Destroy this report when it is no longer 

needed. Do not return to sender. 

PLEASE NOTIFY THE DEFENSE NUCLEAR AGENCY, 

ATTN: STTI, WASHINGTON, D.C. 20305, IF 

YOUR ADDRESS IS INCORRECT, IF YOU WISH TO 

BE DELETED FROM THE DISTRIBUTION LIST, OR 

IF THE ADDRESSEE IS NO LONGER EMPLOYED BY 

YOUR ORGANIZATION. 
UNCLASSIFIFD XRITY CLASSIFICATION OF THIS PAGE (When D&a iS&ued) 

READ INSTRUCTIONS REPORTDOCUMENTATIONPAGE BEFORE COMPLETING FORM 

REPORTNUMBER 2. GOVT ACCESSlON NO 3. RECIPIENT’S CATALOG NUMBER 

DNA 6039F 

TITLE (and Subtitle) 5. TYPE OF REPORT & PERIOD COVERED 

OPERATION ARGUS 1958 Technical Report 

6.PERFORMING ORG. REPORT NUMBER 

KT-82-004(R) 

AU THOR(~) 6.CONTRACT OR GRANT NUMBER(a) 

C. B. Jones, M. K. Doyle, L. H. Berkhouse, 

F. S. Calhoun, RF Cross Associates; E. J. Martin, DNA 001-79-C-0472 

Kaman Temoo 

PERFORMING ORGANIZATION NAME AND ADORE% 10. PROGRAM ELEMENT. PROJECT, TASK 

AREA h WORK UNIT NUMBERS

Kaman Tempo 

P. 0. Drawer QQ Subtask U99QAXMK506-09 Santa Barbara, CA 93102 ..-. CONTROLLING OFFICE NAME AND ADDRESS 12. REPORT DATE 

Director 30 April 1982 Defense Nuclear Agency 13.NUMBER OF PAGES 

Washington, DC 20305 138 

MONITORING AGENCY NAME h ADORESS(If dlifetamt fr01?1 Controltinl OffIce) 15. SECURITY CLASS. (of thts report) 

UNCLASSIFIED 

15% DECLASSlFlCATION/DOWNCRADING 

N/?i%% UNCLASSIFIED 

DISTRIBUTION STATEMENT (of thin Report) 

Approved for public release; distribution unlimited. 

DlSTAl0UTlON STATEMENT (of the abatrsct enteredfn Block 20, If different from Report) 

SUPPLEMENTARY NOTES 

This work was sponsored by the Defense Nuclear Agency under ROT&E RMSS Code 

8350079464 U99QAXMK50609 H25900. 

KEY WORDS (Continue on rev#r.. #Id, If nscssauy md Idmtify by block number) 

Nuclear Test Operations South Atlantic 

ARGUS Christofilos Theory

FLORAL ARGUS Effect 

JASON Van Allen Belts 

Nuclear Test Personnel Review (NTPR) MIDAS 

In late August and early September of 1958, U.S. Navy Task Force 88, consisting of nine ships and approximately 4,500 men, secretly conducted three 

high-altitude nuclear tests in the South Atlantic. The code name of the operation was ARGUS. In each of these tests, the task force launched from the 

missile trials ship, USS Norton Sound (AVM-l), a specially modified X-17a 7. 

three-stage ballistic missile carrying a low-yield nuclear warhead, which was 

detonated high in the Earth's upper atmosphere. Upon completion of these 

launchings on September 6, the task force deoarted thg ODPW . arm (Con t+.\ 

FOR” 

JAN-l3 1473 EDITIOM OF 1 HOV 6S IS OBSOLETE UNCLASSIFIED 

SECURITY CLASSIFICATION OF THIS PACE (When Data Entered) 
UNCLASSIFIED 

ECURITY CLASSIFICATION OF THIS PAGE(R’hn Data Enlend) 

20. ABSTRACT (Con?) 

for Rio de Janeiro, Brazil, and thence to home ports in the United States. 

This report details Department of Defense personnel participation in these 

tests, with an emphasis on radiological safety. 

UNCLASSIFIED 

SECURITY CLASSIFICATION OF THIS PAGEV+%en Data Entered) 
FACT SHEET 

ARGUS was the designation given to the three high-altitude nuclear 

test shots conducted by the United States in the South Atlantic Ocean in 

August and September 1958. The ARGUS shots were conducted to test the 

Christofilos theory, which argued that high-altitude nuclear detonations 

would create a radiation belt in the upper regions of the Earth's atmosphere. It was theorized that the radiation belt would have military 

implications, including degradation of radio and radar transmissions, 

damage or destruction of the arming and fuzing mechanisms of ICBM warheads, and endangering the crews of orbiting space vehicles that might 

enter the belt. 

The tests were conducted in complete secrecy and were not announced 

until the following year. The organization conducting these tests was 

Task Force 88, a naval organization consisting of nine ships and approximately 4,500 men. A few specialists from the other services and the Atomic 

Energy Commission and their contractors were with the fleet. Coordinated 

measurement programs using satellite, rocket, aircraft, and surface stations were carried out by the services and other government agencies and 

contractors throughout the world. The ships of Task Force 88 were the 

antisubmarine carrier USS Tarawa (0X4-40), the destroyers USS Bearss (DD654) and USS Warrington (DD-843), the destroyer escorts USS Courtney (DE1021) and USS Hammerberg (DE-1015), the fleet oilers USS Neosho (AO-143) 

and USS Salamonie (AO-26), the missile trials ship, USS Norton Sound 

(AVM-l), and the seaplane tender USS Albemarle (AV-5). 

The low-yield (l- to 2-KT) devices were lifted to about a 300-mile altitude by rockets fired from the Norton Sound. The detonations occurred 

at such distances above the Earth that there was no possibility of exposure of task force personnel to ionizing radiation. 

1 
Of the 264 radiation-detection film packets distributed to the task 

force, 21 had indications of radiation exposure, but the highest exposure 

recorded by an individual’s packet was 0.010 roentgen (R), so low as to be 

negligible. The highest exposure recorded, 0.025 R, was by a control film 

packet. Control film packets were located in radiation-free areas within 

the ships. Even this reading was so low that it could have been spurious 

or the result of natural background radiation. In any event, both readings were below the accuracy limit of the film, developing system, and 

densitometers used. 

The results of the ARGUS operation proved the validity of the Christof ilos theory. The establishment of an electron shell derived from neutron 

and beta decay of fission products and ionization of device materials in 

the upper fringe of the atmosphere was demonstrated. The operation not 

only provided data on military considerations but also produced a great 

mass of geophysical data, pure scientific material of great value. 

2 
PREFACE 

Between 1945 and 1962, the U.S. Atomic Energy Commission (ABC) conducted 235 atmospheric nuclear weapons tests at sites in the United States 

and in the Pacific and Atlantic oceans. In all, about 220,000 Department 

of Defense (DOD) participants, both military and civilian, were present at 

the tests. Of these, approximately 142,000 participated in the Pacific 

test series and approximately another 4,500 in the single Atlantic test 

series. 

In 1977, 15 years after the last aboveground nuclear weapon test, the 

Center for Disease Control (CDC) of the U.S. Department of Health and Human 

Services noted more leukemia cases than would normally be expected among 

about 3,200 soldiers who had been present at shot SMOKY, a test of the 1957 

PLUMBBOB Series. Since that initial report by the CDC, the Veterans Administration (VA) has received a number of claims for medical benefits from 

former military personnel who believe their health may have been affected 

by their participation in the weapons testing program. 

In late 1977, the DOD began a study that provided data to both the CDC 

and the VA on potential exposures to ionizing radiation among the military 

and civilian personnel who participated in the atmospheric testing 15 to 

32 years earlier. In early 1978, the DOD also organized a Nuclear Test 

Personnel Review (NTPR) to: 

• Identify DOD personnel who had taken part in the atmospheric nuclear weapon tests 

0 Determine the extent of the participants' exposure to 

ionizing radiation 

• Provide public disclosure of information concerning 

participation by DOD personnel in the atmospheric 

nuclear weapon tests. 
This report on Operation ARGUS is one of many volumes that are the 

product of the NTPR. The DOD Defense Nuclear Agency (DNA), whose Director 

is the executive agent of the NTPR program, prepared the reports, which 

are based on military and technical documents reporting various aspects of 

each of the tests. Reports of the NTPR provide a public record of the 

activities and associated radiation exposures of DOD personnel for interested former participants and for use in public health research and Federal policy studies. 

Information from which this report was compiled was primarily extracted 

from planning and after-action reports of Task Force 88 (TF 88) and its 

subordinate organizations. What was desired were documents that accurately 

placed personnel at the test sites so that their degree of exposure to the 

ionizing radiation resulting from the tests could be assessed. The search 

for this information was undertaken in archives and libraries of the Federal Government, in special collections supported by the Federal Government, and, where reasonable, by discussion or review with participants. 

For ARGUS, the most important archival source is the Washington National Records Center in Suitland, Maryland. The record groups searched 

at the Records Center were those of DNA, Office of the Chief of Naval Operations, and the Naval Operating Forces. The Naval Operational Archives 

at the Washington Navy Yard also was helpful, as was the collection of 

documents assembled by the Air Force Weapons Laboratory (AFWL) Historian, 

the collection now being housed in the AFWL Technical Library at Kirtland 

Air Force Base, Albuquerque, New Mexico. Other archives searched were the 

Department of Energy archives at Germantown, Maryland, its Nevada Operations Office archives at Las Vegas, the archives of the Test Division of 

the Los Alamos National Laboratory, and the Eisenhower Library at Abilene, 

Kansas. 

The major gap in the information sources for ARGUS is the documentation of the results of the exposure of the film badges that were actually 

used. Because of the nature of the operation and the remoteness of the 

4 
detonations, the possibility of any exposure at all was extremely small, 

and only a very few film badges were even removed from storage for use. 

The various record collections consulted do not have documentation of the 

readings of the processed badges. The agency that provided and processed 

the badges, the U.S. Army Lexington Blue Grass Depot Activity has made 

repeated searches but has not found these records. 

The work was performed under RDT&E RMSS B350079464 U99 QAKMK 506-09 

H2590D for the Defense Nuclear Agency primarily by personnel of R.F. Cross 

Associates acting as subcontractor to Kaman Tempo (then General Electric 

-- TEMPO). Guidance was provided by Mr. Kenneth W. Kaye of the Defense 

Nuclear Agency, Biomedical Effects Office. 

5 
6 
TABLE OF CONTENTS 

Page 

FACT SHEET 1 

PREFACE 3 

LIST OF ILLUSTRATIONS 9 

LIST OF TABLES 10 

Chapter 

1 OVERVIEW 11 

Inception of Operation ARGUS 11 

Introduction 11 

Planning 17 

Authorization 19 

Conduct of the ARGUS Series 22 

Organizational Responsibilities 22 

Creation of Task Fqrce 88 23 

Assignments and Responsibilities 26 

Execution 29 

Scientific Program 37 

Potential Radiation Exposures 47 

Radiological Safety 48 

Radsafe Planning 48 

Safety Criteria 50 

Pre-event Safety Measures 51 

Postevent Activities 53 

Personnel Exposure Records 54 

7 
2 

3 

TABLE OF CONTENTS (continued) 

Chapter 

REFERENCES 

APPENDIX A 

APPENDIX B 

APPENDIX C 

APPENDIX D 

Page 

SHOT CHRONOLOGY 58 

ARGUS 1 58 

Chronology of Events 58 

Scientific Objectives 59 

Force Disposition 59 

Radiological Considerations 60 

Results 63 

ARGUS 2 64 

Chronology of Events 64 

Scientific Objectives 64 

Force Disposition 64 

Radiological Considerations 65 

Results 65 

ARGUS 3 68 

Chronology of Events 68 

Scientific Objectives 69 

Force Disposition 69 

Radiological Considerations 69 

Results 72 

TASK FORCE 88 UNIT HISTORIES 73 

Task Group 88.1 -- Carrier Group 73 

Task Group 88.2 -- Destroyer Group 73 

Task Group 88.3 -- Mobile Logistics Group 76 

Task Group 88.4 -- Missile Group 83 

Task Group 88.5 -- Scientific Support Group 86 

91 

ARGUS PLANNING AND OPERATIONAL MILESTONES 97 

SOURCES AND RESEARCH 103 

TERMS, ABBREVIATIONS, AND ACRONYMS 105 

INDEX OF PARTICIPATING ORGANIZATIONS 115 
LIST OF ILLUSTRATIONS 

Figure Page 

1 Van Allen belts. 13 

5 Task Force 88 track chart, 1 August to 6 September 1958. 33 

2 Trapped radiation diagram. 14 

3 Organization of Task Force 88, ARGUS. 29 

4 Diagram of Winder missile. 31 

6 Generalized planned locations of surface and air units 

at launch time, ARGUS series. 60 

7 Positions of Task Force 88 units and reported burst, 

ARGUS 1. 61 

8 ARGUS 1, locations of ships at burst time. 62 

9 Positions of Task Force 88 units and reported burst, 

ARGUS 2. 66 

10 ARGUS 2, locations of ships at burst time. 67 

11 Positions of Task Force 88 units and reported burst, 

ARGUS 3. 70 

12 ARGUS 3, locations of ships at burst time. 71 

13 USS Tarawa (CVS-40) flight operations, 13 August 1958. 75 

successful Winder missile launch, 24 July 1958. 84 

14 Aerial view of the USS Norton Sound (AVM-1) after 

15 View of the launch area, USS Norton Sound (AVM-1). 85 

16 USS Albemarle (AV-5) moored at Ponta Delgada. 90 
LIST OF TABLES 

Table 

1 

2 

3 

Operation ARGUS, functions and complements, Task Force 88. 

Task Force 88 aircraft types and crew complements, ARGUS. 

Non-Navy DOD and AEC personnel aboard Task Force 88 units, 

ARGUS. 

Page 

27 

30 

38 

Supporting organizations, Project 7.1, ARGUS. 

Supporting organizations, Project 7.3, ARGUS. 

Assumed film badge issue, ARGUS. 

39 

43 

52 

Shot times versus programned film-badge placement and 

retrieval times, ARGUS. 56 

8 USS Tarawa (CVS-40) operational activities during ARGUS 

test series. 74 

9 USS Bearss (DD-654) operational activities during ARGUS 

test series. 77 

10 USS Courtney (DE-1021) operational activities during ARGUS 

test series. 78 

11 USS Hamerberg (DE-1015) operational activities during 

ARGUS test series. 79 

12 USS Warrin ton (DD-843) operational activities during 

dies. 80 

13 USS Neosho (AO-143) operational activities during ARGUS 

test series. 81 

14 USS Salamonie (AO-26) operational activities during ARGUS 

test series. 82 

15 USS Norton Sound (AVM-1) operational activities during 

ARGUS test series. 87 

16 USS Albemarle (AV-5) operational activities during ARGUS 

test series. 89 

10 
CHAPTER 1 

OVERVIEW 

INCEPTION OF OPERATION ARGUS 

Introduction 

In late August and early September of 1958, Navy Task Force 88 (TF 881, 

consisting of nine ships and approximately 4,500 men, secretly conducted 

three high-altitude nuclear tests in the South Atlantic. The operation 

was conducted under the code name ARGUS. In each of these tests, the task 

force launched from the missile trials ship USS Norton Sound, a specially 

modified X-17a three-stage ballistic missile carrying a low-yield nuclear 

warhead, which was detonated high in the Earth's upper atmosphere. Upon 

completion of these launchings on 6 September, the task force departed the 

operating area for Rio de Janeiro, Brazil, and then to home ports in the 

United States. Not until March 1959 did the United States Government acknowledge that TF 88 had been sent to sea to conduct those nuclear tests. 

ARGUS was unique among U.S. atmospheric nuclear test operations in a 

number of respects. It was one of the most expeditiously planned and executed of all U.S. nuclear tests , requiring just 5 months from inception to 

execution, in contrast to the normal period of one or more years. It was 

the only clandestine test series conducted during the 17-year period of 

atmospheric testing. It was also the first shipboard launch of a ballistic missile with a nuclear warhead, and it was the only atmospheric nuclear 

test operation in the Atlantic Ocean. Most significant of all, the purpose of ARGUS did not fit the usual categories: the ARGUS shots, strictly 

speaking, involved neither diagnostic tests of a weapon design nor effects 

tests on military systems. The objective of ARGUS was to establish the 

practicability of a theory postulating that a very-high-altitude nuclear 

detonation of proper yield would produce phenomena of potentially significant military importance by interfering with communications and weapon 

11 
performance. When the Eisenhower Administration officially announced the 

occurrence of the tests on 19 March 1959, the New York Times headlined 

ARGUS as the "Greatest Scientific Experiment Ever Conducted." 

The ARGUS nuclear tests grew out of an experiment proposed by Nicholas 

Christofilos, a physicist working at the University of California Radiation 

Laboratory at Livermore (UCRL), California. In late 1957 and early 1958 

Christofilos examined the possibility of creating an artificial radiation 

belt in the upper regions of the Earth's atmosphere with a nuclear detonation at an extremely high altitude. Naturally occurring belts of electrically charged particles trapped above the Earth had been discovered by Explorer I, the first satellite launched by the United States in early 1958, 

and had been named the Van Allen belts in honor of the man who directed the 

experiment that discovered them. The charged radiation in these belts consists of high-energy electrons and protons. The primary sources for these 

particles are the disturbances on the sun's surface. The particles are 

ejected from great flares and come toward the Earth where they are trapped 

by the geomagnetic field. The magnetic field bends the flight path of 

these particles because of their electric charge. Some of the particles 

are forced into a corkscrew-like motion along the north-south direction of 

the Earth's magnetic field. 

Christofilos theorized that a nuclear detonation several hundred miles 

above the Earth acting as a source of beta particles (electrons originating from an atomic nucleus) would produce a shell of high-energy electrons 

(trapped radiation) in the upper atmosphere, oriented along the Earth's 

magnetic field like the naturally occurring Van Allen belts (Figure 1). 

The following paragraphs give a simplified description of the physical 

processes involved in trapped radiation. 

A portion of the energy released in splitting, or fissioning, uranium 

or plutonium atoms and in the decay of the products of this splitting is 

in the form of beta particles. These are not so important a consideration 

in low-altitude atmospheric nuclear explosions as they cannot penetrate 

12 
MAGNETIC SHELL INNER ELECTRON BELT 

I 

OUTER ELECTRON BELT 

Figure 1. Van Allen belts. 

more than a few meters of air before they lose their energy by interacting 

with air particles. Their contribution to the initial energy release in a 

nuclear explosion is comparable to the other forms of emission (gamma and 

neutron) in the processes of fission and fission-product decay. 

The absence of many air particles surrounding a high-altitude nuclear 

explosion allows the beta particles, or electrons, a great freedom of 

movement without loss of energy, although their motion is guided by the 

presence of the Earth's magnetic field. At their birth, the beta particles have a velocity that depends on the kind of fission fragment that is 

decaying and a direction of motion that is the sum of the motion of the 

decaying fragment and the random emission direction from the fragment. 

A beta particle moving in an east-west direction with regard to the 

north-south orientation of Earth's magnetic field will follow a circular 

path whose radius will depend on the energy of the particle and strength 

of the magnetic field at that point. The motion of most of the beta partitles formed in a nuclear explosion will, however, form some angle other 

13 
than an exact right angle with the magnetic field, and therefore the motion of the betas will be a corkscrew-like motion along the north-south 

orientation of the magnetic field. 

The Earth's magnetic field emanates from the magnetic north and south 

poles and rises to great heights (several Earth radii) over the magnetic 

equator. This field is often represented by "lines of force" that are 

shown closely spaced in the polar regions and widely spaced over the magnetic equator (Figure 2). The closeness of these lines in these representations depicts the strength of the field, with closely packed lines at 

the poles indicating high field strength and widely spaced lines over the 

equator indicating lower field strength. 

SPIRALING BETA PARTICLES 

/ MIRROR POINTS / 

PITCH ANGLE 

c 

ANE 

GN = GEOMAGNETIC NORTH 

GS = GEOMAGNETIC SOUTH 

= EARTH RADIUS ‘e 

\ 

Figure 2. Trapped radiation diagram. 

14 
The beta particles spiral around these "lines." The size of their spiral depends on the beta particle energy and on the strength of the field. 

At the magnetic equator, where the field is weakest, the beta spirals are 

large, but as they move toward the poles the spirals tighten as the field 

strength grows. The spirals finally tighten to a point at which the particles are reflected back up the field line and spiral toward the other 

pole. The place at which a particle reflects is called a mirror point, 

and the mirror points at the north and south ends of the field line are 

often referred to as the conjugate points. 

The conjugate point varies with the energy, or velocity, of the particles and their direction of motion and position in the magnetic field at 

the time of their release during the decay processes. For some betas, the 

mirror, or conjugate, point is within the atmosphere, and the betas collide with air particles, lose their energy, and do not spiral back up the 

field lines. Some of the energy given to the air particles in these collisions will cause them to give off light. These light displays are called 

auroras after the natural auroras visible in the polar regions that occur 

when electrically charged particles coming from the sun are trapped by the 

geomagnetic field and are guided down to low mirror points. If the mirror 

points are above the atmosphere the beta particles retain their energy and 

spiral back and forth with great rapidity. For example, a beta of typical 

fission decay energy mirroring at about 185 miles (298 km) above New York 

City will reflect to its conjugate point above the Earth's southern hemisphere and return about 10 times per second. It will corkscrew about the 

field line about one million times per second (Figure 2). 

In addition to the motion of the charged particles along the field 

lines, there is a tendency for them to move across the lines wherever the 

magnetic field strength is not uniform. This results in an eastward 

(longitudinal) drift around the Barth superimposed on the back-and-forth 

spiral motion between regions near the conjugate points. Within a few 

hours after a high-altitude nuclear detonation, the beta particles form a 

shell completely around the Earth (Reference 1). 

15 
Christofilos' theory was of major interest to the U.S. Government, 

particularly the Department of Defense (DOD), because of the possible effects of an artificially created radiation belt on defense systems. For 

example, a sufficiently powerful electron source, such as a nuclear warhead of several megatons yield, if detonated high above the Earth might 

seriously degrade radio and radar transmission and reception in the 50- to 

200~MB2 band. Such a radiation belt might also damage or destroy the arming and fuzing mechanisms of an intercontinental ballistic missile passing 

through it. A third possibility was that the radiation belt might endanger 

crews of orbiting space vehicles that entered the belt. 

To verify Christofilos' theory and the magnitude of its predicted effects required a nuclear test operation unlike any the United States had 

previously conducted. Both the operation itself and the effect predicted 

by Christofilos came to be known by the code name ARGUS. 

The remainder of this chapter and Chapters 2 and 3 discuss Operation 

ARGUS from inception through execution, with special emphasis on the planning and conduct of radiological safety (radsafe) procedures. Appendix A 

sunnnarizes and graphically presents ARGUS planning and operational milestones. Because of its unique characteristics, Operation ARGUS did not 

produce the detailed documentary record found with other oceanic nuclear 

tests. Much of the planning for the operation was done on a highly informal basis to ensure secrecy and to conserve time. TF 88, which carried 

out the actual tests, was organized solely to conduct this one operation. 

Once it completed its mission, the task force dissolved and its records 

were dispersed. Over time, some of these records have been either lost or 

destroyed. Careful and extensive research among repositories, archives, 

and libraries in the Washington, D.C., area and elsewhere in the United 

States resulted in recovery of many of the most important documents for 

understanding how Operation ARGUS was carried out. (The documentary 

sources consulted are presented in Appendix B.) One notable exception was 

the inability to locate ARGUS film badge records. 

16 
Planning 

Soon after Christofilos published his findings, the military implications of his theory attracted the interest of the Chairman of the President's Science Advisory Committee (Reference 2). In February 1958, the 

Chairman convened a scientific working group at UCRL to investigate the 

theory and its potential military applications. The Pacific phase of Operation HARDTACK, scheduled for the summer of 1958, included a high-altitude, 

high-yield detonation, shot TEAK. The working group was especially interested in whether TRAK would cause the operational impairment of radar and 

radio systems effect predicted by Christofilos' theory. The working group 

concluded that TEAK would be able to demonstrate only limited effects on 

the systems in question.* The group also concluded, however, that severe 

electromagnetic disturbances in the radio and radar frequency ranges of 

concern might be produced by designing a weapon and burst height specifically to achieve these results. Thus, because of the lack of knowledge 

about the effects of nuclear detonations at high altitude, some uncertainties in Christofilos' predictions , and the likelihood that such detonations 

could seriously degrade strategic military systems, the working group recommended that a test of the theory be conducted as soon as possible (References 2 and 3). 

During March and April, the decison was made, and planning proceeded, 

to mount a special nuclear test designed solely to determine the practicability of Christofilos' theory. The planning environment for the operation was unlike that of any previous nuclear test series. Shortage of 

time and tight security were the unique factors in planning for ARGUS 

(References 2 and 4). 

* TEAK did, in fact, cause communications impairment over a widespread 

area in the Pacific basin, This was not due to the Christofilos effect, 

however, but to the TEAK shot injection of a large quantity of fission 

debris into the ionosphere. The fission debris prevented normal ionospheric reflection of high-frequency (HF) radio waves back toward the 

Earth, which disrupted most long-distance HF radio communications. 

17 
One reason for speed in the planning and execution of the ARGUS operation was the possibility of an atmospheric nuclear test moratorium going 

into effect in the fall of 1958. The Commander, TF 88 (CTF 88), who was 

responsible for conducting the operation, described the planning environment in his final report (Reference 2), "A sense of urgency was injected 

into this planning due to the political climate then prevailing, which 

rendered the future of nuclear testing politically uncertain." Thus planners had to work within a very tight schedule, with a deadline of 1 September 1958 for completing the test. This date was selected because it 

coincided with the end of the Pacific phase of Operation HARDTACK (Reference 4). A unilateral testing moratorium was actually begun by the United 

States following the Nevada phase of HARDTACK on 1 November 1958. 

Stringent security was required because the ARGUS effect would not remain localized. If an ARGUS detonation performed as predicted, it would 

produce worldwide disturbances in the upper atmosphere that could be monitored by any nation with properly emplaced instrumentation. Therefore, 

the most obvious way to prevent other nations from acquiring experimental 

data was to deny them accurate knowledge of the operation's timing and 

objectives (Reference 2). 

The political sensitivity of the ARGUS test, combined with security 

requirements, led to a series of carefully designed cover plans. These 

plans were to conceal the true intentions of all phases of the ARGUS operation, not only from other nations but also from the majority of DOD 

personnel participating in the tests themselves (References 4 and 5). 

An additional planning consideration was the geographic location of 

the operation. The high-latitude South Atlantic was chosen for several 

reasons related to the nature of the experiment. The first was the altitude capability of the launch vehicle. The X-17a missile was chosen because of its ready availability, but it had a limited altitude capability. To reach the altitude necessary to trap the beta particles on the 

desired magnetic field line with a launch from the Pacific Proving Ground 

18 
at equatorial latitude would require a much greater capability than that of 

the X-17a. A launch with the detonation at the same altitude but nearer 

the poles would place the burst geomagnetically much higher (see Figure 2). 

The South Atlantic was chosen as it lay east of a dip in the magnetic field 

known as the Brazilian Anomaly. At this point the field swings unusually 

low, so that beta particles trapped on the lower field lines would collide 

with air particles, lose their energy , and be lost to the experiment. As 

the particles were expected to drift eastward from the detonation point, a 

detonation to the east of this anomaly would allow measurements to be made 

over most of the Earth's surface before this anomaly was encountered and 

the beta particles became lost. 

All the foregoing considerations influenced the decision to conduct 

the ARGUS test as a sea-based operation in the South Atlantic at about 4S" 

south magnetic latitude. A launch point in this vicinity placed the task 

force outside normal shipping lanes, which was desirable from the standpoint of safety and security. Furthermore, a launch in this region meant 

the magnetic conjugate point would appear near the latitude of the Azores, 

well within the range of U.S. military forces required for support of the 

scientific projects planned for ARGUS. These forces would be able to 

operate from the U.S. Air Force Base at Lajes in the Azores, as well as 

from bases in the continental United States and Puerto Rico (References 2 

and 6). 

Authorization 

President Eisenhower approved testing the ARGUS concept on 6 March. As 

a result of action by the Armed Forces Policy Council on 11 March, UCRL was 

directed to undertake the necessary further theoretical work and to submit 

recommendations as to the nature of any nuclear test to be conducted. In 

order to effect close coordination between the DOD and the Atomic Energy 

Commission (AEC), the Deputy Secretary of Defense on 24 March designated 

the Armed Forces Special Weapons Project (AFSWP) as the responsible agency 

for the DOD, in coordination with the Advanced Research Projects Agency 

19 
WW •• In a memorandum of 4 April, the Deputy Secretary of Defense assigned the overall responsibility for the management of this research and 

development program to the Director, ARPA (Reference 2). 

During March and April 1958, several conferences to develop a plan for 

the ARGUS experiments were conducted among representatives of ARPA, AFSWP, 

the three Services, and other participating agencies. For example, in a 

memorandum of 3 April, the Chief, AFSWP reported to the Assistant to Secretary of Defense (Atomic Energy) on the important scientific ties between 

HARDTACK and ARGUS. Citing a meeting of 2 April, he noted that the agencies involved in designing the ARGUS experiment were counting on the scientific data from the two HARDTACK high-altitude shots to assist their 

planning (Reference 7), "They are particularly interested in using such 

data as stepping stones in planning for the safety and instrumentation of 

the ARGUS experiment." He also stated that while ARGUS was to be completed before the end of the Pacific phase of HARDTACK, it could not usurp 

personnel and resources previously allocated for HARDTACK. 

As a result of these March and April conferences, AFSWP reported to 

ARPA that it would be possible to conduct a definitive test of the Christofilos hypothesis, provided that specified problems received a timely 

resolution and that a shipboard launch of the warhead at about 45O geomagnetic latitude was feasible. AFSWP recommended that funds and priorities 

be established to conduct a test within 5 months (Reference 2). 

The program outlined by AFSWP following the 2 April 1958 ARGUS conference consisted of the following elements (Reference 2): 

1. Two missiles, with warheads of 300 to 500 pounds (136 

to 227 kg), would be fired from a single location 

within a period of 1 month. 

2. The first priority shot would be one at 200 to 1,000 

miles altitude (322 to 1,609 km) at about 45O geomagnetic latitude. The lower priority shot would be at 

2,000 to 4,000 miles (3,219 to 6,437 km) altitude near 

the geomagnetic equator. Four test flights would be 

required to check out the warhead-adaption kit. 

20 
3. Earth satellites carrying a payload of about 100 

pounds (45.4 kg) would be placed in equatorial (up to 

30°) and polar (up to too) orbits, with perigees of 

about 200 miles (322 km) and apogees of 1,800 miles 

(2,897 km) or greater. 

4. Satellite instrumentation would measure electron density as a function of time with energy discrimination; 

would include a magnetcnneter, and possibly means for 

measuring radio noise; and would record background 

information prior to the shots as well as the postshot 

phenomena. 

5. Sounding rockets, fired from appropriate ground locations, would carry instrumentation to make the same 

measurements as the satellites, except for radio 

noise. Ground stations would be used to study effects on radio astronomy and radar probing and to 

make aurora1 measurements. 

The concurrent UCRL theoretical study completed on 15 April summarized 

the requirements for an ARGUS test shot as including a geomagnetic latitude of 30° to 45O, an altitude of 500 to 800 miles (805 to 1,287 km), and 

a yield of 2 to 10 KT. This study also recommended that the measurements 

be limited to those essential for determining the existence of the ARGUS 

effect because of the pressing time problem (Reference 2). The essential 

scientific elements of the proposed operation were decided upon at a conference held on 17 April. The Chief, AFSWP reported the results of this 

conference to the Chief of Naval Operations (CNO) in a memorandum dated 

21 April. In this memorandum, CNO was alerted to the fact that the Norton 

Sound was the planned launching ship and that it should be accompanied by 

an aircraft carrier, at least three destroyers, and a fleet oiler. The 

memorandum requested the CNO to order a flag officer and an operational 

staff to duty with the Chief, AE'SWP. As part of AFSWP, the admiral and 

his staff were to coordinate the activities of the agencies contributing 

to the ARGUS project. They were also to plan and conduct the tests themselves (Reference 7). 

On the basis of the above planning, on 25 April 1958, the Deputy Secretary of Defense approved a nuclear test in the exosphere prior to the 

completion of Operation HARDTACK, subject to coordination with the AEC and 

21 
the State Department, and the approval of the President. Such coordination was effected, and the President approved the operation on 1 May 1958. 

The Deputy Secretary of Defense specified that the test would be conducted 

by AFSWP, separate from the Pacific phase of Operation HARDTACK. The test 

was originally assigned the code name HARDTACK-ARGUS, and later FLORAL. 

For purposes of cover and security, it was later found desirable to assign 

another code name for the experiment as a whole, as well as several others 

for separate parts of the operation. The Deputy Secretary of Defense also 

officially directed the Joint Chiefs of Staff (JCS) to provide the necessary operational support (Reference 2). In a memorandum of 16 June 1958, 

JCS requested the Service chiefs to support the operation (Reference 8). 

CONDUCT OF THE ARGUS SERIES 

Scientific planning for the shots was already well advanced by the 

time the President approved Operation ARGUS on 1 May 1958. Indeed, the 

recommendation to the President to approve ARGUS was based on a series of 

scientific meetings dealing with the Christofilos theory (including the 

February UCRL session and the meetings held in March and April) that included the interested parties within the nuclear research community who 

would be the logical participants in any test of the theory. 

Organizational Responsibilities 

The plan enclosed with the Deputy Secretary of Defense memorandum of 

25 April to the JCS to conduct the ARGUS experiment listed the following 

organizations and their responsibilities (Reference 2): 

1. Advanced Research 

Projects Agency (ARPA) 

2. Armed Forces Special 

Weapons Project 

(AFSWP) 

3. Army Ballistic 

Missile Agency 

(ABMA) 

4. Air Force Special 

Weapons Center 

(AFSWQ 

Overall responsibility; provide direction and funds to 

agencies involved 

Conduct the test and be the 

central coordinating agency 

for all other participants 

Satellite missiles, satellite 

instrumentation and receivers. 

(Project 7.1) 

Sounding rockets, if feasible, 

and receivers (Project 7.2) 

22 
5. U.S. Navy Warhead missile, launching and 

support ships (Project 7.4) 

6. Los Alamos Scientific Warhead and firing system 

Laboratory (LASL) and 

Sandia Corporation 

7. Air Force Cambridge Ground instrumentation 

Research Center (Project 7.3) 

(AFCRC) 

ARPA Order 4-58, dated 28 April 1958, requested the Chief, AFSWP to 

proceed at once with the ARGUS experiments and made funds available to 

commence procurement of two warhead missiles, the responsibility for which 

was assigned to the Office of Naval Research (ONR). Other funds were to 

be made available after ARPA had approved the detailed project proposals 

to be submitted through AFSWP by the participating organizations. A small 

technical staff within AFSWP, augmented by a liaison officer for each 

project furnished by the cognizant service , coordinated the detailed planning among the participating organizations. By later amendments to ARPA 

Order 4-58, the total funds were increased to $9,023,000, and an additional project was added: the launching of small satellites into polar 

orbits from naval fighter aircraft under the cognizance of the Naval Ordnance Test Station (NOTS), Inyokern, California (Reference 2). 

The most significant change in ARGUS planning took place during June 

and July 1958. In June the Chief, Special Weapons Test Project (SWTP) and 

CTF 88 suggested that the number of ARGUS shots be increased from two to 

three to enhance the chances of a successful experiment. Chief, AFSWP, 

approved this recommendation, and passed it on to the Division of Military 

Application (DMA) at the ARC. On 3 July, the DMA reported to the Chief 

AFSWP that the AEX would authorize the release of the additional warhead 

(References 4 and 9). 

Creation of Task Force 88 

The Chief, AFSWP, in letters dated 28 April requested the Army and Air 

Force to provide officers for duty on the technical staff of TF 88 (Reference 6). This staff would be involved in planning and in coordinating 

23 
actions with various laboratories and contractors. Even though the staff 

of TF 88 was composed of scientific and technical officers from all three 

military services, most were naval officers on temporary duty from AFSWP, 

where they had occupied technical positions. 

At the request of the Chief, AFSWP, the Navy designated the newly 

appointed Commander, Destroyer Flotilla Two, to plan and conduct the operational phase of the experiment. He reported to the Chief, AFSWP on 

19 May 1958 in a dual capacity as Chief, SWTP, and Commander, TF 88 (Reference 2). Later, the technical and operational staffs were combined to 

form the SWTP within AFSWP. When the Commander-in-Chief, U.S. Atlantic 

Fleet (CINCLANTFLT) activated TF 88 for planning purposes on 2 June 1958, 

they became the !PF 88 staff. On 14 July, TF 88 officially became an operational command when the naval officer chosen reported to the CNO that he 

had assumed command of the task force (Reference 10). 

The operational section of the staff planned the naval phase of ARGUS 

and, with some augmentation from the technical section, became the staff 

of CTF 88 for operations at sea. The technical section coordinated the 

scientific programs and later became Task Group (TG) 88.6 (Headquarters 

Group), which remained at the Pentagon during the period that CTF 88 was 

at sea. 

The temporary assignment of highly qualified officers from each Service to the staff of CTF 88 was of tremendous assistance in planning and 

conducting the ARGUS experiments in the short period of 3 months. Because 

of their permanent assignments, these officers had knowledge of and direct 

access to the responsible individuals in the participating organizations. 

Personal liaison was the key to the coordination of the various scientific 

programs and the expeditious solution of difficulties at all stages of the 

operation (References 2 and 9). 

The need for secrecy placed special demands upon preparation of TF 88 

units and their assembly in the South Atlantic. The designated missilefiring ship, the Norton Sound, was in San Francisco. All other designated 

24 
TF 88 ships had home ports on the east coast. The Norton Sound had to be 

modified to handle the X-17a missile chosen as the launch vehicle. The 

ship's personnel required training in assembling, maintaining, and launching the missile. AFSWP staff members made trips to California in April, 

May, and June to work with personnel of the Norton Sound and Lockheed Aircraft Corporation (the missile manufacturer), and to the San Francisco 

Naval Shipyard where modifications to the ship were underway. While Lockheed was modifying the X-17a missile to accomplish test objectives, the 

shipyard was investigating the possible need to reinforce the shipboard 

launching area on the Norton Sound and was making necessary ship alterations to accommodate the missile. Shipboard personnel practiced missile 

assembly and handling with a dummy missile to ferret out installation 

deficiencies (Reference 11). 

The preparation of the Norton Sound and its preliminary operations 

were completely disassociated from Atlantic Fleet units and CTF 88 in order to maintain security. AFSWP liaison was maintained through CNO and 

ONR. Direct conrmunications from ONR encouraged the idea that the Norton 

Sound was involved in special missile operations requiring preliminary 

tests on the Pacific Coast Point Mugu Missile Range before conducting a 

series of firings in a remote area of the Pacific Ocean (Reference 2). 

TF 88 was identified as consisting of Atlantic Fleet units. This force 

ostensibly was established by CINCLANTFLT to conduct a series of tests of 

new equipment being introduced into the operating forces. These tests were 

to be conducted over a wide range of sea and climatic conditions, necessitating a prolonged period of operations at sea (Reference 2). 

The seaplane tender, USS Albemarle, which was also to participate in 

ARGUS, was not named as part of the task force for security purposes. The 

Albemarle had just completed a yard overhaul period. It was plausible that 

the ship make a shakedown cruise in the mid-Atlantic. To round out the deception, the ship was also supposed to be providing routine services to the 

Air Force in connection with certain tests of long-range communications. 

25 
The Albemarle's type commander and ONR handled the necessary arrangements 

through direct liaison with AFCRC (Reference 2). 

To lend authenticity to these cover stories, CTF 88 prepared a confidential operation order (Reference 12) that was promulgated as a Commander, 

Destroyer Flotilla Two document and distributed to all the Atlantic Fleet 

units assigned to the task force, except the Albemarle. This order directed the conduct of a series of evaluations of new equipment required by 

CINCIANTFLT and provided a rationale for meeting complex logistic, personnel, and equipment requirements before getting underway (Reference 2). 

CTF 88 concurrently prepared a Top Secret, Restricted Data, Limited 

Distribution Operation Order 7-58 that set forth the complete scope and 

nature of the special test operations (Reference 13). To assure maximum 

secrecy, this document was not distributed until just before the departure 

of units to the test area and in some instances was delivered at sea to 

units in company (Reference 2). 

Although the possibility of radiological exposure of participants during ARGUS was considered to be remote, Annex M of Operation Order 7-58 did 

provide for this contingency. The radiological safety program was not revealed to personnel of the task force but CTF 88, through AFSWP channels, 

procured 4,000 film badges from the Army Lexington Signal Depot. A total 

of only 264 of these was used during ARGUS. 

The organization of the task group, as it was defined in Operation 

Order 7-58 (Reference 13) , appears in Table 1 and Figure 3. 

Assignments and Responsibilities 

TF 88 essentially consisted of sea-going units, some of which had been 

specially modified to carry out the missile-launch and observation phases 

of the operation. The only exception was TG 88.6, the Headquarters Group, 

which remained in Headquarters, AFSWP, and participating scientific activities. In addition, a land-based scientific support operation existed 

outside of the formal TF 88 organization. 

26 
Table 1. Operation ARGUS, functions and complements, Task Force 88. 

Task Group 

Number Name 

TG 88.1 Carrier 

Group 

TG 88.2 Destroyer

Group z 

TG 88.3 Mobile 

Logistics 

Group 

Complement 

Component Officer Enlisted Civilian 

Tarawa (CVS-40) 

(Support Aircraft Carrier) 

Marine Detachment 

VS-32: 19 S2F aircraft 

HS-5: 8 HSS-1 helicopters 

CTF 88 Staff 

Warrin ton (DD-843) lTiZF&) 

Bearss (DO-654) 

(Destroyer) 

Hamnerberq (DE-1015) 

TDestroyer Escort) 

Courtney (DE-1021)

Destroyer Escort) 

Neosho (AO-143) (Oiler) 

Salamonie (AO-26) (Oiler) 

103 1,482 1 

2 44 0 

56 268 0 

21 121 0 

22 6 3 

15 257 1 

13 244 0 

11 150 0 

10 149 0 

16 269 0 

Functions 

The commanding officer of the Tarawa served 

as task group commander. The Tarawa carried 

Air Force MSQ-1A radar and comiiiiiitions 

vans for missile tracking and gathering scientific data. VS-32 aircraft flew for search 

and security missions as well as scientific 

measurement, photographic, and observer missions for each shot. HS-5 provided intratask-force transportation for personnel and 

cargo. The TG 88 headquarters staff, based 

on board the Tarawa, was in overall command 

of Operation AKFUS: 

The comnanding officer of the Warrin ton 

served as task group conanander. -T&z

group maintained a weather picket 250 nmi 

(463 km) west of the task force, provided a 

plane guard for the Tarawa during flight 

operations, and carr-t other standard 

destroyer functions, such as escort of other 

task groups, surface security, and search 

and rescue missions. The Warrington also 

carried equipment for launching Loki-Dart 

rockets. 

The Neosho's commanding officer served as 

task group commander. The tankers refueled 

task force ships underway. The Salamonie 

returned to the United States upon arrival 

of the task force in the operating area, 

and did not participate in any shots. The 

Neosho assisted in tracking ARGUS shots 

withir Force MSQ-1A radar vans mounted on 

its helicopter platform. Two Air Force officers may have been assigned to the vans. 

(continued) 
Table 1. Operation ARGUS, functions and complements, Task Force 88 (continued). 

Task Group Complement 

Number Name Component Officer Enlisted Civilian Functions 

TG 88.4 Missile 

Group 

Norton Sound (AVM-1) 

(Guided Missile Ship) 

32 555 12 The Norton Sound was the launching platform 

for Pogo rockets and for the X-17a ARGUS 

launch vehicle. It also carried instrumentation and a 27-MHz COZI radar operated by 

Air Force Cambridge Research Center to monitor ARGUS effects. 

TG 88.5 Scientific 

Support 

Group 

Albemarle (AV-5) 

(Seaplane Tender) 

30 

(est.) 

501 5 The Albemarle operated off the Azores serving as a platform for ARGUS effects measurements at the conjugate point. It mounted a 

27-MHz COZI radar and other instrumentation 

to detect manmade ionization. The measurements were performed by Air Force Cambridge 

Research Center and Stanford Research Institute personnel. 

TG 88.6 Headquarters 

Group 

Armed Forces Special 

Weapons Project 

5 N/As N/A The headquarters group was located at the 

Pentagon and consisted of technical personnel who provided liaison among CTF 88, the 

Chief of Armed Forces Special Weapons 

Project, and scientific agencies concerned 

with ARGUS. 

Note: 

aN/A -- Not Available. 

Source: Reference 13. 
I COMMANDER 

TASU FORCE 88 

I 

TASK GROUP 88.1 

CARRIER GROUP 

I 

TASK UNIT 88.1 .l TASK UNIT 86.3.1 AIR UNIT OILER UNIT 

USS TARAWA (CVS401 

i&S NEOSHO (AO-1431 PATROL SQUADRON 32 

USS SALAMONIE (AO-26) 119S2Fsl 

TASK UNIT 88.1.2 TASK UNIT 08.3.2 

DESTROYER UNIT DESTROYER UNIT 

i AS ASSIGNED I i AS ASSIGNEO I 

TASK GROUP 88.2 

DESTROYER GROUP TASK GROUP 88.6 

HEADOUARTERS GROUP 

USS WARRINGTON (DD-&i3) 

USS BEARSS (DD-654) 

USS COURTNEY (DE-1021 I 

I USS HAMMERBERG (DE~10151 

Figure 3. Organization of Task Force 88, ARGUS (source: Reference 13). 

The sea-going elements of TF 88 and their assigned functions and complements are described in Table 1, and Table 2 lists the types and crew 

complements of TF 88 aircraft. Land-based scientific support activities 

are identified and their functions are described in a subsequent section 

(Scientific Program) of this chapter (page 37). 

Execution 

Preparation for the firing of the ARGUS warhead shots took place in two 

oceans. The event being planned was without precedent. It was the first 

known instance of an operable nuclear weapon being launched and fired from 

a vessel (Reference 6). Off the California coast, the Norton Sound, accompanied by the USS Floyd County (LST-762), completed four X-17a test 

firings in the Naval Air Missile Test Center Sea Test Range. These X-17a 

missiles were equipped with telemetry heads by the Sandia Corporation 

29 
Table 2. Task Force 88 aircraft types and crew complements, ARGUS. 

Aircraft Type Number 

Task Force 88 

Mission 

Crew 

Size 

Grumnan S2F-1 & -2 19 Area surveillance; burst 

observation and sky-camera 

photography 

4 

Sikorsky HSS-1 

Helicopter 

8 Intra-task-force logistics 2 

Boeing C-97 2 Airborne spectrophotometers 

and all-sky camera 

NAa 

Note: 

a Three AFCRC personnel operated the scientific instrumentation in 

these aircraft, which were deployed in the conjugate area near the 

Azores. 

Source: References 2 and 14. 

(Reference 15). (The X-17a missile with the telemetry head was termed 

the Winder missile.) Figure 4 is a diagram of a Winder missile. As detailed below, two of the four test launches were successful. 

The objectives of the Winder missile tests were to (Reference 15): 

Demonstrate the capability of the X-17a to reach the 

altitudes required for obtaining the desired data and 

determine the missile trajectory 

Verify the design of the timing and firing mechanism 

developed by the Sandia Corporation 

Demonstrate satisfactory missile handling and launching 

facilities and techniques on board the Norton Sound 

Confirm the ability to precalculate the forces (wind, 

roll, ship speed, etc.) acting upon the missile with 

the precision needed to establish the missile in a near 

vertical trajectory, when launched from aboard ship 

Demonstrate satisfactory tracking with shipborne Air 

Force MSQ-1A radar and the normal ship's radar, and 

train two Air Force crews in the proper tracking 

techniques. 

30 
11 BEACON TRANSMITTER 

XM-WE1 ROCKET 

2nd TO 3rd STAGE 

b-THREE XM-19 

ROCKETS 

I 

lrt TO 2nd STAGE X-17 FIRST, 

42’10” SEPARATION SECOND C THIRD

STAGES 

XM-20 ROCKET 

20’ 

31” DIA. -

Figure 4. Diagram of Winder missile. 

One objective of the tests was to demonstrate satisfactory missile tracking using nonstabilized radars aboard ship. It was also considered necessary to develop proper techniques for use by the Air Force crews, which 

were not familiar with the problems of shipboard operations. An Air Force 

MSQ-1A radar, similar to those being installed on the USS Neosho and USS 

Tarawa, was flown out from Orlando AFB and placed aboard the Floyd County. 

The two Air Force crews that would take part in later operations were also 

stationed aboard the Floyd County for training purposes (Reference 15). 

31 
The first Winder missile launch and flight were successful, with the 

third stage coasting after burnout to an altitude of 302 nmi (560 km). 

The second Winder missile failed after 25 seconds of flight and the 

third Winder missile broke up within the first 3 seconds after launch. 

After a conference on 18 July 1958 about the possible cause of missile 

failures, a decision was made to remove the spin rockets and to reduce the 

first-stage spin cant on each of two fins (Reference 15). On 24 July, the 

fourth Winder launch was successful with a third-stage apogee of 363 nmi 

(672 km). 

Despite the fact that by 24 July only two out of four Winder launches 

had been successful, the Norton Sound was scheduled to depart for the ARGUS 

operating area on 1 August. Thus, additional proof-testing of the X-17a 

was not practical. By working around the clock during the 7 days remaining 

before the Norton Sound's departure, technicians from Lockheed Missiles 

System Division were able to assemble the three remaining X-17a missiles 

at the Naval Construction Battalion Center, Port Hueneme, California. 

At 1530 on 1 August the last missile was on board, and at 1800 the Norton 

Sound was underway to its secret rendezvous in the South Atlantic (Reference 15). 

During the voyage to the firing area, the Norton Sound conducted repeated missile-handling drills in erecting the missile under day and night 

conditions. Anticipating bad weather in the launch area, the ship concentrated on practicing during periods of bad weather en route with an 

objective of determining the weather limits of a successful launch. As a 

result of these experiments, it was concluded that the Norton Sound could 

launch the X-17a in winds up to 40 knots (74 km/hr) and swells up to 16 

feet (5 meters). After intensive practice, the crew could roll out the 

missile on its trailer and rig it in its firing position in 45 minutes 

(Reference 15). 

CTF 88, with TG 88.1, TG 88.2 and TG 88.3, departed east coast ports 

on 7 August 1958 for the test area (References 16, 17, 18, 19, 20, 21, and 

32 
22). The USS Albemarle departed Norfolk, Virginia, on 14 August 1958 to 

proceed via the Azores to its observation site (Reference 23). After fueling at Ponta Delgada in the Azores, the Albemarle made background measurements en route to the observation site (Reference 2). Figure 5 shows the 

routes taken by components of TF 88 to their operating areas. 

(AVM-1 1 

TASK FORCE 88 RETURNED TO NEWI’ORT, RHODE ISLAND, VIA RIO DE JANEIRO 

USS ALBEMARLE (AV-5) RETURNED ‘TO NORFOLK, VIRGINIA, DIRECTLY 

USS NORTON SOUND (AVM-1) RETURNED TO PORT 

RIO DE JANEIRO AND THE PANAMA CANAL 

HUENEME, CALIFORNIA, VIA 

USS NEOSHO (AO-143) AND USS 6EA;:tSS 

VIRGINIA, VIA RIO DE JANEIRO 

(00-564) RETURNED TO NORFOLK. 

USS SALAMONIE (AO-26) RETURNED INDEPENDENTLY TO NEWPORT, RHODE ISLAND 

Figure 5. Task Force 88 track chart, 1 August to 6 September 1958, ARGUS 

( source: Reference 2). 

33 
As east coast units of TF 88 steamed toward the South Atlantic, they 

participated in countdown, launch, and missile-tracking drills using Loki/ 

Dart high-altitude, antiaircraft rockets fired from the USS Warrington. 

The Loki rockets were modified to carry an AN/DPN-23 (XR-32) radio beacon 

(Reference 24). Fourteen Loki launches were conducted from 12 to 22 August, simulating the countdown procedures that later would be used for the 

ARGUS launches. These test firings enabled the task force to test eguipment and procedures, and to train personnel in specialized assignments. 

These included stationing of ships, MSQ-lA radar tracking by the Neosho 

and the Tarawa, communications, positioning of sky-camera S2F aircraft, 

and area surveillance S2F aircraft (References 13 and 24). 

When the Norton Sound joined TF 88 it was the first time the units had 

ever operated together. Separately, under great pressure and severe security limitations, these Navy operating units had developed and practiced 

procedures for a highly complex scientific experiment. At 1645 on 23 August 1958, the Norton Sound lookouts reported seeing the Tarawa. A message from the Norton Sound addressed to CTF 88 was sent (Reference 15), 

"Doctor Livingstone, I presume?" Four days later the Norton Sound would 

launch the first nuclear-tipped missile from a ship at sea. 

The primary operational consideration in the test area was the successful launching of the X-17a missiles. Suitable weather conditions were 

sought on a day-to-day, hour-to-hour basis. The weather service unit in 

the Tarawa served as the task force weather center, providing two 24-hour 

forecasts daily to the task force. Besides the information available from 

radio weather broadcasts and local observations from the Tarawa, information was obtained from additional weather reporting units stationed to the 

west of the force while in the operating area. A destroyer escort was 

maintained on station bearing 270° true, 250 nmi (463 km) from the task 

force, and aircraft flew weather patrols on bearings of 240° and 300° true 

to a distance of 250 nmi (463 km) (Reference 2). 

The greatest single aid in forecasting was the compilation of historical weather charts prepared by the weather bureau of the Union of South 

34 
Africa. This series of weather charts was valuable in showing various 

weather patterns that might be expected. By using this information with 

the limited data available from the weather broadcasts of South America 

and South Africa, the weather center in the Tarawa was able "to produce a 

gratifyingly accurate weather analysis” (Reference 2). 

An attempt was made to 3.isten to all weather broadcasts sent in international Morse code from Pretoria, Union of South Africa; Rio de Janeiro, 

Brazil; Buenos Aires, Argentina; and Port Stanley, Falkland Islands. 

These stations were generally low-power and atmospheric interference was 

frequent. Consequently, reception of the broadcasts was poor. It usually 

was not possible to understand weather broadcasts from South America and 

South Africa for the same weather chart. The result was that most weather 

charts prepared by the weather center contained data from few reporting 

stations (Reference 2). 

The most important weather considerations concerned forecasting the 

days when conditions would permit firing and obtaining the surface wind 

data needed to compute a near vertical trajectory for the X-17a missiles 

(Reference 15). Since fallout was not a consideration for the expected 

high burst altitudes, there was no plan to determine and promulgate a 

radiation exclusion area based upon wind distribution of fallout. 

Hourly weather reports from the weather picket ships were important in 

making a short-range forecast of weather conditions at firing time. It 

was determined that weather changes at the weather picket ship reached the 

Norton Sound about 7 hours Later (Reference 15). 

The most vital launch calculation was determining the surface wind. 

The force of the wind on the rocket was important only during the initial 

boost stage of the shot, and the west important wind levels were 0 to 100 

feet (0 to 30 meters). The Norton Sound made course and speed corrections 

until the moment of missile release to compensate for surface wind changes 

(Reference 15). 

35 
As final preparation for the first ARGUS shot, the Norton Sound fired 

four modified Deacon rockets, code named Pogo. Three rockets were fired 

on 25 August and one on 26 August. The purpose was to simulate an ARGUS 

shot, permitting all units of TF 88 to rehearse their missions. During 

these rehearsals, ship and aircraft control procedures were tested and 

missile-tracking and observation techniques were refined (Reference 15). 

Briefly summarized, the actual ARGUS tests took 11 days from start to 

finish. The Norton Sound launched the first X-17a missile on 27 August. 

After a delay of 2 days, during which TG 88.6 directed TF 88 to move farther south to enhance observations at the conjugate point in the Azores, 

the Norton Sound launched ARGUS 2 on 30 August. A more prolonged delay, 

caused by a combination of weather and mechanical problems with the third 

X-17a missile, resulted in ARGUS 3 being launched on 6 September 1958. 

All three ARGUS shots were detonated at high altitudes -- 125 to 300 

miles (201 to 483 km) above the Earth's surface (Reference 1). Due to the 

designed burst height of each of these shots, ARGUS planners were not concerned that the shots would produce any radiological exposure to personnel 

in the operating area. Nevertheless, the task force commander and his 

staff had laid out a series of precautionary radsafe measures to be followed in each stage of the operation (Reference 13). These radsafe measures were implemented as directed, notwithstanding the lack of any significant radiation exposure from the three shots (Reference 2). 

The four scientific projects operational during ARGUS testing were 

successful. Their measurements confirmed that the detonation of a nuclear 

device at a sufficiently high altitude did produce a shell of electrons 

enveloping the Earth. Furthermore, this electron shell was seen to degrade both reception and transmission of radar signals (Reference 2). 

During the missile launchings, the Albemarle operated in the vicinity of 

the Azores, recording phenomena produced by the three nuclear detonations at 

the conjugate point. Its station was changed during the operation, based 

36 
upon the scientific data being obtained. The Albemarle departed the observation site on 11 September and arrived at Norfolk, Virginia, on 16 September (Reference 2). 

The USS Salamonie departed the test area on 26 August, the day before 

the first ARGUS shot, and arrived at Newport, Rhode Island, on 10 September (Reference 20). The remainder of the force departed the area on 

6 September and, after a 5-day visit to Rio de Janeiro, arrived in east 

coast ports on 30 September ,snd 1 October 1958. The Norton Sound passed 

through the Panama Canal and arrived at Port Hueneme, California, on 

11 October. 

Scientific Program 

Since the objectives of the ARGUS shots were to determine the existence 

of the ARGUS effect and to maasure the principal characteristics of the 

associated phenomena, the organization of the scientific program differed 

fundamentally from other oceanic test series. For example, there was no 

agency within TF 88 analogous to the scientific task group in Pacific testing. Instead, the Headquarters task group (TG 88.6) provided overall liaison among CTF 88, AFSWP, ARPA, and the various organizations responsible 

for conducting the ARGUS experimental projects. 

Non-Navy DOD military personnel, DOD civilian employees and contractors, and AHC organization personnel aboard TF 88 units are enumerated in 

Table 3. These men were involved in the execution of the ARGUS scientific 

program. 

The discussion that follows summarizes each of these projects in terms 

of the participating agencies, project objectives, operations, and potential radiological exposure cE the participants (Reference 25). 

Project 7.1 -- Satellite Measurements 

Agencies: Primary responsibility for conducting this project lay with 

AHMA. Additional agencies and organizations operating in a support 

role included those listed in Table 4. 

37 
Table 3. Non-Navy DOD and AEC personnel aboard Task Force 88 units, ARGUS. 

Norton Sound Albemarle Tarawa Neosho Warrin ton C-97 

(AVM-1) (AV-5) (CVS-40) (AO-Z6) * 

USAF 

Lookout Mtn 

AF Station 1 

Home Station 

unknown 2 

DOD civilian 

employees 

Hydrographic 

Office 

Cambridge 

Research Center 2 

AEC Organizations 

Sandia Corp. 3 

DOD Contractors 

Cooper 

Development 1 

Lock heed 6 

Stanford 

Research 

Institute 1 2 

38 
Table 4. Support<ng organizations, Project 7.1, ARGUS. 

Agency 

State University of Iowa 

Jet Propulsion Laboratory 

Naval Research Laboratory 

Army Signal Research and 

Development Laboratory 

Office of Chief Signal Officer, 

U.S. Army 

Smithsonian Astrophysical 

Laboratory 

Army Map Service 

Ballistic Research Laboratories 

Army Security Agency 

Function 

Satellite instrumentation 

Satellite telemetry instrumentation 

and power supply; microlock ground 

stations at Cape Canaveral, Florida, 

and Camp Irwin, California 

Circuitry and transmitters; operated 

Minitrack ground station network at 

required times 

Supplied battery pack to State University of Iowa; operated Deal Ground 

Station at Ft. Monmouth, New Jersey 

Operated ground tracking station, 

Van Buren, Maine 

Operated optical tracking stations; 

final satellite ephemerides 

Provided tracking data from Pacific 

tracking stations 

Provided tracking data 

Provided data prior to ARGUS shots 

for background calibration; telemetering data for 3 days following 

ARGUS shot 

Objective: The principal objective of the project was to place two 

instrumented Earth satellites, Explorer IV and Explorer V, in orbits 

calculated to intersect the predicted artificial radiation belt created by the ARGUS shots. The instrumentation package to be employed 

contained radiation sensing and telemetry devices similar to those 

used in Explorer I and Explorer II, which had only recently determined 

the existence of natural radiation belts at altitudes above approximately 540 nmi (1,000 km). This instrumentation was designed to 

39 
measure natural background radiation and several aspects of the ARGUS 

effect, permitting assessment of Christofilos' predictions about particle density, flux, trapping lifetime, and eastward drift (References 

26, 27, and 28). 

Operations: The launching date of the first satellite, Explorer IV, 

was established as 26 July 1958, plus or minus 2 days. The timing of 

this launch was crucial, because ARGUS could not be postponed. Explorer IV was to monitor natural background radiation, after which it 

would measure the effects of the two high-altitude shots in HARDTACK 

-- TRAK and ORANGE -- during August and then monitor the ARGUS effects 

in late August and September. The launch occurred on schedule. At 

1000 EST on 26 July a Jupiter-C missile, fired at the Air Force Missile Test Center (AFMTC) at Cape Canaveral, placed Explorer IV into 

the desired orbit. Five days later, on 31 July, shot TEAK took place 

at Johnston Island in the North Pacific. The launch of Explorer V 

followed on 10 August, but the satellite failed to go into orbit. The 

next day, 11 August, shot ORANGE was detonated above Johnston Island. 

The failure of Explorer V did not jeopardize the project because Explorer IV continued to function and to supply adequate data during 

each phase of the operation. It recorded background radiation and 

detected a weak ARGUS effect during HARDTACK, and the effect during 

ARGUS. Over 40 ground stations located throughout the world tracked 

Explorer IV or monitored telemetry, with the result that experimental 

data confirmed the presence of the effects predicted by Christofilos 

(Reference 26). 

Radiation Exposure Potential: No total figure is available for participants in this ARGUS project, nor is there an indication that any 

of the participants were badged for this portion of ARGUS activities. 

No precaution of this sort was necessary, since none of these participants could have been exposed to radiation from any of the ARGUS shots. 

40 
Project 7.2 -- Sounding Rocket Measurements (Project JASON) 

Agencies: This project, under the code name JASON for security reasons, was conducted by AFSWC, operating through the JASON Division of 

the Research Directorate. Supporting organizations included (References 3, 29, 30, 31, and 32): 

Aerolab Development Company 

Lockheed Missile Systems Division 

Pilotless Aircraft Research Station, Wallops Island, Virginia 

Air Force Missile Te;t Center, Cape Canaveral, Florida 

72nd Bomber Wing, Ramey AE'B, Puerto Rico. 

Objectives: The general aim of the project was to establish the existence of the ARGUS electron shell by measuring the distribution of beta 

particles emitted by an ARGUS shot that were subsequently trapped in 

the geomagnetic field. The project was planned to back up and supplement the data provided by the ABMA Explorer IV satellite. To achieve 

the project objective, rocket instrumentation was designed to measure 

high-energy electron flux as a function of five variables: magnetic 

latitude, altitude above sea level, electron energy, time after detonation, and angular distribution with respect to the magnetic field 

(References 30 and 33). 

Operations: Project JASON launched missiles from three sites, selected because they bracketed the magnetic latitude of the calculated 

conjugate point. The locations chosen were: the Pilotless Aircraft 

Research Station, operated by the National Advisory Committee on Aeronautics (NACA) at Wallops Island, Virginia; Patrick AFB at Cape Canaveral, Florida; and Ramey AFB in Puerto Rico. These sites operated 

under the code names Whiskey, Papa, and Romeo, respectively (References 30 and 33). 

The Aerolab Development Company modified the 5-stage, solid-fueled 

rockets used to carry the instrumentation package aloft. Lockheed 

Missile Systems Division assembled the instrumentation packages, which 

consisted of radiation-sensing systems and a data transmission link to 

41 
ground receiving stations, and installed the package on the missiles. 

AFMTC at Cape Canaveral, the Pilotless Aircraft Research Station at 

Wallops Island, and the 72nd Bomber Wing at Ramey APB each provided 

local support for missile launchings. AF'MTC also provided command 

center facilities to Project JASON command (Reference 31). 

Wallops Island personnel undertook three preliminary test launches 

to determine how well the system worked. The first two rockets failed, 

and the third was successful. Each site also launched a background, or 

calibration, shot. The first test launch at Patrick APB on 15 August 

was successful. Those from Ramey APB and Wallops Island on 20 August 

and 25 August both failed (Reference 29). 

The project operated during only the first two ARGUS shots. On 

ARGUS 1, there were four rocket launches, two from Patrick APB and two 

from Ramey APB. The firings all took place on 27 August, the same day 

as the detonation. On ARGUS 2, detonated 30 August, a total of 12 

launches occurred between 30 August and 2 September: 5 from Wallops, 

4 from Patrick APB, and 3 from Ramey APB (Reference 34). 

Radiation Exposure Potential: There is no total figure for all participants in Project JASON. One document, listing operational control 

within the project, provides 24 names, including three personnel each 

from Aerolab and Lockheed, and one individual from NACA. The rest 

were presumably AE'SWC employees. There are no exposure records for 

any of these people, and it is highly unlikely any of them were badged 

for participation in ARGUS, since their great distance from all ARGUS 

effects precluded radiological exposure. 

Project 7.3 -- Surface Measurements (Project MIDAS) 

Agencies: This project, code-named MIDAS for security reasons, was 

conducted jointly by APCRC and Stanford Research Institute (SRI). 

Supporting organizations included (Reference 14): 

Lajes APB 

Torrejon APB 

Albemarle 

42 
Norton Sound 

Tarawa 

A number of other organizations , with detection equipment of various 

sorts located at stations throughout the world, were placed on alert 

to monitor with their equipment as a backup to AE'CRC/SRI instrumentation at the conjugate and launch points. These agencies and the location of their instrumentation are listed in Table 5. 

Table 5. Supporting organizations, Project 7.3, ARGUS. 

Agency 

Stanford University, Radio 

Propagation Laboratory 

Air Force Cambridge Research Center 

Raytheon 

National Bureau of Standards 

Office of Naval Research 

Massachusetts Institute of 

Technology, Lincoln Laboratory 

Army Signal Corps 

Rome Air Development Center 

Source: Reference 14. 

Station Location 

Hawaii and Palo Alto, California 

Plum Island, Massachusetts 

South Dartmouth, Massachusetts, 

and Grand Bahama Island 

Washington, D.C. 

Washington, D.C. 

Ipswich, Massachusetts, Sacramento Peak, New Mexico, and the 

Aleutian Islands 

Arizona, New Jersey, and Maine 

Laredo, Texas 

Objectives: The goal of the project was to study the effects of electrons emitted by the high-altitude bursts that entered the Earth's 

dense lower atmosphere rather than remaining trapped within the Earth's 

magnetic field. The predicted effects to be measured were: aurora1 

phenomena at the conjugate and burst points, disturbances in the geomagnetic field, changes in the ionospheric layers, increased absorption 

43 
of radio waves by the ionosphere , and Earth currents (References 14 

and 28). 

Operations: The principal site for project instrumentation was at the 

conjugate point, predicted to be within the vicinity of Lajes AFB. 

AFCRC personnel operated very-low-frequency (VLF) and extremely-lowfrequency (ELF) radio receivers, ionospheric instruments, and magnetometers at Lajes AFB. Two Air Force C-97 aircraft, Nos. 8400 and 

2596, operating from Lajes AFB, were equipped with ionospheric instruments for airborne detection of ionospheric disturbances (Reference 35). One of the C-97s also carried an all-sky camera and a set 

of spectrophotometers for optical measurements of aurora1 phenomena. 

Three AFCRC personnel were on board the C-97 airborne at shot time to 

run the project equipment. The Albemarle, positioned about 400 nmi 

(741 km) south of the Azores, carried high-frequency (HF) communications zone indicator (COZI) radar, an all-sky camera, spectrophotometers, and ionospheric instruments. Two project personnel, one from 

SRI and the other from AFCRC, were responsible for this equipment. At 

Torrejon, Spain, project personnel operated VLF receivers, ionospheric 

instruments, and a microlock receiver to monitor transmissions from 

the Explorer IV satellite. At the launch point, both the Norton Sound 

and the Tarawa mounted VLF wide-band receivers. The Norton Sound also 

had an HE' CO21 radar and an ionospheric instrument on board,. A spectrophotometer was located on the Tarawa. Three AFCRC employees were 

responsible for this equipment. In addition, the S2F aircraft of Air 

Antisubmarine Squadron 32 (VS-32), based on board the Tarawa, carried 

magnetic airborne detectors and all-sky cameras (Reference 14). 

Radiation Exposure Potential: The project operated on all three shots. 

Due to the altitude of the conjugate phenomena under investigation no 

personnel at the conjugate point were subject to radiological exposure 

during the series. The same is true of personnel at the launch point. 

It is not possible to determine from existing records whether any of 

the AFCRC or SRI personnel at the launch point carried one of the 264 

badges distributed during the operation. 

44 
Project 7.4 -- Nuclear Weapon Launch Support 

Agencies: Office of Naval Research 

Atomic Energy Commission 

Sandia Corporation 

Objective: The objective of the ONR project was to provide personnel, 

equipment, and support to place a nuclear weapon at an exospheric altitude and provide tracking information to ascertain the actual height 

of burst. The vehicle chosen was the X-17a, a 3-stage, solid-fuel, 

unguided missile furnished by the Lockheed Missile Systems Division. 

Operations: Four missil.eswere fired as instrumented test vehicles 

from the Norton Sound on the Point Mugu Test Range. Three were fired 

with live warheads in the South Atlantic in the general vicinity of 

48OS, SOW. Tracking was accomplished by MSA-1A radar systems, furnished with crews by the Air Force and installed in the Tarawa and the 

Neosho. 

The AEC furnished four dummy warheads for the instrumented test 

vehicles and three live warheads for the actual firings. The Sandia 

Corporation, for the AEC, provided the arming and firing system and 

supervised the assembly of the warheads into the missiles. The warhead was selected for the ARGUS experiments because its yield was appropriate, it was compatible in size and weight with the X-17a, its 

safety aspects had been thoroughly explored by previous testing, and 

its yield could be predicted with confidence, again based on prior 

testing. The latter point was of importance since it was recognized 

that there was no possibility of measuring the yield under the conditions of the experiment as it was to be conducted. 

Radiation Exposure Potential: No potential for exposure existed during the vehicle testing phase. The three Sandia Corporation and the 

Navy weapon-handling personnel could have been subjected to very small 

amounts of radiation escaping through the ARGUS weapon casings, but 

these personnel were badged and equipped with ten self-reading pocket 

dosimeters as well as alpha-detection equipment provided by the Sandia 

45 
Corporation (Reference 2). The highest badge exposure recorded by any 

individual in the task force was 0.010 R, low enough to have occurred 

from background radiation. 

Project 7.5 -- Satellite Launching from Aircraft 

Agencies: The conduct of this project was the sole responsibility of 

Naval Ordnance Test Station, Inyokern, California (Reference 25). 

Objective: The objective of the project was to provide additional 

Earth satellite instrumentation as a backup to Explorer IV for measuring the ARGUS effect (Reference 25). 

Operations: In pursuit of this objective, in the 5 months prior to 

ARGUS, NOTS personnel designed, fabricated, tested, and attempted to 

launch a new kind of satellite. The launch vehicle and satellite were 

to be carried aloft by a Navy F4D-1 aircraft that would then launch 

the rocket intended to place the satellite package in orbit. Each 

satellite instrument package contained radiation-sensing and -counting 

equipment, plus a transmitter. NOTS-designed microlock stations, 

manned by NOTS personnel, were shipped to New Zealand, Alaska, Greenland, the Azores, and Hawaii to track the satellites and to receive 

telemetered data (Reference 25). 

At the Pacific Missile Range in late July and early August 1958, 

NOTS made three attempts to launch the satellite vehicle, containing a 

diagnostic payload instead of ARGUS instrumentation. In all three of 

these test launches, the first-stage ignition failed. On 25, 26, and 

28 August NOTS attempted to launch the satellite with the radiationcounting payload on board. All three of these attempts also failed. 

Consequently, the NOTS project was not operational during any of the 

ARGUS shots. The NOTS microlock ground receiver stations, however, 

did assist in tracking Explorer IV and monitoring its telemetry signals (Reference 25). 

Radiation Exposure Potential: None. Personnel participating in this 

project were not badged for ARGUS; their remoteness precluded the possibility of exposure. 

46 
Potential Radiation Exposures 

The placement of the burst is a primary determinant in the effects of 

any nuclear detonation. Generally, burst placement is characterized as 

one of five types: subsurface, underwater, surface, air, or high-altitude. 

An airburst is defined as a detonation in which the fireball does not intersect the surface of the Earth, while a high-altitude detonation is conventionally and somewhat arbitrarily defined as a detonation occurring at 

altitudes of 100,000 feet (30.5 km) or above (Reference 1). In Operation 

ARGUS, all three shots were designed to take place in the Earth's exosphere, that is, in the highest, least dense region of the atmosphere. 

Shots at this altitude have no potential for radiological exposure of personnel either at the Earth's surface or aboard aircraft at normal operating altitudes in the Earth's lower atmosphere. 

Personnel involved with nuclear testing could be exposed to ionizing 

radiation produced either at the time of the burst or for about 1 minute 

thereafter -- usually referred to as initial radiation -- or radiation 

emitted later by the weapon debris (residual radiation). 

Initial radiation from an exospheric burst is attenuated and absorbed 

by the atmosphere long before it reaches the surface of the Earth. The 

altitudes at which the radiations are virtually stopped for the various 

classes of radiation are: X-rays, 35 to 55 miles (56 to 89 km); neutrons 

and gama rays, 15 miles (24 km); and beta particles, 35 miles (56 km). 

The possibility of exposure to early fallout after a high-altitude 

burst is also virtually nonexistent. A high-altitude detonation injects 

radioactive material into the stratosphere or above. The detonation altitude is above that at which weather might act as a precipitator of weapon 

debris. Consequently, there is no likelihood of the suspended radioactive 

material descending quickly enough to expose personnel in the vicinity of 

the burst point. In short, the major concern associated with radiation 

exposure potential from a high-altitude burst is delayed fallout (References 1 and 36). 

47 
In fact, residual weapon debris remains in the upper atmosphere about 

6 months. During this period, most of the radionuclides produced by the 

detonation decay to low levels before they descend to Earth, with two notable exceptions. Isotopes of strontium ('OS,) and cesium ( 137Cs) have halflives that are longer than the time required for their deposition. The 

production of these two radionuclides, which are major contributors to 

world-wide fallout, is dependent on the fission yield of the detonation, 

not its altitude. 

The only real issues facing ARGUS radsafe planners were contingencies 

that might arise if a missile launch failed to go as planned. That is, 

they had to take into consideration the possibility that a missile launch 

failure might spread radioactive device components about the launch area, 

or that a warhead might detonate over the task force at an altitude lower 

than planned (Reference 37). 

RADIOLOGICAL SAFETY 

Radsafe Planning 

Two considerations affected ARGUS radsafe planning. The first was the 

remote possibility of radiation exposure developing from a high-altitude 

shot (Reference 15). The second was the need to maintain secrecy. As 

CTF 88 noted in his final report of the operation (Reference 2), "Security 

aspects of the ARGUS experiments precluded the operation of the type of 

radiological safety program that is common to nuclear testing." The radsafe program plan developed by the commander and his staff was published 

as Annex M of Task Force 88 ARGUS Operation Order 7-58 (Reference 131. 

Chapter 8 of the commander's ARGUS final report (Reference 2) summarized 

radsafe planning and execution. 

No organization within the task force was specifically chartered to 

implement the ARGUS radsafe program. Instead, the plan called for radsafe 

activities to be conducted through "normal command channels." If "outsiders [were] inadvertently exposed to the remote possibility of contamination" then action would "be ordered by the Task Force Commander as the 

situation indicates" (Reference 49). 

48 
Before the first shot, task force units were directed to develop "operational skill in all phases of radiological safety through training:" to 

fill their allowances of radsafe equipment; to maintain and calibrate their 

radiac equipment; and to establish decontamination facilities for personnel. They were also to institute "air and surface surveillance of the shot 

area . . . to insure against the presence of outsiders in the shot area" 

(Reference 13) 

For the shot phase, all ships in the test area were directed to be prepared to set maximum conditions of watertight integrity, and immediately 

to close all Circle William fittings (to make the ships airtight) in event 

of a nuclear missile misfire. The Norton Sound was to set maximum conditions of watertight integrity and to close all Circle William fittings before handling warheads and before erecting or taking down the rocket with 

the warhead attached (Reference 13). 

The radsafe plan required commanding officers of ships in the operating area to report to the connnander any contamination of either personnel 

or equipment "as early as practicable following the shot or the occurrence 

of a nuclear incident" The report was to be by "visible message" (Reference 13). The means of communication thus could have been by flashing 

light, infrared signal, flaghoist, or semaphore. The message itself was 

to contain seven components fully detailing the radiological problem and 

specifying the measures taken to correct it (Reference 13). 

The ARGUS radsafe program also instituted a film badging program. It 

specified that the corranandingofficers of all ships at the test site be 

furnished ten waterproof, numbered film badges prior to each shot. Since 

the Albemarle was located at the Azores conjugate point in the North Atlantic and the Salamonie war; scheduled to depart from the operating area 

prior to the first shot, these ships were not participants in the badging 

program. The ten film badges were to be placed topside or on the ship's 

superstructure 6 hours before the shot and recovered 6 hours after the 

shot. No specific directions for film badge placements were given. An 

49 
additional "control" film badge was to "be stored in a radiation-free 

area." Each ship was required to maintain records that indicated badge 

number and its location on the ship. After the operation was over, each 

ship's commanding officer, "upon arrival at the first port after the test," 

was to "submit all records in duplicate, film badges and 'CONTROL' packets 

to CTF 88" (Reference 13). None of these individual records has been 

located. 

There was also to be an individual badging program "if CTF 88 directs 

film badges to be issued to individuals." These records were to be turned 

over at the first port, along with the other radsafe records. Individual 

radsafe records were to include the following data (Reference 13): 

• Film badge number 

• Full name of the individual 

• Rank, rate, or title 

0 Organization 

• Home station or agency 

0 Date of exposure and remarks. 

Safety Criteria 

The ARGUS Operation Plan is silent about maximum permissible levels of 

radiation exposure (Reference 13). It is clear from the discussion in Operation Plan 7-58 that no radiation exposure was anticipated provided that 

the detonations occurred as they did, at the high altitudes programmed 

(the exact burst altitudes have not been released). A concurrent nuclear 

test operation in the Pacific, HARDTACK, included two high-altitude shots, 

TEAK and ORANGE. For Operation HARDTACK, the maximum permissible routine 

exposure was 3.75 R for a 13-week period, or 5 R for the entire operation 

(Reference 38). 

Safety guidelines established for TEAK and ORANGE were based on the 

premise that detonations above 90,000 feet (27.43 km) in the atmosphere 

posed no threat to individuals from ionizing radiation (Reference 37). 

Only thermal radiation caused some concern among ARGUS planners. The 

50 
flash of the TEAK and ORANGE detonations was considered to be the major 

hazard to participants. Consequently, ARGUS planners sought expert advice 

in determining the likelihood of airborne observers during ARGUS shots being similarly exposed. The conclusion was that if the detonations occurred 

at the designed altitudes all observers would be far too distant for any 

risk of this sort (Reference 39). 

The ARGUS radsafe plan did cover the contingency of a premature nuclear 

detonation. All observers aboard ship assigned to watch the missile during 

its early flight were to be equipped with high-density goggles. They were 

instructed to leave their goggles in place until 36 seconds after launch, 

when the missile was estimated to be above 100,000 feet (30.5 km). Pilots 

flying aircraft were directed not to focus their vision on the missile during flight. As a further safety precaution , one pilot in each aircraft was 

to wear goggles until 60 seconds after missile launch (Reference 13). 

Pre-event Safety Measures 

Notwithstanding the consensus that the ARGUS shots posed no danger to 

participants, badges and other monitoring devices were distributed during 

the tests, as directed by the radsafe plan. CTF 88, working through AFSWP, 

procured 4,000 film badges from the U.S. Army Lexington Signal Depot. This 

was a sufficient number of badges to distribute to all personnel in case 

the need arose (Reference 2). 

Under this scheme, the seven ships in the operational area were to receive one control badge plus ten badges for each of three shots, which 

would account for 217 badge:; of the 264 issued during the operation. Operation Plan 7-58 required that the two pilots be badged in each of the four 

aircraft that were airborne for the three shots (Reference 13). This accounts for an additional 24 badges. Conversations with participants have 

revealed that a scientific observer was airborne in one of the aircraft 

for each of the shots. Presumably he also was badged. It is likely that 

the remaining 20 badges known to have been issued were for warhead handlers 

on the Norton Sound. 

51 
Table 6 details the assumed film badge issue based upon all available 

evidence. After the return of the task force to the United States, these 

film packets were processed at the Army Lexington Signal Depot, which reported the results to CTF 88 (Reference 2). This report has not been located. Appendix B details the search conducted for this documentation. 

Table 6. Assumed film badge issue, ARGUS. 

No. of 

Unit Badges 

USS Tarawa (CVS-40) 31 

Aircrew pilots 24 

Scientific observer 3 

USS Norton Sound (AVM-1) 31 

Warhead handlers 20 

USS Warrington (DD-843) 31 

USS Bearss (DD-654) 31 

USS Courtney (DE-1021) 31 

USS Hammerberg (DE-1015) 31 

USS Neosho (AO-26) 31 

Sources: References 2 and 13. 

In addition to the planned badging, other pre-event radsafe .measures 

were taken. Sandia Corporation had alpha-detectors on board the missile 

ship, the Norton Sound. The Navy supplied 12 self-reading pocket dosimeters. Ten of these dosimeters were carried by warhead handlers. The other 

two were carried by the airborne observer (Reference 2). 

Despite the fact that no radiation exposure was postulated for normal 

test activity, consideration had to be given to possible transient shipping that could be placed at risk in the event of an errant missile launch 

or a detonation at an unprescribed altitude. The largest part of the solution to this potential problem was the selection of the South Atlantic as 

52 
the test site. August is midwinter and cold in the South Atlantic. No 

routine activities, such as whaling, were likely to bring ships into the 

area at this season (Reference6). 

For reasons of secrecy and the seclusion afforded by the test site, no 

hazard zone was officially established (Reference 40). To assure that the 

test site was clear of transient shipping, however, a 300-nmi (556-km) radius air search was conducted around the Norton Sound. The surveillance 

aircraft were launched 14 hours before the scheduled rocket firing time 

and recovered 9 hours before the firing. Only four test observation aircraft were airborne during Khe test firings (Reference 13). 

Undoubtedly the ship at greatest risk during missile firings was the 

test missile firing ship, the Norton Sound. Sensitivity to this risk and 

one step taken to ameliorate the consequences of an accident may be seen 

in this statement from the final operational report (Reference 15) of the 

Norton Sound's commanding oEficer: 

It was considered highly improbable that the NORTON SOUND 

would suffer from either radiation or physical damage 

during the FLORAL (ARGUS) tests. However, all topside 

personnel could remember vividly the failure of WINDER 

missile number three and the fact that the third stage 

and warhead container had landed within 300 feet from the 

ship on the starboard quarter. While it was true that 

the Lockheed engineers assured us that they had corrected 

the trouble and that a repetition of such a failure was 

not possible, only one test missile had been fired to 

demonstrate this important fact. 

It was decided that the ship should be made as gas 

tight as possible during the firings and the same precautions observed as for an atomic attack. The ship's normal water curtain was considered to be inadequate and 

additional hoses and lines were run so that the forward 

topside area could be subjected to a good spray if it 

were needed. 

Postevent Activities 

Chapter 8 of the final report of Operation ARGUS (Reference 2) indicates that ships' commanding officers complied with the directives of the 

53 
radsafe plan, Annex M of Operation Order 7-58 (Reference 13). No instances 

of personnel or equipment contamination occurred during the operation. A 

radiation reading of 0.27 R/hr at one location on the Norton Sound's deck 

following snowfall about 7 hours after ARGUS 1 was deemed "spurious, or in 

any event not connected with TF 88 operations." The reasons for this conclusion were that "the detonation occurred at an altitude far above where 

weather is formed and the film packets in Norton Sound did not confirm this 

dose" (Reference 2). No additional documentation on this episode has been 

located. 

Personnel Exposure Records 

The following excerpt from the final report of CTF 88 (Reference 2) 

sumarizes the results of the ARGUS radsafe program: 

Of the 264 film packets distributed, 21 contained indications of a radiation dose, according to the Lexington 

Signal Depot. Of these, the highest dose recorded was 

0.025 rem, and this was on one of the control film packets. Another control indicated 0.020 rem. The highest 

dose recorded by an individual was 0.010 rem. The pocket 

dosimeters carried aloft by the observer indicated zero 

dose on all shots. It is concluded that no radiation 

dose was incurred by task force personnel as a result of 

the nuclear detonations. 

The Lexington Signal Depot (now known as Lexington--Blue Grass Depot 

Activity) record does not indicate whether the individual's badge was worn 

by an aircraft crewmember or by someone aboard ship. By convention, the 

function of control packets , one each of which was scheduled to be placed 

in a radiation-free area of each ship, is to measure background or natural 

cosmic radiation reaching the Earth's surface. If more than one control 

packet is used to cover the same time period, their values are averaged 

and this value subtracted from individual badge values to determine the 

amount of radiation above the normal background an individual is exposed 

to as the result of a test operation at a particular location. These readings were below the accuracy limit of the film, developing system, and the 

54 
densitometers used. The Depot cannot now locate the badging records of 

any ARGUS participant. 

The shipboard film badge s were to have been exposed for a total of 12 

hours. Due to operational delays, this planned exposure cycle was undoubtedly interrupted for ARGUS 2 and ARGUS 3. Table 7 is a matrix of scheduled 

and rescheduled launch times and programmed badge placement and badge retrieval times. No documentation has been located to indicate what action, 

if any, was taken to retrieve and replace film packs when launch delays 

were encountered. The issue may have possible significance because of potential exposure of these badges to indigenous shipboard low-level radiation sources. 

Annex M to Operation Plan 7-58 provided general guidance on where on 

each ship to place the ten waterproof film badges. The positions selected 

were to provide adequate coverage of the various parts of the ship (Reference 13). Personnel were to place badges topside on decks and other 

surfaces exposed to weather. They were also to place badges on the ship's 

superstructure. No records have been located that specify precisely where 

these film packs were placed. Such information is important because of 

the possibility of inadvertent placement of some badges in the vicinity of 

shipboard radiation sources. These may have included radioluminescent 

deck markers and sound-powered phone jacks that were marked with encapsulated luminescent radium (Reference 41). It is also possible that despite 

the injunction that some of the control film packets were to be stored in 

a radiation-free area (Reference 13) they were similarly exposed to shipboard radiation. These theories are advanced because of the virtual certainty that the film badges were not affected by any of the three ARGUS 

detonations. The exospheric detonation of all three ARGUS shots argues 

for this conclusion. 

The reading of 0.27 R/h]: at one place on the deck of the Norton Sound 

was taken following snowfall. approximately 7 hours after ARGUS 1 (Reference 2). None of the film packets confirmed this reading, although if 

55 
Table 7. Shot times versus programmed film-badge placement and retrieval 

times, ARGUS. 

Scheduled 

Shot Time 

(GMT)a 

ARGUS 1 27 Aug 1958 

02002 

ARGUS 2 29 Aug 1958 

01402 

ARGUS 2 30 Aug 1958 

03102 

ARGUS 3 1 Sep 1958 

00252 

ARGUS 3 1 Sep 1958 

23452 

ARGUS 3 2 Sep 1958 

23452 

ARGUS 3 5 Sep 1958 

22302 

ARGUS 3 6 Sep 1958 

22052 

Note: 

Programned 

Ship Badge 

Emplacement 

26 Aug 1958 

20002 

28 Aug 1958 

19402 

? 

31 Aug 1958 

18252 

Programmed 

Ship Badge 

Retrieval 

27 Aug 1958 

08002 

29 Aug 1958 

07402 

30 Aug 1958 

091oz 

1 Sep 1958 

06252 

2 Sep 1958 

05452 

3 Sep 1958 

05452 

6 Sep 1958 

04302 

7 Sep 1958 

04052 

Remarks 

Actual launch was at 

02202 27 Aug 1958. 

Missile beacon failed 

during countdown, new 

launch time, 3003102 

scheduled. 

Launch was at 3003102. 

It is not known whether 

or not the ship badges 

remained in place during this 26-hour delay. 

Launch cancelled at 

minus 30 minutes due to 

high winds. 

Launch cancelled at 

minus 180 minutes due 

to high winds. 

At minus 90 minutes, 

launch cancelled to 

move to alternate 

launch site. 

At zero time the 

launch failed due to a 

defective relay. 

Launch was at 0622052. 

It has not been determined whether or not 

ship badges remained in 

place during this 6-day 

delay. 

aBecause of its longitude, GMT was also local time for the task force. 

Source: Reference 15. 

56 
their removal had been on schedule, they would have been recovered by the 

time the reading was taken. Perhaps the most important consideration is 

the fact that Reference 2 cites a reading at only one location on deck. No 

other readings are reported. There is no evidence to refute the conclusion in Reference 2 that the indication of radiation was spurious. 

57 
CHAPTER 2 

SHOT CHRONOLOGY 

ARGUS 1 

Chronology of Events 

Appendix I to Annex E of Reference 13 describes the TF 88 ARGUS firing 

procedure. The chronology of this chapter describes details of participants and exceptions to the standard procedure. 

23 August, 0619: The USS Hammerberg arrived on a weather picket station, 

180 nmi (334 km) west of TF 88. The ship remained on 

this assignment until relieved by the USS Courtney at 

0818 on 29 August. The assignment was to make weather 

reports and to control S2F aircraft airborne on weather 

reconnaissance and area surveillance flights. 

26 August, 0800: The USS Tarawa launched S2F aircraft 14 hours before the 

scheduled missile launch time to conduct weather reconnaissance and aerial search of a 300-nmi (556-km) radius 

circular area around the USS Norton Sound. 

27 August, 0103: The Tarawa launched test photographic and observation 

aircraft. 

27 August, 0220: AFGUS 1 was fired on schedule. Surface winds were 25 

knots (46.3 km/hr) and the sea state was rough. The 

predicted trajectory was 90°, but the actual trajectory 

was less than this. It was suspected that one or more 

of the following factors caused the trajectory discrepancy: (1) last-minute variations in the surface wind, 

(2) high wind variability produced by a mild frontal 

passage, (3) the use of an improper trajectory correction 

58 
factor, or (4) excessive dispersion during first- and 

second-stage burning (Reference 15). 

Scientific Objectives 

The principal purpose of the test was to explore the lifetime and capture efficiency of electrons placed in the exosphere by a nuclear explosion. This was done in order to provide information for further studies 

of the effects of these electrons on radio and radar operation, and other 

more intense effects that had been postulated. These possibilities were 

of major concern for both immediate and longer-term developments in missile and space warfare (Reference 13). 

The four specific active scientific projects for each of the three 

ARGUS events are described in Chapter 1, page 37. 

Force Disposition 

Generalized planned locations of surface and air units for the ARGUS 

series launches are shown in Figure 6. At the launch of ARGUS 1, the 

Tarawa was ll"T at 17.43 nmi (32.30 km) and the USS Neosho was 180°T at 

17.13 nmi (31.75 km) from the Norton Sound. The Courtney and the USS 

Bearss were in company with the Tarawa acting as plane guards. The USS 

Warrington was stationed 60° on the port bow 1 nmi (1.85 km) ahead of 

the Norton Sound in order to take photographs of the missile launching. 

The Hammerberq was 200 nmi (371 km) west of the formation on a weather 

picket station (References 13, 16, 17, 18, 22, and 42). Distances from 

the burst position were calculated. These distances are given from the 

point in the ocean over which ARGUS 1 detonated and are not slant ranges, 

which would be significantly larger. 

The estimated burst position of ARGUS 1 from the center of the task 

force was 330°T at 340 nmi (630 km) (Reference 2). The Hammerberg was 

approximately 300 nmi (556 km) from this burst location. The USS Salamonie had detached from the task force 10 hours before the ARGUS 1 event. 

Its courses and speeds after detachment placed it approximately 275 nmi 

59 
TASK GROUP 88.1 TASK GROUP 88.3 270' 

AIR

NO. 27HOTO 

CRAFT STATION 

1 CIRCULAR INTERVAL = 5 nmi (9.26 km) 

I 

180’ 

Figure 6. Generalized planned locations of surface and air units 

at launch time, ARGUS series (source: Reference 13). 

(510 km) from the burst location (Reference 20). Since all three ARGUS 

shots were high-altitude detonations, all TF 88 units were removed from 

radiological exposure by both a significant vertical and horizontal separation. Figure 7 shows positions of TF 88 launch units at burst time for 

ARGUS 1. Figure 8 depicts the locations of TF 88 units in both hemispheres for ARGUS 1. 

Radiological Considerations 

Shipboard observers saw a horizon-wide flash brighten the cloud layer 

(Reference 6). The only S2F aircraft above the clouds was at 22,000 feet 

60 
3E 

10 9 

38 

RADAR REPORT 

ESTIMATED SURFACE ZERO 

39 

t 

0 -o- 42 

-m 0 

-4c g 

w 

NO. 2 PHOTO REPORT 

L 

-6C 5 

i 

-8c y 

-1oc 

6( -111 

LONGITUDE (degrees West) 

Figure 7. Positions of Task Force 88 units and reported burst, ARGUS 1 

( source: Reference 2). 

61 
_ 

6 00’ W 3 OC‘W 00 

J 3 /-

9 EUROPE 

AZORES 

:* . 

. c 

USS ALBEMARLE, 

(AV-5) 

r’ 

30°N v 30°N 

\IORTH ATLANTIC OCEAN 

AFRICA 

AMERICA 

\L300s 

BURST 

COORDINATES 

9iL, AMONIE 

iA0. -26) SOUTH ATLANTIC OCEAN TASK FORI 88 

USS l-L4M10;~~ERG. •

LOCATION OF 

TASK FORCE 88 0 1,000 2,000 3,ooo MISSILE FIRING I I I 1 FORMATION 7 KILOMETERS m 

uss BEARSS (00654) 

USS COURTNEY (DE-10211 0 900 1,800 USS NEOSHO (AO-143) L I I I I USS TARAWA (CVS-40) NAUTICAL MILES USS WARRINGTON (DD-843) 

60’S 60’S 

I ‘W 30% 

Figure 8. ARGUS 1, locations of ships at burst time. 

62 
(6.7 km) when ARGUS 1 detonated; the pilot reported a great luminous ball 

about 40° above the horizon. For the next 30 minutes the aircrew observed 

and photographed an awesome aurora1 display as colors and shapes changed 

(Reference 2). More significantly, the satellite of Project 7.1 recorded 

the existence in the exosphere of increased electrons in the northern hemisphere that was later determined to have been the result of electron and 

geomagnetic behavior theorized by Christofilos (References 2 and 6). Detonating in the exosphere an estimated surface range of 340 nmi (630 km) 

away from most of the task force units and a surface range of 275 nmi (510 

km) away from the closest unit, ARGUS 1 was too far removed to cause radiological exposure (Reference 2). 

Results 

The specific objective of Project 7.4 was to deliver and detonate a 

nuclear payload at a predetermined height above the Earth's surface. This 

objective was only partially achieved. ARGUS 1 was launched as scheduled, 

but an errant trajectory resulted in a detonation at a lower altitude than 

desired for experimental purposes. Nevertheless, reports from Project 7.1 

(Explorer IV) indicated a band of increased particle count some 200 miles 

(322 km) thick and two to five times background in areas high above Haiti, 

Mexico, and Baja California (Reference 6). One of the Air Force Cambridge 

Research Center (AFCRC) C-97s reported an orange glow at 140°T from Santa 

Maria in the Azores approximately 22 minutes after the detonation (Reference 14). The second C-97 was grounded because of engine trouble (Reference 35). The USS Albemarle, also involved in AFCRC's Project 7.3, reported receiving strong radar echoes, but did not receive any VLF radio 

signals, or indications on the ricmeters or photometers aboard (Reference 

43). Because of the negative results from other projects, however, TG 88.6 

headquarters concluded that a second shot was required. In order to put 

the conjugate point farther north so that observers would be in a more 

favorable position to get better measurements, the decision was made to 

move the launch point farther south (Reference 6). 

63 
Project 7.3 radars at both the launch and conjugate points received 

echoes. Project 7.2 sounding rockets failed to detect any ARGUS effect 

for the ARGUS 1 shot (Reference 2). 

ARGUS 2 

Chronology of Events 

Normal aircraft support operations were conducted before the ARGUS 2 

launch. 

29 August, 0818: The Courtney was on a weather picket station approximately 250 nmi (463 km) west of the task force missilefiring formation. 

29 August, 2215: The firing time was readjusted to 30 August at 0310 when 

the missile beacon system malfunctioned. 

30 August, 0310: The missile was fired with a near-vertical trajectory. 

The surface wind was 22 knots (40.8 km/hr) and the sea 

state was rough. 

Scientific Objectives 

The scientific objectives remained the same for each of the three ARGUS 

launches. See statement of objectives and identification of scientific 

projects under ARGUS 1, this chapter, and Chapter 1. The launch.and detonation points were shifted south for ARGUS 2 in an attempt to achieve conjugate point effects closer to where Project 7.3 units were arrayed. 

Force Disposition 

Figure 6 shows the generalized planned location of surface and air 

units. At the launch of ARGUS 2, the Tarawa was 223OT at 16.4 nmi (30.4 

km), and the Neosho was 42OT at 17.5 nmi (32.4 km) from the Norton Sound 

(Reference 15). The Hammerberg and the Bearss were in company with the 

Tarawa acting as plane guards. Four S2F aircraft were airborne. The Warrington was stationed at 60° on the port bow of the Norton Sound at a distance of 1 nmi (1.85 km) in order to photograph the missile launch. The 

64 
Courtney was 250 nmi (463 km) west of the task force missile-firing formation (Reference 13, 16, 17, 18, 22, and 42). The Albemarle was at 30°25'N, 

30°03'W. 

The estimated burst position of ARGUS 2 was 196O, 85 nmi (158 km) 

from the main body of the task force (Reference 2). The Courtney, on a 

weather picket station, was approximately 245 nmi (454 km) from the point 

under the burst. Figure 9 shows the position of TF 88 launching units for 

ARGUS 2. Figure 10 depicts the location of TF 88 units in both hemispheres 

for ARGUS 2. 

Radiological Considerations 

As in ARGUS 1, the radiological environment of ARGUS 2 was restricted 

to the exosphere. The weather at the shot site was overcast at the surface. The bright initial flash was visible from the ships. However, the 

tops of the low clouds were at about 3,000 feet (914 meters), so that observers in all four airborne aircraft had a clear view of the resulting 

changing phenomena of color and shape (Reference 2). Heavy clouds at the 

northern conjugate point prevented the Albemarle and observers at ground 

stations from seeing any significant visual effects (Reference 6). 

Results 

ARGUS 2 was launched with a good trajectory but, due to a possible 

third-stage failure, did not achieve the optimum desired burst altitude 

(Reference 2). The estimated position of the exospheric detonation was 85 

nmi (158 km) from the task force launching formation (Reference 2). Following the detonation of ARGUS 2, Explorer IV data under Project 7.1 began 

to arrive from Huntsville, Alabama, reporting that a high-energy electron 

shell again had been established (Reference 6). Uncertainty about the 

findings, however, resulted in the decision to once again move the task 

force farther south for the launching of ARGUS 3 (Reference 6). 

For the ARGUS 2 launch, the task force had been moved south of the 

ARGUS 1 launch point. This move was made in an attempt to move the anticipated conjugate point effects location farther north. Confusion arose 

65 
47 l----rI USS NEOSHO 

(AO-1431 

A \ !)f NO. 1 OBSERVER 

48 \-- USS NORTON SOUND 

USS TARAWA 

(CVS-40) \ &Y&?p~\~R 

NO. 2 PHOTO REPORT q NO. 1 PHOTO 

0 NO.2 ;c 

0 NOF;&~‘;O I 0 PHOTO 

NO. 2 OBSERVER 

SECOND REPORT 

0 

I NO. 1 OBSERVER REPORT 

o- .o 49 

NO. 2 PHOTO 

PHOTOGRAPH .lO 

w” 

0 .20 ; r ESTIMATED SURFACE ZERO 

.30 

NO. 1 PHOTO I! 

PHOTOGRAPH .40 5 

a 

2 

ADAR DATA FROh 50 

USS NEOSHO (AO-143) 

50 

0 < 

51 

LONGITUDE (degrees West) 

Figure 9. Positions of Task Force 88 units and reported burst, ARGUS 2 

( source: Reference 2). 

66 
••

60°W 3Pw 00 

30°N 

USS ALBEMAI 

(A\l-ti) ( 

AZORES 

:* 

.E ’ 

NORTH ATLANTK OCEAh 

SOUTH 

I--+--

AMERICA 

3o”s-

( 

bUTH ATLANTIC OCEAh 

KILOMETERS 

3.000 

TASK FORCE 88 

r 

EUROPE 

L‘ 30°N 

AFRICA 

LOCATION OF 

TASK FORCE 88 

MISSILE FIRING 

FORMATION 

USS BEARSS (DD-654) 

USS HAMMERBERG (DE-10151 

USS NEOSHO (AO-143) 

uss NORTON SOUND (AVM-iI 

USS TARAWA (CVS40) 

USS WARRINGTON fDD-843) 

Figure 10. ARGUC 2, locations of ships at burst time. 

67 
when the conjugate point effects location plotted with Project 7.1 Explorer IV satellite data unexpectedly fell along the data line noted for 

ARGUS 1. This situation led to a closer scrutiny of the satellite reports. 

It was finally determined that the satellite had accumulated a position 

error in latitude amounting to almost 2 minutes since ARGUS 1. Correcting 

for this error moved the ARGUS 2 ground intercepts northward by some 500 

nmi (927 km), the region where conjugate point effects had been anticipated (Reference 6). The sounding rockets of Project 7.2 recorded good 

results. Firings from all three rocket sites found a significant increase 

in electrons (Reference 2). Project 7.3 radars at the launch point received the anticipated echoes (Reference 2). No ARGUS 2 positive results 

were received by the Project 7.3 equipment aboard the Albemarle at the 

conjugate point (Reference 43). No ARGUS 2 results were detected by either 

of the Project 7.3 C-97 aircraft. 

ARGUS 3 

Chronology of Events 

Normal aircraft support operations were conducted before each ARGUS 3 

launch attempt. 

1 September, 1958: The first attempt to launch the third X-17a was cancelled due to high winds. TF 88 moved south to a new 

launch site. 

4 September, 0656: The Hammerberq was on a weather picket station approximately 250 nmi (463 km) west of the main task force. 

5 September, 2230: The missile failed to ignite upon actuation of its 

firing circuit. 

6 September, 2205: The missile fired with a near-vertical trajectory. 

The surface wind was 15 knots (27.8 km/hr); the sea 

state was moderate. 

68 
Scientific Objectives 

The scientific objectives remained the same for each of the three ARGUS 

launches. See statement of objective and identification of scientific 

projects under ARGUS 1, this chapter, and Chapter 1. 

After the position error for Explorer IV had been identified and a new 

launch site determined, the effects of ARGUS 3 in the northern hemisphere 

occurred where they were anticipated. The satellite again found highenergy electron zones in the exosphere. The ground intercepts defined a 

geomagnetic latitude line that fell very close to the one from ARGUS 2 and 

again conformed within reason to the contours originally calculated for 

this area (Reference 43). 

Force Disposition 

Figure 6 shows the generalized planned location of surface and air 

units. At the launch of ARGUS 3, the Tarawa was 291°T at 19.3 nmi (35.8 

km), and the Neosho was 116OT at 18.5 nmi (34.3 km) from the Norton Sound 

(Reference 2). The Courtney, and the Bearss were in company with the Tarawa 

acting as plane guards. The Warrington was stationed at 60° 1 nmi (1.85 

km) off the port bow of the Norton Sound in order to photograph the missile launch. The Hammerberq was 250 nmi (463 km) west of the task force 

missile-firing formation on a weather picket station (References 13, 16, 

17, 18, 22, and 42). Figure 11 indicates the location of TF 88 units at 

the launch site for ARGUS 3. Figure 12 depicts the positions of TF 88 

units in both hemispheres for ARGUS 3. 

The estimated surface position of the high-altitude burst position of 

ARGUS 3 was 286OT, 115 nmi (213 km) from the main body of the task force 

(Reference 2). The Hammerbt9 was approximately 145 nmi (269 km) from a 

point under the burst (Reference 18). 

Radiological Considerations 

As in ARGUS 1 and 2, the radiological environment of ARGUS 3 was restricted to the exosphere. At the launch site there were no clouds, and 

the flash of the detonation and resulting aurora display were visible to 

69 
RANGE OF BI? 

RAJECTORY AT / 

DETONATION/ 

/ 

/ 

NO. 1 PHOTO 

PHOTOGRAPH 

’ 

NO.1 dBSER”ER 

PILOT REPORT T -+tI 

/ 

I NO.2 OBSERVER 

!STlMATED-k ’ NO. 3 OBSERVER 

SURFACE ZERO NO. 2 PHOTO k 

I J PHOTOGRAPH0 

USS TARAWA 

NO. 1 OBSER\ /EF 0 OBSERVER REI POI 

NO. 2 PHOTO & (CVS-IOI ._ I 

-0 n I 

USS NORTON 

- (AVM-1) 

SOUND 

-

NO. 1 PHOTO REPORT 

-10 USS NEOSHOI 

Y (AO-1431 

w 

rc NO. 1 OBSERVER 

; 1 , .:..;: , 

12 ’ 10 9 8 

LONGITUDE Idegrees West) 

Figure 11. Positiohs of Task Force 88 units and reported burst, 

ARGUS 3 (source: Reference 2) 

70 

9 
60°W 3oow O0 

NW 

EUROPE 

(AV-51 

30°N 

USS SALAMONIF 

(~0-26) 

0 

I 30°N 

AFRICA 

VORTH ATLANTlC OCEAN I 

SOUTI 

SOUTH ATLANT’C OCEAN 

0 1 ,ooc 

-a 

KIL JMETERS 

USS HAMMERBERG 

(DE-1015) \ I 

3 000 COORDINATES 

LOCATION OF 

TASK FORCE 88 

MISSILE FIRING 

FORMATION 

m 

USS BEARSS (DD-6541 

USS COURTNEY (DE-1021) 

USS NEOSHO IAO-143) 

I 0

-- NAU 

900 

ICAL MILES 

1,800 

TASK FO RCE 88 

uss 

USS 

USS 

NORTON SOUND (AVM-1) 

TARAWA (CVS40) 

WARRINGTON (DD-8431 

60’S _I l---I_1 

60°W 3oow O0 

60’S 

Figure 12. ARGUS 3, locations of ships at burst time. 

71 
observers in the task force as well as to those in the observation aircraft (References 2 and 6). This time the sky was also clear in the north 

and the Albemarle reported seeing a mild aurora1 glow (Reference 6). 

Results 

ARGUS 3 was launched with a good trajectory and achieved the desired 

burst altitude (Reference 2). This high-altitude detonation was approximately 115 nmi (213 km) from the main task force (Reference 2). The anticipated electron phenomena were detected by the Project 7.1 Explorer IV 

satellite and the radars at both the launch and conjugate points of Project 7.3 (References 2 and 6). Visual observations of an aurora1 glow were 

made from ships and aircraft at the launch site , and from the Albemarle at 

the conjugate point (Reference 14). One C-97 aircraft on the ground and 

an airborne C-97 noted sporadic ionospheric changes, but these were considered as only suggestive of the ARGUS 3 effect (Reference 14). 

72 
CHAPTER 3 

TASK FORCE 88 UNIT HISTORIES 

TASK GROUP 88.1 -- CARRIER GROUP 

The aircraft carrier, the USS Tarawa, was the flagship of Commander, 

Task Force 88 (CTF 88) and carried two air units, Air Antisubmarine Squadron 32 (VS-32) and Helicopter Antisubmarine Squadron 5 (HS-5). Additionally, the Tarawa supported AFCRC's Project 7.3. Air Force MSQ-1A radar 

and communication vans for missile tracking and AFCRC optical and radio 

equipment for scientific measurements were carried aboard the Tarawa. The 

S2F aircraft of VS-32 were used in multiple support missions: weather reconnaissance, area search, and airborne photographic and observation platforms for rocket firings. The HSS-1 helicopters of HS-5 were used for 

intra-task-force movement of: personnel, cargo, and mail (Reference 2). 

Certain crewmembers and observers of VS-32 aircraft were badged and carried self-reading pocket dosimeters on missile launch observation flights. 

The pocket dosimeters carried aloft indicated zero exposure on all shots 

(Reference 2).* Film packets were placed in selected topside locations of 

the Tarawa before each rocket launch. Table 8 summarizes information on 

the Tarawa's activity for all three ARGUS missile launches. Figure 13 

shows Tarawa flight operations en route to the South Atlantic launch site. 

TASK GROUP 88.2 -- DESTROYER GROUP 

The Destroyer Group, TG 88.2, was composed of the destroyers, USS Warrington and USS Bearss, and the destroyer escorts, USS Courtney and USS 

Hammerberg. These units were involved in routine task force screening 

* Documentation has not been located that precisely identifies the recipients of the 264 film badges issued for the operation and the 21 badges 

of this group that subsequently recorded a radiological exposure. See 

the Radiological Safety section of Chapter 1 for a discussion of what is 

known on this subject. The maximum exposure recorded by an individual 

was 0.010 R (Reference 21, 

73 
Table 8. USS Tarawa (CVS-40) operational activities during ARGUS test series. 

Departure from Point of Origin 

On 7 August 1958 at 1406 departed Quonset Point, Rhode Island; beginning 9 August steamed in company with IJSS Hammerberg 

(DE-1015), USS Warrin ton (DO-843), USS Salamonie (AO-26), USS Neosho (AO-143), USS Bearss (00-654). and USS Courtney 

(DE-1021); dt 1818 rendezvoused with USS NortomVM-1) 

Arrival in Operational Area 

25 August 

Departure from Operational Area 

9 September 

Arrival at Destination 

15 September arrived at 'Rio de Janeiro, Brazil, for 5-day visit; arrived Quonset Point, Rhode Island, 1 October 

Time Ship Location/Activities 

Shot of 

Shot Date Det. Preshot At Shot Time Postshot 

ARGUS 1 27 Aug 0227 On 27 August steamed in company Steaming on course in the Steamed as before; at 0239 secured from 

Z! with other ships of Task Force South Atlantic between the general quarters; at 1730 ceased flight 

88; at 0054 launched four S2F following two points: 450 operations 

airplanes; at 0130 sounded 05'S, 09O29'W on 26 August 

general quarters at 2000 and 43026'5, 07O58'W 

on 27 August at 0800 

ARGUS 2 30 Aug 0317 On 29 August steamed in South Steamed in South Atlantic be- On 30 August at 0317 secured from general 

Atlantic Ocean in company with tween the following points: quarters; at 1525 ceased flight operations; 

six other ships as part of Task 48O43'5, 09O13'W on on 31 August at 2133 began flight operaForce 88; at 2131 began flight 29 August at 2000, and tions; on 1 September at 0110 ceased flight 

operations; ended flight opera- 47O44'S, 09O33'W on operations; On 3 September at 2215 observed 

tions at 0225; on 30 August at 30 August at 0800 hail and rain; on 4 September at 1755 ob0216 began flight operations; served snow 

at 0240 sounded general quarters 

ARGUS 3 6 Sept 2212 On 5 September steamed in the At 2205 observed test ECHO; On 6 September at 2224 secured from general 

South Atlantic in company with ship in the South Atlantic quarters; on 7 September at 1305 secured 

five ships, units of Task Force between the following loca- from flight quarters; at 0945 observed 

88; on 6 September at 0834 began tions: 50016'S, 07o55'W on light snow; from 8 September until arrival 

flight operations; at 1420 ob- 5 September at 2000 and at Rio de Janeiro on 15 September conducted 

served moderate snow; at 2135 49O47'S, 08OO2'W on 6 Sep- flight operations daily 

went to general quarters tember at 0800 

Source: Reference 21. 

Tables 9, 10, 11 and 12 summarize operational activities during the 

ARGUS test series for Destroyer Group units. 

TASK GROUP 88.3 -- MOBILE LOGISTICS GROUP 

Mobile Logistics Group 88.3 was formed by the oilers, USS Neosho and 

USS Salamonie. The Salamonie replenished the Norton Sound on 24 August 

1958 following that ship's voyage around South America. The aviation gasoline tanks of the Norton Sound had been converted to fuel oil tanks before its departure from California in order to permit it to reach the test 

area without the need to refuel. On 26 August 1958, the Salamonie refueled 

the Neosho. Following this transfer, the Salamonie detached from TF 88, 

steaming independently en route to Newport, Rhode Island (Reference 20). 

Following the Salamonie's departure, the Neosho had complete refueling responsibility for the task force. 

The Neosho also participated in scientific program 7.3 with an Air 

Force MSQ-1A radar van manned by an Air Force crew aboard. The Neosho 

took station approximately 15 nmi (28 km) from the Norton Sound during 

launch operations and attempted to track the X-17a missile and detect 

burst phenomena (References 2 and 6). 

The Neosho was issued film packets that were to be placed in abovedeck or superstructure locations for each of the three ARGUS launches 

(References 2 and 6).* 

Tables 13 and 14 summarize activities of the units of the Mobile Logistics Group during all three ARGUS launches. 

* No film badges were issued to the Salamonie as this ship detached from 

the task force 10 hours before the first scheduled ARGUS launch. Documentation has not been located that precisely identifies the recipients 

of the 264 film badges issued for the operation and the 21 badges of 

this group that subsequently recorded a radiation exposure. See the 

Radiological Safety section of Chapter 1 for a discussion of what is 

known on the subject. The maximum exposure recorded by an individual 

was 0.010 R (Reference 2). 

76 
Table 9. USS Bearss (DD-654) operational activities during ARGUS test series. 

Departure from Point of Origin 

On 7 August 1958 departed from Norfolk, Virginia, in company with USS Neosho (AO-143); rendezvoused at sea on 8 August with 

USS Salamonie (AO-26), USS Warrington (DD-843), USS Tarawa (CVS-40). USS Courtney (DE-1021), and USS Harmnerberg (DE-1015) 

Arrival in Operational Area 

25 August 

Departure from Operational Area 

8 September in company with other ships of Task Force 88 

Arrival at Destination 

Time Ship Location/Activities 

Shot of 

Shot Date Det. Preshot At Shot Time Postshot 

ARGUS 1 27 Aug 0227 27 August in company with the Steaming as before; missile fired Continued maneuvering in formation with 

Tarawa and Courtne as Task at 0220; position of ship between Tarawa and Norton Sound (AVM-1) as dis-

--+Group 88.1; at 00 5 took plane following two points: 44O36.9'S, position guide; conducted flight operaguard station 1 ll"35.3'W on 26 August at 2000 tions from 1400 to 1416 

and 44O50.7'5, 09O45.5'W on 

27 August at 0800 

ARGUS 2 30 Aug 0317 In plane guard station 1, in Steaming as before; ship located Steaming as before, serving as Tarawa 

company with Tarawa and Warrin - between following two points: screen; left screen and between= 

ton in plane guardstation.+ 48023.1'S, 10°05.8'W on 29 and 1020 took on fuel and provisions -

Norton Sound formation guide August at 2000, and 48055.0'5, from Neosho; at 1030 returned to screen 

bearino 047o 17 nmi (32 km) 09o44.O'W on 30 August 

distanf. 

ARGUS 3 6 Sept 2212 At 1817 on plane guard station 1 Steaming as before; on 6 Septem- Between 2236 and 2253 flight operations 

for Tarawa as Task Group 88.1 ber at 2201 missile fired; ship underway; at 2305 maneuvering to take 

located between following points: position in screen on Norton Sound; at 

5Oo22.7'S, 07°51.0'W on 5 Sep- at 0959 visibilitv beaan fluctuatina 

tember at 2000, and 49040.0'5, between 500 and 4,000-yards (0.5 and 

08O32.1'W on 6 September at 0800 and 3.7 km) due to snow 

Source: Reference 16. 
Table 10. USS Courtney (DE-1021) operational activities during ARGUS test series. 

Departure from Point of Origin 

On 7 August 1958 at 1248 underway from Newport, Rhode Island, en route to South Atlantic waters in company with IJSS Salamonie 

(AO-26); on 8 August rendezvoused with Task Force 88, composed of USS Neosho (AO-143), USS Bearss (DO-654), USS Tarawa (C&40), USS 

Warrington (DO-843), and USS Hamnerberq (DE-1015); on 23 August at 1230 rendezvoused with Task Group 88.4: USS Norton Sound (AVM-1) 

Arrival in Operational Area 

25 August 

Departure from Operational Area 

8 September with other ships of Task Force 88 

Arrival at Destination 

I5 September, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil, for 5-day visit; arrived Newport, Rhode Island, 1 October 

Time Ship Location/Activities 

Shot of 

Shot Date Det. Preshot At Shot Time Postshot 

ARGUS 1 27 Aug 0227 On 27 August at 0140 went to general Steaming as before; at 0229 ob- At 0242 secured from qeneral quarters: 

quarters served flash from X-17a missile; continued steaming as-before 

ship located between following 

positions: 43OO5'S, 09o5O'W on 

on 26 August at 2000 and 45O26'S, 

08O25'W on 27 August at 0800 

ARGUS 2 30 Aug 0317 Continued steaming as before; on 

28 Auqust at 0940 cotmienced refuelSteaming as before; at 0319 

observed flash; ship located 

Continued steaming as before; by 4 September steamed independently en route to Task 

ing f&i Neosho; at 1750 detached between following points: Force 88; by 5 September rejoined Task 

from Task- 88.1 and assumed 47O39'5, 13O44'W on 29 August Force 88; at 0810 Task Group 88.2 concommand of Task Group 88.2.2. pro- at 2000 and 47O58'5, 14oll'W, sisted of Warrington, Bearss and Courtney 

ceeded to relieve Commander Task on 30 August at 0800 detached to observe an-photograph iceGroup 88.2.1 on weather picket sta- berg; at 1108 rejoined Task Force 88 

tion; on 30 August at midnight 

steamed independently 250 nmi 

(463 km) west of Task Force 88 

ARGUS 3 6 Sept 2212 Steamed as before; on 6 September Steaming as before; at 2206 At 2225 secured from general quarters; 

at 1550 commenced refueling and 

replenishing from Neosho; by 1607 

Norton Sound fired one X-17a 

missile; ship located between 

continued steaming as before; 9 September 

departed operating area with other ships 

refueling and replenishing completed; at 2145 went to general following points: 50023'5, 

07O2O'W on 5 September at 

of Task Force 88; on 15 September arrived 

at Rio de Janeiro 

quarters; at 2204 set gas-tight 2000 and 49O59'5, 07o23'W 

envelope on 6 September at 0800 

Source: Reference 17. 
Table 11. USS Hamnerberg (DE-1015) operational activities during ARGUS test series. 

Departure from Point of Origin 

On 7 August 1958 at 1252 departed Newport, Rhode Island, en route to operating area in company with other ships of Task 

Force 88, including USS Tarawa (CVS-40), USS Warrington (DD-843), USS Salamonie (AO-26), USS Bearss (DD-654), and USS 

Courtney (DE-1021) 

Arrival in Operational Area 

See preshot activities for Argus 1 

Departure from Operational Area 

8 September with other ships of Task Force 88 

Arrival at Destination 

15 September. Rio de Janeiro. Brazil. for 5-day visit; arrived Newport, Rhode Island, 1 October 

Time Ship Location/Activities 

shot 

shot Date DZt'. Preshot At Shot Time Postshot 

4 

W ARGUS 1 27 Aug 0227 On 22 August at 1247 left forma- Steaming independently on Continued steaming independently as weather 

tion and proceeded independently weather picket station; loca- for Task Force 88; on 29 August changed 

to weather picket station; on tion of ship between follow- course to rejoin Task Force 88; relieved 

27 August steaming independently ing two points: 43O24'5, Courtney 

on weather picket station, bear- 12O46'W on 26 August at 2000, 

ing 270, 200 nmi (371 km) from and 43O28.3'S, 13OO4.8'W on 

Task Force 88 27 August at 0800 

ARGUS 2 30 Aug 0317 Steaming independently to rejoin Steaming as before; location Steaming in company with Task Force 88; 

Task Force 88; on 30 August at of ship between the following on 4 September left for weather picket 

0149 rejoined Task Force 88 and points: 47O56'S, 10°21'W station 

proceeded to plane guard station on 29 August at 2000 and 

2 for Tarawa 47O44'5, 11°28'W on 30 August at 0800 

ARGUS 3 6 Sept 2212 On 4 September steamed indepen- Steaming independently on wea- On 6 September at 2235 departed weather 

dently en route to weather picket ther picket station; location picket station en route to rejoin Task 

station; by 5 September station of ship between following two Force 88; on 15 September arrived at Rio 

reached. bearina 270. 250 nmi points: 50014'S. 13OO7'W de Janeiro 

(463 kmj distani from Task Force on 5 September at 2000, and 

88 50005'S, 14oZO'W on 6 September at 0800 

Source: Reference 18. 
Table 12. USS Warrington (DD-843) operational activities during ARGUS test series. 

Departure from Point of Origin 

On 7 August 1958 at 1301 departed Newport, Rhode Island; by 9 August steaming in company with USS Courtney (DE-1021), USS 

(DE-1015) USS Tarawa (CVS-40), USS Salamonie (AO-26), USS Neosho (AO-143), and USS Bearss (DD-654); on 23 August 

%%%%de rendezv&m Norton Soum M- 1) 

Arrival in Operational Area 

25 August 

Departure from Operational Area 

9 September 

Arrival at Destination 

15 September at Rio de Janeiro for 5- day visit; arrived Newport, Rhode Island, 1 October 

Time Ship Location/Activities 

Shot of 

Shot Date Det. Preshot At Shot Time Postshot 

43 

0 ARGUS 1 27 Aug 0227 Steamed in company with ships of 

Task Force 88; on 27 August served 

as lifeguard station for Norton 

Sound in company with otherships 

of Task Force 88 

On 27 August at 0220 observed 

Norton Sound fire missile; ship 

located between following points: 

43OO8'5, 09O55'W on 26 August at 

at 2000 and 43O24'S, 08O25'W 

on 27 August at 0800 

On 27 August steaming as before 

ARGUS 2 30 Aug 0317 On 29 August steamed in company 

with Task Force 88; on 30 August 

at 0145 detached from plane guard 

duty, assumed station ahead of 

Norton Sound 

At 0311 observed Norton Sound 

fire missile; ship located 

between followina locations: 

40037'5, 09o07'W-on 29 August 

at 2000, and 47O43'5, 09o3O'W 

on 30 August at 0800 

Detached from station to refuel from 

Neosho between 0750 and 0855; resumed former station; on 31 August 

between 2400-0400 observed snow and 

choppy seas 

ARGUS 3 6 Sept 2212 On 5 September at 2227 observed 

rocket misfire on board Norton 

Sound, exercise cancelled; on 

-September at 1643 formation proceeded into missile firing formation; at 1730 on station bearing 

3400, 2000 yards (1.8 km) off bow 

of Norton Sound 

Steamed as before between 

following points: 5D030'S, 

07o42'W on 5 September at 

2000 and 49O5O'S, 08O52'W 

on 6 September at 0800 

Continued steaming as before with 

ships of Task Force 88 

Source: Reference 22. 
Table 13. USS Neosho (AO-143) operational activities during ARGUS test series. 

Departure from Point of Origin 

On 7 August 1958 at 1155 departed Norfolk, Virginia, en route to operations at sea in the South Atlantic; at 1443 rendezvoused 

with the USS Bearss (DD-654); on 8 August Task Group 88.3 activated, composed of USS Salamonie (AO-26), Bearss, USS Courtney 

(DE-1021), and Neosho; at 0900 joined Task Group 88.1 composed of USS Tarawa (CVS-40), USS Harrmerberg (Dm), and @ 

Warrington (DD-843);~during this cruise the Neosho replenished the ships of the task force as necessary 

Arrival in Operational Area 

25 August 

Departure from Operational Area 

5 Sepremoer with otner snips of Task Force OC, 

Arrival at Destination 

15 September at Rio de Janeiro, Brazil, for &day visit; arrived Norfolk, Virginia, 30 September 

Time Ship Location/Activities 

Shot of 

Shot Date Det. Preshot At Shot Time Postshot 

ARGUS 1 27 Aug 0227 On 27 August at 0115 Steaming as before; ship located be- On 27 August at 0242 secured from general 

went to general quar- tween following points: 43O11'5, quarters; at 1228 helicopter over bow to 

ters steamed in com- lOo57'W on 26 August at 2000, and deliver exposure suits; through 30 August 

pany with other ships 43026'5, 09o22'W on 27 August at continued steaming in company with other 

of Task Force 88 0800 ships of Task Force 88 

ARGUS 2 30 Aug 0317 Steamed as before; Steaming as before; ship located be- On 30 August, steaming as before; at 0320 

on 30 August at 0215 tween following points: 48O2O'S. secured from general quarters; through 6 Sepwent to general 09OO2'W on 29 August at 2000, and tember continued steaming in company with 

quarters 47017'5, 09o38'W on 30 August at with ships of Task Force 88. providing re0800 plenishment of fuel and stores 

ARGUS 3 6 Sep 2212 Steamed as before Steaming as before; ship located be- Steamed as before 

tween following points: 50032'S, 

05oll'W on 5 September at 2000, and 

49054'5, 08°14'W on 6 September at 

0800 

Source: Reference 19. 
Table 14. USS Salamonie (AO-26) operational activities during ARGUS test series. 

Departure from Point of Origin 

On 7 August 1958 at 1333 underway from Newport, Rhode Island; at 1455 rendezvoused with USS Courtne (DE-1021); on 

8 August at 0910 rendezvoused with USS Neosho (AO-143), USS Bearss (DD-654), USS Tarawa dS Warrington 

(DD-843), and USS Hamnerberq (DE-1015) 

Arrival in Operational Area 

Detached prior to arrival 

Departure from Operational Area 

On 26 August at I'617 detached from Task Force 88, steamed independently en route to Newport, Rhode Island 

Arrival at Destination 

10 September at 1205 moored at Melville, Rhode Island 

Time Ship Location/Activities 

Shot of a3

h) Shot Date Det. Preshot At Shot Time .Postshot 

ARGUS 1 27 Aug 0227 Steamed independently Steaming independently to Newport, Continued steaming en route to 

en route to Newport, Rhode Island; ship between follow- Newport, Rhode Island 

Rhode Island ing points: 42041'S, 19o35'W on 

26 August at 2000, and 39037'S, 

07O25'W on 27 August at 0800 

ARGUS 2 30 Aug 0317 Steamed independently Steamed as before, ship located be- Steamed en route to Newport, 

to Newport, Rhode Island tween following positions: 22037'S, Rhode Island 

13O35'W on 29 August at 2000, and 

19O50'5, 16OO4'W on 30 August at 0800 

ARGUS 3 6 Sept 2212 Steamed en route to Steamed as before; location of ship Steamed as before 

Newport, Rhode Island between following points: 17056’N, 

45OO9'W on 5 September at 2000, and 

and 20o46'N, 47o28'W on 6 September 

at 0800 

Source: Reference 20. 
TASK GROUP 88.4 -- MISSILE GROUP 

The Norton Sound was the key participant in the ARGUS operation. Selected because of its availability and capability to conduct test rocket 

and missile firing exercises, the ship and personnel required special 

preparation to participate in the ARGUS operation. 

The ship lacked the usual fueling-at-sea installations. The necessary 

equipment for this procedure was installed during the brief Naval Shipyard 

availability period scheduled to modify the ship to handle and fire the 

X-17a missile (Reference 2), A practice fueling at sea and high-line 

transfer operations were conducted with the fleet tanker USS Tolovana 

(AO-64) off Long Beach, California, on 3 July 1958. None of the crewmembers had conducted helicopter operations with the Norton Sound. Because this would be an important logistics operation, practice exercises 

were arranged with the Naval Air Missile Test Center (NAMTC). These were 

conducted in conjunction with the four Winder (X-17a test missile with a 

telemetry payload) firings (Reference 15). 

A lo-day training course on the X-17a missile was conducted by Lockheed 

Missiles System Division at Van Nuys, California, for Norton Sound personnel. Under supervision of Lockheed technicians, Norton Sound electronics 

and machinist personnel assembled the four Winder test missiles and the 

three X-17a ARGUS missiles to be fired in the South Atlantic. Thirteen 

enlisted personnel performed all the steps involved in the assembly and 

checkout of each component of the missile (Reference 2). 

In June 1958 San Francisco Naval Shipyard personnel and the ship's 

company worked to convert the Norton Sound from a Terrier/Tartar missile 

test capability to an X-17a high-altitude missile launch capability. An 

X-5 dual-arm launcher on the port side of the launcher deck was removed 

and replaced with a vertical X-17 launcher. Additional modifications of 

the hangar provided storage for three X-17a missiles on their handling 

trailers. A shop in the hangar area was turned over to the Sandia Corporation for its use. Finally, to increase the cruising range of the 

83 


first ARGUS 3 launch attempt on 1 September was aborted due to poor weather. ARGUS 3 was delayed again on 2 September, when a new launching 

point was designated and the task force moved south to it. On 5 September 

a defective relay in the firing circuit aborted the launch. Finally, on 

6 September, ARGUS 3 was successfully launched (Reference 15). 

Table 15 suxmnarizes Norton Sound activities during the three ARGUS 

missile launches. 

TASK GROUP 88.5 -- SCIENTIFIC SUPPORT GROUP 

The USS Albemarle participated in Project 7.3 to record surface measurements of electramagnetic and optical effects of the ARGUS detonations 

from the geomagnetic conjugate point (Reference 14). 

Radiological effects of the very-high-altitude ARGUS detonations were 

measured by the Explorer IV satellite. As noted in the surface measurements report (Reference 14): 

The satellite data shows very positive results from ARGUS 

'I, II and III. The strength of the radiation is quite 

impressive at such a distance, being probably in excess 

of lr/hr. 

The Albemarle in the North Atlantic and the remainder of the task force 

units in the South Atlantic were hundreds of miles under this measured 

shell of trapped electrons. 

Operation Order 7-58 (Reference 13) specified that each ship in the 

task force except the Albemarle and the Salamonie be furnished film badges. 

The Salamonie was an exception because it was scheduled to depart the South 

Atlantic operations area before the first scheduled ARGUS launch. The 

Albemarle was similarly excepted because of its isolation from any potential radiological exposure associated with the ARGUS launch operation. The 

position of the Albemarle for each of the three ARGUS launches was the conjugate point in the North Atlantic, near the Azores Islands (Reference 41). 

86 
5 

Table 15. USS Norton Sound (AVM-1) operational activities during ARGUS test series. 

Departure from Point of Origin 

On 1 August 1958 at 1800 departed Port Hueneme, California, en route to special project firing area; on 23 August at 1345 rendezvoused . . _ with USS Courtne (DE-1021), USS Warrin ton (DD-843). and USS Tarawa (CVS-40); at 1735 Tarawa alongside, received telphone lines for 

comnan+ con erence with Cormnan er he as 88;on 24 August at 0851 rendezvoused withmalamonie (AO-26)

Arrival in Operational Area 

25 August 

Departure from Operational Area 

9 September 

Arrival at Destination 

15 September at Rio de Janeiro, Brazil, for 5-day visit; arrived Port Hueneme, California, via Panama Canal on 11 October 

Time Ship Location/Activities 

Shot of 

Shot Date Det. Preshot At Shot Time 

ARGUS 1 

ARGUS 2 

ARGUS 3 

Source: 

27 Aua 0227 On 27 Auaust steamed in corn-- Steamed as before; at 022D launched 

pany witi other ships of 

Task Force 88; at 0130 

sounded general quarters 

30 Aug 0317 Steamed in Task Force 88; 

at 0100 sounded missile 

quarters; at 0250 sounded 

general quarters 

6 Sept 2212 On 6 September steamed in 

company with ships of Task 

Force 88; at 2007 sounded 

missile quarters; at 2010 

commenced maneuvering on 

various courses and speeds 

to obtain correct winds for 

missile launch; at 2135 

sounded general quarters 

Reference 44. 

X-17a missile; ship located between 

following points: 43013'5, 09o44'W 

on 26 August at 2000 and 43036'5, 

oaoi4'w on 27 August at 0800 

Steamed as before; at 5310 fired X-17a 

missile; ship located between following 

positions: 48028's. 08023'w on

29 August at 2000, and 47O29'S, 

on 30 August at 0800 

Steamed as before; at 2205 launched an 

X-17a missile; ship located between 

following positions: 50030'S, 07O32'W 

on 5 September at 2000 and 49O59'5, 

08o24'W on 6 September at 0800 

Postshot 

At 0235 secured frcwn general quarters, continued steaming as before 

At 0325 secured from general quarters; continued steaming as before; on 31 August at 2226 

sounded missile quarters; at 2357 cancelled 

missile operations; on 2 September at 2145 

sounded missile quarters; at 2210 secured from 

missile quarters; on 5 September at 2154 

sounded general quarters; at 2234 X-17a missile 

misfired; at 2300 secured from general quarters 

At 2219 secured from general quarters; continued steaming as before 
The Albemarle was specially manned and outfitted for its scientific 

assignment. Two civilians, one each from AFCRC and SRI, were responsible 

for the operation of the following specialized equipment (Reference 14): 

0 RF (27-MHz) communications zone indicator (COZI) radar 

• An all-sky camera 

• Spectrophotometers 

• Riometers 

0 VLF receivers. 

The aurora1 glow of ARGUS 3 was visually sighted from the Albemarle. 

Strong HF radar echoes were obtained after ARGUS 1 and ARGUS 3. Results 

from the all-sky camera and the spectrophotometers aboard the Albemarle 

could have been expected during ARGUS 3 except that the equipment was not 

turned on. No results were obtained from the network of riometers, devices 

designed to detect cosmic radio noise that the sky continuously emits. A 

riometer is a VHF receiver with a pen chart recorder that measures and records differences in this noise level. The VLF receiver aboard the Albemarle recorded effects from ARGUS 2 (Reference 14). Table 16 summarizes 

Albemarle activities for the three ARGUS missile launches. Figure 16 shows 

the Albemarle moored at Azores harbor before the start of the operation. 

88 
Table 16. USS Albemarle (AV-5) operational activities during ARGUS test series. 

Departure from Point of Origin 

On 14 August 1958 at 0602 departed Norfolk, Virginia, steaming independently; on 21 August refueled at Ponta 

Delgada, Azores; at 1628 underway for operating area 

Arrival in Operational Area 

On 23 August reached assigned operations area in the Azores 

Departure from Operational Area 

10 September 

Arrival at Destination 

On 16 September arrived at Norfolk, Virginia 

Time 

Shot of 

Shot Date Det. Preshot 

ARGUS 1 27 Aug 0227 Steamed independently 

in assigned operating z area, Azores 

ARGUS 2 30 Aug 0317 Steamed in assigned 

operating area, Azores 

ARGUS 3 6 Sept 2212 Steamed in assigned

operating area, Azores 

Source: Reference 23. 

Ship Location/Activities 

At Shot Time 

Steamed as before; ship located 

between following positions: 

34o07'N, 31°17'W on 26 August 

at 2000,and 33O44'N, 30°57'W 

on 27 August at 0800 

Continued steaming as before; 

ship located between following 

positions: 39O08'N, 31°04'W 

on 29 August at 2000, and 

33O57'N, 30°59'W on 30 August 

at 0800 

Continued steaming as before; 

ship located between following 

positions: 34oOO'N, 30°02'W 

on 5 September at 2000 and 

37O06'N, 30°06'W on 6 September 

at 0800 

_-~-.--- ~-

Postshot 

Continued steaming as before in Azores 

operating area; on 29 August at 2116 

aerologists released radiosonde 

balloon 

Continued steaming as before, on 

1 September at 0904 commenced simulated atomic attack; at 0907 set gastight envelope; at 1004 secured from 

from atomic attack drill; on 2 September commenced steaming en route to 

new operating area; arrived at new 

operating area at 0109; continued 

steaming as before 

Continued steaming as before; on 

16 September arrived at Norfolk, 

Virginia 

REFERENCES 

An availability code appears at the end of many reference citations 

for those who wish to read or obtain copies. Availability status was correct at the time the reference list was prepared. Many documents indicated 

as unavailable will become available during the declassification review 

process. The Department of Energy Coordination and Information Center 

(DOE CIC) and the National Technical Information Service (NTIS) will be 

provided future DNA-NT documents bearing an "EX" after the report number. 

Source documents with an availability code of DOE CIC may be reviewed 

at the following address: 

Department of Energy 

Coordination and Information Center 

(Operated by Reynolds Electrical & Engineering Co., Inc) 

ATTN: Mr. Richard V. Nutley 

2753 S. Highland 

P.O. Box 14100 

Las Vegas, Nevada 89114 

Telephone: (702) 734-3194; F'TS: 598-3194. 

Source documents bearing an NTIS availability code may be purchased 

at the following address: 

National Technical Information Service 

(Sales Office) 

5285 Port Royal Road 

Springfield, Virginia 22161 

Telephone: (703) 787-4650. 

When ordering by mail or phone, please include both the price code and the 

NTIS number. The price code appears in parentheses before the NTIS order 

number; e.g., (A07) AD 000 000. 

Additional ordering information or assistance may be obtained by 

writing to the NTIS, Attention: Customer Service, or by calling (703) 

487-4660. 

91 
Reference citations with no availability codes may be available at 

the location cited or in a library. 

1. Glasstone, Samuel, and Dolan, Philip J., The Effects of Nuclear Weapons, third edition, DOD and DOE, 1977. 

2. Mustin, Lloyd M., RADM, USN, Operation ARGUS: Report of the Commander, 

Task Force 88, WT-1665 EX, Task Force 88, December 29, 1959, DNA 

Tech. Lib. DTL 020,069 (AD A995 004*). 

3. Proceedings of the Study Group on the Use of Relativistic Electrons 

Trapped in the Earth's Magnetic Field, Conducted at UCRL, Livermore, 

February 10-21, 1958, 28 Feb 1958, DNA Technical Library, DTL 80, 

1647. 

4. DASA File Folder 960.2 ARGUS, 1959, Record Group 374 65A3066, Box 2, 

Washington National Records Center, Suitland, MD.*** 

5. Briefing Given to Admiral Burke and Admiral Russell: The Argus Experiment 29 July 1958, Record Group 374, 65A3066, Box 2, Washington 

National Records Center, Suitland, MD.*** 

6. The ARGUS Experiment (movie soundtrack) 1960, PAVI/F-0346, 30-95A, 

SFP-1025(AF), DNA Film Library. 

7. AFSWP File Folder 312.01. Semi-Official Correspondence of Chief, 

Chief-of-Staff, 1958, AFSWP, 1958, Record Group 374, 63A1826, Box 1, 

Washington National Records Center, Suitland, MD.*** 

8. Joint Chiefs of Staff, SM-417-58, subject, Special Nuclear Test, dated 

16 June 1958, Office of the Joint Chiefs of Staff, Washington, D.C.*** 

9. Mustin, Lloyd M., Admiral, USN (Ret.), Oral History, Operation ARGUS, 

22 September 1980, R. F. Cross Associates. 

10. Commander Task Force 88 to CNO, July 14, 1958, Serial 002, Assumption 

of Command of Task Force 88, Record Group 313, CINCLANTFLT (Red) Box 

995, National Archives.*** 

11. AFSWP File Folder 319.2. Trip Reports and Reports of Travel, AFSWP, 

1958, Record Group 374, 63A1826, Box 1, Washington National Records 

Center, Suitland, MD.*** 

*Available from NTIS; order number appears before the asterisk. 

**Available at DOE CIC. 

***Not available. 

92 
12. Commander Task Force 88 (Commander Destroyer Flotilla TWO) Operation 

Order 6-58, Serial 087, 7 July 1958, Operational Archives, Naval History Division, Washington, D.C.*** 

13. Commander Task Force 88 and Destroyer Flotilla TWO, Operation Order 

7-58, Serial 0003 July 25, 1958, Record Group 374, 61A1433, Box 7, 

Washington National Records Center, Suitland, MD.*** 

14. Newman, P. et al., Operption ARGUS: Surface Measurements - Project 

Midas, WI-1670, Air Force Cambridge Research Center, Stanford Research Institute, May 31, 1961, DNA Tech. Lib. DTL 020,079.*** 

15. Commander Task Group 88.4 (USS Norton Sound, AVM-1) X-17a FLORAL Missile Firing; Report of Operations, Serial 007, 12 September 1958, File 

960.2(AN), Record Group 374, 63A1826, Box 3, Washington National Records Center, Suitland, :MD. 

16. Deck Log, USS Bearss (DD-654), Record Group 24, N592362, Washington 

National Records Center, Suitland, MD. 

17. Deck Log, USS Courtney (DE-1021), Record Group 24, N592362, Washington National Records Center, Suitland, MD. 

18. Deck Log, USS Hammerber,g (DE-1015), Record Group 24, N592362, Washington National Records Center, Suitland, MD. 

19. Deck Log, USS Neosho (AO-143), Record Group 24, N592362, Washington 

National Records Center, Suitland, MD. 

20. Deck Log, USS Salamonie (AO-26), Record Group 24, N592362, Washington 

National Records Center, Suitland, MD. 

21. Deck Log, USS Tarawa (CVS-40). Record Group 24, N592362, Washington 

National Records Center, Suitland, MD. 

22. Deck Log, USS Warringtc,; (DD-843), Record Group 24, N592362, Washington National Records Center, Suitland, MD. 

23. Deck Log, USS Albemarle.,(AV-5), Record Group 24, N592362, Washington 

National Records Center, Suitland, MD. 

*Available from NTIS: order number appears before the asterisk. 

**Available at DOE CIC. 

***Not available. 

93 
24. Starbird, Alfred D., letter to RADM Edward N. Parker, USN, Subject, 

AEC Participation in ARGUS, dated May 19, 1958, DOE file: Division 

of Military Applications, United States Atomic Energy Commission; 

folder, Military Research and Applications - 11 ARGUS, DDE Headquarters, Germantown, MD. 

25. Operation ARGUS: Satellite Launching from Aircraft, WT-1667, Weapons 

Development Department, U.S. Naval Ordnance Test Station, May 25, 

1960, DNA Tech. Lib. DTL 020,071. 

26. Kostoff, P.C., CAPT, USA et al., Operation ARGUS: Satellite Measurements, WT-1668, Army Ballistic Missile Agency, April 8, 1960, DNA 

Tech. Lib. DTL 020,072 (SRD). 

27. Report of Second Working Group at LRL, Livermore, February 1959, 

IDA-ARPA R-59-l copy 55, Institute for Defense Analyses, Advanced 

Research Projects Agency, June 1959, DASIAC. 

28. Chandler, D.E., LCDR, USN and Pennington, R.H., MAJ, USA, Effects of 

Weapons Detonated at Extremely High Altitudes, DNA, DNA Tech. Library 

DTL 006,229. 

29. Beavers, James L. II, LTCOL, USAF et al., Operation ARGUS: Soundinq 

Rocket Measurements - Project Jason, WT-1669, Air Force Special Weapons Center, May 31, 1961, DNA Tech. Lib. DTL 020,078. 

30. Final'Report - Project JASON, January 1959, AFWL Library, Kirtland 

AFB, NM. 

31. Test Plan 5-58, Project JASON, July 1, 1958, AFWL Library, Kirtland 

AFB, NM. 

32. Aerolab Development Co., Final Report - Project JASON, January 5, 

1959, AFWL Library, Kirtland AFB, NM. 

33. Test Director's Report - Site ROMEO, undated notebook, AFWL Library, 

Kirtland AFB, NM. 

34. Project Jason: Measurement of Trapped Electrons, no date, AFWL Library, Kirtland AFB;NM. 

35. ARGUS Shot Message Traffic from July 1958 to September 1958, AFSWP 

File 960.2(AN) Radiation Division, Record Group 374, 63A1826, Box 3, 

Washington National Records Center, Suitland, MD.*** 

*Available from NTIS; order number appears before the asterisk. 

**Available at DOE CIC. 

***Not available. 

94 
36. U.S. Atomic Energy Commission, letter to Senator Margaret Chase Smith, 

subject, Project ARGUS, dated April 1, 1959, DOE file: Division of 

Military Applications, United States Atomic Energy Commission, folder, 

Military Research and Applications - 11 ARGUS, DOE Headquarters, Germantown, MD. 

37. HQ, JTF 7, Planning Guide for Teak and Orange Events, 29 April 1958, 

JTF File S-80151, Recor,d Group 374, 61A1433, Box 6, Washington National Records Center, Suitland, MD. 

38. Obermiller, S. et. al, Atmospheric Nuclear Weapons Tests (1946-1952:) 

Exposure Criteria, Film Badqe, and Decontamination Summary, 23 October 

1979, JAYCOR Report 2126-4-l. 

39. DASA File 960.2 ARGUS, 1958, Record Group 374 63A1826, Box 2 of 3 

Washington National Records Center, Suitland, MD.*** 

40. Loper, Herbert B., letter to Carl T. Durham, Chairman, Joint Committee on Atomic Energy, subject, Operation ARGUS, dated July 3, 1958, 

DOE file: Division of Military Applications, United States Atomic 

Energy Commission; folder, Military Research and Applications - 11 

ARGUS, DOE Headquarters, Germantown, MD. 

41. Hendrix, Gene W., telephone conversation of 7 November 1980, Headquarters, Navy Facilities Engineering Command, Washington, D.C. 

42. Commander Task Group 88.2 and Commanding Officer USS Warrington (DD843), Report of Operations, Serial 044, 15 September 1958, Record 

Group 374, 63A1826, BoxT Washington National Records Center, Suitland, MD (C). 

43. Commander Task Group 88.5 (USS Albemarle, AV-51, Operational FLORAL; 

Report of, Serial 003, September 27, 1958, File 960.2(AN), Record 

Group 374, 63A1826, Box 3, Washington National Records Center, Suitland, MD (S). 

44. Deck Log, Norton Sound (AVM-l), Record Group 24, N592362, Washington 

National Records Center, Suitland, MD. 

*Available from NTIS; order number appears before the asterisk. 

**Available at DOE CIC. 

***Not available. 

95 
96 
APPENDIX A 

ARGUS PLANNING AND OPERATIONAL MILESTONES 

Fall 1957 Christofilos theory proposes use of a plasma of 

electrons for military applications in space. 

3 January 1958 Christofilos theory brought to attention of President's Science Advisory Committee (PSAC). PSAC requests a group of 20 outstanding physicists to meet 

at Livermore for an intensive 2-week study of the 

theory. 

10 January 1958 Christofilos' concept published by University of 

California Radiation Laboratory, Livermore (UCRL). 

lo-21 February 1958 Working committee of scientists assemble at Livermore to study Christofilos' concept. It recommends 

a small-yield, high-altitude test shot. 

6 March 1958 J. R. Killian, Jr. and Dr. Herbert York brief President Ezisenhower on ARGUS concept. President approves 

testing the concept and directs that arrangements be 

made to orbit a satellite to measure the effects. 

6 March 1958 National Security Council briefed on ARGUS by Dr. 

Herbert York, PSAC. 

11 March 1958 Armed Forces Policy Council directs UCRL to undertake 

further theoretical work and make recommendations 

concerning nature of nuclear test to be conducted. 

97 
24 March 1958 

March-April 1958 

2 April 1958 

4 April 1958 

14 April 1958 

15 April 1958 

25 April 1958 

28 April 1958 

28 April 1958 

Deputy Secretary of Defense designates the Armed 

Forces Special Weapons Project (AFSWP) the responsible agency in the Department of Defense, in 

coordination with the Advanced Research Projects 

Agency (ARPA). 

A number of conferences are conducted with representatives of ARPA, AFSWP, the three military services, 

and other agencies to develop a plan for the ARGUS 

experiments. 

Chief, AFSWP, recommends to Director, ARPA, the 

funding and priorities required to conduct a test 

within 5 months. 

Deputy Secretary of Defense assigns overall management of the ARGUS operation to Director, ARPA. 

Technical and operational ARGUS planning staffs are 

combined to form the Special Weapons Test Project 

(SWTP) within AFSWP. 

UCRL provides AFSWP the requirement for an ARGUS 

test shot. 

Deputy Secretary of Defense approves the proposed 

ARGUS test subject to coordination with the U.S. 

Atomic Energy Commission (AEC) and the Department of 

State, and the approval of the President. 

Chief, AFSWP, requests the Army and Air Force to 

provide officers for duty on the technical staff of 

Task Force 88 (TF 88). 

ARPA promulgates its Operation Order 4-58 directing 

AFSWP to proceed with ARGUS. 

98 
28 April 1958 

1 May 1958 

19 May 1958 

19 May 1958 

20 May 1958 

2 June 1958 

11 June 1958 

18 June 1958 

3 July 1958 

14 July 1958 

19 July 1958 

1 August 1958 

Chief, AFSWP, informs the Norton Sound that it has 

been designated as the missile firing ship for ARGUS. 

Suggests a 2 May conference. 

President Eisenhower formally approves the ARGUS 

Operation. 

Rear Admiral Lloyd M. Mustin reports to Chief, AFSNP, 

to become Chief, SNIP and CTF 88. 

ARC seates to Chief, AFSWP, its understanding of AFC 

participation in ARGUS. 

RADM Mustin briefs the Military Liaison Committee on 

Operation ARGUS. 

TF 88 activated by Commander-in-Chief, U.S. Atlantic 

Fleet (CINCLANTFLT),for planning purposes. 

The Joint Chiefs of Staff (JCS) promulgate SM-417-58, 

which lists DOD agency responsibilities for ARGUS 

and requests the chiefs of the military services to 

provide the necessary operational support. 

CTF 8F3 holds a briefing in Washington, D.C., for all 

TF 88 ships' commanding officers. 

The Chairman, Joint Committee on Atomic Energy, U.S. 

Congress, informed of ARGUS operation by the Assistant to the Secretary of Defense (Atomic Energy). 

TF 88 activated by CINCLANTFLT for operations. 

President Eisenhower approves transfer of warheads 

from ARC to DOD for use in Operation ARGUS. 

Norton Sound departs Port Hueneme, California. 

99 
7 August 1958 

7 August 1958 

7 August 1958 

14 August 1958 

23 August 1958 

25 August 1958 

26 August 1958 

August 27, 1958 

August 29, 1958 

30 August 1958 

6 September 1958 

8 September 1958 

9 September 1958 

10 September 1958 

September 10, 1958 

16 September 1958 

Neosho and Bearss depart Norfolk, Virginia. 

Salamonie, Warrington, Courtney, and Hammerberg depart Newport, Rhode Island. 

Tarawa departs Quonset Point, Rhode Island. 

Albemarle departs Norfolk, Virginia. 

Albemarle arrives in assigned operations area in the 

Azores. 

Neosho, Norton Sound, Tarawa, Warrington, Courtney, 

and Bearss arrive in operational area. 

Salamonie detached from task force. 

ARGUS 1 shot. 

Assistant to the Secretary of Defense (Atomic Energy) 

reports initial results of Operation ARGUS to the 

Chairman, Joint Committee on Atomic Energy. 

ARGUS 2 shot. 

ARGUS 3 shot. 

Bearss, Hammerberg, Courtney depart operational area. 

Neosho, Norton Sound, Tarawa, and Warrington depart 

operational area. 

Albemarle departs operational area. 

Salamonie arrives Melville, Rhode Island. 

Albemarle arrives at Norfolk, Virginia. 

100 
30 September 1958 Neosho and Bearss arrive Norfolk, Virginia. 

1 October 1958 -.. Tarawa arrives Quonset Point, Rhode Island.

1 October 1958 Warrington, Courtney, and Hammerberq arrive Newport 

Rhode Island. 

11 October 1958 Norton Sound arrives Port Hueneme, California. 

3 November 1958 J. R. Killian, Jr. reports preliminary results of 

ARGUS to President Eisenhower. 

101 
102 
APPENDIX B 

SOURCES AND RESEARCH 

Operation ARGUS was plarned and conducted under extreme conditions of 

security and with an abbreviated planning and execution schedule unprecedented in United States oceanic nuclear testing. One result of the compressed schedule was that a larger than normal amount of the planning and 

coordination was done in pel'son, without the usual amount of formal preplanning, agenda preparatiori, and position papers being written. 

Almost all of the written documents originally were classified Top 

Secret. Research soon estat>lished that these highly classified documents 

were early candidates for dfsstruction. A specific case in point concerns 

the search for Commander Task Force 88 Operation Order 7-58. The available Task Force 88 ARGUS firlal report provided a full citation of this 

critical document. Since tile operation order would provide details concerning radiological plannirrg along with other essential information required to document the ARGWI operation, a thorough search was made to locate it. When the document was not located in DNA ARGUS holdings at the 

Washington National Records Center , a determined effort was made to locate 

it in other feasible record groups. 

Since ARGUS was predomirlantly a naval operation, Record Group 038, 

Office of the Chief of Nava: Operations, was searched. Results were negative. Records Group 313, Nzival Operating Forces, was considered next. A 

copy of a concurrent Confidential ARGUS operation order had been located 

in the Admiral Lloyd M. Musi.in Papers at the Navy Operational Archives. 

The distribution list of th:s operation order helped direct a search of 

the Flag Files of a number of operational commands that would have had responsibilities for Operatiorl ARGUS. Top Secret and Secret files for the 

Commander-in-Chief Atlantic Fleet and four other Atlantic major fleet 

commands were searched for ihe years 1958 and 1959. Some ARGUS material 

was discovered, but not Operation Order 7-58. A search of Department of 

103 
Energy files for the period established that the Atomic Energy Commission 

had received a copy of the operation order, but it had not survived the 

years of selective destruction of documents. 

Searches were made in the records of the Office of the Secretary of 

Defense without success. Records management personnel of the Joint Chiefs 

of Staff and the Advanced Research Projects Agency responded to a retrieval 

request and reported negative results. A visit to the Dwight D. Eisenhower 

Library was made in the search. This turned up a number of very interesting ARGUS documents, but not the operation order. The search had a successful ending when researchers working on Operation HARDTACK discovered 

the operation order and other important ARGUS material filed securely 

within the HARDTACK material. Not surprisingly, when the first copy was 

located, a second source for the operation order was also identified. 

Failure to locate the final report of film badge readings has been 

discussed previously. Medical records were searched for some of the pilots who flew on ARGUS missions. None of these provided any documentary 

evidence of badging or exposure readings. 

With the large separations between the ARGUS burst points and the test 

participants, however, and the maximum recorded personnel film packet exposure of 0.010 R relative to a 0.025 R control packet exposure, there is 

no question that personnel radiation exposures resulting from these detonations were essentially nil. 

104 
APPENDIX C 

TERMS, ABBREVIATIONS, AND ACRONYMS 

Many of the definitions in this glossary relating to nuclear device 

and radiation phenomena have been quoted or extracted from The Effects of 

Nuclear Weapons (3rd edition), S. Glasstone and P.J. Dolan, 1977. 

accelerometer. An instrument for det.,rmining the 

acceleration of the system with which it moves. 

ABC. Atomic Energy Commission, Washington, D.C. In-

-dependent agency of the Federal government with 

statutory responsibilities for atomic energy 

matters. No longer exists: its fu:lctions have 

been assumed by the Department of Energy and the 

Nuclear Regulatory Commission. 

-AF. Store ship (Navy); also Air Force.

AFSUZ. Air Force Special Weapons Center, Kirtland 

AFB, New Mexico. 

AFSWP. Armed Forces Special Weapons Pr,>ject. 

AGC. Amphibious force flagship; now LO'. -

airburst. The detonation of a nuclear tievice in the 

air at a height such that the expanding fireball 

does not touch the earth's surface w:ien the lurainosity (emission of light) is at a maximum. 

air particle trajectory. The directirn, velocity, 

and rate of descent of windblown radioactive 

particles. 

AKA. - Attack cargo ship; now LKA.

allowable dose. See MPE and MPL. 

alpha emitter. A radionuclide that unds=rgoes transformation by alpha-particle emission. 

alpha particle. A charged particle em..tted apontaneously from the nuclei of some radioactiv@ elements. It is identical with a helium nucleus, 

having a mass of 4 units and an eltbctric charge 

of 2 positive units. See also radioa.:tivity. 

alpha rays. A stream of alpha particle:,. Loosely, a 

synonym for alpha particles. 

pN/PDR-39. An ion-chamber-type survey meter: this 

was the standard radsafe meter. O!hers in use 

included the Navy version, the AN,PDR-TlB, the 

AN/PDF+1BA and -lSB, and lower range GeigerMueller instruments (AN/PDR-27, Br?ckman MK-5, 

and Nuclear Corporation 2610). 

-

AO. Oiler (Navy).

AK. - Air Operations Control Center.

-

AOG. Gasoline tanker.

!E* Transport ship.

APG. Aberdeen Proving Ground, Maryland. 

apogee. The highest point (the greatest distance 

from the Earth) in the orbit of a satellite as 

opposed to the perigee. 

arminq. The changing of a nuclear device from a safe 

condition (that is, a condition in which it cannot be accidentally detonated) to a state of 

readiness for detonation. 

AP.S. Salvage ship. 

ARSD. Salvage lifting ship. 

-* ATF Fleet ocean tug.

atomic bomb (or weaponl. A term sometimes applied to 

a nuclear weapon utilizing fission energy only. 

See also fission, nuclear device. 

atomic explosion. See nuclear explosion. 

attenuation. The process by which radiation is reduced in intensity when passing through some material. It is due to absorption or scattering or 

both, but it excludes the decrease of intensity 

with distance from the source (inverse square 

law), which see. 

aurora. Display of the effects of electrically 

charged particles from the sun guided by the 

Earth's magnetic field as they interact with the 

upper layers of the Earth's atmosphere in higher 

latitude and polar regions. See also trapped 

radiation. 

background radiation. The radiation of man's natural 

environment, consisting of that which comes from 

cosmic rays and from the naturally radioactive 

elements of the Earth, including that from within 

man’s body. The term may also mean radiation extraneous to an experiment. 

becquerel (Bq). See curie (Ci). 

beta burns. Beta particles that come into contact 

with the skin and remain for an appreciable time 

can cause a form of radiation injury sometimes 

referred to as "beta burn." In an area of extensive early fallout, the whole surface of the body 

may be exposed to beta particles. 

beta emitter. A radionuclide that disintegrates by 

beta particle emission. All beta-active elements 

existing in nature expel negative particles, 

1.e., electrons or, more exactly, negatrons. 

Beta-emitting particles are harmful if inhaled 

or ingested. 

105 
beta particle (rayl. A charged particle of very 

small mass emitted spontaneously from the nuclei 

of certain radioactive elements. Most (if not 

all) of the direct fission products emit (negative) beta particles. Physically, the beta particle is identical to an electron moving at high 

velocity. 

blast. The detonation of a nuclear device, like the 

detonation of a high explosive such as TNT, results in the sudden formation of a pressure or 

shock wave, called a blast wave in the air and a 

shock wave when the energy is imparted to water 

or Earth. 

blast wave. An air pulse in which the pressure increases sharply at the front accompanied by winds 

propagated fran a" explosion. 

blast yield. That portion of the total energy of a 

nuclear explosion that manifests itself as blast 

and shock waves. 

bomb debris. See weapon debris. 

-BBL. Ballistic Research Laboratories, Aberdeen Proving Ground, Maryland (Army). 

BuMed. Bureau of Medicine and Surgery (Navy). 

burst. Explosion; or detonation. See also airburst, 

high-altitude burst, surface burst. 

BuShips. Bureau of Ships (Navy). 

cathode-ray tube. A vacuum tube in which cathode 

rays (electrons) are beamed upon a fluorescent 

scieen to produce a luminous image. The character 

of this image is related to, and controlled by, 

one or more electrical signals applied to the 

cathode-ray beam as input information. The tubes 

are used in measuring instruments such as oscilloscopes and in radar and television displays. 

e. A heavily shielded enclosure in which radioactive materials can be remotely manipulated to 

avoid radiation exposure of personnel. 

Ci;. Abbreviation for curie, which see. Ci is preferred now but c was the abbreviation used in the 

1950s. 

Circle William fittings. The closing of certain 

closures, designated "Circle William" fittinqs, 

hinders the movement of outside air into the interior spaces of naval ships. This sealed state 

is also called Circle William condition. 

closed area. The land areas of Bikini and Enewetak 

and the water areas within 3 miles of them that 

the United States closed to unauthorized persons. 

cloud chamber effect. See Wilson cloud. 

cloud column (funnel). The visible column of weapon 

debris (and possibly dust or water droplets) extending upward from the point of a nuclear burst. 

cloud phencmena. See fallout, fireball, radioactive 

cloud. 

-CNO. Chief of Naval Operations.

collimate. To align nuclear weapon radiant outputs 

within a" assigned solid angle through the use 

of baffles in order to enhance measurements. 

Condition "Purple". See Purple conditions. 

contamination. The deposit of radioactive material 

on the surfaces of structures, areas, objects, 

and personnel following a nuclear detonation. 

This material generally consists of fallout in 

which fission products and other device debris 

have become incorporated with particles of dust, 

vaporized components of device platforms, etc. 

Contamination can also arise from the radioactivity induced in certain substances by the 

action of neutrons from a nuclear explosion. See 

also decontamination, fallout, weapon debris. 

CPM. Counts per minute; a measure of radioactive 

material disintegration. -

crater. The depression formed in the surface of the 

Earth by a surface or underground explosion. 

Crater formation can occur by vaporization of 

the surface material, by the scouring effect of 

airblast, by throwout of disturbed material, or 

by subsidence. 

C&. Chief of Staff. 

-

CTG. Commander, Task Group.

curie (Ci). A unit of radioactivity; it is the activity of a quantit of any radioactive species

'i0 in which 3.700 x 10 (37 billion) nuclear disintegrations occur per second (approximately the 

radioactivity of 1 gram of radium). The gamma 

curie is sometimes defined correspondingly as 

the activity of material in which this number of 

gamma-ray photons is emitted per second. This 

unit is being replaced by the becquerel (Bq), 

which is equal to one disintegration per second. 

-CvB. Escort aircraft carrier.

CW net. Carrier wave network. An organization of 

stations capable of direct radio communications 

on a common channel or frequency. 

D-day. The term used to designate the unnamed day on 

which a test takes place. The equivalent rule 

applies to H-hour. Time in plans is indicated by 

a letter which shows the unit of time employed 

in figures, with a minus or plus sign to indicate the amount of time before or after the reference event, e.g., D+7 means 7 days after D-day, 

H+2 means 2 hours after H-hour. 

-

DDE. Escort destroyer.

DE. Destroyer escort. -

debris (radioactive). See weapon debris. 

decay (radioactive). The decrease in activity of any 

radioactive material with the passage of time due 

to the spontaneous emission from the atomic "uclei of either alpha or beta particles, sometimes 

106 
accompanied by gamma radiation, or Ly gamma photons alone. Every decay process ha> a definite 

half-life. 

decontamination. The reduction or rem~:val of contaminating radioactive material from a strtrctuce, 

area, object, or person. Decontamin rtion may be 

accomplished by (1) treating the su:face to remove or decrease the contamination; (2) letting 

the material stand so that the radioactivity is 

decreased as a result of natural decay; and 

(3) covering the contamination in order to attenuate the radiation emitted. 

device. NuClear fission and fusior materials, 

together with their arming, fuz:ng, firing, 

chemical-explosive, and effects-me.lsuring ccxnponents, that have not reached the developPent 

status of an operational weapon. 

diagnostic measurements or experiments. Experiments 

whose purpose is to study the exploszve disassembly of a nuclear device as opposei to effects 

measurements (which see). 

M. Mi nelayer destroyer. Converted destroyers 

designed to conduct high-speed minelaying 

operations. 

-

DOD. Department of Defense. The Federrl executive -

agency responsible for the defense cf the United 

states. Includes the four services and special 

joint defense agencies. Reports to 1he President 

through the Secretary of Defense. 

dose. A general term denoting the quant ty of ionizing radiation absorbed. The unit of G8bsorbed dose 

is the rad (which see). In soft hod; tissue the 

absorbed dose in rads is essentia ly equal to 

the exposure in roentgens. The biciogical dose 

(also called the RBE dose) in rems is a measure 

oE biological effectiveness of the absorbed radiation. Dosage is used in older 1 iterature as 

well as exposure dose and simply exposure, and 

care should be exercised in their Lie. See also 

exposure. 

dose rate. As a general rule, the amoun’ of ionizing 

(or nuclear) radiation that an indivtdual or laterial would receive per unit of tire. It ts USually expressed as rads (or rems) per hour or 

multiples or divisions of these urits such as 

millirads per hour. The dose rate is commonly 

used to indicate the level of radioa:tivity in a 

contaminated area. See survey meter. 

dosimeter. An instrument for measuring ,ind registering the total accumulated dose of (or exposure 

to) ionizing radiation. Instrumerts w0rn or 

carried by individuals are calls ~3 personnel 

dosimeters. 

dosimetry. The measurement and recordi jg of radiation doses and dose rates. It is ccncerned with 

the use of various types of radiatior instruments 

with which measurements are made. Set also dosimeter, survey meter. 

DPM. Disintegrations per minute, a meast’re of radio-

-activity, literally atoms disinte lrating per 

minute. Difficult to directly compare with roentgens per hour for mixtures of radionuclides. 

DTMB. David Taylor Model Basin, Carderock, Maryland 

(Navy) . 

dynamic pressure. Air pressure that results from 

the mass air flow (or wind) behind the shock 

front of a blast wave. 

effects measurements or experiments. Experiments 

whose purpose is to study what a nuclear explosion does to equipment and systems. Includes also 

measurement of the changes in the environment 

caused by the detonation such as increased air 

pressures (blast), thermal and nuclear radiation, 

cratering, water waves, etc. 

EG&G. Edgerton, Germeshausen 6 Grier, Boston, Massachusetts (now EG&G, Inc.). An AEC contractor. 

Provided timing and firing electronics and technical film coverage. 

electromagnetic radiation. Electromagnetic radiations range from X-rays and gamma rays of short 

wavelength [high frequency), through the ultraviolet, visible, and infrared regions, to radar 

and radio waves of relatively long wavelength. 

electron. A particle of very small mass and electrically charged. As usually defined, the electron’s 

charge is negative. The term negatron is al-o 

used for the negative electron and the positively 

charged form is called a positron. See also beta 

particles. 

ETA Estimated time of arrival. -* 

ETD. Estimated time of departure. -

exosphere. The outermost region of the Earth’s atmosphere extending from about 300 statute miles 

(480 km) altitude to outer space. 

exposure. A measure expressed in roentgens of the 

ionization produced by gamma rays (or X-rays) in 

air. The exposure rate is the exposure per unit 

time (e.g., roentgens per hour). See dose, dose 

rate. roentgen. 

exposure rate contours. Lines joining points which 

have the same radiation intensity that define a 

fallout pattern, represented in terms of roentgens per hour. 

fallout. The process or phenomenon of the descent to 

the Earth’s surface of particles contaminated 

with radioactive material from the radioactive 

cloud. The term is also applied in a collective 

sense to the contaminated particulate matter itself. The early (or local) fallout is defined, 

somewhat arbitrarily, as particles reaching the 

Earth within 24 hours after a nuclear explosion. 

The delayed (or worldwide) fallout consists of 

the smaller particles, which ascend into the upper troposphere and stratosphere and are carried 

by winds to all parts of the Earth. The delayed 

fallout is brought to Earth, mainly by rain and 

snow, over extended periods ranging from months 

to years. 

107 
film badges. Used for the indirect measurement of 

ionizing radiation. Generally contain two or 

three pieces of film of different radiation sensitivities. They are wrapped in paper (or other 

thin material) that blocks light but is readily 

penetrated by gawa rays. The films are developed and the degree of fogging (or blackening) 

observed is a measure of the ganma-ray exposure, 

frcm which the absorbed dose is calculated. Film 

badges can also measure beta and neutron 

radiation. 

fireball. The luminous sphere of hot gases that 

forms a few millionths of a second after a nuclear explosion as the result of the absorption 

by the surrounding medium of the thermal X-rays 

emitted by the extremely hot (several tens of 

millions of degrees) device residues. The exterior of the fireball in air is initially sharply 

defined by the luminous shock front and later by 

the limits of the hot gases themselves. 

fission. The Process of the nucleus of a particular 

heaw element solittino into trro nuclei of 

lighier elements,- with the release of substantial 

amounts of energy. The most important fissionable 

materials are uranium-235 and plutonium-239; 

fission is caused by the absorption of neutrons. 

fission detectors. Radiation pulse detector of the 

proportional counter type in which a foil or film 

of fissionable materials is incorporated to make 

it respond to neutrons. 

fission products. A general term for the complex 

mixture of substances produced as a result of 

nuclear fission. A distinction should be made 

between these and the direct fission products or 

fission fragments that are formed by the actual 

splitting of the heavy-element nuclei into nuclei 

of medium atomic weight. Approximately SO different fission fragments result from roughly 40 

different modes of fission of a given nuclear 

species (e.g., uranium-235 or plutonium-239). The 

fission fragments, being radioactive, immediately 

begin to decay, forming additional (daughter) 

products, with the result that the complex mixture of fission products so formed contains over 

300 different radionuclides of 36 elements. 

fixed alpha. Alpha radioactivity that cannot be easily removed as evidenced by no measured change 

in a swipe of a lOO-cm2 area. 

fluorescence. The emission of light (electranagnetic 

radiation) by a material as a result of the absorption of energy from radiation. The term may 

refer to the radiation emitted, as well as to 

the emission process. 

fusion. The combination of two light nuclei to form 

a heavier nucleus, with the release of the difference of the nuclear binding energy of the 

fusion products and the sum of the binding energies of the two light nuclei. 

gamma rays. Electranagnetic radiations of high photon energy originating in atomic nuclei and accompanying many nuclear reactions (e.g., fission, 

radioactivity, and neutron capture). Physically, 

gamma rays are identical to X-rays of high energy; the only essential difference is that 

X-rays do not originate from atomic nuclei of 

high energy. Gamma rays can travel great distances through air and can penetrate considerable 

thickness of material, although they can neither 

be seen nor felt by human beings except at very 

high intensities, which cause an itching and 

tingling sensation of the skin. They can produce 

harmful effects even at a long distance from 

their source (The Effects of Nuclear Weapons, 

3rd edition). 

Geiger-Mueller counter. A gas discharge pulse counter for ionizing radiation. See also AN/PDR-39 

and ion-chamber-type survey meter. 

GMT. Greenwich Mean Time. -

gray (Gy). A recently introduced ICRP term: 1 Gy 

equals 100 cad. 

-* H-hour Time zero, or time of detonation. When used

in connection with planning operations it is the 

specific Hour at which the operation event commences. See D-day. 

half-life. The time required for a radioactive material to lose half of its radioactivity due to 

decay. Each radionuclide has a unique half-life. 

HASL, NYKOPO. Atomic Energy Commission’s Health and 

Safety Laboratory, New York Operations Office. 

high-altitude burst. Defined, somewhat arbitrarily, 

as a detonation in or above the stratosphere. The 

distribution of the energy of the explosion between blast and thermal radiation changes appreciably with increasing altitude. 

hodograph. A coimnon hodograph in meteorology represents the speed and direction of winds at different altitude increments. 

hot; hot spot. Commonly used colloquial term meaning a spot or area relatively more radioactive 

than some adjacent area. 

ICRP. International Commission on Radiological 

Protection. 

initial radiation. Also known as prompt radiation. 

Electromagnetic radiations of high energy emitted 

from both the fireball and the radioactive cloud 

within the first minute after a detonation. It 

includes neutrons and gamma rays given off almost 

instantaneously, as well as the gamma rays emitted by the fission products and other radioactive 

species in the rising cloud. Initial radiations 

from ground or near-ground bursts activate both 

Earth materials and device debris to create 

contamination. 

inverse square law. The decrease in radiation intensity with distance from a single-point source 

is proportional to the square of the distance 

removed. 

ion-chamber-type survey meter. A device for measuring the amount of ionizing radiation. Consists 

108 
of a gas-filled chamber containing two electrodes 

(one of which may be the chamber wall) between 

which a potential difference is mazntained. The 

radiation ionizes gas in the chamber and an instrument connected to one electrode measures the 

ionization current produced. 

ionization. The process of adding electrons to, or 

knocking electrons from, atoms O!‘ molecules, 

thereby creating ions. High temper,ltures, electrical discharges, and nuclear radiation can 

cause ionization. 

ionizing radiation. Any particulate or electrmagnetic radiation capable of producing ione, directly or indirectly, in its passage through 

matter. Alpha and beta particles produce ion 

pairs directly, while gana rays and X-ray8 liberate electrons as they traverse matter, which 

in turn produce ionization in their paths. 

ionosphere. The region of the atmosphere, extending 

from roughly 40 to 250 miles (64 to 400 km) above 

the Earth, in which there is appreciable iarization. The presence of charged part:cles in this 

region profoundly affects the propaqation of radio and radar waves. 

irradiation. Exposure of matter to radiation. 

isodose lines. Dose or dose-rate contollrs. In fallout, contours plotted on a radiation field within 

which the dose rate or the total acctimulateddose 

is the same. 

isotope. Atoms with the same atomic number (8ame 

chemical element) but different atomic weiahtt 

i.e., the nuclei have the same numb:,1 of protons 

but a different number of neutrons. 

JCS. - Joint Chiefs of Staff.

kinetic energy. Energy associated wit3 the motion 

of matter. 

LASL. Los Alamos Scientific Laboratory. Los Alamos, 

New Mexico. 

-

LCM. Landing craft, mechanized.

-LML. Lookout Mountain Laboratory, Hollywood, Calffornia (Air Force). 

Loran. Long-range aid to navigation system. Loran 

stations were maintained by the U.S. Coast Guard 

Station on Enewetak Island and Johnston Atoll. 

magnetaneter. An instrument for measuring changes in 

the geanagnetic field. 

E. Military Air Transport Service; later, Wflitary Airlift Command (joint Air Force). 

megaton (energy). Approximately the amount of energy 

that would be released by the explosion of one 

million tons of TNT. 

microcuxie. One-millionth of a curie. 

micron. One-millionth of a meter [i.e., low6 meter 

or 10-4 centimeter); it is roughly four onehundred-thousandths (4 x 10e5) of an inch. 

milliroentgen. One-thousandth of a roentgen. 

MINSY. Mare Island Naval Ship Yard, California. 

-MPE. Maximum Permissible Exposure (rule dose). That

exposure to ionizing radiation that is established by authorities as the maximum over certain periods without resulting in undue risk to 

human health. 

MPL. Maximum Permissible Limit. That amount of ra-

-dioactive material in air, water, foodstuffs, 

etc. that is established by authorities as the 

maximum that would not create undue risk to human health. 

1103;mr. Abbreviation for milliroentgen. 

MSTS. Military Sea Transportation Service, (Navy). 

mushroom cap. 8op of the cloud formed from the fireball of a nuclear detonation. 

Motor vessel. Mv. 

-NAS. Naval Air Station.

E. National Bureau of Standards. 

NCRP. National Committee on Radiation Protection and 

Measurements. Before 1956 simply the National 

Committee on Radiation Protection. 

neutron. A neutral elementary particle (i.e., with 

neutral electrical charge) of approximately unit 

mass (i.e., the mass of a proton) that is present 

in all atomic nuclei, except those of ordinary 

(light) hydrogen. Neutrons are required to initiate the fission process, and large numbers of 

neutrons are produced by both fission and fusion 

reactions in nuclear explosions. 

neutron flux. The intensity of neutron radiation. 

It is expressed as the number of neutrons passing 

through 1 cm2 in 1 second. 

-NPG. Nevada Proving Ground, now the Nevada Test Site

WS). 

NRUL. Naval Radiological Defense Laboratory. 

NRL. Naval Research Laboratory. -

KTPR. Nuclear Test Personnel Review. 

-. 

NTS Nevada Test Site.

nuclear cloud. See radioactive cloud. 

nuclear device (or weapon or bomb). Any device in 

which the explosion results from the energy released by reactions involving atomic nuclei, 

either fission or fusion, or both. Thus, the A-

(or atomic) bomb and the H- (or hydrogen) bomb 

are both nuclear weapons. It would be equally 

true to call them atomic weapons, since the 

109 
energy of atomic nuclei is involved in each case. 

However, it has becane more or less custanary, 

although it is not strictly accurate, to refer 

to weapons in which all the energy results from 

fission as A-bombs. In order to make a distinction, those weapons in which part of the energy 

results from thermonuclear (fusion) reactions of 

the isotopes of hydrogen have been called H-bombs 

or hydrogen bcmbs. 

nuclear explosion. Explosive release of energy due 

to the solittina. _. or _ 

ioinina.-- of atoms. The explosion is observable by a violent emission of 

ultraviolet, visible, and infrared (heat) radiation, gamma rays, neutrons, and other particles. 

This is accompanied by the formation of a fireball. A large part of the energy from the explosion is emitted as blast and shock waves when 

detonated at the Earth’s surface or in the atmosphere. The fireball produces a mushroom-shaped 

mass of hot gases and debris, the top of which 

rises rapidly. See also radiation, gamna rays, 

fireball, nuclear device, fission, fusion, blast. 

nuclear fusion. See thermonuclear fusion. 

nuclear radiation. Particulate and electranagnetic 

radiation emitted from atomic nuclei in various 

nuclear processes. The important nuclear radiations, frcan the weapons standpoint, are alpha 

and beta particles, gamma rays, and neutrons. 

All nuclear radiations are ionizing radiations, 

but the reverse is not true; X-rays, for example, are included among ionizing radiations, but 

they are not nuclear radiations since they do 

not originate from atomic nuclei. 

nuclear tests. Tests carried out to supply information required for the design and improvement of 

nuclear weapons and to study the phenomena and 

effects associated with nuclear explosions. 

nuclide. Any species of atom that exists for a measurable length of time. The term nuclide is used 

to describe any atomic species distinguished by 

the composition of its nucleus; i.e., by the 

number of protons and the number of neutrons. 

Isotopes of a given element are nuclides having 

the normal number of protons but different numbers of neutrons in this nuclei. A radionuclide 

is a radioactive nuclide. 

off-scale. Radiation (or other physical phenomena) 

greater than the capacity of a measuring device 

to measure. 

mm. Office of Naval Research, Washington, D.C. -

OPNAV. Office of the Chief of Naval Operations. 

ORNL Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Tennessee. -* 

oscilloscope. The name generally applied to a 

cathode-ray device. 

overpressure. The transient pressure, usually expressed in pounds per square inch, exceeding the 

ambient pressure, manifested in the shock (or 

blast) wave fran a” explosion. 

peak overpressure. The maximum value of the overpressure (which see) at a given location. 

per igee. The lowest point (the shortest distance 

from the Earth) in the orbit of a satellite, as 

opposed to the apogee. 

permissible contamination or dose. That dose of 

ionizina radiation that is not expected to cause 

appreciable bodily injury to a person at any time 

during his lifetime. 

phantom. A volume of material closely approximating 

the density and effective atomic number of tissue. The phantom absorbs ionizing radiation in 

the same manner as tissue, thus radiation dose 

measurements made within the phantom provide a 

means of approximating the radiation dose within 

a human or animal body under similar exposure 

conditions. materials commonly used for phantoms 

are water, masonite, pressed wood, and beeswax. 

p&. A heavily shielded container (usually lead) 

used to ship or store radioactive materials. 

prompt radiation. See initial radiation. 

proton. A particle carrying a positive charge and 

physically identical to the nucleus of the ordinary hydrogen atom. 

Purple conditions. A shipboard warning system used 

in radiological defense. Various numbered conditions were sounded when radioactive fallout was 

encountered. Responses to the sounded warnings 

included closing of various hatches and fittings, 

turning off parts of the ventilation system, and 

removing personnel from a ship’s open decks. The 

higher the Purple condition number, the more severe the radiological situation. 

R;. Symbol for roentgen. 

Ra. Chemical symbol for radium. -

_-

rad Radiation absorbed dose. A unit of absorbed

dose of radiation; it represents the absorption 

of 100 ergs of ionizing radiation per gram (or 

0.01 J/kg) of absorbing material, such as body 

tissue. This unit is presently being replaced in 

scientific literature by the Gray (Gy), numerically equal to the absorption of 1 joule of energy per kilogram of matter. 

PadDefense. Radiological defense. Defense against 

the effects of radioactivity from atomic weapons. 

It includes the detection and measurement of 

radioactivity, the protection of persons from 

radioactivity, and decontamination of areas, 

places, and equipment. See also radsafe. 

radex area. Radiological exclusion area. Following 

each detonation there were areas of surface radiological contamination and areas of air radiological contamination. These areas were designated 

as radex areas. Radex areas were used to chart 

actual or predicted fallout and also used for 

control of entry and exit. 

110 
radiation. The emission of any rays, electromagnetic 

waves, or particles (e.g., qamna rays, alpha particles, beta particles, neutrons) fr0n a source. 

radiation decay. See decay (radioactive!. 

radiation detectors. Any of a wide vari-ty of materials or instruments that provide a siqnal when 

stimulated by the passage of ionizini radiation; 

the sensitive element in radiation de!tect_icm instruments. The most widely used me-lia for the 

detection of ionizing radiation are photographic 

film and ionization of gases in detectors (e.g., 

Geiger counters), followed by materi.lls in which 

radiation induces scintillation. 

radiation exposure. Exposure to radiation may be 

described and modified by a number 0. terms. The 

type of radiation is important: alpha and beta 

particles, neutrons, qamna rays and X-rays, and 

cosmic radiation. Radiation exposure may be Fran 

an external radiation source, such as qanrsa c~y8, 

x-rays, or neutrons, or it may be from raddfonuelides retained within the body emitting alpha, 

beta, or qarmna radiation. The exposure may result 

from penetrating or nonpenetrating r-adiatirrr in 

relation to its ability to enter and pass through 

matter -- alpha and beta particles being conddered as nonpenetrating and other types of radfation as penetrating. Exposure may be related to 

a part of the body or to the whole bc~iy. See also 

whole-body irradiation. 

radiation intensity. Degree of radiati,jn. Measured 

and reported in roentqens (R), rads, rema, and 

rep, multiples and divisions of these units, and 

multiples and divisions of these unit8 a8 a 

function of exposure rate (per hour, day, etc.). 

radioactive (or nuclear) cloud. An all-inclusive 

term for the cloud of hot gases, +moke, dust, 

and other particulate matter from the weapon 

itself and from the environment, which is carried 

aloft in conjunction with the ris!nq fireball 

produced by the detonation of a nuclear weapon. 

radioactive nuclide. See radionuclide. 

radioactive particles. See radioactivity. 

radioactive pool. A disk-like pm1 of radioactive 

water near the surface formed by a rater-surface 

or subsurface detonation. The pool gradually expands into a" annular form, then reverts to a 

larger irregular disk shape at late1 times with 

a corresponding attenuation of radioactivity. 

radioactivity. The spontaneous emission of radiation, generally alpha or beta particles, often 

accompanied by qanma rays, from the nuclei of an 

(unstable) nuclide. As a cesult of this emission 

the radioactive nuclide is converled (decays)

into the isotope of a different (daliqhter)element, which may (or may not) also be radioactive. 

Ultimately, as a result of one or rn0l.estages of 

radioactive decay, a stable (nonradioactive) end 

product is formed. 

radiological survey. The directed' effort to determine the distribution and dose rate g)f radiation 

in a" area. 

radionuclide. A radioactive nuclide (or radioactive 

atomic species). 

radiosonde. A balloon-borne instrument for the simultaneous measurement and transmission of meteorological data, consisting of transducers for 

the measurement of pressure, temperature, and 

humidity; a modulator for the conversion of the 

output of the transducers to a quantity that 

controls a property of the radiofrequency signal; 

a selector switch, which determines the sequence 

in which the parameters are to be transmitted; 

and a transmitter, which generates the radiofrequency carrier. 

radiosonde balloon. A balloon used to carry a radiosonde aloft. These balloons have davtime bursting altitudes of about 80,000 feet (25 km) above 

sea level. The balloon measures about 5 feet 

(1.5 meters) in diameter when first inflated and 

may expand to 20 feet (6 meters) or more before 

bursting at high altitude. 

radium A radioactive element with the atomic "um- -. her 88 and a" atomic weight of 226. In nature, 

radium is found associated with uranium, which 

decays to radium by a series of alpha and beta 

emissions. Radium is used as a radiation source 

for instrument calibration. 

radops. Radiological safety operations. 

radsafe. Radiological safety. General term used to 

cover the training, operations, and equipment 

used to protect personnel from potential overexposures to nuclear radiation during nuclear 

tests. 

rainout. Removal of radioactive particles from a 

nuclear cloud by rain. 

_rawin. Radar wind sounding tests that determine the 

winds aloft patterns by radar observation of a 

balloon. 

rawinsonde. Radar wind sounding and radiosonde 

(combined). 

RBE. Relative biological effectiveness. A factor 

-used to compare the biological effectiveness of 

absorbed radiation doses (i.e., rads) due to 

different types of ionizing radiation. For radiation protection the term has been superseded by 

Quality Factor. 

rem. A special unit of biological radiation dose 

equivalent; the name is derived from the initial 

letters of the term "roentqen equivalent man (or 

mammal)." The number of rems of radiation is 

equal to the number of rads absorbed multiplied 

by the RBE of the given radiation (for a specified effect). The rem is also the unit of dose 

equivalent, which is equal to the product of the 

number of rads absorbed multiplied by the "quality factor" and distribution factor for the radiation. The unit is presently being replaced by 

the sievert (Sv). 

x. An obsolete special unit of absorbed dose. 

111 
residual nuclear radiation. Nuclear radiation, 

chiefly beta oarticles and carrma ravs, _ that oersists for a ;ime following a nuclear explosion. 

The radiation is emitted mainly by the fission 

products and other bomb residues in the fallout, 

and to some extent by Earth and water constituents, and other materials, in which radioactivity 

has been induced by the capture of neutrons. 

riaaeter . Relative Ionospheric Opacity Meter; an 

instrument that measures the absorption of cosmic noise in the ionosphere. 

roentgen (R; r). A special unit of exposure to gamma 

(or X-) radiation. It is defined precisely as 

the quantity of gamma (or X-) rays that will 

produce electrons (in ion pairs) with a total 

charge of 2.58 x 10-4 coulomb in 1 kilogram of 

dry air under standard conditions. An exposure 

of 1 roentgen results in the deposition of about 

94 ergs of energy in 1 gram of soft body tissue. 

Hence, an exposure of 1 roentgen is approximately 

equivalent to an absorbed dose of 1 rad in soft 

tissue. 

RlTY. Radio teletype. 

SC. Sandia Corporation, Albuquerque, New Mexico. 

scattering. The diversion of radiation (thermal, 

electromagnetic and nuclear) from its original 

path as a result of interactions (or collisions) 

with atoms, molecules, or larger particles in 

the atmosphere or other media between the source 

of the radiations (e.g., a nuclear explosion) 

and a point some distance away. As a result of 

scattering, radiations (especially gada rays 

and neutrpns) will be received at such a point 

from many directions instead of only from the 

direction of the source. 

scintillation. A flash of light produced by ionizing 

radiation in a fluor or a phosphor, which may be 

crystal, plastic, gas, or iiquid. 

shear (wind). Refers to differences in direction 

(directional shear) of wind at different 

altitudes. 

shielding. Any material or obstruction that absorbs 

(or attenuates) radiation and thus tends to protect personnel or equipment from the effects of 

a nuclear explosion. A moderately thick layer of 

any opaque material will provide satisfactory 

shielding from thermal radiation, but a considerable thickness of material of high density may be 

needed for gamma radiation shielding. See also 

attenuation. 

shock. Term used to describe a destructive force 

moving in air, water, or Earth caused by 

detonation of a nuclear detonation. 

shock wave. A continuously propagated pressure pulse 

(or wave) in the surrounding medium, which may 

be air, water, or Earth, initiated by the expansion of the hot gases produced in an explosion. 

sievert (Sv). A recently introduced ICRP measure of 

“dose equivalent” that takes into account the 

“quality factor” of different sources of ionizing radiation. One sievert equals 100 rem. 

slant range. The straight-line distance of an aircraft at any altitude from ground zero or the 

distance from an airburst to a location on the 

ground. 

SRI. Stanford Research Institute, Stanford, 

-California. 

stratosphere. Upper portion of the atmosphere, approximately 7 to 40 miles (11 to 64 km) above 

the Earth’s surface, in which temperature changes 

but little with altitude and cloud formations 

are rare. 

streamline. In meteorology, the direction of the 

wind at any given time. 

surface burst. A nuclear explosion on the land surface, an island sueface or reef, or on a barge. 

survey meters. Portable radiation detection instruments esoeciallv _ adapted - for survevina - _ or inspecting an area to establish the existence and 

amount of radiation present, usually from the 

standpoint of radiological protection. Survey 

instruments are customarily powered by selfcontained batteries and are designed to respond 

quickly and to indicate directly the exposure 

rate conditions at the point of interest. See 

AN/PDR-39, Geiger-Mueller counter, and ionchamber-type survey meter. 

survey, radiation. Evaluation of the radiation hazards associated with radioactive materials. 

TDY. Temporary duty assignment. -

thermal radiation. Electromagnetic radiation emitted 

in two pulses from a surface or airburst from 

the fireball as a consequence of its very high 

temperature; it consists essentially of ultraviolet, visible, and infrared radiation. In the 

first pulse, when the temperature of the fireball is extremely high, ultraviolet radiation 

predominates; in the second pulse, the temperatures are lower and most of the thermal radiation lies in the visible and infrared regions of 

the spectrum. 

thermonuclear fusion. Refers to the processes in 

which verv- hiah _ temperatures are used to brina 

about the fusion of light nuclei, such as those 

of the hydrogen isotopes (deuterium and tritium), 

with the accompanying liberation of energy. The 

high temperatures required to initiate the fusion 

reaction are obtained by means of a fission explosion. See also fusion. 

TNT equivalent. A measure of the energy released as 

the result of the detonation of a nuclear device 

or weapon, expressed in terms of the mass of TNT 

that would release the same amount of energy 

when exploded. The TNT equivalent is usually 

stated in kilotons (1,000 tons) or megatons 

(1 million tons). The basis of the TNT equivalence is that the explosion of 1 ton of TNT is 

assumed to release 1 billion calories of energy. 

See also megaton, yield. 

112 
__ 

trapped radiation. Electrically chargt%d particles 

moving back and forth in spirals along the northsouth orientation of the Earth’s magnetic field 

between mirror points, called conjugate points. 

Negatively charged particles drift eastward as 

they bounce between northern and southern conjugate points and positively charged particles 

drift westward, thus forming shells or belts of 

radiation above the Earth. The sotirce of the 

charged particles may be natural, fran solar 

activity (often called Van Allen belts) , or a~-

tifical, resulting f ram high-altit ude nuclear 

detonations. 

tropopause. The boundary dividing the stratosphere 

f rcan the lower part of the atmosphere, the troposphere. The tropopause normally oI.curs at an 

altitude of about 25,000 to 45,000 feet (7.6 to 

13.7 km) in polar and temperate zones, and at 

55,000 feet (16.8 km) in the tropil-s. See also 

stratosphere, troposphere. 

troposphere. The region of the atmosphtre, imediately above the Earth’s surface and up to the 

tropopause, in which the temperature falls fairly 

regularly with increasing altitude, clouds form, 

convection is active, and mixing if: continuous 

and more or less complete. 

type commander. The officer or agency having cognizance over all Navy ships of a given type. This 

is in addition to the particular stip’s aasignment in a task force, fleet, or other tactical 

subdivision. 

UCLA. University of California, Los Anlleles. 

5. University of California Radiatior.! Laboratory, 

Livermore, California. 

UHF. Ultra-high frequency. -

ultraviolet. Electramagnetic radiaticn of wavelengths between the shortest vi! ible violet 

(about 3,850 angstroms) and soft x-rays (about 

100 angstroms). 

USNS. United States Navy Ship: vessels of this designation are manned by civilian crew:. 

warhead. The portion of the missile or :)omb containing the nuclear device. 

weapon debris. The radioactive residue of a nuclear 

device after it has been detonated, consisting 

of fission products, various products of neutron 

capture, weapon casing and other components, and 

uranium or plutonium that has escaped fission. 

whole-body irradiation. Exposure of the body to ionizing radiation from external radiation sources. 

Critical organs for the whole body are the lens 

of the eye, the gonads, and the red-blood-forming 

marrow. As little as only 1 cm3 of bone marrow 

constitutes a whole-body exposure. Thus, the entire body need not be exposed to be classed as a 

whole-body exposure. 

Wilson cloud. A mist or fog of minute water droplets 

that temporarily surrounds a fireball following 

a nuclear detonation in a humid atmosphere. This 

is caused by a sudden lowering of the pressure 

(and temperature) after the passing of the shock 

wave (cloud chamber effect) and quickly dissipates as temperatures and pressures return to 

normal. 

worldwide fallout. Consists of the smaller radioactive nuclear detonation particles that ascend 

into the upper troposphere and the stratosphere 

and are carried by winds to all parts of the 

Earth. The delayed (or worldwide) fallout is 

brought to Earth, mainly by rain and snow, over 

extended periods ranging from months to years. 

E. Prefix of Weapon Test (WI) report identification 

numbers. These reports were prepared to record 

the results of scientific experiments. 

yield. The total effective energy released in a nuclear detonation. It is usually expressed in 

terms of the equivalent tonnage of TNT required 

to produce the same energy release in an explosion. The total energy yield is manifested as 

nuclear radiation (including residual radiation), 

thermal radiation, and blast and shock energy, 

the actual distribution depending upon the medium 

in which the explosion occurs and also upon the 

type of weapon. See TNT equivalent. 

yield (blast)_. That portion of the total energy of 

a nuclear detonation that is identified as the 

blast or shock wave. 

yield (fission)_. That portion of the total explosive 

vield attributable to nuclear fission. as oooosed 

to fusion. The interest in fission yield stems 

from the interest in fission product formation 

and its relationship to radioactive fallout. 

113 
114 
APPENDIX D 

INDEX OF PARTICIPATING ORGANIZATIONS 

ABMA. See Army Ballistic Missile Agency. -

Advanced Research Projects Agency. 19, 20, 22, 

23, 37, 98, 104. 

AEC. -See Atomic Energy Commission. 

Aerolab Development Company. 41, 42. 

AFCRC. See Air - Force Cambridge Research Center. 

AFtfrC. -See Air Force Missile Test Center.

AFSWC. -See Air Force Special Weapons Center. 

AFSWP. See Armed Forces Specitrl Weapon6 

Project.-

AFWL. -See AiK Force Weapons Laboratory. 

Air Antisubmarine Squadron 32. 27 (Table l), 29 

(Figure 3), 44, 73. 

Air Force Cambridge Research Center. Experimental Activities: 23, 28 (Table 1), 38, 

42, 43 (Table 5), 44, 63, 73, 88; Personnel: 

30 (Table 2). 

Air Force Missile Test Center. 40, 41, 42. 

Air Force Special Weapons Center. 72, 41, 42. 

Air Force Weapons Laboratory. 4. 

US.5 Albemarle (AV-5). Experimental Activities: 

1, 25, 26, 36, 37, 42, 44, 63, 68, 86, 88, 

89 (Table 16), 90 (Figure 16), l@O; Position 

Data: 33 (Figure 5), 62 (Figure 8), 65, 67 

(Figure lo), 71 (Figure 12), 72; Radsafe Activities: 49; Non-Navy Personnel Aboard: 38 

(Table 3); Complement: 28 (Table 1). 

AO-26. See USS Salamonie. -

AO-64. See USS Tolovana. -

AD-143. See USS Neosho. 

Armed Forces Policy Council. 19, 97. 

Armed Forces Special Weapons Project. Expcrimental Activities: 19, 20, 21, 22, 23, 24, 

25, 37, 98, 99; Radsafe Activities: 26, 51; 

Personnel: 28 (Table 1). 

Army Ballistic Missile Agency. 22, 37, 41. 

Army Lexington-Bluegrass Depot. 5, 26, 51, 52, 

54, 55. 

Army Map Service. 39 (Table 4). 

Army Office of Chief Signal Officer. 39 (Table 4. 

Army Security Agency. 39 (Table 4). 

Army Signal Corps. 43. 

Army Signal Research and Development Laboratory. 39 (Table 4). 

ARPA. See Advanced Research Projects Agency. -

Assistant to the Secretary of Defense (Atomic 

Energy). 20. 

Atomic Energy Commission. 3, 19, 21, 23, 37, 38 

Table 3), 45, 98, 99, 104. See also Division 

of Military Applications. 

AV-5. See USS Albemarle. -

AVM-1. See USS Norton Sound. -

Ballistic Research Laboratories. 39 (Table 4). 

USS Bearss (DD-654). Operational Activities: 1, 

29 (Fiaure 3). 73, 100. 101: Radsafe Activities: 52 (Table 6) ; Pdsiticn Data: 33 (Figure S), 59, 62 (Figure E), 64, 67 (Figure 

lo), 69, 71 (Figure 12), 74 (Table Ei), 77 

Table 9), 78 (Table lo), 79 (Table ll), 80 

(Table 12), 81 (Table 13), 82 (Table 14). 

Complement: 27 (Table 1). 

CDC. See Center for Disease Control. -

Center for Disease Control (CDC). 3. 

Chief of Naval Operations. 21, 24. 

CINCLANTFLT. See Commander-in-Chief Atlantic 

Fleet. -

Commander-in-ChiefAtlantic Fleet. 24, 25, 26, 

99, 103. 

CNO. See Chief of Naval Operations. -

115 
Conrnander, Destroyer Flotilla Two. 26. 

Cooper Development Corporation. 38 (Table 3). 

US.5 Courtney (DE-1021). Operational Activities: 

1, 29 (Figure 3), 73, 75, 100, 101; Radsafe 

Activities: 52 (Table 6); Position Data: 

58, 59, 62 (Figure S), 64, 65, 67 (Figure 

lO), 69, 71 (Figure 12), 74 (Table 8), 77 

(Table 9), 78 (Table lo), 79 (Table ll), 80 

(Table 12), 81 (Table 13), 82 (Table 14), 87 

(Table 15); Complement: 27 (Table 1). 

DD-843. See USS Warrington. 

DE-1015. See US.9 Hamnerberg. -

DE-1021. e USS Courtney. 

Defense Nuclear Agency. 4, 5, 103. 

Department of Energy. 4. 

Division of Military Applications. 23. 

DMA. See Division of Military Applications. -

DNA. See Defense Nuclear Agency. -

Eisenhower Library, Abilene, Kansas. 4. 

USS Floyd County (LST-762). 29, 31. 

US.9 Hamnerberg (DE-1015). Operational Activities: 1, 29 (Fiqure 3). 73, 75. 100, 101: 

Radsafe Activities: 52 (Table 6); Position 

Data: 58, 59, 62 (Figure 8), 64, 67 (Figure 

101, 68, 69, 71 (Figure 12), 74 (Table 8), 

77 (Table 9), 78 (Table lo), 79 (Table ll), 

80 (Table 12), 81 (Table 13), 82 (Table 14); 

Complement: 27 (Table 1). 

Helicopter Antisubmarine Squadron 5. Complement: 27 (Table 1); Operational Activities: 

29 (Figure 3), 73. 

w-5. See Helicopter Antisubmarine Squadron 5. -

JCS. See Joint Chiefs of Staff. -

Jet Propulsion Laboratory. 39 (Table 4). 

Joint Chiefs of Staff. 22, 99, 104. 

Joint Committee on Atomic Energy. 99, 100. 

LASL. -See Los Alamos Scientific Laboratory. 

Lexington. See Army Lexington-Bluegrass Depot. -

Lockheed Missile Systems Division. Experimental 

Activities: 25, 32, 38 (Table 3), 41, 45, 

53, 83; Personnel Exposures: 42. 

Lookout Mountain Air Force Station. 38. 

Los Alamos Scientific Laboratory. 4, 23. 

LST-762. See USS Floyd County. -

Marine Detachment. 27 (Table 1). 

Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Lincoln 

Laboratory. 43. 

Military Liaison Committee (AEC). 99. 

NACA. See National Advisory Committee on Aeronautics. 

NAMTC. See Naval Air Missile Test Center. 

National Advisory Committee on Aeronautics. 41, 

42. 

National Bureau of Standards. 43 (Table 5). 

Naval Air Missile Test Center. 29, 83. 

Naval Construction Battalion Center. 32. 

Naval Operating Forces. 4, 103. 

Naval Operational Archives. 4, 103. 

Naval Ordnance Test Station. 23, 46. 

Naval Research Laboratory. 39 (Table 4). 

Navy. 23. See also names of Navy units. 

Navy Hydrographic Office. Complement: 38 Table 3). 

USS Neosho (AO-143). Operational Activities. 1, 

29 (Figure 3), 31, 34, 45, 76, 100, 101; 

Radsafe Activities: 52 (Table 6); Position 

Data: 33 (Figure 5), 59, 60 (Figure 6), 61 

(Figure 7), 62 (Figure B), 64, 66 (Figure 

9), 67 (Figure lo), 69, 70 (Figure ll), 71 

(Figure 12), 74 (Table 8), 77 (Table 9), 78 

(Table lo), 80 (Table 12), 81 (Table 13), 

82 (Table 14); Non-Navy Personnel Aboard: 

38 (Table 3): Complement: 27 (Table 1). 

NOL. -See Naval Ordnance Laboratory. 

USS Norton Sound (AVM-1). Operational Activities: 1, 11, 21, 25, 29, 30, 35, 36, 37, 

43, 44, 45, 100, 101; Radsafe Activities: 

49, 51, 52 (Table 6), 53, 54; Personnel 

Exposures: 55; Position Data: 24, 32, 33 

(Figure 5), 58, 59, 60 (Figure 6), 61 

(Figure 7), 64, 66 (Figure 9), 67 (Figure 

lO), 69, 70 (Figure ll), 71 (Figure 12), 74 

(Table 8), 77 (Table 9), 78 (Table lo), 80 

(Table 121, 87 (Table 15); Non-Navy Personnel Aboard: 38 (Table 3); Complement: 28 

(Table 1). 

NDTS. -See Naval Ordnance Test Station.

116 
NRL. -See Naval Research Laboratory. 

mPR. See Nuclear Test Personnel Review. -

Nuclear Test Personnel Review. 3, 4. 

Office of the Chief of Naval Operations. 4, 

103. 

Office of Naval Research. 22, 23, 25, 43 (Table 5). 

ONR. -See Office of Naval Research.

Pilotless Aircraft Research Station. 41, 42. 

President's Science Advisory Committee. 19, 97. 

PSAC. See President's Science Advisory Corn- - mittee. 

Raytheon. 43 (Table 5). 

Rome Air Development Center. 43. 

USS Salamonie (AC-26). Operational Activities: 

1, 29 (Figure 3), 37, 76, 86, 100; Position 

Data: 33 (Figure 51, 59, 62 (Figure 81, 67 

(FiCJUKe lo), 71 (Figure 12), 74 (Table 8), 

77 (Table 9), 78 (Table lo), 79 (Table ll), 

80 (Table 12), 81 (Table 13), 82 (Table 10, 

87 (Table 15); Canplement: 27 (Table 1). 

San Francisco Naval Shipyard. 25, 83. 

Sandia Corporation. Experimental Activities: 

23, 29, 30, 38 (Table 3), 45, 83; Radsafe 

Activities: 52; Personnel Exposures: 45. 

Seventy-second (72nd) Bombardment Wing. 41, 

42. 

Smithsonian Astrophysical Laboratory. 39 (Table 4). 

Special Weapons Test Project. 23, 24, 98, 99. 

SRI. See Stanford Research Institute. -

Stanford Research Institute. 28 (Table l), 38 

(Table 3), 42, 43, 44, 88. 

Stanford University. 43 (Table 5). 

State University of Iowa. 39 (Table 4). 

SwrP. See Special Weapons Test Project. -

USS Tarawa (CVS-40). Operational Activities: 1, 

29 (Figure 3), 31, 34, 35, 43, 44, 45, 73, 

75 (Figure 13), 100, 101; Position Data: 

58, 59, 60 (Figure 6), 61 (Figure 7), 62 

(Figure 8), 64, 66 (Figure 91, 67 (Figure 

lO), 69, 70 (Figure ll), 71 (Figure 12), 74 

(Table 8), 77 (Table 9), 78 (Table lo), 79 

(Table ll), 80 (Table 12), 81 (Table 13), 

82 (Table 14), 87 (Table 15); Non-Navy Personnel Aboard: 38 (Table 3); Complement: 27 

(Table 1). 

uss Tolovana (AO-64). 83. 

UCPL. See University of California Radiation 

LabGZory. 

University of California Radiation Laboratory. 

12, 17, 19, 21, 22, 97. 

VA. -See Veterans Administration. 

Veterans Administration. 3. 

VS-32. See Air Antisubmarine Squadron 32. -

USS Warrington (DD-843). Operational Activities: 1. 29 (Figure 31. 34. 73. 75. 100. 

101; Radsafe Activitiesi.52 (Table 6);. Posil 

tion Data: 59, 62 (Figure 8), 64, 67 (Figure 

lO), 69, 71 (Figure 12), 74 (Table 8), 77 

(Table 9), 78 (Table lo), 79 (Table ll), 80 

(Table 12), 81 (Table 13), 82 (Table 14), 87 

(Table 15); Non-Navy Personnel Aboard: 38 

(Table 3); Complement: 27 (Table 1). 

117 
118 
____ 

DISTRIBUTION LIST 

DIMENT OF DEFENSE 

Armed Forces Staff College

ATTN: Library 

Assistant Secretary of Defense, Public Affairs 

ATTN: PA0 

Defense Nuclear Agency 

ATTN: PA0 

ATTN: GC 

ATTN: BA 

5 cy ATTN: NTPR 

25 cy ATTN: TITL 

Defense Technical Information Center 

12 cy ATTN: DD 

Field Command 

Defense Nuclear Agency 

ATTN. FCLS 

ATTN: FCTT, W. Summa 

ATTN. FCLS. Maj D. Norton 

ATTN. FCTT, 6. Ganong 

Interservice Nuclear ',:eapons School 

ATTN: TTV 

National Defense University 

ATTN: ICAF Tech Library 

Assistant to the Secretary of Defens' 

Atomic Energy 

ATTN: Military Applications 

ATTN: Executive Assistant 

DEPARTMENT OF THE ARMY 

Army Library 

ATTN: Military Dot Set 

Army Nuclear Test Personnel Review 

2 cy ATTN: DAAG-AMR-R TAG0 

U.S. Army Center of Military History 

ATTN: DAMH-HSO 

U.S. Army Chemical School 

ATTN: ATZN-CM-CS 

ATTN: ATZN-CM-AL 

U.S. Army Comd & General Staff Colleie 

ATTN: Library 

U.S. Army War College 

ATTN: Library 

U.S. Army Nuclear & Chemical Agency 

ATTN: Library 

EfiRTMENT OF THE NAVY 

Aviation History Unit 

Department of the Navy

ATTN: Library 

Bureau of Medicine and Surgery 

Department of the Navy 

ATTN: Asst for Med Surgery 

DEPARTMENT OF THE NAVY (Continued) 

James Carson Breckinridge Library 

Department of the Navy 

ATT:i: Library Div 

Marine Corps Nuclear Test Personnel Review 

ATTN: Code MSRB-60 

Merchant Marine Academy 

ATTN: Director of Libraries 

Marine Corps Dev ;; Education Command 

ATTN: J. C. Breckenridge Lib 

Naval Hospital Corps School 

ATTN: Library 

Naval Ocean Systems Center 

ATTN: Library 

Naval Oceanographic Office 

ATTN: Code 325, Historian 

Naval Postgraduate School 

ATTN: Code 1424, Library 

Naval Research Laboratory 

ATTN: Library 

Naval School 

Naval Construction Battalion Center 

ATTN: Commanding Officer 

Naval Sea Systems Command 

ATTN: Nuclear Technology Div 

Naval Surface Weapons Center 

ATTN: Library 

Naval War College 

ATTN: Professor 8 Libraries 

Naval Weapons Center 

ATTN: Code 233 

Naval Weapons Evaluation Facility 

ATTN: Library 

Navy )ept Library 

ATTN: Librn 

Navy F(uclear Power School 

ATTN: Library 

Navy iuclear Test Personnel Review 

2 CY ATTN: W. Loeffler 

U.S. Naval Academy 

llimitz Library 

ATTN: Documents & Reports Dept 

Marine Corps Base 

ATTN: Document Custodian 

119 
DEPARTMENT OF THE NAVY (Continued) 

Office of the Judge Adv Gen 

Department of the Navy 

ATTN: Code 73 

Marine Corps Historical Center 

2 cy ATTN: Code hDH-2 

U.S. Merchant Marine Academy 

ATTN: Librn 

U.S. Naval Air Station Library 

Department of the Nav) 

ATTN: Library 

UMRTMENT OF THE AIR FORCE 

Academy Library DFSELD 

U.S. Air Force Academy 

ATTN: Library 

Aerospace Defense Command 

ATTN: Historian 

Air Force Communications Command 

ATTN: Historian 

Air Force Institute of Technology 

ATTN: Library 

Air Force Logistics Command 

ATTN: Historian 

Air Force Nuclear Test Personnel Review 

ATTN: HQ USAF/SGES 

Air Force School of Aerospace Medicine 

ATTN: Strughold Library 

Air Force Systems Command 

ATTN: Historian 

Air Force Technical Applications Center 

ATTN: Historian 

Air Force Weapons Laboratory 

Air Force Systems Cornmand 

ATTN: Tech Library 

Air National Guard 

ATTN: Historian 

Air Training Command 

ATTN: Historian 

Air University Library 

Department of the Air Force 

ATTN: AUL-LSE 

Military Air Lift Command 

ATTN: Historian 

Commander-in-Chief 

Pacific Air Forces 

ATTN: Historian 

Tactical Air Command 

Department of the Air Force 

ATTN: Historian 

DEPARTMENT OF THE AIR FORCE (Continued) 

Strategic Air Comnand 

Department of the Air Force 

ATTN: NRI-STINFO Library 

ATTN: Historian 

U.S. Air Force Occupational & Env Health Lab 

ATTN: NTPR 

DEPARTMENT OF ENERGY --___ 

Department of Energy 

ATTN: OMA 

Department of Energy 

Nevada Operations Office 

ATTN: Health Physics Div 

2 cy ATTN: R. Nutley 

Department of Energy 

Human Health & Assessments Division 

ATTN: EV-31 

OTHER GOVERNMENT AGENCIES --___ __---

Centers for Disease Control 

U.S. Public Health Service 

ATTN: G. Caldwell 

Central Intelligence Agency 

ATTN: Office of Medical Services 

Department of Health & Human Svcs 

ATTN: Office of General Counsel 

Exec Oft of The President 

Management & Budget Off Lib 

ATTN: Librn 

Library of Congress

ATTN: Library Service Division 

ATTN: Science & Technology Div 

ATTN: Serial & Govt Publication 

National Atomic Museum 

ATTN: Historian 

Department of Commerce 

National Bureau of Standards 

ATTN: Librn 

Occupational Safetv & Health Admin 

ATTN: Library 

Office of Health & Disability (ASPER) 

ATTN: R. Copeland 

Oft of Workers Compensation Program 

Department of Labor 

ATTN: R. Larson 

U.S. Coast. Guard Academy Library 

ATTN: Librn 

U.S. House of Representatives 

2 cy ATTN: Committee on Armed Svcs 

120 
OTHER GOVERNMENT AGENCIES (Continb!d 

U.S. House of Representatives 

Committee on Interstate & Foreign Comnerce 

ATTN: Subcommittee on Health & Envir 

U.S. Military Academy 

ATTN: Director of Libraries 

U.S. Senate 

Committee on Armed Services 

ATTN: Comnittee on Veterans Affairs 

U.S. Senate 

ATTN: Committee on Veterans Affairs 

Veterans Administration-R0 

Providence, RI 

ATTN: Director 

Veterans Administration-R0 

Montgpmery, AL 

ATTN: Director 

Veterans Administration-R0 

Anchorage, AK 

ATTN: Director 

Veterans Administration-R0 

Phoenix. AZ 

ATTN: Director 

Veterans Administration-R0 

Little Rock, AR 

ATTN: Director 

Veterans Administration-R0 

Los Angeles, CA 

ATTN: Director 

Veterans Administration-R0 

Sdn Francisco, CA 

ATTN: Director 

Veterans Administration-R0 

Denver, CO 

ATTN: Director 

Veterans Administration-R0 

Hartford, CT 

ATTN: Director 

Veterans Administration-R0 

Wilmington, DE 

ATTN: Director 

Veterans Administration-OFC Central 

Washington, D. C. 

ATTN: Dept Veterans Benefit, Central Dfc 

ATTN: Director 

ATTN: Board of Veteran Appeal 

Veterans Administration-R0 

St. Petersburg, FL 

ATTN: Director 

Veterans Administration-R0 

Atlanta, GA 

ATTN: Director 

OTHER GOVERNMENT AGENCIES (Continued) 

Veterans Administration-R0 

Honolulu, HI 

ATTN: Director 

Veterans Administration-R0 

Chicago, IL 

ATTN: Director 

Veterans Administration-R0 

Seattle, WA 

ATTN- Director 

Veterans Administration-R0 

Indianapolis, IN 

ATTN: Director 

Veterans Administration-R0 

Des Moines, IA 

ATTN: Director 

Veterans Administration-R0 

Wichita, KS 

ATTN: Director 

Veterans Administration-R0 

Louisville, KY 

ATTN: Director 

Veterans Administration-R0 

New Orleans, LA 

ATTN: Director 

Veterans Administration-R0 

Togus, ME 

ATTN: Director 

Veterans Administration-R0 

Baltimore, MD 

ATTN: Director 

Veterans Administration-R0 

Boston, MA 

ATTN: Director 

Veterans Administration-R0 

St. Paul. MN 

ATTN: Director 

Veterans Administration-R0 

Jackson, MS 

ATTN: Director 

Veterans Administration-R0 

Huntington, WV 

ATTN: Director 

Veterans Administration-R0 

St. Louis, MO 

ATTN: Director 

Veterans Administration-R0 

Ft. Harrison, Ml 

ATTN: Director 

National Archives 

ATTN: Librn 

121 
OTHER GOVERNMENT AGENCIES (Continued) EHER GOVERNMENT AGENCIES (Continued) 

Veterans Administration-R0 

Lincoln, NE 

ATTN: Director 

Veterans Administration-R0 

Reno, NV 

ATTN: Director 

Veterans Administration-R0 

Manchester, NH 

ATTN: Director 

Veterans Administration-R0 

Newark, NJ 

ATTN: Director 

Veterans Administration-R0 

Milwaukee, WI 

ATTN: Director 

Veterans Administration-R0 

Albuquerque, NM 

ATTN: Director 

Veterans Administration-R0 

buffalo, NY 

ATTN: Director 

Veterans Administration-R0 

New York, NY 

ATTN: Director 

Veterans Administration-R0 

Winston-Salem, NC 

ATTN: Director 

'Veterans Administration-R0 

Fargo, ND 

ATTN: Director 

Veterans Administration-R0 

Cleveland, OH 

ATTN: Director 

Veterans Administration-R0 

Muskogee, OK 

ATTN: Director 

Veterans Administration-R0 

Portland, OR 

ATTN: Director 

Veterans Administration-R0 

Pittsburgh, PA 

ATTN: Director 

Veterans Administration-R0 

Philadelphia, PA 

ATTN: Director 

Veterans Administration-R0 

San Francisco, CA 

ATTN: Director 

Veterans Administration-R0 

San Juan, Puerto Rico 

ATTN: Director 

Veterans Administration-R0 

Columbia, SC 

ATTN: Director 

Veterans Administration-R0 

Sioux Falls, SD 

ATTN: Director 

Veterans Administration-R0 

Houston, TX 

ATTN: Director 

Veterans Administration-R0 

Waco, TX 

ATTN: Director 

Veterans Administration-R0 

Salt Lake City, UT 

ATTN: Director 

Veterans Administraiton-RO 

White River Junction, VT 

ATTN: Director 

Veterans Administration-R0 

Roanoke, VA 

ATTN: Director 

Veterans Administration-R0 

Cheyenne, WY 

ATTN: Director 

Veterans Administration-R0 

San Diego, CA 

ATTN: Director 

Veterans Administration-R0 

Boise, ID 

ATTN: Director 

Veterans Administration-R0 

Detroit, MI 

ATTN: Director 

Veterans Administration-R0 

Nashville, TN 

ATTN: Director 

The White House 

ATTN: Domestic Policy Staff 

DEPARTMENT OF ENERGY CONTRACTORS 

Lawrence Liver-more National Lab 

ATTN: Tech Info Dept Library 

Los Alamos National Lab 

ATTN: Library 

2 Cy ATTN: ADPA MMS 195 

Sandia National Lab 

ATTN: W. Hereford 

ATTN: Central Library 

Reynolds Electrical & Engr Co., Ire 

ATTN: CIC 

ATTN: W. Rrady 

122 
DTtiER 

Adams State College 

ATTN: Librn 

Akron Public Library 

ATTN: Librn 

Alabama State Dept of Archives & Hislory 

ATTN: Military Records Div 

University of Alabama 

ATTN: Reference Dept/Docs 

University of Alaska Library at Anci~~~rdge 

ATTN: Librn 

University of Alaska 

ATTN: Oir of Libraries 

Albany Public Library 

,jT:N: Librn 

Alexander City State Jr College 

ATTN: Librn 

Allegheny College 

ATTN: Librn 

Allen Lounty Public Library 

ATTN: Librn 

Altoona Area Public Library 

ATTN: Librn 

American Statistics Index 

Congressional lnfo Service, Inc 

ATTN: Cathy Jarvey 

Anaheim Public Library 

ATTN: Librn 

College of Wooster 

ATTN: Gov Dots 

Angelo State University Library 

ATTN: Librn 

Angelo Iacoboni Public Library 

ATT"': Librn 

Anoka County Library 

ATTN: Librn 

Appalachian State University 

ATTN: Library Dots 

Arizona State University Library 

ATTN: Librn 

University of Arizona 

ATTIi: Gov Dot Dept/C. Bower 

Arkansas College Library 

ATTN: Library 

Brooklyn College 

ATTN: Dot Civ 

!THER (Continued_l ..- .~ 

Arkansas Library Comm 

ATTN: Library 

Arkansas State University 

ATTN: Library 

IJniversity of Arkansas 

ATTN: GOV DOCS Div 

Austin College 

ATTN: Librn 

Atlanta Public Library 

ATTN: Ivan Allen Dept 

Atlanta University 

ATTN: Librn 

Auburn University Library at Mongomery (Reg) 

ATTN: Librn 

C. W. Post Ctr Long Island University 

ATTN: Librn 

Bangor Public Library 

ATTN: Librn 

Bates College Library 

ATTN: Libm 

Baylor University Library 

ATTN: Dots Dept 

Beloit Colleqe Libraries 

ATTN: Serials Oocs Dept 

Bemidji State College 

ATTN: Library 

State University Colleqe 

ATTN: Gov Dots 

Akron University 

ATTN: Gov Dots 

Boston Public Library (Reg) 

ATTf4: Dots Dept 

Bowdoin College 

ATTN: Librn 

Bowling Green State University 

ATTN: Lib Gov Dots Services 

Bradley University 

ATTN: Librn 

Brandeis University Library 

ATTN: Dots Section 

Brigham Young University 

ATTN: Librn 

Brigham Young University 

ATTN: Dots Collection 

Brookhaven National Laboratory 

ATTN: Tech Library 

123 
OT;HER (Continued) 

Broward County Library Sys 

ATTN: Librn 

Brown University 

ATTN: Librn 

Bucknell University 

ATTN: Reference Dept 

Buffalo & Erie Co Public Library 

ATTN: Librn 

State University Library of California at Fresno 

ATTN: Library 

University Library of California at Los Angeles 

ATTN: Pub Affairs Set-v U.S. Dots 

University of California at San Diego 

ATTN: Dots Dept 

State College Library of California at Stanislaus 

ATTN: Library 

California State Polytechnic University Library 

ATTN: Librn 

California State University at Northridge 

ATTN: Gov Dot 

California State Library (Reg) 

ATTN: Librn 

California State University at Long Beach Library 

ATTN: Librn 

California State University 

ATTN: Librn 

California State University 

ATTN: Librn 

California University Library 

ATTN: Gov Pub Dept 

California University Library 

ATTN: Librn 

California University Library 

ATTN: Gov Dots Dept 

California University Library 

ATTN: Oocs Set 

University of California 

ATTN: Gov Dots Dept 

Calvin College Library 

ATTN: Librn 

Kearney State College 

ATTN: Gov Dots Dept 

Carleton College Library 

ATTN: Librn 

OTHERiContinueA 

Carnegie Library of Pittsburgh 

ATTN: Librn 

Carnegie Mellon University 

ATTN: Dir of Libraries 

Carson Regional Library 

ATTN: Gov Pubs Unit 

Case Western Reserve University 

ATTN: Librn 

University of Richmond 

ATTN: Library 

University of Central Florida 

ATTN: Library Dots Dept 

Central Michigan University 

ATTN: Library Dots Set 

Central Missouri State Univ 

ATTN: Gov DOCS 

Central State University 

ATTN: Lib Dots Dept 

Central Washington University 

ATTN: Lib Dots Set 

Central Wyoming College Library 

ATTN: Librn 

Charleston County Library 

ATTN: Librn 

Charlotte & tlechlenburg County Public Library 

ATTN: E. Correll 

Chattanooga Hamilton County, Bicentennial Library 

ATTN: Librn 

Chesapeake Public Library System 

ATTN: Librn 

Chicago Public Library 

ATTN: Gov Pubs Dept 

State University of Chicago 

ATTN: Librn 

Chicago University Library 

ATTN: Dir of Libraries 

ATTN: Dots Processing 

Cincinnati University Library 

ATTN: Librn 

Claremont Colleges Libraries 

ATTN: Dot Collection 

Clemson University 

ATTN: Dir of Libraries 

124 
OTHER (Continued) 

Cleveland Public Library 

ATTN: Dots Collection 

Cleveland State University Library 

ATTN: Librn 

Coe Library 

ATTN: Dots Div 

Colgate University Library 

ATTN: Ref Lib 

Colorado State University Libraries 

ATTN: Librn 

University of Colorado Libraries 

ATTN: Dir of Libraries 

Columbia University Library 

ATTN: Dots Svc Ctr 

Columbus & Franklin Cty Public Library 

ATTN: Gen Ret Div 

Compton Library 

ATTN: Librn 

Connecticut State Library (Rcg) 

ATTN: Librn 

University of Connecticut 

ATTN: Gov't of Connecticut 

University of Connecticut 

ATTN: Dir of Libraries 

Cornell University Library 

ATTN: Librn 

Corpus Christi State University Library 

ATTN: Librn 

Culver City Library 

ATTN: Librn 

Curry College Library 

ATTN: Librn 

Dallas County Public Library 

ATTN: Librn 

Dallas Public Library 

ATTN: Librn 

Dalton Junior College Library 

ATTN: Librn 

Dartmouth College

ATTN: Librn 

Davenport Public Library 

ATTN: Librn 

Davidson College

ATTN: Librn 

OTHER (Continued) 

Dayton & Montgomery City Public Library 

ATTN: Librn 

University of Dayton 

ATTN: Librn 

Decatur Public Library 

ATTN: Librn 

Dekalb Community College so cpus 

ATTN: Librn 

Delaware Pauw University 

ATTN: Librn 

University of Delaware 

ATTN: Librn 

Delta College Library 

ATTN: Librn 

Delta State University 

ATTN: Librn 

Denison University Library 

ATTN: Librn 

Denver Public Library (Reg) 

ATTN: Dots Div 

Dept of Library & Archives (Reg) 

ATTN: Librn 

Detroit Public Library 

ATTN: Librn 

Burlington Library 

ATTN. Librn 

Dickinson State College 

ATTN: Librn 

Alabama Agricultural Mechanical University & Co11 

ATTN: Librn 

Drake University 

ATTN: Cowles Library 

Drew University 

ATTN: Librn 

Duke University 

ATTN: Pub Dots Dept 

Duluth Public Library 

ATTN: Dots Set 

East Carolina University 

ATTN: Lib Dots Dept 

East Central University 

ATTN: Librn 

East Islip Public Library 

ATFN: Librn 

125 
OTHER (Continued1 

East Orange Public Library 

ATTN: U.S. Gov't Depository 

East Tennessee State University Sherrod Library 

ATTN: Dots Dept 

East Texas State University 

ATTN: Library 

Monmouth County Library Eastern Branch 

ATTN: Librn 

Eastern Illinois University 

ATTN: Librn 

Eastern Kentucky University 

ATTN: Librn 

Eastern Michigan University Library 

ATTN: Library 

Eastern Montana College Library 

ATTN: Dots Dept 

Eastern New Mexico University 

ATTN: Librn 

Eastern Oregon College Library 

ATTN: Librn 

Eastern Washington University 

ATTN: Librn 

El Paso Public Library 

ATTN: Dots & Genealogy DePt 

Elko County Library 

ATTN: Librn 

Elmira College 

ATTN: Librn 

Elon College Library 

ATTN: Librn 

Enoch Pratt Free Library 

ATTN: Dots Oft 

Emory University 

ATT&I: Librn 

Evansville & Vanderburgh Cty Public Library 

ATTN: Librn 

Everett Public Library 

ATTN: Librn 

Fairleigh Dickinson University 

ATTN: Depository Dept 

Florida A & M University 

ATTN: Librn 

Florida Atlantic University Library 

ATTN: Div of Pub Dots 

DTHER (Continued) 

Florida Institute of Technology 

ATTN: Library 

Florida International University Library 

ATTN: Dots Set 

Florida State Library 

ATTN: Dots Set 

Florida State University 

ATTN: Librn 

University of Florida 

ATTN: Dots Dept 

Fond Du Lac Public Library 

ATTN: Librn 

Ft Hays State University 

Ft Hays Kansas State College 

ATTN: Librn 

Ft Worth Public Library 

ATTN: Librn 

Free Public Library of Elizabeth 

ATTN: Librn 

Free Public Library 

ATTN: Librn 

Freeport Public Library 

ATTN: Librn 

Fresno Cty Free Library 

ATTN: Librn 

Gadsden Public Library 

ATTN: Librn 

Garden Public Library 

ATTN: Librn 

Gardner Webb College 

ATTN: Dots Library 

Gary Public Library 

ATTN: Librn 

Georgetown University Library 

ATTN: Gov Dots Room 

Georgia Institute of Technology 

ATTN: Librn 

Georgia Southern College 

ATTN: Librn 

Georgia Southwestern College 

ATTN: Dir of Libraries 

Georgia State University Library 

ATTN: Librn 

126 
OTHER (Continued) 

University of Georgia 

ATTN: Dir of Libraries (Reg) 

Glassboro State College 

ATTN: Librn 

Gleeson Library 

ATTN: Librn 

Graceland College 

ATTN: Librn 

Grand Forks Public City-County Libr,lry 

ATTN: Librn 

Grand Kapids Public Library 

ATTN: Dir of Lib 

Greenville County Library 

ATTN: Librn 

Guatn RFK Memorial University Librar; 

ATTN: Fed Depository Co11 

University of Guam 

ATTN: Librn 

Gustavus Adolphus College 

ATTN: Librn 

South Dakota University 

ATTN: Librn 

Hardin-Simmons University Library 

ATTN: Librn 

Hartford Public Library 

ATTN: Librn 

Harvard College Library 

ATTN: Dir of Lib 

Harvard College Library 

ATTN: Serials Ret Div 

University of Hawaii Library 

ATTN: Gov Dots Co11 

Hawaii State Library 

ATTN: Fed Dots Unit 

University of Hawaii at Monoa 

ATTN: Dir of Libraries (Reg) 

University of Hawaii 

Hilo Campus Library 

ATTN: Librn 

Haydon Burns Library 

ATTN: Librn 

Hennepin County Library 

ATTN: Gov Dots 

Henry Ford Community College Librard 

ATTN: Librn 

OTHERContinued) 

Herbert H. Lehman College 

ATTN: Lib Dots Div 

Hofstra University Library 

ATTN: Dots Oept 

Hollins College 

ATTN: Librn 

Hopkinsville Comnun ty College 

ATTN: Librn 

Wagner College 

ATTN: Librn 

University of Houst011 Library 

ATTN: Dots Div 

Houston Public Library 

ATTN: Librn 

Tulane University 

ATTN: Dots Dept 

Hoyt Public Library 

ATTN: Librn 

humboldt State College Library 

ATTN: Dots Dept 

Huntington Park Library 

ATTN: Librn 

Hutchinson Public Library 

ATTN: Librn 

Idaho Public Library & Information Center 

ATTN: Librn 

Idaho State Library 

ATTN: Librn 

Idaho State University Library 

ATTN: Dots Dept 

University of Idaho 

ATTN: Dir of Libraries (Reg) 

ATTN: Dots Set 

University of Illinois Library 

ATTN: Dots Set 

Illinois State Library (Reg) 

ATTN: Gov Dots L3r 

Illinois University at Urbana-Champaign 

ATTN: P. Watson Dots Lib 

Illinois Valley Community College 

ATTN: Library 

Illinois State University 

ATTN: Librn 

Indiana State Library (Reg) 

ATTN: Serial Set 

Indiana State University

ATTN: Dots Library 

127 
OTHER (Contin& 

Indiana University Library 

ATTN: Dots Dept 

Indianapolis Marion County Public Library 

ATTN: Social Science Div 

Iowa State University Library 

ATTN: Gov Dots Dept 

Iowa University Library 

ATTN: Gov Dots Dept 

Butler University 

ATTN: Librn 

Isaac Delchdo College 

ATTN: Librn 

James Madison University 

ATTN: Librn 

Jefferson County Public Library 

Lakewood Regional Library 

ATTN: Librn 

Jersey City State College 

ATTN: F. A. Irwin Library Periodicals 

Dot Set 

Johns Hopkins University 

ATTN: Dots Library 

La Roche College 

ATTN: Librn 

Johnson Free Public Library 

ATTN: Librn 

Kalamazoo Public Library 

ATTN: Librn 

Kansas City Public Library 

ATT!{: Dots Div 

Kansas State Library 

ATTN: Librn 

Kansas State University Library 

ATTN: Dots Dept 

University of Kansas 

ATTN: Dir of Library (Reg) 

University of Texas 

ATTN: Lyndon B. Johnson School of Public 

Affairs Library 

Maine Maritime Academy 

ATTN: Librn 

University of Maine 

ATTN: Librn 

OTHER (Continued1 

Kent State University L ibrary 

ATTN: Dots Div 

Kentucky Dept of Library & Archives 

ATTN: Dots Set 

University of Kentucky 

ATTN: Gov Pub Dept 

ATTN: Dir of Lib (Reg) 

Kenyon College Library 

ATTN: Librn 

Lake Forest College 

ATTN: Librn 

Lake Sumter Community College Library 

ATTN: Librn 

Lakeland Public Library 

ATTN: Librn 

Lancaster Regional Library 

ATTN: Librn 

Lawrence University 

ATTN: Dots Dept 

Brigham Young University 

ATTN: Dots & Map Set 

Library and Statutory Dist & Svc 

2 cy ATTN: Librn 

Earlham College 

ATTN: Librn 

Little Rock Public Library 

ATTN: Librn 

Long Beach Public Library 

ATTN: Librn 

Los Angeles Public Library 

ATTN: Serials Div U.S. Dots 

Louisiana State University 

ATTN: Gov Dot Dept 

ATTN: Dir of Libraries (Reg) 

Louisville Free Public Library 

ATTN: Librn 

Louisville University Library 

ATTN: Librn 

Hoover Institution 

ATTN: J. Bingham 

128 
OTHER {Continued) 

Manchester City Library 

ATTN: Librn 

Mankato State College 

ATTN: Gov Pubs 

University of Maine at Farmington 

ATTN: Dir of Libraries 

Marathon County Public Library 

ATTN: Librn 

Principia College

ATTN: Librn 

University of Maryland 

ATTN: McKeldin Library Dots Di\ 

University of Maryland 

ATTN: Librn 

University of Massachusetts 

ATTN: Gov Dots Co11 

Maui Public Library 

Kahului Branch 

ATTN: Librn 

McNeese State University 

ATTN: Librn 

Memphis & Shelby County Public Library & 

Information Center 

ATTN: Librn 

Memphis State University

ATTN: Librn 

Mercer University 

ATTN: Librn 

Mesa County Public Library 

ATTN: Librn 

Miami Dade Community College 

ATTN: Librn 

Univer;;. of Miami Library 

: Gov Pubs 

Miami Public Library 

ATTN: oocs Div 

Miami University Library 

ATTN: Dots Dept 

University of Santa Clara 

ATTN: Dots Div 

Michig;;T;tate Library

: Librn 

Michig;yTitate University Library 

: Librn 

Murray State University Library

ATTN; Lib 

PTHER (Continued) 

Michigan Tech University 

ATTN: Lib Dots Dept 

University of Michigan 

ATTN: Acq Set Dots Unit 

Middlebury College Library 

ATTN: Librn 

Millersville State College 

ATTN: Librn 

State University of New York 

ATTN: Dots Librn 

Milwaukee Public Library 

ATTN: Librn 

Minneapolis Public Library 

ATTN: Librn 

University of Minnesota 

ATTN: Dir of Libraries (Reg) 

Minot State College 

ATTN: Librn 

Mississippi State University 

ATTN: Librn 

University of Mississippi 

ATTN: Dir of Libraries 

Missouri University at Kansas City General 

ATTN: Librn 

University of Missouri Library 

ATTN: Gov Dots 

M.I.T. Libraries 

ATTN: Librn 

Mobile Public Library 

ATTN: Gov Info Div 

Midwestern University

ATTN: Librn 

Montana State Library 

ATTN: Librn 

Montana State University Library 

ATTN: Librn 

University of Montana 

ATTN: Dir of Libraries (Reg) 

Montebello Library 

ATTN: Librn 

Moorhead State College 

ATTVI: Library 

Mt Prospect Public Library 

ATTN: Gov't Info Ctr 

129 
OTHER LContinueg 

Nassau Library System 

ATTN: Lihrn 

Natrona County Public Library 

ATTN: Librn 

Nebraska Library Community 

Nebraska Public Clearinghouse 

ATTN: Librn 

University of Nebraska at Omaha 

ATTN: Univ Lib Dots 

Nebraska Western College Library 

ATTli: Lihrn 

lin iversity of fiebraska 

ATTN: Dir of Libraries (Reg) 

University of Nebraska Library 

ATTN: Acquisitions Dept 

University of Nevada Library 

ATTN: Gov Pubs Dept 

University of Nevada at Las Vegas 

ATTN: Uir of Libraries 

New Hampshire University Library 

ATTN: Lihrn 

New Hanover County Public Library 

ATTN: Librn 

New Mexico State Library 

ATTN: Librn 

New Mexico State Unlverslty 

ATTN: Lib Dots Div 

University of New Mexico 

ATTN: Dir of Libraries (Reg) 

University of !iew Orleans 

ATTN: tiov Dots Div 

Library 

fiew Orleans 

ATTN: 

Public 

Lihrn 

Library 

New York Public Library 

ATTN: I ibrn 

New York State Library 

ATTN: Dots Control Cultural Ed Ctr 

State University of New 'York at Stony Brook 

ATTN: Main Lib Dots Set 

State University of New York Co1 Memorial Lib 

at Cortland 

ATTN: Lihrn 

State Unlverslty of New 'York 

ATTX: Lib Dots Set 

tiorth Texas State University Library 

ATTN: Llbrn 

UTHER (Continued) 

State University of New York 

ATTN: Librn 

New York State University 

ATTN: Dots Ctr 

State University of New York 

ATTN: Dots Dept 

13ew York University Library 

ATTN: Dots Dept 

Newark Free Library 

ATTN: Librn 

Newark Public Library 

ATTN: Librn 

Niagara Falls Public Library 

ATTN: Librn 

Nicholls State University Library 

ATTN: Dots Div 

Nieves M. Flares Memorial Library 

ATTN: Librn 

Norfolk Public Library 

ATTN: R. Parker 

North Carolina Agricultural & Tech State 

University 

ATTN: Librn 

University of florth Carolina at Charlotte 

ATTN: Atkins (Lib Dot Dept 

University Library of North Carolina at Greensboro 

ATTN: Lihrn 

University of North Carolina at Wilmington 

ATTN: Librn 

North Carolina Central University 

ATTN: Librn 

North Carolina State University 

ATTN: Librn 

University of North Carolina 

ATTII: BA 5s Div Dots 

North Dakota State University Library 

ATTN: Dots Librn 

University of North Dakota 

ATTN: Lihrn 

North Georgia College 

ATTN: Librn 

Minnesota Div cf Emergency Svcs 

ATTN: Lihrn 

130 
-- OTHER (Continued) OTHER (Continued). 

Northeast Missouri State University 

ATTIC: Librn 

Northeastern Oklahoma State Univers.ty 

ATTN: Librn 

Northeastern University 

ATTN: Dodge Library 

Northern Arizona University Library 

ATTN: Gov Oocs Dept 

Northern Illinois University 

ATTN: Librn 

Northern Michigan University 

ATTN: Dots 

Northern Montana College Library 

ATTN: Librn 

Northwestern Michigan College 

ATTN: Librn 

Northwestern State University 

ATTN: Librn 

Northwestern State University Libra) y 

ATTN: Librn 

Northwestern University Library 

ATTN: Gov Pubs Dept 

Norwalk Public Library 

ATTN: Librn 

Northeastern Illinois University 

ATTN: Library 

University of Notre Dame 

ATTfJ: Dot Ctr 

Oakland Community College 

ATTN: Librn 

Oakland Public Library 

ATTN: Librn 

Oberlin College Library 

ATTN: Librn 

Ocean County College 

ATTN: Librn 

Ohio State Library 

ATTN: Librn 

Ohio State University 

ATTN: Lib Dots Div 

Ohio University Library 

ATTN: Dots Dept 

Oklahoma City University Library 

ATTN: Librn 

Oklahoma City University Library 

ATTN: Librn 

Oklahoma Department of Libraries 

ATTN: U.S. Gov Dots 

University of Oklahoma 

ATTN: Dots Div 

Old Dominion University 

ATTN: Dot Dept Univ Lib 

Olivet College Library 

ATTN: Librn 

Omaha Public Library Clark Branch 

ATTN: Librn 

Onondaga County Public Library 

ATTN: Gov Dots Set 

Oregon State Library 

ATTfl: Librn 

University of Oregon 

ATTN: Dots Set 

Ouachita Baptist University 

ATTil: Librn 

Pan American University Library 

ATTN: Librn 

Passaic Public Library 

ATTN: Librn 

Queens College

ATTN: Dots Dept 

Pennsylvania State Library 

ATTN: Gov Pubs Set 

Pennsylvania State University

ATTN: Lib Dot Set 

University of Pennsylvania 

ATTN: Dir of Libraries 

University of Denver 

ATTN: Penrose Library 

Peoria Public Library 

ATTN: Business, Science & Tech Dept 

Free Library of Philadelphia 

ATTN: Gov Pubs Dept 

Philipsburg Free Public Library 

ATTN: Library 

Phoenix Public Library 

ATTN: Librn 

University of Pittsburgh 

ATTN: Dots Office, GB 

Plainfield Public Library 

ATTN: Librn 

131 
OTHER (Continued1 

Popular Creek Public Library District 

ATTN: Librn 

Association of Portland Library 

ATTN: Librn 

Portland Public Library 

ATTN: Librn 

Portland State University Library 

ATTN: Librn 

Pratt Institute Library 

ATTN: Librn 

Louisiana Tech University 

ATTN: Librn 

Princeton University Library 

ATTN: Dots Div 

Providence College 

ATTN: Librn 

Providence Public Library 

ATTN: Librn 

Public Library Cincinnati & Hamilton County 

ATTN: Librn 

Public Library of Nashville and Davidson County 

ATTN: Librn 

University of Puerto Rico 

ATTN: Dot & Maps Room 

Purdue University Library 

ATTN: Librn 

Quinebaug Valley Community College 

ATTN: Librn 

Auburn University 

ATTN: Microforms & Dots Dept 

Rapid City Public Library 

ATTN: Librn 

Reading Public Library 

ATTN: Librn 

Reed College Library 

ATTN: Librn 

Augusta College 

ATTN: Librn 

University of Rhode Island Library 

ATTN: Gov Pubs Oft 

University of Rhode Island 

ATTN: Dir of Libraries 

Rice University 

ATTN: Dir of Libraries 

Louisiana College 

ATTN: Librn 

OTHER (Continued1 _ 

Richland County Public Library 

ATTN: Librn 

Riverside Public Library 

ATTN: Librn 

University of Rochester Library 

ATTN: Dots Set 

University of Rutgers Camden Library 

ATTN: Librn 

State University of Rutgers 

ATTN: Librn 

Rutgers University 

ATTN: Dir of Libraries (Reg) 

Rutgers University Law Library 

ATTN: Fed Dots Dept 

Salem College Library 

ATTN: Librn 

Samford University 

ATTN: Librn 

San Antonio Public Library 

ATTN: Bus Science & Tech Dept 

San Diego County Library 

ATTN: C. Jones, Acquisitions 

San Diego Public Library 

ATTN: Librn 

San Diego State University Library 

ATTN: Gov Pubs Dept 

San Francisco Public Library 

ATTN: Gov Dots Dept 

San Francisco State College 

ATTN: Gov Pubs Co11 

San Jose State College Library 

ATTN: Dots Dept 

San Luis Obispo City-County Library 

ATTN: Librn 

Savannah Public II Effingham Liberty Regional 

Library 

ATTN: Librn 

Scottsbluff Public Librarv 

ATTN: Librn 

Scranton Public Librarv 

ATTN: Librn 

Seattle Public Librarv 

ATTN: Ref Dots Asst 

132 
OTHER1Continued) 

Selby Public Library 

ATTN: Librn 

Shawnee Library System 

ATTN: Librn 

Shreve Memorial Library 

ATTN: Librn 

Silas Bronson Public Library 

ATTN: Librn 

Sioux City Public Library 

ATTN: Librn 

SkidJmore College 

ATTN: Librn 

Slippery Rock State College Library 

ATTN: Librn 

South Carolina State library 

ATTN: Librn 

University of South Carolina 

ATTN: Librn 

University of South Carolina 

ATTN: Gov Dots 

South Dakota School of Mines & Technic.11 Library 

ATTN: Librn 

South Dakota State Library 

ATTN: Fed Dots Dept 

University of South Dakota 

ATTN: Dots Librn 

South Florida University Library 

ATTN: Librn 

Southeast Missouri State University 

ATTN: Librn 

Southeastern Massachusetts University Library 

ATTN: Dots Set 

University of Southern Alabama 

ATTN: Librn 

Southern California University Library 

ATTN: Dots Dept 

Southern Connecticut State College 

ATTN: Library 

Southern Illinois University 

ATTN: Librn 

Southern Illinois University 

ATTN: Dots Ctr 

Southern Methodist University 

ATTN: Librn 

University of Southern Mississippi 

ATTN: Library 

OTHER [Continued) 

Southern Oregon College 

ATTN: Library 

Southern University in New Orleans Library 

ATTN: Librn 

Southern Utah State College Library 

ATTN: Dots Dept 

Southwest Missouri State College 

ATTN: Library 

University of Southwestern Louisiana Libraries 

ATTN: Librn 

Southwestern University 

ATTN: Librn 

Spokane Public Library 

ATTN: Ref Dept 

Springfield City Library 

ATTN: Dots Set 

St Bonaventure University 

ATTN: Librn 

St Joseph Public Library 

ATTN: Librn 

St Lawrence University 

ATTN: Librn 

St Louis Public Library 

ATTN: Librn 

St Paul Public Library 

ATTN: Librn 

Stanford University Library 

ATTN. Gov Dots Dept 

State Historical Sot Library 

ATTN: Dots Serials Set 

State Library of Massachusetts 

ATTN. Librn 

State llniversity of New York 

ATTN: Librn 

Stetson University 

ATTN: Librn 

University of Steubenville 

ATTN: Librn 

Stockton & San Joaquin Public Library 

ATTN: Librn 

Stockton State College Library 

ATTN: Librn 

133 
Superior Public Library 

ATTN: Librn 

Swarthmore College Library 

ATTN: Ref Dept 

Syracuse University Library 

ATTN: Dots Div 

Tacoma Public Library 

ATTN: Librn 

Hillsborough County Public Library 

ATTN': I.ibrn 

Temple University 

ATTN: Librn 

Tennessee Technological University 

ATTN: Librn 

University of Tennessee 

ATTN: Dir of Libraries 

College of Idaho 

ATT'1 : L Ibr-n 

Texas A & %1 University Library 

ATTN: Librn 

University of Texas at Arlinqton 

ATTN: Library DOGS 

University of Texas at San Antonio 

ATTN: Library 

Texas Christian University 

ATTN: Llbrn 

Texas State Library 

ATTN: U.S. Dots Set 

Texas Tech University Library 

ATTli: Gov Dots Dept 

Texas Unlverslty at Austin 

ATT:]: Dots Call 

University of Toledo Library 

ATTN: Librn 

Toledo Public Library 

ATTII: Social Science Dept 

Torrance Civic Center Library 

ATTN: Librn 

Traverse City Public Library 

ATTN: Librn 

Trenton Free Public Library 

ATTN. Llbrn 

Trinity College Library 

ATTN: Librn 

Trinity University Library 

ATTIU: Dots Coil 

OTHER (Continued) 

Tufts University Library 

ATTN: Dots Dept 

University of Tulsa 

ATTN: Librn 

UCLA Research Library 

ATTN: Pub Affairs Svc/U.S. Dots 

Uniformed Services University of the Health 

Sciences 

ATTN: LRC Library 

at Tampa 

University Libraries 

ATTN: Dir of Lib 

University of Maine at Oreno 

ATTN: Librn 

University of Northern Iowa 

ATTN: Library 

Upper Iowa College 

ATTN: Dots Co11 

Utah State Unlverslty 

ATTN: Librn 

University cf Utah 

ATTN: Special Collections 

University of Utah 

ATTN: Dir of Libraries 

ATTN: Dept of Pharmacology 

Valencia Library 

ATTN: Librn 

Vanderbilt University Library 

ATTN: Gov Doci iec 

University of Vermont 

ATTN: Dir of Libraries 

Virginia Commonwealth University 

ATTN: Librn 

Virginia Military Institute 

ATTN: Librn 

Virginia Polytechnic Institute Library 

ATTN: Oocs Dept 

Virginia State Library 

ATTN: Serials Set 

University of Virginia 

ATTN: Pub Dots 

Volusia County Public Library 

ATTN. Librn 

134 
OTHER (Continued1 

Washington State Library 

ATTN: DOCS Set 

Washington State University 

ATTN: Lib Dots Set 

Washington University Libraries 

ATTN: Dir of Lib 

University of Washington 

ATTN: Dots Div 

Wayne State University Library 

ATTN: Cihrn 

Wayne State University Law Library 

ATTN: Dots Dept 

Weber State College Library 

ATTN: Librn 

Wesleyan University 

ATTN: Dots Librn 

West Chester State College 

ATTN: Dots Dept 

West Covina Library 

ATTN: Librn 

University of West Florida 

ATTll: Librn 

West Hills Community College 

ATTN: Library 

West Texas State University 

ATTN: Library 

West Virginia College of Grad Stud-es Library 

ATTN: Librn 

University of West Virginia 

ATTN: Dir of Libraries (Reg) 

Westerly Public Library 

ATTN: Librn 

Western Carolina University 

ATTN: Librn 

Western Illinois University Library 

ATTN: Librn 

Western Washington University 

ATTN: Librn 

Western Wyoming Corrmunity College Library 

ATTN: Librn 

Westmoreland City Community College 

ATTN: Learning Resource Ctr 

PTHER (ConJ_jnuedj 

Whitman College

ATTN: Librn 

Wichita State University Library 

ATTN: Librn 

William & Mary College 

ATTN: Dots Dept 

Emporia Kansas State College 

ATTN: Gov Dots Div 

William College Library 

ATTN: Librn 

Willimantic Public Library 

ATTN: Librn 

Winthrop College 

ATTN: Dots Dept 

University of Wisconsin at Whitewater 

ATTN: Gov Dots Lib 

University of Wisconsin at Milwaukee 

ATTN: Lib Dots 

University of Wisconsin at Oshkosh 

ATTN: Librn 

University of Wisconsin at Platteville 

ATTN: Dot Unit Lib 

University of Wisconsin at Stevens Point 

ATTN: Dots Set 

University of Wisconsin 

ATTN: Gov Pubs Dept 

University of Wisconsin 

ATTN: Acquisitions Dept 

Worcester Public Library 

ATTN: Librn 

Wright State University Library 

ATTN: Gov Dots Librn 

Wyoming State Library 

ATTN: Librn 

University of Wyoming 

ATTN: Dots Div 

Yale University 

ATTN: Dir of Libraries 

Yeshiva University 

ATTN: Librn 

Yuma City County Library 

ATTN: Librn 

Simon Schwab Mem Lib, Columbus Co1 

ATTN: Librn 

135 
DEPARTMENT FPEFENSE CONTRACTORS -~ 

Advanced Research & Applications Corp 

ATTN: H. Lee 

JAYCOR 

ATTN: A. Nelson 

10 CY ATTN: Health & Environment Div 

r,wan Tempo 

ATW: DASIAC 

ATIN: E. Martin 

SLience Applications, Inc 

2KB Associates Div 

10 cy ATTN: L. Navotney 

EEPARTMENT OF DEFENSE CONTRdCTORS (Continued) 

Kaman Tempo 

ATTN: C. Jones 

National Academy of Sciences 

ATTN: C. Robinette 

ATTN: Med Follow-up Agency 

ATTN: Nat Mat Advisory Ed 

Pacific-Sierra Research Corp 

ATTN: H. Erode, Chairman SAGE 

Science Applications, Inc 

ATTN: Tech Lib 

R & D Associates 

ATTN: P. llaas 

136