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DNA 

SHOTS 

TO WILSON 

The First Four Tests of the 

Series 

28 MAY JUNE 1957 

United States Atmospheric Nuclear Weapons Tests 

Nuclear Test Personnel Review 

This is the FILE COPY 

Please DO NOT REMOVE from 

Reading Area. 

Prepared by the Defense Nuclear Agency as Executive Agency 

for the Department of Defense 

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SECURITY CLASSIFICATION OF THIS PAGE (When 

READ INSTRUCTIONS 

BEFORE COMPLETING FORM 

1. REPORT NUMBER 

DNA 6008F 

2. ACCESSION NO. 3. RECIPIENT’S CATALOG NUMBER 

TITLE 

SHOTS BOLTZMANN TO WILSON, 

THE FIRST FOUR TESTS OF THE SERIES 

28 18 June 1957 

5 TYPE OF REPORT PERIOD COVERED 

Final Report 

6. PERFORMING ORG. REPORT NUMBER 

JRB 2-816-03-423-00 

7. AUTHOR(e) 

Jaton' West Jeannie Massie 

Wilkinson 

Carol Simpson 

6 CONTRACT OR GRANT NUMBER(s) 

DNA 001-79-C-0473 

PERFORMING ORGANIZATION NAME AND ADDRESS 

JRB Associates 

8400 Drive 

McLean, Virginia 22102 

PROGRAM ELEMENT. PROJECT, TASK 

AREA WORK UNIT NUMBERS 

CONTROLLING OFFICE NAME AND ADDRESS 

Director 

Defense Nuclear Agency 

Washington, D.C. 20305 

12. REPORT DATE 

28 September 1981 NUMBER OF PAGES 

144 

14. AGENCY NAME SECURITY CLASS. (of report) 

UNCLASSIFIED 

SCHEDULE 

N/A Since UNCLASSIFIED STATEMENT (of Report) 

Approved for public release; distribution unlimited. 

17. DISTRIBUTION STATEMENT (of the In 20, if Report) 

SUPPLEMENTARY NOTES 

This work sponsored by the Defense Nuclear Agency RMSS Code 

B350079464 For sale by the National Technical 

Information Service, Springfield, VA 22161. 

19. KEY WORDS (Continue on If by block number) 

BOLTZMANN AFSWC Nevada Test Site 

FRANKLIN AFSWP Nuclear Tests 

Ionizing Radiation 

WILSON Exercise Desert Rock 

Nevada Test Organization 

if by block 

This report describes the activities of DOD personnel, both military and 

civilian, in Shots BOLTZMANN to WILSON, the first four nuclear tests in the 

Series, which were conducted from 28 May to 18 June 1957. The tests 

involved participants from Exercise Desert Rock VII and VIII, AFSWP, AFSWC, 

and various AEC test groups. This volume also describes the radiological 

Safety criteria and procedures in effect at Shots BOLTZMANN to WILSON. 

DD 1473 OF 65 

UNCLASSIFIED SECURITY OF THIS PAGE 
UNCLASSIFIED 

SECURITY CLASSIFICATION OF THIS 

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18. SUPPLEMENTARY NOTES (Continued) 

The Defense Nuclear Agency Action Officer, Lt. Col. H. L. Reese, USAF, 

under whom this work was done, wishes to acknowledge the research and 

editing contribution of numerous reviewers in the military services and 

other organizations in addition to those writers listed in block 7. 

. 

UNCLASSIFIED 

SECURITY CLASSIFICATION OF THIS Data Entered) 
PREFACE 

Between 1945 and 1962, the United States Government, through 

the Manhattan Engineeer District and its successor the 

Atomic Energy Commission conducted approximately 235 

atmospheric nuclear weapons tests at sites in the southwestern 

U.S. and in the Pacific and Atlantic Oceans. In all, an estimated 220,000 Department of Defense (DOD) personnel, both 

military and civilian, were present at the tests. Approximately 

90,000 of these participants were present at weapons tests 

conducted at the Nevada Test Site (NTS),* northwest of Las Vegas, 

Nevada. 

In 1977, 15 after the last above-ground weapons test, 

the Center for Disease Control+ noted a possible leukemia cluster 

among a group of soldiers present at Shot SMOKY, one nuclear test 

of Operation PLUMBBOB. Since that initial report the Center 

for Disease Control, the Veterans Administration has received a 

number of claims for medical benefits from former military personnel who believe their health may have been adverselv affected 

bv participation in the atmospheric nuclear weapons tests and 

consequent exposure to low levels of ionizing radiation. 

In late 1977, the Department of Defense began a study to 

provide data to both the Center for Disease Control and Veterans 

Administration on potential exposures to ionizing radiation among 

*Formerly called the Nevada Proving Ground, the name of the test

range was changed to the Nevada Test Site in 1955. 

of the U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, 

formerlv the U.S. Department of Health, Education, and Welfare. 

1 
the atmospheric testing veterans. The Department of Defense 

responded by organizing an effort to: 

Identifv Department of Defense personnel who had 

taken part in the atmospheric nuclear weapons tests 

Provide public disclosure of information concerning 

participation bv DOD personnel in the atmospheric

nuclear weapons tests. 

This report on the first four shots, BOLTZMANN, 

FRANKLIN, and WILSON, is based on the historical record 

of military and technical documents associated with each of the 

nuclear weapons test events. These reports provide a public 

record of the activities and associated potential for radiation 

exposure of DOD personnel, for use in ongoing public health 

research and policy analysis. 

Many of the documents pertaining to DOD 

involvement during the first four shots were found in 

the Defense Nuclear 4gencv Technical the National 

Federal Archives Record Center, the Department of Energy Nevada 

Operations Office, and the Los National In 

certain cases, the surviving historical documentation addresses 

test specifications and technical information, rather than 

personnel data critical to the study undertaken the Department 

of Defense. Moreover, these documents sometimes have revealed 

inconsistencies in vital facts, such as the number of DOD 

participants in certain project at given shot or their 

locations and assignments at a given time. These inconsistencies 

in data usuallv occur between two or more documents but 

allv appear within the same document. Efforts have been made to 

resolve these inconsistencies wherever possible or to bring them 

to the attention of the reader. In addition to these inconsistencies in information, the documents describing test organization projects do not alwavs distinguish between projects that 

were only planned and those that were actually conducted. 

the Los 41amos Scientific Laboratory 

2 
This report discusses those projects verified by documentation as having been conducted, 

For several of the Exercise Desert Rock and test organization projects discussed in this volume, the onlv documents 

available are the Sixth Army Desert Rock operation orders, the 

annexes to the Test Director's "Operation Plan CTDN-22," and Air 

Force air mission summarv reports. These sources detail the 

plans developed by DOD and AEC personnel prior to Operation 

PLUMBBOB; they do not necessarily describe operations as they 

were conducted at the NTS. Although some of the 

action documents summarize the projects performed during the 

operation, they do not alwavs supplv shot-specific information. 

In the absence of shot-specific after-action reports, projects 

are described according to the way they were planned. Because 

accomplishment of objectives required detailed planning 

and adherence to operations orders, plans and operations orders 

should provide a reasonably accurate account of personnel 

activities. The references indicate whether the description of 

activities is based on the annexes, operation orders, air mission 

summary reports, or after-action reports. 

CONTENTS OF REPORTS 

This volume details participation DOD personnel in the 

first four Operation events. Seven other publications 

address DOD activities during the operation: 

Series volume: Series, 1957 

Shot volume: Shot PRISCILLA, a Test of the 

Series 

Shot volume: Shot HOOD, a Test of the 

Series 

• Multi-shot volume: Shots DIABLO to FRANKLIN PRIME,

the Mid-series Tests 

3 
Shot volume: Shot SMOKY, a Test of the 

Series 

• Shot volume: Shot GALTLEO, a Test of the 

Series 

Multi-shot volume: Shots WHEELER to MORGAN, the 

Final Tests. 

These volumes have been designed for use with one another. 

The series volume provides information common to the 

shots, such as historical background, organizational relationships, and radiation-safetv procedures. In addition, that volume 

contains a of works consulted in the preparation of 

all Operation reports. 

The single-shot volumes describe DOD participation in Shots 

PRISCILLA, HOOD, SMOKY, and GALILEO. These volumes have been 

bound because the shots included substantial numbers 

of Desert Rock participants. Each multi-shot volume combines 

shot-specific descriptions for several nuclear events. The shot 

and multi-shot volumes list the sources referenced in each text. 

Descriptions of activities concerning anv particular 

shot, whether the event is addressed in a single- or in a 

shot volume, mav be bv the general organizational 

and safetv ion in the Series 

volume. 

The information in these reports is supplemented the 

Reference Manual: Background Materials for the Volumes. 

This report summarizes information on the processes and 

characteristics of a nuclear detonation, radiation 

radiation health concepts, exposure criteria, and measurement 

techniques. It also lists and a of terms used 

the DOD reports addressing test events in the continental U.S. 

4 
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TABLE OF CONTENTS 

Chapter Page 

PREFACE ......................... 1 

LIST OF ILLUSTRATIONS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7 

LIST OF TABLES. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8 

LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS AND ACRONYMS. . . . . . . . . . . . 9 

1 INTRODUCTION. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10 

1.1 Department of Defense Participation in Nevada 

Test Organization Activities at the First Four 

Events. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 

1.2 Exercise Desert Rock Activities at the 

First Four PLLJMBBOB Events . . . . . . . . . . . . . 

1.3 Dosimetry for Participants. . . . . . . . . 17 

Shot BOLTZMANN Synopsis. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 

2 SHOT BOLTZMANN. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 19 

2.1 Exercise Desert Rock VII and VIII Operations

at Shot BOLTZMANN. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 19 

2.1.1 Troop Observer Indoctrination . . . . 19 

2.1.2 Radiological Training Projects. . . . . . . . 20 

2.1.3 Technical Service Projects. . . . . . . . . . 21 

2.2 Department of Defense Participation in

Scientific, Operational Training, and 

Support Activities at Shot BOLTZMANN . . . . . . . . 22 

2.2.1 AFSWP Field Command Weapons Effects

Test Group Projects . . . . . . . . . . . . . 24 

2.2.2 Department of Defense Participation

in the Los Scientific Laboratory 

Test Group . . . . . . . . . . . . . 32 

Department of Defense Participation

in Civil Effects Test Group Pro.jects. . . . . 32 

2.2.4 Operational Training . . . . . . . . 33 

2.2.5 Air Force Special Weapons Center . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 34 

2.3 Radiation Protection at Shot . . . . . . . 3 
TABLE OF CONTENTS (Continued) 

Chapter Page 

Shot Synopsis . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 41 

3 SHOT FRANKLIN . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 42 

3.1 Exercise Desert Rock VII and VIII Operations

at Shot FRANKLIN . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 42 

3.2 Department of Defense Participation in

Scientific, Operational Training, and

Support Activities at Shot . . . . . . . . . 43 

3.2.1 Field Command Weapons Effects

Test Group Projects . . . . . . . . . . . . . 44 

3.2.2 Department of Defense Participation 

in Los Scientific Laboratory Test Group Projects. . . . . . . . . . .

3.2.3 Department of Defense Participation

in Civil Effects Test Group 

Projects. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 54 

3.2.4 Department of Defense Operational 

Training Projects . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 

3.2.5 Air Force Special Weapons Center

Activities. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 57 

3.3 Radiation Protection at Shot FRANKLIN. . . . . . . . 59 

Shot Synopsis . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 64 

4 ....................... 65 

4.1 Exercise Desert Rock VII and VIII Operations 

at Shot . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 65 

4.2 Department of Defense Participation in

Scientific, Operational Training, and Support 

Activities at Shot . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 66 

4.2.1 AFSWP Field Command Weapons Effects Test 

Group Projects. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 67 

4.2.2 Department of Defense Participation

in Los Scientific Laboratory

Test Group and University of

California Radiation Laboratory

Test Group Projects . . . . . . . . . . . . . 75 

4.2.3 Department of Defense Participation

in Civil Effects Test Group . . . . . 75 

4.2.4 Department of Defense Operational

Training . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 76 

4.2.S Air Force Special Weapons Center . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 76 

4.3 Radiation Protection at Shot . . . . . . . . . 78 

6 
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TABLE OF CONTENTS (Continued) 

Chapter Page 

Shot WILSON Svnopsis. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 

5 SHOTWILSON ....................... 83 

5.1 Exercise Desert Rock VII and VIII Operations

at Shot WILSON . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 83 

5.1.1 Troop Observer Indoctrination Projects. . . .

5.1.2 Radiological Training Projects. . . . . . . . 85 

5.1.3 Technical Service . . . . . . . . . . 85 

5.2 Department of Defense Participation in 

Scientific, Operational Training, and 

Support Activities at Shot WILSON. . . . . . . . . . 89 

5.2.1 AFSWP Field Command Weapons Effects Test 

Group Projects. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 90 

5.2.2 Department of Defense Participation in

Los Scientific Laboratory 

Test Group and University of California

Radiation Laboratory Test Group Projects. . . 102 

5.2.3 Department of Defense Participation in

Civil Effects Test Group . . . . . . 102 

5.2.4 Department of Defense Operational

Training Projects . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 105 

5.2.5 Air Force Special Weapons Center

Activities. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 106 

5.3 Radiation Protection at Shot WILSON. . . . . . . . . 108 

REFERENCES . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 113 

LIST OF ILLUSTRATIONS 

Figure Page 

l-l Location of the First Four Shots at the 

Nevada Test Site in Relation to Other Shots in 

the Series . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13 

2-l 50.5 Personnel with Bulldozer Used to 

Scrape Contaminated Soil. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 23 

2-2 Initial Survey for Shot BOLTZMANN, 28 May 1957,

0551 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 39 

2-3 Subsequent Surveys for Shot BOLTZMANN . . . . . . . . . 40 

7 
LIST OF ILLUSTRATIONS (Continued) 

Figure Page 

Inital Survev for Shot FRANKLIN, 2 June 1957, 

Mid-time 0617 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 62 

3-2 Subsequent for Shot 

4-1 Initial Survey for Shot June 1957, 

. . . . . . . . . . 63 

Mid-time 0527 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 81 

5-1 A Lieutenant Directs the Bulldozer During a Rehearsal

for the Decontamination Task of Project 50.5. . . . . . 87 

5-2 Initial Survey for Shot WILSON, 18 June 1957, 

Mid-time 0639 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 111 

5-3 Subsequent Surveys for Shot WILSON. . . . . . . . . . . 112 

LIST OF TABLES 

Table Page 

l-l Summarv of the First Four Shots. . . . . . . . 12 

2-2 Test Group with Department of Defense 

5-2 Test Group Projects with Department of Defense 

2-l Exercise Desert Rock Projects, Shot BOLTZMANN . . . . . 20 

Participation, Shot BOLTZMANN . . . . . . . . . . . . . 25 

3-l Test Group Projects with Department of Defense

Shot FRANKLIN. . . . . . . . . . . . . . 45 

4-1 Test Group Projects with Department of Defense

Participation, Shot . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 68 

5-l Exercise Desert Rock Projects, Shot WILSON. . . . . . . 84 

Participation, Shot WILSON. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 91 
LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS AND ACRONYMS 

The fol

AEC 

AFB 

AFSWC 

AFSWP 

BJY 

CBR 

CETG 

DOD 

EG and G 

FCDA 

LASL 

NTS 

UCRL 

USAF 

UTM 

abbreviations and acronyms are used in th is volume: 

Atomic Energy Commission 

Air Force Base 

Air Force Special Weapons Center

Armed Forces Special Weapons

Buster-Jangle 

Chemical, Biological, Radiological

Civil Effects Test Group

Department of Defense

Edgerton, Germeshausen, and 

Federal Civil Defense Administration 

Los Scientific Laboratory

Nevada Test Organization

Nevada Test Site 

Reynolds Electrical and Engineering

Roentgen per hour

University of California Radiation Laboratory 

United States Air Force 

Universal Transverse Mercator 

9 
CHAPTER 1 

INTRODUCTION 

Shots BOLTZMANN, FRANKLIN, and WILSON were tests of 

nuclear devices conducted between 28 May and 18 June 1957 at the 

Nevada Test Site, the AEC continental nuclear test site northwest 

of Las Vegas. These shots were the first four nuclear test 

events of Operation PLUMBBOB, a series of 24 nuclear weapons 

tests and six safety experiments performed between 24 April and 7 

October 1957 

The nuclear devices for the four shots were sponsored, 

designed, and built by AEC laboratories. The Los 

Scientific Laboratory (LASL) was responsible for the BOLTZMANN 

and FRANKLIN devices, while the University of California 

Radiation Laboratory (UCRL) was responsible for the and 

WILSON devices. The primary objective of these nuclear tests was 

to evaluate the nuclear yield and the blast, thermal, and 

radiation phenomena produced by the devices. To fulfill this 

objective, and UCRL test groups conducted scientific experiments to measure the physical characteristics of the detonations. 

The Armed Forces Special Weapons (AFSWP) Field Command 

Weapons Effects Test Group conducted effects projects to evaluate 

the utility of the devices for military applications and to 

investigate additional requirements for future nuclear weapons 

development (24; 48). 

The Federal Civil Defense Administration Civil 

Effects Test Group conducted to assess the effects of 

nuclear detonations on civilian structures, products, and food 

*All sources cited in the text are listed alphabetically and 

numbered in the Reference List, appended to this volume. The 

number cited in the text is the number of the source document in 

the Reference List. 

10 
----

supplies and to evaluate Civil Defense emergency preparedness 

plans (17). 

A number of other activities related to the conditions and 

phenomena produced by a nuclear detonation were also conducted at 

these four events. The DOD conducted operational training 

to indoctrinate personnel in the effects of nuclear 

detonations and to test equipment. The armed services also 

fielded projects to evaluate military equipment and tactics and 

to indoctrinate troops in weapons effects as part of Exercise 

Desert Rock VII and VIII, the Army technical testing and training 

program at Operation (24; 35). 

Table l-l presents a summary of the first four 

tests (25). The table provides such information as the dates of 

shots, the UTM coordinates* of the points of detonation, the 

heights of burst,+ and the explosive vields. Figure l-l displays 

a map of the Nevada Test Site in 1957, indicating the location of 

each test and highlighting the shots discussed in this 

volume. 

1.1 OF DEFENSE PARTICIPATION IN NEVADA TEST 

ORGANIZATION ACTIVITIES AT THE FIRST FOUR EVENTS 

The Nevada Test Organization (NTO) was established for 

planning, coordinating, and conducting atmospheric nuclear 

weapons tests during Operation PLUMBBOB. All activities were 

under the control of an AEC-appointed Test Manager assisted by 

*Universal Transverse Mercator (UTM) coordinates are used in this 

report. The first three digits refer to a point on an east-west

axis, and the second three refer to a point on a north-south

axis. The point so designated is the southwest corner of an 

area 100 meters square. 

+ 

Vertical distances are given in feet. Altitudes are measured 

from mean sea level, while heights are measured from the ground

surface. Yucca Flat, the area of the NTS where these four 

events were tested, is about 4,000 feet above mean sea level. 

11 
Table l-l: SUMMARY OF THE FIRST FOUR SHOTS 

Planned Date 

Date 

Tower Tower Balloon Balloon 

of Burst 500 

12 0140 10 
 --

0 

WHITNEY 

Camp Mercury 

Kilometers 

Figure l-l: LOCATION OF THE FIRST FOUR SHOTS 

AT THE NEVADA TEST SITE IN RELATION TO OTHER 

SHOTS IN THE SERIES 
the Test Director. The consisted of personnel from the 

the DOD, and the FCD4. These personnel were assigned to four 

test groups: the AFSWP Field Command Weapons Effects Test Group, 

the Test Group, the Test Group, and the FCD4 Civil 

Effects Test Group In addition to the of the 

test groups, the DOD conducted the operational training 

and support activities. A major area of support for in which 

DOD personnel were active was air operational control and air 

support provided AFSWC air and ground personnel (22; 24-25; 48). 

the largest area of DOD participation in the 

was with the Effects Test Group designed to 

and weapons effects characteristics in order to 

the militarilv useful effects of nuclear weapons for 

offensive and defensive deployment Personnel from DOD 

agencies and the four armed services participated in the experiments conducted bv UCRL, and but participation was 

limited. The portion of DOD participation in these 

experiments was performed bv the 4FSWC 4926th Test Squadron 

(Sampling) in and UCRL radiochemistry cloud-sampling 

The DOD operational training designed to test 

service tactics and equipment and to train militarv personnel in 

nuclear detonation effects, were conducted at each of the four 

shots. of the were conducted in aircraft and often 

involved the aircraft pilots (24). 

The Air Force Special Weapons Center (AFSWC), at 

Force Yew exercised operational control of all 

aircraft flving in the area of during 

and provided air support to the and its in addition 

to conducting some activities of its own. AFSWC was composed of units from the 4950th Test Group (Nuclear), including 

the 4926th Test Squadron (Sampling) and the 4935th Air 

14 
 

Squadron. These units operated out of Indian Springs AFB, 30 

kilometers* south of Camp and were supported bv the 

Air Base Group stationed at Kirtland 4FB. AFSWC air and 

ground personnel provided air support to projects, conducting 

cloud-sampling and cloud-tracking missions, and providing 

courier, aerial and transportation services (22; 26; 

The Radiological Ssfetv Division of Revnolds Electrical and 

Engineering Company augmented bv personnel from the 

1st Radiological Safetv Support Unit, Fort McClellan, Alabama, 

conducted radiation protection procedures established by the 

These safetv procedures, detailed in the Operation 

volume, were designed to minimize exposure to ionizing 

radiation by limiting radiation exposures to no more than three 

roentgens of whole-body gamma radiation for period 

and five roentgens annuallv. Unless approved the Test Manager 

in advance, access to radiation areas bv AFSWP participants was not allowed until the Test Manager declared the area 

open for operations. Personnel were not into 

areas of 10 roentgens per hour (R/h) or greater unless they had 

received special permission from the Test Director (48). 

participants recovering test instruments from radioactive areas 

were accompanied bv radiological safety monitors who surveyed the 

radiation intensity in the recovery area and informed the 

managers as to the radiological situation. To monitor cumulative 

exposures, personnel were issued film badges. the 

film badges were collected, developed, and evaluated, anv individuals whose accumulated dose approached or exceeded the established limits were not permitted further access to the forward 

area. Personnel decontamination procedures were implemented, and 

emergency evacuation plans were prepared for the test events 

*Throughout this report, surface distances are given in metric

units. The metric conversion factors include: 1 meter = 3.28 

feet; I meter = vards; 1 kilometer = 0.62 miles. 

15 
 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 radiation protection procedures for the 

same limits for and ground-crew personnel as 

those for the personnel, with the exception of 

cloud sampler pilots. These personnel were bv 

to receive total of 7.5 of gamma 

Including 

of clothing and showers, was required of all 

members following mission, regardless 

of the exposure on the flight. Aircraft were 

bv ground personnel or not until radiation intensities 

to levels (1; 22; 

1.2 ROCK ACTIVITIES AT THE FIRST FOUR 

through 

WILSON took part in and 

hv Rock, 4rmv testing and 

program conducted In addition to 

Rock troops, Camp Desert Rock troops 

transportation, control, and 

safetv for Rock projects at four shots (31; 

from the 50th Service Platoon 

radiological for Rock in the 

area after detonation 

procedures for Rock, 

those of the are detailed in the Series 

were to potential exposure 

to radiation while allowing to accomplish 

Rock personnel were limited to no 

more than five of whole-hodv gamma radiation during 

six-month procedures of 

Desert Rock included provisions for 

0 from nuclear 
Enforcing protective procedures for personnel

observing the detonations 

Controlling access to radiation areas 

and monitoring the cumulative 

exposures of Desert Rock personnel 

Decontaminating all equipment and personnel

leaving the shot area after each detonation 

Preparing emergency evacuation plans for

personnel in the forward area. 

1.3 DOSIMETRY FOR 

For Operation PLUMBBOB, maintained cumulative exposure 

lists of and AFSWC personnel. The lists provided the 

specific dosimetrv information described in the radiological 

safety sections of the following chapters. For example, lists 

were developed that showed the personnel who had, during a 

specific shot period, exceeded a cumulative dose of two 

roentgens. A few surviving disposition forms, 

personnel exposures exceeding three roentgens, indicate that 

Exercise Desert Rock similarly monitored cumulative exposures. 

Personnel whose exposures reached five roentgens were prohibited 

from further entry into the shot area. Within the operational 

period encompassed this volume, one Desert Rock participant 

exceeded three roentgens. This participant, from Companv 84th 

Engineer Battalion, received an exposure of 4.9 roentgens through 

the time of Shot WILSON (44; 49-52). The Operation 

volume summarizes dosimetry totals and overexposure information 

for participants. 

17 
SHOT SYNOPSIS 

AEC TEST SERIES: 

DOD EXERCISE: Desert Rock VII and VIII 

DATE/TIME: 28 1957, 0455 hours 

YIELD: 12 kilotons 

HEIGHT OF BURST: 500 feet (tower shot) 

(1) To evaluate designed devices for

possible inclusion in the nuclear arsenal 

(2) To evaluate military effects for specific

applications against a variety of military

targets

(3) To evaluate the effectiveness of 

equipment and to indoctrinate personnel in the

effects of a nuclear detonation 

To assess the effects of a nuclear 

detonation on civilian structures, products, and

food supplies and to evaluate Civil Defense 

preparedness plans. 

Weather: At shot-time, the temperature was Surface 

winds were calm at the time of detonation. 

Winds were from the south-southeast at knots 

at 10,000 feet, 24 knots at 20,000 feet, and 21 

knots at 30,000 feet. 

Radiation Data: About one hour after the detonation, radiation 

intensities greater than R/h were confined

to within 1,300 meters around ground zero,

except to the north. 

Participants: Exercise Desert Rock troops, 4rmed Forces

Special Weapons Project, Air Force Special

Weapons Center and other Force personnel,

Los Scientific Laboratorv, Federal Civil

Defense Administration, other contractors. 

18 
CHAPTER 2 

SHOT BOLTZMANN 

Shot ROLTZMANN, the first nuclear weapons test of Operation 

PLUMBROB, was conducted at 0455 hours Pacific Daylight Time on 28 

1957. Originally planned for 15 May, ROLTZMANN was postponed 

because of unfavorable weather conditions. The shot, which had a 

vield of 12 kilotons, was detonated from the top of a 

steel tower in Area 7 of the NTS. The BOLTZMANN cloud reached a 

maximum altitude of 33,000 feet mean sea level. Fallout traveled 

northwest, with peak radiation levels of 0.1 R/h extending about 

100 miles (25; 64). 

2.1 EXERCISE DESERT VII AND VIII OPERATIONS AT SHOT 

BOLTZMANN 

More than 200 Desert Rock troops took part in projects 

associated with the BOLTZMANN event: two troop observer 

indoctrination projects, two radiological training projects, and 

two technical service projects. Table 2-1, on the next page, 

identifies the Desert Rock program types, their subordinate 

projects, the participating units, and the estimated number of 

DOD participants. The table also lists 176 Camp Desert Rock 

support personnel who observed the detonation (35). 

2.1.1 Troop Observer Indoctrination Projects 

Seventy-four Navy personnel participated in Project 50.2, 

Troop Observers, and 63 Air Force personnel took part in Project 

53.3, Aircrew Observers. All observers, including the 176 Camp 

Desert Rock support personnel, took part in the same orientation 

and training activities for the event. They witnessed the 

detonation from an observation area kilometers south of ground 

zero, at UTM coordinates 895925 (35). 

19 
-

Table 2-l: EXERCISE DESERT ROCK PROJECTS, BOLTZMANN 

Troop Observer 

Service 

Project Title 

50 2 Troop Observers 

53 3 Aircrew Observers 

Troop Observers 

53 4 Defense 

Survey Team 

50 3 of Range 

and Cloud 

Systems 

505 of 

for Heavy Equipment 

DOD 

Personnel 

74 

Force 63 

Camp Desert Rock Support Troops 176 

Force Defense School, 

Lowry AFB 

38 

Fort Huachuca, Arizona 24 

Army Research and Development 

Laboratones 

32 

Army Research and 

Development Laboratones 

2.1.2 Training 

Radiological Defense Training, was intended to 

teach monitoring procedures under conditions similar 

to those anticipated for a nuclear battlefield. Thirtv-eight 

members of the Force Radiological Defense School, located at 

Lowry in Denver, Colorado, participated in the project, 

the detonation with the observer personnel of 

50.2 and 53.3. Radiological safety personnel from the 50th Chemical Service Platoon preceded 53.4 personnel into the 

shot area. There, the radiological personnel conducted radiological and marked the and R/h areas. At the 

line, thtv waited for participants. At the declaration of hour, the participants proceeded into 

shot area hv a 50th Chemical Service Platoon monitor. 

then located radiation of up to R/h and radioed 

their information to control stations, where the data were plotted 

on a map. The radiological safetv monitors remained with the 

participants during the to enforce radiological 

procedures and to provide technical assistance (24; 35; 44). 

20 
 

 

The Sixth U.S. Army sponsored Chemical, Biological, 

Survey Team Training. The purpose of the 

was to train personnel from Sixth Army installations in 

radiological defense techniques. Two teams from Fort 

each consisting of 12 participated in the 

The first team was at the test site from 24 to May. 

After witnessing the shot with the 50.2 observers, the 12 

monitors went to predesignated area to monitoring 

under the supervision of the Desert Rock radiological 

safetv section The second CBK team was at the test 

site from 8 to 17 June. Although these 12 monitors arrived after 

the shot, presumably to study monitoring techniques in the 

shot area, the vield was too low for the purposes of the 

project. Instead, it is that the monitors used the 

BOLTZMANN survey area for the since the radiation 

would have been high enough to monitor. 

Project 51.1, Navy Radiological sponsored 

the Bureau of Yards and Docks, was also scheduled for 

Shot BOLTZMANN and was to involve 120 

personnel trained in an area of low from Operation 

TEAPOT because Shot BOLTZMANN was and participants 

unable to witness anv shots. Participants left Camp 

Desert Rock before the first shot was fired 

2.1.3 Service 

The Department of the Army sponsored two technical service 

at Shot ROLTZMANN to evaluate military equipment. 

Project Evaluation of Medium Range 

detection and Cloud Tracking Systems, was fielded bv 18 personnel 

from the Armv Signal Research and Development Fort 

Monmouth, New Jersey; seven participants from Fort 

21 
Marvland; and seven participants from Fort Arizona. 

The had two purposes: to test the capacity of radar 

equipment in detecting nuclear detonations and tracking radioactive clouds, and to examine Armv fallout prediction methods. 

The fallout prediction unit for this project operated from a van 

parked near the Air Weather Station at Camp Mercury. Three radar 

units were located southeast of Yucca Lake, near UTM coordinates 

893872, approximately kilometers south of ground zero (12; 31; 44). 

50.5, Field Evaluation of Shielding for Equipment, was conducted in the BOLTZMANN shot area volunteers from 

the Army Engineer Research and Development Laboratories. This 

was the third phase of an experiment designed to determine the shielding and operational capabilities of an 

experimental D-8 bulldozer in decontaminating a contaminated 

field. 

On 5 and June, eight and nine days after the detonation, a 

D-8 bulldozer decontaminated a area and a 

280-square-meter area just northwest of ground zero scraping 

off the topsoil. Five volunteers took turns operating the 

bulldozer. Figure 2-l shows project personnel and the bulldozer 

(31; 

2.2 DEPARTMENT OF DEFENSE IN SCIENTIFIC, 

OPERATIONAL TRAINING, AND SUPPORT ACTIVITIES AT

SHOT BOLTZMANN 

In addition to participating in the Exercise Desert Rock 

activities described in the previous section, Department of 

Defense personnel performed a variety of tasks during Shot 

BOLTZMANN that required them to enter the forward area. They 

conducted 11 projects sponsored by the AFSWP Field Command 

Weapons Effects Test Group, and thev assisted in three and 

five CETG projects. The Air Force sponsored three operational 

22 

training DOD personnel also participated in AFSWC and 

other support activities at Shot ROLTZMANN. The Air Force 

Special Weapons Center provided major support to two test group 

and to two others. AFSWC pilots also flew five 

missions for the Test Manager. 

2.2.1 AFSWP Field Command Weapons Effects Test Group Projects 

The Field Command Weapons Effects Test Group conducted 11 

pro.jects at Shot ROLTZMANN, as listed in table 2-2. The 

personnel estimates given this table, and in the 

tables of the following chapters, reflect the number of 

participants in an experiment as given in the schedule of 

events for the shot or in the weapons test reports. 

2.5, Initial Gamma Radiation Intensitv and 

induced Gamma Radiation of NTS Soils, was conducted bv the 

Signal Research and Development Laboratories. For this shot, the 

was to determine the intensities of initial gamma 

radiation at ground level and in the air during the 

Seven were constructed 1,430 to 1,920 meters southeast 

of ground zero. Two dsvs before the detonation, radiation 

tion instruments were installed in the prepared stations. Four 

personne 1 recovered the instruments, probablv 

their work three of the detonation (14; 

2.7, Radio-wave Attenuation Studies, was fielded by 

Naval Research Laboratory personnel. The was designed to 

study the interference effects of high levels of radiation on 

transmissions and radar operations. The specific purpose 

of the was to observe the attenuation of radiowaves when 

transmitted through the Transmitters were placed in 

unmanned shielded bunkers 840 to 1,460 meters from ground zero. 

Scintillation detectors also installed in of the 

bunkers close to ground zero. Receivers were installed in 

24 
Table 2-2: TEST GROUP PROJECTS WITH DEPARTMENT OF DEFENSE 

PARTICIPATION, SHOT BOLTZMANN 

Project Title Participants 

Estimated 

DOD 

Personnel 

Weapons Effects Test Group 

25 Gamma and Neutron-Induced 

Gamma Radiation of NTS 

Army Research and Development 

Laboratones 

4 

27 Attenuation Naval Research Laboratory 11 

210 and Gamma Arr-earth Interface 

Measurements 

Force Special Weapons Center 2 

42 of Eye Protection Afforded by an 

Shutter 

Command, Force School of 

Naval Defense Laboratory; 

Patterson Aero Laboratory, AFB Hospital 

51 In-flight Structural Response of the HSS-1 

to a Nuclear Detonation 

Navy Bureau of Aeronautics 

53 In-flight Structural Response of the FJ4 Arrcraft 

to a Nuclear Detonation 

Naval Special Weapons 

54 Structural Response of the Aircraft 

to a Nuclear Detonatron 

Navy Bureau of 14 

55 Structural Resporse of the F-89D Arrcraft 

to a Nuclear Detonatron 

Development Center, Northrop Aircraft 7 

64 Accuracy and of the Short-baseline NAROL 

System 

Force Cambridge Research Center 

65 Effects of Nuclear on Hercules Sands Range, Bell Telephone 

Laboratories 

7 

91 Photography AFSWP; Transport Service, EG and G 6 

Los Scientific Laboratory Test Group 

11 2 

183 

Sampling 

Mass Effect Spectroscopy 

Force Special Weapons Center 

Naval Research Laboratory 

12 

Civil Effects Test Group 

37 2 

37 2a 

376 

Aspects of Fallout 

Physical Aspects of Fallout 

of Radio-ecology Techniques 

Force Special Weapons Center 

Force Special Weapons Center 

Force Special Weapons Center 

Unknown 
Building 400, west of the Control Point and about 18 kilometers 

from ground zero. About three people spent ten days installing 

and tuning the equipment. From 0305 to 1655 hours on shot-dav, 

11 participants occupied Building 400. At 1255 on shot-day, 

three personnel proceeded from the Control Point to the Banded 

Mountain Station, about seven kilometers north of ground zero. 

They remained in the area approximatelv two hours recovering 

equipment and data (7; 23; 30). 

Project 2.10, Initial Neutron and Gamma Air-earth Interface 

Measurements, was fielded under AFSWC supervision. The objective 

was to study how the air-ground interface affected the radiation 

produced by a nuclear detonation. Film badges were placed at two 

ground stations, 1,520 and 1,830 meters north-northwest of ground 

zero, and at heights up to approximately 90 meters on the tower 

constructed for Shot FRANKLIN in Area 5,210 meters from the 

ground zero. At 0655, two hours after the detonation, 

two personnel left the Control Point to recover detectors from 

the ground stations, a procedure that was to take about 45 

minutes. At 0755 on shot-day, these same two participants left 

the Control Point to recover badges and dosimeters from the 

FRANKLIN tower, an that was to take approximatelv one 

hour (7; 23; 65). 

Project 4.2, Evaluation of Eve Protection Afforded an 

Electromechanical Shutter, was to evaluate the effectiveness of 

an electromechanical shutter device in preventing or 

flash blindness, a condition produced bv the intense light of a 

nuclear detonation. Volunteers from the Tactical Air Command 

were the test subjects. The Air Force School of Aviation 

Medicine furnished the examiners for the tests, and personnel 

from the Navy Radiological Defense Laboratorv, the Wright 

Patterson Aero Medical Laboratorv, and Air Force Base 

Hospital provided technical 

26 
Two identical experimental stations were used at the shot. 

One station was in a C-47 aircraft (serial number operated 

Tactical Air Command personnel. The C-47, which took off from 

Indian Springs AFB at 0435 hours, flew in a left-hand holding 

pattern 19 kilometers southwest of ground zero until 15 minutes 

after the detonation. It then returned to Indian Springs AFB, 

landing at 0542 hours. The other station was in a trailer 16 

kilometers from ground zero, at UTM coordinates 845924. Each 

station was equipped with light-sensitive electromechanical 

shutter device for each subject and had for testing 

from two to five volunteers. A trained examiner was present for 

each volunteer to determine the length of time required to 

recover useful vision. Project participants left Camp 

for the trailer about five hours before the shot. Upon 

completion of the testing, about one hour after the shot, all 

test volunteers returned to Camp Mercury and then went to 

AFB for complete ophthalmological evaluation. 

In another aspect of this four or more rabbits were 

visuallv exposed at both of the experimental stations. Each 

animal was placed in a holder designed to minimize movement and 

ensure proper positioning for exposure. Ten of the control 

rabbits, which were exposed to the detonation without the shutter 

device present, received chorioretinal burns, indicating that 

sufficient energy was absorbed to cause permanent damage to the 

unprotected eye (7; 23; 28). 

Project 5.1, In-flight Structural Response of the HSS-1 

Helicopter to a Nuclear Detonation, was conducted by the Navv 

Bureau of Aeronautics. One objective was to measure the effects 

of the over-pressure and wind gusts produced by a nuclear detonation on the HSS-1 helicopter. Another objective was to study how 

blast effects might limit the HSS-1 to deliver 

antisubmarine weapons. The required the support of one 

helicopter pilot, ground controllers, and aircraft maintenance 

27 
personnel who equipped the helicopters with special instruments. 

An average of four practice runs were flown before the actual 

missions. For the shot, the HSS-1 helicopter (serial number 

which left Indian Springs AFB at 0408 hours, flew 

left-hand, eight-nautical-mile holding patterns. At shot-time, 

the helicopter was positioned 270 degrees outbound, at a slant 

range of 4,900 meters from ground zero. Upon completing its 

mission, the HSS-1 returned to Indian Springs AFB, landing at 

OS30 hours (2; 7; 23; 63). 

5.3, In-flight Structural Response of the FJ-4 Aircraft to a Nuclear Detonation, was conducted by the Naval Air 

Special Weapons Facility. The was to measure the 

thermal and blast response of the FJ-4 and to determine its 

performance and deliverv capabilities during a nuclear 

detonation. personnel included the aircraft crew, ground 

controllers, and maintenance personnel responsible for the 

aircraft and instrumentation. The FJ-4 (serial number 467) left 

Indian Springs AFB at 0407 hours. When the shock 

arrived, the test aircraft was in a level flight pattern, heading 

from the blast. After the detonation, the FJ-4 returned to 

Indian Springs AFB, landing at 0509 hours. Total gamma dose was 

recorded bv film badges located in the cockpit, ammunition bay, 

right drop tank, and nose-wheel well (2; 7; 23; 39). 

Project 5.4, In-flight Structural Response of the Aircraft to a Nuclear Detonation, was conducted by the Air Force 

Cambridge Research Center to measure the thermal and blast wave 

response of the during flight and to determine its 

performance and delivery capabilities during a nuclear 

detonation. The (serial number 827) was a Navy, 

engine, modified delta wing, carrier-based attack aircraft 

with the capability of delivering nuclear weapons. Participants 

included one pilot,, ground controllers, and maintenance personnel 

responsible for the special painting and instrumentation of the 

28 
aircraft. Radiation in the aircraft was measured by four film 

badges located in the bottom portion of the nose section, six 

film badges in the cockpit map case, and various dosimeters 

located in the nose-wheel door and the leg pocket of the pilot's 

flight suit. 

The aircraft took off from Indian Springs AFB 35 minutes 

before shot-time, entered its pattern 30 minutes before 

time, flew two orbits approximately 35 nautical miles in length, 

and flew a final run over ground zero starting five minutes 

before shot-time. The test aircraft was flown on a straight and 

level course directly toward ground zero. At the time of 

detonation, the aircraft was 12,350 feet above the burst at a 

slant range of 4,150 meters. The aircraft returned directly to 

Indian Springs AFB and landed 20 minutes after the detonation 

(2; 7; 23; 62). 

To provide radar support for Projects 5.1, 5.3, and 5.4, one 

of six personnel left Camp Mercury at 2400 hours on the 

night before the detonation for the M-33 Radar Site approximately 

19 kilometers south of ground zero. The party remained at the 

site through shot-time and left for Camp Mercury two or three 

hours after the detonation. Two other parties, one of 14 and one 

of five personnel, left Camp Mercury for the same site at 0005 

hours on shot-day and arrived at the site at least four hours 

before the detonation. They remained through shot-time and left 

the site for Camp Mercury two or three hours after shot-time. A 

final party of ten left Camp Mercury for the radar site at 

hours on shot-day, arrived at the site two hours before the 

detonation, remained through shot-time, and returned to Camp 

Mercury one hour after the detonation (7). 

5.5, In-flight Structural Response of the F-89D Aircraft to a Nuclear Detonation, was to determine the structural 

response of the aircraft to blast and thermal effects of a 

29 
nuclear detonation. Northrop Aircraft, contractor to the Wright 

Air Development Center, calibrated, maintained, and operated the 

instrumentation and associated equipment, and later the 

data. Wright Air Development Center and Northrop Aircraft 

calculated the positions and developed the positioning 

methods. The F-89D aircraft left Indian Springs AFB at 0420 

hours. Plans indicate that it was to be at an altitude of 20,000 

feet and three kilometers from ground zero at 

time. The F-89D returned to Indian Springs AFB at 0507 hours (2; 

7; 58). 

To provide radar support for S.5, one party of 

personnel departed from Camp Mercury at 0025 hours on shot-day 

for the MSQ Radar Site located approximately 30 kilometers 

southwest of ground zero. The arrived about three hours 

and 30 minutes before the shot and remained through shot-time. 

On shot-dav, a two-man partv left for the radar site at 0130 

hours, followed a third participant at 0205 hours. The three 

personnel remained at the site through shot-time. The two 

parties and the additional participant left the site for Camp 

Mercury one to two hours after the shot (7). 

Project 6.4, Accuracy and Reliability of the Short-baseline 

NAROL System, was conducted the Air Force Cambridge Research 

Center. The used the Long Range Aids to Navigation 

(LORAN) svstem in an inverse fashion to detect the electromagnetic pulse from the nuclear burst in order to determine the 

position and measure the yield of that burst. The Indirect Bomb 

Damage Assessment NAROL system tested on this operation included 

nets located at Albuquerque, New Mexico; Vale, Oregon; and Rapid 

Citv, South Dakota. Each NAROL net consisted of two unmanned 

stations and one manned station (23; 36). 

Project 6.5, Effects of Nuclear Detonations on the Nike 

Hercules, was to investigate the effects of nuclear radiation on 

30 
the Nike Hercules guided-missile system. The was 

designed to familiarize radar crews with techniques to be 

employed and observations to be made following a nuclear 

detonation. The was fielded bv personnel from the White 

Sands Missile Range, New Mexico, with assistance from the Bell 

Telephone Laboratories in Whippany, New Jersey (21). 1800 

hours on the dav before the shot, seven personnel left Camp 

and proceeded to a station at UTM coordinates 765032. 

Thev remained at the station through shot-time and until two 

hours after the shot to man missile and target-tracking radar (7). 

Project 9.1, Technical Photography, was sponsored AFSWP 

to provide the following support services: 

Technical photographic support of the militarv

effects program 

Documentation of the overall military effects

program and production of an effects motion picture 

Documentation of the detonation for release through

the Joint Office of Test Information and for 

historical purposes 

General photographic support to Department of 

Defense projects. 

Six personnel manned a photography station at the Project 

6.5 radar site. The detonation was also photographed from the 

air by two or three 9.1 personnel in a C-47 aircraft from 

Indian Springs AFB. This C-47, with a crew of at least three 

from the Military Air Transport Service, left Indian Springs AFB 

at 0405 hours. At shot-time, the aircraft was eight nautical 

miles southwest of ground zero, eastbound at 10,000 feet. 

When its mission was complete, about 15 minutes after the shot, 

the aircraft returned to Indian Springs AFB (2; 7; 23). In 

addition, Edgerton, Germeshausen, and Grier (EG and provided 

technical photography support to AFSWP and the AEC. EG and G 

personnel operated camera stations during the shot to obtain 

fireball and cloud growth data (20). 

31 
2.2.2 Department of Defense Participation in the Los

Scientific Laboratory Test Group Projects 

The Los 41amos Scientific Laboratory Test Group conducted 14 

projects at Shot Of these, onlv two had DOD participation, as shown in table 2-2. 11.2, Radiochemistry 

Sampling, involved cloud sampling by pilots from AFSWC 4926th 

Test an activity discussed in section 2.2.5 of this 

chapter. Project 18.3, Mass Effect Spectroscopy, involved some 

participation bv the Naval Research Laboratory. Information on 

this activity is limited, however, since a project report was not 

written following the operation (48). 

Department of Defense Part in Civil Effects 

Test Group 

The Civil Effects Test Group conducted eight at 

ROLTZMANN. Three of these projects are known to have involved 

DOD participation, as shown in table 2-2. 

37.2, Aspects of Fallout, and 

Aspects of Fallout, were conducted to delineate 

and characterize fallout patterns (42). 37.6, Applications of Radio-ecologv Techniques, was conducted to 

environmental assessment techniques (42). AFSWC provided a 

single C-47 aircraft during the shot for radio relay services, as 

discussed in section 2.2.5. From the C-47, the program director 

received fallout pattern predictions from Camp Mercury and 

communicated that information to ground teams, located about 30, 

, and 190 kilometers from ground zero. From hours to 

shot-time, the program director continued the radio so 

that he might transmit the final decision on proceeding with 

project activities to the ground teams and give them their 

station assignments (2). 
2.2.4 Operational Training Projects 

The primary objectives of the operational training program 

at were to test tactics and equipment and to train and 

indoctrinate Air Force personnel. The program consisted of the 

following projects: 

53.5, Aircrew Indoctrination Cloud 

Penetration) 

Project 53.7, Indirect Bomb Damage Assessment 

Project 53.9, Photographic Reconnaissance Training. 

Project 53.5, Aircrew Indoctrination (Earlv Cloud Penetration), was designed to enable Air Defense Command to 

witness a nuclear detonation and penetrate its cloud. Six 

aircraft flew at altitudes of 32,000 feet (2). Beginning at 

about 0447 hours, the aircraft orbited over the Las Vegas area, 

continuing until the sampler control aircraft gave authorization 

to proceed toward and into the cloud. At about 0550, after cloud 

penetration, the aircraft left the area to return to AFB 

24). 

Project 53.7, Indirect Bomb Damage Assessment, was conducted 

to test IBDA equipment an Air Force jet-fighter. Staff 

from the Wright Air Development Center installed Indirect Bomb 

Damage Assessment equipment in an aircraft (serial number 

412) based at Indian Springs AFB. The with a crew of one, 

took off at 0412 hours. At shot-time, the aircraft flew a 

hand 40-nautical-mile holding pattern and orbited 70 nautical 

miles east of ground zero at 35,000 feet (2). The F-89D returned 

to Indian Springs at 0516 (2; 24). 

53.9, Photographic Reconnaissance Training, was 

intended to train Air National Guard Tactical Reconnaissance 

units in photographic missions over a nuclear target. Two 

aircraft with one pilot each departed from George AFB, California, 
and flew to the NTS, where they orbited above Lathrop Wells at 

31,000 feet until the shot was Upon clearance from the 

Air Operations Center, began the photographic mission, 

flving toward ground zero. They crossed the shot area 

15 minutes after the detonation at an altitude of 10,000 

feet. At about 0525 hours, upon completion of the run, they left 

the area to return to base (2; 24). 

2.2.5 Air Force Special Weapons Center Activities 

During Shot BOLTZMANN, AFSWC support to the test groups 

consisted of cloud-sampling missions, sample courier missions, 

radio relays, cloud-tracking missions, and security and 

helicopter surveys. 

Cloud Sampling 

Project 11.2, Radiochemistry Sampling, was sponsored by the 

Los Scientific Laboratory Test Group. Samples were 

gathered from the cloud for subsequent laboratory 

Three including the sampler control aircraft, and six 

participated in the activity. Pilots from the 4926th Test 

Squadron (Sampling) flew the nine aircraft. Each sampler 

aircraft was outfitted with sampling equipment, meters, 

filter papers, and integrating dosimeters. Pilots were on full 

oxygen before, during, and after cloud penetration (1-2). 

The sampler control plane, with a pilot and a scientific 

advisor, directed the sampling. The two B-57 samplers each had a 

crew of two, while each F-84G had only a pilot. The aircraft 

collected samples at 30,000 feet. Following standard operating 

procedures, the first aircraft entered the area after the 

detonation, and the last aircraft approached the cloud two hours 

later (l-2). 

34 
Courier Missions 

On shot-day, the 4900th Air Base Group from Kirtland AFB 

flew sample return missions with C-47 aircraft. The missions 

entailed transporting cloud samples taken from sampler aircraft 

at Indian Springs AFB to the Los Scientific Laboratory for 

analysis (l-2). 

Radio 

A C-47 aircraft (serial number with at least three 

crew members, performed a radio relay for CETG Projects 37.2, 

and The aircraft left Indian Springs AFB at 2330 

hours and flew a holding pattern at 11,000 feet 40 nautical miles 

southeast of ground zero, within communications distance of Camp 

One hour after the shot, the C-47 completed its mission 

and returned to its home base, where it was decontaminated (2). 

Cloud Tracking 

Immediatelv after the detonation of Shot one 

B-25, one B-29, and one B-50 aircraft flew cloud-tracking 

missions over and beyond the NTS. The purpose of the cloudtracking missions was to determine the direction of movement of 

the radioactive cloud and to keep the airways clear of any 

private or commercial aircraft that might encounter radiation. 

After cloud-sampling aircraft completed their missions, the 

Air Operations Center ordered the cloud-tracking aircraft to 

leave their holding patterns, approach the edge of the cloud at 

frequent intervals, and record the position of maximum intensity 

encountered on approach. The B-25 flew at about 15,000 feet, the 

B-29 at 20,000 feet, and the B-50 at 25,000 feet. The cloudtracking missions continued until the Test Manager determined 

that the cloud presented no further hazard to aircraft flving 

commercial airways (l-2). 

35 
Security Sweep 

Before the shot, one L-20 aircraft was dispatched from Yucca 

Airstrip near Camp Mercury to perform a preshot security sweep 

over the NTS. The aircraft had a crew of at least two, since the 

security sweep rout ine called for a ty guard to accompany 

the pilot (2; 7). 

Helicopter 

Three H-21 helicopters flew various survey missions over the 

shot area after the detonation. One H-21 assessed and recorded 

detonation damage, the second H-21 recorded radiation intensities 

in the shot area, and the third helicopter made a damage survey 

of a tunnel area at ground zero. Each helicopter had a crew of 

two AFSWC personnel and two or three radiological safety 

monitors and participants. After the mission, helicopters were 

monitored and decontaminated as required (l-2; 49). 

2.3 RADIATION 4T SHOT BOLTZMANN 

The purpose of the radiation protection procedures developed 

for Operation was to ensure that individuals would avoid 

unnecessary exposure to ionizing radiation while accomplishing 

their missions. Records that enabled the Nevada Test Organization to evaluate the effectiveness of their radiation protection programs include isointensitv contour maps, monitoring 

data, and some personnel dosimetry information. The 

Operation volume provides a description of radiological 

safetv procedures and presents total dosimetrv information for 

Desert Rock and AFSWC participants. 

Dosimetry Records 

During the period 27 through 31 May, including the 28 May 

detonation of the Personnel Dosimetry Branch issued 

3,139 film badges and 801 pocket dosimeters. One 

36 
individual, from the 1st Radiological Safety Support Unit, 

received a gamma exposure of 2.28 roentgens (49; 64). 

Monitoring Procedures and Support 

After the detonation, radiological safety monitors conducted 

both ground and aerial surveys of the terrain surrounding ground 

zero. Fifteen minutes after the detonation, 15 monitors 

traveling in seven vehicles performed the initial ground survey. 

The survey teams determined the 0.01 and 0.10 R/h radiation areas 

and marked the areas with signs. They then transmitted the 

results of their surveys to personnel in the Plotting and 

Briefing Branch, who used the information to prepare isointensitv 

maps. Resurveys were conducted about seven hours later, and 

again on 29 and 31 May and 1, 2, 5, 7, and 11 June (49; 64). 

At 0530 hours on shot-day, a radiological safety check 

station was established on the main access road leading into Area 

7 to control entry into the shot area. A second check station 

was established at 0730 hours on an access road into Area 2, 

parts of which had become contaminated from the detonation. 

Radiological safety personnel manned these stations continuously 

until 2300 hours on 1 June (49; 64). 

The initial helicopter survey was conducted bv two crewmen 

and a radiological monitor. They left the Control Point helicopter pad at 0510 hours, 15 minutes after detonation. The 

helicopter followed a predetermined route 25 feet above Area 7. 

Because of the ground haze and dust caused by the shot, however, 

no ground points could be discerned, and the helicopter returned 

to the Control Point. The helicopter was dispatched again at 

0700 hours, more than two hours after the detonation. At this 

time, the helicopter successfully surveved Area 7, completing the 

mission at 0749 hours. The survev team encountered radiation 

intensities due to fallout up to 1.5 R/h. Intensities above 1.0 

R/h were registered north and northeast of ground zero. Based on 
the results of the initial survevs, the Test Manager declared 

recovery hour at 0608 (2; 49; 64). 

Plotting and Briefing 

Using information from the surveys, the Plotting and 

Briefing Branch developed isointensity contour maps. A of 

the initial contour map, with a mid-time of hours, is shown 

in figure 2-2. Figure 2-3 shows copies of the isointensitv maps 

generated from 28 May, 29 Mav, 1 June, and 5 June (64). 

Information from the ground surveys allowed the Plotting and 

Briefing Branch to establish Full and Limited Radiological Exclusion Areas, as defined in the series volume. The Plotting and 

Briefing Branch also issued the access permits required for entry 

into these areas. During the period of 28 May through 2 June, 

access permits were issued to 862 individuals involved in a total 

of 13 (64). 

Decontamination Activities 

During the period covering Shot the Decontamination Branch decontaminated 62 vehicles (64). 

38 
- -

Stake 

. . . . . . . . . 0 01 

Figure 2-2: INITIAL SURVEY FOR SHOT BOLTZMANN, 

28 MAY 1857, MID-TIME 0551 

39 
 

‘

0 1000 

I 

Meters 

29 May 1957, 0648 

O 1000 

28 May, 1957, Mid-Time: 1319 

0 1000 

1 1 

Meters 

1 June 1957, 0550 5 June 1957, Mid-Time: 1352 

Stake 

. . . . . . . . . 

Figure 2-3: SUBSEQUENT SURVEYS FOR SHOT 

I 
SHOT FRANKLIN SYNOPSIS 

AEC TEST SERIES: 

DOD EXERCISE: Desert Rock VII and VIII 

DATE/TIME: 2 June 1957, 0455 hours 

YIELD: 0.14 kilotons 

HEIGHT OF BURST: 300 feet (tower shot) 

(1) To evaluate newly designed devices for

possible inclusion in the nuclear arsenal 

(2) To evaluate military effects for specific

applications against a variety of military 

targets 

(3) To assess the effects of a nuclear

detonation on civilian structures, products, and

food supplies and to evaluate Civil Defense 

emergency preparedness plans. 

Weather: At shot-time, the temperature was and the 

pressure was 878 millibars. One hour after the 

detonation, winds were calm to 10,000 feet 

and six knots from the south at 16,000 feet. 

Radiation Data: About one hour after detonation, radiation 

intensities greater than 0.1 R/h were confined 

to within 3,000 meters from ground zero, except

to the north. 

Participants: Exercise Desert Rock troops, Armed Forces

Special Weapons Air Force Special

Weapons Center and other Air Force personnel, 

Federal Civil Defense Administration, Los

Scientific Laboratory, other contractors. 

41 
CHAPTER 3 

SHOT FRANKLIN 

Shot was detonated with a yield of 0.14 kilotons at 

0455 hours Pacific Daylight Time on 2 June 1957. The shot was 

fired on the top of a 300-foot steel tower in Area 3 of Yucca 

Flat. Sponsored by the Los 41amos Scientific Laboratorv, 

FRANKLIN had been planned for 15 MRV but was postponed because of 

unsuitable weather (25; 48). The cloud resulting from the 

detonation reached an altitude of 16,700 feet and drifted north 

to northwest (25). 

3.1 EXERCISE DESERT ROCK VII AND VIII OPERATIONS AT SHOT 

FRANKLIN 

Some Desert Rock exercise troops participated in the two 

technical service projects associated with the FRANKLIN event: 

Project 50.3, Evaluation of Medium Range Detonation-detection and 

Cloud Tracking Systems, and 50.7, Test of Ordnance 

Material (32; 35). 

Project 50.3 was fielded by 18 personnel from the Army 

Signal Research and Development Laboratories, seven personnel 

from Fort and seven personnel from Fort Huachuca. The 

project was designed to test the capacity of Army radar equipment 

in detecting nuclear detonations and tracking clouds and to 

examine Armv fallout prediction methods. The fallout prediction 

unit for this worked in a van parked near the Air Weather 

Station at Camp personnel were at four radar 

stations located in a cluster southeast of Yucca Lake, near UTM 

coordinates 893872, about 15 kilometers from ground zero (12; 32; 

44; 

42 
Project 50.7, Test of Ordnance Material, was designed to 

determine the effect of the blast, thermal, and radioactive 

elements of nuclear explosions on selected items of Army equipment. The project was divided into four parts, each part testing 

a different type of ordnance. Three of the parts were conducted 

at Shot FRANKLIN. These were radiation studies conducted by 

Research Laboratories, foxhole studies fielded by the 

Continental Armv Command, and vehicle damage tests fielded by the 

Detroit Arsenal. 

Radiation studies, conducted in conjunction with the Field 

Command Weapons Effects Test Group Project 2.4, used unmanned 

tanks and vehicles placed 550 meters east of ground zero. 

Instrumentation was provided, installed, and recovered bv 

2.4 personnel, whose activities are discussed in section 3.2. 

The foxhole studies were designed to test the protection provided 

bv foxholes, some with tanks and Ontos vehicles placed over them. 

For vehicle damage tests, Ontos vehicles and tanks were placed in 

areas near ground zero to incur direct and secondary blast damage 

(11; 32; 60). 

3.2 DEPARTMENT OF DEFENSE PARTICIPATION IN SCIENTIFIC, 

OPERATIONAL TRAINING, AND SUPPORT ACTIVITIES AT SHOT 

FRANKLIN 

In addition to participating in Exercise Desert Rock 

activities, Department of Defense personnel performed a variety 

of tasks that required them to enter the forward area. They 

conducted 14 projects sponsored by the AFSWP Field Command 

Weapons Effects Test Group, and they participated in three LASL 

Test Group and six CETG The Air Force sponsored two 

operational training projects to indoctrinate personnel and test 

equipment. In addition to experiments and training projects, 

AFSWC and other support activities accounted for a number of 

other DOD participants. The Air Force Special Weapons Center 

supported the test group projects and flew routine missions for 

the Test Manager. 

43 
 

3.2.1 AFSWP Field Command Weapons Effects Test Group Projects 

The Weapons Effects Test Group conducted the projects 

identified in table personnel, the numbers of whom 

are estimated in this table, often engaged in both pre- and 

activities in the shot area. Following the detonation, 

thev were permitted into the shot onlv after the Test 

Manager declared hour at 0715 hours. 

The of Shot FRANKLIN, only 0.14 kilotons, was much 

lower than had been expected. As a result, of the planned 

activities were not conducted. Project personnel could 

collect data from experiments that were conducted sooner than had 

been anticipated. Because of the low yield, however, 

of the projects did not produce useful results. 

1.1, Basic Phenomena, was conducted bv the 

Ballistic Research Laboratories. The primary objective of the 

project was to obtain data on overpressure and pressure 

at different times after the detonation and at different distances from ground zero. An additional objective was to evaluate 

modifications in gauge designs, instrument components, and measurement techniques. 4t 2100 hours the day before the 

detonation, two Ballistic Research Laboratories personnel left 

Gate 4, near the to install 14 

recording pressure-time gauges at eight stations along a blast 

line between 120 meters and 550 meters east of ground zero. Thev 

left the area bv 2200 hours (6; 13). 

After the shot, on the day of the detonation, four project 

participants, including a radiological safetv monitor, spent an 

hour recovering the gauges 13). 

44 
 

Table 3-1: TEST GROUP PROJECTS WITH DEPARTMENT OF DEFENSE 

PARTICIPATION, SHOT FRANKLIN 

Project Title Participants 

Estimated 

DOD 

Personnel 

Weapons Effects Test Group 

1 1 Phenomena Research Laboratones 4 

21 by Neutrons Army Warfare Laboratones 

23 Neutron Flux from Selected Nuclear Devices Army Warfare Laboratories 4 

24 Nuclear Radiation Army Chemical Warfare Laboratones 5 

25 Gamma Intensity and 

induced Gamma Radiation of NTS 

Army Signal Research and Development 

Laboratones 

4 

26 of New Instruments Army Research and Development 

Laboratones 

3 

41 Effects of Nuclear Detonations on a Large 

Biological 

Walter Reed Army Institute of Research 192 

51 Structural Response of the HSS-1 Helicopter 

to a Nuclear Detonatron 

Navy Bureau of 

52 Structural Response and Gas Dynamics of an 

Exposed to a Nuclear Detonation 

Navy Bureau of Aeronaut&, 

Structures Laboratory of the Naval Matenal Center 

33 

55 Structural Response of the Aircraft 

to a Nuclear Detonatron 

Development Center, Northrop 2 

63 Attenuation of through an Naval Development Center 6 

64 Accuracy and of the NAROL 

System 

Air Force Cambridge Research Center 

65 Effects of Nuclear Detonations on the Hercules Sands Range, Bell Telephone 

Laboratories 

7 

91 Support Photography AFSWP, Transport EG and G 9 

Los Scientific Laboratory Test Group 

112 

18 3 

Sampling 

Mass Effect Spectroscopy 

Force Special Weapons Center 

Naval Research Laboratory 

12 

*Unknown 
Table 3-1: TEST GROUP PROJECTS WITH DEPARTMENT OF DEFENSE 

PARTICIPATION, SHOT FRANKLIN (Continued) 

DOD

Project Title Participants Personnel 

Civil Effects Test Group 

Radratron Measurements the Arr Force Force School of Avratron Medrcrne. 2 

Oak National Laboratory 

for Human Exposure Force School of Avratron Medrcrne 

Biological Effects of Nuclear Force School of Medrcrne 11 

on the Monkey 

Delayed Effects of on Small Animals Force School of Avratron 11 

Neutron Effects of Bomb on Large Force School of Medrcrne 56 

Depth-dose Studies Phantoms Bomb Naval Research 8 

Gamma and Neutron Radratron 

2.1, Soil Activation by Neutrons, was conducted 

the Army Chemical Warfare Laboratories. The project was to 

measure neutron-induced gamma-emitting radioisotopes in homogeneous soils and the consequent residual radiation levels in the 

vicinity of the detonation. Eventually, the data were to be used 

to predict the radiological hazard to people from such soil 

activation. To obtain the data, a helicopter survey team of two 

AFSWC personnel, two monitors, and personnel, left 

the Control Point to make early induced-field surveys from five 

to minutes after the detonation. The helicopter team returned 

two hours and six hours later to perform similar survevs. The 

team lowered ionization chambers mounted on tripods to the ground 

110 to 1,100 meters east of ground zero. The dose rates measured 

these instruments were recorded in the helicopter (6; 40). 

2.3, Neutron Flux from Selected Nuclear Devices, 

was conducted the Army Chemical Warfare Laboratories in 

46 
conjunction with 2.1. The project was designed to 

measure the output of neutrons from a nuclear detonation, the 

energy spectrum of the neutrons, and their range in air. An 

estimated two to four personnel spent about three days installing 

and inspecting the stations along the cable line. 

Since some neutron-induced radioisotopes decay rapidlv, it 

was essential to return the neutron-detection disks to the 

laboratory for analysis as soon after the possible. To 

accomplish this prompt retrieval, the five or six different types 

of neutron detectors at each of the stations were attached to a 

wire cable laid along the ground. The cable extended east of 

ground zero with ten detector stations, 110 to 1,100 meters from 

ground zero. Within one hour after the detonation, three project 

participants and a radiation monitor, in conjunction with three 

personnel from LASL Project 12.2, went by pickup truck to the end 

of the cable farthest from ground zero. While the monitor 

measured the radiation and clocked their time in the area, the 

participants secured the end of the cable to a tractor that had 

been prepositioned in the area. The tractor was provided 

Project 12.2. Then the participants climbed aboard the truck and 

drove out of the area, dragging the neutron-detection arrays. 

Once safely beyond the radiation zone, the personnel stopped the 

truck, detached and gathered up the neutron-detectors, and placed 

them in the truck bed. Participants spent an estimated 30 

minutes traveling to and from the test area and an estimated 30 

minutes in the area. After proceeding through decontamination, 

the personnel took the samples to a laboratorv trailer near the 

Control Point for analysis (6; 54). 

Project 2.4, Nuclear Radiation Shielding Studies, was 

fielded the Armv Chemical Warfare Laboratories. The project 

was designed to determine the effectiveness of armored vehicles 

and various types of armor in providing shielding from nuclear 

47 
 

radiation. In connection with their duties, project 

personnelprovided Instrumentation for the Desert Rock 

radiation study, 50.7, Test of Ordnance Material. 

1930 hours on the dav before the detonation, two 

personnel left from Gate 4 and went to Area 3 to install 

radiation detection instruments vehicles and armor 

in an arc about 550 meters east of ground zero. Thev 

left the area bv 2130 hours. One hour after the five 

participants left the Control Point, proceeded to the Yucca Lake 

road junction to the 4.1 party, and went to 

3 to recover samples. then returned to the Control 

Point 

2.5, Initial Gamma Intensitv and 

Gamma of NTS Soils, was conducted the Army 

Signal Research and Development Laboratories. For this shot, the 

was to determine initial gamma intensity both on the 

ground and the were to be taken at 

different times after the detonation and at different distances 

from ground Seven were constructed at 

of ground zero. Recovery of Instruments 

the declaration of hour took about four 

participants a total of four (6; 14). 

2.6, of New Instruments, was 

conducted the Armv Signal Research and Development 

The was to the of newlv 

radiation instruments to detect and measure gamma and 

The hv 

exposing tissue-equivalent neutron and standard meters to initial nuclear The readings 

compared to those made with chemical and with 

Bureau of Standards film 
Project personnel attached dosimeters and film packs to 

plvwood slats placed within linen-reinforced tubes eight centimeters in diameter and 1.2 meters in length. The dosimeters were 

probably placed in six locations by about three people working 

for a total of three days (15). About four hours after the 

detonation, the slats holding the tubes and dosimeters were 

recovered, probably by two project personnel working a total of 

four hours (6; 15). 

Project 4.1, Effects of Nuclear Detonations on a Large 

Biological Specimen (Swine), was a medical experiment designed to 

investigate the effects of radiation from nuclear detonations on 

swine in an attempt to define more the radiation 

effects on humans. The was sponsored the Walter Reed 

Institute of Research. Project activities and were 

performed bv 179 officers and enlisted personnel from the Medical 

Services of the Army, Air Force, and Navv. Thirteen civilians 

were also involved in the project. 

Beginning at 1930 hours on the night before the detonation, 

work parties consisting of personnel from 4.1, 39.6, and 

placed 264 animals in cylinders. They then placed the 

cylinders at various locations around zero and left the 

area bv 2130 hours. Twenty minutes after the shot, an estimated 

80 personnel, wearing protective clothing and respirators and 

accompanied radiological safety monitors, began recovery of 

the swine, a process that took about two hours. The animals were 

returned bv trucks to the holding pen area and checked for 

radiation contamination. The test had to be repeated at Shot 

WILSON because of the low vield of FRANKLIN (6: 

Project 5.1, In-flight Structural Response of the HSS-1 

Helicopter to a Nuclear Detonation, was conducted bv the Navy 

Bureau of Aeronautics. The project was to measure effects of the 

overpressure and wind gusts produced a nuclear detonation on 

the HSS-1 helicopter. The deliverv capabilities of the HSS-1 for 

49 
antisubmarine warfare weapons, as limited blast effects, was 

also studied. The shot required the support of one helicopter 

pilot, ground controllers, and aircraft maintenance personnel 

responsible for the special instrumentation of the helicopter. 

An average of four practice runs were flown prior to the actual 

missions. The helicopter flew a left-hand, eight-nautical-mile 

holding pattern. At shot-time, the heading for the helicopter 

was 240 degrees outbound at a slant range of 4,400 meters from 

ground zero. The aircraft was 8,000 feet above the ground (6; 63). 

At 0518 hours, the helicopter left the area. It landed at Indian 

Springs AFB at 0525 hours (3). 

5.2, Structural Response and Gas of an 

Airship Exposed to a Nuclear Detonation, was conducted bv the 

Navy Bureau of Aeronautics and the Aeronautical Structures 

Laboratory of the Naval Air Material Center. The was 

to test several ASG-3 airships for their response characteristics 

when subjected to a nuclear detonation. Results were to be 

analyzed to determine airship effectiveness in the delivery of 

nuclear antisubmarine weapons. Four airships were scheduled for 

testing during FRANKLIN, but operations were plagued bv 

difficulties. Before the shot, airships K-46 and K-92 were 

destroyed when a violent windstorm tore them from their mooring 

masts on Yucca Lake. 

Two other airships, K-77 and K-40, survived the windstorm 

and were tested at FRANKLIN. At shot-time, airship K-77 was 

moored with its tail toward the burst at 5,460 meters horizontal 

range. After the passage of the shock wave, the airship 

detached from the mast and consequently could not he remoored. 

Since the airship was secured a bow line onlv, and represented 

a potential hazard if it broke free, it was decided to 

deflate the envelope. The instrumentation aboard the airship was 

recovered after the airship deflated. Airship K-40 survived the 

50 
detonation, probably because of the shot's low and was 

retested at Shot STOKES. Activities engaged 33 project personnel 

(3; 6; 27). 

Project 5.5, In-flight Structural Response of the F-89D 

Aircraft to a Nuclear Detonation, was designed to determine the 

structural response of that aircraft, in flight, to the blast and 

thermal effects of a nuclear detonation. Northrop Aircraft was 

contracted to assist the Wright Air Development Center in planning and conducting the tests. Northrop Aircraft calibrated, 

maintained, and operated the instrumentation and associated 

equipment, and later analyzed the measured data. Development of 

positions and positioning methods was accomplished jointly by 

Northrop Aircraft and the Wright Air Development Center. One 

F-89D aircraft (serial number 411) with two crew members 

participated. The aircraft left Indian Springs AFB at 0415 

hours. Planning documents indicate that the F-89D was to be 

19,000 feet above the ground and about two kilometers from ground 

zero at shot-time. The aircraft left the area at 0500 hours and 

landed at AFB at 0510 hours (3; 6; 23). 

Project 6.3, Attenuation of Electromagnetic Radiation 

through an Ionized Medium, was sponsored bv the Naval Air 

Development Center. The objective was to determine the amount of 

electromagnetic energy absorbed or filtered out the highly 

radioactive cloud that results from a nuclear detonation. The 

involved one aircrew member, ground controllers, and 

aircraft maintenance personnel. An aircraft (serial number 

831) carried electromagnetic energy transmitters in pod tuned 

to six different frequencies. The aircraft, which took off from 

Indian Springs AFB at 0420, was positioned so that, at one minute 

after the detonation, the nuclear cloud was on a straight line 

between the aircraft and ground-based receivers. At the time of 

the detonation, the aircraft was five nautical miles from ground 

zero, at an altitude of about 40,000 feet. After the detonation, 

51 
the returned to Indian Springs AFB, landing at OS25 hours 

( 3 ; 

Ground receivers were at a station at coordinates 

731961. Six men operated the station, which they occupied from 

approximatelv 1930 hours the night before the shot to about two 

hours after the shot (6). 

6.4, and Reliability of the Short-baseline 

Svstem, was conducted by the Air Force Cambridge Research 

Center. The used the Long Range Aids to Navigation 

(LORAN) in an inverse fashion to detect the electromagnetic pulse from the nuclear burst in order to determine the 

position and measure the yield of that burst. The Indirect Bomb 

Assessment NRROL tested on this operation 

consisted of nets located at New Mexico; Vale, 

Oregon; and Rapid City, South Dakota. Each NAROL net consisted 

of two unmanned stations and one manned station (36). 

6.5, Effects of Nuclear Detonations on the Nike 

Hercules, investigated the effects of nuclear on the 

Nike Hercules guided-missile system. The was designed to 

familiarize radar crews with techniques to be employed and 

observations to be made following a nuclear detonation. The 

project was fielded personnel from the White Sands Missile 

Range, New Mexico, with from the Bell Telephone 

Laboratories in Whippany, New Jersev. Seven personnel 

manned a radar station at coordinates 765031 through 

the detonation and until two hours after the shot (6; 21). 

9.1, Support Photography, was sponsored by AFSWP to 

the following support services: 

Technical photographic support of the

effects program 

52 
Documentation of the overall military-effects

program and production of an effects motion picture 

Documentation of the detonation for release through

the Joint of Test Information and for 

historical purposes 

General photographic support to Department of

Defense projects. 

Photographers took both color and black-and-white pictures of the 

detonation from an airborne camera station and a manned 

station in the forward area at coordinates 884928 (6). 4n 

estimated seven personnel manned this station. Two or three 

photographers also took pictures from a C-47 aircraft (serial 

number operated at least three personnel from the 

Military Air Transport Service. The aircraft left Indian Springs 

AFB at 0335 hours. At shot-time, it was eight nautical miles 

southwest of ground zero, flving eastbound at 10,000 feet. 

completing its mission, the C-47 returned to Indian Springs 

landing at 0545 hours In addition, EG and G provided 

technical photography support to AFSWP and the EG and G 

personnel operated various camera stations during the shot to 

obtain fireball and cloud growth data (6; 20). 

3.2.2 Department of Defense Participation in Los 41amos 

Scientific Laboratory Test Group Projects 

The Los Scientific Laboratory Test Group conducted 

14 projects at Shot two of the 

in table 3-1, involved DOD personnel. 11.2, 

Sampling, required the gathering of samples from the 

cloud for laboratory analvses. Sampling, performed bv pilots 

from AFSWC 4926th Test Squadron, is discussed under AFSWC 

participation in section 18.3, Mass Effect 

Spectroscopy, was conducted by the Naval Research Laboratorv. 

Information on this activity limited, however, since a 

report was not written following the detonation. 

53 
3.2.3 Department of Defense Participation in Civil Effects Test

Group 

The Civil Effects Test Group conducted eight at 

FRANKLIN. Of those eight projects, five involved DOD personnel 

from the Air Force School of Aviation Medicine, and one involved 

personnel from the Naval Medical Research Institute. DOD participation in all these projects was probablv very limited. 

Project 39.1, Radiation Measurements Utilizing the Air Force 

Chemical Dosimeters, was conducted by the Air Force School of 

Aviation Medicine and the Oak Ridge National Laboratory. At 

recovery hour, two participants proceeded to Area to recover 

film badges (6; 17; 41; 57). 

Four other CETG projects involved members of the Air Force 

School of Aviation Medicine (17; 37; 46): 

39.5, Radiation Dosimetry for Human 

Exposure 

39.6, Biological Effects of Nuclear 

Radiation on the Monkey 

Project 39.7, Delayed Effects of Radiation on Small

Animals 

Neutron Effects of Bomb Radiation on 

Large Animals. 

For these projects, which required early recovery, the CETG 

requested and probably received permission from the Test Manager 

for project participants to enter radiation areas that may have 

exceeded R/h (50). 

39.5, Radiation for Human Exposure, involved four 

parties, each of two personnel. At 1900 hours on the before 

the shot, they proceeded to Area 3 to place dosimeters. 

left the area by 2200 hours. Six hours after the detonation, 

three parties of three men each recovered the dosimeters (6; 37). 

54 
For Project 39.6, Biological Effects of Nuclear Radiation 

on the Monkey, nine military personnel and one civilian left from 

Gate 4 at the BJY to place equipment in Area 3. They departed 

from the gate at 2000 hours on the day before the shot, and they 

left the test area after completing their mission at 2300 hours. 

Eleven personnel in three parties began recovery operations two 

hours after the detonation. Forty minutes later, they 

transferred the recovered equipment to vehicles and then returned 

to Camp Mercury (6; 17; 41; 46). 

For Project 39.7, Delayed Effects of Radiation on Small 

Animals, three parties totaling 11 personnel left from Gate 4 at 

2100 hours on the day before the shot. They placed animals and 

dosimeters in Area 3 and then left the area by 2300 hours of the 

same day. Fifteen minutes after the detonation, five parties 

with a total of 15 personnel proceeded through Gate 4 to Area 3 

and recovered animals and dosimeters (6; 17). 

Neutron Effects of Bomb Radiation on Large 

Animals, also involved personnel from the Air Force School of 

Aviation Medicine. Access permits for Shot FRANKLIN provided 

information on DOD participation in this project, conducted in 

conjunction with Projects 4.1 and 39.6. Eighteen vehicles 

carried 52 military personnel and four civilians involved in the 

project. Ninety minutes before the detonation, these 56 

individuals met on the road to Yucca Airstrip. Twenty minutes 

after detonation, they entered the shot area to recover swine, an 

activity taking approximately two hours (6; 17; 45-46). 

In addition to these projects involving Air Force personnel, 

Project Depth-dose Studies in Phantoms with Initial Bomb 

Gamma and Neutron Radiation, involved personnel from the Naval 

Medical Research Institute. The objective of this experiment was 

to determine initial neutron and gamma dose in phantoms composed 

of material approximating the density of human tissue. Several 

55 
days before the detonation, personnel installed radiation 

dosimeters in phantoms the size of humans and then placed the 

phantoms at stations south of ground zero. They also placed 

dosimeters along a radial line north of ground zero. 

At hours on the day before the detonation, eight 

personnel in two parties left Gate 4 to place equipment in Area 

3. They returned from the area bv 2300 hours. Ten minutes after 

the detonation, eight personnel two parties left their 

stations on the Yucca Airstrip road, where they had been 

stationed since one hour before the detonation, to recover 

dosimeters in the shot area (6; 17; 38). For this project, as 

for Projects 39.5, 39.6, 39.7, and the CETG requested 

and probablv received permission for participants to enter 

radiation areas that mav have exceeded 10 R/h (50). 

3.2.4 Department of Defense Operational Training 

The objectives of the operational training program 

were to test equipment and to train Air Force personnel. The Air 

Force sponsored two operational training at Shot 

53.7, Indirect Bomb Damage Assessment 

53.9, Photographic Reconnaissance Training. 

Project 53.7, Indirect Bomb Damage Assessment, was 

the Wright Air Development Center. participants 

installed Indirect Bomb Damage Assessment equipment aboard an 

F-89D aircraft (serial number with only a pilot. The 

aircraft left Indian Springs AFB at hours. At shot-time, 

the flew a holding pattern 70 nautical miles east of ground 

zero. It left the area 0507 and landed at AFB at 0604 

24). 

56 
Project 53.9, Photographic Reconnaissance Training, was to 

indoctrinate Air National Guard Tactical Reconnaissance Units in 

conducting photographic missions over a nuclear target. Two 

RF-84F aircraft with one pilot each departed from George Air 

Force Base (AFB), California, and flew to the NTS, where they 

orbited above Lathrop Wells at 31,000 feet until the shot was 

fired. Upon clearance from the Air Operations Center, they began 

a photographic mission flying toward ground zero. The aircraft 

crossed the shot area approximately 15 minutes after the 

detonation at an altitude of 10,000 feet. Upon completion of the 

run, they returned to George AFB 24). 

3.2.5 Air Force Special Weapons Center Activities 

Air Force Special Weapons Center support consisted of 

cloud-sampling missions, cloud-penetration flights, tracking 

missions, and aerial surveys. Documentation does not indicate 

that a courier mission was conducted at Shot FRANKLIN. 

Cloud Sampling 

Project 11.2, Radiochemistry Sampling, required the 

gathering of samples from the cloud for subsequent laboratorv 

analyses. Pilots of the AFSWC 4926th Test Squadron (Sampling) 

performed the cloud sampling for this project. 

Prior to the shot, six AFSWC aircraft were prepared for the 

mission. Sample pods were secured to the wing-tips of the 

aircraft. One B-57 sampler control aircraft with one pilot and a 

LASL scientific advisor left Indian Springs AFB and was 

positioned outside the testing area before shot-time. The 

control aircraft flew a holding pattern at 30,000 feet, 50 

nautical miles from ground zero (1; 3). 

The five sampler aircraft proceeded as follows. Shortlv 

after the detonation, two F-84s with two crewmen each flew from 

57 
Indian Springs AFB and entered the vicinity of the burst. After 

the detonation, the control aircraft left its pattern to view the 

cloud from all sides. The scientific advisor guided the samplers 

to areas from which samples of the nuclear cloud were to be 

obtained. After finishing their missions, the first two F-84 

samplers returned to Indian Springs AFB (1; 3). 

Shortly after the first two F-84 sampler aircraft took off 

from Indian Springs AFB, another two F-84 aircraft with two crewmen each left Indian Springs AFR. These aircraft entered the 

sampling area following the pattern of the first completed 

their mission, and returned to Indian Springs AFB (1; 3). 

The fifth and final F-84 sampler, also with crew of two, 

flew from Indian Springs AFB, entered the sampling area at 

hours, and returned to Indian Springs AFB at 0718 hours. The 

control B-57 was the first aircraft to enter the area at 0438 

and the last to leave at hours (1; 3). 

The aircraft were outfitted with sampling 

meters, filter papers, and integrating dosimeters. Pilots 

were on full internal oxygen before, during, and after cloud 

penetration (1; 3). 4fter the cloud-sampling missions, standard 

operating procedures were followed for sample removal from the 

aircraft and decontamination of personnnel, aircraft, and 

equipment. These procedures are discussed in the Operation 

PLUMBHOB volume. 

Cloud Tracking 

Immediately after the detonation, B-50 and a B-29 aircraft 

from Kirtland AFB and a B-25 from Indian Springs flew 

tracking missions over and beyond the NTS. The R-50 carried at 

least four participants, the B-29 up to ten, and the B-25 at 

least four. The purpose of the cloud-tracking missions was to 

determine the direction of the radioactive cloud and to keep the 

58 
airways clear of any private or commercial aircraft that might 

encounter radiation. 

After the detonation, the Air Operations Center ordered the 

aircraft to leave their holding patterns, approach the edge of 

the cloud at frequent intervals, and note the position of maximum 

intensity encountered on approach. Cloud tracking continued 

until the Test Yanager determined that the cloud presented no 

further hazard to aircraft flying commercial airways (1). At the 

end of the cloud-tracking mission, aircraft and were 

monitored (1; 3). 

Security Sweeps 

Before and after the shot, two L-20 aircraft were dispatched 

from Yucca Airstrip to perform a security sweep over the NTS. 

The security sweep routine called for a security guard to 

accompany the pilot (1; 3). 

Helicopter Surveys 

Three H-21 helicopters conducted survey missions for the 

Test Manager. Two of the each with a crew of two AFSWC 

personnel along with two monitors, flew survey missions 

over the forward areas of FRANKLIN to record radiation 

intensities. The third H-21, with two AFSWC personnel, 

monitors, and Project 2.1 participants, supported Project 2.1. 

After the missions, the helicopters returned to the helicopter 

pad at the Control Point and were monitored and decontaminated as 

required (1; 3; 50). 

3.3 RADIATION PROTECTION AT SHOT FRANKLIN 

The purpose of the radiation protection procedures developed 

for Operation PLUMBHOH was to ensure that individuals would avoid 

unnecessary exposure to ionizing radiation while accomplishing 

5Y 
 

their missions. Some of the procedures described in the 

volume resulted in records that enabled the Nevada Test 

Organization to evaluate the effectiveness of their radiation 

programs. The available information includes 

contour maps, monitoring data, and some personnel 

data. Radiological safety procedures and dosimetry 

information for Desert Rock and participants are described 

in the Operation volume. 

Dosimetry Records 

From 1 to June 1957, including the 2 June detonation of 

the Personnel Branch issued 1,369 film badges 

and dosimeters (64). No personnel received a cumulative 

gamma exposure exceeding 2.0 roentgens (50; 

Logistics 

The Logistics issued anticontamination supplies to 

882 people. These supplies consisted of coveralls, shoe covers, 

and respirators (64). 

Monitoring Procedures and Support 

Fifteen minutes after the detonation, a total of 15 monitors 

traveling in nine vehicles performed the initial ground survev. 

This survey completed at hours. At 0600 on shot-dav, 

radiological safety personnel established a check station at the 

RJY junction to control entry into the shot area. It was 

operated continuously by two-man crews until 2400 hours on 3 June 

Resurvevs were made on shot-day and on 3, 4, 6, and 

June (64). 

The initial helicopter survey was delayed because of dust in 

the shot area. The survev team, probably consisting of four 

personnel, departed from the Control Point helicopter pad 

at hours, 90 minutes after the detonation. The radiation 
intensity encountered was 10 R/h 25 feet above zero at 

hours (50; 64). Based on the results of the initial 

surveys, the recovery hour was declared at 0950 hours. 

Plotting and Briefing 

Using information from the surveys, the Plotting and 

Briefing Branch developed isointensity contour maps. A copy of 

the initial contour map is shown in figure 3-l. Figure 3-2 shows 

copies of the isointensity maps generated from 3 to 10 June (64). 

Information from the ground surveys allowed the Plotting and 

Briefing Branch to establish Full and Limited Radiological 

Exclusion areas, as defined in the Operation volume. 

The Plotting and Briefing Branch also issued access permits 

required for entrv into these areas. During the period covering 

the FRANKLIN detonation, 1,083 access permits were issued (64). 

Decontamination Activities 

During the period covering Shot FRANKLIN,. personnel of the 

Decontamination Branch decontaminated 94 vehicles at the Control 

Point 6 station. Personnel were decontaminated at facilities 

located in the radiological safety building (64). 

61 
 

••• •

•• ••

•• ••

••• •••••••••••• • •••

•

•

•

•

•

•

•

•

Stake 

. . . . . . . . . 0 01 R’h 

0 1000 

I 

Meters 

Figure 3-l: INITIAL SURVEY FOR SHOT FRANKLIN, 

2 JUNE 1957, MID-TIME 0617 
N 

0 1000 

Meters 

3 June 1957, Mid-Time: 0605 

0 

I I 

Meters 

6 June 1957, Mid-Time: 1346 

 0 1000 

Meters 

4 June 1957, Mid-Time: 1313 

0 1000 

I I 

Meters 

10 June 1957, Mid-Time: 0353 

Stake 

. . . . . . . . . 0 01 

------ 0 

Figure 3-2: SUBSEQUENT SURVEYS FOR SHOT FRANKLIN 
SHOT SYNOPSIS 

AEC TEST SERIES: 

DOD EXERCISE: Desert Rock VII and VIII 

5 June 1957, 0445 Hours 

YIELD: 0.0005 kilotons 

HEIGHT OF BURST: 500 feet (balloon shot) 

Objectives: (1) To evaluate newly designed devices for 

possible inclusion in the nuclear arsenal 

(2) To evaluate military effects for specific

applications against a variety of military 

targets 

(3) To assess the effects of nuclear detonation 

on civilian structures, products, and food

supplies and to evaluate Civil Defense emergency 

preparedness plans. 

Weather: At shot-time, the temperature was 23“ C, and the 

surface winds were calm. Winds were eight knots

from the west-southwest at 6,000 feet. 

Data: During the initial survey, mid-time of 0527

hours, radiation intensities greater than 0.1

R/h were confined to within 360 meters of ground 

zero. 

Participants: Exercise Desert Rock Troops, Armed Forces

Special Weapons Air Force Special

Weapons Center and other Air Force personnel,

Universitv of California Radiation Lxboratorv, 

Federal Civil Defense Administration, 

other contractors. 

64 
CHAPTER 4 

SHOT 

Shot the first balloon-suspended device of Operation 

PLUMBBOB, as well as of the entire atmospheric testing program, 

was sponsored by the University of California Radiation 

Laboratory. Suspended at a height of 500 feet in Area 9 of the 

Nevada Test Site, the device had a yield of 0.0005 kilotons. The 

test was conducted at 0445 hours Pacific Daylight Time on 5 

1957. The cloud reached a maximum altitude of 6,600 feet and 

traveled northeast, but it resulted in no measurable fallout 

Contamination in the shot area was from 

induced activity, with intensities greater than 0.1 R/h detected 

only within 360 meters of ground zero about one hour after the 

shot (25; 64). radioactivity was also found in the shot 

about 75 meters south of ground zero. As a result, the Test 

Director closed the shot area four hours after the detonation for 

a period of 35 hours (51). 

4.1 EXERCISE DESERT ROCK VII AND VIII OPERATIONS AT SHOT 

A total of Camp Desert Rock support troops observed 

from News Nob, 21 kilometers from ground zero at 

coordinates 848890. In addition, about 30 personnel took part in 

the two technical service projects conducted at the shot: 

Project 50.3, Evaluation of Medium Range Detonation-detection and 

Cloud Tracking Systems, and Project 50.7, Test of Ordnance 

Material (24; 33; 35). 

Project 50.3, Evaluation of Medium Range 

detection and Cloud-Tracking Systems, was fielded 18 personnel 

from the Army Signal Research and Development seven 

personnel from Fort Meade, and seven personnel from Fort 

65 
Huachuca. The project had two purposes: to test the capacity of 

Armv radar equipment in detecting nuclear detonations and 

tracking radioactive clouds, and to examine Army fallout 

prediction methods. Participants manning the radar sets were 

southeast of Yucca Lake, about 25 kilometers from ground zero. 

The fallout prediction unit worked in a van parked near the Air 

Weather Station at Camp Mercury (12; 33; 44; 53). 

Project 50.7, Test of Ordnance Material, was sponsored by 

the Armv Chief of Ordnance. The purpose of the was to= 

determine the effect of the blast, thermal, and radioactive elements of a nuclear detonation on selected items of Army equipment. The project was divided into four parts, each part testing 

a different tvpe of ordnance. Three of the parts were conducted 

at Shot These were radiation studies, foxhole studies, 

and vehicle damage tests (11). 

Radiation studies consisted of unmanned tanks and vehicles 

placed 550 meters from ground zero. Instrumentation was 

provided, installed, and recovered by Project 2.4 personnel from 

the Chemical Warfare Laboratories. The fielding activities of 

these individuals are discussed in the Field Command Section of 

this chapter under Project 2.4, Nuclear Radiation Shielding 

Studies (11; 60). The foxhole study tested tne protection 

offered bv standard two-man foxholes, some with tanks and Ontos 

vehicles placed over them. For vehicle damage tests, vehicles 

and tanks were placed in areas near the ground zero of Shot 

to incur direct and secondary blast damage (11; 33). 

4.2 DEPARTMENT OF DEFENSE PARTICIPATION IN SCIENTIFIC, 

OPERATIONAL TRAINING, AND SUPPORT ACTIVITIES AT SHOT 

In addition to participating in Exercise Desert Rock 

activities, Department of Defense personnel performed a variety 

of tasks during Shot that required them to enter the 

66 
forward area. The AFSWP Field Command Weapons Effects Test Group 

sponsored 13 projects, and DOD personnel participated in one UCRL 

Test Group project and one Civil Effects Test Group The 

Air Force sponsored two operational training projects. AFSWC 

supported the UCRL project and provided routine support to the 

Test Manager. 

Closure of the shot area about four hours after the 

detonation affected some of the shot area recoveries, although 

recoveries scheduled to occur before that time appear to have 

proceeded as planned. The number of parties and personnel 

reported to have performed recovery operations corresponds 

closely to the number scheduled for participation from 30 minutes 

to two-and-one-half hours after the shot. 

4.2.1 AFSWP Field Command Weapons Effects Test Group Projects 

The Weapons Effects Test Group conducted 13 projects at Shot 

as indicated in table 4-l. The yield of the detonation, 

0.0005 kilotons, was much lower than had been expected. 

Consequentlv, many of the did not produce useful 

results. 

Project 2.1, Soil Activation by Neutrons, was conducted by 

the Army Chemical Warfare Laboratories. The was designed 

to measure the neutron-induced gamma-emitting radioisotopes in 

homogeneous soils and the consequent residual radiation levels in 

the vicinity of ground zero. Eventually, the data were to be 

used to predict the radiological hazard from such soil activation. To obtain data, a helicopter survey team made early 

induced-field surveys from five to 30 minutes after the detonation. To perform its survey, the team lowered ionization 

chambers mounted on tripods to the ground at various distances 

southeast of ground zero. The team recorded the dose rates 

measured bv the ionization chambers. 

67 
 

Table 4-1: TEST GROUP PROJECTS WITH DEPARTMENT OF DEFENSE 

PARTICIPATION, SHOT 

Project Title Participants 

Estimated 

DOD 

Personnel 

Weapons Effects Test Group 

21 by Neutrons Army Chemical Warfare Laboratories 4 

23 Neutron Flux from Selected Nuclear Army Warfare Laboratories 6 

24 Nuclear Army Chemical Warfare Laboratories 6 

25 Gamma and Neutron-Induced 

Gamma Radiation of NTS 

Army Signal Research and Development 

Laboratories 

4 

26 Evaluation of New instruments Army Signal Research and Development 

Laboratones 

2 

27 Radio-wave Attenuation Naval Research Laboratory 4 

2 10 Initial Neutron and Gamma Air-earth Interface 

Measurements 

Air Force Special Weapons Center, General 

Company, 

8 

62 Measurement of the Component of the 

Electromagnetic Near a Nuclear Detonation 

Diamond Ordnance Fuze Laboratories 9 

63 Attenuation of through 

an Ionized 

Naval Air Development Center 

64 Accuracy and of the NAROL 

System 

Force Cambridge Research Center 

65 Effects of Nuclear Detonations on the Hercules Sands Range, Bell Telephone 

Laboratories 

7 

82 of Thermal of and 

Thermal Effects on Standard Materials 

Naval Material Laboratory 4 

8 3a Performance of a High-speed System Naval Defense Laboratory 

91 Support Photography AFSWP, Transport Service, EG and G 10 

University of California Radiation Laboratory Test Group 

Air Force Weapons Center 

Effects Test Group 

39 5 for Human Exposures Air Force School of I 

Unknown 
Two personnel participated in the aerial survey program, 

working 90 to 900 meters southeast of ground zero along the 

2.3 instrument line. The participants began their 

activities 30 minutes after the detonation and finished 30 

minutes later (8; 40; 54). 

Helicopter surveys were also scheduled for one-half, 

and-one-half, and six hours after the detonation. Two participants proceeded in a helicopter from the Control Point to the 

Project 2.3 instrument line southeast of ground zero. They conducted aerial surveys at intervals from meters to 

ground zero, spending an estimated 30 minutes in the area (8; 40; 54). 

Project 2.3, Neutron Flux from Selected Nuclear Devices, was 

conducted by the Army Chemical Warfare Laboratories. The 

project, conducted in conjunction with Project 2.1, was designed 

to measure the output of neutrons from a nuclear detonation, the 

spectrum of neutrons, and their range in air. An estimated four project personnel spent 3 installing and 

inspecting the detectors on the cable line. A tractor, to be 

used in pulling the cable from the area, was positioned the 

before the shot behind a mound of dirt 1,550 meters from ground 

zero (54). 

Since some neutron-induced radioisotopes decay rapidlv, it 

was essential to return the neutron-detection disks to the 

laboratory for analysis as soon after the shot as possible. To 

accomplish a prompt retrieval, the detectors were attached to the 

cable at intervals, from to 910 meters 

southeast of ground zero. Within one hour after the detonation, 

six project personnel and a radiation monitor went in pickup 

trucks to the end of the cable farthest from ground zero. While 

the monitor measured the radiation and clocked their time in the 

area, the personnel secured the end of the cable to the 

back of the tractor, which was driven about 910 meters, dragging 

the neutron-detection Once bevond the radiation zone, 

69 
the project personnel stopped the tractor, detached the detectors 

from the cable, gathered them up, and put them in the truck. The 

personnel took the samples to a laboratory trailer near the 

Control Point for analvsis (8; 54). 

Project 2.4, Nuclear Radiation Shielding Studies, was 

fielded by the Army Chemical Warfare Laboratories. The project 

was designed to study the effectiveness of armored vehicles and 

various types of armor in providing shielding from nuclear radiation. This project was coordinated with the radiation studv of 

Exercise Desert Rock Project 50.7, Test of Ordnance Material, for 

which project personnel provided instrumentation. 

In the weeks before the shot, personnel placed the vehicles 

and armor in an arc about 550 meters south of ground zero. They 

positioned dosimeters in the vehicles and armor on the day before 

the detonation. One hour after the detonation, five participants 

left the Control Point and went to Area where they spent 

minutes recovering the dosimeters. Ninety minutes after the 

detonation, one participant in a pickup truck left the Control 

Point to proceed to the BJY, where he picked up the dosimeters 

from the recovery party and then returned to the Control Point, 

having spent about one hour in the shot area (7-8; 60). 

Project 2.5, Initial Gamma Radiation Intensity and 

induced Gamma Radiation of NTS Soils, was conducted by the Army 

Signal Research and Development Laboratories. For this shot, the 

project was to determine initial gamma intensitv both on the 

ground and in the air. Measurements were to be taken at 

different times after the detonation and at different distances 

from ground zero. 4t 1800 hours on the evening before the shot, 

three personnel instrumented four balloons located 910 to 1830 

meters southeast of ground zero. They spent four hours in the 

area. The balloons were launched bv 2.10 personnel. 

Four personnel probablv completed operations 

within three days of the detonation (8; 14). 

70 
Project 2.6, Evaluation of New Instruments, was 

conducted by the Army Signal Research and Development Laboratories. The project was intended to evaluate the ability of 

newlv developed radiation instruments to detect and 

measure gamma and neutron radiation. In evaluating the neutron 

dosimeter system, tissue-equivalent tactical neutron dosimeters 

and standard meters were exposed to initial nuclear radiations. The readings were compared to those made with chemical 

simeters and with National of Standards film dosimeters (15). 

Project personnel attached dosimeters and film packs to 

plvwood slats placed within linen-reinforced tubes eight centimeters in diameter and 1.2 meters long at 13 stations 550 to 

1,100 meters southeast of ground zero. After the shot, when 

radiological conditions permitted, two personnel recovered the 

instruments, a procedure taking about 20 minutes 15; 

2.7, Radio-wave Attenuation Studies, was conducted 

by the Naval Research Laboratory. The project was to studv the 

interference due to effects of high levels of radiation on radio 

and radar operations. At Shot however, the 

activities of project participants were limited to preliminary 

experiments designed to check and calibrate equipment for later 

shots. Bunker installations necessary for this were not 

completed in time for use during and most of the 

experiments intended for the shot were conducted at subsequent 

events (8; 30). 

2.10, Neutron and Gamma Air-earth Interface 

was designed to studv how the interface 

affected the radiation produced by a nuclear detonation. The 

was conducted by AFSWC. The objective was accomplished 

measuring the integrated gamma dose and neutron readings at 

points on the ground and at corresponding points at heights up to 

290 meters. 2200 hours on the day before the 

71 
 

shot, eight personnel launched four balloons 910, 1,370, 1,830, 

and 2,290 meters southeast of ground zero. The balloons were 

supplied and handled by the General Mills Company, with technical 

assistance from Corporation (65). Three participants left 

the Control Point two hours after the detonation to recover 

fission foil detectors from the balloon stations, an operation 

taking about one hour (8; 65). 

Project 6.2, Measurement of the Magnetic Component of the 

Electromagnetic Field Near a Nuclear Detonation, was conducted by 

the Diamond Ordnance Fuze Laboratories. The objective was to 

provide a record of the strength and characteristics of the magnetic field from a nuclear detonation as a function of time and 

distance. Instrumentation consisted of five completely 

powered recording stations 250 to 2,900 meters southwest of 

ground zero. Four personnel manned an instrument station at 

coordinates 895855, 19 kilometers from ground zero, from about 

four hours before to one hour after the detonation. Four hours 

after the detonation, two other personnel proceeded to the 

station to prepare it for the arrival of the recovery team (8; 29). 

Seven hours after the shot, nine personnel traveled in three 

vehicles to recover instrumentation. They began with the station 

2,900 meters southwest of ground zero. They then proceeded to 

stations 1,520 and 760 meters from ground zero and then went to a 

manned station at the south end of Yucca Lake. They recovered 

instruments at the final two stations when the radiological 

situation permitted. consisted of retrieving 

recording packages and transporting them to Camp 

Project 6.3, Attenuation of Electromagnetic Radiation 

through an Ionized was conducted by the Naval Air 

Development Center. Its was to determine the amount of 

electromagnetic energy that was absorbed or filtered out by the 

highlv radioactive cloud that results from a nuclear detonation. 

72 
The project involved one aircrew member, ground controllers, and 

aircraft maintenance personnel. An aircraft carried 

transmitters in a pod tuned to six different frequencies. The 

aircraft took off from Indian Springs AFB 30 minutes before the 

detonation and was about kilometers from ground zero heading 

southwest at the time of detonation. The aircraft, which flew at 

altitudes between 12,000 and 19,000 feet, proceeded toward ground 

zero but did not come closer than five kilometers to the cloud. 

The was positioned so that, one minute after the 

detonation, the cloud was on a straight line between the aircraft 

and the ground-based receivers. In addition to the other 

participants, six personnel proceeded to the manned station at 

UTM coordinates 732961, where they remained until one or two 

hours after the detonation (4; 8; 43). 

Project 6.4, Accuracy and Reliability of the Short-baseline 

NAROL Systems, was conducted by the Air Force Cambridge Research 

Center. The project used the Long Range Aids to Navigation 

(LORAN) System in an inverse fashion to detect the electromagnetic pulse from the nuclear burst in order to determine the 

position and measure the yield of the detonation. The Indirect 

Bomb Damage Assessment system tested in this operation 

consisted of nets located in Albuquerque, New Mexico; Vale, 

Oregon; and Rapid City, South Dakota. Each NAROL net consisted 

of two unmanned stations and one manned station (8; 36). 

6.5, Effects of Nuclear Detonations on the Nike 

Hercules, investigated the effects of nuclear radiation on the 

Nike Hercules guided-missile system. Project 6.5 was fielded 

personnel from the White Sands Missile Range, New Mexico, with 

assistance from Bell Telephone Laboratories (21). At 2330 hours 

on the evening before shot-day, seven personnel proceeded to the 

manned station at UTM coordinates 765031, 11 kilometers southwest 

of ground zero, where they remained until about two hours after 

the detonation to operate radar (8). 

73 
 

Project 8.2, Prediction of Thermal Protection of Uniforms 

and Thermal Effects on Standard Materials, was conducted the 

Naval Material Laboratory. The was designed to investigate the ability of laboratory experiments to predict 

the effects of intense thermal radiation on live skin and tissue. 

Laboratory results were compared with actual skin burns in pigs 

exposed to thermal radiation from a nuclear detonation. One 

recording station was instrumented 1,200 meters south of ground 

zero (18). Four personnel were scheduled to proceed from the 

Control Point area to the station if there was a radiation field 

in the vicinity of the station. If no field existed, personnel 

were to proceed into the shot area only after the declaration of 

recovery hour to retrieve records and begin dismantling the 

station. Because of the low yield, the personnel did 

not enter the area as scheduled. Most they entered the 

area after the Test Director reopened for project activities 

39 hours after the detonation (8; 18). 

Project Performance of a High-speed Spectrographic 

System, conducted by the Naval Radiological Defense Laboratory, 

was designed to analvze the electromagnetic energv from a nuclear 

detonation. The high-speed electronic equipment would eventually 

be used during Operation II. The high-speed spectrographs of both the Naval Radiological Defense Laboratory and the 

Naval Research Laboratory were located a minimum of 12 kilometers 

from ground zero (47). 

Program 9.1, Support Photography, was sponsored by AFSWP to 

provide the following support services: 

Technical photographic support of the military

effects program 

Documentation of the overall effects 

program and production of an effects motion picture 

Documentation of the detonation for release through

Joint Office of Test Information and for 

historical purposes 

General photographic support to 

7 4 
Color and black-and-white pictures of the detonation were taken 

from both an airborne camera station and manned camera station 

in the forward area. Eight personnel manned the ground station, 

at UTM coordinates 852045 about six kilometers south of ground 

zero, from five hours before to 30 minutes after the detonation 

Two or three project participants took pictures from a C-47 

aircraft operated by personnel from the Military Air Transport 

Service. At shot-time, the aircraft was eight nautical miles 

southwest of ground zero, flving eastbound at 10,000 feet (4). 

In addition, EG and G provided technical photographv support to 

AFSWP and the AEC. At EG and G personnel operated camera 

stations to record fireball and cloud growth (8; 20). 

4.2.2 Department of Defense Participation in Los

Scientific Laboratory Test Group and University of 

California Radiation Laboratory Test Group Projects 

Roth and UCRL conducted experiments at Shot 

Three projects were conducted by LASL, none of which required DOD 

participation. the five projects conducted by UCRL, 

Project 21.2, Radiochemistry Sampling, is known to have involved 

DOD participation. The project, which required air support from 

is discussed in section 4.2.5. 

4.2.3 Department of Defense Participation in Civil Effects

Test Group 

The Civil Effects Test Group conducted two at 

One of these, 39.5, Radiation for 

Human Exposures, involved DOD personnel from the Air Force School 

of Aviation Medicine. Accompanied by a radiological safety 

monitor, two CETG personnel recovered neutron foil detectors 275 

to meters south-southeast of ground zero. Thev proceeded 

into the area about one hour after the shot and spent five to ten 

minutes completing their task (37; 51). 

75 
4.2.4 Department of Defense Operational Training Projects 

The primary objectives of the operational training program 

were to test equipment and train Air Force personnel. The Air 

Force sponsored two operational training projects at Shot 

• 53.7, Indirect Bomb Damage Assessment 

Project 53.9, Photographic Reconnaissance 

Training 

Project 53.7, Indirect Bomb Damage Assessment, was conducted 

by the Wright Air Development Center. Personnel installed IBDA 

equipment aboard an F-89D aircraft from Indian Springs AFB. At 

shot-time, the F-89D which had a crew of one, flew a holding 

pattern 90 nautical miles long and five nautical miles east of 

ground zero (4; 24). 

Project 53.9, Photographic Reconnaissance Training, was 

conducted to indoctrinate Air National Guard Tactical Reconnaissance units in photographic missions over a nuclear target. Two 

RF-84F aircraft departed from George AFB, California, and flew to 

the NTS, where they orbited above Lathrop Wells at 31,000 feet 

until the shot was fired. Upon clearance from the Air Operations 

Center, they began a photographic mission flying toward ground 

zero. Thev crossed the shot area approximately 15 minutes after 

the detonation at an altitude of 10,000 feet. Upon completion of 

the run, they returned to George AFB (4; 24). 

4.2.5 Air Force Special Weapons Center Activities 

AFSWC support consisted of cloud-sampling missions, sample 

courier missions, cloud-tracking missions, security sweeps, and 

aerial surveys. 

Cloud Sampling 

21.2, Sampling, was sponsored by the 

UCRL Test Group. The required the gathering of samples 

76 
from the cloud for subsequent laboratory analvses. AFSWC pilots 

from the 4926th Test Squadron (Sampling) performed the cloud 

sampling. They used one B-57 sampler control aircraft and five 

F-84 sampler aircraft. One of the samplers, however, aborted its 

mission because of tip tank malfunction. Each sampler aircraft 

was outfitted with sampling equipment, meters, filter 

and integrating dosimeters. Pilots were on full internal 

oxvgen before, during, and after cloud penetration (1; 4). 

The control aircraft was flown by a pilot accompanied a 

scientific advisor from UCRL, while each F-84 had a pilot. 

The F-84 aircraft collected samples at 30,000 feet, following the 

standard procedures for Operation (1; 4). 

Courier Missions 

On shot-dav, the 4900th Air Base Group from AFB, 

using C-47 aircraft, flew sample return missions for 

21.2. The missions entailed transporting samples taken 

from sampler aircraft at Indian Springs AFB to UCRL for 

Cloud Tracking 

Immediatelv after the detonation, two B-25 aircraft, based 

at Indian Springs AFB, flew cloud-tracking missions over and 

bevond the NTS. The purpose of cloud-tracking was to determine 

the direction of the radioactive cloud and to keep the 

clear of any private or commercial aircraft that might encounter 

radiation (1; The 4935th Air Base Squadron provided the 

aircraft and crews for cloud tracking, the 4926th Test Squadron 

provided and the 4900th Air Base Group Radiation 

Defense Unit maintained the instruments (1; 

After cloud-sampling aircraft completed their missions, the 

4ir Operations Center ordered the cloud-tracking aircraft to 

leave their holding patterns, approach the edge of the cloud at 

77 
 

 

 

 

 

 

 

frequent intervals, and note the position of maximum intensitv 

encountered on approach. Shot had such a low 

the mission of one H-25 cloud tracker lasted 

until Test determined that the cloud 

no further hazard to flving 

(1; other H-25 a 

than cloud-tracking (1; 4; 22). 

Two L-20 aircraft were dispatched from 

Control Point to perform and 

NTS. The carried crews least two persons 

since the sweep routine called for a guard 

to the (1; 4). 

Survevs 

Four H-21 each with an of two and 

two safety performed 

for Test Manager. About after the 

detonation, H-21 2 to assess and 

About the detonation, 

another H-21 2.1 

shot to take 

made in 

section 4.3. Following missions, the were 

monitored and decontaminated as required. 4 H-21 

helicopter was scheduled to a for a 

but its was canceled (4). 

4 . RADIATION SHOT 

The purpose procedures 

for was to ensure that would avoid 

to 
the operational requirements of each activity or mission. Some 

of the procedures described in the series volume resulted in 

records that enabled the Nevada Test Organization to evaluate the 

effectiveness of their radiation protection programs. The 

available information includes isointensitv plots, monitoring 

data, and some personnel dosimetry information. Radiological 

safetv procedures and dosimetry information for Desert Rock and 

participants are described in the Operation 

volume. 

Dosimetrv Records 

On 4, 5, and 1957, the Personnel Dosimetry Branch 

issued 798 film badges and pocket dosimeters (64). No DOD 

participants at Shot received a cumulative gamma exposure 

exceeding 2.0 roentgens (51). 

Logistics 

From the dav before Shot to the dav before Shot 

WILSON (4 June to 17 June), the Logistics Branch issued 

anticontamination supplies to 1,123 people, as follows (64): 

coveralls 

931 pairs of shoe covers 

respirators 

2,394 other items. 

The processed 8,282 of anticontamination c

Monitoring Procedures and Support 

Fifteen minutes after the detonation of at 

hours, a total of 11 monitors traveling in six vehicles set out 

to perform the initial ground survey. At 0540 hours, alpha 

contamination was found 75 meters south of ground zero. The shot 

area was closed the Test Director. Another five men in two 

vehicles conducted ground surveys in ad.jacent non-shot areas. 4 

79 
 of the shot area was conducted at hours on 6 June, 

the dav after detonation, and after decontamination the area was 

opened for operations at hours that day (51; 64). 

The initial helicopter team, consisting of two 

radiological safetv monitors and two AFSWC pilots, departed from 

the Control Point helicopter pad at hours, 15 minutes after 

the detonation. The team completed the at 0615 hours. 

The highest radiation intensitv encountered was 1 R/h, 25 feet 

above the ground zero, 50 after the detonation. 

Aerial resurveys were not made for Shot because ground 

supplied sufficient information (51; 

Plotting and Briefing 

Using information from the initial survey, the Plotting and 

Briefing Branch developed an contour map. This map 

showed the 0.01 and 0.1 R/h contours in the shot area. A of 

the contour map, with a mid-time of 0527 shown 

in 4-1 (64). No map was prepared for the second ground 

Decontamination 

During the period Shot personnel of the 

Decontamination Branch decontaminated 124 vehicles and one 

generator. Personnel were decontaminated at facilities 

located in the building (64). 
• •

• •

••• • ••••

N 

at Ground Zero 

0 5000 

J 

Meters 

Stake 

• • •

Figure 4-1: INITIAL SURVEY FOR SHOT 

5 JUNE 1957, MID-TIME 0527 
SHOT WILSON SYNOPSIS 

AEC TEST SERIES: 

DOD EXERCISE: Desert Rock VII and VIII 

DATE/TIME: 18 June 1957, 0445 hours 

YIELD: 10 kilotons 

HEIGHT OF BURST: 500 feet (balloon shot) 

Objectives: (1) To evaluate newlv designed devices for

possible inclusion in the nuclear arsenal 

(2) To evaluate military effects for specific

applications against a variety of military 

targets 

(3) To evaluate the effectiveness of military 

troops, equipment, and tactics and to 

indoctrinate personnel in the effects of nuclear

detonations 

(4) To assess the effects of a nuclear

detonation on civilian structures, products, and

food supplies and to evaluate Civil Defense 

emergency preparedness plans. 

Weather: At shot-time, the temperature was and the 

surface winds were four knots from the 

northwest. Winds were eight knots from the 

east-northeast at 10,000 feet, eight knots from

the west-southwest at 20,000 feet, and 16 knots 

from the west-southwest at 30,000 feet. 

Radiation Data: fallout was southwest of ground zero,

with intensities up to 1.0 R/h detected an hour

after detonation. 

Participants: Exercise Desert Rock troops, Armed Forces 

Special Weapons Project, 4ir Force Special

Weapons Center and other Air Force personnel,

University of California Radiation Laboratory,

Federal Civil Defense Administration, 

other contractors. 
CHAPTER 5 

SHOT WILSON 

Shot WILSON was detonated with a yield of ten kilotons on 18 

June 1957 at hours Pacific Daylight Time. Suspended from a 

balloon at a height of 500 feet in Area 9 of the Nevada Test 

Site, WILSON was sponsored by the University of California 

Radiation Laboratory. The WILSON cloud top reached a maximum 

height of 35,000 feet. The upper part of the cloud separated 

from the stem and blew northeast, with most of the fallout from 

the cloud occurring The stem blew to the southwest with 

the highest radiation intensities from fallout, about 1 R/h one 

hour after detonation, occurring (25; 64). 

Shot WILSON was one of three detonations during Operation 

from which observers had to be evacuated. Eighty-two 

Marine Corps, and Air Force personnel, who watched the shot 

from the Control Point, were evacuated from the area five minutes 

after the blast. In addition, some technical project participants evacuated when fallout arrived at their positions 

southwest of ground zero (34-35; 66-67). The evacuation had been 

planned before the detonation because weather predictions 

indicated that light winds might be out of the north, moving from 

the site of detonation toward the Control Point at Yucca Pass 

(34; 64). 

5.1 EXERCISE DESERT ROCK VII AND VIII OPERATIONS AT SHOT WILSON 

More than 850 Desert Rock exercise troops took part in 

projects associated with the WILSON event, including four troop 

observer indoctrination projects, one radiological training 

project, and four technical service projects. Table 5-1 

identifies these projects. In addition, the table lists 164 Camp 

83 
 

Desert Rock support troops. These troops, who were not assigned 

to observer witnessed the detonation along with the 

observers assigned to the Marine Corps, and Air Force 

34-35). 

Table 5-l: EXERCISE DESERT ROCK PROJECTS, SHOT WILSON 

Program Type 

Observer 

Project 

502 

52 2 

533 

534 

503 

505 

507 

508 

Troop Observers 

Corps Observers 

Aircrew Observers 

Troop Observers 

Defense 

of Range 

and Cloud 

Systems 

of for 

Heavy 

Test of Ordnance 

of Burst and 

Fallout 

Army 

Corps 

Force 

Camp Desert Rock Support Troops 

Force Defense School 

Lowry AFB 

Research and Development 

Research and 

Development Laboratones 

Warfare Laboratones 

Army Defense Board, 495th 

DOD 

Personnel 

41 

15 

26 

164 

24 

25 

5 

557 

Troop Observer Indoctrination Projects 

Participants in the three troop observer indoctrination 

projects and the 164 Desert Rock observers viewed the 

from an observation area seven kilometers from 

ground zero at coordinates near BJY. Because of the 

possibility of light winds carrying from the shot area, 

the were from the five minutes after the 

detonation as a precautionary measure 
5.1.2 Radiological Training Projects 

Project 53.4, Radiological Defense Training, was designed to 

train Air Force Strategic Defense personnel in radiological 

defense techniques. Twenty-four personnel from the Air Force 

Radiological Defense School participated in this 

observing the detonation seven kilometers from 

ground zero along with other observer troops. After the 

detonation, radiological safety personnel from the 50th Chemical 

Service Platoon surveyed the shot area, marking the and 

R/h areas. They waited for the project personnel at the R/h 

line. At the declaration of recovery hour, participants 

proceeded in ten vehicles to the area, where they 

located predetermined radiation intensities not exceeding 

R/h. They radioed readings to the control stations, where they 

were plotted on a map. Radiological safety monitors remained 

with the participants during their activities to enforce 

established safety criteria and procedures (24; 34-35; 44). 

5.1.3 Technical Service Projects 

The Department of the Army sponsored four technical service 

projects at Shot WILSON, as listed in tab 5-1. 

Project 50.3, Evaluation of Range Detonation-detection and Cloud Tracking Systems, was fielded personnel from 

the Armv Signal Research and Development Laboratories, seven 

personnel from Fort Meade, and seven personnel from Fort Huachuca. 

The two purposes of the project were: to test the of 

Army radar equipment in detecting nuclear detonations and tracking 

radioactive clouds, and to examine Armv fallout prediction 

methods. The fallout prediction unit for this project worked in a 

van parked near the Air Weather Station at Camp Mercury. Three 

radar stations were southeast of Yucca Lake, near UTM 

893872, about 25 kilometers from ground zero (12; 44; 53). 

85 
Project 50.5, Field Evaluation of Shielding for Engineer 

Heavy Equipment, was conducted by the Army Engineer Research and 

Development Laboratories. This project was the third phase of an 

experiment designed to evaluate the operational capabilities of 

equipment in decontaminating a field and to determine the shielding characteristics of an experimental D-8 bulldozer in a contaminated field. Approximately five volunteers participated on a 

rotational basis during the two project activities (34-35; 61). 

On the day before the shot, a lead-shielded D-8 bulldozer 

mounted on a trailer was moved to the Desert Rock Decontamination 

Station at UTM coordinates 848888 along with other Desert Rock 

vehicles, including Project 53.4 vehicles. Project 50.5 

participants observed the detonation with the Desert Rock 

observers. About nine hours after the shot, the bulldozer was 

moved on the trailer to the R/h line in two predesignated 

areas, one 930 square meters and the other 280 square meters, 1.6 

kilometers east of ground zero. One operator then drove the 

bulldozer in and out of the ground zero area. He was not to come 

closer than meters to ground zero. The bulldozer was left in 

the area overnight. The next day, participants returned and took 

turns using the bulldozer to decontaminate the area by scraping 

off the topsoil. Each operator followed a predesignated course 

that approached no closer than 30 meters to ground zero. 

Participants then departed from the area, leaving the bulldozer 

behind. They returned eight and nine davs after the shot to 

continue similar decontamination activities in 

lower radiation fields. At the end of the the bulldozer 

was decontaminated at the Desert Rock Decontamination Station 

before it was returned to the Camp Desert Rock motor pool (34; 

61). Figure 5-1 shows a rehearsal of the bulldozer decontamination activities. 

In addition to the D-8 test, the included transverse 

shielding measurements. Personnel took these measurements nine 

86 

hours after the detonation by driving the tractor from a location 

800 meters north of ground zero to ground zero and back. The 

initial plan had been for the cab of the bulldozer to be 

airtight. Fresh air was circulated through decontamination 

filters, and air pressure in the cab was maintained at a level 

greater than normal atmospheric pressure to ensure against air 

leaks. However, there were visible leaks around the top door and 

around a side door constructed to accommodate the gearshift. 

Because of the gearshift's peculiar location, it could not fit in 

the totally enclosed cab. A small door was cut through the 

shielding to accommodate the gearshift. Each time the driver 

shifted gears, he had to open the door (61). 

Project 50.7, Test of Ordnance Material, was fielded to 

determine the effect of the blast, thermal, and radioactive 

elements of nuclear explosions on selected items of Army 

equipment. The project was divided into four parts, each testing 

a different type of ordnance. Three of the parts were conducted 

at Shot WILSON: radiation studies, foxhole studies, and vehicle 

damage tests. 

For radiation studies, Desert Rock participants placed 

unmanned tanks, vehicles, and stee 1 hemispheres meters 

southeast of ground zero. Project 2.4 personnel from the 

Chemical Warfare Laboratories provided, installed, and recovered 

the instrumentation. The fielding activities of these individuals are discussed in section 5.2.1. The foxhole studies 

tested the protection offered by standard two-man foxholes, some 

with unmanned tanks and Ontos vehicles placed over them. For 

vehicle damage tests, Ontos vehicles and tanks were placed in an 

arc 550 meters southeast of ground zero to incur direct and 

secondary blast damage. The vehicles were placed in the area 

before the shot, and damage surveys were made after the detonation when radiation intensities had decayed to acceptable 

levels (11; 60). 

88 
Project 50.8, Detection of Atomic Burst and Radioactive 

Fallout, was conducted by the Army Air Defense Board, supported 

by the 495th Antiaircraft Artillery Missile Battalion. The 

objective was to determine how well equipment authorized for a 

typical Army unit could determine the location, height of burst, 

and yield of a nuclear detonation. Radar sets were positioned 

before the detonation at UTM coordinates 752048 and 922632, 

approximately 11 kilometers west-southwest and 47 kilometers 

south of ground zero, and about 125 kilometers from 

ground zero. The station 11 kilometers from ground zero was 

evacuated 21 minutes after the shot because of fallout in the 

area. The project involved 557 participants (34; 66-68). 

5.2 DEPARTMENT OF DEFENSE PARTICIPATION IN SCIENTIFIC, 

OPERATIONAL TRAINING, AND SUPPORT ACTIVITIES AT SHOT WILSON 

In addition to Exercise Desert Rock activities, Department 

of Defense personnel performed a variety of tasks during Shot 

WILSON that required them to enter the forward area. They 

conducted 21 projects sponsored by the Field Command Weapons 

Effects Test Group, and they participated in one UCRL Test Group 

project and eight CETG projects. The Air Force sponsored three 

operational training projects. In addition to experiments and 

operational training projects, AFSWC and other support activities 

accounted for a number of other DOD participants. The Air Force 

Special Weapons Center supported test group projects for LASL and 

UCRL and flew routine missions for the Test Manager. Since Shots 

and WILSON had the same ground zero, the major portion of 

the fielding effort for the was conducted before 

89 
5.2.1 AFSWP Field Command Weapons Effect Test Group Projects 

Table S-2 identifies the Field Command Weapons Effects Test 

Group projects. 

Project 1.1, Basic Phenomena, was conducted bv the 

Ballistic Research Laboratories. The primary objective was to 

obtain data on overpressure and pressure at different 

times after the detonation and at different distances from ground 

zero. An additional objective was to evaluate modifications in 

gauge designs, instrument components, and measurement techniques. 

Before the detonation, two Ballistic Research Laboratories 

personnel installed 25 gauges 180 to 910 meters southeast of 

ground zero (9; 13). 4n estimated two to four project personnel, 

including a radiation monitor, recovered some of the distant 

gauges late on shot-day. An estimated two people recovered the 

rest of the gauges within the next few days (9; 

Project 2.1, Soil Activation by Neutrons, was conducted 

the Army Chemical Warfare Laboratories. The project was to 

measure neutron-induced gamma-emitting in homogeneous soils and the consequent residual radiation levels in the 

vicinity of air bursts. the data were to be used to 

predict the radiological hazard from such soil activation. To 

obtain data, a helicopter survey team made early induced-field 

surveys about 45 minutes after the detonation. The team lowered 

ionization chambers mounted on tripods to the ground at various 

distances from ground zero. The dose rates measured bv the 

ionization chambers were recorded in the helicopters (9; 40). 

Ground personnel and an additional aerial survey team also 

participated in the project. Personnel from Projects 2.1, 2.2, 

2.3, and 2.4 manned a about 460 meters east of the BJY, 

at coordinates 853033. Five minutes after the detonation, 

two Project 2.1 personnel left the manned station and proceeded 

to a location 910 meters south-southwest of ground zero, where 

90 
 

 

- -

Table 5-2: TEST GROUP PROJECTS WITH DEPARTMENT OF DEFENSE 

PARTICIPATION, SHOT WILSON 

Project 

11 

21 

22 

23 

2.4 

25 

26 

27 

28 

210 

41 

42 

51 

55 

62 

63 

64 

65 

82 

8 3a 

91 

Title Participants 

Weapons Effects Test Group 

Phenomena Research Laboratones 

by Neutrons Army Warfare Laboratones 

Neutron-Induced Elements Naval Defense Laboratory 

Neutron Flux from Selected Nuclear Devices Army Warfare Laboratories 

Nuclear Army Warfare Laboratories 

Gamma and Neutron-induced Army Research and Development 

Gamma of NTS Laboratories 

of New Radrac Instruments Army Signal Research and Development 

Laboratones 

Radio-wave Attenuatron Studies Naval Research Laboratory 

Evaluation of Dosrmeters and Naval Material Laboratory 

Radrac Instruments 

Neutron and Gamma Interface Force Weapons Center, 

Measurements General Company, Sandra Corporation 

Effect of Nuclear Detonations on a Large Walter Reed Army of Research 

of Eye Protection Afforded by an Tactical Air Command, Development 

Electromechanical Shutter Center; Force School of Navy 

Defense Laboratory, Patterson 

Aero Medical Laboratory, AFB 

In-flight Structural Response of the HSS-1 Navy Bureau of 

to a Nuclear Detonatton 

In-flight Structural Response of the Aircraft Development Center, Northrup Aircraft 

to a Nuclear Detonation 

Measurement of the Magnetic Component of the Ordnance Fuze Laboratones 

Near a Nuclear Detonation 

Attenuation of Electromagnetic through an Naval Development Center 

Accuracy and of the NAROL Force Research Center 

System 

Effects of Nuclear Detonations on Hercules Sands Range, Bell Telephone 

Laboratories 

of Thermal Protectron of Uniforms and Naval Material Laboratory 

Thermal Effects on Standard 

Performance of a High-Speed System Naval Defense Laboratory 

Support Photography AFSWP, Transport EG and G 

Estimated 

DOD 

Personnel 

24 

24 

14 

6 

4 

5 

4 

4 

10 

192 

2 

21 

5 

2 

9 

*Unknown 
 

Table 5-2: TEST GROUP PROJECTS WITH DEPARTMENT OF DEFENSE 

PARTICIPATION, SHOT WILSON (Continued) 

Project Title Participants 

University of California Radiation Laboratory Test Group 

21 2 Force Weapons Center 

DOD 

Personnel 

37 2 

37 2a 

37 6 

395 

39 6 

39 

39 8 

Civil Effects Test Group 

Aspects of Fallout, Aspects 

of Fallout 

Force Weapons Center 

of 

for Human Exposures 

Effects of Nuclear 

on the Monkey 

Force Special Weapons Center 

Force School of Aviation 

Force School of 

Neutron Effects of Bomb on Large 

Depth-dose Studies Phantoms 

Gamma and Neutron Bomb 

Force School of 

Naval Research 

Unknown 

they conducted recovery operations. They were to depart from the 

area 90 minutes after the detonation. Four personnel in a 

helicopter conducted three aerial survevs of the Project 2.3 

instrument line, 180 to 1,100 meters south-southeast of ground 

zero, 30 minutes, three hours, and six hours after the shot (9; 

40; 54). 

Project 2.2, Neutron-induced Activity in Soil Elements, was 

fielded by the Naval Radiological Defense Laboratory to measure 

the neutron-induced radioactivity in soils of various types and 

composition (16). Two personnel placed special aluminum 

containers, each containing four trays of selected soil samples, 

in the ground 460 and 640 meters from ground zero. Each cylinder 

was closed with a latched top and covered with a plastic weather 

92 
shield that was removed a few hours before shot-time. At 2400 

hours on the night before the shot, 14 men traveled in four 

vehicles to a station east of the BJY, which they manned by 

shifts until two days after the shot. The 14 personnel received 

the aluminum containers from the aerial recovery team. A 

helicopter team began recovery three minutes after the shot. 

Their helicopter was outfitted with a winch and marine grapnel 

that connected to a pickup hoop on the soil containers. The team 

spent approximately 30 minutes retrieving the containers and 

transporting them to the manned station. 

After recovery of the station containers, samples were taken 

to the mobile laboratory for analysis. Initial observations were 

made on those elements with short half-lives. The mobile 

laboratory was set up at an aircraft revetment constructed for a 

previous operation along the road leading toward Area 7 from HJY, 

kilometers north of the Control Point. Samples were returned 

to this position and measurements made of their spectral 

characteristics during the 24 hours after the detonation. Some 

longer-lived isotopes were studied after the mobile laboratory 

had been returned to Camp Mercury, and others were studied after 

return of the samples to the Naval Radiological Defense 

Laboratory (9; 16). 

Project 2.3, Neutron Flux from Selected Nuclear Devices, was 

conducted by the Army Chemical Warfare Laboratories in 

conjunction with Project 2.1. The project was designed to 

measure the output of neutrons from a nuclear detonation, the 

energy of the neutrons, and their range in air. Project 2.10 

personnel performed the fielding and recovery requirements of 

Project 2.3. Their activities are discussed under Project 2.10, 

Initial Neutron and Gamma Air-earth Interface Measurements. To 

measure neutron flux at various heights above the ground, 

2.3 personnel provided 17 detectors to 2.10 (9; 54). 

93 
Project 2.4, Nuclear Radiation Shielding Studies, was 

the Army Chemical Warfare Laboratories. The project 

was designed to study the effectiveness of tanks and various 

types of armor in providing shielding against nuclear radiation. 

This project was coordinated with the radiation study of Exercise 

Desert Rock Project 50.7, AFSWP Project 4.1, and CETG 

Several hours before the shot, project participants 

accompanied 4.1 and personnel to the shot area, 

where they placed dosimeters and swine in the tanks. Five 

minutes after the detonation, four personnel proceeded into the 

shot area to recover the dosimeters and swine, completing their 

part of the operation 90 minutes after the detonation. One hour 

after the detonation, another party of five joined in the 

recovery activities (9; 11; 60). 

Project 2.5, Initial Gamma Radiation Intensity and 

induced Gamma Radiation of NTS Soils, was conducted by the Army 

Signal Research and Development Laboratories. For this shot, the 

project was to determine initial gamma intensity both on the 

ground and in the air. Measurements were to be taken at 

different times after the detonation and at different distances 

from ground zero. At 1800 hours on the day before the detonation, four men installed radiation detection instruments in 

seven stations 1,370 to 2,740 meters south-southeast of ground 

zero. They left the area 2200 hours. Personnel retrieved the 

instruments after the detonation (9; 14). 

Project 2.6, Evaluation of New Instruments, was conducted by the 4rmy Signal Research and Development Laboratories. 

The project was to evaluate the ability of newly developed 

radiation instruments to accurately detect and measure gamma and 

neutron radiation. In evaluating the neutron dosimeter 

tissue-equivalent tactical neutron dosimeters and standard 

meters were exposed to the initial nuclear radiation. The 

readings were compared to those made with chemical dosimeters and 

with National of Standards film dosimeters. 

94 
Project personnel attached dosimeters and film packs to 

plvwood slats placed within linen-reinforced tubes eight centimeters in diameter and 1.2 meters long. The dosimeters were 

placed 1,190, 1,230, 1,280, 1,330, 1,370, and 1,420 meters 

southeast of ground zero. About four hours after the detonation, 

five participants recovered the tubes (9; 15). 

Project 2.7, Radio-wave Attenuation Studies, was fielded by 

the Naval Research Laboratory. The objective was to study the 

interference effects of high levels of radiation on radio 

transmissions and radar operations. Transmitters were placed in 

unmanned bunkers between 840 and 1,460 meters north of ground 

zero. Scintillation detectors were also placed in some of the 

bunkers close to ground zero, and receivers were installed in 

Building 22 kilometers south of ground zero. When radiation 

levels permitted, four personnel spent four hours recovering data 

270 to 960 meters south of ground zero (9; 30). 

Project 2.8, Evaluation of Militarv Dosimeters and 

Instruments, was conducted the Naval Material Laboratory. The 

project was intended to determine the accuracy of several tvpes 

of Navy equipment in measuring radiological hazards in the 

field under anticipated conditions of nuclear warfare. The 

equipment consisted of one masonite phantom, simulating the 

density and dimensions of a human, loaded with selectively 

shielded standard depth-dose detectors and dosimeters, and one 

masonite phantom containing two recording ratemeters. About 45 

minutes after shot-time, the equipment was transported into the 

field and positioned where the gamma field was about 50 R/h. 

personnel received special permission to proceed 

into this radiation field since entry into areas greater than 10 

R/h required permission from the Test Director. Fifty-three 

hours after the equipment had been installed in the field, three 

personnel accompanied by a radiological safety monitor 

recovered the phantoms and took them to the laboratory for 

analvsis (9; 19). 

95 
 

Project 2.10, Initial Neutron and Gamma Air-earth Interface 

Measurements, conducted by the Air Force Special Weapons Center, 

was designed to studv how the air-ground interface affected the 

radiation produced a nuclear detonation. This objective was 

accomplished measuring the integrated gamma dose and neutron 

readings at points on the ground and at corresponding points at 

heights up to approximatelv 950 feet. Four tethered helium 

balloons the instruments were launched the before 

WILSON at distances of approximatelv 1,370, 1,830, 2,290, and 

2,780 meters from ground zero. The balloons were supplied and 

handled by the General Mills Company, with the technical 

assistance of Sandia Corporation. The balloon at 2,290 meters 

apparentlv leaked and came down, since it was missing at 

shot-time. The three remaining balloons were destroved by the 

shot (9; 65). 

Project 4.1, Effect of Nuclear Detonations on a Large Biological Specimen (Swine), conducted by the Walter Reed Army 

Institute of Research, was designed to investigate the effects of 

radiation from a nuclear detonation on swine in an attempt to 

define more specifically the effects on humans. The project was 

conducted in conjunction with and personnel 

probablv received permission from the Test Director to enter 

forward areas where radiation levels may have exceeded R/h. 

Project activities and analvsis were done bv 179 officers and 

enlisted men from the Medical Services of the Army, Navy, and Air 

Force. Thirteen civilians were also involved in the project. 

During the night before the detonation, about 100 men placed 

264 animals in cylinders positioned 1,050 to 1,280 meters 

northwest of ground zero, 1,165 to 1,420 meters southeast of 

ground zero, and meters southeast of ground zero. Thev also 

placed swine in the Project 2.4 tanks. Four parties began 

retrieving the animals 20 minutes after the detonation. 

party of five served as a radio relay for animal recovery. Two 

96 
parties, each of 32 participants, worked with 

personnel. The last party, consisting of 40 men, recovered the 

animals. All parties left the area two-and-one-half hours after 

the shot (9). The swine were returned in trucks to the holding 

pen area, where they were checked for trauma, given surgery when 

necessary, and observed to determine the onset of symptoms of 

radiation sickness (9; 45; 60). 

Project 4.2, Evaluation of Eye Protection Afforded by an 

Electromechanical Shutter, was intended to evaluate the effectiveness of an electromechanical shutter device for preventing or 

minimizing flash blindness, a temporary condition produced by the 

intense light of a nuclear detonation. Tactical Air Command 

personnel flew a C-47 aircraft used in this sponsored by 

Wright Air Development Center. Test subjects were volunteers 

from the Tactical Air Command. The Air Force School of Aviation 

Medicine furnished the examiners and rabbits for the tests, and 

personnel from the Navy Radiological Defense Laboratory, the 

Wright Patterson Aero Medical Laboratory, and the Air 

Force Base Hospital provided technical support (28). 

Personnel used two identical experimental stations. One 

station was in a C-47 aircraft orbiting 18 kilometers southeast 

of ground zero, and the other was in a trailer 13.9 kilometers 

from ground zero at UTM coordinates 845972. Each station was 

equipped with a light-sensitive electromechanical shutter device 

for each subject. There were from two to five positions for 

human subjects, four of whom participated at WILSON. A trained 

examiner was present for each human subject. Times to recover 

useful vision, as measured by the ability to read aircraft 

instruments, and the return of night vision, as measured on a 

nyctometer, were determined and recorded. Five hours before the 

shot, participants left Camp Mercury by truck to proceed to the 

ground station. Thirty minutes after the shot, personnel left 

the trailer to return to Camp Mercury and then to proceed to 

97 
 

 AFB, where they received complete ophthalmological 

evaluation (28). 

Four or more rabbits were also exposed at each location. 

Each animal was placed in a holder designed to minimize movement 

and ensure proper positioning for exposure. Ten control animals 

received chorioretinal burns, indicating that sufficient energy 

was absorbed to cause permanent chorioretinal damage to the 

unprotected eye (28). 

Project 5.1, In-flight Structural Response of the HSS-1 

Helicopter to a Nuclear Detonation, was conducted by the Navv 

Bureau of Aeronautics. The was intended to measure the 

effects of the overpressure and wind gusts produced by a nuclear 

detonation on the HSS-1 helicopter. The delivery capabilities 

for antisubmarine warfare weapons, as limited blast effects, 

were also studied. The shot required the support of one 

helicopter pilot, ground controllers, and aircraft maintenance 

personnel responsible for the special instrumentation of the 

helicopter. An average of four practice runs were flown prior to 

the actual mission. 

The helicopter flew left-hand, eight-nautical mile holding 

patterns. At shot-time, the helicopter was at an altitude of 

5,910 feet and at a distance of 4,270 meters from ground zero 

(5; 63). 

Project 5.5, In-flight Structural Response of the 

craft to a Nuclear Detonation, was designed to determine the 

structural response of the in flight to the blast and 

thermal effects of a nuclear detonation. Northrop Aircraft was 

contracted to assist the Wright Air Development Center in 

planning and Northrop calibrated, maintained, and operated the instrumentation and associated equipment, and later analvzed the measured data. Development of 

98 
positions and positioning methods was done jointly by Northrop 

Aircraft and Wright Air Development Center. One F-89D aircraft 

with two crew members flew one complete left-hand 

holding pattern to position the aircraft. At the time of 

detonation, the aircraft was headed toward ground zero at an 

altitude of 16,880 feet and at a slant range of 11 kilometers 

from the burst. At shock arrival, the aircraft had descended to 

16,820 feet above the ground and was at a slant range of seven 

kilometers from the burst. The aircraft was in the test area for 

approximately 30 minutes. Film badges were placed in the pilot's 

and observer's positions (5; 23; 58). 

Project 6.2, Measurement of the Magnetic Component of the 

Electromagnetic Field Near a Nuclear Detonation, was conducted by 

the Diamond Ordnance Fuze Laboratories. The objective was to 

provide a record of the strength and characteristics of the magnetic field generated by a nuclear detonation as a function of 

time and distance. Instrumentation for Project 6.2 consisted of 

five completely self-powered recording stations located at intervals of about 250 to 3,000 meters from ground zero. An estimated 

nine personnel spent at least three days digging holes at five 

stations for the recording packages, lining the holes with 

concrete, and installing the packages. Four hours after the 

detonation, an estimated two personnel went to a station at UTM 

coordinates 895855 for recovery preparation. Another nine 

personnel recovered instrumentation at three unmanned stations 

eight hours after the detonation, after which they proceeded to 

the station at UTM coordinates 895855 and then continued recovery 

at the two other stations when radiological conditions permitted. 

The operations involved removing data and recording packages and 

transporting them by truck to Camp Mercury for analysis (9; 29). 

Project 6.3, Attenuation of Electromagnetic Radiation 

through an Ionized Medium, was conducted by the Naval Air 

Development Center. Its was to determine the amount of 

99 
electromagnetic energy that was absorbed or filtered out by the 

highlv radioactive cloud that results from a nuclear detonation. 

The project involved one aircrew member, ground controllers, and 

aircraft maintenance personnel. An aircraft based at 

Indian Springs AFB carried electromagnetic energy transmitters in 

a pod tuned to six different frequencies. At the time of the 

detonation, the was 30 nautical miles north of ground zero 

at an altitude of 26,000 feet and heading inbound. The aircraft 

was to approach about three miles from the cloud. The aircraft 

was positioned so that, at one minute after detonation, the 

ionized cloud was on a straight line between the aircraft and the 

ground-based receivers (5; 43). 

Project 6.4, and Reliability of the Short-baseline 

NAROL System, used the Long Range Aids to Navigation (LORAN) 

System in an inverse fashion to detect the electromagnetic pulse 

from the nuclear burst in order to determine the position and 

measure the yield of that burst. The Indirect Bomb Damage 

Assessment NAROL tested on this operation consisted of 

nets located at Albuquerque, New Mexico; Vale, Oregon; and Rapid 

South Dakota. Each NAROL net consisted of two unmanned 

and one manned station (36). 

Project 6.5, Effects of Nuclear Detonations on Nike 

Hercules, investigated the effects of nuclear radiation on the 

Nike Hercules guided-missile system. Fielded by personnel from 

the White Sands Missile Range, New Mexico, with assistance from 

the Bell Telephone Laboratories, the Nike Hercules radar system 

was exposed with little or no shielding because the primary 

interest was in the effects of neutron and gamma radiation. To 

determine the effects of neutron and gamma radiation on the 

guidance system, standard vacuum-tube and experimental transistorized versions of that system were exposed at three sites 

Ten personnel manned a station at coordinates 765031 in 

support of the and then left the station two hours after 

100 
the shot. When radiological conditions permitted, five participants were to recover equipment and instrumentation from three 

stations in the vicinity of ground zero (9; 21). It is possible 

that project personnel located near the Project 50.8 manned 

station had to evacuate their position shortly after the 

detonation because of fallout from the burst. 

Project 8.2, Prediction of Thermal Protection of Uniforms 

and Thermal Effects on Standard Materials, was conducted bv the 

Naval Material Laboratory. The project was designed to investigate the ability of laboratory experiments to predict 

the effects of intense thermal radiation on live skin and tissue. 

Laboratory results were compared with actual skin burns in pigs 

exposed to thermal radiation from a nuclear detonation. One 

recording station was instrumented at a distance of 1,190 meters 

from ground zero. After the detonation, eight personnel 

recovered the instruments (113). 

Project Performance of a High-speed Spectrographic 

System, was conducted by the Naval Radiological Defense Laboratory. The purpose was to field-test spectrographic equipment 

that would analyze the electromagnetic energy from high altitude 

detonations during Operation HARDTACK II, a later series of 

atmospheric nuclear weapons tests. The levels and characteristics of the electromagnetic energy were to be measured and 

analyzed this high-speed electronic equipment. The high-speed 

spectrographic systems were located a minimum of 12 kilometers 

from ground zero (47). 

Program 9.1, Support Photography, was sponsored by AFSWP to 

provide the following support services: 

• Technical photographic support of the 

effects program 

Documentation of the overall military-effects

program and production of an effects motion picture 

101 
Documentation of the detonation for release through

the Joint Office of Test Information and for 

historical purposes 

General photographic support to Department of

Defense projects. 

Color and black-and-white photographs were taken both from an 

airborne camera station and a manned camera station in the 

forward area at UTM coordinates 852045. At shot-time, 13 

personnel manned the camera station in the forward area and took 

pictures. They left the station 30 minutes after the detonation 

(9; 20). An additional two or three personnel also took pictures 

from a C-47 aircraft operated personnel from the Military Air 

Transport Service. At shot-time, the aircraft was eight nautical 

miles southwest of ground zero, eastbound at 10,000 feet 

In addition, EG and G provided technical photographv 

support to AFSWP and the AEC. EG and G personnel operated camera 

stations to record fireball and cloud growth 

5.2.2 Department of Defense Participation in Los 

Scientific Laboratory Test Group and University of

California Radiation Laboratory Test Group 

Both the Los Scientific Laboratory and the University 

of California Radiation Laboratory conducted scientific experiments at Shot WILSON. Only UCRL Project 21.2, Radiochemistrv 

Sampling, involved DOD participation. This project required air 

support from AFSWC and is discussed in section 5.2.5. 

5.2.3 Department of Defense Participation in Civil Effects 

Test Group Projects 

The Civil Effects Test Group conducted 13 projects at 

WILSON. Of these 13 projects, eight involved DOD personnel as 

shown in table 5-2. Because some experiments required early 

recovery, the CETG requested and probably received permission 

from the Test Director for participants in 39.5, 39.6, 

102 
and 39.8 as well as Project 4.1 to enter forward areas 

where radiation levels may have exceeded 10 R/h (17; 52). 

Project 37.2, Biophysical Aspects of Fallout, was designed 

to characterize fallout debris, and Project Physical 

Aspects of Fallout, was conducted to delineate and characterize 

fallout patterns. 37.6, Applications of Radio-ecology 

was designed to evaluate environmental assessment 

techniques. AFSWC provided a C-47 and a crew for a radio relay 

at these This participation is discussed in section 

5.2.5 (5; 42). 

Project 39.5, Radiation Dosimetry for Human Exposures, 

involved personnel from the Air Force School of Aviation 

Medicine. At 2245 on the night before the detonation, an 

man party, traveling in four vehicles, placed dosimeters in the 

vicinity of ground zero. They left the area by 0045 on shot-day. 

Five minutes after the detonation, four parties, each of three 

personnel, left the Yucca Airstrip road for Area 9. About 25 

minutes after the shot, they recovered dosimeters located along a 

line southeast of ground zero and instruments from stations 370 

to 1,140 meters southeast of ground zero. After spending 16 to 

20 minutes in recovery operations, they left the area and 

proceeded to the Radiological Safety Check Point, where they 

transferred the dosimeters and instruments to other vehicles (9; 

37; 52). 

Project 39.6, Biological Effects of Nuclear Radiation on the 

Monkey, involved personnel from the Air Force School of Aviation 

At 2330 on the night before the shot, ten personnel 

placed 72 animals in Area 9. They left the area at 0200 the next 

morning. Seven military personnel and one civilian entered Area 

9 two hours after the detonation to recover test animals from the 

exposure site. Their activities took 20 minutes. 4fter recovering the animals, these participants went to the Radiological 

103 
Safetv Check Point and transferred the animals to an uncontaminated truck, which transported the animals to the laboratory. 

The truck that had been at the exposure site was sent to the 

decontamination station for standard decontamination procedures 

(9; 41; 46). 

Project Neutron Effects of Bomb Radiation on Large 

Animals, involved personnel from the Air Force School of Aviation 

Medicine. The project was conducted in with Project 

4.1. 

About 20 minutes after the detonation, 31 military personnel 

and one civilian monitor recovered test animals that had been 

placed 1,050 meters to 1,280 meters from ground zero. Including 

travel time, this activity required one hour and 45 minutes. At 

the same time, another 33 military personnel and one civilian 

monitor left Gate 4 to recover animals from exposure sites at 

distances of 1,170 meters to 1,420 meters from ground zero. 

Including travel time, this also required one hour and 

45 minutes 17; 45). 

In addition to these projects, 39.8, Depth-dose 

Studies in Phantoms with Initial Gamma and Neutron Bomb Radiation, involved personnel from the Naval Medical Research 

Institute. The objective was to determine initial neutron and 

gamma dose in phantoms composed of material approximating the 

densitv of human tissue. Personnel placed in the 

phantoms, which thev then positioned at six stations south of 

ground zero. They installed other dosimeters a radial line 

north of ground zero. 

Ten minutes after the detonation, three men recovered 

instruments at two stations 1,050 and 1,190 meters southeast of 

ground zero. Two other men recovered instruments at five 

stations 1,100, 1,200, 1,300, 1,400, and 1,500 meters southwest 

104 
of ground zero. The three men spent six minutes in the shot 

area, and the other two men spent ten minutes (9; 17; 38; 52). 

5.2.4 Department of Defense Operational Training 

The primary objectives of the operations1 training program 

were to indoctrinate Air Force personnel and to test equipment 

and techniques. The Air Force conducted three operational 

training projects at Shot WILSON: 

Project 53.5, Aircrew Indoctrination 

Cloud Penetration) 

53.7, Indirect Bomb Damage Assessment 

Project 53.9, Photographic

Training. 

Reconnaissance 

53.5, Aircrew Indoctrination, was designed to enable 

Air Defense Command and commanders to witness a nuclear 

detonation and penetrate its cloud. Two F-102s participated in 

the orbiting at altitudes of 35,000 feet over the Las 

Vegas area until directed the sampler control aircraft to 

enter the cloud. After penetration, the aircraft proceeded to 

the recovery base. The missions of four other F-102s scheduled 

for participation were canceled before takeoff (5; 24). 

53.7, Indirect Bomb Damage Assessment, was conducted 

Wright Air Development Center personnel, who installed Indirect Bomb Damage Assessment equipment aboard an aircraft 

from Indian Springs AFB. At shot-time, the aircraft, which had a 

crew of one, flew a right-hand, 40-nautical mile holding pattern 

and orbited 72 nautical miles east of ground zero (5; 24). 

Project 53.9, Photographic Reconnaissance Training, was 

intended to indoctrinate Air National Guard Tactical Reconnaissance Units in conducting photographic missions over a nuclear 

target. Two RF-84F aircraft with one pilot each departed from 

105 
George AFB, California, and flew to the NTS, where they orbited 

above Lathrop Wells at 31,000 feet until the shot was fired. 

Upon clearance from the Air Operations Center, began a 

photographic toward ground zero. They crossed the shot 

area 15 minutes after the detonation at an altitude 

of 10,000 feet. Upon completion of the run, they returned to 

base for decontamination procedures (5; 24). 

5.2.5 Air Force Special Weapons Center Activities 

Air Force Special Weapons Center support consisted of 

cloud-sampling missions and sample courier missions for UCRL, a 

radio relay for CETG, and cloud-tracking missions, security 

sweeps, and aerial surveys. 

Cloud Sampling 

21.2, Radiochemistrv Sampling, was sponsored by the 

of California Radiation Laboratory Test Group. The 

project required the gathering of samples from the nuclear cloud 

for laboratorv analvses. AFSWC 4926th Test Squadron, 

a principal mission unit of the 4950th Test Group, performed the 

cloud-sampling missions and provided two four and 

four T-33s for the mission. Each sampler aircraft was outfitted 

with sampling equipment, meters, filter papers, and 

dosimeters. Pilots were on full internal oxvgen before, during, 

and after cloud (1; 5). 

Each B-57 had a crew of two, each F-84 had a crew of one, 

and each T-33 prohablv had a crew of two. One B-57 served as the 

control aircraft and followed standard operating at 

35,000 feet. The samplers followed Instructions from the control 

aircraft to penetrate the cloud (5). 

106 
Courier Missions 

On shot-day, the 4900th Air Base Group from Kirtland AFB, 

using a C-47 aircraft, flew sample return missions for 

21.2. The missions entailed transporting cloud samples taken 

from sampler aircraft at Indian Springs AFB to the University of 

California Radiation Laboratory for analysis (1; 5). 

Radio Relay 

AFSWC provided one C-47 aircraft for radio relay services at 

CETG Projects 37.2, and 37.6. The C-47, carrying at least 

three people, flew a left-hand holding pattern 20 nautical miles 

southeast of ground zero at 12,000 feet. After the mission, the 

C-47 returned to its home base for decontamination (5; 17). 

Cloud Tracking 

Immediatelv after the detonation, aircraft from Kirtland AFB 

and Indian Springs AFB flew cloud-tracking missions over and 

beyond the NTS. The purpose of the cloud tracking was to 

determine the direction of the radioactive cloud and to keep the 

airways clear of any private or commercial aircraft that might 

encounter radiation (1). 

The 4935th Air Base Squadron provided the aircrew and aircraft for the cloud-tracking mission. The 4926th Test Squadron 

provided instruments for B-25 cloud-tracking aircraft, while the 

AEC provided radiation measurement instruments for B-50 

tracking aircraft. The 4900th Air Base Group Radiation Defense 

Unit maintained the instruments (1; 5). 

cloud-sampling aircraft completed their missions, the 

Air Operations Center ordered cloud-tracking aircraft to leave 

their holding patterns. They approached the edge of the cloud at 

frequent intervals and noted the position of maximum intensity 

they encountered on approach. Cloud tracking continued until the 

107 
Test Manager determined that the cloud presented no further 

hazard to aircraft commercial airways (1). 

At the end of the cloud-tracking mission, aircraft and 

crews were monitored. Regardless of the radiation levels 

detected, the pilots underwent complete decontamination by showering and receiving a reissue of clothing. Radiation levels on 

aircraft from Indian Springs AFB were allowed to decay, or the 

aircraft were decontaminated in accordance with directives of the 

Test Aircraft Unit. Aircraft from Kirtland AFB were monitored on 

landing by the Passive Defense Unit of Kirtland AFB (1). 

Security Sweeps 

Two L-20 aircraft were dispatched from the Yucca airstrip 

near the Control Point to perform pre- and security 

sweeps over the NTS. The aircraft carried crews of at least two 

persons for each mission since the security sweep called for a 

security guard officer to accompany the pilot (1; 5). 

Helicopter Surveys 

Three H-21 helicopters, each with an AFSWC crew of two and 

radiological monitors, conducted special survey misions 

after the detonation. Three minutes after the detonation, one 

helicopter with Project 2.2 personnel left the Control Point to 

recover canisters from Project 2.2 stations in the shot area. 

The second and third H-21s left the Control Point 15 minutes 

after the detonation to conduct a radiation survey of Area 9 and 

other areas and a bomb damage survey of Areas 2 and 9, respectively. After the missions, the helicopters were monitored and 

decontaminated as required (1; 5; 52). 

5.3 RADIATION PROTECTION AT SHOT WILSON 

The purpose of the radiation protection procedures developed 

for Operation was to ensure that would avoid 

108 
unnecessary exposure to ionizing radiation while allowing them to 

accomplish the operational requirements of each activity or 

mission. Some of the procedures described in the series volume 

resulted in records that enabled the Nevada Test Organization to 

evaluate the effectiveness of their radiation protection 

programs. The available information includes isointensity 

plots, monitoring data, and some personnel dosimetry 

information. Radiological safety procedures and dosimetry 

information for Desert Rock and AFSWC participants are described 

in the Operation volume. 

Dosimetrv Records 

On 17, 18 and 19 June, the Personnel Dosimetrg Branch issued 

545 film badges and 320 pocket dosimeters (64). Dosimetry data 

indicate that ten NTO/DOD participants received cumulative gamma 

exposures ranging from 2.01 to 2.77 roentqens. Of these ten, 

four were from the Chemical Warfare Laboratories, three from the 

Naval Material Laboratory, and three from AFSWC. In addition, a 

participant from the Evans Signal Laboratory received a 3.69 

roentgens cumulative gamma exposure, which exceeded the limit 

of three roentgens per quarter (52). 

Logistics 

For Shot WILSON, the Logistics Branch issued 

tion supplies to 703 people, as follows (64): 

521 coveralls 

643 pairs of shoe covers 

422 respirators. 

The laundrv processed 7,788 pieces of anticontamination clothing, 

as well as 595 pieces for Indian Springs AFB personnel (64). 

Monitoring Procedures and Support 

The Initial ground survey was delayed until hours. A 

total of 11 monitors traveling in eight vehicles performed that 

109 
initial survey. Resurveys were made later on shot-day and on 19, 

20, 21, 23, and June (64). 

The initial helicopter was postponed in accordance 

with the evacuation order, which also affected the observers at 

the Control Point. The survey team consisted of two radiological 

monitors, one AEC representative, and two AFSWC pilots (64). The 

team departed helicopter from the Control Point helicopter pad 

at 1145 hours, seven hours after the detonation. The team made 

three surveys over the area at heights of 25, 50, and 100 feet. 

The highest radiation intensitv encountered was 100 R/h at 25 

feet directly above ground zero two hours after the detonation. 

Readings at other locations within the shot area were no higher 

than 0.2 R/h (52; 64). 

Plotting and Briefing 

Using information from the survevs, the Plotting and 

Branch developed isointensity contour maps. A copy of 

the initial contour map is shown in figure 5-2. Figure 5-3 shows 

the resurvev maps generated from 18 to 21 June (64). 

Decontamination Activities 

During the period covering Shot WILSON, personnel of the 

Decontamination Branch decontaminated 72 vehicles and 35 electrical instruments at the Control Point 6 station. Personnel 

were decontaminated at facilities in the radiological 

safety building (64). 

110 
 

••••• •••

• • •••• • •• •• • • •

Stake Lines

. . . . . . . . . 0 01 R’h

0 1000 -m---m OlR h

1 I

Meters

1 -.w.-.- 1OR’h

••••••

• •

•

•

•

•

• •

• •

•

•

Stake 

. . . . . . . . . 0 01 R’h 

0 1000 

I 

Meters 

Figure 5-2: INITIAL SURVEY FOR SHOT WILSON,

18 JUNE 1957, MID-TIME 0639 
 

--

Meters 

0 

Meters 

18 June 1957, Mid-Time: 1131 19 June 1957, Mid-Time: 0526 

20 June 1957, Mid-Time: 0523 21 June 1957, Mid-Time: 0524 

Stake 

. . . . . . . . . 0 01 R’h 

1 

Figure 5-3: SUBSEQUENT SURVEYS FOR SHOT WILSON 

112 
REFERENCE LIST 

The following list of references represents

only those documents cited in the BOLTZMANN

through WILSON volume. When a DASA-WT 

document is followed by an EX, the latest

version has been cited. A list of documents 

consulted during the preparation of the

Series volumes is contained in the 

Operation volume. 

The BOLTZMANN through WILSON volume was 

completed after the publication of the series

volume. References 6-10, 20, 44, 49, and 68

do not appear in the series bibli-

. 

113 
AVAILABILITY INFORMATION 

An availability statement has been included at the end of

the reference citation for those readers who wish to read or 

obtain copies of source documents. Availability statements were

correct at the time the reference list was prepared. 1s 

anticipated that many of the documents marked unavailable mav

become available during the declassification review process. The 

following addresses are being provided for that purpose. 

Source documents, bearing an availability statement of CIC, 

may be reviewed at the following address: 

Department of Energy

Coordination and Information Center 

(Operated by Reynolds Electrical Engineering Co., Inc.)

ATTN: Mr. Richard V. Nutley 

2753 Highland

Box 14100 Phone: (702) 734-3194

Las Vegas, Nevada 89114 FTS: 598-3194 

Source documents, bearing an availability statement of NTIS, 

may be purchased from the National Technical Information Service. 

When ordering mail or phone please include both the price code

and the NTIS number. The price code appears in parentheses

before the NTIS order number. 

National Technical Information Service 

5285 Port Royal Road Phone: (703)

Springfield, Virginia 22161 (Sales Office) 

Additional ordering information or assistance may be obtained by

writing to the NTIS, Attention: Customer Service or calling

(703) 

114 
MULTI-SHOT VOLUME SHOTS BOLTZMANN THHOUGH WILSON 

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4D 464 

*Available from NTIS; order number appears before the asterisk. 

**Available at CIC. 

***Not available, see Availability Information page. 

 Requests subject to Privacy Act restrictions. 

122 
66. The Artillery and Guided Missile School. "Detection of 

Atomic Burst and Radioactive Fallout, Plan of Troop

Test (U)." Fort Sill, OK.: School. 

15 April 1957. 132 Pages.** * 

67. US Army Artillery and Missile School. Detection of Atomic 

Burst and Radioactive Fallout, Final Report (U).

Fort Sill, OK.: USAAMS. December 1957. 

364 Pages. 

US Army Artillery and Missle School. "Supplementary 

Report; Detection of Burst and Radioactive 

Fallout, 50.8 (U)." Fort Sill, OK.: USAAMS. 

13 December 1957. 55 Pages.*** 

*Available from order number appears before the asterisk. 

**Available at CIC. 

***Not available, see Availability Information page. 

****Requests to Privacy Act restrictions. 

123 
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124 
______ -----~--~

DEPARTMENT OF DEFENSE 

Armed Forces Staff College 

ATTN: Library 

Assistant Secretary of Defense, Public Affairs 

DEPARTMENT OF THE NAVY (Continued) 

James Carson Breckinridge Library 

Department of the Navy 

ATTN: Library Div 

ATTN: 

Defense Nuclear Agency 

ATTN: 

ATTN: GC 

ATTN: BA 

5 cy ATTN: NTPR 

25 cy ATTN: TITL 

Defense Technical Information Center 

12 cy ATTN: DD 

Field Command 

Defense Nuclear Agency 

ATTN. FCLS 

ATTN: FCTT, W. Summa 

ATTN. FCLS, Maj D. Norton 

ATTN. FCTT, G. Ganong 

Interservice Nuclear School 

ATTN. TTV 

National Defense University 

ATTN. ICAF Tech Library 

DEPARTMENT OF THE ARMY 

Army Library 

ATTN. Military 

Army Nuclear Test Personnel Review 

2 cy ATTN: DAAG-AMR-R 

U S. Army Center of Military History 

ATTN. 

U.S. Army Chemical School 

ATTN. ATZN-CM-CS 

ATTN. ATZN-CM-AL 

U.S. Army Comd General Staff College 

ATTN brary 

U.S. Army Nuclear Chemical Agency 

ATTN- Library 

S Army War College 

ATTN: Library 

OF NAVY 

Aviation History Unit 

Department of the Navy 

ATTN. Library 

Bureau of Medicine and Surgery 

Department of the Navy 

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Marine Corps Nuclear Test Personnel Review 

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Merchant Marine Academy 

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Naval Aviation School Command 

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ATTN Library 

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Naval Postgraduate School 

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Naval School 

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Naval School of Health Sciences 

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Naval Sea Systems Command 

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Naval War College 

ATTN: Professor 8 Libraries 

Naval Weapons Center 

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Naval Weapons Evaluation Facility 

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Navy Dept Library 

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Navy Nuclear Fower School 

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Navy Nuclear Test Personnel Review 

2 cy ATTN: W. Loeffler 

U.S. Naval Academy 

Library 

ATTN: Documents Reports Dept 

Marine Corps Base 

ATTN: Document Custodian 
 

DEPARTMENT OF THE NAVY (Continued) 

of the Judge Adv Gen 

Department of the Navy 

ATTN. Code 73 

Marine Corps Historical Center 

2 cy ATTN: Code HDH-2 

U S. Merchant Marine Academy 

ATTN. Librn 

S. Naval Air Station Library 

Department of the Navy 

ATTN: Library 

TMENT OF THE AIR FORCE

Academy Library DFSELD 

U Force Academy 

ATTN Library 

Aerospace Defense Command 

ATTN. Historian 

Force 

ATTN. 

Force Institute of Technology 

ATTN. Library 

Force Logistics Command 

ATTN. Historian 

Force Nuclear Test Personnel Review 

ATTN: HQ USAF/SGES 

Force School of Aerospace Medicine 

ATTN: Strughold Library 

Air Force Systems Comnand 

ATTN. 

Force Technical Center 

ATTN Historian 

Force Weapons Laboratory 

Force Systems Command 

ATTN Tech Library 

National Guard 

ATTN: Historian 

Command 

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Library 

Department of the Force 

ATTN: AUL-LSE 

Command 

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Forces 

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Tactical 

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DEPARTMENT OF THE AIR FORCE (Continued) 

Strategic Comnand 

Department of the Force 

ATTN: NRI-STINFO Library 

ATTN: Historian 

U.S. Force Occupational Env Health Lab 

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DEPARTMENT OF ENERGY 

Department of Energy 

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Nevada Operations Office 

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2 cy ATTN: R. Nutley 

Department of Energy 

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OTHER GOVERNMENT AGENCIES 

Centers for Disease Control 

U.S. Health Service 

ATTN: G 

Central Intelligence Agency 

ATTN Office of Medical Services 

Department of Health Human 

ATTN: Office of General Counsel 

Exec of The President 

Management Budget Off Lib 

ATTN: Llbrn 

Library of Congress 

ATTN. Library Service Division 

ATTN: Science Technology 

ATTN: Serial Govt Publication 

National Museum 

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Department of Commerce 

National Bureau of Standards 

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National Technical Service 

12 cy ATTN. Customer Services 

Safety & Health Admin 

ATTN: C. 

Office of Health Disability 

ATTN. R. 

of Workers Program 

Department of Labor 

ATTN. R. Larson 

U.S. Coast Guard Academy Library 

ATTN. Llbrn 

U S. House of 

ATTN. Committee on Armed 
OTHER GOVERNMENT AGENCIES (Continued) OTHER GOVERNMENT AGENCIES (Continued) 

U.S. House of Representatives Veterans Administration-R0 

on Interstate Foreign Honolulu, HI 

ATTN: on Health Envir ATTN: Director 

U.S. Military Academy Veterans Administration-R0 

ATTN. Director of Libraries Chicago, IL 

ATTN: Director 

U.S. Senate 

on Armed Services Veterans Administration-R0 

ATTN: on Veterans Affairs Seattle, WA 

ATTN: Director 

U.S. Senate 

ATTN: Committee on Veterans Affairs Veterans Administration-R0 

Indianapolis, IN 

Veterans Administration-R0 ATTN: Director 

Providence, RI 

ATTN: Director Veterans Administration-R0 

Des Moines, IA 

Veterans Administration-R0 ATTN: Director 

Montgomery, AL 

ATTN: Director Veterans 

Wichita, KS 

Veterans Administration-R0 ATTN: Director 

Anchorage, AK 

ATTN: Director Veterans Administration-R0 

Louisville, KY 

Veterans Administration-R0 ATTN: Director 

Phoenix, AZ 

ATTN: Director Veterans Administration-R0 

New Orleans, LA 

Veterans Administration-R0 ATTN: Director 

Little Rock, AR 

ATTN: Director Veterans Administration-R0 

ME 

Veterans Administration-R0 ATTN: Director 

Los Angeles, CA 

ATTN: Director Veterans Administration-R0 

Baltimore, MD 

Veterans Administration-R0 ATTN: Director 

San Francisco, CA 

ATTN: Director Veterans Administration-R0 

Boston, MA 

Veterans Administration-R0 ATTN: Director 

Denver, CO 

ATTN: Director Veterans Administration-R0 

St. Paul. MN 

Veterans ATTN: Director 

Hartford, CT 

ATTN: Director Veterans Administration-R0 

Jackson, MS 

Veterans Administration-R0 ATTN: Director 

Wilmington, DE 

ATTN: Director Veterans Administration-R0 

Huntington, WV 

Veterans Administration-OFC Central ATTN: Director 

Washington, D. C. 

ATTN: Dept Veterans Benefit, Central Veterans Administration-R0 

ATTN: Director St. Louis, MO 

ATTN: Board of Veteran Appeal ATTN: Director 

Veterans Veterans Administration-R0 

St. Petersburg, FL Ft. Harrison, MT 

ATTN: Director ATTN: Director 

Veterans Administration-R0 National Archives 

Atlanta, GA ATTN: Librn 

ATTN: Director 
OTHER GOVERNMENT AGENCIES (Continued) OTHER GOVERNMENT AGENCIES (Continued) 

Veterans Veterans 

Lincoln, NE Columbia, SC 

ATTN: Director ATTN: Director 

Veterans Administration-R0 Veterans 

Reno, NV Falls, SD 

ATTN: Director ATTN: Director 

Veterans Administration-R0 Veterans Administration-RO 

Manchester, NH Houston, TX 

ATTN: Director ATTN: Director 

Veterans Admlnistration-RO Veterans Administration-R0 

Newark, NJ Waco, TX 

ATTN. Director ATTN: Director 

Veterans Administration-R0 Veterans Administration-RO 

Milwaukee, WI Salt Lake City, UT 

ATTN: Director ATTN: Director 

Veterans Administration-RO Veterans Admlnistraiton-RO 

Albuquerque, NM River Junction, VT 

ATTN. Director ATTN: Director 

Veterans Admlnlstration-RO Veterans Administration-RD 

Buffalo, NY Roanoke, VA 

ATTN: Director ATTN: Director 

Veterans Administration-RO Veterans Admlnlstration-RO 

New York, NY Cheyenne, WY 

ATTN: Director ATTN. Director 

Veterans Adminlstratlon-RO Veterans Administration-RO 

Winston-Salem, NC San Diego, CA 

ATTN: Director ATTN: Director 

Veterans Veterans 

Fargo, ND Boise, ID 

ATTN: Director ATTN. Director 

Veterans Admlnlstration-RO Veterans Administration-RO 

Cleveland, OH MI 

Director ATTN. Director 

Veterans Veterans Administration-R0 

Muskogee, OK Nashville, TN 

ATTN: Director ATTN. Director 

Veterans Admlnlstration-RO The White House 

Portland, OR ATTN. Domestic Policy Staff 

ATTN: Director 

DEPARTMENT OF ENERGY CONTRACTORS 

Veterans 

Pittsburgh, PA 

ATTN: Director 

Lawrence Liver-more National Lab 

ATTN: Tech Info Dept Library 

Veterans Los National Lab 

Philadelphia, PA 

ATTN: Director 

ATTN: Library 

ATTN: MMS 195 

Veterans Administration-RO National Lab 

San Francisco, CA ATTN. W. Hereford 

ATTN: Director ATTN Central 

Veterans Reynolds Electrical Engr Co., 

San Juan, Puerto ATTN 

ATTN. Director ATTN. W. Brady 
OTHER 

Adams State College 

ATTN: Librn 

Akron Public Library 

ATTN: Librn 

Alabama State Dept of Archives History 

ATTN: Military Records Div 

University of Alabama 

ATTN: Reference Dept, 3 

ATTN: Director of Libraries (Reg) 

University of Alaska Library at Anchorage 

ATTN. Librn 

of Alaska 

ATTN: Dir of Libraries 

Albany Public Library 

Librn 

Alexander City State Jr College 

ATTN: Librn 

Allegheny College 

ATTN: Librn 

Allen County Public Library 

ATTN. Librn 

Altoona Area Public Library 

ATTN: Librn 

American Statistics Index 

Congressional Info Service, Inc 

ATTN: Cathy Jarvey 

Anaheim Public Library 

ATTN: Librn 

College of Wooster 

ATTN: Gov 

Angelo State University Library 

ATTN: Librn 

Angelo Iacoboni Public Library 

Librn 

Anoka County Library 

ATTN: Librn 

Appalachian State Unlverslty 

ATTN. Library 

Arizona State University Library 

ATTN: Librn 

University of Arizona 

ATTN: Gov Bower 

Arkansas College Library 

ATTN: Library 

Brooklyn College 

ATTN. 

THER (Continued) 

Arkansas Library Comm 

ATTN: Library 

Arkansas State University 

ATTN: Library 

University of Arkansas 

ATTN: Gov 

Austin College 

ATTN: Librn 

Atlanta Public Library 

ATTN: Ivan Allen Dept 

Atlanta University 

ATTN: Librn 

Auburn University Library Mongomery (Reg) 

ATTN: Librn 

C. W. Post Ctr Long Island University 

ATTN: Librn 

Bangor Public Library 

ATTN: 

Bates College Library 

ATTN. Librn 

Baylor University Library 

ATTN: Dept 

Beloit College Libraries 

ATTN: Serials Dept 

State College 

ATTN: Library 

State University College 

ATTN: Gov 

Akron University 

ATTN: Gov 

Boston Public Library (Reg) 

ATTN: 

Bowdoin College 

ATTN: Librn 

Bowling Green State University 

ATTN: Gov Services 

Bradley University 

ATTN: Librn 

University Library 

ATTN. Section 

Brigham Young University 

ATTN: Librn 

Brigham Young University 

ATTN: Collection 

Brookhaven National Laboratory 

ATTN: Tech Library 
THER (Continued) 

Broward County Library 

ATTN Librn 

Brown University 

ATTN: Librn 

Bucknell University 

ATTN: Reference Dept 

Buffalo Erie Co Public Library 

ATTN: Librn 

State University Library of at Fresno 

ATTN. 

Library of at Los Angeles 

ATTN Pub Affairs Serv U.S. 

University of Callfornia at San Diego 

ATTN Dept 

State College of at Stanislaus 

ATTN. Library 

California State University Library 

ATTN: Librn 

California State at Northridge 

ATTN: Gov 

State 

ATTN: Llbrn 

California State Unlverslty at Long Beach Library 

ATTN: Librn 

California State 

ATTN: Librn 

California State 

ATTN: Llbrn 

California University Library 

ATTN: Gov Pub Dept 

California University Library 

ATTN: Llbrn 

ATTN: Gov 

Unlverslty 

ATTN: 

University of California 

ATTN: Gov Dept 

College 

ATTN. Librn 

Kearney State College 

ATTN: Gov 

County 

ATTN: Librn 

Carleton College Library 

ATTN: Librn 

THER (Continued) 

Carnegie Library of Pittsburgh 

ATTN: Llbrn 

Carnegie Mellon University 

ATTN: of Libraries 

Carson Regional Library 

ATTN: Gov Pubs Unit 

Case Western Reserve University 

ATTN: Llbrn 

Casper College 

ATTN. Librn 

University of Central Florida 

ATTN: Library Dept 

Central Michigan University 

ATTN: Library 

Central Missouri State Univ 

ATTN: Gov 

Central State University 

ATTN: Lib Dept 

Central Washington University 

ATTN: Lib 

Central Wyoming College Library 

ATTN. Librn 

Charleston County Library 

ATTN. Librn 

Charlotte County Public Library 

ATTN: E. 

Chattanooga County, Library 

ATTN: Llbrn 

Chesapeake Public Library System 

ATTN: 

Chicago Public Library 

ATTN: Gov Pubs Dept 

State University of Chicago 

ATTN: 

Chicago University Library 

ATTN: Dir of Libraries 

ATTN: Processing 

University Library 

ATTN: Librn 

Daniel Library 

ATTN: Llbrn 

Claremont Colleges Libraries 

ATTN. Collection 

Clemson University 

ATTN- of Libraries 
OTHER (Continued1 

Cleveland Public Library 

ATTN: Collection 

Cleveland State University Library 

ATTN: Librn 

Coe Library 

ATTN: Div 

Colgate University Library 

ATTN: Ref Lib 

Colorado State University Libraries 

ATTN: Librn 

University of Colorado Libraries 

ATTN: Dir of Libraries 

University Library 

ATTN: Svc Ctr 

Columbus Franklin Cty Public Library 

ATTN: Gen Div 

Compton Library 

ATTN: Librn 

State Library (Reg) 

: 

University of Connecticut 

ATTN: Gov't of Connecticut 

University of Connecticut 

ATTN: Dir of Libraries 

Cornell University Library 

ATTN: Librn 

Corpus State University Library 

ATTN: Librn 

Culver City Library 

ATTN: Librn 

Curry College Library 

ATTN: Librn 

University of North Carolina at Asheville 

ATTN: Librn 

Dallas County Public Library 

ATTN: Librn 

Dallas Public Library 

ATTN: Librn 

Dalton Junior College Library 

ATTN: Librn 

Dartmouth College 

ATTN: Librn 

Davenport Public Library 

ATTN: Librn 

Davidson College 

ATTN: Librn 

OTHER (Continued) 

Dayton Montgomery City Public Library 

ATTN: Librn 

University of Dayton 

ATTN: Librn 

Decatur Public Library 

ATTN: Librn 

Dekalb College So Cpus 

ATTN: Librn 

Delaware Pauw University 

ATTN: Librn 

of Delaware 

ATTN: Librn 

Delta College Library 

ATTN: Librn 

Delta State University 

ATTN: Librn 

Denison University Library 

ATTN: Librn 

Denver Public Library (Reg) 

ATTN: Div 

Dept of Library & Archives (Reg) 

ATTN: Librn 

Detroit Public Library 

ATTN. Librn 

Burlington Library 

ATTN. Librn 

Dickinson State College 

ATTN: Librn 

Alabama University & 

ATTN: Librn 

Drake University 

ATTN: Cowles Library 

Drew University 

ATTN: Librn 

Duke University 

ATTN: Pub Dept 

Duluth Library 

ATTN: 

East University 

ATTN: Lib Dept 

East Central University 

ATTN. Librn 

East Public Library 

ATTN: Librn 
THER 

East Orange Public Library 

ATTN: U.S. Gov't Depository 

East Tennessee State University Sherrod Library 

ATTN: Dept 

East Texas State University 

ATTN: Library 

Monmouth County Library Eastern Branch 

ATTN: Librn 

Eastern Illinois University 

ATTN. Librn 

Eastern Kentucky University 

ATTN. 

Eastern Michigan University Library 

ATTN: Library 

Eastern Montana College Library 

ATTN: Oocs Dept 

Eastern New Mexico University 

ATTN. Llbrn 

Eastern Oregon College Library 

ATTN. Librn 

Eastern Washington University 

ATTN. Llbrn 

El Paso Public Library 

ATTN: Geneology 

Elko County Library 

ATTN: Librn 

Elmira College 

ATTN: Librn 

Elon College Library 

ATTN: 

Pratt Free Library 

ATTN: 

Emory University 

ATTY: Librn 

Vanderburgh Cty Public Library 

ATTN: Librn 

Everett Public Library 

ATTN: Librn 

Dickinson University 

ATTN. Dept 

Florida A M University 

ATTN: Librn 

Florida Atlantic Library 

ATTN. of Pub 

OTHER (Continued) 

Florida Institute of Technology 

ATTN: Library 

Florida International University Library 

ATTN: 

Florida State Library 

ATTN: DOCS 

Florida State University 

ATTN: Librn 

University of Florida 

ATTN: Dir of Library (Reg) 

ATTN: Dept 

Fond Du Lac Public Library 

ATTN: Librn 

Ft Hays State University 

Ft Hays Kansas State 

ATTN: Librn 

Ft Worth Public Library 

ATTN: Librn 

Free Public Library of Elizabeth 

ATTN: Librn 

Free Public Library 

ATTN: Librn 

Public Library 

ATTN: Librn 

Fresno Cty Free Library 

ATTN: Librn 

Public Library 

ATTN: Librn 

Garden Public 

ATTN: Llbrn 

Gardner Webb College 

ATTN. 

Gary Public Library 

ATTN: Librn 

Geauga Cty Public Library 

ATTN: Librn 

Georgetown University Library 

ATTN: Gov Room 

Georgia Institute of Technology 

ATTN: Librn 

Georgia Southern College 

ATTN: Librn 

Georgia Southwestern College 

ATTN: Dir of Libraries 

Georgia State University Library 

ATTN: Llbrn 
 (Continued) (Continued) 

University of Georgia Herbert H. Lehman College 

ATTN: Dir of Libraries (Reg) ATTN: Lib 

Glassboro State College Hofstra University Library 

ATTN. Librn ATTN: Dept 

Library Hollins College 

ATTN: Librn ATTN: Librn 

Graceland College College 

ATTN: Librn ATTN: Librn 

Grand Forks Public City-County Library Wagner College 

ATTN: Librn ATTN: Librn 

Grand Rapids Public Library University of Houston Library 

ATTN: Dir of ATTN: Div 

Greenville County Library Houston Public Library 

ATTN: Librn ATTN: Librn 

College Library Tulane University 

ATTN: Librn ATTN: Dept 

Guam RFK Memorial University Library Hoyt Library 

ATTN: Fed Depository ATTN: Librn 

University of Guam Humboldt State College Library 

ATTN: Librn ATTN. Dept 

College Huntington Park Library 

ATTN: Librn ATTN: Librn 

South Dakota University Hutchinson Public Library 

ATTN: Librn ATTN: Librn 

University Library Idaho Public Library Information Center 

ATTN: Librn ATTN: Librn 

Hartford Public Library Idaho State Library 

ATTN. Librn ATTN: Librn 

Harvard College Library Idaho State University Library 

ATTN: Dir of Lib ATTN: Dept 

Harvard College Library University of Idaho 

ATTN: Serials ATTN: Dir of Libraries (Reg) 

ATTN: 

University of Hawaii Library 

ATTN: Gov University of Illinois Library 

ATTN. 

Hawaii State Library 

ATTN: Fed Unit Illinois State Library (Reg) 

ATTN: Gov Br 

University of Hawaii at 

ATTN. Dir of Libraries (Reg) Illinois University at Urbana-Champaign 

ATTN: P. Watson Lib 

University of Hawaii 

Campus Library Illinois Valley Community College 

ATTN: ATTN: Library 

Burns Library 

ATTN: Librn 

University 

: Librn 

County Library Indiana State Library (Reg) 

ATTN: Gov ATTN: Serial 

Henry Ford Community College Library 

ATTN: 

Indiana State University 

ATTN: Library 
THER (Continued) THER (Continued) 

Indiana University Library 

ATTN: Dept 

Indianapolis Marion County Public Library 

ATTN: Social Science 

Iowa State University Library 

ATTN: Gov Dept 

Iowa University Library 

ATTN: Gov Dept 

Butler University 

ATTN. 

Isaac Delchdo College 

ATTN: Librn 

James Madison University 

ATTN Librn 

Jefferson County Public Library 

Regional Library 

ATTN Librn 

Jersey City State College 

ATTN: F. A. Irwin Library Periodicals 

Johns Hopkins University 

ATTN: Library 

La College 

ATTN. 

Johnson Free Public Library 

ATTN: Librn 

Kalamazoo Public Library 

ATTN: Librn 

Kansas City Public Library 

ATTN. 

Kansas State Library 

ATTN: Librn 

Kansas State University Library 

ATTN: Dept 

University of Kansas 

ATTN: Dir of Library (Reg) 

University of Texas 

ATTN: Lyndon B. Johnson School of Public 

Affairs Library 

Maine Maritime Academy 

ATTN: Librn 

University of Maine 

ATTN: Librn 

Kent State University Library 

ATTN: Div 

Kentucky Dept of Library & Archives 

ATTN: 

University of Kentucky 

ATTN: Gov Pub Dept 

ATTN: Dir of Lib (Reg) 

Kenyon College Library 

ATTN. Librn 

Lake Forest College 

ATTN: Librn 

Lake Sumter College Library 

ATTN: Librn 

Public Library 

ATTN: Librn 

Lancaster Regional Library 

ATTN: Librn 

Lawrence University 

ATTN Dept 

Brigham Young University 

ATTN: & Map 

Lewis University Library 

ATTN: Librn 

Library and Statutory & Svc 

2 cy ATTN. Librn 

College 

ATTN. Librn 

Little Rock Public Library 

ATTN: Librn 

Long Beach Public Library 

ATTN: Librn 

Los Angeles Public Library 

ATTN: Serials U.S. 

Louisiana State University 

ATTN. Gov Dept 

ATTN: Dir of Libraries (Reg) 

Louisville Free Public Library 

ATTN: Librn 

Louisville University Library 

ATTN. Librn 

Hoover Institution 

ATTN: J. 
OTHER (Continued) (Continued) 

Manchester City Library Michigan Tech University 

ATTN: Llbrn ATTN: Lib Dept 

Mankato State College University of Michigan 

ATTN: Gov Pubs ATTN. Acq Unit 

University of Maine at Farmington Middlebury College Library 

ATTN: Dir of Libraries ATTN: Librn 

Marathon County Public Library State College 

ATTN: Llbrn ATTN: Librn 

College State University of New York 

ATTN: Librn ATTN: Librn 

University of Maryland Milwaukee Public Library 

ATTN. Library Div ATTN. Librn 

University of Maryland Minneapolis Public Library 

ATTN. Librn ATTN: Librn 

University of Massachusetts University of Minnesota 

ATTN: Gov ATTN: Dir of Libraries (Reg) 

Maui Public Library Minot State College 

Kahului Branch ATTN: Llbrn 

ATTN: Librn 

Mississippi State University 

State University ATTN: Librn 

ATTN: Librn 

University of Mississippi 

Memphis Shelby County Public Library ATTN. Dir of Libraries 

Information Center 

ATTN: Librn Missouri University at Kansas City General 

ATTN: Librn 

Memphis State University 

ATTN: Librn University of Missouri Library 

ATTN. Gov 

University 

ATTN. Librn M.I.T. Libraries 

ATTN: Librn 

Mesa County Public Library 

ATTN: Librn Mobile Public Library 

ATTN: Gov Info 

Miami Dade Community College 

ATTN: Librn Midwestern University 

ATTN: Librn 

University of Miami Library 

ATTN: Gov Pubs Montana State Library 

ATTN: Librn 

Miami Public Library 

ATTN: Div Montana State University L ibrary 

ATTN: Librn 

Miami University Library 

ATTN: University of Montana 

ATTN: Dir of ies (Reg) 

University of Santa Clara 

ATTN: Div Montebello Library 

ATTN: Librn 

Michigan State Library 

ATTN: Librn State College 

Library 

Michigan State University Library 

ATTN: Librn Mt Prospect Public Library 

ATTN. Gov't Info Ctr 

Murray State University Library 

ATTN: Lib 
 

 

 

 

 

OTHER (Continued) 

Nassau Library System 

ATTN: Llbrn 

Natrona County Library 

ATTN: Llbrn 

Library Community 

Nebraska Clearinghouse 

ATTN. Librn 

University of Nebraska at Omaha 

ATTN: 

Nebraska College 

ATTN: 

of Nebraska 

ATTN: Dir of (Reg) 

University of Nebraska Library 

ATTN: Dept 

of Nevada Library 

ATTN Gov Pubs 

of Nevada at Las Vegas 

ATTN: Dir of 

New Hampshire University Library 

ATTN Librn 

New Hanover County Public Library 

ATTN: Llbrn 

New Mexico State 

ATTN Llbrn 

New Mexico State 

ATTN. 

of Yew 

ATTN of (Reg) 

of New Orleans 

ATTN Gov 

New Orleans Public Library 

ATTN. 

New York Library 

ATTN. Llbrn 

New York State Library 

Control Cultural Ed Ctr 

State of New York at Stony Brook 

ATTN Main 

State of New York 

at Cortland 

Librn 

State of New York 

North Texas State University 

ATTN Llbrn 

THER (Continued) 

State University of New York 

ATTN. Librn 

New York State University 

ATTN: Ctr 

State University of New York 

ATTN: Dept 

New York University Library 

Dept 

Newark Free Library 

ATTN: Librn 

Newark Public Library 

ATTN: Llbrn 

Niagara Falls Public Library 

ATTN Llbrn 

State University 

ATTN Div 

M Flores Memorial Library 

ATTN. Llbrn 

Norfolk Public Library 

ATTN R. Parker 

North & Tech State 

University 

ATTN Llbrn 

University of North Carolina at Charlotte 

ATTN. Atkins Dept 

University of North Carolina at Greensboro 

ATTN. Llbrn 

University of North Carolina at Wilmington 

ATTN Librn 

North Carolina Central Unlverslty 

ATTN: Librn 

North State University 

ATTN Librn 

of North Carolina 

BA SS Div 

North Dakota State Library 

Librn 

of Dakota 

Librn 

North College 

ATTN. Librn 

Minnesota Div cf Emergency 

ATTN Librn 
OTHER (Continued) 

Northeast Missouri State University 

ATTN: Librn 

Northeastern Oklahoma State University 

ATTN: 

Northeastern University 

ATTN: Dodge Library 

Northern Arizona University Library 

ATTN: Gov Dept 

Northern 

ATTN: 

Northern Michigan University 

ATTN: 

Northern Montana College Library 

ATTN: Librn 

Northwestern Michigan College 

ATTN. Librn 

Northwestern State University 

ATTN. 

Northwestern State University Library 

ATTN: 

Northwestern University Library 

ATTN: Gov Pubs Dept 

Norwalk Public Library 

ATTN: 

Northeastern Illinois University 

ATTN: Library 

University of Notre Dame 

ATTN: Ctr 

Oakland Community College 

ATTN. 

Oakland Public Library 

ATTN: Librn 

Oberlin College Library 

ATTN: Librn 

Ocean County College 

ATTN: 

Ohio State 

ATTN. Librn 

Ohio State University 

ATTN: Lib 

University Library 

ATTN. Dept 

Oklahoma University Library 

Oklahoma City University Library 

ATTN. 

OTHER (Continued) 

Oklahoma Department of Libraries 

ATTN: U.S. Gov 

University of Oklahoma 

ATTN: Div 

Old Dominion University 

ATTN: Dept Univ 

Olivet College Library 

ATTN: Librn 

Omaha Public Clark Branch 

ATTN: 

Onondaga County Public Library 

ATTN: Gov 

Oregon State Library 

ATTN: Librn 

University of Oregon 

ATTN: Oocs 

Baptist University 

ATTN: 

Pan American University Library 

ATTN: Librn 

Passaic Public Library 

ATTN. Librn 

Queens College 

ATTN: Dept 

Pennsylvania State Library 

ATTN: Gov Pubs 

Pennsylvania State University 

ATTN: Lib 

University of Pennsylvania 

ATTN: Dir of Libraries 

University of Denver 

ATTN: Penrose Library 

Peoria Public Library 

ATTN: Business, Science Tech Dept 

Free Library of Philadelphia 

ATTN: Gov Pubs Dept 

Philipsburg Free Public Library 

ATTN: Library 

Phoenix Public Library 

ATTN: Librn 

University of Pittsburgh 

ATTN: Office, G8 

Plainfield Public Library 

ATTN: 
 

OTHER (Continued) 

Popular Creek Public Library District 

ATTN: 

Association of Portland Library 

ATTN. Librn 

Portland Public Library 

ATTN: Librn 

Portland State University Library 

ATTN: Librn 

Pratt Institute Library 

ATTN: Librn 

Louisiana Tech University 

ATTN Librn 

Princeton University Library 

ATTN Oocs 

Providence College 

ATTN: Librn 

Providence Public Library 

ATTN: Librn 

Public Library Cincinnati Hamilton County 

ATTN: Librn 

Public Library of Nashville and Davidson County 

ATTN: Librn 

of Puerto 

ATTN. Maps Room 

Purdue 

ATTN: Librn 

Valley College 

ATTN Librn 

Auburn University 

ATTN. Microforms Dept 

Rapid City Public Library 

ATTN: Librn 

Reading Public Library 

ATTN: Librn 

Reed College Library 

ATTN. Librn 

Augusta College 

ATTN: Librn 

University of Rhode Island Library 

Gov Pubs 

University cf Rhode Island 

ATTN: of Libraries 

Rice University 

ATTN: of Libraries 

Louisiana College 

ATTN: Librn 

OTHER (Continued) 

County Public Library 

ATTN: Librn 

Riverside Public Library 

ATTN: Librn 

University of Rochester Library 

ATTN 

University Rutgers Camden Library 

ATTN Librn 

State University of Rutgers 

Librn 

Rutgers University 

ATTN Dir of Libraries (Reg) 

Rutgers University Law Library 

ATTN: Fed 

Salem College Library 

ATTN. Librn 

University 

ATTN. Librn 

San Antonio Public Library 

ATTN. Bus Science Tech Dept 

San Diego County Library 

ATTN. C. Jones, Acquisitions 

San 

ATTN. Librn 

San Diego State University Library 

ATTN Gov Pubs Dept 

San Francisco Public Library 

ATTN Gov Dept 

San Francisco State College 

ATTN: Gov Pubs 

San Jose State College Library 

ATTN: Dept 

San Obispo City-County Library 

ATTN. Librn 

Savannah Public Liberty Regional 

Library 

ATTN. 

Scottsbluff Public Library 

ATTN: Librn 

Scranton Public Library 

ATTN: Librn 

Seattle Public Library 

ATTN. Ref Asst 

I 
 

OTHER (Continued1 

Selby Library 

ATTN: Librn 

Shawnee Library System 

ATTN: Llbrn 

Shreve Memorial Library 

ATTN: Librn 

Silas Bronson Public Library 

ATTN Librn 

SIOUX City Public Library 

ATTN. Librn 

College 

ATTN. Librn 

Slippery Rock State College Library 

ATTN: Librn 

South Carolina State Library 

ATTN Librn 

University of South Carolina 

ATTN: Llbrn 

University of South Carolina 

ATTN. Gov 

South Dakota School of Library 

ATTN. Llbrn 

South Dakota State Library 

ATTN. Fed 

of South Dakota 

ATTN: Llbrn 

South Florida University Library 

ATTN: Llbrn 

Southeast Missouri State University 

ATTN Librn 

Southeastern Massachusetts University Library 

ATTN: 

University of Southern Alabama 

ATTN 

Southern California University Library 

ATTN: 

Southern Connecticut State College 

ATTN: Library 

Southern University 

ATTN: Llbrn 

Southern Illinois University 

ATTN: Ctr 

Southern Methodist University 

ATTN: Llbrn 

University of Southern 

ATTN. Library 

OTHER (Continued) 

Southern Oregon College 

ATTN: Library 

Southern New Orleans Library 

ATTN: Librn 

Southern Utah State College Library 

ATTN: Dept 

Southwest Missouri State College 

ATTN: Library 

University of Southwestern Louisiana Libraries 

ATTN: Librn 

Southwestern University 

ATTN: Librn 

Spokane Public Library 

ATTN: Ref Dept 

Springfield City Library 

ATTN: 

St Bonaventure University 

ATTN: Librn 

St Joseph Public Library 

ATTN. Librn 

St Lawrence University 

ATTN. Librn 

St Louis Public Library 

ATTN. Librn 

St Paul Public Library 

ATTN. Librn 

Stanford University Library 

ATTN Gov 

State Historical 

ATTN. Serials 

State Library of Massachusetts 

ATTN. Librn 

State University of New York 

ATTN: Librn 

Stetson University 

ATTN. Librn 

University of Steubenville 

ATTN. Librn 

Stockton San Joaquin Public Library 

ATTN. Llbrn 

Stockton State College 

ATTN Librn 

Albion College 

ATTN Gov Llbrn 
OTHER (Continued) 

Superior Library 

ATTN: Librn 

Swarthmore College Library 

ATTN: Ref Dept 

Syracuse University Library 

ATTN: 

Tacoma Library 

ATTN: Librn 

Hillsborough County Library at Tampa 

ATTN'. Librn 

Temple University 

ATTN: Llbrn 

Tennessee Technological 

ATTN. Llbrn 

of Tennessee 

of Libraries 

College of Idaho 

ATTN. 

Texas A M 

ATTN: Librn 

University of Texas at Arlington 

ATTN 

of Texas at San Antonio 

ATTN. Library 

Texas University 

ATTN. Librn 

Texas State 

ATTN. U.S. 

Texas Tech Library 

ATTN: Gov Dept 

Texas University at Austin 

ATTN. 

University of Toledo Library 

ATTN. Llbrn 

Toledo Library 

ATTN. Social Science Dept 

Torrance Center Library 

ATTN. 

Traverse Library 

ATTN. Librn 

Trenton Free Public Library 

ATTN. Llbrn 

College Library 

ATTN. 

ATTN: 

OTHER (Continued) 

Tufts University 

ATTN: Dept 

University of Tulsa 

ATTN: Llbrn 

UCLA Research Library 

ATTN. Pub Affairs 

Services University of the Health 

Sciences 

ATTN. LRC Library 

University Libraries 

ATTN. Dir of Lib 

University of Maine at 

ATTN. Llbrn 

University of Northern Iowa 

ATTN Library 

Upper Iowa College 

ATTN: 

Utah State University 

ATTN. Librn 

University of Utah 

ATTN Special Collections 

of Utah 

ATTN. Dir of Library 

Library 

Llbrn 

Valencia Library 

ATTN: Librn 

Valparaiso University 

ATTN. Llbrn 

Vanderbilt University Library 

ATTN. Gov 

University of Vermont 

ATTN: Dir of Libraries 

Commonwealth 

ATTN: Llbrn 

Institute 

ATTN: Llbrn 

Polytechnic Institute Library 

ATTN: Dept 

State Library 

ATTN Serials 

University of 

ATTN. Pub 

County Public Library 

ATTN: Librn 
OTHER (Continued) 

Washington State Library 

ATTN: 

Washington State University 

ATTN: Lib 

Washington University Libraries 

ATTN: Dir of Lib 

University of Washington 

ATTN. Div 

Wayne State University Library 

ATTN: Llbrn 

Wayne State Law Library 

ATTN: Dept 

Weber State College Library 

ATTN: Llbrn 

Wesleyan University 

Librn 

West Chester State College 

ATTN: Dept 

West Covina Library 

ATTN: Llbrn 

University of West Florida 

Llbrn 

West Georgia College 

ATTN: Llbrn 

West Hills Community College 

ATTN: Library 

West Texas State University 

ATTN: 

West Virginia College of Grad Studies Library 

ATTN: Librn 

University of West Virginia 

ATTN: Dir of Libraries (Reg) 

Westerly Public Library 

ATTN: Librn 

Western Carolina University 

ATTN: Librn 

Western Illinois University Library 

ATTN: Librn 

Western Washington University 

ATTN: Llbrn 

Western Wyoming College Library 

ATTN: Librn 

Westmoreland City College 

ATTN: Learning Resource Ctr 

OTHER (Continued) 

Whitman College 

Librn 

Wichita State University Library 

ATTN: Librn 

Williams Mary College 

ATTN: Dept 

Emporia Kansas State College 

ATTN: Gov Div 

William College Library 

ATTN: Librn 

Willimantic Public Library 

ATTN: Llbrn 

Winthrop College 

ATTN: Dept 

University of Wisconsin at Whitewater 

ATTN: Gov Lib 

University of Wisconsin at Milwaukee 

ATTN: Lib 

University of Wisconsin at Oshkosh 

ATTN. Librn 

University of Wisconsin at Platteville 

ATTN Unit Lib 

University of Wisconsin at Stevens Point 

ATTN. 

University of Wisconsin 

ATTN: Gov Pubs Dept 

University of 

ATTN. Acquisitions Dept 

Worcester Public Library 

ATTN: Librn 

Wright State University Library 

ATTN. Gov 

Wyoming State Library 

ATTN: Llbrn 

University of Wyoming 

ATTN: Div 

Yale University 

ATTN: Dir of Libraries 

Yeshiva University 

ATTN: Llbrn 

Yuma City County Library 

ATTN: Librn 

Mem Lib, Columbus 

ATTN. Librn 
DEPARTMENT OF DEFENSE CONTRACTORS 

Research Applications Corp 

ATTN: H. Lee 

ATTN. A. Nelson 

10 cy ATTN. Health Environment 

Tempo 

DASIAC 

E. Martin 

ATTN: R. 

Applications, Inc 

cy ATTN. L. 

DEPARTMENT OF DEFENSE CONTRACTORS (Continued_) 

Kaman Tempo 

ATTN. C. Jones 

National Academy of Sciences 

ATTN: C. Robinette 

ATTN: Med Follow-up Agency 

ATTN. Nat Mat Advisory Bd 

Pacific-Sierra Research Corp 

ATTN: H. Brode, Chairman SAGE 

Science Applications, Inc 

ATTN: Tech Lib 

R & D Associates 

ATTN. P.