[Cite as Long v. Harding , 2021-Ohio-4240.]

IN THE COURT OF APPEALS

TWELFTH APPELLATE D ISTRICT OF OHIO

BUTLER COUNTY

JEFFREY LONG, et al., Appellants,

- vs -

MICHAEL J. HARDING, Appellee. :

:

:

:

:

: CASE NO. CA2020-11-120

O P I N I O N

12/6/2021

CIVIL APPEAL FROM BUTLER COUNTY COURT OF COMMON PLEAS Case No. CV-2018-03-0569

The Moore Law Firm, and Daniel N. Moore and Kelly W. Thye; Paul W. Flowers Co., L.P.A., and Paul W. Flowers and Louis E. Grube, for appellants. Subashi, Wildermuth & Justice, Nicholas E. Subashi and Lauren K . Epperley, for appellee.

M. POWELL, J. {¶ 1} Appellants, Jeffrey Long ("Jeffrey") and his wife Karen Long (" Karen"), appeal a decision of the Butler County Court of Common Pleas in a pers onal-injury action for refusing to excuse a prospective juror for cause, denying the L ongs' motion to exclude the testimony of an expert witness, and splitting costs between Kar en and appellee, Michael Harding ("Harding"). {¶ 2} This case arose from an automobile accident that occurred on Ma rch 10,Butler CA2020-11-120

- 2 - 2016. Jeffrey was driving his 2015 Cadillac Escalade northboun d on State Route 4; Harding was driving his 2004 Chevrolet Silverado southbound on State Ro ute 4. Harding swerved left of center to avoid a vehicle stopped on the road in his pa th of travel. As Harding's vehicle was heading for Jeffrey's Cadillac, Jeffrey swerved rig ht to avoid a head-on collision. Nonetheless, Jeffrey's Cadillac an d Harding's Chevrolet sideswi ped each other. {¶ 3} On March 8, 2018, Jeffrey filed a personal-injury complaint aga inst Harding, alleging negligence and seeking damages for the injuries he sus tained as a result of the car accident. Subsequently, Karen asserted a loss-of-consortium cl aim against Harding in an amended complaint. Prior to trial, Harding admitted negligence ; therefore, the only issues at trial were proximate cause and damages. Jeffrey sought dama ges for past and future medical expenses, past and future pain and suffering, and past and future loss of ability to perform usual activities. Karen sought damages for loss of Jeff rey's services. In all, the Longs sought damages of $607,830.52. {¶ 4} On October 12, 2020, the matter proceeded to a six-day jury tri al. During voir dire, the Longs challenged four prospective jurors for cause, i ncluding Juror 929. The trial court denied these challenges for cause; the Longs used their t hree peremptory challenges to remove three prospective jurors, but not Juror 929. Harding used his three peremptory challenges to remove three other prospective jurors. At trial, Jeffrey, Karen, and one expert witness testified on behalf of the Longs. Harding and two expe rt witnesses testified on behalf of Harding. {¶ 5} Jeffrey is a master goldsmith, designs jewelry and repairs jewe lry, watches, and clocks, and owns his own bus iness. His job requires that h e perform a great deal of benchwork, in addition to the ad ministrative tasks involved in conducting a business. Jeffrey testified that he immediately experienced back pain after the a ccident and that upon exiting his Cadillac, he fell down as he was putting on his jacket. Je ffrey obtained a loaner vehicleButler CA2020-11-120

- 3 - from the Cadillac dealership, returned home, and told Karen wha t had happened. At Karen's suggestion, Jeffrey drove to the emergency room ("ER") where he reported having numbness in his buttocks and requested an MRI. ER personnel ad vised him to consult with his primary care physician. {¶ 6} The Longs presented the testimony of Dr. Marc Orlando, a physia trist. Dr. Orlando testified that Jeffrey's symptoms persisted and grew wo rse with time. He noted that Jeffrey was experiencing back pain and numbness travelling down his legs consistent with a pinched nerve. A September 2016 MRI revealed that Jeffr ey suffered from a disc herniation at L5-S1, resulting in significant nerve root imping ement. Dr. Orlando opined that the disc herniation was the result of the March 10, 2016 car ac cident with Harding. Jeffrey was initially treated with physical therapy and epidural inject ions but eventually underwent a laminectomy and discectomy. Nevertheless, his symptoms retur ned within six weeks after the surgery. A new MRI revealed "significant disc space collapse with a foraminal disc and a disc bulge." Jeffrey testified that his only option is t o have a second surgery to install a spinal cord stimulator, remove a disc, and fuse his spine. J effrey testified that as a result of the car accident, he did not do bench work at the jewelry st ore for two weeks, can no longer sit at the workbench for extended time periods, fatigues easily, and can no longer engage in his daily activities. He further testified he can no longer help with household chores such as shopping, house cleaning, cooking, and doing dis hes. Karen testified that she has to perform these tasks alone. {¶ 7} Harding presented contrary evidence. Specifically, Jeffrey neit her mentioned to his medical providers that he fell down after exiting his Ca dillac after the accident nor testified that he did so in his discovery deposition. The ER do ctor's report reflects that it was a relatively minor mechanism of injury, that Jeffrey ambulated without difficulty, and that Jeffrey's complaints were so minor that no x-rays or similar di agnostic tests were ordered.Butler CA2020-11-120

- 4 - Upon his discharge from the ER, Jeffrey drove to his jewelry st ore and was able to work all day. Harding also presented evidence that four months after th e accident, Jeffrey drove his family to Florida in a 12-passenger van. The evidence included social media posts showing a happy and smiling Jeffrey. {¶ 8} Harding presented the testimony of Dr. Steven S. Wunder, a lice nsed, boardcertified medical doctor specializing in Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation and injury/medical causation for over 40 years. Dr. Wunder testifi ed that: (1) Jeffrey had

sustained a soft tissue neck and back strain as a result of the March 10, 2016 car accident; (2) Jeffrey's nine physical therapy visits post-accident were a n appropriate treatment; (3) Jeffrey's back surgery was not causally related to the car acci dent because the mechanism of the accident had not been shown to cause the injury or aggra vate an underlying degenerative disc disease; (4) given the lack of any initial sy mptoms of sciatica, the car accident was not the cause of the traumatic disc herniation; an d (5) the disc herniation could not be causally linked to the car accident given the one-to-two -month delayed onset of symptoms. {¶ 9} Harding also presented the testimony of Douglas Morr, a biomech anical engineer. Morr testified that despite Jeffrey's claim that the car accident involved "significant contact," the sideswipe contact involved minimal o verlap and no "shifting components" in either vehicle. Explaining his calculation of t he motion (kinematics) and forces (kinetics) Jeffrey experienced in the accident, Morr opi ned that the motion experienced by Jeffrey would not have been outside the normal r ange of motion that he would encounter in daily activities, such as getting in and out of a chair. Morr further opined that the forces Jeffrey experienced in the accident would not h ave been outside the normal range of forces that Jeffrey would experience in walking down s tairs, jogging, or walking briskly. Morr testified that the forces were not enough to cau se a significant injury such asButler CA2020-11-120

- 5 - a disc herniation. Morr further testified that a one-time load ing event does not cause a disc

herniation absent failure of ot her structures first, including bones. {¶ 10} On October 19, 2020, the jury returned a unanimous verdict of $ 7,296.02 in favor of Jeffrey upon his negligence claim, consisting of $5,29 6.02 for past medical expenses and $2,000 for past pain and suffering. The jury awar ded no damages for Jeffrey's future medical expenses, future pain and suffering, a nd past and future loss of ability to perform usual activities. The jury returned a unani mous verdict in favor of Harding upon Karen's loss-of-consortium claim. Following the verdict, the trial court issued a final judgment entry granting judgment in favor of Jeffrey upon his n egligence claim and granting judgment in favor of Harding upon Karen's loss-of-consortium cl aim. The trial court ordered costs to be split between Karen and Harding. {¶ 11} The Longs now appeal, raising three assignments of error. {¶ 12} Assignment of Error No. 1: {¶ 13} THE TRIAL COURT ERRED TO THE SUBSTANTIAL PREJUDICE OF

PLAINTIFFS BY DENYING THE MOTION TO STRIKE JUROR 929. {¶ 14} The Longs argue that the trial court erred in failing to excuse Juror 929 for cause because that juror "expressed an unmistakable bias agains t those seeking compensation after having been injured." In particular, the Lo ngs cite that juror's expressed belief that personal-injury plaintiffs "take advantage of the s ituation to get as much as they can" and "push it as far as to get the most they can," and that if plaintiffs are "making it up, and you award them money, then yes, I would have a problem * * * giving them money." {¶ 15} R.C. 2313.17 governs challenges of jurors for cause. As applic able here, R.C. 2313.17(B)(9) provides that a prospective juror may be excused for cause when that person "discloses by the person's answers that the person cannot be a fair and impartial juror or will not follow the law as given to the person by the court." Additionally, R.C. 2313.17(D)Butler CA2020-11-120

- 6 - provides that any petit juror may be challenged on suspicion of prejudice against or partiality for either party, or for want of a compet ent knowledge of the English language, or other cause that may render the juror at the time an unsuitable juror. The validity of the challenge shall be determined by the court and be sustained if the court has any doubt as to the juror's being entirely unbiased. {¶ 16} R.C. 2313.17(B)(9) "requires the court to make a subjective det ermination about a potential juror's fairness and impartiality and therefo re requires the exercise of judicial discretion." Hall v. Banc One Mgt. Corp. , 114 Ohio St.3d 484, 2007-Ohio-4640, ¶ 1. "The determination of whether a juror is impartial or biase d involves a judgment of credibility, which may not be a pparent from the record on appea l. Therefore, a reviewing court will defer to the trial judge who sees and hears the juro r." Hunt v. E. Cleveland , 8th Dist. Cuyahoga No. 105953, 2019-Ohio-1115, ¶ 37. A trial court has broad discretion in determining whether to remove a prospective juror for cause. Gurley v. Nemer , 9th Dist. Summit No. 21965, 2004-Ohio-5169, ¶ 5. A trial court's ruling on a challenge for cause will therefore not be disturbed on appeal absent an abuse of discret ion. Id. at ¶ 6. The term "abuse of discretion" implies that the court's attitude is unre asonable, arbitrary, or

unconscionable. Berk v. Matthews , 53 Ohio St.3d 161, 169 (1990). When applying this standard, an appellate court may not substitute its judgment fo r that of the trial court. Id. {¶ 17} At the beginning of voir dire, the trial court questioned the p rospective jurors regarding bias, impartiality, and fairness as follows: (1) rega rding preconceived incorrect ideas as to what the law is or ought to be, "If you have such i deas and thoughts, can each of you commit to setting them aside?" (2) "Is there anyone that has any concern that they would not be able to lay aside any bias, prejudice, or sympathi es that they would have, because none of that will be able to have an impact on your del iberations, and that's, in fact, prohibited?" (3) "Is there anyone that feels that they wo uld not be able to base theirButler CA2020-11-120

- 7 - decision solely upon the facts that are testified to by the wit nesses, and the exhibits that are admitted into evidence, and the law that the Court gives to you ?" and (4) "Is there anyone that feels that they need to bring to my attention any reason w hy they believe that they cannot render a fair and impartial decision in this case?" No juror responded in the negative to the first question; no juror responded affirmatively to the other questions. {¶ 18} During voir dire, counsel for the Longs questioned prospective jurors about people "making claims up" and trying to either exaggerate injur ies or "make it look like it's more than what it is." Beginning with that portion of voir dir e, the Longs' attorney continually used the term "bias" or the phrase "little bit of bias" until t he trial court eventually directed him to cease using the term as the court had not yet instructed the jury on bias. The following exchange took place between the Longs' attorney and J uror 929: JUROR 929: I do have a feeling people look at car accidents as a way to get money, or getting hurt by someone else causing it. But I don't want to just say a car accident, that's not fair. If somebody else caused your injury in some way, I feel like sometimes they look at it and say, I can plan something and see if I can get money from the person or from their insurance or somehow. [COUNSEL]: Okay. So what you're telling me is in a personal injury realm in general, not just car accidents, but including car accidents. When somebody's hurt as a result of the wreck or something like that, you believe that oftentimes people will tr y to take advantage of the situation to get as much as they can?

JUROR 929: Yes. [COUNSEL]: Is that what you're saying?

JUROR 929: Yes. [COUNSEL]: Okay. And that you believe that they push it further than they should? JUROR 929: I think they push it as far as to get the most they can. [COUNSEL]: Okay. All right. And does that feeling that you have, is that similar to Juror No. 586, this feeling that maybe itButler CA2020-11-120

- 8 - creates a little bit of bias in you about this process – not th e process, but the personal injury claims? JUROR 929: I would say yes. [COUNSEL]: Okay. So when you're sitting down and you're thinking about this claim, or any claim. Let's just forget tha t you're here about this case, any case, you're going to have jus t that little bit of bias in your head about this personal injury claim may be one of those where somebody is pushing more than they should?

JUROR 929: Yes. [COUNSEL]: Okay. And you might try to put it aside, just like over here, but it's still going to be there, and you're still g oing to have that little bit of bias; is that right?

JUROR 929: Yes. {¶ 19} Counsel for the Longs subsequently asked the prospective jurors whether anyone "ha[d] a real problem with somebody who says you just go t to look at the facts, or a case-by-case analysis, and set aside the bias thinking we jus t went through?" No juror responded to the question. {¶ 20} Counsel for the Longs then asked whether anyone was "uncomforta ble awarding money damages to somebody in a lawsuit where there's p ersonal injury? [A]nyone uncomfortable, even a little bit of discomfort, saying a certain person should get money as a result of having an injury?" Juror 929 replied, JUROR 929: "I mean, if you feel like they're making it up, and you award them money, then yes, I would have a problem* * * giving them money." [COUNSEL]: Okay. That goes back to the bias situation. If somebody is pushing something they shouldn't, they're making it up, or they're fraudulent claims, then of course they should n't get money.

JUROR 929: Correct. {¶ 21} Harding's counsel also questioned prospective jurors regarding bias,Butler CA2020-11-120

- 9 - impartiality, and fairness as follows: (1) "Will everyone try t heir hardest to [keep an open mind]?" (2) "recognizing that we all have implicit biases, * * * will you all try your very best to put that aside and decide this case * * * on the facts and * * * the laws[.] Will all of you do that?" and (3) "Will each and every one of you make your ver y best effort to treat each party to this lawsuit fairly and impartially, and to the best o f your human ability, to do justice to each of them? Will all of you try your hardest?" No juror responded in the negative to the foregoing questions. As stated above, counsel for the Long s subsequently challenged Juror 929 for cause. The trial court denied the challenge for cause. {¶ 22} Viewing the totality of the voir dire proceedings and consideri ng the deference to which the trial judge is entitled in seating a jury, we find that the trial court did not abuse

its discretion when it refused to excuse Juror 929 for cause. {¶ 23} Notwithstanding the continual use of the term "bias" by the Lon gs' attorney when questioning Juror 929, that juror's answers do not indicat e that she could not be a fair and impartial juror, or that she would not follow the law as gi ven by the trial court. Rather, Juror 929 simply expressed her feeling that personal-injury plaintiffs sometimes make up claims or exaggerate their injuries in order to get as much mon ey as they can. Juror 929 also expressed skepticism or reticence toward awarding money da mages for such fraudulent claims. While Juror 929 expressed skepticism regard ing potential fraudulent claims and resulting damage awards, she never stated she could not be impartial in the case at bar. Her answers were an implicit recognition that a p laintiff bears the burden of proof and disclosed her intent to scrutinize evidence rather th an blindly accept it. {¶ 24} Furthermore, Juror 929 actively participated during voir dire, raising her hand multiple times during questioning by the Longs' attorney. By c ontrast, the record indicates that she did not respond to the trial court's questions regardi ng bias, impartiality, and fairness quoted above or Harding's counsel's questions regardin g the same. Likewise, theButler CA2020-11-120

- 10 - record shows that Juror 929 did not answer or raise her hand wh en counsel for the Longs asked whether anyone "ha[d] a real problem with somebody who sa ys you just got to look at the facts, or a case-by-case analysis, and set aside the bia s thinking we just went through?" {¶ 25} The trial court was in the best position to observe the demeano r of Juror 929 and evaluate firsthand the sincerity of her responses to questi ons. Berk , 53 Ohio St.3d at

169. As l ong as a trial court is satisfied that the juror can be fair an d impartial and follow the law as instructed, the court need not remove that juror for cause. See Giusti v. Felten , 9th Dist. Summit Nos. 26611 and 26695, 2014-Ohio-3115; Gurley , 2004-Ohio-5169. {¶ 26} In support of their argument that the trial court abused its di scretion in failing to excuse Juror 929 for cause, the Longs cite Klem v. Consol. Rail Corp. , 191 Ohio App.3d 690, 2010-Ohio-3330 (6th Dist.). In that case, the appellant a rgued that the trial court erred when it failed to excuse two jurors for cause during voir dire. These jurors were asked whether they could follow the Federal Employers Liability Act, which had abolished the assumption of the risk. The transcript of the voir dire procee dings revealed that the two jurors "had difficulty setting aside the concept of assumption of the risk." Id . at ¶ 105. One juror questioned the validity of the law specifically appliable to the case and acknowledged it would be "difficult" to accept the trial judge's instruction s on that score, in his words, "[p]otentially" making it harder for the plaintiff to prove his case. Id. at ¶ 106-118. The other juror admitted having that same issue and stated that his disag reement with the law "would make it far more difficult" for plaintiff's counsel to prevail. Id. at ¶ 120-127. Unlike the jurors

in Klem , Juror 929 at no time expresse d an unwillingness to follow app licable law. Klem is therefore inapplicable. {¶ 27} The Longs also assert "it is entirely likely that Juror 929's s entiments had an impact on the jury's decision * * * to award [Jeffrey] a nomina l recovery for past pain andButler CA2020-11-120

- 11 - suffering," and particularly on two other jurors who had expres sed somewhat different but similar views as Juror 929. Juror 960 expressed irritation tha t his insurance company had once chosen to pay a personal-injury claim rather than contest it. While Juror 475 expressed frustration that it is sometimes easier to pay out cl aims than to fight them, that juror further stated he or she "would look at each case separat ely and study the evidence." The Longs did not seek to excuse Jurors 475 and 960 for cause o r otherwise. Additionally,

the record does not reflect that Juror 929 exerted undue influe nce upon the jury as a whole or any individual juror during jury deliberations. The Longs' argument merely invites us to speculate regarding the jury's deliberations and we refuse to d o so. {¶ 28} The Longs' first assignment of error is overruled. {¶ 29} Assignment of Error No. 2: {¶ 30} THE TRIAL COURT ERRED BY DENYING THE MOTION TO EXCLUDE

THE TESTIMONY OF ST EVEN S. WUNDER, M.D. {¶ 31} The Longs argue that the trial court erred in allowing Dr. Wund er to testify as a defense expert because they were not provided with the materi als he relied upon in forming his opinion and which they had sought via discovery and subpoena. {¶ 32} Harding identified Dr. Wunder as an expert witness he would pre sent at trial. In 2019, Dr. Wunder reviewed Jeffrey's medical records, conduct ed an independent medical examination, and prepared an initial 11-page report containing his findings and opinion followed by a 2-page supplemental report. Dr. Wunder concluded that Jeffrey sustained a neck and back sprain in the March 10, 2016 car accident, that J effrey had pre-existing and longstanding degenerative disc disease, and that Jeffrey's disc herniation and subsequent surgery could not be causally linked to the accident. Included in the reports were references to materials such as the NEXUS criteria, the Braford-Hill crite ria, and the AMA Guides Newsletter. Both reports were provided to the Longs.Butler CA2020-11-120

- 12 - {¶ 33} The videotaped trial deposition of Dr. Wunder was conducted on February 19, 2020. Prior to the deposition, the Longs subpoenaed Dr. Wunder to produce all articles, texts, and other reference materials he had consulted and relie d upon in forming his opinion. The Longs further filed a request for production of documents u pon Harding seeking the same materials set forth in the subpoena. During his depositio n, Dr. Wunder testified that disc herniations in car accidents had been extensively studied and that there was no indication that rear, side, or frontal impacts cause disc herni ation. Dr. Wunder stated he was relying upon the Bradford-Hill criteria, the NEXUS criteria for cervical spine imaging, the Canadian criteria for head CT imaging, the medical literatu re in general, studies by the Society of Automotive Engineers, and various national and inter national guidelines for whiplash associated disorder, including guidelines out of Austr alia. {¶ 34} On February 28, 2020, dissatisfied with Dr. Wunder's response t o their subpoena and Harding's failure to produce the materials relied upon by Dr. Wunder, the Longs moved to exclude the testimony of Dr. Wunder as a defense expert. The Longs asserted that Dr. Wunder's "failure to produce the materials he referenced and relied upon in forming his opinions, in violation of the Civil Rules and th e subpoena served upon him in advance of his trial deposition" mandated the exclusion of his testimony. The Longs' motion was denied by a magistrate on September 21, 2020. The Longs fi led objections to the magistrate's decision, arguing that Dr. Wunder was required to produce the basis of his opinion as an expert witness under Civ.R. 26 and that his failu re to produce the materials he cited and relied upon would prevent the Longs from demonstra ting "the fallacy of Dr. Wunder's opinions" to the jury. On October 8, 2020, the trial court overruled the Longs' objections, "not[ing] that there was not any kind of motion to compel or anything else that

would have advised the Court that there was some kind of a disc overy issue." The Longs renewed their objections to Dr. Wunder's testimony prior to his deposition being played forButler CA2020-11-120

- 13 - the jury. The trial court once again overruled the objections. {¶ 35} It is well established that a trial court has broad discretion over discovery

matters. See Mezatasta v. Ent. Hill Farm , 6th Dist. Erie No. E-15-037, 2016-Ohio-3371. "The discovery rules give the trial court great latitude in cra fting sanctions to fit discovery abuses. A reviewing court's resp onsibility is merely to review these rulings for an abuse of

discretion." Nakoff v. Fairview Gen. Hosp. , 75 Ohio St.3d 254, 256, 1996-Ohio-159. "Although the decision to impose discovery sanctions is a matte r within the sound discretion of the trial court, 'the exclusion of reliable and probative ev idence is a severe sanction and should be invoked only when clear ly necessary to enforce willfu l noncompliance or to prevent unfair surprise.'" Grady v. Charles Kalinsky, D.D.S., Inc. , 165 Ohio App.3d 306, 2005-Ohio-5550, ¶ 14 (8th Dist.), quoting Nickey v. Brown , 7 Ohio App.3d 32, 34 (9th Dist.1982). {¶ 36} Civ.R. 26 sets forth general provisions governing discovery. R egarding the disclosure of expert testimony, Civ.R. 26(B)(7)(c) provides tha t "a party may not call an expert witness to testify unless a written report has been proc ured from the witness and provided to opposing counsel. The report of an expert must dis close a complete statement of all opinions and the basis and reasons for them as to each m atter on which the expert will testify." Dr. Wunder's initial 11-page report and supplem ental 2-page report identify his opinions as well as the basis and reasons for them and therefor e comply with Civ.R. 26(B)(7)(c). 1 {¶ 37} As stated above, the Longs subpoenaed Dr. Wunder to produce all articles, texts, and other reference materials he had consulted and relie d upon in forming his opinion.

1. Effective July 1, 2020, former Civ.R. 26(B)(5) was modified and renumbered as Civ.R. 26(B)(7). In support of their February 2020 motion to exclude Dr. Wunder's testimony for failure to produce materials, the Longs cited former Civ.R. 26(B)(5) which provided that a party may di scover "the expert's opinions and the grounds therefor[.]" Dr. Wunder's reports identify his "opinions and t he grounds therefor" and therefore complied with former Civ.R. 26(B)(5).Butler CA2020-11-120

- 14 - Pursuant to Civ.R. 34(C), and subject to the scope of discovery under Civ.R. 26(B), any party seeking documents from a non-party may compel their produ ction by way of a subpoena in accord with Civ.R. 45. "Failure by any person with out adequate excuse to obey a subpoena served upon that person may be deemed a contemp t of the court from which the subpoena issued." Civ.R. 45(E). {¶ 38} The Longs also filed a request for production of documents upon Harding seeking the same materials set forth in the subpoena. Civ.R. 3 4(A) provides that any party may serve on any other party a request to produce any designate d materials in the possession, custody, or control of the party upon whom the requ est is served. If the party upon whom the request is served fails to produce and permit ins pection of the requested materials, then Civ.R. 37(A)(3) allows the requesting party to move for an order to compel discovery. However, before a court may sanction a party for a discovery violation, the court must have issued an order to compel discovery. Rogers v. Credit Acceptance Corp. , 9th Dist. Lorain No. 11CA010141, 2013-Ohio-1097, ¶ 10. Likewise, " [p]ursuant to Civ.R. 37, before a party or his counsel may be subject to the sanction of prohibiting his expert witness from testifying, such person or counsel must be in default of a n 'order' by the trial court." Grady , 2005-Ohio-5550 at ¶ 17. Sanctions provided for in Civ.R. 37( B) result from a violation of a discovery order, not merely from a discovery request. Grenga v. Bank One,

N.A. , 7th Dist. Mahoning No. 04 MA 94, 2005-Ohio-4474, ¶ 23. {¶ 39} We find that the trial court did not abuse its discretion when it denied the Longs' motion to exclude Dr. Wunder's testimony as a sanction f or discovery violation. Other than filing their motion to e xclude Dr. Wunder's testimon y, the Longs made no attempts to informally resolve the dispute regarding production of the materials and made no efforts to enforce their discovery rights. Specifically, th e Longs did not request or conduct a discovery deposition of Dr. Wunder to inquire about t he materials he relied uponButler CA2020-11-120

- 15 - in forming his opinion, did not move to have Dr. Wunder held in contempt for failing to comply with the subpoena, did not move to compel discovery, and did not otherwise involve the trial court in the dispute and enlist its aid in obtaining the materials. The Longs further permitted their motion to exclude Dr. Wunder's testimony to lan guish from its filing on February 28, 2020, until it was considered by the magistrate on September 21, 2020, only three weeks before trial began. The Longs' failure to afford t he trial court the opportunity to remedy the alleged discovery violation in a timely manner precl udes them from complaining when the trial court, in its discretion, declined to exclude Dr . Wunder's testimony as a

sanction. {¶ 40} The Longs argue that Dr. Wunder never objected to the subpoena nor moved to quash it on the basis of undue burden under Civ.R. 45. In r esponse to the subpoena, Dr. Wunder submitted his curriculum vitae, handwritten notes, r ecords from his examination of Jeffrey, his invoices, and financial records. Regarding the articles, texts, and other reference materials he had consulted and relied upon in forming his opinion, Dr. Wunder's deposition indicates his belief he had complied with the discov ery request. Dr. Wunder testified he had prepared and had his office manager send a two -page list of resources he had used. Counsel for the Longs then notified Dr. Wunder he ha d not received the list. Following Dr. Wunder's deposition, the Longs made no further at tempts or efforts to resolve the matter and obtain the requested materials and instead moved to exclude Dr. Wunder's testimony. {¶ 41} The Longs cite several cases in support of their argument that the trial court erred in failing to exclude Dr. Wunder's testimony. However, t hose cases all involved situations where the expert witness expressed or sought to expr ess new or different opinions at trial than were d isclosed prior to trial. See Cox v. MetroHealth Med. Ctr. Bd. of

Trustees , 8th Dist. Cuyahoga No. 96848, 2012-Ohio-2383; Weimer v. Anzevino , 122 OhioButler CA2020-11-120

- 16 - App.3d 720 (7th Dist.1997); Jackson v. Booth Memorial Hosp. , 47 Ohio App.3d 176 (8th Dist.1998); Shumaker v. Oliver B. Cannon & Sons, Inc. , 28 Ohio St.3d 367 (1986); Walker

v. Holland , 117 Ohio App.3d 775 (2d Dist.1997); Waste Mgt. of Ohio, Inc. v. Mid-America Tire, Inc. , 113 Ohio App.3d 529 (2d Dist.1996); Amerifirst Savings Bank of Xenia v. Krug , 136 Ohio App.3d 468 (2d Dist.1999); O'Connor v. Cleveland Clinic Found. , 161 Ohio App.3d 43, 2005-Ohio-2328 (8th Dist.); and Bradford v. Callaghan , 8th Dist. Cuyahoga No. 56310, 1989 Ohio App. LEXIS 4979 (Nov. 30, 1989). That is not the ca se here. Dr. Wunder's opinion expressed at trial was i dentical to the opinion express ed in his reports which were timely disclosed to t he Longs. The cases above are therefore n ot applicable here. {¶ 42} In support of their argument that the trial court erred in fail ing to exclude Dr. Wunder's testimony, the Longs also cite an opinion from this co urt, Marcus v. Rusk Heating & Cooling, Inc. , 12th Dist. Clermont No. CA2012-03-026, 2013-Ohio-528. In tha t case, we

held that the trial court did not abuse its discretion in exclu ding an expert's opinion because the study he relied upon was not provided to the trial court. Marcus did not involve a discovery violation. Rather, it involved whether the expert's opinion was scientifically reliable under Evid.R. 702 and whether the expert should be per mitted to express an expert opinion under the standard set forth by the United States Supre me Court in Daubert v. Merrell Dow Pharmaceuticals, Inc. , 509 U.S. 579, 113 S.Ct. 2786 (1993). Marcus is therefore not applicable. {¶ 43} The Longs do not identify how they were prejudiced by Dr. Wunde r's testimony. The record does not reflect and the Longs do not ar gue how they would have more effectively cross-examined Dr. Wunder if the materials had been provided to them. We note that two of the sources relied upon by Dr. Wunder, the NEXUS criteria for cervical spine imaging and the Canadian criteria for head CT imaging, ar e both specifically referenced in the ER doctor's report on March 10, 2016, the day of the accident.Butler CA2020-11-120

- 17 - Furthermore, the Longs fail to account for the testimony of def ense expert Morr, a biomechanical expert who offered opinions similar to those of D r. Wunder. {¶ 44} The Longs' second assignment of error is overruled. {¶ 45} Assignment of Error No. 3: {¶ 46} THE TRIAL COURT ERRED BY SPLITTI NG COSTS BETWEEN PLAINTIFF

KAREN LONG AND DEFENDANT MICHAEL HARDING. {¶ 47} The Longs argue that the trial court abused its discretion by s plitting the costs between Karen and Harding. The Longs assert that because Karen 's loss-of-consortium claim is derivative of Jeffrey's personal-injury claim, the tri al court's order improperly "requires him, the pr evailing party, to rec over half the costs from his own wife." {¶ 48} Civ.R. 54(D) provides in relevant part that "costs shall be all owed to the prevailing party unless the court otherwise directs." The Ohio Supreme Court has recognized that although ordina rily the prevailing party will b e awarded costs, Civ.R. 54(D) is not a grant of absolute right. Nithiananthan v. Toirac , 12th Dist. Warren Nos. CA2014- 02-021, CA2014-02-028, and CA2014-08-114, 2015-Ohio-1416, ¶ 88, citing State ex rel.

Gravill v. Fuerst , 24 Ohio St.3d 12, 13 (1986). The phrase "unless the court ot herwise directs" is interpreted to grant "the court discretion to order that the prevailing party bear all or part of his or her own costs." Vance v. Roedersheimer , 64 Ohio St.3d 552, 555, 1992- Ohio-89. An appellate court will not reverse a trial court's a llocation of costs absent an

abuse of discretion. Nithiananthan at ¶ 89. {¶ 49} "A prevailing party is the party 'who successfully prosecutes t he action or successfully defends against it * * * . The one in whose favor the decision or verdict is rendered and judgment is entered.'" Gauthier v. Gauthier , 12th. Dist. Warren Nos. CA2018- 09-098 and CA2018-09-099, 2019-Ohio-4208, ¶ 64, quoting Wigglesworth v. St. Joseph Riverside Hosp. , 143 Ohio App.3d 143, 150 (11th Dist.2001). Although "a loss ofButler CA2020-11-120

- 18 - consortium claim is derivative in that it is dependent upon the defendant's having committed a legally cognizable tort upon th e spouse who suffers bodily in jury, it is nonetheless legally separate and independent from the claim of the spouse who suffe red the bodily injury."

Schaefer v. Allstate Ins. Co. , 76 Ohio St.3d 553, 557, 1996-Ohio-368. Thus, the spouse claiming loss of consortium must provide evidence of his or her own injury beyond his or her spouse's injury. Richard v. Wal-Mart Discount Stores , 2d Dist. Miami No. 98 CA 48, 1999 Ohio App. LEXIS 4781, *20 (Oct. 8, 1999). {¶ 50} As the jury returned a verdict in favor of Harding upon Karen's loss-ofconsortium claim, she was not the prevailing party on her separ ate and independent claim. The trial court, therefore, did not abuse its discretion in ord ering that costs be split between Karen and Harding. {¶ 51} The Longs' third assignment of error is overruled. {¶ 52} Judgment affirmed.

PIPER, P.J., and BYRNE, J., concur.