FILED 

U.S. COURT OF APPEALS

 ELEVENTH CIRCUIT 

 July 27, 2005 

 THOMAS K. KAHN 

 CLERK

[DO NOT PUBLISH]

IN THE UNITED STATES COURT OF APPEALS

FOR THE ELEVENTH CIRCUIT

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No. 04-13259

Non-Argument Calendar

________________________

D. C. Docket No. 04-20058-CR-FAM

UNITED STATES OF AMERICA, 

Plaintiff-Appellee, 

versus 

LAUDA MOJICA, 

Defendant-Appellant. 

________________________

Appeal from the United States District Court

for the Southern District of Florida

_________________________

(July 27, 2005)

Before TJOFLAT, DUBINA and BARKETT, Circuit Judges.

PER CURIAM:

Lauda Mojica appeals her 41-month sentence, imposed after a jury found her

guilty of presenting fraudulent claims to the Internal Revenue Service (“IRS”), in
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violation of 18 U.S.C. § 287. On appeal, Mojica argues that the district court erred

in determining the loss amount by a preponderance of the evidence and using that

amount to calculate her sentence, when the loss amount was neither admitted nor

proven to a jury, in violation of United States v. Booker, 125 S.Ct. 738 (2005). 

Mojica raises additional sentencing arguments concerning the district court’s

imposition of an enhancement for obstruction of justice and its denial of downward

adjustments for acceptance of responsibility and mental health. We need not

address these additional arguments, as we find that Mojica’s preserved Booker

argument as to loss amount requires that we vacate her sentence and remand the

case for resentencing. 

BACKGROUND

Mojica was indicted for eight counts of making fraudulent claims to the IRS,

in violation of 18 U.S.C. § 287. Mojica proceeded to trial on these counts. During

the jury charge conference, Mojica requested that the jury determine the amount of

loss as to each count. The court recognized that if drug quantity were in question,

Apprendi v. New Jersey, 530 U.S. 466 (2000), would require a jury to make that

finding. However, the court reasoned that because it did not intend to issue a

sentence beyond the statutory maximum, a finding as to the amount of loss

remained a “judicial function,” properly found by a preponderance of the evidence. 
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The court, however, noted Mojica’s objection, and stated that the issue was

preserved for appeal. The jury ultimately returned a guilty verdict against Mojica

on all eight counts.

The Presentence Investigation Report (“PSI”) applied a base offense level of

18, which corresponded to the government’s loss calculation of approximately

$720,000. The PSI then applied a two-level enhancement for obstruction of

justice, for a total adjusted offense level of 20. With a criminal history category I,

the resulting sentencing range stood between 33 and 41 months’ imprisonment. 

Mojica objected to the loss calculation amount and the enhancement for

obstruction of justice. She also contended she was entitled to downward

departures for acceptance of responsibility and due to her poor mental health. The

district court overruled all of these objections and adopted the PSI’s findings of

fact and conclusions of law. The district court then imposed a sentence of 41

months. Mojica timely appealed.

STANDARD OF REVIEW

Mojica raised an objection during the jury charge conference, asking the

district court to submit the loss amount for jury determination based on the

principle announced in Apprendi. The district court definitively overruled this

objection and indicated to Mojica that she had done all that was necessary to
Additionally, because Mojica was sentenced under the mandatory guidelines scheme that 1

Booker’s remedial holding rendered advisory, her sentence was also infected with statutory Booker

error. See United States v. Shelton, 400 F.3d 1325, 1330-31 (11th Cir. 2005). However, because

constitutional error was present, we apply the more rigorous harmlessness standard applicable to

constitutional errors. See United States v. Mathenia, 409 F.3d 1289, 1291-92 (11th Cir. 2005).

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preserve the issue for appellate review. As such, though Mojica did not reiterate

her objection at sentencing, she is entitled to preserved error review. See Cook v.

Sheriff of Monroe County, 402 F.3d 1092, 1110 n.6 (11th Cir. 2005) (where

“comments by the trial court created the clear impression that [appellant] had done

all she needed to do to preserve her objection” she was entitled to preserved error

review despite failure to reoffer witness testimony at trial).

DISCUSSION

Where a defendant’s sentence is enhanced under a mandatory guidelines

system based on facts found by the judge that were neither admitted, nor proven to

a jury beyond a reasonable doubt, the defendant’s Sixth Amendment rights are

violated. Booker, 125 S.Ct. at 756. The government concedes that Mojica’s Sixth

Amendment rights were violated here when the district court made findings as to

loss amount that were neither proven to the jury nor admitted by Mojica. As 1

Mojica has preserved this claim, the only question remaining is whether the

Booker error is harmless.

Where an error has been preserved, the government bears the burden of
In United States v. Gallegos-Aguero, 409 F.3d 1274 (11th Cir. 2005), we determined that 2

statutory Booker error was harmless under the less stringent test applied to non-constitutional errors

where the district court indicated that it wished to impose the statutory maximum sentence and

ultimately imposed the maximum sentence in the applicable guidelines range. Unlike the sentence

in Gallegos-Aguero, Mojica’s sentence was infected with a constitutional Booker error, and the

more stringent “beyond a reasonable doubt” harmless error standard therefore applies. See

Mathenia, 409 F.3d at 1291-92 (distinguishing between the harmlessness tests applied to

constitutional and statutory Booker errorors). Moreover, the district court in Gallegos-Aguero

indicated that it wished to impose a sentence higher than the applicable guidelines range, thus

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demonstrating that the error is harmless. United States v. Olano, 507 U.S. 725,

234-35 (1993). A constitutional Booker error can be regarded as harmless only

where it is clear “beyond a reasonable doubt that the error complained of did not

contribute to the sentence obtained.” United States v. Paz, 405 F.3d 946, 948 (11th

Cir. 2005). Where we do not know what sentence the district court would have

imposed absent this error, the government cannot meet its burden. United States v.

Robles, 408 F.3d 1324, 1327 (11th Cir. 2005); United States v. Davis, 407 F.3d

1269, 1271-72 (11th Cir. 2005) (holding that the government failed to demonstrate

that non-constitutional Booker error was harmless where the record did not

demonstrate what sentence the district court would have imposed absent the error). 

As such, where the district court indicated that it would impose the same sentence

were the guidelines merely advisory, the rigorous harmlessness test for

constitutional errors is met. Robles, 408 F.3d at 1327-28. In no other situation has

this court held that the government has successfully shown constitutional Booker

error to be harmless.2
providing evidence that the defendant suffered no prejudice from the error. Gallegos-Aguero, 409

F.3d at 1277. No such indication of what sentence the district court would impose under the postBooker advisory guidelines scheme appears in the record here. We are thus left to speculate as to

whether the Booker error contributed to the sentence opposed.

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Nonetheless, the government argues that the Booker error in Mojica’s

sentence is harmless because: (i) the district court would be entitled to impose the

same sentence under the post-Booker advisory guidelines system; (ii) Mojica’s 41-

month sentence is reasonable; and (iii) the district court imposed the highest

sentence in the applicable mandatory guideline range. However, the government

presents no evidence to prove beyond a reasonable doubt that the district court

would have actually imposed the same sentence absent its determination of the loss

amount under the preponderance standard. Indeed, we cannot say that the

constitutional Booker error did not contribute to the sentence Mojica received,

where the district court’s loss finding dictated Mojica’s base level, and thus, her

mandatory sentencing range. Therefore, we vacate Mojica’s sentence and remand

for re-sentencing consistent with Booker. 

VACATED AND REMANDED FOR RE-SENTENCING.