IN THE COURT OF APPEALS OF IOWA

No. 21-1647

Filed October 5, 2022

STATE OF IOWA,

Plaintiff-Appellee,

vs.

LLOYD B. MORRISON,

Defendant-Appellant.

________________________________________________________________

Appeal from the Iowa District Court for Scott County, John D. Telleen, 

Judge.

Lloyd Morrison appeals from his guilty plea to assault with intent to commit 

sexual abuse causing bodily injury. AFFIRMED.

Martha J. Lucey, State Appellate Defender, and Robert P. Ranschau, 

Assistant Appellate Defender, for appellant.

Thomas J. Miller, Attorney General, and Genevieve Reinkoester, Assistant 

Attorney General, for appellee.

Considered by Bower, C.J., Tabor, J., and Doyle, S.J.*

*Senior judge assigned by order pursuant to Iowa Code section 602.9206 

(2022).
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DOYLE, Senior Judge.

Lloyd Morrison appeals his conviction following his guilty plea to assault 

with intent to commit sexual abuse causing bodily injury. He argues the district 

court should have, sua sponte, ordered a pre-sentencing competency evaluation

and the court’s failure to do so violated his right to due process. He asks that we 

vacate his guilty plea and sentence and remand to the district court for further 

proceedings. Having failed to make a showing before the district court that a 

reasonable person would believe that there is a substantial question of his 

competency, we affirm Morrison’s conviction and sentence.

Morrison was charged with third-degree sexual abuse, habitual offender, 

after grabbing the genital area of a female store employee. He later entered a 

written guilty plea to assault with intent to commit sexual abuse causing bodily 

injury. He waived his right to be present and participate in an in-court plea 

colloquy. The district court accepted the paper plea, ordered a presentence 

investigation report (PSI), and set a sentencing date. Morrison appeared at the 

sentencing hearing and was sentenced to a period of incarceration. At no time did 

Morrison or his counsel request a competency hearing. Morrison now claims the 

PSI documented his “significant” mental-health issues such that the district court 

should have, sua sponte, ordered a competency evaluation.

This is a direct appeal from Morrison’s guilty plea to a class “D” felony. Iowa 

Code section 814.6(1)(a)(3) (2020) prevents defendant from challenging their 

guilty pleas for anything but a class “A” felony unless they establish “good cause.” 

So our threshold question is whether Morrison has good cause to appeal from his 

plea. State v. Tucker, 959 N.W.2d 140, 153 (Iowa 2021). His claim the district 
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court erred in failing to, sua sponte, order a competency hearing established good 

cause to appeal as a matter of right. State v. Newman, 970 N.W.2d 866, 870-71 

(Iowa 2022) (citing State v. Chindlund, No. 20-1368, 2021 WL 2708944, at *2 (Iowa 

Ct. App. June 30, 2021) (“[G]ood cause exists to challenge competency at the time 

of the plea irrespective of whether the issue was contested below.” (quoting State 

v. Cue, No. 19-2150, 2020 WL 6157813, at *3 (Iowa Ct. App. Oct. 21, 2020)))

further review denied (Dec. 22, 2020)).

Because the conviction of an incompetent person violates due process, we 

review competency decisions de novo. State v. Einfeldt, 914 N.W.2d 773, 778, 

780 (Iowa 2018). We “examine the totality of the circumstances to determine if, at

the relevant time, a substantial question of the [defendant]’s competency 

reasonably appeared.” Jones v. State, 479 N.W.2d 265, 270 (Iowa 1991).

Throughout the district court proceedings, neither Morrison nor his counsel 

mentioned Morrison’s competency. No one requested a competency evaluation. 

The record of the hearings Morrison participated in give no indication that he

demonstrated irrational behavior during these proceedings or that his demeanor 

was anything but normal considering the circumstances. Being a paper plea, 

Morrison did not appear before the court taking the plea. That leaves for 

consideration only the PSI presented to the sentencing judge and Morrison’s 

conduct during the sentencing hearing. To be sure, the PSI outlines Morrison’s 

mental-health difficulties, including a history of PTSD, anxiety, depression and 

schizophrenia. A June 2020 psychiatric evaluation was conducted with the 

following diagnosis: “Bipolar disorder type I manic episode, traumatic brain injury, 

alcohol use disorder, and polysubstance use disorder.” Under “Offender 
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Intervention Comments,” the PSI states, among other things, “[a] mental health 

evaluation is paramount with monitoring to ensure [Morrison] adheres to his follow 

up care and medications.” But the PSI says nothing about Morrison’s competency 

to stand trial. Morrison was cogent and apologetic at his sentencing hearing. 

Nothing he said would have alerted a reasonable person to doubt Morrison’s 

competency at the hearing.

There is a presumption that a defendant is competent to stand trial, and the 

defendant has the burden to prove incompetence. Newman, 970 N.W.2d at 871.

When questions arise about a criminal defendant’s competency, Iowa Code 

section 812.3 sets out a procedural mechanism to ensure due process is satisfied.

It requires a competency hearing “at any stage of a criminal proceeding” if there 

are “specific facts showing that the defendant is suffering from a mental disorder 

which prevents the defendant from appreciating the charge, understanding the 

proceedings, or assisting effectively in the defense.” Iowa Code § 812.3(1). Either 

a defendant or defense counsel can apply for a competency determination, or the 

court can schedule a competency hearing on its own motion. See id.

“Probable cause exists for a competency hearing when a reasonable 

person would believe that there is a substantial question of [Morrison]’s 

competency.” Einfeldt, 914 N.W.2d at 779. Whether to hold a competency 

evaluation to determine a defendant's competency to stand trial presents a legal 

question; as a result, the trial court's discretion does not play a role. Id.

As noted, neither Morrison nor his attorney requested a competency 

hearing. Should the sentencing court have ordered a competency hearing on its 

own motion? In this case, to evaluate whether a hearing was required, we only 
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consider those competency factors known to the court at the time of the sentencing 

hearing. See State v. Walton, 228 N.W.2d 21, 23 (Iowa 1975). Factors in 

determining whether due process requires an inquiry into competency include 

(1) the defendant’s irrational behavior, (2) demeanor at trial, and (3) any prior 

medical opinion on competence to stand trial. State v. Lucas, 232 N.W.2d 228, 

232 (Iowa 1982). “[T]he ultimate question of competency facing the judge [is] 

whether the defendant is prevented from ‘appreciating the charge, understanding 

the proceedings, or assisting effectively in the defense.’” Einfeldt, 914 N.W.2d at 

791 (quoting Iowa Code § 812.3(1)). Put another way, “[t]he critical question is 

‘whether [the defendant] has sufficient present ability to consult with his lawyer with 

a reasonable degree of rational understanding—and whether he has a rational as 

well as factual understanding of the proceedings against him.’” Newman, 970 

N.W.2d at 871 (citations omitted). Morrison’s behavior and demeanor at the 

sentencing hearing (and prior hearings before other judges) reveal nothing to 

suggest a competency hearing was indicated. Our record also lacks any medical 

opinions on Morrison's competency. So we are left to consider only the mental 

health evidence in the PSI. 

The question is whether the PSI information would lead a reasonable 

person to question Morrison’s ability to appreciate the charges, understand the 

proceedings, or assist effectively in his defense. We conclude it does not. A 

defendant's past history of mental illness alone is insufficient to trigger a 

competency hearing. See Einfeldt, 914 N.W.2d at 782 n.3. “[E]ven the presence 

of mental illness at trial, in and of itself, is not necessarily sufficient to trigger the 

requirement of a competency hearing” unless it “give[s] rise to a serious question 
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as to whether the defendant meaningfully understands the charges and is capable 

of meaningfully assisting in the defense.” Id.

On our de novo review, and after applying applicable factors, we find no 

specific facts about Morrison’s competence that required the court to order a 

hearing on its own motion under section 812.3. The evidence shows Morrison 

understood the charges, was able to provide a factual basis for them, and assist 

in his defense. We also note Morrison has a lengthy criminal history and there is 

nothing in our record showing he had ever been declared to be incompetent in any 

of those proceedings. See State v. Jarrell, No. 12-1262, 2013 WL 535775, at *3 

(Iowa Ct. App. Feb. 13, 2013) (noting in a discussion of the defendant’s 

competency that the defendant “was not a neophyte to the criminal justice system 

at the time he entered” his plea). Furthermore, on the record presented, Morrison 

has failed to meet his burden to prove he was incompetent when his guilty plea 

was accepted. His claim is better suited for postconviction relief where an 

adequate record may be developed.

Morrison is entitled to no relief in this appeal. Thus, we affirm his conviction 

and sentence.

AFFIRMED.