United States Court of Appeals, Eleventh Circuit.

No. 96-3506. Gregory MILLS, Petitioner-Appellant,

v. Harry K. SINGLETARY, Jr., Secretary, Florid a Department of Corrections, RespondentAppellee. Dec. 1, 1998. Appeal from the United States Di strict Court for the Middle Distri ct of Florida. (No. 92-1184-CivOrl-9), Patricia C. Fawsett, Judge. Before HATCHETT, Chief Judge, and ED MONDSON and BLACK, Circuit Judges.

PER CURIAM: In this capital case, appellant Gregory Mills challenges the district court's denial of his petition for writ of habeas corpus pursuant to 28 U.S.C. § 2254. We affirm.

I. BACKGROUND The Florida Supreme Court described the circumstances surrounding the murder of James Wright and Mills's trial as follows: The evidence at the trial showed that Gr egory Mills and his accomplice Vincent Ashley broke into the home of James and Margaret Wri ght in Sanford between two and three o'clock in the morning, intending to find something to steal. When James Wright woke up and left his bedroom to investigate, Mills shot him with a shotgun. Margaret Wright awakened in time to see one of the intruders run across her fr ont yard to a bicycle lying under a tree. Mr. Wright died from loss of blood caused by multiple shotgun pellet wounds. Ashley, seen riding his bicycle a few bloc ks from the Wright home, was stopped and detained by an officer on his way to the crime scene. Another officer saw a bicycle at the entrance to a nearby hospital emergency room, found Mills inside, and arrested him. At police headquarters officers questioned both men and conducted gunshot residue tests on them. Then they were released. At trial Mills' roommate [Sylvester Davis] te stified that he and his girlfriend [Viola May1 Under 28 U.S.C. § 2254(d), a federal court reviewing a state petitioner's petition for writ of habeas corpus must give a presumption of correctness to the state courts' factual determinations (when certain prerequisites are met). See Bolender v. Singletary , 16 F.3d 1547, 1552 n. 1 (11th Cir.), cert. denied, 513 U.S. 1022, 115 S.Ct. 589, 130 L.Ed.2d 502 (1994); Cumbie v. Singletary , 991 F.2d 715, 723 (11th Cir.), cert. denied, 510 U.S. 1031, 114 S.Ct. 650, 126 L.Ed.2d 608 (1993). This presumption is applicable equallyto state appellate court findings of fact. See Sumner v. Mata , 449 U.S. 539, 547, 101 S.Ct. 764, 66 L.Ed.2d 722 (1981); Bolender, 16 F.3d at 1552 n. 1. Stafford] hid some shotgun shells that Mills had given them, that Mills had been carrying a firearm when he left the house the night of th e murder, and that Mills had said he had shot someone. He also stated that Mills told him that a city worker had found a shotgun later shown to have fired an expended shell found near the victim's home. After the murder, Ashley was arrested on some unr elated charges. He then learned that Mills had told his roommate and his girlfriend about the murder and that they in turn had told the police, so he decided to tell the police about the incident. Ashley testified that Mills entered the house (through a window) first, that he, Ashley, then handed the shotgun to him, and that he then entered the house himself. Ashley saw the man in the house had awakened and was getting up, so he exited the house and ran to his bicycle. Then he heard the shot and ran back to the house, where he saw Mills. They both departed the scene on their bicycles, taking separate routes. Ashley was granted i mmunity from prosecution for these crimes and also for several unrelated charges pending agains t him at the time he decided to confess and cooperate. Mills testified in his defense. He said that he arrived home from work on May 24 at around 9:30 p.m. Then he went out, first to one bar, then another, playing pool and socializing. He went home afterwards but coul d not sleep, he said, because of a toothache and a headache, so he went to the hospital emergency room. There police officers took him into custody. Mills v. State, 476 So.2d 172, 174-75 (Fla.1985), cert. denied, 475 U.S. 1031, 106 S.Ct. 1241, 89 L.Ed.2d 349 (1986). 1

II. PROCEDURAL HISTORY The State of Florida charged Mills through an indictment dated June 29, 1979, with four counts relating to the May 25, 1979 shooting of Wri ght: (1) first degree felony murder (Count I); (2) burglary (Count II); (3) aggravated battery (Count III); and (4) possessing a firearm despite a prior felony conviction (Count IV). On August 16, 1979, a jury trial commenced. After the trial judge denied Mills's motion for judgment of acquitta l, the jury returned verdicts of guilty on the2 Florida later filed a nolle prosequias to Count IV.

3 The trial court found that the following statutor y aggravating factors supported Mills's death sentence: (1) under sentence of imprisonment when he committed the murder; (2) previously convicted of a felony involving the use or threat of violence; (3) knowingly creating a great risk of death to many persons; (4) murder committed while Mills was engaged in the commission of or an attempt to commit or flight after committing the robberies; (5) pecuniary gain; (6) heinous, atrocious or cruel. The trial court additionally found that the following statutory mitigating factors were not present: (1) no significant history of prior criminal activity; (2) murder committed while Mills was under the influence of extreme mental or emotional disturbance; (3) the victims were participants or consented to Mills's acts or conduct; (4) Mills was an accomplice in the murder that another committed, or Mills's participation in the murder was minor; (5) Mills acted under extreme duress or under the substantial domination of another; (6) Mills's capacity to appreciate the criminality of his conduct or to conform his conduct to the requirements of the law was substantially impaired; (7) Mills's age at the time of the crime. See Fla. Stat. § 921.141 (1979). The trial court also sentenced Mills to ten years of imprisonment on Count II (burglary) and five years of imprisonment on Count III (aggravated battery), with the sentences running concurrently. charges of first degree felony murder, burglary and aggravated battery. 2 At the penalty phase of the proceedings on the first degree murder conviction, the jury recommended that Mills receive a life sentence. On April 18, 1980, the trial judge overr ode the jury's recommendation after finding that the aggravating factors surrounding Mills's crime outweighed the absence of statutory mitigating factors pursuant to Florida Statute § 921.141, and sentenced Mills to death. 3 On direct appeal to the Florida Supreme C ourt, Mills raised the following issues: (1) whether sufficient evidence supported his felony murder conviction; (2) whether he received ineffective assistance of counsel because of a conflic t of interest in the public defender's office; (3) whether the trial court violated his confrontati on rights in abridging cross-examination of Ashley; (4) whether the trial court erred in admitting gunshot residue tests; (5) wh ether his conviction for aggravated battery was improper; (6) whether hi s convictions for both fe lony murder and burglary were improper; and (7) whether the trial judge's override of the jury's recommendation was improper. See Mills, 476 So.2d at 175, 179.4 Specifically, the Florida Supreme Court held that the facts suggesting a sentence of death are so clear and convincing that virtually no reasonable person could differ. There are three valid statutory aggravating circumstances, and the trial judge has found that there are no valid mitigating circumstances. The purported mitigating circumstances claimed by Mills, but not found by the trial judge, are not sufficient to outweigh the aggravating circumstances nor do they establish a reasonable basis for the jury's recommendation. Mills, 476 So.2d at 179 (construing Tedder, 322 So.2d at 910). The Florida Supreme Court affirmed Mills's c onvictions and sentences for felony murder and burglary, but vacated the sentence and conviction for aggravated battery. See Mills, 476 So.2d at 175, 177. The Florida Supreme Court held that Mills's contentions concerning ineffective assistance and gunshot residue tests were mer itless, and that the trial court did not abridge Mills's right to confront the witnesses against him. See Mills, 476 So.2d at 175-77. The Florida Supreme Court then analyzed the trial judge's override of the jury's recommendation at Mills's sentencing. It found thatthe trial judge had found the existence of no mitigating factors and the following six aggravati ng factors pursuant to Florida Statute § 921.141:(1) under sentence of imprisonment; (2) previous convicti on of violent felony; (3 ) great risk of death to many persons; (4) felony murder; (5) pecuniary gain; and (6) heinous, atrocious or cruel. The Florida Supreme Court held that the following aggravating factors were improper: (1) great risk of death to many persons; (2) pecuniary gain; and (3) heinous, atrocious or cruel. It affirmed the remainder of the aggravating factors, as well as the trial court's finding that no mitigating factors existed. See Mills, 476 So.2d at 177-79. The Florida Supreme Court affirmed the trial judge's imposition of the death sentence, holdi ng that the override complied with Tedder v. State, 322 So.2d 908 (Fla.1975). 4The United States Supreme Court denied Mills's petition for writ of certiorari. Mills v. Florida, 475 U.S. 1031, 106 S.Ct. 1241, 89 L.Ed.2d 349 (1986).5 Mills included seven claims in his petition for writ of habeas corpus: (1) the Florida Supreme Court decided wrongly on appeal the issue of Mills not being allowed to impeach his codefendant; (2) the trial judge's override of the jury's recommendation was improper; (3) appellate counsel was ineffective because Mills should have been resentenced pursuant to Elledge v. State , 346 So.2d 998 (Fla.1977); (4) the trial court erred in finding an automatic aggravating factor (felony murder); (5) the trial court erred in allowing gunshot residue test evidence; (6) the trial court impermissibly shifted to Mills the burden of proving life to be the proper penalty; and (7) consideration of victim impact evidence violated Booth v. Maryland, 482 U.S. 496, 107 S.Ct. 2529, 96 L.Ed.2d 440 (1987). The Florida Supreme Court held that "Mills raised most of these issues on direct appeal or in his 3.850 motion; others should have been raised, if at all, on appeal.... Claims 1, 2, and 4 through 7 are ... procedurally barred." Mills, 559 So.2d at 579 (citations omitted). The Florida Supreme Court also held that Mills's lawyer did not render ineffective assistance on appeal. See Mills, 559 So.2d at 579. The Governor of Florida signed Mills's death warrant, and Mills thereafter moved for post-conviction relief pursuant to Florida Rule of Criminal Procedure 3.850. The trial court denied all requested relief. Mills appealed the trial court's denial to the Florida Supreme Court, petitioned for a writ of habeas corpus and requested a stayof execution. The Florida Supreme Court denied Mills's petition for habeas corpus, but reversed th e trial court's summary denial of his 3.850 motion and directed the trial court to hold an evidentiary hearing on Mills's 3.850 claim of ineffective assistance relating to his lawyer's failure to develop and present evidence that would tend to establish statutory or nonstatutory mental mitigating circumstances. See Mills v. Dugger, 559 So.2d 578, 579 (Fla.1990). 5 The trial court held an evidentiary hearing pursuant to the Florida Supreme Court's remand. Mills called numerous witnesses at the evidentiary hearing, including: his trial attorneys, one of whom testified that "with the bene fit of hindsight" she would have looked at mental health evidence; two psychologists who testified that Mills had some brain damage and satisfied the criteria for two statutory mental mitigators; and his sister and one of his brothe rs, who recounted Mills's difficult upbringing. The trial court held that Mills failed to show that his lawyer's performance was deficient under Strickland v. Washington, 466 U.S. 668, 104 S.Ct. 2052, 80 L.Ed.2d 674 (1984).The Florida Supreme Court affirmed, holding that Mills's lawyer's admission that "with the benefit of hindsight" he would have investigated mental health evidence "illustrates the Supreme Court's concern [in ineffective assistance claims ] "that every effort be made to eliminate the distorting effects of hindsight.' " Mills v. State, 603 So.2d 482, 485 (Fla.1992) (quoting Strickland, 466 U.S. at 689, 104 S.Ct. 2052). The Florida Supreme Court found that Mills also failed to satisfy the prejudice prong of Strickland, holding that "Mills has not demonstrated a reasonable probability that the currently tendered evidence would have pr oduced a reversal of the judge's override of the jury's recommendation." Mills, 603 So.2d at 486. Mills then filed a petition for extraordinary relief and for writ of habeas corpus with the Florida Supreme Court. He raised two issues in the petition: (1) the Florida Supreme Court performed an inadequate harmless error analysis in affirming the death sentence; and (2) the felony-murder aggravator is an unconstitutional automatic aggravating circumstance in felony murders. The Florida Supreme Court found both issues to be procedurally barred. Mills v. Singletary, 606 So.2d 622, 623 (Fla.1992). After exhausting state remedies, Mills filed a petition for writ of habeas corpus pursuant to 28 U.S.C. § 2254 in the United States District Court for the Middle District of Florida. He claimed that: (1) he received ineffective assistance of c ounsel at the penalty and sentencing phase; (2) the trial court and the Florida Supreme Court failed to evaluate adequatelymitigation evidence in contravention of Parker v. Dugger, 498 U.S. 308, 111 S.Ct. 731, 112 L.Ed.2d 812 (1991); (3) the Florida Supreme Court erred in upholding the jury override despite its invalidating three aggravating factors; (4) his sentence rested upon an uncons titutional automatic aggravating factor (felony murder); (5) the jury override resulted in an arbitrary, capricious and unreliably-imposed death sentence; (6) the trial court violated his conf rontation rights when it precluded certain impeachmentand cross-examination of witness Ashley; (7) he received ineffective assistance of counsel because of a conflict of interest in the public defender's office; (8) the trial judge erroneously considered nonstatutory aggravating factors in overriding the jury's recommendation of a life sentence, and his lawyer rendered ineffective assistance in failing to object; (9) the trial judge erred in failing to find mitigating factors; (10) the trial court erred in admitting testimony and evidence of gunshot residue tests; (11) he received ineffective assistance of c ounsel at the guilt phase of his trial; (12) the trial court erred in admitting as rebuttal evidence results from the gunshot residue test; (13) the government engaged in prosecutorial misconduct at the sentencing hearing; and (14) the failure to transcribe the bench conferences resulted in trial error and ineffective assistance of counsel. The district court found that all of Mills's claims were either meritless or procedurally barred, and therefore denied Mills's section 2254 petition in a 51-page order. See Mills v. Singletary, No. 92- 1184-CIV-ORL-19 (M.D.Fla. Aug. 19, 1996).

III. ISSUES Mills raises the following issues in this appea l: (1) whether the trial judge's override of the jury's recommendation of a life sentence, and the Florida Supreme Court's affirmance, resulted in an arbitrary and discriminatory sentence of death; (2) whether the Florida Supreme Court violated Parker v. Dugger in failing to review adequately the record for mitigating factors; (3) whether the Florida Supreme Court conducted an inadequate harmless error analysis; (4) whether Mills received ineffective assistance of counsel at the guilt phase , jury penalty phase and judge sentencing phase; (5) whether the felony murder aggravating factor is unconstitutional; (6) whether Mills's lawyers had an actual conflict of interest that adversely a ffected their representation; (7) whether the trial court violated his confrontation rights; (8) whether the introduction of nonstatutory aggravating factors rendered his trial fundamentally unfair; (9) whether the trial court failed to consider6 Mills filed his petition for writ of habeas corpus on December 23, 1992, before the effective date (April 24, 1996) of the Antiterrorism and Effective Death Penalty Act of 1996 (AEDPA), and thus the AEDPA standard of review provisions are not applicable. See Lindh v. Murphy , 521 U.S. 320, ----, 117 S.Ct. 2059, 2068, 138 L.Ed.2d 481 (1997); Neelley v. Nagle , 138 F.3d 917, 921 (11th Cir.1998). mitigating evidence in violation of Eddings v. Oklahoma, 455 U.S. 104, 114-115, 102 S.Ct. 869, 71 L.Ed.2d 1 (1982); (10) whether the introduction of unreliable scientific evidence rendered Mills's trial unfair; (11) whether the prosecutors engaged in misconduct during the penalty phase of Mills's trial. Because we find that Mills is notentitled to re lief on the merits of some of his claims and has procedurally defaulted the others, we affirm th e district court's denial of his petition for writ of habeas corpus. Specifically, we hold in accord withthe district court that Mills has procedurally defaulted on the following claims: whether the introduction of nonstatutory aggravating factors rendered his trial fundamentally unfair; whethe r the prosecutors engaged in misconduct during the penalty phase of Mills's trial; and whether Mills's lawyer rendered ineffective assistance of counsel at the guilt phase. We address Mills's remaining issues in turn. 6

IV. DISCUSSION A. Jury Override Mills first challenges the trial court's ove rride of the jury's recommendation of life imprisonment and the Florida Supreme Court's subsequent affirmance. The trial court found that six statutory aggravating factors, as well as the absence of statutory mitigating factors, supported a death sentence. The Florida Supreme Court held that three of the aggravating factors—great risk of death to many persons, pecuniary gain and hei nous, atrocious or cruel—were erroneous and that the trial court's finding that no mitigating circum stances existed was correct in affirming Mills's death sentence. See Mills, 476 So.2d at 178-79.7 This court, and the Supreme Court, have analogized the "great weight" given to a jury's recommendation as having the "effect of placing a thumb on one side of the trial judge's sentencing scale—either on the death side or the life side." Glock v. Singletary, 65 F.3d 878, 892 (11th Cir.1995) ( en banc ) (Tjoflat, J., dissenting), cert. denied, --- U.S. ----, 117 S.Ct. 225, 136 L.Ed.2d 157 (1996); see Stringer , 503 U.S. at 232, 112 S.Ct. 1130.

8 The Supreme Court in Spaziano discussed Florida's override scheme and found it to be constitutional. This court has further discussed Florida's override scheme and its safeguards that render it unlikely that Florida courts will impose the death penalty in an arbitrary or discriminatory manner: First, several Florida procedural rules, of both statutory and case law origin, constrain trial judges from imposing the death penalty in an arbitrary or discriminatory manner. Among these significant safeguards is § 921.141(3) of the Florida Statutes, which requires trial judges to independently review the evidence and make detailed written findings regarding aggravating and mitigating circumstances before imposing the death penalty. Another significant safeguard is the Tedder standard. Second, the meaningful appellate review by the Florida Supreme Court in every capital case further reduces the likelihood that the death penalty will be imposed in an arbitrary or discriminatory manner. That court is required by law to review every death sentence to ensure that it has not been imposed arbitrarily or capriciously. The [ Spaziano ] Court noted that there has been no evidence that the Florida Supreme Court has failed to execute its responsibility faithfully, or hesitated to reverse a trial judge who has derogated the jury's role by failing to comply with the mandates of Tedder. Thus, not only are Florida trial judges provided with procedural rules to aid them in performing their duty in a constitutional manner, the likelihood that they will succeed in In Florida, a jury's recommendation of a life se ntence is entitled to "great weight," but a trial judge may overturn such a recommendation when "the facts suggesting a sentence of death [are] so clear and convincing that virtually no reasonable person could differ." Tedder, 322 So.2d at 910. 7 Our review of a jury override "is not to second-guess the deference accorded the jury's recommendation in a particular case, but to ensure that the result of the process is not arbitrary or discriminatory." Spaziano v. Florida, 468 U.S. 447, 465, 104 S.Ct. 3154, 82 L.Ed.2d 340 (1984). Thus, our role is not to second guess the Florida c ourts on questions of state law, but to determine whether the application of the override scheme in Mills's case resulted in an imposition of the death penalty in an arbitrary or discriminatory manner. 8ignoring these rules or incorrectly following them is reduced significantly by meaningful appellate review. Parker v. Dugger, 876 F.2d 1470, 1474 (11th Cir.1989) (citations omitted), rev'd on other grounds, 498 U.S. 308, 111 S.Ct. 731, 112 L.Ed.2d 812 (1991).

9 As the district court correctly noted, we held in Moorethat: [a] federal habeas court should not undertake a review of the state supreme court's proportionality review and, in effect, "get out the record" to see if the state court's findings of fact, their conclusion based on a review of similar cases, was supported by the "evidence" in the similar cases. To do so would thrust the federal judiciary into the substantive policy making area of the state. It is the Mills contends that Florida's override scheme resulted in an arbitrary and discriminatory death sentence because: Florida arbitrarily affirmed an override when Florida courts have sentenced similarly-situated capital defendants (convicted of felony murder) to life; the timing of appellate review, and the use of the law of the case doctrine, re sulted in an arbitrary imposition of a death sentence because Florida courts might not sustain th e jury override today; the facts of the case were not extraordinary for a capital case; the number and type of aggravating factors that the Florida Supreme Court struck were not considered effectiv ely; Florida ignored c odefendant Ashley's total immunity; and Florida ignored m itigation in the r ecord. As an initial matter, we agree with the district court that severa l of Mills's contentions concerning "factual or temporal similarities"—initially, that similarly-situated capital defendants have received life sentences and that the facts of Mills's crime were not extrao rdinary for a capital case—are actually requests for a proportionality review. We have instructed districtcourts to refuse such requests when deciding habeas corpus petitions. See Lindsey v. Smith, 820 F.2d 1137, 1154 (11th Cir.1987), cert. denied, 489 U.S. 1059, 109 S.Ct. 1327, 103 L.Ed.2d 595 (1989); Tucker v. Zant, 724 F.2d 882, 895 (11th Cir.1984); Moore v. Balkcom, 716 F.2d 1511, 1518 (11th Cir.1983), cert. denied, 465 U.S. 1084, 104 S.Ct. 1456, 79 L.Ed.2d 773 (1984). 9state's responsibility to determine the procedure to be used, if any, in sentencing a criminal to death. Moore, 716 F.2d at 1518.

10 Cochran notes Justice Shaw's commentary in his special concurrence to Grossman v. State, in which he stated: During 1984-1985, we affirmed on direct appeal trial judge overrides in eleven of fifteen cases, seventy-three percent. By contrast, during 1986 and 1987, we have affirmed overrides in only two of eleven cases, less than twenty percent. This current reversal rate of over eighty percent is a strong indicator to judges that they should place less reliance on their independent weighing of aggravation and mitigation.... Cochran, 547 So.2d at 933 (quoting Grossman v. State , 525 So.2d 833, 851 (Fla.1988) (Shaw, J., specially concurring), cert. denied, 489 U.S. 1071, 109 S.Ct. 1354, 103 L.Ed.2d 822 (1989)). Mills next argues that the application of the "law of the case" doctrine, and the inconsistent application of the Tedder standard in Florida courts at the time of his review, resulted in the arbitrary imposition of his death sentence. Mills identifies the Florida Supreme Court's proclamation in Cochran v. Statethat "since 1985, the Court has determined that Tedder means precisely what it says, that the judge must concur with the jury 's life recommendation unless "the facts suggesting a sentence of death [are] so clear and convincing th at virtually no reasonabl e person could differ.' " 547 So.2d 928, 933 (Fla.1989) (quoting Tedder, 322 So.2d at 910). The Florida Supreme Court ruled on Mills's override claim in 1985. Mills contends that the timing of his direct appeal and the subsequent application of the law of the case doctrine resulted in an arbitr ary death sentence, and that his sentence would have been different if the Florida Supreme Court had reviewed his claim after 1985. 10 Again, however, Mills is actually requesting a proportionality review, which the district court11 Mills attributes much significance to the district court's pronouncement in a previous order that application of the law of the case doctrine to his case indicates "a certain level of arbitrariness." Although the district court's order denying Mills's petition conceded that Mills's argument was "logically attractive," the court correctly held that Mills's argument on this issue was actually a request for proportionality review. correctly refused to entertain. 11 To compare Mills's situation with other Florida capital defendants whose override issues were decided after 1985 would be in contravention of our role as a federal

court. See, e.g., Antone v. Strickland, 706 F.2d 1534, 1538 (11th Cir.) ("[i]t is not the role of the federal courts in Section 2254 proceedings to retry the circumstances contributing to the state's imposition of the death penalty."), cert. denied, 464 U.S. 1003, 104 S.Ct. 511, 78 L.Ed.2d 699 (1983). Additionally, the Spaziano Court in 1984 remarked that, there is no evidence that the Florida Supreme C ourt has failed in its responsibility to perform meaningful appellate review of each death sentence, either in cases in which both the jury and the trial court have concluded that death is the appropriate penalty or in cases when the jury has recommended life and the trial court has overriden the jury's recommendation and sentenced the defendant to death. Spaziano , 468 U.S. at 466, 104 S.Ct. 3154 (citing Barclay v. Florida , 463 U.S. 939, 971-72, 103 S.Ct. 3418, 77 L.Ed.2d 1134 (1983) (Stevens, J., concurring)). Turning to Mills's other contentions on the overri de claim, he argues that the trial court and the Florida Supreme Court ignored arbitrarily Ashley 's grant of total immunity. In Florida, the disparate treatment of a codefendant can constitute a nonstatutory mitigating circumstance when the defendants are equally culpable. See Bolender, 16 F.3d at 1565-66 n. 27; Pentecost v. State, 545 So.2d 861, 863 (Fla.1989) ("[t]he disparate treatment of equally culpable accomplices can serve as a valid basis for a jury's recommending life impris onment."). The record does not show, however, that Ashley was "equally culpable" in the murder of James Wright. See White v. Dugger, 523 So.2d 140, 141 (Fla.) ("[i]t is permissible to impose different sentences on capital co-defendants where their various degrees of participation and cu lpability are different from one another."), cert. denied,488 U.S. 871, 109 S.Ct. 184, 102 L.Ed.2d 153 (1988). We agree with the district court that Mills's argument on this point is unpersuasive. Mills also contends that the trial court and the Florida Supreme Court ignored mitigation evidence in the record. We find no merit in this argument for several reasons. First, it is well-settled that in override cases, "the mere presence of m itigating evidence does not automatically provide a reasonable basis for the jury's recommendation." Francis v. Dugger, 908 F.2d 696, 704 (11th Cir.1990), cert. denied, 500 U.S. 910, 111 S.Ct. 1696, 114 L.Ed.2d 90 (1991); see Lusk v. Dugger, 890 F.2d 332, 342 (11th Cir.1989) ("[t]he state courts concluded that there were no reasonablebases for the jury's recommendation despite the fact th at both the jury as advisor and the judge as sentencer were made aware of mitigating factor s.... [W]e do not find that the result of the application of Tedder was arbitrary or irrational."), cert. denied, 497 U.S. 1032, 110 S.Ct. 3297, 111 L.Ed.2d 805 (1990). Second, the Florida Supreme Court on direct review held that Mills's purported mitigating circumstances neither outweighed the aggravating circumstances nor established a reasonable basis for the jury's recommendation. See Mills, 476 So.2d at 178-79. Finally, Justice McDonald, in his concurring and dissenting opini on, discussed the purported nonstatutory mitigation evidence that Mills presented. See Mills, 476 So.2d at 180 (McDonald, J., concurring in part and dissenting in part). The Florida Supreme Court was well aware of any potential nonstatutory mitigating evidence. The Florida Supreme Court's opinion on direct re view reveals that the Florida courts did not impose Mills's death sentence in an arbitrary and di scriminatory manner. The court reviewed Mills's sentencing and invalidated three of the aggravating factors that the trial c ourt had found. The court also agreed with the trial court's finding that no mitigating factors existed and held that "the facts suggesting a sentence of death are so clear and c onvincing that virtually no reasonable person could12 At the time of Mills's sentencing, Florida Statute § 921.141(3) required that the trial judge set forth explicit findings as to only the statutory aggravating and mitigating circumstances. See Mason v. State , 438 So.2d 374, 379-80 (Fla.1983), cert. denied, 465 U.S. 1051, 104 S.Ct. 1330, differ." Mills, 476 So.2d at 179. The Florida Supreme Court complied with the mandate of Tedder, and, as the district court held, Mills's case is similar to Francis v. Dugger. See Francis, 908 F.2d at 704 (holding that override was not arbitrary and discriminatory where jury's recommendation of life imprisonment may have been the product of defense counsel's highly impassioned closing argument, where defendant had a prior criminal history and where no valid statutory mitigating factors and three statutory aggravating factors existed).

B. Parker v. Dugger claim Mills contends that the Florida courts failed to consider and evaluate the record for mitigation evidence that would have precluded the trial court's override of the jury recommendation, in contravention of Parker v. Dugger, 498 U.S. 308, 111 S.Ct. 731, 112 L.Ed.2d 812 (1991). Mills also argues that the Florida Supreme Court failed to conduct an independent review of nonstatutory mitigating factors presented at sentencing. We review the district court's factual finding that the Florida courts considered and evaluated the record for mitigation evidence under the clearly erroneous standard. Spaziano v. Singletary, 36 F.3d 1028, 1032 (11th Cir.1994), cert. denied, 513 U.S. 1115, 115 S.Ct. 911, 130 L.Ed.2d 793 (1995). After a review of the record, we find no clear erro r in the district court's finding that the trial court weighed and considered evidence of m itigation and aggravation, including nonstatutory mitigation. The trial court's sentencing order conc luded, "[i]t is the finding of this Court after weighing the aggravating and mitigating circumst ances that there are sufficient aggravating circumstances as specified in 921.141 and insufficient mitigating circumstances therein that a sentence of death is justified." 12 Also, as the district court found, the trial court's order denying79 L.Ed.2d 725 (1984). Florida has since changed the statute and now requires a trial court to evaluate expressly in its sentencing order each nonstatutory mitigating circumstance that a defendant proposes. See Campbell v. State , 571 So.2d 415, 419-20 (1990).

13 Mills raises as a separate issue that the trial court's failure to find mitigating circumstances, and the Florida Supreme Court's subsequent affirmance (despite noting that mitigation was in the record), violated Eddings v. Oklahoma, 455 U.S. 104, 114-15, 102 S.Ct. 869, 71 L.Ed.2d 1 (1982) and Lockett v. Ohio, 438 U.S. 586, 98 S.Ct. 2954, 57 L.Ed.2d 973 (1978). Consistent with our analysis above, we reject this argument as well. Mills's motion for post-conviction relief noted that Mills had presented substantial mitigating evidence at the sentencing phase, including Mills's disadvantaged upbringing. Additionally, we agree with the district c ourt's finding that the Florida Supreme Court evaluated adequately mitigation evidence in the record, based on our discussion of the override claim. The Florida Supreme Court—on direct review and again on review of Mills's post-conviction 3.850 motion—discussed mitigating circumstances in the record. See Mills, 603 So.2d at 483-84 (post-conviction 3.850 motion); Mills, 476 So.2d at 178-79 (direct review). Justice McDonald's concurring and dissenting opinion on direct reviewalso shows that the Florida Supreme Court considered nonstatutory mitigating factors. See Mills, 476 So.2d at 180 (McDonald, J., concurring in part and dissenting in part). The district c ourt's finding that the Florida Supreme Court considered mitigation evidence adequately and within the dictates of Parker v. Dugger is thus not clearly

erroneous. 13 C. The Florida Supreme Court's Harmless Error Analysis Mills contends that the Florida Supreme Court, after invalidating three of the trial court's aggravating factors, conducted an inadequate harmless error analysis in contravention of the Supreme Court's opinions in Sochor v. Florida, 504 U.S. 527, 112 S.Ct. 2114, 119 L.Ed.2d 326 (1992) and Stringer v. Black, 503 U.S. 222, 112 S.Ct. 1130, 117 L. Ed.2d 367 (1992). Mills raised this issue previously in a petition for writ of habeas corpus in the Florida courts. The Florida14 We also note that Mills does not qualify for two additional exceptions to procedural default: (1) if the alleged constitutional violation resulted in the conviction of an innocent defendant; see Johnson, 938 F.2d at 1174; or (2) if the state procedural bar has been inconsistently or irregularly applied; see Johnson v. Mississippi, 486 U.S. 578, 587-88, 108 S.Ct. 1981, 100 L.Ed.2d 575 (1988). Supreme Court denied Mills's petition, holding that " Sochor is not a change in the law that will save Mills's first claim [of inadequate harmless error an alysis] from a procedural bar, and that claim is barred from consideration." Mills, 606 So.2d at 623. This court recognizes that "[f]ederal revi ew of a petitioner's claim is barred by the procedural default doctrine if the last state court to review the claim states clearly and expressly that its judgment rests on a procedural bar ... and that bar provides an adequate and independent state ground for denying relief." Johnson v. Singletary, 938 F.2d 1166, 1173 (11th Cir.1991) ( en banc ) (citing Harris v. Reed, 489 U.S. 255, 262-63, 109 S.Ct. 1038, 103 L.Ed.2d 308 (1989)), cert. denied, 506 U.S. 930, 113 S.Ct. 361, 121 L.Ed.2d 274 (1992). We conclude that Mills has procedurally defaulted this claim. The Florida Supreme Court "clearly and expressly" stated that its judgment rested on a procedural bar, and the bar provides an adequate and independent state ground for denying relief. We note that Mills has not attemp ted to except himself from this bar to review through showing cause for and prejudice from the procedural default. See Wainwright v. Sykes, 433 U.S. 72, 90-91, 97 S.Ct. 2497, 53 L.Ed.2d 594 (1977); Johnson, 938 F.2d at 1174-75. 14 D. Ineffective Assistance of Counsel (Penalty Phase and Sentencing) Mills contends that his penalty phase lawyer , Joan Bickerstaff, and his sentencing lawyer, Thomas Greene, rendered ineffective assistance b ecause: (1) both failed to investigate mitigating evidence and to prepare for their respective proceedings; and (2) both failed to have a mental health evaluation of Mills performed, and failed to argue me ntal health issues as mitigating evidence. A habeas corpus petitioner's ineffective assistance of counsel claim is a mixed question of law and fact,subject to de novo review. Dobbs v. Turpin, 142 F.3d 1383, 1386 (11th Cir .1998). To obtain relief on this claim, Mills must show that (1) his lawyers' performance was deficient and "fell below an objective standard of reasonableness," and (2) this deficient performance prejudiced him so that "a reasonable probability [exists] that, but for c ounsel's unprofessional errors, the result of the proceedings would have been different." Strickland v. Washington, 466 U.S. 668, 687-88, 694, 104 S.Ct. 2052, 80 L.Ed.2d 674 (1984). The Florida Supreme Court, upon review of the trial court's denial of Mills's motion for post-conviction relief pursuant to Florida Rule of Criminal Procedure 3.850, made the following findings concerning Mills's ineffective assistance of counsel contentions: Mills' employer, his grandfather, and his oldestsister testified at the penalty phase. The grandfather and sister spoke of Mills' father being shot and killed wh en Mills was a child, of his mother's working as a field hand with the sister being responsible for taking care of her younger siblings, and of his poverty-ridden childhood. Bickerstaff made an impassioned argument to the jury that Mills' life should be spared. She emphasized the disparate treatment received by Mills and his codefendantwho testified against Mills and argued that Mills' crime was not the type that deserved th e death penalty, that Mills had been raised in a ghetto, and that he was capable of being redeemed. After hearing her argument, the jury recommended that Mills be sentenced to life imprisonment. Mills and his sister both testified before the judge in April 1980 [at hi s sentencing]. Greene argued that the judge should follow the jury's recommendation because the aggravators should not be applied to Mills. He also argued that the statutory mitigators of impaired capacity to conform one's conduct and age had been established. The prosecutor, however, pointed out that the jury knew nothing of Mills' juvenile criminal record or that Mills had been convicted both of burglary for stealing the shotgun used to kill this victim and of armed robbery where he used that same shotgun and abducted a store clerk. After hearing both sides, the court overrode the jury's recommendation and sentenced Mills to death. Mills, 603 So.2d at 483-84. The Florida Supreme Court found that Greene, who had also served as Mills's lead attorney during the guilt phase, testif ied at the 3.850 hearing that: (1) "because he had no responsibility for the penalty phase ... he did nothing to develop mitigating evidence"; (2) "[a]lthough he represented Mills at the actual sent encing several months after the jury made its recommendation, he only looked through the file before appearing before the judge"; and (3) "[o]n15 According to Strickland, "[a]lthough state court findings of fact made in the course of deciding an ineffectiveness claim are subject to the deference of § 2254(d), and although district court findings are subject to the clearly erroneous standard of Federal Rule of Civil Procedure 52(a), both the performance and prejudice components of the ineffectiveness inquiry are mixed questions of law and fact." Strickland, 466 U.S. at 698, 104 S.Ct. 2052; see also Oats v. Singletary , 141 F.3d 1018, 1028 (11th Cir.1998) (remarking thatstate court findings of fact in a 3.850 hearing on ineffective assistance of counsel are subject to the deference of section 2254(d)). cross-examination he admitted that nothing about M ills suggested a mental health examination was needed." Mills, 603 So.2d at 484. The Florida Supreme Court also found that Bickerstaff testified at the 3.850 hearing that "the public defender' s office hired her on Saturday, August 18, 1979 to conduct the penalty phase on the following Monday[,] " and that " "with the benefit of hindsight' mental health evidence should have been looked at." Mills, 603 So.2d at 484. 15 Both the trial court and the Florida Supreme Court held that Mills fa iled to demonstrate that his lawyers had rendered ineffective assistance. Mills, 603 So.2d at 486. In determining whether a lawyer's performance was deficient under Strickland, we must inquire "whether counsel's assistance was reas onable considering all the circumstances." Strickland, 466 U.S. at 688, 104 S.Ct. 2052. We determine the r easonableness of Mills's lawyers' performance "through a deferential review of all the circumstan ces from the perspective of counsel at the time of the alleged errors." Baldwin v. Johnson, 152 F.3d 1304, 1311 (11th Cir.1998). As the district court noted, Mills's family members testified as to his "poverty-ridden childhood and difficult upbringing." Both lawyers made impassioned arguments to spare Mills's life. We hold that the district court did not err in holding that Mills's lawyers prepared adequately for their respective roles in Mills's proceedings, that th ey presented mitigating circumstances at the penalty phase and sentencing and that they therefore did not render deficient performance under Strickland. Mills also contends that his lawyers' failure to pursue mental health issues as mitigatingevidence demonstrated ineffective assistance. Both lawyers testified at the 3.850 hearing that nothing suggested that any mental heath examinati on was needed or that Mills indicated that they should offer any mental health issues as mitigating evidence. Bickerstaff also testified that "with the benefit of hindsight" she would have examined mental health evidence. As Strickland warns, however, "[a] fair assessment of attorney performan ce requires that every effort be made to eliminate the distorting effects of hindsight, to reconstruc t the circumstances of counsel's challenged conduct, and to evaluate the conduct from counsel's perspective at the time." Strickland, 466 U.S. at 689, 104 S.Ct. 2052. Mills's lawyers presented witnesses who testified as to mitigating circumstances at the penalty phase and sentencing, and "[a] defendant's mental condition is not necessarily at issue in every criminal proceeding...." Ake v. Oklahoma, 470 U.S. 68, 82, 105 S.Ct. 1087, 84 L.Ed.2d 53 (1985). We agree with the district court that Mills's lawyers' actions fell within Strickland 's wide range of reasonable professional assistance. We additionally agree with the district court that even if Mills's lawyers' performance was deficient, Mills cannot demonstrate that the allege d failure to present mitigating evidence prejudiced him at the penalty phase because th e jury recommended a life sentence. See Routly v. Singletary, 33 F.3d 1279, 1297 (11th Cir.1994) ("[pe titioner] cannot show that any failure to present mitigating evidence to the jury prejudiced him to any degree wh atsoever in the jury's consideration of penalty because the jury recommended a senten ce of life imprisonment anyway."), cert. denied, 515 U.S. 1166, 115 S.Ct. 2627, 132 L.Ed.2d 867 (1995) . Mills has also failed to demonstrate prejudice at sentencing under Strickland and its progeny. Mills's trial judge considered evidence at the 3.850 hearing concerning his ineffective assistance claim. The Florida Supreme Court found that the trial court had information on Mills' seri ous criminal activity committed in the two months between his release from prison and the killing for which he received a death sentence that the jury knew nothing about. Given the psychologists' testimony [at the 3.850 hearing] that Mills' mental problems boiled down to being impulsive, it is purely speculativethat the currently tendered evidence would have carried sufficient weight to abrogate the judge's override of the jury recommendation. 603 So.2d at 486. The trial court also consider ed evidence of Mills's childhood through testimony of his family members and the presentence investig ation report. We hold that the district court correctly concluded that the failure of Mills's lawyers to present mental health evidence as mitigating evidence and their failure to seek mitigating evidence did not prejudice him. See Routly, 33 F.3d at 1297 (holding that the petitioner could not show prejudice because the essence of the mitigation evidence that he argued was before the judge through the presentence investigation report and his mental health expert's testimony, and the judge referred to it specifically in the sentencing order; further, the same judge and the Florida Supreme Court held that the mitigation evidence would not have changed the result). E. Felony Murder Aggravating Factor Mills contends that his death penalty conviction was erroneously predicated upon "the unreliable automatic finding" of the felony murder aggravating factor for the felony murder that formed the basis of his conviction. The Florida S upreme Court previously a ddressed this contention, rejecting the substance of it on direct appeal and holding that it was procedurally barred in two separate habeas corpus petitions. See Mills, 606 So.2d at 623 (second habeas corpus petition); Mills, 559 So.2d at 579 (first habeas corpus petition); Mills, 476 So.2d at 178 (direct review). We hold that Mills has procedurally defaulted this claim. See Johnson, 938 F.2d at 1173. In any event, this circuit has considered this argument previously and found it to be meritless. See Johnson v. Dugger, 932 F.2d 1360, 1368-70 (11th Cir.), cert. denied, 502 U.S. 961, 112 S.Ct. 427, 116 L.Ed.2d 446 (1991); Bertolotti v. Dugger, 883 F.2d 1503, 1527-28 (11th Cir.1989), cert. denied, 497 U.S. 1032, 110 S.Ct. 3296, 111 L.Ed.2d 804 (1990). F. Conflict of Interest/Confrontation Clause ClaimThe public defender's office represented both M ills and codefendant Vincent Ashley before Florida charged Mills with felony murder. Upon learning of the potential conflict of interest in representing both, the public defender's office withdrewfrom representation of Ashley, and the trial court appointed him private counsel. While the dual representation existed, however, Ashley spoke to a public defender investigator. At trial, Florida granted codefendant Ashley complete immunity from prosecution in exchange for his testimony con cerning Mills's murder of James Wright. During cross-examination of Ashley, Mills's lawyer (Greene, an assistant public defender) inquired about statements Ashley made to the public defender inve stigator in an attempt to impeach Ashley with prior inconsistent statements. Florida objected, and Ashley invoked the attorney-client privilege in refusing to answer Greene's questions concerning the statements. Mills contends that: (1) the public defender's prior representation of Ashley resulted in ineffective assistance of counsel at trial because of a conflict of interest; and (2) the court's curt ailment of his cross-examination of Ashley violated his confrontation rights under the Sixth Amendment. Mills's conflict of interest claim is subject to de novo review. "[W]e defer to the district court's findings of fact unless we determine that the findings are clearly erroneous. We apply our own judgment, however, as to whether the conduct in question constitutes ... an actual conflict of interest warranting relief." Buenoano v. Singletary, 74 F.3d 1078, 1083 (11th Cir.) (citations omitted), cert. denied, --- U.S. ----, 117 S.Ct. 520, 136 L.Ed.2d 408 (1996). "In order to establish a violation of the Sixth Amendment, a defendant who raised no objection at trial must demonstrate that an actual conflict of interest advers ely affected his lawyer's performance." Cuyler v. Sullivan, 446 U.S. 335, 348, 100 S.Ct. 1708, 64 L.Ed.2d 333 (1980). M ills must show that an actual conflict exists; "[a] possible, speculative or mere ly hypothetical conflict does not suffice." Lightbourne v. Dugger, 829 F.2d 1012, 1023 (11th Cir.1987), cert. denied, 488 U.S. 934, 109 S.Ct. 329, 102L.Ed.2d 346 (1988); see also Burden v. Zant, 24 F.3d 1298, 1305 (11th Cir.1994). In Smith v. White, this circuit adopted a test to distinguish actual from potential conflict: We will not find actual conflict [of interest] unl ess appellants can point to specific instances in the record to suggest an actual conflict or impairment of their interests.... Appellants must make a factual showing of inconsistent interest s and must demonstrate that the attorney made a choice between possible alternative courses of action, such as eliciting (or failing to elicit) evidence helpful to one client but harmful to the other. If he did not make such a choice, the conflict remained hypothetical. Smith v. White, 815 F.2d 1401, 1404-05 (11th Cir.) (quoting Barham v. United States, 724 F.2d 1529, 1532 (11th Cir.), cert. denied, 467 U.S. 1230, 104 S.Ct. 2687, 81 L.Ed.2d 882 (1984)), cert. denied, 484 U.S. 863, 108 S.Ct. 181, 98 L.Ed.2d 133 (1987). The district court found that no actual conflict existed because [a]n alleged conflict of interest on the assistant public defender's part did not impede or prevent [testimony concerning Ashley's statements to Scarpello] from being elicited during Ashley's cross-examination; the statements were made during the course of an attorney-client relationship, and Mr. Ashley had the right to invoke the privilege's protection. We agree with the district court. The public de fender's alleged loyalties did not force him to forego cross-examination of Ashley; instead, Greene cross-examined Ashley extensively and attempted to elicit the statements that caused Ashley to invoke the attorney-client privilege. Mills does not point to anything in the record that demonstrates that Greene made a choice to refrain from cross-examining Ashley in a manner harmful to Mills, or that Greene had inconsistent interests. "In order to warrant habeas corpus relief, the petitioner has to show not only an actual conflict of interest but also that the conflict adversely affected his lawyer's representation." Stevenson v. Newsome, 774 F.2d 1558, 1562 (11th Cir.1985), cert. denied, 475 U.S. 1089, 106 S.Ct. 1476, 89 L.Ed.2d 731 (1986). Based on the foregoing analysis, we agree w ith the district court that Mills has not shown adverse effect. Mills also contends that the trial court's allowing Ashley to invoke the attorney-clientprivilege, and the resulting curtailment of his cross-examination of Ashley, violated his confrontation rights under the Sixth Amendment. We review whether the trial court erred in limiting cross-examination for a clear abuse of discretion. See United States v. Tokars, 95 F.3d 1520, 1531 (11th Cir.1996), cert. denied, --- U.S. ----, 117 S. Ct. 1328, --- L.Ed.2d ---- (1997). The court's discretion in limiting the scope of cross-examinati on, however, is limited to the requirements of the Sixth Amendment's guarantee of the right of confrontation. See Tokars, 95 F.3d at 1531. "The Confrontation Clause guarantees crim inal defendants an opportunity to impeach through cross-examination the testimony of witnesses for the prosecution." United States v. Baptista-Rodriguez, 17 F.3d 1354, 1370 (11th Cir.1994). This right, however, is "not without limitation; [a defendant] is entitled only to an opportunity for effective cross-examination, not cross-examination that is effective in whatever way, and to whatever extent, the defense might wish." United States v. Frost, 61 F.3d 1518, 1525 (11th Cir.1995) (quotations and citations omitted). "A defendant's confro ntation rights are satis fied when the cross-examination permitted exposes the jury to facts sufficient to evaluate the credibility of the witnesses and enables defense counsel to establish a record from which he can pr operly argue why the witness is less than reliable." Baptista-Rodriguez, 17 F.3d at 1371. Once a defendant has e ngaged in sufficient cross-examination to satisfy the Confrontation Clause, further ques tioning is within the trial court's discretion. United States v. Diaz, 26 F.3d 1533, 1539 (11th Cir.1994), cert. denied, 513 U.S. 1155, 115 S.Ct. 1110, 130 L.Ed.2d 1075 (1995). We hold that the trial court neither violated Mills's rights under the Confrontation Clause of the Sixth Amendment nor abused its discretion in limiting cross-examination of Ashley. During cross-examination of Ashley, Mills's lawyer induced Ashley to admit that: (1) he changed his story of the events surrounding the murder, thereby impli cating Mills, after Florida offered him a deal and16 The Florida Supreme Court on direct review of Mills's claim found that: Here the disallowed impeachment was an attempt to bring out a prior inconsistent statement Ashley made to his former counsel's investigator. However, Mills' counsel was able to confront Ashley with several prior inconsistent statements he made to police officers. Defense counsel also cross-examined Ashley about the bargain he made with the authorities whereby Ashley gained immunity not only for the crimes Mills now stands convicted of but also other, unrelated crimes. We therefore hold that the court did not abridge Mills' right to confront the witnesses against him. Mills, 476 So.2d at 176. deciding that "there was a chance of me getting out and starting a new life"; and (2) the deal that Florida offered Ashley gave him complete imm unity from prosecution on the burglary and murder charges in exchange for his testimony against Mills. We hold that this cross-examination exposed Ashley's prior inconsistent statements and bargain w ith Florida to the extent that the jury could judge his credibility and Mills could argue effectivel y that Ashley's testimony was not credible. 16 Mills's lawyer engaged in sufficient cross-examination, and the trial judge neither abused his discretion nor violated the Confrontation Clause in limiting the cr oss-examination to that which the attorney-client privilege did not protect. See, e.g., United States v. Perez-Tosta, 36 F.3d 1552, 1563 (11th Cir.1994) (holding that despite district court's restric tion on cross-examination of government witness concerning the sentencing benefits he would ear n through testifying for the government, it did not violate defendant's confrontation rights because of defense counsel's effective impeachment of the government witnesses' credibility and sentence reduction); United States v. Taylor, 17 F.3d 333, 340 (11th Cir.1994) (concluding that the trial court did not violate that defendant's confrontation rights when his lawyer had ample opportunity to ra ise doubts during cross-examination concerning a government witness's plea agreement); United States v. Orr, 825 F.2d 1537, 1540 (11th Cir.1987) (holding that defendant had ample opportunity to cross-examine government witness, including theterms of a plea agreement, and that further impeachment was "speculative and minimal, at best"). G. Scientific Evidence Mills contends that the trial court erred in admitting expert testimony and evidence on gunshot residue tests during Florida's rebuttal after ruling that the tests were inadmissible during Florida's case-in-chief. Federal courts generally do not review a state court's admission of evidence in habeas corpus proceedings. See McCoy v. Newsome, 953 F.2d 1252, 1265 (11th Cir.), cert. denied, 504 U.S. 944, 112 S.Ct. 2283, 119 L.Ed.2d 208 (1992) . We will not grant federal habeas corpus relief based on an evidentiary ruling unless the ruling affects the fundamental fairness of the trial. See Baxter v. Thomas, 45 F.3d 1501, 1509 (11th Cir.) (stating that we "inquire only to determine whether the error was of such magnitude as to deny fundamental fairness to the criminal trial.") (citations omitted), cert. denied, 516 U.S. 946, 116 S.Ct. 385, 133 L.Ed.2d 307 (1995); McCoy, 953 F.2d at 1265. "A denial of fundamentalfairness occurs whenever the improper evidence "is material in the sense of a cruc ial, critical, highly significant factor.' " Snowden v. Singletary, 135 F.3d 732, 737 (11th Cir.1998) (quoting Osborne v. Wainwright, 720 F.2d 1237, 1238 (11th Cir.1983)), cert. denied, --- U.S. ----, 119 S.Ct. 405, --- L.Ed.2d ---- (1998). We agree with the district court that the admission on rebuttal of the gunshot residue tests was not erroneous and did not affect the fundamentalfairness of the trial. On direct review, the Florida Supreme Court held that "[t]he test has attained suffici ent standing among scientists to be accepted as reliable evidence in the courts.... A majority of American jurisdictions has held the results of such tests to be admissibl e evidence in criminal proceedings." Mills, 476 So.2d at 176. Additionally, the trial court did not err in admitting the test results and expert testimony as rebuttal evidence. During his direct examination, Mills denied breaking into James Wright's house on May 25, 1979, denied shooting anyone and on cross-examination, denied firing the particular shotgun (orany gun) on May 24 or May 25, 1979. Thus, the impeachment with the otherwise suppressed gunshot residue tests was proper because M ills's testimony "reasonably suggested" it. See United States v. Havens, 446 U.S. 620, 627-28, 100 S.Ct. 1912, 64 L. Ed.2d 559 (1980) ("[A] defendant's statements made in response to proper cross-ex amination reasonably suggested by the defendant's direct examination are subject to otherwise proper impeachment by the government, albeit by evidence ... that is inadmissible on the government's di rect case ... as substantive evidence of guilt.").

V. CONCLUSION Based on the foregoing, we conclude that the district court did not err in denying Mills's petition for writ of habeas corpus pursuant to 28 U.S.C. § 2254.

AFFIRMED.