Illinois Official Reports 

Appellate Court

In re H.S., 2016 IL App (1st) 161589

Appellate Court 

Caption

In re H.S., a Minor (The People of the State of Illinois, PetitionerAppellee, v. Soleil S. and Julio R., Respondents-Appellants).—In re

E.S., a Minor (The People of the State of Illinois, Petitioner-Appellee,

v. Soleil S., Respondent-Appellant).

District & No. First District, Sixth Division

Docket Nos. 1-16-1589, 1-16-1727 cons.

Filed November 4, 2016

Decision Under 

Review

Appeal from the Circuit Court of Cook County, Nos. 12-JA-158, 

12-JA-159; the Hon. Nicholas Geanopoulos, Judge, presiding.

Judgment Vacated and remanded with directions.

Counsel on

Appeal

Cook County Public Defender’s Office, of Chicago (Amy P. 

Campanelli, Public Defender, of counsel), for appellant Soleil S.

Marv Raidbard, of Chicago, for appellant Julio R.

Robert F. Harris, Public Guardian, of Chicago (Kass A. Plain and John 

David Jarrett, of counsel), guardian ad litem.

Anita M. Alvarez, State’s Attorney, of Chicago (Alan J. Spellberg, 

Nancy Kisicki, and Michele Lavin, Assistant State’s Attorneys, of 

counsel), for the People. 
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Panel PRESIDING JUSTICE HOFFMAN delivered the judgment of the 

court, with opinion.

Justices Cunningham and Rochford concurred in the judgment and 

opinion.

 OPINION 

¶ 1 The respondent-appellant, Soleil S. (S.S.) appeals from the orders of the circuit court 

terminating her parental rights as to the minors, H.S. and E.S. (No. 1-16-1589), arguing that the 

record does not demonstrate compliance with the Indian Child Welfare Act of 1978 (ICWA) 

(25 U.S.C. § 1901 et seq. (2012)) and, as a consequence, the orders affecting H.S. and E.S. 

must be reversed. The respondent-appellant, Julio R. (J.R.), filed a separate appeal (No. 

1-16-1727) from the order of the circuit court terminating his parental rights as to the minor, 

H.S., arguing that the factual findings supporting the circuit court’s order of parental unfitness 

and the best interest of H.S. are against the manifest weight of the evidence. This court 

consolidated the appeals. For the reasons which follow, we (1) find that the court’s 

determination of J.R.’s parental unfitness as to H.S. and its finding that it is in her best interest 

to terminate his parental rights are not against the manifest weight of the evidence, (2) vacate 

the circuit court’s order terminating the parental rights of S.S. and J.R. as to H.S., (3) vacate the 

circuit court’s order terminating the parental rights of S.S. as to E.S., and (4) remand the matter 

back to the circuit court with directions to make a factual determination as to whether H.S. and 

E.S. are, or are not, Indian children within the meaning of the ICWA and, after the 

determination is made, for further proceedings consistent with this opinion. 

¶ 2 On February 9, 2012, the State filed petitions for adjudication of wardship and motions for 

temporary custody of H.S., born May 5, 2011, and E.S., born March 2, 2010. S.S. is the mother 

of both H.S. and E.S., and J.R. is the father of H.S. The petitions alleged that both children 

were abused and neglected by reason of having been left alone in their home where illegal 

drugs and drug paraphernalia were present, an injurious environment, and a lack of due care. 

During the course of the temporary custody hearing held that same day, the court inquired as to 

whether S.S. or any member of her immediate family was of Indian or Native American 

descent. S.S. told the court that she was descended from the “Cherokee, Creek, Blackfoot, 

Choctaw and Pawnee” tribes. Following the hearing, the circuit court took temporary custody 

of both children from S.S., and on February 15, 2012, following a temporary custody hearing, 

the court took temporary custody of H.S. from J.R. 

¶ 3 On September 5, 2012, the circuit court held a hearing, during which it was stipulated that, 

if called, witnesses would testify that a Chicago police officer arrived at the family home on 

February 6, 2012, and found the front door broken and open. H.S. and E.S. were found alone in 

the home, which was in a state of disarray. When S.S. arrived at the home, she told the police 

officer that J.R. had kicked the door down. She also told the officer that there was a history of 

violence between herself and J.R. and provided copies of the police reports from previous 

incidents. On February 7, 2012, an investigator from the Department of Children and Family 

Services (DCFS) visited the home and observed the children in soiled clothing and diapers. 

She also observed that the front door to the home was still broken and the lights were not 

working. In addition, the investigator detected a strong odor of urine and feces in the home and 
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saw empty drug bags and two marijuana cigarettes. S.S. admitted to using marijuana and crack 

cocaine. J.R. admitted that he had used marijuana in the presence of the children and told the 

investigator that the marijuana in the home was his. He also admitted to having kicked down 

the front door. S.S. admitted that she had been hospitalized for psychiatric issues. She also 

admitted leaving the children home alone. Following the hearing, the circuit court entered 

adjudication orders, finding that H.S. and E.S. were neglected due to lack of care, an injurious 

environment, and being left without supervision for an unreasonable period of time. 

¶ 4 On October 31, 2012, the circuit court entered dispositional orders, finding that S.S. and 

J.R. were unable to care for H.S. and E.S. and adjudicating the children wards of the State. The 

DCFS Guardianship Administrator was appointed as the guardian of both children, and the 

court set a permanency goal of returning the children home in 12 months. 

¶ 5 On March 25, 2013, a permanency planning hearing was held, during which the court 

heard evidence that S.S. had tested positive for marijuana at every drug drop since the 

dispositional hearing of October 31, 2012. The court was also advised that J.R. failed to tell the 

DCFS case worker that S.S. was living with him and that she was present when he visited with 

H.S. Following that hearing, the court found that S.S. had not made substantial progress toward 

the permanency goal and entered a new permanency goal of returning both children home in 12 

months. 

¶ 6 The circuit court conducted another permanency hearing on November 2, 2013. The court 

heard testimony that J.R. had not completed parent coaching and family therapy classes and 

that he was unwilling or unable to parent H.S. without S.S. The court found that neither S.S. 

nor J.R. had made substantial progress toward the previous permanency goal and again set a 

goal of returning the children home in 12 months. 

¶ 7 During a permanency hearing held on January 5, 2014, the court heard testimony that S.S. 

failed to comply with the services offered to her, that she continued to abuse drugs, and that her 

relationship with J.R. continued to be plagued by domestic violence. Following that hearing, 

the goal for E.S. was changed to substitute care pending a determination on termination of 

parental rights. 

¶ 8 Following a permanency hearing on April 4, 2014, the court found that neither S.S. nor J.R. 

was making substantial progress toward the goal of returning H.S. home, and the court again 

set a permanency goal of returning H.S. home in 12 months. In addition, the court found that 

S.S. had failed to make progress in any of the recommended services, including therapy, 

psychiatric care, and substance abuse treatment. 

¶ 9 When the case was heard on January 5, 2015, the court was advised that S.S. was 

noncompliant with the services she had been offered. Following that hearing, the goal for H.S. 

was also changed to substitute care pending a determination on termination of parental rights. 

¶ 10 On July 8, 2015, the State filed supplemental petitions seeking to permanently terminate 

the parental rights of S.S. as to both H.S. and E.S. and J.R.’s parental rights as to H.S. The State 

also sought the appointment of guardians with the right to consent to the adoptions of both 

children. The petitions alleged that S.S. and J.R. were unfit based upon their failure to maintain 

a reasonable degree of interest, concern, and responsibility for the children’s welfare (ground 

(b)) (see 750 ILCS 50/1(D)(b) (West 2014)), and their failure to make reasonable efforts to 

correct the conditions which were the basis for the children’s removal and to make reasonable 

progress towards the children’s return home within the immediately preceding nine months or 
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within a nine month period after the adjudication of neglect or abuse (ground (m)) (see 750 

ILCS 50/1(D)(m) (West 2014)). 

¶ 11 During the course of a hearing on October 1, 2015, the State introduced into evidence 

certified mail receipts for notices of the pendency of the instant proceedings that were sent to 

the United Keetoowa Band of Cherokee Indians and the Bureau of Indian Affairs, in North 

Carolina, Minnesota and Washington D.C. The State also introduced the responses it received 

from three tribes; namely, the Cherokee Nation, the United Keetoowa Band of Cherokee 

Indians, and the Eastern Band of Cherokee Indians. The State did not introduce copies of the 

notices it had sent. Following that hearing, the circuit court entered an order finding that the 

ICWA did not apply to the proceedings “based upon the notices and reports received from the 

various Indian tribes that were part of the record today.” The court made no finding as to 

whether H.S. or E.S. were Indian children within the meaning of the ICWA. 

¶ 12 On March 16, 2016, the State gave notice that they were pleading the following 

nine-month periods pursuant to ground (m) for both S.S. and J.R.: September 6, 2012, to June 

6, 2013; June 7, 2013, to March 7, 2014; and March 9, 2014, to December 8, 2014. 

¶ 13 On April 27, 2016, a fitness hearing commenced. Testifying for the State was Sulma 

Garcia-Mora, the DCFS case worker assigned the cases of H.S. and E.S. from February 2014 

to February 2015. Garcia-Mora testified that, when she took over the cases, S.S. was in need of 

individual therapy, medication monitoring, and psychiatric services. She also recommended 

parent coaching due to the argumentative behavior of both S.S. and J.R. She stated that, 

although S.S. had participated in substance abuse services, she relapsed after treatment. In 

addition, S.S. did not successfully complete individual therapy, did not engage in medication 

monitoring, and was not taking her prescribed psychotropic medication. According to 

Garcia-Mora, S.S. and J.R. were discharged unsuccessfully from couple’s therapy because of 

irreconcilable difference between them. She testified that J.R. was in need of parenting 

coaching but only attended two sessions. Although J.R. told her that S.S. was no longer living 

with him in the summer of 2014, the presence of S.S.’s clothing in the home led Garcia-Mora 

to believe that S.S. was still residing there. She testified that, in August 2014, J.R. admitted that 

he was still in a relationship with S.S. Garcia-Mora testified that, by February 2015, J.R. and 

S.S. were not living together, and that S.S. was in another relationship and pregnant. On 

cross-examination, Garcia-Mora admitted that all of J.R.’s urine drops were negative. She also 

testified that she never witnessed any inappropriate conduct on the part of J.R. when he was 

with the children but maintained that he was not making substantial progress toward the goal of 

returning the children home. 

¶ 14 Megan Burgess-Garcia, the DCFS caseworker assigned to the cases of H.S. and E.S. from 

February 2012 until January 2013 and from June 2013 until January 2014, also testified as a 

witness for the State. Burgess-Garcia stated that in 2012 she assessed S.S. as being in need of 

individual therapy, psychiatric services, domestic violence classes, substance abuse treatment, 

parenting coaching, and couple’s therapy. S.S. was referred for individual therapy three times 

from August 2013 through November 2013 and was unsuccessfully discharged each time. On 

one occasion, she failed to follow up with the therapist, and on the last referral, she was 

discharged for failing to address her substance abuse. In addition, S.S. was inconsistent in 

taking and monitoring her psychotropic medication. Although S.S. completed substance abuse 

services, she relapsed after finishing the outpatient program. According to Burgess-Garcia, 

S.S. was still in need of substance abuse treatment. S.S. started, but never finished, domestic 
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violence classes, classes which Burgess-Garcia testified that S.S. needed because of the 

violence present in her relationship with J.R. Burgess-Garcia also referred S.S. and J.R. to 

parenting coaching services, but those services were suspended when they began arguing 

during the intake session. Burgess-Garcia stated that S.S. admitted to being physically violent 

toward J.R. and J.R. admitted to being verbally abusive toward S.S. According to 

Burgess-Garcia, S.S maintained contact with J.R. as late as June 2015 and that their 

relationship was marred by domestic violence. Burgess-Garcia stated that, in September 2012, 

S.S. was arrested for a domestic violence incident in which J.R. was the victim. She was never 

able to recommend that S.S. be given unsupervised visitation rights with the children due to the 

ongoing conflict between her and J.R. and because she never completed any of the 

recommended services. Burgess-Garcia testified that she assessed J.R. as being in need of 

substance abuse treatment, domestic violence classes, parenting coaching, and couple’s 

therapy. She acknowledged that J.R. successfully participated in therapy, domestic violence 

classes, and substance abuse services but stated he never completed parenting coaching or 

couples therapy due to the conflict between himself and S.S. She testified that, in March 2012, 

J.R. threatened S.S. with a knife at the children’s foster home. It was Burgess-Garcia’s opinion 

that J.R. would not be able to care for H.S. as a sole parent. She found him disengaged at times 

and stated that, although J.R. was consistent in his supervised visitation with H.S., he took no 

initiative toward being allowed unsupervised visitation and never even requested unsupervised 

visitation until September 2013. On cross-examination, Burgess-Garcia testified that, to the 

best of her knowledge, J.R. was working and stable. She also admitted that she never heard J.R. 

say anything inappropriate to the children, and that, at the time of her last visit to J.R.’s home, 

she did not observe anything that would be injurious to the children. Following the testimony 

of the DCFS case workers, the State rested, and the hearing was continued. 

¶ 15 When the fitness hearing resumed on May 12, 2016, J.R. testified on his own behalf. He 

stated that he had been employed as a handyman for 15 years and was living in a two-bedroom 

home. J.R. testified that he successfully completed a substance-abuse program and had been 

drug free for four years. According to J.R., S.S. left his home in 2015, and he has had no 

consistent contact with her for over a year. He stated that, although the children were left alone 

in 2012, he was at work at the time and had never left the children alone. On 

cross-examination, J.R. admitted that he speaks to S.S. on the phone four or five times a month 

and last saw her in April 2016. He testified that he sees S.S. about once each month at her 

apartment. 

¶ 16 Following the close of evidence and the conclusion of the parties’ arguments, the court 

adjudged S.S. unfit as to both H.S. and E.S., and J.R. unfit as to H.S. The court found that the 

State had proven both grounds (m) and (b) by clear and convincing evidence. In its oral 

pronouncements, the court recounted that, within the three time frames pled by the State, S.S. 

never successfully completed the services recommended for her and never progressed to a 

point where she could have unsupervised visitation. As to J.R., the court stated that he failed to 

recognize S.S.’s issues of drug abuse and mental health which posed a risk to the children; 

demonstrated a lack of understanding of the effect upon H.S. that his ongoing contact with S.S. 

had; that the violent relationship between he and S.S. showed his inability to keep the children, 

specifically H.S., safe; and that he would never be able to parent separately. In addition, the 

court stated that S.S. and J.R. failed to maintain a reasonable degree of responsibility towards 

the children’s welfare. The court found that the evidence established that S.S and J.R. failed to 
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take responsibility for the conditions which brought the children into the court system and 

failed to make reasonable efforts to correct the conditions which required the children to be 

removed from their home. 

¶ 17 Immediately following the conclusion of the fitness hearing, the circuit court commenced a 

best interest hearing. For its first witness, the State called Venita Allen, the foster parent of 

both H.S. and E.S. She testified that the children have lived with her since May 2012. 

According to Allen, H.S. and E.S. share a room but have their own beds. Also living in the 

home are two other foster children and Allen’s biological daughter. Allen stated that they have 

a good relationship and engage in family activities together such as going to the movies, 

skating, and bowling. Allen reported that E.S. is in first grade and going to therapy sessions but 

does not receive any services at school. Allen stated that H.S. is enrolled in a head start 

program. According to Allen, H.S. has exhibited defiant and aggressive behavior. In addition, 

H.S. was diagnosed with attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) in October 2015 and 

receives play therapy and takes medication. She also stated that S.S. has been attempting to 

secure a “504 plan” or an individualized education plan for H.S. Allen testified that she desired 

to adopt both children and stated that she would allow S.S. and J.R. to visit with them, as the 

children still love S.S. and J.R. When cross-examined, Allen testified that she was unaware 

that the children were Catholic and admitted that she never took them to a Catholic church. 

According to Allen, she is a Jehovah’s Witness and takes the children to Kingdom Hall for 

services. 

¶ 18 The State again called Burgess-Garcia as a witness. She testified that the children were 

placed in a foster home in May 2012. She stated that the foster home is safe and appropriate 

and poses no risk of harm to the children. The home is not a Spanish speaking home, and they 

do not converse in Spanish, but someone living in the home speaks fluent Spanish. 

Burgess-Garcia told the court that H.S. is enrolled in a head start program and that she has been 

diagnosed with ADHD. According to Burgess-Garcia, H.S. has behavioral issues and is seeing 

a psychiatrist. She testified that Allen takes the children to all of their service appointments. 

She stated that E.S. told her that she does not like living in the foster home because she does 

not get along with the other children. When Burgess-Garcia spoke to E.S.’s therapist, she was 

told that E.S. related that she disliked her foster home because she is required to eat healthy 

food and go to bed at a set time. She stated that H.S. told her that she likes living in the foster 

home. Although the children appear to be bonded with J.R., Burgess-Garcia stated that they 

view their foster home as their primary home and have developed a primary attachment to their 

foster parent. She testified that H.S. and E.S. are attached and bonded to Allen, who is patient 

with the children. Burgess-Garcia was of the opinion that Allen can safely manage all of the 

children’s needs. She testified that it is in the best interest of the children that they remain 

together, and she did not believe there was any way that both children would be placed with 

J.R. Burgess-Garcia advised the court that it is the recommendation of DCFS that the parental 

rights of S.S. and J.R. be terminated and that H.S. and E.S. be adopted by Allen. 

¶ 19 Following the best interest hearing, the court entered a separate written termination order 

for each of the children. As to H.S., the court involuntarily terminated the parental rights of 

both S.S. and J.R. based upon its finding of parental unfitness under both ground (b) and 

ground (m) and the best interest of the child. In addition, the court found that the best interest of 

H.S. required the appointment of a guardian with the right to consent to her adoption. As to 

E.S., the court entered an order of default against Lamont Ross, her putative father, and all 
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other unknown individuals, and found him unfit by reason of abandonment; failing to maintain 

interest, concern or responsibility; desertion; “fail[ing] to make reasonable efforts/progress;” 

and intent to forego parental rights. The court involuntarily terminated the parental rights of 

both S.S. and the putative father as to E.S. based upon its finding of parental unfitness and the 

best interest of the child. The court also found that the best interest of E.S. required the 

appointment of a guardian with the right to consent to her adoption. 

¶ 20 Both S.S. and J.R. filed timely notices of appeal. We will first address J.R.’s appeal.

¶ 21 In urging reversal of the circuit court’s order of May 12, 2016, in the matter of H.S., J.R. 

argues that the circuit court’s finding of his parental unfitness under both statutory grounds 

alleged by the State is against the manifest weight of the evidence, as is its finding that it is in 

the best interest of H.S. that his parental rights be terminated and a guardian appointed with the 

right to consent to the child’s adoption. 

¶ 22 J.R. asserts that the evidence presented at the fitness hearing established that he completed 

a substance abuse program and has remained drug free for four years. He points to the fact that 

his drug drops were negative, as attested to by Garcia-Mora, the DCFS case worker assigned to 

H.S.’s case. He argues that the evidence demonstrated that he successfully completed domestic 

violence programs and was consistent in his visitation with H.S. J.R. contends that there was 

no evidence that he maintained his relationship with S.S.; rather, he moved out of their shared 

residence and obtained his own home. According to J.R., these facts support his contention that 

the circuit court’s finding of his parental unfitness is against the manifest weight of the 

evidence. Although a number of J.R.’s factual assertions are true, they paint a very limited 

picture of his efforts toward reunification following the removal of H.S. from his home. 

¶ 23 Parental rights may be involuntarily terminated where the State proves, by clear and 

convincing evidence, that a parent is unfit under one of the grounds set forth in section 1(D) of 

the Adoption Act (750 ILCS 50/1(D) (West 2014)) and the circuit court finds that termination 

is in the child’s best interest. In re M.R., 393 Ill. App. 3d 609, 613 (2009). Any single ground, 

if proven, is sufficient for a finding of unfitness. In re D.F., 201 Ill. 2d 476, 495 (2002). We 

will only reverse a circuit court’s finding of unfitness when it is against the manifest weight of 

the evidence; that is to say, when an opposite conclusion is clearly evident. In re Deandre D., 

405 Ill. App. 3d 945, 952 (2010). And, we will not substitute our judgment for that of the 

circuit court on the issues of witness credibility, the weight to be accorded the evidence, or the 

inferences to be drawn from that evidence. In re D.F., 201 Ill. 2d at 499. 

¶ 24 Section 1(D)(m) of the Adoption Act contains separate grounds, either of which can 

support a finding of parental unfitness; namely, a parent’s failure to make “reasonable efforts” 

to correct the conditions that were the basis for the removal of the child, and a parent’s failure 

to make “reasonable progress” toward the return of the child. 750 ILCS 50/1(D)(m)(i), (ii) 

(West 2014). 

¶ 25 In its written order of May 12, 2016, relating to H.S., the circuit court found J.R. unfit 

pursuant to section 1(D)(m) “on the following specific ground: *** (m) failed to make 

reasonable efforts/progress.” In his brief on appeal, J.R. has interpreted the circuit court’s 

shorthand to mean that he was adjudicated unfit both for failing to make “reasonable efforts” to 

correct the conditions that were the basis for H.S.’s removal and for failing to make 

“reasonable progress” toward the return of H.S. We believe that the evidence presented to the 

circuit court supports both grounds. 
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¶ 26 On September 5, 2012, H.S. was adjudicated a neglected child by reason of an injurious 

environment in addition to other grounds. The evidence established that S.S. was, throughout 

the pendency of these proceedings, a drug abuser, that she failed to take or monitor the 

psychotropic medication she was prescribed, and that she failed to satisfactorily complete the 

services offered to her. Nevertheless, J.R. maintained a relationship with S.S., a relationship 

marred by domestic violence, and he continued to reside with her from the commencement of 

these proceedings in February 2012 until February 2015. After J.R. no longer resided with 

S.S., he continued to see her on a monthly basis. Clearly, S.S. posed a risk to both H.S. and her 

sister E.S., and so long as J.R. continued to reside with her, the injurious environment which 

led to the children’s removal continued unabated. 

¶ 27 Reasonable progress toward the return of the child is judged on an objective standard that 

focuses on the steps the parent has taken toward reunification. In re D.F., 332 Ill. App. 3d 112, 

125 (2002). At minimum, the parent must make demonstrable movement toward the goal of 

returning the child home. Id. 

¶ 28 Whether a parent has made reasonable efforts to correct the conditions that were the basis 

for the child’s removal is judged on a subjective review of the parent’s achievements. Id. The 

court must assess whether the parent has made “ ‘earnest and conscientious strides’ ” toward 

correcting the conditions which led to the child’s removal. Id. (quoting In re B.S., 317 Ill. App. 

3d 650, 658 (2000)). 

¶ 29 One of the grounds for H.S.’s removal was that she was living in an environment which 

was injurious to her welfare. The factual underpinnings of this ground included S.S.’s 

admission to using illegal drugs, that fact that she suffered from anxiety and depression and 

was noncompliant with her psychiatric medication, and the admissions of S.S. and J.R. that 

they had a history of domestic violence in the presence of the children. The evidence 

established that S.S. continued as a drug abuser, was noncompliant with her psychiatric 

medication, and did not satisfactorily complete any of the services recommended for her. 

Nevertheless, J.R. continued to reside with S.S for more than three years after H.S. was 

removed from his custody. Maintenance of a residence with an individual who obviously 

posed a danger to H.S. for over three years during the pendency of the case was hardly a 

demonstrable movement toward reunification. Nor could it be termed an earnest and 

conscientious stride toward correcting the injurious environment which led to the H.S.’s 

removal originally. 

¶ 30 Based upon the evidence before it, the circuit court found that the State proved, by clear 

and convincing evidence, that J.R. is unfit under the grounds set forth in section 1(D)(m) of the 

Adoption Act. And based upon the record before us, we cannot conclude that the circuit court’s 

finding in this regard is against the manifest weight of the evidence. 

¶ 31 Because a finding of parental unfitness may be based upon evidence sufficient to support 

one statutory ground, we need not address the issue of whether the State met its burden of 

proving J.R. unfit under section 1(D)(b) of the Adoption Act. 

¶ 32 Although a parent may be unfit to have custody of his child, it does not necessarily follow 

that it is in the child’s best interest that his parental rights be terminated. In re M.F., 326 Ill. 

App. 3d 1110, 1115 (2002). After a finding of unfitness, the circuit court must still give full 

and serious consideration as to whether it is in the child’s best interest to terminate parental 

rights, as the termination of parental rights permanently and completely severs the parent-child 

relationship. 750 ILCS 50/17 (West 2014). A circuit court’s finding that the termination of 
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parental rights is in the best interest of the child will not be disturbed on appeal unless it is 

contrary to the manifest weight of the evidence. In re M.F., 326 Ill. App. 3d at 1115-16. In this 

case, we do not believe that the circuit court’s finding that it is in the best interest of H.S. to 

terminate J.R.’s parental rights is against the manifest weight of the evidence.

¶ 33 At the time of the best interest hearing, the circuit court was aware that J.R. had 

successfully gone through a substance abuse program and had been drug free for four years. 

The court also heard testimony that he had successfully completed domestic violence classes. 

Burgess-Garcia testified that J.R. was working and stable, that she never heard J.R. say 

anything inappropriate to either H.S. or E.S., and that, at the time of her last visit, she did not 

observe anything in J.R.’s home that would be injurious to H.S. Garcia-Mora acknowledged 

that she never witnessed any inappropriate conduct on the part of J.R. when he was with H.S. 

By the time of the hearing, J.R. was no longer living with S.S. and was living alone in a 

two-bedroom apartment. All of these facts standing alone would favor not terminating J.R.’s 

parental rights. However, the circuit court was also aware that, at the time of the hearing, H.S. 

had been in foster care and living with Allen for four years. She lives with her sister E.S. and 

three other children with whom she has a good relationship. Burgess-Garcia testified that 

Allen’s home is safe and appropriate and poses no harm to H.S. In addition, H.S. has 

psychological issues which require treatment. She has been diagnosed with ADHD and is 

seeing a psychiatrist for aggressive behavior. Burgess-Garcia stated that Allen takes the 

children to all of their appointments and can safely manage all of H.S.’s needs. Allen testified 

that she desired to adopt H.S. H.S. was only one year old when she was removed from J.R.’s 

custody and placed in foster care with Allen, and although J.R. consistently exercised his 

visitation rights and is bonded with H.S., according to Burgess-Garcia, the child’s primary 

attachment is with Allen. Significantly, Burgess-Garcia was of the opinion that it is in H.S.’s 

best interest that she and E.S. remain together and testified that she did not believe that there 

was any way that both children would be placed with J.R. When all of the evidence before the 

court is considered, we believe that it is unlikely J.R. would be able to parent H.S. 

¶ 34 When, as in this case, parental unfitness has been found, the rights of the parent must yield 

to the best interests of the child. In re M.F., 326 Ill. App. 3d at 1115. The circuit court found 

that it is in H.S.’s best interest that J.R.’s parental rights be terminated and that a guardian be 

appointed with the right to consent to her adoption. Based upon the record before us, we are 

unable to conclude that the court’s finding in this regard is against the manifest weight of the 

evidence, as an opposite conclusion is not clearly apparent. 

¶ 35 Having found that neither the circuit court’s finding that J.R. is unfit, nor its finding that it 

is in H.S.’s best interest that J.R.’s parental rights be terminated is against the manifest weight 

of the evidence, we turn to S.S.’s appeal. 

¶ 36 S.S. has not argued that the circuit court’s finding of her unfitness as a parent of either H.S. 

or E.S. is against the manifest weight of the evidence. Nor has she argued that the circuit 

court’s finding that the termination of her parental rights is in the best interest of H.S. and E.S. 

is against the manifest weight of the evidence. Therefore, the manifest weight issues have been 

forfeited. See Ill. S. Ct. R. 341(h)(7) (eff. Jan. 1, 2016); In re Rayshawn H., 2014 IL App (1st) 

132178, ¶ 38.

¶ 37 In urging reversal of the court’s orders terminating her parental rights as to H.S. and E.S., 

S.S. has raised a single argument; namely, that the record does not demonstrate compliance 

with the ICWA. We agree. 
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¶ 38 The ICWA provides that “[i]n any State court proceeding for the foster care placement of, 

or termination of parental rights to, an Indian child, the Indian custodian of the child and the 

Indian child’s tribe shall have a right to intervene at any point in the proceeding.” 25 U.S.C. 

§ 1911(c) (2012). Obviously, the right to intervene would be meaningless without some form 

of notice. In re K.T., 2013 IL App (3d) 120969, ¶ 12. Section 1912(a) of the ICWA provides 

for the required notice and states, in relevant part, that: 

“In any involuntary proceeding in a State court, where the court knows or has 

reason to know that an Indian child is involved, the party seeking the foster care 

placement of, or termination of parental rights to, an Indian child shall notify the parent 

or Indian custodian and the Indian child’s tribe, by registered mail with return receipt 

requested, of the pending proceedings and of their right of intervention. *** No foster 

care placement or termination of parental rights proceeding shall be held until at least 

ten days after receipt of notice by the parent or Indian custodian and the tribe ***.” 

25 U.S.C. § 1912(a) (2012). 

The ICWA defines an Indian child as “any unmarried person who is under [the] age of eighteen 

and is either (a) a member of an Indian tribe or (b) is eligible for membership in an Indian tribe 

and is the biological child of a member of an Indian tribe.” 25 U.S.C. § 1903(4) (2012). S.S. 

told the court that she was descended from the “Cherokee, Creek, Blackfoot, Choctaw and 

Pawnee tribes.”

¶ 39 If a child is subject to the ICWA, the termination proceeding is to be transferred to the 

tribal court on petition of either parent or the Indian child’s tribe unless there is good cause to 

the contrary or the tribe declines. 25 U.S.C. § 1911(b) (2012). A violation of sections 1911 or 

1912 of the ICWA may be cause to invalidate a state child custody proceeding. See 25 U.S.C. 

§ 1914 (2012); In re C.N., 196 Ill. 2d 181, 204 (2001). 

¶ 40 The first issue to be resolved is whether the circuit court knew, or had reason to know, that 

H.S. and E.S. are Indian children within the meaning of the ICWA. As noted earlier, S.S. told 

the court on February 9, 2012, that she was a descendent of the following Indian tribes: 

“Cherokee, Creek, Blackfoot, Choctaw and Pawnee.” We believe, therefore, that the proper 

course to have been taken at this early stage in the proceedings would have been for the circuit 

court to make a determination and enter findings regarding the status of H.S. and E.S. as either 

Indian children or non-Indian children. Absent a finding of fact by the circuit court in that 

regard, we must determine whether, at minimum, the circuit court had reason to know that H.S. 

and E.S. are Indian children. 

¶ 41 In addition to S.S.’s assertions in response to the court’s questions on February 9, 2012, the 

record contains a number of documents which were filed with the court indicating that S.S. is 

of Native American ancestry. In Recovery Coach Program court reports from the Treatment 

Alternatives for Safe Communities (TASC) organization which were filed with the court on 

June 27, 2013, November 5, 2013, and January 5, 2015, S.S.’s race is listed as “American 

Indian.” The DCFS family service plans which were filed with the court on March 25, 2013, 

and November 5, 2013, state that S.S. reported Native American ancestry in her family of 

origin and that she was interested in Native American assistance. 

¶ 42 Subsection B.1 of Guidelines for State Courts; Indian Child Custody Proceedings, 44 Fed. 

Reg. 67584, 67586 (Nov. 26, 1979), states that the circumstances under which a state court has 

reason to believe that a child in a child custody proceedings is an Indian include when a party 

to the case informs the court that the child is an Indian child and when an officer of the court 
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involved in the proceedings has knowledge that the child may be an Indian child. Based upon 

the record before us, we believe that the circuit court had reason to know, that H.S. and E.S. 

may well be Indian children, triggering the notice requirements of section 1912(a) of the 

ICWA. 

¶ 43 In this case, the circuit court found that the ICWA did not apply “based upon the notices 

and reports received from the various Indian tribes” that were made part of the record on 

October 1, 2015. S.S. argues both that, by failing to provide copies of the notices sent to the 

various Indian tribes, the State failed to establish compliance with the ICWA, and that in 

addition, the State failed to establish that it sent notices to all of the Indian tribes that S.S. 

claimed to be a descendent of. 

¶ 44 In support of her assertion that copies of the notices sent to the various Indian tribes must 

be included in the record to establish compliance with the ICWA, S.S. cites the Third District’s 

opinion in In re N.L., 2014 IL App (3d) 140172, ¶ 34. The State and the Cook County Public 

Guardian on behalf of H.S. and E.S. rely upon the First District’s decision in In re F.O., 2014 

IL App (1st) 140954, ¶ 52, in support of their argument that, when the record contains return 

receipts for the notices and responses from the tribes, copies of the notices themselves need not 

be filed of record in order to establish compliance with the ICWA. However, we need not 

express our opinion as to which decision is the better reasoned, nor will we attempt to reconcile 

their seeming conflict, as there is no evidence contained in the record that an attempt was ever 

made to send notices to four of the tribes that S.S. claimed to be a descendent of; namely, the 

Blackfeet, Choctaw, Pawnee, and Crete, which S.S. called Creek. 

¶ 45 When the notice provisions of the ICWA are not complied with, the remedy is to reverse 

the circuit court’s orders concerning foster placement of the child and termination of parental 

rights and remand the proceeding back to the circuit court to begin the proceedings anew in 

compliance with the requirements of the ICWA. In re K.T., 2013 IL App (3d) 120969, ¶ 15. 

However, in this case, there has never been a finding that H.S. and E.S. are, or are not, Indian 

children within the meaning of the ICWA. Consequently, we believe that the better course of 

action is to (1) vacate the circuit court’s order of May 12, 2016, terminating the parental rights 

of S.S. and J.R. as to H.S. and appointing a guardian with the right to consent to her adoption; 

(2) vacate the circuit court’s order of May 12, 2016, terminating the parental rights of S.S. as to 

E.S. and appointing a guardian with the right to consent to her adoption; and (3) remand both 

matters back to the circuit court with directions to make a factual determination of whether 

H.S. and E.S. are Indian children within the meaning of the ICWA. In the event that the circuit 

court on remand determines that H.S. and E.S. are not Indian children, the court is directed to 

reinstate the order terminating the parental rights of S.S. and J.R. as to H.S. and appointing a 

guardian with the right to consent to her adoption and reinstate the order terminating the 

parental rights of S.S. as to E.S. and appointing a guardian with the right to consent to her 

adoption. If, however, the circuit court determines that H.S. and E.S. are Indian children, the 

court shall begin proceedings as to both children anew in compliance with the ICWA. 

¶ 46 Vacated and remanded with directions.