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Unclassified 

ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACT STATEMENT 

CLEANUP, REHABILITATIOH, RIESETTLEMENT 

-

I ENEWETAK ATOLL -MARSHALL ISLANDS I1-

I 

I -

I 

I 

APRIL 1975 I 

DEFENSE NUCLEAR AGENCY 

Washington, D.C. 20305 

DARE Tracking 

# 67925 Volume Ill of IV 
Prepared for 

DEFENSE NUCLEAR AGENCY 

Washington, D. C. 20305 

Under 

Contract No. DNA 001 -73 C-155 

HOLMES & NARVER,INC. 

A Resource Sciences company 

Advanced Technology/Engineering/Construction/Management/Maintenance & Operations 

400 EAST ORANGETHORPE AVENUE ANAHEIM, CALIFORNIA 92801 
Unclassified 

ENVIRONMENTAL iACT STATEMENT 

CLEANUP, REHABlL ON, RESETTLEMENT 

OF 

ENEWETAK ATOLL -MARSHALL ISLANDS 

APRIL 1975 

DEFENSE NUCLEAR AGENCY 

Washington. D.C. 20305 

Volume Ill of IV 

Unclassified 

TABLEOFCONTENTS 

VOLUME 111 

MARSHALLESE VERSION 

ENGLISH VERSION 

KOKADRURU IN KEMLELE (EIS) EO KIN 

WAWIN AN KARREO, EKKAL IM KAARMIJE: ENEWETAK ILO 

MARSHALL ISLANDS 

NAN IN KEMLELE 

Pepa in ej kokadruru in kemlele (EIS) eo an juon project in kareoik 

im kaarmije ailin in Enewetak in. Kokadruru in ar komman bwe en 

bidrodro ukote non kajin eo an armij in Enewetak. Non bok melele 

ko rellap lok, juon ej aikuij in eleke im lale book eo na etan EIS. Project 

in jej lemake, Defense Nuclear Agency enaj kommlane ilo etan ibben-dron 

eo an Department ko an Defense im Interior. Defense Nuclear Agency ej 

e eo elap wot kunan ilo kommane pepa in im ar koba lok ibben Office eo an 

Territorial Affairs ilo Department eo an Interior ilo an kar komadmedre. 

MELELE KO IM KOTTOBAR EO AN PROGRAM IN ILO PEPA IN 

Armij in Enewetak rar emakit jen ailin en aj r ilo 1947 eo bwe ene 

ko eneir ren kar jerbal non kokmelmeli kein tarinae ko rokajur. Armij 

rein rar emakit im ilok non ailin in Ujelang, eo in1 edrik lok melan im 

loan jen Enewetak in. Ilo April in 1972, High Con~missioner 

Edward E. Johnston im Ambassador Franklin Haydn Williams, eo im 

ej dri jilek eo makmake an President en an United States non konono ko 

kin kien eo an Micronesia ilju im jeklaj, rar jimo:r kwalok bwe United 

States ebokaj in korrol Enewetak non Government eo an Trust Territory 

ilo jemlok in 1973, im kotmene bwe elkin wot inenl armij enaj jeblak none. 

Elkin an walok nan in, elon survey ko rar kolmman non wate belakin 

eo an ailin in ikijien menin kautata im baijin in bomb. Elon konono ko 

rar komman ibben armij in Enewetak non kalikar Iconan ko air ikijien air 

kojerbal bwirej, ia ko en jutak imon jokwe im mok:o an jikin kwelok eo, 

aikuij ko non kojerbal moko im reber rainin, im non lomake karok 

economic development eo an ailin in. Survey kein im konono kein rar 

komaron, ilo juon wawin, plan e bedbed eo an program eo im konono 

kake ijin. 

EIS in eotak jen an ekka air komman elane ej iten ijino juon 

program. 110 tu jejet in, elane ej wor EIS ej kin juon project eo non 

kalok ak kajutak juon men ion juon jikin eo ejain kar jerbal mokta. 110 

an wor menin, 'rej maron in etali nana ko an project eo im bauni ibben 

emrnon ko an ilo air jelet melan eo an jikin eo. Elane elap wot emmon 

jen nana, inem project eo ej weppen. 
Program in im lomake non Enewetak, eoktak. Einwot in, bwe, 

wawin ko im jej watok bwe renaj jelet belakin en an ailin en, emoj dre 

air walok. Ion ene kan, elon men rej jebleklek ion melaj im jet jikin 

ewor mottan baijin in bomb ie. Program in im ej lomnak in komman ej 

bwe en jolok nana kan im rejelet belakin en an ailin in im keboje non an 

rol armij none. Kij woj jela bwe makitkit ko an jerbal in karreo en enaj 

komakit elon wawin ko renaj jelet belakin im melan ailin in. Kin wawin 

in, e jjab bwe report in en konono wot kin wawin an makitkit ko an program 

in naj jelet melan en an ailin in ilo ar kedri emmon im nana ko an ikijien 

drettan baijin in bomb ion ailin in, ak bareinwot ta eo enaj walok elane 

program in ejab kommon. 

MOTTON KO ILO PROJECT IN 

Jibarbar im kottobar eo elap an program in ej bwe en keboj ailin in 

non an armij rol non ene ko ie ilo juon ien eo ejjab too kitien. Kin menin, 

ilo lornnake kakke jerramon non armij, ernmonlok in jerbal in kien, im 

wawin an armij mour, ej aikuij bwe program in kar reo im kalok ailin in 

ren komman ilo juon wot ien. Inem bwe en melele ta in jej konono kake, 

jenaj kojbel project in ilo emen mottan ko ilo wawin air naj jerbal jen 

dron eniwot in: 

Mottan 1 - Karreo 

Mottan in ej kin komakiti men ko rej jebleklek bajjok, moko, im 

bwirej ko renaj menin kautata non jukjuk .in bed an armij. Ej bareinwot 

kitbuj wawin karok ko im emoj karoki non bobrae en ejerwawa mour an 

armij noni. (Mottan in Kunan Department eo an Defense. ) 

Mottan 2 - Ekkal 

Mottan in ej ikijien menin jerramon ko im jukjuk in bed ko an armij 

einwot, ekkal imon jokwe im moko jet, im kalbwin ailin in kin ni im kan 

ko renaj kowalok mona bwe en maron naj jeblak armij in Enewetak none. 

(Mottan in Kunaa Department eo an Interior. ) 

Mottan 3 - Kaarmiie Ailin In 

Mottan in non kaarmije Enewetak in enaj komman kitien elkin an 

drerelok kareoik ene ko ie im emoj an alikar bwe ejelok baijin non an 

armij jokwe ie. Elkin wot inem mon jokwe ko renaj ekkal im armij in 

Enewetak renaj jokwe ie im jino air kalbwin ene ko eneir. Ej mour eo 

an armij in ailin ilo mottan jab in enaj aikuij bwe en wor buruwot juon 

kin kakien ko non kojbarok bwe mour eo an armij ion ene kein en lor 

karok ko ilo Task Group Report eo. Mene ewor lomnak bwe ro iuan 
Planning Council eo renaj jokwe ilo mon kobber ko ion Japtan im jerbal 

ilo program in karreo eo im ko jet tokelik, ilo kotrnane ke ejolok baijin 

im remaron jokwe ie, air jokwe im ber ijin ak jejab watoke bwe ej 

mottan wot Mottan eo non Kaarmije ailin en (Kunan Department eo an 

Interior. ) 

Mottan 4 - Kornrnani Karok KO Non Menin Wonmanlok 

Mene ejolok karok bwe mottan in ej iuwan lok wot program in im 

konono kake ak ekkar bwe mottan in kein ka-emen en wor konono kake 

ijin. Mottan jab in enaj elkin wot karreo, ekkal in1 kaarmije ailin in 

im ej kin karok menin wonmanlok ko im enaj too a~neni, im ejakin mour 

ion ene ko ie. Karok.ko rar komman bwe armij ren aikuij lori ekkar non 

recommendation ko an AEG rej iuan wot mottan in,, (Kunan Department 

eo an Interior. ) Jet bareinwot katak ko kin ukuktalc in jonan baijin 

ilbwiljin armij ro im melan eo air renaj kornman elane eaikuij bwe 

en wor. (Kunan ERDA einwot AEC ) 

KORKAN MARON KO 

Jilu ra ko ran government rar ibben dron ilo ien kokemelmel ko 

ion Enewetak im ien ko elkin kokemelmel kein im lxio renaj bok kunair 

ilo plan e kareoiki, kaloke, im kaarmije ailin in. 

110 1946 eo, Government eo an United States ar boke Enewetak jen 

kien eo an Trust Territory of the Pacific Islands bwe en jikin an 

kokemelmel nuclear bomb ko. Emoj jitone Department eo an Defense 

bwe en bok edro in kareoik ailin in non an armij maron in jokwe ie. 

Energy Research im Development Administration eo an United States 

(ERDA einwot AEC) ar bok edro in kakabiloklek ikijien program in 

kokemelmele nuclear bomb ko. Ejja ilo nememe j.n wot, ERDA (AEC) ej 

kunan kebo ji melele ko im naj an jerbal kokabiloklek kin baijin in bomb ilo 

aolep wawin, jab ilo plan e wot mottan ko ilo prog:ram in karreo en wot, ak 

ilo komakitkit mottan kein bareinwot. ERDA enaj bareinwot kunan kommane 

katak ko elkin ien in im tokelik kin baijin in ailin in. 

Department eo an Interior (DOI) ikijien an wor an maron in lale 

Marshall Islands jen kitien government eo an Trust ~erritor~'of the 

Pacific Islands (TTPI), enaj kunan bok edro in kejbarok armij in 

Enewetak. Ra jab in DOI, enaj edro in lomake kaarmije ailin in, im 

komman kitien kakien ko non kejbarok ejmour an a.rmij ie. 

Ra kein, DOD, ERDA, DO1 im TTPI rar bok jitok kabel ko an armij 

in Enewetak ilo aolep wawin ko non keboj rol eo aer non ailin in Enewetak 

in. 
NEMEME IN MELAN AILIN IN IM DRELBEN BAIJIN IE 

Nememein ailin in ekajjo jen ene non ene . Jet ene einwot Enewetak 

im Medren, elon em ellap ie einwot kein, warehouse, mon jerbal ko im 

mon jokwe. 110 Enewetak en, ewor juon jikin jok-im-kellok an balun, 

juon miadri im jikin ko non an balun park im ekto -ektak. Ion ko jet, 

elon moko im rekanuij in mor, mottan me1 ko, jakboj ko jet, ial ko 

romarre, im jet ejelok men kein ie. Enanin aolep ene im marre. Jet 

ian ene ko tu-ion, jokjokir euktak jen mokta itok wot jen kokemelmel 

nuclear bomb ko ie, im jet rejako rainin. Map in lo page in tok juon ej 

kwalok nememein ailin in Enewetak in rainin. Ijoko im ar kornman 

kokemelmel ko ie etair kajojo rej alikar kin made im bok ilo map in. 

Map in ej eta1 wot im kalikar bwe kokemelmel ko rellap rar komman ion 

ak iturin Enjebi im ene ko tu-ion tu-rilik, im bareinwot ion Aomon im 

Runi t . 

Nemenein ko an Melan 

Section kein ilol rej kwalok nememe eo an belakin en an ailin in. 

Menin Edrok - Enanin aolep ene im libobo kin mar, wojke, im mar ko 

rej tobalbal. Jet wot ene rejjab kanuij in marmar einwot Aomon, eo im 

emajaj enanin aolepen. Ewor ni ko rej edrok ion tarrin jonoul-lalim ene 

ko, im bob, ion wot jet. 

Menin Mour - Menin mour ko elap tokjeir non armij in Enewetak rej ik, 

mona in lojet ko rej ber lik im ar, baruleb im bao in mejatoto ko rej lik 

ailin in. Men kein ik im bao elap air lon im e jelok juon kain iair ewor 

ad jela bwe ejako kin wot program in kokemelmel eo. 110 bar juon wawin, 

jemaron in ba bwe dri ailin in renaj lo bwe ejelok oktak an menin mour 

jen yio eo 1947. 

Dren in Lo1 

Enewetak ej aikuij wot in kojerbal dren in wot. Unin, kin an bwirej 

en ie kabokbok im ekomman an dren makaj an drubik bwirej ne ej wot im 

bed ion bar iumin lo1 in ene ko ie. 110 an dren in bed ijin im ekiki, 

tokelik ej koba ibben dren in lojet eo ibelakin im komman bwe en 

kolaebar. Ion jet ian ene ko emoj lo bwe emmon dren in lolier, dren kein 

remaron jerbal non aikuij ko jet. Dren ko im rej ettein ilo nien dren im 

aibuj cement jen likin em renaj emmon non komat im idrak. 

Moko. Ial ko. im Menin Ekkal ko iet 

Jonan kar ekkal ion ailin in ear jab jonan wot juon - jet ene ear lap 

im jet edrik. Non rainin, jet ian mokein rej emrnan wot, ak jet emat aer 

ran. Elon moko, bedbed cement ko im men ko jet ewor mottan baijin in 

bomb ie. KO ian men kein im remenin kautata renaj jako. Moko, tank 

ko, miadri ko, ob ko, im men ko jet ellap aer mor, renaj rubi im 
2 

ZEBRA 

BUTTERNUT 

[-GqIJOKO AR KOMMAN KOKEMELMEL KO IE 

ILO ENEWETAK IN 

5 
jaberwot mottan men kein ko im rokkar non kalok camp eo an program 

in karreo eo, im non an dri Enewetak kojerbali, renaj bed; ko elap air 

mor, renaj julok. Ial ko ion Enewetak in re j emrnon wot im ko ion ene 

ko jet elap air mare im rejjab maron in jerbal. 

Menoknok Bajjok 

Elap wot ian mottan menoknok ko bajjok ion melaj in ailin in ejelok 

baijin ie. Men ko im emo j kalikari bwe rejjab baijin ej errein: 

Em cement ko im re j romlok wot, bedbed cement ko, imon 

ko ko, abar ko toreren ene, im bedbed ko rar ekkal. 

Jeen ko komman jen jitul, cable, pipe, worwor aen ko, 

miadri ko jikin pijaik an rub bomb, wall ko rej komman non 

bobrae an no kan jabon juon mejje, mottan radar ko, tank im 

nien dren ko jet. 

Em ra ko ellap air kot, wan jodrik, baru bwa, rab, im 

miadri alal. 

Elon wot ian men kein re j e jebleklek bajjok imelan ene ko 

ijowotke, jet ian ene kein ejab labinwot ko jet. Non wonjonak, 

ilo Jinimi, ejelok menoknok bajjok ie, ak Medren, ekwe enanin 

aolep menoknok kein ie rej jimettan in menoknok ko bajjok im 

mottan cement ko ilo ailin in im ejelok baijin ie. 

Wawin ko ewor baijin in bomb ie 

Section kein imanlok rej kwalok nememe eo an melan ailin in, ene, 

minin edrok, menin mour, dren im men ko eltan pein armij. Unin konono 

eo an section in ej non kwalok ta ear walok non men kein kobban ailin in 

im rar baijin elkin kommani kokemelmel ko. Un eo juon ej bwe en kwolak 

ta malkan baijin in jen bomb enaj walok non a r m i j r o renaj bed im amnak 

ion ailin in. 

Kain Men KO Ewor Baijin Ie - Men ko im ewor baijin in bomb ie ion ailin 

in Enewetak rar jebar jen kokemelmel in nuclear bomb ko im rar komman 

jen yio eo 1948 mantak non 1958 eo. Men kein rej lajrak ilo jilu wawin ko: 

Men ko rebaijin im rar jab "bwil" im mat ilo ien an bokkulok 

im ebjek juon nuclear bomb. Kain men in, ilo wanjonak, e j 

einwot bwe in kane ko im rar jab bwil im mat ilo juon kijiek. 

Plutonium ej juon ian kain men kein im ekka ion ene kein. 
a Men ko rebaijin im rar ejak jen rub-i~n-ebjak in juon bomb 

jen an aer menin bokkolok ko iloan. Kain men kein, ilo 

wanjonak, re j einwot melle in juon kij:iek im rejanin med. 

Men ko rebaijin im rej ejak jen air ebake men ko im ewor 

baijin in 'bomb ie. Kain men in ekoba me1 ko im mottan 

kobwebwen kein jerbal in kokemelmel ko, im jet ian 

chemical element (on ko iloan bwirej) ko ilo bwirej. 

Wawin an men kein rebaijin jelet kajojo mottan ailin in im bareinwot men 

in mour ko, naj tilmake ijin ilol. 

Survey in Etale Jonan An Baijin Ailin in Enewetak - 110 jernlok in yio eo 

1972 im jino in 1973 eo, AEC ar komrnan juon survey in katak kin ewi 

jonan baijin in bomb ion ailin Enewetak in. Jen survey in ar alikar bwe 

ewor baijin in bomb ilo bwirej in ene ko, ilo kabin lomolo en, ilo mar 

im wojke ko, im ilo kanniek in bao im ik. Dretten baijin ilo ene ko ion 

(jen Bokoluo non Runit) ar kanuij lab ie, im kio ej lab wot, jen ene ko 

irok (jen Bokko non Kidrenen). Unin an eindrein jemaron ba kinke, 

einwot ar lo ilo map in ailin in, elon wot ian kokemelmel ko rar komman 

tu-ion in ailin in (elab tata ion-rear) jen turok en. 

Bwirej - Survey eo ar bareinwot kalikar bwe ekajojo jonan baijin in bomb 

en jen jikin non jikin ilo juon ene, im jen ene non ene. Survey in kin 

bwirej ar komman ilo ruo wawin ko. Wawin eo mokta ar kin kein jerbal 

ko im rej ektaki ilo helicopter ko im kelok kaki ion ene ko, ne ejab, ekwe 

armij ej boki kein jerbal kein ibbeir im etalal kaki. Wawin eo kein karuo, rar ebbok jambol in bwirej jen kajojo jikin i.lo ene ko. Inem, rar 

etale jambol kein ilo laboratory non bukot kain baijin ko im jonair. Jen 

wawin kabuk kein, ar alikar bwe ene ko im elab tats air jorren jen 

baijin rej Runit, Enjebi, Aomon im Eleleron. Rutnit ar kanuij alikar 

bwe elap an jorren jen aolep. 

Juon ian men ko im ej kibel jonan baijin in bomb ilo juon jikin ilo 

juon ene ej jonan an mare ijo i m r a r bok jambol i:n bwirej ko jene. Ijoko 

romarmar im lon wojke ko ie ear walok an lab level in baijin ie jen ijoko 

romajaj. Ion kabbe ko ej ijoko im edrik tata baijin ie. Unin an eindrein 

ej kin makitkit an koto, wot im no ko ilo air lilikilok men drikrik ko 

rebaijin jen ilo bwirej eo. 

Dren in Iar im Lik 

Baijin in bomb ilomalo eo ej jebar jen an baijin eo beto-betak 

ikotan ene ko im kobalok ibben ijo ej itok jen kibin. malo in ailin in. 

Baijin eo ilo dren in lik, eo im ekanuij in drik, ej bareinwot walok jen 
an dren in wot ak no kwol berejit in ene ko. AEC ar lo bwe level in baijin 

in bomb ilo dren in ejjab kajur non jonan kautata. 110 dren in lik, level 

eo ie ebar einwot mojno. Enaj wor ien jone level in baijin eo ilo dren in 

101. 

Menin Edrok ko im .Menin Mour ko - Menin edrok ion aolep ene ko jen 

Bokoluo ion im ilok non Runit irear, elab an kajur jonan baijin ie. Jonan 

ko rokajur tata rar loi rej ilo menin edrek ion Boken, Enjebi, im Runit. 

Ejja drettan drein wot ar walok ilo kan ene kein ilol: 

Bokoluo Elle 

Ki runu Lu jo r 

Bo kene lab Elele ron 

Lojwa Bijire 

Ene ko jen Ikuren non Kidrenen ar bar einwot alikar an lab drettan ko 

ilo kair jen air elolo ilo kaan menin edrik kein ilo ailin ko jet. 

Rar bar elolo mottan baijin in bomb ilo kaan ene ko, kobalok ni ko 

im bob ko. Ijoko ilo men kein im rej menin mona elab lornnak kaki kinke 

ilo ad kani men kein ej komrnan bwe juon en bomb. Ejja ilo wawin in wot 

rar lo bwe juon ej bar einwot bomb jen mar im wojke ko mene ejelok 

mottair ekkar non mona. 

Jonan baijin in bomb ilo bao ej ettor einwot jellen level in baijin in 

bukon eo ilo ailin in im bao ko rej lik ie. Non komlele iki, mottan 

enbwinnin bao ko im rar komman jambol jeni, einwot kanniek ko im aj 

ko, ilo men kein rar lo kajur lok in baijin ilo bao ko im jikin air lik e j 

ene ko ion, jen ejja kain bao kein wot im rej lik ene ko irok. Ejja wawin 

in wot ar walok ilo baruleb, ijoke ar lon wot bao non katak kake jen 

baruleb. Emoj bareinwot lo bwe level in baijin ilo baruleb ekka an 

lablok wot, lablok wot, kin air kane kilier elkin air worjeb. Elon jambol 

ko kin ik rar kakoleni, ijoke rejjab kwalok an lab kajur in baijin ko ie non 

kakure armij elkin air boki ilo enbwinnier. 

Menoknok Bajjok KO Rebainjin - Menoknok bajjok ko im mottan me1 ko 

rebainjin ewor ion elon ian ene ko. Men kein jemaron lo ilo nememe in 

menin ekkal ko r ej jutak, mottan me1 ko im kajojo size, ilo e jo j ak ilo 

aer moke lok iaer melan juon ene. Jet ian men in ekkal ko ion Aomon 

rebaijin kin plutonium. Ene ko im elab an lon menoknok bajjok ko 

rebaijin ie rej Enjebi, Aomon im Runit. 
Baijjin in bomb im Armii 

Elap ar inebata kake an wor baijin in bomb ilo bwirej, dren, menin 

edrik ko im menin mour ko kin an baijin in naj je:let armij ro rej mour 

ion ene kein. Malkan baijin ej naninmij, ne jab, inem mij. Ijelokin wot 

ijoko im elab air t'bombtt enanin aolep belakin aillin in im drik level in 

baijin en ie. 110 ien enaj wor jorren jen baijin kein, elab wot air naj 

jelet ninnin ro, ajiri ro, im kora borroro jen ro jet. Ijoke, ejamin ekka 

an wor jorren ko rellab elane jenaj kardik jerwawa non baijin kein. 

An armij bok baijin in bomb ej lo ruo wawin ko: juon jen air jokwe 

ilo jikin ko ewor baijin ie im ruo, jen air mona rnottan mona ko rebaijin. 

Wawin in mokta ej walok jen an enbwin eo jerwavva non bwirej ko ewor 

baijin ie . Bar juon bwe, jikin ko im ewor baijin eo plutonium ie, elane 

elab an enbwin eo ejerwawa none inem elab an ka.utata kinke jej mononoik 

men in non arir. Ebbok baijin jen mona ej jab wa.lok wo t jen ad ilok non 

ene ko ewor baijin ie ak ej bareinwot jen an itok mona ko jeni. Elane 

eindrein, inem mene ejelok ad maron in bobrae armij in Enewetak jen 

air jerwawa non menin baijin kein ak jemaron kaldrik lok level in baijin 

eo renaj ejerwawa ie bwe en ejelok ak drik ad uata kin ejmour eo air. 

Ejjab bole1 ad melele kin jorren ko baijin i.n bomb remaron 

komrnan non enbwinnin armij. Ijoke, ebwe ad inlinene im jela kin wawin 

ko non kadrik lok an armij bok baijin ne re j jerw,awa non ray in baijin in 

bomb ko jejab maron loi im men ko jet rebaijin rej jebar jeni. Kemlet in 

iminene kein ej alikar ilo jernlokin lok report in. 

110 an wojke kein ni, bob, ak ma mour im edrok, rej bok kijier jen 

bwirej. Wawin in ej komman bwe wojke kein ren jeromi baijin in jen 

bwirej kin okar ko im jilkin linlok ilo kan eo non men ko lier, inem ilo 

an armij kani ak ilimi dren ko ie, re j bok baijin fin bomb in non enbwinnier. 

Jidrik in baijin in ej ilok non dri, im eo jimettan non kaniek. Im ilo an 

akiki im lablok, elaplok uata kin naninmij, ijoke, an kautata wot ne elap 

an kar juon boke. 

Ej ja ilo wawin in wo t, jej maron in lo wawin an pig, bao im baru 

mour im bok baijin jen air kani mona ko jen jikin ko rebaijin. Mene juon 

wot allen bok ni, ma, jalele ak baru ko rebaijin im drik non aer kwalok 

jorren ellab non mottan ko ilo enbwin, ak baijin in bomb kein renaj lablok 

wot ien otemjej jej mona. Kokan kein rebaijin relnaj ae ilo enbwinnir mae 

juon ien enaj ilok im kokure ad mour. Unin in ad: ban maron kejerbal 

mona ak waini eo ej walok jen ene kein iumin naj elon yio. 
Jonan Baijin 110 Ene KO Kajojo 

Enjebi. Jonan lon en an men baijin ilo bwirej en Enjebi remaron 

kwalok elab jorren non dri Enjebi ilo air bok jidrik jidrik jen an enbwinier 

jerwawa non baijin in bomb ko ilo bwire j eo, im jen air bok mottan mona 

jen men ko renaj lomnak in kalbuini im tebi ion bwirej eo im ebaijin 

einwot kein, bob, ma, makrnok, pig im bao . Jonan im drettan baijin eo 

im juon enaj boke jen an bed im jokwe, im jen an mona len ken ko rej 

edrok ion Enjebi enaj tarjen jonan an lab jen drettan ko emoj loi bwe 

rekkar non enbwinnin armij. Kin wot un in, emoj an AEC kakol bwe dri 

Enjebi ren ja jab kojerbal Enjebi kio non jikin air bed im jokwe, ak jerbal 

in atteke ion. Ewor jilu test in nuclear bomb ko rar komman ion ene in 

im ebar lon men ko rellab lok rar rubi jet wot mile jen ene in. Men in 

ar komman bwe en lab an Enjebi baijin jen ene ko jet iloan ailin in. Juon 

armij eo im enaj too an bed im jokwe ion ene in, ilo wawin in an kio, enaj 

tarjen jonan baijin eo enbwinnin jen drettan ko AEC ar karoki ekkar non 

kajur an armij. Non elji, juon arrnij eo im enaj jokwe wot ion Enjebi, 

im elap tata bwe ej bok wot kijen jene, emaron wor jorren elap ewalok 

none jen wot an jerwawa enbwinnin non baijin. 

Kin menin, elane dri Enjebi rej lomnak in rol non Enjebi en, ewor 

ruo aban ko re walok - air je rwawa non baijin, im mona mona ko 

rebaijin. Aban eo ikijien boktok mona ko ejelok baijin ie jenaj marone 

jidrik wot ien einwot ke mona kein renaj itok non Enjebi jen ene ko ak 

ailin ko jet. Wawin bokto-boktak mona in non dri Enjebi enaj kornrnan 

bwe ren bok wot kijier jen ken ene ko jet bwe ik ko wot rej ewoniri iaar 

im lik remaron kani. Ijoke, elane ebaj ettor im aban im jab tobrak 

boktok mona non Enjebi, armij ro rej jokwe ion Enjebi renaj ion nita bwe 

ejelok mona ko rejjab baijin. 

Aban eo elap tata ej kin wawin komakiti men ko ewor baijin in bomb 

ie. Jimettan in jerbal in emaron in naj tobrak ilo ien karreo en bwe 

nanin aolepen moko rebaijin, kobej, im menoknok ko jet renaj jako. 

Ijoke, bwe jen maron in kajion kommane bwe Enjebi en bar ekkar non 

jokwe ie im ekkat ni ie ak bob im mona ko jet, men eo moktata ej aikuij 

Komman ej enin bwe aolepen bwirej en ion enen en jako. Kol jab in 

ejamin naj bwe kinke non ad maron tobar level eo jej jibadrek ijin, jenaj 

bar aikuij in kirij lok aolepen bok im dreka eo ibulon bwirej in ene in. 

Bwe jen lukun jela ke ejelok jabrewot baijin en emaron in naj drelon ilo 

okar in wojke ko renaj edrok, bok im dreka rej aikuij in naj likit ilo juon 

jikin eo emwilal lok jen ijoko okar in ni, bob, ak ma rej tobare, eniwot 

ad kar komeleleik lok mokta ke keinikkan kein rej jorom inier jen bulon 

bwirej. Einwot ba, jenaj aikuij in jolok nanin aolepen baijin in bomb eo 

okar kein remaron in naj unuri. Elkin jolok men kein, bwirej kaal ko im 

rerreo im ejelok bar jabrewot men in mour ie, jenaj aikuij in boki tok jen 

ene ko jet, ak jen America. 
Elan jenaj boktok bwirej kaal, ej aikuij in lbwe non an kalbubuik 

aolepen ialan okar ko an jabrewot keinikkan ion c:ne in. Bar juon, 

aolepen bwirej in ej aikuij in naj karreo (sterilize) mokta jen ad boktok 

non ailin in. Jonan naj jerbal in enaj kanuij in a:mbak im bin komadredre. 

Men eo juon, im men eo e aurok tata in, jej jarrim lukun jela elane jerbal 

rot in emaron tobrak bwe ejanin wor en enanin kixr wojak men in jolok 

bwirej im bar jian ron kan kin bwirej kaal. Men in enaj juon jerbal eo 

ekauatata im bin kommane elane jej lemnak in lukun jolok jen enbwin ene 

in bwe jen kadriklok an baijin in bomb ak jejab jela elane enaj tobrak 

jubarbar in ad, enin bwe jen maroe in bar kallib ion. 110 bar juon wawin, 

elane jar kotlok bwe en make makwinlok baijin in ion ene in ilo an kotlok im 

likliklok ibulen bwirej lok, juon ran ene in emaron in bar ernrnan non an 

armij jokwe ie. Kio, e alikkar bwe enaj kanuij in too bwe en jako an ene 

in baijin im ejekkar an armij mour ie. Lernnak eo in kio ej bwe jen 

komakit wot kubijin bomb im menoknok ko jet ion. ene in. 

Japtan - Emoj karok bwe Council eo im dri Enewetak ro 50 jima im renaj 

bok konair ilo program in karreo in ren jokwe ion Japtan ilo katan jidrik 

in. Lemnak eo in kio bwe Japtan im jidrik in Medren ren ja naj jikin dri 

Enjebi ro. 110 rainin, elab an lon em ion Japtan en. Elab an bar lon 

mottan kobejin in ma1 im menoknok ko jet ion bedbed itererein ene in im 

ibelakin. Nanin aolepen mottan ma1 ko rej kome~noknok iturin ene in rej 

mottan wa eo ear eotok ijen, im enen wot ijen ej morlok na ie. Ej wor 

wot kar mottan plantation in ni eo an kar dri Gerimany ro ion ene in ijoke 

kio elab an bar edrok mar im wojke ko jet im tu :rear in ene in ebaj tar 

jen jonan an marrnar. 

Jemaron in naj rakij nanin aolepen menoknok kein im rekaban 

jikin ekkal em, atake, ak jikin ekkat ko. Jet ian moko ijen renaj bar 

aikuij in jako im ko wot jej aikuiji renaj bed wot. 

Medren - Medren ekanuij in lab an etton im menaknok bwe nanin jimettan 

in aoleb kobej in me1 im cement ko im rejjab baijin rebed ion ene in. 

Jemaron kareoik im jokbeje men kein rej komonoknok ene in im na jikin 

an jet dri Enjebi im dri Enewetak jokwe ijen. 

Wawin kejerbal bwirej eo ion Medren enaj jejjet einwot Master 

Plan en. Jikin kwelok eo an dri Enjebi emaron in naj jutak ijo wot armij 

ro rekalet e. 

Enewetak - Emoj bebe bwe Enewetak en ijo im dri Enewetak ren jokwe ie 

im ijo jikin kwelok eo aer en bed ie. Remaron in komrnan aer atake 

bajjek im bareinwot ekkat ni ijin. 110 rainin, ekanuij in lon em ko rellab 

im kein jerbal ko jet ion ene in. Elon ian mokein rar baj kejbaroki wot 
mantak im rej bwe wot aer emman. Em ko jet renaj bar kokaal i non an 

dri jerbal ro ilo program in karreo eo jokwe ie. Elon em ko, bedbed 

cement ko, im bar men ko jet rej jutak renaj aikuij in jako non ad na 

jikin imon armij im jikin aer ekkat. Jikin balun eo, i m e j tarrin 

jimettan in ene in enaj bed wot. Ial an balun ko tartotak im jikin aer 

park ekanuij in lab tokjen non jikin jok in im emman elane jenaj bar 

lemnak in likit wot men kein. Ejjab kanuij in lon wo jke im mar ko jet 

imelan ene in, ijo dre in ewor kaan ej itulik im kab tuion in ene in. 

Nanin aolepen mar kein renaj jako ijelokin wot ko jej aikuiji non jalitak 

im ijekein jet jemaron in naj keboji non jikin kallib. 

Runit - Runit ej eneo im ear wor jet bomb ko rakkajur rar rubi ie, im 

rar bar kejerbale non jikin dri jerbal iumin jidrik ien. Ewor ruo ron 

ellab jenkwan kar bomb ko ie, im ekanuij in menoknok ion bedbed kin 

mottan mel, cement, im kein jerbal ko rar mor lok na ijen. Juon jikin 

jok edrik, juon kar ron in ko, juon miadri ebojak in okjak, kar mottan 

juon ob, im elon kar teaj im wa rot kein rej morlok ion ibbe, rej bed ejja 

ilo ene in wot. 110 Master Plan eo emoj kar kwalok bwe ene in en kar enen 

kowainini. Jen wot kar test in bomb ko ilo ene in, rajet in ene in tu ion 

elab an baijin in bomb im labtata plutonium, juon me1 eo ekilidreb an 

baijin im eto an jako. Air Force ear kemo an armij ilok non ene in ilo 

1972 bwe en jab wor jorren non ro rej ilok none. Ejelok en emaron in 

naj ilok non Runit elane ejjab loor jet rule in kejbarok enbwinnin. Kin 

wot baijin kein ijen, im kinke ejjab bwe ad jela kin jorren ko renaj 

kwaloki, enaj komman juon team jen ro rekabel ilo men kein bwe ren 

kwalok ta eo ernman jemaron in kommane kin baijin kein ilo Runit. Ak 

non ad rnaron in plan e, baijin kein ion Runit renaj kalbini ilo juon ian 

kar ron in bomb kan ibben kubijin bomb ko jet im bwirej ko rebaijin kin 

plutonium jen ene ko jet, im men in jenaj komeleleiki ilo page kein tok 

la1. 

KARREO IM KAARMIJE ENEWETAK 

Planning Council Eo 

Planning Council eo an Enewetak ear jebar jen armij ro im rar 

lelek maron none bwe en komman bebe, ekkar non jonak ko armij rar 

lilok, ikijien naj plan ko an ailin in non ran kein re-ebak im non tokelik. 

Emoj kar kejerbal jet ri-kabileklek ro bwe ren jiban Council eo kornmane 

plan kein non jukjuk in bed in. Ri-kabileklek rein renaj wonmanlok wot 

im jerbal ibben Council eo im armij ro ikijien jerbal in ekkat, ekkal, ilo 

keboj economy eo an ailin in, im ilo bar men ko jet elane ewor aikuij 

ikijier, ilo kotaan in im project in jej bebe kake enaj wonmanlok. 
Dri Enewetak in emoj aer kwalok ruo aer :konan ikijien men ko rej 

aikuij in tobrak moktata non dri ailin in. Juon bwe en mokajkaj an armij 

roltok non ailin in, im bwe en wor mweir, im aikuij ko jet aer, im bwe 

en wor kijier ilo ien in ailin in ejjab maron in nalj na kijier. Konan eo 

juon ej ikijien plan ko non tokelik ko im remaron in naj komman bwe ilo 

aer mour i ailin in 'remaron in naj boktok aikuij ko aer jen likin im ukot 

lok kin men ko remaron in naj kwalok jen ailin in. 

Kejerbal Bwirej 

Ewor jilu class ko emoj likit aolepen ene k:ein ilo ailin in na ie. 

Juon class, ak kelajrak, ej ene ko naj enen jokwe im ekkat kijen dri 

ailin in. Eo kein karuo, e j ene ko naj enen kowa.inini, im eo kein kajilu, 

ej ene ko naj enen kakijen bajjok im enwor, im blareinwot non ikkure ak 

mejatoto bajjok. Dri Enewetak ro ion Ujelang rar kwalok bwe ene ko rar 

kaleti non kajojo ian lajrak kein ej einwot in: 

Non Jokwe im Atake Bajjok 

Enjebi Medren Enewetak Japtan 

Non Kowainini im Je rbal in Kallib ko Rellab 

Alembel 

Aej 

Lojwa 

Ananij 

Aomon 

Lujor 

Bijire 

Runi t 

Non Kakijen im Jambo Bajjok 

Aolep ene ko jet ilo ailin in. 

Kinke ealikar bwe ejamin naj maron in jokwe armij ion Enjebi, im 

jejamin naj maron ekkat kijed na ie, jenaj aikuij in mokta kejenolok Enjebi 

jen plan eo ad rnae ien etobrak im dredrelok katak kin jorren jab in. Kin 

menin enaj aikuij in wor jet oktak ilo Master Plan eo. 

Karreo im Keboj Ailin in non an Armij Bar Mour -ie

Tibdrik in bebe ko ikijien kareoik im kaarnlije ailin in rebed ilo 

Volume 1 in Master Plan eo an Enewetak. Komelele im jaat in moko 

imon armij, moko ilo jikin kwelok eo im jerbal ko jet emoj bar likit ejja 

ilo book in wot. 

Master Plan eo e j bareinwot komeleleik wa'win naj bar katok ailin in 

im koboje non an naj dri Enewetak ro make mour ie. Ej bareinwot kwalok 
jet wawin ko im armij in Enewetak remaron in naj tobar men eo rej ba 

economic independence ak einwot ba lale ir make ikijien boktok lojeir im 

jerramon ko aer. Jekanuij in jela im melele ke ej too wot bwe dri ailin in 

ren maron in kowainini, im kin wot air naj aikuij in kottar iumin jidrik ien 

mokta jen air naj maron in katok ene ko ion, juon in lemnak ernman bwe 

jen katok im atakeik Ujelang non ad maron naj bok ad mour jene. Master 

Plan eo ej kwalok ke e j aikuij in wor jyon wa ebwe an lab non an maron na 

ialan je rbal jab in non dri Enewetak. 

Kajitok KO Rellab Ikijien Program In 

Pepa in emoj dre an kwalok un ko rellab unin kommane program in; 

emo j bareinwot komeleleik kadkad in im jonan oktak ko ak baijin ko ilo 

ailin in, konan ko an armij in ailin in ikijien wawin kerjerbal ailin in, im 

jet ian bebe ko non kareoiki im keboj non an armij bar roltok im mour ie. 

Koba tok ibben men kein, ebar wor jet kajitok ko reaurok jej aikuij in 

lemnake kio kin wot an maron in wor oktak ikotaan uak ko an dri Enewetak 

im lomnak im bebe ko an ro rar keboj program in. Kajitok ko reaurok 

tata kein: 

1. Komelin kejerbal jet wot ianene ko ilo ailin in. 

2. Jonan naj karreo eo enaj kornman ilo ailin in, im wawin naj 

jolok kubijin bomb ko im menoknok ko jet. 

3. Jerbal ko an naj ra ko an kein ilo ailin in ko im renaj aikuij 

in komman elkin roltok eo an armij in Enewetak. 

Melim in Kejerbal wot jet ian ene ko ilo Ailin in 

110 ad kar kemeleleiki kejalin ailin in im jorren ko ie, emoj kar 

kalikar ke jet ian ene kein elab lok aer baijin jen ko jet, im ke elane ewor 

enaj jokwe ilo ene kein rebaijin im mona jen keinikkan ko ie, emaron in 

naj wor kauatata non mour eo aer. Jonak ko emoj an AEC karoki non 

kejbarok ejmour eo an armij in ailin in rejamin naj jejjet elane ewor en 

ejokwe ilo ene ko ion. Emoj dre katak kake jet ian wawin ko jemaron in 

Kommani non bar kareoik ene kein bwe jen maron jokwe ie ak bok ad mour 

jeni. Jet ian wawin kein rej: Jolok aolepen bwirej eo ebaijin im bar 

kanne tok ene kein kin bwirej jen ene ko ak ailin ko ejjab baijin bwirej 

ko ie; eore ion ene kein kin bok ak dreka non bobrae baijin eo jen an 

kokkure armij; karok jet jikin ko non ekkat mona. Ejelok ian wawin kein 

en emoj dre kajion lok mokta kaki im jejjab lukun jela elane wawin kein 

remaron in jerbal iumin juon ien eo eaitok. Bar juon, jerbal rot in, jolok 

aolep bwirej, ekadrik baj kakijonjon im emaron in lablok an kokkure ene 

ko jen an komanmanilok. Kinke bwirej jidrik eo itulon im elab unen ej 

aikuij in naj jako, jejjab jela naj ewi toan im ene kein renaj bar maron in 
kemour ak eddrok kair. Bar juon, AEC elab an bere elane wawin kein, 

ne jebaj wojaki, remaron ke ketebrak emman eo jej jibadreke. 

Melelein men in, dri Enjebi rejamin naj maron in kejerbal Enjebi 

non aer jokwe ak non aer ekkat kijier ie. Renaj aikuij in ja kwonlok jar ko 

jet im kejerbal ene ko rok-rilik manlok mae ien eo emoj lo bwe ejako an 

Enjebi kauatata non mour. 

Kin wot an drik ad melele kin wawin jolok ~nelin plutonium, eo im 

elab an kilidreb im kauatata, AEC emoj an kwalok an konan bwe ejelok 

en en ilok non Runit mae ien eo edredrelok aer katak im jela kol eo 

emantata non jolok baijin in ekauatata. Melelein bwe ejelok en emaron 

in naj lolok Runit ak jokwe ie ak kakijen ie ak ne ewor en eilok nan e, ej 

aikuij in loor jet rule ko rebbin, mae ien emoj k~aalok ke e jako an baijin. 

Ej aikuij in wor juon wawin bwe armij ren loor kien in im bwe en ejelok 

en ilok non Runit im baijin na ie. Men in enaj juon men ekauatata non 

arrnij eo e j ilok non ene in, im emaron in bar komrnan jorren non ro 

jet kin wot an naj bok mottan baijin in non ijoko rejjab baijin. 

Naj inebata eo elab tata in kin an armij jamin maron ke jerbal 

Enjebi. Ijowotke, jemaron likit men in bwe ej &.on wawin eo ejamin 

jelet ailin in non in dreo bwe ej naj makwin lok wot baijin eo ilo ene in 

tokelik; botab, emaron in naj kanuij too an baijin in make jako. 

Jonan Karreo in Jolok Baijin 

Ej aikuj in alikar wot jen jinoin bwe ejolok wawin en emaron in 

kornman bwe ailin in en rol non kar bar wawin irrl kejallin eo an mokta 

jen aer kar test ie. Jet ian oktak ko emoj aer walok ilo ailin in renaj 

eindrein wot im ilo bar juon wawin, elane jenaj kajion in kareioik lok 

wot, jemaron in naj kornrnan jet wawin ko remaron in naj ukotlok wot 

ailin in jen kar wawin eo mokta. Elane jenaj warljonok kin men in, ej 

einwot elane jenaj kirijlok aolepen bwirej in juon ene non ad jolok mottan 

men ko rebaijin in bomb ie. Kin men in, ne baj :non jet ian ene ko elab 

aer baijin, einwot Enjebi, kajitok eo in kio jej et kirij im jolok ak ebaj 

tulon in en in ke, kotlok bwe baijin kein ren make morlok im enlok im 

jako iumin juon ien eo eaitok. Ijoke, ejolok men in bobrae ad jokbeje 

aolepen kubjin kar bomb ko im bareinwot jabrewot menoknok ko 

rekautata jen melan ene ko. 

Jerbal in karreo im jolok kubijin bomb ko im menoknok ko jet 

rebaijin ejadrin naj aban kin wot ad aikuij in lemi3ke konan ko an armij 

in Enewetak im loor kien ko an la1 in ikijien men rot kein. Juon wawin 

julok kobe j kein ej enin lutokilok ilometo. Non komman wawin jab in, ej 

aikuij in wor juon melim im jenaj aikuij in loor jet kien ko rekanuij in 
ebbin ko im rej jelet jokbej ilometo. Bar juon wawin ej enin bwe jen 

komman nien kubijin bomb kein ak likit ilo nine ko retiljek, im komakiti 

non United States ak ijoko jet im julok nai ie. Wawin jab in enaj bar wor 

aban ie ikijien kadrelon lok kubjin bomb ko ilo America, ikijien ektak im 

litolikak kobej kein ikottan state ko, im kijien jojen baijin in wa eo enaj 

boklok men kein non America. Jabrewot ian wawin kein ruo enaj men in 

komman abelonlon. Jonan an naj too kemadmed jab in, emaron in naj 

kabijer ad jino kareioik ailin in iumin elon yio. Karumijmij rot in emaron 

in naj bar jelet roltok eo an armij in ailin in im tore liklok. 

Wawin eo kein kajilu ej enin bwe jen jolok aoleben kobej kein, im 

bareinwot bwirej eo ebaijin nai iloan ron in bomb ko ruo, ak iloan juon 

ian ron kein, ituion in Runit. Jelak baj lale wawin in einwot enaj tu 

bidrodro lok komadmedre botab ej naj wor wot aban bwe ektuwe im aljeke 

kobej kein im menokonok kein non juon wa ak juon kein ebbok (conveyor 

system) bwe en maron elle ion bedbed lok non ijo ron ko rej bed ie. Men 

eo menin kabijer wawin in dre in ej konan eo an armij in Enewetak bwe 

ailin in aer en ejelok mottan baijin ak kubijin kar bomb ko ie jonan wot 

an maron. Iumin bebe jab in, jenaj aikuij eje tererein ron kein i Runit, 

bame dren eo jen lowaer, im jimene aolepen loan im terrerein ron kein. 

Elkin wojak men in, aolepen kubijin bomb ko im bareinwot bwirej eo 

ebaijin kin plutonium renaj iiok ibben cement im kanne ron kein kin iiok 

in. Elab an bwe jikin non et aolepen men kein. Kio jenaj kommane juon 

boren ron kein kin cement im kili me jeir . 110 wawin in, enanin aolepen 

plutonium eo ilo bwirej in ene kein enaj jako im jejamin naj inebata kin an 

armij maron in jorren jen aer menono im an drelon baijin in plutonium ilo 

enbwinnier. Menoknok kein rebaijin, renaj bed ilo juon jikin eo armij 

rejela bwe ren jab kebake, im cement eo emaron in naj borok ir jen 

baijin in bomb. Jenaj aikuij in etale wot jen ien non ien im lale bwe kajur 

in baijin eo en jab tobar jonak eo ekautata non armij. Wawin in kein 

kajilu, (jen ba seal i kobej ko iloan ron ko Runit) ej wawin eo jelak lale 

ekkar tata in im naj tu mokajin an armij in Enewetak rol non ailin in aer. 

Bar juon aban ej ikijien kareoik mottan me1 ko ejelok baijin in bomb ie 

botab rokaton melan ene ko, im bareinwot miadri ko, moko remorlok, 

bedbed cement ko ak jabrewot kein jerbal ko rej jutak wot ak ejelok tokjeir. 

Ewor jilu lajrak ko jemaron in likit men kein ie: ko im rekautata non 

armij; ko rekaban bwirej ko jen an armij kejerbali; im ko me rekemenoknok 

mej. Kin wot an naj jabwe kein komadmedre men kein im kin wot an kanoj 

baj lon jokbej im menoknok en ej aikuij jako, lemnak eo in kio bwe jen 

komakit wot mokta men ko im rekautata non arrnij, im ko me rekaban 

jerbale bwirej ko. Jabrewot men eo (einwot alal, cement, ak mel) im 

emaron in naj jerbal non kajutak im kokaal jikin jokwe ko an dri jerbal ro, 

jemaron in naj kejerbali non men in. Jabrewot bar jokbej ko jet armij 

rej maron wot kejerbali, remaron in aini im kakoni tokelik, im jabrewot 
bwe in men kein jemaron in tili ak tami ilojet. Ej naj wor wot jet ian 

men kein renaj aikuij in bed wot ijo rej jutak ie kio. 

Jerbal ko an Kien non Tokelik 

Emoj kwalok'lemak in ke jen katok jet bob, ma, ni, im makmok 

ilo kajojo ian ene ko emoj an Planning Council eo kalet non aer ene in 

kakijen. Ien eo wot ewor leen ine kein, renaj etali im lale jonan baijin 

eo ilo mona kein. Test kein renaj komman manllok wot rnae ien eo emoj 

lo bwe mona kein rej walok jen kan kein rejamin kokkure armij ro rej 

kani. 110 wawin in, jemaron in naj jela ien eo emokajtata im ene kein 

remaron in naj kalle im armij renaj maron in klejerbal kobban ene kein 

non kijier ak non wia kake. 

Bwe jen maron jela elane ebolemen jijen im kejeien armij in 

Enewetak, jenaj aijuij in kajitok bwe ren kakelkal ibben takto ro renaj 

itok jen ien non ien. Kenja eo moktata enaj konunan mokta jen an armij 

ro rol non ailin in im eo kein karuo enaj komman juon year elkin aer rol, 

im enaj bar wor kakelkel elane ealikkar ke rej aikuiji. Jabrewot alikar 

in jedok eo renaj lo jen kakelkel kein renaj kejerbal non etale ewor ke 

jorren non enbwinin armij ro ak melan ijoko re j jokwe ie. Bareinwot 

bwe jemaron in kejerbale non kwalok elane elab jen jonak an drelon 

baijin in bomb enbwinin armij ak bareinwot elane ejelok oktak. Jej 

tornak bwe ejamin wor oktak ijoke jejamin lukun jela men in elane jej 

jab etale im kakilen armij jen ien non ien. Jena.j bar aikuij in bukot 

wawin bwe ejelok en en rube kien eo ej kemo an armij ilok non Runit. 

Bebe eo non Karreo 

Elkin etale aolep aban ko ikijien baijin in bomb, men in kautata ko 

non enbwin, konan ko an armij, jonan money, kein jerbal, im tu bidrodro 

im tumokaj in jerbale men kein, im ilo ad kajiori in balan e men kein 

woj kojojo, enin bebe eo jej lemantak non 1emna:ke ikijien ailin in 

Enewetak: 

Karreoik Kubijin Bomb ko im Men ko Reb~e 

1. Aolepen kubijin bomb ko im jabrewot imen ko jet im rebaijin jen 

bomb ko ren ae im jen kalbini im seal i nai iloan juon ian ron 

in bomb ko ak ron ko ruo jimor i Runit. 

2. Plutonium eo ilo Aomon, Lujor, im Boken, im kajurin ella 

ilon in jonak eo emoj an AEC kemalimi, jen totake im likiti 

ion Runit. Plutonium eo ilo Runit jenaj bar totake im kibij 
Runit en lallok mae ien kajur in baijin ie etbar jonak eo emoj an 

AEC karoke. Aolepen plutonium in enaj bareinwot kallib ilo ron 

in kar bomb ko i Runit. 

Karreoik Men in Kauatata ko jet 

1. Jabrewot men in kauatata non mour, ko im rejjab baijin in 

bomb, jenaj komakiti jen aolep ene ilo ailin in Enewetak. 

2. Jabrewot men in kaban jerbal in ekkal ak ekkat renaj jako jen 

jikin jokwe ko im jen ene ko emoj beek bwe jenaj ekkat ie. 

3. Jabrewot em ak jikin jerbal ko im renaj jutak ak kokkaal non 

an dri karreo ro kejerbali im ewor an armij in Enewetak 

aikuiji, renaj bed wot elkin an dredrelok jerbal eo, elane 

kien eo an America ejjab aijuiji. 

Jet Rule ko Jej Aikuij Lori 

1. Kien eo komman in U. S. Air Force ilo 1972 im ej kemo an 

armij ilok non Runit enaj wonmanlok wo t kitien mae ien emo j 

an alikar bwe jabrewot eo ej ilok non ene in ejamin naj wor 

jorren non enbwinnin. 

2. Armij in Enewetak remaron wot in jokwe ilo ene ko irok-rilik 

jen Jinedrol non Kidrenen. Armij e jamin maron naj jokwe ilo 

ene ko ituion. 

3. Jemaron in naj jeraklok ak lolok aolepen ene ko ilo malo in 

ijelokin wot Runit. Ejelok emaron in naj ilok non Runit mae 

juon ien eo enaj alikar tokelik elane emoj kalikar ke ejako 

an kauatata. 

4. Armij in Enewetak renaj maron in enwor kijeir jabrewot jikin 

iloan malo in. 

5. Enaj emrnon kobao im ebbok leb ilo aoleb ene ijelokin wot 

Runit. 

6. Jemaron ekkat ni ilo ene ko irilik jen Jinedrol non Kidrenen 

im jen Mijikdek non Billae. Ejamin naj melim ekkat ilo ene 

ko ion jen Bokoruo non Enjebi, im bareinwot Runit. 
7. Bob im ma remaron in naj ekkat ilo erle ko rilik wot. Je jamin 

naj maron kejerbal bob ko ilo ene ko ion non mona mae ien 

emo j etali im kalikar ke emmon kejerbali. 

8. Pig ko, bao ko, im jabrewot bar men in mour ko jet kijed 

jemaron in naj taab wot ilo ene ko rok-rilik. 

9. Baruleb in ene ko rok-rilik wot (jen Jinedrol non Kidrenen) 

rekkar non mona. 

Karreo im Korrol Armij 

Jenaj aikuij in likit Master Plan eo ear jebar jen Council eo an 

Enewetak bwe en juon bebe eo enaj wonmanlok wot kitien im jenaj aikuij 

in ketebrake iwnin jet yio ko. Enaj aikuij in wor oktak im karok bwe ene 

ko rok-rilik ren jerbal non an dri Enewetak im dri Enjebi jimor jokwe ie, 

ijowotke oktak jab in dri ailin in rej aikuij in lomake im koweppene. 

Tokien ko Rellab 

Tobrak ko reaurok tata remaron in walok j~en bebe in ej wonmantak 

kio renaj jiban armij ro ilo wawin in: 

a Armij ro remaron in naj rol non bwirej ko aer. 

a Kobejimmenoknokkorekauatataakk~~banban,renaj jakoim 

enaj emmon laan kalok moko imon armij ak imon jerbal ko an 

jukjuk in bed eo, im bareinwot katok ailin in. 

a Moko im kein jerbal ko renaj jutak non dri je rbal ro ilo 

program in karreo eo renaj bed wot non an armij in Enewetak 

ke j e rbali . 

a Jabrewot mar ko ejelok takjeir renaj jako. 

a Jen wot ad jolok jabrewot kobej ko ak rnenoknok ko (ekoba mel, 

cement, im men ko jet) ewor baijin in bomb ie, enaj kanuij in 

driklok baijin in bomb eo ilo melan ailin in im armij renaj kar 

jorren jen e. 

Jabrewotbwirejeoelabplutoniumiejr:nj~nakeoekkarnaj 

jako. 
Tokjen ko im rejamin kanuij emmon non armij im melan Enewetak 

erren: 

Kin wot ad jab maron in kareoik bwirej ko ilo ene ko ion bwe 

ebaj tar jen jonan baijin in bomb eo ej bed wot ie im ejjab 

maron in driklok non jonak emmon iumin juon ien eo ekadru, 

melelein bwe armij rejamin maron kejerbal jikin kein ilo ien 

in. 

Jidrik mottan me1 in, plutonium, eo im ekilidreb an baijin im 

eto an jako, enaj bed wot ilo jet ian ene ko, labtata Runit, non 

in dreo. Elane jenaj kadkad ikijien mokajin an baijin in bomb 

make enlok ak kotlok im jako, im elane ejelok wawin en jej 

wojake non komakaj lok kitien ad bok ad mour jen leen keinikkan 

ko ilo ene kein rebaijin, enaj tarrin 30 yio mokta jen an naj 

baijin in makwin lok tabar jonak eo im emoj karok ke ejamin 

komman jorren non enbwinnin armij. Ijowotke, AEC enaj 

wonmanlok wot im etale Enjebi im ene ko jet i tu ion im lale 

ewor ke wawin en remaron lo non kadriklok jonan baijin in 

non juon jonak eo ejamin kokkure mour iumin wot juon ien eo 

ekadrulok. 

Enaj jad to an dri Enjebi bed ilo ene ko tu rok-rilik kin wot 

jonan baijin in bomb eo ilo Enjebi. 

Enaj wor jidrik luj ikijien keinikkan ko armij rekonan katoki 

im enaj bar wor boktak im jorren iumin jidrik ien non ijoko 

jikin an bao in mejatoto ko lik im mour. 

Enaj mij mottan ik ko ibelakin ene ko im enaj wor rubrub ie 

ak jerbal ko jet ikijien ekkal im keboj jikin dri ailin in. 


SUMMARY OF ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACT 

STATEMENT (EIS) FOR THE CLEANUP. REHABILITATION 

AND RESETTLEMENT OF ENEWE'I'AK ATOLL - MARSHALL ISLANDS 

INTRODUCTION 

This document is a summary of the Envi:ronmental Impact 

Statement ('EIS) for a proposed project to clean up the Atoll of Enewetak 

and resettle the Enewetak people on the atoll. This summary has been 

prepared specifically for translation into the language of the Enewetak 

people. For more detailed discussion and inforr~ationthe EIS must be 

consulted. The project is intended to be a joint project sponsored by the 

Defense Nuclear Agency, acting as agent for the Department of Defense 

and the Department of the Interior. The Defense Nuclear Agency has 

acted as the lead agency in the preparation of this statement and has 

fully coordinated this statement with the Office of Territorial Affairs, 

the Department of the Interior. 

BACKGROUND OF THE OPERATION AND VIEWE'OINT A.DOPTED 

IN THIS IMPACT STATEMENT 

The Enewetak people were relocated from t.heir atoll in 1947 so that 

the islands could be used for the testing of various nuclear devices. The 

people were resettled on Ujelang A.tol1, which is smaller than Enewetak 

in land and lagoon areas. High Commissioner Edward E. Johnston and 

Ambas sador Franklin Haydn Williams, the Presiclent's personal repre - sentative to the Micronesian status negotiations announced jointly in 

April 1972, that the United States was prepared to release Enewetak Atoll 

to the Government of the Trust Territory of the Pacific Islands by the end 

of 1973, with the expectation that cleanup and resettlement could eventually 

take place. 

Since the announcement, surveys have been conducted to determine 

the current condition of the atoll with respect to both physical and radiological hazards. Extensive discussions have been held with the Enewetak 

people to determine their desires with respect to land use, to the establishment of living and community facilities, to the use of facilities already 

present, and with respect to the possible short and long term economic 

development of' the atoll. These surveys and these discussions form, in 

part, the basis for the planning of the proposed operation described herein. 

This EIS differs from the usual environmental impact statement. 

In the usual case, the project being proposed may involve building 
something on land which is in a "natural" or relatively undeveloped 

condition. As a result, the impact of the project on the environment is 

critically scrutinized and weighed against the expected benefits. If the 

benefits sufficiently outweigh the adverse impacts, approval of the pro - ject can be expected. 

In the case of the proposed Enewetak operation, the situation is 

reversed. The adverse environmental impacts are already present. 

The islands are already littered with debris and in some areas are contaminated with radioactivity. The proposed operation is one of eliminating these existing impacts and preparing the atoll for resettlement. It 

is true that the cleanup actions would, themselves, have impacts on the 

environment. Consequently, this report adopts the view that one must 

consider not only the impact of the proposed actions and the comparative 

weight of these actions balanced against existing radiological conditions, 

but also the impact of any lack of action. 

PHASES OF THE PROJECT 

A major objective of the proposed operation is to make the atoll 

suitable for re turning the people to the islands as early as possible. 

Accordingly, for economic, political, and social reasons, it may be 

desirable to conduct cleanup and rehabilitation concurrently. For purposes of discussion, however, it is convenient to distinguish these 

elements of the operation as separate phases and, moreover, to identify 

four phases as follows: 

Phase 1 - Cleanup 

This phase consists of the removal of debris, structures, and soils 

which pose hazards or obstruction to human habitation. It also includes 

the delineation of advisory actions necessary to avoid radiation exposures. 

(Department of Defense Responsibility) 

Phase 2 - Rehabilitation 

This phase consists of economic and social rehabilitation measures, 

such as provision of housing and replanting of coconut trees and other 

crops, to permit resettlement of the Enewetak people. (Department of 

Interior Responsibility) 

Phase 3 - Resettlement 

The resettlement phase would take place after cleanup has been 

completed and the islands have been certified to be safe. Housing could 
then be constructed and the Enewetak people coulcl then occupy the newly 

built homes and cultivate the land. For the safety of the people, this 

phase would require mutually imposed controls to assure that the living 

patterns of the people conform to the limitations recommended by the 

AEC Task Group Report. While the members of the Planning Council 

and some of the people might occupy temporary quarters on Japtan, 

assuming this is determined safe and feasible, to participate in the 

cleanup and subsequent operations, this latter is ]not considered part 

of the resettlement. (Department of Interior Responsibility) 

Phase 4 - Long Term Development 

Although not considered part of the current project, a fourth and 

continuing phase may be identified. This phase would follow the cleanup, 

rehabilitation, and resettlement and would consisl: of the long range 

development of the economy, and the culture of the islands. Self imposed 

controls to assure that the people adhere to the AI3C recommendations 

are included in this phase. (Department of Interior) Long term radiological monitoring and studies of the people and th.eir environment would 

be accomplished on a periodic basis as needed. (ERDA [AEC] Responsibility) 

ASSIGNMENT OF RESPONSIBILITIES 

Three government agencies have been involved in the testing and 

post testing periods on Enewetak and are now involved in planning for 

the proposed cleanup, rehabilitation and resettlement of the atoll. 

The United States acquired Enewetak from the Trust Territory of 

the Pacific as a nuclear proving ground in 1946. The Department of 

Defense has been designated to carry out the proposed cleanup to make 

the atoll safe for human habitation. 

The U. S. Atomic Energy Commission (AEC2 was responsible for 

the technical aspects of the Nuclear Testing Program. In keeping with 

this, the ERDA (AEC) now has the responsibility of providing technical data 

and acting in an advisory capacity on all radiologilzal matters during both 

the planning and operational phases of the proposed cleanup program. 

The ERDA would also assume responsibility for long term radiological 

monitoring and studies . 

The Department of the Interior (DOI) has nominal administrative 

jurisdiction over the Marshall Islands through the government of the 

Trust Territory of the Pacific Islands (TTPI), and, has the administrative 

responsibility for the care of the Enewetak people. The DO1 has responsibility for the proposed resettlement of the atoll, and the enforcement of 

advisory controls. 
The DOD, ERDA, DOI, and TTPI have solicited the views of the 

Enewetak people on all substantive matters relating to planning for their 

return to Enewetak Atoll. 

PHYSICAL AND RADIOLOGICAL CONDITION OF THE ATOLL 

The condition and appearance of the atoll varies from island to 

island. Some islands, like Enewetak and Medren, have a large number 

of structures, such as warehouses, workshops and residences on them. 

Enewetak has a landing strip, tower and parking areas for airplanes. 

Others have abandoned structures in various states of disrepair, scrap, 

debris and the remains of roads while others have little or nothing on 

them. Plant growth is heavy on most islands. Several of the northern 

islands have had their outlines changed as a result of nuclear testing, 

and several have disappeared. The map on the next page shows Enewetak 

Atoll as it is today. The locations of the tests and the names by which 

they were identified are located by the arrows and "boxes ". This map 

shows the large number of tests made on or near Enjebi and the islands 

of the northwest, as well as on Aomon and Runit. 

Physical Conditions 

The following sections describe the condition of the environment 

of the atoll. 

Plant Life - Most of the islands are covered by a dense growth made up 

of trees, brush and vines. On only a few islands, the growth is less 

dense and a large part of Aomon does not have any trees or shrubs at 

all. Coconut palms grow on at least fifteen islands and pandanus on. a 

few. 

Animal Life - The Enewetak people are known to be interested in the fish 

and other marine life of the ocean and lagoon, coconut crabs and the sea 

birds which nest on the atoll. Both fish and birds are in plentiful supply, 

crabs have been found throughout much of the atoll and no species has 

been reported as having disappeared because of the testing program. In 

other words, the Islanders should find animal life very much the same 

as it was in 1947. 

Underground Water 

Enewetak must depend upon rainfall for its supply of fresh water. 

Because the soil is very porous, the rain water drains downward through 

the ground into the coral which is the foundation of the islands. There it 
P 

d,$40KmwoK 

EUEWETAK 

ENEWETAK ATOLL - TEST LOCATIONS 
forms pools of water which mixes with the surrounding ocean water and 

becomes brackish. On some islands, after sampling has shown the water 

to be satisfactory, it can be used in an emergency. The water collected 

in roof catchments and stored in concrete cisterns should normally be 

used for cooking and drinking. 

Buildings, Roads, and Other Construction 

The amount of permanent construction that is now on the atoll varies 

from island to island ranging from a great deal to almost none. The condition of this construction also varies from good to worthless. Some of 

the buildings, concrete pads, etc. , are contaminated by radioactivity. 

Those which present any hazard would be removed. Buildings, tanks, 

towers, docks and other items in poor repair would be torn down and the 

material salvaged to rehabilitate the base camp for the cleanup operation, 

to be used in the future by the Enewetak people, or to be discarded. The 

roads on Enewetak Island are in good condition but on most other islands 

they are overgrown and are not usable. 

Debris 

Much of the debris on the atoll is free from radioactivity. The 

mate rial classified as uncontaminated includes the following: 

Concrete buildings in dilapidated condition, concrete slabs, 

bunkers, rip rap and platforms. 

Steel chain, cable, pipe, landing mats, photo towers, 

bulkheads, buoys, radar reflectors, tanks and containers. 

Derelict wooden buildings, landing craft, a marine crane, 

barge and a wooden tower. 

Most of this material is scattered over many islands with some 

islands containing no debris and others with varying amounts up to very 

large quantities. For example, Jinimi has no debris on it while Medren 

contains almost half of all the uncontaminated debris and concrete rubble 

of the atoll. 

Radioactive Conditions 

The previous sections described the physical condition of the atoll, 

the islands, plants, animals, water and man-made additions. The pur - pose of this section is to describe the effects which may be produced on 

these same parts of the atoll by the radioactivity left over from the tests 
conducted. Another factor to be discussed is the effect the radioactivity 

could have on the people who are to live on the atoll. 

Types of Radioactive Materials - The radioactive materials on Enewetak 

Atoll are the result of the nuclear weapons tests which were made there 

from 1948 through 1958. These materials are of three general types: 

a Radioactive materials which were not: consumed or "burned" 

in the nuclear explosion. This is like the unburned fuel of a 

fire. Plutonium is the most common material of this type 

that remains on the islands. 

a Radioactive products resulting from the breaking apart during 

the "fission" process of the explosive materials. These are 

somewhat like the ashes remaining from a fire that have not 

yet cooled. 

Radioactive .products resulting from being exposed to other 

radioactive materials. This includes metal and parts from 

various test structures, and some chemical elements in the 

soils. 

The way these products affect various segments of the atoll, including 

living things is discussed below. 

Enewetak Radiological Survey of the Atoll - In late 1972 and early 1973, 

the AEC made a radiological survey of Enewetak to study the radioactive 

condition of the atoll. Radioactivity was found in the soil of the islands, 

in the sediment at the bottom of the lagoon, in shrubs and trees, and in 

the flesh of birds and fish. The activity of the northern islands (Bokoluo - Runit) was and remains, much greater than that of the south (Boko - Kidrenen). The reason for this can be concluded from the map where it 

can be seen that many more weapon tests were performed in the north 

(particularly the northeast) than in the south. 

-

Soil - The survey showed that the amount of radioactivity varies greatly

from place to place on an island as well as from island to island. The 

survey of the soil condition was made in two ways. One method was by 

instruments carried in helicopters flown over the islands or carried by 

men while walking over the islands. The other method was to take small 

quantities (samples) of soil from various parts of the islands. These 

samples were examined in laboratories to find the kinds and amounts of 

radioactive materials present. From these tests, it was found that the 

islands with the greatest amount of soil contamirlation are Runit, Enjebi, 

Aomon and Eleleron. Runit was determined to be the worst contaminated 

of all. 
One of the things that affects the radioactivity in a given section of 

an island is the amount of vegetation present in the areas where the 

sample was taken. Areas with many plants and trees show the highest 

levels while areas with few plants and trees show less. The lowest 

radiation is found on the beaches. This is caused by the actions of 

wind, rain and waves which remove the contaminated particles from the 

s and. 

Lagoon and Ocean Water - Radioactivity in the water of the lagoon results 

from radioactivity washed from the islands or from that which exists on 

the bottom of the lagoon. Ocean water radioactivity, which is very small, 

also results from runoff of rainwater or from waves washing the island 

beaches. The AEC has determined that the radioactivity levels in the 

lagoon water are not high enough to be harmful. The levels in the ocean 

water are also low. Measurements are to be made of the radioactivity 

levels which may exist in the ground water. 

Plants and Animals - Plants on all of the islands from Bokoluo on the 

west to Runit on the east have the highest concentrations of radioactivity 

on the atoll. The highest levels were found in plants on Boken, Enjebi, 

and Runit with high levels also present in vegetation from the following 

is lands : 

Bokoluo Elle 

Kirunu Lujo r 

Bokenelab Elele ron 

Lojwa Bijire 

The islands from Ikuren through Kidrenen were also found to have higher 

amounts in their vegetation than are usually found in similar plants on 

other atolls. 

Radioactivity is found in all parts of plants such as coconuts and 

pandanus. The edible parts are of particular concern since this is one 

means of radiation exposure. It was also found in trees and shrubs 

which do not have any edible parts. 

The radioactivity in birds appears to be related to the radition 

level of the part of the atoll on which the birds nest. That is, the parts 

of the birds ' bodies which were sampled, such as the muscles and the 

livers, showed higher concentration in birds nesting on the northern 

islands than the same kinds of birds nesting in the southern islands. 

Coconut crabs appear to show the same general pattern although there 
were fewer crabs available for testing than there were birds. Coconut 

crabs also tend to concentrate higher levels of radioactivity by consuming 

their shells when they molt. Analyses of many fish samples did not show 

high enough radioactivity of their body parts to be harmful if eaten by 

people. 

Contaminated Debris - Contaminated debris and scrap is found on 

a number of islands. It is in the form of structures, and scrap metal of 

all sizes, in piles o r a s individual pieces scattered over the island. Some 

structures on Aomon contain plutonium-contaminated debris. The islands 

having the most contaminated debris are Enjebi, Aomon, and Runit. 

RADIOACTIVITY AND PEOPLE 

The presence of radioactivity in soil, water, plants and animals is 

important because of the effects this radioactivity has on people living on 

the islands. The effects of radiation can cause sickness or even death. 

Except for some "hot spots", only relatively low levels of radiation are 

present on the atoll. The possibility (risk) of such effects are much 

worse for babies, young children, and pregnant .women than for other 

people. However, any possibility (risk) of serious effects are greatly 

reduced if exposure to the radiation is reduced. 

Exposure to radiation occurs in two ways: direct occupancy of 

contaminated areas and eating of contaminated fa~ods. Occupancy of 

contaminated areas results in radiation exposure from contaminated 

soil. Also in the areas containing plutonium, dangerous exposure can 

result from this material being breathed into the lungs. Exposure from 

food can happen without visiting the contaminated island. All that is 

required is to eat food which comes from a contaminated island. Although 

it is not possible to prevent some exposure of the: Enewetak people to 

radioactive materials, it is possible to reduce the level of exposure so 

that the danger to health is either very slight or nonexistent. 

Not everything is known about the effects oli radioactivity on 

health. However, a great deal of experience has been gained in ways of 

reducing the exposure to. persons to the invisible rays produced by these 

rare materials. These methods will be described later in this report. 

As trees, such as coconut, pandanus, or breadfruit grow, they 

take the materials they need to grow out of the soil. The trees will 

draw these materials from the soil through their roots and send them 

up the trunk into the fruit. If the materials drawn up to the fruit in this 

way are radioactive, then when people eat the meat or drink the milk, 
they will take the radioactivity into their bodies. . Some of it will go to the 

bones and some to the muscles and as these amounts grow, the danger of 

illness grows, although this will depend on how much one eats. 

The same kind of path can be traced for pigs, chickens, and crabs 

living and eating food in contaminated areas. Although a single meal of 

contaminated coconuts, breadfruit, meat or crabs would not be enough 

to produce permanent damage to any part of the body, the radioactive 

material will store up as more meals are eaten, so that more and more 

of the harmful materials collect until a really dangerous amount is 

present. This is why food or copra coming from some of these islands 

may not be usable for a number of years. 

Conditions of Individual Islands 

Enjebi - The high concentrations of radioactive materials in the soil on 

Enjebi could result in a high risk to the driEnjebi by receiving a dose both 

from exposure to the radioactivity in the soil and by- eating the food that 

might be raised in the radioactive soil such as pandanus, breadfruit, 

arrowroot, pigs, and chickens. The total dose both from being present 

on the island and from eating food grown on Enjebi would exceed the dose 

standards which have been established for the protection of people. For 

this reason, the AEC has recommended that Enjebi not be used at this 

time by the driEnjebi for living or agricultural purposes. Three nuclear 

tests were performed on this island and other larger weapons were 

tested within a few miles of it. This caused the island to become 

contaminated to a greater extent than most other islands of the atoll. 

A person spending a considerable amount of time on the island in its 

present condition would be exposed to more radiation than allowed by the 

AEC recommendations. A person living on the island continuously, and 

more importantly eating food grown on the island, could possibly suffer 

seriously from exposure to the radiation found there. 

Thus, if the driEnjebi are to return to Enjebi to live, there are two 

problems to overcome - exposure to radiation and the eating of contaminated foods. It has already been shown how coconut, pandanus, and breadfruit could be contaminated. The problem of obtaining uncontaminated 

food could be solved temporarily since food could be brought to Enjebi 

from other islands or from other atolls. This solution would leave the 

driEnjebi entirely dependent on food grown elsewhere except that which 

could be caught in the lagoon or the ocean. If the supply system were to 

break down or fail, the people living on Enjebi would be faced with a 

shortage of uncontaminated food. 
The more difficult problem is that of removing the radioactive 

material that exists. Some of this could be done as part of cleanup 

since most contaminated structures, scrap ancl other debris would be 

taken away. However, in order to attempt to rnake Enjebi safe for living 

and for growing coconuts, pandanus, and other vegetable foods, it would 

be necessary, as a first step, to scrape off all the soil from the island. 

Even this does not seem to be sufficient to accomplish the desired purpose as it would be necessary, as a second step, to remove some of the 

sand and coral under the surface soil. In order to make absolutely sure 

that no radioactive material would be taken up by the roots of new plants, 

sand and coral would have to be removed to a depth deeper than the roots 

of coconut, pandanus and breadfruit trees, for the reasons mentioned 

earlier when explaining the process by which the plants take the materials 

out of the soil. That is, it would be necessary to remove most all of the 

radioactivity the roots might touch. After that had been removed, clean 

soil free of strange insects and organisms, would have to be brought in 

from other islands or the mainland. 

Bringing in new soil would be required to totally enclose the entire 

root systems of all the trees of the island. In addition, all of this soil 

would have to be sterilized before being landed on the island. It is hard 

to see how the operations of removing soil and sterilizing and transporting replacement soil could be accomplished in practical manner. Also, 

and much more important, there is no guarantee that the operation would 

be successful since no large scale soil replacement of this kind has ever 

been attempted. It would be a very dangerous and impractical operation 

to devastate the land in order to reduce the radioactivity with no assur- ance that it would successfully produce the desired results, particularly 

the ability to grow crops safely. On the other hand, the natural disappearance of radioactive materials, by decay and leaching, would someday 

bring the island to a state where it would be safe for full time living. As 

you see, a long time would be needed for the isLand to become safe again. 

Proposed plans would require removal of debris both radioactive and 

nonradioactive. 

Japtan - Japtan has been proposed to be the terrlporary home of the 

Council and some of the Enewetakese (about 50), who might possibly 

participate in the proposed cleanup program. It is now thought that 

Japtan and part of Medren may become the home islands of all of the 

Enjebi community. At the present time, Japtaci has a large number of 

buildings and other structures on it. There is also a large amount of 

metal debris and concrete rubble on the reef and scattered throughout the 

island. Most of the debris on the reef comes from a derelict ship which is 

breaking up on the edge of the ocean reef. There are some remains of the 

old German coconut plantation but other trees and shrubs have taken over, 
especially on the eastern half of the island where the undergrowth is 

extremely dense. 

Much of the debris that would interfere with the construction of 

homes, gardens and commercial agriculture could be removed. Some 

of the present structures could be torn down and only those which could 

serve a useful purpose would be kept. 

Medren - Medren is a badly cluttered island with almost half of the 

uncontaminated metal debris and concrete rubble of the whole atoll 

located here. The debris and many of the present structures could be 

removed in order to have some of the driEnjebi and some of the 

driEnewetak live the re. 

The land use of Medren would be very much as shown in the Master 

Plan. The community center for the driEnjebi could be located where 

the people choose to place it. 

Enewetak - Enewetak has been proposed as the principal island on which 

the driEnewetak live and have their community center. Subsistence 

gardens and some commercial agriculture would also be located there. 

Right now, the island has a large number of buildings and other structures 

on it. Many of these have had some care so that they are in good condition. Others would be rehabilitated for the construction force who would 

live there during the proposed cleanup. These are planned to be left for 

use by the people when the proposed cleanup is finished. Many buildings, 

concrete pads and other structures could be removed in order to make 

room for houses and for agriculture. The airstrip, which extends for 

more than half the length of the islands, would be retained. Since the 

taxiways and the parking areas are important parts of the airfield, they 

are important assets which should be considered for retention. Trees 

and shrubs are quite sparse growing mostly on the ocean side and in the 

northern half of the island. Most of them are proposed to be removed 

leaving some for a windbreak and then provision for the planting of 

commercial and subsistence crops could be made. 

Runit - Runit was the site of a number of nuclear explosions and was also 

used as a temporary camp. Two craters remain from the explosions, the 

reef is littered with metal debris, concrete blocks, and the remains of 

equipment. A short airstrip, an abandoned bunker, a hazardous tower, 

the remains of a pier and several rusting hulks of abandoned landing 

craft remain. The Master Plan proposes that this island be used for 

coconut agriculture. As a result of the weapons tests the northern half 

of the island is contaminated with radioactivity and, in particular, much 
plutonium, which is a persistent and dangerous material. The United 

States Air Force quarantined the island in 1972 to make sure that special 

precautions are taken by all people who visit the island to insure their 

safety. No one is to visit Runit for any reason imless these precautions 

are taken. Because of the nature of the materia.1 and because so little 

is known about it, a. team of experts would be assembled to make recommendations on what to do about it. But for planning purposes, it would 

be placed in one or both of the craters along wit;h radioactive scrap and 

plutonium contaminated soil from some of the other islands, as described 

later. 

REHABILITATION AND RESETTLEMENT 

The Plannine Council 

The Planning Council of Enewetak was forrned by the people with 

the power to make decisions, within stated limits, on matters of short, 

intermediate, and long range planning. Technical advisors have been 

employed to assist the Council in providing work,able plans for the 

community. The advisors would continue to work closely with the 

Council and the people in agriculture, architecture, economics and other 

fields, as needed, during the development of the proposed project. 

The Enewetakese have established two kinds of priorities for their 

needs. One of these is for quick action to return the people to the atoll, 

giving them the needed housing and utilities, and providing them with a 

subsistence program for their food. The other kind is for long range 

plans which would bring a way of life in which needed products and 

services from outside the atoll could be obtained in exchange for things 

which the Islanders can contribute to the outside world. 

Land Use 

The islands of the Enewetak Atoll have been put into three classes 

for future land use. One class is of islands proposed to be used for 

living and growing food for use by the Islanders. A second class is that 

of commercial agricultural islands, and the third is of islands proposed 

to be used for hunting, fishing, and recreation. The Enewetakese living 

at Ujelang stated their choice of islands as follow^^: 

Residence and Subs is tence Islands 

Enje bi Medren Enewetak. Japtan 
Commercial Agricultural Islands 

Alembel Lo jwa Aomon Bijire 

Ae Anani j Lujor Runi t j 

Food Gathering and Recreation Islands 

All other islands and islets. 

Since it is impractical to live on Enjebi or to grow food there in the 

near future, Enjebi must be eliminated from consideration until the results 

of long term AEC studies are available. Consequently, some changes may 

be required to the Master Plan. 

Rehabilitation and Resettlement 

Details of rehabilitation and resettlement plans are given in 

Volume I of the Enewetak Atoll Master Plan. Descriptions and drawings 

of the houses, community centers and public buildings are also given 

there. 

The Master Plan describes the Agricultural Development Plan which 

could help the Enewetakese to take care of themselves. It also discusses 

other possible ways of reaching economic independence. It is known that 

some time would pass before a large copra harvest could be gathered and, 

because some of the northern islands would not be planted for a period of 

time, it may be desirable to develop the Ujelang Atoll for coconut plantations and subsistence crops. The Master Plan states that a boat large 

enough for the voyage may be available to the Enewetakese. 

PROGRAM ISSUES 

This document has, up to this point, told of the purpose of this 

proposed program, the present condition of the atoll, the wishes of the 

people on the use of the islands, and some aspects of the proposed 

rehabilitation and resettlement. In addition, there are several important 

issues which should be considered at this time as the Enewetak people and 

the planners of this program may favor different solutions to them. The 

more important of these issues appear to be: 

1. Limiting the use of the atoll to certain islands. 

2. The amount of cleanup proposed to be done on the atoll, and 

the manner of disposing of debris. 
3. The activities of governmental agencies on the atoll extending 

beyond the proposed return of the Enewetak people. 

Limited Use of the Islands 

In describing the condition of the atoll, it was pointed out that 

several of the islands were more radioactive than others and living on 

the more radioactive islands and eating food grown on them could 

endanger health. The standards which have been established by the AEC 

for the safety of the people would be exceeded if' people were to live on 

the northern islands. Several methods of attempting to restore these 

islands to a condition where they could be used .€or living and as food 

sources have been studied. They include : removal of all contaminated 

soil and replacement with clean soil from clean islands or a clean atoll; 

placement of a sand and gravel layer to shield people; provision of 

special growing areas for food crops. None of t.hese methods have been 

tried previously and there is no assurance that the methods would work 

satisfactorily for the long term. In addition, these are drastic measures 

to remove the existing contamination and could clo more damage to the 

islands than would be justified by the benefit. Since the scanty supply 

of top soil would have to be completely removed,, it is not known how long 

would be required to make the islands productive for even subsistence 

crops. Further, the AEC seriously questions w.hether any of these 

methods, even if attempted, would be successful. 

This me'ans that the driEnjebi could not use Enjebi as a residence 

or agricultural island. They would have to shart? other islands in the 

south on an extended basis until Enjebi was determined to be safe. 

Because so little is known about disposing of plutonium, which is 

a long lasting and dangerous material, the AEC has recommended that 

the island of Runit be quarantined and that studies be made to determine 

the best method of getting rid of this harmful material. It would mean 

that Runit could not be used for food gathering or recreation or even 

visited except under strictly controlled procedurc?~until it is declared 

safe. A means of enforcing the quarantine of this island would also be 

necessary to be sure that people do not visit Runit and pick up the contamination. This would endanger the person visiting the island and could 

endanger other people by carrying small pieces of contaminated material 

to safe areas. 

The most troublesome restriction would be the inability to use a 

valuable asset, Enjebi. This could be considered to be temporary since 

eventually the radioactivity on the island would be reduced to safe levels 

by natural means ;however, this period may be lengthy. 
Degree of Cleanup and Disposal 

It must be recognized immediately that there is no possible way to 

restore the atoll to the condition it was in before testing began. Some 

changes are permanent and, in many cases, attempts to clean up the 

islands to the utmost would produce other permanent and undesirable 

changes. An example of this would be scraping off the top of an island 

to remove radioactive materials. So, for some of the badly contaminated 

islands such as Enjebi, the issue becomes one of either "tearing up" the 

island or letting natural processes perform this removal over a long 

period of time. However, there is nothing to prevent the removal of 

radioactive scrap and other debris along with hazardous nonradioactive 

structures and other unwanted materials. 

The problem of radioactive scrap and debris disposal is complicated 

by many factors which include the desires of the Enewetak people and 

international rules. One method of disposal would be to dump all debris 

in the open ocean. This means would involve obtaining a permit and 

complying with strict regulations concerning dumping in international 

waters. A second method involves "canning" the radioactive scrap and 

transporting it for disposal in the continental United States or elsewhere. 

This procedure would produce problems concerned with the importation of 

radioactive waste mate rials, transporting them between and across various states and the decontamination of the ship bringing the material to the 

United States. Either of these first two alternatives would be highly 

controversial. The time required for resolution of this controversy 

could delay the proposed cleanup for several years. Such a delay could 

mean that any return of the people to the atoll would have to be postponed. 

A third method would be that of dumping all scrap, including radioactive 

soil, into one or both craters on the north end of Runit. While this would 

appear to be the simplest and most direct procedure, it is complicated by 

the need to off-load the material coming from other islands onto a smaller 

vessel or conveyor system in order to carry it across the reef to the 

craters. An important objection to this alternative is the desire of the 

Enewetak people to have their entire atoll as free from radiological scrap 

and debris as possible. This proposal would involve diking the craters 

on Runit, pumping out the water and lining the craters with concrete. 

Following this operation, the radioactive scrap and the plutonium contaminated soil would be mixed with concrete and placed in the craters. 

Sufficient space is available for this amount of material. On top of the 

material a thick concrete cap or lid would be placed. This would remove 

most of the plutonium from the soil of the islands and remove the possibility of inhalation of plutonium particles. These harmful mate rials 

would be placed in a known location where people would be aware of the 
hazard and the concrete would provide a shield from the radiation. 

Considerable testing would be done to make sure that dangerous concentrations no longer exist. This third alternative (sealing the radioactive debris in the craters on Runit) appears to offer the only means 

by which an early return of the Enewetak people to the atoll can be 

assured. 

The extent to which nonradioactive scrap, towers, delapidated 

buildings, concrete pads and other unusable structures would be 

removed is also a problem. This material can be classified into three 

separate categories: that which presents a physical hazard to people; 

that which obstructs the land from its intended purpose; and that which is 

just plain unsightly. Considering the resources that are available and 

the large amounts of this material available, it is proposed to remove 

only the hazardous and obstructive material desc:ribed in the Engineering 

Survey. The material that may be usable in rehabilitation of the base 

camp would be put to use for the purpose. Other usable material would 

be stockpiled for use by the people and the remainder of the material 

would be either burned or disposed of in the lagoon. Some material 

would of course have to be left in place. 

Future Governmental Activities 

It has been suggested that test planting of pandanus, breadfruit, 

coconut, and arrowroot should be made on each of the islands selected 

by the Council for agricultural use. As edible parts of these plants 

be come available, they would be sampled for radi.oactivity. Sampling 

would continue until it was found that the plants were producing edible 

parts which were safe for consumption. In this way it would be possible 

to find the earliest time at which the islands being tested could produce 

cornme rcial crops. 

In order to determine if the diet and living conditions of the 

Enewetak people have been satisfactory, the people would be asked to 

take certain physical examinations by a visiting doctor from time to 

time. The first test would be made before moving back to the atoll, the 

next a year after moving back, and then others as they would seem to be 

needed. Information from these examinations wocdd be a continuous 

check on the health of the people and their environment. It could be used 

to show if exposure was approaching the limit which had been set for it 

or if no change was occur ring. It is more likely that no changes would 

be taking place but this could only be proven by testing. Means for 

enforcing the quarantine of Runit might also be required. 
Proposed Cleanup Actions 

Afte r weighing the various problems concerned with the radio - activity, the physical hazards, the peoples ' desires and the resources 

that might be available in order to strike a practical balance between 

the various factors, it is proposed to perform the following operations 

on Enewetak Atoll: 

Cleanup of Radioactive Materials 

1. Radioactive scrap from all islands would be collected and 

entombed in one or both of the craters on Runit. 

2. Plutonium on Aomon, Lujor and Boken in excess of levels 

established by the AEC would be dug up and placed on Runit. 

The material on Runit would be dug up until measurements 

show that the levels are below those established by the AEC. 

This material would be entombed in one or both craters on 

Runit. 

Cleanup of Physical Hazards 

1. Physical hazards would be removed from all islands in the 

atoll. 

2. Obstructions to the development of housing and agriculture 

areas would be removed from the residential and agricultural 

islands. 

3. The structures and facilities developed or rehabilitated for 

the cleanup work force which would be useful to the Enewetak 

people would be left upon completion of the task, if not 

required by the United States Government. 

Advisory Controls 

1. The quarantine that was established on Runit by the United 

States Air Force during 1972 would continue in effect until it 

could be shown that people visiting the island would recieve 

the smallest dose possible. 

2. The Enewetak people could live only on the southern islands 

Jinedrol through Kidrenen. They could not live on Enjebi or 

any of the northern islands. Based on purely radiological 

decay and if no remedial measures regarding local food 
production were taken, more than 30 years would be required 

before the projected radiological doses would fall to acceptable 

levels. However, the ERDA would corltinue to study Enjebi and 

the northern islands to determine if any reliable methods can 

be found to reduce expected exposures to acceptable levels 

within a shorter period of time. 

3. Travel and short visits to all of the isli~nds would be permitted 

with the exception of Runit. Runit wou1.d be out of bounds until 

some indefinite future time as it may be declared safe. 

4. Fishing for food anywhere in the lagoon would be permitted. 

5. Capturing wild birds and gathering wild bird eggs would be 

permitted on any island except Runit. 

6. Coconuts could be grown on the southern islands Jinedrol 

through Kidrenen and on Mijikadrek through Billae. Coconut 

cultivation would not be permitted on the northwest islands of 

Bokoluo through Enjebi and Runit. 

7. Pandanus and breadfruit could be cultivated on the southern 

islands only. Pandanus from any of the northern islands could 

not be eaten until they have been tested and declared safe. 

8. Pigs, chickens andother animals usedfor domesticmeatmust 

be grown on the southern islands only. (Jinedrol through 

Kidrenen) 

9. Coconut crabs could be taken and eaten only from the southern 

islands. (Jinedrol through Kidrenen) 

Rehabilitation and Resettlement 

The Master Plan as developed by the Eneweta.k Council, must now 

be considered as a long range plan which would be accomplished over 

many years. Suitable temporary changes to accommodate the development of the southern islands for both the driEnjebi and the driEnewetak 

must be considered and agreed. 

Principal Impacts 

The principal accomplishments of the proposed operation would be 

advantageous to the people in the following ways: 

The people could return to their land. 
a Dangerous debris, litter and structures would be removed to 

permit the construction of homes and community centers and 

the development of agriculture. 

e Usefulbuildingsandfacilitiesdevelopedforthe cleanupwork 

force would be left for the use of the people. 

a Undesirable vegetation would be removed. 

e Some external radiation exposure would be reduced by 

removal of contaminated scrap. 

Plutonium bearing soil exceeding established standards 

would be removed. 

The principal adverse impacts resulting from the operation and 

the advisory controls are: 

e Inability to clean up suitably the land on the northern islands 

because of high levels of residual radioactivity which cannot 

be reduced to safe levels in a short period of time would mean 

these islands could not be used by the people at this time. 

e A small amount of a persistent radioactive element, plutonium, 

would remain on several islands, especially Runit, in 

perpetuity. 

An extended relocation of the driEnjebi to the southern islands 

because of the radiological conditions on Enjebi. 

Possible overcrowding in future years based on projected 

population increase. 

e Some loss of desirable vegetation and disruption of habitats for 

birds and animals. 

e Some fish kill resulting from blasting and other construction 

operations. 

Unclassified 

Unclassified