United States Atmospheric Nuclear Weapons Tests

Nuclear Test Personnel Review .__l__lll_-

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DNA 6003F

SHOT

PRISCILLA

A Test of the

PLUMBBOB Series

24 JUNE 1957

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for the Department of Defense

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I. TITLE (and Subtftle) 5. TYPE OF REPORT & PERIOD COVERED

SHOT PRISCILLA

A TEST OF THE PLLJMBBOB SERIES

24 June 1957

Technical Report

6. PERFORMING ORG. REPORT NUMBER

JRB 2-816-03-423-00

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Mary Jo Viscuso, Steven Geller, Martha Wilkinson

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9. KEY WORDS (Contfnue on rwerae aida If neceseuy ad Identify by block number)

PRISCILLA Nevada Test Organization

PLUMBBOB Nevada Test Site

Ionizing Radiation AFSWP

Exercise Desert Rock AFSWC

t k AESTRACT (-C- am Pmî=î l fdb wBrrd tdentlfy by block numbor)

This report describes the activities of DOD personnel, both military and

civilian, in Shot PRISCILLA, the 5th nuclear test in the PLUMBBOB atmospheric

weapons testing series. The test was conducted on 24 June 1957 and involved

participants from Exercise Desert Rock VII and VIII, and AEC test groups.

This volume also describes the radiological safety criteria and procedures

in effect at Shot PRISCILLA.

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18. SUPPLEMENTARY NOTES (continued)

The Defense Nuclear Agency Action Officer, Major H. L. Reese, under whom

this work was done, wishes to acknowledge the research and editing

contribution of numerous reviewers in the military services and other

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PREFACE

Between 1945 and 1962, the United States Atomic Energy

Commission (AEC) conducted 235 atmospheric nuclear weapons tests

at sites in the southwestern U.S. and in the Pacific and Atlantic

Oceans. In all, an estimated 220,000 Department of Defense (DOD)

participants, both military and civilian, were present at the

tests. Approximately 90,000 of these participants were present

at the nuclear weapons tests'conducted at the Nevada Test Site

(NTS) north of Las Vegas, Nevada.

In 1977, 15 years after the last above-ground nuclear

weapons test, the Center for Disease Control, U.S. Department of

Health, Education, and Welfare (now the Centers for Disease

Control, U.S. Department of Health and Human Services), noted a

possible leukemia cluster among a small group of soldiers present

at Shot SMOKY, the 15th test of Operation PLIJMBBOB, the series of

nuclear weapons tests conducted in 1957. Following that initial

report by the Center for Disease Control, the Veterans

Administration received a number of claims for medical benefits

from former military personnel who believe their health may have

been affected by their participation in the nuclear weapons

tests.

In late 1977, DOD began a study to provide data to both the

Center for Disease Control and the Veterans Administration on

potential exposures to ionizing radiation among its military and

civilian participants in the atmospheric nuclear weapons tests I5

to 30 years earlier. The DOD organized the Nuclear Test Personnel Review to:

0 Identify DOD personnel who had taken part in the

atmospheric nuclear weapons tests

0 Determine the extent of the participants' exposure

to ionizing radiation

1
0 To provide public disclosure of information

concerning participation by DOD personnel in the

atmospheric nuclear weapons tests.

This report on Shot PRISCILLA is based on the military and

technical documents associated with each of the nuclear weapons

tests. These reports provide a public record of the activities

and associated potential for radiation exposure of DOD personnel,

for use in ongoing public health research and policy analysi-s.

Many of the documents pertaining specifically to DOD

involvement during Shot PRISCILLA were found in the Defense

Nuclear Agency Technical Library, the National Federal Archives

Record Center, the Department of Energy Nevada Operations Office,

and the Los Alamos Scientific Laboratory (LASL). The most

significant documents used in the development of this report

include:

0 Operations Order Number 5 for Exercise Desert Rock

VII and VIII

0 Armed Forces Special Weapons Project (AFSWP) Final

Operational Summary Report

l Final Report of Operations for Exercise Desert Rock

VII and VIII

l Air Mission Summary Report of Shot PRISCILLA

0 Test Director's Operation Plan 1-57

0 PLUMBBOB Onsite Radiological Safety Report, prepared

for the Nevada Test Organization by REECo

l Weapons Test Reports for the Armed Forces Special

Weapons Project

0 Air Force Special Weapons Center (AFSWC) Final

Report of the 4950th Test Group (Nuclear) at

PLUMBBOB

l Report of the Test Manager, Operation PLUMBBOB

0 Report of the Test Director, Operation PLU~!BROB

2
0 After Action Reports for the PLUMBBOB Series

0 Internal Memoranda

0 Unit Histories for the AFSWC, PLUMBBOB.

Frequently, the surviving historical documentation of

activities conducted at Shot PRISCILLA addresses test

specifications and technical information, rather than the

personnel data critical to the study undertaken by the Defense

Nuclear Agency. Moreover, instances have arisen in which

available historical documentation has revealed inconsistencies

in vital factual data, such as the number of DOD participants in

a certain project at a given shot or their locations and

assignments at a given time. These inconsistencies in data

usually occur between two or more documents, but occasionally

appear within the same document. Efforts have been made to

resolve these inconsistencies wherever possible, or to otherwise

bring them to the attention of the reader.

ORGANIZATION AND CONTENT OF PLUMBBOB SERIES REPORTS

This volume details participation by DOD personnel in Shot

PRISCILLA, the fifth detonation of the Operation PLlJMBROB nuclear

weapons testing series. Seven other publications address DOD

activities during the PLUMBBOB Series:

0 Series volume:

0 Multi-shot volume:

0 Shot volume:

0 Multi-shot volume:

0 Shot volume:

0 Shot volume:

PLUMBBOB Series, 1957

Shots BOLTZMANN to WILSON, the

First Four Tests of the PLUMBBOB

Series

Shot HOOD, a Test of the

PLIJMBBOB Series

Shots DIABLO to FRANKLIN PRIME,

the Mid-series PLUMBBOB Tests

Shot SMOKY, a Test of the

PLUMBBOB Series

Shot GALILEO, a Test of the

PLUMBBOB Series

3
0 Multi-shot volume: Shots WHEELER to MORGAN, the

Final PLUMBBBOB Tests.

The volumes addressing the test events of Operation PLUMBBOB

have been designed for use with one another. The Series volume

contains information which applies to those dimensions of Operation PLUMBBOB which transcend specific events, such as historical

background, organizational relationships, and radiological safetv

procedures. In addition, the Series volume contains a bibliography of works consulted in the preparation of Operation PLUMBBOB

reports.

The single-shot volumes describe DOD participation in Shots

HOOD, SMOKY, and GALILEO. These events have been bound

separately because they included substantial numbers of DQD

participants. Each multi-shot volume combines shot-specific

descriptions for several nuclear events, each involving smaller

numbers of DOD personnel. The shot and multi-shot volumes

contain bibliographies only of the sources referenced in each

text. Descriptions of activities concerning any particular shot

in the PLUMBBOB Series, whether the shot is addressed in a

single-shot volume or in a multi-shot volume, should be supplemented by the general organizational, and radiological safety

information contained in the PLUMBBOB Series volume.

The information in this report is supplemented by the

"Reference Manual: Background Materials for the CONUS Volumes."

The manual summarizes information on radiation physics, radiation

health concepts, exposure criteria, and measurement techniques.

It also lists acronyms and a glossary of terms used in the

Nuclear Test Personnel Review reports addressing test events in

the continental U.S.

Chapter 1 of this volume describes the physical setting of

the PRISCILLA detonation and introduces the Desert Rock maneuvers

and those Nevada Test Organization (NT()) diagnostic, and

scientific activities in which DOD personnel participated.

4
Chapter 2 describes the Exercise Desert Rock VII and VIII

military projects conducted at Shot PRISCILLA, while chapter 3

describes various training activities, scientific experiments,

and support missions conducted at PRISCILLA by the NT0 in which

DOD personnel took part. These chapters provide information

about the number of DOD people involved in specific projects

fielded at Shot PRISCILLA, the time spent by project personnel in

the test area, and their positions relative to the point of

detonation and areas of radioactivity before, during, and after

the test.

Chapter 4 of this volume describes the radiological

environment and safety procedures pertinent to Shot PRISCILLA,

including isointensity contour maps illustrating the radiological

contamination around ground zero following the detonation, and

available shot-specific exposure data for individuals. Details

of the overall radiation protection program at Operation PLUW3RCR

are provided in the Series volume.
TABLE OF CONTENTS

Chapter Page

PREFACE........................... 1

LISTOFILLUSTRATIONS.................... 7

LIST OF TABLES . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . / 8

LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS AND ACRONYMS . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9

SHOT SYNOPSIS. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10

1 INTRODUCTION

1.1 Setting and Characteristics of the

PRISCILLA Detonation , . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12

1.2 Department of Defense Scientific, Operational

Training, and Support Activities

at Shot PRISCILLA. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 16

1.3 Exercise Desert Rock Activities at

Shot PRISCILLA . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 19

2 EXERCISE DESERT ROCK VII AND VIII OPERATIONS

AT SHOT PRISCILLA

2.1 Troop Observer Indoctrination Projects

at Shot PRISCILLA. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 23

2.2 Technical Service Projects at Shot PRISCILLA . . . . 28

3 NEVADA TEST ORGANIZATION OPERATIONS AT

SHOT PRISCILLA

3.1 Field Command Weapons Effects Test Group

Projects at Shot PRISCILLA . . . . . . . . . . l l l 34

3.2 Department of Defense Participation in LASL

and UCRL Test Group Projects at Shot PRISCILLA l l l 5 5

3.3 Department of Defense Participation in Civil Effects

Test Group Projects at Shot PRISCILLA. . . . . l l l

5fi

3.4 Department of Defense Operational Training

Projects at Shot PRISCILLA . . . . . . . . . . . . . 56

3.5 Air Force Special Weapons Center Activities

at Shot PRISCILLA. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 58

3.5.1 Cloud Sampling. ............... 59

3.5.2 Radio Relay ................. 66

3.5.3 Cloud Tracking. ............... 61

3.5.4 Aircraft Contamination. ........... 61

3.5.5 Security Sweep Mission. ........... 62

3.5.6 Survey Missions ............... 62

6
TABLE OF CONTENTS (CONTINUED)

Chapter Page

4 RADIATION PROTECTION AT SHOT PRISCILLA

4.1 Film Badge Data for Participants in

the Troop Observer Indoctrination Program

at Shot PRISCILLA. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 64

4.2 Results of the Nevada Test Organization

Radiation Protection Activities. . . . . . . . . . . 67

REFERENCE LIST

LIST OF ILLUSTRATIONS

Figure Page

l-l

1-2

2-l

2-2

2-3

4-1

4-2

4-3

4-4

Location of Shot PRISCILLA in the Nevada Test Site,

In Relation to Other Shots in the PLUMBBOB Series . . .

Shot PRISCILLA, the Fifth Nuclear Test of the

PLUMBBOB Series . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Map of PRISCILLA Ground Zero and Desert Rock Trench

and Display Areas . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Exercise Desert Rock Observers View Damage Effects to

Military Vehicles after Shot PRISCILLA. . . . . . . . .

Participant from Engineer Research and Development

Laboratories Determines the Radiation Content of

Contaminated Water During Project 50.4, Evaluation

of Water Decontamination Methods. . . . . . . . . . . .

Initial Survey for Shot PRISCILLA, 24 June 1957,

Mid-time 0809 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . l l l l l

Resurvey for Shot PRISCILLA, 24 June 1957,

Mid-time1305...... . . . . . . . . . . l l . l l

Resurvey for Shot PRISCILLA, 25 June 1957,

Mid-time0658............. . . . . . l 9 l

Resurvey for Shot PRISCILLA, 26 June 1957,

Mid-time 0550 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . b l . . . .

14

15

24

27

30

69

79

71

72

7
Figure

LIST OF ILLUSTRATIONS (CONTINUED)

4-5 Resurvey for Shot PRISCILLA, 27 June 1957,

Mid-time 0548 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

LIST OF TABLES

Table

2-l

3-l

3-2

3-3

3-4

Exercise Desert Rock VII and VIII Projects,

Shot PRISCILLA. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Field Command Weapons Effects Test Group

Projects, Shot PRISCILLA. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

LASL, UCRL, and CETG Projects with DOD Personnel

Involvement, Shot PRISCILLA . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

DOD Operational Training Projects, Shot PRISCILLA . . .

AFSWC Air Mission Support, Shot PRISCILLA . . . . . . .

Page

73

Page

22

35

55

5 7

59

8
LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS AND ACRONYMS

The following abbreviations and acronyms are used in this volume:

AEC

AFB

AFSWC

AFSWP

BJY

CETG

DOD

FCDA

HumRRO

LASL

NT0

NTS

OCAFF

REECo

R/h

UCRL

USAF

UTM

WETG

Atomic Energy Commission

Air Force Base

Air Force Special Weapons Center

Armed Forces Special Weapons Project

Buster-Jangle “Y”

Civil Effects Test Group

Department of Defense

Federal Civil Defense Administration

Human Resources Research Office

Los Alamos Scientific Laboratory

Nevada Test Organization

Nevada Test Site

Office, Chief of Army Field Forces

Reynolds Electrical and Engineering Company

Roentgens-per-hour

University of California Radiation Laboratory

United States Air Force

Universal Transverse Mercator

Weapons Effects Test Group

9
PRISCILLA

SHOT SYNOPSIS

AEC TEST SERIES: PLUMRROR

DOD EXERCISES: Desert Rock VII and VIII

DATE/TIME: 24 June 1957, 0630 hours

YIELD: 37 kilotons

HEIGHT OF BURST: 700 feet (balloon shot)

Purpose of Test: Military Effects Test

DOD Objectives: (1) To study the effects of a nuclear weapon

with known yield and characteristics on

military equipment, materiel, structures, and

ordnance

(2) To allow DOD personnel to observe a

nuclear detonation

(3) To evaluate military equipment.

Weather: At shot-time the temperature was 17.5' C.;

relative humidity, 29 percent; pressure, 909.5

mb; wind calm up to 5,000 feet mean sea level,

increasing to about 45 knots at 33,000 feet

mean sea level.

Radiation Data: The closest troops witnessed the detonation

from trenches about 3,900 meters southwest of

ground zero. Light to moderate fallout

occurred northeast of ground zero. Troops

touring the equipment display area approached

as close as 500 meters to ground zero.

Participants: Armed Forces Special Weapons Project, Air

Force Special Weapons Center and other Air

Force personnel, Exercise Desert Rock Troops,

Atomic Energy Commission, Los 41amos

Scientific Laboratory, University of

California Radiation Laboratory, Federal Civil

Defense Administration, and Contractors.

10
CHAPTER 1

INTRODUCTION

Shot PRISCILLA was a test of a 37-kiloton nuclear device

conducted at 0630 hours on 24 June 1957 at the Nevada Test Site

(NTS), the U.S. Atomic Energy Commission (AEC) continental

nuclear test area located northwest of Las Vegas. PRISCILLA was

the fifth nuclear test of Operation PLUMRROR, a series of 24

nuclear weapons tests and six safety experiments performed in

Nevada between 24 April and 7 October 1957.

The PRISCILLA nuclear device was designed for the AEC by the

Los Alamos Scientific Laboratory (LASL). The device was a

previously tested nuclear weapon drawn from the nuclear arsenal,

for which the yield and characteristics had already been

evaluated. Military and scientific experiments were fielded to

study the characteristics of the detonation. Some of these

projects were conducted by LASL, and others by the University of

California Radiation Laboratory (UCRL).

The primary objective of the PRISCILLA event was to correlate the yield and characteristics of the device with its effects

on military equipment, materiel, structures, and ordnance. TO

fulfill this objective, the Armed Forces Special Weapons Project

(AFWSP) of the Department of Defense (DOD) conducted 34

Scientific projects at Shot PRISCILLA, making this shot one of

the largest military effects tests ever conducted at the NTS. A

number of other activities related to the conditions and

phenomena produced by a nuclear detonation were also conducted

during the PRISCILLA event. These included the Desert Rock

11
exercises, operational training projects, and Federal Civil

Defense Administration (FCDA) projects (7).*

Most DOD participants at Shot PRISCILLA were involved in

Exercise Desert Rock activities. More than 75 percent of the

estimated 2,600+ DOD participants at this shot took part in the

projects conducted by Exercise Desert Rock. In the Troop

Observer and Indoctrination Program, more than 1,000 Army and

Marine troops and official observers viewed the PRISCILLA detonation. This was the second largest observer group in the PLUMBBOB

Series (35). The armed services fielded several projects at Shot

PRISCILLA to evaluate military equipment and tactics. Similarly,

operational training projects were conducted by the Air Force at

PRISCILLA to test equipment and to familiarize personnel with the

effects of a nuclear detonation.

The Federal Civil Defense Administration conducted projects

to assess the effects of nuclear detonations on civilian populations and to evaluate Civil Defense emergency preparedness plans.

Department of Defense participation in these projects was

limited.

1.1 SETTING AND CHARACTERISTICS OF THE PRISCILLA DETONATION

The nuclear device tested at Shot PRISCILLA was suspended

from a balloon 700 feet above the ground at UTM coordinates

---I_------

*All sources cited in the text are listed alphabetically and

numbered in the Reference List, appended to this volume. The

number given in the citation in the text is the number of the

source document in the Reference List.

+This number does not include support or staff personnel.

12
956729, * a location in Frenchman Flat near the middle of Frenchman Lake. Figure l-l shows the location of the PRISCILLA detonation in relation to other shots in the PLUMIRBOB Series. Because

the many military effects experiments conducted during PRISCILLA

required several months of onsite preparation, PRISCILLA was the

only event conducted in Frenchman Flat during Operation PLUMBROR.

The PRISCILLA event was delayed for nine days. Originally

scheduled for 15 June 1957,, technical difficulties forced

rescheduling of the event to 23 June 1957. Because of bad

weather on that day, the shot was again postponed until the

following morning. In the early morning hours of 24 June,

personnel began positioning themselves for the event. The Desert

Rock observers departed for the forward area where some stood in

the open, more than 11 kilometers

+

southwest of ground zero.

Others crouched in four rows of trenches between 3,900 and 4,009

meters southwest of ground zero. Instruments and equipment for

the many military effects and diagnostic projects ringed the area

around ground zero. In the air, aircraft participating in

operational training projects and Air Force Special Weapons

Center (AFSWC) support activities positioned themselves for the

detonation.

The PRISCILLA device was detonated at 0630 hours on 24 June

1957. Figure l-2 shows the PRISCILLA detonation. One hour

later, the time at which winds were measured, winds were calm at

the surface, increasing to approximately 36 knots from the westsouthwest at 40,000 feet (29). The nuclear cloud top rose to an

--*

Universal Transverse Mercator (UTM) coordinates are used in this

report. The first three digits refer to a point on an east-west

axis, and the second three refer to a point on a north-south

axis. The point so designated is the southwest corner Of an

area 100 meters square,

+Throughout this report, surface distances are given in metric

units. The metric conversion factors include: 1 meter = 3.28

feet; 1 meter = 1.09 yards; and 1 kilometer = 0.62 miles.

13
WHITNEY 

DIABLO 

-A@

,--@

SHASTA

FRANKLIN PRIME

0

II

KIlometers

Camp Desert

Rock

Camp Mercury

Figure l-l: LOCATION OF SHOT PRISCILLA IN THE NEVADA TEST SITE,

IN RELATION TO OTHER SHOTS IN THE PLUMBBOB SERIES

1 4

altitude of about 43,000 feet* and proceeded northeast from the

point of detonation. Fallout occurred onsite northeast of ground

zero and proceeded east toward Carp, Nevada, and to several communities in western and southern IJtah (43).

Severe dust conditions delayed initial radiological surveys

around ground zero after the detonation. This delay affected

both the movement of the observers into the equipment display

area and retrieval of experimental data from the areas around

ground zero. When the Test Manager declared that the area was

safe for entry, after completion of the initial survey, project

participants proceeded with their activities as planned.

1.2 DEPARTMENT OF DEFENSE SCIENTIFIC, OPERATIONAL TRAINING, AND

SUPPORT ACTIVITIES AT SHOT PRISCILLA

The Nevada Test Organization (NTO) was established for planning, coordinating, and conducting atmospheric nuclear weapons

tests during Operation PLUMRROR. All activities of the NT0 were

under the overall control of an AEC-appointed Test Manager,

assisted by the Test Director. The NT0 was comprised of personnel from the Atomic Energy Commission, the Department of 'defense,

and the Federal Civil Defense Administration, and included

representatives from the AFSWP Weapons Effects Test Group (WETG),

the LASL Test Group, the UCRL Test Group, and the FCDA Civil

Effects Test Group (CETG). These test groups conducted 82

military effects and scientific projects at Shot PRISCILLA.

About half of these projects included DOD participation. Three

other projects were performed by Air Force personnel as part of

the DOD operational training program.

*Altitudes and other vertical distances are given in feet.

Altitudes are measured from mean sea level unless otherwise

noted. Frenchman Lake is about 3,000 feet above mean sea level.

16
Personnel from DOD agencies and all four armed services

participated in the experiments conducted by the four test

groups, whose activities were coordinated by the Test Director.

The largest DOD involvement was in the 34 military effects projects of the Weapons Effects Test Group. DOD personnel also

assisted in four of the projects conducted by the other test

grows, but DOD participation in these four projects was limited.

Participants in the scientific and diagnostic experiments placed

data-collection instruments around the point of detonation in the

days and weeks preceding the scheduled event. After the detonation, when the Test Manager had determined that the radiological

environment in the test area would permit limited access,

participants recovered instruments and equipment. About 300

people took part in the projects conducted by the WETG, and

another 20 assisted in those conducted by LASJ,, UCRL, and CETG

(5; 6).

The three operational training projects, which involved

about eight Air Force personnel, were designed to test service

tactics and equipment and to train military p.ersonnel in the

effects of a nuclear detonation. Two of these projects required

aircrews to fly their aircraft in the vicinity of the Nevada Test

Site at the time of the detonation to observe or photograph the

fireball and the rise of the resulting nuclear cloud. The third

project evaluated the accuracy of bomb damage assessment equipment inside an aircraft. These projects, like those of the test

groups, were approved and coordinated by the Test Director.

In addition to those people involved in experiments and

training, about 600 staff and support personnel provided

necessary services to other participants at the test site.

One important support function during Shot PRISCIJ,LA was

provided by the Air Force Special Weapons Center, based at

Kirtland Air Force Base (AFB), New Mexico. This group provided

1'7
air support to the Test Manager and to three test group projects.

During Operation PLUMBBOB, AFSWC was comprised of units from the

4950th Test Group (Nuclear), including the 4926th Test Squadron

(Sampling) and the 4935th Air Base Squadron. A total of 493

airmen and 23 officers of the 4959th were stationed at Indian

Springs AFB, 38 kilometers southeast of the NTS (25). Support

was also provided by the 4900th Air Base Group at Kirtland AFB.

For PRISCILLA, AFSWC performed several missions, including

aircraft control, security sweeps, cloud sampling, cloud tracking

and penetration, radio relay, terrain surveys, and courier and

transportation services.

To minimize exposure to ionizing radiation, radiation

protection procedures were established by the Nevada Test Organization. Participants were to receive no more then three roentgens of whole-body gamma radiation for any 13-week period and no

more than five roentgens of whole-body gtmma radiation annually.

To ensure these criteria were followed, access to contaminated

areas was rigidly controlled, and project personnel recovering

test instruments from highly contaminated areas were accompanied

by radiological safety monitors. The monitors, who continuously

checked the radiation intensity in the recovery area, had the

authority to order a halt to recovery operations if intensities

were too great or the length of time in the area was too long.

Project personnel were issued film badges to wear at all times

when in the test area. These film badges were collected,

developed, and evaluated at regular intervals. Any individual

whose accumulated exposure exceeded or would be expected to

exceed the established limits was barred from further

participation in project activities in the forward area.

Althoug!l not implemented during PLUMBBOB, emergency evacuation

procedures were prepared for all test events (57).

18
With one exception, the radiation protection procedures for

the AFSWC aircrew and ground crew personnel were the same as

those established for the NTO. As the single exception, cloud

sampler pilots were allowed by the Test Manager to receive up to

a total of 7.5 roentgens of gamma radiation annually. Complete

decontamination, including showers and changes of clothing, was

required of all aircrew members following each project mission,

regardless of the exposure received on the flight. Aircraft were

either decontaminated by washing or were isolated until radiation

intensities had decayed to predetermined levels (57).

1.3 EXERCISE DESERT ROCK ACTIVITIES AT SHOT PRISCILLA

More than 1,700 military personnel, including Canadians,

involved in Shot PRISCILLA participated in the projects fielded

by Exercise Desert Rock VII and VIII, the Army testing and

training program conducted during Operation PLUMBBOB. These

projects included three troop observer and indoctrination

projects and five technical service projects. Some Camp Desert

Rock personnel also participated as observers (table 2-l).

The largest group of participants was comprised of 1,133

Army and Marine Corps observers. Another 604 individuals took

part in five Exercise Desert Rock technical service projects.

These projects involved exposing military equipment to a

detonation to evaluate the damage sustained and testing military

equipment and techniques for detecting nuclear bursts and

fallout.

In addition to the Desert Rock exercise troops, about 2,000

support troops from various Army units maintained and operated

Camp Desert Rock, providing transportation, communications,

engineering, administrative, and security services. Of these

Desert Rock support troops, some worked in the forward area of

19
the NTS to construct observer positions, lay communication lines,

provide transportation and security, and assist in preparing the

Desert Rock projects. Soldiers from the 50th Chemical Platoon

served as radiological safety monitors for Desert Rock project

personnel during nuclear test events.

Radiation protection procedures at Exercise Desert Rock, as

well as those of the Nevada Test Organization, are detailed in

the PLUMBBOB Series volume. The procedures were designed to

minimize potential exposure to ionizing radiation while allowing

participants to accomplish their project objectives. Camp Desert

Rock support personnel and exercise participants were limited to

no more than five roentgens of whole-body gamma radiation during

any six-month period. The radiation protection procedures of

Exercise Desert Rock included provisions for (8; 9):

Maintaining minimum safe distances from nuclear

detonations

Enforcing protective procedures for personnel

observing the detonation

Controlling access to contaminated areas

Monitoring individuals working in contaminated

areas

Issuing film badges to Desert Rock personnel and

monitoring cumulative exposures

Decontaminating all equipment and personnel leaving

the test area after the detonation.

This report documents the activities of the Desert Rock

troops and other DOD personnel who participated in Shot

PRISCILLA. The activities of Desert Rock and NT0 support

personel are detailed in the PLUMBBOB Series volume.

20
CHAPTER 2

EXERCISE DESERT ROCK VII AND VIII OPERATIONS AT SHOT PRISCILLA

Department of Defense (DOD) personnel participated in nine

Exercise Desert Rock VII and VIII projects during Shot PRISCILL4.

The principal concern throughout this chapter is with the Desert

Rock activities that may have exposed participants to ionizing

radiation before, during, and after the detonation. In.all, more

than 1,700 individuals took part in the Desert Rock exercises at

PRISCILLA.

The discussion in this chapter focuses on the troops

assigned to Exercise Desert Rock to participate in PRISCILLA.

These individuals took part in one of two programs: the Troop

Observer Indoctrination Program or the Technical Service Program.

The Troop Observer Indoctrination Program, which involved 60

percent of the Desert Rock participants, was designed to orient

armed services personnel to the effects of a nuclear detonation.

The Technical Service Program was intended to test the effects of

nuclear weapons on ordnance materiel, fortifications, structures,

and equipment.

Detailed descriptions of project objectives and general

project activities are contained in the PLUMBBOR Series volume

that accompanies this report. The information contained in this

chapter addresses only those project operations significant to

Shot PRISCILLA.

Table 2-1 displays the Desert Rock programs and their

subordinate projects conducted at Shot PRISCILLA, and includes

the number of DOD personnel who took part in each.

21
Table 2-l: EXERCISE DESERT ROCK VII AND VIII PROJECTS, SHOT PRISCILLA

Program Type

Troop Observer

Indoctrination

Estimated

Sponsor DOD

Project Title Agency Participating Service Personnel

50.2 Troop Observers Army Army; Navy 545

Technical Serwce

52.2

53.3

50.3

Marine Corps Observers Marine Corps Marine Corps’ 349

Arr Force Observer Training Arr Force 17

Camp Desert Rock Observers Army 105

Evaluatron of Medium Range Army Army Srgnal Research and 3 0

Detonation-detection and Signal Development Laboratones

Cloud Tracking Systems

56.4

50.6

Evaluation of Water

Decontamination Methods

Test of Field Fortrftcatrons

Army Army Engineer Research and 5

Development Laboratones

Army Army Engrneer Research and 7

Engineer Development Laboratones

Research and

Development

Laboratones

50.7

50.8

Test of Ordnance Material

Detection of Atomrc Burst

and Radroactrve Fallout

Ballistics

Research

Laboratories

Army

Artillery

Ballrstrc Research Laboratones;

Diamond Ordnance Fuze

Laboratones

Army Artillery and Gurded

Missile School; Army Chemrcal

School; Air Defense Board;

Artillery Board, Arr Weather

Servrce

5

557

‘Includes 311 partxrpants from the 4th Marrne Corps ProvisIonal Atomrc Exercrse Brigade

22
2.1 TROOP OBSERVER INDOCTRINATION PROJECTS AT SHOT PRISCILLA

A total of 1,133 observers witnessed Shot PRISCILLA as part

of Exercise Desert Rock VII and VIII. The 662 observers of

Project 50.2, Troop Observers, included 540 Army troops from

various units, as well as five Navy, 107 Canadian, and 10

civilian personnel. Project 52.2, Marine Corps Observers, was

comprised of 38 Marine Corps officers and enlisted men. Another

311 Marines from the 4th Marine Corps Provisional Atomic Exercise

Brigade, which arrived at Camp Desert Rock on 20 June 1957 to

participate in Shot DIABLC), were also afforded the opportunity to

observe PRISCILLA. The observers watched the PRISCILLA

detonation in two separate groups. One group was located in the

open, approximately 11 kilometers southwest of ground zero. The

other group was in four rows of trenches between 3,900 and 4,000

meters southwest of the detonation (UTM coordinates 930G98).

Among the observers in the trenches were 195 Camp Desert Rock

personnel (28; 35; 49). Also included among the observers were

17 personnel from the Air Force, who were part of Project 53.3,

Air Force Observer Training. Because no complete documentation

based on actual activities exists, the exact number and unit

assignment of the remaining observers at each location have not

been determined (29; 35).

Preparations for the observer projects included positioning

observer trenches and military equipment for the equipment

display area. Locations for the trenches were based on Office,

Chief of Army Field Forces (OCAFF) criteria for determining safe

distances from ground zero, given the predicted and reasonable

upper limit of the PRISCILLA yield, 40 kilotons. The average

trench depth was five feet, so that a crouching person had a

minimum of 24 inches of overhead protection. The military

equipment was set up before shot-day by about ten people of the

526th Ordnance Company (35). The display area stretched from 230

to 2,300 meters south of ground zero. Figure 2-l depicts the

locations of the observer trenches and the equipment display area

relative to ground zero.

23
PRISCILLA

Figure 2-l: MAP OF PRISCILLA GROUND ZERO AND DESERT ROCK

TRENCH AND DISPLAY AREAS

24
Additional Camp Desert Rock support personnel, including

radiological safety monitors, military police, and transportation

companies, supported the observer project and other Desert Rock

projects.

The following description of planned observer activities is

based on the PRISCILLA Operation Order and does not include the

observers who were positioned in the open over 11 kilometers from

the detonation.

The observers were presented with an eight-hour orientation

course two days before the detonation. On the morning before the

shot, the participants were briefed on observation procedures,

and, that afternoon, were escorted on a tour of the Nevada Test

Site.

In the early morning hours of shot-day, 24 June 1957, the

observers assigned to trenches were organized into four march

units, which departed Camp Desert Rock for the forward area in a

40-vehicle convoy. The planned times of departure from Camp

Desert Rock and arrival at the observation positions for each

unit were as follows (34):

MARCH UNIT DEPARTURE ARRIVAL

1 0231 0305

2 0244 0318

3 0257 0331

4 0310 0345

After unloading the observers, the drivers took their empty

trucks back to a parking area, approximately nine kilometers

southwest of ground zero (34).

One hour before the detonation, all northbound traffic into

the forward area was stopped except for emergency traffic cleared

by the Test Director. Loudspeakers announced the 30-minute

25
warning and the observers were ordered into the trenches. All

unnecessary electronic equipment, including radios and vehicles,

was turned off. Radio silence was ordered 15 minutes before the

detonation. A siren announced the ten-minute warning.

Loudspeakers announced the five-minute warning and gasoline

engines were turned off. Persons without dense goggles turned

their backs toward ground zero at this time and were not to turn

around until after the initial flash. One minute before the

detonation the AEC Control Point announcer started to broadcast

the countdown. Those observers in trenches crouched, closed and

covered their eyes; those supplied with goggles put them on (35).

One Armed Forces Special Weapons Project (AFSW!?) participant

described Shot PRISCILLA as follows: "H hour and whst an hour. .

. . . the thermal wave was very intense and the shock wave upset a

number of people who were not braced for it." The ground shock

reportedly caused a portion of one observer trench to collapse,

partially burying some observers. These individuals were

promptly dug out by their companions in the trench area.

After the detonation, three two-man radiological survey

teams from the 50th Chemical Platoon began to establish the 0.02

R/h* and the 5 R/h lines in the equipment display area. The 5

R/h line was established about 500 meters from ground zero.

The observer troops moved out of the trenches approximately

two hours after the detonation, boarded the trucks, and were

driven to the equipment display area. They dismounted and walked

through the display area. Figure 2-2 shows the type of damage

sustained by vehicles in the PRISCILLA equipment display.

Accompanied by a member of the Exercise Desert Rock instructor

-.--_I ---- - -

*Roentgens per hour

26

group, the observers proceeded no further than the 5 R/h line

within the display area. At about 0830 hours, the observers

reboarded the trucks and were transported back to Camp Desert

Rock. In all, they spent approximately six hours in the forward

area (34).

2.2 TECHNICAL SERVICE PROJECTS AT SHOT PRISCILLA

As listed in table 2-1, five technical service projects were

conducted at Shot PRISCILLA. A total of 604 DOD personnel took

part in these projects. With the exception of Project 50.4,

Evaluation of Water Decontamination Methods, and Project 50.6,

Protection Afforded by Field Fortifications, the same individuals

who conducted the technical service projects at Shot PRISCILLA

also performed them at other PLUMBBOB shots. Therefore, project

participants from projects 50.3, 50.7, and 50.8 were active at

the Nevada Test Site (NTS) both before and after Shot PRISCILLA.

Project 50.3, Evaluation of Medium Range Detonationdetection and Cloud Tracking Systems, was fielded by a detachment

of 30 people from the Army Signal Research and Development

Laboratories, Fort Monmouth, New Jersey. The project was

designed to test the capacity of Army radar equipment for

detecting nuclear detonations and tracking radioactive clouds and

to examine Army fallout prediction methods. The 30 people

comprised two teams: a radar section, located about 15 kilometers northwest of ground zero, and a Fallout Prediction Team

who operated out of an M-109 equipment mobile van situated next

to the weather station at Camp Mercury. The fallout team was

supplemented by a meteorological team located south of Alamo,

Nevada, approximately 50 kilometers east of Frenchman Flat (13;

46; 48).

28
Project 50.4, Evaluation of Water Decontamination Methods,

was conducted by the Army Engineer Research and Development

Laboratories only during Shot PRISCILLA. The objective of the

project was to study water solubility characteristics of radioactive debris and to evaluate methods for removing these

contaminants from water. Field operations began on 3 June and

ended 25 July 1957. The evening before PRISCILLA, five people

from the Sanitary Engineering Branch, Army Engineer Research and

Development Laboratories, placed pans filled with water at ten

stations from 400 meters to 3,200 meters north, northeast, east,

and southeast of ground zero. One to three hours after the shot,

the 50th Chemical Platoon (Service) radiological safety personnel

monitored each of the ten stations, obtaining the following

radiation level readings (39):

Station

Azimuth/Distance Gamma Intensity

from GZ Time -- (R/h)

1

2

3

4

5

6

7

8

9

10

130°/2490 m.

135O/1370 m.

90°/1370 m.

90°/3140 m.

60°/1460 m.

45'/2560 m.

30'/1830 m.

38O/1370 m.

4O/1370 m.

4O/2740 m.

0810

0840

0847

0853

0900

0904

0907

0910

0913

0917

.005

.032

.034

.002

.020

.180

. 150

.300

.075

.003

The highest radiation intensities were at stations 6, 7, and 8,

which were situated northeast of ground zero, the direction taken

by the cloud following the detonation of Shot PRISCILLA.

Ten to 12 hours after the shot, project personnel conducted

another survey, and two days after the shot, the fallout in the

water pans was monitored, as shown in figure 2-3, and then

collected for analysis. After the two-day period, soil samples

also were collected around ground zero and subsequently analyzed

for radioactivity and solubility.

29

Project 50.6, Test of Field Fortifications, was designed to

determine the protection afforded against nuclear weapons effects

by various types of field fortifications. The project, performed

by about seven people from a detachment of the Army Engineer

Research and Development Laboratories, was conducted in conjunction with AFSWP Field Command Weapons Effects Test Group Project

2.4, Shielding Studies. Twenty-seven fortifications were

constructed prior to the PRISCILLA detonation by the 84th

Engineer Battalion. The fortifications consisted of five

machine-gun emplacements, 20 foxholes of various construction,

and two hasty shelters, and were positioned from 435 meters to

approximately 900 meters southwest of ground zero. Pressure-time

gauges were installed in the machine-gun emplacements and in five

of the foxholes. The personnel from Project 2.4 also placed

instruments for this project, while members of another AFSWP

project, 4.1, placed a pig in the entrance of each machine-gun

emplacement. Available documentation does not explain the

procedures of the project personnel following the detonation

(22).

Project 50.7, Test of Ordnance Material, was intended to

test items of ordnance under the blast, thermal, and radioactive

conditions created by nuclear detonations. Approximately five

individuals from the Ballistic Research Laboratories fielded

Project 50.7. The equipment tested at Shot PRISCILLA was limited

to rocket and shell fuses and hand grenades. The ordnance equipment was buried in shallow trenches from eight to 12 inches deep

and at distances of 360 meters, 720 meters, and 1,050 meters from

ground zero. At an unspecified time after the shot, five people

spent about two hours recovering the equipment, which was later

sent to Diamond Ordnance Fuze Laboratories for analysis (12).

Project 50.8, Detection of Atomic Burst and Radioactive

Fallout, was sponsored by the Army Artillery and Guided Missile

School, with support from the Army Chemical School, the Air

31
Defense Board, the Artillery Board, and the Air Weather Service.

The purpose of the project, which involved 557 people, was to

determine how well equipment found in a typical Army unit could

determine the location, height of burst, and yield of a nuclear

detonation. The equipment was positioned before the detonation

by a team of 268 people at 19 different locations, most of which

were located offsite. The closest locations were approximately

four kilometers west and northwest of ground zero.

As part of this project, a B-26 aircraft with two people

from George AFB tested the attenuation of Nike missile control

signals when operating in or beyond a nuclear cloud. Reginning

30 minutes before the detonation, the plane flew an oval racetrack course north of ground zero at an altitude of 15,000 feet.

After the shot, the pilot positioned the aircraft so that the

radioactive cloud was between the aircraft and an equipment site

located at UTM coordinates 922632, to monitor the Nike control

signals (34; 35).

Air radiological surveys by four helicopter teams were

scheduled to determine the PRISCILLA fallout pattern.

Approximately 30 minutes following the detonation, the four

helicopters were to depart from the Desert Rock Decontamination

Station in Yucca Flat and fly around the Frenchman Flat area at

altitudes of 200 to 1,000 feet taking aerial radiation readings.

Because of severe dust conditions, it is unlikely these

helicopters took off at the scheduled time (34).

32
CHAPTER 3

NEVADA TEST ORGANIZATION OPERATIONS AT SHOT PRISCILLA

During Shot PRISCILLA, Department of Defense (DOD) personnel

performed a variety of tasks, including scientific and military

effects experiments, training projects, and support activities.

DOD personnel were involved in 35 military effects projects conducted by the Armed Forces Special Weapons Project (AFSWP) Field

Command Weapons Effects Test Group. DOD participation in scientific experiments included one of the 14 projects of the Los

Alamos Scientific Laboratory (LASL) Test Group, one of the four

projects fielded by the University of California Radiation

Laboratory (UCRL) Test Group, and three of the 30 projects

conducted by the Federal Civil Defense Administration Civil

Effects Test Group (CETG). In addition to the scientific and

diagnostic experiments, three DOD operational training projects

were conducted by the Air Force during PRISCILLA. Finally, Air

Force Special Weapons Center (AFSWC) personnel flew support

missions for the test groups and the Test Manager.

These activities involved more than 300 project personnel,

more than 500 AFSWC air and ground personnel, and perhaps an

additional 100 DOD personnel working for the support units of the

Nevada Test Organization. In contrast, the Desert Rock projects

addressed in chapter 2 involved approximately 1,700 DOD

personnel.

Detailed descriptions of project objectives and general

project activities are contained in the PLUMBBOB Series volume.

The information contained in this chapter addresses only those

project operations significant to Shot PRISCILLA.

33
3.1 FIELD COMMAND WEAPONS EFFECTS TEST GROUP PROJECTS AT

SHOT PRISCILLA

The Weapons Effects Test Group of AFSWP Field Command performed 35 projects at Shot PRISCILLA. Table 3-1 lists the AFSWP

projects with DOD participation, the participating organizations,

and, where possible, the estimated numbers of DOD people

involved. The estimates are based on a knowledge of fielding and

recovery procedures, or on the Test Director's schedule of

events. Because, in most cases, the same people performed both

pre- and postshot activities, estimates reflect the maximum

number of DOD people who would have been involved in the project.

Project 1.1, Basic Airblast Phenomena, was fielded to obtain

data on overpressure and dynamic pressure values as a function of

time and distance from ground zero. Performance of various

pressure gauges and measurement devices and techniques was also

evaluated. An additional objective particular to Shot PRISCILLA

was to obtain free-field blast measurements for various agencies

conducting equipment and structural tests during the event.

Before the shot, Ballistic Research Laboratories personnel

installed 38 self-recording pressure-time gauges at 16 stations

along a blast line west of the PRISCILLA ground zero. About

three project personnel and a radiation monitor, all suited in

protective clothing and air purification respirators, spent about

four hours recovering the gauges in areas of low radiation

intensity on shot-day. They spent the next two days collecting

the remaining gauges, as radiation levels in the area declined to

permissible levels (15).

Project 1.3, Airblast Phenomena in the High-pressure Region,

was designed to measure the extremely high overpressures and

dynamic pressures at close range to the detonation, record their

onset, and relate these pressures to time and distance from

ground zero.

34
Project

1.1

1.3

Title Participating Agency

Basic Airblast Phenomena I Ballistic Research Laboratories I 4

I

Airblast Phenomena in the High Pressure Region

1.4 Ground Acceleration, Stress, and Strain at High

Incident Overpressures

1.5 Ground Motion Studies at High Incident Overpressures

1.7 Loading on Simulated Buried Structures at High

Incident Overpressures

Stanford Research Institute 8

Stanford Research Institute 7

Sandia Corporation 7

Air Research and Development Command 6

2.1 Soil Activation by Neutrons

I

Army Chemical Warfare Laboratories

I

3

I

2.3 Neturon Flux from Selected Nuclear Devices I Army Chemical Warfare Laboratories I 3 I

2.4 Neutron and Initial-gamma Shielding

2.6 Evaluation of Radiac Instruments

Army Chemical Warfare Laboratories

Army Signal Research and Development

Laboratories

3

4

2.7

2.8

3.1

Radio-wave Attenuation Studies Naval Research Laboratory 3

Evaluation of Militav Radiac Naval Material Laboratory 3

Blast Loading and Response of Underground Concrete Naval Civil Engineering Laboratory; Army 8

Arch Protective Structures Waterways Experiment Station

3.2 Evaluation of Buried Conduits as Personnel Shelters Navy Bureau of Yards and Docks; Naval

Civil Engineering Laboratory

8

3.3 Evaluation of Earth-covered Prefabricated Ammunition Navy Bureau of Yards and Docks; Naval *

Storage Magazines as Personnel Shelters Civil Engineering Laboratory

3.4 Blast Effects on Existing UPSHOT-KNOTHOLE and

I

Armour Research Foundation; Air Force

I

1 1

TEAPOT Structures Special Weapons Center I

3.5a

3.6

Isolation of Structures from Ground Shock

Full Scale Field Tests of Dome and Arch Structures

Stanford Research Institute

Air Force Special Weapons Center; American Machine

and Foundry Company

9

6

3.7 Instrumentation of Structures for Airblast and

Ground Shock Effects

Ballistic Research Laboratories *

3.8 Soil Survey and Backfill Control in Frenchman Flat Army Engineer Waterways Experiment Station 4

4.1 Effects of Nuclear Detonations on a Large

Biological Specimen (Swine)

Walter Reed Army Institute of Research 179

4.2 Evaluation of Eye Protection Afforded by an

Electromechanical Shutter

Wright Air Development Center 1 0

4.3 Secondary Missiles Generated by Nuclear-produced

I

Civil Effects Test Group Project 33.2 Personnel

I

*

Blast Waves I

Table 3-1: FIELD COMMAND WEAPONS EFFECTS TEST GROUP

PROJECTS, SHOT PRISCILLA

3t Unknown

--- - --

35

--
Table 3-l: FIELD COMMAND WEAPONS EFFECTS TEST GROUP

PROJECTS, SHOT PRISCILLA (Continued)

Project

5.1

5.4

5.5

Estimated

Title Participating Agency DOD Personnel

In-flight Structural Response of the HSS-1 Helicopter Navy Bureau of Aeronautics 1 4

to a Nuclear Detonation

In-flight Structural Response of the A4D-1 Aircraft to a Navy Bureau of Aeronautics; Douglas *

Nuclear Detonation Aircraft Company

In-flight Structural Response of the F89D Aircraft to a

I

Wright Air Development Center; Northrop Aircraft, Inc.

I

*

Nuclear Detonation

6.1

1

Minefield Clearance by Nuclear Weapons Detonations

I

Army Engineer Research and Development

I

8

Laboratories

6.2

6.2a

Measurement of the Magnetic Component of the

Electromagnetic Field Near a Nuclear Detonation

Diamond Ordnance Fuze Laboratories 6

Measurement of the Effects of Nuclear

Radiation on Semi-conductor Devices

Diamond Ordnance Fuze Laboratories 3

6.3

I

Attenuation of Electromagnetic Radiation Naval Air Development Center *

Through an Ionized Medium

6.4

t

8.1

Accuracy and Reliability of the Short-baseline

NAROL System

Air Force Cambridge Research Center *

Thermal Protection of the Individual Soldier Army Quartermaster Research and Engineering

Command

9

r

8.2 Prediction of Thermal Protection of Uniforms and

I

Naval Material Laboratory

I

1 0

Thermal Effects on Standard-reference Material I

Performance of a High-speed Spectrographic System I Naval Radiological Defense Laboratory I 4

I

8.3b Instrumentation for Measuring Effects Phenomena

Inside the Fireball

Wright Air Development Center 4

9.1 Support Photography Armed Forces Special Weapons Project; Air Force

Lookout Mountain Laboratory: Military Air

Transport Service

3

+ Unknown

36
This project was fielded only at Shot PRISCILLA. Field

operations for Project 1.3 were performed at the same time and by

the same people as for Project 1.4, Project 3.5a, and for the

instrumentation phase of Project 1.7. A common recording shelter

was used, and the data channels were intermingled. Common cable

trenches were used in most cases. Forty-seven gauges were

placed at 14 stations located 23 to 1,350 meters from ground

zero. An eight-man crew from the Stanford Research Institute

spent two months in the field before the shot. Cable trenching,

performed by an AEC contractor, probably took three people

approximately two weeks. It is estimated that three to four AEC

contractor personnel spent two months preparing the site and

installing the gauges. Recovery of the gauges probably took

three people eight to ten hours. Documentation does not indicate

which of these project members were DOD personnel (51).

Project 1.4, Ground Acceleration, Stress, and Strain at High

Incident Overpressures, was designed to measure the underground

pressures at various depths as exerted by a blast wave at the

surface, especially in the region close to ground zero. Field

operations for Project 1.4 were performed by the same personnel

at the same time as those for Project 1.3 and Project 3.5a, and

with instrumentation for Project 1.7. Seven members of the

Stanford Research Institute fielding party were on location for

eight weeks before the shot, calibrating and placing the gauges

and backfilling the holes. The gauges that measured horizontal

acceleration, stress, and strain were placed at 230 meters and

320 meters from ground zero and at various depths up to 50 feet.

The gauges that measured vertical acceleration and stress were

placed 140, 170, 200, 230, 260, and 410 meters from ground zero

at depths of five to ten feet. The records were recovered from

the recording shelter on the afternoon of shot-day. The recovery

operation required five participants to be in a 0.001 R/h radiation field for about 20 minutes. It is not known if all of the

personnel were from the DOD (52).

37
Project 1.5, Ground Motion Studies at High Incident Overpressures, was fielded to obtain data on ground movements caused

by the shock waves following a nuclear detonation. Field

operations were conducted concurrently with those of Projects

1.3, 1.4, and 3.5a, and with the instrumentation phase of Project

1.7. Part of the study included observation of acceleration in

buried vertical reinforced concrete structural elements to

provide information that could be correlated with ground movement

data. The Project 1.5 instrument array consisted of five

stations, located 23, 200, 260, 320, and 410 meters from ground

zero. Additional permanent-displacement data from the vicinity

of ground zero were derived from similar surveys on a grid in the

test area (42). An estimated seven project personnel spent eight

weeks fielding the experiment prior to shot-day.

At an unspecified time on shot-day, two or three project

personnel, accompanied by a radiation monitor, spent about four

hours retrieving some of the gauges located at the stations farthest from ground zero. They retrieved the remaining gauges as

radiation levels permitted over the next two days. It is not

known if all of these personnel were from the Department of

Defense.

Project 1.7, Loading on Simulated Buried Structures at High

Incident Overpressures, was intended to measure and evaluate the

ground pressures transmitted to large steel drums buried at

various depths close to ground zero. The project was planned and

carried out by personnel of the Structural Research Laboratory of

the University of Illinois, under contract to the Air Research

and Development Command. Dynamic instrumentation and soiltesting services were furnished by the Ballistic Research Laboratories, the Stanford Research Institute, and the Waterways Experiment Station of the Army Corps of Engineers. The instrumentation phase of this experiment was conducted concurrently with

Projects 1.3, 1.4, and 3.5a.

38
Field operations consisted of burying 68 test-device drums

in three trenches. The drums were 0.6 meters long and 0.6 meters

in diameter, with a diaphragm fitted on each end to yield two

sets of data per drum. Six project personnel excavated the three

trenches at ground ranges of 230, 310, and 410 meters from ground

zero. Each trench was one meter deep at each end, increasing to

seven meters in the middle. Two weeks after the detonation, two

AEC and two project personnel each spent an estimated 15 hours

excavating the drums (16).

Project 2.1, Soil Activation by Neutrons, was designed to

measure neutron-induced radioactivity in the soil. The data were

to be used to predict the radiological hazard from such soil

activation. Approximately two project personnel spent an

estimated two hours placing markers to indicate where a helicopter team was to place necessary instrumentation. After the

detonation, the helicopter survey team, consisting of three men,

placed ionization chambers on tripods on the ground at distances

between 370 meters and 1,100 meters from ground zero. The

surveys were made 25, 50, 75, and 100 minutes after the detonation (37).

Project 2.3, Neutron Flux from Selected Nuclear Devices, was

designed to measure the output of neutrons from the PRISCILLA

nuclear device and to determine the energy spectrum of the

neutrons and the distances that they traveled in the air. Neutron measurements were made as a function of distance from the

point of detonation. Of prime importance to the investigation

was the determination of the number and energy of the neutrons.

The measurements involved the placement of ten arrays of small

disks of selected materials that detected the neutrons in each of

several energy ranges.

39
Since neutron-induced radiation decays rapidly for some

isotopes, it was essential to return the detectors to the laboratory for analysis as soon after the shot as possible. To aid in

this prompt retrieval, the five or six different types of neutron

detectors at each of ten stations were all attached to a cable

laid along the ground, starting 340 meters west of ground zero

and continuing west for 470 meters (47). A few minutes after the

PRISCILLA detonation, two project personnel and a radiation monitar, all clothed in radiation protection gear, took a pickup

truck to the far end of the cable, about 900 meters west of

ground zero. While the monitor measured the radiation and

clocked their time in the area, the project personnel quickly

secured the end of the cable to the back of the pickup truck.

Then all three climbed back aboard the truck and rapidly drove

out of the area, dragging the neutron-detection arrays behind

them. Once safely beyond the radiation zone, they stopped the

truck, disconnected the detectors from the cable, and put them in

the sealed storage containers in the truck. After proceeding

through decontamination, they took the samples to the laboratory

at Camp Mercury for analysis.

Project 2.4, Neutron and Initial-gamma Shielding, was

designed to study several types of field fortifications and

underground shelters for their effectiveness in shielding or

blocking out nuclear radiation. The studies were linked to the

shelter experiments of Program 3 and Exercise Desert Rock,

Project 50.6, Test of Field Fortifications. Several agencies

cooperated on this project. Executive responsibility, including

detailed planning, field instrumentation, and reporting of

results, was vested in the Army Chemical Warfare Laboratories;

ordnance was the responsibility of the Ballistic Research Laboratories; field fortifications were the responsibility of the Army

Engineer Research and Development Laboratories for Project 50.6;

and gamma film-packet measurements were the responsibility of

Army Signal Research and Development Laboratories (35; 53). Two

40
or three project personnel recovered the detectors at an

unspecified time on shot-day, as radiation levels permitted.

Project 2.6, Evaluation of Radiac Instruments, tested the

ability of a newly developed gamma-neutron dosimeter and a new

beta-gamma ion chamber ratemeter to accurately detect and measure

gamma and neutron radiation. In evaluating the neutron dosimeter

system, tissue-equivalent tactical neutron dosimeters and

standard radiac meters were exposed to initial nuclear radiation

from Shot PRISCILLA. The readings were compared to those made

with chemical dosimeters and with National Bureau of Standards

film dosimeters.

Project personnel attached dosimeters and film packs to

plywood slats placed within linen-reinforced Rakelite tubes eight

centimeters in diameter and 1.2 meters long. They placed the

tubes at eight locations from 1,330 meters to 1,840 meters west

of ground zero. Three people spent half a day surveying and

installing each of the eight stations for this project before the

shot. About four hours after the detonation, four people spent

approximately one hour recovering the dosimeters (19).

Project 2.7, Radio-wave Attenuation Studies, was fielded to

study the interference effects of high levels of radiation on

radio transmissions and radar operations. A receiver was placed

in Building 400, located about 20 kilometers from ground zero,

and an antenna and transmitter were placed about five kilometers

from ground zero, probably by three people two days before the

detonation. Two or three personnel removed the antenna used in

this project within a few days after the detonation so that it

could be used again at Shot HOOD (33).

Project 2.8, Evaluation of Military Radiac, evaluated the

accuracy of several types of Navy radiac equipment in measuring

radiological hazards in the field under anticipated conditions of

41
nuclear warfare. The experimental equipment consisted of one

masonite phantom, or dummy human, loaded with selectively

shielded standard depth-dose detectors and dosimeters, and one

masonite phantom containing two ratemeters. Two hours after the

detonation of Shot PRISCILLA, the experimental equipment was

transported into the field and located at positions where the

field distribution was fairly uniform and the field strength as

measured in the air was between 10 and 20 R/h. An estimated two

project personnel and a radiation monitor, all wearing film

badges, protective clothing, and air purification respirators,

placed the phantoms in the field. The phantoms were recovered 52

hours after placement (24).

Project 3.1, Blast Loading and Response of Underground

Concrete Arch Protective Structures, was designed to evaluate the

effects of a kiloton-range nuclear airburst on buried

reinforced-concrete arch structures located near ground zero.

The project was planned and carried out jointly by the Naval

Civil Engineering Laboratory and the Army Engineer Waterways

Experiment Station. The Ballistic Research Laboratories and the

Army Chemical Warfare Laboratories furnished much of the

instrumentation. An estimated five people spent ten days placing

the instruments in the structures. Recovery was probably

accomplished within a week of shot-day by eight project personnel

(27).

Project 3.2, Evaluation of Buried Conduits as Personnel

Shelters, was designed to determine the degree of protection that

could be afforded to personnel by steel and concrete conduits

buried at various depths and located various distances from

ground zero. The pretest planning and overall development of the

project was accomplished by the Bureau of Yards and Docks, with

fielding and recovery assistance by personnel of the Naval Civil

Engineering Laboratory. The following agencies, in connection

42
with the following projects, made essential contributions-to

Project 3.2:

0 Army Chemical Warfare Laboratories: Project 2.4,

Neutron and Initial-gamma Shielding

0 Ballistic Research Laboratories: Project 3.7,

Instrumentation of Structures for Airblast and Ground

Shock Effects

0 Army Engineer Waterways Experiment Station: Project

3.8, Soil Survey and Backfill Control in Frenchman Flat

0 Air Force Lookout Mountain Laboratory: Project 9.1,

Support Photography

0 Lovelace Foundation for Medical Education and Research:

Project 33.2, Missiles Secondary to a Nuclear Blast, and

Project 33.5, The Internal Environment of Underground

Structures Subjected to Nuclear Blast - the Concurrence

of Dust.

Estimates indicate that eight people spent about 12 days

preparing for the project. They installed pressure-time gauges,

accelerometers, film badges, and dosimeters, and performed sand

density tests within the various structures. Sometime within two

weeks after the detonation, approximately four people spent six

days recovering film badges, dosimeters, and data from

pressure-time gauges and accelerometers (3).

Project 3.3, Evaluation of Earth-covered Prefabricated

Ammunition Storage Magazines as Personnel Shelters, evaluated

three basic components of a personnel shelter to determine the

amount of protection they afforded against blast and radiation

effects. The agencies that planned, fielded, and contributed

data and instrumentation for this project were the same as those

described under Project 3.2, Evaluation of Buried Conduits as

Personnel Shelters. The structures being tested were 350 meters

and 410 meters from ground zero. Estimates indicate that recovery operations probably took place within a month following shotday as radiation levels allowed. Recovery personnel were suited

in protective clothing and air purification respirators (3; 4).

43
Project 3.4, Blast Effects on Existing UPSHOT-KNOTHOLE and

TEAPOT Structures, was conducted as eight individual experiments.

Seven of the tests used structures remaining from the 1953

UPSHOT-KNOTHOLE and 1955 TEAPOT atmospheric nuclear weapons test

series, while the eighth required new construction. The general

objective was to obtain blast loading and structural response

data during the PRISCILLA event. The Armour Research Foundation

performed the experiment, which was monitored by the Structures

Division, Research Directorate, AFSWC, Kirtland AFB, New Mexico.

The new items tested were a series of concrete panels with 12

types of special coatings and refractories. Several precast

panels were exposed at each of three ground-range locations 18,

90, and 240 meters from ground zero. The postshot survey,

photography, and recovery of instrumentation from the seven

previously existing structures were accomplished by an estimated

eight people one week after the area had been declared safe. An

additional three project personnel were estimated to have spent

four days analyzing and photographing the various concrete test

panels (18).

Project 3.5a, Isolation of Structures from Ground Shock, was

to test the value of two forms of special backfill in isolating

or protecting underground structures and their contents from the

physical effects of shock waves produced by the detonation.

Stanford Research Institute was responsible for the general planning, instrumentation, and excavation of the structures. The

instrumentation phase of this project was performed concurrently

with Projects 1.3, 1.4, and 1.7. Two test structures and one

comparison structure were used. Onsite, the contractor excavated

three holes, each 1.6 meters in diameter and 4.5 meters deep,

placed test structures in the holes, and backfilled and compacted

the soil. Installation of gauges took an estimated nine people

four days. The test equipment was not recovered after the detonation, because it was to be used in a subsequent test. The

structures remained in place until the spring of 1961, when it

44
was evident that another large above-ground detonation would not

be fired over the buried structures (54).

Project 3.6, Full-scale Field Tests of Dome and Arch Structures, tested above-ground domed and arched structures and their

blast doors for ability to withstand blast forces. Ten concrete

and aluminum structures, situated between 360 meters and 620

meters from ground zero, were used.

AFSWC and the American Machine and Foundry Company fielded

the project, and.the Ballistic Research Laboratories furnished

pressure instrumentation. An estimated two or three people

recovered instrumentation and gauges in five or six days and

three people inspected the project and took photographs for two

days within two weeks of the shot (17).

Project 3.7, Instrumentation of Structures for Airblast and

Ground Shock Effects, provided electronic and automatic recording

instrumentation to measure the blast wave and ground shock

strengths for the shelters used in Projects 3.1, 3.2, 3.3, 3.6,

and CETG Projects 33.2 and 33.5. The instrumentation was placed

and recovered by project personnel in conjunction with those

projects (41).

Project 3.5, Soil Survey and Backfill Control in Frenchman

Flat, was designed to study the specific composition and physical

characteristics of the natural soil in the Frenchman Flat area of

the Nevada Test Site (NTS). Four members of the Army Engineer

Waterways Experiment Station fielded the project. The soil test

data were required for Projects 1.4, 1.5, 1.7, 3.1, 3.2, 3.3,

3.5, 3.6, 6.1, and 30.1, before, during, and after the various

project installations. The project survey was divided into three

preshot phases and one postshot phase. The three preshot phases

obtained different soil samples from soil excavated for various

project installations. These samples were sent to the Waterways

45
Experiment Station for analysis. The postshot phase consisted of

obtaining samples from four of the project installation areas.

Most samples were obtained by the various contractors from the

projects mentioned above. Four persons fielded Pro.ject 3.8 at

the NTS for approximately four weeks before the detonation.

Postshot analysis was probably accomplished by three or four

personnel in the third and fourth week after the detonation (30).

Project 4.1, Effects of Nuclear Detonations on a Large Riological Specimen (Swine), was fielded by the Walter Reed Armv

Institute of Research. The project was designed to investigate,

by medical experimentation, the effects of nuclear detonations on

swine in an attempt to define more specifically the effects on

humans. The personnel for the experiment were 179 officers and

enlisted personnel from the Medical Services of the Army, Air

Force, and Navy, and 13 civilians. The swine were kept in the

animal holding facility along Short Pole Line Road about ten

kilometers southwest of ground zero. A field hospital was

located adjacent to the holding facility. Retween 2300 and 0100

hours the night before the shot, an estimated 130 people placed

approximately 719 swine at 11 stations located 790 meters to

2,850 meters from ground zero. Project personnel probably

remained at the field hospital during the shot. 4bout 100

project personnel, wearing protective clothing and air

purification respirators, started recovery of the swine fifteen

minutes after detonation and continued working, as radiation

intensities permitted, until 1500 hours on shot-day, completing

the recovery on 25 June (40).

Project 4.2, Evaluation of Eye Protection Afforded by an

Electromechanical Shutter, was intended to assess how well an

electromechanical shutter device prevented or minimized flash

blindness, a temporary condition produced by the intense light of

a nuclear detonation. The Air Force School of Aviation Medicine

furnished examiners and rabbits for the tests, and personnel from

the Navy Radiological Defense Laboratory, the Wright Patterson

46
Aero Medical Laboratory, and the Nellis AFB Hospital provided

technical support. Two identical experimental test beds were

used at Shot PRISCILLA. One was in a C-47 aircraft flown by Tactical Air Command personnel, which orbited about 25 kilometers

from ground zero, and the other was in a trailer located about 18

kilometers from ground zero. Each station was equipped with a

light-sensitive electromechanical shutter device with six

positions for human test subjects. An examiner was present for

each subject. The actual number of positions occupied varied

from two to five at each station for the several PLUMBBOB shots

at which this project was conducted. Examiners determined the

length of time required for subjects to recover useful vision.

Four or more rabbits were also exposed at each location, so that

the amount of energy received could be closely correlated with

the chorioretinal burn threshold in humans. The

radiant energy received at the air station was greater than anticipated, but permanent retinal damage was not a problem (40).

Project 4.3, Secondary Missiles Generated by Nuclearproduced Blast Waves, was partially funded by and coordinated

with AFSWP, which also furnished minor logistical support. The

project was fielded by personnel of the Lovelace Foundation for

Medical Education and Research under the CETG Project 33.2,

Missiles Secondary to a Nuclear Blast. The project was designed

to determine the size, weight, and velocity of objects such as

steel fragments, glass, and gravel, that could be propelled by

the blast wave from a nuclear detonation. The objects were used

to impact on Styrofoam targets of various densities, placed at 19

locations between 300 and 1,530 meters from ground zero. In

addition, an underground shelter, constructed and tested during

Operation UPSHOT-KNOTHOLE in 1953 and located 270 meters from the

PRISCILLA ground zero, was also used for this project. Documentation does not indicate whether DOD personnel were involved

in project activities (14).

47
Project 5.1, In-flight Structural Response of the HSS-1

Helicopter to a Nuclear Detonation, measured the effects of

overpressure and wind gust strengths produced by a nuclear

detonation on the HSS-1 helicopter. The capability of the

helicopter to maneuver under these conditions was also assessed.

Personnel involved in Project 5.1 were from the Navy Bureau of

Aeronautics, and included one helicopter pilot, a copilot, 12

ground controllers, and aircraft maintenance personnel

responsible for the special instrumentation of the helicopter.

An average of four practice runs were flown prior to the mission

on shot-day.

The helicopter took off 54 minutes before the detonation.

During the test, doors and windows of the craft were open. After

two practice passes around a holding pattern approximately eight

nautical miles in length, the helicopter made the final run five

minutes before the detonation, with a go-degree turn at 40

seconds before the detonation. At shot-time, the helicopter was

positioned tail-on to the blast at a slant range of 3,800 meters

from ground zero. The height of the aircraft above the

detonation was 4,340 feet. At the time of shock arrival, the

slant range was 4,260 meters from ground zero. The helicopter

landed 39 minutes after the detonation. The nuclear radiation

experienced by the HSS-1 crew during the test was calculated to

be below critical levels (56).

Project 5.4, In-flight Structural Response of the A4D-1

Aircraft to a Nuclear Detonation, was intended to measure the

thermal and blast wave response of the A4D-1 aircraft during

flight and to determine its performance and delivery capabilities

during a nuclear detonation. Personnel involved in Project 5.4

were from the Navy Bureau of Aeronautics. They included the

pilots, the ground controllers, and the maintenance personnel

responsible for the special painting and instrumentation of the

aircraft. Nuclear radiation in the aircraft was measured by four

48
film badges located in the bottom portion of the nose section,

six film badges in the cockpit map case, and dosimeters of various ranges located in the nose-wheel door and the leg pocket of

the pilot's flight suit.

Although two aircraft were planned for Shot PRISCILLA, only

one participated since positioning radar was available for only

one. The flight consisted of takeoff 39 minutes before the

detonation, pattern entry 31 minutes prior to the shot, two

practice orbits around a race-track pattern approximately 35

nautical miles in length, and a final run at 15,000 feet altitude

five minutes before the shot. The test aircraft was on a

straight and level course directly toward ground zero at shottime and was positioned slightly beyond at shock arrival. The

plane returned to Indian Springs AFB and landed ten minutes after

the detonation (55).

Project 5.5, In-flight Structural Response of the F-89D

Aircraft to a Nuclear Detonation, was to determine the structural

response of the F-89D aircraft in flight to the blast and thermal

effects of a nuclear detonation. Northrop Aircraft Corporation

was contracted to assist the Wright Air Development Center in

planning and conducting this project. Northrop Aircraft

calibrated, maintained, and operated the instrumentation and its

associated equipment, and correlated the data. Northrop Aircraft

and Wright Air Development Center together developed positions

and positioning methods, For Shot PRISCILLA, the F-89D aircraft

was positioned on a heading toward ground zero at the time of

shock arrival. At the time of the detonation, the F-89D was

traveling about 470 knots at an altitude of 15,870 feet and a

slant range of 11,235 meters from ground zero. At shock arrival,

the aircraft was at an altitude of 15,820 feet and a slant range

of 7,065 meters from ground zero. Negligible nuclear radiation

49
was predicted. No nuclear radiation was detected at the pilot

and observer positions (50).

Project 6.1, Minefield Clearance by Nuclear Weapons Detonations, was sponsored by the Army Engineer Research and Development Laboratories and was fielded by eight personnel from Company

A, 91st Engineer Battalion, Fort Belvoir, Virginia. The project

studied the ability of a nuclear detonation to activate pressuresensitive land mines buried at various depths and distances from

ground zero. Included within the project were four subprojects

conducted by or for Picatinny Arsenal, Diamond Ordnance Fuze

Laboratory, U.S. Army Chemical Warfare Laboratories, and the

United Kingdom. Over 1,400 inert and live mines of 15 types,

both U.S. and foreign, were employed in this test. Some of the

mines were placed on the surface while others were buried at

depths of 8, 15, 25, 30, 45, and 90 centimeters. The eight

personnel spent 30 hours before the shot surveying, digging the

holes, and preparing and securing the area prior to placing the

mines. It is estimated that these personnel spent 40 hours

installing the mines before the shot. After the Test Director

declared the test area safe for recovery operations, six men went

into the test area to restore the protective fence around the

mine field (9). At an unspecified time after the shot, project

personnel spent 32 hours recording the data and detonating or

recovering the remaining mines (23).

Project 6.2, Measurement of the Magnetic Component of the

Electromagnetic Field Near a Nuclear Detonation, was designed to

provide a record of the strength and characteristics of the magnetic field generated by a nuclear detonation as a function of

time and distance. The project was fielded by an estimated six

personnel from the Diamond Ordnance Fuze Laboratories.

Instrumentation for this project consisted of five completely

self-powered recording stations located at slant range distances

of about 400 to 4,000 meters from ground zero.

50
An estimated six people spent three days installing the

recording stations prior to the detonation. Approximatelv four

hours after the detonation, three men in two vehicles retrieved

instruments at one of the stations, the location of which is not

specified. An estimated four people recovered the recording

packages at other stations in one-half day between 29 June and 3

July (9).

Project 6.2a, Measurement of the Effects of Nuclear Radiation on Semi-conductor Devices, was designed to study the effects

of neutron and gamma radiation on over 300 transistors and semiconductor diodes, including germanium and silicon types. The

cans containing the transistors and diodes were packed in

glass-wool insulation and placed inside heavy marine plYwOOd

boxes.. The 14 plywood boxes were buried between 240 meters and

1,050 meters from ground zero and at depths between 0.15 meters

and 2.8 meters, so that exposure to neutrons would vary.

Documentation does not specify the number of personnel or time

required to field this experiment. It is estimated that

approximately two people spent two days placing the boxes in the

holes, and that three people spent two days recovering the boxes

between 2 July and 8 July, when radiation levels were low enough

to allow personnel to work without special clothing (32).

Project 6.3, Attenuation of Electromagnetic Radiation

Through an Ionized Medium, was conducted by the U.S. Naval Air

Development Center with an FJ-4 aircraft. The objective was to

determine the amount of electromagnetic energy that was absorbed

or filtered out by the highly radioactive cloud that surrounded

the area of the detonation. Electromagnetic transmitters in a

pod tuned to six different frequencies were placed in an FJ-4

aircraft. Personnel included the pilot as well as receiver

personnel on the ground. Other personnel included the ground

controllers and aircraft maintenance personnel. The FJ-4 was

51
positioned so that at one minute after the detonation, the ionized cloud of the PRISCILLA device was on a straight line between

the aircraft and the ground receivers (38).

Project 6.4, Accuracy and Reliability of the Short-baseline

NAROL System, was designed to study the NAROL system, which is

the inverse of the Long Range Aids to Navigation (LORAN) System.

The experiments tested the NAROL system's ability to:

l Detect the position and measure the yield of a nuclear

detonation

l Accurately detect the electromagnetic pulse from nuclear

bursts

l Collect data on the propagation of the pulse as it

travels over land.

The Indirect Bomb Damage Assessment NAROL system tested on this

operation consisted of nets located at Albuquerque, New Mexico;

Vale, Oregon; and Rapid City, South Dakota. Each NAROL net consisted of two unmanned slave stations and one manned station.

The number of personnel at each manned station is not documented

(36).

Project 8.1, Thermal Protection of the Individual Soldier,

was intended to evaluate, under the conditions of an actual

nuclear detonation, the performance of clothing and other items

developed for the protection of the individual soldier. Three

medical specialists from the Atomic Energy Project at the

University of Rochester, Rochester, New York, and seven veterinary specialists from the Walter Reed Army Institute of Research,

Washington, D.C., also participated in this project. The items

developed to provide thermal protection included two experimental

hot-weather uniform ensembles, three shielding materials, a protective cream, and a three-layer reflector insulating system. At

Shot PRISCILLA, these items were exposed to various thermal

energies, using 78 white-skinned pigs as test sub.jects and appropriate controls. The test was set up at five different lOCatiOnS

52
at slant ranges between 1,755 meters and 3,651 meters from ground

zero.

An estimated eight personnel, accompanied by a movie photographer, began recovering the animals and filming the thermal

effects about one hour after the detonation. They completed the

mission in approximately one hour. All personnel who entered the

radiological exclusion area were suited with protective clothing.

An alternate team stood ready to take over recovery operations in

case the first team had to leave the radiological exclusion area

due to high radiation levels. Because gamma intensity levels

measured only 0.01 R/h at the recovery stations, the first team

was able to complete recovery activities safely (9; 10; 11).

Project 8.2, Prediction of Thermal Protection of Uniforms

and Thermal Effects on Standard-reference Material, was designed

to investigate the accuracy of laboratory experiments in

predicting the effects of intense thermal radiation on live skin

and tissue. Laboratory results were compared with actual skin

burns in pigs exposed to thermal radiation from the nuclear detonation. Two major recording stations were instrumented with skin

simulants and recording equipment at distances of 2,250 meters

and 3,950 meters from ground zero. The project report does not

specify how much time personnel spent in the field during recovery operations after the shot. The schedule of events indicates

that eight men were scheduled to retrieve animal specimens thirty

minutes after the shot and ten people were to spend one day

picking up the simulant panels and equipment after the Test

Director declared that recovery operations could begin (9; 26).

Project 8.3a, Performance of a High-speed Spectrographic

System, tested equipment designed to analyze the electromagnetic

energy from nuclear detonations. The Naval Radiological Defense

Laboratory fielded this project using its high-speed spectrograph, located about 19 kilometers from ground zero in the

53
vicinity of the Control Point near Yucca Pass. Three or four

operators were involved in fielding and recovery operations (44).

Project 8.3b, Instrumentation for Measuring Effects Phenomena Inside the Fireball, was designed to test a variety of

instruments that measured the internal pressure, acceleration,

velocity, and temperature of the fireball. Three groups of

people from the Wright Air Development Center, University of

Dayton Research Institute, and Allied Research Associates

participated. The project was intended to obtain a preliminary

evaluation of the time-history instrumentation system to be

tested more extensively at Shot SMOKY. The specimen fielded at

PRISCILLA was also designed to determine the effects of pressure

and acceleration on plastic spherical shells as structural forms.

Recovery operations did not begin until 3 July 1957, nine days

after the shot. The radiation level at this time had dropped to

approximately 0.2 R/h at ground zero. The recovery operations

were terminated on 5 July. It is estimated that four personnel

each spent three days in the recovery operations (21).

Project 9.1, Support Photography, provided technical

photography and assistance in photographic documentation of all

nuclear detonations during the PLUMBBOB Series. For technical

photographic support, Project 9.1 provided camera instrumentation

for Projects 1.3, 3.6, 4.1, 6.3, 8.1, and 8.2. The following

estimates of personnel and time required to perform photographic

support for these projects are based upon a knowledge of preshot

and postshot photographic procedures.

At shot-time, Project 9.1 personnel were taking pictures

from two vantage points. The first was a C-47 aircraft operated

by the Military Air Transport Service. The C-47 flew a righthand holding pattern at 10,000 feet about 16 kilometers south of

the shot. The time and length of the flight are not known at

this time. The second vantage point was a manned camera station

located near the Control Point at Yucca Pass (26).

54
Pr,oject

1.3

3.6

4.1

6.3

8.1

8.2

PRESHOT PHOTOGRAPHY

Photographers per Project* ADays

1 10

2 10

3 1

1 1

1 1

1 1

Project

POSTSHOT PHOTOGRAPHY

Photographers per Project Days

3.6 1 1

4.1 2 1

3.2 DEPARTMENT OF DEFENSE PARTICIPATION IN LASL AND UCRL

PROJECTS AT SHOT PRISCILLA

At Shot PRISCILLA, LASL conducted 14 projects and UCRL

conducted four. Of these, only LASL Project 11.2, Radiochemistry

Sampling, and UCRL Project 21.2, Radiochemistry Sampling,

required DOD participation. As shown in table 3-2, both of these

Table 3-2: LASL, UCRL, AND CETG PROJECTS WITH DOD PERSONNEL

INVOLVEMENT, SHOT PRISCILLA

‘roiect

11.2’

21.2

33.2

37.21 Biophysical and Physical

37.2a Aspects of Fallout

Title Sponsor

RadIochemIstry Sampling

Missiles Secondary to a

Nuclear Blast

LASL;

UCRL

CETG

CETG AFSWC Radio Relay

it Unknown

Estimated

Number

DOD

Personnel

10

*

DOD

Agency Capacity

4926th Test Squadron, Cloud Sampling

AFSWC

Armed Forces Special

Weapons Project 4.3

Personnel

Loglstlcs

*Some photographers participated in more than one project.

55
projects were performed by the same sampler pilots and aircraft

from the AFSWC 4926th Test Squadron (Sampling). DOD involvement

was limited to these AFSWC personnel. Consequently, these

projects are discussed in section 3.5 of this chapter.

3.3 DEPARTMENT OF DEFENSE PARTICIPATION IN CIVIL EFFECTS TEST

GROUP PROJECTS AT SHOT PRISCILLA

Of the 30 projects conducted by the Federal Civil Defense

Administration Civil Effects Test Group (CETG) at Shot PRISCILLA,

DOD personnel took part in only two, as indicated in table 3-2.

Project 33.2, Missiles Secondary to a Nuclear Blast, was

managed by the Civil Effects Test Group. The pro,ject was partially funded and coordinated by the Department of Defense as the

Weapons Effects Test Group Project 4.3, Secondary Missiles Generated by Nuclear-produced Rlast Waves. In addition to funding and

coordination, the Weapons Effects Test Group furnished minor

logistical support. DOD personnel probably did not take part in

project procedures in the forward area (14).

Project 37.2/37.2a, Riophysical and Physical Aspects of

Fallout, was assisted by one C-47 aircraft, provided by AFSWC.

Since DOD participation in this project was performed by AFSWC,

Project 37.2/37.2a is discussed in section 3.5.

3.4 DEPARTMENT OF DEFENSE OPERATIONAL TRAINING PROJECTS AT

SHOT PRISCILLA

The primary objectives of the operational training projects

were to test service tactics and operational equipment and to

train and indoctrinate Air Force personnel in the effects of

nuclear detonations. The Air Force conducted three Operational

training projects at Shot PRISCILLA, as listed in table 3-3.

56
Table 3-3: DOD OPERATIONAL TRAINING PROJECTS, SHOT PRISCILLA

Project Title Sponsor

53.5 Aircrew Indoctrination Air Defense Command

(Early Cloud Penetration)

53.7

53.9

Indirect Bomb Damage

Assessment

Photographic

Reconnaissance Training

Wright Air Command

Development

Tactical Air Command

T-33 2

F-89D 1

RF-84F 2

I

No.

Staging Base Personnel I

Indian Springs

Indian Springs

AFB, Nevada

Georgen AFB.

California

Project 53.5, Aircrew Indoctrination (Early Cloud Penetration), was designed to enable Air Defense Command aircrews and

commanders to witness a nuclear detonation and penetrate its

cloud. Only two of the six scheduled flights of T-33 aircraft

participated at Shot PRISCILLA. The aircraft, each with a crew

of two, departed from Indian Springs AFB at an unspecified time.

At approximately 0900 hours on shot-day, the T-33 aircraft flew a

four-minute left-hand elliptical course inbound at 34,000 feet,

orbiting a point that was 38 nautical miles north of ground zero.

The aircraft were flown by Air National Guard personnel from

either the 139th Fighter Interceptor Squadron of Schenectady, New

York, or the 170th Fighter Interceptor Squadron of Springfield,

Illinois.

Project 53.7, Indirect Bomb Damage Assessment, required

personnel from the Wright Air Development Center tp install

Indirect Bomb Damage Assessment equipment aboard an F-89D aircraft. At shot-time, the pilot flew a right-hand 40-nautical

mile race-track pattern abeam of ground zero at 35,000 feet and

70 nautical miles east of ground zero. The F-89D returned to

Indian Springs AFB for decontamination.

57

- -- - . -
Project 53.9, Photographic Reconnaissance Training, indoctrinated Air National Guard Tactical Reconnaissance units in

conducting photographic missions over a nuclear target. For Shot

PRISCILLA, two RF-84F aircraft, each manned by one pilot,

departed from George AFB, California. The aircraft flew to the

NTS, where they orbited above Lathrop Wells at 31,000 feet until

the shot was detonated. Upon clearance from the Air Operations

Center, they began a photographic mission toward ground zero.

They crossed the shot area approximately 15 minutes after the

detonation at an altitude of 10,000 feet. Upon completion of the

run, they returned to George AFB (26).

3.5 AIR FORCE SPECIAL WEAPONS CENTER ACTIVITIES AT SHOT

PRISCILLA

Air Force Special Weapons Center support during PRISCILLA

was provided by the 4950th Test Group (Nuclear), including the

4926th Test Squadron (Sampling) and the 4935th Air Base Squadron,

with support from the 4900th Air Base Group. AFSWC support was

provided to test group projects and to the Test Manager for Shot

PRISCILLA. AFSWC maintained the Air Operations Center at the

Control Point, and exercised operational control of aircraft

flying in the vicinity of the NTS at shot-time. AFSWC support

consisted of nuclear cloud-sampling and sample return missions

for LASL Project 11.2 and UCRL Project 21.2, a radio-relay for

CETG Project 37.2/37.2a, cloud-tracking missions, aircraft

contamination studies, security sweeps, and aerial surveys.

Table 3-4 indicates DOD participation in AFSWC projects,

including the numbers and types of aircraft used.

58
Table 3-4: AFSWC AIR MISSION SUPPORT, SHOT PRISCILLA

Estimated

Program/Project Mission Type Aircraft Number of Aircraft DOD Personnel

11.2/21.2 Cloud Sampling

Sampler Control 0-57 1 2

Sampler B-57 3 6

Sampler F-84 2 2

Sample Return c-47 4 3c

37.2137.2a Radio-relay c-47 1 *

Cloud Tracking B-50 1 8

B-29 1 9

B-25 2 *

Aircraft

Contamination T-33 1 2

Security Sweep L-20 2 4

Survey Mission H-21 4 8

*Unknown

3.5.1 Cloud Sampling

At PRISCILLA, five aircraft collected samples of the nuclear

cloud for LASL Project 11.2, Radiochemistry Sampling, and IJCRL

Project 21.2, Radiochemistry Sampling. These five sampler xircraft were flown by pilots of the 4926th Test Squadron (Sampling)

and included three B-57Bs, each with two crewmen, and two F-~&S,

with one pilot each. A B-57B sampler control aircraft, with an

AFSWC pilot accompanied by a scientific advisor from LASL, also

participated.

The sampler control aircraft left Indian Springs AFB at 0520

hours, and was positioned outside the test area before shot-time.

At 0525 hours, the sampler control aircraft reached an altitude

of 35,000 feet and, at 0535 hours, began an orbital pattern.

The five sampler aircraft proceeded as follows. Two B-57Bs,

with two crewmen each, flew from Indian Springs AFB at 0650

hours. These sampler aircraft entered the vicinity of the

59
detonation at 0655 hours and established visual contact with the

sampler control aircraft, which guided them to areas for obtaining samples of the nuclear cloud. The two B-57B sampler aircraft

finished their orbital patterns at 0725 hours, left the area at

0730 hours, and landed at Indian Springs AFB at 0735 hours.

At 0705 hours, 15 minutes after the first two B-57B sampler

aircraft took off from Indian Springs AFR, the two F-84G aircraft, manned by one pilot each, left Indian Springs AFB. These

aircraft entered the sampling area at 0710 hours, completed their

sampling run at 0740 hours, left the area at 0745 hours, and

landed at Indian Springs AFB at 0750 hours.

The fifth and final sampler was a B-57B operated by two

crewmen. This aircraft flew from Indian Springs AFB at 0735

hours, entered the sampling area at 0740 hours, completed its

mission at 0810 hours and, followed by the B-57B sampler Control

aircraft, landed at Indian Springs AFB at 0820 hours.

Upon landing, sampler aircraft taxied to the strip farthest

from base operations. There, ground personnel removed the samples and placed them in metal containers which were sent by

courier to the laboratories. Following this, aircraft, pilot,

and crew went through the routine decontamination procedures

described in chapter 3 of the PLUMBBOB Series volume.

The courier sample returns were conducted by the 4900th Air

Base Group from Kirtland AFB. Three C-47 aircraft, carrying at

least three crewmen each, flew samples out of Indian Springs AFR

to the LASL and UCRL laboratories for analysis (2).

3.S.2 Radio Relay

AFSWC support for Project 37.2/37.2a, Riophysical and

Physical Aspects of Fallout, was provided by one C-47 aircraft

60
with an unspecified number of people on board. The C-47 performed a radio relay for this project, flying a right-hand

elliptical pattern 20 nautical miles southeast of ground zero.

The time the aircraft remained aloft is unknown (2).

3.5.3 Cloud Tracking

Immediately after the PRISCILLA detonation, four aircraft, a

B-50, a B-29, and two B-25s, flew cloud-tracking missions over

and beyond the NTS for the Test Manager. The R-50 aircraft, with

a minimum of eight crew members, departed from Kirtland AFB and

flew a right-hand elliptical pattern 20 nautical miles from

ground zero at an altitude of 25,000 feet. The B-29, with six to

nine crew members, departed from Indian Springs AFB and flew at

20,000 feet. Available documentation does not specify the flight

pattern and the distance from ground zero for these missions.

The two B-25s flew at altitudes of 15,000 feet. Documentation

does not indicate the number of crew members, flight pattern, and

distance from ground zero for the B-25s on this mission (2).

3.5.4 Aircraft Contamination

Beginning with Shot PRISCILLA, AFSWC introduced a study to

determine whether or not the Air Force needed to monitor the

accumulation of radioactive contaminants on aircraft. A T-33,

piloted by an officer from the 4926th Test Squadron and carrying

an observer, penetrated the PRISCILLA nuclear cloud and those of

the four subsequent PLUMBBOB nuclear events. The pilot and the

observer both wore lead vests instrumented with film badges, and

six additional film badges were taped to the ejection seats.

Upon returning to Indian Springs AFB, the plane was not decontaminated, but a 24-hour period was permitted for radiation decay

before maintenance was performed. In addition to the T-33 not

being decontaminated, the pilot and observer boarded and departed

61
from the aircraft using standard ladders, not the forklift procedures used in other AFSWC missions. However, the pilot and

observer were both closely monitored and decontaminated following

each flight. The aircraft was finally decontaminated after the

OWENS shot on 25 July (1).

3 . 5 . 5 Security Sweep Mission

The evening before shot-day, two L-20 aircraft were dispatched from Yucca airstrip to perform a security sweep mission

over the NTS area in general and over the Frenchman Flat test

area in particular. The security sweep called for a security

guard to accompany the pilot on the mission. The time aloft, the

flight configuration, and the time of return to base are not

documented. The L-20 aircraft were used for onsite pre- and

postshot sweeps. The postshot sweeps were generally conducted

immediately after the detonation and remained aloft for one hour

(2).

3.5.6 Survey Missions

Four H-21 helicopters were scheduled to fly survey missions

over the Frenchman Flat area to assess and record detonation damage and record radiation intensities. Information from this

project would also support Project 50.8. The four H-21 helicopters each had two AFSWC crew members aboard, as well as two

radiation-safety monitors from Reynolds Engineering and

Electrical Company. Following the mission, helicopters were

scheduled to return to the launch pad for monitoring and

decontamination as required (2). Research indicates that

following the detonation, these helicopters were unable to undertake their missions until the day sfter Shot PRISCILLA (2).
CHAPTER 4

RADIATION PROTECTION AT SHOT PRISCILLA

To protect participants at Shot PRISCILLA from the radiation

associated with the detonation of a nuclear device, Exercise

Desert Rock VII and VIII, the Nevada Test Organization (NTO), and

the Air Force Special Weapons Center (AFSWC) each used accepted

standards to develop its own criteria and procedures to ensure

the radiological safety of its members. These safety criteria

and procedures, as well as the organizations developed to

implement the procedures, are detailed in chapter 3 of the

PLUMBBOB Series volume.

The purpose of the radiation protection procedures developed

for the PLUMBBOB Series was to minimize individual exposure to

ionizing radiation. At the same time, the procedures were

designed so that participants could accomplish the operational

requirements of each activity or mission. Some of the

radiological safety procedures described in the Series volume

required Exercise Desert Rock, NTO, and AFSWC to keep records.

These records can be used to evaluate the effectiveness of their

radiation protection programs.

Records have not been found for every radiation protection

procedure used at Shot PRISCILLA, however. The information that

is available includes film badge readings for all participants in

Exercise Desert Rock except some of the Marines, NT0 dosimetry

data, logistical data on radiological safety equipment issued,

survey records and isointensity plots, and decontamination

records.

63
4.1 FILM BADGE DATA FOR PARTICIPANTS IN THE TROOP OBSERVER

INDOCTRINATION PROGRAM AT SHOT PRISCILLA

Each Exercise Desert Rock VII and VIII participant was

issued a film badge. Form LSD SCTF 10, the Lexington Signal

Depot Film Badge Service Radiation Report form, was used to

record the individual's name, rank, serial number, organization,

film badge number, and exposure. While the forms include much

useful information, they did not always provide information

specific to Shot PRISCILLA. A number of recordkeeping problems

existed that hindered planned procedures for processing film

badges. Information on these forms was not always recorded

accurately, e.g., names were misspelled and incorrect

organization names were recorded. Furthermore, LSD SCTF 10 forms

list periods of exposure which vary from two days to two months

and which often overlapped with other shot dates.

Although film badge data are available for all Desert Rock

activities, the Desert Rock activity with the largest DOD participation at Shot PRISCILLA was the troop observer indoctrination program. This program was conducted throughout the PLUMRBOR

Series, occasionally hindering shot-specific identification of

film badge readings. Shot specific participation at PRISCILLA

was obtained, however, by examining the available LSD SCTF 10

exposure reports for the period 19 June to 4 July 1957. Exposure

reports in which the time period extended beyond 4 July are not

included in the PRISCILLA discussion. Examination of the LSD

SCTF 10 forms positively identified 240 personnel who

participated in the observer program at PRISCILLA. These records

indicate that the average gamma exposure was about 0.4 roentgens

with a range of 0.16 to 0.65 roentgens.

The available dosimetry data does not account for all the

observers listed in the Exercise Desert Rock VII and VIII Final

64
Report (33). This report indicates that observers at Shot

PRISCILLA included the following representations:

Army 540

Navy 5

Marine Corps

Air Force

349

17

911

The observers witnessed Shot PRISCILLA from two locations. A

total of 311 Marines from the 4th Marine Corps Provisional Atomic

Exercise Brigade observed the shot from trenches located between

3900 and 4000 meters southwest of ground zero. About two hours

after the shot, these observers moved forward in trucks to the

equipment display area and remained there for two hours before

returning to Camp Desert Rock. The remaining observers witnessed

PRISCILLA from a distance of 11 kilometers and did not visit the

display area (45).

As indicated above, exposure records account for 240 of

these observers. The remaining exposure records are not Specific

enough to identify the other 661 individuals reported as Desert

Rock observers at Shot PRISCILLA.

The second largest Desert Rock activity at PRISCILLA was

Project 50.8, Detection of Atomic Burst and Radioactive Fallout.

A total of 556 Desert Rock personnel were assigned to the project

to test nuclear detection equipment and fallout prediction

procedures (33). The participating services for this project are

listed in table 2-1, chapter 2.

AS with the troop observer program, Project 50.8 was

conducted throughout Operation PLUMBBOB, impeding the

identification of shot-specific film badge data. However,

examination of available PLUMBBOB LSD ,SVTF 10 exposure forms

revealed 83 Project 50.8 personnel that had film badge data for

the dates 18 June through 25 June. This time period covers Shots

65
WILSON (18 June) and PRISCILLA (24 June). Information providing

further shot-specificity is not available. The 83 identified

personnel had an average gamma exposure of 0.5 roentgens, with a

range of 0.0 to 2.68 roentgens. Only two individuals received

exposures exceeding 2.0 roentgens.

4.2 RESULTS OF THE NEVADA TEST ORGANIZATION RADIATION

PROTECTION ACTIVITIES

The following subsections indicate specific data concerning

radiological prote;tion activities performed by the Nevada Test

Organization at Shot PRISCILLA.

Dosimetry Records for PRISCILL4

From 24 June to 3 July 1957, which covers the 24 June detonation of PRISCILLA, the Personnel Dosimetry Branch of the NT0

issued 6,604 film badges and 851 pocket dosimeters (57).

Dosimetry data indicate that three DOD participants received

gamma exposures exceeding the recommended limit of 3.0 roentgens

per 13-week period. These participants, however, were cloud

sampling pilots from the 4950th Test Group (suclear) who had bee1

authorized to receive a maximum of 7.5 roentgens of gamma

exposure. None exceeded this upper limit; the exposures were

3.5, 3.9, and 7.0 roentgens (33).

Although the number of AFSWC participants who wore film

badges is not known, data have been found which indicate the

exposures that ground crews received during aircraft decontamination. For the decontamination of F-84 cloud sampler aircraft at

Shots PRISCILLA, HOOD, DIABLO, DOPPLER, and OWENS, ground crew

members received an average exposure across all five shots of

0.112 roentgens. No shot-specific exposure data are available

(1).

66
Logistical Information for Radiological Safety Equipment

For Shot PRISCILLA, the Logistics Branch issued 1,464 pieces

of protective clothing and 370 respirators. A total of 335 sets

of prepackaged clothing for entry into radiation areas was issued

to DOD personnel for the PRISCILLA event (45; 57).

Monitoring Procedures and Support at PRISCILLA

The initial survey party, consisting of I5 monitors in ten

vehicles, began the initial survey of the shot area after a delay

because of severe dust conditions. The survey was performed with

a mid-time of 0809 hours, about 90 minutes after the detonation.

After surveying Frenchman Flat, monitoring teams also conducted

ground surveys of other areas of the NTS. They found no increase

in radiation intensities in the other areas zs a result of the

shot. Frenchman Flat was resurveyed at a mid-time of 1308 hours

on shot-day, and again on 25, 26, 27, 28, and 29 June and on 1

July.

Because of the severe dust conditions which followed Shot

PRISCILLA, the aerial survey team, consisting of two AFSWC crewmen and two REECo monitors in an H-21 helicopter, could not begin

their survey until over six hours after the detonation. The

survey was attempted at 1119 hours, but heavy dust still obscured

the ground points necessary to conduct the survey. At 1305

hours, the team was able to begin its survey. This survey followed a predetermined course along an arc southwest to northwest

of ground zero at a distance of 670 meters from the shot. The

aerial team also resurveyed the area around the PRISCILLA ground

zero on 25 and 26 June. The maximum intensity that the aerial

survey team encountered was 100 R/h 500 feet above ground zero at

0915 hours on 25 June (45; 57).

67
Plotting and Briefing at PRISCILLA

Using information from the initial surveys, the Plotting and

Briefing Branch developed isointensity contour maps. Figure 4-1

shows a copy of the initial contour map, with radiation intensities at a mid-time of 0809 hours. Figures 4-2 through 4-5 show

copies of isointensity contour maps generated from resurveys

conducted from 24 June through 27 June (57).

Information from the ground surveys allowed the Plotting and

Briefing Branch to establish 0.1 R/h and 0.01 R/h radiation

areas. The Plotting and Briefing Branch also issued the access

permits required for entry into these areas. During the period

24 June through 4 July, access permits were issued to a total of

1,582 individuals (45; 57).

Decontamination Activities at PRISCILLA

During the period covering Shot PRISCILLA, 24 June through 4

July, personnel of the Decontamination Branch decontaminated 138

vehicles and 86 instruments at Control Point Building 6 (57). In

addition, 40 vehicles were processed through the Frenchman Flat

Auxiliary Field Decontamination Facility after Shot PRISCILLA

(45; 57).

This concludes the presentation of results generated by the

radiation protection activities of the NT0 onsite radiological

safety group. No indication of AFSWC shot-specific radiological

safety activities has been located. Activities that are standard

for the entire series, however, are discussed in the PLUMBBOB

Series volume.

68
METERS

I I I 0 1000

Stake Lines

. . . 1 . . . . . . . . . . . . 0.01 R/h

m--------- 0.1 R/h

-.m.-.-.-.-. 7.0 R/h

10.0 R/h

Figure 4-1: INITIAL SURVEY FOR SHOT PRISCILLA,

24 JUNE 1957, MID-TIME 0909

6 9
METERS

1 ’ I

0 1000

Stake Lmes

. . . . . . .

0.01 Rlh

---------_ 0.1 Rlh

-.-.-._.-._. 1.0 R/h

I

Figure 4-2: RESURVEY FOR SHOT PRISCILLA,

24 JUNE 1957, MID-TIME 1308

7 0
Stake Lmes

METERS

1 1 I

. . . . . . . . . . . 0.01 R/h

---------- 0.1 R/h

0 1000 -. -.-.-.-.-. 1.0 R/h

Figure 4-3: RESURVEY FOR SHOT PRISCILLA,

25 JUNE 1957, MID-TIME 0558

7 1

-
METERS

I I I

0 1000

Figure 4-4: RESURVEY FOR SHOT PRISCILLA,

26 JUNE 1967, MID-TIME 0660

72
METERS

I

I I

0 1000

Stake Lines

. . . . . . . . . .

0.01 R/h

---------- 0.1 R/h

-.-.-.-.-.-. 1.0 R/h

Figure 4-5: RESURVEY FOR SHOT PRISCILLA,

27 JUNE 1957, MID-TIME 0548

7 3

-- -
74
AVAILABILITY INFORMATION

An availability statement has been included at the end of

the reference citation for those readers who wish to read or

obtain copies of source documents. The following addresses are

being provided for that 'purpose.

Source documents, bearing an availability statement of DOE

CIC, may be reviewed at the following address:

Department of Energy

Coordination and Information Center

(Operated by Reynolds Electrical & Engineering Co., Inc.)

ATTN: Mr. Richard V. Nutley

2753 S. Highland

P.O. Box 14100 Phone: (702) 734-3194

Las Vegas, Nevada 89114 FTS: 598-3194

Source documents, bearing an availability statement of NTIS,

may be purchased from the National Technical Information Service.

When ordering by mail or phone please include both the price code

and the NTIS number. The price code appears in parentheses

before the NTIS order number.

National Technical Information Service

5285 Port Royal Road Phone: (703) 487-4650

Springfield, Virginia 22161 (Sales Office)

Additional ordering information or assistance may be obtained by

writing to the NTIS, Attention: Customer Service, or by calling

(703) 487-4660.

75
REFERENCE LIST

The following list of references represents only those

documents cited in the PRISCILLA volume. A complete

list of all documents consulted during the preparation

of the seven volumes addressing the PLUMBBOB Series is

contained in the Operation PLlJMBBOB volume.
1 .

2 .

3 .

4.

5 .

6.

7 .

8 .

9 .

10.

DNA VOLUME REFERENCE LIST

SHOT PRISCILLA

4950th Test Group, Nuclear. [T-33 Contamination Study.]

Kirtland AFB, NM.: AFSWC. 10/07/57. 7 Pages.**

Air Force Special Weapons Center. "Air Mission Summary

Report." Kirtland AFB, NM.: AFSWC. 06/25/57.

4 Pages.**

Albright, G.; Ledoux, J.; Mitchell, R. "Evaluation of

Buried Conduits as Personnel Shelters, Project 3.2."

Albuquerque, NM.: Field Command, DASA. WT-1421.

07/14/60. 70 Pages. (A04) AD 691 406*

Albright, C.; Beck, F.; Ledoux, ,J.; et al. "Evaluation of

Burried Corrugated Steel Arch Structures and

Associated Components, Project 3.3." Bureau of Yards

and Docks. Albuquerque, NM.: Field Command, DASA.

WT-1422. 02/28/61. 112 Pages. (A06) AD 615 737*

Armed Forces Special Weapons Project. [Participation of

Military Personnel Assigned to Nevada Test Organization in Exercise Desert Rock.] Albuquerque, NM.:

Field Command, AFSWP. 07/10/57. 2 Pages.**

Atomic Energy Commission. "The Effects of Nevada Atomic

Tests." AEC. 3/00/57. 46 Pages.**

Atomic Energy Commission. [General Correspondence.] AEC.

00/00/57. 6 Pages.**

Atomic Energy Commission. [Program and Project Participation in Operation PLUMBBOB.] AEC. 04/01/57.

13 Pages.**

Atomic Energy Commission, Office of the Test Director.

"Annex G, to Test Director's Operation Plan No.

CTDN-22: Special Instructions, PRISCILLA." Mercury,

NV.: AEC. 06/20/57. 26 Pages.**

Babers, F. [Personal Journal Account of Project 8.1.1

Natick, MS.: US Army, Quartermaster Research and

Development Board. 00/00/57.***

* Available from NTIS; order number appears before the asterisk.

** Available at DOE CIC.

***Not Available.

77
11.

12.

13.

14.

15.

16.

17.

18.

19.

Babers, F.; McQuade, A. "Thermal Protection of the Individual Soldier, Project 8.1." Albuquerque, NM.:

Field Command, DASA. WT-1440. 06/10/59.

48 Pages. (A03) AD 460 309*

Ballistic Research Laboratories. "Army Ordnance Test,

Exercise VII and VIII, Project 50.7." Aberdeen,

MD.: BRL. 04/02/57. 35 pages.

(A03) AD/A995 040*

Bastian, C.; Robbiani, R. "Radar Detection and Observation

of Nuclear Clouds, Part II, Desert Rock VII and VIII,

Operation PLUMBBOB, Project 50.3." U.S. Army, Signal

Research and Development Laboratory. Ft. Monmouth,

NJ. ASRDL-TR-2077. 11/02/59. 50 Pages.

(A03) AD 344 156*

Bowen, I.; Franklin, M.; Fletcher, E.; et al. "Secondary

Missiles Generated by Nuclear-Produced Blast Waves,

Project 33.2." Lovelace Foundation for Medical

Education and Research. Albuquerque, NM.: LFMER.

WT-1468. 10/28/63. 480 Pages. (A21) AD 436 391*

Bryant, E.; Keefer, J. H. "Basic Airblast Phenomena,

Project 1.1." Albuquerque, NM.: Field Command,

DASA. WT-1401. 06/25/62. 202 Pages.

AD 344 935*

Bultmann, F.; McDonough, G.; Innamon, G. "Loading on Simulated Buried Structures at High Incident Overpressures, Project 1.7." Albuquerque, NM.: Field

Command, DASA. WT-1406. 04/18/60. 108 Pages.

(A06) AD 356 399*

Bultmann, E.; Morrison, T.; *Johnson, M. "Full-Scale Field

Tests of Dome and Arch Structures, Project 3.6."

Albuquerque, NM.: Field Command, DASA. WT-1425.

08/31/60. 168 Pages. (A08) AD 355 561*

Bultmann, E.; Sevin, E.; Schiffman, T. "Blast Effects on

Existing UPSHOT-KNOTHOLE and TEAPOT Structures,

Project 3.4." Albuquerque, NM.: Field Command,

DASA. WT-1423. 05/06/60. 130 Pages.

(A07) AD 4G0 283*

Cohen, A.; Jachter, M.; Soeh, D.; et al. "Evaluation of

New Types of Radiac Instruments, Project 2.6."

Albuquerque, NM.: Field Command, DASA. WT-1415-EX.

10/01/79. 75 Pages. (A04) AD/B951 766*

* Available from NTIS; order number appears before the asterisk.

** Available at DOE CIC.

***Not Available.

78
20.

21.

22.

23.

24.

25.

2G.

27.

28.

Cook, C.; et al. "Neutron-Induced Activities in Soil

Elements, Operation PLUMBBOB, Project 2.2." San

Francisco, CA.: Naval Radiological Defense Lab.

WT-1411-EX. 02/01/80. 82 Pages.

(A05) AD/A995 019*

Cosenza, C.; Coy, R.; Kahle, D. "Instrumentation for

Measuring Effects Phenomena inside the Fireball,

Project 8.3b." Albuquerque, NM.: Field Command,

DASA. WT-1443-EX. 10/01/79. 224 Pages.

(AlO)AD/A955 020*

Davis, N. "Protection Afforded by Field Fortifications

against Nuclear Weapons Effects, Project 50.6." Fort

Belvoir, VA.: ERDL. 1557-TR. 12/08/58.

61 Pages. (A04) AD 860 801*

Deeds, F.; Fleming, F.; Stump, R. "Mine-Field Clearance by

Nuclear Weapons, Project 6.1." Albuquerque, NM.:

Field Command, DASA. WT-1435. 08/16/60.

112 Pages. (AOG) AD 358 121*

DiIanni, E.; Riggin, F. "Evaluation of Military Radiacs,

Project 2.8." Albuquerque, NM.: Field Command,

DASA. WT-1417. 11/09/59. 58 Pages.

(A04) AD 360 872*

Evans, W.A. "History of 4950th Test Group (Nuclear) in

Operation PLUMBBOB." Air Force Special Weapons

Center, Historical Section. Kirtland AFB, NM.:

01/06/58. 128 Pages.***

Field Command, AFSWP. "Operational Summary: Operation

PLUMBBOB." Albuquerque, NM.: Field Command, AFSWP.

WT-1444-EX. 10/01/79. 73 Pages.

(A04) AD/B951 751"

Flathau, W.; Breckenridge, R.; Wiehle, C. "Blast Loading

and Response of Underground Concrete-Arch Protective

Structures, Project 3.1." Albuquerque, NM.: Field

Command, DAS4. WT-1420. 06/05/59. 144 Pages.

(A07) AD/BOO1 855*

Fourth Marine Corps Provisional Atomic Exercise Brigade.

"Administrative Plan l-57. Desert Rock VII." Camp

Pendleton, CA.: US Marine Corps. 05129157.

80 Pages.**

* Available from NTIS; order number appears before the asterisk.

** Available at DOE CIC.

***Not Available.

79
29.

30.

31.

32.

33.

34.

35.

36.

37.

General Electric Company-TEMPO. Computation of Local

Fallout Data from Test Detonations 1945-1962.

Extracted from DASA 1251: Vol. 1: "Continental US

Tests." Washington, D.C.: DNA 1251-l-EX.

00/00/79. 619 Pages. (A99) AD/A079 309*

Goode, T.; Shockley, W.; Cunny, R.; et al. "Soil Survey

and Backfill Control in Frenchman Flat, Project 3.8."

Albuquerque, NM.: Field Command, DASA. 'NT-1427.

10/23/59. 174 Pages. (A08) AD 460 289*

Gulley, W. E.; Metcalf, R.; Wilson, M.; et al. "Evauation

of Eye Protection Afforded by an Electromechanical

Shutter, Project 4.2." Wright Air Development

Center. Albuquerque, NM.: Field Command, DASA.

WT-1429. 04/29/60. 54 Pages (A04) AD 615 738*

Haas, P.; Shaull, J.; Behrens, W. "Effect of Nuclear

Radiation on Semiconductor Devices, Project 6.2a."

Albuquerque, NM.: Field Command, DASA. WT-1489.

10/07/60. 22 Pages. (A02) AD 339 501*

Hanscome, T.; Caldwell, P.; Gorbics, S.; et al. "Investigation of Effects of Nuclear Detonations on Electromagentic Wave Propagation and Nuclear Radiation

Detection, Project 2.7." Albuquerque, NM.: Field

Command, DASA. WT-1416-EX. 09/01/80. 97 Pages.

(A05) AD 995 057*

Headquarters, Camp Desert Rock. "Operation Order Number 5,

Desert Rock VII and VIII; PRISCILLA." Camp Desert

Rock, NV. 06/11/57. 40 pages. (A03) AD/A080 260"

Headquarters, Sixth Army. "Exercise Desert Rock VII and

VIII: Final Report of Operations." Presidio of San

Francisco, CA.: Sixth U.S. Army. AG-S-9531.

11/25/57. 107 Pages. (AO6) AD/A077 515*

Houghten, R.; Harvey, R. "Accuracy and Reliability of a

Short-Baseline NAROL System, Project 6.4."

Albuquerque, NM.: Field Command, AFSWP.

ITR-1438-EX. r)2/01/80. 78 Pages.

(A05) AD/A995 005*

Krey, P.; Wilsey, E.; McNeilly, J.; et al. "Soil

Activation by Neutrons, Project 2.1." Albuquerque,

NM. : Field Command, DASA. WT-1410-EX. 10/01/79.

112 Pages. (A06) AD/A995 006*

* Available from NTIS; order number appears before the asterisk.

** Available at DOE CIC.

***Not Available.

80
38. Lee, W.; Krumboltz, H.; Gimber, G. "Attenuation of

Electromagnetic Radiation through an Ionized Medium,

Project 6.3." Albuquerque, NM.: Field Command,

DASA. WT-143'7. 06/13/60. 60 Pages.

(A04) AD 311 158*

39. Lowe, H. N., Jr.; Lindsten, D. C. "Solubility

Characteristics of Radiation Bomb Debris in Water and

Evaluation of Selected Decontamination Procedures."

Fort Belvoir, VA: US Army Engineer Research and

Development Laboratories. 1569-TR. 02/12/59.

80 Pages. (A05) AD 212 440/2*

43. McDonnel, G.; Crosby, W.; Tessmer, C. "Effects of Nuclear

Detonations on a Large Biological Specimen (Swine):

Project 4.1." Albuquerque, NM.: Field Command,

DASA. WT-1428. 08/11/61. 200 Pages.

(A09) AD 460 308*

41. Meszaros, J.; Burden, H.; Day, J. "Instrumentation of

Structures for Air-Blast and Ground-Shock Effects,

Project 3.7." Albuquerque, NM.: Field Command,

AFSWP. WT-1426. 03/14/60. 130 Pages.

(A07) AD/B951 598*

42. Perret, W. "Ground Motion Studies at High Incident Overpressure, Project 1.5." Albuquerque, NM.: Field

Command, DASA. WT-1405. 06/20/60. 85 Pages.

(A05) AD 611 229*

43. Placak, 0.; Carter, M.; Gilmore, R.; et al. "Operation

PLUMBBOB Offsite Radiological Safety Report." Las

Vegas, NV.: REECo. OTO-57-3. 01/01/57.

207 Pages. (AlO) AD/A075 357*

44. Plum, W. "Performance of a High Speed Spectrographic

System, Project 8.3a." San Francisco, CA.: USNRDL.

ITR-1442. 09/20/57. 16 Pages. (A02) AD/A 077 501*

45. Reynolds Electrical and Engineering Company. "On Site

Rad-Safe Support for PRISCILLA." Las Vegas, NV.:

REECo. 00/00/57. 7 Pages.**

46. Richards, W.; Watson, B. "Operations of the Fallout Group

of Project 50.3." U.S. Army Signal Research and

Development Laboratory. Ft. Monmouth, N.J.

ASRDL-TR-2058. 08/15/60. 77 Pages.

(A05) AD 252 267*

* Available from NTIS; order number appears before the asterisk.

** Available at DOE CIC.

***Not Available.

81

- - - -
47. Rigotti, 0.; Kinch, H.; Funsten, H.; et al. "Neutron Flux

from Selected Nuclear Devices, Project 2.3."

Albuquerque, NM.: Field Command, DASA, WT-1412.

10/01/79. 60 Pages. (A04) AD/A995 074*

48. Robotti, J. "After Action Reports by Technical Services

Chiefs, Operation PLUMBBOB, Camp Desert Rock VII and

VIII." Camp Desert Rock, NV. 00/00/57.

150 Pages. (A07) AD/A080 236*

49. Science Applications, Inc. "Film Badge Dosimetry Analysis:

Exercise Desert Rock VII and VIII." McLean, VA.:

SAI. 06/18/79. 345 Pages. Limited to Privacy Act

restrictions.***

50. Stalk, G.; Gee, R.; Bednar, J.; et al. "In-Flight Structural Response of an F-89D Aircraft to a Nuclear

Detonation, Project 5.5.II Albuquerque, NM.: Field

Command, DASA. WT-1434. 03/22/60. 56 Pages.

(404) AD 357 975*

51. Swift, J,. M.; Sachs, D. C.; Kriebel. "Air-Blast Phenomena

in the High-Pressure Region, Operation PLUMBBOB,

Project 1.3." Stanford Research Institute.

Albuquerque, NM.: Field Command, DASA. WT-1403.

12/15/60. 134 Pages. (A07) AD 611 257*

52. Swift, L. M. "Acceleration, Stress and Strain at High

Incident Overpressures, Operation PLUMBBOB, Project

1.4." Stanford Research Institute. Albuquerque,

NM. : Field Command, DASA. WT-1404. 05/10/60.

136 Pages. (A07) AD 491 310*

53. Tompkins, R.; Weaver, C.; Peterson, G. "Neutron and

Initial-Gamma Shielding, Project 2.4." Albuquerque,

NM. : Field Command, DASA. WT-1413-EX.

120 Pages. (AOG) AD/A995 035*

54. Vaile, R. B., .Jr. "Isolation of Structures from Ground

Shock, Project 3.5a." Stanford Research Institute.

Albuquerque, NM.: Field Command, DASA. WT-1424-l.

04/23/62. 68 Pages. (A04) AD 491 121*

55. Walls, l J. "In-Flight Structural Response of the Model

A4D-1 Aircraft to a Nuclear Explosion, Project 5.4."

Albuquerque, NM.: Field Command, DASA. WT-1433.

03/31/60. 186 Pages. (A09) AD 355 562*

* Available from NTIS; order number appears before the asterisk.

** Available at DOE CIC.

***Not Available.

82
56. Walls, J.; Heslin, N. "In-Flight Structural Response of an

HSS-1 Helicopter to a Nuclear Detonation, Project

5.1." Albuquerque, NM.: Field Command, DASA.

WT-1430. 07/25/60. 88 Pages. (A05) AD 360 873*

57. Wilcox, F.; Goeke, R.; Weaver, C. PLUMBBOB Onsite

Radiological Safety Report. Las Vegas, NV.: REECo.

OTO-57-2. 00/00/57.

250 Pages. (A09) AD/A077 488*/**

* Available from NTIS; order number appears before the asterisk.

** Available at DOE CIC.

***Not Available.

83

--
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91

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Idaho Public Library & Information Center

ATTN: Librn

Idaho State Library

ATTN: Librn

Idaho State University Library

ATTN: Dots Dept

University of Idaho

ATTN: Dir of Libraries (Reg)

ATTN: Dots Set

University of Illinois Library

ATTN: Dots Set

Illinois State Library (Reg)

ATTN: Gov Dots Br

Illinois University at Urbana-Champaign

ATTN: P. Watson Dots Lib

Illinois Valley Connnunity College

ATTN: Library

Illinois State University

ATTN: Librn

Indiana State Library (Reg)

ATTN: Serial Set

Indiana State University

ATTN: Dots Library

93
OTHER (Continued) OTHER (Continued)

Indiana University Library

ATTN: Dots Dept

Indianapolis Marion County Public Library

ATTN: Social Science Div

Iowa State University Library

ATTN: Gov Dots Dept

Iowa University Library

ATTN: Gov Dots Dept

Butler University

ATTN: Librn

Isaac Delchdo College

ATTN: Librn

James Madison University

ATTN: Librn

Jefferson County Public Library

Lakewood Regional Library

ATTN: Librn

Jersey City State College

ATTN: F. A. Irwin Library Periodicals

Dot Set

John Hopkins University

ATTN: Dots Library

La Roche College

ATTN: Librn

Johnson Free Public Library

ATTN: Librn

Kalamazoo Public Library

ATTN: Librn

Kansas City Public Library

ATTN: Dots Div

Kansas State Library

ATTN: Librn

Kansas State University Library

ATTN: Dots Dept

University of Kansas

ATTN: Dir of Library (Reg)

University of Texas

ATTN: Lyndon B. Johnson School of Public

Affairs Library

Maine Maritime Academy

ATTN: Librn

University of Maine

ATTN: Librn

Kent State University Library

ATTN: Dots Div

Kentucky Dept of Library & Archives

ATTN: Dots Set

University of Kentucky

ATTN: Gov Pub Dept

ATTN: Dir of Lib (Reg)

Kenyon College Library

ATTN: Librn

Lake Forest College

ATTN: Librn

Lake Sumter Cormunity College Library

ATTN: Librn

Lakeland Public Library

ATTN: Librn

Lancaster Regional Library

ATTN: Librn

Lawrence University

ATTN: Dots Dept

Brigham Young University

ATTN: Dots & Map Set

Lewis University Library

ATTN: Librn

Library and Statutory Dist & Svc

2 cy ATTN: Librn

Earlham College

ATTN: Librn

Little Rock Public Library

ATTN: Librn

Long Beach Public Library

ATTN: Librn

Los Angeles Public Library

ATTN: Serials Div U.S. Dots

Louisiana State University

ATTN: Gov Dot Dept

ATTN: Dir of Libraries (Reg)

Louisville Free Public Library

ATTN: Librn

Louisville University Library

ATTN: Librn

94
OTHER (Continued)

Manchester City Library

ATTN: Librn

Mankato State College

ATTN: Gov Pubs

OTHER (Continued)

University of Maine at Farmington

ATTN: Dir of Libraries

Marathon County Public Library

ATTN: Librn

Principia College

ATTN: Librn

L,.iversity of Maryland

ATTN: McKeldin Library Dots Div

University of Maryland

ATTN: Librn

University of Massachusetts

ATTN: Gov Dots Co11

Maui Public Library

Kahului Branch

ATTN: Librn

McNeese State University

ATTN: Librn

Memphis & Shelby County Public Library &

Information Center

ATTN: Librn

Memphis & Shelby County Public Library &

Information Center

ATTN: Librn

Memphis State University

ATTN: Librn

Mercer University

ATTN: Librn

Mesa County Public Library

ATTN: Librn

Miami Dade Community College

ATTN: Librn

University of Miami Library

ATTN: Gov Pubs

Miami Public Library

ATTN: Dots Div

Miami University Library

ATTN: Dots Dept

University of Santa Clara

ATTN: Dots Div

Michigan State Library

ATTN: Librn

Michigan State University Library

ATTN: Librn

Michigan Tech University

ATTN: Lib Dots Dept

University of Michigan

ATTN: Acq Set Dots Unit

Middlebury College Library

ATTN: Librn

Millersville State College

ATTN: Librn

State University of New York

ATTN: Dots Librn

Milwaukee Public Library

ATTN: Librn

Minneapolis Public Library

ATTN: Librn

University of Minnesota

ATTN: Dir of Libraries (Reg)

Minot State College

ATTN: Librn

Mississippi State University

ATTN: Librn

University of Mississippi

ATTN: Dir of Libraries

Missouri University at Kansas City General

ATTN: Librn

University of Missouri Library

ATTN: Gov Dots

M.I.T. Libraries

ATTN: Librn

Mobile Public Library

ATTN: Gov Info Div

Midwestern University

ATTN: Librn

Montana State Library

ATTN: Librn

Montana State University Library

ATTN: Librn

University of Montana

ATTN: Dir of Libraries (Reg)

Montebello Library

ATTN: Librn

Morhead State College

ATTN: Library

Mt Prospect Public Library

ATTN: Cov't Info Ctr

Murray State University Library

ATTN: Lib

95
OTHER (Continued1

Nassau Library System

ATTN: Librn

Natrona County Public Library

ATTN: Librn

Nebraska Library Community

Nebraska Public Clearinghouse

ATTN: Librn

University of Nebraska at Omaha

ATTN: Univ Lib Dots

__..

OTHER (Continued)

State University of New York

ATTN: Librn

New York State University

ATTN: Dots Ctr

State University of New York

ATTN: Dots Dept

New York University Library

ATTN: Dots Dept

Newark Free Library

ATTN: Librn

Newark Public Library

ATTN: Librn

Niagara Falls Public Library

ATTN: Librn

Nicholls State University Library

ATTN: Dots Div

Nieves M. Flores Memorial Library

ATTN: Librn

Norfolk Public Library

ATTN: R. Parker

North Carolina Agricultural & Tech State

University

ATTN: Librn

University of North Carolina at Charlotte

ATTN: Atkins Lib Dot Dept

University Library of North Carolina at Greensboro

ATTN: Librn

University of North Carolina at Wilmington

ATTN: Librn

North Carolina Central University

ATTN: Librn

North Carolina State University

ATTN: Librn

University of North Carolina at Wilmington

ATTN: Librn

University of North Carolina

ATTN: BA SS Div Dots

North Dakota State University Library

ATTN: Dots Librn

University of North Dakota

ATTN: Librn

Nebraska Western College Library

ATTN: Librn

University of Nebraska

ATTN: Dir of Libraries (Reg)

University of Nebraska Library

ATTN: Acquisitions Dept

University of Nevada Library

ATTN: Gov Pubs Dept

University of Nevada at Las Vegas

ATTN: Dir of Libraries

New Hampshire University Library

ATTN: Librn

New Hanover County Public Library

ATTN: Librn

New Mexico State Library

ATTN: Librn

New Mexico State University

ATTN: Lib Dots Div

University of New Mexico

ATTN: Dir of Libraries (Reg)

University of New Orleans Library

ATTN: Gov Dots Div

New Orleans Public Library

ATTN: Librn

New York Public Library

ATTN: Librn

New York State Library

ATTN: Dots Control Cultural Ed Ctr

State University of New York at Stony Brook

ATTN: Main Lib Dots Set

State University of New York Co1 Memorial Lib

at Cortland

ATTN: Librn

State University of New York

ATTN: Lib Dots Set

North Texas State University Library

ATTN: Librn

University of North Dakota

ATTN: Dir of Libraries

North Georgia College

ATTN: Librn

96
OTHER (Continued)

Northeast Missouri State Univeristy

ATTN: Librn

Northeastern Oklahoma State University

ATTN: Librn

Northeastern University

ATTN: Dodge Library

Northern Arizona University Library

ATTN: Gov Dots Dept

Northern Illinois University

ATTN: Librn

Northern Michigan University

ATTN: Dots

Northern Montana College Library

ATTN: Librn

Northwestern Michigan College

ATTN: Librn

Northwestern State University

ATTN: Librn

Northwestern State University Library

ATTN: Librn

Northwestern University Library

ATTN: Gov Pubs Dept

Norwalk Public Library

ATTN: Librn

Northeastern Illinois University

ATTN: Library

University of Notre Dame

ATTN: Dot Ctr

Oakland Community College

ATTN: Librn

Oakland Public Library

ATTN: Librn

Oberlin College Library

ATTN: Librn

Ocean County College

ATTN: Librn

Ohio State Library

ATTN: Librn

Ohio State University

ATTN: Lib Dots Div

Ohio University Library

ATTN: Dots Dept

Oklahoma City University Library

ATTN: Librn

Oklahoma City University Library

ATTN: Librn

OTHER (Continued)

Oklahoma Department of Libraries

ATTN: U.S. Gov Dots

University of Oklahoma

ATTN: Dots Div

Old Dominion University

ATTN: Dot Dept Univ Lib

Olivet College Library

ATTN: Librn

Omaha Public Library Clark Branch

ATTN: Librn

Onondaga County Public Library

ATTN: Gov Dots Set

Oregon State Library

ATTN: Librn

University of Oregon

ATTN: Dots Set

Ouachita Baptist University

ATTN: Librn

Pan American University Library

ATTN: Librn

Passaic Public Library

ATTN: Librn

Queens College

ATTN: Dots Dept

Pennsylvania State Library

ATTN: Gov Pubs Set

Pennsylvania State University

ATTN: Lib Dot Set

University of Pennsylvania

ATTN: Dir of Libraries

University of Denver

ATTN: Penrose Library

Peoria Public Library

ATTN: Business, Science & Tech Dept

Free Library of Philadelphia

ATTN: Gov Pubs Dept

Philipsburg Free Public Library

ATTN: Library

Phoenix Public Library

ATTN: Librn

University of Pittsburgh

ATTN: Dots Office, G8

Plainfield Public Library

ATTN: Librn

97
OTHER (Continued)

Popular Creek Public Library District

ATTN: Librn

Association of Portland Library

ATTN: Librn

Portland Public Library

ATTN: Librn

Portland State University Library

ATTN: Librn

Pratt Institute Library

ATTN: Librn

Louisiana Tech University

ATTN: Librn

Princeton University Library

ATTN: Dots Div

Providence College

ATTN: Librn

Providence Public Library

ATTN: Librn

Public Library Cincinnati & Hamilton County

ATTN: Librn

Public Library of Nashville and Davidson County

ATTN: Librn

University of Puerto Rico

ATTN: Dot & Maps Room

Purdue University Library

ATTN: Librn

Quinebaug Valley Community College

ATTN: Librn

OTHER (Continued)

Richland County Public Library

ATTN: Librn

Riverside Public Library

ATTN: Librn

University of Rochester Library

ATTN: Dots Set

University of Rutgers Camden Library

ATTN: Librn

State University of Rutgers

ATTN: Librn

Rutgers University

ATTN: Dir of Libraries (Reg)

Rutgers University Law Library

ATTN: Fed Dots Dept

Salem College Library

ATTN: Librn

Samford University

ATTN: Librn

Auburn University

ATTN: Microforms & Dots Dept

Rapid City Public Library

ATTN: Librn

Reading Public Library

ATTN: Librn

Reed College Library

ATTN: Librn

Augusta College

ATTN: Librn

University of Rhode Island Library

P,TTN: Gov Pubs Oft

University of Rhode Island

ATTN: Dir of Libraries

Rice University

ATTN: Dir of Libraries

Louisiana College

ATTN: Librn

San Antonio Public Library

ATTN: Bus Science & Tech Dept

San Diego County Library

ATTN: C. Jones, Acquisitions

San Diego Public Library

ATTN: Librn

San Diego State University Library

ATTN: Gov Pubs Dept

San Francisco Public Library

ATTN: Gov Dots Dept

San Francisco State College

ATTN: Gov Pubs Co11

San Jose State College Library

ATTN: Dots Dept

San Luis Obispo City-County Library

ATTN: Librn

Savannah Public & Effingham Liberty Regional

Library

ATTN: Librn

Scottsbluff Public Library

ATTN: Librn

Scranton Public Librarv

ATTN: Librn

Seattle Public Librarv

ATTN: Ref Dots Asst

98
OTHER (Continued) OTHER (Continued)

Selby Public Library

ATTN: Librn

Shawnee Library System

ATTN: Librn

Shreve Memorial Library

ATTN: Librn

Silas Bronson Public Library

ATTN: Librn

Sioux City Public Library

ATTN: Librn

Skidmore College

ATTN: Librn

Slippery Rock State College Library

ATTN: Librn

South Carolina State Library

ATTN: Librn

University of South Carolina

ATTN: Librn

University of South Carolina

ATTN: Gov Oocs

South Dakota School of Mines & Technical Library

ATTN: Librn

South Dakota State Library

ATTN: Fed Dots Dept

University of South Dakota

ATTN: Dots Librn

South Florida University Library

ATTN: Librn

Southeast Missouri State University

ATTN: Librn

Southeastern Massachusetts University Library

ATTN: Dots Set

University of Southern Alabama

ATTN: Librn

Southern California University Library

ATTN: Dots Dept

Southern Connecticut State College

ATTN: Library

Southern Illinois University

ATTN: Librn

Southern Illinois University

ATTN: Dots Ctr

Southern Methodist University

ATTN: Librn

University of Southern Mississippi

ATTN: Library

Southern Oregon College

ATTN: Library

Southern University in New Orleans Library

ATTN: Librn

Southern Utah State College Library

ATTN: Dots Dept

Southwest Missouri State College

ATTN: Library

University of Southwestern Louisiana Libraries

ATTN: Librn

Southwestern University

ATTN: Librn

Spokane Public Library

ATTN: Ref Dept

Sprinafield Citv Librarv

-ATTN: Dois Set -

St

St

St

St

St

St

Bonaventure University

ATTN: Librn

Johns River Junior College

ATTN: Library

Joseph Public Library

ATTN: Librn

Lawrence University

ATTN: Librn

Louis Public Library

ATTN: Librn

Paul Public Library

ATTN: Librn

Stanford University Library

ATTN: Gov Dots Dept

State Historical Sot Library

ATTN: Dots Serials Set

State Library of Massachusetts

ATTN: Librn

State University of New York

ATTN: Librn

Stetson University

ATTN: Librn

University of Steubenville

ATTN: Librn

Stockton E San Joaquin Public Library

ATTN: Librn

Stockton State College Library

ATTN: Librn

Albion College

ATTN: Gov Dots Librn

99
-

OTHER (Continued)

Superior Public Library

ATTN: Librn

Swarthmore College Library

ATTN: Ref Dept

Syracuse University Library

ATTN: Dots Div

Tacoma Public Library

ATTN: Librn

Hillsborough County Public Library at Tampa

ATTN: Librn

OTHER (Continued)

Tufts University Library

ATTN: Dots Dept

University of Tulsa

ATTN: Librn

UCLA Research Library

ATTN: Pub Affairs Svc/U.S. Dots

Uniformed Services University of the Health

Sciences

ATTN: LRC Library

University Libraries

ATTN: Dir of Lib

University of Maine at Oreno

ATTN: Librn

University of Northern Iowa

ATTN: Library

Upper Iowa College

ATTN: Dots Co11

Utah State University

ATTN: Librn

University of Utah

ATTN: Special Collections

University of Utah

ATTN: Dir of Library

Utica Public Library

ATTN: Librn

Temple University

ATTN: Librn

Tennessee Technological University

ATTN: Librn

University of Tennessee

ATTN: Dir of Libraries

College of Idaho

ATTN: Librn

Texas A & M University Library

ATTN: Librn

University of Texas at Arlington

ATTN: Library Dots

University of Texas at San Antonio

ATTN: Library

Texas

Texas

Texas

Christian University

ATTN: Librn

State Library

ATTN: U.S. Dots Set

Tech University Library

ATTN: Gov Dots Dept

Texas University at Austin

ATTN: Dots Co11

University of Toledo Library

ATTN: Librn

Toledo Public Library

ATTN: Social Science Dept

Torrance Civic Center Library

ATTN: Librn

Traverse City Public Library

ATTN: Librn

Trenton Free Public Library

ATTN: Librn

Trinity College Library

ATTN: Librn

Trinity University Library

ATTN: Dots Co11

Valencia Library

ATTN: Librn

Valparaiso University

ATTN: Librn

Vanderbilt University Library

ATTN: Gov Dots Set

University of Vermont

ATTN: Dir of Libraries

Virginia Commonwealth University

ATTN: Librn

Virginia Military Institute

ATTN: Librn

Virginia Polytechnic Institute Library

ATTN: Dots Dept

Virginia State Library

ATTN: Serials Set

University of Virginia

ATTN: Pub Dots

Volusia County Public Library

ATTN: Librn

100
OTHER (Continued) OTHER (Continued)

Washington State Library

ATTN:. Oocs Set

Washington State University

ATTN: Lib Oocs Set

Washington University Libraries

ATTN: Dir of Lib

University of Washington

ATTN: Dots Div

Wayne State University Library

ATTN: Librn

Wayne State University Law Library

ATTN: Dots Dept

Weber State College Library

ATTN: Librn

Wesleyan University

ATTN: Dots Librn

West Chester State College

ATTN: Dots Dept

West Covina Library

ATTN: Librn

Univeristy of West Florida

ATTN: Librn

West Georgia College

ATTN: Librn

West Hills Community College

ATTN: Library

West Texas State University

ATTN: Library

West Virginia College of Grad Studies Library

ATTN: Librn

University of West Virginia

ATTN: Dir of Libraries (Reg)

Westerly Public Library

ATTN: Librn

Western Carolina University

ATTN: Librn

Western Illinois University Library

ATTN: Librn

Western Washington University

ATTN: Librn

Western Wyoming Community College Library

ATTN: Librn

Westmoreland City Community College

ATTN: Learning Resource Ctr

Whitman College

ATTN: Librn

Wichita State University Library

ATTN: Librn

Williams & Mary College

ATTN: Dots Dept

Emporia Kansas State College

ATTN: Gov Dots Div

William College Library

ATTN: Librn

Williamantic Public Library

ATTN: Librn

Winthrop College

ATTN: Dots Dept

University of Wisconsin at

ATTN: Gov Dots Lib

University of Wisconsin at

ATTN: Lib Dots

University of Wisconsin at

ATTN: Librn

University of Wisconsin at

ATTN: Dot Unit Lib

University of Wisconsin at

ATTN: Dots Set

University of Wisconsin

ATTN: Gov Pubs Dept

University of Wisconsin

Whitewater

Milwaukee

Oshkosh

Platteville

Stevens Point

ATTN: Acquisitions Dept

Worcester Public Library

ATTN: Librn

Wright State University Library

ATTN: Gov Dots Librn

Wyoming State Library

ATTN: Librn

University of Wyoming

ATTN: Dots Div

Yale University

ATTN: Dir of Libraries

Yeshiva University

ATTN: Librn

Yuma City County Library

ATTN: Librn

Simon Schwab Mem Lib, Columbus Co1

ATTN: Librn

101
DEPARTMENT OF DEFENSE CONTRACTORS

Advanced Research & Applications Corp

ATTN: H. Lee

JAYCOR

ATTN: A. Nelson

10 cy ATTN: Health & Environment Div

JRB Associates

10 cy ATTN: L. Novntney

Kaman Tempo

ATTN: DASIAC

ATTN: E. Martin

Kaman Tempo

ATTN: R. Miller

DEPARTMENT OF DEFENSE CONTRACTORS (Continued)

Kaman Tempo

ATTN: C. Jones

National Academy of Sciences

ATTN: C. Robinette

ATTN: Med Follow-up Agency

ATTN: Nat Mat Advisory Bd

Pacific-Sierra Research Cow

ATTN: H. Brode

Science Applications, Inc

ATTN: Tech Lib

Tech Reps, Inc

4 cy ATTN: B. Collins

102

l