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  Titles I and V of the Americans with Disabilities Act of 1990 (ADA)

                      
                        

          
          
                        Titles I and V of the Americans with Disabilities Act of 1990 (ADA)
              


          
  *EDITOR'S NOTE: The following is the text of Titles I and V of the Americans with Disabilities Act of 1990 (Pub. L. 101-336) (ADA), as amended, as these titles will appear in volume 42 of the United States Code, beginning at section 12101. Title I of the ADA, which became effective for employers with 25 or more employees on July 26, 1992, prohibits employment discrimination against qualified individuals with disabilities. Since July 26, 1994, Title I has applied to employers with 15 or more employees. Title V contains miscellaneous provisions which apply to EEOC's enforcement of Title I.**The Civil Rights Act of 1991 (Pub. L. 102-166) (CRA) amended sections 101(4), 102 and 509 of the ADA. In addition, section 102 of the CRA (which is printed elsewhere in this publication) amended the statutes by adding a new section following section 1977 (42 U.S.C. 1981) to provide for the recovery of compensatory and punitive damages in cases of intentional violations of Title VII, the ADA, and section 501 of the Rehabilitation Act of 1973 (Rehab Act). The**Americans with Disabilities Act Amendments Act of 2008**(Pub. L. 110-325) (ADAAA) amended sections 12101, 12102, 12111 to 12114, 12201 and 12210 of the ADA and section 705 of the Rehab Act. The ADAAA also enacted sections 12103 and 12205a and redesignated sections 12206 to 12213. The ADAAA also included findings and purposes that will not be codified.**Most recently, the Lilly Ledbetter Fair Pay Act of 2009 (Pub. L. 111-2) amended Title VII, the Age Discrimination in Employment Act of 1967, the ADA and the Rehab Act to clarify the time frame in which victims of discrimination may challenge and recover for discriminatory compensation decisions or other discriminatory practices affecting compensation.**ADAAA amendments and Lilly Ledbetter Fair Pay Act amendments appear in boldface type. Cross references to the ADA as enacted appear in italics following each section heading. Editor's notes also appear in italics.*An Act to establish a clear and comprehensive prohibition ofdiscrimination on the basis of disability.Be it enacted by the Senate and House of Representatives of the United States of America assembled, that this Act may be cited as the "Americans with Disabilities Act of 1990".* * *FINDINGS AND PURPOSESSEC. 12101. *[Section 2]*(a) Findings. - The Congress finds that-(1) **physical or mental disabilities in no way diminish a person's right to fully participate in all aspects of society, yet many people with physical or mental disabilities have been precluded from doing so because of discrimination; others who have a record of a disability or are regarded as having a disability also have been subjected to discrimination;**(2) historically, society has tended to isolate and segregate individuals with disabilities, and, despite some improvements, such forms of discrimination against individuals with disabilities continue to be a serious and pervasive social problem;(3) discrimination against individuals with disabilities persists in such critical areas as employment, housing, public accommodations, education, transportation, communication, recreation, institutionalization, health services, voting, and access to public services;(4) unlike individuals who have experienced discrimination on the basis of race, color, sex, national origin, religion, or age, individuals who have experienced discrimination on the basis of disability have often had no legal recourse to redress such discrimination;(5) individuals with disabilities continually encounter various forms of discrimination, including outright intentional exclusion, the discriminatory effects of architectural, transportation, and communication barriers, overprotective rules and policies, failure to make modifications to existing facilities and practices, exclusionary qualification standards and criteria, segregation, and relegation to lesser services, programs, activities, benefits, jobs, or other opportunities;(6) census data, national polls, and other studies have documented that people with disabilities, as a group, occupy an inferior status in our society, and are severely disadvantaged socially, vocationally, economically, and educationally;(**7**) the Nation's proper goals regarding individuals with disabilities are to assure equality of opportunity, full participation, independent living, and economic self­-sufficiency for such individuals; and(**8**) the continuing existence of unfair and unnecessary discrimination and prejudice denies people with disabilities the opportunity to compete on an equal basis and to pursue those opportunities for which our free society is justifiably famous, and costs the United States billions of dollars in unnecessary expenses resulting from dependency and nonproductivity.(b) Purpose. - It is the purpose of this chapter-(1) to provide a clear and comprehensive national mandate for the elimination of discrimination against individuals with disabilities;(2) to provide clear, strong, consistent, enforceable standards addressing discrimination against individuals with disabilities;(3) to ensure that the Federal Government plays a central role in enforcing the standards established in this chapter on behalf of individuals with disabilities; and(4) to invoke the sweep of congressional authority, including the power to enforce the fourteenth amendment and to regulate commerce, in order to address the major areas of discrimination faced day ­to­ day by people with disabilities.DEFINITION **OF DISABILITY**SEC. 12102. *[Section 3]*As used in this chapter:(**1**) Disability. - The term "disability" means, with respect to an individual-(A) a physical or mental impairment that substantially limits one or more major life activities of such individual;(B) a record of such an impairment; or(C) being regarded as having such an impairment **(as described in paragraph (3))**.**(2) Major life activities****A) In general****For purposes of paragraph (1), major life activities include, but are not limited to, caring for oneself, performing manual tasks, seeing, hearing, eating, sleeping, walking, standing, lifting, bending, speaking, breathing, learning, reading, concentrating, thinking, communicating, and working.****(B) Major bodily functions****For purposes of paragraph (1), a major life activity also includes the operation of a major bodily function, including but not limited to, functions of the immune system, normal cell growth, digestive, bowel, bladder, neurological, brain, respiratory, circulatory, endocrine, and reproductive functions.****(3) Regarded as having such an impairment****For purposes of paragraph (1)(C):****(A) An individual meets the requirement of "being regarded as having such an impairment" if the individual establishes that he or she has been subjected to an action prohibited under this chapter because of an actual or perceived physical or mental impairment whether or not the impairment limits or is perceived to limit a major life activity.****(B) Paragraph (1)(C) shall not apply to impairments that are transitory and minor. A transitory impairment is an impairment with an actual or expected duration of 6 months or less.****(4) Rules of construction regarding the definition of disability****The definition of "disability" in paragraph (1) shall be construed in accordance with the following:****(A) The definition of disability in this chapter shall be construed in favor of broad coverage of individuals under this chapter, to the maximum extent permitted by the terms of this chapter.****(B) The term "substantially limits" shall be interpreted consistently with the****findings and purposes of the ADA Amendments Act of 2008****.****(C) An impairment that substantially limits one major life activity need not limit other major life activities in order to be considered a disability.****(D) An impairment that is episodic or in remission is a disability if it would substantially limit a major life activity when active.****(E)(i) The determination of whether an impairment substantially limits a major life activity shall be made without regard to the ameliorative effects of mitigating measures such as-****(I) medication, medical supplies, equipment, or appliances, low-vision devices (which do not include ordinary eyeglasses or contact lenses), prosthetics including limbs and devices, hearing aids and cochlear implants or other implantable hearing devices, mobility devices, or oxygen therapy equipment and supplies;****(II) use of assistive technology;****(III) reasonable accommodations or auxiliary aids or services; or****(IV) learned behavioral or adaptive neurological modifications.****(ii) The ameliorative effects of the mitigating measures of ordinary eyeglasses or contact lenses shall be considered in determining whether an impairment substantially limits a major life activity.****(iii) As used in this subparagraph-****(I) the term "ordinary eyeglasses or contact lenses" means lenses that are intended to fully correct visual acuity or eliminate refractive error; and****(II) the term "low-vision devices" means devices that magnify, enhance, or otherwise augment a visual image.**ADDITIONAL DEFINITIONS**SEC. 12103.*****[Section 4]***As used in this chapter:(1) Auxiliary aids and services. - The term "auxiliary aids and services" includes-(A) qualified interpreters or other effective methods of making aurally delivered materials available to individuals with hearing impairments;(B) qualified readers, taped texts, or other effective methods of making visually delivered materials available to individuals with visual impairments;(C) acquisition or modification of equipment or devices; and(D) other similar services and actions.**(2)** State. - The term "State" means each of the several States, the District of Columbia, the Commonwealth of Puerto Rico, Guam, American Samoa, the Virgin Islands of the United States, the Trust Territory of the Pacific Islands, and the Commonwealth of the Northern Mariana Islands.SUBCHAPTER I *[TITLE I]* - EMPLOYMENTDEFINITIONSSEC. 12111. *[Section 101]*As used in this subchapter:(1) Commission. - The term "Commission" means the Equal Employment Opportunity Commission established by section 2000e-4 of this title *[section 705 of the Civil Rights Act of 1964]*.(2) Covered entity. - The term "covered entity" means an employer, employment agency, labor organization, or joint labor ­management committee.(3) Direct threat. - The term "direct threat" means a significant risk to the health or safety of others that cannot be eliminated by reasonable accommodation.(4) Employee. - The term "employee" means an individual employed by an employer. With respect to employment in a foreign country, such term includes an individual who is a citizen of the United States.(5) Employer. -(A) In general. - The term "employer" means a person engaged in an industry affecting commerce who has 15 or more employees for each working day in each of 20 or more calendar weeks in the current or preceding calendar year, and any agent of such person, except that, for two years following the effective date of this subchapter, an employer means a person engaged in an industry affecting commerce who has 25 or more employees for each working day in each of 20 or more calendar weeks in the current or preceding year, and any agent of such person.(B) Exceptions. - The term "employer" does not include-(i) the United States, a corporation wholly owned by the government of the United States, or an Indian tribe; or(ii) a bona fide private membership club (other than a labor organization) that is exempt from taxation under section 501(c) of Title 26 *[the Internal Revenue Code of 1986]*.(6) Illegal use of drugs. -(A) In general. - The term "illegal use of drugs" means the use of drugs, the possession or distribution of which is unlawful under the Controlled Substances Act [21 U.S.C. 801 et seq.]. Such term does not include the use of a drug taken under supervision by a licensed health care professional, or other uses authorized by the Controlled Substances Act or other provisions of Federal law.(B) Drugs. - The term "drug" means a controlled substance, as defined in schedules I through V of section 202 of the Controlled Substances Act [21 U.S.C. 812].(7) Person, etc. - The terms "person", "labor organization", "employment agency", "commerce", and "industry affecting commerce", shall have the same meaning given such terms in section 2000e of this title *[section 701 of the Civil Rights Act of 1964]*.(8) **Qualified individual. - The term "qualified individual" means an individual** who, with or without reasonable accommodation, can perform the essential functions of the employment position that such individual holds or desires. For the purposes of this subchapter, consideration shall be given to the employer's judgment as to what functions of a job are essential, and if an employer has prepared a written description before advertising or interviewing applicants for the job, this description shall be considered evidence of the essential functions of the job.(9) Reasonable accommodation. - The term "reasonable accommodation" may include-(A) making existing facilities used by employees readily accessible to and usable by individuals with disabilities; and(B) job restructuring, part-­time or modified work schedules, reassignment to a vacant position, acquisition or modification of equipment or devices, appropriate adjustment or modifications of examinations, training materials or policies, the provision of qualified readers or interpreters, and other similar accommodations for individuals with disabilities.(10) Undue hardship. -(A) In general. - The term "undue hardship" means an action requiring significant difficulty or expense, when considered in light of the factors set forth in subparagraph (B).(B) Factors to be considered. - In determining whether an accommodation would impose an undue hardship on a covered entity, factors to be considered include-(i) the nature and cost of the accommodation needed under this chapter;(ii) the overall financial resources of the facility or facilities involved in the provision of the reasonable accommodation; the number of persons employed at such facility; the effect on expenses and resources, or the impact otherwise of such accommodation upon the operation of the facility;(iii) the overall financial resources of the covered entity; the overall size of the business of a covered entity with respect to the number of its employees; the number, type, and location of its facilities; and(iv) the type of operation or operations of the covered entity, including the composition, structure, and functions of the workforce of such entity; the geographic separateness, administrative, or fiscal relationship of the facility or facilities in question to the covered entity.DISCRIMINATIONSEC. 12112. *[Section 102]*(a) General rule. - No covered entity shall discriminate against a qualified individual **on the basis of disability** in regard to job application procedures, the hiring, advancement, or discharge of employees, employee compensation, job training, and other terms, conditions, and privileges of employment.(b) Construction. - As used in subsection (a) of this section, the term "discriminate **against a qualified individual on the basis of disability"** includes-(1) limiting, segregating, or classifying a job applicant or employee in a way that adversely affects the opportunities or status of such applicant or employee because of the disability of such applicant or employee;(2) participating in a contractual or other arrangement or relationship that has the effect of subjecting a covered entity's qualified applicant or employee with a disability to the discrimination prohibited by this subchapter (such relationship includes a relationship with an employment or referral agency, labor union, an organization providing fringe benefits to an employee of the covered entity, or an organization providing training and apprenticeship programs);(3) utilizing standards, criteria, or methods of administration-(A) that have the effect of discrimination on the basis of disability; or(B) that perpetuate the discrimination of others who are subject to common administrative control;(4) excluding or otherwise denying equal jobs or benefits to a qualified individual because of the known disability of an individual with whom the qualified individual is known to have a relationship or association;(5) (A) not making reasonable accommodations to the known physical or mental limitations of an otherwise qualified individual with a disability who is an applicant or employee, unless such covered entity can demonstrate that the accommodation would impose an undue hardship on the operation of the business of such covered entity; or(B) denying employment opportunities to a job applicant or employee who is an otherwise qualified individual with a disability, if such denial is based on the need of such covered entity to make reasonable accommodation to the physical or mental impairments of the employee or applicant;(6) using qualification standards, employment tests or other selection criteria that screen out or tend to screen out an individual with a disability or a class of individuals with disabilities unless the standard, test or other selection criteria, as used by the covered entity, is shown to be job­-related for the position in question and is consistent with business necessity; and(7) failing to select and administer tests concerning employment in the most effective manner to ensure that, when such test is administered to a job applicant or employee who has a disability that impairs sensory, manual, or speaking skills, such test results accurately reflect the skills, aptitude, or whatever other factor of such applicant or employee that such test purports to measure, rather than reflecting the impaired sensory, manual, or speaking skills of such employee or applicant (except where such skills are the factors that the test purports to measure).(c) Covered entities in foreign countries. -(1) In general. - It shall not be unlawful under this section for a covered entity to take any action that constitutes discrimination under this section with respect to an employee in a workplace in a foreign country if compliance with this section would cause such covered entity to violate the law of the foreign country in which such workplace is located.(2) Control of corporation(A) Presumption. - If an employer controls a corporation whose place of incorporation is a foreign country, any practice that constitutes discrimination under this section and is engaged in by such corporation shall be presumed to be engaged in by such employer.(B) Exception. - This section shall not apply with respect to the foreign operations of an employer that is a foreign person not controlled by an American employer.(C) Determination. - For purposes of this paragraph, the determination of whether an employer controls a corporation shall be based on-(i) the interrelation of operations;(ii) the common management;(iii) the centralized control of labor relations; and(iv) the common ownership or financial control, of the employer and the corporation.(d) Medical examinations and inquiries. -(1) In general. - The prohibition against discrimination as referred to in subsection (a) of this section shall include medical examinations and inquiries.(2) Pre-employment. -(A) Prohibited examination or inquiry. - Except as provided in paragraph (3), a covered entity shall not conduct a medical examination or make inquiries of a job applicant as to whether such applicant is an individual with a disability or as to the nature or severity of such disability.(B) Acceptable inquiry. - A covered entity may make pre-employment inquiries into the ability of an applicant to perform job-­related functions.(3) Employment entrance examination. - A covered entity may require a medical examination after an offer of employment has been made to a job applicant and prior to the commencement of the employment duties of such applicant, and may condition an offer of employment on the results of such examination, if-(A) all entering employees are subjected to such an examination regardless of disability;(B) information obtained regarding the medical condition or history of the applicant is collected and maintained on separate forms and in separate medical files and is treated as a confidential medical record, except that-(i) supervisors and managers may be informed regarding necessary restrictions on the work or duties of the employee and necessary accommodations;(ii) first aid and safety personnel may be informed, when appropriate, if the disability might require emergency treatment; and(iii) government officials investigating compliance with this chapter shall be provided relevant information on request; and(C) the results of such examination are used only in accordance with this subchapter.(4) Examination and inquiry. -(A) Prohibited examinations and inquiries. - A covered entity shall not require a medical examination and shall not make inquiries of an employee as to whether such employee is an individual with a disability or as to the nature or severity of the disability, unless such examination or inquiry is shown to be job­related and consistent with business necessity.(B) Acceptable examinations and inquiries. - A covered entity may conduct voluntary medical examinations, including voluntary medical histories, which are part of an employee health program available to employees at that work site. A covered entity may make inquiries into the ability of an employee to perform job­-related functions.(C) Requirement. - Information obtained under subparagraph (B) regarding the medical condition or history of any employee are subject to the requirements of subparagraphs (B) and (C) of paragraph (3).DEFENSESSEC. 12113. *[Section 103]*(a) In general. - It may be a defense to a charge of discrimination under this chapter that an alleged application of qualification standards, tests, or selection criteria that screen out or tend to screen out or otherwise deny a job or benefit to an individual with a disability has been shown to be job­-related and consistent with business necessity, and such performance cannot be accomplished by reasonable accommodation, as required under this subchapter.(b) Qualification standards. - The term "qualification standards" may include a requirement that an individual shall not pose a direct threat to the health or safety of other individuals in the workplace.**(c) Qualification standards and tests related to uncorrected vision. - Notwithstanding section 12102(4)(E)(ii) of this title, a covered entity shall not use qualification standards, employment tests, or other selection criteria based on an individual's uncorrected vision unless the standard, test, or other selection criteria, as used by the covered entity, is shown to be job-related for the position in question and consistent with business necessity.****(d)** Religious entities. -(1) In general. - This subchapter shall not prohibit a religious corporation, association, educational institution, or society from giving preference in employment to individuals of a particular religion to perform work connected with the carrying on by such corporation, association, educational institution, or society of its activities.(2) Religious tenets requirement. - Under this subchapter, a religious organization may require that all applicants and employees conform to the religious tenets of such organization.**(e)** List of infectious and communicable diseases. -(1) In general. - The Secretary of Health and Human Services, not later than 6 months after July 26, 1990 *[the date of enactment of this* *Act]*, shall-(A) review all infectious and communicable diseases which may be transmitted through handling the food supply;(B) publish a list of infectious and communicable diseases which are transmitted through handling the food supply;(C) publish the methods by which such diseases are transmitted; and(D) widely disseminate such information regarding the list of diseases and their modes of transmissibility to the general public. Such list shall be updated annually.(2) Applications. - In any case in which an individual has an infectious or communicable disease that is transmitted to others through the handling of food, that is included on the list developed by the Secretary of Health and Human Services under paragraph (1), and which cannot be eliminated by reasonable accommodation, a covered entity may refuse to assign or continue to assign such individual to a job involving food handling.(3) Construction. - Nothing in this chapter shall be construed to preempt, modify, or amend any State, county, or local law, ordinance, or regulation applicable to food handling which is designed to protect the public health from individuals who pose a significant risk to the health or safety of others, which cannot be eliminated by reasonable accommodation, pursuant to the list of infectious or communicable diseases and the modes of transmissibility published by the Secretary of Health and Human Services.ILLEGAL USE OF DRUGS AND ALCOHOLSEC. 12114. *[Section 104]*(a) Qualified individual with a disability. - For purposes of this subchapter, **a qualified individual with a disability** shall not include any employee or applicant who is currently engaging in the illegal use of drugs, when the covered entity acts on the basis of such use.(b) Rules of construction. - Nothing in subsection (a) of this section shall be construed to exclude as a qualified individual with a disability an individual who-(1) has successfully completed a supervised drug rehabilitation program and is no longer engaging in the illegal use of drugs, or has otherwise been rehabilitated successfully and is no longer engaging in such use;(2) is participating in a supervised rehabilitation program and is no longer engaging in such use; or(3) is erroneously regarded as engaging in such use, but is not engaging in such use; except that it shall not be a violation of this chapter for a covered entity to adopt or administer reasonable policies or procedures, including but not limited to drug testing, designed to ensure that an individual described in paragraph (1) or (2) is no longer engaging in the illegal use of drugs.(c) Authority of covered entity. -A covered entity-(1) may prohibit the illegal use of drugs and the use of alcohol at the workplace by all employees;(2) may require that employees shall not be under the influence of alcohol or be engaging in the illegal use of drugs at the workplace;(3) may require that employees behave in conformance with the requirements established under the Drug ­Free Workplace Act of 1988 (41 U.S.C. 701 et seq.);(4) may hold an employee who engages in the illegal use of drugs or who is an alcoholic to the same qualification standards for employment or job performance and behavior that such entity holds other employees, even if any unsatisfactory performance or behavior is related to the drug use or alcoholism of such employee; and (5) may, with respect to Federal regulations regarding alcohol and the illegal use of drugs, require that-(A) employees comply with the standards established in such regulations of the Department of Defense, if the employees of the covered entity are employed in an industry subject to such regulations, including complying with regulations (if any) that apply to employment in sensitive positions in such an industry, in the case of employees of the covered entity who are employed in such positions (as defined in the regulations of the Department of Defense);(B) employees comply with the standards established in such regulations of the Nuclear Regulatory Commission, if the employees of the covered entity are employed in an industry subject to such regulations, including complying with regulations (if any) that apply to employment in sensitive positions in such an industry, in the case of employees of the covered entity who are employed in such positions (as defined in the regulations of the Nuclear Regulatory Commission); and(C) employees comply with the standards established in such regulations of the Department of Transportation, if the employees of the covered entity are employed in a transportation industry subject to such regulations, including complying with such regulations (if any) that apply to employment in sensitive positions in such an industry, in the case of employees of the covered entity who are employed in such positions (as defined in the regulations of the Department of Transportation).(d) Drug testing. -(1) In general. - For purposes of this subchapter, a test to determine the illegal use of drugs shall not be considered a medical examination.(2) Construction. - Nothing in this subchapter shall be construed to encourage, prohibit, or authorize the conducting of drug testing for the illegal use of drugs by job applicants or employees or making employment decisions based on such test results.(e) Transportation employees. - Nothing in this subchapter shall be construed to encourage, prohibit, restrict, or authorize the otherwise lawful exercise by entities subject to the jurisdiction of the Department of Transportation of authority to-(1) test employees of such entities in, and applicants for, positions involving safety­ sensitive duties for the illegal use of drugs and for on­ duty impairment by alcohol; and(2) remove such persons who test positive for illegal use of drugs and on ­duty impairment by alcohol pursuant to paragraph (1) from safety­ sensitive duties in implementing subsection (c) of this section.POSTING NOTICESSEC. 12115. *[Section 105]*Every employer, employment agency, labor organization, or joint labor­ management committee covered under this subchapter shall post notices in an accessible format to applicants, employees, and members describing the applicable provisions of this chapter, in the manner prescribed by section 2000e-10 of this title *[section 711 of the Civil* *Rights Act of 1964]*.REGULATIONSSEC. 12116. *[Section 106]*Not later than 1 year after July 26, 1990 *[the date of enactment of* *this Act]*, the Commission shall issue regulations in an accessible format to carry out this subchapter in accordance with subchapter II of chapter 5 of title 5 *[United States Code]*.ENFORCEMENTSEC. 12117. *[Section 107]*(a) Powers, remedies, and procedures. - The powers, remedies, and procedures set forth in sections 2000e-4, 2000e-5, 2000e-6, 2000e-8, and 2000e-9 of this title *[sections 705, 706, 707, 709 and 710 of the Civil* *Rights Act of 1964]* shall be the powers, remedies, and procedures this subchapter provides to the Commission, to the Attorney General, or to any person alleging discrimination on the basis of disability in violation of any provision of this chapter, or regulations promulgated under section 12116 of this title *[section 106]*, concerning employment.(b) Coordination. - The agencies with enforcement authority for actions which allege employment discrimination under this subchapter and under the Rehabilitation Act of 1973 *[29 U.S.C. 701 et seq.]* shall develop procedures to ensure that administrative complaints filed under this subchapter and under the Rehabilitation Act of 1973 are dealt with in a manner that avoids duplication of effort and prevents imposition of inconsistent or conflicting standards for the same requirements under this subchapter and the Rehabilitation Act of 1973. The Commission, the Attorney General, and the Office of Federal Contract Compliance Programs shall establish such coordinating mechanisms (similar to provisions contained in the joint regulations promulgated by the Commission and the Attorney General at part 42 of title 28 and part 1691 of title 29, Code of Federal Regulations, and the Memorandum of Understanding between the Commission and the Office of Federal Contract Compliance Programs dated January 16, 1981 (46 Fed. Reg. 7435, January 23, 1981)) in regulations implementing this subchapter and Rehabilitation Act of 1973 not later than 18 months after July 26, 1990 *[the date of enactment of this Act]*.***[42 USC § 2000e-5 note]*****(a) AMERICANS WITH DISABILITIES ACT OF 1990. - The amendments made by section 3*****[Lilly Ledbetter Fair Pay Act of 2009, PL 111-2, 123 Stat. 5]*****shall apply to claims of discrimination in compensation brought under title I and section 503 of the Americans with Disabilities Act of 1990 (42 U.S.C. 12111 et seq., 12203), pursuant to section 107(a) of such Act (42 U.S.C. 12117(a)), which adopts the powers, remedies, and procedures set forth in section 706 of the Civil Rights Act of 1964 (42 U.S.C. 2000e-5).**SUBCHAPTER IV *[TITLE V]* - MISCELLANEOUS PROVISIONSCONSTRUCTIONSEC. 12201. *[Section 501]*(a) In general. - Except as otherwise provided in this chapter, nothing in this chapter shall be construed to apply a lesser standard than the standards applied under Title V of the Rehabilitation Act of 1973 (29 U.S.C. 790 et seq.) or the regulations issued by Federal agencies pursuant to such title.(b) Relationship to other laws. - Nothing in this chapter shall be construed to invalidate or limit the remedies, rights, and procedures of any Federal law or law of any State or political subdivision of any State or jurisdiction that provides greater or equal protection for the rights of individuals with disabilities than are afforded by this chapter. Nothing in this chapter shall be construed to preclude the prohibition of, or the imposition of restrictions on, smoking in places of employment covered by subchapter I of this chapter *[title I]*, in transportation covered by subchapter II or III of this chapter *[title* *II or III]*, or in places of public accommodation covered by subchapter III of this chapter *[title III]*.(c) Insurance. - Subchapters I through III of this chapter *[titles I through III]* and title IV of this Act shall not be construed to prohibit or restrict-(1) an insurer, hospital or medical service company, health maintenance organization, or any agent, or entity that administers benefit plans, or similar organizations from underwriting risks, classifying risks, or administering such risks that are based on or not inconsistent with State law; or(2) a person or organization covered by this chapter from establishing, sponsoring, observing or administering the terms of a bona fide benefit plan that are based on underwriting risks, classifying risks, or administering such risks that are based on or not inconsistent with State law; or(3) a person or organization covered by this chapter from establishing, sponsoring, observing or administering the terms of a bona fide benefit plan that is not subject to State laws that regulate insurance.Paragraphs (1), (2), and (3) shall not be used as a subterfuge to evade the purposes of subchapter I and III of this chapter *[titles I and* *III]*.(d) Accommodations and services. - Nothing in this chapter shall be construed to require an individual with a disability to accept an accommodation, aid, service, opportunity, or benefit which such individual chooses not to accept.**(e) Benefits under State worker's compensation laws****Nothing in this chapter alters the standards for determining eligibility for benefits under State worker's compensation laws or under State and Federal disability benefit programs.****(f) Fundamental alteration****Nothing in this chapter alters the provision of section 12182(b)(2)(A)(ii) of this title, specifying that reasonable modifications in policies, practices, or procedures shall be required, unless an entity can demonstrate that making such modifications in policies, practices, or procedures, including academic requirements in postsecondary education, would fundamentally alter the nature of the goods, services, facilities, privileges, advantages, or accommodations involved.****(g) Claims of no disability****Nothing in this chapter shall provide the basis for a claim by an individual without a disability that the individual was subject to discrimination because of the individual's lack of disability.****(h) Reasonable accommodations and modifications****A covered entity under subchapter I of this chapter, a public entity under subchapter II of this chapter, and any person who owns, leases (or leases to), or operates a place of public accommodation under subchapter III of this chapter, need not provide a reasonable accommodation or a reasonable modification to policies, practices, or procedures to an individual who meets the definition of disability in section 12102(1) of this title solely under subparagraph (C) of such section.**STATE IMMUNITYSEC. 12202. *[Section 502]*A State shall not be immune under the eleventh amendment to the Constitution of the United States from an action in Federal or State court of competent jurisdiction for a violation of this chapter. In any action against a State for a violation of the requirements of this chapter, remedies (including remedies both at law and in equity) are available for such a violation to the same extent as such remedies are available for such a violation in an action against any public or private entity other than a State.PROHIBITION AGAINST RETALIATION AND COERCIONSEC. 12203. *[Section 503]*(a) Retaliation. - No person shall discriminate against any individual because such individual has opposed any act or practice made unlawful by this chapter or because such individual made a charge, testified, assisted, or participated in any manner in an investigation, proceeding, or hearing under this chapter.(b) Interference, coercion, or intimidation. - It shall be unlawful to coerce, intimidate, threaten, or interfere with any individual in the exercise or enjoyment of, or on account of his or her having exercised or enjoyed, or on account of his or her having aided or encouraged any other individual in the exercise or enjoyment of, any right granted or protected by this chapter.(c) Remedies and procedures. - The remedies and procedures available under sections 12117, 12133, and 12188 of this title *[sections 107, 203 and* *308]* shall be available to aggrieved persons for violations of subsections (a) and (b) of this section, with respect to subchapter I, subchapter II and subchapter III, respectively, of this chapter *[title* *I, title II and title III, respectively]*.***[42 USC § 2000e-5 note]*****(a) AMERICANS WITH DISABILITIES ACT OF 1990. - The amendments made by section 3*****[Lilly Ledbetter Fair Pay Act of 2009, PL 111-2, 123 Stat. 5]*****shall apply to claims of discrimination in compensation brought under title I and section 503 of the Americans with Disabilities Act of 1990 (42 U.S.C. 12111 et seq., 12203), pursuant to section 107(a) of such Act (42 U.S.C. 12117(a)), which adopts the powers, remedies, and procedures set forth in section 706 of the Civil Rights Act of 1964 (42 U.S.C. 2000e-5).**REGULATIONS BY THE ARCHITECTURAL AND TRANSPORTATION BARRIERS COMPLIANCE BOARDSEC. 12204. *[Section 504]*(a) Issuance of guidelines. - Not later than 9 months after July 26, 1990 *[the date of enactment of this Act]*, the Architectural and Transportation Barriers Compliance Board shall issue minimum guidelines that shall supplement the existing Minimum Guidelines and Requirements for Accessible Design for purposes of subchapters II and III of this chapter *[titles II and III]*. (b) Contents of guidelines. - The supplemental guidelines issued under subsection (a) of this section shall establish additional requirements, consistent with this chapter, to ensure that buildings, facilities, rail passenger cars, and vehicles are accessible, in terms of architecture and design, transportation, and communication, to individuals with disabilities.(c) Qualified historic properties. -(1) In general. - The supplemental guidelines issued under subsection (a) of this section shall include procedures and requirements for alterations that will threaten or destroy the historic significance of qualified historic buildings and facilities as defined in 4.1.7(1)(a) of the Uniform Federal Accessibility Standards.(2) Sites eligible for listing in National Register. - With respect to alterations of buildings or facilities that are eligible for listing in the National Register of Historic Places under the National Historic Preservation Act (16 U.S.C. 470 et seq.), the guidelines described in paragraph (1) shall, at a minimum, maintain the procedures and requirements established in 4.1.7(1) and (2) of the Uniform Federal Accessibility Standards.(3) Other sites. - With respect to alterations of buildings or facilities designated as historic under State or local law, the guidelines described in paragraph (1) shall establish procedures equivalent to those established by 4.1.7(1)(b) and (c) of the Uniform Federal Accessibility Standards, and shall require, at a minimum, compliance with the requirements established in 4.1.7(2) of such standards.ATTORNEY'S FEESSEC. 12205. *[Section 505]*In any action or administrative proceeding commenced pursuant to this chapter, the court or agency, in its discretion, may allow the prevailing party, other than the United States, a reasonable attorney's fee, including litigation expenses, and costs, and the United States shall be liable for the foregoing the same as a private individual.**Rule of construction regarding regulatory authority****SEC. 12205a. [Section 506]****The authority to issue regulations granted to the Equal Employment Opportunity Commission, the Attorney General, and the Secretary of Transportation under this chapter includes the authority to issue regulations implementing the definitions of disability in section 12102 of this title (including rules of construction) and the definitions in section 12103 of this title, consistent with the ADA Amendments Act of 2008.**TECHNICAL ASSISTANCESEC. 12206. *[Section **507**]*(a) Plan for assistance. -(1) In general. - Not later than 180 days after July 26, 1990 *[the date of enactment of this Act]*, the Attorney General, in consultation with the Chair of the Equal Employment Opportunity Commission, the Secretary of Transportation, the Chair of the Architectural and Transportation Barriers Compliance Board, and the Chairman of the Federal Communications Commission, shall develop a plan to assist entities covered under this chapter, and other Federal agencies, in understanding the responsibility of such entities and agencies under this chapter.(2) Publication of plan. - The Attorney General shall publish the plan referred to in paragraph (1) for public comment in accordance with subchapter II of chapter 5 of title 5 *[United States Code]* (commonly known as the Administrative Procedure Act).(b) Agency and public assistance. - The Attorney General may obtain the assistance of other Federal agencies in carrying out subsection (a) of this section, including the National Council on Disability, the President's Committee on Employment of People with Disabilities, the Small Business Administration, and the Department of Commerce.(c) Implementation. -(1) Rendering assistance. - Each Federal agency that has responsibility under paragraph (2) for implementing this chapter may render technical assistance to individuals and institutions that have rights or duties under the respective subchapter or subchapters of this chapter for which such agency has responsibility.(2) Implementation of subchapters. -(A) Subchapter I *[Title I]*. - The Equal Employment Opportunity Commission and the Attorney General shall implement the plan for assistance developed under subsection (a) of this section, for subchapter I of this chapter *[title I]*. (B) Subchapter II *[Title II]*. -(i) Part A *[Subtitle A]*. - The Attorney General shall implement such plan for assistance for part A of subchapter II of this chapter *[subtitle A of title II]*.(ii) Part B *[Subtitle B]*. - The Secretary of Transportation shall implement such plan for assistance for part B of subchapter II of this chapter *[subtitle B of title II]*.(C) Subchapter III *[Title III]*. - The Attorney General, in coordination with the Secretary of Transportation and the Chair of the Architectural Transportation Barriers Compliance Board, shall implement such plan for assistance for subchapter III of this chapter, except for section 12184 of this title *[section 304]*, the plan for assistance for which shall be implemented by the Secretary of Transportation.(D) Title IV. - The Chairman of the Federal Communications Commission, in coordination with the Attorney General, shall implement such plan for assistance for title IV.(3) Technical assistance manuals. - Each Federal agency that has responsibility under paragraph (2) for implementing this chapter shall, as part of its implementation responsibilities, ensure the availability and provision of appropriate technical assistance manuals to individuals or entities with rights or duties under this chapter no later than six months after applicable final regulations are published under subchapters I, II, and III of this chapter *[titles I, II, and III]* and title IV.(d) Grants and contracts. -(1) In general. - Each Federal agency that has responsibility under subsection (c)(2) of this section for implementing this chapter may make grants or award contracts to effectuate the purposes of this section, subject to the availability of appropriations. Such grants and contracts may be awarded to individuals, institutions not organized for profit and no part of the net earnings of which inures to the benefit of any private shareholder or individual (including educational institutions), and associations representing individuals who have rights or duties under this chapter. Contracts may be awarded to entities organized for profit, but such entities may not be the recipients or grants described in this paragraph.(2) Dissemination of information. - Such grants and contracts, among other uses, may be designed to ensure wide dissemination of information about the rights and duties established by this chapter and to provide information and technical assistance about techniques for effective compliance with this chapter.(e) Failure to receive assistance. - An employer, public accommodation, or other entity covered under this chapter shall not be excused from compliance with the requirements of this chapter because of any failure to receive technical assistance under this section, including any failure in the development or dissemination of any technical assistance manual authorized by this section.FEDERAL WILDERNESS AREASSEC. 12207. *[Section **508**]*(a) Study. - The National Council on Disability shall conduct a study and report on the effect that wilderness designations and wilderness land management practices have on the ability of individuals with disabilities to use and enjoy the National Wilderness Preservation System as established under the Wilderness Act (16 U.S.C. 1131 et seq.).(b) Submission of report. - Not later than 1 year after July 26, 1990 *[the date of enactment of this Act]*, the National Council on Disability shall submit the report required under subsection (a) of this section to Congress.(c) Specific wilderness access. -(1) In general. - Congress reaffirms that nothing in the Wilderness Act [16 U.S.C. 1131 et seq.] is to be construed as prohibiting the use of a wheelchair in a wilderness area by an individual whose disability requires use of a wheelchair, and consistent with the Wilderness Act no agency is required to provide any form of special treatment or accommodation, or to construct any facilities or modify any conditions of lands within a wilderness area in order to facilitate such use.(2) Definition. - For purposes of paragraph (1), the term "wheelchair" means a device designed solely for use by a mobility­-impaired person for locomotion, that is suitable for use in an indoor pedestrian area.TRANSVESTITESSEC. 12208. *[Section **509**]*For the purposes of this chapter, the term "disabled" or "disability" shall not apply to an individual solely because that individual is a transvestite.COVERAGE OF CONGRESS AND THE AGENCIES OF THE LEGISLATIVE BRANCHSEC. 12209. *[Section **510**]*(a) Coverage of the Senate. -(1) Commitment to Rule XLII. - The Senate reaffirms its commitment to Rule XLII of the Standing Rules of the Senate which provides as follows:"No member, officer, or employee of the Senate shall, with respect to employment by the Senate or any office thereof-"(a) fail or refuse to hire an individual;"(b) discharge an individual; or"(c) otherwise discriminate against an individual with respect to promotion, compensation, or terms, conditions, or privileges of employment on the basis of such individual's race, color, religion, sex, national origin, age, or state of physical handicap."(2) Matters other than employment. -(A) In general. - The rights and protections under this chapter shall, subject to subparagraph (B), apply with respect to the conduct of the Senate regarding matters other than employment.(B) Remedies. - The Architect of the Capitol shall establish remedies and procedures to be utilized with respect to the rights and protections provided pursuant to subparagraph (A). Such remedies and procedures shall apply exclusively, after approval in accordance with subparagraph (C).(C) Proposed remedies and procedures. - For purposes of subparagraph (B), the Architect of the Capitol shall submit proposed remedies and procedures to the Senate Committee on Rules and Administration. The remedies and procedures shall be effective upon the approval of the Committee on Rules and Administration.(3) Exercise of rulemaking power. - Notwithstanding any other provision of law, enforcement and adjudication of the rights and protections referred to in paragraph (2)(A) shall be within the exclusive jurisdiction of the United States Senate. The provisions of paragraph (1), (2) are enacted by the Senate as an exercise of the rulemaking power of the Senate, with full recognition of the right of the Senate to change its rules, in the same manner, and to the same extent, as in the case of any other rule of the Senate.(b) Coverage of the House of Representatives. -(1) In general. - Notwithstanding any other provision of this chapter or of law, the purposes of this chapter shall, subject to paragraphs (2) and (3), apply in their entirety to the House of Representatives.(2) Employment in the House. -(A) Application. - The rights and protections under this chapter shall, subject to subparagraph (B), apply with respect to any employee in an employment position in the House of Representatives and any employing authority of the House of Representatives.(B) Administration. -(i) In general. - In the administration of this paragraph, the remedies and procedures made applicable pursuant to the resolution described in clause (ii) shall apply exclusively.(ii) Resolution. - The resolution referred to in clause (i) is House Resolution 15 of the One Hundred First Congress, as agreed to January 3, 1989, or any other provision that continues in effect the provisions of, or is a successor to, the Fair Employment Practices Resolution (House Resolution 558 of the One Hundredth Congress, as agreed to October 4, 1988).(C) Exercise of rulemaking power. - The provisions of subparagraph (B) are enacted by the House of Representatives as an exercise of the rulemaking power of the House of Representatives, with full recognition of the right of the House to change its rules, in the same manner, and to the same extent as in the case of any other rule of the House.(3) Matters other than employment. -(A) In general. - The rights and protections under this chapter shall, subject to subparagraph (B), apply with respect to the conduct of the House of Representatives regarding matters other than employment.(B) Remedies. - The Architect of the Capitol shall establish remedies and procedures to be utilized with respect to the rights and protections provided pursuant to subparagraph (A). Such remedies and procedures shall apply exclusively, after approval in accordance with subparagraph (C).(C) Approval. - For purposes of subparagraph (B), the Architect of the Capitol shall submit proposed remedies and procedures to the Speaker of the House of Representatives. The remedies and procedures shall be effective upon the approval of the Speaker, after consultation with the House Office Building Commission.(c) Instrumentalities of Congress. -(1) In general. - The rights and protections under this chapter shall, subject to paragraph (2), apply with respect to the conduct of each instrumentality of the Congress.(2) Establishment of remedies and procedures by instrumentalities. - The chief official of each instrumentality of the Congress shall establish remedies and procedures to be utilized with respect to the rights and protections provided pursuant to paragraph (1). Such remedies and procedures shall apply exclusively, except for the employees who are defined as Senate employees, in section 201(c)(1) of the Civil Rights Act of 1991.(3) Report to Congress. - The chief official of each instrumentality of the Congress shall, after establishing remedies and procedures for purposes of paragraph (2), submit to the Congress a report describing the remedies and procedures.(4) Definition of instrumentalities. - For purposes of this section, instrumentalities of the Congress include the following: the Architect of the Capitol, the Congressional Budget Office, the General Accounting Office, the Government Printing Office, the Library of Congress, the Office of Technology Assessment, and the United States Botanic Garden.(5) Construction. - Nothing in this section shall alter the enforcement procedures for individuals with disabilities provided in the General Accounting Office Personnel Act of 1980 *[31 U.S.C. 731 et* *seq.]* and regulations promulgated pursuant to that Act.ILLEGAL USE OF DRUGSSEC. 12210. *[Section **511**]*(a) In general. - For purposes of this chapter, the term "individual with a disability" does not include an individual who is currently engaging in the illegal use of drugs, when the covered entity acts on the basis of such use.(b) Rules of construction. - Nothing in subsection (a) of this section shall be construed to exclude as an individual with a disability an individual who-(1) has successfully completed a supervised drug rehabilitation program and is no longer engaging in the illegal use of drugs, or has otherwise been rehabilitated successfully and is no longer engaging in such use;(2) is participating in a supervised rehabilitation program and is no longer engaging in such use; or(3) is erroneously regarded as engaging in such use, but is not engaging in such use; except that it shall not be a violation of this chapter for a covered entity to adopt or administer reasonable policies or procedures, including but not limited to drug testing, designed to ensure that an individual described in paragraph (1) or (2) is no longer engaging in the illegal use of drugs; however, nothing in this section shall be construed to encourage, prohibit, restrict, or authorize the conducting of testing for the illegal use of drugs.(c) Health and other services. - Notwithstanding subsection (a) of this section and section 12211(b)(3) of this title *[section **512**(b)(3)]*, an individual shall not be denied health services, or services provided in connection with drug rehabilitation, on the basis of the current illegal use of drugs if the individual is otherwise entitled to such services.(d) Definition of illegal use of drugs. -(1) In general. - The term "illegal use of drugs" means the use of drugs, the possession or distribution of which is unlawful under the Controlled Substances Act (21 U.S.C. 812). Such term does not include the use of a drug taken under supervision by a licensed health care professional, or other uses authorized by the Controlled Substances Act or other provisions of Federal law.(2) DrugsThe term "drug" means a controlled substance, as defined in schedules I through V of section 202 of the Controlled Substances Act *[21 U.S.C.* *812]*.DEFINITIONSSEC. 12211. *[Section **512**]*(a) Homosexuality and bisexuality. - For purposes of the definition of "disability" in section 12102(2) of this title *[section 3(2)]*, homosexuality and bisexuality are not impairments and as such are not disabilities under this chapter.(b) Certain conditions. - Under this chapter, the term "disability" shall not include-(1) transvestism, transsexualism, pedophilia, exhibitionism, voyeurism, gender identity disorders not resulting from physical impairments, or other sexual behavior disorders;(2) compulsive gambling, kleptomania, or pyromania; or(3) psychoactive substance use disorders resulting from current illegal use of drugs.ALTERNATIVE MEANS OF DISPUTE RESOLUTIONSEC. 12212. *[Section **514**]*Where appropriate and to the extent authorized by law, the use of alternative means of dispute resolution, including settlement negotiations, conciliation, facilitation, mediation, factfinding, minitrials, and arbitration, is encouraged to resolve disputes arising under this chapter.SEVERABILITYSEC. 12213. *[Section **515**]*Should any provision in this chapter be found to be unconstitutional by a court of law, such provision shall be severed from the remainder of the chapter, and such action shall not affect the enforceability of the remaining provisions of the chapter.*[Approved July 26, 1990]*
      
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