Opinion filed February 2, 2017

In The

Eleventh Court of Appeals 

__________

No. 11-15-00010-CR

__________

ROJELIO ROCKY SANTANA, JR., Appellant

V.

THE STATE OF TEXAS, Appellee

On Appeal from the 104th District Court

Taylor County, Texas

Trial Court Cause No. 19233-B

M E M O R A N D U M O P I N I O N

The jury convicted Rojelio Rocky Santana, Jr. of the felony offense of 

robbery. Appellant pleaded “true” to a prior felony alleged for enhancement 

purposes. The jury assessed punishment at confinement for thirty years in the 

Institutional Division of the Texas Department of Criminal Justice. In two issues on 

appeal, Appellant contends that the trial court erred by giving an “unrequested”
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Allen1charge during the jury’s punishment deliberations. He asserts in his first issue 

that the charge coerced the jury into assessing a substantial prison sentence, and in 

his second issue, he asserts that the charge violated Article 36.16 of the Texas Code 

of Criminal Procedure. TEX. CODE CRIM. PROC. ANN. art. 36.16 (West 2006). We 

affirm.

Background Facts

Asset protection employees at a Walmart in Abilene observed Appellant and 

a female remove two TomTom GPS systems from a locked peg hook. Appellant 

attempted to make a return with one of the GPS systems, but after being denied, he 

exited Walmart with the merchandise. Scott Blair, an asset protection employee at 

Walmart, followed Appellant outside and confronted him. Blair testified that, after 

he ordered Appellant to go back inside, Appellant pulled a knife and threatened him. 

Blair backed away, and Appellant ran off the property. Two other asset protection 

employees, Donald Greenhill and Brent Turner, testified that they saw Appellant 

with the GPS in one hand and a shiny/metal object in his other hand.

Sergeant Willie Ford of the Abilene Police Department testified that he 

received a call regarding a robbery at Walmart. After driving around the area, 

Sergeant Ford located Appellant as the person matching the suspect’s description. 

Appellant was taken into custody, but officers did not find the GPS or a knife. 

Appellant was indicted for aggravated robbery and the lesser included offense of 

robbery. The jury acquitted Appellant of aggravated robbery but found him guilty 

of robbery.

Appellant had prior convictions for assault family violence, unlawful 

possession of stolen mail, evading arrest, and possession of methamphetamine with 

intent to deliver. The indictment contained an enhancement paragraph alleging 

 

1See Allen v. United States, 164 U.S. 492, 501 (1896).
3

Appellant’s prior methamphetamine conviction.

2

 The jury found the enhancement 

to be “true” after Appellant pleaded “true” to it. Accordingly, the punishment for

Appellant’s second-degree felony conviction for robbery was enhanced to the 

punishment for a first-degree felony. See TEX. PENAL CODE ANN. § 12.42(b) (West 

Supp. 2016).

The jury began deliberating on punishment at 11:47 a.m. and, at 3:21 p.m.,

sent out a note stating, “What will happen if we are undecided?” In discussing the 

note with counsel, the trial court suggested giving the jury an Allen charge, and both 

sides expressly approved of the Allen charge being given to the jury. The trial court 

then submitted the following charge to the jury without objection:

If this jury finds itself unable to arrive at a unanimous verdict, it 

will be necessary for the court to declare a mistrial as to punishment 

and discharge the jury. The case will still be pending, and it is 

reasonable to assume that the issue of punishment will be tried again 

before another jury at some future time. Any such future jury will be

impaneled in the same way this jury has been impaneled and will likely 

hear the same evidence which has been presented to this jury. The 

questions to be determined by that jury will be the same questions 

confronting you, and there is no reason to hope the next jury will find 

these questions any easier to decide than you have found them.

With this additional instruction, you are requested to continue 

deliberations in an effort to arrive at a verdict that is acceptable to all 

members of the jury, if you can do so without doing violence to your 

conscience. Don’t do violence to your conscience, but continue 

deliberating.

After receiving this supplemental charge, the jury continued deliberating from 3:26 

p.m. until 5:05 p.m. before reaching a verdict of confinement for thirty years.

 

2By stipulation, the State also offered Appellant’s other prior convictions into evidence during the 

punishment phase.
4

Analysis

In his first issue, Appellant contends that the trial court erred by giving the 

Allen charge. He asserts that the charge was “unrequested” because the jury did not

inform the trial court that it was deadlocked. He contends that the effect of an 

unrequested Allen charge was to coerce the jury into assessing a substantial prison 

sentence.

We note at the outset that Appellant did not preserve his complaint that the 

Allen charge was coercive. In order to preserve error for appellate review, a party 

must present a timely objection to the trial court, state the specific grounds for the 

objection, and obtain a ruling. TEX. R. APP. P. 33.1(a). When a defendant does not 

object to the trial court’s submission of an Allen charge, error is not preserved. 

Thomas v. State, 312 S.W.3d 732, 740 (Tex. App.—Houston [1st Dist.] 2009, pet. 

ref’d) (citing Freeman v. State, 115 S.W.3d 183, 186 n.2 (Tex. App.—Texarkana 

2003, pet. ref’d)) (finding that the failure to object to an Allen charge waives error).

In a discussion with counsel, the trial court read the Allen charge that it proposed 

giving to the jury. When asked by the trial court if the proposed Allen charge was 

“acceptable,” Appellant’s trial counsel replied in the affirmative. Accordingly, 

Appellant has not preserved any complaint about the Allen charge for appellate 

review.

Moreover, the Allen charge in this case was neither unrequested nor coercive. 

The jury sent a note to the trial court asking, “What will happen if we are 

undecided?” The Allen charge given by the trial court directly answered the jury’s 

question. Furthermore, both the United States Supreme Court and the Texas Court 

of Criminal Appeals have sanctioned the use of an Allen charge. See Allen, 164 U.S. 

at 501–02; Howard v. State, 941 S.W.2d 102, 123 (Tex. Crim. App. 1996). An Allen

charge instructs a deadlocked jury to continue deliberating to reach a verdict if the 

jurors can conscientiously do so. See Barnett v. State, 189 S.W.3d 272, 277 n.13
5

(Tex. Crim. App. 2006) (The Allen charge “reminds the jury that if it is unable to 

reach a verdict, a mistrial will result, the case will still be pending, and there is no 

guarantee that a second jury would find the issue any easier to resolve.”).

Appellant argues that the jury did not specifically indicate that it was 

deadlocked. Assuming Appellant’s contention is correct, it is not error for a trial 

court to give an Allen charge to a jury before the jury indicates that it is deadlocked. 

Loving v. State, 947 S.W.2d 615, 620 (Tex. App.—Austin 1997, no pet.); see also

Perez v. State, No. 08-12-00340-CR, 2015 WL 4940375, at *13 (Tex. App.—El 

Paso Aug. 19, 2015, no pet.); Black v. State, No. 05-10-01558-CR, 2012 WL 

206501, at *2 (Tex. App.—Dallas January 25, 2012, pet. ref’d) (mem. op., not 

designated for publication). As noted in Loving, many courts believe an Allen charge 

is less coercive if submitted before a jury comes to an impasse in reaching a verdict. 

947 S.W.2d at 619.

The primary inquiry when considering the propriety of an Allen charge is its 

“coercive effect” on juror deliberation in its context and under all circumstances. 

Howard, 941 S.W.2d at 123 (citing Lowenfield v. Phelps, 484 U.S. 231, 237 (1988)); 

Freeman, 115 S.W.3d at 186–87. An Allen charge that pressures jurors into reaching 

a particular verdict or improperly conveys the court’s opinion of the case is unduly 

coercive. West v. State, 121 S.W.3d 95, 107–08 (Tex. App.—Fort Worth 2003, pet. 

ref’d). Conversely, a charge that speaks to the jury as a whole and encourages jurors 

to reexamine their views without surrendering honest convictions is not coercive on 

its face. Freeman, 115 S.W.3d at 187. Here, the charge addressed the entire jury 

and instructed the jurors to continue deliberating without doing violence to their 

conscience. Additionally, the trial court’s Allen charge did not pressure jurors into 

reaching a particular verdict or convey the court’s opinion of the case in any way.

The Court of Criminal Appeals, this court, and many of our sister courts have 

approved Allen charges containing nearly identical language. See Arrevalo v. State,
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489 S.W.2d 569, 571–72 (Tex. Crim. App. 1973); Boswell v. State, Nos. 11-12-

00014-CR, 11-12-00015-CR, 2014 WL 1117024, at *6 (Tex. App.—Eastland March 

20, 2014, pet. ref’d) (mem. op., not designated for publication); Draper v. State, 335 

S.W.3d 412, 417 (Tex. App.—Houston [14th Dist.] 2011, pet. ref’d); West, 121 

S.W.3d at 108–09. Accordingly, we conclude that the trial court did not commit 

error in submitting this Allen charge to the jury. Appellant’s first issue is overruled.

In his second issue, Appellant contends that the trial court violated 

Article 36.16 by giving the Allen charge.

The pertinent portion of Article 36.16 provides:

After the argument begins no further charge shall be given to the jury 

unless required by the improper argument of counsel or the request of 

the jury, or unless the judge shall, in his discretion, permit the 

introduction of other testimony, and in the event of such further charge, 

the defendant or his counsel shall have the right to present objections 

in the same manner as is prescribed in Article 36 .15.

In order to preserve an Article 36.16 complaint for appellate review, a

defendant must object at trial on the basis that the submission of an Allen charge 

would violate Article 36.16. Loving, 947 S.W.2d at 619; see Bledsoe v. State, 21 

S.W.3d 615, 622 (Tex. App.—Tyler 2000, no pet.) (holding that an Article 36.16

complaint was not preserved when trial objection “did not implicate article 36.16” 

but instead merely argued that portion of proposed Allen charge was improper); 

Duc Vu v. State, 750 S.W.2d 8, 10 (Tex. App.—Texarkana 1988, pet. ref’d) (“An 

objection to a failure to follow statutory procedures is necessary to preserve a 

claimed error when the court gives an Allen charge to a deadlocked jury.”).

Appellant has not preserved a complaint under Article 36.16 because he did not 

object to the Allen charge on any basis. Moreover, Article 36.16 permits a further 

charge if requested by the jury. As noted previously, the jury presented a request for 
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further instruction from the trial court. Accordingly, the trial court did not violate 

Article 36.16 by giving the Allen charge in answer to the jury’s question.

Because we find that the trial court did not commit error by submitting the 

Allen charge to the jury, we need not address Appellant’s contention that he suffered 

egregious harm under Almanza.

3

 See Posey v. State, 966 S.W.2d 57, 60 (Tex. Crim. 

App. 1998) (Neither Almanza harm standard applies unless an appellate court first 

finds “error” in the jury charge.). Appellant’s second issue is overruled.

This Court’s Ruling

We affirm the judgment of the trial court.

JOHN M. BAILEY

JUSTICE

February 2, 2017

Do not publish. See TEX. R. APP. P. 47.2(b).

Panel consists of: Wright, C.J.,

Willson, J., and Bailey, J.

 

3Almanza v. State, 686 S.W.2d 157, 160–74 (Tex. Crim. App. 1985) (op. on reh’g).