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SHOTS 

WASP HORNET 

The First Tests 

18 FEBRUARY -12 MARCH 1955 

United States Nuclear Weapons Tests 

Nuclear Test Review 

Prepared by the Defense as Executive Agency 

for the of Defense 
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4. TITLE Subtitle) 5. TYPE OF REPORT PERIOD COVERED 

SHOTS WASP THROUGH HORNET Technical Report

The First Five TEAPOT Tests 6 PERFORMING ORG. REPORT NUMBER 18 February-12 March 1955 2-816-03-423-00 

7. 9 CONTRACT OR GRANT NUMBER(a) 

DNA 001-79-C-0473 

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16. SUPPLEMENTARY NOTES 

This work was sponsored by the Defense Nuclear Agency under RMSS Code 

B350079464 For sale by the National Technical 

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19. KEY WORDS on by block number) 

TEAPOT HORNET Nevada Test Site 

WASP Exercise Desert Rock VI Nuclear Test Personnel 

MOTH Ionizing Radiation Review 

TESLA AFSWP Decontamination 

TURK AFSWC ABSTRACT by block 

This report describes the activities of DOD personnel, both military and civil 

in Shots WASP, MOTH, TESLA, TURK, and HORNET, the first five events of th 

TEAPOT atmospheric nuclear weapons test series. The tests were conducted from 

February 18 to March 12, 1955 and involved participants from Exercise Desert 

Rock VI, AFSWP, AFSWC, AEC nuclear weapons development laboratory test groups, 

and the Civil Effects Test Group. This volume also describes the radiological 

safety activities undertaken at each of these five shots. 

OF NOV IS OBSOLETE UNCLASSIFIED 

OF PAGE Entered) 
 

 

SECURITY CLASSIFICATION OF THIS 

18. SUPDefense Nuclear Officer, Lt. Col. H. L. Reese, 

the research cmtributionofnumerous in 

services in addition to thosewriters listed 

in block 7. 

UNCLASSIFIED SECURITY CLASSIFICATION OF THIS 
PREFACE 

Between 1945 and 1962, the United States Government, through 

the Manhattan Engineer District and its successor agency, the 

Atomic Energy Commission (AEC), conducted 235 atmospheric nuclear 

weapons tests at sites in the southwestern U.S. and in the 

Pacific and Atlantic oceans. In all, an estimated 220,000 

Department of Defense (DOD) participants, both military and 

civilian, were present at the tests. Approximately 90,000 of 

these participants were present at the nuclear weapons tests 

conducted at the Nevada Test Site (NTS), northwest of Las Vegas, 

Nevada. 

In 1977, 15 years after the last above-ground weapons test, 

the Center for Disease Control* noted a possible leukemia cluster 

among a small group of soldiers present at Shot SMOKY, one 

weapons related test of Operation PLUMBBOB, the series of nuclear 

weapons tests conducted in 1957. Since that initial report by 

the Center for Disease Control, the Veterans Administration has 

received a number of claims for medical benefits from former 

military personnel who believe their health may have been 

affected their participation in the nuclear weapons tests. 

In late 1977, the DOD began a study that provided data to 

both the Center for Disease Control and the Veterans Administration on possible exposures to ionizing radiation among its 

military and civilian personnel who participated in the nuclear 

weapons tests 15 to 30 years earlier. DOD organized an effort 

to : 

Identify DOD personnel who had taken part in the 

atmospheric nuclear weapons tests 

*The Center for Disease Control, an agency of the U.S. Department

of Health and Human Services (formerly the U.S. Department of

Health, Education, and Welfare). 

1 
Determine the extent of the participants' exposure 

to ionizing radiation 

Provide public disclosure of information concerning

participation by DOD personnel in the atmospheric

nuclear weapons tests. 

This report on the first five shots of Operation TEAPOT is 

based on the historical record of military and technical 

documents associated with each of the nuclear weapons tests. 

These reports provide a public record of the activities and 

possible radiation exposure of DOD personnel for ongoing public 

health research and policy analvsis. 

Many of the documents pertaining specifically to DOD 

involvement during the first five TEAPOT tests were found in the 

Defense Nuclear Agency Technical Library, the National Federal 

Archives Record Center, the Department of Energy Nevada 

Operations Office, and the Los Scientific Laboratory 

(LASL). 

In some cases, the surviving historical documentation of 

activities conducted at Shots WASP, MOTH, TESLA, TURK, and HORNET 

addresses test specifications and technical information rather 

than the personnel data critical to the study undertaken by the 

Defense Nuclear Agency. Moreover, instances have arisen in which 

available historical documentation has revealed inconsistencies 

in vital factual data, such as the number of DOD participants in 

a certain project at a given shot or their locations and assignments at a given time. These inconsistencies in data usually 

occur between two or more documents, but occasionally appear 

within the same document. Efforts have been made to resolve 

these data inconsistencies wherever possible, or to otherwise 

bring them to the attention of the reader. 

An important example of such discrepancies is the 

documentation dealing with air operations at Operation TEAPOT. 

Several and post-series documents were analyzed to 

2 
determine the nature and extent of these air activities, 

including Parson's Operational Summary (WT-1158) and Fackler's 

Technical Air Operations (WT-1206). The Operational Summary 

provides an overview of all activities conducted during the 

testing, primarily those of AFSWP. Technical Air Operations, 

however, is a more specific document, chronicling in detail the 

air operations of DOD personnel. Fackler's Technical Air 

Operations report is a detailed document chronicling only the air 

operational activities of the Air Force, Army, Navy, and Marine 

Corps. Discrepancies as to numbers of aircraft actually 

participating in single event exist between these two 

documents and other TEAPOT documents. When possible, these 

discrepancies were resolved through additional research. In 

those cases for which further research failed to resolve the 

problem, the Technical Air Operations report, WT-1206, was used 

because it deals specifically with air operations at TEAPOT and 

therefore is considered the more reliable document for 

determining the extent and nature of air operations. 

For several of the Desert Rock VI and Joint Test 

Organization (JTO) projects discussed in the TEAPOT volumes, the 

only historical documents available are the Sixth Army's Desert 

Rock VI Operations Orders and the Test Director's schedule of 

events from "Operation Order l-55." These sources detail the 

plans developed by DOD and AEC personnel prior to the TEAPOT 

Series; they do not describe the projects as conducted at the 

NTS. After-action documents, such as the "Final Report of 

Operations for Exercise Desert Rock VI" and the Weapons Tests 

Reports for the Armed Forces Special Weapons Project (AFSWP), 

summarize the projects performed during the TEAPOT Series, but do 

not always supply shot-specific information. Therefore, it is 

not known if all of the addressed in the planning 

documents and discussed in this volume were conducted exactly as 

planned. 

3 
ORGANIZATION AND CONTENT OF TEAPOT SERIES REPORTS 

This volume details participation by DOD personnel in the 

first five events of the Operation TEAPOT nuclear weapons testing 

series. Four other publications address DOD activities during 

the TEAPOT Series: 

Series Volume: Operation TEAPOT, Atmospheric

Nuclear Weapons Tests, 1955 

Shot Volume: Shot BEE 

Multi-shot Volume: Shots ESS to MET and Shot 

ZUCCHINI, the Final TEAPOT Tests 

Shot Volume: Shot APPLE 2. 

The volumes addressing the test events of Operation TEAPOT 

are designed for use with one another. The Series volume 

contains information that applies to those dimensions of 

Operation TEAPOT that transcend specific events, such as 

historical background, organizational relationships, and 

radiological safety procedures. In addition, the TEAPOT Series 

volume contains a bibliography of works consulted in the 

preparation of all five Operation TEAPOT reports. The single 

shot volumes describe DOD participation in Shots BEE and APPLE 2, 

These two events have been bound separatelv 

because they included significant Exercise Desert Rock VI 

maneuvers involving large numbers of DOD participants. Each 

multi-shot volume combines shot-specific descriptions for several 

nuclear events. The shot and multi-shot volumes contain 

bibliographies only of the sources referenced in each text. 

Descriptions of concerning any particular shot in the 

TEAPOT Series, whether the shot is addressed in a single-shot 

volume or in a multi-shot volume, should be supplemented by the 

general organizational and radiological safety information 

contained in the TEAPOT Series volume. 

One supplement to the information in this report is 

the Reference Manual: Background Materials for the 

4 
Volumes, which summarizes information on radiation physics, 

radiation health concepts, exposure criteria, and measurement 

techniques, as well as listing acronyms and a glossary of terms 

used in the DOD reports addressing test events in the continental 

U.S. 

5 
•••

TABLE OF CONTENTS 

Pane 

PREFACE ......................... 1 

LIST OF ILLUSTRATIONS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 

LIST OF TABLES. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10 

LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS AND ACRONYMS. . . . . . . . . . . . 11 

CHAPTER 

1 INTRODUCTION 

1.1 Department of Defense Involvement in Joint Test

Organization Activities at the First Five

TEAPOT Events . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13 

1.2 Exercise Desert Rock VI Activities at the First 

Five TEAPOT Events. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 18 

2 SHOT WASP 

Shot WASP Svnopsis . . . . . . . . . . . . . ••••. 20 

2.1 Exercise Desert Rock VI Operations

at Shot WASP. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 22 

2.1.1 Troop Orientation and Indoctrination

Projects . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 22 

2.1.2 Technical Service . . . . . . . . 23 

2.2 Department of Defense Participation in Military 

Effects, Scientific, Operational Training,

and Support Activities at Shot WASP . . . . . . . 24 

2.2.1 Department of Defense Participation in 

Military Effects Group Projects. . . . . . 25 

2.2.2 Department of Defense Participation in

LASL Test Group Projects . . . . . . . . . 34 

2.2.3 Department of Defense Participation in

CETG Projects . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 34 

2.2.4 Department of Defense Operational

Training Projects. . . . . . . . . . . . . 35 

2.2.5 Air Force Special Weapons Center

Activities . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 36 

2.3 Radiation Protection at Shot WASP . . . . . . . . 39 

SHOT MOTH 

Shot MOTH Synopsis . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 45 

6 
•••

TABLE OF CONTENTS (Continued) 

Chanter Page 

3.1 Exercise Desert Rock VI Operations

at Shot MOTH. . . , . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 46 

3.1.1 Troop Orientation and Indoctrination 

Projects. ................. 48 

3.1.2 Troop Test ................ 49 

3.1.3 Technical Service ........ 51 

3.2 Department of Defense Participation in Military

Effects, Scientific, Operational Training, and 

Support Activities at Shot MOTH . . . . . . . . . 52 

3.2.1 Department of Defense Participation in

Military Effects Group . . . . . . 53 

3.2.2 Department of Defense Participation in LASL Test Group . . . . . . . . 60 

3.2.3 Department of Defense Participation 

in CETG Projects . . . . . . . . . . . . . 60 

3.2.4 Department of Defense Operational Training

Projects . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 62 

3.2.5 Air Force Special Weapons Center

Activities . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 64 

3.3 Radiation Protection at Shot MOTH . . . . . . . . 67 

4 SHOT TESLA 

Shot TESLA Synopsis. . . . . . . . . . . . . . ••. 73 

4.1 Exercise Desert Rock VI Operations

at Shot TESLA. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 76 

4.1.1 Troop Orientation and Indoctrination

Projects ................. 76 

4.1.2 Troop Test ................ 79 

4.1.3 Technical Service Project. ........ 

4.2 Department of Defense Participation in Military

Effects, Scientific, Operational Training,

and Support Activities at Shot TESLA . . . . . . 80 

4.2.1 Department of Defense Participation in

Military Effects Group . . . . . . 81 

4.2.2 Department of Defense Participation in

LASL and UCRL Test Group . . . . 90 

4.2.3 Department of Defense Participation

in CETG Projects . . . . . . . . . . . . . 90 

4.2.4 Department of Defense Operational Training

Projects . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 90 

4.2.5 Air Force Special Weapons Center 

Activities . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 92 

7 
TABLE OF CONTENTS (Continued) 

Chapter Page 

4.3 Radiation Protection at Shot TESLA. . . . . . . . 95 

5 SHOT TURK 

Shot TURK Synopsis . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 101 

5.1 Exercise Desert Rock VI Operations at 

.................... 104 

5.1.1 Troop Orientation and

Indoctrination ......... 104 

5.1.2 Troop Test ................ 105 

5.1.3 Technical Service Projects ....... 107 

5.2 Department of Defense Participation in Military Effects, Scientific, Operational 

Training, and Suppport Activities at Shot TURK. . 108 

5.2.1 Department of Defense Participation in

Military Effects Group . . . . . . 108 

5.2.2 Department of Defense

Participation in LASL and UCRL 

Test Group Projects. . . . . . . . . . . . 119 

5.2.3 Department of Defense

Participation in CETG Projects . . . . . 119 

5.2.4 Department of Defense Operational 

Training Projects. . . . . . . . . . . . . 119 

5.2.5 Air Force Special Weapons Center

Activities . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 122 

5.3 Radiation Protection at Shot TURK . . . . . . . . 126 

6 SHOT HORNET 

Shot HORNET Svnopsis . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 132 

6.1 Exercise Desert Rock VI Operations at 

Shot HORNET . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 133 

6.2 Department of Defense Participation in

Military Effects, Scientific, Operational 

Training, and Support Activities at 

Shot HORNET . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 134 

6.2.1 Deaprtment of Defense Participation in

Military Effects Group

Projects . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 135 

6.2.2 Department of Defense

Participation in LASL and

UCRL Test Group . . . . . . . . . 145 

8 
TABLE OF CONTENTS (Continued) 

Chapter Page 

6.2.3 Department of Defense 

Participation in CETG Projects . . . . . . 145 

6.2.4 Department of Defense Operational

Training Projects. . . . . . . . . . . . . 146 

6.2.5 Air Force Special Weapons Center 

Activities . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 148 

6.3 Radiation Protection at Shot HORNET . . . . . . . 151 

LIST OF ILLUSTRATIONS 

Figure Page 

l-l Location of Shots WASP, MOTH, TESLA, TURK, 

and HORNET at the Nevada Test Site in Relation 

REFERENCE LIST. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . : : : 157 

to other Shots in the TEAPOT Series. . . . . . . . . 15 

Initial Survey for Shot WASP, 18 February 1955,

1248 to 1315 Hours . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 42 

2-2 Resurveys for Shot WASP. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 43 

3-1 Forward Positions of DOD Personnel 

at Shot-time for MOTH. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 47 

3-2 Signal Corps Troops Positioning Long-range Telephoto 

Lens to Photograph MOTH Detonation from News Nob . . 50 

3-3 Initial Survey for Shot MOTH, 22 February 1955,

0611 to 0813 Hours . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 69 

3-4 Resurveys for Shot MOTH. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 71 

4-l Forward Positions of DOD Personnel 

at Shot-time for TESLA . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 75 

4-2 Desert Rock Observers Examine Equipment Display

Prior to TESLA Detonation. . . . . . . . . . . . . . 78 

4-3 Initial Survey for Shot TESLA, 1 March 1955,

0555 to 0635 Hours . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 98 

4-4 Resurveys for Shot TESLA . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 99 

5-1 Forward Positions of DOD Personnel 

at Shot-time for TURK. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 103 

9 
LIST OF ILLUSTRATIONS (Continued) 

Figure Page 

5-2 Desert Rock Observers Examine Equipment Display

One Day After the TURK Detonation. . . . . . . . . . 106 

5-3 Initial Survey for Shot TURK, 7 March 1955,

0630 to 0915 Hours . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 129 

5-4 Resurveys for Shot TURK. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 130 

6-l Initial Survey for Shot HORNET, 12 March 1955, 0553

to 0735 Hours. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 153 

6-2 Resurveys for Shot HORNET. . . . . . . . . . . . . . 155 

LIST OF TABLES 

Table Page 

l-l Summary of the First Five Operation TEAPOT Events. . 14 

2-l Exercise Desert Rock VI Projects, Shot WASP. . . . . 22 

2-2 Test Group with Department of Defense 

Participation, Shot WASP . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 26 

3-l Exercise Desert Rock VI Shot MOTH. . . . . 48 

3-2 Test Group Projects with Department of Defense 

Participation, Shot MOTH . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 54 

4-1 Exercise Desert Rock VI Projects, Shot TESLA . . . . 76 

4-2 Test Group Projects with Department of Defense

Participation, Shot TESLA. . . . . . . . . . . . . . 82 

5-l Exercise Desert Rock VI Projects, Shot TURK. . . . . 104 

5-2 Test Group Projects with Department of Defense 

Participation, Shot TURK . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 109 

6-1 Test Group Projects with Department of Defense 

Participation, Shot HORNET . . . . . . . . . . . . . 136 

10 
LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS AND ACRONYMS 

The following abbreviations and acronyms are used in this volume: 

AEC 

AFB 

AFSWC 

AFSWP 

BJY 

CBR 

CETG 

DOD 

DWET 

EG and G 

FCDA 

GZ 

IBDA 

JTO 

LASL 

MEG 

MSL 

NTS 

OCAFF 

UCRL 

USAF 

UTM 

Atomic Energy Commission

Air Force Base 

Air Force Special Weapons Center

Armed Forces Special Weapons Project

BUSTER-JANGLE 

Chemical, Biological, Radiological

Civil Effects Test Group

Continental United States 

Department of Defense

Director Weapons Effects Tests

Edgerton, Germeshausen, and Grier 

Federal Civil Defense Administration 

Ground Zero 

Indirect Bomb Damage Assessment

Joint Test Organization

Los Scientific Laboratory 

Military Effects Group

Mean Sea Level 

Nevada Test Site 

Office, Chief of Army Field Forces

Reynolds Electrical and Engineering Company

Roentgen per hour

University of California Radiation Laboratory

United States Air Force 

Universal Transverse Mercator 

11 
CHAPTER 1 

INTRODUCTION 

Shots WASP, MOTH, TESLA, TURK, and HORNET were tests of 

nuclear devices conducted from February to 12 March 1955 at 

the Nevada Test Site the U.S. Atomic Energy Commission 

(AEC) continental nuclear test site located northwest of Las 

Vegas. These were the first five nuclear detonations of Operation TEAPOT, a series of 14 nuclear weapons tests and one nonnuclear test performed from 18 to 15 Mav 1955. 

The five nuclear devices were tests sponsored and developed 

for the AEC by either the Los Scientific Laboratory 

or the University of California Radiation Laboratorv (UCRL), the 

two AEC nuclear weapons development laboratories. The 

of the five tests was to studv the nuclear yield and 

the blast, thermal, and radiation phenomena produced the 

devices. To fulfill this objective, LASL and UCRL test groups 

conducted scientific experiments to measure the 

characteristics of the detonations. The Armed Forces Special 

Weapons (AFSWP) Field Command Effects Group 

conducted effects tests to evaluate the utilitv of the five 

devices for applications, and to additional 

specifications for future nuclear weapons development. 

A number of other test activities related to the conditions 

and phenomena produced bv a nuclear detonation were also 

conducted at the tests. The Department of Defense {DOD) conducted operational training and the Federal Civil 

Defense Administration (FCDA) Civil Effects Test Group conducted 

projects to assess the effects of nuclear detonations on civilian 

populations, products and food supplies, and to evaluate Civil 

Defense emergency preparedness plans. The armed services also 

12 
fielded to evaluate military equipment and tactics as 

part of Exercise Desert Rock VI, the Army technical testing and 

training program at Operation TEAPOT. 

Table l-l summarizes the first five tests of the TEAPOT 

Series including sponsors, detonation dates, the UTM coordinates* 

of the detonation points, and the heights of burst.+ Figure l-l 

displays a map of the NTS in 1955, with the positions of each of 

the TEAPOT tests. 

1.1 DEPARTMENT OF DEFENSE INVOLVEMENT IN JOINT TEST ORGANIZATION 

ACTIVITIES AT THE FIRST FIVE TEAPOT EVENTS 

The Joint Test Organization was established for planning, 

coordinating, and conducting all nuclear weapons tests during 

Operation TEAPOT. 

All activities were under the control of an AEC-appointed 

Test Manager. Comprised of personnel from the AEC, the DOD, and 

the FCDA, the JTO included representatives from the AFSWP Field 

Command Military Effects Group, the LASL test group, the UCRL 

test group, and the FCDA Civil Effects Test Group. 

In addition to scientific experiments and effects, the DOD 

conducted operational training projects and support activities. 

Two areas of support for JTO in which DOD personnel were active 

were the 1st Radiological Safety Support Unit of Fort McClellan, 

*Universal Transverse Mercator (UTM) coordinates are used in this 

report. The first three digits refer to a point on an east-west

axis, and the second three refer to a point on a north-south

axis. The point so designated is the southwest corner of an

area 100 meters square. 

are measured from mean sea level (MSL) while heights 

are measured from the ground. All vertical distances are given 

in feet. Yucca Flat, the area of the NTS where these five 

events were tested, is about 4,000 feet above mean sea level. 

13 
z

Table l-l: SUMMARY OF THE FIRST FIVE OPERATION TEAPOT EVENTS 

Sponsor LASL LASL UCRL UCRL LASL 

Planned Date 18 Feb 22 Feb 25 Feb 15 Feb 8 

Actual Date 18 Feb 22 Feb 1 March 7 March 12 Marc 

Local 1200 0545 0530 0520 0520 

NTS Location Area 7 Area 3 Area 9 Area 2 Area 3 

UTM 869047 871004 844090 784104 867996 

Type of 

Detonation Airdrop Tower Tower Tower Tower 

of Burst 

14 
r I ESS N 

POST 

WASP 

WASP PRIME 

APPLE 2 MOTH 

I HORNET 

HA I HADR 

1 

MET 

Frenchman 

Camp Mercury 

0 10 

I I I I 

Kilometers 

Figure l-l: LOCATION OF SHOTS WASP, MOTH, TESLA, TURK, 

AND HORNET AT THE NEVADA TEST SITE IN RELATION 

TO OTHER SHOTS IN THE TEAPOT SERIES 

15 
Alabama, with 112 soldiers providing radiological safetv 

monitoring, and AFSWC air and ground personnel providing air 

traffic control and air support. 

Overall, the most extensive DOD participation in the JTO 

test groups was in the Military Effects Group, designed to study 

yield and weapons effects characteristics in order to understand 

the militarily useful effects of nuclear weapons for offensive 

and defensive deployment. Personnel from DOD agencies and the 

four armed services participated in the experiments conducted by 

LASL, UCRL, and CETG, but participation was limited and difficult 

to determine. The major portion of DOD participation in these 

three civilian test groups was performed bv the AFSWC 4926th Test 

Squadron (Sampling) in LASL and UCRL radiochemistrv cloud 

sampling 

The DOD operational training designed to test 

service tactics and materiel, and to train militarv personnel in 

nuclear detonation effects, were performed at each of the five 

shots. Most of the were conducted from aircraft and 

often involved only the aircraft pilots and air-crews. 

The Air Force Special Weapons Center (AFSWC), based at 

Air Force Base, New Mexico, exercised operational 

control of all aircraft flving during the TEAPOT Series and 

provided air support to the and the various JTO Test Manager 

and test group projects. AFSWC was composed of units of the 

4925th Test Group (Atomic), including the 4926th Test Squadron 

(Sampling) and the 4935th Air Base Group. These units operated 

out of Indian Springs Air Force Base, about 38 kilometers 

southeast of the NTS, and were supported bv the Air Base 

Group* stationed at Kirtland AFB. 

*Prior to 5 Mav 1955, the 4900th Air Base Group was called the

4901st Air Base Wing. Because the group ended the series as the

it will be called the 4900th Air Base Group throughout

the volume. 
Radiation protection procedures established the JTO are 

detailed in the accompanying TEAPOT Series volume. These safety 

procedures were designed to minimize exposure to ionizing radiation by limiting exposures to 3.9 roentgens of whole-bodv gamma 

for any period and 15 roentgens annually. The 1st 

Radiological Safety Unit controlled access to radiation areas 

within the NTS after each detonation. JTO personnel 

recovering test instruments from radioactive areas were 

accompanied by radiological safety monitors who continuously 

surveyed the radiation intensity in the recovery area and alerted 

leaders if intensities were too high or the length of 

time in the area was too long. To monitor cumulative exposures, 

personnel were issued film badges to wear at all times 

when in the shot areas. These film badges were collected, 

developed, and evaluated at certain intervals. individual 

whose accumulated dose approached or exceeded the established 

limits was barred from further access to the forward test area. 

The 1st Radiological Safety Support Unit also implemented 

personnel decontamination procedures and prepared 

evacuation plans for all test events, although none were 

necessary 

The radiation protection procedures for AFSWC included the 

same exposure limits for and ground-crew personnel as 

those established for JTO personnel during these five tests. 

Complete decontamination, including removal of protective 

clothing and showers, was required of all aircrew members after 

each project mission, regardless of the exposure received on the 

flight. Aircraft were decontaminated by washing or were isolated 

until radiation intensities had decayed to acceptable levels. 

*All sources cited in the text are listed and 

numbered in the Reference List, appended to this volume. The 

number given in the citation in the text is the number of the

source document in the Reference List. 

17 
1.2 EXERCISE DESERT ROCK VI ACTIVITIES AT THE FIRST FIVE TEAPOT 

EVENTS 

Most of the DOD personnel involved in Shots WASP, MOTH, 

TESLA, TURK, and HORNET were participants in the projects 

fielded by Exercise Desert Rock VI, the Army training program 

conducted during Operation TEAPOT. These included troop 

orientation and indoctrination troop tests, and 

technical service projects. 

In addition to the Desert Rock Exercise troops, Camp Desert 

Rock troops from various Army units provided communications, 

transportation, traffic control, and radiological safety 

monitoring for Desert Rock at the five shots. Soldiers 

from the 50th Chemical Platoon (Service) provided radiological 

safety monitoring for Desert Rock personnel in the shot areas 

following each detonation. 

Radiation protection procedures for Exercise Desert Rock VI, 

as well as those for the JTO, are detailed in the TEAPOT Series 

volume. They were designed to minimize exposure to 

ionizing radiation, while allowing participants to 

their Camp Desert Rock personnel and exercise participants were limited to six roentgens of gamma 

radiation during any six-month period. The radiation protection 

procedures of Exercise Desert Rock VI included provisions 

(19; 42): 

Maintaining minimum safe distances from nuclear

detonations 

Enforcing protective procedures for personnel observing

the detonation 

Controlling access to radiation areas 

Monitoring individuals working radiation areas 

Film badging and the cumulative exposure of

Desert Rock personnel 

Decontaminating all equipment and personnel leaving the

shot area after each detonation 42). 

18 
The remaining five chapters of this report address each of 

the first five TEAPOT tests in turn. Each chapter describes the 

specific setting and characteristics of the detonation, details 

DOD personnel activities in the military effects, scientific, 

training and support activities performed by Exercise Desert Rock 

JTO test groups, and the Air Force Special Weapons Center, 

and discusses the radiological protection procedures implemented 

to minimize the potential for unauthorized exposures to ionizing 

radiation. Details of the overall radiological protection 

program at Operation TEAPOT are provided in the Series volume. 
-

Purpose of Test: 

DOD 

Weather: 

Radiation Data: 

Participants: 

WASP 

SHOT SYNOPSIS 

AEC TEST SERIES: TEAPOT 

DOD EXERCISE: Desert Rock VI 

DATE/TIME: 18 February 1955, 1200 hours 

YIELD: 1 kiloton 

HEIGHT OF BURST: 762 feet (airdrop) 

To test nuclear weapons for possible inclusion

in the nuclear arsenal. 

To study the effects of a nuclear weapon

on military equipment, materiel, structures,

and ordnance 

To allow DOD personnel to observe a

nuclear detonation 

To evaluate military equipment as 

affected by the nuclear environment. 

At shot-time, the temperature was

pressure was 846 millibars surface winds from

the northwest at 23 knots and 96 knots from 

the northwest at feet. 

At the time of the initial survey, 1248 to 

1315 hours on shot-dav, fallout greater

than 0.01 R/h was confined to a

circular area extending up to two kilometers

from ground zero. Fallout of 10.0 R/h was 

detected about 300 meters around ground zero. 

Exercise Desert Rock VI participants, Armed

Forces Special Weapons Project, Air Force

Special Weapons Center and other Air Force 

personnel, Los Scientific Laboratory,

Federal Civil Defense Administration, 

contractors, DOD laboratories. 

20 
CHAPTER 2 

SHOT WASP 

Shot WASP, the first nuclear test of Operation TEAPOT, was 

detonated with a yield of one kiloton on 18 February 1955 at 1200 

hours (29; 34). Developed by the Los Scientific 

Laboratory (LASL), WASP was the first of three airdropped nuclear 

devices in the TEAPOT Series. A B-36 aircraft staging from 

Indian Springs Air Force Base (AFB) delivered the WASP device, 

which was detonated at an altitude of 762 feet above Area 7 of 

the Nevada Test Site (NTS), at UTM coordinates 869047. The 

actual ground zero was 129 meters from the intended ground zero 

32; 34). 

The WASP nuclear cloud top reached a height of 21,500 feet 

MSL. Radioactivity of 0.01 R/h (roentgens per hour) was limited 

to an area extending 1,800 meters* to the north of ground zero 

(29; 32; 34). 

Department of Defense participants at Shot WASP took part in 

Exercise Desert Rock VI activities, scientific and military 

effects experiments, and support missions, as described in this 

chapter. An account of the radiological situation created by 

Shot WASP, along with the procedures used to minimize the 

exposure of DOD participants to ionizing radiation, is summarized 

at the end of the chapter. 

*Throughout this report, surface distances are given in metric 

units. The metric conversion factors include: 1 meter = 3.28 

feet; 1 meter = 1.09 vards; 1 kilometer = 0.62 miles. 

21 
-

2.1 EXERCISE DESERT ROCK VI OPERATIONS AT SHOT WASP 

Desert Rock exercise and support troops took part in five 

troop orientation and indoctrination and two technical 

service conducted at Shot WASP. Table 2-1 lists Desert 

Rock VI programs and presents the numbers and titles of the 

the estimated numbers of DOD participants, and the 

participating units involved in the 

Table 2-1: EXERCISE DESERT ROCK VI PROJECTS, SHOT WASP 

Program Type Project Title 

Estimated 

Personnel Participants 

Troop and 41.3 Army Observers Army 

41 4 Navy Observers 146 

40 11 Corps and 

(Observers) 

28 Corps 

41 8 Force Observers 105 Force 

Camp Desert Rock 

Observers 

47 Camp Desert Rock Support 

Troops 

Service 40 19 

21 

Army Defense 

Team 

Ordnance 

Test 

24 Army 

Research Laboratones, 

573rd Ordnance Company, 

Warfare Laboratory, 

Detroit Arsenal 

Unknown 

2.1.1 Troop and Indoctrination 

More than 1,000 Desert Rock exercise and support troop 

observers took part in the Troop Orientation and 

Program at WASP. All observers, including the Camp Desert Rock 

22 
support troops who were not assigned to a specific took 

part in the same orientation and training activities for the 

event. The observers were scheduled to view the detonation from 

trenches 4,500 meters south of ground zero and then tour the 

equipment display area. Because of a change in the wind 

direction, the observer trenches were in the predicted path of 

fallout, and the observation point was changed on shot day. 

Observers witnessed Shot WASP from News Nob, near the Control 

Point at Yucca Pass, approximately 14 kilometers south of ground 

zero. The equipment display area was also in the path predicted 

for the fallout and the tour of the display area was 

canceled (35; 42; 46). 

2.1.2 Technical Service Projects 

Project 40.19 Sixth Army CBR Defense Team Training, was 

designed to determine the radiological capabilities of Chemical, 

Biological, and Radiological (CBR) defense survey teams and to 

test CBR radiological monitoring equipment. 

On 24 February, six days after the WASP detonation, two CBR 

teams, totaling 24 individuals, performed a radiological defense 

survey at areas around ground zero. The teams, who concurrently 

surveyed the Shot MOTH site, monitored the area to establish the 

2.0 and 1.0 R/h lines. They found that the 2.0 R/h line was 

located 90 meters from ground zero. The two teams then proceeded 

to survey the Shot MOTH area located to the south (49). 

Project 40.21, Ordnance Vehicular Equipment Test, was 

sponsored the Ballistic Research Laboratories. Its objectives 

were to determine how well roll-over safety bars minimized damage 

to wheeled vehicles, to obtain experimental design data for the 

future development of ordnance equipment, and to investigate the 

shielding effect of armor against gamma radiation. To achieve 

23 
the desired the following equipment was displayed at 

various positions in the display area (42): 

Three M48 tanks 

One M59 armored infantry vehicle 

• One T97 self-propelled gun 

• Six jeeps 

Six 2.5-ton cargo trucks 

Four 5-ton trucks. 

The principal participant in the project was a detachment 

from the 573rd Ordnance Companv, which placed the test equipment. 

Ballistic Research Laboratories personnel from AFSWP Project 3.1 

recorded blast pressures with gauges located near the Project 

40.21 test equipment, while Chemical Warfare Laboratories personnel from AFSWP Project 2.7 took radiation measurements. Detroit 

Arsenal personnel helped place the test vehicles 42; 75; 90). 

2.2 DEPARTMENT OF DEFENSE PARTICIPATION IN MILITARY EFFECTS, 

SCIENTIFIC, OPERATIONAL TRAINING, AND SUPPORT ACTIVITIES AT 

SHOT WASP 

In addition to the Exercise Desert Rock activities described 

in the previous section, Department of Defense personnel 

performed a variety of tasks during Shot WASP that required them 

to enter the forward area before, during, or after the shot. 

DOD personnel performed the 21 projects sponsored by the 

Field Command Military Effects Group and assisted in other 

projects sponsored bv the Los Scientific Laboratory (LASL) 

test group and the Civil Effects Test Group (CETG). The Air 

Force conducted two operational training projects. In addition, 

the Air Force Special Weapons Center (AFSWC) flew missions for 

both the test groups and the Test Manager. 

24 
2.2.1 Department of Defense Participation in Military Effects

Group Projects 

At Shot WASP, the Military Effects Group of AFSWP Field 

Command conducted the projects listed in table 2-2 by number and 

title. This table identifies the fielding agencies and the 

estimated numbers of DOD participants. Because in most cases, 

many of the same personnel performed both pre- and 

activities, estimates reflect the maximum number of DOD 

participants who would have been involved in the project. For 

example, if the project description states that 15 individuals 

performed preshot activities and five performed 

recovery, the estimate noted in the table would be 15. The Test 

Manager allowed recovery operations to begin at 1335 hours, 95 

minutes after the shot (19). 

Project 1.2, Shock Wave Photography, was conducted to photograph the progression of the blast-wave produced by Shot WASP. 

Two camera stations were used, one 3,100 meters and the other 

4,400 meters from ground zero. The stations, which were unmanned 

at shot-time, were well outside the 0.01 R/h line determined by 

the radiological safetv surveys following the detonation. Two 

personnel probablv spent two hours recovering the film from the 

camera stations late on shot-day (65; 69; 76). 

Project Measurements of Air-blast Phenomena with 

Self-recording Gauges, was to measure air-pressure variations 

produced by a nuclear detonation. Self-recording pressure gauges 

and pressure-time instruments were placed along a line extending 

southwest of the intended ground zero at distances ranging from 

75 to 600 meters. Preshot surveys, construction of instrumentation mounts, installation, and checks of gauges probably took 

five personnel two weeks. recovery of data was probably 

accomplished at the farthest station on shot-day, by two project 

personnel in four hours. Recovery of the data from the stations 

closer to ground zero was probably accomplished in two days bv 

three personnel when radiation levels had decayed substantially 

(28; 65; 69; 89). 

25 
 

 

Table 2-2: TEST GROUP PROJECTS WITH DEPARTMENT OF I 

DEFENSE PARTICIPATION, SHOT WASP 

Estimated 

I Participants Personnel 

Military Effects Group 

12 Shock Wave Photography Naval Ordnance Laboratory 

1 14b Measurements of Phenomena Research 

Gauges 

21 Gamma Exposure versus Army Corps Laboratones 

Neutron Flux Measurements Naval Research Laboratory 

Neutron-Induced Isotopes Naval Defense Laboratory 

24 Gamma Dose Rate versus and Evans Laboratory 

251 Fallout Warfare Laboratory. Army Center 

26 Energy Absorbed by Human Phantoms Naval Research 

a Fallout 

27 Warfare Laboratory, Army Center 

2Ba Contact Hazard Associated Force Weapons Center 

Contaminated 

31 Response of Drag-type Equipment Targets the Research Laboratones 

Precursor Zone 

61 la of Army Corps Laboratones 

61 lb of a Defense Army Corps Laboratones 

System 

63 Locator Army Corps Laboratones 

64 Test of Development Center 

84b Thermal Measurements from Ground Naval Defense Laboratory 

84c Thermal Measurements to the Naval Defense Laboratory 

84d Spectrometer Measurements Naval Defense Laboratory 

841 Bolometer Measurements Naval Defense Laboratory 

91 Photography Lookout Laboratory, AFSWC, Force 

Test Center, EG and G 

94 Cloud Growth Study Force Research Center, 

Command, U Weather Bureau, EG and G 

2 

5 

3 

8 

6 

5 

24 

14 

6 

6 
Table 2-2: TEST GROUP PROJECTS WITH DEPARTMENT OF 

DEFENSE PARTICIPATION, SHOT WASP (CONTINUED) 

Los Scientific Laboratory Test Group 

11 2 

182 

184 

Measurements 

Spectroscopy 

4926th Teat Squadron 

Naval Research Laboratory 

Naval Research Laboratory 

11 

Civil Effects Test Group 

39 7 

Measurement of and Residual by 

Methods 

Measurement of Neutron and Gamma 

Dose from Neutron Yield Weapons and 

of Dose Effects 

Army Corps Laboratones 

School of 

5 

Unknown 

Project 2.1, Gamma Exposure versus Distance, evaluated the 

gamma-radiation exposure potential at various distances from a 

nuclear detonation. Project participants placed canisters with 

film packets in the predicted upwind sector of the WASP shot 

area. Fourteen canister stations were located 1,820 meters to 

2,700 meters from the intended ground zero. At 1505 hours, 90 

minutes after recovery operations were allowed to begin, two 

personnel in one vehicle began recovering the dosimeters. All 

dosimeters were recovered. This activity took an estimated 15 

minutes (37; 65; 

Project 2.2, Neutron Flux Measurements, evaluated the 

neutron-radiation exposure potential at various distances from a 

nuclear detonation. Neutron-detection instruments were arranged 

on stakes located 290, 420, 630, 790, 890, and 990 meters 

northwest and north of the intended ground zero. Some neutron 

detectors were also placed in the immediate area of ground zero 

and attached to a cable laid away from ground zero. In 

addition, five canisters of instruments were dropped from the 

B-36 aircraft that delivered the WASP device. 

27 
To obtain valid results from this project, the 

detection instruments had to be analvzed as soon after exposure 

as possible. Therefore, the Test Manager allowed a six-man team 

to follow the initial radiological survey team into the 

shot area ten minutes after the detonation to recover the neutron 

detectors. Traveling in two vehicles, the team was accompanied 

by the Project 39.7 recovery party. The cable was pulled out of 

the area before the detectors were detached and collected. 

Personnel also retrieved the canisters that had been dropped from 

the aircraft. The six project personnel spent about 30 minutes 

in the shot area performing recovery operations, which were completed by the day after the WASP shot. All neutron detectors 

were shipped to the Naval Research Laboratory for analysis (19; 

39; 65; 69). 

Project Neutron-induced Radioactive Isotopes in Soils, 

was designed to provide information on the gamma radiation 

induced in surrounding soil by neutrons produced from a nuclear 

detonation. Although no measurements of residual gamma spectra 

were made in the target area following Shot WASP, two individuals 

from the 1st Radiological Safety Support Unit dug soil samples 

from the ground in the general vicinity of ground zero within an 

hour after the shot. The soil samples were then transferred to 

sealed radiologically safe containers and returned for analysis 

to the laboratorv at Camp (55; 65; 69). 

Project 2.4, Gamma Dose Rate versus Time and Distance, 

was performed to evaluate the neutron-induced gamma radiation 

hazard at various times after a detonation. Three instrument 

stations were placed 395, 405, and 575 meters from ground zero. 

The first station was located south-southeast of ground zero, the 

second south, and the third north-northeast. The instruments at 

the two stations farthest from ground zero were recovered on 

shot-day to assess the influence of time and distance on gamma 

radiation exposures (19). The instruments placed closest to 

28 
ground zero were recovered in the days following the detonation 

(36; 65; 69). 

Project 2.5.1, Fallout Studies, was performed to evaluate 

the radiation exposure potential created by fallout from a 

nuclear detonation. Immediately after recovery operations were 

permitted at 1335 hours, a helicopter with a pilot and three 

crew-members departed from the Control Point and proceeded to 

ground zero. Their first task was to obtain a sample of 

radioactive earth, by means of a bucket suspended from the 

helicopter on a cable. Their second task was to 

conduct an aerial survey of the area with a probe suspended at 

the end of a 150-meter cable. They conducted additional 

radiological surveys of the shot area at two- and three-hour 

intervals until dark. The estimated time for this activity was 

one hour for the first survey and 30 minutes for each successive 

survey (65; 69; 

Project 2.6, Radiation Energy Absorbed by Human Phantoms in 

a Fission Fallout Field, measured radiation intensities of fallout. Participants placed masonite mannequins equipped with 

radiation detectors at various stations within the WASP fallout 

field after the detonation. 

When the Test Manager allowed recovery operations to begin, 

two teams of project personnel, each consisting of four 

individuals in two vehicles, entered the shot area and placed 

five mannequins near the 0.2 R/h line, 520 meters from ground 

zero. The two teams spent about ten to 15 minutes in the fallout 

field. They could not place more instruments due to security 

restrictions in the shot area, which prevented the entry of these 

personnel. It is not known precisely when the party returned to 

recover the mannequins. However, standard procedures at other 

nuclear events suggest that they returned about two days after 

the detonation, when radiation intensities had decayed 

substantially (52; 65; 69; 73). 

29 
Project 2.7, Shielding Studies, was designed to evaluate the 

effectiveness of structures and equipment in reducing gamma and 

neutron hazards. Before the shot, project personnel placed two 

M59 armored personnel carriers with gamma film badges inside, at 

distances of 390 and 510 meters southwest of ground zero. At 

approximately 1600 hours on shot-day, four hours after detonation, three participants in one vehicle, accompanied by four 

3.1 personnel, spent about one hour in the area 

recovering the film badges from the vehicles. Film badges were 

then sent to laboratories for processing (28; 65; 69; 90). 

Contact Radiation Hazard Associated with 

Contaminated Aircraft, was performed by at least five AFSWC 

personnel at Indian Springs AFB to assess the exposure potential 

presented by ground-crew contact with aircraft that had flown 

through a nuclear cloud. AFSWC F-84 sampler aircraft were tested 

after they completed their mission. Personnel held standard 

gamma-survey meters near the contaminated components of the 

aircraft to determine their radiation intensities. Several types 

of meters were used and their readings were compared. 

decay studies were conducted up to 24 hours after the detonation. 

The general procedures for this project are described in the 

TEAPOT Series volume (26; 65; 69). 

Project 3.1, Response of Drag-type Equipment Targets in the 

Precursor Zone, evaluated the ability of vehicles to withstand 

the precursor-enhanced blast effects of a nuclear detonation. 

Two trucks were positioned at ground zero, and fourteen 

additional trucks, 12 trucks, four 5-ton trucks, 

an M59 armored personnel carrier, and a T97 self-propelled 155mm 

gun were placed at distances ranging from 105 meters to 670 

meters southwest of ground zero. At 2200 hours on the night 

before the WASP detonation, four project personnel in two 

vehicles entered Area 7 to activate gauges located from ground 

zero to 680 meters to the southwest. This task took about 

and-a-half hours to complete. 

30 
At 1600 hours on shot-day, three individuals in a vehicle 

spent about one hour recovering dosimeters from vehicles 390 

meters and 510 meters from ground zero. This activity was 

performed in conjunction with Project 2.7. At 1935 hours on 

shot-day, five teams, totaling 20 to 24 personnel, used a bus and 

one other vehicle to recover instruments and photograph damage of 

the vehicles (6; 65; 69). 

Project Evaluation of Military Equipment, 

field-tested six models of radiation detection instruments. Two 

of the instruments were field-tested by Camp Desert Rock 

personnel, who checked the accuracy of the new instruments by 

comparing them with instruments currently in use (10; 65; 69). 

Project Evaluation of a Radiological Defense Warning 

System (also known as Project CLOUDBURST), evaluated a 

radiological defense warning system developed by the Army Signal 

Corps. The system was designed so that activation of any part of 

it could be used to trigger a secondary alarm circuit. The 

device could be used to control protective devices which would be 

activated automatically in case of a nuclear attack. During the 

WASP detonation, project personnel monitored equipment for this 

project at a station located west of the control point (65; 69; 

78). 

Project 6.3, Missile Detonation Locator, was fielded 

and to test the feasibility of a tactical range 

detonation-locator system. The system was designed to locate the 

point of a nuclear detonation by detecting and analyzing the 

electromagnetic radiation emitted by the detonation. The 

detonation locator consisted of broad-band receivers set up in 

California on baselines approximatelv 110 and 320 kilometers from 

the NTS. Radio links between the stations provided the time 

comparisons necessary to determine relative times of arrival of 

the electromagnetic pulse at each station. Crystal clocks were 

31 
used for accurate time-of-arrival analysis (42). Two stations at 

the NTS, at UTM coordinates 583408 and 583409, were manned at 

shot-time by project personnel (65; 69; 74). 

Project 6.4, Test of IBDA Equipment, was designed to gather 

engineering evaluation data for an IBDA system installed in a 

B-50D aircraft. A second objective was to determine the maximum 

operating range of the yield-measuring component of the system. 

The B-50D IBDA system consisted of the standard radar set, 

AN/APQ-24; an experimental radar set, (XA-1); a 

recording set, light and time, AN/ASH-4 (XA-1); and a K-17 aerial 

camera. The B-50D usually had a crew of ten. Since engineering 

evaluation tests were being conducted, one additional engineer 

and one technician accompanied the crew to monitor and ensure the 

operation of the system. To accomplish the secondary objective, 

two with two crewmen each, were instrumented with a 

recording set and a bomb-spotting camera. One F-94 aircraft 

aborted its mission because it was unable to get to its shot-time 

position due to communications problems with the Air Operations 

Center. The second F-94 participated; its position at shot-time 

was over Indian Springs AFB at an altitude of 20,000 feet. The 

aircraft was originally scheduled to be in a position 40 

kilometers south of ground zero at shot-time, but was unable to 

attain this position due to communications failure (27; 65; 69). 

Project Thermal Measurement from Fixed Ground 

Installations, was to measure the heat produced by a nuclear 

detonation. At 2330 hours on the night before the detonation, 

six persons in two cars calibrated and adjusted calorimeters 

and radiometers at stations 460 and 910 meters south of the 

intended ground zero in Area 7. In addition, project personnel 

manned instruments in Building 410 near the control point through 

detonation time to record data from the burst. 

32 
After the detonation, at 1335 hours, four participants in a 

vehicle proceeded to these two target area stations to pick up 

film and inspect instruments. These recovery personnel wore 

protective clothing and respiratory protection. Approximately 

one-half hour was required at each station to accomplish these 

activities (50; 65; 69). 

Project Thermal Measurements Prior to the First 

Minimum, documented selected thermal radiation characteristics of 

nuclear detonations. Measurements were made at the delivery aircraft and in Building 410 near the Control Point area (51; 65; 

69). 

Project Spectrometer Measurements, was designed to 

measure changes in the spectral distribution of thermal radiation 

produced by a nuclear detonation. The recording instruments were 

located in Building 410, near the Control Point (65; 69; 80). 

Project Bolometer Measurements, was to measure changes 

in the amount of heat produced at various times after a nuclear 

detonation. As with Projects and all data were taken 

from Building 410, near the Control Point (54; 65; 69; 79). 

Project 9.1, Technical Photography, provided documentary 

photography of the detonation. Ground photography was primarily 

the responsibility of Edgerton, Germeshausen, and Grier. 

Photographs were taken from an RC-47 aircraft. The aircraft, 

with a crew of three and an estimated three photographers, flew a 

six-minute holding-pattern ten to 16 kilometers southeast of 

ground zero at an altitude of 8,000 to 10,000 feet (30; 32; 65; 

69). The RC-47 was operated by personnel from AFSWC and the Air 

Force Missile Test Center, under the supervision of the Lookout 

Mountain Laboratory. In addition to the RC-47, 9.1 

arranged for aerial photographs to be taken from a B-50, possibly 

provided by 6.4. 

33 
Squadron (Sampling) aircraft at the same time that the pilots 

collected cloud samples for LASL Project 11.2. This activity is 

discussed under AFSWC operations, in the next section of this 

chapter (32). 

2.2.5 Air Force Special Weapons Center Activities 

Air Force Special Weapons Center support during the shot 

consisted of the airdrop mission, nuclear cloud sampling 

missions, sample courier flights, cloud tracking missions, and 

aerial surveys of terrain. The survey was not conducted by a 

C-47 for WASP because of the small size of the device and because 

the altitude of the detonation minimized the amount of 

contaminated earth drawn into the cloud. Instead, two H-19 

helicopters were used for terrain survey activities, as described 

in section 2.3. 

AFSWC personnel participated in these support missions. 

These personnel comprised ground-crews, radiological safety 

monitors, air-traffic controllers, and administrative staff. The 

following listing indicates the the mission, the type 

and number of aircraft, and the estimated number of DOD participants in AFSWC support missions at WASP (32): 

ESTIMATED 

TYPE OF NUMBER OF DOD 

PROJECT MISSION AIRCRAFT AIRCRAFT PERSONNEL 

Airdrop

Cloud Sampling 

40.8 Sampler Control

Sampler

Courier Service 

Cloud Tracking 

Aerial Surveys

of Terrain 

B-36 12 

B-50 9 

F-84G 6 

c-47 6 

c-119 8 

B-25 5 

B-50 12 

H-19 10 

36 
Airdrop of the WASP Nuclear Device 

The WASP device was dropped from a B-36 aircraft, which 

probably carried 12 crewmen. The WASP detonation was originally 

scheduled for 0730 hours. However, the drop aircraft encountered 

mechanical difficulties prior to takeoff. As a result, the WASP 

nuclear device was transferred to an alternate B-36 aircraft, and 

the shot-time was postponed to 1130 hours. The aircraft left 

Indian Springs AFB and entered a holding pattern over the WASP 

target area at 20,000 feet MSL. After five dry runs over this 

target area, a final bombing run was attempted for the scheduled 

1130 shot-time. Due to cloud coverage, however, the bombardier 

could not maintain visual contact with the target. The aircraft 

attempted two more bombing runs before the cloud coverage allowed 

visual contact with the target, permitting the bombardier to 

finally release the WASP device at 1200 hours. After completing 

its mission, the drop aircraft returned to Indian Springs AFB 

(32; 33). 

Cloud Sampling 

At WASP, six F-84G aircraft, each with a pilot, collected 

particulate and gaseous samples of the nuclear cloud for LASL 

Project 11.2, Radiochemistry Sampling, and Air Force Project 

40.8, Calibration of Bomb Debris. A B-50 aircraft, with an 

estimated crew of nine, including a scientific adviser from LASL, 

acted as the sampler control aircraft. Four of the F-84G 

aircraft collected samples at altitudes between 12,000 and 17,000 

feet. The first aircraft began sampling 52 minutes after the 

detonation, and the last aircraft began its mission one hour and 

45 minutes after the detonation. There is no record of the 

length of time spent by the other two F-84Gs in collecting samples. The following listing presents information on the sampling 

mission of the six F-84Gs (32; 33). 

37 
-

AIRCRAFT 

NUMBER OF 

PENETRATIONS 

TOTAL TIME 

IN CLOUD 

(minutes:

seconds) 

HIGHEST 

INTENSITY 

F-84G 4 35.0 

F-84G 4 10.0 

F-84G 3 Not documented 0.5 

F-84G 3 Not documented 0.5 

F-84G Not documented Not documented 

F-84G Not documented Not documented 

Courier Service 

Within four hours after the WASP detonation, four aircraft 

left Indian Springs AFB to transport samples to McClellan AFB, 

Alabama; Kirtland AFB, New Mexico; and Bolling AFB, Washington, 

D.C., for analysis by DOD and AEC laboratories. These courier 

missions were conducted by the 4901st Support Wing (Atomic) from 

Kirtland AFB. One C-47 transported cloud particle samples for 

Project 40.8 to McClellan AFB. Another C-47 flew filter samples 

to Bolling AFB for AFSWP Projects 2.2 and 2.7. A C-119 delivered 

cloud particle samples for LASL to Kirtland AFB. Another C-119 

transported samples to Kirtland AFB (32; 33). 

Cloud Tracking 

The B-50 sampler control aircraft and a B-25 from Indian 

Springs AFB flew cloud-tracking missions at WASP. The B-50 after 

per hour 

38 
completing its part of the sampling mission, tracked the cloud at 

an altitude of 20,000 feet, while the B-25 flew at about 8,000 

feet. The aircraft followed the cloud for two hours in a 

southeasterly direction along U.S. Route 95 to a point southeast 

of Las Vegas, Nevada (32; 33) 

Aerial Surveys of Terrain 

No aerial surveys of terrain were performed at Shot 

WASP due to the small size of the device and the altitude of the 

burst, which minimized the amount of contaminated earth drawn 

into the cloud. However, two H-19 helicopters were used to 

perform surveys, as described in section 2.3 (32; 33). 

2.3 RADIATION PROTECTION AT SHOT WASP 

The purpose of the various radiation protection procedures 

for Operation TEAPOT was to ensure that individual exposure to 

ionizing radiation was as low as possible, while allowing 

participants to achieve the requirements of each activity. Some 

of the procedures described in the Series volume resulted in 

records which enabled Exercise Desert Rock, the Joint Test 

Organization, and AFSWC to evaluate the effectiveness of their 

procedures. Such records, which include film badge data, 

logistical data on radiological safety equipment, survey results 

and records, isointensity maps, and decontamination records, have 

been located for WASP for the Joint Test Organization onlv. The 

JTO Radiological Safety Organization was staffed by the 

Army's 1st Radiological Safety Support Unit, from Ft. McClellan, 

Alabama, and was managed by AFSWP. 

Dosimetry 

During the of 13 to 20 February 1955, which covers 

the 18 February detonation of WASP, the Dosimetry and Records 

Section of the radiological safety unit issued 1,373 film 

badges and 347 pocket dosimeters. 

39 
••••• •

Available film-badge readings indicate that during this 

period of time, one individual accumulated an exposure greater 

than 2.0 roentgens but less than the JTO-authorized limit of 3.9 

roentgens. Another individual had a total exposure greater than 

3.9 roentgens, and he was excluded from entry into radiation 

areas for the remainder of the operation. Documentation concerning the extent and circumstances of this individual's overexposure has not been found (19). 

Two pilots from the 4926th Test Squadron received exposures 

of 0.22 and 0.12 roentgens during the Shot WASP cloud-sampling 

mission. None of the four other F-84G pilots involved in cloud 

sampling during this shot received any detectable film-badge 

exposures (32). 

Logistics 

The General Supply section issued 780 pieces of protective 

clothing and 72 respirators. In addition, the Instrument Repair 

Section issued 177 and radiation detection instruments 

Monitoring 

During Shot WASP, monitoring included both ground and aerial 

surveys. The initial survey party consisted of five teams 

totaling ten personnel. The aerial survey was conducted from two 

H-19 helicopters by two teams, each consisting of two Air Force 

pilots, two monitors, and one probe operator from Program 2 (32). 

At 1202 hours, two minutes after the shot, the initial survey party and a two-man patrol team left the Control Point to 

begin their surveys. The north patrol and the initial survey 

party were detained by security guards at a checkpoint immediately north of the Radiological Safety Building until 1231. The 

0.01 R/h isointensity area extended beyond areas staked out 

earlier by radiological safety monitors in all directions. As a 

40 
result the survey teams used their vehicle odometers to measure 

distances beyond the staked lines. They completed their survey 

of the test area by 1315 hours. A copy of the initial 

isointensity map is shown in figure 2-l. The helicopter survey 

teams could not take accurate readings because of high winds (19; 

32). 

After the ground survey teams located 0.01 and 0.1 R/h 

isointensities on all roads leading to the shot area, two 

participants placed signs identifying these radiation levels. 

The two-man checkpoint teams set up area access checkpoints on 

the roads leading into the shot area, and the main checkpoint was 

established at 1337 hours at the BUSTER-JANGLE Three 

monitors remained at this checkpoint (19). 

Resurveys of the shot area were conducted at about 1700 

hours on 18 February and at 1000 hours on 19 February. Copies of 

the isointensity maps generated from these resurveys are shown in 

figure 2-2. In a final survey, begun at 1200 on 25 February, the 

maximum intensity found was 0.008 R/h. The average exposure 

received by personnel of the survey teams entering the shot area 

on both the initial and first resurvey was roentgens. Each 

monitor wore a film badge (19). 

In addition to its survey work, the Monitoring Section provided monitors to projects conducting recovery operations on 

shot-day. The assignment of these monitors is summarized below: 

PROJECT NUMBER OF MONITORS 

2.2 1 

2.5.1 2 

3.1 4 

8.4 1 

39.7 5 

During the two days after the shot, the Monitoring Section furnished another 15 monitors to projects. The specific projects 

and number of monitors involved in each project is not known (19). 

41 
 

-

*

. . 

\ . 

. \ . \ . \ . I . I . I . 

. 

. 

. 

. 

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 

Stake Lines 

Roads 

. . . . . . . . . . . . 0.01 

0 500 ------ 0.1 R/h

1 

Meters 10.0 

Figure 2-l: INITIAL SURVEY FOR SHOT WASP, 18 FEBRUARY 1955, 

1248 TO 1315 HOURS 

42 
 ’

-

N /e------x - -. 

. . . 0 500 

Meters 

18 February 1955, 1650 to 1702 Hours 

. . . . 

N 

. 

0 500 

Meters 

19 February 1955, 0944 to 1010 Hours 

Stake Lines 

Roads 

. . . . . . . . . . . . 0.01 

------ 0.1 

1.0 

10.0 

Figure 2-2: RESURVEYS FOR SHOT WASP 

43 
Recovery and Re-entry Procedures 

The Test Manager authorized personnel from Projects 2.2 and 

39.7 to enter radiation areas at 1231, sixty-four minutes before 

recovery hour, which he declared at 1335. In addition, he 

permitted these individuals to enter areas with radiation 

intensities exceeding 10 R/h so that they could recover Project 

2.2 neutron detectors. The Radiological Safety Officer 

released Project 13.1 personnel to enter areas exceeding 10 R/h. 

Available documents do not indicate the reasons for this 

exception to the customary procedures (19). 

The Plotting and Briefing Section cleared the following 

numbers of parties for entry into the WASP area (19; 59): 

DATE NUMBER OF PARTIES 

18 February 

19 Februarv 

21 

18 

20 February 

21 February 

22 February 

1 

3 

4 

Decontamination 

During the period covering Shot WASP, 18 through 21 

February, members of the Vehicle and Equipment Decontamination 

Section decontaminated 24 vehicles and 18 pieces of test 

equipment (19). 

44 
MOTH 

SHOT SYNOPSIS 

AEC TEST SERIES: 

DOD EXERCISE: 

DATE/TIME: 

YIELD: 

HEIGHT OF BURST: 

TEAPOT 

Desert Rock VI 

22 February 1955, 0545 hours 

2 kilotons 

300 feet (tower shot) 

Purpose of Test: To test a nuclear weapon for possible

inclusion in the nuclear arsenal. 

DOD Objectives: 

Weather: 

To study the effects of a nuclear weapon

on military equipment, materiel, structures,

and ordnance 

(2) To allow DOD personnel to observe a

nuclear detonation 

To evaluate military equipment. 

At shot-time, the temperature was 

pressure was 871 millibars; surface wind calm 

and out of the northwest at 65 knots at 24,000

feet. 

Radiation Data: 

Participants: 

fallout of 0.01 R/h extended up to

about 1,500 meters west of ground zero.

Fallout with intensities exceeding 10.0 R/h 

was detected northeast of ground zero during

the initial survey, taken from 0611 to 0813 

hour on shot-day. 

Exercise Desert Rock VI participants, Armed

Forces Special Weapons Air Force 

Special Weapons Center and other Air Force

personnel, Los Scientific Laboratory,

Federal Civil Defense Administration, 

contractors, DOD laboratories. 

45 
CHAPTER 3 

SHOT MOTH 

Shot MOTH, the second shot of the TEAPOT Series, was detonated on 22 February 1955 at 0545 hours in Area 3 of the Nevada 

Test Site (NTS), at UTM coordinates 871004. The explosive yield 

of the MOTH device was two kilotons (29). MOTH was the first of 

ten tower shots in Operation TEAPOT, and the device was 

positioned on top of a 300-foot tower. The MOTH nuclear cloud 

reached a height of 24,200 feet MSL. The MOTH cloud and fallout 

started northeast and then drifted in a southeasterlv 

direction (29; 34; 56). 

Department of Defense participants at Shot MOTH took part in 

Exercise Desert Rock VI activities, scientific and military 

effects experiments, and support missions, as described in this 

chapter. An account of the radiological situation created by 

Shot MOTH, along with the procedures used to minimize the 

exposure of DOD participants to ionizing radiation, is summarized 

at the end of the chapter. Figure 3-l displays the location of 

DOD personnel near the shot area at the time of the detonation. 

3.1 EXERCISE DESERT ROCK VI OPERATIONS AT SHOT MOTH 

Desert Rock exercise and support troops took part in the 

five troop orientation and indoctrination projects, one troop 

test, and two technical service projects conducted at MOTH. 

Table 3-l lists Desert Rock VI programs at MOTH and presents the 

numbers and titles of the projects, the sponsors, the estimated 

numbers of DOD participants, and the service units involved in 

the projects. 

46 
Figure 3-l: FORWARD POSITIONS OF DOD PERSONNEL AT SHOT-TIME FOR MOTH 

47 

72 73 74 75 76 77 78 80 81 

0•

0•

0 •

SHOT MOTH AREA 3 

22 FEBRUARY 

Project 18 

Project 6 3 

• Project 9 1 

3ooo

I I 

Meters 

82 83 84 85 86 87 88 89 90 91 92 

Ground Zero 

8710041 

MOTH 

DESERT ROCK VI 

Observer 

Trenches 

•

•

89 C •

0

•

87 

03 

02 

01 

00 

N 

99 

98 

97 

96 

95 

94 

93 

92 

91 

90 

86 

85 

84 

83 

82 

81 

80 

79 

78 
-

--

Table 3-1: EXERCISE DESERT ROCK VI PROJECTS, SHOT MOTH 

Program Type Project Title 

Estimated 

Personnel Participants 

Troop and 41 3 

41 4 

Army Observers 

Navy Observers 3 

11 Manne Observers 4 Manne Corps 

41.8 Force Observers 6 Force 

Camp Rock 

Observers 

Camp Desert Rock Support 

Troop Test 18 Location of Bursts 37 Battery C 532nd 

(Observation) 

19 Army CBR Defense 

Team 

24 Army 

21 Ordnance Vehicular 

Test 

I 

Ballistic Research Laboratories, 

573rd Ordnance Company, 

Warfare Laboratory, 

Arsenal 

Unknown 

3.1.1 Troop Orientation and Indoctrination Projects 

For Shot MOTH, observers from the four armed services and 

from Camp Desert Rock units participated together in the same 

orientation and training activities, witnessing the detonation 

from trenches located 2,290 meters west-southwest of ground zero. 

The observers arrived at the trench area between 0420 and 0430 

hours on shot-day. In keeping with observer project procedures, 

they entered the trenches almost immediately upon arrival to 

await the countdown. One hour before the detonation, orientation 

and safety instructions were given over a public-address system, 

and communications systems and attendance rosters were checked. 

Two minutes before the detonation, personnel turned away from the 

shot-tower, crouched in the trenches, and shielded their eyes. 

Observers maintained this position during the detonation and 

until the blast wave had passed, when thev stood to view the 

rising fireball. Within ten minutes after the detonation, the 

observers left the trenches to prepare for the return of the 

transport vehicles, which had been parked about eight kilometers 

48 
to the south. The trucks arrived about 15 minutes after the 

detonation and departed from the shot area for Camp Desert Rock 

within 30 minutes after the detonation (35; 43; 47). 

3.1.2 Troop Test 

Only one troop test, Project 40.18, Location of Atomic 

Bursts, was conducted at Shot MOTH. This project was conducted 

by 37 participants from Battery C(-) ,* 532nd Field Artillery 

(Observation) Battalion. The objectives of the project were to 

test equipment and train troops to locate the position and determine the yield of the nuclear detonation on a three-dimensional 

grid. Surveys were carried out with AN/TVS-l cameras, 

meters, radar sets, and sound microphones. Project personnel 

manned eight survey stations positioned to approximate the 

deployment of an observation battery under tactical conditions. 

Figure 3-2 shows Army Signal Corps personnel positioning a 

range camera on News Nob to take infrared photographs of the MOTH 

detonation. The stations were located at the following locations 

within the NTS (70). 

STATIONS UTM COORDINATES 

Flash Location 6 740958 

Flash Location 5 791938 

Flash Location 4 805922 

Flash Location 3 822906 (two stations)

Flash Location 2 843886 

Sound Control Point 858874 

Flash Location 1 867868 

Project personnel arrived at their positions at 1630 hours on 21 

February. Available documents do not indicate when they left 

their stations (9; 42; 47; 70). 

*Some subordinate units were not present. 

49 

3.1.3 Technical Service Projects 

Project 40.19, Sixth Army CBR Defense Team Training, was to 

determine the capabilities of Chemical, Biological, and Radiological (CBR) defense survey teams. The project was also developed to test the adequacy of the organization and the radiological monitoring equipment used by Chemical, Biological, and 

Radiological defense teams. 

The first field monitoring began the day after Shot MOTH, on 

23 February, and continued through 24 February. Two radiological 

defense survey teams, totaling 24 personnel, surveyed the areas 

around both the WASP ground zero and the MOTH ground zero. The 

WASP survey is described in chapter 2 of this volume. Neither 

the time involved in the surveys, nor the length of stay in the 

forward area is documented. Both teams used the grid system to 

establish and conduct their surveys. The grid-square in the MOTH 

test area covered about 6.5 square kilometers, stretching about 

1.6 kilometers east and about one kilometer west of ground zero. 

The teams determined the 0.25 R/h and 2.0 R/h lines. On 23 

February, the first team located the 2.0 R/h line at 270 meters 

on the downwind side of ground zero, which was as near as they 

approached ground zero that day. The second team determined the 

2.0 R/h line at 135 meters on the upwind side of ground zero. On 

24 February, both teams found that the 2.0 R/h line was 40 meters 

from ground zero (49). 

Project 40.21, Ordnance Vehicular Equipment Test, was 

sponsored by the Ballistic Research Laboratories. Its objectives 

were to determine how well roll-over safety bars minimized damage 

to wheeled vehicles, to obtain experimental design data for 

future development of ordnance equipment and to investigate the 

shielding effect of armor against gamma radiation. To achieve 

51 
the desired objectives, the following equipment was placed at 

positions in the display area (42): 

Three M48 tanks 

One M59 armored infantry vehicle 

One T97 self-propelled gun 

Six jeeps 

Six 2.5-ton cargo trucks 

Four 5-ton trucks. 

The principal participant in the project was a detachment 

from the 573rd Ordnance Company, which fielded the test equipment. Research Laboratories personnel from AFSWP 

Project 3.1 recorded blast pressures with gauges located near the 

test equipment, while Chemical Warfare Laboratories personnel 

from AFSWP 2.7 took radiation measurements. Detroit 

Arsenal personnel helped place the test equipment (6; 42; 75; 

3.2 DEPARTMENT OF DEFENSE PARTICIPATION IN MILITARY EFFECTS, 

SCIENTIFIC, OPERATIONAL TRAINING, AND SUPPORT ACTIVITIES AT 

SHOT MOTH 

In addition to the Exercise Desert Rock activities described 

in the previous section, Department of Defense personnel performed a variety of tasks Shot MOTH that required them to 

enter the forward area before, during, or after the shot. 

DOD personnel performed the 17 projects sponsored by the 

Field Command Military Effects Group. DOD personnel assisted in 

three other test group projects, one sponsored by the LASL test 

group and two by the Civil Effects Test Group. The Air Force 

conducted three operational training projects. In addition, 

support activities accounted for a number of DOD participants at 

Shot WASP. The Air Force Special Weapons Center (AFSWC) flew 

missions for both the test groups and the Test Manager. 

52 
3.2.1 Department of Defense Participation in Military Effects

Group Projects 

The Military Effects Group performed 17 projects at Shot 

MOTH, as shown in table 3-2. Table 3-2 lists the test group 

projects with DOD participation, including the fielding agency 

and when available, the estimated number of DOD personnel. 

Because in most cases, many of the same individuals performed 

both and post shot activities, estimates reflect the maximum 

number of DOD personnel who would have been involved in the 

project. For example, if the project description states that 15 

participants performed preshot activities and five performed 

recovery, the estimated listed in the table would be 15. 

The Test Manager allowed recovery operations to begin at 0710 

hours, 85 minutes after the detonation (19). 

Project Measurements of Air-blast Phenomena with 

Self-recording Gauges, was conducted to measure blast forces 

produced a nuclear detonation. Self-recording pressure gauges 

and pressure-time instruments were placed on two lines, one 

extending south of the shot-tower with instruments at distances 

ranging from 200 to 680 meters, and the other extending southwest 

of the shot-tower with instruments at distances ranging from 910 

to 1,370 meters. Preshot surveys, construction of instrumentation mounts, and installation and checks of gauges probably took 

six participants two weeks. recovery of data was 

probably accomplished at the stations farthest from ground zero, 

where it was radiologically safe, on shot-day two individuals 

in four hours. Recovery of the data from the stations closest to 

ground zero was probably accomplished by three individuals in the 

two days following the detonation, when radiation levels had 

substantially (7; 62; 70; 89). 

Project 2.1, Gamma Exposure versus Distance, was conducted 

to evaluate the gamma-radiation exposure potential at various 

distances from a nuclear detonation. Project participants placed 

film packets at 14 stations along the south side of the main 

53 
 

--

Table 3-2: TEST GROUP PROJECTS WITH DEPARTMENT OF 

DEFENSE PARTICIPATION, SHOT MOTH 

Project 

1 146 

2.1 

2.2 

2.4 

251 

31 

61 lb 

63 

64 

84b 

84d 

8 4f 

91 

94 

112 

396 

397 

Participants 

Military Effects Group 

Measurements of Phenomena Research Laboratones 

Gauges 

Gamma Exposure versus Army Corps Laboratories 

Neutron Flux Measurements Naval Research Laboratory 

Isotopes Naval Defense Laboratory 

Gamma Above Fallout Naval Defense Laboratory 

Ground 

Gamma Dose Rate versus and Evans Laboratory 

Fallout Chemical Warfare Laboratory, Army Center 

Contact Hazard Force Special Weapons Center 

Aircraft 

Response of Drag-type Targets the Research 

Precursor Zone 

of a Defense Army Corps 

System 

Locator Army Corps 

of Development Center 

Thermal Measurements from Fixed Ground Naval Defense Laboratory 

Spectrometer Measurements Naval Defense Laboratory 

Measurements Naval Defense Laboratory 

Photography Lookout Laboratory, AFSWC, Force 

Test Center, EG and G 

Cloud Growth Study Force Research Center, U S Weather 

Bureau, EG and G 

Los Scientific Laboratory Test Group 

4926th Test Squadron 

Civil Effects Test Group 

Measurement of and by Army Corps Laboratones 

Measurements 

Physical Measurement of Neutron and Gamma School of 

Dose from Neutron Weapons and 

of Dose Effects 

Personnel 

6 

4 

4 

2 

5 

29 

3 

4 

14 

3 

6 

13 

5 

1 

Unknown 
access road, on a line in the upwind sector of the MOTH shot 

area. The stations were between 370 and 1,800 meters west of the 

shot-tower, along the Project 2.2 instrument line. At 0810 

hours, one hour after recovery operations were allowed, a team of 

three personnel began to collect dosimeter packets from the 

instrument line. They started at the farthest station and worked 

toward ground zero. The dosimeter packets within 365 meters of 

ground zero were destroyed. One radiological safety monitor was 

furnished by the Army Signal Corps Engineering Laboratories to 

accompany the project team (37; 62; 70). 

Project 2.2, Neutron Flux Measurements, was fielded to 

evaluate the neutron-radiation exposure potential at various 

distances from the nuclear detonation. Neutron detection instruments were arranged on stakes located between 365 and meters 

east of the shot-tower. Because neutron detectors had to be 

analyzed promptly, the Test Manager allowed a three-man team, 

accompanied by a radiological safety monitor, to enter the test 

area 20 minutes after the detonation, behind the initial radiological survey team, to recover the neutron detectors. The 

detectors located 90 to 180 meters from ground zero were 

destroyed. After recovering the detectors, which took about 30 

minutes, project personnel transported the remaining instruments 

to Camp Mercury for shipment to the Naval Research Laboratory for 

analysis (39; 62; 70). 

Project Neutron-induced Radioactive Isotopes in Soils, 

was conducted to provide information on the gamma radiation 

induced in surrounding soil by neutrons produced from a nuclear 

detonation. Participation during Shot MOTH was not originally 

planned; however, some soil samples were exposed to obtain better 

understanding of the induced activity detected during WASP. 

Sometime within the first day after the detonation, two 

participants probably recovered samples and transported them to 

the laboratory for analysis (55; 62; 70). 

55 
Project Gamma Radiation Fields above Fallout 

Contaminated Field, addressed gamma radiation resulting from 

fallout on the soil surface surrounding a nuclear detonation. 

Data were obtained by teams of project participants who measured 

preshot radiation levels near the point of detonation (91). 

Project 2.4, Gamma Dose Rate versus Time and Distance, was 

to evaluate the neutron-induced gamma-radiation hazard at various 

times after a nuclear detonation. The gamma detection instruments used were film-badge packets that project personnel placed 

in three stations located approximately 180 to 280 meters 

northeast and southeast of the shot-tower. These packets were 

recovered by personnel at various times after recovery hour to 

assess the time-dependence of the gamma-radiation dose rate (36; 

62; 70). 

Project 2.5.1, Fallout Studies, was fielded to evaluate the 

radiation exposure potential created by fallout from a nuclear 

detonation. This project was an extension of fallout studies 

performed at previous continental and oceanic tests, and involved 

ground and aerial surveys, and soil sampling. At Shot MOTH, 

project personnel tested the aerial survey equipment to be used 

at the Shot ESS detonation (62; 70; 84). 

Project Contact Radiation Hazard Associated with 

Contaminated Aircraft, was performed by at least five AFSWC 

personnel at Indian Springs AFB. The objective was to determine 

whether there was a correlation between the contact radiation 

exposure potential associated with aircraft that had flown 

through a nuclear cloud, and the radiation dose rates indicated 

by standard gamma survey meters held near the contaminated components of the aircraft. Available documentation indicates that 

this project was similarly conducted at 11 TEAPOT events. A 

description of project procedures appears in the Operation TEAPOT 

series volume (26; 62; 70). 

56 
Project 3.1, Response of Drag-type Equipment Targets in the 

Precursor Zone, evaluated the ability of vehicles to withstand 

the destructive effects of the precursor-enhanced blast wave. 

Test vehicles included three trucks, six 2 

trucks, and two trucks. These vehicles were placed in the 

region of highest expected overpressure, ranging from ground zero 

to 670 meters south of the shot-tower. At 2200 hours on the day 

before the detonation, four personnel in two vehicles entered 

Area 3 to set up Project 3.1 gauges. They remained in the area 

for about two hours. Recovery operations were not conducted on 

shot-day due to radiation levels, but were postponed until the 

radiological situation permitted entry (6; 62; 70). 

Project Evaluation of a Radiological Defense Warning 

System, was to evaluate a new radiological defense system. It 

was located 1.4 to 13.7 kilometers west and southwest of the 

shottower. Before the detonation, three individuals spent 

approximately one day selecting the sites, mounting the detectors, and checking equipment. Recovery began at 0911 hours on 

shot-day, when a team of three participants turned off equipment 

and removed data records from the two stations (62; 70; 78). 

Project 6.3, Missile Detonation Locator, was fielded to 

evaluate a tactical-range radar system used to determine the 

location of a nuclear detonation. Five hours before detonation, 

two teams, totaling five project personnel, drove to stations at 

UTM coordinates 830901 and 892868 to set up and check project 

equipment. recovery of the detector systems was 

probably accomplished by three individuals in one day, after 

radiation intensites in the area were at levels permitting entry 

(62; 70; 74). 

6.4, Test of IBDA Equipment, was to gather engineering evaluation data for an Indirect Bomb Damage Assessment (IBDA) 

system, which was installed in an B-50D aircraft. The system 

57 
consisted of the standard radar set, an experimental 

radar set, AN/APA-106 (XA-1); a recording set, light and time, 

AN/ASH-4 (A-l); and a K-17 aerial camera. A secondary objective 

was to determine the maximum operating range of the AN/ASH-4 

recording set, the yielding-measuring component of the system. 

This was accomplished by placing a recording set and an A-4 

bomb-spotting camera in an F-94 aircraft staging from Indian 

Springs AFB with two crewmen. The which staged out of 

Kirtland Air Force Base, usually carried a crew of ten men. 

Since engineering evaluation tests were being conducted, one 

additional engineer and one technician accompanied the crew to 

monitor and ensure the operation of the system. The procedure 

was the same for most of the TEAPOT projects, as described in 

chapter 4 of the series volume (27; 32; 62; 70). 

Basic Thermal Measurements from Fixed Ground 

Installations, was to measure the heat produced by a nuclear 

detonation. Project equipment, including calorimeters and 

radiometers, was positioned at ground installations located 840 

meters south and 1,510 meters west of the shot-tower. No 

documentation has been found to indicate the number of personnel 

or the time required to field this experiment. However, it is 

estimated that preshot selection of sites and placement of 

instrumentation probably took two individuals four hours. 

recovery of data was probably accomplished by two 

project personnel and a radiological safety monitor in one hour 

on shot-day (50; 62; 70). 

Project Spectrometer Measurements, was designed to 

measure changes in the thermal radiation produced by a nuclear 

detonation as a function of time. The recording spectrometer was 

located in Building 410, above the Control Point at Yucca Pass 

(62; 70; 80). 

58 
Project Irradiance Measurements with High Time 

Resolution, was designed to determine the distribution of thermal 

radiation as a function of time during a nuclear detonation. All 

project activities were performed at Building 410 (54; 62; 70). 

Project 9.1, Technical Photography, provided a photographic 

record of the detonation. Although MOTH's Operation Order 1-55 

indicates that four participants were to operate a photography 

station at UTM coordinates 900890, east of Yucca Lake, the MOTH 

Post-Shot Report does not list this project. Five project 

personnel were to occupy a photography station 180 meters west of 

Observer Area 1, which was probably the area located 7,250 meters 

west-southwest of ground zero. Three additional personnel were 

to operate a photography station at News Nob, 11 kilometers south 

of the MOTH ground zero. All the stations were were to be manned 

at 0245 hours on shot-day. These individuals were probably 

employees of Edgerton, Germeshausen, and Grier, the contractor 

primarily responsible for field work in Project 9.1. An officer, 

probably from Lookout Mountain Laboratory, directed field 

operations for Project 9.1 (62; 70). 

In addition to the ground photography missions, aerial 

photographs were taken during Shot MOTH. One RC-47 aircraft was 

used to photograph the nuclear cloud. The plane, with three crew 

members and an estimated three photographers, flew a holding 

pattern oriented from 10 to 16 kilometers southeast of ground 

zero, at an altitude of 8,000 to 10,000 feet. Personnel from 

AFSWC and the Air Force Missile Test Center operated the RC-47 

under the supervision of Lookout Mountain Laboratory personnel, 

who took the photographs (30; 32; 62; 70). 

Project 9.4, Atomic Cloud Growth Study, was to study the 

development of the nuclear cloud. Project personnel obtained 

theodolite measurements on the rate of cloud rise and maximum 

cloud height. The theodolite was located at the north fence of 

the Control Point area, Building 1, at Yucca Pass (32; 38; 62; 

70). 

59 
3.2.2 Department of Defense Participation in LASL Test Group 

Projects 

Only one of the two AEC nuclear weapons development laboratories participated at Shot MOTH. The Los Scientific 

Laboratory (LASL) Test Group conducted 14 projects. DOD personnel took part in only one, Project 11.2, Radiochemistry Sampling. 

Project 11.2, performed by aircraft of the AFSWC 4926th Test 

Squadron (Sampling), is addressed in section 3.2.5 of this 

chapter. 

3.2.3 Department of Defense Participation in CETG Projects 

The Civil Effects Test Group (CETG) conducted seven projects 

at Shot MOTH. Of these seven projects, only two involved DOD 

personnel: Projects 39.6, Measurement of Initial Residual 

Radiations bv Chemical Methods; and 39.7, Physical Measurement of 

Neutron and Gamma Radiation Dose from High Neutron Yield Weapons 

and Correlation of Dose with Biological Effects. 

Project 39.6, Measurement of Initial Residual Radiations by 

Chemical Methods, was performed to evaluate comparative data on 

various methods of gamma-radiation measurement and to obtain 

dosimetric data at stations where biological specimens were 

positioned. DOD participation included five individuals from the 

Evans Signal Laboratory, part of the Army Signal Corps 

Engineering Laboratories. The Evans Signal Laboratory group 

supplied preshot data used to select locations for specimen 

stations to obtain the desired levels of gamma radiation 

exposure. In addition, DOD personnel occasionally assisted in 

station placement and recovery, and furnished a 72 curie Cobalt-

-60 source to use for pre- and calibration of 

instruments. However, Evans Signal participation in 

field operations for Project 39.6 is not documented. 

60 
Project personnel installed lithium-shielded chemical 

eters at three stations ranging from 370 meters to 730 meters 

from ground zero. Before the MOTH detonation, personnel also 

placed gamma chemical dosimeters at 14 locations ranging from 180 

to 1,520 meters from ground zero. 

By the day after the MOTH burst, project personnel had 

recovered all surviving instruments from the target area for 

analysis (22; 62; 86). 

Project 39.7, Physical Measurement of Neutron and Gamma 

Radiation Dose from High Neutron Yield Weapons and Correlation of 

Dose with Biological Effects, used physical and biological 

methods to correlate neutron to gamma radiation dose and effect 

on laboratory animals exposed to nuclear devices expected to 

yield high ratios of neutron to gamma radiation. DOD 

participation was probably limited to one participant from the 

Air Force School of Aviation Medicine. Although the nature of 

his involvement is unclear, it is probable that he served as a 

consultant to CETG project personnel (22). 

According to the Test Director's Operation Order l-55, at 

1800 hours on 21 February, the day before the detonation, five 

project teams placed small animals and equipment at ranges of 80 

to 890 meters from ground zero. These individuals left the area 

by 2400 hours. Ten minutes after detonation, five teams 

recovered animals and equipment northwest to southwest of ground 

zero. Each team travelled in one vehicle and was accompanied by 

one radiological safety monitor. Recovery of all project equipment and instruments was completed by 1200 hours on the day after 

the MOTH event (22; 40; 62; 70). 

61 
- -- - - - -

3.2.4 Department of Defense Operational Training Projects 

The Air Force conducted three DOD operational training 

at Shot MOTH. These projects were designed to test 

service tactics and equipment and to train military personnel in 

the effects of nuclear detonations. The information below indicates the number of DOD personnel, excluding the recovery crews 

for each project, as well as the type and number of aircraft 

involved, the fielding agency, and the staging base (3; 32). 

ESTIMATED 

PROJECT TITLE FIELDING TYPE OF NUMBER OF STAGING NUMBER OF 

AGENCY AIRCRAFT AIRCRAFT BASE PERSONNEL 

40.3 Crew 

Indoctrination 

40.6 Calibration of 

Electromagnetic

Effects 

40.8 Calibration of 

Bomb 

Debris 

Tactical F-84 6 George AFB, 6 

Air California 

Command 

Air 1 Camp

Force copter Mercury 

Air F-84 1 Indian 

Force Springs

AFB 

Project 40.3, Crew Indoctrination, sought to train Tactical 

Air Command in the effects of a nuclear detonation while 

flying simulated tactical delivery maneuvers. Six F-84 aircraft 

from George Air Force Base, California, with a total of six crew 

members, performed bomb delivery maneuvers during the shot. 

Three of the F-84s performed the dive bomb maneuvers. They 

established their positions by orbiting eight kilometers from the 

shot-tower, at altitudes of 25,000 to 28,000 feet. One minute 

before detonation, the aircraft made a delivery dive, 

descending to altitudes ranging from 17,000 to 20,000 feet. All 

62 
aircraft then turned away from ground zero in anticipation of the 

shock wave. After blast arrival, the aircraft returned to their 

home base (1; 3; 32; 85). 

In addition to the dive bomb maneuver, three F-84 aircraft 

performed a BT-9 maneuver at this event as part of Project 40.3. 

The F-84s orbited northeast and southeast of ground zero at 

altitudes of 22,000 feet. They then entered a very shallow dive 

directly toward ground zero. At 8,000 feet, they performed their 

simulated bomb drop delivery. The lead F-84 aircraft executed a 

shallow turn, while the F-84s to his right and left veered away 

from him, out of formation. After the maneuver was completed, 

aircraft regrouped and left the NTS area for their home bases. 

Three other F-84s were scheduled to participate in this activity, 

but aborted the mission because of late takeoff from George AFB 

(3; 32; 70; 85). 

According to the MOTH Operation Order l-55, two personnel in 

a radar station south of ground zero directed Project 40.3 

aircraft at 0300 hours. At the same time, ten personnel occupied 

another radar station south of ground zero. Both teams probably 

remained at their stations until after the aircraft had departed 

NTS air space. Although the documentation is not clear, the 

radar station personnel probably were from the to Tactical Air 

Command (70). 

Project 40.6, Calibration of Electromagnetic Effects, was 

conducted by the Air Force. Its was to expand existing 

information on the characteristics of the electromagnetic pulse 

emitted by a nuclear detonation. At 0900 hours on the day before 

the detonation, three project personnel in a helicopter left 

station on Yucca Lake, about 11 kilometers south of the 

shot-tower, to service eight sets of recording equipment. This 

activity required about four hours. Two hours and thirty minutes 

before the detonation, two participants arrived at station 

which was located about 14.5 kilometers northwest of ground zero, 

63 
at UTM coordinates 741078, to operate equipment until one hour 

after the detonation. In addition, a team of three men was 

positioned at station on Yucca Lake, about 11 kilometers 

south of ground zero, until two hours after the shot (70; 77). 

Project 40.8, Calibration of Bomb Debris, also sponsored by 

the Air Force, was conducted to determine the relative yields of 

nuclear products and residues for use in characterizing nuclear 

weapons. Project participation was integrated with the AFSWC 

sampling missions sponsored by LASL Project 11.2, and is 

discussed in the following section of this chapter (32). 

3.2.5 Air Force Special Weapons Center Activities 

AFSWC supervised all air activities at MOTH through its Air 

Operations Center. In addition, AFSWC personnel conducted 

sampling missions, courier service, cloud-tracking missions, and 

aerial surveys of terrain. Cloud sampling, which was conducted 

for LASL Project 11.2, enabled AEC and DOD scientists to obtain 

and analyze samples of the nuclear cloud. AFSWC courier service 

involved the delivery of the samples to the nuclear weapons 

development laboratories and DOD laboratories for prompt 

analysis. Cloud tracking allowed the Test Manager to plot the 

course of the nuclear cloud, and helped the Civil Aviation Administration to prevent commercial aircraft from crossing the 

cloud's path. Surveying allowed the Test Manager to monitor the 

fallout activity in the test areas. 

The following listing gives the type and number of aircraft 

and estimated number of AFSWC personnel involved in air missions 

at Shot MOTH. With the exception of the B-50 cloud-tracking 

aircraft, which staged out of Kirtland AFB, AFSWC aircraft staged 

from Indian Springs AFB (32; 33). 

64 
TYPE OF NUMBER OF NUMBER OF 

PROJECT TITLE AIRCRAFT AIRCRAFT PERSONNEL 

11.2 Sampling 

Sampler Control

Sampler 

Courier Service 

Cloud Tracking 

Aerial Surveys

of Terrain 

B-50 1 

F-84G 8 8 

c-119 2 8 

c-47 2 6 

B-50 1 12 

B-25 1 5 

c-47 1 

H-19 2 10 

Cloud Sampling 

In connection with LASL Test Group Project 11.2, eight F-84G 

aircraft performed cloud sampling, with one B-50 serving as 

sampler control. The F-84G aircraft collected samples at altitudes between 18,000 and 23,000 feet. The first sampler began 

cloud penetration two hours after the detonation, and the last 

two began about three hours after the detonation. Each had 

only a pilot, while the B-51) contained an estimated crew of nine, 

including one scientific adviser. The following listing displays 

information on the eight sampling missions (32; 33). 

65 
AIRCRAFT NUMBER OF TOTAL TIME HIGHEST 

PENETRATIONS IN CLOUD INTENSITY 

(minutes:

seconds) 

F-84G 3 19.0 

F-84G 5 22.0 

F-84G 3 30.0 

F-84G 3 15.0 

F-84G 4 5.0 

F-84G 1 0.7 

F-84G 13:oo 0.0 

F-84G 1 13:oo 4.0 

Courier Service 

Four aircraft departed from Indian Springs AFB within five 

hours of the detonation to deliver samples to the AEC nuclear 

weapons development laboratories and DOD laboratories. Two 

C-119s left for Kirtland Air Force Base to deliver samples for 

LASL. A C-47 departed for Bolling Air Force Base, Washington, 

D.C., with samples from Project 2.2. A second C-47 carried 

samples for project 40.6 from Indian Springs AFB to McClellan AFB 

(32; 33). 

66 
Cloud Tracking 

After the detonation, a B-50 and a B-25, flying at 22,000 

and 7,000 feet, respectively, tracked the nuclear cloud in a 

southeasterly direction north of U.S. Route 95 until they reached 

the shores of Lake Mead (32; 33). 

Aerial Surveys of Terrain 

The survey mission was performed by a C-47 aircraft flying 

300 to 500 feet above ground. AN/PDR-27C and AN/PDR-39 

meters were used to determine terrain intensities. Takeoff time 

for the C-47 was about seven hours after the detonation. The 

C-47 aerial survey aircraft followed the same route toward Lake 

Mead, Nevada as the cloud tracking aircraft. In addition, two 

H-19 helicopters were used by radiological safety monitors to 

conduct aerial surveying activities (32; 33). 

3.3 RADIATION PROTECTION AT SHOT MOTH 

The purpose of the radiation protection procedures at Shot 

MOTH was to ensure that personnel exposure to ionizing radiation 

was as low as possible, while allowing participants to accomplish 

their tasks. Some of the procedures described in the Series 

volume resulted in records which enabled Exercise Desert Rock, 

the Joint Test Organization, and AFSWC to evaluate the effectiveness of their procedures. Such records for Shot MOTH have been 

located only for the Joint Test Organization. The JTO 

Radiological Safety Organization was staffed by Army personnel 

from the 1st Radiological Safety Support Unit, from Ft. 

McClellan, Alabama, and was managed by AFSWP. The information 

presented in this section includes film badge data, logistical 

data on radiological safety equipment, survey results, 

intensity maps, and decontamination records for the Joint Test 

Organization. No description of Exercise Desert Rock VI or AFSWC 

safety activities has been located. 

67 
Dosimetry 

During the period of 21 through 27 February 1955, which 

covers the 22 February MOTH event, 748 film badges and 416 pocket 

dosimeters were issued (19). Twelve personnel had accumulated 

gamma radiation exposures greater than 2.0 roentgens for 

Operation TEAPOT thus far, but less than the JTO-authorized limit 

of 3.9 roentgens. One individual from the Detroit Arsenal, 

participating in Project 3.1, had a total exposure of 5.75 

roentgens by 23 February (11; 14; 19). 

Eight pilots flew eight F-84G aircraft for cloud sampling 

during Shot MOTH. Film-badge readings for these individuals 

ranged from 0.34 to 0.66 roentgens of gamma radiation for the 

MOTH sampling mission (32). 

Logistics 

The General Supply Section issued 778 pieces of protective 

clothing and 1662 respirators during the period of Shot MOTH. In 

addition, the Instrument Repair Section issued 202 radiation 

survey meters during Shot MOTH (19). 

Monitoring 

During Shot MOTH, monitoring included both ground and aerial 

surveys. At 0547 hours, two minutes after detonation, the 

initial survey party, probably consisting of four two-man teams, 

and two two-man road patrol teams left the Control Point at Yucca 

Pass. They began their surveys at 0611 hours. A monitor outside 

the Radiological Safety Building checked for fallout, but 

detected none. The radiation was localized, and the entire 

was completed 0730 hours and personnel returned to the 

Control Point at 0813 hours. A copy of the initial isointensity 

map is shown in figure 3-3. Two H-19 helicopters, each with a 

crew of five, began aerial surveys of terrain at 0553 hours, 

68 
 

I

__ -- -- -

Stake Lines 

Roads 

. . . . . . . . . . . . 0.01 

------ 0.1 R/h

0 1000 

10.0 R/h 

Figure 3-3: INITIAL SURVEY FOR SHOT MOTH, 22 FEBRUARY 

0611 TO 0813 HOURS 

69 

I 
•••• ••

eight minutes after detonation, ending the mission approximately 

minutes later (19). The helicopter surveys were unsuccessful 

because of low fog and difficulties with communication equipment. 

After the survey team had begun its work, the checkpoint 

teams and sign-posting detail departed from the Control Point at 

0615 hours to establish and control-points and to post 

radiation warning signs. 

Monitors resurveyed the shot area on 23, 24, and 28 Februand on 4 and 9 March. Copies of the isointensity maps of 

all the resurveys except 4 March are shown in figure 3-4. The 

average exposures for the initial survey team and first resurvey 

team were 0.34 and 0.25 roentgens, respectively. 

On shot-day, monitors were furnished the following projects 

(19): 

PROJECT NUMBER OF MONITORS 

3.1 3 

8.4 1 

9.1 1 

12.1 1 

13.1 1 

39.7 5 

On the following day, the monitoring section provided an additional 12 monitors to projects, but the specific projects are not 

known (19). 

Recovery and Re-entry Procedures 

Although the helicopter survey was not completed, the 

Test Manager, on advice from the Radiological Safety Office, 

declared the area open for recovery operations at 0711 hours 

On shot-day, five Project 39.7 and two Project 2.2 parties 

70 
 

 

-- -- - -~-

- -

BJY 

0 2000 

Meters 

BJY 

0 2000 

I 

Meters 

23 February 1955, 0745 to 0900 Hours 24 February 1955, 0701 to 0800 Hours 

0 2000 

Meters 

28 February 1955, 1100 to 1200 Hours 

0 2000

I 

Meters 

9 March 1955, 0850 to 1010 Hours 

Stake Lines 

Roads . . . . . . . . . . . . 0.01 

--- 0.1 R/h 

Figure 3-4: RESURVEYS FOR SHOT MOTH 

71 
received special permission from the Test Manager to enter radiation areas before recovery hour and to work past the 10 R/h area 

The following parties were cleared for entry into contaminated areas during Shot MOTH (19; 59): 

DATE NUMBER 

22 February 26 

23 February 12 

24 February 8 

25 February 1 

28 February 28 

Decontamination 

During the period covering Shot MOTH, 22 through 28 February 

1955, 19 vehicles and 137 other items of equipment required 

decontamination. In addition, 46 items of equipment were placed 

in the hot park until radiation intensities decayed to acceptable 

levels (19). 

72 
Purpose of Test: 

DOD 

Weather: 

Radiation Data: 

Participants: 

TESLA 

SHOT SYNOPSIS 

AEC TEST SERIES: TEAPOT 

DOD EXERCISE: Desert Rock VI 

DATE/TIME:

YIELD: 

1 March 1955, hours 

7 kilotons 

HEIGHT OF BURST: 300 feet (tower shot) 

To test a nuclear weapon for possible

inclusion in the nuclear arsenal. 

To study the effects of a nuclear weapon

on military equipment

(2) To allow DOD personnel to observe a

nuclear detonation. 

At shot-time, the temperature at shot height 

was pressure was 864 millibars; winds

calm at surface, 10 knots from the southwest 

at 10,000 feet, 26 knots from the west at 

20,000 feet, and 25 knots from the west at 

30,000 feet. 

fallout, i.e., residual radiation 

greater than 0.01 R/h, extended from 2,000 to 

3,000 meters southwest and south of ground 

zero. Fallout of 0.01 R/h, detected during

the initial survey at 0555 to hours on 

shot-day, extended to within meters of the 

trenches. Intensities exceeding 10.0 R/h were 

measured northeast of ground zero as far as

the initial survey was performed. 

Atomic Energy Commission, Exercise Desert Rock

VI participants, Armed Forces Special Weapons

Air Force Special Weapons Center and 

other Air Force personnel, Los Scien- tific Laboratorv, Universitv of California 

Radiation Laboratory, Federal Civil Defense 

Administration, contractors, DOD laboratories. 

73 
CHAPTER 4 

SHOT TESLA 

Shot TESLA, the third nuclear event of the TEAPOT Series, 

was originally scheduled for detonation on 25 February 1955, but 

was postponed several times because of weather conditions and 

technical difficulties. The TESLA device was detonated at 0530 

hours on 1 March 1955. The device was on top of a 300-foot steel 

tower in Area 9 of the Nevada Test Site (NTS), at LJTM coordinates 

844090. The device, designed by the University of California 

Radiation Laboratory (UCRL), yielded seven kilotons of explosive 

energy (29; 34). Original estimates of anticipated yield had 

been for onlv two kilotons. 

At shot height, the temperature was minus 0.5 degrees 

Celsius, and the barometric pressure was 864 millibars. The 

weather was clear with winds calm at the surface, 10 knots from 

the southwest at 10,000 feet, of 26 knots from the west at 20,000 

feet, and of 25 knots from the west at 30,000 feet. The 

cloud rose to an altitude of 30,000 feet MSL, and fallout from 

the cloud occurred to the east of ground zero (29; 34; 56). 

Department of Defense (DOD) participants at Shot TESLA took 

part in Exercise Desert Rock VI activities, scientific and 

military effects experiments, and support missions, as described 

in this chapter. Figure 4-1 depicts the location of DOD 

personnel who are known to have been near the test area at shot 

time. An account of the radiological situation created by TESLA 

and the procedures used to minimize exposure of DOD participants 

to radiation, is summarized at the end of this chapter. 

74 
I

- -

I I I I I I I I I 1 I I I I I 

SHOT TESLA AREA 9 

1 MARCH 1955 

Project 40.18 

Project 6.3 

Project 9.1 

0•

•

•

TESLA Ground Zero 

DESERT ROCK VI 

Figure 4-1: FORWARD POSITIONS OF DOD PERSONNEL AT SHOT-TIME FOR TESLA 

91 

7 3 7 4 75 76 77 78 7 9 80 81 82 83 84 85 86 87 89 91 92 93 

10 

09 

08 

07 

06 

05 

04 

03 

02 

01 

00 

99 

98 

97 

96 

95 

94 

93 

92 

39 

38 

37 

36 

35 

7.5 
-

-

4.1 EXERCISE DESERT ROCK VI OPERATIONS AT SHOT TESLA 

Desert Rock support personnel and exercise troops took part 

in four observer pro.jects, one troop test, and two technical 

service conducted at Shot TESLA. Table 4-l indicates 

Desert Rock VI operations at TESLA, including the number and 

title of each the name of the participating unit, the 

estimated number of DOD participants, and the service units 

involved in each project. Camp Desert Rock personnel also 

assessed the damage to items in the equipment display area. This 

damage effects evaluation was not part of a numbered project. 

Table 4-1: EXERCISE DESERT ROCK VI PROJECTS, SHOT TESLA 

Program Type 

Troop and 

lndoctrtnatron 

Troop Test 

Project 

41 3 

4011 

41 8 

4018 

40 14 

40 19 

Title 

Army Observers 

Observers 

Arr Force Observers 

Camp Desert Rock 

Observers 

of Bursts 

Chemrcal, 

and Defense 

Shelters Test 

Army CBR Defense 

Team 

Damage Effects Evaluatron 

Estimated 

Personnel 

20 

24 

1 

478 

45 

24 

Participants 

Army 

Corps 

Force 

Camp Desert Rock Support 

Troops 

Battery C 532nd Field 

(Observation) 

Chemrcal Warfare Laboratory 

Army 

Camp Desert Rock Support 

Troops 

4.1.1 Troop Orientation and Indoctrination 

Exercise troops participated in three troop orientation and 

indoctrination at TESLA. A fourth observer group, 

composed of 478 Camp Desert Rock support units, also participated 

in the Troop Orientation and Indoctrination Program. These 
personnel were not assigned to a numbered project. Desert Rock 

observers witnessed Shot TESLA from trenches southwest of ground 

zero. documentation indicates that these trenches were 

located 2,290 meters from the shot-tower, but recent analysis of 

aerial photographs showing the trenches and nearby roads suggests 

that the TESLA observer trenches were actually located about 

2,200 meters from the point of detonation (35; 42; 44; 48). 

The observers inspected the TESLA equipment display area, 

shown in figure 4-2, on 28 February 1955, the day before the 

device was detonated. The equipment display area included tanks, 

trucks, howitzers, and other military equipment. The display 

area was located from 330 to 910 meters from the shot-tower and 

approximately 1,200 meters in front of the observer trenches. 

According to planned procedures, the observers arrived in the 

shot area at 0400 hours, 90 minutes before the detonation, and 

moved to the trench area, which was located approximately 90 

meters from the road. Safety, communications, and attendance 

checks were conducted at the trench area. The observers crouched 

in the trenches before the shot, remaining there until the blast 

wave had passed their position. They then stood in the trenches 

to observe the rising nuclear cloud for five to ten minutes. 

Within 20 minutes after the detonation, radiological personnel 

monitored the area for the walk to the equipment display area. 

Because the shot yield of seven kilotons was greater than had 

been expected, little of the planned tour could be accomplished. 

Observers were not allowed beyond the 5.0 R/h line, which was 

established and marked with white tape about 900 meters from the 

TESLA ground zero. They could only view the equipment at this 

outer limit of the display area. 

The observers arrived at the radiological safety limit line 

of the display area about 0620 hours, 30 minutes after leaving 

the trench area. They remained at the edge of the equipment display for ten to 15 minutes, and then returned to the trench area. 

77 

The observers probably arrived at the trench area at about 0700 

hours, and met the vehicles to return to Camp Desert Rock. 

Available documentation does not indicate how many, if any, of 

these observers wore film badges (35; 42; 44; 48). 

4.1.2 Troop Test 

The one troop test conducted at Shot TESLA was Project 

40.18, Location of Atomic Bursts. The project was performed by 

45 participants from Battery C of the 532nd Field Artillery 

(Observation) Battalion, as indicated in table 4-l. The test was 

designed to evaluate the suitability of conventional military 

equipment, procedures, and techniques developed by the Armv 

Artillery School to locate nuclear bursts. 

The project required the soldiers to establish nine observation stations located in various areas south of ground zero. The 

nine manned stations, shown in figure 4-1, were positioned at the 

following locations within the NTS (68): 

STATIONS UTM COORDINATES 

Flash Control Point 794964 

Flash Location 1 834944 

Flash Location 2 823955 

Flash Location 3 809961 

Flash Location 4 796970 

Flash Location 5 775976 

Flash Location 6 754985 

Sound control Point 796984 

Radar 800915 

These stations, which were located about 13 to 19 kilometers 

south to southwest of the TESLA ground zero, were positioned to 

simulate the standard deployment of an observation battery under 

tactical conditions. 

79 
The stations were occupied from about hours on the day 

before the event until just after the detonation. During the 

detonation, personnel attempted to identifv the location 

of the burst on a three-dimensional grid and to assess the 

of the burst. After the detonation, personnel returned 

to Camp Desert Rock (42; 48; 

4.1.3 Technical Service Project 

40.14, Chemical, Biological, and Radiological 

Defense Shelters Test, was conducted by the Chemical Warfare 

Laboratories and the Engineer Research and Development 

Laboratories. The was to evaluate the effects of the 

blast wave on developmental chemical, biological, and 

radiological (CBR) defense techniques used with field bunkers and 

foxholes. The unmanned bunkers were located 420 meters from the 

shot-tower, while the foxholes, also unmanned, were situated 

head-on and side-on at distances from 450 to 1,800 meters from 

the shot tower. Pro.ject personnel were probably responsible for 

preparing and retrieving instruments and for inspecting the 

bunkers and foxholes (42). 

Project 40.19, Sixth Army CBR Defense Team Training, was 

also conducted at Shot TESLA, as shown in table 4-l. Two 

Chemical, Biological, and Radiological (CBR) defense teams, 

totaling 24 personnel, monitored the shot area as part of their 

training in radiation protection activities. Specific activities 

for Project 40.19 at TESLA are unknown 

4.2 DEPARTMENT OF DEFENSE PARTICIPATION IN MILITARY EFFECTS, 

SCIENTIFIC, OPERATIONAL TRAINING, AND SUPPORT ACTIVITIES

AT SHOT TESLA 

In addition to the Exercise Desert Rock activities described 

in the previous section, DOD personnel performed a variety of 

80 
tests during Shot TESLA that required them to enter the forward 

area before, during, or after the shot. 

DOD personnel performed the sponsored by the Field 

Command Military Effects Group and assisted in test group 

projects sponsored the LASL test group, and the UCRL test 

group. DOD personnel did not assist in any of the Civil Effects 

Test Group (CETG) projects at TESLA. The Air Force also 

conducted three operational training during TESLA. In 

addition, support activities accounted for a number of DOD 

participants at Shot TESLA. The Air Force Special Weapons Center 

flew missions for the test groups and the Test Manager. 

4.2.1 Department of Defense Participation in Military Effects

Group Projects 

The Military Effects Group of Armed Forces Special Weapons 

(AFSWP) Field Command conducted 17 at Shot 

TESLA, as shown in table 4-2. Table 4-2 lists the 

including the participating agency and the estimated numbers of 

DOD personnel, when available. Because in most cases, manv of 

the same individuals performed both and activities, 

estimates reflect the maximum number of DOD personnel who would 

have been involved in one aspect of the For example, if 

the project description states that 15 personnel performed 

shot activities and five performed recovery, the estimate listed in the table would be The Test Manager allowed 

recovery operations to begin at 0700 hours, minutes after the 

shot (19). 

1.2, Shock Wave Photography, was fielded to photograph the progression of the shock wave produced by TESLA. One 

unmanned station equipped with three cameras was established 

3,770 meters from ground zero. Two project personnel probablv 

spent two hours recovering the film from the camera station late 

on shot-day (63; 68; 76). 

81 
 

 

Table 4-2: TEST GROUP PROJECTS WITH DEPARTMENT OF 

DEFENSE PARTICIPATION, SHOT TESLA 

Project Title Participants 

Estimated 

Personnel 

Military Effects Group 

12 Shock Wave Photography Naval Ordnance Laboratory 2 

Measurements of Phenomena 

Gauges 

Research Laboratones 6 

21 Gamma Exposure versus Army Corps Engmeenng Laboratones 

22 Neutron Flux Measurements Naval Research Laboratory 6 

2 3a Neutron-Induced Isotopes Naval Defense Laboratory 2 

2 3b Gamma Above Fallout 

Ground 

Naval Radlologlcal Defense Laboratory 

24 Gamma Dose Rate versus and Evans Laboratory 

251 Fallout Warfare Laboratory, Army Center 

27 Studies Warfare Laboratory 3 

2 Contact Hazards Force Weapons Center 5 

31 Response of Drag-type Targets the 

Precursor Zone 

Research 

61 lb of a Radlologlcal Defense 

System 

Army Corps Engmeenng Laboratones 3 

63 Locator Army Corps Laboratones 5 

64 Test of Air Development Center 16 

84b Thermal Measurements from Ground 

installations 

Naval Radlologlcal Defense Laboratory 3 

84d Spectrometer Measurements Naval Radlologlcal Defense Laboratory 

91 Photography Lookout Mountain Laboratory, AFSWC, Force 

Test Center, EG and G 

7 

94 Cloud Growth Study Force Research Center, EG G, 

U S Weather Bureau 

Los Scientific Laboratory Test Group 

112 4926th Test Squadron 15 

University of California Laboratory Test Group 

21 2 Sample 4926th Test Squadron t 

Effects Test Group 

39 6 Measurement of by 

Methods 

Army Corps Laboratones 5 

Unknown 

t These personnel also Project 11 2 
Project Measurements of Air-blast Phenomena with 

Self-recording Gauges, was fielded by the Research 

Laboratories, which furnished basic blast instrumentation for two 

projects of its own (this and Project 3.1) and for of 

other agencies. The objective of was to measure 

variations in air pressure produced the detonation. 

recording pressure-time instruments were placed at distances 

ranging from 470 to 3,200 meters south of the shot-tower. 

Preparations for this experiment in the days and weeks preceding 

the detonation included preshot surveys, construction of 

instrumentation mounts, installation, and checks of gauges. Six 

project personnel spent an estimated two weeks preparing for this 

experiment. 

recovery of data from the farthest section was 

accomplished on shot-day by two participants in about four hours. 

Data were collected from the stations closest to ground zero in 

two days by three personnel when radiation intensities in the 

area were declared acceptable for recovery operations (63; 

89). 

Project 2.1, Gamma Exposure versus Distance, was designed to 

measure gamma-radiation intensities at various distances from the 

detonation. In fielding this project, personnel placed 12 film 

dosimeters on posts along a line on the east side of the main 

access road to Area 9, in the upwind sector of the TESLA test 

area. The dosimeters were located 460 meters to 1,600 meters 

from the shot-tower. At 0800, three individuals in one vehicle 

began recovering these dosimeters from the instrument station 

farthest from the tower and continued toward ground zero. One 

radiation-safety monitor accompanied this recovery team (37; 63; 

68). 

Project 2.2, Neutron Flux Measurements, evaluated the 

neutron radiation at 19 stations located various distances from 

83 
the nuclear detonation. Neutron-detection instruments were 

arranged on stakes along three axes running from the shot-tower. 

The first line of stakes was positioned between 270 and 

meters north of ground zero, the second between 270 and 

meters northeast of ground zero, and the third between 270 and 

1,460 meters east of ground zero. 

To obtain valid results from this project, the neutron 

detectors had to be promptly after exposure. Therefore, 

a five-man recovery team was allowed to follow the initial 

radiation-survev team into the shot area 45 minutes after the 

detonation to recover these neutron detectors. A radiological 

monitor accompanied this team, in addition to a few 

individuals from 2.7. 

Several participants from 2.2 set out to recover the 

neutron detectors. According to a memorandum from the 

2.2 officer to the Program 2 director, the recovery party 

encountered several difficulties while they were recovering the 

instruments: 

Unexpected large yield and fallout 

Rough terrain which reduced speed of 

vehicle to a crawl 

Necessity of recovering many instruments with one 

recovery party 

A detour into a contaminated area as a result of a 

ditch which hindered recovery vehicles' progress. 

As a result, several individuals accumulated radiation exposures 

greater than the allowable 3.9 roentgens. This described in 

more detail in section 4.3 (12; 15; 18; 39; 63; 68; 

Project Neutron-induced Radioactive Isotopes in 

Soils, was designed to provide information on the gamma radiation 

induced in surrounding soil by neutrons from a nuclear 

84 
detonation. Because the soil samples were blasted away, no 

measurements were obtained. However, at an undetermined time 

after the a radiological safetv team, probably 

of two individuals, collected several pieces of metal 

debris from the vicinity of ground zero. These pieces were then 

transferred to sealed, safe containers and 

returned to the laboratory at Camp Mercury for analysis. This 

activity was in addition to the normal duties of the radiological 

safety team (55; 63; 

Project Gamma Radiation Fields above Fallout 

Contaminated Field, addressed gamma radiation resulting from 

fallout on the soil surface surrounding a nuclear detonation. 

Data were obtained by teams of participants who measured 

preshot levels near the point of detonation (91). 

Project 2.4, Gamma Dose Rate versus Time and Distance, was 

performed to evaluate the neutron-induced gamma radiation hazard 

at various times after a detonation. Personnel placed 

chamber and scintillation detector instruments at three stations 

around the shot-tower. One station was about 360 meters 

northeast, the second about 360 meters east-northeast, and the 

third about 270 meters east of the shot-tower. These packets 

were recovered by personnel on the of the detonation 

and on the day after the nuclear detonation (36; 63; 

Project 2.5.1, Fallout Studies, was conducted to evaluate 

the radiation hazard caused by fallout. The was an 

extension of fallout studies performed at previous atmospheric 

nuclear weapons tests, and involved both ground and aerial 

surveys, and soil sampling. Typical 2.5.1 activities as 

they were performed throughout the TEAPOT Series are described in 

the TEAPOT Series volume (63; 68; 
 2.7, Shielding Studies, was designed to evaluate the 

protection afforded various structures and equipment against 

gamma and neutron radiation and was performed in with 

Exercise Desert Rock troop test Project 40.18. Before shot-day, 

project personnel installed gamma-radiation film badges and 

neutron detectors in eight foxholes, four at 450 meters and four 

at 900 meters east-northeast of the shot-tower. Film badges were 

also placed on stakes 0.3 meters above ground along the same line 

225, 450, 675, and 900 meters from ground zero. At 0702 hours, a 

two-man team recovered the film badges and neutron detectors 450 

and meters from ground zero. One radiological safety 

monitor, furnished the accompanied the team. 

A second recovery partv entered the area to gather detectors 

two and one-half hours after recovery hour was declared. This 

was the latest that recovery of samples could be delayed and 

still meet the schedule of the courier aircraft, leaving eight 

hours after the TESLA burst (18; 28; 60; 63; 66; 68; 82; 

Project Contact Radiation Hazard Associated with Contaminated Aircraft, was performed by at least five AFSWC personnel at Indian Springs AFB, to assess the exposure potential 

presented by personal contact with aircraft that had flown 

through a nuclear cloud. Standard gamma meters were held 

near the contaminated components of the aircraft to determine 

their radiation intensities. Several types of meters were used 

and their readings were compared. The general procedures for the 

project at TEAPOT shots are described in the TEAPOT Series volume 

63; 68). 

Project 3.1, Response of Drag-type Equipment Targets in the 

Precursor Zone, was conducted to test how well vehicles were able 

to withstand the destructive pressures present in the precursor 

zone of the blast front created by a nuclear detonation. Unlike 

some of the in Program 2, the vehicle targets were not 

86 
used in this shot. Instead, personnel installed four or 

five gauges in the ground prior to the detonation to measure 

pressure versus time phenomena as a result of the TESLA detonation. The gauges were recovered by personnel about two 

days after the detonation (6; 63; 68). 

Evaluation of a Radiological Defense Warning 

System, was designed to evaluate the components of a new radiological defense warning system. The stations for this 

were located 1.25 kilometers west, and 3.2, 12.9, and 22.5 kilometers south of the shot-tower. Before the detonation, three 

personnel spent about two days selecting site locations, mounting 

the detectors, and checking equipment. One hour before 

time, one participant manned a detector station 305 meters northwest of the Control Point. He remained through shot-time, 

returning to the Control Point within minutes after the detonation. At 0900, approximatelv two hours after the area was 

declared open for recovery operations, two participants traveled 

in a vehicle to the three other stations to remove records (63; 

68; 78). 

Project 6.3, Missile Detonation Locator, was designed to 

test the feasibility of a tactical range detonation-locator 

system for use in determining the location of nuclear detonations. The detonation locator consisted of broad-band 

receivers set up on baselines in California approximatelv 110 and 

320 kilometers from the NTS. Radio links between the stations 

provided the time-comparisons necessary to determine relative 

times of arrival of the electromagnetic pulse at each station. 

In support of this project, five hours before the shot, five 

personnel divided into two teams traveled to stations and 

located at UTM coordinates 830901 and 892868, as shown in 

figure 4-l. One hour after the detonation, they returned to the 

Control Point (63; 68; 74). 

87 
 6.4, Test of IBDA Equipment, was to gather engineering evaluation data for an IBDA system installed in a B-50D 

aircraft. The secondary objective was to determine the maximum 

operating range of the vield-measuring component of the system. 

The IBDA system consisted of the standard radar set, 

an experimental radar set, AN/APA-106 (XA-1); a 

recording set, light and time, AN/ASH-4 (XA-1); and K-17 aerial 

camera. To accomplish the secondary objective, two F-94 

aircraft, each manned by two crewmen, were instrumented with a 

recording set and a bomb-spotting camera. 

The which staged out of Kirtland Air Force Base, 

had a crew of ten. Since engineering evaluation tests were being 

conducted, one additional engineer and one technician accompanied 

the crew to monitor and ensure the operation of the system (27; 

32; 63; 68). 

Project Thermal Measurements from Fixed Ground 

Installations, was conducted to measure total thermal radiation 

from TEAPOT nuclear detonations at ranges where damage to 

militarv targets results. Thermal-radiation measurements were 

made with calorimeters and radiometers from ground 

installations situated 1,390 and 1,650 meters from the 

tower. Preshot selection of sites and placement of instruments 

probablv took two personnel four hours. 

recovery of data was probablv accomplished in one hour on 

day two project personnel and a radiological safety monitor. 

Recovery personnel would have worn protective clothing and used 

respiratory protection (50; 63; 68). 

Project Spectrometer Measurements, was designed to 

measure the thermal radiation produced by a nuclear detonation as 

a function of time. The recording instruments were located in 

Building 410, near the Control Point at Yucca Pass (63; 68; 80). 

88 
Project 9.1, Technical Photography, provided documentary 

photographs of the nuclear event. The which included 

personnel from the Lookout Mountain Laboratory of the 

Motion Picture Squadron, involved both a ground-photography 

mission and an air-photography mission. 

The TESLA Operations Order 1-55 indicates that, three hours 

prior to detonation, four participants in two vehicles entered 

the Yucca Lake area to take documentary photographs and to 

operate camera stations at UTM coordinates 900890 and at News 

Nob. These individuals left the area within an after 

time. At 0702 hours, when the test area was declared open for 

recovery operations, seven personnel in three vehicles entered 

the shot area to take damage photographs. One monitor from the 

1st Radiological Safety Support Unit accompanied the party. 

Another three photographers photographed the detonation and 

cloud growth from an RC-47 aircraft positioned about to 16 

kilometers southeast of ground zero at an altitude of 10,000 to 

16,000 feet. The aircraft, which probablv had a crew of three 

and an estimated three photographers, returned to Indian Springs 

AFB, its staging base, within an hour after the detonation 

32; 63; 68). 

Project 9.4, Atomic Cloud Growth Study, was designed to 

photograph the development of the nuclear cloud for scientific 

purposes. Three camera stations were used at this shot, 

including one on Charleston Peak and one in the Amargosa Desert. 

A theodolite reading on cloud height was obtained from the 

Control Point (32; 38; 63; 68). 

89 
4.2.2 Department of Defense Participation in LASL and UCRL

Test Group Projects 

The Los Scientific Laboratory (LASL) Test Group and 

the University of California Radiation Laboratory (UCRL) Test 

Group each conducted eight diagnostic designed to measure the characteristics of the TESLA detonation. Of the eight 

projects conducted by the LASL Test Group, only 11.2, 

Radiochemistry Sampling, included DOD participation. 

11.2 was supported by sampling pilots from AFSWC 4926th Test 

Squadron (Sampling) and is discussed in section 4.2.5 of this 

chapter. 

UCRL designed the TESLA device and therefore sponsored the 

event. Of the eight projects conducted by the UCRL Test Group, 

only Project 21.2, Sample Collecting, involved personnel. This 

was performed by the same sampler pilots from AFSWC 

4926th Test Squadron (Sampling) who performed the Los 

Scientific Laboratory Test Group Project 11.2, Radiochemistry 

Sampling. This is also discussed in section 4.2.5 of 

this chapter. 

4.2.3 Department of Defense Participation in CETG 

The Civil Effects Test Group conducted eight pro.jects at 

Shot TESLA. No DOD personnel are known to have participated in 

any of these projects (23; 63). 

4.2.4 Department of Defense Operational Training 

The Air Force conducted three operational training projects 

at Shot TESLA. 

40.3, Crew Indoctrination, was established to train 

Tactical Air Command in the effects of a nuclear detonation. Six F-84 aircraft, each operated one pilot, participated in this Three aircraft simulated a maneuver, 
and three simulated a dive-bombing exercise. At shot-time, the 

aircraft participating in the B-T9 maneuver were located about 

nine kilometers east of the detonation at an altitude of 15,000 

to 17,500 feet. Available information has indicated that the six 

F-84 aircraft were positioned by two MSQ-1 radars located 50 

kilometers south of ground zero. These radar sites were 

operated by two teams, one consisting of about ten personnel, the 

other consisting of about five. These ground personnel were from 

the Air Force and remained in the area until after shot-time. 

After the detonation, the six F-84 aircraft left the test area 

within ten minutes and returned to George AFB, California (1; 

32; 85). 

Project 40.6, Calibration of Electromagnetic Effects, was 

performed by Air Force personnel who measured the characteristics 

of the electromagnetic pulse created by the detonation. Personnel occupied several permanent stations located significant 

distances from ground zero during the detonation. At 0900 hours 

on the day before the shot, three personnel left station on 

Yucca Lake, 17 kilometers south of the TESLA ground zero, in a 

helicopter to service eight sets of unmanned recording equipment 

located at distances between 10 to 20 kilometers from the 

tower. These personnel were in the shot area about four 

hours. At 0330 hours on shot-day, about two hours before the 

detonation, two men arrived at station ten kilometers west 

of ground zero, to operate equipment until one hour after the 

detonation. In addition, three men arrived at station on 

Yucca Lake to operate equipment until two hours after the detonation. When the Test Manager declared that recovery operations 

could begin, project personnel recovered data from within their 

stations and left for Camp Mercury to evaluate project results 

(3; 68; 77). 

40.8, Calibration of Bomb Debris, was also performed 

by Air Force personnel. This project analyzed airborne fission 

91 
-

products and gasses from the radioactive nuclear cloud. Collection of these samples was performed by AFSWC 4926th Test Squadron 

(Sampling) aircraft at the same time that the aircraft collected 

cloud samples for LASL Pro.ject 11.2 and UCRL 21.2. This 

activity is discussed under AFSWC operations, in the next section 

of this chapter (32). 

4.2.5 Air Force Special Weapons Center Activities 

Air Force Special Weapons Center support consisted of 

nuclear cloud-sampling missions, sample-courier missions, 

tracking missions, and aerial surveys of terrain. Cloud sampling 

was conducted for LASL 11.2, UCRL 21.2, and for 

Air Force Project 40.8. The following listing displays AFSWC 

support missions at Shot TESLA (32). 

TYPE OF NUMBER OF DOD 

PROJECT MISSION AIRCRAFT AIRCRAFT PERSONNEL 

Cloud Sampling 

Sampler Control B-50 1 

Sampler F-84G 

Courier Service c-47 

B-25 

c-119 

Unknown 

Cloud Tracking B-29 

B-25 

Aerial Surveys c-47 

of Terrain H-19 

Cloud Sampling 

At TESLA, six aircraft, each with a pilot, are known 

to have collected samples of the nuclear cloud for LASL Project 

11.2, Radiochemistry Sampling; UCRL 21.2, Sample 

Collecting; and Air Force 40.8, Calibration of Bomb 

92 
- -

Debris. A B-50 aircraft, with a crew of nine, including a 

scientific advisor from UCRL, acted as the sampler-control 

airplane. The sampling aircraft altitudes ranged between 

and 26,000 feet. The first sampler began cloud penetration one 

hour and five minutes after the detonation, and the sixth 

aircraft began three hours after shot-time. The following 

listing presents information concerning each aircraft mission 

(32; 33). 

AIRCRAFT 

NUMBER OF 

PENETRATIONS 

TOTAL TIME 

IN CLOUD 

(minutes:

seconds) 

HIGHEST 

INTENSITY 

F-84G 2 100 

F-84G 6 

F-84G 3 60 

F-84G 3 7 

F-84G 4 5 

F-84G 2 

These aircraft staged from Indian Springs AFB and returned after 

completing their sample-collecting missions, where the filter 

samples were removed from the aircraft and packaged for shipment 

to laboratories for analysis. 

Courier Service 

Five aircraft carried samples obtained from the TESLA sampler aircraft to laboratories throughout the country for 

analysis. 

93 
One C-47 left Indian Springs AFB at 1015 hours for Kirtland 

AFB with one sample destined for LASL. One B-25 left at 1025 

hours to Bolling AFB, Washington, with one sample 

for the Naval Research Laboratory from Project 2.2. One C-47 

left at 1022 hours for Oakland Municipal Airport, California, 

with two containers aboard for UCRL. One C-119 left at 1030 

hours for Oakland Municipal Airport, California, with two containers destined for UCRL. The type and departure time of the 

fifth courier aircraft, which probably carried cloud samples for 

Air Force Project 40.8, is not documented (32; 33). 

Cloud Tracking 

The TESLA nuclear cloud was tracked by one B-29 and one 

B-25, flying at altitudes of 27,000 feet and 10,000 to 15,000 

feet, respectively. The aircraft tracked the cloud in an 

easterlv direction to Glendale, Nevada. After completing its 

tracking mission, the B-29, under the direction of the sampler 

control B-50, penetrated the cloud to simulate a commercial 

airliner inadvertently entering a nuclear cloud. The Technical 

Air Operations Report states that the exterior contamination of 

the airplane did not exceed 0.042 R/h. Besides a five-man crew, 

the B-25 carried several civilian newsmen who participated in and 

reported on the cloud-tracking mission. Following the mission, 

the two aircraft returned to Indian Springs AFB and Kirtland AFB 

(32; 33). 

Aerial Surveys of Terrain 

As directed by the Test Manager and the Test Director, a 

C-47 aircraft performed a low-level, to 500-foot terrain 

survey. This aircraft measured radiation intensities east into 

Utah. The H-19 helicopters also carried radiological safety 

monitors who were conducting terrain surveying activities from 

the air (32; 33). 

94 
4.3 RADIATION PROTECTION AT SHOT TESLA 

The purpose of the radiation protection procedures developed 

by Exercise Desert Rock VI, JTO, and AFSWC for the TEAPOT Series 

was to ensure that individual exposure to ionizing radiation was 

as low as possible, while allowing participants to accomplish the 

operational requirements of each or mission. Some of 

the procedures described in the Series volume resulted in records 

which enabled Exercise Desert Rock, the Joint Test Organization, 

and AFSWC to evaluate the effectiveness of their procedures. 

Such records for TESLA have been located only for the Joint Test 

Organization. The JTO Radiological Safety Organization 

was staffed by Army personnel from the 1st Radiological 

Support Unit from Ft. McClellan, Alabama, and was managed 

AFSWP. 

The information presented in this section includes film 

badge data, logistical data on radiological equipment, 

survey results, isointensity maps, and decontamination records. 

Other than the Final Dosage Report, no description of Exercise 

Desert Rock VI or AFSWC activities was located. 

Dosimetry 

From 28 February through 5 March 1955, which covers the 1 

March detonation of TESLA, the Dosimetrg and Records Section of 

the JTO issued 614 film badges and pocket dosimeters. 

Available film-badge readings indicate that six AFSWC pilots 

flying cloud-sampling missions during the TESLA event received 

exposures ranging from 0.4 to 1.3 roentgens of gamma radiation. 

Film-badge readings also show that 11 JTO personnel had 

accumulated exposures greater than 2.0 roentgens but less than 

3.9 roentgens. During this time, nine other DOD participants 

accumulated exposures greater than 3.9 roentgens (8; 12; 14; 19; 

32). 

95 
On 1 March, two 1st Radiological Safety Support Unit 

personnel received exposures of 16.0 and 19.3 roentgens of radiation. Their activities have been described as follows (2): 

At 0738 the above named men entered the 1 R/h contaminated area of Shot TESLA, approximately 1,270

yards from GZ . . . to recover some glazed material

for an alpha inspection. Approximately 350 yards

from GZ . . . the AN/PDR-39 survey instrument carried in the cab of the half-ton pickup and set on

the scale, went off scale. However, as there 

was no glassed [sic] material apparent at this

point, the party proceeded to within 50 yards east

of GZ before it was apparent there was no heavily 

glazed area. [One dismounted the vehicle . . . 

and quickly collected some surface material. The 

driver of the vehicle . . . did not get out of the 

cab.... The total elapsed time within the 1 R/h

area was approximately three minutes. The total 

time [the man] was out of the cab . . . was about 30

seconds. 

The two men were denied further access to radiation areas. 

The other seven participants at Shot TESLA who exceeded the 

3.9 roentgen limit bv 1 March were four Naval Research Laboratory 

personnel and three Chemical and Radiology Laboratory personnel. 

Their cumulative exposures were 10.78, 11.49, 12.05, 3.98, 

5.86, and 8.42 roentgens, respectively (11; 19; 92). According 

to a memorandum from the Test Director, these men were from 

Pro.jects 2.2 and 2.7. His memo, dated 3 March 1955, states: 

The field decision by Projects 2.2 and 2.7.1 to

continue recovery operations on 1 March after it

was apparent that the . . . limit would be exceeded 

is considered to be not justified.... It is suggested that you examine verv carefully the recov- ery plans of those of your projects which may be

affected to ensure that there will be no more 

cases of unjustified overexposure (14). 

96 
Logistics 

The General Supply Division of the Logistics Section issued 

969 pieces of protective clothing and 167 respirators during Shot 

TESLA. In addition, the Instrument Repair Section issued 

radiation-survey meters (19). 

Monitoring 

During Shot TESLA, monitoring included both aerial and 

ground surveys. At 0532, two minutes after detonation, the 

initial survey party of five two-man teams left the Radiation 

Safety Building at the Control Point and assembled near the 

BUSTER-JANGLE intersection. Twentv minutes later, at 0552 

hours, the Radiological Safety Officer directed the team 

to begin its survey. The survey was completed at hours. A 

copy of the initial isointensity map is shown in figure 4-3. Two 

two-man road patrols left with the initial team and found 

Mercury Highway clear of contamination. The initial helicopter 

survey began at 0552 and ended at 0642 hours. This survey was 

performed by three H-19 helicopters, each with a survey team of 

five. By 0605, the area and main checkpoints were established, 

and the sign detail had begun posting warning signs. the time 

the initial survey was completed, all signs were posted. 

Resurveys of the shot area were made on 1, 2, 4, and March. 

Copies of the isointensity maps generated from these resurveys 

are shown in figure 4-4. The average exposures for the initial 

and first resurvey teams were and 0.55 roentgens, 

respectively (19). 

On shot-day, monitors were provided to the following 

projects (19): 

PROJECTS NUMBER OF MONITORS 

8.4 

9.1 

22.1 

24.1 

Unspecified 

97 
Stake Lines 

Roads 

. . . . . . . . . . . . 0.01 

 -- 0.1 R/h 

 

-

I 10.0 Meters 

Figure 4-3: INITIAL SURVEY FOR SHOT TESLA, 1 MARCH 

TO 0635 HOURS 

I 
 

 - -- -

I 

Meters 

I I 

Meters 

0 2000 L , 

Meters 

8 March 1955, 0700 to 0800 Hours 

Stake 

Roads . . . . . . . . . . . . 0 01 R/h 

0.1 R/h 

- 1 0 . 0 

1 March 1955, 1442 to 1535 Hours 2 March 1955, 1345 to 1600 Hours 

0 2000 

I 

Meters 

4 March 1955, 0615 to 0700 Hours 

Figure 4-4: RESURVEYS FOR SHOT TESLA 
Recovery and Re-entry Procedures 

The Test Manager authorized one Project 2.2 party to enter 

areas of radiation intensities greater than 10 R/h. A radiological safety monitor accompanied the 2.2 party and 

reported readings of 25 R/h at a location 915 meters from ground 

zero, at a bearing of 65 degrees, and greater than R/h on this 

same bearing about 150 meters from ground zero. Members of this 

recovery party received exposures that exceeded the allowable 

limit, as discussed in chapter 6 of the TEAPOT Series volume (19; 

59). 

The Plotting and Briefing Section cleared the following 

numbers of parties for entry into the test area (19; 59): 

DATE NUMBER 

1 March 9 

2 March 4 

3 March 7 

4 March 7 

Decontamination 

During the period covering Shot TESLA, 1 March through 6 

March 1955, members of the Vehicle and Equipment Decontamination 

Section decontaminated two buses, 32 other vehicles, and 30 additional items of equipment. One truck and 47 more pieces of 

equipment were placed in the hot park (19). 
Purpose of Test 

DOD Objectives: 

Weather: 

Radiation Data: 

Participants: 

TURK 

SHOT SYNOPSIS 

AEC TEST SERIES: TEAPOT 

DOD EXERCISE: Desert Rock VI 

DATE/TIME: 7 March 1955, 0520 hours

YIELD: 43 kilotons 

HEIGHT OF BURST: 500 feet (tower shot) 

To test nuclear weapons for possible inclusion

in the nuclear arsenal. 

(1) To study the effects of a nuclear weapon

on military equipment

To allow DOD personnel to observe a

nuclear detonation. 

At shot-time, temperature was pressure 

was 855 millibars; surface winds were knots 

from the northwest, fairly light and variable

aloft, but becoming westerly up to 47 knots

from the west by 45,000 feet. 

fallout greater than 0.01 R/h, detected

during the initial survey from 0630 to

hours, extended up to about 2,100 meters

southeast of ground zero, but was greater than

10.0 R/h at similar distances to the southwest

of ground zero. 

Atomic Energy Commission, Exercise Desert Rock 

VI participants, Armed Forces Special Weapons 

Project, Air Force Special Weapons Center and

other Air Force personnel, Los

Scientific Laboratory, University of

California Radiation Laboratory, Federal Civil

Defense Administration, contractors, DOD

laboratories. 

101 
CHAPTER 5 

SHOT TURK 

Shot TURK, the fourth shot of the TEAPOT Series, had the 

largest yield of the 14 TEAPOT nuclear events. Originallv scheduled for detonation on 15 February 1955, TURK was delayed for 

nearlv three weeks by weather conditions, and was detonated on 7 

March at 0520 hours. Positioned on top of a 500-foot tower in 

Area 2 of the Nevada Test Site (NTS), at UTM coordinates 784104, 

TURK had a yield of 43 kilotons of explosive energy (29; 34). 

The nuclear device detonated at Shot TURK was developed by the 

University of California Radiation Laboratory. 

The temperature at shot-time was 5.6 degrees Celsius and the 

air pressure was 855 millibars. The surface wind speed was 10 

knots from the northwest, from the north at 2 knots at 10,000 

feet, the northeast at 14 knots at 20,000 feet, from the 

southeast at seven knots at 30,000 feet, and from the west at 47 

knots at 45,000 feet. The TURK nuclear cloud top reached an 

altitude of 44,700 feet MSL. The main portion of the TURK cloud 

and subsequent fallout drifted west and north (34; 58). 

Department of Defense (DOD) participants took part in 

Exercise Desert Rock activities, diagnostic and effects experiments, and support missions, as described in this chapter. 

Figure 5-l depicts the location of DOD project personnel in the 

test area at shot-time. An account of the radiological situation 

created by Shot TURK, and the procedures used to determine the 

situation are summarized at the end of this chapter. 

102 
TURK Ground Zero 

784104) 

N 

DESERT ROCK VI Observers 

Display Area 

Trenches 

TURK Trenches 

(3,200 

(Not Used) 

-C 

\ 

\ 

I I I I I I I I I 

1: 

SHOT TURK AREA 2 

0 

7 MARCH 0 •

••Project 8.1 

El 

•

I 

Meters 

3 

2 

1 

0 

32 

31 

99 

98 

97 

96 

95 

94 

93 

92 

91 

90 

a9 

88 

 

1

I

85 86 8 7 88 89 9 0 73 74 75 7 6 77 78 79 80 81 8 2 83 84 

I 

Project 40.18 

••Project 9.1 

0 

Figure FORWARD POSITIONS OF DOD PERSONNEL AT SHOT-TIME FOR TURK 

103 
 

-

I

- - -

Technrcal Servrce

5.1 EXERCISE DESERT ROCK VI OPERATIONS AT SHOT TURK 

Table 5-l lists Desert Rock VI programs at Shot TURK, in 

addition to the numbers and titles of projects, sponsors, 

numbers of DOD participants, and their unit affiliations. 

5.1.1 Troop Orientation and Indoctrination Projects 

Five troop orientation and indoctrination took 

place at Shot TURK, including 445 Camp Desert Rock support troops 

who participated in one unnumbered troop orientation and 

indoctrination project. 

As Table shows, 464 observers witnessed Shot TURK. 

Although trenches had been constructed for TURK observers 3,200 

meters south of ground zero, they were within the expected path 

of fallout, and therefore were not used. The trenches occupied 

by TURK observers were the same trenches used on 1 March by the 

troop observers at Shot TESLA. These trenches were located 5,000 

meters southeast of the TURK shot-tower (35; 42). 

EXERCISE DESERT ROCK VI PROJECTS, 

Program Type Project 

Estimated 

Title Personnel Participants 

Troop and 41.3 Army Observers 14 Army 

41.4 Navy Observers 2 

40.11 Observers 1 Marine Corps 

41 Air Force Observers 2 Force 

Camp Desert Rock 

Observers 

445 Camp Desert Rock 

Support Troops 

Troop Test 18 of Atomic Bursts 

I 

Battery C 532nd Artillery 

(Observation) Battalion 

40.19 Sixth Army CBR Defense 24 

Team 

Army 

40.21 Ordnance Vehicular 

Test 

Research Laboratories; 

Ordnance Company; 

Detroit Arsenal; Chemical 

Warfare Laboratory 

Unknown 

104 
- -

The observers arrived at the trenches between 0410 and 0420 

hours. During the one-hour wait for the detonation, security and 

communications checks were completed, and the observers went 

through a preshot orientation program. 

Since fallout was predicted to be heavy in the forward area, 

transport vehicles were parked approximately eight kilometers 

south of the trench area, to provide a quick evacuation. A 

shot tour of the Project 40.21 equipment display area, shown in 

figure 5-2, was conducted on the following day because of radiation levels in the display area on shot-day (35). 

5.1.2 Troop Test 

Only one troop test, Project 40.18, Location of Atomic 

Bursts, was conducted at Shot TURK. This project was conducted 

by 45 participants from Battery C 532nd Field Artillery 

(Observation) Battalion. The objective was to test equipment 

capable of locating the position of a nuclear detonation on a 

three-dimensional grid and determining its vield. Surveys were 

conducted with radar sets, microphones, and cameras installed in 

eight stations shown in figure 5-l. These stations approximated 

the positions of an observation battery deployed under tactical 

conditions. Participants reached their stations at 1720 on 6 

March, 12 hours before the detonation (42; 45; 67). The eight 

manned stations were positioned at the following locations within 

the NTS (67): 

STATIONS UTM COORDINATES 

Flash Control Point 794964 

Station Location 1 834945 

Station Location 2 824953 

Station Location 3 810961 

Station Location 4 794969 

Station Location 5 775976 

Station Location 6 758985 

Sound Control Point 862019 

105 

••••• •

5.1.3 Technical Service Projects 

Exercise Desert Rock VI personnel performed two technical 

service projects at Shot TURK. Project 40.19, Sixth Army CBR 

Defense Team Training, was designed to train and field-test 

Chemical, Biological, and Radiological defense teams and their 

monitoring equipment. Two defense teams, totaling 24 

participants, witnessed the TURK detonation from the observer 

trenches on 7 March. At 0900 on the following day, one team 

entered the forward area, established its command post two 

kilometers east of ground zero, and sent four survey parties out 

to determine the 1.0, 2.0, and 4.0 R/h isointensity areas using 

the radial method explained in section 3.3.8 of the TEAPOT Series 

volume. In the afternoon of 8 March, the team continued its 

surveys by locating the 8.0 and 16.0 R/h isointensity areas. 

During their surveys, project personnel approached to within 130 

meters of ground zero. As the ground surveys were being conducted, one team member performed an aerial survey, probably in 

an L-20 aircraft. The entire survey activity was completed by 

1500 hours. 

The second team performed essentially the same activities on 

9 March. However, this team was recalled while resurveying the 

test area because of a strong wind blowing dust into their area 

Project 40.21, Ordnance Vehicular Equipment Test, was 

sponsored by the Ballistic Research Laboratories. Its 

tives were to determine the minimizing effect or damages of rollover safety bars placed on wheeled vehicles, to obtain data for 

the future design of ordnance equipment, and to investigate the 

shielding effect of armor against gamma radiation. To achieve 

the desired objectives, the following equipment was placed in 

various positions in the display area: 

Three M48 tanks 

One M59 armored infantry vehicle 

107 
One T97 self-propelled gun 

Six jeeps 

Six 2.5-ton cargo trucks 

Four 5-ton trucks. 

The main participant in the project was a detachment from 

the 573rd Ordnance Company, which placed the test equipment. 

Ballistic Research Laboratories personnel from the Field Command 

Military Effects Group Project 3.1 recorded blast pressures from 

gauges located near the test equipment, while Army Chemical Warfare Laboratories personnel from AFSWP Project 2.7 took radiation 

measurements. Detroit Arsenal personnel helped place the test 

vehicles (6; 42; 75; 90). 

5.2 DEPARTMENT OF DEFENSE PARTICIPATION IN MILITARY EFFECTS, 

SCIENTIFIC, OPERATIONAL TRAINING, AND SUPPORT ACTIVITIES AT

SHOT TURK 

In addition to the Exercise Desert Rock activities described 

in the previous section, DOD personnel took part in a variety of 

tests during Shot TURK that required them to enter the forward 

area before, during, and after the shot. DOD personnel performed 

the 19 projects sponsored the Field Command Military Effects 

Group. DOD personnel assisted in another six test group 

projects, three sponsored the LASL test group, one by the UCRL 

test group, and two the Civil Effects Test Group (CETG). The 

Air Force, Navy, and Marine Corps conducted eight operational 

training projects. In addition, support activities accounted for 

a number of DOD participants at Shot TURK. The Air Force Special 

Weapons Center (AFSWC) flew missions for the test groups and the 

Test Manager. 

5.2.1 Department of Defense Participation in Military Effects

Group Projects 

The 19 projects conducted by the Military Effects Group at 

Shot TURK are shown in table 5-2. Table 5-2 lists the test group 

108 
 

 

Table 5-2: TEST GROUP PROJECTS WITH DEPARTMENT OF 

DEFENSE PARTICIPATION, SHOT TURK 

Project 

1 1 

12 

111 

1 14b 

21 

26 

31 

52 

61 la 

61 lb 

63 

64 

65 

81 

8 4f 

91 

94 

Title 

Measurement of Free Blast Pressures 

Shock Wave Photography 

Specral Measurements of Pressure 

versus and 

Measurements of As-blast Phenomena 

Gauges 

Gamma Exposure versus Drstance 

Radiation Energy Absorbed by Human Phantoms 

a Fallout 

Contact Radratron Hazards 

Aircraft 

Response of Drag-type Equipment Targets 

the Precursor Zone 

Effects on Type 

Evaluation of Radrac Equrpment 

of a Defense 

System 

Detonatron Locator 

Test of Equrpment 

Test of Naval Radars for 

Measurement of and Ground-reflected 

Thermal Radratron at 

Temperature Measurements 

Bolometer Measurements 

Technical Photography 

Cloud Growth Study 

Participants 

Military Effects Group 

Air Force Cambndge Research Center 

Naval Ordnance Laboratory 

Sandra Laboratory 

Research Laboratones 

Army Corps Engrneenng Laboratones 

Naval Medical Research 

Force Weapons Center 

Research Laboratones 

Wright Development Center 

Army Srgnal Corps Engrneenng Laboratones 

Army Srgnal Corps Engrneenng Laboratones 

Army Srgnal Corps Engrneenng Laboratones 

Development Center 

Bureau of Aaronautrcs 

Bureau of 

Naval Radiological Defense Laboratory 

Naval Defense Laboratory 

Lookout Mountain Laboratory, AFSWC; Force 

Test Center, EG and G 

Force Cambndge Research Center, Strategic 

Command, U S Weather Bureau 

Personnel 

12 

7 

8 

6 

8 

4 

2 

3 

3 

4 

16 

3 

8 

6 

7 

* 

Unknown 
18.4 

Table 5-2: TEST GROUP PROJECTS, SHOT TURK (Continued) 

Estimated 

Project Title Participants Personnel 

Los Scientific Laboratory Test Group 

11 2 4826th Test Squadron 

18 3 Interval Measurements Naval Research Laboratory

Spectroscopy Naval Research Laboratory 

University of California Radiation Laboratory Test Group 

21 2 Sample Collecting 4926th Test Squadron 

I 

Civil Effects Test Group 

37 1 Factors the Fate and 

of Fallout 

AFSWC 

37 2 Phenomenology of Fallout at Near AFSWC 

Unknown 

projects with DOD participation, including the 

agencies and the estimated numbers of DOD personnel involved. 

Because in most cases, many of the same individuals performed 

both pre-and activities, estimates reflect the maximum 

number of DOD personnel who would have been involved in one 

aspect of the project. For example, if the project description 

states that 15 individuals performed preshot activities and five 

performed recovery, the listed in the table 

would be 15. The Test Manager allowed recovery operations to 

begin at 0825 hours, 2 hours after the shot (19). 

1.1, Measurement of Free Atomic Blast Pressures, 

used parachute-borne instruments to data on the blast wave 

produced in the atmosphere. A few minutes before the detonation, 

instruments were dropped from two B-29 aircraft passing high 

above the TURK shot-tower. Following the detonation, at 1125 

hours, three recovery teams, consisting of three project personnel and one safetv monitor each, proceeded in a 

weapons carrier to Area 2 to recover the air-dropped 

110 
These teams accomplished the recovery and returned from the shot 

area within four hours (41; 64; 67). 

Project 1.2, Shock Wave Photography, was fielded to photograph the effects of the TURK shock wave. Four unmanned cameras 

were placed approximately 5,700 meters from the shot-tower. A 

series of smoke lines was created in the air beyond the 

shot-tower to facilitate detection of the shock waves by the 

cameras. To create the smoke, 16 smoke rockets were positioned 

in a lattice pattern 900 meters beyond the shot-tower seconds 

before the detonation. The movement of the shock wave through 

the air was detected by the displacement of this smoke grid. 

On the day before the shot, at 1200 hours, six personnel in 

two vehicles proceeded to the rocket line located 900 meters 

northeast of the shot-tower to check equipment. Six hours later, 

after arming the rockets, these personnel left the area. 

Recovery of the film from the four cameras was probably 

accomplished by six participants within one day of the shot. A 

radiological safety monitor accompanied Project 1.2 personnel 

during the recovery operations (64; 67; 76). 

Project 1.11, Special Measurements of Dynamic Pressure 

versus Time and Distance, was conducted to measure variations in 

air-pressure caused by the detonation. Project 1.11 was intended 

for implementation at Shot MET. However, since most of the 

instruments to be used were new, they were given a preliminary 

field-test at TURK. It is estimated that four personnel spent 

three days surveying sites and installing gauges at six locations 

in the Yucca Flat area before the shot. 

After the Test Manager announced at 0825 hours that recovery 

operations could begin, two teams of three individuals each 

entered Areas 4 and 9 to recover data and project equipment. The 

111 
location of equipment in Area 4 was about 830 meters north of the 

planned APPLE 1 ground zero, and nine kilometers from the TURK 

ground zero. The location in Area 9 was the trailer 

revetment, which was approximately 15 kilometers from the TURK 

ground zero. One radiological safety monitor accompanied each 

work party (5; 64; 67). 

Project Measurements of Air-blast Phenomena with 

Self-recording Gauges, was conducted to measure the variations in 

air-pressure produced by a nuclear detonation. The instruments 

for were placed along a line south-southwest of the 

TURK shot-tower at distances ranging from 540 meters to 3,220 

meters. Preshot surveys, construction of instrumentation mounts, 

installation, and checks of gauges probablv took six participants 

one week. recovery of data was accomplished in the days 

following the detonation, when radiation had decayed significantly (64; 67; 89). 

Project 2.1, Gamma Exposure versus Distance, was designed to 

measure initial gamma radiation intensities at various distances 

from the nuclear detonation. Fourteen film dosimeter stations 

were arranged along a line extending 1,370 to 2,220 meters from 

the TURK shot-tower. Recovery operations took place on shot-day, 

after the Test Manager permitted re-entry into the test area (37; 

64; 67). 

Project 2.6, Radiation Energy Absorbed by Human Phantoms in 

a Fission Fallout Field, was to obtain data on how beta and gamma 

radiation contributed to the whole-body dose and on estimating 

the radiation dose received by specific organs of the human body. 

Two teams of four men in two vehicles drove toward ground 

zero to a 0.5 R/h intensity area of the fallout field, located 

2,700 meters from ground zero, and placed two mannequin stations 

on the dav after the shot. The gamma radiation intensity reading 

112 
at the mannequin stations was actually 0.6 R/h. The project 

teams also placed two other dosimetry mannequins 2,250 meters 

from ground zero, at locations of 3.0 and 3.5 R/h intensities. 

The length of time personnel were in the field has not been documented, but positioning the four mannequins is likely to have 

required no more than 15 to 20 minutes (52; 64; 67). 

Project Contact Radiation Hazard Associated with 

Contaminated Aircraft, was conducted by at least five AFSWC 

personnel at Indian Springs AFB, to assess the exposure potential 

presented to ground-crew personnel by contact with F-84 aircraft 

that had flown through a nuclear cloud. Standard gamma survey 

meters were held near the contaminated components of the aircraft 

to determine their radiation intensities. Several tvpes of 

meters were used, and their readings were compared. After the 

initial surface contamination studies, Project personnel 

evaluated the decay of radioactivity on the aircraft in two ways. 

By resurveying aircraft periodically over the next two days, and 

by attaching film to contaminated areas of the aircraft with 

masking tape, the accumulation of radiation exposure over time 

was assessed. The film was removed for analysis within 24 hours 

after the detonation. 

During some participants also placed film over 

the hands and fingers of their gloves while they performed the 

radiation surveys. The film was then removed, developed, and 

evaluated to assess accumulated dose to ground-crews working on 

contaminated aircraft. In another approach, project personnel 

rubbed the base of their hands over the surface of an aircraft 

with known contamination to make a radioautograph of the hand 

with large film packs. In this way, changes in the contamination 

patterns of aircraft and relative amounts of contamination which 

transferred to the hand could be measured. While conducting 

these studies, no members of the survey team exceeded the 

authorized limit of 3.9 roentgens of whole body exposure (26; 64; 

67). 

113 
Project 3.1, Response of Drag-type Equipment Targets in the 

Precursor Zone, was conducted to test well vehicles were able 

to withstand the destructive pressures present in the 

enhanced blast wave created by a nuclear detonation. Prior to 

shot-day, three trucks, six 2 trucks, two 5-ton 

trucks, two M48 tanks, one T97 self-propelled gun, and one M59 

armored personnel carrier were placed on a line running 

southwest from the shot-tower from 716 meters to 1,130 meters. 

Project personnel also placed film badges on the M59 personnel 

carrier, on the self-propelled 155mm gun, and on one M48 tank. 

Recovery was not performed on shot day, however. 

Three men in one vehicle, accompanied by a radiological 

safety monitor and personnel from Pro.ject 2.7, were scheduled to 

recover film badges from the armored vehicles in the shot area. 

It is estimated that this took one hour, and probably occurred on 

the day following the shot. 

In the days following TURK, the vehicles that could be used 

again to yield worthwhile data were transported to the Shot MET 

and Shot HORNET shot areas. The two M48 tanks, the T97, and the 

M59 were moved to the APPLE 1 area to continue the tests on 

armored vehicles (6; 64; 67). 

The purpose of Project 5.2, Effects on Fighter Type Aircraft 

in Flight, was to investigate the response of a F-84F <jet-fighter 

aircraft to the blast forces produced by a nuclear detonation. 

Two F-84F aircraft, each with a pilot, were oriented in a 

flight attitude to receive symmetrical tail-on inputs from the 

blast. At detonation, the first aircraft was at a slant range of 

about 4,320 meters from ground zero and at a height above the 

burst of 11,560 feet. The second F-84F was at a slant range of 

about 7,980 meters from ground zero and at a height above burst 

of 25,130 feet (64; 67; 83). 

114 
Project 6.1.1 was divided into two projects. Project 

Evaluation of Military Radiac Equipment, was to evaluate 

new radiation detecting instruments. Radiac instruments were 

placed in 15 locations between 900 and 2,700 meters from the 

shot-tower. The instruments were retrieved by three project 

personnel, including one radiological safety monitor, approximately two hours after recovery operations were permitted (10; 

64; 67). 

Project Evaluation of a Radiological Defense Warning 

System, was to assess the components of an experimental warning 

system. The system was located 3.2 and 6.4 kilometers east, and 

18 to 28 kilometers south of the shot-tower. It is estimated 

that preshot activities, consisting of site selections, maintenance of detectors, and checks of equipment, probably took 

three DOD participants two days. 

Five hours after the detonation, a team of two men in one 

vehicle traveled to three stations south and east of ground zero 

to remove equipment. One radiological safety monitor accompanied 

this party. A third member drove to the farthest 

station, 27 kilometers south of ground zero, to recover equipment 

(64; 67; 78). 

Project 6.3, Missile Detonation Locator, was to evaluate a 

tactical-range radar system for use in determining the location 

of a nuclear detonation. Two teams, each with two men in two 

vehicles, traveled to two stations 19 and 21 kilometers south of 

the shot-tower, arriving at these stations to operate test equipment by 2200 on 6 March, the day before the detonation. The 

teams remained at the stations through shot-time, and left for 

the Control Point within one hour, at 0620 on 7 March (64; 67; 

74). 

115 
Project 6.4, Test of IBDA Equipment, was conducted to gather 

engineering evaluation data for an IBDA system installed in a 

B-50D aircraft. A secondary objective of the project was to 

determine the maximum operating range of the yield-measuring 

component of the system. Typically, the B-50D staged out of 

Kirtland Air Force Base and was positioned by radar between seven 

and thirteen kilometers from ground zero, to simulate a weapons 

delivery aircraft. The B-50 had a crew of ten, plus one engineer 

and technician to ensure the operation of the IBDA system. Two 

F-94s from Indian Springs AFB, each with two-man crews, were 

positioned 128 and 160 kilometers from ground zero at the time of 

detonation (27; 32; 64; 67). 

Project 6.5, Test of Airborne Naval Radars for IBDA, was to 

evaluate the suitability of standard Navy radar to determine the 

location, height of burst, and vield of a nuclear detonation. An 

AJ-2 aircraft, with a crew of three, and an aircraft, flew at 

an altitude of 30,000 feet on a true heading inbound 

and was located at a point 11 kilometers west of ground zero at 

the time of detonation. The aircraft maintained the inbound 

heading until arrival of the blast front, continuing on this 

course for about 30 seconds, and then returned to its staging 

base in San Diego via Las Vegas (64; 67; 87). 

Project 8.1, Measurement of Direct and Ground-reflected 

Thermal Radiation at Altitude, was performed to determine the 

ability of Navy aircraft to withstand the thermal radiation 

produced by a nuclear detonation. At detonation, an AD-6 

aircraft was at a slant range of about 5,730 meters from ground 

zero and an altitude of 8,510 feet. An AD-4B was at a slant 

range of about 5,900 meters from ground zero and an altitude of 

15,010 feet. A third Navy AD aircraft was used as standby. Each 

aircraft carried only one pilot. 

116 
At 0130 on shot-day, a team of five project personnel in two 

vehicles traveled to a radar station, at UTM coordinates 902906 

on the NTS, to track and position Project 8.1 aircraft. The 

radar-team remained on location until one hour after shot-time 

(64; 67; 72). 

Project Air Temperature Measurements, was conducted to 

measure the changes in air temperature following a nuclear detonation. A three-meter tower was positioned 457 meters south of 

ground zero. The tower was located just at the base and due west 

of a six-meter-high mound that enclosed a shelter for a Heiland 

Oscillographic Recorder. Ten instruments were mounted on the 

tower: three each at about 0.2 meter and 0.5 meter elevations 

from grade, two at about 1.0 meters, one at about 2.0 meters, and 

one at about 3.0 meters. 

Preshot activities, included surveying locations, constructing the recording shelter and tower, and installing and checking 

out the instrumentation. They are likely to have taken five AEC 

contractor personnel and four project personnel one week to 

perform. Records indicate that two radiological safety monitors 

were assigned to Project on shot-day. They accompanied two 

project teams consisting of two men each to collect essential 

data from the instrument site after recovery operations were 

permitted by the Test Manager. This initial recovery activity 

would have required about four hours. Recovery of the remaining 

data and equipment, and site cleanup, was probably accomplished 

in the days following the shot, after the radiation intensities 

at the project site had decayed to negligible levels (53; 64; 

67). 

The of Project Bolometer Measurements, was 

to determine the distribution of irradiance as a function of time 

during a nuclear detonation. All data were taken from Building 

410, situated near the Control Point area in Yucca Pass (54; 64; 

67; 79). 

117 
Project 9.1, Technical Photography, provided photographic 

documentation of the detonation and involved both ground and air 

activities. As part of the ground operations, three men began 

operating a photography station, located at the Control Point in 

Yucca Pass, at 0245 hours on shot-dav. These three men remained 

at the station through shot-hour. Two of the three participants 

were probably employees of Edgerton, Germeshausen, and Grier, the 

contractor that accomplished most of the field work for Project 

9.1. Operation Order l-55 for TURK lists a major as commander of 

the party. He probably belonged to Lookout Mountain Laboratory, 

1352nd Motion Picture Squadron. 

The air operations were for nuclear cloud photography, using 

one RC-47 aircraft. The aircraft, each with a crew of three 

personnel and an estimated three photographers from Lookout 

Mountain Laboratory flew a holding pattern oriented from 10 to 16 

kilometers southeast of ground zero at an altitude of 8,000 to 

10,000 feet. Operations were supervised bv the Lookout Mountain 

Laboratory, which did the photographic work, while the aircraft 

was manned by personnel from AFSWC and the Air Force Missile Test 

Center (30; 32; 64; 67). 

Project 9.4, Atomic Cloud Growth Study, was conducted to 

evaluate the development of the cloud produced by the nuclear 

detonation. 9.4 included DOD personnnel in both field 

and air activities. Field participation consisted of a joint 

effort by the Air Force Cambridge Research Center and the U.S. 

Weather Bureau in obtaining theodolite measurements on the rate 

of cloud rise and maximum cloud height. The project instruments 

were located at the north fence of the Control Point, Building T, 

at Yucca Pass. 

Air participation in 9.4 was performed by the Strategic Air Command, which conducted an aerial photography mission 

involving two B-47s. Since this involvement in Project 9.4 was 

118 
part of Operational Training Project 40.5, details of the aerial 

photography mission are addressed in section 5.2.5 of this 

chapter (32; 38; 64; 67). 

5.2.2 Department of Defense Participation in LASL

and UCRL Test Group Projects 

The LASL Test Group sponsored ten projects, only three of 

which included DOD participants: Projects 11.2, 18.3, and 18.4. 

Project 11.2 was performed by personnel of AFSWC 4926th Test 

Squadron (Sampling). The activities of this project are 

discussed with AFSWC activities in section 5.2.5 of this chapter. 

The two other projects that included DOD personnel: Project 

18.3, Time Interval Measurements, and 18.4, Spectroscopy, were 

conducted by the Naval Research Laboratory. Documentation for 

these two projects is very limited (9). 

The UCRL Test Group also sponsored ten projects at Shot 

TURK. Of these, only one, 21.2, Sample Collecting, involved DOD 

personnel. This mission was performed by personnel of AFSWC 

4926th Test Squadron (Sampling). The activities of personnel in 

this project are discussed in section 5.2.5 of this chapter. 

5.2.3 Department of Defense Participation in CETG 

The Civil Effects Test Group (CETG) conducted ten projects 

at Shot TURK. AFSWC flew radio-relay missions for Projects 37.1 

and 37.2 as part of its terrain survev mission. These missions 

are discussed in section 5.2.5, and represent the only CETG 

projects involving DOD personnel during Shot TURK (24; 64). 

5.2.4 Department of Defense Operational Training Projects 

Eight DOD operational training projects were conducted at 

Shot TURK and are discussed below. 

119 
Project 40.1, Evaluation of IBDA Equipment and Techniques, 

which was conducted by the Strategic Air Command, included four 

RB-47s staging from George AFB, California. Its was to 

train Strategic Air Command crews to evaluate bomb damage assessment equipment during bomb-drop and aerial nuclear detonation 

exercises. Three of the aircraft made passes tangential to 

ground zero at altitudes ranging from 34,500 feet to 39,000 feet. 

The fourth RB-47 flew directly over ground zero at 40,000 feet 

(3; 32). 

40.3, Crew Indoctrination, was conducted by the 

Tactical Air Command. Six F-84 aircraft based at George AFB 

performed a controlled flyby maneuver. The objective was to 

train Tactical Air Command crews in the effects of a nuclear 

detonation while flying simulated tactical delivery and flyby 

maneuvers. According to planned documents, the each with 

a pilot, established their position bv orbiting 110 to 130 kilometers northeast of ground zero. then flew at altitudes of 

28,000 to 29,000 feet on a west-bound vector towards the NTS. 

Two minutes before detonation, the aircraft descended to altitudes ranging from 26,000 to 19,000 feet. Within eight kilometers of ground zero, the planes swung to the north before the 

blast wave arrived. After blast arrival, the planes returned to 

their base of operation (3; 32; 85). 

According to TURK's Operation Order l-55, ground activities 

for Project 40.3 were conducted by ten DOD personnel. At 0300 

hours on shot-day, they occupied an MSQ radar station at UTM 

coordinates 928626, which was on the south side of Frenchman 

Flat. The personnel, who were probably from Tactical Air 

Command, operated the station until 0720 hours, almost two hours 

after detonation (67). 

Project 40.4, Gust Effects on B-36 Aircraft, was conducted 

by the Strategic Air Command, and used one B-36 aircraft operating from AFB, Texas. The objective was to test the 

120 
weapons delivery capability of a B-36 aircraft, and to assess the 

delivery aircraft's escape distance from bombs of varying yields 

under different delivery systems. The plane carried 12 crewmen, 

including a radiological safety monitor. Flying between 23,000 

and 27,000 feet, the B-36 established a 12 to 15 minute east-west 

race-track orbit over the shot-tower. The orbit was timed so 

that the airplane was directly above ground zero when the blast 

wave arrived. Once the blast wave had passed, the aircraft 

returned to its home base (1; 3; 32). 

Project 40.5, Reconnaissance Crew Indoctrination, was also 

conducted by the Strategic Air Command. Project personnel 

performed photographic support for Project 9.4. Two RB-47 aircraft, each carrying a pilot, a co-pilot, and a radiological 

safety monitor, flew directly over ground zero at 47,000 and 

43,000 feet, respectively. Their mission was to photograph the 

nuclear cloud. One RB-47 operated from Lockbourne AFB, and the 

other was based at Forbes AFB (1; 3; 32). 

40.6, Calibration of Electromagnetic Effects, was 

conducted by the Air Force to analyze the electromagnetic pulse 

emitted by the detonation of a nuclear device. At 0930 hours on 

the day before the TURK detonation, a team of four men in a helicopter left station located on Yucca Lake, 23 kilometers 

southeast of the shot-tower, to place four sets of unmanned 

recording equipment north, east, south, and west of ground zero 

at distances from 10 to 20 kilometers. This team was to leave 

the shot area before 1800 hours. According to planning 

documents, five men in two vehicles were to travel to station 

to operate equipment two hours before the shot until one 

hour after the detonation (3; 32; 67; 77). 

Project 40.8, Calibration of Bomb Debris, was also sponsored 

by the Air Force to determine the relative yields of all pertinent nuclear products and residues for use in categorizing 

121 
nuclear weapons. Nuclear cloud sampling for the project was 

integrated with the AFSWC sampling missions sponsored by LASL 

Project 11.2, and is discussed in section 5.2.5 of this chapter. 

Project 40.10, Delivery Crew Indoctrination, was conducted 

by the Four AD aircraft, six AJ aircraft, three F-2H aircraft, and one TV2 aircraft performed simulated weapons delivery 

maneuvers at altitudes ranging from 24,000 to 34,000 feet. The 

objective was to familiarize Navy personnel with the effects of a 

nuclear detonation. The flight pattern established a race-track 

orbit over Indian Springs AFB, and then passed ground zero 30 

seconds before the detonation. The airplanes then turned sharply 

to the right to be tail-on at the arrival of the blast wave, 

whereupon they returned to their base at San Diego, California 

(1; 3; 32). 

Project 40.13, Tactical Indoctrination for a Marine Aircrew, 

was conducted by the Air Fleet Marine Force Pacific, and involved 

six AD aircraft, and one aircraft operating out of El Toro 

Marine Air Base, Santa California. Its objective was to 

familiarize Marine personnel with the effects of a nuclear detonation. According to planned documents, the and the 

orbited at 17,000 feet and 15,000 feet, respectively, between 

Lathrop Wells, Nevada, and Camp Desert Rock, about 70 kilometers 

from the TURK shot-tower. The aircraft probablv left El Toro 40 

minutes before detonation, arrived over the NTS at H-hour, and 

then orbited for one hour after detonation (1; 3; 32). 

5.2.5 Air Force Weapons Center Activities 

The AFSWC Air Operations Center at Yucca Pass coordinated 

all militarv air traffic over the NTS. The support missions discussed in this section were carried out by AFSWC personnel and 

were divided into four categories: cloud sampling, courier 

service, cloud tracking, and aerial surveys of terrain. 

122 
Cloud sampling, which was conducted by AFSWC for LASL Project 11.2; LJCRL Project 21.2; and Air Force Project 40.8, enabled 

AEC and Air Force scientists to obtain samples of the nuclear 

cloud. Courier service, which involved no contact with the TURK 

nuclear cloud, was the delivery of test samples to weapons laboratories and DOD laboratories for prompt analysis. Cloud 

tracking not only allowed the AEC to plot the course of the 

nuclear cloud, but also helped the Civil Aeronautics 

Administration prevent commercial aircraft from crossing the 

cloud's path. Surveying allowed the Test Manager to monitor the 

land areas exposed to the nuclear cloud. 

Listed by activity below are the number of aircrew members, 

and the number and tvpe of aircraft involved. With the 

exceptions of the B-50 and B-29 cloud-tracking aircraft, which 

originated at Kirtland AFB, AFSWC aircraft staged out of Indian 

Springs AFB (32). 

PROJECT TITLE 

TYPE OF 

AIRCRAFT 

NUMBER OF 

AIRCRAFT 

ESTIMATED 

NUMBER OF 

PERSONNEL 

11.2, 21.2, 

and 40.8 

Sampling 

Sampler Control

Samplers

Courier Service 

Cloud Tracking 

Aerial Surveys of

Terrain 

B-50 1 9 

F-84G 9 9 

c-47 1 3 

c-119 2 8 

B-25 1 5 

B-50 1 12 

B-29 1 12 

B-25 1 5 

c-47 3 9 

H-19 3 15 

Cloud Sampling 

At Shot TURK, nine F-84G aircraft carrying one AFSWC pilot 

each, performed the cloud-sampling mission. In addition, a B-50 

with an estimated crew of nine and one scientific adviser on 

123 
-- -

board acted as sampler control. Particulate cloud-sampling was 

carried out for Projects 11.2 and 21.2. Compressed air samples 

were also taken by sampling pilots for Air Force Project 40.8. 

The operation had some minor difficulties, including the loss of 

cabin pressure within one aircraft due to a film badge lodged in 

a canopy seal. The sampling altitudes ranged from 23,000 to 

43,000 feet. The first aircraft began cloud penetration one hour 

and 20 minutes following the detonation, and the ninth sampler 

began four hours after the detonation. The following listing 

provides information for each aircraft mission (32; 33): 

NUMBER OF TOTAL TIME HIGHEST 

AIRCRAFT PENETRATIONS IN CLOUD INTENSITY 

(minutes:

seconds) 

F-84G 

F-84G 

F-84G 

F-84G 

F-84G 

F-84G 

F-84G 

F-84G 

F-84G 

6:00 40 

2:oo 5 

58 

6:00 10 

2:oo 

26:00 

124 
Upon completion of their sampling sorties, each aircraft returned 

to Indian Springs AFB. 

Courier Service 

In order to transport scientific samples to the AEC nuclear 

weapons development laboratories and DOD laboratories, four AFSWC 

aircraft left Indian Springs AFB within six hours of the detonation for McClellan AFB, UCRL, and Kirtland AFB. A C-47, a 

B-25, a C-119 left with samples at five-minute intervals, beginning at 1100. A second C-119 left at 1112 (32; 33). 

Cloud Tracking 

Cloud-tracking at Shot TURK was more complicated than at 

previous shots. Upon detonation at 0520 hours on 7 March 1955, 

the TURK nuclear cloud separated into an uneven mass, forcing the 

three cloud-trackers to fly different courses. A B-50 from 

Kirtland AFB, flying at 28,000 to 31,000 feet MSL, traveled due 

east tracking the cloud to Glendale, Nevada. A B-29 from 

Kirtland AFB followed another portion of the cloud northwest at 

an altitude of 20,000 to 23,000 feet MSL until it reached 

Tonopah, Nevada. A third aircraft, a B-25 from Indian Springs 

AFB, tracked the cloud northward at an altitude of 11,000 to 

14,000 feet MSL (32; 33). 

Aerial Surveys of Terrain 

For TURK, three C-47s performed aerial surveys of the 

terrain around the NTS. Two of the aircraft flew 300 to 500 feet 

above ground, while the third flew at 12,000 and 13,000 feet. 

The third C-47 also acted as radio-relay aircraft for CETG Projects 37.1 and 37.2 and their ground vehicles. The area monitored 

by the C-47s stretched north of the NTS to Tonopah and Round 

Mountain, Nevada. Although the mission was routine, it was complicated by an unusual wind-shear which resulted in an unusually 

wide cloud dispersion and a large area of fallout. Three H-19 

125 
helicopters also transported radiological safety monitors during 

the surveying activities (32; 33). 

5.3 RADIATION PROTECTION AT SHOT TURK 

The purpose of the radiation protection procedures developed 

Exercise Desert Rock VI, JTO, and AFSWC was to ensure that 

participants' exposure to ionizing radiation was as low as 

possible while completing their tasks. Some of the procedures 

described in the Series volume resulted in records which enabled 

Exercise Desert Rock, the Joint Test Organization, and AFSWC to 

evaluate the effectiveness of their procedures. Such records for 

TURK have been located only for the Joint Test Organization. The 

JTO Radiological Safety Organization was staffed by 

soldiers of the Army's 1st Radiological Safety Support Unit, from 

Ft. McClellan, Alabama, and was managed by AFSWP. 

The information presented in this section includes film 

badge data, logistical data on radiological safety equipment, 

survey results, isointensity maps, and decontamination records. 

Other than the Final Dosage Report, no description of Exercise 

Desert Rock VI or AFSWC safety activities have been located. The 

Final Dosage Report summarizes exposure for the entire series and 

is therefore discussed in the TEAPOT Series volume. 

Dosimetry 

From 6 March through 10 March 1955, the period including 

Shot TURK on 7 March, 14 persons accumulated exposures between 

2.0 and 3.9 roentgens for Operation TEAPOT thus far. In addition, four participants accumulated exposures greater than 3.9 

roentgens (92). One was a member of the 1st Radiological Safety 

Support Unit; one was a lieutenant from the 479th Supply 

Squadron; one was with the 3082nd Aviation Depot Group; and the 

other was with Headquarters, Chemical Corps Training Command. 

The first two individuals had cumulative exposures of 4.61 and 

126 
'

4.69 roentgens, respectively, by 10 March. The third had a 

cumulative exposure of 4.41 roentgens by 11 March. The fourth 

person had a total exposure of 3.94 roentgens by 8 March (11; 12; 

19). An additional person, a civilian from Bendix Aviation, 

received a total exposure of 4.07 roentgens by 8 March (11). 

Nine AFSWC pilots flew cloud-sampling missions in F-84G 

aircraft for Shot TURK. Their film-badge readings ranged from 

0.8 to 1.5 roentgens of gamma-radiation exposure. 

During the five-day period from 6 through 10 March, the 

Dosimetry and Records Section issued 1,515 film badges and 496 

pocket dosimeters (14; 19; 32). 

Logistics 

During Shot TURK, the General Supply Section issued 512 

pieces of protective clothing and 105 respirators. In addition, 

the Instrument Repair Section issued 244 radiation survey meters 

during the test event (19). 

Monitoring 

Because wind conditions predicted for shot-time would have 

carried fallout south over the Control Point, the Security 

Division devised an evacuation plan for that area. This plan 

scheduled the initial survey and area access checkpoint teams to 

survey areas around the Control Point in the event of fallout 

At 0630, 70 minutes after detonation, the Radiological 

Safety Officer determined that fallout would not reach the 

Control Point area. The initial survey team had left the Control 

Point at 0530 hours, reorganized at the BJY intersection, and 

began its survey at 0630 hours. The initial survey team consisted of five two-man teams. An aerial survey party consisting 

of five three-man teams conducted surveys of the shot area from 

three H-19 helicopters as well (19). 

127 
Additional two-man teams, who had been added to assist in 

the potential evacuation, took further readings. Fallout intensities across the Area 2 access road exceeded 10 R/h. The 

initial survey was completed at 0915 hours. A copy of the 

initial isointensity map is shown in figure 5-3. The 

fallout pattern could not be entirely mapped because of 

mountainous terrain to the southwest (19). 

Monitors resurveyed the shot area on 8, 9, 17, and 25 March. 

Copies of the isointensity maps generated from resurveys are 

shown in figure 5-4. The average exposures for participants in 

the initial and first resurvey teams were 1.2 and 0.6 roentgens, 

respectively (19). 

On shot-day, monitors were provided to the following 

projects (19): 

PROJECT NUMBER OF MONITORS 

1.1 3 

1.2 1 

1.12 2 

1.14 4 

3.1 4 

6.1.1 1 

8.4 2 

23.2 1 

23.5 1 

30.3 2 

33.1 1 

38.1 4 

In addition, the Monitoring Section furnished 15 monitors for 

projects on the days following Shot TURK (19). 

Recovery and Re-entry Procedures 

Following the cancellation of the evacuation plan for the 

Control Point area, the initial survey began at 0630 and was 

completed by 0915 hours. The Test Manager declared recovery-hour 

at 0825 (19). 

128 
 

- - --

Stake 

Roads 

0 

I 

Meters 

I 

. . . . . . . . . . . . 0 01 

------ 0.1 

10.0 

Figure 5-3: INITIAL SURVEY FOR SHOT TURK, 7 MARCH 

0630 TO 0915 HOURS 

129 
 

-

N

C--

\ ,‘/ \

_.- I /

-0’ / I

.\

*e’, .* I #’ -.’ /

0 /’

.’ ,’ ,

N 

Hot Spot 

1 

0 low 

Meters 

I , 

I 

. 

0 

Meters 

8 March 1955, 0630 to 0800 Hours 

N 

0 loo0 

Meters 

9 March 1955, 0900 to 1120 Hours 

N 

‘\ 

0 

Meters 

1107 to 1200 Hours 

Stake 

Roads 

17 March to 1500 Hours 

. . . . . . . . . . . . 0 01 

------ 0 1 R/h , 

100 

Figure 5-4: RESURVEYS FOR SHOT TURK 

130 
- -

The following numbers of parties were cleared briefed for 

entry into the test area (19; 59): 

DATE NUMBER 

7 March 

8 March 

9 March 

10 March 

11 March 

12 March 

13 March 

23 

11 

16 

8 

3 

2 

1 

Decontamination 

During Shot TURK, 7 through 10 March, 36 vehicles and ten 

pieces of equipment required decontamination. An additional six 

items were placed in the hot park to permit their radiation 

intensities to decay to acceptable limits (19). 

131 
HORNET 

SHOT SYNOPSIS 

AEC TEST SERIES: TEAPOT 

DOD EXERCISE: Desert Rock VI 

DATE/TIME:

YIELD: 

12 March 1955, 0520 hours 

4 kilotons 

HEIGHT OF BURST: 300 feet (tower shot) 

Purpose of Test: To test nuclear weapons for possible inclusion

in the nuclear arsenal. 

DOD To study the effects of a nuclear weapon on

military materiel. 

Weather: At shot-time, the temperature at shot height 

was at relative humidity at 29 percent; 

pressure at 874 millibars; then surface wind

blew at one knot from the southwest, reaching

53 knots from the west at 40,000 feet. 

Radiation Data: fallout was greater than 10.0 R/h to

the east of ground zero as far as the initial

survey (0553 to 0735 hours) was conducted. 

Participants: Exercise Desert Rock VI participants, Armed 

Forces Special Weapons Air Force 

Special Weapons Center and other Air Force

personnel, Los Scientific Laboratory, 

Federal Civil Defense Administration, 

contractors, DOD laboratories. 

132 
CHAPTER 6 

SHOT HORNET 

The fifth shot of the TEAPOT Series was Shot HORNET. 

Originally planned for 8 March 1955, HORNET was detonated four 

days later, on 12 March, at 0520 hours. The nuclear device was 

positioned on top of a 300-foot tower in Area 3 of the Nevada 

Test Site (NTS), at UTM coordinates 867996, and yielded four 

kilotons of energv (29; 34). The Los Scientific Laboratory (LASL) developed the HORNET device apd sponsored the event. 

The nuclear cloud reached an altitude of 37,000 feet MSL. The 

HORNET cloud and subsequent fallout drifted eastward and then 

spread to the northeast and southeast as it approached the 

Utah/Arizona state line (29; 34; 57). 

Department of Defense (DOD) participants took part in one 

Exercise Desert Rock activity, as well as in diagnostic and 

effects experiments, and support missions, all described in this 

chapter. An account of the radiological situation created by 

Shot HORNET, along with the procedures used to determine the 

situation and subsequently minimize exposure of participants to 

radiation, is summarized at the end of the chapter. 

6.1 EXERCISE DESERT ROCK VI OPERATIONS AT SHOT HORNET 

The Troop Orientation and Indoctrination Program, which 

accounted for the largest number of DOD personnel at all other 

TEAPOT events, was not implemented at Shot HORNET. The Technical 

Service Program, which often involved complex field activities, 

also was not conducted at HORNET. The onlv Desert Rock activity 

instituted at HORNET was one troop test, Project 40.18, Location 

133 
of Atomic Bursts. Project 40.18, was conducted by 45 participants from Battery C 532nd Field Artillery (Observation) 

Battalion. The objectives of Project 40.18 were to test 

equipment and procedures for locating a nuclear detonation on a 

three-dimensional grid and determining its yield. Surveys were 

carried out at stations equipped with cameras, bhangmeters, radar 

sets, and sound microphones=. About 45 personnel were involved. 

Personnel manned seven survey stations approximating the 

deployment of an observation battery under tactical conditions, 

and located at the following locations (71): 

STATIONS UTM COORDINATES 

Station Location 6 740958 

Station Location 5 791938 

Station Location 4 805922 

Station Location 3 822906 

Sound Control Point 858874 

Station Location 2 843886 

Station Location 1 867868 

Flash Control Point 822906 

All the stations were manned at 1630 hours on 11 March, almost 13 

hours before the HORNET detonation. Although documentation does 

not indicate when personnel departed from the stations, it is 

probable that 40.18 personnel remained at the stations 

only a short time after the detonation, returning to Camp Desert 

Rock as soon as their data were recorded (9; 42; 71). 

6.2 DEPARTMENT OF DEFENSE PARTICIPATION IN MILITARY EFFECTS, 

SCIENTIFIC, OPERATIONAL TRAINING, AND SUPPORT ACTIVITIES 

AT SHOT HORNET 

In addition to the Exercise Desert Rock activities described 

in the previous section, Department of Defense personnel performed a variety of tasks during Shot HORNET that required them 

to enter the forward area before, during, or after the shot. 

DOD personnel conducted 20 sponsored by the Field 

Command Military Effects Group and assisted in another three test 

134 
group projects; two sponsored by the LASL test group and one by 

the Civil Effects Test Group. The Air Force, Navy, and Marine 

Corps conducted five operational training projects. In addition, 

the Air Force Special Weapons Center (AFSWC) flew missions for 

the test groups and the Test Manager. These support activities 

accounted for a number of DOD participants at Shot HORNET. 

6.2.1 Department of Defense Participation in Military Effects

Group Projects 

The 20 projects performed by the Military Effects Group at 

Shot HORNET, are shown in table 6-l. Table 6-l lists the test 

group with DOD participation, includes the fielding 

agency and, when available, the estimated numbers of DOD participants. in most cases, many of the same personnel 

performed both and activities, estimates reflect 

the maximum number of DOD participants who would have been 

involved in one aspect of the For example, if the 

description states that 15 participants performed preshot 

activities and five performed recovery, the estimate 

listed in the table would be 15. The Test Manager allowed 

recovery operations to begin at 0755 hours (19). 

Project Measurements of Air-blast Phenomena with 

Self-recording Gauges, was conducted to measure air-pressure 

variations produced by a nuclear detonation. Instruments were 

placed on two lines extending from ground zero: one extended 

east, with instruments at distances ranging from 230 to 730 

meters from the shot-tower, while the second line extended 

southwest with instruments between 192 to 604 meters. Surveys, 

construction of instrumentation mounts, installation, and checks 

of gauges prior to shot-day probably took six personnel two weeks 

to accomplish. Recovery of the data from the stations was 

probablv accomplished by three project personnel in the two days 

following the nuclear test, when radiation had decayed substantially (61; 71; 89). 

135 
Table 6-1: TEST GROUP PROJECTS WITH DEPARTMENT OF 

DEFENSE PARTICIPATION, SHOT HORNET 

Project Participants 

Estimated 

Personnel 

Military Effects Group 

1 14b 

21 

22 

23a 

23b 

251 

31 

52 

61 la 

61 lb 

63 

64 

65 

03 

64b 

91 

94 

Measurements of Phenomena SelfGauges 

Gamma Exposure versus 

Neutron Flux Measurements 

Neutron-Induced Isotopes 

Gamma Radratron Above Fallout 

Contamrnated Ground 

Fallout 

Contact Radratron Hazards 

Contamrnated Arrcraft 

Response of Drag-type Equrpment Targets 

the Precursor Zone 

Effects on Type Arrcraft 

of Radrac Equrpment 

Evaluatron of a Radrologrcal Defense 

Locator 

Test of Equrpment 

Test of Naval Radars for 

Protectron Afforded by Smoke Screens 

Thermal Measurements from Ground 

Spectrometer Measurements 

Bolometer Measurements 

Photography 

Cloud Growth Study 

Research Laboratones 

Army Signal Corps Engrneenng Laboratones 

Naval Research Laboratory 

Naval Radrologrcal Defense Laboratory 

Naval Radrologrcal Defense Laboratory 

Chemrcal Warfare Laboratory, Army Chemrcal Center 

Force Special Weapons Center 

Research Laboratones 

Development Center 

Army Srgnal Corps Engrneenng Laboratones 

Army Srgnal Corps Engrneenng Laboratones 

Army Srgnal Corps Engrneenng Laboratones 

Development Center 

Bureau of 

Army Chemrcal Center 

Naval Radrologrcal Defense Laboratory 

Naval Radrologrcal Defense Laboratory 

Naval Radrologrcal Defense Laboratory 

Lookout Laboratory, AFSWC, Force 

Test Center, EG and G 

Force Research Center, U Weather 

Bureau, EG and G 

6 

4 

4 

4 

2 

3 

3 

4 

16 

3 

11 

9 

7 

Los Scientific Laboratory Test Group 

11 2 

184 Spectroscopy 

4926th Test Squadron AFSWC 

Naval Research Laboratory 

10 

397 Measurement of Neutron and Gamma 

Radratron Dose from Neutron Weapons 

and of Dose with Effects 

School of 1 

Unknown 

136 
Project 2.1, Gamma Exposure versus Distance, was fielded to 

evaluate the gamma radiation exposure potential at various 

distances from a nuclear detonation. Twenty-one dosimeter 

stations were arranged along a line extending from the shot-tower 

into the expected upwind sector of the shot area. The dosimeter 

stations were between 250 and 1,900 meters from the shot-tower. 

About one hour after recovery operations began, three project 

personnel and a radiological safety monitor in a weapons carrier 

started to collect the dosimeters, working toward ground zero as 

far as the radiation intensities permitted. All stations were 

recovered. It is estimated that this recovery task took about 15 

minutes (37; 61; 71). 

Project 2.2, Neutron Flux Measurements, was conducted to 

evaluate the neutron-radiation exposure potential at various 

distances from a nuclear detonation. Neutron-detection instruments were located between 90 and 910 meters southwest of the 

shot-tower. The stations within 400 meters of ground zero were 

attached to a cable laid from the surface point of a detonation, 

while the remaining stations were set on stakes. 

To obtain valid results from this the 

detection instruments had to be analyzed as soon after exposure 

as possible. Therefore, the Test Manager allowed a recovery team 

of Project 2.2 personnel to follow the initial radiological 

survey team into the shot area 20 minutes after the detonation. 

These personnel pulled the instrument cable to the 450-meter 

station area for recovery of the attached instruments. At 0655 

hours, three project participants in one vehicle set out to 

recover the remaining neutron detectors at the staked stations 

beyond 450 meters. This party was accompanied by one monitor 

from the Radiological Safety Support Unit. It is estimated that 

project personnel spent about 30 minutes in this area disconnecting and recovering instruments (39; 61; 71). 

137 
In Neutron-induced Radioactive Isotopes in 

Soils, nine soils were obtained from various locations within the 

continental U.S., Hawaii, and Puerto Rico and were considered by 

the U.S. Department of Agriculture to represent typical sands, 

loams, and clays. In addition, a tenth soil was obtained from 

the test site prior to detonation. Four samples were made of 

each of the ten soil types. Project personnel then placed the 40 

soil samples in separate 1.5-inch iron pipes which were capped at 

both ends. A member of Sandia Laboratory attached the iron pipes 

to a cable, which reached from the shot-tower to an anchor point 

outside the expected radiation field. The soil containers 

attached to the cable were about 50, 140, 230, and 320 meters 

from the shot-tower. 

About three hours after the detonation, three participants 

from Project 2.7, accompanied by an unknown number of participants from Program 12 and one radiological safety monitor 

from Sandia, retrieved the 40 samples. They drove to the end of 

the cable farthest from ground zero, attached the cable to the 

back of the vehicle, and pulled it, with the soil containers 

attached, to an area of minimal radioactivity. The samples were 

immediately removed from the cable and taken to Camp Mercury for 

analysis (55; 61; 71; 90). 

Although JTO planning documents indicate that Project 

Gamma Radiation Fields above Fallout Contaminated Ground, and 

Project 2.7, Shielding Studies, were scheduled to be conducted at 

HORNET, research has vielded no descriptions of project 

activities at this test event. General descriptions of 

activities for Projects and 2.7 are contained in the TEAPOT 

Series volume (61; 71). 

2.5.1, Fallout Studies, was conducted to study the 

radiation hazard posed by fallout. 2.5.1 was an extension of fallout studies performed at previous continental and 

138 
oceanic tests, and involved an aerial survey of the HORNET shot 

area following the detonation. The aerial survey was conducted 

within 24 hours after the HORNET burst (61; 71; 84). 

Project Contact Radiation Hazard Associated with Contaminated Aircraft, was conducted by AFSWC personnel at Indian 

Springs AFB. The objective of this project was to evaluate the 

radiological exposure potential to ground personnel working on 

aircraft that had flown through a nuclear cloud. This was accomplished correlating the radiation dose rates indicated by 

standard gamma radiation survey meters held near the contaminated 

components of the aircraft. Available documentation indicates 

that this project was similarly conducted at 11 TEAPOT events. 

At most shots, two aircraft flew through the cloud. After the 

aircraft landed, as many as five individuals took part in the 

radiation survey, which took about two hours. Decay studies were 

conducted up to 24 hours after the detonation. A general 

description of project procedures appears in the TEAPOT Series 

volume (26; 61; 71). 

Project 3.1, Response of Drag-type Equipment Targets in the 

Precursor Zone, was conducted to determine the ability of heavy 

equipment to withstand the blast effects of a nuclear detonation. 

For HORNET, one of the shot-specific of Project 3.1 

was to obtain radiation-attenuation data on tank armor. Since 

Shot TURK was from its original firing date, an M48 tank 

was removed from the TURK display and placed 410 meters southwest 

of the HORNET shot-tower. After the shot, this tank was moved 

out of the HORNET shot area to the APPLE 1 shot area where only 

background radiation was present. There radiation decay of the 

tank was analyzed. Other tanks were located about 460 meters 

east of the shot-tower. 

At 2200 hours on the day before the HORNET test, two project 

personnel entered Area 3 in two vehicles to activate gauges on or 

139 
near pieces of heavy equipment located 180 to 750 meters east and 

southwest of the shot-tower. This activity took approximately 

two hours. 

The Report for HORNET states that recovery of 

instruments was to take place at a later date to reduce the 

radiation exposure to personnel (6; 61; 71). 

Project 5.2, Effects on Fighter Type Aircraft in Flight, was 

conducted to determine the ability of an F-84 aircraft to 

withstand blast forces produced by a nuclear detonation. One 

with a pilot, was positioned in a level-flight attitude to 

receive symmetrical and asymmetrical side-on gust loads. At 

detonation, the F-84 was at a slant range of about 4,540 meters 

from the point of detonation and at a height of 10,500 feet MSL 

at the time of shock arrival 71; 83). 

Project Evaluation of Militarv Equipment, was 

designed to evaluate new radiation detection instruments. Film 

badges and dosimeters of various types were placed at 11 locations between 900 and 2,700 meters from the shot-tower. The 

dosimeters were retrieved by three personnel, including a radiological safety monitor, at approximatelv 0855 (10; 61; 71). 

Project Evaluation of a Radiological Defense Warning 

System, was designed to evaluate components of a new radiological 

warning system. The system stations were positioned 12.8 and 

14.4 kilometers south of the shot-tower. It is estimated that 

preshot activities, consisting of site selection, maintenance of 

detectors, and checks of equipment, probably took three individuals one day. At 0855 hours on shot-day, a team of nine participants entered residual radiation fields to place additional 

experimental meters intended for evaluation for use in the 

warning system. Two monitors from the Radiation Safety Organization accompanied these personnel (61; 71; 78). 

140 
Project 6.3, Missile Detonation Location, was conducted to 

test the feasibility of a tactical-range radar system for use in 

determining the location of nuclear detonations. The detonation 

locator consisted of broad-band receivers, which were set up on 

baselines in California approximately 110 and 320 kilometers 

southwest of the NTS. 

participation in Project 6.3 was limited to two teams 

of project personnel. About five hours before shot-time, the two 

teams traveled to two test stations situated ten and 13 kilometers south-southwest of the shot-tower. They remained at these 

locations to operate equipment through shot-time, and returned to 

the Control Point by 0755, two and a half hours after the detonation (61; 71; 74). 

Project 6.4, Test of IBDA Equipment, was designed to gather 

engineering evaluation data for an Indirect Bomb Damage 

Assessment (IBDA) system, installed in a B-50D aircraft. The 

system consisted of the standard radar set, AN/APQ-24; an 

experimental radar set, AN/APA-106 (XA-1); a light and time 

recording set, AN/ASH-4 (XA-1); and a K-17 aerial camera. A 

secondary objective was to determine the maximum operating range 

of the AN/ASH-4 recording set, the yield-measuring component of 

the system. This was accomplished bv placing a recording set and 

a bomb-spotting camera in each of two F-94 aircraft to obtain 

comparison data. The B-50D usually carried a crew of ten, but 

because technical evaluation data was sought, an additional 

engineer and technician were added to the crew to monitor the 

system. Each F-94 had a two-man crew. 

Typically, the which staged out of Kirtland AFB, was 

positioned by radar between seven and 13 kilometers from the 

point of detonation, to simulate a weapons delivery mission. The 

from Indian Springs AFB, were positioned about 64 and 252 

kilometers from ground zero at shot-time. However, at HORNET one 

141 
F-94 aborted at take-off. The second F-94 performed the mission, 

but experienced radar positioning trouble (27; 32; 61; 71). 

As 6.5, Test of Naval Airborne Radars for IBDA, was 

similar to 6.3 in that it evaluated the suitability of 

using radar to determine the location, height of burst, and yield 

of a nuclear detonation. Project 6.5 differed from 6.3, however, 

because it tested standard Navy radars rather than new, developmental models. Supervised by the Bureau of an AJ 

aircraft, with a crew of three, flew at an altitude of 30,000 

feet on a true heading inbound and was about 11 kilometers west of ground zero at the time of detonation. The aircraft maintained the inbound heading until arrival of the blast 

front, continuing on this course for about 30 seconds and then 

returned to its staging base in San Diego via Las Vegas (32; 61; 

71; 87). 

Project 8.3, Protection Afforded by Operational Smoke 

Screens Against Thermal Radiation, was fielded to evaluate the 

effectiveness of a smoke screen as a shield against the heat 

produced by a nuclear detonation. A smoke screen instrument line 

was established running due east from the shot-tower. Three 

primary instrument stations were located on this line at locations about 310, 430, and 580 meters from the shot-tower. 

Secondary stations were located at 230 and 730 meters. To 

produce the smoke screen, 120 smoke generators were placed around 

the instrument line. If adverse wind conditions had prevented 

some or all of the smoke generators from firing, a grid array of 

an additional 75 smoke pots was set up to cover the instrument 

line. Firing of smoke pots and smoke generators was controlled 

from the Control Point with a selective firing system to permit a 

choice of smoke-generating methods under existing wind conditions. Two remote-reading wind direction and velocity gauges 

were installed at locations 240 meters east and 790 meters west 

of the shot-tower on the smoke instrumentation line. These 

142 
meteorological instruments were connected to recorders in the 

Control Point. The readings from these gauges guided the Project 

Director in deciding whether smoke generators or smoke pots would 

be fired. 

One aircraft at a slant range of 12,875 meters from ground 

zero and at an altitude of 8,000 feet took aerial photographs of 

the instrument array during the detonation. Both motion-picture 

and still cameras were positioned at stations 3,020, 4,580, 

5,410, and 6,000 meters from ground zero to assist in locating 

the smoke screen position and to determine the cloud height. 

According to the Test Director's Operational Order for 

HORNET, at 0720 hours, three participants were to proceed in one 

vehicle to the Project 8.3 primary instrument stations located 

310, 430, and 580 meters from ground zero to determine the status 

of the project. At the same time, six participants in two 

vehicles were to be at the secondary instrument stations 230 and 

730 meters from ground zero. The personnel, accompanied by two 

radiological safety monitors, spent two hours in the field (4; 

31; 32; 61; 71). 

The objective of Project Thermal Measurements from 

Fixed Ground Installations, was to measure the thermal radiation 

from TEAPOT nuclear detonations at ranges where thermal radiation 

caused damage to military targets. Thermal-radiation 

measurements were made with calorimeters and radiometers 

from ground installations relatively close to ground zero. 

At 0715 hours, about two hours after the detonation, six 

project personnel traveled in three vehicles to recover film and 

inspect instruments at locations 1,500 meters west of ground zero 

and approximately 300, 400, and 600 meters east of ground zero. 

Three radiological safety monitors, furnished by the 1st Radiological Safety Support Unit, accompanied these personnel. 

143 
Recovery personnel wore protective clothing and respirators (50; 

61; 71). 

Project Spectrometer Measurements, was designed to 

measure the thermal energy released by the detonation as a 

function of time. The recording spectrometer was located in 

Building 410, near the Control Point in Yucca Pass. Personnel 

worked in Building 410, both before and after the shot (61; 71; 

80). 

Project Bolometer Measurements was conducted to 

determine changes in the amount of thermal radiation as a 

function of time during a nuclear detonation. As with Project 

data were taken from Building 410 (54; 61; 71; 79). 

Project 9.1, Technical Photography, documented 

activities and results. Although this project had no DOD ground 

participation, an RC-47 aircraft photographed the nuclear cloud. 

The plane flew a holding pattern from 10 to 16 kilometers 

northeast of ground zero at an altitude of 8,000 to 10,000 feet. 

The RC-47, manned by personnel from AFSWC and the Air Force 

Missile Test Center, was supervised by the Lookout Mountain 

Laboratory, which performed the photographic work. 9.1 

personnel also arranged to have aerial photographs taken from two 

possibly provided by 6.4 (30; 32; 61; 71). 

Project 9.4, Atomic Cloud Growth Study, was designed to 

obtain theodolite measurements on the rate of cloud rise and 

maximum cloud height. The theodolite was located at the north 

fence of the Control Point. The number of DOD personnel involved 

in this project is not known, and it is likely that personnel 

activities consisted only of positioning the theodolite and 

retrieving data from it (21; 30; 32; 38; 61; 71). 

144 
6.2.2 Department of Defense Participation in LASL

and UCRL Test Group Projects 

Both AEC nuclear weapons development laboratories conducted 

scientific and diagnostic experiments to determine the effects of 

the HORNET detonation. 

The LASL Test Group performed 15 projects at HORNET. Of 

these 15 projects, only two have been identified as involving DOD 

participants: Project 11.2, Radiochemistry Sampling, and Project 

18.4, Spectroscopy. Because Project 11.2, was performed by AFSWC 

aircraft of the 4926th Test Squadron (Sampling), the activities 

of this project are discussed in section 6.2.5. 

Project 18.4, Spectroscopy, was conducted by the Naval 

Research Laboratory. Little documentation for Project 18.4 has 

been found. Research has not yielded a weapons test report with 

sufficient information to prepare a detailed analysis of the 

project (9). 

The University of California Radiation Laboratory Test Group 

performed two projects at Shot HORNET: Project 21.1, Fission and 

Fusion Yields, and Project 22.2, Diagnostic Measurements. 

Neither of these projects, however, involved field participation 

by DOD personnel. 

6.2.3 Department of Defense Participation in CETG Projects 

The Civil Effects Test Group (CETG) conducted seven projects 

at Shot HORNET. Of these, only 39.7, Physical Measurement of Neutron and Gamma Radiation Dose from High Neutron Yield 

Weapons and Correlation of Dose with Biological Effects, involved 

DOD personnel (20; 21). 

Project 39.7, Physical Measurement of Neutron and Gamma 

Radiation Dose from High Neutron Yield Weapons and Correlation of 

145 
Dose with Biological Effects, was designed to correlate by 

physical and biological means neutron and gamma-radiation dose 

and effect from nuclear devices expected to produce high ratios 

of neutron to gamma-radiation yields. DOD participation was 

limited to one person from the Air Force School of Aviation. The 

nature of his involvement is not documented, but it is probable 

that he served as a consultant to CETG project personnel. 

Available data do not indicate whether the DOD participant was 

involved in fielding operations. He may have been part of a 

fielding team (20; 40; 61). 

6.2.4 Department of Defense Operational Training Projects 

Five operational training projects were conducted at Shot 

HORNET. Thirty aircraft and aproximately 45 DOD personnel 

participated in these projects. 

Project 40.3, Crew Indoctrination, included 12 F-84 aircraft 

operating from George AFB, California, which performed a controlled flvbv maneuver. The objective was to train crews in the 

effects of a nuclear detonation while flying simulated 

delivery techniques and flyby maneuvers. The aircraft, each with 

a pilot, established their positions by orbiting 110 to kilometers northeast of the shot-tower. They then flew due west at 

28,000 feet to 29,000 feet towards the NTS. Two minutes before 

detonation, the aircraft descended to altitudes ranging from 

26,000 feet to 19,000 feet. Within eight kilometers of ground 

zero, the planes swung to the north to be tail-on the blast wave. 

After blast arrival, the planes returned to their home base (1; 

3; 32; 85). 

Project 40.6, Calibration of Electromagnetic Effects, was 

conducted by the Air Force. Its objective was to examine the 

electromagnetic pulse emitted a nuclear detonation. The 

HORNET Operation Plan l-55 relates that four separate teams 

146 
performed the following activities before the detonation. At 

1300 hours the day before the detonation, two personnel in one 

vehicle were to go to station located 13.6 kilometers 

northwest of ground zero, to set up test equipment. This party 

was to leave the area before hours that day. At 1300 hours 

on the day before the detonation, another party of three men in a 

helicopter was to leave station on Yucca Lake, ten kilometers south of ground zero, to service eight sets of unmanned 

recording equipment circling ground zero at distances between 10 

and 20 kilometers. This activity took about four hours. Two 

hours before the shot, four personnel were to arrive at station 

on Yucca Lake to operate equipment until two hours after 

the detonation. At the same time, two personnel were to arrive 

at station to operate test equipment until one hour after 

the shot (3; 77). 

The purpose of Project 40.8, Calibration of Bomb Debris, was 

to determine the relative yields of nuclear products and residues 

for use in characterizing nuclear weapons. Project activities 

were integrated with AFSWC sampling missions for LASL Project 

11.2 and are discussed in section 6.2.5 of this chapter. 

Project 40.10, Delivery Crew Indoctrination, was conducted 

by the Navy. Three AD aircraft and 11 F-2H aircraft performed 

simulated weapons delivery maneuvers at altitudes ranging from 

24,000 to 34,000 feet. The project objective was to familiarize 

Navy with the effects of nuclear detonations. The 

aircraft established a race-track orbit over Indian Springs AFB, 

and then passed abeam of ground zero 30 seconds before the detonation. The aircraft then flew sharply to the right to receive 

the blast wave in a tail-on position, and returned to their base 

at San Diego, California. Total Navy personnel participation in 

Project 40.10 was probably 20 individuals. The three AD aircraft 

carried a total of nine participants, and each F-2H aircraft 

carried one pilot (1; 3; 32). 

147 
Project 40.12, Delivery Crew Indoctrination-Dive Bombing, 

was conducted by the Marine Corps. The project was designed to 

train Marine Corps on the effects of a nuclear detonation while flying at medium altitudes in the near vicinity of a 

test event. Three aircraft, based at the Marine Corps 

Auxiliary Air Station, Mojave, California, simulated a dive-bomb 

weapons delivery before the detonation. The began orbiting 

approximately 40 kilometers south of the shot-tower at 25,000 

feet to establish their timing. Thereafter, the aircraft established a northerly course, flying east of ground zero. After 

passing abeam of a designated target, both aircraft turned left 

in a 180-degree maneuver, diving south on the target at a 

degree angle of approach. The aircraft pulled out at 15,000 feet 

to 13,000 feet, passing over ground zero 25 seconds before detonation. The carried one pilot each (1; 3; 32). 

6.2.5 Air Force Special Weapons Center Activities 

AFSWC supervised air activities at HORNET, including those 

of the DOD operational training projects discussed in the 

previous section. The AFSWC Air Operations Center coordinated 

military air traffic over the NTS. The support missions, which 

were carried out by AFSWC personnel, were divided into four 

categories: cloud-sampling, courier service, cloud-tracking, and 

aerial surveys of terrain. 

Cloud sampling, which was conducted for LASL Project 11.2 

and Air Force Project 40.8, enabled AEC and DOD scientists to 

obtain samples of the nuclear cloud. Courier service was provided to deliver AEC test group samples to the nuclear weapons 

laboratories and military research and 

laboratories for prompt analysis. Cloud tracking enabled the AEC 

to plot the course of the nuclear cloud, and helped the Civil 

Aviation Administration prevent commercial aircraft from crossing 

the cloud path. Terrain surveying allowed the AEC to monitor the 

148 
land areas exposed to the nuclear cloud. Altogether, 19 aircraft 

and about 600 AFSWC personnel, including 73 aircrew members, 

participated in these support missions, as the following listing 

shows. 

PROJECT 

TYPE OF 

TITLE AIRCRAFT 

ESTIMATED 

NUMBER OF NUMBER OF DOD 

AIRCRAFT PERSONNEL 

11.2 and 

40.8 

Sampling

Sampler Control B-50 

Samplers F-84G 

Courier Service c-47 

B-25 

c-119 

Cloud Tracking B-50 

B-25 

Aerial Surveys c-47 

of Terrain H-19 

1 9 

7 7 

1 3 

15 

1 4 

1 12 

1 5 

1 3 

3 15 

Cloud Sampling 

Shot HORNET involved seven F-84G sampler aircraft with one 

pilot each, and one B-50 sampler control with an estimated crew 

of nine and one scientific adviser All aircraft operated from Indian Springs AFB. During this mission, personnel 

gathered particulate cloud samples for LASL Project 11.2 and 

compressed-air samples for Air Force Project 40.8. Several 

difficulties were encountered in the sampling activities, 

including a malfunction in the B-50 sampler control aircraft and 

an inoperative dose-rate meter in one of the sampler aircraft. 

The altitudes of the sampler aircraft ranged between 16,000 and 

37,000 feet. The first aircraft began sampling the cloud one 

hour and 30 minutes after detonation, and the final sampler began 

three hours and 30 minutes after detonation. Information about 

each aircraft mission is displayed on the following listing (32; 

33). 

149 
-

AIRCRAFT 

NUMBER OF 

PENETRATIONS 

TOTAL TIME 

IN CLOUD 

(minutes:

seconds) 

HIGHEST 

INTENSITY 

F-84G 3 9: 00 35.0 

F-84G 5 13:oo 7.0 

F-84G 1 2:oo 

F-84G 3 1: 00 7.0 

F-84G 3 3.0 

F-84G 2 1.0 

F-84G 5 Not 

Documented 

Courier Service 

Five AFSWC aircraft and one aircraft from CARCO, a commercial carrier, provided courier service after Shot HORNET. The 

courier aircraft began departing from Indian Springs AFB within 

four and one-half hours after the detonation. The first three 

aircraft took samples to LASL via Kirtland AFB. The first airplane to leave was the twin civilian Bonanza from CARCO, the 

second was a C-47, and the third was a B-25. A C-119 was the 

fourth aircraft to depart, flying to McClellan AFB, California, 

to deliver material for a DOD laboratory. The fifth aircraft, a 

B-25, left for Bolling AFB, Washington, D.C., with samples for 

the Naval Research Laboratory. The last aircraft was a B-25, 

which carried samples to the University of California Radiation 

Laboratory (32; 33). 

150 
Cloud Tracking 

Cloud-tracking at Shot HORNET was accomplished by a B-50 

flying at 23,000 to 26,000 feet MSL and a B-25 flying at 15,000 

feet MSL. The B-50 was based at Kirtland AFB and the B-25 at 

Indian Springs AFB, The B-50 replaced the regular B-29 aircraft, 

which aborted due to engine trouble. The aircraft tracked the 

cloud in a southeasterly direction north of U.S. Route 95 as far 

as the shores of Lake Mead. On completing the mission, aircraft 

returned to Indian Springs and Kirtland AFB (32; 33). 

Aerial Surveys of Terrain 

At Shot HORNET, the low-level survey of the NTS was 

performed by a C-47 aircraft operating from Indian Springs AFB. 

A second C-47, which usually served as a relay aircraft for 

ground to air communications, did not participate in this event. 

The C-47 aircraft conducted aerial surveys of terrain along the 

same route followed by the cloud tracking aircraft. Three H-19 

helicopters also transported radiological safety monitors during 

surveying activities (32; 33). 

6.3 RADIATION PROTECTION AT SHOT HORNET 

The purpose of the radiation protection procedures developed 

by Exercise Desert Rock VI, JTO, and AFSWC was to ensure that the 

participants' exposure to ionizing radiation was as low as 

possible while completing their tasks. Some of the procedures 

described in the Series volume resulted in records which enabled 

Exercise Desert Rock, the Joint Test Organization, and AFSWC to 

evaluate the effectiveness of their procedures. Such records 

have been located only for JTO participants. The JTO 

Radiological Safety Organization was staffed by soldiers from the 

Army's 1st Radiological Safety Support Unit, from Ft. McClellan, 

Alabama, and was managed by AFSWP. 

151 
The information presented in this section includes film 

badge data, logistical data on radiological safety equipment, 

survey results, isointensity maps, and decontamination records. 

Other than the Final Dosage Report, no description of Exercise 

Desert Rock VI or AFSWC safety activities have been located. The 

Final Dosage Report summarizes exposure for the entire series and 

is therefore discussed in the TEAPOT Series volume. 

Dosimetry 

The period 11 through March 1955, which included Shot 

HORNET on 12 March, resulted in 24 participants accumulating 

exposures between 2.0 roentgens and 3.9 roentgens. Three additional participants accumulated exposures in excess of the 

roentgen authorized limit (92). Documentation on the circumstances surrounding these overexposures has not been found. 

Seven AFSWC pilots flew cloud-sampling missions for Shot HORNET. 

Their film-badge readings ranged from 0.4 to 0.98 roentgens (19; 

32). 

During this ten-day period, the Dosimetry and Records 

Sections issued 1,794 film badges and 496 pocket dosimeters (19). 

Logistics 

The General Supply Section issued 609 pieces of protective 

clothing and 161 respirators. In addition, the Instrument Repair 

Section issued 247 radiation survey meters (19). 

Monitoring 

Two minutes after detonation, at 0522, the initial survey 

party of four two-man teams left the Control Point. At 0553 

hours, the teams began their survey. The teams completed their 

survey by 0735; A copy of the initial survey isointensity map is 

shown in figure 6-l. Two two-man access road checkpoint teams 

152 
 

N 

Stake 

Roads 

. . . . . . . . . . . . 001 

0 1000 - - 0.1 

1.0 

Meters 10.0 

Figure 6-l: INITIAL SURVEY FOR SHOT HORNET, 12 MARCH 1955, 

0553 TO 0735 HOURS 

153 
and the two-man patrol left the Control Point at the same time as 

the initial survey party. By 0545 hours, the access road checkpoint teams had established checkpoints outside the 0.01 R/h 

area. At 0550 hours, the main checkpoint was established at the 

intersection of Mercury Highway and the south access road to Area 

3. The test area was resurveyed on 13, 16, and 25 March, on 12 

and April, and on 4 May. Copies of the isointensity maps 

generated from the resurveys of 13, 16, and 25 March and 12 April 

are shown in figure 6-2. The average total exposures for the 

initial survey team and the first resurvey team were 0.86 and 

0.26 roentgens, respectively (19). 

On shot-day, the Monitoring Section furnished monitors to 

the following projects for Shot HORNET (19): 

PROJECT NUMBER 

2.2 1 

3.1 3 

8.3 1 

8.4 1 

12 1 

39.6 1 

39.7 4 

Miscellaneous 5 

On days following the shot, an additional 15 monitors were 

provided to various groups (19). 

Recovery and Re-entry Procedures 

Initial survey parties, road patrols, and checkpoint personnel received their final briefings at 0445 hours on shot-day. 

The ground survey took place between 0553 and 0735 hours, and the 

aerial survey, using three H-19 helicopters, occurred between 

0556 and 0633 hours. The Test Manager declared recovery hour at 

0655 hours (19). 

The Test Manager authorized four Project 39.7 teams, one 

Reynolds Electrical and Engineering Company work party and one 

154 
 

’

’

0 1000 

Meters 

0 1000 

Meters 

Resurvey: 13 March 1955, Resurvey 16 March 1955, 

0650 to 0755 Hours 0630 to 0658 Hours 

N 

0 1000 

Meters 

Resurvey: 25 March 1955, 

1300 to 1430 Hours 

N 

0 1000 

Meters 

Resurvey. 12 1955 

Stake 

Roads 

. . . . . . . . . . . . 0.01 R/h - - ---- 0.1 

10.0 R/h 

Figure 6-2: RESURVEYS FOR SHOT HORNET 

155 
team each from Project Program 12, Project 14.1, and 

Project 18.5 to enter the test area before recovery hour. In 

addition, personnel from Project 39.7 received permission to 

enter areas with radiation intensities greater than 10 R/h (19). 

The Plotting and Briefing Section cleared the following 

numbers of parties for entry into the shot area on the following 

dates (19; 59): 

DATE NUMBER 

12 March 

15 March 

16 March 

17 March 

18 March 

19 March 

20 March 

34 

4 

1 

2 

1 

1 

Decontamination 

During Shot HORNET, 36 vehicles and 65 pieces of equipment 

required decontamination. An additional 86 items were placed in 

the hot park to permit their radiation intensities to decay to 

acceptable levels (19). 

156 
SHOTS WASP THROUGH HORNET 

REFERENCE LIST 

The following list of references represents

only those documents cited in the WASP

through HORNET volume. When a DASA-WT 

document is followed by an EX, the latest

version has been cited. A complete list of

documents reviewed during the preparation of

the TEAPOT Series volumes is contained in the 

Operation TEAPOT volume. 

157 
AVAILABILITY INFORMATION 

An availability statement has been included at the end of 

the reference citation for those readers who wish to read or 

obtain copies of source documents. Availability statements were

correct at the time the bibliography was prepared. It is 

anticipated that many of the documents marked unavailable may

become available during the declassification review process. The 

Coordination and Information Center (CIC) and the National

Technical Information Service (NTIS) will be provided future

DNA-WT documents bearing an EX after the report number. 

Source documents bearing an availability statement of CIC 

may be reviewed at the following address: 

Department of Energy

Coordination and Information Center 

(Operated bv Reynolds Electrical Engineering Co., Inc.)

ATTN: Mr. Richard V. Nutley

2753 S. Highland 

P.O. Box Phone: (702) 734-3194

Las Vegas, Nevada 89114 FTS: 598-3194 

Source documents bearing an availability statement of NTIS 

may be purchased from the National Technical Information Service.

When ordering bv mail or phone, please include both the price

code and the NTIS number. The price code appears in parentheses

before the NTIS order number. 

National Technical Information Service 

5285 Port Royal Road (703) 487-4650

Springfield, Virginia 22161 (Sales Office) 

Additional ordering information or assistance may be obtained by

writing to the NTIS, Attention: Customer Service, or by calling

(703) 487-4660. 

158 
SHOTS WASP THROUGH HORNET REFERENCE LIST 

1. 

2. 

3. 

4. 

5. 

6. 

7. 

8. 

9. 

Air Force Special Weapons Center, Field Test Group 

(Prov). "Operation Plan l-54 for Operation TEAPOT."

Kirtland AFB, NM.: AFSWC. 200 Pages.*** 

Armed Forces Special Weapons Project, Field Command; Los

Scientific Laboratory. [Memoranda for AEC

Test Director, Subject: Circumstances Surrounding

Specific Overexposures.1 Mercury, NV.:

12 Pages.  

Armed Forces Special Weapons Project, Field Command WET.

[Reports File. Subject: Operational Training

Status Report; Monthly Status Reports.1

Albuquerque, NM.: Field Command, AFSWP. 

50 Pages.**  

Atomic Energy Commission, Office of the Test Director. 

Memorandum for COL H. E. Parsons, DWET, Subject:

Project 8.3, TEAPOT [Shot HORNET]. Los NM. 

1 Page. 

Banister, J.; Shelton, F. "Special Measurements of Dynamic

Pressure versus Time and Distance, Project 1.11." 

Albuquerque, NM.: Field Command, AFSWP. WT-1110. 

70 Pages. (A04) AD 617 

Bryant, E.; Ethridge, N.; Johnson, M. Response of Drag

Type Equipment Targets in the Precursor Zone, Project 

3.1. Albuquerque, NM.: Field Command, DASA. 

WT-1123. 132 Pages. (A07) AD 339 

Burden, H. Transient Drag Characteristics of a Spherical

Model, Project Albuquerque, NM.: Field 

Command, DASA. WT-1114. 96 Pages.

(A05) AD 617 

Clark, J. C., Test Director. [Memoranda Authorizing 

Overexposure of Project 2.8 Personnel.1 Mercury,

NV. 2 Pages.*** 

Clark, J. C.

TEAPOT. Los NM.: LASL. LA-1966. 

254 Pages.*** 

*Available from NTIS; order number appears before the asterisk. 

**Available at CIC. 

***Not available, see Availability Information page. 

 Requests to Privacy Act restrictions. 

159 
- '

10. Cohen, A.; Jachter, M.; Murphy, H. "Evaluation of Military

Equipment, Project Albuquerque,

NM.: Field Command, AFSWP. WT-1137. 

60 Pages. (A04) AD 460 

11. Collison, T. D., LTC, USA. [Addenda to Final Dosage

Report.] Mercury, NV.: Atomic Energy Commission.

21 Pages.** ** 

12. Collison, T. D., LTC, USA. [Cumulative Dosage Reports for

Doses over 2R.J NV.: Atomic Energy

Commission. 56 Pages.  

13. Collison, T. D., LTC, USA. Letter to Commander, USNRDL, 

Subject: Exposures of NRDL Personnel, w/letter of 

request. Mercury, NV. 2 Pages.** ** 

14. Collison, T. D., LTC, USA. [Memoranda Describing

Overexposure of Personnel.1 Mercury, NV.: Atomic 

Energy Commission. 23 Pages.  

15. Collison, T. D., LTC, USA. Memorandum for Test Director, 

Subject: Overexposure of Personnel on 1 March 

Los NM. 2 Pages.** ** 

16. Collison, T. D., LTC, USA. Memoranda for the Test 

Director, Subject: Overexposure of

Personnel, 7 March April 1955. [Mercury, NV.].

12 Pages.  

17. Collison, T. D., LTC, USA. Memorandum for Test Director, 

Subject: Overexposure of Rad-Safe Personnel.

[Camp Mercury, NV.l. 2 Pages.** ** 

18. Collison, T. D., LTC, USA. Memorandum for Test Director,

Subject: Overexposure of Project Personnel on 1

March 1955. [Camp Mercury, NV.].

2 Pages.  

19. Collison, T. D., LTC, USA. Radiological Safetv.

Albuquerque, NM.: Field Command, AFSWP. WT-1166. 

184 Pages. AD 465 

20. Corsbie, R. L., Director, Civil Effects Test Group.

Memorandum for J. C. Clark, Subject: CETG Summarv 

Report for Shot 1200 Hours. Nevada 

Test Site, NV. 3 Pages.**  

*Available from NTIS; order number appears before the asterisk. 

**Available at CIC. 

***Not available, see Availability Information page. 

 Requests subject to Privacy Act restrictions. 

160 
21. Corsbie, R. L., Director, Civil Effects Test Group.

Memorandum for J. C. Clark, Subject: CETG 

Supplementary Report for 1200 Hours. 

Nevada Test Site, NV. 1 Page.**  

22. Corsbie, R. L., Director, Civil Effects Test Group. 

Memorandum for J. C. Clark, Subject: CETG Summary

Report for 1200 Hours. Nevada Test Site, 

NV. 3 Pages.** 

23. Corsbie, R. L., Director, Civil Effects Test Group.

Memorandum for J. C. Clark, Subject: CETG Summary

Report for 1200 Hours. Nevada Test Site, 

NV. 2 Pages.** 

24. Corsbie, R. L., Director, Civil Effects Test Group.

Memorandum for J. C. Clark, Subject CETG Summary

Report for 1200 Hours. Nevada Test Site,

NV. 4 Pages.** 

25. Corsbie, R. L., Director, Civil Effects Test Group.

Memorandum for J. C. Clark, Subject: CETG Summary 

Report for 1200 Hours. Nevada Test Site, 

NV. 2 Pages.** 

26. Crumley, P.; Dick, J.; Kaericher, K. "Contact Radiation 

Hazard Associated with Contaminated Aircraft, Project

Albuquerque, NM.: Field Command, AFSWP.

WT-1122. 34 pages. (A03) AD 617 

27. Deegan, T., Capt., USAF; Nickel, W., USAF. "Test of 

IBDA Equipment, Project 6.4." Albuquerque, NM.: 

Field Command, AFSWP. WT-1141. 

39 Pages. (A03) AD 341 

28. Defense Atomic Support Agency. Technical Summary of

Military Effects, Programs, l-9. Albuquerque, NM.: 

Field Command, WT-1153. 

235 Pages.*** 

29. Department of Energy, Office of Public Affairs; Los 

Scientific Laboratory; Lawrence Livermore Laboratorv; 

Sandia Laboratories. "Announced United States 

Nuclear Tests, July 1945 through 1979." [Mercury,

NV.]: Nevada Operations Office. NVO-209. 

38 Pages.** 

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161 
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30. 

31. 

32. 

33. 

34. 

35. 

36. 

37. 

38. 

Edgerton, Germeshausen, and Grier, Inc. "Technical 

Photography. Project 9.1." Albuquerque, NM.:

Field Command, AFSWP. WT-1151. 

18 Pages. (A02) AD 617 

Engquist, E.; Mahoney, J. "Protection Afforded by

Operation Smoke Screens against Thermal Radiation,

Project 8.3." Albuquerque, NM.: Field Command, 

AFSWP. WT-1144. 62 Pages. 

(A04) AD 224 

Fackler, P. H., Col., USAF. Technical Air Operations.

Kirtland AFB, NM.: AFSWC WT 120 EX. 

278 Pages. (A13) 

Fackler, P. H. [Taped Interview with Col. Paul H. Fackler,

USAF (Ret.), Former Air Operations Officer, 4925th 

Test Group, Subject: Tests.] McLean, VA. 

General Electric Company--TEMPO. Compilation of Local

Fallout Data from Test Detonations 1945-1962. 

Vol. I: "Continental U.S. Tests." Washington,

D.C.: Defense Nuclear Agency. DNA 

619 Pages. AD/A079 

Goetz, J.; Kaul, D.; Klemm, J.; et al. Analysis of

Radiation Exposure for Troop Observers Exercise

Desert Rock VI, Operation TEAPOT. Washington, D.C.: 

Defense Nuclear Agency. DNA-5354F. 

86 Pages.**  

Graham, J. "Gamma Dose Rate versus Time and Distance, 

Project 2.4." Albuquerque, NM.: Field Command,

DASA. 59 Pages.

(A04) AD/A995 

Graham, J. B.; Larrick, R. J.; Johnson, 0. E. "Gamma 

Exposure versus Distance, Project 2.1."

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46 Pages. (A03) AD/A995 

Grossman, B.; Machta, L.; Quenneville, L. R. Atomic Cloud 

Growth Study, Project 9.4. Albuquerque, NM.: Field 

Command, AFSWP. WT-1152. 

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162 
39. Hanscome, T.; Willet, D. "Neutron Flux Measurements 

Operation TEAPOT, Project 2.2." Albuquerque, NM.:

Field Command, AFSWP.

44 Pages. (A03) AD/A995 

40. Harris, P. "Physical Measurement of Neutron and Gamma

Radiation Dose from High Neutron Yield Weapons and 

Correlation, Project 39.7." Los NM.: LASL. 

ITR-1167. 106 Pages.** * 

41. Haskell, N.; Fava, J.; Burbaker, R. "Measurement of Free 

Air Atomic Blast Pressures, Project 1.1."

Albuquerque, NM.: Field Command, AFSWP. WT-1101. 

52 Pages. (A04) AD 460 

42. Headquarters, Exercise Desert Rock. Final Report of

Operations of the Exercise Director, Exercise Desert

Rock VI; A Troop Indoctrination and Orientation and

Troop Test Program Involving Department of Defense 

Agencies. (Short Title: DESERT ROCK IV, Final 

Report.) Presidio of San Francisco, CA.: Sixth US 

Army. 101 Pages.* 

43. Headquarters, Exercise Desert Rock. Letter to CG, Sixth 

Subject: Safety Plan for MOTH w/Annex A. Las 

Vegas, NV. AMCDR-S-3 354.51. 

2 Pages.** 

44. Headquarters, Exercise Desert Rock. Letter to CG, Sixth

Subject: Safety Plan for TESLA w/Annexes A and

B. Las Vegas, NV. AMCDR-S-3 354.51. 

4 Pages.** 

45. Headquarters, Exercise Desert Rock. Operation Order Number 

Desert Rock VI, TURK. Camp Desert Rock, NV.:

Camp Desert Rock. 40 Pages.

(A03) AD/A080 

46. Headquarters, Exercise Desert Rock. Operation Order Number

2, Desert Rock VI, WASP. Camp Desert Rock, NV.:

Camp Desert Rock. 30 Pages.

(A03) 

47. Headquarters, Exercise Desert Rock. Operation Order Number

3, Desert Rock VI, MOTH. Camp Desert Rock, NV.:

Camp Desert Rock. 7 Pages.

(A02) AD/A080 

*Available from NTIS; order number appears before the asterisk. 

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163 
 

48. 

49. 

50. 

51. 

52. 

53. 

54. 

55. 

56. 

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(A03) AD/B951 

Headquarters, Sixth Chemical Section. "CBR Defense 

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(A04) AD/A995 

Hillendahl, R.; Laughridge, F. Basic Thermal-Radiation 

Measurements, Project Albuquerque, NM.:

Command, w 

96 Pages. (A05) 339 

R.; Plum, W. "Radiant Energv Delivered Prior to 

the First Minimum, Project Albuquerque, NM.:

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16 Pages. (A02) AD 357 

Imrie, G.; Sharp, R. "Radiation Energy Absorbed Human 

Phantoms in a Fission Fallout Field, 2.6." 

Albuquerque, NM.: Field Command, AFSWP. WT-1120. 

Pages. (A04) AD 244 

Inn, E. C. Y. "Air Temperature Measurements over Several

Surfaces, Project Albuquerque, NM.: Field 

Command, AFSWP. WT-1149. 42 Pages.

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Jenkins, R.; R.; Plum, W. "Irradiance Measurements 

with High Time Resolution, 

Albuquerque, NM.: Field Command, AFSWP. WT-1150. 

26 Pages. (A03) AD 341 

Johnson, R. F., LTJG, USN; Cook, C.; Webb, L.; et al.

"Neutron Induced Radioactive Isotopes in Soils,

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AFSWP. WT-1117. 53 Pages.

(A04) AD 617 

Joint Office of Test Information. [General Press

Releases.] Las Vegas, NV.: 

23 Pages.**  

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164 
57. Joint Office of Test Information. [Press Releases for Shot

HORNET.] Las Vegas, NV.: JOTI-55-53. 

4 Pages.**  

58. Joint Office of Test Information. [Press Releases for Shot 

TURK.] Las Vegas, NV.: JOTI-55-49. 

6 Pages.** 

59. Joint Test Organization, Office of Test Director. 

[Subject: Access Lists by Project for Each Shot.]

Mercury, NV. 48 Pages.*** 

60. Joint Test Organization, Military Effects Group.

Correspondence File, 2.2 and 2.7.1 

Concerning Overexposure of Project Personnel for the

TESLA. Mercury, NV. 10 Pages.  

61. Joint Test Organization, Military Effects Group.

Memorandum for Test Director, Subject: Post Shot 

Report--HORNET. Nevada Test Site, NV. 

FCNTS 55-521-O. 4 Pages.**  

62. Joint Test Organization, Military Effects Group.

Memorandum for Test Director, Subject: Post Shot 

Report--MOTH. Nevada Test Site, NV. 

FCNTS 55-290-o. 3 Pages.** 

63. Joint Test Organization, Military Effects Group.

Memorandum for Test Director, Post Shot 

Report--TESLA. Nevada Test Site, NV. 

FCNTS 55-391-O. 3 Pages.** 

64. Joint Test Organization, Military Effects Group.

Memorandum for Test Director, Subject: Post Shot 

Report--TURK. Nevada Test Site, NV. 

FCNTS 55-456-O. 3 Pages. 

65. Joint Test Organization, Military Effects Group. 

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Report--WASP. Nevada Test Site, NV. FCNTS 

55-251-O. 4 Pages.** 

66. Joint Test Organization, Military Effects Group.

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Personnel--TESLA. Mercury, NV.

2 Pages. 

*Available from NTIS; order number appears before the asterisk. 

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165 
67. Joint Test Organization, Office of Test Director.

Operation Order No. 1-55 (TEAPOT); Annex E--Special 

Instructions, TURK. Mercury, NV.: AEC, JTO. 

18 Pages.**  

68. Joint Test Organization, Office of Test Director.

Operation Order No. l-55 (TEAPOT); Annex F--Special

Instructions, TESLA. Mercury, NV.: AEC, JTO. 

14 Pages.** 

69. Joint Test Organization, Office of Test Director. 

Operation Order No. (TEAPOT); Annex H--Special 

Instructions, WASP. Mercury, NV.: AEC, JTO.

16 Pages.** 

70. Joint Test Organization, Office of Test Director.

Operation Order No. (TEAPOT); Annex I--Special 

Instructions, MOTH. Mercury, NV.: AEC, JTO. 

14 Pages.** 

71. Joint Test Organization, Office of Test Director.

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Instructions, HORNET. Mercury, NV.: AEC, JTO. 

15 Pages.** 

72. Kviljord, A. "Measurement of Direct and Ground-reflected 

Thermal Radiation at Altitude, Project 8.1."

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51 Pages. (A04) AD 339 

73. Los Scientific Laboratory, J-Division. Memorandum 

for J. C. Clark, Subject: [Concerning 

Statement Regarding Requested Overexposures for 

Project 2.61. Los NM. 1 Page. 

74. Miller, M.; Lisman, H.; et al. Missile 

Detonation Locator, Project 6.3. Albuquerque, NM.:

Field Command, AFSWP WT-1140 

114 Pages. (A06) 341 

75. Montgomery, C. D. "Report on Tests of Combat Vehicles in

Operation TEAPOT." Aberdeen, MD.: Ballistic 

Research Laboratories. 12 Pages. 

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166 
76. Moulton, J.; Walthall, E. Shockwave Photography, Project

1.2. Albuquerque, NM.: Field Command, AFSWP. 

WT-1102. 116 Pages.

(A06) AD 611 

77. Parsons, H., Col., USAF. Operational Training Projects

Manned Stations for TEAPOT. Albuquerque, NM.:

AFSWP. 2 Pages.**  

78. Petriken, T. "Evaluation of a Radiological Defense Warning

System (Project CLOUDBURST), Project 

Albuquerque, NM.: Field Command, AFSWP. WT-1112. 

16 Pages. (A02) AD 617 

79. Plum, W.; Jenkins, R.; R. "Irradiance Measurements 

with Time Resolution, Project Albuquerque, 

NM.: Field Command, AFSWP. WT-1229. 

16 Pages. (A02) AD/A995 

80. Plum, W.; Parker, W. "Spectrometer Measurements, Project

Albuquerque, NM.: Field Command, AFSWP. 

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81. Project Officer, Project 2.2. Memorandum for Director, 

Program 2, Subject: Overexposure of Project 2.2

Recovery Party. [Mercury, NV.]

2 Pages.** 

82. Project Officer, Project 2.7.1. Memorandum for On-Site 

Rad-Safe Officer, Subject: Overexposure of

Personnel, Project 2.7.1. [Mercury, NV.]

1 Page.** 

83. Purkey, G.; Mitchell, R., Lt., USAF. Structural Response 

of F-84 Aircraft in Flight, Project 5.2.

Albuquerque, NM.: Field Command, AFSWP. WT-1133. 

97 Pages. (A05) AD 362 

84. Schmuchyk, M.; E. Fallout Studies, Project 2.5.1. 

Albuquerque, NM.: AFSWP. WT-1119. 

133 Pages. (A07) AD 449 

85. Stickle, G.; Brake, N. Participation in TEAPOT." 

Langley AFB, VA.: USAF, TAC. OA Memo No. 88. 

50 Pages.** 

*Available from NTIS; order number appears before the asterisk. 

**Available at CIC. 

***Not available, see Availability Information page. 

 Requests subject to Privacy Act restrictions. 

167 
86. Taplin, G.; MacDonald, N.; McFarland, S.; et al.

Measurement of Initial and Residual Radiations by

Chemical Methods, Project 39.6. Oak Ridge, TN.: 

, TIS. ITR-1171. 76 Panes. 

(A05) AD/A995 

87. Zirkind, R. "Test of Airborne Naval Radars for IBDA, 

Project 6.5." Albuquerque, NM.: Field Command,

AFSWP. WT-1142. 15 Pages.

(A02) AD 339 

88. Banks, J. E. "Manned Penetrations of Atomic Clouds, 

Project Washington, D. C.: DNA. 

19 Pages.

(A02) AD/A995 

89. Bryant, E. J.; Ethridge, N. H.; Keefer, J. H. Measurements 

of Air-Blast Phenomena with Self-Recording Gages,

Report to the Test Director, Project 

Aberdeen, MD.: Ballistic Research laboratories. 

WT-1155. 216 Pages.

AD 617 

90. Hendrickson, J. R. Shielding Studies, Operation TEAPOT,

Project 2.7. Washington, D.C.: DNA. 

122 Pages. (A06) AD/A995 

91. R.; Johnson, R.; Tomnovec, F.; Cook, C.

Radiation Field above Fallout Contaminated Ground, 

Project Albuquerque, NM.: Field Command, . WT-1225. 98 Pages.

(A05) AD 460 

92. Purcell, B., CPT., USA. "Operation TEAPOT Final Dosage 

Report: for Non Department of Defense Personnel and

Department of Defense Personnel." [Field Command,

AFSWP.] 114 Pages.** ** 

*Available from NTIS; order number appears before the asterisk. 

**Available at CIC. 

***Not available, see Availability Information page. 

****Requests to Privacy Act restrictions. 

168 
DISTRIBUTION LIST 

DEPARTMENT OF DEFENSE DEPARTMENT OF THE NAVY (Continued) 

Armed Forces Staff College James Carson Library 

ATTN: Library Department of the Navy 

ATTN: Library 

Assistant Secretary of Defense, Public 

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Affairs 

Marine Corps Nuclear Test Personnel Review 

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Defense Nuclear Agency 

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25 cy ATTN. TITL ATTN: Library 

Defense Technical Information Center Naval Hospital Corps School 

12 cy ATTN: ATTN: Library 

Field Command Naval Ocean Systems Center 

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ATTN: FCLS 

ATTN: FCLS, D. Norton Naval Oceanographic Office 

ATTN. Code 025, Historian 

Interservice Nuclear Weapons School 

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National Defense University 

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DEPARTMENT OF THE ARMY 

Naval School 

Army Library 

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2 cy ATTN: DAAG-AMR-R 

Naval School of Health Sciences 

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Naval Sea Systems Command 

ATTN: Nuclear Technology 

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ATTN Library 

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Naval War College 

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U.S. Army War College ATTN Library 

ATTN: Library Navy Dept Library 

DEPARTMENT OF THE NAVY ATTN 

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Department of the Navy 

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ATTN: Library 

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Department of the Navy 

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Library 

Engineering Duty Officer School ATTN Documents Reports Dept 

Department of the Navy 

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169 
DEPARTMENT OF THE NAVY (Continued) 

Office of the Judge Adv Gen 

Department of the Navy 

ATTN: Code 73 

Marine Corps Historical Center 

2 cy ATTN Code HDH-2 

U.S. Merchant Marine Academy 

ATTN: Librn 

U.S. Naval Air Station Library 

Department of the Navy 

ATTN: Library, 

DEPARTMENT OF THE AIR FORCE 

Academy Library DFSELD 

S. Force Academy 

ATTN. Library 

Aerospace Defense Command 

ATTN Historian 

Force 

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Command 

Air Force Institute of Technology 

ATTN: Library 

Force Logistics Command 

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Force Nuclear Test Personnel Review 

ATTN. HQ 

Force School of Aerospace Medicine 

ATTN: Strughold Library 

Force Systems 

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Air Force Technical Applications Center 

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Force Weapons Laboratory 

Force Systems Command 

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Air National Guard 

ATTN: Historian 

Air Command 

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University Library 

Department of the Force 

ATTN: AUL-LSE 

Military Air Lift Command 

ATTN. Historian 

Pacific Forces 

ATTN. Historian 

Tactical 

Department of the Force 

ATTN Historian 

DEPARTMENT OF THE AIR FORCE (Continued) 

Strategic 

Deoartment of the Force 

ATTN: NRI-STINFO Library 

ATTN: Historian 

U.S. Force Occupational Env Health Lab 

ATTN: NTPR 

DEPARTMENT OF ENERGY 

Department of Energy 

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Department of Energy 

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2 cy ATTN R. Nutley 

Department of Energy 

Human Health Assessments Division 

ATTN. EV-31 

OTHER AGENCIES 

Centers for Disease Control 

U.S. Public Health Service 

ATTN G. 

Central Intelligence Agency 

ATTN. Office of Medical Services 

Department of Health Human 

ATTN. Office of General Counsel 

Exec of The President 

Management Budget Off Lib 

ATTN. Librn 

Library of Congress 

ATTN: Library Service Division 

ATTN: Science Technology 

ATTN: Serial & Govt Publication 

National Atomic Museum 

ATTN: Historian 

Department of Commerce 

National Bureau of Standards 

ATTN: 

National Technical Information Service 

12 cy ATTN. Customer Services 

Occupational Safety & Health 

ATTN C. Wright 

Office of Health Disability 

ATTN: R. 

of Workers Compensation Program 

Department of Labor 

ATTN: R. Larson 

U.S. Coast Guard Academy Library 

ATTN. Librn 

U.S. House of Representatives 

ATTN Committee on Armed 

170 
OTHER GOVERNMENT AGENCIES (Continued) OTHER GOVERNMENT AGENCIES (Continued) 

U.S. House of Representatives Veterans Administration-R0 

Committee on Interstate Foreign Honolulu, HI 

ATTN: Subcomnlttee on Health Envir ATTN: Director 

U.S. Military Academy Veterans 

ATTN: Director of Libraries Chicago, IL 

ATTN: Director 

U.S. Senate 

Committee on Armed Services Veterans Administration-R0 

ATTN: Committee on Veterans Affairs Seattle, WA 

ATTN: Director 

U.S. Senate 

ATTN: Committee on Veterans Affairs Veterans Administration-R0 

Indianapolis, IN 

Veterans Administration-R0 ATTN: Director 

Providence, RI 

ATTN: Director Veterans Administration-R0 

Des Moines, IA 

Veterans Administration-R0 ATTN. Director 

Montgomery, AL 

ATTN: Director Veterans Administration-R0 

Wichita, KS 

Veterans Administration-R0 ATTN: Director 

Anchorage, AK 

ATTN. Director Veterans Administration-R0 

Louisville, KY 

Veterans Administration-R0 ATTN: Director 

Phoenix, AZ 

ATTN: Director Veterans Administration-R0 

New Orleans, LA 

Veterans Administration-R0 ATTN: Director 

Little Rock, AR 

Director Veterans Administration-R0 

ME 

Veterans Administration-R0 ATTN: Director 

Los Angeles, CA 

ATTN: Director Veterans Administration-R0 

Baltimore, MD 

Veterans Administration-R0 ATTN: Director 

San Francisco, CA 

ATTN: Director Veterans Administration-R0 

Boston, MA 

Veterans ATTN Director 

Denver, CO 

ATTN: Director Veterans Administration-R0 

St. Paul. MN 

Veterans ATTN. Director 

Hartford, CT 

ATTN: Director Veterans 

Jackson, MS 

Veterans Administration-R0 ATTN: Director 

Wilmington, DE 

ATTN: Director Veterans 

Huntington, WV 

Veterans Administration-OFC Central ATTN: Director 

Washington, D. C. 

ATTN: Dept Veterans Benefit, Central Veterans 

ATTN: Director St. Louis, MO 

ATTN: Board of Veteran Appeal ATTN. Director 

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ATTN: Director 

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ATTN: Director 

Veterans 

Atlanta, GA 

ATTN: Director 

171 
OTHER GOVERNMENT AGENCIES (Continued) OTHER GOVERNMENT AGENCIES (Continued) 

Veterans Veterans Administration-R0 

Lincoln, NE Columbia, SC 

ATTN: Director ATTN: Director 

Veterans Veterans 

Reno, NV Falls, SO 

ATTN: Director ATTN: Director 

Veterans Veterans 

Manchester, NH Houston, TX 

ATTN. Director ATTN. Director 

Veterans Veterans 

Newark, NJ Waco, TX 

ATTN: Director ATTN: Director 

Veterans Veterans Administration-R0 

Milwaukee, WI Salt Lake City, UT 

ATTN: Director ATTN: Director 

Veterans Veterans 

Albuquerque, NM White River Junction, VT 

Director ATTN: Director 

Veterans Veterans Administration-R0 

Buffalo, NY Roanoke, VA 

ATTN: Director ATTN: Director 

Veterans Veterans 

New York, NY Cheyenne, WY 

ATTN: Director ATTN: Director 

Veterans Veterans Administration-R0 

Winston-Salem, NC San Diego, CA 

ATTN: Director ATTN Director 

Veterans Veterans 

Fargo, ND Boise, ID 

ATTN: Director ATTN Director 

Veterans Veterans Administration-R0 

Cleveland, OH Detroit, MI 

ATTN. Director ATTN. Director 

Veterans Veterans 

Muskogee, OK Nashville, TN 

ATTN: Director ATTN: Director 

Veterans The White House 

Portland, OR ATTN: Domestic Policy Staff 

ATTN: Director 

DEPARTMENT OF ENERGY CONTRACTORS 

Veterans 

Pittsburgh, PA 

ATTN: Director 

Lawrence Livermore National Lab 

ATTN. Tech Info Dept Library 

Veterans Administration-R0 Los National Scientific Lab 

Philadelphia, PA ATTN: Library 

ATTN: Director ATTN. MSS 

Veterans Administration-R0 Sandia National Lab 

San Francisco, CA ATTN: W. Hereford 

ATTN: Director ATTN: Central Library 

Veterans Reynolds Electrical Engr Co., Inc 

San Juan, Puerto Rico ATTN: CIC 

ATTN: Director ATTN: W. Brady 

172 
OTHER 

Adams State College 

ATTN: Librn 

Akron Public Library 

ATTN: Librn 

Alabama State Dept of Archives History 

ATTN: Military Records Div 

University of Alabama 

ATTN: Reference Dept, Dralier 3 

ATTN: Director of Libraries (Reg) 

University of Alaska Library at Anchorage 

ATTN: Librn 

University of Alaska 

ATTN: Dir of Libraries 

Albany Public Library 

ATTN. Llbrn 

Alexander City State Jr College 

ATTN: Librn 

Allegheny College 

ATTN: Librn 

Allen County Public Library 

ATTN: Llbrn 

Altoona Area Public Library 

ATTN: Librn 

American Statistics Index 

Congressional Info Service, Inc 

ATTN: Cathy Jarvey 

Anaheim Public Library 

ATTN: Librn 

College of Wooster 

ATTN: Gov 

Angelo State University Library 

ATTN: Llbrn 

Angelo Iacoboni Public Library 

Librn 

Anoka County Library 

ATTN. Librn 

Appalachian State University 

ATTN: Library 

Arizona State University Library 

ATTN: Librn 

University of Arizona 

ATTN: Gov Dept/C. Bower 

Arkansas College Library 

ATTN: Library 

Brooklyn College 

ATTN: Div 

OTHER (Continued) 

Arkansas Library Comm 

ATTN: Library 

Arkansas State University 

ATTN: Library 

University of Arkansas 

ATTN: Gov Div 

Austin College 

ATTN: Librn 

Atlanta Public Library 

ATTN: Ivan Allen Dept 

Atlanta University 

ATTN: Librn 

Auburn University Library Mongomery (Reg) 

ATTN: Librn 

C. W. Post Ctr Long Island University 

ATTN: Librn 

Bangor Public Library 

ATTN: Librn 

Bates College Library 

ATTN: Librn 

Baylor University Library 

ATTN: Dept 

Beloit College Libraries 

ATTN. Serials Dept 

State College 

ATTN. Library 

State University College 

ATTN: Gov 

Akron University 

ATTN: Gov 

Boston Public Library (Reg) 

ATTN: Dept 

Bowdoin College 

ATTN: Librn 

Bowling Green State University 

ATTN: Lib Gov Services 

Bradley University 

ATTN: Librn 

University Library 

ATTN: Section 

Brigham Young University 

ATTN: Librn 

Brigham Young University 

ATTN: Collection 

Brookhaven National Laboratory 

ATTN: Tech Library 

173 
 

nuedl 

Broward County Sys 

ATTN Librn 

Brown University 

ATTN: Llbrn 

Bucknell University 

ATTN. Reference Dept 

Buffalo Co Public Library 

ATTN 

State Library of at Fresno 

ATTN. Library 

University of at Los Angeles 

ATTN Pub Serv U.S. 

Unlverslty of at San Diego 

ATTN: Dept 

State College Library of at 

ATTN Library 

California State Polytechnic University Library 

ATTN Llbrn 

California State Unlverslty at 

ATTN Gov 

California State Library (Reg) 

ATTN: Librn 

State at Long Beach 

ATTN: Librn 

California State University 

ATTN. Llbrn 

California State 

ATTN: Llbrn 

California Library 

ATTN Gov Pub Dept 

California Unlverslty 

ATTN: 

California Unlverslty Library 

ATTN. Gov Dept 

California Unlverslty Library 

ATTN: 

of California 

ATTN Gov Dept 

College Library 

ATTN Llbrn 

Kearney State College 

ATTN: Gov Dept 

County Library Sys 

ATTN Llbrn 

Carleton College Library 

ATTN Llbrn 

OT(Continued) HER

Carnegie Library of Pittsburgh 

ATTN: Librn 

Carnegie Mellon University 

ATTN: Dir of Libraries 

Carson Regional 

ATTN: Gov Pubs 

Case Western Reserve Unlverslty 

ATTN. Llbrn 

Casper College 

ATTN: Llbrn 

University of Central Florida 

ATTN. Library Dept 

Central Unlverslty 

ATTN. Library 

Central State 

ATTN. Gov 

Central State 

ATTN: Dept 

Central Washington Unlverslty 

ATTN: 

Central Wyoming College Library 

ATTN: 

Charleston County Library 

ATTN. Llbrn 

Charlotte County Library 

ATTN E. Correll 

Chattanooga Hamilton County, Bicentennial 

ATTN. Llbrn 

Chesapeake System 

ATTN. 

Chicago Library 

ATTN. Gov Pubs Dept 

State Unlverslty of Chicago 

ATTN: Librn 

Library 

ATTN: Dir of Libraries 

ATTN: Processing 

University 

ATTN: Llbrn 

Daniel Library 

ATTN: Llbrn 

Claremont Colleges Libraries 

ATTN. Collection 

Clemson University 

ATTN: Dir of Libraries 

174 
 

OTHER 

Cleveland Public Library 

ATTN: Collection 

Cleveland State 

ATTN: Librn 

Library 

Coe Library 

ATTN: Div 

Colgate Library 

ATTN: Ref Lib 

Colorado State University 

ATTN: 

Libraries 

of Colorado 

ATTN Dir of Libraries 

Columbia Library 

ATTN Svc Ctr 

Columbus & Cty Library 

Gen 

Compton Library 

ATTN: Librn 

ATTN: 

of Connecticut 

ATTN. Gov't of 

University of Connecticut 

ATTN. of Libraries 

Cornell Library 

ATTN: 

Corpus State University Library 

ATTN. Librn 

Culver Library 

ATTN: Llbrn 

Curry College Library 

ATTN: Librn 

University of North at Asheville 

ATTN: Librn 

Dallas County Public 

ATTN: Librn 

Dallas Public Library 

ATTN: Llbrn 

Dalton College Library 

ATTN: Librn 

Dartmouth College 

ATTN. Librn 

Davenport Public Library 

ATTN: 

Davidson College 

ATTN: Librn 

OTHER (Continued) 

Dayton Montgomery City Public Library 

ATTN: Librn 

University of Dayton 

ATTN: Librn 

Decatur Library 

ATTN. Librn 

Dekalb College So Cpus 

ATTN: Librn 

Delaware Pauw 

Librn 

University of Delaware 

ATTN: Llbrn 

Delta College Library 

ATTN: Llbrn 

Delta State 

ATTN: Librn 

Denison University Library 

ATTN: Librn 

Denver Public Library 

ATTN. 

Dept of Library Archives 

ATTN: Librn 

Detroit Public Library 

ATTN. 

Dickinson College Library 

ATTN: Librn 

Dickinson State College 

ATTN: Librn 

Alabama Agricultural Mechanical 

ATTN: Librn 

Drake University 

ATTN: Cowles Library 

Drew 

ATTN: Librn 

Duke University 

ATTN: Pub Dept 

Duluth Library 

ATTN 

East University 

ATTN: Lib Dept 

East Central University 

ATTN. Librn 

East Public Library 

Librn 
 (Continued) OTHER (Continued) 

East Orange Public Library Florida Institute of Technology 

ATTN: U.S. Gov't Depository ATTN: Library 

East Tennessee State University 

ATTN. Dept 

Sherrod Library Florida International 

ATTN: 

University Library 

East Texas State University Florida State Library 

ATTN Library ATTN: 

Monmouth County Library 

ATTN: Librn 

Eastern Branch Florida State University 

ATTN: Librn 

Eastern Illinois University University of Florida 

ATTN Librn ATTN: Dir of Library (Reg) 

ATTN: Dept 

Eastern Kentucky University 

ATTN Librn Fond Du Lac Public Library 

ATTN: Librn 

Eastern Michigan University Library 

ATTN: Library Ft Hays State University 

Ft Hays Kansas State College 

Eastern Montana College Library ATTN: Librn 

ATTN. Dept 

Ft Worth Public Library 

Eastern New Mexico University ATTN: Librn 

ATTN: Librn 

Free Public Library of Elizabeth 

Eastern Oregon College Library ATTN: Librn 

ATTN Librn 

Free Public Library 

Eastern Washington University ATTN: Librn 

ATTN: Librn 

Public Library 

El Paso Public Library ATTN: Librn 

ATTN: & Genealogy Dept 

Fresno Cty Free Library 

Elko County Library ATTN: Librn 

ATTN. Librn 

Public Library 

Elmira College ATTN: Librn 

ATTN. Librn 

Garden Public Library 

Elon College Library ATTN: Librn 

ATTN: Librn 

Gardner Webb College 

Pratt Free Library ATTN: Library 

ATTN: 

Gary Public Library 

Emory University ATTN: Librn 

Librn 

Geauga Cty Public Library 

Evansville & Vanderburgh Cty Public Library ATTN: Librn 

ATTN: Librn 

Georgetown University Library 

Everett Public Library ATTN: Gov Room 

ATTN Librn 

Georgia Institute of Technology 

Dickinson University ATTN: Librn 

ATTN. Depository Dept 

Georgia Southern College 

Florida A M University ATTN: Librn 

ATTN. Librn 

Georgia Southwestern College 

Florida Atlantic University Library ATTN. Dir of Libraries 

ATTN: Civ of Pub 

Georgia State University Library 

ATTN: Librn 
OTHER (Continued1 OTHER (Continued) 

University of Georgia Herbert H. Lehman College 

ATTN: Dir of Libraries (Reg) ATTN: Lib Div 

Glassboro Stdte College Hofstra University Library 

ATTN: Librn ATTN: Dept 

Library Hollins College 

ATTN: Librn ATTN: Librn 

Graceland College College 

ATTN: Librn ATTN: Librn 

Grand Forks Public City-County Library Wagner College 

ATTN: Librn ATTN: Librn 

Grand Rapids Public Library University of Houston Library 

ATTN: Dir of Lib ATTN: Div 

Greenville County Library Houston Public Library 

ATTN. Librn ATTN: Librn 

College Library Tulane University 

ATTN. Librn ATTN: Dept 

Guam RFK Memorial University Library Hoyt Public Library 

ATTN: Fed Depository ATTN: Librn 

University of Guam Humboldt State College Library 

ATTN. Librn ATTN: Dept 

Adolyhus College Huntington Park Library 

ATTN Librn ATTN: Librn 

South Dakota University Hutchinson Public Library 

ATTN: Librn ATTN: Librn 

University Library Idaho Public Library Information Center 

ATTN: Librn ATTN: Librn 

Hartford Public Library Idaho State Library 

ATTN: Librn ATTN: Librn 

Harvard College Library Idaho State University Library 

ATTN: Dir of Lib ATTN: Dept 

Harvard College Library University of Idaho 

ATTN: Serials ATTN: Dir of Libraries (Reg) 

ATTN: 

University of Hawaii Library 

ATTN: Gov University of Illinois Library 

ATTN: 

Hawaii State Library 

ATTN: Fed Unit Illinois State Library (Reg) 

ATTN: Gov Br 

University of Hawaii at 

ATTN Dir of Libraries (Reg) Illinois University at Urbana-Champaign 

ATTN: P. Watson Lib 

University of Hawaii 

Campus Library 

ATTN: Librn 

Illinois Valley Community College 

ATTN: Library 

Burns Library 

ATTN: Librn 

Illinois State University 

ATTN: Librn 

Hennepin County Library 

ATTN: Gov 

Indiana State Library (Reg) 

ATTN: Serial 

Henry Ford Community College Library 

ATTN: Librn 

Indiana State University . 

ATTN: Library 
OTHER ~~- (Continued) (Continued) OTHER - - -

Kent State University Library Indiana University Library 

ATTN: Dept ATTN: Div

Kentucky Dept of Library Archives Indianapolis Marion County Public Library 

ATTN. Social Science ATTN:

Iowa State Library University of Kentucky 

ATTN. Gov Deot ATTN: Pub Dept

ATTN: of (Reg) 

Iowa University Library 

Gov Deot Kenyon College Library ATTN. 

ATTN: Llbrn 

Butler University 

ATTN: Librn Lake Forest College 

ATTN: Llbrn 

Isaac Delchdo College 

ATTN: Librn Lake Sumter College Library 

ATTN: Librn 

James Madison University 

ATTN: Llbrn Library 

ATTN: Llbrn 

Jefferson County Public Library 

Regional Library Lancaster Regional Library 

ATTN: Llbrn ATTN: Librn 

Lawrence University Jersey City State College 

ATTN A. Irwin Library Periodicals ATTN: Dept

Brigham Young University 

ATTN: Map Johns Hopkins University 

ATTN: Library Lewis University Library 

La College ATTN: Librn

ATTN: Llbrn 

Library and Statutory Dist Svc 

Johnson Free Public Library 2 cy ATTN. Librn

ATTN: Librn 

College 

ATTN Librn Kalamazoo Public Library 

ATTN. Librn 

Little Rock Public Library 

Kansas City Public Library ATTN: Librn 

ATTN: 

Long Beach Public Library 

Kansas State Library ATTN: Librn 

ATTN Librn 

Los Angeles Public Library 

Kansas State University Library ATTN: Serials U.S. 

ATTN: Dept 

Louisiana State University 

University of Kansas ATTN Gov Dept 

ATTN: Dir of Library (Reg) ATTN. Dir of Libraries (Reg) 

University of Texas Free Public Library 

ATTN: Lyndon Johnson School of Public ATTN. Librn 

Affairs Library 

Louisville University Library 

Maine Maritime Academy ATTN. Llbrn 

ATTN. Librn 

Hoover Institution 

University of Maine ATTN. J. Blngham 

ATTN Librn 

178 
OTHER (Continued) (Continued) 

Manchester City Library Michigan Tech University 

ATTN: Llbrn ATTN: Lib Dept 

Mankato State College University of Michigan 

ATTN: Gov Pubs ATTN: Acq Unit 

University of Maine at Farmington Middlebury College Library 

ATTN: Dir of Libraries Librn 

Marathon County Public Library State College 

ATTN. Llbrn ATTN: Librn 

Principia College State University of New York 

ATTN: Librn ATTN. Librn 

University of Maryland Milwaukee Public Library 

ATTN: Library ATTN: Librn 

University of Maryland Minneapolis Public Library 

ATTN: Librn ATTN: Librn 

University of Massachusetts University of Minnesota 

ATTN. Gov ATTN: Dir of Libraries (Reg) 

Maui Public Library Minot State College 

Kahului Branch ATTN: Librn 

ATTN: Librn 

Mississippi State University 

State University ATTN. Librn 

ATTN: Librn 

University of Mississippi 

Memphis Shelby County Public Library ATTN. Dir of Libraries 

Information Center 

ATTN: Llbrn Missouri University at Kansas City General 

ATTN: Librn 

Memphis State University 

ATTN: Librn University of Missouri Library 

Gov 

University 

ATTN: Librn M.I.T. Libraries 

ATTN: Llbrn 

Mesa County Public Library 

ATTN: Librn Mobile Public Library 

ATTN: Gov Info 

Miami Dade Community College 

ATTN: Librn Midwestern University 

ATTN Llbrn 

University of Miami Library 

ATTN: Gov Pubs Montana State Library 

ATTN Librn 

Miami Public Library 

ATTN: Div Montana State University L ibrary 

ATTN: Librn 

Miami University Library 

ATTN: Dept University of Montana 

ATTN: Dir of (Reg) 

University of Santa Clara 

ATTN: Div Montebello Library 

ATTN: Librn 

State College 

University Library 

ATTN: Library 

: Librn Mt Prospect Public Library 

ATTN: Gov't Info Ctr 

Library 

179 
 

 

 

 

OTHER (Continued) 

Nassau Library System 

ATTN Llbrn 

Natrona County Public Library 

ATTN. Librn 

Nebraska 

Nebraska Public Clearinghouse 

ATTN Llbrn 

of Nebraska at Omaha 

ATTN Lib 

Nebraska Western College Library 

ATTN Librn 

University of Nebraska 

ATTN of Libraries (Reg) 

University of Nebraska Library 

ATTN: Acquisitions Dept 

University of Nevada Library 

ATTN. Gov Pubs 

University of Nevada at Las Vegas 

ATTN: Dir of Libraries 

New University Library 

ATTN: Librn 

New Hanover County Public Library 

ATTN: Llbrn 

New Mexico State Library 

ATTN: Librn 

New Mexico State University 

ATTN 

University of New 

ATTN: Dir of (Reg) 

University of New Orleans Library 

ATTN Gov 

New Orleans Public 

ATTN Llbrn 

New York Library 

ATTN: Llbrn 

New York State Library 

ATTN Control Cultural Ed Ctr 

State of New York at Stony Brook 

ATTN: 

State of New York Memorial Lib 

at Cortland 

ATTN. Librn 

State of New York 

ATTN. 

North Texas State University Library 

ATTN. Librn 

THER (Continued) 

State University of New York 

ATTN: Llbrn 

New York State University 

ATTN: Ctr 

State of New York 

ATTN. Dept 

New York University 

ATTN: Dept 

Newark Free Library 

ATTN. 

Newark Library 

ATTN. Llbrn 

Niagara Falls Public Library 

ATTN: Llbrn 

Nicholls State University Library 

ATTN: Div 

M Flores Memorial Library 

ATTN: Llbrn 

Norfolk 

ATTN: R. Parker 

North Carolina Agricultural Tech State 

University 

ATTN 

University of North Carolina at Charlotte 

ATTN. Dept 

University Library of North Carolina at Greensboro 

ATTN Llbrn 

University of North Carolina at 

ATTN: Librn 

North Carolina Central University 

ATTN: Librn 

North State 

ATTN. Librn 

of North Carolina 

ATTY: BA SS 

North Dakota State University Library 

Librn 

of North Dakota 

ATTN: Librn 

North Georgia College 

ATTN: Librn 

Minnesota Div cf Emergency 

ATTN LJ brn 

180 
THER (Continued) 

Northeast Missouri State 

ATTN: Librn 

Northeastern Oklahoma 

ATTN. Librn 

State University 

Northeastern 

ATTN: 

University 

Dodge Library 

Northern Arizona University 

ATTN: Gov Dept 

Library 

Northern University 

ATTN: Librn 

Northern Michigan 

ATTN: 

Northern Montana College Library 

ATTN: Librn 

Northwestern Michigan College 

ATTN. Librn 

Northwestern State University 

ATTN: Librn 

Northwestern State University Library 

ATTN: Librn 

Northwestern University Library 

ATTN: Gov Pubs Dept 

Norwalk Public Library 

ATTN: Librn 

Northeastern Illinois University 

ATTN: Library 

University of Notre Dame 

ATTN: Ctr 

Oakland Community College 

ATTN: Librn 

Oakland Library 

ATTN: Librn 

Oberlin College Library 

ATTN: Librn 

Ocean County College 

ATTN: Librn 

Ohio State Library 

ATTN: Librn 

Ohio State University 

ATTN: Lib Div 

Ohio University Library 

ATTN: Dept 

Oklahoma University Library 

ATTN: Librn 

Oklahoma City University Library 

ATTN: Librn 

OTHER 

Oklahoma Department of Libraries 

ATTN: U.S. Gov 

University of Oklahoma 

ATTN: Div 

Old Dominion University 

ATTN: Dept Univ 

College Library 

ATTN: Librn 

Omaha Library Clark Branch 

ATTN Librn 

Onondaga County Library 

ATTN: Gov 

Oregon State Library 

ATTN: Librn 

University of Oregon 

ATTN: 

Ouachita Baptist University 

ATTN: Librn 

Pan American University Library 

ATTN: 

Passaic Public Library 

ATTN: Librn 

Queens College 

ATTN: Dept 

Pennsylvania State Library 

ATTN: Gov Pubs 

Pennsylvania State University 

ATTN: Lib 

University of Pennsylvania 

ATTN: Dir of Libraries 

University of Denver 

ATTN: Penrose Library 

Peoria Public Library 

ATTN: Business, Science Tech Dept 

Free Library of Philadelphia 

ATTN: Gov Pubs Dept 

Free Public Library 

ATTN: Library 

Phoenix Public Library 

ATTN: Librn 

University of Pittsburgh 

ATTN: Office, G8 

Plainfield Public Library 

ATTN: Librn 
 

OTHER (Continued) OTHER 

Popular Creek Public Library District 

ATTN. Librn 

County Public Library 

ATTN: Librn 

of Portland Library 

ATTN: Librn 

Riverside 

ATTN: Librn 

Portland Public Library 

ATTN. Librn 

University of Rochester Library 

ATTN. 

Portland State Library 

ATTN Librn 

University of Rutgers Camden Library 

ATTN Librn 

Pratt Institute Library 

ATTN Librn 

State University of Rutgers 

ATTN Librn 

Tech University 

ATTN Librn 

Rutgers University 

Dir of Libraries (Reg) 

Princeton University Library 

ATTN 

Rutgers University Law Library 

ATTN. Fed Oocs Oept 

Providence College 

ATTN Librn 

Salem College Library 

ATTN: Librn 

Providence Public Library 

ATTN. Librn 

University 

ATTN Librn 

Public Library Hamilton County 

ATTN: Librn 

San Antonio Public Library 

ATTN Science & Tech Dept 

Public Library of Nashville and Davidson County 

ATTN Llbrn 

San Diego County Library 

ATTN. C. Jones, 

University of Puerto Rico 

ATTN Maps Room 

San Diego Public Library 

ATTN: Librn 

Purdue University Library 

ATTN Librn 

San Diego State 

ATTN: Gov Pubs Dept 

Valley Community College 

ATTN. Librn 

San Francisco 

ATTN: Gov Dept 

Auburn 

ATTN. Microforms Dept 

San Francisco State College 

ATTN: Gov Pubs 

Rapid Public 

ATTN: Librn 

San Jose State College 

ATTN: Dept 

Reading Library 

ATTN. Llbrn 

San City-County 

ATTN: Llbrn 

Reed College Library 

ATTN Librn 

Savannah Public Liberty 

Library 

Regional 

ATTN: Llbrn 

Augusta College 

ATTN: Librn Scottsbluff 

Llbrn 

University of Rhode Island Library 

ATTN: Gov Pubs Scranton Public 

ATTN: Librn 

of Rhode Island 

ATTN: of Libraries Seattle Public Library 

ATTN. Ref Asst 

Rice 

ATTN Dir of Libraries 

Louisiana College 

ATTN Llbrn 

182 
 (Continued1 

Selby Library 

ATTN. Llbrn 

Shawnee Library System 

ATTN Llbrn 

Shreve Memorial Library 

ATTN: Librn 

Bronson Public Library 

ATTN: 

SIOUX City Public 

Librn 

College 

ATTN: Librn 

Slippery Rock State College Library 

ATTN: Llbrn 

South Carolina State 

ATTN Librn 

University of South 

ATTN. Librn 

of South Carolina 

ATTN Gov 

South Dakota School of Mines Technical Library 

ATTN. Llbrn 

South Dakota State Library 

ATTN: Fed Dept 

University of South Dakota 

ATTN: Librn 

South Florida Unlverslty Library 

ATTN: Librn 

Southeast State University 

ATTN: Librn 

Southeastern Massachusetts University Library 

ATTN: 

of Southern Alabama 

ATTN: Llbrn 

Southern California Unlverslty Library 

ATTN: Dept 

Southern Connecticut State College 

ATTN: Library 

Southern Unlverslty 

ATTN: Librn 

Southern Unlverslty 

ATTN. Ctr 

Southern University 

ATTN: Librn 

Unlverslty of Southern Mississippi 

ATTN: brary 

OTHER (Continued) 

Southern Oregon College 

ATTN: Library 

Southern in New Orleans Library 

ATTN: Librn 

Southern Utah State College Library 

ATTN: Dept 

Southwest Missouri State College 

ATTN: Library 

University of Southwestern Louisiana Libraries 

ATTN: Librn 

Southwestern 

ATTN: Librn 

Spokane Library 

ATTN: Ref Dept 

Springfield Library 

ATTN: 

St Bonaventure 

ATTN: Librn 

St Johns River College 

ATTN. Library 

St Joseph Library 

ATTN. Llbrn 

St Lawrence University 

ATTN: Librn 

St LOUIS Public 

ATTN: 

St Paul Public Library 

ATTN. Librn 

Stanford University Library 

ATTN: Gov Dept 

State Historical Library 

ATTN: Serials 

State Library of Massachusetts 

ATTN: Librn 

State University of New York 

ATTN: Llbrn 

Stetson University 

ATTN. Li brn 

University of Steubenville 

ATTN: Librn 

Stockton San Joaquin 

ATTN: brn 

Stockton State College Library 

ATTN. Llbrn 

College 

ATTN Gov Llbrn 
 (Continued) (Continued) 

Superior Public Library 

ATTN: Librn 

Tufts University Library 

ATTN: Dept 

Swarthmore College Library 

ATTN: Ref Dept 

University of Tulsa 

ATTN: Librn 

Syracuse University Library 

ATTN: 

UCLA Research Library 

ATTN. Pub Affairs 

Tacoma Public Library 

ATTN: Librn 

Uniformed Services University of the Health 

Sciences 

ATTN: LRC Library 

Hillsborough County Public Library at 

ATTN'. Librn 

Tampa 

University Libraries 

ATTN. Dir of Lib 

Temple University 

ATTN. Librn University of Maine at 

ATTN: Librn 

Tennessee Technological University 

ATTN: Librn University of Northern Iowa 

ATTN. Library 

University of Tennessee 

ATTN. Dir of Libraries Upper Iowa College 

ATTN: 

College of Idaho 

ATTN. Librn Utah State University 

ATTN: Librn 

Texas A M University Library 

ATTN: Librn University of Utah 

ATTN: Special Collections 

University of Texas at Arlington 

ATTN: Library University of Utah 

ATTN: Dir of Library 

University of Texas at San Antonio 

ATTN Library Utica Public Library 

ATTN. Librn 

Texas Christian University 

ATTN: Librn Valencia Library 

ATTN: Librn 

Texas State Library 

ATTN. U.S. Valparaiso University 

ATTN: Librn 

Texas Tech University Library 

ATTN: Gov Dept Vanderbilt University Library 

ATTN. Gov 

Texas University at Austin 

ATTN: University of Vermont 

ATTN: Dir of Libraries 

University of Toledo Library 

ATTN: Virginia University 

ATTN: Librn 

Toledo Public Library 

ATTN. Social Science Virginia Military Institute 

ATTN: Librn 

Torrance Civic Center Library 

ATTN Librn Virginia Polytechnic Institute Library 

ATTN: Dept 

Traverse City Public Library 

ATTN: Librn Virginia State Library 

ATTN. Serials 

Trenton Free Public Library 

ATTN Librn University of Virginia 

ATTN: Pub 

Trinity College Library 

ATTN. Librn Volusia County Public Library 

ATTN: Librn 

Trinity University Library 

ATTN: 
OTHER (Continued) (Continued) 

Washington State Library Whitman College 

ATTN: ATTN: Librn 

Washington State University Wichita State University Library 

ATTN: Lib ATTN: Librn 

Washington University Libraries Williams Mary College 

ATTN. Dir of Lib ATTN: Dept 

University of Washington Emporia Kansas State College 

ATTN: Div ATTN: Gov Div 

Wayne State University Library William College Library 

ATTN. Librn ATTN: Librn 

Wayne State University Law Library Willimantic Public Library 

ATTN: Dept ATTN: Librn 

Weber State College Library Winthrop College 

ATTN: ATTN: Dept 

Wesleyan University University of Wisconsin at Whitewater 

ATTN: Librn ATTN: Gov Lib 

West Chester State College University of Wisconsin at Milwaukee 

ATTN: Dept ATTN. Lib 

West Covina Library University of Wisconsin at Oshkosh 

ATTN: Librn ATTN: Librn 

University of West Florida University of Wisconsin at 

Librn ATTN: Unit Lib 

West Georgia College University of Wisconsin at Stevens Point 

ATTN: Librn ATTN: 

West Hills College University of Wisconsin 

ATTN: Library ATTN: Gov Pubs Dept 

West Texas State University University of Wisconsin 

ATTN: Library ATTN: Acquisitions Dept 

West Virginia College of Grad Studies Library Worcester Public Library 

ATTN: Librn ATTN: Librn 

University of West Virginia Wright State University Library 

ATTN: Dir of Libraries (Reg) ATTN. Gov Librn 

Westerly Public Library Wyoming State Library 

ATTN: ATTN: Librn 

Western Carolina University University of Wyoming 

ATTN: Librn ATTN: 

Western Illinois University Library Yale University 

ATTN: Librn ATTN: Dir of Libraries 

Western Washington University Yeshiva University 

ATTN: Librn ATTN: Librn 

Western Wyoming College Library Yuma City County Library 

ATTN: Librn ATTN: Librn 

Westmoreland City Community College 

ATTN: Learning Resource Ctr 

Simon Mem Lib, Columbus 

ATTN: Librn