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I. REPORT NUMBER OOVT ACCESSION NO 3. RECIPIENT’S CATALOG NUMBER 

DNA 6028F 

b. TITLE (end SubtItle) 5. TYPE OF REPORT k PERIOD COVERED 

PROJECT TRINITY 

1945-1946 Final Report

6.PERFORMING ORG. REPORT NUMBER 

JRB 2-816-03-423-00 

1. AUTHOR(a) 0.CONTRACT OR GRANT NUMBER(a) 

Carl Maag, Steve Rohrer DNA 001-79-C-0473 

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Director 15 December 1982 

Defense Nuclear Agency 13. NUMBER OF PAGES 

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16. SUPPLEMENTARY NOTES 

This work was sponsored by the Defense Nuclear Agency under RDT&E RMSS Code 

B350079464 U99QAXMK50608 H259OD. For sale by National Technical Information 

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IS. KEY WORDS (Contfnus on r.“m.. #Ida If nec.n.ay md WantHyby block number) 

TRINITY Personnel Dosimetry

Los Alamos Scientific Laboratory Radiation Exposure 

1lamoqordo Bombing Range Nuclear Weapons Testing

Manhattan Engineer District 

'Manhattan Project 

This report describes the activities of an estimated 1,000 personnel, both 

military and civilian, in Project TRINITY, which culminated in detonation of the 

first nuclear device, in New Mexico in 1945. Scientific and diagnostic 

experiments to evaluate the effects of the nuclear device were the primary 

ac-tivities engaging military personnel. 

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18. SUPPLEMENTARY NOTES (continued) 

The Defense Nuclear Agency Action Officer, Lt. Cal. H. L. Reese, USAF, 

under whom this work was done, wishes to acknowledge the research and 

editing contribution of numerous reviewers in the military services and 

other organizations in addition to those writers listed in block 7. 

UNCLASSIFIED 

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Public Affairs Office 

Washington, D C. 20305 Shee t

Subject: Project TRINITY 

Project TRINITY, conducted by the Manhattan Engineer District 

(MED), was designed to test atia assess the effects of a nuclear 

weapon. The TRINITY nuclear -device was detonated on a 100-foot 

tower on the Alamogordo Bombing Range in south-central New Mexico 

at 0530 hours on 16 July 1945_,_ The-nuclear yield of the detonation was equivalent to the energy released by detonating 19 kilotons of TNT. At shot-time, the temperature was 21.8 degrees 

Celsius, and surface air pressure was 850 millibars. The winds 

were nearly calm at the surf&w; at 10,300 feet above mean sea 

level, they were from the southwest at 10 knots. The winds blew 

the cloud resulting from the detonation to the northeast. From 

16 July 1945 through 1946, about 1,000 military and civilian 

personnel took part in Proje~~~~TRINITY or visited the test site. 

The location of the test site-~bnd its ma,jor installations are 

shown in the accompanying figures. 

Military and Scientific Actiirmes 

All participants in Pro,ject T$gHITY, both military and civilian, 

were under the authority of the MED. No military exercises were 

conducted. The Los Alamos Ssfbntific Laboratory (LASL), which 

was staffed and administered:= the University of California 

(under contract to the MED),:~:_ conducted diagnostic experiments.

Civilian and military scient$st;s and technicians, with assistance 

from other military personnel;: placed gauges, detectors, and 

other instruments around grow zero before the detonation. Four 

offsite monitoring posts were established in the towns of Nogal, 

Roswell, Socorro, and Fort Sumner, New Mexico. An evacuation 

detachment consisting of 144 to 160 enlisted men and officers was 

established in case protective measures or evacuation of civilians living offsite became necessary. At least 94 of these 

personnel were from the Provisional Detachment Number 1, Company 

" B , ” of the 9812th Technical Service Unit, Army Corps of 

Engineers. Military police cleared the test area and recorded 

the locations of all personnel before the detonation. 

A radiological monitor was asefgned to each of the three 

shelters, which were located tcl the north, west, and south of 

ground zero. Soon after the detonation, the monitors surveyed 

the area immediately around t_lhe shelters and then proceeded out 

the access road to its intersection with the main road, Broadway. 

Personnel not essential to postshot activities were transferred 

from the west and south shelters to the Base Camp, about 16 

kilometers southwest of g;rouBd zero. Personnel at the north 

1 
shelter were evacuated when a sudden rise in radiation levels was 

detected; it was later learned that the instrument had not been 

accurately calibrated and levels had not increased as much as the 

instrument indicated. Specially designated groups conducted 

onsite and offsite radiological surveys. 

Safety Standards and Procedures 

The safety criteria established for Project TRINITY were based on 

calculations of the anticipated dangers from blast pressure, 

thermal radiation, and ionizing radiation. The TR-7 Group,.also 

known as the Medical Group, was responsible for radiological 

safety. A limit of 5 roentgens of exposure during a two-month 

period was established. 

The Site and Offsite Monitoring Groups were both part of the 

Medical Group. The Site Monitoring Group was responsible for 

equipping personnel with protective clothing and instruments to 

measure radiation exposure, monitoring and recording personnel 

exposure according to film badge readings and time spent in the 

test area, and providing for personnel decontamination. The 

Offsite Monitoring Group surveyed areas surrounding the test site 

for radioactive fallout. In addition to these two monitoring 

groups, a small group of medical technicians provided radiation 

detection instruments and monitoring. 

Radiation Exposures at Pro,ject TRINITY 

Dosimetry information is available for about 815 individuals who 

either participated in Project TRINITY activities or visited the 

test site between 16 July 1945 and 1 January 1947. The listing 

does not indicate the precise military or unit affiliation of all 

personnel. Less than six percent of the Pro.ject TRINITY participants received exposures greater than 2 roentgens. Twenty-three 

of these individuals received exposures greater than 2 but less 

than 4 r oentgens; another 22 individuals received between 4 and 

15 roentgens. 

2 
Utah Colorado 

Oklahoma 

@Loa Alamos 

*Santa Fe 

••+Ubuquerque 

Arizona 

Alamogor& 

Bombing 

Range 

Texas 

0 100 

kilometers 

2000 

_~ 

LOCATION OF ALAMOGORDO BOMBING RANGE 

3 
• Guard Post 2 

\ 

•• NORTH SHELTER 

GROUND ZERO 

(UTM Coordinates 630266) 

4bandoned) 

2 4

I I I 

kilometers 

6 I 

Guard Post 4 

Mockingbird Gap 

\ 

TRINITY SITE AND MAJOR INSTALLATIONS 

4 
PREFACE 

From 1945 to 1962, the U.8, Government, through the 

Manhattan Engineer District (!&ED) and its successor agency, the 

Atomic Energy Commission (AEC), conducted 235 tests of nuclear 

devices at sites in the United States and in the Atlantic and 

Pacific Oceans. In all, an estimated 220,000 Department of 

Defense (DOD)* participants, both military and civilian, were 

present at the tests. Project TRINITY, the war-time effort to 

test-fire a nuclear explosive device, was the first atmospheric 

nuclear weapons test. 

In 1977, 15 years after the last above-ground nuclear 

weapons test, the Centers for Disease Control+ noted a possible 

leukemia cluster among a small group of soldiers present at Shot 

SMOKY, a test of Operation PLUMBBOB, the series of atmospheric 

nuclear weapons tests conducted in 1957. Since that initial 

report by the Centers for Disease Control, the Veterans Administration has received a number of claims for medical benefits 

from former military personnel who believe their health may have 

been affected bg their participation in the weapons testing 

program. 

In late 1977, DOD began & study to provide data to both the 

Centers for Disease Control and the Veterans Administration on 

potential exposures to ionizing radiation among the military and 

*The MED, which was part of the Army Corps of Engineers, administered the U.S. nuclear tegking program until the AEC came into 

existence in 1946. Before DOD was established in 1947, the Army 

Corps of Engineers was under the War Department. 

+The Centers for Disease Control are part of the U.S. Department 

of Health and Human Services (formerlv the U.S. Department of 

Health, Education, and Welfare). 

5 
civilian participants in atmospheric nuclear weapons testing. 

DOD organized an effort to: 

Identify DOD personnel who had taken part in the 

atmospheric nuclear weapons tests 

0 

Determine the extent of the participants' exposure 

to ionizing radiation 

0 

Provide public disclosure of information concerning 

participation by military personnel in Pro.ject 

TRINITY. 

0 

METHODS AND SOURCES USED TO PREPARE THIS VOLUME 

This report on Project TRINITY is based on historical and 

technical documents associated with the detonation of the first 

nuclear device on 16 July 1945. The Department of Defense 

compiled information for this volume from documents that record 

the scientific activities during Project TRINITY. These records, 

most of which were developed by participants in TRINITY, are kept 

in several document repositories throughout the United States. 

In compiling information for this report, historians, health 

physicists, radiation specialists, and information analysts 

canvassed document repositories known to contain materials on 

atmospheric nuclear weapons tests conducted in the southwestern 

United States. These repositories included armed services 

libraries, Government agency archives and libraries, Federal 

repositories, and libraries of scientific and technical laboratories. Researchers examined classified and unclassified 

documents containing information on the participation of 

personnel from the MED, which supervised Pro.ject TRINITY, and 

from the Los Alamos Scientific Laboratory (LASL), which developed 

the TRINITY device. After this initial effort, researchers 

recorded relevant information concerning the activities of MED 

and LASL personnel and catalogued the data sources. Many of the 

documents pertaining specifically to MED and LASL participation 

6 
were found in the Defense Nuclear Agency Technical Library and 

the LASL Records Center. 

Information on the fallout pattern, meteorological 

conditions, and nuclear cloud dimensions is taken from Volume 1 

of the General Electric Company-TEMPO's Compilation of Local 

Fallout Data from Test Detonations 1945-1962, Extracted from DASA 

1251, unless more specific information is available elsewhere. 

ORGANIZATION OF THIS VOLUME 

The following chapters detail MED and LASL participation in 

Project TRINITY. Chapter 1 provides background information, 

including a description of the TRINITY test site. Chapter 2 

describes the activities of MED and LASL participants before, 

during, and after the detonation. Chapter 3 discusses the radiological safety criteria and procedures in effect for Project 

TRINITY, and chapter 4 presents the results of the radiation 

monitoring program, including information on film badge readings 

for participants in the project. 

The information in this report is supplemented by the 

Reference Manual: Background Materials for the CONUS Volumes. 

The manual summarizes information on radiation physics, radiation 

health concepts, exposure criteria, and measurement techniques. 

It also lists acronyms and includes a glossary of terms used in 

the DOD reports addressing test events in the continental United 

States. 
TABLE OF CONTENTS 

FACTSHEET

PAGE 

......................... 1 

PREFACE

CHAPTER 

........................... 5 

LIST OF FIGURES. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8 

LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS AND ACRONYMS . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10 

INTRODUCTION. ...................... 11 

1.1 Historical Background of Pro,ject TRINITY ...... 12 

1.2 The Project TRINITY Site .............. 14 

1.3 The Project TRINITY Organization .......... 16 

1.4 Military and Civilian Participants 

in Project TRINITY ................. 22 

THE ACTIVITIES AT PROJECT TRINITY ............ 23 

2.1 Preshot Activities ................. 23 

2.2 Detonation and Postshot Activities ......... 32 

2.3 Activities after 16 July 1945. ........... 38 

RADIATION PROTECTION AT PROJECT TRINITY ......... 41 

3.1 Organization .................... 41 

3.2 Site Monitoring Group. ............... 42 

3.3 Offsite Monitoring Group .............. 47 

DOSIMETRY ANALYSIS OF PARTICIPANTS IN PROJECT TRINITY . . 49 

4.1 Film Badge Records ................. 49 

4.2 Gamma Radiation Exposure .............. 50 

REFERENCE LIST . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 53 

LIST OF FIGURES 

FIGURE PAGE 

l-l Location of Alamogordo Bombing Range. ......... 15 

l-2 TRINITY Site and Major Installations. ......... 17 

l-3 Tent Used as Guard Post at Project TRINITY. ...... 18 

8 
LIST OF FIGURES (Continued) 

FIGURE PAGE 

l-4 Truck Used as Guard Post at ProSect TRINITY . . . . . . 19 

2-2 The TRINITY Detonation, 0530 Hours, 16 July 1945. . . . 25 

l-5 Organization of Pro,ject TRINITY . . . . . . . . . . . . 21 

2-l The TRINITY Shot-tower. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 24 

2-3 The South Shelter (Control Point) . . . . . . . . . . . 28 

2-4 Inside One of the Shelters, . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 29 

2-5 The Base Camp, Headquarters for Project TRINITY . . . . 30 

2-6 Project TRINITY Personnel Wearing 

Protective Clothing . . , . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 35 

2-7 "JUMBO" after the TRINI'sY Detonation. . . . . . . . . . 36 
The following 

AEC 

DOD 

LASL 

MAUD 

MED 

R/h

UTM 

LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS AND ACRONYMS 

abbreviations and acronyms are used in this volume: 

Atomic Energy Commission 

Department of Defense 

Los Alamos Scientific Laboratory 

[Committee for the] Military Application of Uranium 

Detonation 

Manhattan Engineer District 

roentgens per hour 

Universal Transverse Mercator 

10 
CHAPTER 1 

INTRODUCTION 

Project TRINITY was the name given to the war-time effort to 

produce the first nuclear detonation. A plutonium-fueled 

implosion device was detonated on 16 July 1945 at the Alamogordo 

Bombing Range in south-cctntral New Mexico. 

Three weeks later, on 6 August, the first uranium-fueled 

nuclear bomb, a gun-type weapon code-named LITTLE BOY, was 

detonated over the Japanese city of Hiroshima. On 9 August, the 

FAT MAN nuclear bomb, a plutonium-fueled implosion weapon 

identical to the TRINITY device, was detonated over another 

Japanese city, Nagasaki. Two days later, the Japanese Government 

informed the United States of its decision to end the war. On 

2 September 1945, the Japanese Empire officially surrendered to 

the Allied Governments, bringing World War II to an end. 

In the years devoted to the development and construction of 

a nuclear weapon, scientists and technicians expanded their 

knowledge of nuclear fission and developed both the gun-type and 

the implosion mechanisms to release the energy of a nuclear chain 

reaction. Their knowledge, however, was only theoretical. They 

could be certain neither of the extent and effects of such a 

nuclear chain reaction, nor of the hazards of the resulting blast 

and radiation. Protective measures could be based only on 

estimates and calculations. Furthermore, scientists were 

reasonably confident that the gun-type uranium-fueled device 

could be successfully detonated, but they did not know if the 

more complex firing technology required in an implosion device 

would work. Successful detonation of the TRINITY device showed 

that implosion would work, that a nuclear chain reaction would 

11 
result in a powerful detonation, and that effective means existed 

to guard against the blast and radiation produced. 

1.1 HISTORICAL BACKGROUND OF PROJECT TRINITY 

The development of a nuclear weapon was a low priority for 

the United States before the outbreak of World War II. However, 

scientists exiled from Germany had expressed concern that the 

Germans were developing a nuclear weapon. Confirming these 

fears, in 1939 the Germans stopped all sales of uranium ore from 

the mines of occupied Czechoslovakia. In a letter sponsored by a 

group of concerned scientists, Albert Einstein informed President 

Roosevelt that German experiments had shown that an induced 

nuclear chain reaction was possible and could be used to 

construct extremely powerful bombs (7; 12)*. 

In response to the potential threat of a German nuclear 

weapon, the United States sought a source of uranium to use in 

determining the feasibility of a nuclear chain reaction. After 

Germany occupied Belgium in May 1940, the Belgians turned over 

uranium ore from their holdings in the Belgian Congo to the 

United States. Then, in March 1941, the element plutonium was 

isolated, and the plutonium-239 isotope was found to fission as 

readily as the scarce uranium isotope, uranium-235. The 

plutonium, produced in a uranium-fueled nuclear reactor, provided 

the United States with an additional source of material for 

nuclear weapons (7; 12). 

In the summer of 1941, the British Government published a 

report written by the Committee for Military Application of 

Uranium Detonation (MAUD). This report stated that a nuclear 

weapon was possible and concluded that its construction should 

*All sources cited in the text are listed alphabetically in the 

reference list at the end of this volume. The number given in 

the text corresponds to the number of the source document in the 

reference list. 

12 
begin immediately. The MAUD report, and to a lesser degree the 

discovery of plutonium, encouraged American leaders to think more 

seriously about developing a nuclear weapon. On 6 December 1941, 

President Roosevelt appointed the S-l Committee to determine if 

the United States could construct a nuclear weapon. Six months 

later, the S-l Committee gave the President its report, 

recommending a fast-paced program that would cost up to $100 

million and that might produce the weapon by July 1944 (12). 

The President accepted the S-l Committee's recommendations. 

The effort to construct the weapon was turned over to the War 

Department, which assigned the task to the Army Corps of 

Engineers. In September 1942, the Corps of Engineers established 

the Manhattan Engineer District to oversee the development of a 

nuclear weapon. This effort was code-named the "Manhattan 

Project" (12). 

Within the next two years, the MED built laboratories and 

production plants throughout the United States. The three 

principal centers of the Manhattan Project were the Hanford, 

Washington, Plutonium Production Plant; the Oak Ridge, Tennessee, 

U-235 Production Plant; and the Los Alamos Scientific Laboratory 

in northern New Mexico. At LASL, Manhattan Pro,ject scientists 

and technicians, directed by Dr. J. Robert Oppenheimer,* 

investigated the theoretical problems that had to be solved 

before a nuclear weapon could be developed (12). 

During the first two years of the Manhattan Project, work 

proceeded at a slow but steady pace. Significant technical 

problems had to be solved, and difficulties in the production of 

plutonium, particularly the inability to process large amounts, 

often frustrated the scientists. Nonetheless, by 1944 sufficient 

*This report identifies by name only those LASL and MED personnel 

who are well-known historical figures. 

13 
progress had been made to persuade the scientists that their 

efforts might succeed. A test of the plutonium implosion device 

was necessary to determine if it would work and what its effects 

would be. In addition, the scientists were concerned about the 

possible effects if the conventional explosives in a nuclear 

device, particularly the more complex implosion-type device, 

failed to trigger the nuclear reaction when detonated over enemy 

territory. Not only would the psychological impact of the 

weapon be lost, but the enemy might recover large amounts of 

fissionable material. 

In March 1944, planning began to test-fire a plutoniumfueled implosion device. At LASL, an organization designated the 

X-2 Group was formed within the Explosives Division. Its duties 

were "to make preparations for a field test in which blast, earth 

shock, neutron and gamma radiation would be studied and complete 

photographic records made of the explosion and any atmospheric 

phenomena connected with the explosion" (13). Dr. Oppenheimer 

chose the name TRINITY for the pro,ject in September 1944 (12). 

1.2 THE PROJECT TRINITY SITE 

The TRINITY site was chosen by Manhattan Pro.ject scientists 

after thorough study of eight different sites. The site selected 

was an area measuring 29 by 39 kilometers* in the northwest 

corner of the Alamogordo Bombing Range. The Alamogordo Bombing 

Range was located in a desert in south-central New Mexico called 

the Jornada de1 Muerto ("Journey of Death"). Figure 1-l shows 

the location of the bombing range. The site was chosen for its 

*Throughout this report, surface distances are given in metric 

units. The metric conversion factors include: 1 meter = 3.28 

feet; 1 meter = 1.09 yards; and 1 kilometer = 0.62 miles. 

Vertical distances are given in feet; altitudes are measured 

from mean sea level, while heights are measured from surface 

level, unless otherwise noted. 

14 
N 

P

Utah Colorado 

Oklahoma 

••Los Alamos 

*Santa Fe 

••Albuquerque 

. Socotfo 

@ TRINITY Ground Zero 

••Alamogordo Alamogordo Q

Bombing 

Range 

Texas 

Mexico 

Arizona 

0 100 2008 

kilometers 

Figure l-1: LOCATION OF ALAMOGORDO BOMBING RANGE 

15 
remote location and good weather and because it was already owned 

by the Government. MED obtained permission to use the site from 

the Commanding General of the Second Air Force (Army Air Forces) 

on 7 September 1944 (12). Figure l-2 shows the TRINITY site with 

its major installations. 

Ground zero for the TRINITY detonation was at UTM coordinates 630266.* Three shelters, located approximately 9,150 

meters (10,000 yards) north, west, and south of ground zero, were 

built for the protection of test personnel and instruments. The 

shelters had walls of reinforced concrete and were buried under a 

few feet of earth. The south shelter was the Control Point for 

the test (12). The Base Camp, which was the headquarters for 

Project TRINITY, was located approximately 16 kilometers 

southwest of ground zero. The principal buildings of the 

abandoned McDonald Ranch, where the active parts of the TRINITY 

device were assembled, stood 3,660 meters southeast of ground 

zero. Seven guard posts, which were simply small tents or parked 

trucks like the ones shown in figures l-3 and l-4, dotted the 

test site (9). 

1.3 THE PROJECT TRINITY ORGANIZATION 

The organization that planned and conducted Project TRINITY 

grew out of the X-2 Group. LASL, though administered by the 

University of California, was part of the Manhattan Pro,ject, 

supervised by the Army Corps of Engineers Manhattan Engineer 

District. The chief of MED was Maj. Gen. Leslie Groves 

of the Army Corps of Engineers. Major General Groves reported to 

both the Chief of Engineers and the Army Chief of Staff. The 

*Universal Transverse Mercator (UTM) coordinates are used in this 

report. The first three digits refer to a point on an east-west 

axis, and the second three digits refer to a point on a northsouth axis. The point so designated is the southwest corner of 

an area 100 meters square. 

16 
- - . NORTH SHELTER 

GROUND ZERO 

(UTM Coordinates 630266) 

MCDONALD RANCH 

2 4

I I 

kilometers 

6 

To Base Camp and 

Guard Post 8, 1 km 

hard Post 4 

L Mockingbird Gap 

Figure l-2: TRINITY SITE AND MAJOR INSTALLATIONS 

17 


Army Chief of Staff reported to the Secretary of War, a Cabinet 

officer directly responsible to the President. Figure l-5 

outlines the organization of Project TRINITY. 

The director of the Project TRINITY organization was 

Dr. Kenneth Bainbridge. Dr. Bainbridge reported to Dr. J. Robert 

Oppenheimer, the director of LASL. A team of nine research 

consultants advised Dr. Bainbridge on scientific and technical 

matters (3). 

The Project TRINITY organization was divided into the 

following groups (3): 

The TRINITY Assembly Group, responsible for 

assembling and arming the nuclear device 

The TR-1 (Services) Group, responsible for 

construction, utilities, procurement, transportation, and communications 

The TR-2 Group, responsible for air-blast and earthshock measurements 

The TR-3 (Physics) Group, responsible for 

experiments concerning measurements of ionizing 

radiation 

The TR-4 Group, responsible for meteorology 

The TR-5 Group, responsible for spectrographic and 

photographic measurements 

The TR-6 Group, responsible for the airblastairborne condenser gauges 

The TR-7 (Medical) Group, responsible for the 

radiological safety and general health of the 

Project TRINITY participants. 

Each of these groups was divided into several units. Individuals 

were also assigned special tasks outside their groups, such as communications and tracking the TRINITY cloud with a searchlight (3). 

20 
The President 

I . 

Secretary 

of 

War 

I 

Army Chief 

of 

Staff 

Chief 

of 

I Engineers 

Chief, 

Manhattan 

Engineer 

District 

I 

Director, 

LASL 

I 

Director, 

Project 

TRINITY 

Commanding 

Officer, . TRINITY 

Base Camp 

Figure l-5: ORGANIZATION OF PROJECT TRINITY 

21 
1.4 MILITARY AND CIVILIAN PARTICIPANTS IN PROJECT TRINITY 

From March 1944 until the beginning of 1946, several 

thousand people participated in Project TRINITY. These included 

not only the LASL scientists, but also scientists, technicians, 

and workmen employed at MED installations throughout the United 

States. According to entrance logs, film badge data, and other 

records, about 1,000 people either worked at or visited the 

TRINITY site from 16 July 1945 through 1946 (1; 3; 8; 15; 16). 

Although supervised by Ma;ior General Groves and the Army 

Corps of Engineers, many Manhattan Project personnel were 

civilians. Military personnel were assigned principally to 

support services, such as security and logistics, although 

soldiers with special skills worked with the civilians (7; 12). 

Most of the military personnel were part of the Army Corps of 

Engineers, although Navy and other Army personnel were also 

assigned to the project (4; 12). 

22 
CHAPTER 2 

THE ACTIVITIES AT PROJECT TRINITY 

The TRINITY nuclear device was detonated on a 100-foot tower 

(shown in figure 2-1) at UTM coordinates 630266 on the Alamogordo 

Bombing Range, New Mexico, at 0530 Mountain War Time, on 16 July 

1945. The detonation had a yield of 19 kilotons and left an 

impression 2.9 meters deep and 335 meters wide. The cloud 

resulting from the detonation rose to an altitude of 35,000 feet 

(5). The TRINITY detonation is shown in figure 2-2. 

At shot-time, the temperature was 21.8 degrees Celsius, and 

the surface air pressure was 850 millibars. Winds at shot-time 

were nearly calm at the surface but attained a speed of 10 knots 

from the southwest at 10,300 feet. At 34,600 feet, the wind 

speed was 23 knots from the southwest. The winds blew the 

cloud to the northeast (5). 

2.1 PRESHOT ACTIVITIES 

Construction of test site facilities on the Alamogordo 

Bombing Range began in December 1944. The first contingent of 

personnel, 12 military policemen, arrived just before Christmas. 

The number of personnel at the test site gradually increased 

until the peak level of about 325 was reached the week before the 

detonation (2; 12). 

On 7 May 1945 at 0437 hours, 200 LASL scientists and 

technicians exploded 100 tons of conventional high explosives at 

the test site. The explosives were stacked on top of a 20-foot 

tower and contained tubes of radioactive solution to simulate, at 

a low level of activity, the radioactive products expected from a 

nuclear explosion. The test produced a bright sphere which 

23 


spread out in an oval form. A column of smoke and debris rose as 

high as 15,000 feet before drifting eastward. The explosion left 

a shallow crater 1.5 meters deep and 9 meters wide. Monitoring 

in the area revealed a level of radioactivity low enough to allow 

workers to spend several hours in the area (3; 12). 

The planned firing date for the TRINITY device was 4 July 

1945. On 14 June 1945, Dr. Oppenheimer changed the test date to 

no earlier than 13 July and no later than 23 July. On 30 June, 

the earliest firing date was moved to 16 July, even though better 

weather was forecast for 18 and 19 July. Because the Allied 

conference in Potsdam, Germany, was about to begin and the 

President needed the results of the test as soon as possible, the 

TRINITY test organization ad,justed its schedules accordingly and 

set shot-time at 0400 hours on 16 July (3; 12; 14). 

The final preparations for the detonation started at 2200 on 

15 July. To prevent unnecessary danger, all personnel not 

essential to the firing activities were ordered to leave the test 

site. During the night of 15 July, these people left for viewing 

positions on Compania Hill, * 32 kilometers northwest of ground 

zero. They were joined by several spectators from LASL (3; 12). 

Pro.ject personnel not required to check instruments within 

the ground zero area stationed themselves in the three shelters 

or at other assigned locations. The military police at Guard 

Posts 1, 2, and 4 blocked off all roads leading into the test 

site, and the men at Guard Post 8, the only access to the ground 

zero area from the Base Camp, ensured that no unauthorized individuals entered the area (9; 12). 

*"Compania" also appears as "Compana," "Campagne," or "Compagna" 

in various sources. 

26 
At 0100 hours on 16 July, military policemen from Guard 

Posts 3, 5, 6, and 7 met to compare their logs of personnel 

authorized to be in the ground zero area. The guards then 

traveled along the access roads to clear out all pro.ject personnel. As individuals left for their assigned shelters or 

stations, their departures from the test area were recorded in 

the military police logs. By 0200 the area sweep was completed, 

and the military police went to their shelters and stations. 

A final check of personnel was made in each shelter (3; 9; 12). 

At the time of detonation, 99 project personnel were in the 

three shelters: 29 in the north shelter, 37 in the west shelter, 

and 33 in the south shelter. Dr. Oppenheimer, Dr. Bainbridge, 

and other key personnel awaited the firing at the south shelter, 

which served as the Control Point. Figure 2-3 shows the exterior 

of the south shelter; figure 2-4 gives an interior view of one of 

the shelters, most likely the south. Although most of the 

shelter occupants were civilians, at least 23 military 

participants were spread among the three shelters (1; 12). 

The remainder of the test site personnel were positioned at 

the Base Camp 16 kilometers south-southwest of ground zero, or on 

Compania Hill, or at the guard posts. Important Government 

officials, such as General Groves and Dr. Vannevar Bush, Director 

of the U.S. Office of Scientific Research and Development, viewed 

the detonation from a trench at the Base Camp. The Base Camp is 

depicted in figure 2-5. 

The military police of Guard Posts 1 and 2 were instructed 

to be in foxholes approximately five kilometers west and north, 

respectively, from their posts. The military police of Guard 

Posts 3 and 4 were instructed to be in foxholes south of Mockingbird Gap. A radiological safety monitor was assigned to the 

group from Guard Post 4. Guard Post 5 pGrsonne1 were to be in 

the south shelter, Guard Post 6 personnel in the west shelter, 

and Guard Post 7 personnel in the north shelter. The military 

27 



police of Guard Post 8 remained at that post, 400 meters east of 

the Base Camp (9). 

An evacuation detachment of between 144 and 160 officers and 

enlisted men was stationed near Guard Post 2, about 14 kilometers 

northwest of ground zero. These men were on standby in case 

ranches and towns beyond the test site had to be evacuated. Five 

radiological safety monitors were assigned to this detachment. 

Ninety-four men of the evacuation detachment belonged to Provisional Detachment Number I., Company "B," of the 9812th Technical 

Service Unit, Army Corps of Engineers, from LASL. The identity 

of the remaining evacuation personnel has not been documented 

(3; 4; 8; 10; 15). 

With the exception of the shelter occupants (99 personnel) 

and evacuation detachment (between 144 and 160 men), the number 

of personnel at the test site at the time of detonation has not 

been documented. Film badge records show that approximately 

355 people were at the test site at some time during 16 July. 

The shelter occupants and 44 men of the evacuation detachment are 

on this list. It has not been possible to pinpoint the location 

of many of the remaining personnel. Some were at the Base Camp 

or on Compania Hill. Since many of these people returned to the 

test site after shot-time to work on experiments, their film 

badges registered exposures from residual radioactivity on 16 

July. Based on the documented personnel totals, at least the 

following 263 individuals were at the test site when the device 

was detonated (1; 4; 8-10; 13; 15): 

0 99 shelter occupants at shelters 9,150 meters north, 

south, and west of ground zero 

a 144 to 160 officers and enlisted men of the evacuation 

detachment, located 14 kilometers northwest of ground 

zero near Guard Post 2 

0 Five radiological safety monitors assigned to the evacuation detachment to perform offsite monitoring of nearby 

towns and residences 

31 
0 One radiological safety monitor assigned to Guard Post 4 

0 Two military policemen at each of the seven guard posts 

(indicated by photographs such as figures l-3 and l-4). 

2.2 DETONATION AND POSTSHOT ACTIVITIES 

Because of bad weather, the Pro,ject TRINITY director 

(Dr. Rainbridge) delayed the detonation, which had been scheduled 

for 0400 hours. By 0445, however, the forecast was better, and 

shot-time was set for 0530. This gave the scientists 45 minutes 

to arm the device and prepare the instruments in the shelters. 

The final countdown began at 0510, and the device was detonated 

at 0529:45 Mountain War Time from the Control Point in the south 

shelter (3; 12). 

No one was closer than 9,150 meters to ground zero at the 

time of the detonation. With the exception of a few men holding 

the ropes of barrage balloons or guiding cameras to follow the 

fireball as it ascended, all shelter personnel were in or behind 

the shelters. Some left the shelters after the initial flash to 

view the fireball. As a precautionary measure, they had been 

advised to lie on the ground before the blast wave arrived. 

Project personnel located beyond the shelters, such as at the 

Base Camp and on Compania Hill, were also instructed to lie on 

the ground or in a depression until the blast wave had passed 

(1). However, the blast wave at these locations was not as 

strong as had been expected. 

In order to prevent eye damage, Dr. Bainbridge ordered the 

distribution of welder's filter glass. Because it was not known 

exactly how the flash might affect eyesight, it was suggested 

that direct viewing of the fireball not be attempted even with 

this protection. The recommended procedure was to face away from 

ground zero and watch the hills or sky until the fireball 

illuminated the area. Then, after the initial flash had passed, 

32 
one could turn around and view the fireball through the filter 

glass. Despite these well-publicized instructions, two participants did not take precautions. They were temporarily blinded by 

the intense flash but experienced no permanent vision impairment 

(1; 17). 

People as far away as Santa Fe and El Paso saw the brilliant 

light of the detonation. Windows rattled in the areas immediately surrounding the test site, waking sleeping ranchers and 

townspeople. To dispel any rumors that might compromise the 

security of Project TRINITY, the Government announced that an 

Army munitions dump had exploded. However, immediately after the 

destruction of Hiroshima, the Government revealed to the public 

what had actually occurred in the New Mexico desert (12; 13). 

Immediately after the shot, Medical Group personnel began 

the radiological monitoring activities described in section 

3.1.2. At 0815, when most of the monitoring activities were 

completed, preparations began for entrance into the ground zero 

area. To regulate entry into the area, a "Going-in Board" was 

established, consisting of Dr. Bainbridge, the Chief of the 

Medical Group, and a special scientific consultant. Its purpose 

was to determine whether a party had a valid reason for entering 

the ground zero area. The board functioned for three days. 

Military police at Guard Post 4 and at three roadblocks set 

up along Broadway controlled entry into the area. Guard Posts 3, 

5, 6, and 7 were within :3,000 meters of ground zero and thus 

remained unmanned. At the south shelter, the Medical Group set 

up a "going-in" station where personnel were required to stop to 

put on protective clothing (coveralls, booties, caps, and cotton 

gloves) and pick up monitoring equipment before entering the 

ground zero area. Since it was not known how much radioactive 

material might be suspended in the air, all personnel entering 

the ground zero area wore complete protective covering and 

33 
respirators for the first three days after the detonation. 

Figure 2-6 shows two Project TRINITY personnel wearing protective 

clothing (1). 

On the day of the shot, five parties entered the ground zero 

area. One party consisted of eight members of the earth-sampling 

group. They obtained samples by driving to within 460 meters of 

ground zero in a tank specially fitted with rockets to which 

retrievable collectors were fastened in order to gather soil 

samples from a distance. This group made several sampling 

excursions on 16 and 17 July. The tank carried two personnel 

(a driver and a passenger) each trip. No member of this party 

received a radiation exposure of more than 1 roentgen (1). 

Five other men from the earth-sampling group entered the 

ground zero area in a second tank, lined with lead for radiation 

protection. The tank, carrying the driver and one passenger, made 

five trips into the ground zero area to retrieve soil samples on 

16 and 17 July. On two trips, the tank passed over ground zero; on 

the others, it approached to within about 90 meters of ground zero. 

The men scooped up soil samples through a trap door in the bottom 

of the tank. One driver who made three trips into the ground zero 

area received the highest exposure, 15 roentgens (1). 

This lead-lined tank was also used by ten men to observe the 

radiation area. These men, traveling two at a time, made five 

trips into the area on shot-day but never approached closer than 

1,370 meters to ground zero. The highest exposure among these 

ten men was 0.3 roentgens (1). 

The next party to approach ground zero consisted of a 

photographer and a radiological safety monitor. Wearing protective clothing and respirators, the two men were about 730 meters 

northwest of ground zero photographing It;UMBO1' from 1100 to 1200 

hours. "JUMBO," shown in figure 2-7, was a massive container 

built to contain the high-explosive detonation of the TRINITY 

34 


device and to allow recovery of the fissionable material if the 

device failed to produce x nuclear detonation. The plan to use 

"JUMBO," however, was abandoned when the scientists concluded 

that a fairly large nuclear explosion was certain. The container 

remained on the ground near the shot-tower during the detonation. 

Both the photographer and the monitor received an estimated 

radiation exposure between 0.5 and 1 roentgen (1; 7). 

The last party to "go in" on shot-day consisted of six men 

retrieving neutron detectors. They entered the test area at 1430 

hours. Three of the men went to a point 730 meters south of 

ground zero to pull out cables carrying neutron detectors located 

550 meters south of ground zero, The group wore protective 

clothing and respirators and spent about 30 minutes in the area. 

The remaining three men drove as close as 320 meters southwest of 

ground zero to retrieve neutron detectors. They got out of their 

vehicle only once, at about 460 meters from ground zero, and 

spent a total of about ten minutes making this trip through the 

area. Each man's radiation exposure measured less than 

1 roentgen (1). 

Most of the soldiers of the evacuation detachment remained 

in their bivouac area near Guard Post 2. According to a report 

written by the detachment commander, a reinforced platoon was 

sent to the town of Bingham, about 29 kilometers northeast of the 

test site, while offsite radiological safety monitors surveyed 

the area. The evacuation detachment was dismissed at 1300 hours 

on shot-day when it became evident from offsite monitoring that 

evacuations would not be undertaken. The detachment returned to 

LASL at 0400 on 17 July (15). 

Two B-29 aircraft from Kirtland Field, Albuquerque, New 

Mexico, participated in post-shot events. Their planned mission 

was to pass over the test area shortly before the explosion to 

simulate a bomb drop. After the TRINITY device had been 

37 
detonated, the aircraft would circle near ground zero, while the 

men onboard would measure the atmospheric effects of the nuclear 

explosion. This would enable them to determine whether a 

delivery aircraft would be endangered. However, because of bad 

weather on shot-day, Dr. Oppenheimer canceled the aircraft's 

flight in the ground zero area. Instead, the two B-29s, each 

with 12 men onboard, flew along the perimeter of the bombing 

range and observed the shot from a distance of 19 to 29 

kilometers. Among those observers was a Navy captain who was 

also the MED Chief of Ordnance (6; 12; 13). 

2.3 ACTIVITIES AFTER 16 JULY 1945 

On 17, 18, and 19 July, all personnel and visitors had to 

receive permission to approach ground zero from the "Going-in 

Board." On these three days, 21 groups were authorized to go 

beyond the Broadway roadblocks. Most of those who sought this 

authorization were scientists and military support personnel 

whose <job required that they work near ground zero. Except for a 

group of two military men and three civilians who went to ground 

zero on 16 and 17 July and a group of two civilians who approached as close as 90 meters on 18 July, the reentry personnel 

came no closer than 180 meters to ground zero. Of these 

personnel, the individual who received the highest exposure 

during the three days was an Army sergeant who received 15 

roentgens. During the same period, two civilians received 10 

roentgens and 7.5 roentgens, respectively. All other personnel 

received exposures of 5 roentgens or less (1; 3). 

After the "Going-In Board" was disbanded on 19 July, 

permission to enter the ground zero area had to be obtained from 

Dr. Bainbridge or one of his deputies. Many scientists entered 

the ground zero area after 19 July to retrieve instruments or to 

perform experiments. The population of the TRINITY test site was 

diminishing, however, as the emphasis shifted to preparing the 

devices that were to be dropped on Japan (1). 

38 
On 23 July, a week after the shot, chain barricades with 

prominent signs warning against trespassing were placed 910 

meters north, south, and west of ground zero. These barricades 

were supplemented with two concentric circles of red flags 1,830 

and 2,740 meters from ground zero. Except during bad weather, 

the entire ground zero area was visible from the roadblocks. No 

unauthorized person was ever detected entering the ground zero 

area (1). 

On 10 August, the Broadway roadblocks were removed, and 

mounted military policemcxn began patrolling around ground zero at 

a distance of 730 meters. Each guard was assigned to a daily 

six-hour shift for a period of two weeks; in the third week, the 

guard was assigned tasks away from the ground zero area. The 

mounted guards and their horses wore film badges. No exposure 

greater than 0.1 roentgen was registered. On 1 September, the 

mounted patrol moved to a distance of 460 meters from ground 

zero, ,just outside a fence installed a week earlier to seal off 

the area. The same rotating patrol schedule was used. The 

guards' film badge readings showed an average daily exposure of 

0.02 roentgens. The mounted patrol at the fence continued until 

early 1947 (1). 

Between 20 July 1945 and 21 November 1945, 67 groups entered 

the ground zero area. Most of these parties entered in the month 

after shot-day. These we're the scientists and technicians 

conducting experiments or retrieving data. By the beginning of 

September, most of those who entered the ground zero area were 

invited guests (1). 

Also during the period 20 July through 21 November, at least 

71 soldiers were at the TRINITY test site. Twenty-five of these 

men were support personnel who never went within 460 meters of 

ground zero. The remaining 46 men were technical personnel, 

laborers who erected the 460-meter fence, or military policemen 

39 
who served as guides. Eleven of these men, probably members of 

the fence detail, spent several days at about 460 meters from 

ground zero. Working three to five hours per day between 

9 August and 25 August, they would have been the only group to 

stay longer than one hour in the ground zero area. Of the 

remaining personnel who approached within 460 meters from ground 

zero, 25 spent 15 minutes and ten spent between 30 minutes and 

one hour in the ground zero area. Only 11 people received 

exposures of 3 to 5 roentgens between 20 July and 21 November. 

Most received less than 1 roentgen. After 21 November 1945, no 

one approached closer than the fence which was 460 meters from 

ground zero, although about 200 civilian and military personnel 

worked at or visited the TRINITY site through 1946 (1; 16). 

According to dosimetry data, entrance logs, and other 

records, about 1,000 individuals were at the test site at some 

time between 16 July 1945 and the end of 1946. This number 

includes not only the scientists, technicians, and military 

personnel who were part of Project TRINITY but also many 

visitors. Some of the scientists took their wives and children 

on a tour of the area near ground zero, particularly to view the 

green glass called "trinitite," which covered the crater floor. 

Trinitite was the product of the detonation's extreme heat, which 

melted and mixed desert sand, tower steel, and other debris 

(1; 8; 9; 16). 

40 
CHAPTER 3 

RADIATION PROTECTION AT PROJECT TRINITY 

The TR-'7 or Medical Group, shown in the figure l-5 

organizational chart, was responsible for radiological safety at 

Project TRINITY. Many of the physicians and scientists in the 

Medical Group had worked with radioactive materials before and 

were trained in radiological safety procedures. The Chief of the 

Medical Group supervised the radiological safety operations and 

reported to the TRINITY director. In addition to providing 

medical care to TRINITY personnel, this group established 

radiological safety programs to: 

Minimize radiation exposure of personnel on the test 

site and in offsite areas 

Provide monitors to conduct radiological surveys 

onsite and offsite 

Provide and maintain radiation detection instruments 

Provide protective clothing and equipment. 

An exposure limit of 5 roentgens during a two-month period 

was established. Personnel were provided with radiation 

detection instruments to determine their exposures (1). 

3.1 ORGANIZATION 

The Medical Group consisted of physicians, scientists, and 

administrators, as well as radiological monitors. Many of these 

personnel were nonmilitary, but all worked on the Manhattan 

Project under the administration of the Army Corps of Engineers 

Manhattan Engineer District. 

41 
The Medical Group was divided into two monitoring groups, 

the Site Monitoring Group, which was responsible for onsite 

monitoring, and the Offsite Monitoring Group. Each reported to 

the Chief of the Medical Group, and each communicated with the 

other during the monitoring activities. In addition to these two 

groups, a small group of medical technicians provided radiation 

detection instruments to Medical Group personnel (1; 10). 

3.2 SITE MONITORING GROUP 

The Site Monitoring Group consisted of a chief monitor, 

three other monitors, and several medical doctors. This group 

had the following functions (1; 10): 

0 Conduct ground surveys of the test area and mark 

areas of radioactivity 

0 Conduct surveys of the Base Camp and roads leading 

into the test area 

0 Provide protective clothing and equipment, including 

film badges and pocket dosimeters, to personnel 

0 Monitor all personnel for radioactive contamination 

and provide for their decontamination 

0 Maintain a record of radiation exposures received by 

personnel. 

The Site Monitoring Group monitored the radiation exposures 

of personnel in the test area. The time spent by personnel in 

radiation areas was limited, and radiation detection instruments 

were provided to permit continuous monitoring of exposure rates. 

In many cases, a monitor from the Site Monitoring Group 

accompanied project personnel into the test area to monitor 

exposure rates (1; 10). 

Two members of the Site Monitoring Group, a monitor and a 

physician with radiological safety training, were assigned to 

each shelter. The supervising monitor was stationed at the Base 

Camp and was in radio and telephone communication with all three 

42 
shelters and the offsite ground and aerial survey teams. Before 

any personnel were allowed to leave the shelter areas, a radiological safety monitor and a military policeman from each shelter 

advanced along the roads to Broadway to check radiation levels. 

They wore respirators to prevent them from inhaling radioactive 

material (1; 10). 

Since it was expected that any dust from the cloud would 

fall on one of the shelter areas within 30 minutes of the shot, 

plans had been made to evacuate personnel as soon as the monitors 

completed their initial survey. Because the cloud moved to the 

northeast, the south shelter (the Control Point) was not 

completely evacuated, although nonessential personnel were sent 

to the Base Camp. The west shelter was emptied of all personnel 

except a searchlight crew spotlighting the cloud as it moved 

away (1; 10). 

Only at the north shelter did an emergency evacuation occur. 

About 12 minutes after the shot, a detection instrument indicated 

a rapid rise in the radiation levels within the shelter. At the 

same time, a remote ionization monitoring device detected a rapid 

increase in radiation. Because of these two readings, all north 

shelter personnel were immediately evacuated to the Base Camp, 25 

kilometers to the south. Film badges worn by personnel stationed 

at the north shelter, however, showed no radiation exposure above 

the detectable level. It was later discovered that the meter of 

the detector in the north shelter had not retained its zero 

calibration setting, and radiation at the north shelter had not 

reached levels high enough to result in measurable exposures of 

the personnel who had been positioned there. However, fallout 

activity was later detected in the north shelter area, proof that 

part of the cloud did head in that direction. This also explains 

why the monitoring device detected rising radiation levels 

(I; 12). 

43 
After ascertaining that radiation levels along the roads 

leading from the shelters to Broadway were within acceptable 

limits, the radiological safety monitors and military police 

established roadblocks at important intersections leading to 

ground zero. The north shelter monitor and military police set 

up a post where the North Shelter Road ran into Broadway. The 

west shelter monitor and a military policeman blocked Vatican 

Road where it intersected Broadway. The south shelter monitor 

and military police set up a roadblock where Broadway intersected 

Pennsylvania Avenue (1). 

The monitor assigned to Guard Post 4 surveyed the Mockingbird Gap area to ensure that it was safe for the guards to return 

to their post. This position controlled access to the McDonald 

Ranch Road, which led directly to ground zero (1). 

At 0540 hours, the chief monitor departed from the Base Camp 

with a military policeman to monitor the entire length of 

Broadway. They first checked the roadblock at Pennsylvania 

Avenue and Broadway. Next they drove to the roadblock at Vatican 

Road and Broadway. Upon the chief monitor's arrival, the west 

shelter monitor traveled about nine kilometers west on Vatican 

Road to monitor Guard Post 1 so that the military police could 

reoccupy the post. The monitoring excursion to Guard Post 1 

continued until the chief monitor had returned from Guard Post 2, 

located- 17 kilometers northwest of the Vatican Road roadblock on 

Broadway (1; 18). 

The chief monitor arrived at Guard Post 2 at about 0550 

hours and found the post empty. He then continued five 

kilometers north along Broadway to the foxholes from which the 

military police had watched the detonation. There he found the 

guards, the five radiological safety monitors assigned to the 

evacuation detachment, and the Commanding Officer of the 

evacuation detachment (1; 18). 

44 
The military policemen refused to return to Guard Post 2, 

insisting that they had received orders over their two-way radio 

from the Base Commander to evacuate their post and head for San 

Antonio, New Mexico, a town 28 kilometers northwest of the Guard 

Post. The Base Commander had noted that portions of the cloud 

were heading northwestward and, fearing that fallout from the 

cloud would contaminate Guard Post 2, had ordered the military 

police to evacuate. The chief monitor, however, had found no 

significant radiation levels anywhere along the northern part of 

Broadway nor around Guard Post 2. The Base Commander, after 

being contacted by the chief monitor, drove to the foxholes and 

ordered the guards to return to their post. This was the only 

unplanned incident during the onsite monitoring (1). 

After Guard Post 2 was reoccupied, the chief monitor 

returned to the roadblock at the intersection of Broadway and the 

North Shelter Road. The north shelter monitor informed the chief 

monitor of the sudden evacuation of the north shelter, whereupon 

the chief monitor surveyed the north shelter area and found 

intensities of only 0.01 and 0.02 roentgens per hour (R/h). The 

chief monitor then contacted the south shelter and informed 

Dr. Bainbridge that the north shelter region was safe for those 

who needed to return, that Broadway was safe from the Base Camp 

to Guard Post 2, and that Guard Post 2 was now manned so that 

personnel leaving for LASL could be checked out (1). 

The chief monitor then returned to the south shelter and 

assembled the monitors from the three roadblocks and Guard Post 4 

to prepare for entrance into the ground zero area. The time was 

about 0815 hours. The military police at the roadblocks were 

given radiation meters to survey the adjoining area. Broadway 

from the south shelter to Guard Post 2 was remonitored 

occasionally to reassure the military police that there was no 

radiation problem. Monitors also surveyed the Base Camp for 24 

hours after the detonation. No radiation above background levels 

was detected there (1). 

45 
The following brief description of the radiological environment in the TRINITY test area is based primarily on the results 

of the remote gamma recorders situated in the test area and on 

results of the road surveys conducted after the detonation (1). 

Within about 1,400 meters of ground zero (except to the 

north), radiation intensities between 0.2 and 1.3 R/h were 

detected during the first few minutes after the detonation. 

These readings decreased to less than 0.1 R/h within a few hours. 

At greater distances to the east, south, and west, radiation 

levels above background were not detected (1). 

The cloud drifted to the northeast, and higher gamma 

readings due to fallout were encountered in this direction. 

About five minutes after the detonation, a reading of 3 R/h was 

recorded 1,400 meters north of ground zero. Several minutes 

later, the intensity there had increased to greater than 7 R/h, 

and it continued to increase for several more minutes. Gamma 

detectors 9,150 meters north of ground zero, however, recorded no 

radiation above background levels. This indicated that the cloud 

had passed over or near the 1,400-meter area and only partially 

over the 9,150-meter area where the north shelter was located. 

Subsequent ground surveys of this area found no gamma intensities 

higher than 0.02 R/h (1). 

Gamma radiation levels at and around ground zero were much 

higher than in other onsite areas because of induced activity in 

the soil. Twenty-four hours after the detonation, the gamma 

intensity at ground zero was estimated to be 600 to 700 R/h. 

This estimate was based on data provided by the tank crew that 

drove to ground zero to obtain soil samples. The intensity 

decreased to about 2 R/h at 725 meters from ground zero. Gamma 

intensities of 0.1 R/h or more were confined within a circular 

area extending about 1,100 meters from ground zero (except in 

46 
areas of fallout). One week after the shot, the gamma intensity 

at ground zero was about 45 R/h. After 30 days, intensities at 

ground zero had decreased to 15 R/h, and intensities of 0.1 R/h 

or more were not encountered beyond about 365 meters from ground 

zero. Gamma intensities of 3 to 10 R/h were found at ground zero 

three months after the detonation (1; 19). 

3.3 OFFSITE MONITORING GROUP 

Four two-man teams and one five-man team supervised by the 

chief offsite monitor constituted the Offsite Monitoring Group. 

Before the detonation, the four two-man teams established 

monitoring posts in towns outside the test area. These towns 

were Nogal, Roswell, Fort Sumner, and Socorro, all in New Mexico. 

The five-man team remained at Guard Post 2 to assist in 

evacuation of nearby residences if the TRINITY cloud drifted in 

that direction. These residences, the Fite house and the homes 

in the town of Tokay, were 24 and 32 kilometers northwest of 

ground zero, respectively. Since the cloud drifted to the 

northeast, evacuation was not required. All offsite monitoring 

teams were in radio or telephone contact with personnel at the 

Base Camp (11). 

Offsite monitoring teams in areas northeast of ground zero 

encountered gamma readings ranging from 1.5 to 15 R/h two to 

four hours after the detonation. Three hours after the 

detonation, surveys taken in Bingham, New Mexico (located 30 

kilometers northeast of ground zero) found gamma intensities of 

about 1.5 R/h. Radiation readings at the town of White, nine 

kilometers southeast of Bingham, were 6.5 R/h three hours after 

the detonation and 2.5 R/h two hours later. Another team 

monitoring in a canyon 11 kilometers east of Bingham found a 

gamma intensity of about 15 R/h. Five hours later, the intensity 

had decreased to 3.8 R/h. It was estimated that peak intensities 

of gamma radiation from fallout on shot-day were about 7 R/h at 

an occupied ranch house in this canyon area (1; 11; 19). 

47 
Monitoring teams resurveyed these towns about one month 

after the TRINITY detonation. At Bingham, gamma readings of 

0.003 R/h and 0.0001 R/h were found at ground level outdoors and 

at waist level inside a building, respectively. At the town of 

White, the highest outdoor gamma reading was 0.008 R/h. Inside a 

building, the highest reading was 0.0005 R/h (11). 

Surveys taken in the canyon area one month after the 

detonation indicated that gamma intensities at ground level had 

decreased to 0.032 R/h. The occupied ranch house was also surveyed, both inside and outside. The highest reading outdoors was 

0.028 R/h, and the highest reading indoors was 0.004 R/h (11; 19). 

Monitoring was also conducted in offsite areas other than 

those to the north and northeast of ground zero. Monitors found 

no radiation readings above background levels (11). 

Significant fallout from the TRINITY cloud did not reach the 

ground within about 20 kilometers northeast of ground zero. From 

this point, the fallout pattern extended out 160 kilometers and 

was 48 kilometers wide. Gamma intensities up to 15 R/h were 

measured in this region several hours after the detonation. One 

month later, intensities had declined to 0.032 R/h or less (11). 

48 
CHAPTER 4 

DOSIMETRY ANALYSIS OF PARTICIPANTS IN PROJECT TRINITY 

This chapter summarizes the radiation doses received by 

participants in various activities during Pro,ject TRINITY. The 

sources of this dosimetry information are the safety and 

monitoring report for personnel at TRINITY, which includes a 

compilation of film badge readings for all participants up to 

1 January 1946, and film badge data from the records of the 

Reynolds Electrical and Engineering Company, which contain 

readings through 1946 (1; 16). These sources list individual 

participants with their cumulative gamma radiation exposures. 

4.1 FILM BADGE RECORDS 

During TRINITY, the film badge was the primary device used 

to measure the radiation dose received by individual participants. The site monitoring plan indicates that film badges were 

to be issued to participants. The film badge was normally worn 

at chest level on the outside of clothing and was designed to 

measure the wearer's exposure to gamma radiation from external 

sources. These film badges were insensitive to neutron radiation 

and did not measure the amount of radioactive material that might 

have been inhaled or ingested (1). 

Personnel from the Medical Group had responsibility for 

issuing, receiving, processing, and interpreting film badges for 

Project TRINITY. The Site Monitoring Group compiled the film 

badge records for both onsite and offsite personnel. Radiological safety personnel and military police recorded the names 

and identification numbers of individuals as they entered the 

test area. This information was recorded in an entry logbook and 

49 
on a personal exposure data card. Upon leaving the test area, 

individuals returned their film badges to the check station. When 

the film badges were processed and interpreted, the reading was 

entered on the individual's exposure data card. In this manner, 

the number of times an individual entered the test area and his 

cumulative exposure history were recorded and maintained (1). 

4.2 GAMMA RADIATION EXPOSURE 

The safety and monitoring report lists film badge readings 

for about 700 individuals who participated in Project TRINITY 

from 16 July 1945 to 1 January 1946 (1). This list includes both 

military and nonmilitary personnel who were involved with the 

TRINITY operation and postshot activities. However, records are 

available for only 44 of the 144 to 160 members of the evacuation 

detachment (1). In addition, some of these film badge listings 

may be for personnel who were only peripherally involved with 

TRINITY activities, such as family members and official guests 

who visited the site. 

According to the safety and monitoring report, by 

1 January 1946, 23 individuals had received cumulative gamma 

exposures greater than 2 but less than 4 roentgens. An 

additional 22 individuals received gamma exposures between 4 and 

15 roentgens. Personnel who received gamma exposures exceeding 

2 roentgens represent less than six percent of the Pro,iect 

TRINITY participants with recorded exposures. As described 

below, these exposures generally resulted when personnel 

approached ground zero several times (1). 

Information is available regarding the activities of some 

of these personnel. One of the drivers of the earth-sampling 

group's lead-lined tank, an Army sergeant who traveled three 

times to ground zero, received an exposure of 15 roentgens. A 

second tank driver, also an Army sergeant, received an exposure 

50 
of 3.3 roentgens. Three members of the earth-sampling group, all 

of whom traveled in the tank to ground zero, received exposures 

of 10, 7.5, and 5 roentgens. An Army photographer who entered 

the test area six times between 23 July and 20 October received 

12.2 roentgens (1). 

Four individuals involved with excavating the buried 

supports of the TRINITY tower from 8 October to 10 October 1945 

received gamma exposures ranging from 3.4 to 4.7 roentgens. Film 

badge readings for this three-day period indicate that the two 

individuals who operated mechanical shovels received 3.4 and 

4.3 roentgens, while the two who supervised and monitored the 

excavation received exposures of 4.2 and 4.7 roentgens. The 

individual receiving 4.7 roentgens during the excavation 

operation had received 1.3 roentgens from a previous exposure, 

making his total exposure 6 roentgens (1). 

An Army captain who accompanied all test and observer 

parties into the ground zero area between 1 September and 

11 October 1945 received a total gamma exposure of 2.6 roentgens 

(1). The activities and times of exposure are not known for 

other personnel with exposures over 2 roentgens. 

According to the dosimetry records for 1946, about 115 

people visited the test site that year. No one ventured inside 

the fence surrounding ground zero, and no one received an 

exposure greater than 1 roentgen (1; 16). 

51 
REFERENCE LIST 

The following list of references represents 

the documents consulted in preparation of the 

Project TRINITY volume. 

52 
AVAILABILITY INFORMATION 

An availability statement has been included at the end of 

the reference citation for those readers who wish to read or 

obtain copies of source documents. Availability statements were 

correct at the time thrt bibliography was prepared. It is 

anticipated that many of the documents marked unavailable may 

become available during the declassification review process. The 

Coordination and Information Center (CIC) and the National 

Technical Information Service (NTIS) will be provided future 

DNA-WT documents bearing an EX after the report number. 

Source documents bearing an availability statement of CIC 

may be reviewed at the following address: 

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Source documents bearing an availability statement of NTIS 

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When ordering by mail or phone, please include both the price 

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Additional ordering information or assistance may be obtained by 

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53 
PROJECT TRINITY REFERENCES 

1. Aebersold, Paul. July 16th Nuclear Explosion-Safety and 

Monitoring of Personnel (U). Los Alamos Scientific 

Laboratory, Atomic Energy Commission. Los Alamos, 

NM.: LASL. LA-616. January 9, 1947. 

170 Pages.*** 

2. Bainbridge, K. T. Memorandum to All Concerned, Sub,ject: 

TR Circular No. 18--Total Personnel at TR. [Base 

Camp, Trinity Site: NM.] July 3, 1945. 1 Page.** 

3. Bainbridge, K. T. TRINITY. Los Alamos Scientific 

Laboratory. Los Alamos, NM.: LASL, LA-6300-H and 

Washington, D. C.: GPO. May 1976. 82 Pages.** 

4. Bramlet, Walt. Memorandum for Thomas J. Hirons, Subject: 

DOD Participants in Atmospheric Tests, wo/encl. Los 

Alamos Scientific Laboratory. Los Alamos, NM. 

ISD-5. February 20, 1979. 4 Pages.** 

5. General Electric Company--TEMPO. Compilation of Local 

Fallout Data from Test Detonations 1945-1962. 

Vol. 1: "Continental US Tests." Washington, D. C.: 

Defense Nuclear Agency. DNA 1251-l(EX.). 

1979. 619 Pages. (A99) AD/A079 309.* 

6. Groves, Leslie R., LTG, USA. Memorandum for Secretary of 

War, [Subject: TRINITY]. [Washington, D.C.] 18 

July 1945. 13 Pages.** 

7. Groves, Leslie R., LTG, USA (Ret.). Now It Can Be Told: 

The Story of the Manhattan Project. New York, NY.: 

Harper and Row. 1962. 444 Pages. 

8. Headquarters, 9812th Technical Service Unit, Provisional 

Detachment No. 1 (Company "B"). [Extract from: 

Daily Diary, Provisional Detachment No. 1 (Company 

"B" ) , 9812th Technical Service Unit.] Army Corps of 

Engineers, Department of War. [Santa Fe, NM.] 

14 July 1945. 2 Pages.** 

*Available from NTIS; order number appears before the asterisk. 

**Available at CIC. 

***Not available, see Availability Information page. 

 Requests subject to Privacy Act restrictions. 

54 
9. Headquarters, Special Service Detachment. Supplemental 

Special Guard Orders, with Appendix. Los Alamos 

Scientific Laboratory, Manhattan Engineer District. 

[Alamogordo, NM.] 14 July 1945. 4 Pages.**  

10. Hempelmann, L. H., M.D. [Extracts from: "Preparation and 

Operational Plan of Medical Group (TR-7) for Nuclear 

Explosion 16 July 1945."] Los Alamos Scientific 

Laboratory, Atomic Energy Commission. Los Alamos, 

NM.: LASL. LA_631(Deleted). June 13, 1947. 

32 Pages.*** 

11. Hoffman, J. G. [E:xtracts from "Health Physics Report on 

Radioactive Contamination throughout New Mexico 

Following the Nuclear Explosion, Part A--Physics."] 

Los Alamos Scientific Laboratory, Manhattan Engineer 

District. [Los Alamos, NM.] [1945.] 31 Pages.** 

12. Lamont, Lansing. Dag.of TRINITY. New York, NY.: 

Atheneum. 1965. 331 Pages. 

13. Los Alamos Scientific Laboratory, Public Relations Office. 

"Los Alamos: Beginning of an Era, 1943-1945." 

Atomic Energy Commission. Los Alamos, NM.: LASL. 

1967. 65 Pages.** 

14. Oppenheimer, J. R. Memorandum for Group Leaders, Sub.iect: 

TRINITY Test. Los Alamos Scientific Laboratory. 

Los Alamos, NM. June 14, 1945. 2 Pages.** 

15. Palmer, T. O., Maj., USA. Evacuation Detachment at 

TRINITY. [Manhattan Engineer District, Army Corps 

of Engineers,] [Los Alamos, NM.1 118 July 1945.1 

2 Pages.** 

16. Reynolds Electrical 8 Engineering Company, Inc. 

[Personnel Radiation Exposures, 1945, 1946.1 Las 

Vegas, NV. Microfilm.  

17. Warren, S. L., COL., USA. Directions for Personnel at 

Base Camp at Time of Shot. Los Alamos Scientific 

Laboratory, Manhattan Engineer District. 

[Alamogordo, NM.] 15 July 1945. 1 Page.**  

*Available from NTIS; order number appears before the asterisk. 

**Available at CIC. 

***Not available, see Availability Information page. 

 Requests subject to Privacy Act restrictions. 

55 
18. Warren, S. L., COL, USA; Hempelmann, L. H., M.D. Extracts 

from: Personal Notes, Subject: Events in Camp 

Immediately Following Shot--July 16, 1945. 1945. 

2 Pages.**  

19. Weisskopf, V.; Hoffman, J.; Aebersold, Paul; Hempelmann, 

L. H. Memorandum for George Kistiakowsky, Subject:

Measurement of Blast, Radiation, Heat and Light and 

Radioactivity at Trinity. [Los Alamos, NM.1 

5 September 1945. 2 Pages.** 

*Available from NTIS; order number appears before the asterisk. 

**Available at CIC. 

***Not available, see Availability Information page. 

****Requests subject to Privacy Act restrictions. 

56 
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Grand Rapids Public Library 

ATTN: Director of Libraries 

Greenville County Library 

ATTN: Librarian 

Guam RFK Memorial University Lib 

ATTN: Fed Depository Collection 

University of Guam 

ATTN: Librarian 

Gustavus Adolphus College 

ATTN: Library 

Hardin-Simmons University Library 

ATTN: Librarian 

Hartford Public Library 

ATTN: Librarian 

Harvard College Library 

ATTN: Director of Libraries 

Harvard College Library 

ATTN: Librarian 

University of Hawaii 

ATTN: Government Dots Collection 

Hawaii State Library 

ATTN: Federal Documents Unit 

University of Hawaii at Monoa 

ATTN: Director of Libraries 

University of Hawaii 

ATTN: Librarian 

Haydon Burns Library 

ATTN: Librarian 

Henry Ford Comm College Lib 

ATTN: Librarian 

Herbert H. Lehman College 

ATTN: Library Documents Division 

Hofstra Univ Library 

ATTN: Documents Dept 

Hollins College 

ATTN: Librarian 

Hoover Institution 

ATTN: J. Bingham 

65 
__ .-_ - 

OTHER (Continued) 

Hopkinsville Comm College 

ATTN: Librarian 

University of Houston, Library 

ATTN: Documents Div 

Houston Public Library 

ATTN: Librarian 

Hoyt Public Library 

ATTN: Librarian 

Humboldt State College Library 

ATTN: Documents Dept 

Huntington Park Library 

ATTN: Librarian 

Hutchinson Public Library 

ATTN: Librarian 

Idaho Public Lib & Info Center 

ATTN: Librarian 

Idaho State Library 

ATTN: Librarian 

Idaho State University Library 

ATTN: Documents Dept 

University of Idaho 

ATTN: Documents Sect 

ATTN: Dir of Libraries 

University of Illinois, Library 

ATTN: Documents Section 

Illinois State Library 

ATTN: Government Documents Branch 

Illinois Univ at Urbana Champaign 

ATTN: P. Watson, Documents Library 

Illinois Valley Comm Co11 

ATTN: Library 

Indiana State Library 

ATTN: Serial Section 

Indiana State University 

ATTN: Documents Libraries 

Indiana University Library 

ATTN: Documents Department 

Indianapolis Marion Cty Pub Library 

ATTN: Social Science Div 

Iowa State University Library 

ATTN: Govt Documents Dept 

Iowa University Library 

ATTN: Government Documents Dept 

OTHER (Continued) 

Butler University, Irwin Library 

ATTN: Librarian 

Isaac Delchdo College 

ATTN: Librarian 

James Madison University 

ATTN: Librarian 

Jefferson County Public Lib 

ATTN: Librarian 

Jersey City State College 

ATTN: Librarian 

Johns Hopkins University 

ATTN: Documents Library 

John J. Wright Library, La Roche College 

ATTN: Librarian 

Johnson Free Public Lib 

ATTN: Librarian 

Kahului Library 

ATTN: Librarian 

Kalamazoo Public Library 

ATTN: Librarian 

Kansas City Public Library 

ATTN: Documents Div 

Kansas State Library 

ATTN: Librarian 

Kansas State Univ Library 

ATTN: Documents Dept 

University of Kansas 

ATTN: Director of Libraries 

Kent State University Library 

ATTN: Documents Div 

Kentucky Dept of Library & Archives 

ATTN: Documents Section 

University of Kentucky 

ATTN: Governments Publication Dept 

ATTN: Director of Libraries 

Kenyon College Library 

ATTN: Librarian 

Lake Forest College 

ATTN: Librarian 

Lake Sumter Comm Co11 Lib 

ATTN: Librarian 

Lakeland Public Library 

ATTN: Librarian 

66 
OTHER (Continued) 

Lancaster Regional Library 

ATTN: Librarian 

Lawrence University 

ATTN: Documents Dept 

Lee Library, Brigham Young Universit,r 

ATTN: Documents & Map Section 

Library & Statutory Distribution & SVC 

2 cy ATTN: Librarian 

Little Rock Public Library 

ATTN: Librarian 

Long Beach Pub1 Library 

ATTN: Librarian 

Los Angeles Public Library 

ATTN: Serials Div U.S. Documellts 

Louisiana State University 

ATTN: Government Dot Dept 

ATTN: Director of Libraries 

Louisville Free Pub Lib 

ATTN: Librarian 

Louisville Univ Library 

ATTN: Librarian 

Lyndon 6. Johnson Sch of Pub Affairs Lib 

ATTN: Librarian 

Maine Maritime Academy 

ATTN: Librarian 

Maine University at Oreno 

ATTN: Librarian 

University of Maine 

ATTN: Librarian 

Manchester City Library 

ATTN: Librarian 

Mankato State College 

ATTN: Govt Publications 

Mantor Library 

Univ of Maine at Farmington 

ATTN: Director of Libraries 

Marathon County Public Library 

ATTN: Librarian 

Marshall Brooks Library 

ATTN: Librarian 

University of Maryland 

ATTN: McKeldin Libr Dots Div 

University of Maryland 

ATTN: Librarian 

OTHER (Continued) -__ 

University of Massachusetts 

ATTN: Government Dots College 

McNeese State Univ 

ATTN: Librarian 

Memphis Shelby County Pub Lib & Info Ctr 

ATTN: Librarian 

Memphis State University 

ATTN: Librarian 

Mercer University 

ATTN: Librarian 

Mesa County Public Library 

ATTN: Librarian 

University of Miami, Library 

ATTN: Government Publications 

Miami Public Library 

ATTN: Documents Division 

Miami Univ Library 

ATTN: Documents Dept 

Michel Orradre Library 

University of Santa Clara 

ATTN: Documents Div 

Michigan State Library 

ATTN: Librarian 

Michiqan State University Library 

-ATTN: Librarian 

Michigan Tech University 

ATTN: Library Documents Dept 

University of Michigan 

ATTN: Acq Set Documents Unit 

Middlebury College Library 

ATTN: Librarian 

Millersville State Co11 

ATTN: Librarian 

Milne Library 

State University of New York 

ATTN: Dots Librn 

Milwaukee Pub Lib 

ATTN: Librarian 

Minneapolis Public Lib 

ATTN: Librarian 

Minnesota Div of Emergency Svcs 

ATTN: Librarian 

Minot State College 

ATTN: Librarian 

Mississippi State University 

ATTN: Librarian 

67 
OTHER (Continued) 

University of Mississippi 

ATTN: Director of Libraries 

Missouri Univ at Kansas City Gen 

ATTN: Librarian 

Missouri University Library 

ATTN: Government Documents 

M.I.T. Libraries 

ATTN: Librarian 

Mobile Public Library 

ATTN: Governmental Info Division 

Moffett Library 

ATTN: Librarian 

Montana State Library 

ATTN: Librarian 

Montana State University, Library 

ATTN: Librarian 

University of Montana 

ATTN: Documents Div 

Moorhead State College 

ATTN: Library 

Mt Prospect Public Lib 

ATTN: Librarian 

Murray State Univ Lib 

ATTN: Library 

Nassau Library System 

ATTN: Librarian 

Natrona County Public Library 

ATTN: Librarian 

Nebraska Library Comm 

ATTN: Librarian 

Univ of Nebraska at Omaha 

ATTN: Librarian 

Nebraska Western College Library 

ATTN: Librarian 

Univ of Nebraska at Lincoln 

ATTN: Director of Libraries 

Univ of Nevada at Reno 

ATTN: Governments Pub Dept 

Univ of Nevada at Las Vegas 

ATTN: Director of Libraries 

New Hampshire University Lib 

ATTN: Librarian 

New Hanover County Public Library 

ATTN: Librarian 

Nebraska University 

ATTN: Director of Libraries 

OTHER (Continued) 

New Mexico State Library 

ATTN: Librarian 

New Mexico State University 

ATTN: Lib Documents Div 

University of New Mexico 

ATTN: Director of Libraries 

University of New Orleans Library 

ATTN: Govt Documents Div 

New Orleans Public Lib 

ATTN: Library 

New York Public Library 

ATTN: Librarian 

New York State Library 

ATTN: Dot Control, Cultural Ed Ctr 

New York State Univ at Stony Brook 

ATTN: Main Lib Dot Sect 

New York State Univ Co1 at Cortland 

ATTN: Librarian 

State Univ of New York 

ATTN: Library Documents Set 

State Univ of New York 

ATTN: Librarian 

New York State University 

ATTN: Documents Center 

State University of New York 

ATTN: Documents Dept 

New York University Library 

ATTN: Documents Dept 

Newark Free Library 

ATTN: Librarian 

Newark Public Library 

ATTN: Librarian 

Niagara Falls Pub Lib 

ATTN: Librarian 

Nicholls State Univ Library 

ATTN: Dots Div 

Nieves M. Flores Memorial Lib 

ATTN: Librarian 

Norfolk Public Library 

ATTN: R. Parker 

North Carolina Agri & Tech State Univ 

ATTN: Librarian 

Univ of North Carolina at Charlotte 

ATTN: Atkins Library Documents Dept 

Univ of North Carolina at Greensboro, Library 

ATTN: Librarian 

68 
OTHER (Continued) 

North Carolina Central University 

ATTN: Librarian 

North Carolina State University 

ATTN: Librarian 

North Carolina University at Wilmington 

ATTN: Librarian 

University of North Carolina 

ATTN: BA SS Division Documents 

North Dakota State University Lib 

ATTN: Dots Librarian 

University of North Dakota 

ATTN: Librarian 

North Georgia College 

ATTN: Librarian 

North Texas State University Library 

ATTN: Librarian 

Northeast Missouri State University 

ATTN: Librarian 

Northeastern Illinois University 

ATTN: Library 

Northeastern Oklahoma State Univ 

ATTN: Librarian 

Northeastern University 

ATTN: Dodge Library 

Northern Arizona University Lib 

ATTN: Government Documents Dept 

Northern Illinois University 

ATTN: Librarian 

Northern Iowa University 

ATTN: Library 

Northern Michigan Univ 

ATTN: Documents 

Northern Montana College Library 

ATTN: Librarian 

Northwestern Michigan College 

ATTN: Librarian 

Northwestern State Univ 

ATTN: Librarian 

Northwestern State Univ Library 

ATTN: Librarian 

Northwestern University Library 

ATTN: Govt Publications Dept 

Norwalk Public Library 

ATTN: Librarian 

OTHER (Continued) 

University of Notre Dame 

ATTN: Document Center 

Oakland Comm College 

ATTN: Librarian 

Oakland Public Library 

ATTN: Librarian 

Oberlin College Library 

ATTN: Librarian 

Ocean County College 

ATTN: Librarian 

Ohio State Library 

ATTN: Librarian 

Ohio State University 

ATTN: Libraries Documents Division 

Ohio L$;;;rsity Library 

: Dots Dept 

Oklahoma City University Library 

ATTN: Librarian 

Oklahoma City University Library 

ATTN: Librarian 

Oklahoma Dept of Libraries 

ATTN: U.S. Govt Documents 

University of Oklahoma 

ATTN: Documents Div 

Old Dominion University 

ATTN: Dot Dept Univ Library 

Olivet College Library 

ATTN: Librarian 

Omaha Pub Lib Clark Branch 

ATTN: Librarian 

Oregon State Library 

ATTN: Librarian 

University of Oregon 

ATTN: Documents Section 

Ouachita Baptist University 

ATTN: Librarian 

Pan American University Library 

ATTN: Librarian 

Passaic Public Library 

ATTN: Librarian 

Paul Klapper Library 

ATTN: Documents Dept 

Pennsylvania State Library 

ATTN: Government Publications Section 

69 
OTHER (Continued) 

Pennsylvania State University 

ATTN: Library Document Set 

University of Pennsylvania 

ATTN: Director of Libraries 

Penrose Library 

University of Denver 

ATTN: Penrose Library 

Peoria Public Library 

ATTN: Business, Science & Tech Dept 

Free Library of Philadelphia 

ATTN: Govt Publications Dept 

Philipsburg Free Public Library 

ATTN: Library 

Phoenix Public Library 

ATTN: Librarian 

University of Pittsburg 

ATTN: Documents Office G 8 

Plainfield Public Library 

ATTN: Librarian 

Popular Creek Public Lib District 

ATTN: Librarian 

Association of Portland Lib 

ATTN: Librarian 

Portland Public Library 

ATTN: Librarian 

Portland State University Library 

ATTN: Librarian 

Prescott Memorial Lib 

Louisiana Tech Univ 

ATTN: Librarian 

Princeton University Library 

ATTN: Documents Division 

Providence College 

ATTN: Librarian 

Providence Public Library 

ATTN: Librarian 

Cincinnati & Hamilton County Public Library 

ATTN: Librarian 

Public Library of Nashville and Davidson County 

ATTN: Library 

University of Puerto Rico 

ATTN: Dot & Maps Room 

Purdue University Library 

ATTN: Librarian 

OTHER (Continued) 

Quinebaug Valley Community Co1 

ATTN: Librarian 

Ralph Brown Draughon Lib 

Auburn University 

ATTN: Microforms & Documents Dept 

Rapid City Public Library 

ATTN: Librarian 

Reading Public Library 

ATTN: Librarian 

Reed College Library 

ATTN: Librarian 

Reese Library 

Augusta College 

ATTN: Librarian 

University of Rhode Island Library 

ATTN: Govt Publications Office 

University of Rhode Island 

ATTN: Director of Libraries 

Rice University 

ATTN: Director of Libraries 

Richard W. Norton Mem Lib 

Louisiana College 

ATTN: Librarian 

Richland County Pub Lib 

ATTN: Librarian 

University of Richmond 

ATTN: Library 

Riverside Public Library 

ATTN: Librarian 

University of Rochester Library 

ATTN: Documents Section 

Rutgers University, Camden Library 

ATTN: Librarian 

Rutgers State University 

ATTN: Librarian 

Rutgers University 

ATTN: Director of Libraries 

Rutgers University Law Library 

ATTN: Federal Documents Dept 

Salem College Library 

ATTN: Librarian 

Samford University 

ATTN: Librarian 

San Antonio Public Library 

ATTN: Bus Science & Tech Dept 

70 
OTHER (Continued) 

San Diego County Library 

ATTN: C. Jones, Acquisitions 

San Diego Public Library 

ATTN: Librarian 

San Diego State University Library 

ATTN: Govt Pubs Dept 

SanFrancisco Public Library 

ATTN: Govt Documents Dept 

San Francisco State College 

ATTN: Govt Pub Collection 

San Jose State College Library 

ATTN: Documents Dept 

San Luis Obispo City-County Library 

ATTN: Librarian 

Savannah Pub & Effingham Libty Reg Lib 

ATTN: Librarian 

Scottsbluff Public Library 

ATTN: Librarian 

Scranton Public Library 

ATTN: Librarian 

Seattle Public Library 

ATTN: Ref Dot Asst 

Selby Public Library 

ATTN: Librarian 

Shawnee Library System 

ATTN: Librarian 

Shreve Memorial Library 

ATTN: Librarian 

Silas Bronson Public Library 

ATTN: Librarian 

Simon Schwab Mem Lib 

Columbus College 

ATTN: Librarian 

Sioux City Public Library 

ATTN: Librarian 

Skidmore College 

ATTN: Librarian 

Slippery Rock State College Library 

ATTN: Librarian 

South Carolina State Library 

ATTN: Librarian 

University of South Carolina 

ATTN: Librarian 

OTHER (Continued) 

University of South Carolina 

ATTN: Government Documents 

South Dakota Sch of Mines & Tech 

ATTN: Librarian 

South r)aknta State I-ibrary 

ATTN: Federal Documents Department 

University of South Dakota 

ATTN: Documents Librarian 

South Florida University Library 

ATTN: Librarian 

Southdale-Hennepin Area Library 

ATTN: Government Documents 

Southeast Missouri State University 

ATTN: Librarian 

Southeastern Massachusetts University Library 

ATTN: Documents Set 

University of Southern Alabama 

ATTN: Librarian 

Southern California University Library 

ATTN: Documents Dept 

Southern Connecticut State College 

ATTN: Library 

Southern Illinois University 

ATTN: Librarian 

Southern Illinois University 

ATTN: Documents Ctr 

Southern Methodist University 

ATTN: Librarian 

University of Southern Mississippi 

ATTN: Library 

Southern Oregon College 

ATTN: Library 

Southern University in New Orleans, Library 

ATTN: Librarian 

Southern Utah State College Library 

ATTN: Documents Department 

Southwest Missouri State College 

ATTN: Library 

Southwestern University of Louisiana, Libraries 

ATTN: Librarian 

Southwestern University School of Law Library 

ATTN: Librarian 

71 
OTHER (Continued) 

Spokane Public Library 

ATTN: Reference Dept 

Springfield City Library 

ATTN: Documents Section 

St. Bonaventure University 

ATTN: Librarian 

St. Joseph Public Library 

ATTN: Librarian 

St. Lawrence University 

ATTN: Librarian 

St. Louis Public Library 

ATTN: Librarian 

St. Paul Public Library 

ATTN: Librarian 

Stanford University Library 

ATTN: Govt Documents Dept 

State Historical Sot Lib 

ATTN: Dots Serials Section 

State Library of Massachusetts 

ATTN: Librarian 

State University of New York 

ATTN: Librarian 

Stetson Univ 

ATTN: Librarian 

University of Steubenville 

ATTN: Librarian 

Stockton & San Joaquin Public Lib 

ATTN: Librarian 

Stockton State College Library 

ATTN: Librarian 

Superior Public Library 

ATTN: Librarian 

Swarthmore College Lib 

ATTN: Reference Dept 

Syracuse University Library 

ATTN: Documents Div 

Tacoma Public Library 

ATTN: Librarian 

Tampa, Hillsborough County Public Lib 

ATTN: Librarian 

Temple University 

ATTN: Librarian 

Tennessee Technological University 

ATTN: Librarian 

OTHER (Continued) 

University of Tennessee 

ATTN: Dir of Libraries 

Terteling Library 

College of Idaho 

ATTN: Librarian 

Texas A & M University Library 

ATTN: Librarian 

University of Texas at Arlington 

ATTN: Library Documents 

University of Texas at San Antonio 

ATTN: Library 

Texas Christian University 

ATTN: Librarian 

Texas State Library 

ATTN: U.S. Documents Sect 

Texas Tech University Library 

ATTN: Govt Dots Dept 

Texas University at Austin 

ATTN: Documents Co11 

Texas University at El Paso 

ATTN: Documents and Maps Lib 

University of Toledo Library 

ATTN: Librarian 

Toledo Public Library 

ATTN: Social Science Dept 

Torrance Civic Center Library 

ATTN: Librarian 

Traverse City Public Library 

ATTN: Librarian 

Trenton Free Public Library 

ATTN: Librarian 

Trinity College Library 

ATTN: Librarian 

Trinity University Library 

ATTN: Documents Collection 

Tufts University Library 

ATTN: Documents Dept 

Tulane University 

ATTN: Documents Dept 

University of Tulsa 

ATTN: Librarian 

UCLA Research Library 

ATTN: Public Affairs Svc/US Dots 

72 
OTHER (Continued) 

Unifor;;4NSvcs Univ of the Hlth Sci 

: LRC Library 

University Libraries 

ATTN: Dir of Libraries 

Upper Iowa College 

ATTN: Documents Collection 

Utah State University 

ATTN: Librarian 

University of Utah 

ATTN: Special Collections 

University of Utah 

ATTN: Dept of Pharmacology 

ATTN: Director of Libraries 

Valencia Library 

ATTN: Librarian 

Vanderbilt University Library 

ATTN: Govt Dots Sect 

University of Vermont 

ATTN: Director of Libraries 

Virginia Commonwealth University 

ATTN: Librarian 

Virginia Military Institute 

ATTN: Librarian 

Virginia Polytechnic Inst Lib 

ATTN: Dots Dept 

Virginia State Library 

ATTN: Serials Section 

University of Virginia 

ATTN: Public Documents 

Volusia County Public Libraries 

ATTN: Librarian 

Washington State Library 

ATTN: Documents Section 

Washington State University 

ATTN: Lib Documents Section 

Washington University Libraries 

ATTN: Dir of Libraries 

University of Washington 

ATTN: Documents Div 

Wayne State University Library 

ATTN: Librarian 

Wayne State University Law Library 

ATTN: Documents Dept 

Weber State College Library 

ATTN: Librarian 

Wagner College 

ATTN: Librarian 

OTHER (Continued) 

Wesleyan University 

ATTN: Documents Librarian 

West Chester State Co11 

ATTN: Documents Dept 

West Covina Library 

ATTN: Librarian 

University of West Florida 

ATTN: Librarian 

West Hills Community Co11 

ATTN: Library 

West Texas State University 

ATTN: Library 

West Virginia Co11 of Grad Studies Lib 

ATTN: Librarian 

University of West Virginia 

ATTN: Dir of Libraries 

Westerly Public Library 

ATTN: Librarian 

Western Carolina University 

ATTN: Librarian 

Western Illinois University Lib 

ATTN: Librarian 

Western Washington Univ 

ATTN: Librarian 

Western Wyoming Community College Lib 

ATTN: Librarian 

Westmoreland Cty Comm Co11 

ATTN: Learning Resource Ctr 

Whitman College 

ATTN: Librarian 

Wichita State Univ Library 

ATTN: Librarian 

William & Mary College 

ATTN: Dots Dept 

William Allen White Library 

Emporia Kansas State College 

ATTN: Govt Documents Div 

William College Library 

ATTN: Librarian 

Willimantic Public Library 

ATTN: Librarian 

Winthrop College 

ATTN: Documents Dept 

University of Wisconsin at Whitewater 

ATTN: Governments Documents Library 

73 
OTHER (Continued) 

Wisconsin Milwaukee University 

ATTN: Librarian 

Wisconsin Oshkosh University 

ATTN: Librarian 

Wisconsin Platteville University 

ATTN: Librarian 

Wisconsin University at Stevens Point 

ATTN: Dots Section 

University of Wisconsin 

ATTN: Govt Pubs Dept 

University of Wisconsin 

ATTN: Acquisitions Dept 

Worcester Public Library 

ATTN: Librarian 

OTHER (Continued) 

Yale University 

ATTN: Director of Libraries 

Yeshiva University 

ATTN: Librarian 

Yuma City County Library 

ATTN: Librarian 

Wright State Univ Library 

ATTN: Govts Documents Dept 

Wyoming State Library 

ATTN: Librarian 

University of Wyoming 

ATTN: Documents Div 

74 
.