NOT FOR PUBLICATION

UNITED STATES COURT OF APPEALS

FOR THE NINTH CIRCUIT

UNITED STATES OF AMERICA, 

Plaintiff-Appellee, 

 v. 

FRANCISCO JAVIER MELGOZA, AKA 

Frankie, AKA Franky, AKA Francisco 

Melgoza, AKA Francisco J. Melgoza, AKA 

Travieso, 

Defendant-Appellant.

No. 22-10276 

D.C. No. 

1:21-cr-00192-JLT-SKO-1 

MEMORANDUM*

Appeal from the United States District Court

for the Eastern District of California

Jennifer L. Thurston, District Judge, Presiding

Argued and Submitted December 4, 2023

San Francisco, California

Before: COLLINS, FORREST, and SUNG, Circuit Judges.

Francisco Javier Melgoza appeals the district court’s denial of his motion to 

suppress evidence.

1 We have jurisdiction under 28 U.S.C. § 1291. “We review the 

* This disposition is not appropriate for publication and is not precedent 

except as provided by Ninth Circuit Rule 36-3.

1 Melgoza’s plea agreement preserves his right to appeal the denial of the 

suppression motion. See, e.g., United States v. Estrella, 69 F.4th 958, 964 (9th Cir. 

2023).

FILED

APR 8 2024

MOLLY C. DWYER, CLERK

U.S. COURT OF APPEALS
2 

denial of a motion to suppress de novo, and any underlying findings of fact for

clear error.” United States v. Estrella, 69 F.4th 958, 961 (9th Cir. 2023) (quoting 

United States v. Vandergroen, 964 F.3d 876, 879 (9th Cir. 2020)). The question of 

whether an encounter was a seizure “is a mixed question of law and fact” that we 

review de novo. United States v. Chan-Jimenez, 125 F.3d 1324, 1326 (9th Cir. 

1997) (citing United States v. Kim, 25 F.3d 1426, 1430 (9th Cir. 1994)). For the 

reasons below, we affirm.

1. Melgoza argues for the first time on appeal that the warrantless search of 

his bag was unlawful because the scope of his consent to search was limited to his 

person. “Except for good cause, a motion to suppress must ‘be raised by pretrial 

motion.’ Defendants ordinarily may not raise new grounds for suppression on 

appeal.” United States v. Magdirila, 962 F.3d 1152, 1156 (9th Cir. 2020) (quoting

Fed. R. Crim. P. 12(b)(3)(C)). In his motion to suppress, Melgoza argued primarily

that Officer Ethan Nousch lacked reasonable suspicion to make a traffic stop.

Melgoza did not make any arguments about the scope of his consent, and he does 

not show good cause for that omission. See United States v. Guerrero, 921 F.3d 

895, 898 (9th Cir. 2019) (concluding defendant waived issue raised for first time 

on appeal where defendant did not show good cause for failing to raise the issue in 

pretrial motion).

A defendant may “make a new legal argument in support of suppression” on 
3 

appeal if the new argument “does not affect or rely on the factual record developed 

by the parties.” Magdirila, 962 F.3d at 1157 (citing United States v. Hawkins, 249 

F.3d 867, 872 (9th Cir. 2001)). However, Melgoza’s new argument does not fall 

within this exception. At the suppression hearing, the parties focused exclusively 

on the question of whether Melgoza stopped voluntarily or whether Officer Nousch 

stopped Melgoza, and in the alternative, whether Officer Nousch had reasonable 

suspicion to stop Melgoza. Melgoza agreed that no evidentiary hearing was 

necessary to resolve these issues. Consequently, the government had no reason or 

opportunity to present evidence related to the scope of Melgoza’s consent. Because

“[i]t would be unfair to surprise litigants on appeal by final decision of an issue on 

which they had no opportunity to introduce evidence,” Hawkins, 249 F.3d at 872 

(alteration in original) (quoting United States v. Whitten, 706 F.2d 1000, 1012 (9th 

Cir. 1983)), we decline to address Melgoza’s new argument, see id. (declining to 

consider new arguments because “the only issue raised by [defendant] before the 

magistrate judge concerned the legality of the stop of his truck” and therefore “the 

Government was not required to present evidence to justify the investigation and 

arrest that followed”).2

2 Melgoza also argues that the government cannot claim that Officer Nousch’s 

warrantless search of Melgoza’s bag was a valid search incident to arrest or a valid 

probation search, but the government has expressly disavowed these justifications. 

Consequently, we need not address them.
4 

Melgoza concedes that the record related to his argument regarding the 

scope of consent is undeveloped but argues that we should remand the case for 

additional fact finding. The record regarding the scope of consent is undeveloped 

because Melgoza did not raise the issue and declined the opportunity for an 

evidentiary hearing. Despite this waiver, Melgoza argues that remand is required, 

citing United States v. Wright, 625 F.3d 583 (9th Cir. 2010), superseded by statute 

on other grounds as recognized by United States v. Brown, 785 F.3d 1337, 1351 

(9th Cir. 2015). Wright, however, is inapposite. In that case, we held that a 

“remand for factual findings is required where it is impossible to determine the 

basis for the district court’s denial of a motion to suppress.” Id. at 604. Here, the 

district court considered the issues raised in the motion to suppress, made the 

necessary findings of fact, and explained its reasons for denying the motion. 

Remand for factual findings is therefore unnecessary.

2. We agree with the district court that Officer Nousch’s conduct after

Melgoza voluntarily stopped did not amount to a seizure. Melgoza does not 

challenge on appeal the district court’s finding that Officer Nousch pulled in 

behind Melgoza only after Melgoza voluntarily stopped on the side of the road. “It 

is well established . . . that the Fourth Amendment is not implicated when law 

enforcement officers merely approach an individual in public and ask him if he is 

willing to answer questions.” United States v. Washington, 490 F.3d 765, 770 (9th 
5 

Cir. 2007). Because Melgoza voluntarily stopped, the question is whether Officer 

Nousch’s subsequent actions, after approaching Melgoza, “escalate[d] [the] 

consensual encounter into a seizure.” Id. at 771. Given that Melgoza was having 

trouble with his motorcycle and could not readily walk away from where he was 

when Officer Nousch approached him, the question of whether Melgoza was 

ultimately “seized” during the encounter turns on whether, in light of “all the 

circumstances,” Officer Nousch’s “conduct would have communicated to a 

reasonable person that the person was not free to decline [his] requests or 

otherwise terminate the encounter.” Florida v. Bostick, 501 U.S. 429, 439 (1991). 

Melgoza argues that once Officer Nousch activated the police lights on his 

car and asked Melgoza about his probationary status, a reasonable person in 

Melgoza’s position would not have felt free to leave. However, Melgoza does not 

challenge the district court’s finding that Officer Nousch activated his vehicle’s 

emergency lights only after Melgoza voluntarily stopped. Two additional factors 

further confirm that the activation of those lights would not cause a reasonable 

person in these circumstances to believe that he had been seized. As the district 

court noted, Melgoza was on the side of the road with a disabled vehicle, and the 

traffic “was moving at a fast clip” and included “large vehicles.” In addition, 

Officer Nousch’s first question to Melgoza was not about a traffic violation but 

rather whether he was okay and “if he was having an issue with his motorcycle.” 
6 

Under these circumstances, a reasonable person would have concluded that the 

activation of the lights was a safety measure to ensure the officer’s and Melgoza’s 

security. Moreover, as the district court correctly concluded, there were no other 

indicia of coercion that would have caused a reasonable person to conclude that he 

could not terminate the encounter. Only one officer was involved in the encounter; 

it took place on a public street; the officer never touched his weapon; and there is 

no evidence that the officer used an aggressive or threatening tone. The mere fact 

that Officer Nousch, upon noticing the obvious ankle bracelet that Melgoza was 

wearing, asked if he was on probation did not transform the encounter into a 

seizure.

AFFIRMED.