# Patent

## Title
Electric submersible pump with specialized geometry for pumping viscous crude oil

## Abstract

A centrifugal pump has impellers for pumping low flow, high viscous materials. The impellers have high exit angles greater than 30 degrees and preferably greater than 50 degrees. The impellers and diffusers have specific geometry that varies with viscosity. The pump has zones of impellers and diffusers with the exit angles and geometry in the zones differing from the other zones. The exit angles decrease and geometry varies in a downstream direction to account for a lower viscosity occurring due to heat being generated in the pump. One design employs small diameter impellers and high rotational speeds.

## Background
BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION
1. Field of the Invention
This invention relates in general to electric submersible well pumps. More specifically, this invention relates to submersible well pumps that have an impeller configuration designed for high viscosity fluids and operate at high rotative speeds.
2. Description of the Prior Art
Traditionally the use of electric submersible pumps (ESP's) in low flow viscous crude pumping applications has been limited because of low efficiencies inherent with low capacity centrifugal pumps handling viscous fluids. Low efficiencies result from disk friction losses caused by a layer of viscous fluid adhering to the walls of both rotating and stationary components within the pump impeller and diffuser. Viscous fluids are considered herein to be fluids with a viscosity greater than 500 centipoise.
Others have made and used ESP's to pump viscous materials. However, most of these attempts have involved either modifying the material to be pumped or controlling the output of the pump motors with additional equipment to assist in the low flow conditions typical of pumping high viscous materials from wells.
Others have attempted to pump high viscous materials by simply lowering the viscosity of the material, as opposed to trying to modify the pump or motor to accommodate the high viscous materials. U.S. Pat. Ser. No. 6,006,837 to Breit (hereinafter “Breit Patent”), U.S. Pat. Ser. No. 4,721,436 to Lepert (hereinafter “Lepert Patent”), and U.S. Pat. Ser. No. 4,832,127 to Thomas et al. (hereinafter “Thomas Patent”) are three such examples of this type of invention.
In the Breit Patent, the viscous fluids that are being pumped are heated in order to lower the viscosity of the fluid being pumped. The Lepert Patent discloses a process for pumping viscous materials by mixing the high viscosity materials with low viscosity materials with the use of a turbine-machine that consists of a turbine and a pump, separating the mixture, and recirculating the low viscosity materials for reuse. The Thomas Patent discloses a process for pumping viscous materials by mixing the high viscosity oil with water to lower the viscosity and then pump the material by conventional methods once the viscosity is suitable for pumping. Each of these references alters the fluid being pumped, without trying to modify the pump or motor to accommodate the fluid being pumped.
A need exists for an ESP and method of pumping high viscosity materials while maintaining pumping efficiencies, without altering the material being pumped or trying to maintain torque or rpm levels in a pump motor without the use of additional equipment. Ideally, such a system should be capable of being adapted to the specific applications and also be able to be used on existing equipment with minimal modification.
SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION
This invention provides a novel method and apparatus for pumping high viscous fluids from a well by utilizing variations of large impeller vane exit angles and geometry, zones with varying impeller angles and geometry in each zone, smaller diameter impellers, and high rotative speeds for pumping. The impeller vane exit angles are greater than 30 degrees and preferably greater than 50 degrees. The zones have impeller vane exit angles and geometry that vary from zone to zone. In the high rotative speed embodiments, the motor can rotate up to 10,500 rpm, and preferably above 5,000 rpm. When the motor is operated at such a high rotative speed, various impeller diameters can be used, while maintaining the same diameter shaft and diffuser height. The pump diameter can vary, but is limited based upon the fit-up arrangement in the well. Additionally, the present invention can be configured with any of the above traits in a variety of configurations.
Centrifugal pumps impart energy to the fluid being pumped by accelerating the fluid through the impeller. When the fluid leaves the impeller, the energy it contains is largely kinetic and must be converted to potential energy to be useful as head or pressure. In this invention, energy is imparted to the viscous fluid as rapidly as possible by using impeller vane geometry containing exit angles greater than 30 degrees. The use of large exit angles also minimizes vane length. Vane inlet angles in the range of 0 degrees to 30 degrees are used to minimize impact and angle-of-incidence losses. Diffuser vanes in this invention decelerate and direct the viscous fluid to the next pump stage as rapidly as possible using the same philosophy as used in the impeller, i.e. minimizing vane lengths and rapidly transitioning between the diffuser inlet and exit angles.
Inherent in the operation of centrifugal pumps, the energy dissipated as a result of frictional losses is absorbed as heat by the viscous crude oil, resulting in a temperature rise as the oil passes through the pump. The temperature rise in turn lowers the crude oil viscosity. The temperature rise can be significant in an ESP because of the length and number of stages contained in a typical ESP application. The present invention seeks to take advantage of the decreasing viscosity by assembling the pump in zones or modules with the impeller and diffuser geometry in each zone or module optimized for the viscosity and/or NPSH (net positive suction head) conditions of the viscous crude oil passing through that zone. Geometry refers to the configuration of the vanes with respect to the exit angles and number of vanes.
Flow rate varies directly with rotative speed and head or pressure varies with the square of rotative speed in centrifugal pumps. Reducing the impeller diameter minimizes disk friction but reduces the head and flow of the pump. When higher rotative speeds are coupled with vane geometry optimized for viscous pumping, performance per stage is restored and efficiency is further increased by reducing the amount of time in which the impeller and/or diffuser are in contact with the viscous fluids relative to the flow rate of the pump. As a practical limit, rotative speeds will be limited to 10,500 rpm, which corresponds to the speed of a two-pole electric motor operating at a frequency of 180 Hz. The present invention seeks to minimize disk friction by shortening the distance that the viscous fluid must travel as it moves through the pump. At the same time, clearances between rotating and stationary components are optimized to minimize the effect of boundary layer losses on non-pumping surfaces.



BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS
So that the manner in which the features, advantages and objects of the invention, as well as others which will become apparent, may be understood in more detail, more particular description of the invention briefly summarized above may be had by reference to the embodiment thereof which is illustrated in the appended drawings, which form a part of this specification. It is to be noted, however, that the drawings illustrate only a preferred embodiment of the invention and is therefore not to be considered limiting of the invention's scope as it may admit to other equally effective embodiments.
FIG. 1 is a perspective view of a centrifugal pump disposed in a viscous fluid within a well, constructed in accordance with this invention.
FIG. 2 is a cross-sectional view of two stages in the centrifugal pump of FIG. 1.
FIG. 3 is a cross-sectional view of an impeller of the centrifugal pump of FIG. 1.
FIG. 4 is a sectional view of an impeller taken along the line 4—4 of FIG. 3 with 5 vanes, equally spaced.
FIG. 5 is a cross-sectional view of a diffuser of the centrifugal pump of FIG. 1.
FIG. 6 is a sectional view of a diffuser showing nine diffuser vanes, equally spaced, taken along the line 7—7 of FIG. 5.
FIG. 7 is a sectional view of an impeller similar to the impeller of FIG. 4, but with a 50° exit angle.
FIG. 8 is a sectional view of an impeller similar to the impeller of FIG. 4, but with a 60° exit angle.
FIG. 9 is a sectional view of an impeller similar to the impeller of FIG. 4, but with a 70° exit angle.
FIG. 10 is a partial cross-sectional view of two stages in a pump constructed in accordance with the invention, but with a shortened impeller diameter and higher rotating shaft speed.



DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE INVENTION
Referring to the drawings, FIG. 1 generally depicts a well 10 with a submersible pump assembly 11 installed within. The pump assembly 11 comprises a centrifugal pump 12 that has a seal section 14 attached to it and an electric motor 16 submerged in a well fluid 18. The shaft of motor 16 connects to the seal section shaft 15 (not shown) and is connected to the centrifugal pump 12. The pump assembly 11 and well fluid 18 are located within a casing 19, which is part of the well 10. Pump 12 connects to tubing 25 that is needed to convey the well fluid 18 to a storage tank (not shown).
Referring to FIG. 2, centrifugal pump 12 has a housing 27 (not shown in FIG. 2) that protects many of the pump 12 components. Pump 12 contains a shaft 29 that extends longitudinally through the pump 12. Diffusers 21 have an inner portion with a bore 31 through which shaft 29 extends. Each diffuser 21 contains a plurality of passages 32 that extend through the diffuser 21. Each passage 32 is defined by vanes 23 (FIG. 6) that extend helically outward from a central area. Diffuser 21 is a radial flow type, with passages 32 extending in a radial plane.
An impeller 20 is placed within each diffuser 21. Impeller 20 also includes a bore 33 that extends the length of impeller 20 for rotation relative to diffuser 21 and is engaged with shaft 29. Impeller 20 also contains passages 34 that correspond to the openings in the diffuser 21. Passages 34 are defined by vanes 22 (FIG. 4). Washers are placed between the upper and lower portions between the impeller 20 and diffuser 21.
Impellers 20 rotate with shaft 29, which increases the velocity of the fluid 18 being pumped as the fluid 18 is discharged radially outward through passages 34. The fluid 18 flows inward through passages 32 of diffuser 21 and returns to the intake of the next stage impeller 20, which increases the fluid 18 pressure. Increasing the number of stages by adding more impellers 20 and diffusers 21 can increase the pressure of the fluid 18.
The centrifugal pump 12 can have a plurality of zones in order to take advantage of the viscosity change of the well fluid 18 as the fluid 18 is heated by the pumping process. Referring to FIG. 1, three zones 36, 38, and 40 are illustrated. Each zone comprises a plurality of impellers 20 and diffusers 21. Preferably all of the impellers 20 within a zone 36, 38, and 40 will have the same impeller vane 23 discharge angle b2. Frictional losses cause a temperature rise across each stage that varies with viscosity. Consequently, the well fluid is more viscous in zone 36 than in zone 38, which in turn is more viscous than in zone 40. Consequently, the exit angle b2 in impellers 20 of zone 36 is higher than in zone 38. Similarly, the exit angle b2 in impellers 20 of zone 38 is higher than zone 40. For example, zone 36 could be designed for greater than 500 centipoise viscosity, zone 38 for 300-500 centipoise, and zone 40 for 100-300 centipoise. There could be more than three zones and the stages in the zones do not have to be equal in number.
FIG. 6 depicts a cross-sectional view of diffuser 21, which has nine equally spaced vanes 23 taken along the line 6-6 of FIG. 5. The entrance and exit angles of vanes 23 are selected to minimize losses due to the angle of incidence and will depend on which impeller exit angle b2 is chosen. Each diffuser passage 32 increases in flow area from the periphery inward. As the shaft rotates impellers 20, fluid flows radially outward through passages 34. The velocity increases, then the energy is largely kinetic. The fluid turns upward and flows into diffuser passages 32. The velocity slows as the fluid flows radially inward, converting energy to potential energy. Diffuser vanes 23 decelerate and direct the viscous fluid to the next pump stage as rapidly as possible by minimizing the vane lengths and rapidly transitioning between the diffuser inlet and exit angles. Clearances between rotating and stationary pump components are also optimized to minimize the effect of boundary layer losses on non-pumping surfaces.
The method of pumping the viscous well fluid 18 with a submersible pump assembly 11 can also be accomplished by rotating the pump 12 at a higher speed than normally used with viscous fluids. High speed is defined as a speed greater than 3,500 rpm and may be as high as about 10,500 rpm with the preferred speed being above 5,000 rpm. The use of the high speed reduces the required diameter of the impellers, so a small impeller diameter 20, for example less than 2.75 inches, can be used in the high speed embodiments of this invention, as shown in FIG. 10. The impeller diameter Id can be shortened in this embodiment, while the shaft diameter Sd and the diffuser height Dh remain the same as in the lower speed embodiments of FIGS. 1-9. Any size diameter 20 can be used, but the size can be limited due to the pump fit-up arrangement in the well. As a result, the ratio of shaft diameter Sd to impeller diameter Id is at least 0.30 and preferably 0.33 and the ratio of diffuser height Dh to impeller diameter Id is at least 0.70 and preferably 0.72. These ratios can be utilized in all embodiments of the invention that operate at a high pumping speed. In the embodiments of FIGS. 1-9, the ratio of shaft diameter Sd to impeller diameter Id is a prior art dimension of 0.28 and the ratio of diffuser height Dh to impeller diameter Id is a prior art dimension of 0.57.
As shown in FIGS. 4, 7, 8 and 9, the number of and exit angle b2 of the impeller vanes 22 and diffuser vanes 23 can vary. The exit angle b2 is measured from a line tangent to the circular periphery of impeller 20 to a line extending straight from vane 22. FIG. 4 is a cross-sectional view of impeller 20, which has five equally spaced impeller vanes 22 and with an exit angle b2 of 55 degrees. Passages 34 increase greatly in width and their flow area from the central areas to the periphery. FIGS. 7 through 9 show impellers with five equally spaced vanes with a discharge angle of b2, 50, 60, and 70 degrees respectively. FIG. 9 can be a first stage or zone having an exit angle of 70 degrees. FIG. 8 can be a second stage or zone having an exit angle of 60 degrees. FIG. 9 can be a third stage or zone having an exit angle of 50 degrees. The three zones illustrated in FIGS. 7 through 9 can be arranged in a pump assembly so that the impellers in each zone decrease from one zone to another in a downstream direction to account for a reduction in viscosity of the viscous fluid as it passes through the centrifugal pump. The inlet angles b1 are in the range from 20 to 30 degrees for each impeller 20 of FIGS. 4 and FIGS. 7 through 9. As the vane exit angle b2 increases, the vanes 22 become straighter and thus shorter. The length L from impeller 20 of FIG. 4 is longer than the length of the vanes 22 of the other FIGS. A shorter vane 22 increases pressure head but, generally speaking, creates more turbulence losses. A shorter vane also reduces the effects of boundary layer.
The impellers 20 of FIG. 10 have the same high exit angles as in the other embodiments, preferably greater than 30 degrees. Although the rotational speed is much higher than in the embodiments of FIGS. 1-9, the tip velocities are approximately the same because of the shorter radius. The typical prior art speed is 3,500 rpm. Reducing the impeller 20 diameter reduces disk friction but reduces the head and flow of the pump. Increasing the rotative speed increases head and flow. The higher rotative speed and high exit angle geometry are efficient for viscous fluids because of the reduced amount of time in which the impeller and/or diffuser are in contact with the viscous fluids relative to the flow rate of the pump.
The invention has significant advantages. The high exit angles increase pump efficiency for viscous fluids by shortening the lengths of the flow paths through the impellers. The multiple zones, each with impellers having different exit angles, allows optimizing as heat reduces the viscosity of the well fluid flowing through the pump. Higher rotative speeds and smaller diameter impellers also increases efficiency for viscous fluids.
While the invention has been shown or described in only some of its forms, it should be apparent to those skilled in the art that it is not so limited, but is susceptible to various changes without departing from the scope of the invention.

## Claims

1. A method of pumping a viscous material in a well with a submersible pump assembly comprising the following steps:
(a) providing a centrifugal pump with a plurality of impellers, each of the impellers having vanes with an exit angle of greater than 30 degrees, the centrifugal pump comprising a plurality of zones, with each zone comprising a plurality of the impellers and wherein the exit angles of the impellers in each zone decrease from one zone to another in a downstream direction to account for a reduction in viscosity of the viscous fluid as it passes through the centrifugal pump; 
(b) connecting an electric motor directly to the centrifugal pump for driving the pump; 
(c) lowering the centrifugal pump and the motor into a viscous fluid in the well having a viscosity of at least 500 centipoise; 
(d) providing power to the motor to pump the viscous fluid; and 
(e) causing a decrease in the viscosity of the viscous fluid as it discharges from the impellers.

2. A method of pumping a viscous material in a well with a submersible pump assembly comprising the following steps:
(a) providing a centrifugal pump with a plurality of impellers, each of the impellers having vanes with an exit angle of greater than 30 degrees; 
(b) connecting an electric motor directly to the pump for driving the pump; 
(c) lowering the pump and the motor into a viscous fluid in the well having a viscosity of at least 500 centipoise; 
(d) providing power to the motor to pump the viscous fluid; 
(e) causing a decrease in the viscosity of the viscous fluid as it discharges from the impellers; and 
wherein step (a) comprises providing impellers with a ratio of diffuser height to impeller diameter of at least 0.70.

3. The method of claim 2, wherein providing the power to the motor further comprises rotating the pump with a speed greater than 3,500 rpm.

4. A method of pumping a viscous material in a well with a submersible pump assembly comprising the following steps:
(a) providing a centrifugal pump with a plurality of impellers, each of the impellers having vanes with an exit angle of greater than 30 degrees; 
(b) connecting an electric motor directly to the pump for driving the pump; 
(c) lowering the pump and the motor into a viscous fluid in the well having a viscosity of at least 500 centipoise; 
(d) providing power to the motor to pump the viscous fluid; 
(e) causing a decrease in the viscosity of the viscous fluid as it discharges from the impellers; and 
wherein step (a) comprises providing the impellers with a ratio of shaft diameter to impeller diameter of at least 0.30.

5. The method of claim 4, wherein providing the power to the motor further comprises rotating the pump with a speed greater than 3,500 rpm.

6. The method of claim 4, wherein providing the power to the motor further comprises rotating the pump with a speed greater than 3,500 rpm.

7. A method of pumping a well fluid with a submersible pump assembly comprising the following steps:
(a) providing a centrifugal pump having a plurality of zones, with each zone comprising a plurality of impellers with impeller vanes that have exit angles, wherein the exit angles in one zone differ from the exit angles in another zone and the exit angles of the impellers in each zone decrease from one zone to another in a downstream direction; 
(b) connecting an electric motor to the pump; 
(c) lowering the pump and the motor into the well fluid in the well; 
(d) providing power to the motor to rotate the pump; and 
(e) causing the well fluid to be pumped by the pump, the exit angles of the impellers in a first upstream zone causing a decrease in a viscosity of the well fluid.

8. The method of claim 7, wherein the exit angles of each zone are greater than 30 degrees.

9. A method of pumping a viscous fluid in a well with a submersible pump assembly comprising the following steps:
(a) providing a centrifugal pump comprising a plurality of impellers; 
(b) connecting an electric motor to the pump; 
(c) lowering the pump and the motor into the viscous fluid, which has a viscosity of at least 500 centipoise, in the well; 
(d) providing power to the motor to rotate the pump with a speed greater than 3,500 rpm; 
(e) causing the viscosity of the viscous fluid to decrease due to the speed of rotation; and wherein step (a) comprises providing the pump with a plurality of impellers each having a ratio of shaft diameter to impeller diameter of at least 0.30.

10. A method of pumping a viscous fluid in a well with a submersible pump assembly comprising the following steps:
(a) providing a centrifugal pump comprising a plurality of impellers; 
(b) connecting an electric motor to the pump; 
(c) lowering the pump and the motor into the viscous fluid, which has a viscosity of at least 500 centipoise, in the well; 
(d) providing power to the motor to rotate the pump with a speed greater than 3,500 rpm; 
(e) causing the viscosity of the viscous fluid to decrease due to the speed of rotation; and 
wherein step (a) comprises providing the pump with a plurality of impellers each having a ratio of diffuser height to impeller diameter of at least 0.70.

11. A method of pumping a viscous fluid in a well with a submersible pump assembly comprising the following steps:
(a) providing a centrifugal pump comprising a plurality of impellers, the pump including a plurality of zones, with each zone comprising a plurality of impeller vanes that have exit angles greater than 30 degrees, and the exit angles in each zone decreasing from one zone to another in a downstream direction; 
(b) connecting an electric motor to the centrifugal pump; 
(c) lowering the centrifugal pump and the motor into the viscous fluid, which has a viscosity of at least 500 centipoise, in the well; 
(d) providing power to the motor to rotate the centrifugal pump with a speed greater than 3,500 rpm; and 
(e) causing the viscosity of the viscous fluid to decrease due to the speed of rotation.

12. A well comprising the following:
(a) a casing; 
(b) a viscous well fluid with a viscosity of at least 500 centipoise contained in the casing; and 
(c) a centrifugal pump located in the casing, the pump having a plurality of impellers, each having a plurality of impeller vanes that have an exit angle of greater than 30 degrees to pump the viscous fluid, the viscosity of the viscous fluid being decreased as it discharges from the impellers; and 
wherein the centrifugal pump comprises a plurality of zones, with each zone comprising a plurality of the impellers and wherein the exit angles of the impellers in each zone decrease from one zone to another in a downstream direction.

13. A well comprising the following:
(a) a casing; 
(b) a viscous well fluid with a viscosity of at least 500 centipoise contained in the casing; and 
(c) a centrifugal pump located in the casing, the pump having a plurality of impellers, each having a plurality of impeller vanes that have an exit angle of greater than 30 degrees to pump the viscous fluid, the viscosity of the viscous fluid being decreased as it discharges from the impellers; and 
wherein the impellers have a ratio of shaft diameter to impeller diameter of at least 0.30.

14. A well comprising the following:
(a) a casing; 
(b) a viscous well fluid with a viscosity of at least 500 centipoise contained in the casing; and 
(c) a centrifugal pump located in the casing, the pump having a plurality of impellers, each having a plurality of impeller vanes that have an exit angle of greater than 30 degrees to pump the viscous fluid, the viscosity of the viscous fluid being decreased as it discharges from the impellers; and 
wherein step (c) comprises providing impellers with a ratio of diffuser height to impeller diameter of at least 0.70.

15. A submersible pump assembly comprising a centrifugal pump having a plurality of zones contained within the centrifugal pump, with each zone comprising a plurality of impellers that have an exit angles, the exit angles differing from one zone to another zone; and
wherein the exit angles decrease from one zone to another in a downstream direction.

16. A submersible pump assembly comprising the following:
(a) a centrifugal pump comprising a plurality of impellers having a ratio of shaft diameter to impeller diameter of at least 0.30; 
(b) an electric motor for rotating the impeller at a speed greater than 3,500 rpm; and 
(c) a seal section located between the motor and the pump for equalizing hydrostatic pressure between the exterior of the motor with lubricant inside the motor.

17. The submersible pump assembly of claim 16, wherein the impellers have a ratio of diffuser height to impeller diameter of at least 0.70.

18. The submersible pump assembly of claim 16, wherein the impellers have exit angles greater than 30 degrees.

19. A submersible pump assembly comprising the following:
(a) a centrifugal pump comprising a plurality of impellers having a ratio of diffuser height to impeller diameter of at least 0.70; 
(a) an electric motor for rotating the shaft at a speed greater than 3,500 rpm; and 
(b) a seal section located between the motor and the pump for equalizing hydrostatic pressure between the exterior of the motor with lubricant inside the motor.

20. The submersible pump assembly of claim 19, wherein the impellers have exit angles greater than 30 degrees.