No. 81-240 IN THE SUPREME COURT OF THE STATE OF MONTANA 1982

STATE EX REL.

### , ROBERT H. WILSON, Relator and Appellant,

DEPARTMENT OF NATURAL RESOURCES AND CONSERVATION OF THE STATE OF MONTANA, Water Resources Division, Respondent and Appellant,

WILLIAM B. V7ALTON AND MARION WALTON, Intervenors and Respondents.

Appeal from: District Court of the Thirteenth Judicial District, In and for the County of Yellowstone, The Honorable James B. Wheelis, Judge presiding.

Counsel of Record: ForAppellant: Books & Budewitz, Townsend,Montana Patrick F. Hooks argued, Townsend,Montana For Respondents: Josephson & Fredricks,Big Timber, Montana Conrad B. Fredricks argued, Big Timber,Montana

Submitted:

# JuL14

## 1982 Decided: July 14, 1982

Filed:Mr. Justice Fred J. Weber delivered the Opinion of the Court.

This appeal arises from the District Court's granting attorney's fees to Intervenors following a hearing to determine water rights, in the Thirteenth Judicial District, Yellowstone County. We reverse the District Court. The sole issue on appeal iswhether Intervenors (~altons)

are entitled to attorney's fees from Relator (Wilson). Wilson and Waltons owned adjacent property in Yellowstone County. Waltons purchased their property in 1963, and in 1966 built a structure to impound water from an unnamed tributary (coulee) of Dry Creek to use as a stock water reservoir. They continued this use each year after their dam was built. In 1970Wilson purchased land just up the coulee from the Walton land. In 1975,Wilson built a road

across the coulee, cutting off virtually all of the flow to the Walton reservoir,and creating his own stock water reservoir. He knew of the Walton dam at the time. He did not apply for a beneficial water use permit from the Department of Natural Resources and Conservation (DNRC),as required by the Montana Water Use Act of 1973, 589-880(2), R.C.M. 1947

(nowsec. 85-2-302,MCA). Waltons' protests to Wilson and Wilson's lawyer, that the roadway blocked off the water they depended on to water their stock, were unavailing. In fall of 1976,Waltons protested Wilson's actions to the DNRC. A subsequenton-site inspectionby the DNRC resulted in their informing Wilson he was in violation of theMontana Water Use Act and must obtain a beneficial use permit before appropriatingwater from the coulee, or he would be subject to misdemeanor charges. Wilson applied for such a permit in February of 1977; the applicationwasnoticed by publication. InMay of 1977,Waltons filed timely objections to issuance of the permit and in October of 1977, filed timely amended objections. On December 21, 1977, the DNRC, in an attempt to informally settle the dispute, sent the following letter: "DearMr. Wilson: "Thisis in reference to your Application No. 11761-s43Q and the objectionof William and Marion Walton. A review of the application and objection shows that the watershed above the objectors' dam will yield approximately 15-20 acre-feet of water on an average year. This will vary fromyear to year. The objector claims a prior water right for approximately 8 acre-feet for stockwatering, which indicates the availability of appropriable water. Itappears they have a valid 

### --- use right to themaximum amount of water he 

### - -- 

### --- has put to a beneficial use prior to July 1, 

### ---- 1973, as our records showno filedp-- - -- 

### -- "Under 

### ---- the lawwe are required - to ensure prior existing water 

### ---- rights will not be adversely affected and that themeans of diversion or 

### --- - 7 construction are adequate. We 

### -propose to 

### - issueyour permit subject 

### -- to the following conditions in order to do so. "1. All 

### -prior existing water rights. "2. Any final determination of existing water rights as provided by Montana law. "3. The permittee shall install and maintain a drainage device not less than 12 inches in diameter, in the bottom center of said dam in order to satisfyprior existing water rights. "4. Thepermittee shall submit to the Department his plans for the design of the emergency spillway and drainage device for approval before their construction and installation. "A 10year frequency 6 hour stormwould cause a peak flow of 8 cfs. Your spillway and drainage device should be designed to pass a combined flow of at least that amount. As your dam as proposed will hold only one acre-foot, itwould be probably overtoppedwithout a spillway. "Pleasenotify us inwriting within seven (7) days after receipt of this letter if you do not agree with our findings and proposal and request a hearing on 

### your application. If we do not hear fromyouwewill assume you do not request a hearing and issue your permit accordingly." (Emphasisadded.)Subsequent exchanges between Wilson and the DNRC indicateWilson's feeling that the DNRC had already determined rights without

a hearing. Wilson also argued thatWaltons could not have established rights in diffuse surface water prior to 1973, because common lawdid not recognize suchwater as subject to appropriation. The DNRC responded that ithad made no finaldeterminations as to rights and thatWilson could challenge its preliminary findingsby requesting a hearing. On June 27, 1978, the DNRC notified the parties that hearing onWilson's applicationwould be July 12, 1978. On July 7, 1978,Wilson obtained an alternative writ of prohibition from the DistrictCourt ordering the DNRC to refrain from further proceeding on his application, for failure to hold its hearing within 60days, as required under section 85-2-309,MCA. InNovember, 1978,with no objection from Wilson,Waltons were permitted to intervene. Both the DNRC and Waltons sought an injunction against the Wilson dam; Wilson and Waltons soughtadjudication of their rights to the couleewater. Following a June 1, 1979, hearing, the District Court granted the writ of prohibition; appeal from that decision was dismissed by this Court on the grounds that the District Court's decision lacked finality. After a trialwithout jury on July 29-30, 1980, the District Court granted injunctive relief against Wilson, holding that the coulee water was more thanmere surface water; itwas "water"within the meaning of the Water Use Act, and Waltons had a valid prior right to the water; the court awarded attorney's fees and costs to Waltons; Wilson

was awarded attorney's fees against DNRC. On December 23, 1980,Wilson moved to have the award of attorney's fees to Waltons stricken,arguing that "there isno statutory,contractual or other basis upon which to base [the] award. 

# . ." The District Court judgeamended his findings and conclusions on December 29, 1980, to include the following: "FINDINGSOF FACT "26. The construction of the dam by the Relatorwas done in disregard of the Intervenors' obvious prior rights. "27. The construction of the dam and the litigation that ensued cost the Intervenors to seek legal counsel and to participate in litigation. "28. Itwould be inequitable for the Intervenors, innocentas they were to any wrong doing, to bear the costs for attorneys fees in litigation. "CONCLUSIONSOF LAW "19. The courthas inherentpower under its equity jurisdiction to grant attorneys fees to the Intervenors against the Relator." Relator Wilson appeals. On February 5, 1982, this Court, in response to written stipulation by Wilson and the DNRC,ordered that (1) the writ of prohibition be set aside; (2) the award to Wilson of attorney's fees against the DNRC be vacated; (3) the DNRC's appeal be dismissed;and (4)Wilson and the DNRC should each bear their own costs. Wilson has formally withdrawn the application for a beneficial water use permit for the coulee water and has ceased to impound the couleewater. The sole issue on appeal iswhether the DistrictCourt erred in awarding attorney's fees to the Waltons. Waltons rely upon several statutesunder which attorney's feesmay be awarded. Section 85-2-125, MCA, provides: "If a finaldecision of the department [DNRC] on an application for a permit is appealed to district court, the district court shall award the prevailing party reasonable attorney fees."Wilson points out thathere therewas no appeal, no final decision; therewas not even a hearing by the DNRC regarding his application for a permit. The only DNRC decision was thatWilson would have to file for a permit before he could build an impoundment structure; that decision preceded his application for a permit and was not appealed. The DNRC hearing on the matter was precluded by the DNRC's delay and Wilson's writ of prohibition. Section 85-2-125,MCA, is not applicable here. Waltons also rely upon section 27-1-317,MCA, which provides: "For the breach of an obligation not arising from contract, the measure of damages, except where otherwise expressly provided by this code, is the amountwhich will compensate for all the detrimentproximately caused thereby, whether it could have been anticipated or not." Waltons maintain thatbecause Wilson's wrongful acts forced them to bring an action in intervention to their detriment, section 27-1-317, MCA, is applicable. Wilson counters that section 27-1-317 has never been so broadly interpreted and to apply it here would extend the award of attorney's fees to every prevailing personal injury claimant in a noncontract action. The long-establishedrule in Montana is that, in the absence of some special agreement between the parties or statutory authorization, attorney's fees are not recoverable by the successful litigant. Nikles v. Barnes (1969), 153 Mont. 113, 454 P.2d 608;Kintner v. Harr (1965), 146Mont. 461, 408 P.2d 487. Clearly therewas no agreement between the parties in the case at bar. But Waltons would have us find "statutory authorization" in section 27-1-317,MCA, above, and in the referencesmade to that statute in First Security Bank of Bozeman v. Goddard (1979), 181Mont. 407, 420, 593 P.2d 1040, 1047, and in McCarty v. Lincoln Green, Inc.(1980) Mont. 

### , 620 P.2d 1221, 1225, 37 St.Rep. 2007, 2011-2012. We do not find those cases applicablehere. There is no specificmention of section 27-1-317, MCA, as applying to attorney's fees in Goddard. InMcCarty, although

an award of "damagesplus attorney's fees" was challenged by appellant, this Court, in affirming, relied upon the statute in justifying the award of damages but never explicitly discussed attorney's fees. Besides, both Goddard and McCarty involved actions in tort; no tort liability has been alleged or found in the case at bar. Both the general rule stated in Nikles, above, and section 27-1-317,MCA, have been around for some time, yet this Court has not explicitly applied it to a request for attorney's fees. We decline to expand the Nikles rule to support an award of attorney's fees in this case. Finally, and more in linewith the findings and conclusions of the trial court,Waltons rely upon the relatively new line of case law inMontana establishing a narrow exception to the rule stated in Nikles, supra. This Court, in a number of recent cases, has recognized the lower court's general equity power tomake an injured party whole and held that, in some isolated cases, attorney's fees could properly

comewi,thinthat power. Such an award iswithin the lower court's discretion and will not be overturned absent a showing of abuse of discretion. Martin v. Randono (1981), Mont. 

## , 623 P.2d 959, 962, 38 St.Rep. 209, 212. Cf. Stickneyv. State of Montana, County of Missoula (1981), Mont. 

### , 636 P.2d 860, 38 St.Rep. 1991; Joseph Russell Realty Company v. Kenneally (1980), Mont. I 605P.2d 1107, 37 St-Rep.57;Holmstrom Land Co. v. Hunter (1979) 1 Mont. 

## , 595 P.2d 360, 36 St.Rep. 926;Foy


### v. Anderson (1978), 176Mont. 507, 580 P.2d 114; comment, 40 Mont.L.Rev. 308 (1979).In Joseph Russell Realty Co. and Martin we affirmed the 

### - trial court's refusal to award attorney's fees,while recognizing its equitable power to do so. In FOY,Holmstrom and Stickney,

we affirmed the trial court's equitable award of attorney's fees, where defendants, throughno fault of their own,were forced to personally defend against a frivolous action. Wilson argues that the Foy line of cases is not applicable here. In those cases, the defendantswere made party to a frivolous action. It is true that Wilson did not sue~altons; they voluntarilymade themselves parties by intervening. But, at the time they intervened,Waltons had been deprived of the upper couleewater for nearly three years. Their requests for enough water to keep their stockpond full were ignored by Wilson and his attorney. Waltons' 1976 complaint to the DNRC culminated two years later in the DNRC's loss of jurisdiction overWilson's application for a permit to impound the couleewaters. The District Courtwould determine rights to thosewaters, an adjudication to which DNRC admittedly

was not a real party in interest. Clearly, the only way the Waltons could hope to protect their interest in the coulee waters was to intervene. We find there is roomwithin the - Foy exception for those who reasonably find itnecessary to intervene in a frivolous action, although not technically forced to become parties. Wilson argues that thiswas 

### - not a frivolous action, one

so spurious as to bring itwithin the 

### - Foy exception. He maintains that therewas a genuine controversy; that the law was such that he reasonably could have expected to prevail; that his positionwas supportedby credible expert evidence; in short, that, although he did notprevail, the record clearly reflects a viable claim.Wilson alleged throughout the litigation that the couleewater was "diffuse surfacewater," and was not "water" within the definition of theWater Use Act. He also claimed thatWaltons had no valid prior appropriation right to the coulee water because diffuse surfacewater, at common law, could be impounded by the person upon whose land it occurred, but was not a "watercourse" and was not subject to the law governing water courses. He emphasizes thathe does not and need not challenge themerits of the District Court's determinations with respect to thesematters. He onlymust prove that his position in the litigation was not frivolousor spurious, and hence should not have been brought within the 

### - Foy exception. Let us consider Wilson's arguments. (A) Wilson argues that he believed "diffuse surface water"was not "water"within the meaning of the Water Use Act and hence believed the provisions of the Water Use Act did not apply to his stock water reservoir. TheWater Use Act of 1973, 589-867(1) R.C.M., 1947, (nowsection 85-2-102(14), MCA), originally defined "water"

as 

# ".



# . .allwater of the state, surface or subsurface, regardless of its character or manner of occurrence, including geothermalwater." That definitionwas amended in 1977 to include "diffuse surfacewater." The minutes of a meeting of the Senate Committee onAgriculture, Livestock and Irrigation

(March17, 1977) show that one DNRC official considered the inclusion an "importantchange";anotherwas satisfied that the amendmentwould force the Bureau of Land Management to obtain a water use permit for diffuse water. Wilson argues that this amendmentwas necessary to prevent confusion reasonably arising under the original definition, which was in effectwhen he impounded the couleewater.Wilson's confusion derived in part from the fact that diffuse surfacewater, at common law, was not subject to the - same rules governing appropriation as were applied to water which flowed in a natural water course. Wilson relies upon Doney v. Beatty (1950),124Mont. 41, 220 P.2d 77,and authorities cited therein: "As to such diffused waters the plaintiffs --- did not and they cannot make a valid appro

### --- -- priation for use on their lands located a 

### --- number of miles below, and the defendants 

### -- have theright to collect, capture and im

### -- p -- pound suchdiffused surface drainage while it is on their own lands and farms for use --- -- thereon." (Emphasisadded.) 124Mont. at 50, 220 P.2d at 82. Waltons maintain that Doney was effectively superceded by Midkiff v. Kincheloe (1953),127Mont. 324, 263 P.2d 976, wherein this Court upheld the prior right of a downstream

user in a water rights dispute factually similar to this one, although the water was only rain and snow runoff in an otherwisedry creek. We point out that inMidkiff, the issue of whether diffuse surface water could be appropriated

was not before the Court. The Court considered only the extent of the prior use,before the upstream user impounded the runoffwaters. Furthermore, JusticeAdair, in a strong dissent referred to the Doney rule,and clearly articulated the common law rule that an upstream user 

# ".

. . has the same right to impound, store and put to beneficial use these flood and waste waters while they are upon his lands as has the [downstream user] when they reach his holdings.

"It is the general rule that diffused surface waters resulting directly from rain and melting snowmay be collected, impounded and put to a reasonable beneficial use by the owner of the land onwhich they occur, so long as suchwaters remain on such owner's land. In the event the landownermakes a reasonable use of waters resulting from rain and meltingsnow, and particularly of such as result from precipitation on his own land, suchwaters may be treated as 'flood, seepage,and waste water' of which hemay make an independent appropriationunder R.C.M. 1947, sec. 89-801, supra,by impounding them in a reservoir. Compare Doney v. Beatty, 124Mont. 41, 220 Pac.

(2d) 77." 127Mont. at 332-333, 263 P.2d at 980. In light of the 1977 amendment of the definition of "water," and the common law rules with regard to appropriation of diffuse surfacewater,we find thatWilson reasonably could have believed diffuse surface water was not subject to the provisions of the Water Use Act in 1975when he built his road.(B) Wilson argues that there was a genuine controversy

as to whether the coulee water was diffuse surfacewater. In Doney v. Beatty, supra, 124Mont. at 51, 220 P.2d at 82, this Court contrasted a water course with diffuse surface waters: "Awater course in general has a definite channel aswell as a flow of water while diffused surface waters are waters which, in their natural state,occur on the surface of the earth in places other than water courses or lakes or ponds. The diffused surface watersmay originate from any natural source. Theymay be flowing,vagrantly over broad lateral areas or, occasionally for brief periods, in natural depressions, or they may be standing in bogs ormarshes. "Theessential characteristics of diffused surface waters are that their flows are shortlived and that thewaters are spread over the ground and not concentrated or confined in channel flows of legal watercourses nor yet concentrated or confined in bodies of water conforming to the definition of lakes or ponds. "In 1 Kinney on Irrigation and Water Rights, 2d Ed., in discussing water courses in section 301, atpage 486, the author quotes with approval the definition of a water course appearing in an Idaho case, as follows: '"A water course is a stream of water flowing in a definite channel,having a bed and sides 

### or banks, and discharging itself into some other stream or body of water. The flowneed notbe constant, but must be more than mere surface drainage occasioned by extraordinary causes; theremust be substantial indications of the existence of a streamwhich is ordinarily a moving body of water".' Again in section 312, Kinney says: 'Buta water course does not include holes, gullies,or ravines in land, in which mere surface water from rain 

### -- or melting snow at irregular periods, is dis

### - charged through them from a higher to a lower level,and which at other times are destitute of water. In the absence of a permanent source of water supply there can be no water course in its legal sense.' Emphasis supplied. See: 1Wiel onWater Rights in the Western States, 3d Ed., page 354, sec. 334; LeMunyonv. GallatinValley Railway Co., 60 Mont. 517, 199 Pac. 915." And in the dissent in Midkiff v. Kincheloe, supra, Justice Adair discussed the kind of water which could be appropriated by the land owner as long as itwas on his lands. That water included "flood, seepage, and waste waters." The water of the gully inMidkiff "[came] directly from either melting snows or heavy rains that have fallen upon the surface of the lands of Kincheloe and others lying within the drainage area of the gully," and were unquestionably diffuse surface waters according to JusticeAdair. We repeat that JusticeAdair objected to the majority's failure to consider and apply the existing law regardingwater

courses and diffuse surface waters, not their contrary application of it. Here, it is true, the coulee also contained several developed springs above the Wilson dam. But the witnesses testified that the couleewas dry at least half the year, and that nearly all of the water in it was snow-melt and rain runoff. At least one expert (Wilson's)testified that he could find no clearly-defined channel, and no evidence of moving water, although he spentmany hours on the property. Another testified that the plants in the bottom of the couleewere of a type which could not grow in rapidly flowingwater. There is no definition of diffuse surface water in the Water Use Act. We find thatWilson reasonably reliedupon the

common law for a definition of diffuse surfacewater. That definition was similar enough to thewaters of the coulee, that, given the supporting expert's information,Wilson's position was notwithoutmerit. (C) Finally,Wilson argued that he reasonably believed Waltons had not obtained a prior right to the couleewater before the effective date of the Water Use Act, July 1, 1973. The common law rule,which Wilson believed applied to the Waltons' impoundmentof the coulee waters, if they were diffuse surface waters, was thatWaltons could only impound those runoff or waste waters which flowed on their own land. An upstream user could appropriate those diffuse surface waters occurring on 

### - his land. Therefore,Wilson believed that, as Waltons had not applied for a beneficial use permit under theWater Use Act after July 1, 1973, they had no superior claim to the couleewaters. Wilson has not challenged the District Court's determination that: (1) Waltons had a prior right to the coulee waters; (2) The couleewaters were more than mere surface waters; and (3) The couleewaters were subject to the provisions of theWater Use Act. He simply argues that considering the evidence before the District Court, that court improperly invoked its equity power in awarding attorney's fees to the Waltons. We agree. This Court will not overturn findings of fact of a DistrictCourt where they are supported by substantial, thoughconflicting evidence,unless there is a clear preponderance of evidence against such findings. The evidence is to be viewed in the light most favorable to the prevailing party. Cameron v. Cameron (1978), 179 Mont. 219, 587 P.2d 939. Clearly, the District Court believed that Wilson had acted improperly in constructing his dam without first obtaining a beneficial use permit from the DNRC, in blocking off virtually all the Waltons' couleewater, knowing they had impounded itpreviously, and in prohibiting the hearing of his own petition for a beneficial use permit. But the 

### - Foy exception has been narrowly drawn, and is applicable only where the action into which the prevailing party has been forced is utterly without merit, or frivolous. In 

### - Foy, Holmstrom, and Stickney, the parties who were awarded attorney's fees had been forced to defend themselves in actions which could not reasonably have been seen as viable, actions in which the court was used more as an instrumentof harassment than as

a means to settlement of a legitimate dispute. Here the preponderance of evidence supports Wilson's argument that his position, while it did not prevail, could not be classed as spurious. Wilson has presented persuasive arguments, discussed above, supporting the apparentviability of his claim. And we find that while Wilson indeed encroached upon prior rights of theWaltons, those rights were not "obvious prior rights," and Wilson had a reasonable basis to believe that he might establish his right to capture snowmelt and runoff while itwas on his land. Therefore, to the extent that the District Court foundWilson's encroachment to be upon an obviousprior right,we vacate its amended finding of factNo. 26. And because Wilson had a reasonablebasis to believe thathis causemight prevail, we find that his actionwas not frivolous or utterly without merit, the - Foy exception is inapplicable, and the District Court erred in awarding attorney's fees to the Waltons. We remand this cause to the District Court for correction of its February 5, 1982,order insofar as it grants attorney's fees to theWaltons.

We Concur:

Justices

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