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19-1124-cv 

Ray v. Ray, et al.

UNITED STATES COURT OF APPEALS 

FOR THE SECOND CIRCUIT 

SUMMARY ORDER 

RULINGS BY SUMMARY ORDER DO NOT HAVE PRECEDENTIAL EFFECT. CITATION TO A 

SUMMARY ORDER FILED ON OR AFTER JANUARY 1, 2007, IS PERMITTED AND IS GOVERNED BY 

FEDERAL RULE OF APPELLATE PROCEDURE 32.1 AND THIS COURT=S LOCAL RULE 32.1.1. 

WHEN CITING A SUMMARY ORDER IN A DOCUMENT FILED WITH THIS COURT, A PARTY MUST 

CITE EITHER THE FEDERAL APPENDIX OR AN ELECTRONIC DATABASE (WITH THE NOTATION 

“SUMMARY ORDER”). A PARTY CITING TO A SUMMARY ORDER MUST SERVE A COPY OF IT 

ON ANY PARTY NOT REPRESENTED BY COUNSEL. 

At a stated term of the United States Court of Appeals for the Second Circuit, held at the 

Thurgood Marshall United States Courthouse, 40 Foley Square, in the City of New York, on the 

23rd day of January, two thousand twenty. 

Present: 

REENA RAGGI

DEBRA ANN LIVINGSTON,

WILLIAM J. NARDINI,

 Circuit Judges. 

_____________________________________ 

AMES RAY, 

 Plaintiff-Appellant, 

v. 19-1124-cv 

 

CHRISTINA RAY, JOHN DOE AND GUARNERIUS 

ENTITIES 1–10, 

 Defendants-Appellees. 

_____________________________________ 

For Plaintiff-Appellant: RITA W. GORDON, New York, NY 

For Defendant-Appellee Christina Ray: DONALD E. WATNICK, New York, NY 

Appeal from a judgment of the United States District Court for the Southern District of 

New York (Daniels, J.). 
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UPON DUE CONSIDERATION, IT IS HEREBY ORDERED, ADJUDGED, AND 

DECREED that the judgment of the district court is AFFIRMED. 

Plaintiff-Appellant Ames Ray (“Ames”) appeals from a March 28, 2019 order of the United 

States District Court for the Southern District of New York (Daniels, J.) granting DefendantAppellee Christina Ray’s (“Christina”) motion to dismiss for failure to state a claim pursuant to 

Federal Rule of Civil Procedure 12(b)(6). The case on appeal is the latest in a series of lawsuits 

brought by Ames against Christina, his ex-wife, for breach of contract and fraudulent conveyance, 

and the first of these actions brought in federal court. Ames seeks to set aside certain transfers of 

funds from Christina to Defendants-Appellees John Doe Guarnerius Entities 1–10 (the “JDG 

Entities”) on the basis that the transfers are constructive or intentional fraudulent conveyances 

under New York law. We assume the parties’ familiarity with the underlying facts, the procedural 

history of the case, and the issues on appeal. 

* * * 

I. Constructive Fraudulent Conveyance 

On appeal, Ames challenges the district court’s dismissal of his constructive fraudulent 

conveyance claims under New York Debtor and Creditor Law (“NYDCL”) §§ 273 and 275. We 

review the district court’s grant of a motion to dismiss de novo, accepting as true all factual 

allegations in the complaint and drawing all reasonable inferences in favor of the plaintiff. 

Carpenters Pension Tr. Fund of St. Louis v. Barclays PLC, 750 F.3d 227, 232 (2d Cir. 2014). “To 

survive a motion to dismiss, a complaint must contain sufficient factual matter, accepted as true, 

to ‘state a claim that is plausible on its face.’” Ashcroft v. Iqbal, 556 U.S. 662, 678 (2009) (quoting 

Bell Atl. Corp. v. Twombly, 550 U.S. 544, 570 (2007)). “[T]he tenet that a court must accept as 

true all of the allegations contained in a complaint is inapplicable to legal conclusions. Threadbare 
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recitals of the elements of a cause of action, supported by mere conclusory statements, do not 

suffice.” Id.

When considering claims rooted in New York law, we determine the applicable legal 

principles de novo. In re Sharp Int’l Corp., 403 F.3d 43, 49 (2d Cir. 2005). In so doing, we “afford[] 

the greatest weight to decisions of the New York Court of Appeals.” Id. (quoting McCarthy v. Olin 

Corp., 119 F.3d 148, 153 (2d Cir. 1997)). If that court has not spoken on the relevant question, we 

apply the law as interpreted by the Appellate Division of the New York Supreme Court unless we 

are persuaded that the Court of Appeals would rule differently if presented with the same issue. 

Zaretsky v. William Goldberg Diamond Corp., 820 F.3d 513, 521 (2d Cir. 2016). 

NYDCL §§ 273 and 275 provide creditors with two paths to allege that a debtor’s 

conveyance was constructively fraudulent. Each requires a showing that the debtor made the 

transfer in question without fair consideration in the presence of one of two additional 

circumstances. NYDCL §§ 273, 275. Under § 273, the creditor must also show that the debtor “is 

or will be [] rendered insolvent [by the transaction].” NYDCL § 273. Under § 275, the creditor 

must also show that the debtor “intends or believes that he will incur debts beyond his ability to 

pay as they mature.”1 NYDCL § 275. In this case, however, Ames has failed to allege facts 

supporting the absence of fair consideration and, therefore, has not adequately pleaded a claim 

under either section. 

A debtor has received “fair consideration” if the following three elements are satisfied: 

“first, the recipient of the debtor’s property must either convey property in exchange or discharge 

1

 We briefly note that all sections of the NYDCL relevant to this appeal have been repealed and 

replaced—effective April 4, 2020—by an act of the New York legislature approved on December 

6, 2019. See 2019 N.Y. Sess. Laws Ch. 580 (McKinney). The new provisions, however, will “not 

apply to a transfer made or obligation incurred before” the act’s effective date, “nor shall [they] 

apply to a right of action that has accrued before [that] effective date.” Id. 
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an antecedent debt in exchange; second, such exchange must be a fair equivalent of the property 

received; and third, such exchange must be in good faith.” United States v. Watts, 786 F.3d 152, 

164 (2d Cir. 2015) (quoting In re Sharp Int’l Corp., 403 F.3d 43, 53 (2d Cir. 2005)) (internal 

quotation marks and alterations omitted). In his complaint, Ames alleges that the “[t]ransfers by 

[Christina] to the JDG Entities . . . were not made in payment of an antecedent debt and thus were 

not made for fair consideration . . . .” J.A. 26. Not only is this little more than a “[t]hreadbare 

recital[]” of (one of) the statutory elements, see Iqbal, 556 U.S. at 678, but it also fails to allege—

even superficially—that Christina received nothing in exchange for the transfers. Moreover, in his 

appellate briefing, Ames does not argue that he adequately pleaded a lack of good faith, requiring 

reversal of the district court’s determination to the contrary. In any case, we conclude that Ames 

has not sufficiently alleged a lack of good faith in connection with the transfers at issue. Although 

the complaint later refers to Christina’s having “made the[] transfers to the JDG Entities without 

consideration,” J.A. 26, it contains no factual allegations to “nudg[e] th[at] claim[] across the line 

from conceivable to plausible,” Twombly, 550 U.S. at 570.2

 Ames’s failure to plead a lack of 

consideration forecloses his claims under both §§ 273 and 275. 

2

 Ames argues throughout his appellate briefing that where necessary facts “are peculiarly within 

the possession and control of the defendant,” he is entitled to allege facts upon information and 

belief. See Arista Records, LLC v. Doe 3, 604 F.3d 110, 120 (2d Cir. 2010). But this does not give 

him carte blanche to make baseless assumptions about otherwise permissible conduct. See RTN 

Networks, LLC v. Telco Grp., Inc., 126 A.D.3d 477, 478 (1st Dep’t 2015) (“Plaintiff’s ‘mere belief’ 

that [the debtor] transferred its assets without fair consideration is insufficient.”); Jaliman v. D.H. 

Blair & Co., Inc., 105 A.D.3d 646, 647 (1st Dep’t 2013) (same); cf. Arista, 604 F.3d at 120 

(“Because the . . . complaint’s factual allegations described only actions that were . . . doctrinally 

consistent with lawful conduct, the conclusory allegation on information and belief that the 

observed conduct was the product of an unlawful agreement was insufficient to make the claim 

plausible.”). 
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II. Intentional Fraudulent Conveyance 

Ames also argues that the district court erred in dismissing his claim under NYDCL § 276, 

which deems conveyances made “with actual intent . . . to hinder, delay, or defraud either present 

or future creditors” fraudulent. NYDCL § 276. Pursuant to Federal Rule of Civil Procedure 9(b), 

Ames’s complaint must “state with particularity the circumstances constituting fraud or mistake.” 

Fed. R. Civ. P. 9(b). To survive a motion to dismiss, the facts supporting general allegations of 

“actual intent to hinder, delay, or defraud” must be “pled with specificity.” See Sharp, 403 F.3d at 

56 (internal quotation marks omitted); see also First Capital Asset Mgmt., Inc. v. Satinwood, Inc., 

385 F.3d 159, 179 (2d Cir. 2004) (“[T]he plaintiffs must allege facts that give rise to a strong

inference of fraudulent intent . . . .” (emphasis in original) (internal quotation marks omitted)). 

“Due to the difficulty of proving actual intent to hinder, delay, or defraud creditors, the 

pleader is allowed to rely on ‘badges of fraud’ . . . i.e., circumstances so commonly associated with 

fraudulent transfers that their presence gives rise to an inference of intent.” Sharp, 403 F.3d at 56 

(internal quotation marks omitted). Badges of fraud may include, inter alia, “a close relationship 

between the parties to the alleged fraudulent transaction; a questionable transfer not in the usual 

course of business; inadequacy of the consideration; the transferor’s knowledge of the creditor’s 

claim and the inability to pay it; and retention of control of the property by the transferor after the 

conveyance.” Wall St. Assocs. v. Brodsky, 257 A.D.2d 526, 529 (1st Dep’t 1999). But “the presence 

of one or more badges of fraud does not necessarily compel the conclusion that a conveyance is 

fraudulent.” A&M Global Mgmt. Corp. v. Northtown Urology Assocs., P.C., 115 A.D.3d 1283, 

1288–89 (4th Dep’t 2014). 

The district court properly found that Ames has not plausibly pleaded intent—with or 

without the use of “badges of fraud”—with sufficient specificity to survive a motion to dismiss. 
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On appeal, Ames argues that he has sufficiently alleged that Christina and the JDG Entities shared 

a “close relationship,” that Christina had admitted knowledge of her debts to Ames, and that she 

had engaged in a decades-long fraudulent course of conduct by evading his attempts to recover 

payment. None of these allegations, however, is sufficient to state a claim for fraudulent 

conveyance. First, Ames’s pleading suggests that Christina’s relationship with the JDG Entities is 

nothing more than a contractual arrangement pursuant to which she provided the JDG Entities with 

consulting services in exchange for a salary and a share of their profits. Second, Ames’s allegations 

that Christina acknowledged the debts on a phone call two years after the transfers at issue, and 

made clear her intent not to pay him, are insufficient to allege that she made the transfers with 

actual intent to commit fraud.3 See First Capital, 385 F.3d at 179–80 (“[A]llegations of motive 

and opportunity alone [do not] suffice”); see also Wall St. Assocs., 257 A.D.2d at 529 (identifying 

the relevant badge not as mere knowledge of a debt, but as “knowledge of the creditor’s claim and 

the inability to pay it” (emphasis added)). This is particularly true because, at the time of the 

transfers, the parties were actively litigating the validity of the debts in a decades-old action that 

remains ongoing in the courts of New York. Christina’s participation in this litigation likewise 

defeats Ames’s claim that her failure to pay the debts is sufficient to allege her fraudulent intent. 

Refusing payment while the New York courts determine the debts’ enforceability in the first place 

hardly gives rise to a plausible inference of fraud. Because Ames has failed to raise a strong 

3

 Indeed, the Appellate Division of the New York Supreme Court, First Judicial Department, has 

already upheld the dismissal of an earlier fraudulent conveyance action, in which Ames relied on 

the same evidence to allege Christina’s fraudulent intent in connection with a different set of 

transfers. See Ray v. Ray, 158 A.D.3d 578, 579 (1st Dep’t 2018) (“[T]he complaint does not plead 

intent to defraud sufficiently to support a claim under [DCL] § 276.”). The allegations are no more 

plausible here than they were in that unsuccessful action. 
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inference of Christina’s intent to commit fraud, he has failed to meet his burden under Rule 9(b) 

and, consequently, to state a claim for fraudulent transfer under NYDCL § 276. 

We have considered Ames’s remaining arguments and find them to be without merit. 

Accordingly, we AFFIRM the judgment of the district court. 

 FOR THE COURT: 

 Catherine O’Hagan Wolfe, Clerk