Advisory Circular

Subject: Guidance Material for Operating Unmanned Air Vehicle Systems under an 

Exemption

Issuing Office: Civil Aviation, Standards Document No.: AC 600-004

File Classification No.: Z 5000-31 Issue No.: 01

RDIMS No.: 10163510-V1 Effective Date: 2014-11-27

TABLE OF CONTENTS

1.0 INTRODUCTION ......................................................................................................................2

1.1 Purpose .............................................................................................................................................2

1.2 Terminology.......................................................................................................................................2

1.3 Applicability .......................................................................................................................................2

1.4 Description of Changes.....................................................................................................................2

2.0 REFERENCES AND LEGAL REQUIREMENTS ................................................................................2

2.1 Reference Documents ......................................................................................................................2

2.2 Cancelled Documents .......................................................................................................................3

2.3 Definitions..........................................................................................................................................3

3.0 BACKGROUND ........................................................................................................................4

4.0 REQUIREMENTS ......................................................................................................................4

4.1 General Conditions ...........................................................................................................................4

4.2 Flight Conditions ...............................................................................................................................7

4.3 Pilot Training Conditions .................................................................................................................14

4.4 UAV Conditions...............................................................................................................................15

4.5 Reporting Conditions.......................................................................................................................16

4.6 Penalties..........................................................................................................................................17

5.0 INFORMATION MANAGEMENT..............................................................................................17

6.0 DOCUMENT HISTORY ..................................................................................................................17

7.0 CONTACT OFFICE...................................................................................................................17

APPENDIX A: EXEMPTION FOR UNMANNED AIR VEHICLES WITH A MAXIMUM TAKE-OFF WEIGHT NOT 

EXCEEDING 2 KILOGRAMS, OPERATED WITHIN VISUAL LINE-OF-SIGHT..........................................17

APPENDIX B: EXEMPTION FOR UNMANNED AIR VEHICLES WITH A MAXIMUM TAKE-OFF WEIGHT 

EXCEEDING 2 KILOGRAMS BUT NOT EXCEEDING 25 KILOGRAMS, WITH A MAXIMUM 

CALIBRATED AIRSPEED OF 87 KNOTS OR LESS, OPERATED WITHIN VISUAL LINE-OF-SIGHT.......25

ANNEX A: EXCERPTS FROM THE CANADIAN AVIATION REGULATIONS........................................................31
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1.0 INTRODUCTION

1.1 Purpose 

(1) An Advisory Circular (AC) provides information and guidance with regards to a specific issue or 

law. In this case, it provides general guidance, safety practices and explanatory information for 

operators of unmanned air vehicle (UAV) systems operating under an exemption to Sections

602.41 and 603.66 of the Canadian Aviation Regulations (CARs).

1.2 Terminology

(1) While media and manufacturers may use different terms when describing a remotely controlled 

aircraft, the aviation industry and its regulations use the term UAV system. 

1.3 Applicability

(1) This document and the associated UAV exemptions apply to members of the public who operate 

a UAV only if: 

a) it has a maximum take-off weight not exceeding 2 kilograms (4.4pounds); 

or

b) it has a maximum take-off weight exceeding 2 kilograms (4.4 pounds), but not 

exceeding 25 kilograms (55 pounds). 

(2) If you cannot or choose not to operate under the either exemption listed above you must apply 

for a Special Flight Operations Certificate (SFOC) if: 

a) you plan to operate a UAV for any non-recreational purpose such as aerial 

photography, geomatic surveying, crop observation, advertising, research and 

development, etc.;

or

b) you want to operate a model aircraft that weighs more than 35 kilograms (77 

pounds) regardless of the purpose it is used for. 

1.4 Description of Changes

Not applicable.

2.0 REFERENCES AND LEGAL REQUIREMENTS

2.1 Reference Documents

(1) Although this AC provides information and guidance regarding the two (2) UAV exemptions

issued by Transport Canada, UAV operators are reminded that in order to operate under the 

exemptions they must possess a copy of the actual exemption while operating. The applicable 

exemptions can be found at 

http://www.tc.gc.ca/civilaviation/regserv/affairs/exemptions/docs/en/2879.htm and 

http://www.tc.gc.ca/civilaviation/regserv/affairs/exemptions/docs/en/2880.htm. 

(2) This AC should be used in conjunction with the AC on Applying for a Special Flight Operations 

Certificate for Unmanned Air Vehicle Systems.
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(3) The aviation laws that govern the use of UAV systems in Canadian airspace are the: 

(a) Aeronautics Act; and 

(b) Canadian Aviation Regulations.

(4) In addition, it is your responsibility to know the other Canadian laws that might apply such as

the: 

(a) Canadian Transportation Accident Investigation and Safety Board Act; 

(b) Charter of Rights and Freedoms,

(c) Criminal Code of Canada;

(d) Customs Act;

(e) Environmental Protection Act;

(f) National Parks Aircraft Access Regulations;

(g) Personal Information Protection and Electronic Document Act;

(h) Privacy Act; 

(i) Radiocommunication Act;

(j) Transportation of Dangerous Goods Act; and

(k) Trespass Act. 

2.2 Cancelled Documents

(1) The publication of a new issue of the AC on Guidance Material for Operating Unmanned Air 

Vehicle Systems under an Exemption renders this document null and void. 

2.3 Definitions

(1) The following definitions are used in this document: 

(a) Maximum Take-off Weight – means the weight of the aircraft at the time of the 

operation, including the weight of any payload (e.g. a camera) and fuel. 

(b) Model Aircraft – means an aircraft with a total weight not exceeding 35 kg (77 lbs) that 

is mechanically driven or launched into flight for recreational purposes and that is not 

designed to carry persons or other living creatures. 

(c) Special Flight Operations Certificate – is a Canadian aviation document required for 

operating an unmanned air vehicle system. 

(d) Unmanned Air Vehicle – means a power-driven aircraft, other than a model aircraft, 

that is designed to fly without a human operator onboard. Unmanned air vehicles 

exclude fireworks, kites, rockets and large unmanned free balloons.

(e) Visual Line-of-Sight – means unaided (corrective lenses and/or sunglasses exempted) 

visual contact with the unmanned air vehicle sufficient to maintain operational control 

of the aircraft, know its location, and be able to scan the airspace to see and avoid 

traffic. 
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3.0 BACKGROUND

(1) Greater numbers of people in Canada are flying UAVs that, by design, are flown without a pilot 

on board and controlled through an external device such as a remote control, tablet, smart 

phone, etc.

(2) For everyone’s safety, aviation is governed by strict rules similar to when operating a car or a 

boat. 

(3) While UAV systems are legitimate airspace users, they must integrate into Canada’s national 

airspace in a safe manner to ensure the safety of other airspace users and people and property 

on the ground.

4.0 REQUIREMENTS 

The mandatory safety conditions required to operate under either of the two (2) exemptions 

can be found in Appendix A (not exceeding 2kg) and Appendix B (above 2kg but not exceeding 

25kgs), depending on the specific exemption you intend to operate under. You must observe 

and comply with all the conditions included in the applicable exemption in order to use the 

exemption as your authority to operate a UAV. If not you could be subject to penalties/fines.

In order for UAV operators to understand the meaning/purpose of the various exemption 

conditions, the following additional guidance and explanatory materials are provided.

The information below follows the format of the 2kg-25kg exemption; however the explanatory 

information is pertinent to both Transport Canada UAV exemptions.

When the term “Any person” is used, it signifies that anyone associated with the operation may 

conduct the particular task or comply with the condition. When the term “The pilot” is used, 

the UAV pilot is specifically responsible for conducting that task or for complying with the 

condition.

4.1 General Conditions

(1) Any person conducting operations under this exemption shall conduct a safe operation and shall 

not pose a risk to aviation safety.

Note: This principle is the basis for all flight operations. Understanding and complying 

with the conditions contained in the applicable exemption under which you are 

operating will enhance your ability to conduct a safe operation. 

(2) Any person operating under this exemption shall not operate a UAV system in such a reckless or 

negligent manner so as to endanger or be likely to endanger the life or property of any person.

Note: The same principle as the condition above but is applicable to persons and 

property on the ground. Operating in a reckless or negligent manner can result in fine 

of $5,000 for individuals or $25,000 for corporations.

(3) Any person conducting operations under this exemption shall be a minimum of 18 years of age.

Note: This condition is consistent with the CARs which requires pilots to be 18 years of 

age in order to conduct commercial aviation operations. A certain level of maturity is 

required to make business decisions that will not affect aviation safety. Due to the 

decreased risk of operating a UAV that does not exceed 2kg, a provision has been added 

that reduced the age to 16 for academic activities. The reduction to 16 years of age 

assumes that there will be adult supervision of these activities. 
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(4) Any person conducting operations under this exemption shall subscribe for liability insurance 

covering risks of public liability at the levels described in subsection 606.02 (8) of the Canadian 

Aviation Regulations and in any case shall have no less than $100,000 in liability insurance 

coverage pertaining to the operation of the UAV.

Note: Section 606.02 of the CARs sets out liability insurance requirements for all 

aviation activities. It should be noted that most general liability insurance policies do not 

cover aviation related activities. UAV operators must ensure that they possess 

insurance that covers third party liability for aviation related activities prior to operating 

under either exemption.

(5) The pilot operating under this exemption shall not operate the controls of a UAV if they have 

any reason to believe that they are suffering or are likely to suffer from fatigue, or suffering 

from any other condition which would render them unfit to perform their duties.

Note: This condition addresses risk posed by fatigue or any other situation that may 

impair the UAV pilot’s ability to safely operate the UAV or make safety based decisions.

(6) The pilot operating under this exemption shall not operate a UAV system within eight (8) hours 

after consuming an alcoholic beverage or while under the influence of alcohol or while using any 

drug that impairs the person faculties to the extent that the safety of the operation is 

endangered in any way.

Note: A UAV pilot operating a UAV system while impaired or while their ability to make 

sound safety decisions was compromised, could lead to drastic consequences. As such, 

it imperative that no one operate a UAV while their judgment is impaired. Impairment 

from drugs could include illicit drugs or prescription and over the counter medication. 

(7) Any person conducting operations under this exemption shall be familiar with the relevant 

aeronautical information that is appropriate to the intended flight, before commencing a flight.

Note: Sections 602.71 and 602.72 of the CARs require pilots to obtain and review all the 

appropriate information that is relevant for the proposed flight, prior to take-off. This 

requirement is also applicable UAV operations to ensure that the information required 

to safely conduct the flight is obtained prior to flight. Aeronautical products such as 

aeronautical maps and the Canadian Flight Supplement can be found at: 

http://www.navcanada.ca/EN/products-and-services/Pages/flight-planning.aspx

Weather and NOTAM (notice to airmen) information can be found at: 

https://flightplanning.navcanada.ca/cgibin/CreePage.pl?Langue=anglais&NoSession=&Page=Fore-obs/notam&TypeDoc=html

(8) Any person operating under this exemption shall not operate a UAV in any special aviation event 

requiring an SFOC under Part VI, Subpart 3, Division 1 of the CARs.

Note: Participation in an air show is considered a higher risk activity for UAVs. As such 

participation in air shows is prohibited under either of the two (2) exemptions. Should a 

UAV operator wish to participate in an air show or conduct product/capability 

demonstration activities they would be required to obtain an SFOC.

(9) Any person conducting operations under this exemption shall obtain permission from the 

owner(s) of the property on which a UAV intends to take-off/launch from and/or land/recover 

on.

Note: operators/pilots must be aware of the need to observe the regulation imposed by 

the Trespass Act when conducting take-offs and landings of their UAV. Although 

operations over private land may be permitted, if you were to conduct operations on

private property or needed to retrieve a UAV that may have strayed onto private 

property, you must request the property owner’s permission.
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(10) Any person conducting operations under this exemption shall, prior to commencing operations, 

perform a site survey to assess the suitability of each location and confirm that safe operations 

can be conducted.

Note: Pilots will be responsible for conducting an assessment of the suitability of each 

site, prior to conducting operations, to ensure such operations can be conducted safely. 

Typical elements that should be assessed would include, but are not limited to:

 Defining the boundaries of the area where the actual operation will be carried 

out;

 Class of airspace and specific provisions of the airspace (e.g. controlled 

airspace);

 Altitudes and routes to be used on the approach and departure to and from the 

area where the operation will be carried out; 

 Other aircraft operations (e.g. proximity of aerodromes including heliports and 

seaplane bases, or other operating sites);

 Hazards associated with nearby industrial sites;

 Areas of high-intensity radio transmissions or electromagnetic interference (e.g. 

radar sites);

 Limitations and/or restrictions of local by-laws;

 Location and height of obstacles (e.g. wires, masts, buildings, cell phone towers, 

wind turbines, etc.);

 Airspace restrictions such as restrictions around nuclear facilities or military 

bases;

 Built-up areas, major roadways and recreational activity sites;

 Security provisions to limit public access;

 Predominant weather conditions for the site and proposed operating areas; and

 Minimum separation distances from persons, vehicles and structures.

(11) Any person conducting operations under this exemption shall cease operations if at any time the 

safety of other airspace users or persons or property on the ground is in jeopardy, or if the 

person conducting operations is unable to comply with the conditions of this exemption.

Note: It is expected that anytime the operation is deemed to be a risk to other airspace 

users or people and property on the ground, the operation will need to cease until such 

time as the issues that were causing the unsafe conditions are addressed/remedied.

Flight operations should not resume until the issues are resolved.

(12) A copy of the following documents shall be accessible to any person conducting operations 

under this exemption. 

(a) This exemption;

(b) Proof of liability insurance coverage;

(c) Name, address and telephone number of the UAV operator; and

(d) A copy of the UAV system operating limitations

Note: In order to provide Transport Canada Inspectors and police authorities the ability 

to fulfill their duties to ensure public safety, the UAV pilot/operator is required to have 

immediate access to the above noted documentation at the location where the UAV is 
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being controlled from. It is expected that a hard copy of the appropriate exemption is on 

site.

(13) A person conducting operations under this exemption shall immediately produce any of the 

documents and/or information listed in condition 12 above to a peace officer, police officer, or 

Transport Canada inspector upon request.

Note: This condition simply provides clarification to the pilot/operator that Transport 

Canada Inspectors or peace/police officers have authority to request that adequate 

documentation be provided so that they can verify that operations are being conducted 

legally

(14) No person operating under this exemption is relieved from complying with the provisions of any 

other relevant Acts, Regulations or laws or from any level of government.

Note: This condition reinforces the idea that there are numerous other Acts and 

regulations that may apply when conducting UAV operations, such as the Criminal Code 

of Canada, Privacy Act, Personal Information Protection and Electronic Documents Act, 

National Parks Aircraft Access Regulations and the Transportation Accident Investigation 

and Safety Board Act, to name but a few. UAV operators/pilots must ensure that they 

abide by applicable rules, regulations, laws and bylaws from municipal, city, provincial 

and national authorities.

4.2 Flight Conditions

(15) The pilot operating under this exemption shall maintain continuous unaided visual contact with 

the UAV sufficient to be able to maintain operational control of the UAV, know its location and 

be able to scan the airspace in which it is operating to decisively see and avoid other air traffic or 

objects.

Note: As no “sense and avoid” capability is currently available to permit safe beyond 

visual line-of-sight operations, both exemptions limit operations to within visual line-ofsight. This means that the pilot must keep the UAV within eyesight at all times. Vision 

enhancing devices such as binoculars, night visual goggles, powered vision magnifying 

devices and goggles designed to provide a first person view are not considered “unaided 

visual contact”, and are therefore prohibited under the exemptions. In determining the 

range that will ensure the UAV can be seen, consideration must be given to the pilot’s

capabilities, the meteorological conditions, the size and conspicuity of the UAV and any 

other relevant factors

(16) The pilot operating under this exemption shall not use a first person view device.

Note: First person view (FPV) devices generate and transmit a streaming video image to 

a ground station display or monitor giving the pilot who is viewing this video, the illusion 

of actually flying the aircraft from an onboard pilot’s perspective. FPV devices do not 

provide an adequate capability to ensure safe traffic separation and compliance with 

right of way requirements. An inadequate field of regard, the lack of depth perception 

and the inability for these systems to operate in a lost link situation all detract from the 

ability of FPV devices from being an adequate substitute for a see and avoid capability.

(17) The pilot operating under this exemption shall only operate a UAV from a single control station 

and control relays or visual observers to extend the operational area are prohibited.

Note: Due to the additional communications and coordination requirements, extended 

range operations using visual observers introduce a higher risk to other airspace users 

and people and property on the ground. As such the operator would be required to 

apply for an SFOC in order to determine the additional safety conditions required to 

mitigate the associated increased risks
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(18) The pilot shall operate no more than one UAV at any one time.

Note: No research has been conducted to determine the increased risk of a single 

operator controlling more than one UAV in either normal or emergency situations. The 

ability to conduct the sense and avoid function, visually observe the UAV and deconflict 

from other air traffic would be greatly reduced where more than one UAV is operated, 

thereby increasing the risk to other airspace users and requiring a specific review of the 

operation through the application for an SFOC.

(19) The pilot operating a UAV shall give way to manned aircraft at all times.

Note: Given the small size and lack of visual conspicuity of the UAVs to be operated 

under this exemption, and the likelihood that the pilots of manned aircraft would be 

unable to see the UAV, it is the UAV pilot’s responsibility to always give way to all other 

aircraft. This would include all manned aircraft (i.e. aeroplanes, helicopters, gliders, 

ultra-lights, hot air balloons, etc). It is expected that the UAV pilot would land the UAV 

anytime a manned aircraft entered or came in close proximity to the area in which the 

UAV is operating. 

(20) The pilot operating under this exemption shall only operate a UAV during daylight hours.

Note: Allowing aircraft to be flown outside daylight hours requires specified procedures 

and aircraft lighting and results in a more complex operation. Where UAVs are 

equipped with lights, the ability of the pilot to control the UAV at night using only the 

onboard lights is extremely difficult, and as such, there could be a need for additional 

ground lighting/illumination conditions to mitigate the risks of night operations. To 

operate a UAV at night, an SFOC would be required.

(21) The pilot operating under this exemption shall operate a UAV at or below 300 feet above ground 

level (AGL).

Note: 300 feet AGL corresponds to the altitude at which obstacles are required to be lit 

and marked in accordance with the CARs. Operators of manned aircraft understand that 

below these altitudes, additional risks are present that may be difficult to see. It must be 

understood that at all times it is the UAV pilot’s responsibility to avoid other aircraft. It is 

up to the UAV pilot/operators to ensure they have an effective method for ensuring 

they do not operate above 300 feet, such as a barometric altimeter or GPS based 

altitude system. Comparing the altitude of the UAV to surrounding buildings or structure 

could also be effective, provided that the exact height of those objects is known. 

(22) The pilot conducting operations under this exemption shall only operate a UAV in Class G 

airspace.

Note: As these UAVs are not required to meet any mandatory communication, navigation, 

surveillance/air traffic management (CNS/ATM) equipment requirements, operations are 

limited to uncontrolled airspace (Class G). This equates to airspace in which no air traffic 

control is provided to pilots. Additionally, operations under this exemption are restricted 

from transponder airspace, restricted airspace, control zones, controlled airspace and areas 

with higher volumes of manned aviation where UAV operations pose a greater risk to other 

airspace users. For these types of operations an SFOC would be required. There are seven 

classes of airspace in Canada, each designated by a letter (A through G) and they are 

detailed below. The class of airspace can be determined through several sources including 

the Canadian Flight Supplement, the Canadian Aeronautical Information Manual (AIM)

(TP14371E) http://www.tc.gc.ca/publications/en/tp14371/pdf/hr/tp14371e.pdf and various 

VFR and IFR maps/charts. In general terms,

o Class A airspace is controlled airspace and exists exclusively between flight level 180 and 

flight level 600 (this equates to approximately 18,000 ft to 60,000 ft above sea level 

(ASL)). 
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o Class B airspace is any controlled airspace between 12,500 ft and up to 18,000 ft ASL.

Occasionally, Class B airspace exists in other locations (control zones and associated 

terminal control areas), although this is unusual. 

o Class C airspace is controlled airspace and includes control zones (CZ) around large 

airports. These areas usually have a 7-10 nautical mile radius up to a height of 3,000 ft 

above aerodrome elevation (AAE). 

o Class D airspace is controlled airspace and may include areas around smaller 

aerodromes that have a 5nauticalmile radius and a height of 3,000 ft AAE. Aerodromes

with less busy airspace may have only a 3-nautical-mile radius control zone. 

o Class E airspace is controlled airspace used for low-level flight routes and for 

aerodromes that need controlled airspace but do not meet the requirements for Classes 

A-. Air Traffic Control (ATC) is available for aircraft operating under instrument flight 

rules only

o Class F airspace is special use airspace. For entry into restricted Class F airspace, specific 

permission is required from the operating authority or user agency. 

o Any airspace that is not designated, as described above, is classified as Class G airspace. 

This airspace is uncontrolled and any aircraft may fly in Class G airspace. 

(23) The pilot operating under this exemption shall not operate a UAV over a forest fire area, or over

any area that is located within five nautical miles of a forest fire area.

Note: Operations in forest fire areas are extremely high risk with many types of aircraft 

operating at very low level. Introducing UAVs into this airspace would add an 

unacceptable level of risk to manned aircraft operations. Forest fire areas are 

advertised through the NOTAM system and UAV pilots are expected to review 

applicable NOTAMs as part of their pre-flight planning requirements. As forest fires are 

unpredictable, a restriction of five (5) miles is included from the fire area for all aircraft, 

including UAVs. 

(24) The pilot operating under this exemption shall not operate a UAV in airspace that has been 

restricted by the Minister under Section 5.1 of the Aeronautics Act.

Note: Under the Aeronautics Act, section 5.1, the Minister may prohibit or restrict the 

operation of any aircraft on or over any area or within any airspace, either absolutely or

subject to any exceptions or conditions. This type of restricted airspace is implemented 

where a prohibition or restriction is necessary for aviation safety or security or the 

protection of the public. An example of such restrictions could include security 

operations such as a G8/G20 Conference, major sporting events (e.g. an Olympic event) 

or an active shooter situation. NOTAMs are issued whenever a 5.1 airspace restriction is 

issued. Prior to the flight, UAV pilots would be expected to ensure there are no airspace 

restrictions in place for the area in which they plan on operating.

(25) The pilot operating under this exemption shall only operate a UAV at least five (5) nautical miles 

away from the centre of any aerodrome.

Note: As the knowledge, experience and skill levels of the UAV pilots operating under 

these exemptions may not meet manned aviation standards and the aircraft are not 

required to meet any mandatory CNS/ATM equipment requirements, operations are not 

permitted near any aerodromes. Additionally, as these UAVs cannot integrate into the 

flow of air traffic arriving and departing at an aerodrome, UAV operations pose an 

increased risk to other airspace users in the aerodrome environment. As such, an SFOC 

would be required to operate in these areas. Airports, heliports, helipads and seaplane 

bases would all be considered aerodromes. There are several tools that can be used to 
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identify where aerodromes are located to include aviation maps, the Canadian Flight 

Supplement and potentially some on-line tools (provided they are kept up to date).

(26) The pilot operating under this exemption shall only operate a UAV at least five (5) nautical miles 

away from a built-up area.

Note: UAVs operated under these exemptions are not required to meet any technical 

airworthiness standards meaning that there is no assurance of the airworthiness or 

capabilities of the UAV system. This increases the risks to persons and property on the 

ground, therefore, UAVs must not be operated near populated areas. Built-up areas are 

considered areas with groups of buildings or dwellings including anything from small 

hamlets to major cities. Anything larger than a farmstead should be considered a built 

up area.

(27) The pilot operating under this exemption shall operate a UAV at a lateral distance of at least 500 

feet from any building, structure, vehicle, vessel, animal or person unless:

(a) The building, structure, vehicle, vessel or animal is the subject of the aerial work; and

(b) Only persons inherent to the operation are present.

Note: This condition provides protection to person or property on the ground that are 

not part of the operation or have not accepted the risk of the UAV operating in their 

close proximity. It permits the use of the UAV closer than 500 feet from people or 

objects provided those people or objects are the specific reason for the operation and 

have accepted the risk associated with the operation (i.e. actors on a movie set, a 

vehicle used in a TV commercial, aerial inspection of buildings/structures, etc). This 

would not include activities such as filming people at an outdoor concert or sporting 

event. Due to the reduced risk of operating a UAV not exceeding 2kg, the lateral 

distances for UAVs not exceeding 2kg is reduced to 100 feet. 

(28) The pilot operating under this exemption shall operate a UAV at a lateral distance of at least 500 

feet from the general public, spectators, bystanders or any person not associated with the 

operation.

Note: For numerous reasons, the potential hazard of UAVs being flown near or over the 

general public and large crowds of people is significant. A security plan must be 

developed and adhered to in order to protect those people not involved with the UAV 

operation and to ensure that people do not interfere with the operation of the UAV.

Due to the reduced risk of operating a UAV not exceeding 2kg, the lateral distances for 

UAVs not exceeding 2kg is reduced to 100 feet.

(29) The pilot operating under this exemption shall not operate a UAV over an open-air assembly of 

persons

Note: Similar to the previous condition, this provides protection to person or property 

on the ground that are not part of the operation and have not accepted the risk of the 

UAV operating in their close proximity.

(30) The pilot conducting operations under this exemption shall only operate a UAV under visual 

meteorological conditions, clear of cloud with not less than two (2) statute miles ground 

visibility.

Note: These weather limits are those required in Class G airspace for manned aircraft. 

The required visibility permits the UAV pilot to view, not only the UAV, but the 

surrounding airspace to ensure manned aircraft can be seen in sufficient time for the 

UAV pilot to take any required actions to avoid collisions. Additionally, it allows the UAV 

pilot to ensure that operations are kept clear of hazardous areas. The required weather 

forecasts and reports are accessible from several sources including the NAV CANADA 
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flight planning website http://www.navcanada.ca/EN/products-andservices/Pages/flight-planning.aspx

(31) The pilot conducting operations under this exemption shall be able to take immediate active 

control of a UAV at all times.

Note: Although the use of UAV automation is acceptable, fully autonomous systems 

which do not allow the pilot to intervene are not permitted due to the potential 

unpredictability of their flight profile. The pilot of a UAV must be able to override the 

pre-programmed systems at any time, should there be a technical issue with the UAV 

that requires pilot intervention.

(32) Any person conducting operations under this exemption shall establish and adhere to 

procedures to be followed in the event that control of the aircraft can no longer be maintained. 

Specifically: 

(a) Procedures for contacting emergency responders; 

(b) Procedures for landing/recovering the UAV safely; 

(c) Procedures for contacting the appropriate air traffic service unit; and

(d) Name(s) of individuals responsible for following each of the above procedures.

Note: The UAV operator/pilot must have a complete set of pre-determined procedures 

in order to reduce the risks to other airspace users and people and property on the 

ground when a UAV fly-away occurs or the aircraft experiences an emergency or suffers 

a technical malfunction. To ensure appropriate actions are taken without delay, persons 

operating under this exemption must establish such procedures prior to 

commencement of flight operations. These procedures must be immediately available 

to the UAV pilot or any other individual assigned a task, so that there is no delay in the 

required actions being taken.

(33) Any person conducting operations under this exemption shall establish and adhere to an 

emergency contingency plan.

Note: Establishing and adhering to a security plan is mandatory to ensure that 

appropriate actions are taken without delay. This plan addresses the action to be taken 

should the UAV result in injury to third parties or damage to property. These 

procedures must be established prior to commencement of flight operations and 

actioned without delay.

(34) The pilot conducting operations under this exemption shall establish and follow normal, lost link 

and emergency procedures, including those established by the manufacturer.

Note: UAV pilots must have procedures that will address all normal operations of the 

UAV as well as abnormal and emergency situations. Failure to do so would impose 

hazards to both persons and property on the ground and other airspace users. Should 

the manufacturer stipulate procedures for specific occurrences, those procedures shall 

be followed unless they would result in an increased risk to other airspace users or 

people and property on the ground. Such procedures would generally be contained in 

standard operating procedures or checklists.

(35) Any person conducting operations under this exemption shall confirm that no unacceptable 

radio frequency interference to the UAV system is present prior to flight, nor is likely to be 

present during flight.

Note: Radio interference could come from many sources including high voltage power lines, 

transmission antennas and areas with large numbers of Wi-Fi transmitters or around radar 

dishes/antennas. Radio interference may render the UAV uncontrollable. As such the UAV 
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pilot/operator is responsible for confirming that no unacceptable radio interference to the UAV 

system exists prior to the operation of the aircraft.

(36) The pilot operating under this exemption shall not activate a flight termination system, if a UAV 

is so equipped, in such a manner as to endanger other airspace users or persons or property on 

the ground.

Note: As an added safety feature, several UAVs are equipped with a flight termination 

system intended to bring the UAV to the ground safely during specific emergency 

situations. The pilot is responsible for ensuring when and where it is safe to initiate such 

a flight termination. If part of the emergency plans includes the use of a flight 

termination system, operation of the UAV should be limited to flight over areas where, 

should the flight termination be activated, there is no risk to persons and property on 

the ground.

(37) Any person operating under this exemption shall not conduct a take-off/launch of a UAV unless 

the risk involved with lost link circumstances has been assessed and a determination has been 

made as to when auto-recovery manoeuvres or flight termination shall be initiated.

Note: Given the potential of UAVs to lose their communications links (lost-link) an 

assessment of these risks is essential. This assessment must address when it would be 

safe for the UAV to commence a pre-programmed “return home” manoeuvre (including 

routes and altitudes) or alternatively when the pilot would initiate flight termination.

(38) The pilot operating under this exemption shall operate a UAV in known or forecast icing 

conditions.

Note: The degradation in aircraft performance and changes in flight characteristics 

when frozen contaminants are present are wide ranging and unpredictable. 

Contamination makes no distinction between large aircraft, small aircraft, helicopters or 

UAVs and the performance penalties can be significant. Additionally, there are no UAVs 

in these classes that are equipped with anti-ice or de-ice capabilities. These factors 

combined increase the risks associated with operating in icing conditions. Icing 

conditions can be experienced even when the temperatures are above the freezing 

mark and when no moisture is present on the ground.

(39) The pilot operating under this exemption shall not conduct a take-off/launch of a UAV that has 

frost, ice or snow adhering to any of its critical surfaces.

Note: In addition to the issues addressed above, conducting a take-off with 

contaminates such as ice or snow adhering to the critical surfaces (propeller, rotors, 

wings, etc) will dramatically decrease flight performance resulting in an increased risk to 

persons and property on the ground.

(40) The pilot operating under this exemption shall not operate a UAV system unless it is operated in 

accordance with the operating limitation specified by the manufacturer.

Note: The pilot is responsible for operating the UAV in accordance with any 

specifications, directions or instructions provided by the manufacturer and for ensuring 

that any operating limitations relating to the operation of the UAV are adhered to.

(41) The pilot operating under this exemption shall not permit the use of a portable electronic device 

at the control station of a UAV system where the device may impair the functioning of the 

systems or equipment.

Note: Given the reliance on radio transmissions and off-the-shelf electronic devices, and 

the fact that no engineering testing has been conducted to determine the effects of 

portable electronic devices on the UAV, the pilot/operator must ensure that the 

operation of the UAV is not adversely affected by such devices. This would require that 

electronic devices (i.e. cell phones, tablets, two-way radios, etc), that are not part of the 
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UAV system, not be in the immediate vicinity of the device controlling the UAV or any 

radio transmission devices associated with the UAV system.

(42) The pilot operating under this exemption shall not conduct a take-off/launch of a UAV if 

explosive, corrosive, bio-hazard or bright light emitting (laser) payloads, or any payloads that 

can be jettisoned, dispersed or dropped, are carried onboard.

Note: The carriage of such payloads increases the risks associated with the operations. 

As such, if operational requirements require the UAV to carry such hazardous payloads, 

the operator would be required to apply for an SFOC. This would allow the associated 

risks to be assessed and the appropriate conditions imposed to ensure safe operations.

Additionally, if there is intent to use a laser onboard the UAV, there are specific 

requirements in the CARs with regards to requesting permission to use a laser from an 

aircraft. The provision for “payloads that can be jettisoning, dispersing or dropping” is 

not included in the “Not to exceed 2kg” exemptions as the limit in aircraft weight will 

likely not permit such payloads to be carried. It should also be understood, that Lithium 

Ion and Lithium Polymer batteries are considered dangerous good. As such, should the

UAV need to be shipped to another location, the operator would be required to comply 

with the Transportation of Dangerous Goods Act and various CARs applicable to 

transporting dangerous goods.

(43) A person operating under this exemption shall ensure the following operational and emergency 

equipment is immediately available: 

(a) checklists or placards that enable a UAV system to be operated in accordance with the 

limitations specified by the manufacturer; and

(b) a hand-held fire extinguisher of a type suitable for extinguishing fires that are likely to 

occur.

Note: The pilot/operator must be prepared to handle any emergencies that occur as a 

result of operating the UAV (i.e. grass fire, injury to people of the ground, etc). This 

requires that the appropriate procedures be developed and the required equipment be

immediately available to those conducting the operation

(44) The pilot conducting operations under this exemption shall remain clear of the take-off, 

approach and landing routes and the pattern of traffic formed by manned aircraft operating in 

the vicinity of aerodromes.

Note: The operation of this type of UAV in the vicinity of the traffic patterns used by 

manned aircraft is inherently dangerous and increases the risk to other airspace users. 

Although the UAVs operated under this exemption are required to remain outside 5nm 

from the centre of any aerodrome, there are many locations where manned aircraft can

be on an instrument approach at low altitudes outside 5nm. As such, if the pilot intends

to operate anywhere within 10 nm of an aerodrome it is highly recommended that they 

confirm where the instrument approaches and traffic patterns are located. This 

information could be found in various aeronautical information publications (i.e. 

Canadian Flight Supplement, instrument approach plates, etc), from a local flying school 

or an air traffic service unit service in that area. 

(45) Any person conducting operations under this exemption shall ensure that the appropriate air 

traffic service unit(s) is advised immediately anytime the flight of a UAV inadvertently enters 

into controlled airspace.

Note: A UAV entering controlled airspace, without coordination/permission could 

present a significant risk to manned aviation. Should a fly-away occur that would result 

in the UAV entering controlled airspace, the UAV pilot/operator must immediately 

contact the applicable Air Traffic Control (ATC) facility in order to ensure that ATC can 

take appropriate actions and that the safety of other airspace users is addressed. The 
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boundaries of controlled airspace can be found on various aeronautical aviation 

products (i.e. Canadian Flight Supplement, visual navigation charts, terminal area charts, 

etc). If the pilot has not previously coordinated flight activities with the local air traffic 

service unit they should contact the NAV CANADA National Operations Centre at 613-

563-5626 and provide the details of the situation (i.e. type of UAV, last known altitude, 

direction it was flying, remaining flight time, etc) 

(46) The pilot operating a UAV under this exemption, before entering or operating within in the 

Canadian Air Defence Identification Zone (ADIZ), shall comply with section 601.145 of the CARs.

Note: The ADIZ is airspace of defined dimensions at which special procedures are 

required to identify aircraft entering or operating within that airspace. In order to 

ensure that the Air Traffic System (ATS) is aware that a UAV will be operating into or 

within the ADIZ, the ATS unit requires that pilots file a Defence Flight Plan or Flight 

Itinerary. Additional information can be found in the AIM ). Failing to do so may result 

in the inadvertent activation/response of North American Aerospace Defense Command 

(NORAD) resources. 

4.3 Pilot Training Conditions

(47) The pilot operating a UAV system under this exemption shall have successfully completed a pilot 

ground school program that provides instruction on the following subject areas:

(a) airspace classification and structure;

(b) meteorological and NOTAM reporting services;

(c) interpretation of aeronautical charts and the Canada Flight Supplement; and

(d) applicable content of the CARs.

Note: It is essential that the pilot of a UAV become knowledgeable on the items 

identified above in order to conduct safe flight operations. The training requirements 

described above are considered to be the minimum prerequisites for operating under 

the 2kg-25kg exemption. Such training could be provided by an existing flight training 

facility (manned or unmanned) or could be a self-administered training program. 

Unmanned Systems Canada may also be a useful resource in finding possible training 

programs in your area. The CARs and the ) are also excellent sources of information to 

enhance one’s understanding of aviation related activities. Pilots may also wish to refer 

to the document entitled, “Knowledge requirements for Pilots operating Unmanned Air 

Vehicle Systems (UAV) 25 Kg or less, Operating within visual line-of-sight” (TP15263E) 

http://www.tc.gc.ca/eng/civilaviation/publications/page-6557.html

(48) The pilot conducting operations under this exemption shall be appropriately trained and 

qualified for the area of operation and the type of operation.

Note: In addition to the basic knowledge requirements required in Condition 47, the 

pilot of a UAV must obtain training and be considered competent and proficient to 

operate the specific UAV system in the proposed area of operation. This would require 

knowledge training on the aircraft’s system, the normal and emergency procedures and 

any limitations for the operation of the UAV. Additionally, practical training would be 

required to become competent with the actual flying of the UAV. This training could be 

provided by other pilots, manufacturers, UAV flight training organizations or could be 

self taught.
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4.4 UAV Conditions

(49) Any person conducting operations under this exemption shall, prior to conducting a takeoff/launch of a UAV, ensure that there is a means of:

(a) Controlling the flight of the UAV;

(b) Monitoring the UAV system;

(c) Navigation;

(d) Communication, as required by the CARs; 

(e) Detecting hazardous environmental flight conditions;

(f) Mitigating the risk of loss of control of the UAV;

(g) Sensing and avoiding other aircraft;

(h) Avoiding flight into obstacles and terrain; and

(i) Remaining clear of cloud.

Note: Given the increased complexity and risk of operating a UAV with a maximum takeoff weight of up to 25 Kg, there must be appropriate means to safely control and 

operate the UAV. The methods of compliance do not necessarily have to be technical 

solutions (e.g. sense and avoid and navigation may be conducted by the pilot using 

visual line-of-sight techniques).

(50) Any person conducting operations under this exemption shall ensure that a UAV system is in a 

fit and safe state for flight prior to take-off/launch.

Note: No aircraft, including UAVs, should be taken airborne if the aircraft is not in a 

condition to sustain safe flight. This would require preflight inspections and checks to 

ensure, among other things, that the UAV is not damaged, there is sufficient 

fuel/battery charge to last for the planned flight (with a reasonable reserve) and 

confirmation that the radio link is working properly.

(51) Any person conducting operations under this exemption shall ensure that a UAV is not flown if it 

has been subjected to any abnormal occurrence unless it has been inspected for damage and 

repaired, if needed to ensure safe operation.

Note: Should a UAV sustain any abnormal occurrence (i.e. a hard landing, crash, become 

wet, land in water,etc) it must not fly again until has been inspected for damage and has 

been repaired, including the replacement of any damaged parts/components. 

(52) Any person conducting operations under this exemption shall ensure that all maintenance, 

servicing and disassembly-assembly of a UAV system and associated components are performed 

in accordance with procedures described in the manufacturer’s specifications.

Note: It is critical for the safety of other airspace users and persons and property on the 

ground that any manufacturer specifications or instruction be followed when it comes to the 

repair, maintenance and assembly/disassembly of the UAV system. The pilot/operator is 

responsible for ensuring the any such direction is complied with.

(53) Any person conducting operations under this exemption shall ensure that the requirements of 

any airworthiness directives, or equivalent, issued by the manufacturer have been completed.

Note: Should the manufacturer/retailer of the UAV issue an airworthiness directive, 

product recall, or other such notice indicating that the UAV is defective or has a 

mechanical concern, the pilot/operator shall cease to operate the UAV until the issue 
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has been repaired/corrected. Any such repairs must be done in accordance with the 

guidance provided by the manufacturer/retailer.

(54) Any person operating under this exemption shall ensure that the UAV is not equipped with an 

emergency locator transmitter (ELT).

Note: ELTs are used to notify rescue officials of an aircraft crash and guide search and 

rescue (SAR) personnel to the sight of a downed aircraft so that the passengers and 

crew can be assisted. As UAVs carry neither passengers nor crew, it would be 

inappropriate to dispatch SAR assets as this would waste critical resources, 

unnecessarily place SAR personnel at risk and potential divert SAR assets from higher 

priority activities. 

4.5 Reporting Conditions

(55) Any person operating under this exemption shall, prior to the commencement of operations, 

notify the Minister, in writing, of:

(a) Their name, address, telephone number and e-mail;

(b) The model of UAV(s) being operated including serial numbers, where appropriate;

(c) The type of work being conducted; and

(d) The geographic boundaries of the operation.

Note: This information allows Transport Canada the opportunity to assess the 

effectiveness of its regulatory activities and provides basic information on who is 

operating in various areas so that they can be contacted, should there be need to do so 

(e.g. recovery of a lost UAV). It is recommended that such notification be emailed to 

TC.UAVExemptionNotification-NotificationExemptionUAV.TC@tc.gc.ca.

(56) Any person operating under this exception shall notify the Minister within 10 working days of 

any change to the information provided in the above condition or upon the permanent 

cessation of UAV system operations.

Note: In order to ensure that the information above remains current and valid there is a 

requirement to notify the Minister of any changes to the original notification provided 

under condition 55 above. Operators should use the same email address provided

above.

(57) Any person conducting operations under this exemption shall report to the closest Transport 

Canada Civil Aviation office, as soon as possible, details of any of the following aviation 

occurrences during the operation of a UAV system:

(a) Injuries to any person requiring medical attention;

(b) Unintended contact between a UAV and persons, livestock, vehicles, vessels or other 

structures;

(c) Unanticipated damage incurred to the airframe, control station, payload or command 

and control links that adversely affects the performance or flight characteristics of the 

UAV; 

(d) Anytime the UAV is not kept within the geographic boundaries and/or altitude limits as 

outlined in this exemption;

(e) Any collision or risk of collision with another aircraft;

(f) Anytime the UAV becomes uncontrollable, experiences a fly-away or is missing; and
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(g) Any other incident that results in a Canadian Aviation Daily Occurrence Report 

(CADORS).

Note: In addition to the operator’s responsibilities under the Canadian Transportation 

Accident Investigation and Safety Board Act, they must also advise Transport Canada 

should any of the above occurrences (incidents or accidents) occur. This is to ensure 

that the cause of any such occurrence is determined and appropriate 

mitigation/corrective measures are implemented in order to reduce the likelihood of a 

reoccurrence.

(58) Any person conducting operations under this exemption shall, following any of the aviation 

occurrences listed above, cease operations until such time as the cause of the occurrence has 

been determined and corrective actions have been taken to eliminate the risk of reoccurrence.

Note: In order to reduce the risk to other airspace users and people and property on the 

ground, flight operations under this exemption must cease if one of the above 

occurrences is experienced. 

4.6 Penalties 

(1) Transport Canada is serious about safety. Using your UAV in a reckless and negligent manner 

(e.g. not complying with the conditions in the exemptions) could lead to penalties and fines. 

Additionally this type of negligence could cause fatalities, resulting in lawsuits, fines and jail 

time.

(2) Penalties may be assessed in the amount of $5,000 for individuals and $25,000 for corporations

for those that should be operating under an SFOC, but are not.

(3) The Criminal Code of Canada describes several offences involving the dangerous operation of 

aircraft and endangering the safety of other aircraft. Committing such offences is punishable by 

monetary penalties and/or jail time including imprisonment for life. 

(4) Other penalties may apply against other regulations outlined in section 2.1.

5.0 INFORMATION MANAGEMENT

Not applicable. 

6.0 DOCUMENT HISTORY

Not applicable. 

7.0 CONTACT OFFICE

For more information about the exemptions and conditions for operating your unmanned air 

vehicle or for operating it safely, contact the Transport Canada Civil Aviation Communications 

Centre: 

Phone: 1-800-305-2059

Email: services@tc.gc.ca
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APPENDIX A: 

EXEMPTION FROM SECTIONS 602.41 AND 603.66 OF THE CANADIAN AVIATION REGULATIONS

Pursuant to Subsection 5.9(2) of the Aeronautics Act, and after having determined that the exemption is 

in the public interest and is not likely to adversely affect aviation safety, I hereby exempt persons 

conducting flight operations utilizing unmanned air vehicles (UAVs), with a maximum take-off weight 

not exceeding 2 kilograms, operated within visual line-of-sight, from the requirements of sections 

602.41 and 603.66 of the Canadian Aviation Regulations (CARs), subject to the conditions set out below.

Excerpts from the CARs are included in Annex A to this exemption.

INTERPRETATION

For the purpose of this exemption:

Autonomous - means the ability to execute processes or missions using onboard decision-making 

capabilities. An autonomous UAV system is not designed to permit crew member intervention.

Command and Control (C2) Link – means the data link between the UAV and the control station for the 

purposes of managing the flight.

Control Station – means the facilities and/or equipment remote from the UAV from which the aircraft is 

controlled and/or monitored.

First Person View (FPV) Device – means a device that generates and transmits a streaming video image 

to a control station display or monitor giving the pilot who is viewing this video, the illusion of actually 

flying the UAV from an onboard pilot’s perspective.

Lost Link - means the loss of command and control link contact with the UAV such that the pilot can no 

longer manage the aircraft’s flight.

UAV Operator - means the person that has possession of the UAV system, as owner, lessee or 

otherwise.

UAV System – means a set of configurable elements consisting of an UAV, its associated control 

station(s), the required command and control links and any other elements as may be required, at any 

point during flight operation

Visual line-of-sight (VLOS) - means unaided (corrective lenses and/or sunglasses exempted) visual 

contact with the UAV sufficient to be able to maintain operational control of the aircraft, know its 

location, and be able to scan the airspace in which it is operating to decisively see and avoid other air 

traffic or objects.
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Visual Observer - means a trained crew member, in visual line-of-sight of the UAV, who assists the pilot 

in the duties associated with collision avoidance and complying with the applicable rules of flight.

PURPOSE

This exemption relieves persons conducting non-recreational UAV system operations utilizing a UAV 

with a maximum take-off weight not exceeding 2 kilograms, operated within visual line-of-sight from the 

requirement to obtain a Special Flight Operations Certificate (SFOC) as required by sections 602.41 and 

the requirement to comply with the conditions of an SFOC as required by section 603.66 of the CARs. 

The exemption will permit non-recreational UAVs with a maximum take-off weight not exceeding 2 

kilograms to be operated away from built-up areas, controlled airspace, aerodromes, forest fire areas 

and other restricted locations. The exemption includes conditions which address the need for the safe 

and responsible use of certain UAV systems.

UAV operations conducted outside the terms and conditions of this exemption will be subject to the 

requirements for an SFOC. 

APPLICATION

This exemption applies to any person conducting UAV system operations within Canadian Domestic 

Airspace utilizing UAVs with a maximum take-off weight not exceeding 2 kilograms within visual lineof-sight.

This exemption does not apply to:

a) Operations of model aircraft; 

b) Operations of an Autonomous UAV; or

c) Operations by a foreign UAV operator.

CONDITIONS

General Conditions

1) Any person conducting operations under this exemption shall conduct a safe operation and shall not pose 

a risk to aviation safety.

2) Any person operating under this exemption shall not operate a UAV system in such a reckless or negligent 

manner so as to endanger or be likely to endanger the life or property of any person.

3) Any persons operating under this exemption shall be a minimum of 18 years of age, or be at least 16 years 

of age and conducting research under the supervision of an academic institution. 

4) Any person conducting operations under this exemption shall subscribe for liability insurance covering 

risks of public liability at the levels described in subsection 606.02 (8) of the Canadian Aviation Regulations 

and in any case shall have no less than $100,000 in liability insurance coverage pertaining to the operation 

of the UAV system.
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5) The pilot operating under this exemption shall not operate the controls of a UAV if they have any reason 

to believe that they are suffering or are likely to suffer from fatigue, or suffering from any other condition 

which would render them unfit to perform their duties.

6) The pilot operating under this exemption shall not operate a UAV system within eight (8) hours after 

consuming an alcoholic beverage or while under the influence of alcohol or while using any drug that 

impairs the person faculties to the extent that the safety of the operation is endangered in any way.

7) Any person conducting operations under this exemption shall be familiar with the relevant aeronautical 

information that is appropriate to the intended flight, before commencing a flight.

8) Any person operating under this exemption shall not operate a UAV in any special aviation event requiring 

an SFOC under Part VI, Subpart 3, Division 1 of the Canadian Aviation Regulations. 

9) Any person conducting operations under this exemption shall obtain permission from the owner(s) of the 

property on which a UAV intends to take-off/launch from and/or land/recover on.

10) Any person conducting operations under this exemption shall, prior to commencing operations, perform a 

site survey to assess the suitability of each location and confirm that safe operations can be conducted. 

11) Any person conducting operations under this exemption shall cease operations if at any time the safety of 

other airspace users or persons or property on the ground is in jeopardy, or if the person conducting 

operations is unable to comply with the conditions of this exemption.

12) A copy of the following documents shall be accessible to any person conducting operations under this 

exemption: 

a. This exemption;

b. Proof of liability insurance coverage;

c. Name, address and telephone number of the UAV operator; and

d. A copy of the UAV system operating limitations.

13) A person conducting operations under this exemption shall immediately produce any of the documents 

and/or information listed in condition 12 to a peace officer, police officer, or Transport Canada inspector 

upon request.

14) No person operating under this exemption is relieved from complying with the provisions of any other 

relevant Acts, Regulations or laws or from any level of government.

Flight Conditions

15) The pilot operating under this exemption shall maintain continuous unaided visual contact with the UAV 

sufficient to be able to maintain operational control of the UAV, know its location and be able to scan the 

airspace in which it is operating to decisively see and avoid other air traffic or objects.

16) The pilot operating under this exemption shall not use a first person view device. 

17) The pilot operating under this exemption shall only operate a UAV from a single control station and 

control relays or visual observers to extend the operational area are prohibited.

18) The pilot shall operate no more than one UAV at any one time.

19) The pilot operating a UAV shall give way to manned aircraft at all times.

20) The pilot conducting operations under this exemption shall only operate a UAV during daylight hours.

21) The pilot operating under this exemption shall operate a UAV at or below 300 feet above ground level 

(AGL).

22) The pilot conducting operations under this exemption shall only operate a UAV in Class G airspace.
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23) The pilot operating under this exemption shall not operate a UAV over a forest fire area, or over any area 

that is located within five nautical miles of a forest fire area.

24) The pilot operating under this exemption shall not operate a UAV in airspace that has been restricted by 

the Minister under Section 5.1 of the Aeronautics Act. 

25) The pilot operating under this exemption shall only operate a UAV at least five (5) nautical miles away 

from the centre of any aerodrome.

26) The pilot operating under this exemption shall only operate a UAV at least five (5) nautical miles from a 

built up area.

27) The pilot operating under this exemption shall operate a UAV at a lateral distance of at least 100 feet 

from any building, structure, vehicle, vessel or animal not associated with the operation and at least 100 

feet from any person.

28) The pilot operating under this exemption shall not operate a UAV over an open-air assembly of persons.

29) The pilot conducting operations under this exemption shall only operate a UAV under visual 

meteorological conditions, clear of cloud with not less than two (2) statute miles ground visibility.

30) The pilot conducting operations under this exemption shall be able to take immediate active control of a 

UAV at all times.

31) The pilot conducting operations under this exemption shall establish and follow normal, lost link and 

emergency procedures, including those established by the manufacturer. 

32) Any person conducting operations under this exemption shall confirm that no unacceptable radio 

frequency interference to the UAV system is present prior to flight, nor is likely to be present during flight. 

33) The pilot operating under this exemption shall not operate a UAV system unless it is operated in 

accordance with the operating limitation specified by the manufacturer.

34) The pilot operating under this exemption shall not conduct a take-off/launch of a UAV if explosive, 

corrosive, bio-hazard or bright light emitting (laser) payloads are carried onboard.

35) Any person conducting operations under this exemption shall ensure that the appropriate air traffic 

service unit(s) is advised immediately anytime the flight of a UAV inadvertently enters into controlled 

airspace.

Pilot training Condition

36) The pilot conducting operations under this exemption shall be appropriately trained on the UAV system 

and qualified for the area and type of operation as referred to in Transport Canada guidance material.

UAV System Condition

37) Any person conducting operations under this exemption shall ensure that a UAV system is in a fit and safe 

state for flight prior to take-off/launch.

VALIDITY

This exemption is in effect until the earliest of the following:

a) December 21, 2016 at 23:59 (EST);
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b) the date on which any one of the conditions set out in this exemption is breached;

c) the date on which this exemption is cancelled in writing by the Minister, where she is of the 

opinion that the exemption is no longer in the public interest, or that it is likely to adversely affect 

aviation safety.

Dated at Ottawa, Ontario, Canada this ________day of __________, 2014, on behalf of the Minister of 

Transport.

Martin J. Eley

Director General

Civil Aviation
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APPENDIX B: 

EXEMPTION FROM SECTIONS 602.41 AND 603.66 OF THE CANADIAN AVIATION REGULATIONS

Pursuant to Subsection 5.9(2) of the Aeronautics Act, and after having determined that the exemption is 

in the public interest and is not likely to adversely affect aviation safety, I hereby exempt persons 

conducting flight operations utilizing unmanned air vehicles (UAVs) with a maximum take-off weight 

exceeding 2 kilograms but not exceeding 25 kilograms, with a maximum calibrated airspeed of 87 knots 

or less, operated within visual line-of-sight from the requirements of sections 602.41 and 603.66 of the 

Canadian Aviation Regulations (CARs), subject to the conditions set out below.

Excerpts from the CARs are included in Annex A.

INTERPRETATION

For the purpose of this exemption:

Autonomous - means the ability to execute processes or missions using onboard decision making 

capabilities. An autonomous UAV system is not designed to permit crew member intervention.

Command and Control Link – means the data link between the UAV and the control station for the 

purposes of managing the flight

Control Station – means the facilities and/or equipment remote from the UAV from which the aircraft is 

controlled and/or monitored.

First Person View (FPV) Device – means a device that generates and transmits a streaming video image 

to a control station display or monitor giving the pilot who is viewing this video, the illusion of actually 

flying the UAV from an onboard pilot’s perspective.

Flight Termination System - means the system that, upon initiation, terminates the flight of a UAV in a 

manner so as not to cause significant damage to property or severe injury to persons on the ground.

Fly-away - means an interruption or loss of the command and control link where the pilot is unable to 

affect control of the UAV and the aircraft is longer following its preprogrammed procedures resulting in 

the UAV not operating in a predictable or planned manner.

Lost Link - means the loss of command and control link contact with the UAV such that the pilot can no 

longer manage the aircraft’s flight.

UAV Operator - means the person that has possession of the UAV system, as owner, lessee or 

otherwise.
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UAV System – means a set of configurable elements consisting of an unmanned air vehicle, its 

associated control station(s), the required command and control links and any other elements as may be 

required, at any point during flight operation.

Visual line-of-sight (VLOS) - means unaided (corrective lenses and/or sunglasses exempted) visual 

contact with the UAV sufficient to be able to maintain operational control of the aircraft, know its 

location, and be able to scan the airspace in which it is operating to decisively see and avoid other air 

traffic or objects.

Visual Observer - means a trained crew member, in visual line-of-sight of the UAV, who assists the pilot 

in the duties associated with collision avoidance and complying with the applicable rules of flight.

PURPOSE

This exemption relieves persons conducting non-recreational UAV system operations utilizing a UAV 

with a maximum take-off weight exceeding 2kgs but not exceeding 25kgs, operated within visual line-ofsight from the requirement to obtain a Special Flight Operations Certificate (SFOC) as required by 

sections 602.41 and the requirement to comply with the conditions of an SFOC as required by section 

603.66 of the CARs. 

The exemption will permit non-recreational UAVs with a maximum take-off weight exceeding 2kgs but 

not exceeding 25kgs and with maximum calibrated airspeed of 87 knots or less to be operated away 

from built-up areas, airspace, controlled aerodromes, forest fire areas and other restricted locations. 

The exemption includes conditions which address the need for the safe and responsible use of certain 

UAV systems.

UAV operations conducted outside the terms and conditions of this exemption will be subject to the 

requirements for an SFOC. 

APPLICATION

This exemption applies to any person conducting UAV system operations within Canadian Domestic 

Airspace utilizing a UAV with a maximum take-off weight exceeding 2kgs but not exceeding 25kgs 

operated within visual line-of-sight.

This exemption does not apply to:

a) Operations of model aircraft; 

b) Operations of an Autonomous UAV; or

c) Operations by a foreign UAV operator.
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CONDITIONS

General Conditions

1) Any person conducting operations under this exemption shall conduct a safe operation and shall not pose 

a risk to aviation safety.

2) Any person operating under this exemption shall not operate a UAV system in such a reckless or negligent 

manner so as to endanger or be likely to endanger the life or property of any person.

3) Any person conducting operations under this exemption shall be a minimum of 18 years of age. 

4) Any person conducting operations under this exemption shall subscribe for liability insurance covering 

risks of public liability at the levels described in subsection 606.02 (8) of the Canadian Aviation 

Regulations and in any case shall have no less than $100,000 in liability insurance coverage pertaining to 

the operation of the UAV.

5) The pilot operating under this exemption shall not operate the controls of a UAV if they have any reason 

to believe that they are suffering or are likely to suffer from fatigue, or suffering from any other condition 

which would render them unfit to perform their duties.

6) The pilot operating under this exemption shall not operate a UAV system within eight (8) hours after 

consuming an alcoholic beverage or while under the influence of alcohol or while using any drug that 

impairs the person faculties to the extent that the safety of the operation is endangered in any way.

7) Any person conducting operations under this exemption shall be familiar with the relevant aeronautical 

information that is appropriate to the intended flight, before commencing a flight.

8) Any person operating under this exemption shall not operate a UAV in any special aviation event requiring 

an SFOC under Part VI, Subpart 3, Division 1 of the Canadian Aviation Regulations.

9) Any person conducting operations under this exemption shall obtain permission from the owner(s) of the 

property on which a UAV intends to take-off/launch from and/or land/recover on.

10) Any person conducting operations under this exemption shall, prior to commencing operations, perform a 

site survey to assess the suitability of each location and confirm that safe operations can be conducted.

11) Any person conducting operations under this exemption shall cease operations if at any time the safety of 

other airspace users or persons or property on the ground is in jeopardy, or if the person conducting 

operations is unable to comply with the conditions of this exemption.

12) A copy of the following documents shall be accessible to any person conducting operations under this 

exemption. 

a. This exemption;

b. Proof of liability insurance coverage;

c. Name, address and telephone number of the UAV operator; and

d. A copy of the UAV system operating limitations. 

13) A person conducting operations under this exemption shall immediately produce any of the documents 

and/or information listed in condition 12 to a peace officer, police officer, or Transport Canada inspector 

upon request.

14) No person operating under this exemption is relieved from complying with the provisions of any other 

relevant Acts, Regulations or laws or from any level of government. 
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Flight Conditions

15) The pilot operating under this exemption shall maintain continuous unaided visual contact with the UAV 

sufficient to be able to maintain operational control of the UAV, know its location and be able to scan the 

airspace in which it is operating to decisively see and avoid other air traffic or objects.

16) The pilot operating under this exemption shall not use a first person view device.

17) The pilot operating under this exemption shall only operate a UAV from a single control station and 

control relays or visual observers to extend the operational area are prohibited.

18) The pilot shall operate no more than one UAV at any one time.

19) The pilot operating a UAV shall give way to manned aircraft at all times.

20) The pilot operating under this exemption shall only operate a UAV during daylight hours. 

21) The pilot operating under this exemption shall operate a UAV at or below 300 feet above ground level 

(AGL).

22) The pilot conducting operations under this exemption shall only operate a UAV in Class G airspace. 

23) The pilot operating under this exemption shall not operate a UAV over a forest fire area, or over any area 

that is located within five nautical miles of a forest fire area.

24) The pilot operating under this exemption shall not operate a UAV in airspace that has been restricted by 

the Minister under Section 5.1 of the Aeronautics Act.

25) The pilot operating under this exemption shall only operate a UAV at least five (5) nautical miles away 

from the centre of any aerodrome.

26) The pilot operating under this exemption shall only operate a UAV at least five (5) nautical miles away 

from a built-up area. 

27) The pilot operating under this exemption shall operate a UAV at a lateral distance of at least 500 feet 

from any building, structure, vehicle, vessel, animal or person unless:

a. The building, structure, vehicle, vessel or animal is the subject of the 

aerial work; and

b. Only persons inherent to the operation are present.

28) The pilot operating under this exemption shall operate a UAV at a lateral distance of at least 500 feet 

from the general public, spectators, bystanders or any person not associated with the operation.

29) The pilot operating under this exemption shall not operate a UAV over an open-air assembly of persons.

30) The pilot conducting operations under this exemption shall only operate a UAV under visual 

meteorological conditions, clear of cloud with not less than two (2) statute miles ground visibility. 

31) The pilot conducting operations under this exemption shall be able to take immediate active control of a 

UAV at all times.

32) Any person conducting operations under this exemption shall establish and adhere to procedures to be 

followed in the event that control of the UAV can no longer be maintained. Specifically: 

a. Procedures for contacting emergency responders; 

b. Procedures for landing/recovering the UAV safely; 

c. Procedures for contacting the appropriate air traffic service unit; and

d. Name(s) of individuals responsible for following each of the above 

procedures.
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33) Any person conducting operations under this exemption shall establish and adhere to an emergency 

contingency plan. 

34) The pilot conducting operations under this exemption shall establish and follow normal, lost link and 

emergency procedures, including those established by the manufacturer.

35) Any person conducting operations under this exemption shall confirm that no unacceptable radio 

frequency interference to the UAV system is present prior to flight, nor is likely to be present during flight.

36) The pilot operating under this exemption shall not activate a flight termination system, if a UAV is so 

equipped, in such a manner as to endanger other airspace users or persons or property on the ground.

37) Any person operating under this exemption shall not conduct a take-off/launch of a UAV unless the risk 

involved with lost link circumstances has been assessed and a determination has been made as to when 

auto-recovery manoeuvres or flight termination shall be initiated. 

38) The pilot operating under this exemption shall not operate a UAV in known or forecast icing conditions. 

39) The pilot operating under this exemption shall not conduct a take-off/launch of a UAV that has frost, ice 

or snow adhering to any of its critical surfaces.

40) The pilot operating under this exemption shall not operate a UAV system unless it is operated in 

accordance with the operating limitation specified by the manufacturer. 

41) The pilot operating under this exemption shall not permit the use of a portable electronic device at the 

control station of a UAV system where the device may impair the functioning of the systems or 

equipment.

42) The pilot operating under this exemption shall not conduct a take-off/launch of a UAV if explosive, 

corrosive, bio-hazard or bright light emitting (laser) payloads, or any payloads that can be jettisoned, 

dispersed or dropped, are carried onboard.

43) The pilot operating under this exemption shall ensure the following operational and emergency 

equipment is immediately available: 

a. checklists or placards that enable a UAV system to be operated in 

accordance with the limitations specified by the manufacturer; and

b. a hand-held fire extinguisher of a type suitable for extinguishing fires 

that are likely to occur.

44) The pilot conducting operations under this exemption shall remain clear of the take-off, approach and 

landing routes and the pattern of traffic formed by manned aircraft operating in the vicinity of 

aerodromes. 

45) Any person conducting operations under this exemption shall ensure that the appropriate air traffic 

service unit(s) is advised immediately anytime the flight of a UAV inadvertently enters into controlled 

airspace.

46) The pilot operating a UAV under this exemption, before entering or operating within in the Canadian Air 

Defence Identification Zone (ADIZ), shall comply with section 601.145 of the Canadian Aviation 

Regulations.

Pilot Training Conditions

47) The pilot operating a UAV system under this exemption shall have successfully completed a pilot ground 

school program that provides instruction on the following subject areas:

a. airspace classification and structure;

b. meteorological and NOTAM reporting services;

c. interpretation of aeronautical charts and the Canada Flight 

Supplement; and
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d. applicable content of the Canadian Aviation Regulations;

48) The pilot conducting operations under this exemption shall be appropriately trained on the UAV system 

and qualified for the area and type of operation as referred to in Transport Canada guidance material.

UAV System Conditions

49) Any person conducting operations under this exemption shall, prior to conducting a take-off/launch of a 

UAV, ensure that there is a means of:

a. Controlling the flight of the UAV;

b. Monitoring the UAV system;

c. Navigation;

d. Communication, as required by the Canadian Aviation Regulations; 

e. Detecting hazardous environmental flight conditions;

f. Mitigating the risk of loss of control of the UAV;

g. Sensing and avoiding other aircraft;

h. Avoiding flight into obstacles and terrain; and

i. Remaining clear of cloud.

50) Any person conducting operations under this exemption shall ensure that a UAV system is in a fit and safe 

state for flight prior to take-off/launch.

51) Any person conducting operations under this exemption shall ensure that a UAV is not flown if it has been 

subjected to any abnormal occurrence unless it has been inspected for damage and repaired, if needed to 

ensure safe operation.

52) Any person conducting operations under this exemption shall ensure that all maintenance, servicing and 

disassembly-assembly of a UAV system and associated components are performed in accordance with 

procedures described in the manufacturer’s specifications.

53) Any person conducting operations under this exemption shall ensure that the requirements of any 

airworthiness directives, or equivalent, issued by the manufacturer have been completed.

54) Any person operating under this exemption shall ensure that the UAV is not equipped with an emergency 

locator transmitter (ELT).

55) Reporting Conditions

56) Any person operating under this exemption shall, prior to the commencement of operations, notify the 

Minister, in writing, of:

a. Their name, address, telephone number and e-mail;

b. The model of UAV(s) being operated including serial number(s), where 

appropriate;

c. The type of work being conducted; and

d. The geographic boundaries of the operation.

57) Any person operating under this exception shall notify the Minister within 10 working days of any change 

to the information provided in the above condition or upon the permanent cessation of UAV system 

operations.
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58) Any person conducting operations under this exemption shall report to the closest Transport Canada Civil 

Aviation office, as soon as possible, details of any of the following aviation occurrences during the 

operation of a UAV system:

a. Injuries to any person requiring medical attention;

b. Unintended contact between a UAV and persons, livestock, vehicles, 

vessels or other structures;

c. Unanticipated damage incurred to the airframe, control station, 

payload or command and control links that adversely affects the 

performance or flight characteristics of the UAV; 

d. Anytime the UAV is not kept within the geographic boundaries and/or 

altitude limits as outlined in this exemption;

e. Any collision or risk of collision with another aircraft;

f. Anytime the UAV becomes uncontrollable, experiences a fly-away or is 

missing; and

g. Any other incident that results in a Canadian Aviation Daily Occurrence 

Report (CADORS).

59) Any person conducting operations under this exemption shall, following any of the aviation occurrences

listed above, cease operations until such time as the cause of the occurrence has been determined and 

corrective actions have been taken to eliminate the risk of reoccurrence.

VALIDITY

This exemption is in effect until the earliest of the following:

December 21, 2016 at 23:59 (EST);

the date on which any one of the conditions set out in this exemption is breached;

the date on which this exemption is cancelled in writing by the Minister, where he is of the 

opinion that the exemption is no longer in the public interest, or that it is likely to 

adversely affect aviation safety.

Dated at Ottawa, Ontario, Canada this ________day of __________, 2014, on behalf of the Minister of 

Transport.
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ANNEX A: EXCERPTS FROM THE CANADIAN AVIATION REGULATIONS

101.01

“model aircraft”

“model aircraft” means an aircraft, the total weight of which does not exceed 35 kg (77.2 pounds), that is 

mechanically driven or launched into flight for recreational purposes and that is not designed to carry persons or 

other living creatures; (modèle réduit d’aéronef)

[...]

“unmanned air vehicle”

“unmanned air vehicle” means a power-driven aircraft, other than a model aircraft, that is designed to fly without 

a human operator on board; (véhicule aérien non habité)

[...]

602.41 No person shall operate an unmanned air vehicle in flight except in accordance with a special flight 

operations certificate or an air operator certificate.

[...]

603.65 This Division applies in respect of the following flight operations when not conducted under Part VII:

[...]

(d) the operation of an unmanned air vehicle;

[...]

603.66 No person shall conduct a flight operation referred to in section 603.65 unless the person complies with the 

provisions of a special flight operations certificate issued by the Minister pursuant to section 603.67.

603.67 Subject to section 6.71 of the Act, the Minister shall, on receipt of an application submitted in the form and 

manner required by the Special Flight Operations Standards, issue a special flight operations certificate to an 

applicant who demonstrates to the Minister the ability to conduct the flight operation in accordance with the 

Special Flight Operations Standards.