I am skeptical of this analysis because “[t]he starting point in discerning congressional intent is the existing statutory text, and not the predecessor statutes.” 139 Indeed, “[i]t is well established that when the statute’s language is plain, the sole function of the courts—at least where the disposition required by the text is not absurd—is to enforce it according to its terms.”140 So, I begin my analysis with the text of the present statute.141

*b. The statute is not ambiguous.*

When interpreting a statute, courts “need not go beyond its language unless it is ambiguous or rendered so by other statutory language in conflict with it.”142 It is only when ambiguity exists that courts “examine the legislative history to determine Congress’s intent.”143 “A statute is ambiguous if it gives rise to more than one reasonable interpretation.”144

In order to qualify as a petitioning creditor under § 303(b), an entity must: (1) hold a claim against the involuntary debtor that is not (a) “contingent as to liability or” (b) “the subject of a bona fide dispute as to liability or amount,” and (2) the “noncon-tingent, undisputed claims” must aggregate in the amount of or beyond the statutory threshold.145 The statute places no qualifier or limit on “bona fide dispute as to ... amount.” The text does not indicate that a bona fide dispute as to amount is relevant or material only if it lowers the claims below the statutory threshold. The statute’s plain language suggests that any bona fide dispute as to the entire amount of a claim disqualifies it from being used as the basis for an involuntary bankruptcy petition.

The Supreme Court instructs that courts “should prefer the plain meaning [of a statute] since that approach respects the words of Congress. In this manner, [courts] avoid the pitfalls that plague too quick a turn to the more controversial *901realm of legislative history.”146 Indeed, “canons of construction are no more than rules of thumb that help courts determine the meaning of legislation, and in interpreting a statute a court should always turn first to one, cardinal canon before all others”147—“courts must presume that a legislature says in a statute what it means and means in a statute what it says there.”148 “When the words of a statute are unambiguous, then, this first canon is also the last: ‘judicial inquiry is complete.’ ”149 I prefer the plain meaning of this statute, and I do not find that it is ambiguous.

c. *The statute’s plain meaning does not lead to absurd results.*

Montana argues that' I should disregard the statute’s plain meaning because it leads to absurd results. Courts may “refuse to give effect to Congress’s chosen words when applying the plain language of the statute would lead to patently absurd results.” 150 One of Montana’s authorities posits that the result is absurd because, when “[t]aken to an extreme, if $99,900 of a $100,000 debt was undisputed but $100 was disputed, an alleged debtor could seek to disqualify the petitioning creditor.”151 Another of Montana’s authorities expresses a similar concern with a litany of unanswered questions like “Why would Congress want to disqualify a creditor whose claim is noncontingent and at least partially undisputed?”152

I find that the First Circuit’s analysis in *Fustolo*is instructive in addressing the absurdity argument. The *Fustolo*court explained that “[t]he self-evident purpose of the no bona fide dispute requirement, as courts have repeatedly recognized, is to prevent creditors from using involuntary bankruptcy to coerce a debtor to satisfy a judgment even when substantial questions may remain concerning the liability of the debtor.”153 “With that purpose in mind, courts generally try to determine whether, objectively, there is a dispute about a debt that reasonably warrants resolution by a factfinder or, in the case of a dispute of law, a court.”154 “When such a dispute exists, we do not allow the creditor to coerce the debtor’s surrender by credibly threatening to use the claim as a basis for an involuntary petition.”155 By declining to read a materiality requirement into § 303(b), the First Circuit sought to maintain the “balance between the Bankruptcy Code’s dual purposes of ensuring the orderly disposition of creditors’ claims and protecting debtors from coercive tactics”—a balance that is *902struck by the bona-fide-dispute provision.156

Considering the dual purposes of the bankruptcy code and the balance that it strives to attain, I cannot conclude that Congress’s decision to exclude claims that are objectively disputed as to amount leads to results so absurd that I would be required “to treat the text as if it were ambiguous.”157 The result could be considered harsh in the most extreme cases, but “[i]t is enough that Congress intended that the language it enacted would be applied as [I] have applied it. The remedy for any dissatisfaction with the results in particular cases lies with Congress and not with this [cjourt. Congress may amend the statute; [I] may not.”158

Montana’s “argument stumbles on still harder ground in the face of another canon of interpretation.”159 Its interpretation of § 808(b)—reading “bona fide dispute as to ... amount” to refer only to “relevant” or “material” amounts (i.e., those that lower the petitioning claims below the statutory threshold)—“would have [me] read an absent word into the statute.” 160 Thus, Montana’s argument “would result ‘not [in] a construction of [the] statute, but, in effect,’ ” a narrowing “ ‘of it by the court, so that what was [included], presumably by inadvertence, may be [omitted] [from] its scope.’ ”161 The Supreme Court has repeatedly emphasized that “ ‘[t]here is a basic difference between filling a gap left by Congresses] silence and rewriting rules that Congress has affirmatively and specifically enacted.’ ”162

*d. Clarification vs. substantive change*

Montana also argues that the legislative history of the 1984 amendments shows that the 2005 amendments simply clarified that “bona fide dispute” was always intended to cover disputes about both liability and amount.163 So, Montana continues, the 2005 amendments cannot be interpreted as displacing the Ninth Circuit’s rule that a dispute about amount “is relevant only if it takes the total debt below” the statutory threshold.164 “An amendment in the face of an ambiguous statute or a dispute among the courts as to its meaning indicates that Congress is clarifying, rather than changing, the law.”165 But Montana does not argue—let alone establish—that the 1984 version of this statute was ambiguous or that its meaning was disputed among the courts. Indeed, less than one year before the 2005 amendment, the Ninth Circuit explained that it is “a widely accepted proposition regarding involuntary bankruptcy petitions” that, “if at least a portion of the debt that is the subject of the petition is *903undisputed, the undisputed portion is sufficient to create a debt under Section 303(b)(1) not subject to a bona fide dispute.” 166 This indicates that the 2005 amendments, under Montana’s argument, affected a change in the law, not a clarification.

Montana also argues that the fact that the 2005 amendments are expressly retroactive and contained in the “technical amendments” portion of the BAPCPA bolsters its argument that Congress was merely clarifying the law.167 But there is no dispute here that the 2005 amendments apply to this 2011 involuntary bankruptcy case. And I do not view express retroactivity as Congress showing its hand in the clarifying vs. changing debate because, as the Supreme Court’s “decisions make clear,” Congress “may amend the law and make the change applicable to pending cases, even when the amendment is outcome determinative.”168 Nor do I find that the “technical” label that these amendments fall under determines their scope or application.169

I find that § 303(b), as amended under the BAPCPA in 2005, unambiguously disqualifies a creditor whose claim is the subject of *any*bona fide dispute as to amount. This plain-meaning application does not effect patently absurd results but, rather, is in line with the congressional intent to balance the bankruptcy code’s dual purposes. I therefore affirm the bankruptcy court’s decision interpreting § 303(b) to mean that any bona fide dispute over the amount of a claim disqualifies a petitioning creditor. Thus, I also affirm its conclusion that California and Montana were not qualified petitioning creditors under 11 U.S.C. § 303(b) because their claims were the subjects of bona fide disputes as to amount and, in Montana’s case, validity.

C. The parties’ remaining issues are moot.

There must be at least three qualified creditors to maintain an involuntary bankruptcy case against Blixseth, and there are four contenders: Montana, California, Idaho, and Yellowstone. Having found that half of these creditors are disqualified because their claims are the subject of bona fide disputes, I am left with Montana’s argument that the bankruptcy court erred when it determined that Idaho’s claim was subject to a bona fide dispute and Blix-seth’s cross-appeal argument that the bankruptcy court erred when it determined that Yellowstone’s claim is not subject to § 303(b)’s qualifications. I need not decide these issues because, regardless of the outcome, it will not change the fact that there was an insufficient number of qualified creditors to sustain the involuntary bankruptcy case against Blixseth. I therefore decline to address these remaining issues.

D. Motion for leave to file supplemental authorities

Montana moves under FRBP 8014(f) for leave to file citation of supple*904mental authorities that were issued after the parties’- briefs were filed in this case.170 Blixseth responds that the request is unnecessary and a procedurally improper attempt to exceed the word limit.171 I encountered the proposed supplemental authorities in my own review of the jurisprudence and considered them in the course of deciding the issues raised in this case. I therefore grant Montana’s motion for leave to file its supplemental authorities.

Conclusion

Accordingly, I AFFIRM the bankruptcy court’s decision to dismiss the involuntary bankruptcy case against Blixseth and GRANT Montana’s motion [ECF No. 85] for leave to file supplemental authorities. The Clerk of Court is directed to CLOSE THIS CASE.

1

. ECF No. 57.

2

. ECF No. 63.

3

. Montana’s Excerpts of Record (MER) at 39-42. These excerpts are located at ECF Nos. 58-58-13, but because they contain overlapping (and thus illegible) docket stamps, I refer to the bates numbers.

4

.MER 43-48 (notices of withdrawal), 821-24 (California settlement agreement), 1030-31 (Idaho settlement agreement).

5

. MER 49-58.

6

. MER 59-79. Blixseth filed three dismissal motions, *see*MER 1667 (motion), MER 1722 (renewed motion), MER 1734 (amended motion), however, the dismissal order concerns only the latter two. *See*MER 2.

7

. MER 3-4.

8

. MER 1-17.

9

. *Compare*Fed. R. Bankr. P. 8002(a) (providing 14-day window to file a notice of appeal, and 14 days after a timely filed of notice of appeal for any other party to file a notice of appeal) *with*MER 1787 at ECF No. 528 (dismissal order entered on July 10, 2013) *and*MER 1789 at ECF No. 541 (Montana's notice of appeal filed on July 22, 2013) *and*MER 1794-95 at ECF No. 566 (Blixseth's notice of cross-appeal filed on Aug. 5, 2013).

10

. *See generally*11 U.S.C. § 303 (2012). I largely cite to the version of the statute that was effective from Dec. 22, 2010, to March 31, 2013.

11

. *Id.*at § 303(b)(1).

12

. *Id.*The statutory threshold was $14,425 when the involuntary petition was filed in 2011, but has since increased to $15,775. *Compare*11 U.S.C. § 303(b)(1) (2016) *with*11 U.S.C. § 303(b)(1) (2012); 11 U.S.C. § 104 (2016).

13

. 11 U.S.C. § 303(b)(2).

14

. *Id.*at § 303(b)(1).

15

. *Id.*

16

. *Id.*at § 303(b)(2).

17

. MER 8-9.

18

. ECF No. 57 at 49-57.

19

. *Washington Mutual, Inc. v. United States,*856 F.3d 711, 721 (9th Cir. 2017).

20

. *Id.*

21

. *Glossip v. Gross,*— U.S. -, 135 S.Ct. 2726, 2739, 192 L.Ed.2d 761 (2015) (alterations changed to reflect singular subject) (quoting *Anderson v. Bessemer City,*470 U.S. 564, 573, 105 S.Ct. 1504, 84 L.Ed.2d 518 (1985)).

22

. *Washington Mutual, Inc.,*856 F.3d at 721 (quotation marks and quoted reference omitted).

23

. ECF No. 57 at 50-51 (quoting *In re Global Waste,*207 B.R. 542, 544 (Bankr. N.D. Oh. 1997)).

24

. MER 6.

25

. MER 5-6.

26

. MER 5.

27

. *Id.*

28

. *Id.*Although not included in the parties' excerpts of record, I take judicial notice of the existence of a supplemental declaration that Blixseth filed in support of his first motion to dismiss, filed 16 days after the involuntary petition, to which were attached bills (many of the same produced in discovery) that Blix-seth declared were "[cjopies of [his] recent consumer debt billing statements, account numbers redacted, to demonstrate to the Court that [he is] current on such obligations.” *In re Timothy L. Blixseth,*No. BKS-11-15010, ECF No. 32 at 2, 12-32 (Apr. 21, 2011).

29

. MER at 5-6.

30

. *Id.*at 6.

31

. *Id.*at 6-8 (identifying 11 creditors that Blixseth owed ongoing, recurring debts to as of the petition date—Neiman Marcus; Puget Sound Energy; Comcast; Quest; US Bank; Big Horn Golf Club; TransAmerica Life Insurance; Medina Gardening and Landscape, Inc.; Prudential Life Insurance; Chubb Casualty; and ADT—and five professionals that Blixseth owed debts to as of the petition date—Mack, Roberts & Co.; Mike Flynn; Stillman & Associates; Rosen Law; and Hagen & O'Connell).

32

. *Id.*at 6-7. The bankruptcy court did not extend this finding to debts owed to Lewis Cellars and City of Medina, noting that "[n]either of these debts have the regularity of occurrence that would justify finding that there was an accrual of debts to these entities as of the Petition Date.” MER 7 at n.6.

33

. MER 7.

34

. *Id.*

35

. *See id,*at 7-8.

36

. *Id.*at 8.

37

. *Id.*

38

. *Id.*

39

. *Id.*

40

. *In re Rothery,*143 F.3d 546, 548 (9th Cir. 1998).

41

. *Id.*

42

. *Id.*at 549.

43

. *Id.*at 549-50 (citing *Anderson v. Liberty Lobby, Inc.,*477 U.S. 242, 248, 106 S.Ct. 2505, 91 L.Ed.2d 202 (1988)).

44

.ECF No. 57 at 54.

45

. *Id.*at 54-57.

46

. MER 1397-98.

47

. *Id.*

48

. MER 1403-1438.

49

. *See, e.g.,*MER 1403 (Neiman Marcus invoice showing balance due in March 2011 and prior balance that had been paid); MER 1405 (Medina Gardening and Landscape, Inc. invoice showing balance overpaid in February 2011 with credit applied to balance due in March 2011 and credit $68.99 to be applied going forward); MER 1406-12 (Puget Sound Energy invoices showing balance due in April 2011, prior balances that had been paid for two properties, and usage ranging from August 2009-March 2011 on one property and July 2009-2010 on the other); MER 1413-15 (Comcast invoice and payment history showing balance due and paid in March 2011 and payments to this creditor going back 7 months); MER 1416-21 (U.S. Bank invoices showing balance and minimum payment due in May 2011, balance and minimum payment due in April 2011, and prior balances paid); MER 1422 (Bighorn Golf Club showing balance forward of $22,000); MER 1424 (ADT invoice showing balance due for quarter spanning April 17, 2017-July 16, 2011); MER 1425 (Quest invoice showing balance due in April 2011, including balance forward from previous billing period); MER 1430-38 (Chubb invoices showing installment premiums due in March and April 2011 and payments made since last statement).

50

. ECF No. 63-1 at 23, V31 (Blixseth’s Excerpts of Record at BER 17-22). Blixseth provided other declarations on this subject and was cross-examined regarding them during the hearing, but none of the parties included Blixseth’s other declarations in their excerpts of record.

51

. MER 1482-1593, 373-78, 388-89.

52

. MER 1519 at 42:21-23.

53

. MER 1524 at 47:5-10.

54

. *See*MER 1524-25 at 47:20-48:5.

55

. MER 1525-26 at 48:12-49:16.

56

. MER 1526-27 at 49:23-50:7.

57

. MER 1529 at 52:21-24.

58

. MER 1530 at 53:12-18.

59

. MER 1531 at 54:13-16.

60

. MER 1539-41 at 62:6-64:21.

61

. MER 1552-54 at 75:9-77:10.

62

. MER 1561-62 at 84:23-85:14.

63

. MER 1562-63 at 85:24-86:17.

64

. MER 375-77 at 93:4-95:7.

65

. MER 1585-87 at 108:23-110:19; *accord*MER 374-75 at 92:19-93:3.

66

. MER 5-8.

67

. ECF No. 57 at 53-54.

68

. *Scott v. Harris,*550 U.S. 372, 378, 127 S.Ct. 1769, 167 L.Ed.2d 686 (2007) (alteration in the original) (quoting *United States v. Diebold, Inc.,*369 US. 654, 655, 82 S.Ct. 993, 8 L.Ed.2d 176 (1962) (per curiam)).

69

. MER 6.

70

. MER 7.

71

. *See, e.g„*MER 1524-25 at 47:20-48:5 (Nei-man Marcus); MER 1526-27 at 49:23-50:7 (Medina Gardening); MER 1530 at 53:12-18 (Puget Sound Energy); MER 375-77 at 93:4-95:7 (U.S. Bank, Quest, Comcast, Bighorn Golf Club, Prudential, Transamerica); MER 374-75 at 92:19-93:3, MER 1585-87 at 108:23-110:19 (Mack, Roberts & Co., Mike Flynn, Stillman & Associates, Rosen Law, and Hagen & O’Connell).

72

. ECF No. 57 at 54-57.

73

. MER 8.

74

. *See id.*

75

. ECF No. 57 at 31-41.

76

. *In re Vortex Fishing Sys., Inc.,*277 F.3d 1057, 1064 (9th Cir. 2002).

77

. *In re C & C Jewelry Mfg, Inc.,*Nos. CC-08-1190, CC-08-1267, and LA 07-20764, 2001 WL 36340326, at *4 (Bankr. App. 9th Cir. Apr. 14, 2009) (citing *Key Mech. Inc. v. BDC 56 LLC,*330 F.3d 111, 117 (2d Cir. 2003)).

78

. *Id.*

79

. *In re Vortex Fishing Sys., Inc.,*277 F.3d at 1064.

80

. *Id.*(quoting *In re Busick,*831 F.2d 745, 750 (7th Cir. 1987)).

81

. See MER 40.

82

. MER 1131.

83

. *Id.*

84

. MER 1132-41.

85

. MER 1141.

86

. MER 481-82 at 74:23-75:7.

87

. MER 1147-1149.

88

. MER 1149.

89

. MER 1230.

90

. MER 1230-35.

91

. MER 1137.

92

. *See id.*

93

. *Id.*

94

. *Id.*

95

. MER 1148.

96

. MER 1158-76.

97

. MER 1143-1146. Some pages of this document state that it is dated January 7, 2010, but the parties informed the bankruptcy court during the hearing that it "is actually a typo, and it's supposed to be January 7, 2011.” MER 206-07 at 66:18-67:6.

98

. MER 1155-1157.

99

. *See*ECF No. 82-1 at 30.

100

. ECF No. 63 at 39.

101

. ECF No. 57 at 34-35.

102

. Admn. R. Mont. 42.2.510(6), (7).

103

. ECF No. 63 at 44 (citing Admn. R. Mont. 42.2.403 (2008); Mont. Code Ann. § 15-30-2631).

104

. ECF No. 63 at 42-43 (discussing Mont. Code Ann. § 15-30-2604, which repeatedly refers to tax liability on a yearly scale).

105

. MER 709.

106

. MER 41.

107

. ECF No. 57 at 31-33.

108

. MER 821.

109

. MER 1626 at 149:10-24.

110

. ECF No. 63-1 at 69.

111

. *Id.*

112

. *Id.*

113

. *Id.*at 65.

114

. *Id.*

115

. ECF No. 57 at 44-49.

116

. *In re Marciano,*459 B.R. 27, 35 (Bankr. App. 9th Cir. 2011) (citing *In re BCE W., L.P.,*319 F.3d 1166, 1170 (9th Cir. 2003)).

117

. *In re Mountain Dairies, Inc.,*372 B.R. 623, 632 (Bankr. S.D.N.Y. 2007) (quoting *In re BDC 56 LLC,*330 F.3d 111, 117 (2d Cir. *8982003), *abrogated on other grounds by In re Zarnel,*619 F.3d 156 (2d Cir. 2010)).

118

. *Id.*

119

. 11 U.S.C. § 303(b)(1) (Apr. 19, 2005).

120

. *In re Seko Inv., Inc.,*156 F.3d 1005, 1008 (9th Cir. 1998).

121

. *In re Vortex Fishing Systems, Inc.,*277 F.3d at 1064-65.

122

. *In re Focus Media, Inc.,*378 F.3d 916, 926 (9th Cir. 2004).

123

. *Id.*(quoting *IBM Credit Corp. v. Compuhouse Sys., Inc.,*179 B.R. 474, 479 (W.D. Pa. 1995), and collecting other authorities) (alteration omitted).

124

. 11 U.S.C. § 303(b)(1) (Apr. 20, 2005).

125

*. In re Honolulu Affordable Housing Partners, LLC,*No. 15-00146, 2015 WL 2203473, at *2 (Bankr. D. Haw. May 7, 2015); *accord In re Excavation, Etc., LLC,*No. 09-60953, 2009 WL 1871682, at *2 (Bankr. D. Or. June 24, 2009); *In re Elverson,*492 B.R. 831, 835 (Bankr. E.D. Penn. 2013); *In re Vicor Techs., Inc.,*No. 12-39329, 2013 WL 1397460 (Bankr. S.D. Fla. Apr. 5, 2013); *In re Rosenberg,*414 B.R. 826, 845-46 (Bankr. S.D. Fla. 2009); *In re Reg’l Anesthesia Assocs. PC,*360 B.R. 466, 469-70 (Bankr. W.D. Pa. 2007); *In re Euro-Am. Lodging Corp.,*357 B.R. 700, 712 n.8 (Bankr. S.D.N.Y. 2007); *see In re Mountain Dairies, Inc.,*372 B.R. 623, 634 (Bankr. S.D.N.Y. 2007) (recognizing that the "definition of ‘bona fide dispute! ]' has likely been altered by BAPCPA”); *In re Hentges,*351 B.R. 758, 763 (Bankr. N.D. Okla. 2006) (finding that a bona fide dispute as to a portion of the claim sufficient to disqualify petitioning creditor).

126

. *In the Matter of Green Hills Dev. Co., LLC,*741 F.3d 651, 658 (5th Cir. 2014).

127

. *Id.*at 657-58.

128

. *Id.*at 658.

129

. *Id.*

130

. *Fustolo v. 50 Thomas Patton Drive, LLC,*816 F.3d 1 (1st Cir. 2016).

131

. *Id.*at 9.

132

. *Id.*(collecting cases).

133

. *Id.*(internal citations, quotation marks, and quoted reference omitted).

134

. *Id.*at 10.

135

. *Id.*(internal citation omitted).

136

. *Id.*

137

. *In re Tucker,*No. 5:09-bk-914, 2010 WL 4823917, at *6 (Bankr. N.D. W. Va. Nov. 22, 2010) (citing *In re DemirCo Holdings, Inc.,*No. 06-70122, 2006 WL 1663237, at *3 *900(Bankr. C.D. Ill. June 9, 2006)); *accord In re Stewart,*Nos. 14-03177, 14-03179, 2015 WL 1282971, at *6 (Bankr. S.D. Ala. Mar. 18, 2015); *In re EM Equip., LLC,*504 B.R. 8, 18 (Bankr. D. Conn. 2013); *In re Miller,*489 B.R. 74, 82-83 (Bankr. E.D. Tenn. 2013).

138

. *In re DemirCo Holdings, Inc.,*2006 WL 1663237, at *3.

139

. *Lamie v. United States Trustee,*540 U.S. 526, 534, 124 S.Ct. 1023, 157 L.Ed.2d 1024 (2004) (internal citation omitted).

140

. *Id.*(quotation marks and quoted reference omitted).

141

. *See id.*

142

. *Green v. Commissioner of Internal Revenue,*707 F.2d 404, 405 (9th Cir. 1983).

143

. *Id.*

144

. *Woods*v. *Carey,*722 F.3d 1177, 1181 (9th Cir. 2013) (quotation marks and quoted references omitted).

145

. 11 U.S.C. § 303(b).

146

. *Lamie,*540 U.S. at 536, 124 S.Ct. 1023.

147

. *Conn. Nat. Bank v. Germain,*503 U.S. 249, 253-54, 112 S.Ct. 1146, 117 L.Ed.2d 391 (1992).

148

. *Id.*

149

. *Id.*at 254 (quoting *Rubin v. United States,*449 U.S. 424, 430, 101 S.Ct. 698, 66 L.Ed.2d 633 (1981)).

150

. *Amalgamated Transit Union Loc. 1309, AFL-CIO v. Laidlaw Transit Srvs.,*Inc., 448 F.3d 1092, 1098 (9th Cir. 2006) (citing *United States v. Brown,*333 U.S. 18, 27, 68 S.Ct. 376, 92 L.Ed. 442 (1948)).

151

. *In re 3 Man Corp.,*No. 5-12-bk-00879, 2014 WL 4346747, at *4 (Bankr. M.D. Penn. Aug. 29, 2014), *set aside on reconsideration on other grounds by*2016 WL 1599781 (Bankr. M.D. Penn. Apr. 18, 2016).

152

. ECF No. 57 at 46 (citing 2 *Collier on Bankruptcy*¶ 303.11 [2] (16th ed. 2013)).

153

. *Fustolo,*816 F.3d at 7 (internal quotation marks and quoted references omitted).

154

. *Id.*

155

. *Id.*

156

. *Id.*at 10.

157

. *See Lamie,*540 U.S. at 536, 124 S.Ct. 1023.

158

. *Griffin v. Oceanic Contractors, Inc.,*458 U.S. 564, 576, 102 S.Ct. 3245, 73 L.Ed.2d 973 (1982).

159

. *See Lamie,*540 U.S. at 538, 124 S.Ct. 1023.

160

. *See id.*

161

. *C.f. id.*(alterations adding ''in” and ‘‘the” in the original) (quoting *Iselin v. United States,*270 U.S. 245, 251, 46 S.Ct. 248, 70 L.Ed. 566 (1926)).

162

. *Id.*(quoting *Mobil Oil Corp. v. Higginbotham,*436 U.S. 618, 625, 98 S.Ct. 2010, 56 L.Ed.2d 581 (1978)).

163

. ECF No. 57 at 47-48.

164

. *In re Focus Media, Inc.,*378 F.3d at 925-26.

165

. *ABKCO Music, Inc. v. LaVere,*217 F.3d 684, 691 (9th Cir. 2000).

166

. *In re Focus Media, Inc.,*378 F.3d at 926 (capitalization alteration, quotation marks, and quoted reference omitted) (collecting cases).

167

. ECF No. 69 at 47-49.

168

. *Bank Markazi v. Peterson,*- U.S. -, 136 S.Ct. 1310, 1317, 194 L.Ed.2d 463 (2016).

169

*.See Asociacion De Empleados Del Area Canalera v. Panama Canal Com’n,*329 F.3d 1235, 1240 n.3 (11th Cir. 2003) (collecting cases) (finding argument that technical amendments “do not make substantive changes in the law” to be “untenable”).

170

. ECF No. 85.

171

. ECF No. 86.