FOR PUBLICATION



### UNITED STATES COURT OF APPEALS FOR THE NINTH CIRCUIT

In re: PG&E CORPORATION SECURITIES LITIGATION,

------------------------------

PUBLIC EMPLOYEES RETIREMENT ASSOCIATION OF NEW MEXICO, The Class; YORK COUNTY ON BEHALF OF THE COUNTY OF YORK RETIREMENT FUND; CITY OF WARREN POLICE AND FIRE RETIREMENT SYSTEM; MID

- JERSEY TRUCKING INDUSTRY & LOCAL NO. 701 PENSION FUND,

Plaintiffs

- Appellants

,

v.

ANTHONY F. EARLEY, Jr.; GEISHA J. WILLIAMS; NICKOLAS STAVROPOULOS; JULIE M. KANE; CHRISTOPHER P. JOHNS; PATRICK M. HOGAN; BARBARA L. RAMBO; DAVID S. THOMASON; DINYAR B. MISTRY; No. 22

- 16711

D.C. No. 5:18

- cv

- 03509

- EJD

OPINION2 PERA V

. E ARLEY

LEWIS CHEW; FRED J. FOWLER; MARYELLEN C. HERRINGER; RICHARD C. KELLY; ROGER H. KIMMEL; RICHARD A. MESERVE; FORREST E. MILLER; BARRY LAWSON WILLIAMS; ROSENDO G. PARRA; ANNE SHEN SMITH; ERIC D. MULLINS; BARCLAYS CAPITAL, INC.; BNP PARIBAS SECURITIES CORPORAT ION; MORGAN STANLEY & CO. LLC; MUFG SECURITIES AMERICAS, INC.; WILLIAMS CAPITAL GROUP, L.P., AKA Siebert Williams Shank Co., LLC; CITIGROUP GLOBAL MARKETS, INC.; J.P. MORGAN SECURITIES, LLC; MERRILL LYNCH, PIERCE FENNER & SMITH, INC, AKA B of A Securities , Inc.; MIZUHO SECURITIES USA LLC; GOLDMAN SACHS & CO; RBC CAPITAL MARKETS, LLC; WELLS FARGO SECURITIES, LLC; BNY MELLON CAPITAL MARKETS, LLC; TD SECURITIES (USA), LLC; C. L. KING & ASSOCIATES, INC.; GREAT PACIFIC SECURITIES; CIBC WORLD MARKETS CORP.; SMBC NIKKO SECURITIES AMERICA, INC.; U. S. BANCORP INVESTMENTS, INC.; MISCHLER FINANCIAL GROUP, INC.;PERA V

. E ARLEY 3

BLAYLOCK VAN, LLC; SAMUEL A. RAMIREZ & COMPANY, INC.; MFR SECURITIES, INC.,

Defendants

-

Appellees

,

and

PG&E CORPORATION,

Defendant

.

Appeal from the United States District Court for the Northern District of California Edward J. Davila, District Judge, Presiding

Argued and Submitted September 13, 2023 San Francisco, California

Filed May 3, 2024

Before: J. Clifford Wallace, Danny J. Boggs, * and Danielle

J. Forrest, Circuit Judges.

Opinion by Judge Forrest

* The Honorable Danny J. Boggs, United States Circuit Judge for the U.S. Court of Appeals for the Sixth Circuit, sitting by designation.4 PERA V

. E ARLEY

SUMMARY **

Bankruptcy Stay

The panel vacated the district court’s order staying a securities fraud action pending completion of a Chapter 11 bankruptcy case and remanded.
A group of retirement and pension funds filed a consolidated putative securities class action against PG&E Corp. and Pacific Gas & Electric Co. (collectively, PG&E) and some of its current and former officers, directors, and bond underwriters (collectively , Individual Defendants). PG&E filed for Chapter 11 bankruptcy, automatically staying this action as against PG&E but not the Individual Defendants. The district court then sua sponte stayed these proceedings as against the Individual Defendants.
The panel held that it had jurisdiction over this interlocutory appeal under the Moses H. Cone doctrine because the stay was both indefinite and likely to be lengthy.
The panel held that the district court abused its discretion in ordering the stay as to the Individual Defendants. When deciding to issue a docket management stay, the district court must weigh three non

- exclusive factors: (1) the possible damage that may result from the granting of a stay; (2) the hardship or inequity that a party may suffer in being required to go forward; and (3) judicial efficiency. As to judicial efficiency, the district court properly concluded that the bankruptcy court’s initial dete rmination of identical

** This summary constitutes no part of the opinion of the court. It has been prepared by court staff for the convenience of the reader.PERA V

. E ARLEY 5

factual and legal issues could promote efficient adjudication of the claims presented in this action. The district court, however, did not adequately consider whether the stay imposed hardship on plaintiffs that outweighed the efficiencies to be gained by the stay. The panel vacated the stay and remanded for the district court to weigh all the relevant interests in determining whether a stay was appropriate.

COUNSEL

Carol C. Villegas (argued), Jeffrey A. Dubbin, Thomas A. Dubbs, and Michael P. Canty, Labaton Keller Sucharow LLP, New York, New York; Darren J. Robbins, Robbins Geller Rudman & Dowd LLP, San Diego, California; Willow E. Radcliffe, Robbins Geller Rudman & Dowd LLP, Nashville, Tennessee; Hadiya Deshmukh, Robbins Geller Rudman & Dowd LLP, San Francisco, California; James M. Wagstaffe, Adamski Moroski Madden Cumberland & Green LLP, San Luis Obispo, California; Frank Busch, Coblentz Patch Duffy & Bass LLP, San Francisco, California; for Plaintiffs

- Appellants.
Stephen P. Blake (argued) and Jonathan Sanders, Simpson Thacher & Bartlett LLP, Palo Alto, California; Jonathan Youngwood, Simpson Thacher & Bartlett LLP, New York, New York; Steven S. Scholes, McDermott Will & Emery LLP, Chicago, Illinois; Jason D. Strabo , McDermott Will & Emery LLP, Los Angeles, California; Neal A. Potischman, Davis Polk & Wardwell LLP, Menlo Park, California; Charles S. Duggan, Dana M. Seshens, and Craig T. Cagney, Davis Polk & Wardwell LLP, New York, New York; for Defendants

- Appellees.6 PERA V

. E ARLEY

OPINION

FORREST, Circuit Judge:

Following several wildfires in Northern California in 2017 and 2018

, a group of retirement and pension funds filed this consolidated putative securities class action against PG &E Corporation and Pacific Gas & Electric Company ( collectively, PG&E) and some of its current and former officers

, directors

, and bond underwriters (collectively, Individual Defendants )

, alleging that all the D efendants made false or misleading statements relat ed to PG&E’s wildfire

- safety policies and regulatory compliance. Shortly after lead plaintiff Public Employees Retirement Association of New Mexico (PERA) and the other retirement and pension funds (collectively, Plaintiffs) filed the operative complaint, PG&E filed for Chapter 11 bankruptcy, automatically staying this action as against PG&E but not the Individual Defendants

. The district court then sua sponte stayed th ese proceedings as against the Individual Defendants

, pending completion of PG&E’s bankruptcy case. In this interlocutory appeal, Plaintiffs argue that the district court abused its discretion by entering the stay. We have jurisdiction over this appeal under the so

- called Moses H. Cone doctrine

. W e conclude that the district court abuse d its discretion in ordering the stay as to the Individual De fendants

, vacate the s tay
, and remand with instructions

.

I. BACKGROUND

A. Plaintiffs’ Securities

- Fraud Action In June 2018, a PG&E shareholder filed a putative class action against PG&E and some of its current and formerPERA V

. E ARLEY 7

officers for violati ng the Securities Exchange Act of 1934 (Exchange Act). The district court consolidated th at shareholder’s case with other similar case s, and Plaintiffs jointly filed the operative third amended consolidated class

action complaint (Complaint) in May 2019. The Complaint asserts two categories of federal securities claims against three groups of defendants. The first category of claims arises under the Exchange Act and is asserted against PG&E and six current or former PG&E officers. The second category of claims arises under the Securities Act of 1933 (Securities Act) and is asserted against former PG&E officers and directors and over 20 financial institutions that participated in certain PG&E note offerings. 1
Plaintiffs’ claims against PG&E and the Individual Defendants are based on nearly identical legal theories and factual allegations. The Exchange Act claims are based on 19 alleged ly false or misleading statements that PG&E and the Individual Defendants made between April 29, 2015 , and November 15, 2018. 2 These statements concern numerous complex issues relating to PG&E’s wildfire

- safety policies and regulatory oversight. Plaintiffs’ Securities Act claims are based on substantially similar alleged misrepresentations. Plaintiffs allege that the prospectus filings for three PG&E note offerings and one note

- exchange offer that took place between March 2016 and April 2018 contained or incorporated statements that misleadingly

1 PG&E was not named in t he Securities Act claims because the bankruptcy court’s automatic stay was in place.

2 The Exchange Act claims are brought on behalf of a putative class of “all persons and entities who, during the period from April 29, 2015

, through November 15, 2018,

. . . purchased or otherwise acquired publicly traded PG&E securities.”8 PERA V

. E ARLEY

omitted material information about PG&E’s regulatory compliance, vegetation

- management practices, and equipment inspections and maintenance. 3

The Individual Defendants filed two motions to dismiss in October 2019. The parties completed briefing on those motions, and they were su bmitted for decision in the district
court
, in January 2020. Those motions remain pending.

B. PG&E’s Bankruptcy Case
In January 2019, a few months before Plaintiffs filed the Complaint, PG&E filed for Chapter 11 bankruptcy. A ccordingly , this action was automatically stayed as to PG&E under 11 U.S.C. § 362 . The bankruptcy court confirmed PG&E’s Plan of Reorganization (Plan) in June 2020, which provided for PG&E’s emergence from bankruptcy as a solvent debtor on July 1, 2020. The Plan did not extend the automatic bankruptcy stay to the Individual Defendants and , with some limitations, explicitly permitted continued prosecution of this action against th ose defendants. The Plan provided for the bankruptcy court’s continued jurisdiction over certain claims asserted against PG&E, including federal securities claims brought by shareholders in the b ankruptcy case by way of proofs of claim. The Plan treats these “shareholder claims as ‘subordinated’”

— meaning that

, if they succeed

, they “are to be paid at reduced amounts in shares of reorganized PG&E’s common stock

. ”

Earlier in the b ankruptcy proceedings, Plaintiffs sought to pursue their securities claims against PG&E through a

3 The Securities Act claims are brought on behalf of “all persons or entities that acquired PG&E senior notes in or traceable to one or more of the Notes Offerings and corresponding Offering Documents.”PERA V

. E ARLEY 9

class

- action procedure. They moved the bankruptcy court to treat their claims as “class proofs of claim” and to appoint PERA ( the lead Plaintiff here ) as lead claimant for the class. T hey presented to the bankruptcy court the Complaint in this case and expressly incorporated its claims and allegations into their securities claims filed in the bankruptcy court

. Further, Plaintiffs sought to define the proposed bankruptcy class as “the proposed class [PERA] represents” in this action, and made clear that the proposed bankruptcy class’s claims “are based solely on the allegations in the [ Complaint].” The bankruptcy court denied Plaintiffs’ request for class
treatment in January 2021, and instead adopted a specialized multi

- step alternative

- dispute

- resolution procedure ( the

s ecurities

- c laims ADR) to “facilitate and simplify the resolution of” the securities claims filed in the bankruptcy

case

. 4 The s ecurities

- claims ADR allows individual claimants to submit trading information ; make and receive settlement offers ; and, if necessary, mediat e with PG&E. Securities claims in the bankruptcy case that are not resolved through settlement or mediation ultimately proceed to a “claims reconciliation and objection process ” before the bankruptcy court. The p arties appear to agree that this claims

- reconciliation process necessarily will require the bankruptcy court to address the merits of the securities claims raised in this litigation

.

4 T he s ecurities

- claims ADR applies to shareholders who filed proofs of claim in PG&E’s bankruptcy case alleging losses “related to purchases of publicly

- traded PG&E . . . securities as a result of alleged inadequate or fraudulent disclosures or non

- disclosures of information from April 29, 2015 through November 15, 2018.”10 PERA V

. E ARLEY

As of April 9, 2021, more than 7,100 securities claims had been filed in the b ankruptcy case , totaling in the billions of dollars. Approximately 1,600 of those claims have settled through the securities

- claims ADR , and many more remain pending. PG&E and the Individual Defendants represent that all s ettlements with securities claimants in the b ankruptcy

case “have also resolved those claimants’ putative claims in this [a]ction” through releases of claims. 5

C. The District Court’s Notice of Intent to Stay In April 2021, well over a year after the Individual Defendants’ motions to dismiss were ripe f or decision, the district court issued a Notice of Intent to Stay (Notice) this action based on the parties’ status reports concerning the b ankruptcy case

. In one joint status report, Plaintiffs emphasized the significant overlap between the b ankruptcy

case and this action because the Plan “includes a ‘class’ . . . of shareholder claims against PG&E that is, for all practical purposes, a large subset of the putative class before th [ e ] [ district court].” Plaintiffs further acknowledged :

[P] roceedings involving the merits of the securities claims in bankruptcy court . . . will necessarily involve addressing identical issues [the district court] may be called on to consider , including whether the 19 asserted false and misleading statements made over three

- and

- a

- half years are actionable

5 Certain named Plaintiffs in this action , but not PERA, allege that they “are [entirely] excluded” from the b ankruptcy s ecurities

- c laims ADR

. However, i t appears undisputed that many (or all) of the securities claimants participating in the s ecurities

- c laims ADR are also members of the putative class in this action.PERA V

. E ARLEY 11

(including the elements of falsity, materiality, and scienter), as well as whether and to what extent these statements caused investor losses over the nine asserted loss causation events.

Thus, Plaintiffs predicted that the bankruptcy court’s adjudication of securities claims “may be conducted in parallel with [this action in the district court], including to judgment and, potentially, to inconsistent judgments on identical issues.” In a nother status report, Plaintiffs reiterated that “at some point, the bankruptcy court will face the merits of the claims against PG&E that are also at issue in the securities action before [the district court].” Apparently r elying on Plaintiffs’ representations that the two proceedings “will necessarily involve addressing identical issues,” the district court issued the Notice indicating its “inten[t] to stay this case pending completion of the claims procedure and ADR.” The district court reasoned that a stay “will promote judicial efficiency and economy, as well as avoid the potential for inconsistent judgments,” in part because “the ongoing bankruptcy [securities] claim process will affect, among other things, t he size and potential damage claims of the putative classes in this action.” The district court acknowledged that resolution of the Individual Defendants’ motions to dismiss would be delayed but determined that “the potential prejudice a delay will cause to any of the parties” was outweighed by the district court’s “stated justifications.”

Plaintiffs objected to the district court’s Notice

, vigorously contending that staying the action would not further judicial efficiency and that they and the putative class would be prejudiced by the delay

. Regarding judicial efficiency, Plaintiffs argued that having the bankruptcy court12 PERA V

. E ARLEY

address the merits of the securities claims in the first instance “cannot possibly avoid the potential for inconsistent judgments” because the bankruptcy court ’s decisions are appealable to the district court, thereby eventually requiring the district court to decide the full set of issues for itself

. The only efficien t course, Plaintiffs reasoned

, was for the district court to d ecide the merits issues first. Additionally , Plaintiffs argued that, because the Individual Defendants’ proportionate responsibility for any damages owed to the putative class for securities violations must be determined by a jury, the district court was incorrect that the b ankruptcy

case addressing PG&E’s responsibility would affect the “size and potential damage claims

. . . in this action

. ” Regarding prejudice, Plaintiffs submitted reports of multiple experts who estimated that the bankruptcy court’s securities

- claim ADR will likely take between four and seven years to complete. Plaintiffs argued that this delay significantly increased “the likelihood of lost evidence and fading memories,” thereby prejudicing their ability to collect evidence for their action. Plaintiffs also contended that a stay would increase PG&E’s bargaining power and unfairly inflate the importance of the securities

- clai m ADR because putative class members who did or could not submit claims were excluded from participating in the ADR.

The Individual Defendants did not object to a stay or identify any harm they would suffer if this action were not stayed.

D. The District Court’s Stay Order

O ver a year

- and

- a

- half after issuing the Notice

, the district court entered a stay on the last day of September 2022 in a summary order (Order) that differed from the Notice in several ways. First, the O rder recited onlyPERA V

. E ARLEY 13

“efficiency” and an “overlap between the bankruptcy proceedings and the instant securities fraud action” as justifications for the stay, without any analysis. T he Order did not include the Notice’s additional justifications of “the potential for inconsistent judgments” or the impact on “the size and potential damage claims of the putative classes in this action

. ” And second, the O rder delineated that the stay would last until “resolution of the bankruptcy proceedings” instead of until “completion of the [ se curities

- claims ADR ],”

as the Notice had previously indicated. Plaintiffs timely appealed from the O rder. 6

II. STANDARD OF REVIEW

“ We review a district court’s stay order for abuse of discretion . H owever, the standard is ‘somewhat less deferential’ than the abuse of discretion standard used in other contexts.” Dependable Highway Exp

. , Inc. v. Navigators Ins. Co.

, 498 F.3d 1059, 1066 (9th Cir. 200 7 ) (citation s omitted). Regarding stay s , “ [a] district court abuses its discretion if it ‘base[s] its ruling on an erroneous view of the law or on a clearly erroneous assessment of the evidence.’” Id. ( second alteration in original) ( quoting Cooter & Gell v. Hartmarx Corp. , 496 U.S. 384, 405 (1990) ). It is more likely that a district court has abused its discretion when the party seeking relief from the stay establishes the stay “will result in irreparable injury and a

6 Contrary to the opening brief’s representation that the notice of appeal was filed on October 28, 2022, the notice of appeal was dated and filed on October 31, 2022. The appeal was nevertheless timely because October 30, the end of the statutory period, see 28 U.S.C. § 2107(a), fell on a Sunday

, s ee Fed. R. App. P. 26 (a) (1) ( C ) (“[I]f the last day is a Saturday, Sunday, or legal holiday, the period continues to run until the end of the next day that is not a Saturday, Sunday, or legal holiday

. ”).14 PERA V

. E ARLEY

miscarriage of justice.” CMAX, Inc. v. Hall , 300 F.2d 265, 26 8 (9th Cir. 1962).

III. DISCUSSION

A. Appellate Jurisdiction

We first consider whether we have jurisdiction over this interlocutory appeal. “ Ordinarily, a stay order is not an
appe alable final decision

. ” Davis v. Walker , 745 F.3d 1303, 1308 (9th Cir. 2014). The Supreme Court has recognized, however, that a stay order is appealable as a final decision under 28 U.S.C. § 1291 if the order places the plaintiff

“ effectively out of court.” Moses H. Cone Mem’l Hosp. v. Mercury Constr. Corp. , 460 U.S. 1, 9 (1983 ) ( quoting Idlewild Liquor Corp. v. Epstein , 370 U.S. 713, 715 n.2 (1962) ). Moses H. Cone concerned a stay of a federal action pending resolution of a state action that would have preclusive effect

, thereby placing the litigant “effective ly out of [federal] court.” Id. at 10 (internal quotation marks omitted). But t he reasoning of Moses H. Cone applies even “absent risk that another proceeding will have res judicata effect” where “an indefinite delay amounts to a refusal to proceed to a disposition on the merits.” Blue Cross & Blue Shield of Ala. v. Unity Outpatient Surgery Ctr., Inc. , 490 F.3d 718, 723

– 24 (9th Cir. 2007)

. And while lengthy or indefinite st ays may fall within Moses H. Cone ’s ambit

, see id. at 723, we comfortably assert jurisdiction over appeals from order s imposing stays that are both lengthy and indefinit e , s ee Davis , 745 F.3d at 13 09

. T he stay entered in this case is indefinite because its end date is triggered by the occurrence of an external event that is not time limited. See id. ; see also Dependable Highway

, 498 F.3d at 1066

– 67 (observing that “stays of short, or at least reasonable, duration” are favored )

. B ut see Blue Cross

,PERA V

. E ARLEY 15

490 F.3d at 724 (stating that lengthy or indefinite stays are not “invariably improper or inappropriate”)

. Although the stay could be lifted at some point in the future, the simple fact that “litigation may eventually resume” does not deprive us of appellate jurisdiction. Id. at 724 ; see Lockyer v. Mirant Corp. , 398 F.3d 1098, 1102 (9th Cir. 2005) (“[A]bsolute certainty is not required in order to put a party ‘effectively out of court’ within the meaning of the Moses H. Cone doctrine

. ”).

T he stay entered here is also likely to be extremely lengthy. The stay has already been in place for over 18 months, the benchmark we first recognized in Blue Cross

. 490 F.3d at 724. We agree with the Individual Defendants that Blue Cross did not establish a categorical rule that any stay lasting longer than 18 months places litigants effectively out of court

. N or do we establish such a rule here

. There may be circumstances in which a stay of this duration does not prevent litigants from accessing court. 7 But 18 months is nonetheless a guidepost for our analysis, and the circumstances here fall within Moses H. Cone ’s reasoning.
Moreover, g iven the size and complexity of PG&E’s bankruptcy proceeding, we are persuaded that th e stay is likely to continue for a significant period. Plaintiffs’ expert opined that the securities

- claims ADR process alone could

7 Our prior cases endorse a clear rule that the district court abuses its discretion by issuing a stay order that places a plaintiff out of court, regardless of the type of court presiding over the related proceeding. See Ley v a v. Cert. Grocers of Cal., Ltd. , 593 F.2d 857, 863

– 64 (9th Cir. 1979) (“This rule [governing the district court’s stay authority] applies whether the separate proceedings are judicial, administrative

, or arbitral in character, and does not require that the issues in such proceedings are necessarily controlling of the action before the court

. ”) ; id. at 864 (collecting cases)

.16 PERA V

. E ARLEY

take approximately seven years to complete, a calculation that the Individual Defendants do not contest. And as explained, the stay the district court entered does not terminate until “resolution of the bankruptcy proceedings,” which could be much longer than seven years. Finally, to the extent there is any ambiguity regarding whether the district court intended to end the stay at the conclusion of the securities

- claim ADR process or at the conclusion of the bankruptcy proceedings as a whole

, th e difference is immaterial

. M easured against either end point, the s tay is of such a duration as to trigger jurisdiction under Moses H. Cone and Blue Cross

. Accordingly, we conclude that we have jurisdiction over this interlocutory appeal. 8

B. The Stay Order

We next turn to whether the district court abused its discretion by staying this case pending resolution of PG&E’s bankruptcy proceedings. The district court possesses “inherent authority to stay federal proceedings pursuant to its docket management powers.” Ernest Bock, LLC v. Steelman , 76 F.4th 827, 842 (9th Cir. 2023). A district court “may, with propriety, find it is efficient for its own docket and the fairest course for the parties to enter a stay of an

8 In cases invoking Moses H. Cone , we have previously also analyzed the existence of jurisdiction under the related doctrine set forth in Cohen v. Beneficial Industrial Loan Corp. , 337 U.S. 541 (1949). See, e.g.

, Lockyer , 398 F.3d at 1103

– 04; see also Dependable Highway , 498 F.3d at 1065 (“To fall within Cohen ’s ambit, an order ‘must [1] conclusively determine the disputed question, [2] resolve an important issue completely separate from the merits of the action, and [3] be effectively unreviewable on appeal from a final judgment

. ’” (quoting Coopers & Lybrand v. Livesay , 437 U.S. 463, 468 (1978)) ). We decline to conduct this additional analysis here because this appeal clearly falls within Moses H. Cone

.PERA V

. E ARLEY 17

action before it, pending resolution of independent proceedings which bear upon the case.” Mediterranean Enters., Inc. v. Ssangyong Corp. , 708 F.2d 1458, 1465 (9th Cir. 1983) (citation omitted). The decision to stay proceedings “calls for the exercise of judgment, which must weigh competing interests and maintain an even balance.” Landis v. N

. Am

. Co. , 299 U.S. 248, 254

– 55 (1936).
Our prior cases have “identified three non

- exclusive factors courts must weigh when deciding whether to issue a docket management stay: (1) ‘the possible damage which may result from the granting of a stay’; (2) ‘the hardship or inequity which a party may suffer in being required to go forward’; and (3) ‘the orderly course of justice measured in terms of the simplifying or complicating of issues, proof, and questions of law.’” Ernest Bock , 76 F.4th at 842 (quoting Lockyer , 398 F.3d at 1110 )

. 9 A district court’s concern for the last factor, which courts refer to as “judicial efficiency, ” “standing alone is not necessarily a sufficient ground to stay proceedings.” Dependable Highway , 489 F.3d at 1066. We begin our analysis there.

1. Judicial E fficiency

The dist rict court gave a single justification for its stay order: j udicial e fficiency

. B ecause of “the overlap between

9 In Blue Cross , we referenced a five

- factor balancing test set forth in Keating v. Office of Thrift Supervision

, 45 F.3d 322, 325 (9th Cir. 1995). 490 F.3d at 724. Keating ’s five

- factor test is materially similar to the test originally described in CMAX

— both consider judicial efficiency and prejudice to the parties and others

— but the Keating test has been applied when a district court is considering staying “civil proceedings in the face of a parallel criminal proceeding,” as was the case in Blue Cross

. Keating , 45 F.3d at 324. Because there are no parallel criminal proceedings here, we apply the balancing test set forth in CMAX

. See Lockyer , 398 F.3d at 1112 (applying the CMAX test).18 PERA V

. E ARLEY

the bankruptcy proceedings and the instant securities fraud action,” the district court concluded that “[a] stay of the entire action ‘is in the interest of efficiency’ and would avoid proceeding on a piecemeal basis.” The parties dispute whether the stay here achieves any efficiency.

A district court may stay a case “pending resolution of independent proceedings which bear upon the case

, ” and we have clarified “ that the issues in such [independent] proceedings” do not need to be “necessarily controlling of the action before the [district] court.” Leyva

, 593 F.2d at 863

– 64. Indeed, w e have repeatedly held that a district court does not abuse its discretion by staying litigation for efficiency reasons pending resolution of other related proceedings. See , e.g. , Lockyer , 398 F.3d at 1110

– 12 (discussing cases upholding stays). For example, in CMAX

, a mandamus proceeding challenging a stay order, we upheld

a stay pending resolution of related administrative proceedings because “at the very least, the [administrative] proceeding [would] provide a means of developing comprehensive evidence be aring upon the highly technical

. . . questions which [were] likely to arise in the district court case.” 300 F.2d at 269. And in Mediterranean Enterprises

, we sustained the district court’s stay of an entire federal action pending resolution of arbitration proceedings, even though only some of the plaintiff’s claims were subject to arbitration, because both the federal action and arbitration involved identical questions . 708 F.2d at 1465.
Plaintiffs argue that any efficiency achieved by the stay entered here is illusory because a ny decision the bankruptcy
court makes about PG&E’s liability for federal securities violations is appealable to

— and not binding on

— the district
court. Plaintiffs further contend that “ t he [s] tay does not avoid piecemeal litigation because the separate claimsPERA V

. E ARLEY 19

against [the Individual] Defendants . . . will still, eventually, need to proceed to discovery and then judgment in the D istrict C ourt.” We are not persuaded. As the Individual Defendants argue, the efficiency to be gained by the stay is not illusory simply because the bankruptcy court’s decision will not bind the district court or because the district court will still have to adjudicate the claims

. See Leyva , 593 F.2d at 863

– 64; CMAX

, 300 F.2d at 269.
Put simply, because the bankruptcy court must address issues identical to those presented in th is action in resolving the securities claims asserted against PG&E in the bankruptcy action

, the district court could receive “considerable assistance in resolving ” this action from the bankruptcy court’s development of the record and assessment of common issues. Lockyer , 398 F.3d at 1110. Indeed, Plaintiffs acknowledge as much: They represented that PG&E is likely to “seek and provide discovery, engage experts, and conduct evidentiary hearings” in litigating the securities claims pending in the bankruptcy court, including in relation to the complex element of loss causation. Plaintiffs’ own statements thus highlight how the bankruptcy court’s adjudication of “identical” securities claims could “at the very least, . . . provide a means of develop ing comprehensive evidence bearing upon the highly technical [securities] questions which are likely to arise in the district court case.” CMAX

, 300 F.2d at 269; see also Leyva , 593 F.2d at 863 (“[F]indings, as well as the documents and testimony produced during the arbitration hearing, may be of valuable assistance to the court in resolving the [statutory] claims presented in

. . . the complaint, even under the assumption that the court is not bound and controlled by the arbitrator’s conclusions

. ”)

.20 PERA V

. E ARLEY

Accordingly, we hold that the district court did not abuse its discretion in determining that the bankruptcy court’s initial determination of identical factual and legal issues

c ould promote efficient adjudication of the claims presented in this action

. 10 See Lockyer , 398 F.3d at 1113 (holding that the district court’s stay was i mproper where, among other considerations, “the proceeding in the bankruptcy court [was] unlikely to decide, or contribute to the decision of, the factual and legal issues before the district court”).

2. Prejudice Even if there are efficiencies to be gained by a stay

, the district court must also weigh the relative hardships that a stay might cause. See Landis , 299 U.S. at 254

– 55; CMAX

, 300 F.2d at 268. In Landis , the Supreme Court made clear that “if there is even a fair possibility that the stay . . . will work damage to some one else

, ” the party seeking a stay “must make out a clear case of hardship or inequity in being required to go forward.” 299 U.S. at 255. Here, no party sought a stay

, and the district court did not adequately weigh these interests

. To begin, t he Individual Defendants do not articulate any prejudice that they will suffer from having to continue litigating this case

. See Lock y er , 398 F.3d at 1112 (“[B]eing

10 The district court’s Notice included two more efficiency

- based justification s

— the “potential for inconsistent judgments” and that “the ongoing bankruptcy claim process will affect, among other things, the size and potential damage claims of the putative classes in this action.” Because we conclude that the invocation of judicial efficiency in the district court’s Order was a proper justification for a stay and adequately supported by the record, we need not address the additional questions of whether we may look to the Notice’s justification s and, if so, whether th ese justification s support a stay.PERA V

. E ARLEY 21

required to defend a suit, without more, does not constitute [prejudice]

. ”). Therefore, there are no relative har dships to balance. The question is whether the s t ay imposes hardship on Plaintiffs that outweigh s the efficiencies to be gained by the stay

. B oth below and on appeal, Plaintiffs raise d several argument s for why they will be prejudice d by a stay
, including: (1) danger of lost evidence; (2) competition with claimants in other actions for limited insurance covering damages awards; and (3) inability for class members who did not (or were unable to) submit claims in the bankruptcy proceedings to “pursue a remedy in any court, for an unknown length of time.” The district court’s Notice tersely acknowledged th at a stay c ould cause p rejudic ial delay

, but its Order was silent as to Plaintiffs ’ specific arguments raised in their object ions

. The Order’s failure to address Plaintiffs’ prejudice arguments is particularly problematic because the length of the stay ordered exceeds what the district court initially indicated in the Notice. 11 W hile a district court has discretion to grant a lengthy stay, it must “weigh[] the proper factors” in doing so. Blue Cross , 490 F.3d at 724. “ W e cannot review the district court’s exercise of its discretion in weighing these factors unless we know t hat it has done so and why it reached its result.” Id. Here, the district court’s O rder g ives no indication that Plaintiffs’ specific objections were considered or why the efficiencies the district court s eeks to gain outweigh the potential prejudice caused by the

11 Despite the plain terms of the O rder stating that the stay remains in place until “resolution of the bankruptcy proceedings,” the Individual Defendants contend that the stay lasts only until completion of the securities

- claims ADR, as contemplated in the district court’s N otice. T he Individual Defendants offer no authority establishing that the district court’s Notice controls over the express terms of the O rder.22 PERA V

. E ARLEY

significant delay

. B ecause we generally “decline to indulge in speculation in an effort to make plain that which is not discernible in the record,” Barba

- Reyes v. United States , 397 F.2d 91, 93 (9th Cir. 1967), we must end our analysis here. The district court, more familiar with the complexities presented in this action and the extent of th is action’s overlap with the bankruptcy action, is in the better position to assess and weigh Plaintiffs’ objections to the stay in the first instance. I f

, after considering the potential prejudice to Plaintiffs

, the district court determines that a stay is nonetheless appropriate , it should state its findings and expla in why a stay promotes “a just and efficient determination of th[is] case

. ” Leyva

, 593 F.2d at 864.
For these reasons, we vacate the stay and remand for the district court to weigh all the relevant interest s in determining whether a stay of this action is appropriate

. See CMAX , 300 F.2d at 268.

VACATED and REMANDED. 12

12 Plaintiffs ’ motion for judicial notice [Dkt. 46] is granted.