# Patent

## Title
Low noise bias circuit for phased array antenna element

## Abstract

An antenna element includes a bias network circuitry for: during a receive mode, charging a transmit supply capacitor from a transmit power source while decoupling a receive supply capacitor from a receiver power source and coupling the receive supply capacitor to discharge and thereby provide bias to the receiver; and during a transmit mode, charging the receive supply capacitor from the receive power source while decoupling the transmit supply capacitor from the transmit power source and coupling the transmit supply capacitor to discharge and thereby provide bias the transmitter. The antenna element includes a phase shifter/attenuator section having an amplifier and a phase shifter and wherein bias voltage is provided to the amplifier and phase shifter by the transmit supply capacitor during the transmit mode and the receive supply capacitor during the receive mode.

## Background
TECHNICAL FIELD
This disclosure relates generally to phased array antenna elements and more particularly to low noise bias power circuits for such phased array antenna elements.
BACKGROUND AND SUMMARY
As is known in the art, phased array systems are used to collimate and direct a beam of wave energy, such as, for example electromagnetic energy, as in phased array antenna systems used in radar systems or in optical beam energy systems, or In acoustic energy systems as in ultrasound systems or sonar systems.
One such radar phased array antenna system includes a flat panel having rows and columns of antenna array elements and interspersed DC DC converters, as shown in FIG. 1, each array element having: an antenna, a transmitter and receiver coupled to the antenna element through a circulator or transmit/receive switch, and a phase shifter/attenuation section (i.e., Common Leg Circuit (CLC)) coupled to a radar system, as shown in FIG. 1A for an exemplary one of the array elements. The flat panel. is sometimes referred to as a Circuit Card Array, (CCA) comprised of a collection of Unit Cells (i.e., the above-described antenna element) that contains highly integrated electronic circuits, antennas and other microwave components, as shown in FIG. 1.
The radar system produces a transmit voltage between a VT BUS and a ground bus VGND for all of the array elements and a receive voltage between a VR BUS and the ground bus VGND for all of the arrays elements. The DC-DC converters are coupled to these busses as shown in FIG. 1A to provide, for each array element, a transmit voltage source VT and a receive voltage source VR, each relative to ground potential. It should be understood that the voltage VT BUS may be different from the voltage VT, and the that voltage VR BUS may be different from the voltage VR.
Within each element, the phase shifter/attenuation section provides the phase setting, amplifications and control functions to provide, with other elements in the array, the collimated and directed beam of radio frequency energy, The array element also includes a bias network responsive to a transmit/receive (T/R) control signal provided by the radar system. The function of the bias network is to provide “on” DC bias VPA (here indicated as the voltage VT) to an RF Power Amplifier (PA), here a Gall power amplifier, used in the transmit section of the array element during the transmit mode. In the absence of such bias, the transmitter is “off”, Likewise, the bias network provides “on” DC bias VRx (here indicated as the voltage VR) to a Low Noise Amplifier (LNA), here a GaAs limiter and LNA, in the receiver section of the array element during the receive mode. In the absence of such bias, the receiver is “off”, The bias network also provides DC bias voltage VCLC (here indicated as V) to amplifiers, variable attenuators, and phase shifter used in the phase shifter/attenuation section of the Common Leg Circuit,
More particularly, referring to FIG. 1B, the bias network includes a capacitor CT selectively coupled to either: (1) a transmit power source here the transmit voltage source VT provided by the DC-DC converter during a receive mode; or (2) the transmit section, as shown in FIG. 1C during the transmit mode. The bias network includes a pair of switches SA and SB operated by the transmit/receive (T/R) control signal provided by the radar system. Switch SA has a common terminal C and two pair of terminals L1, and L2; and L3 and L4. Switch, SB has a common terminal C and a single pair of terminals L1 and L2. The phase/amplitude control signals for the phase shifter/attenuator section are provided by a beam steering computer, not shown, within the radar system.
Referring now more particularly to FIG. 1C, during a receive mode (or during an initialization phase), switches SA and SB are positioned as shown, More particularly, the common C of switch SA is connected to L1 and to L4. The DC-DC converter produced voltage VT is therefore coupled to capacitor CT and decoupled from the transmitter to bias the transmitter “off”. Therefore, the capacitor CT is charged by the DC-DC converter voltage VT by a charging path indicated by the arrow. The common C of switch SB is connected to L1 and decoupled from terminal L2 thereof so that the receiver is biased “on” by a second DC-DC converter voltage VR.
During the transmit mode, as shown in FIG. 1C, switches SA and SB are positioned as shown. More particularly, the common C of switch SA is connected to L2 and L3 and therefore the DC-DC converter voltage VT is decoupled from the transmitter and the transmitter is biased “on” by the charge stored on the capacitor CT. The common terminal C of switch SB is coupled to terminal L2 and decoupled from terminal L1 thereby removing the DC-DC converter voltage VR from the receiver to thereby bias the receiver “off”.
The inventor has recognized that power provided by the DC bias source also has accompanying unwanted noise from various sources. The bias network itself is typically a Single Pole Double Throw switch. During the receive portion of the periodic transmit/receive Radar Cycle, the capacitor CT is charged from a voltage source VT. This capacitor is located close to the PA and is large enough to provide all the energy needed for the transmit pulse. The proximity of the capacitor to the PA insures that the pulse shape is sharp and does not suffer from the inductance and resistance of the radar system power busses under high current conditions. Because of the transmit duty cycle, the discharge versus charge current ratio can be as high as 10 to 1. In the systems described above in connection with FIGS. 1A, 1B and 1C, an important function of the capacitor CT is to allow disconnect of the transmitter from the radar system power busses and thereby prevent bus noise from corrupting the transmit signal. Indeed, during transmit, bias power is provided only from the proximal capacitor, CT. On the other hand, the inventor has recognized that in the system described above in connection with FIGS. 1A, 18 and 1C, the receive bias, V, is provided by a separate, potentially noisy, power bus connected to the bias network typically at a lower voltage than that for transmit. There is a separate bias switch shown in FIGS. 1B and 1C synchronized to disconnect the receiver when the transmitter is on. The array element must be biased during both the transmit mode and receive mode. The bias power required by the receiver is small compared with that needed by the transmitter. Accordingly, the receive power is provided directly from the radar system low voltage power bus without providing a local storage capacitor. However, the inventor has recognized that with this configuration, bus noise can be impressed not only on CLC but also on the receiver. These noise sources degrade system signal to noise ratio. The system of the present disclosure introduces a capacitor that provides stored energy to power the CLC and receive functions within the antenna element.
In accordance with the present disclosure, an antenna element, comprises: a transmitter; a receiver; a transmit supply capacitor; a receiver capacitor; a transmit power source; a receive power source; and bias network circuitry for: during a receive mode, charging the transmit supply capacitor from the transmit power source while decoupling the receive supply capacitor from the receiver power source and coupling the receive supply capacitor to discharge and thereby provide bias to the receiver; and during a transmit mode, charging the receive supply capacitor from the receive power source while decoupling the transmit supply capacitor from the transmit supply capacitor and coupling the transmit supply capacitor to discharge and thereby provide bias the transmitter.
Disconnecting the array elements in the array from a common source of power allows for element-by-element noise de-correlation thereby improving noise performance for the array. Because of the phasing of the switch states, the receiver bias capacitor is charged and discharged inversely to charging and discharging of the transmit supply capacitor. Providing local energy storage to all the circuit components will improve the shaping of the bias pulses.
In one embodiment, the antenna element includes a phase shifter/attenuator section having an amplifier and a phase shifter and wherein bias voltage is provided to the amplifier and phase shifter by the transmit supply capacitor during the transmit mode and the receive supply capacitor during the receive mode.
The details of one or more embodiments of the disclosure are set forth in the accompanying drawings and the description below. Other features, objects, and advantages of the disclosure will be apparent from the description and drawings, and from the claims,



DESCRIPTION OF DRAWINGS
FIG. 1 is a front view of a panel array of antenna elements according to the PRIOR ART;
FIG. 1A is block diagram of an exemplary one of an array of antenna elements, shown in transmit mode, coupled to a radar system and having a transmitter and receiver alternatively oppositely biased “on” and “off” by a bias network according to the PRIOR ART;
FIG. 1B is a block diagram of the array element of FIG. 1A, according to the PRIOR ART, such array element having a bias network. shown in the receive mode;
FIG. 1C is a block diagram of the array element of FIG. 1, according to the PRIOR ART, such array dement having a bias network being shown in the transmit mode;
FIG. 2 is block diagram of an exemplary one of an array of antenna elements adapted for use in the panel of FIG. 1 having a transmitter and receiver alternatively oppositely biased “on” and “off” by a bias network according to the disclosure;
FIG. 2A is a block diagram of the array element of FIG. 2 according to the disclosure, such array element having a bias network being shown in the receive mode;
FIG. 2B is a block diagram of the array element of FIG. 2 according to the disclosure, such array element having a bias network being shown in the transmit mode; Like reference symbols in the various drawings indicate like elements.



DETAILED DESCRIPTION
Referring now to FIG. 2, is block diagram of an exemplary one of an array of antenna elements 10 adapted for use in the panel of FIG. 1 is shown in the transmit mode. Thus the antenna array element 10 is shown to include: a transmitter 12 and a receiver 14 coupled to an antenna 16 through microwave feed 18 and a circulator 20. The array element 10 includes a phase shifter/attenuator section 22, coupled to the transmitter 12 and receiver 14 and a radar system 25 in a conventional manner, as shown, and a bias network 24 fed by a transmit/receive (PR) control signal by the radar system 25. The DC “on” and “off” biasing of the receiver 14 and transmitter 12 is performed by the bias network 24. The radar system 24 provides transmit power, i.e., a voltage between bus VT BUS and ground bus GNDBUS and provides receive power, i.e., a voltage between bus VR BUS and ground bus GND, More particularly, the radar system 25 produces a transmit voltage between a VT BUS and a ground bus VGND for all of the array elements and a receive voltage between a VR BUS and the ground bus VGND for all of the arrays elements. The DC-DC converters 27, an exemplary one of the converters 27 being shown in FIG. 2 are coupled to these busses to provide, for each array element, a transmit voltage source VT and a receive voltage source VR, each relative to ground potential. It should be understood that the voltage VT BUS may be different from the voltage VT, and that the voltage VR BUS may be different from the voltage VR.
The phase shifter/attenuator section 22 includes a plurality of amplifiers 30, variable attenuators 32, variable phase shifter 34 and switches 34 controlled by control signals produced by the radar system 25 in a conventional manner to switch the phase shifter/attenuator section 22 periodically between the transmit mode, as shown, and receive mode and to also control the phase and attenuation of the phase shifter/attenuator relative to the phase and attenuation of other phase shifter/attenuation sections in the array panel thereof to provide a desired collimated and directed antenna beam.
The bias network 24 provide an “on” DC bias VT to an RF Power Amplifiers (PAs), here a GaN power amplifiers, used in the transmitter 12 of the array element 10 during the transmit mode. In the absence of such bias, the transmitter 12 is “off”. Likewise, the bias network 24 provides “on” DC bias VR to an Low Noise Amplifier (LNA), here a GaAs limiter and LNA of the receiver 14 of the array element 10 during the receive mode. In the absence of such bias, the receiver 14 is “off”. The bias network 24 also provide DC bias voltage V to the amplifiers 30, variable attenuators 32, and phase shifter 36 used in the phase shifter/attenuator 22. More particularly, the phase shifter/attenuator 22 includes a switch SW. The voltage VT is fed to one input terminal of the switch SW through a resistor R1 and the voltage VR is fed to another input terminal of the switch SW through a resistor R2. The resistors R1 and R2 have different values such that the voltage VT minus the voltage drop across the resisitor R1 equals the voltage V and the voltage VR minus the voltage drop across the resisitor R2 equals the voltage V. In response to the T/R control signal produced by the radar receiver 25, during the transmit mode, switch SW couples the DC bias voltage VT through resistor R1 as the voltage V and during the receive mode the switch SW couples the voltage VR through resistor R2 to provide the voltage V. It should be understood that other devices or circuits may be used to changes the voltages VT and VR to the voltage V.
Referring to FIG. 2A, the bias network 24 is shown in more detail to include: transmit supply capacitor CT; a receiver supply capacitor CR; a transmit power source, here a voltage source provided by a transmit power source here a voltage source VT provided by a DC-DC converter 27 from the VT power bus, relative to ground on a GND bus from by the radar system 25 to the array elements, as shown in FIG. 2B; a receive power source VR provided by a DC-DC 27 from the VR power bus, relative to ground on a GND bus by the radar system 25 to the array elements, as shown in FIG. 2B; and switching circuitry 30 for: (A) during a receive mode (with switches S1 and S2 of the switching circuitry 30 in the positions shown in FIG. 2A), charging the transmit supply capacitor CT from the transmit power source VT while decoupling the receive supply capacitor CR from the receiver power source VR and coupling the receive supply capacitor CR to discharge and thereby provide bias to the receiver 14; and, (B) during a transmit mode (with switches S1 and S2 of the switching circuitry 30 in the positions shown in FIG. 2B), charging the receive supply capacitor CR from the receive power source VR while decoupling the transmit supply capacitor CT from the transmit supply capacitor CT and coupling the transmit supply capacitor to discharge and thereby provide bias to the transmitter.
More particularly, referring to FIG. 2A, the bias network 24 includes a transmit supply capacitor CT selectively either coupled to a DC-DC converter VT through a resistor, as shown. In place of this resistor, other means of bias voltage regulation may be used. The bias network includes a pair of switches SA and SB operated by the transmit/receive (T/R) control signal provided by the radar system 25 (FIG. 2). Switch SA has a common terminal C and two pair of terminals L1, and L2; and L3 and L4. Switch SB has a common terminal C and a two pairs of terminals L1 and L2; and L3 and L4.
During a receive mode (or during an initialization phase), switches SA and SB are positioned as shown in FIG. 2A. More particularly, the common C of switch SA is connected to L1 and to L4. The DC-DC converter VT is therefore coupled to transmit supply capacitor CT and decoupled from the transmitter 12 to bias the transmitter 12 “off”. Therefore, the transmit supply capacitor CT is charged by the DC-DC converter. The common C of switch SB is connected to L1 and L4 to couple receive supply capacitor CR (previously charged during a prior transmit mode by a DC-DC converter VR in a manner to be described below in connection with FIG. 2B) to provide the “on” bias voltage to the receiver 14 and to decoupled the receive supply capacitor CR from the DC-DC converter VR.
During the transmit mode, as shown in FIG, 2, switches SA and SB are positioned as shown. More particularly, the common C of switch SA is connected to L2 and L3 and therefore the DC-DC converter is decoupled from the transmitter 12 and the transmitter 12 is biased “on” by the charge stored on the transmit supply capacitor CT. The common terminal C of switch SB is coupled to terminals L2 and L3 to remove the DC-DC converter VR from the receiver 14 to thereby bias the receiver “off”; while the voltage VR is coupled to the receive supply capacitor CR to thereby charge the receive supply capacitor CR.
It is noted that the terminal L2 of switch S1 provides needed transmitter bias voltage the voltage from the transmit supply capacitor CT. This voltage is fed to both the transmitter 12 and the phase shifter/attenuator 22 during the transmit mode and the terminal L1 of switch S2 voltage VR is fed to both the receiver 14 and the phase shifter/attenuator 22 during the receive mode. Referring to FIG. 2, and as noted above, both of the voltages VR and VT are fed to the switch SW in the phase shifter/attenuator 22. In response to the SW signal produced by the transmitter 25, as noted above, during the transmit mode, switch SW couples the DC bias voltage VT as the voltage V for biasing the amplifiers 30, variable attenuators 32, and phase shifter 36 used in the phase shifter/attenuator 22 and during the receive mode the switch SW couples the voltage VR to provide the voltage V the amplifiers 30, variable attenuators 32, and phase shifter 36 used in the phase shifter/attenuator 22. Thus, both during the transmit mode and the receive mode, the DC bias for the amplifiers 30, variable attenuators 32, and phase shifter 36 used in the phase shifter/attenuator 22 is a relatively low noise voltage provided by either transmit supply capacitor CT or receive supply capacitor CR and not directly from a noisy DC-DC converter.
A number of embodiments of the disclosure have been described. Nevertheless, it will be understood that various modifications may be made without departing from the spirit and scope of the disclosure. For example, voltage regulators may be used in place of the bias resistors in the circuits, Accordingly, other embodiments are within the scope of the following claims.

## Claims

1. An antenna element, comprising:
a transmitter;
a receiver;
a transmit supply capacitor;
a receiver supply capacitor;
a transmit power source;
a receive power source;
bias network circuitry for:
during a receive mode, charging the transmit supply capacitor from the transmit power source while decoupling the receive supply capacitor from the receiver power source and coupling the receive supply capacitor to discharge and thereby provide bias to the receiver;
during a transmit mode, charging the receive capacitor from the receive power source while decoupling the transmit supply capacitor from the transmit supply capacitor and coupling the transmit supply capacitor to discharge and thereby provide bias the transmitter; and
the transmitter and the receiver are connected at a first junction;
wherein the transmit supply capacitor and the receive supply capacitor are connected at a second junction;
a conductor connected between the first junction and the second junction to provide a portion of a discharge path;
and wherein:
during the receive mode the receive supply capacitor discharge is through the conductor; and
during a transmit mode the transmit supply capacitor discharge is through the conductor.

2. The antenna element recited in claim 1 wherein the antenna element includes a phase shifter/attenuator section having an amplifier and a phase shifter and wherein bias voltage is provided to said amplifier and phase shifter by the transmit capacitor during the transmit mode and by the receive capacitor during the receive mode.

3. A phased array system, comprising:
an array of antenna elements;
a radar system coupled to the array of antenna elements, the radar system providing a transmit/receive control signal to the array of antenna elements, such radar system having a transmit voltage bus and a receiver voltage bus coupled to the array of antenna elements;
wherein each one of the antenna elements comprises:
a transmitter;
a receiver;
a transmit supply capacitor;
a receiver supply capacitor;
a transmit power source provided by the transmit voltage bus;
a receive power source provided by the receive voltage bus;
bias network circuitry for:
during a receive mode selected by the transmit/receive control signal, charging the transmit supply capacitor from the transmit power source while decoupling the receive supply capacitor from the receiver power source and coupling the receive supply capacitor to discharge and thereby provide bias to the receiver;
during a transmit mode selected by the transmit/receive control signal, charging the receive capacitor from the receive power source while decoupling the transmit supply capacitor from the transmit supply capacitor and coupling the transmit supply capacitor to discharge and thereby provide bias the transmitter; and
the transmitter and the receiver are connected at a first junction;
wherein the transmit supply capacitor and the receive supply capacitor are connected at a second junction;
a conductor connected between the first junction and the second junction to provide a portion of a discharge path;
and wherein:
during the receive mode the receive supply capacitor discharge is through the conductor; and
during a transmit mode the transmit supply capacitor discharge is through the conductor.

4. The radar system recited in claim 3 including a DC-DC converter coupled between the transmit voltage bus and the antenna element.

5. The radar system recited in claim 4 including a DC-DC converter coupled between the receive voltage bus and the antenna element.

6. The antenna element recited in claim 3 wherein the antenna element includes a phase shifter/attenuator section having an amplifier and a phase shifter and wherein bias voltage is provided to said amplifier and phase shifter by the transmit capacitor during the transmit mode and by the receive capacitor during the receive mode.

7. The antenna element recited in claim 4 wherein the antenna element includes a phase shifter/attenuator section having an amplifier and a phase shifter and wherein bias voltage is provided to said amplifier and phase shifter by the transmit capacitor during the transmit mode and by the receive capacitor during the receive mode.

8. The antenna element recited in claim 5 wherein the antenna element includes a phase shifter/attenuator section having an amplifier and a phase shifter and wherein bias voltage is provided to said amplifier and phase shifter by the transmit capacitor during the transmit mode and by the receive capacitor during the receive mode.

9. An antenna section, comprising:
an antenna;
a transmitter coupled to the antenna during a transmit mode;
a receiver coupled to the antenna during a receive mode;
a transmit supply capacitor;
a receiver supply capacitor;
a transmit power source;
a receive power source;
bias network circuitry, comprising:
a first switch operative in response to a control signal;
a second switch operative in response to said control signal;
wherein the first switch is operative during the receive mode to couple the transmit supply capacitor between the transmit power source and a reference potential to charge the transmit supply capacitor from the transmit power source and decouple the transmit power supply from the transmitter;
a second switch is operative to, during the receive mode, decouple the receive supply capacitor from the receiver power source and couple the receive supply capacitor to the receiver to discharge the receive supply capacitor and thereby provide a receiver bias to the receiver during the receive mode;
wherein the second switch is operative during the transmit mode to decouple the receive supply capacitor from the receiver and couple the receive power supply between the receive supply capacitor and the reference potential to charge the receive supply capacitor from the receive power source during the transmit mode; and
wherein the first switch is operative during the transmit mode to decouple the transmit supply capacitor from the transmit supply capacitor and couple the transmit supply capacitor to the transmitter to discharge the transmit supply capacitor and thereby provide transmit bias the transmitter during the transmit mode.

10. The antenna section recited in claim 9 wherein the antenna section includes a phase shifter/attenuator section having an amplifier and a phase shifter coupled to the transmitter and the receiver and wherein the transmit bias is provided to said amplifier and phase shifter by the transmit supply capacitor during the transmit mode and the receive bias is supplied by the receive supply capacitor during the receive mode.

11. The antenna section recited in claim 9 wherein the transmit supply capacitor is coupled between the first switch and the reference potential and the receiver supply capacitor is coupled between the second switch and the reference potential, one electrode of the transmit supply capacitor is connected to one electrode of the receiver supply capacitor at a junction and wherein the junction is connected to the reference potential.

12. The antenna element recited in claim 9 wherein the transmitter and the receiver are connected at a second junction; and including a conductor connected between the first-mentioned junction and the second junction to provide a portion of a discharge path; and
wherein:
during the receive mode the receive supply capacitor discharge is through the conductor; and
during a transmit mode the transmit supply capacitor discharge is through the conductor.

13. The antenna element recited in claim 1 wherein the transmit supply capacitor is connected to the receive supply capacitor.

14. The antenna element recited in claim 3 wherein the transmit supply capacitor is connected to the receive supply capacitor.