Table 193. Concentrations of radionuclides in terrestrial foods, 

Concentration, pCi/g drya 

*Jan. 1, 1074 -~ .Ian. 1, l!IH% -

Food item 3H 55 Fe fjOCo 9oSr 137Cs 239, 24OI,,, :jII 5 :) ,$‘(? (i 0 (‘0 !I0 sr 137(.!, %3!), “4 0, ,(, 

A. Island group ALICE-IRENE 

Domestic meat 3.08 51.7 _-_-__-____----__ I) ) 

Pandanus fruit + Not available * 23. 5 221 

Breadfruit C-------- Not available - * 23. 5 221 

Wild birds 32.8 0.207 0.040 -:o. 081 0.0040 +________ . . -. --- _I) __--- --.- ---- t 

Bird eggs 13. U co. 057 0.090 ,:o. 049 0.0015 * I, - _I_-. -.-_ + 

Arrowroot P----. Not available * 1.18 1.77 

Coconut meat ------ Not available------e 0. 237 6.64 co. 163 1.35 22. 1 0.181 

Coconut milk * Not available + 2.37 66.4 <l.F3 13.5 221 1.81 

B. Island group BELLE 

Domestic meat 5.04 116 t b * 

Pandanus fruit p--- Not available * 0.034 CO. 036 30.4 4 96 *IO. 24 

Breadfruit f--_---_ ___-_. . _ Not available ____.__ -- 0. 034 0. o:<t; 3 II 4 4 !I(; 

Arrowroot 4 Not available + 1.92 3. 96 

Coconut meat c------_--_ _ __ Not avaIlable _ _._~ ________) 2.21 4 9. 6 

Coconut milk f--------------- - Not availnblc -. --_- .--- + 22. 1 4 !lfi 

C. Island group JANET 

Domestic meat 1.80 3fl. 7 V- i--y IJ _.-_. -. --__-_t 

Pandanus fruit 4 Not available ) 0. 178 co. 031 13.8 165 0.00201 

Breadfruit +--------------- _ Not available ----_) 0. 178 ,-0.031 13.8 1 Ii 5 0.00204 

Wild birds 59.9 0. 257 0.0076 0.0834 0.0033 w - b-__ ___----_) 

Bird eggs 34.2 0.077 0.193 0.114 0. 0148 t_ ~~..~..__.- I, -__ -.- --- _.-- --+ 

Arrowroot c--------------- Not available ~- * 0.687 1.32 

Coconut meat + -- Not available -- --- ...-.- * -0.019 0.790 IF. 5 

Coconut milk _---__--_- Not available-m .-~ - . -_ - --__) ,-0. 19 7. II0 1 (i < 5

. __ _.._ - ._._ ._.__ _ 

Table 193 (continued). 

Concentration, pCi/g dry” 
I). Island ~r‘oup KATE-WILMA 

Domestic meat 

Pandanils fruit ---

15readfruit 

Wild birds 54.4 

I$irtl eggs 2 ” -. 5 

Art-owr~rJrJt -

C‘oc,onut meat ---------

Coconut milk --- __--

Coconut crabs 0.480 

1s:, Island group AI.VIN-KEITH I 

cil Domestic meat 

g

I Pandanus fruit 

Breadfruit c-_ --- ____ 

Wild birds 5G. fi 

ISird eggs 

A~I-llWrUl~t t-- ---

Coconut meat 0. 2!r:j 0. 22’1 

Coconut milk 2. !I-/ .:2. 2!l 

C’oc,ontit crabs 0.342 

“Except for domestic meat all the concentrations 

is expressed in pCi/g fresh weight. 

bJan. 1, 1974 data corrected for radioactive decay 

Kc11 ;r\,ai];il)lc-_ .--_._~---------__+ 

Not ..- - ._____) available -

Not available - -----------------a 

0. 103 0. &I (1 f-_-_-_- ~_..~~ _..~ ,j- --* 

Not available * 0. Oli I (I, 0 IO 0. 2:io :! I .1 ~l.o(I:i’~ 

Not available ____ ~. _..__~_..__+ 0 . 0 3 4 0. llli, 0. “.jii 2. 1.i 0.(111’“1 

0.214 0. 012 0. 085 0.0235 4 I) -

0.037 0 . 0 0 3 ii 0. IZ!) 0 0 0 0 Ii 5 -_ __..__~...____ j) __-- ~~..~ ~.~.. -_) 

NoI .i\~.i11.1111~~~-- e- 0. I) I :! 0. ill’, 

0. 02’) 0. 034 0. tit\7 0. OO’li f-_. .._.~__ ~. _ j, _-----~ w0.2:) 0. 335 6.87 co. 026 t_ _.. -. _._.~_.~_ t, ___ __-. ..~~~_. -_-* 

0 4 !I (1 0.304 1.10 0.0027 ; t, ----~--------_) 

reported in Table 193 are cxpresscd in p(‘~/g dry weight. l’lie c,onc,c:ntr;ltli,n In clorr~r~i-tl( lr~(,;ll 

only to obtain Jan. 1, 1982 values. 
••

foods available at the t1.m-e of return Ivere 

corrected for decay and listed under the 

first possible date of return, January 1, 

1974. These concentrations are mostly 

derived from measurements on birds, 

bird eggs, and coconut crabs, and they 

do include the concentrations predicted 

for coconut and coconut milk from the 

southern islands (Group E, _cVINKEITH). Since swine and poultry can be 

expected to provide meat within a year or 

two after return, the concentrations of 

“Sr and I37 Cs predicted in domestic 

meat are listed under the date of return. 

The predicted concentrations in pandanus 

fruit, breadfruit, arrowroot and, except 

for the southern islands, coconut and 

coconut milk were decay corrected and 

listed under January 1, 1982, or 8 yr after 

return. Eight years has been assumed as 

the period required for newly planted 

crops to mature and yield food. Except 

for coconut on the southern islands, edible 

plants will have to be reestablished, and 

hence their radionuclide concentrations 

are listed under the later date. Actually, 

8 yr is rather short for all but tacca. 

The concentrations of the radionuclides 

other than “Sr and 137Cs in pandanus 

fruit and breadfruit were set equal to the 

mean of the concentration in pandanus 

leaves (see Table 139). This procedure 

enabled us to estimate the maximum contribution of these radionuclides to the 

dose from terrestrial foods. 

The integrated dose via ingestion of 

terrestrial foods was estimated following 

the procedure described in the chapter on 

dose estimates for the marine food chain. 

Equation (6), the expression for the integrated dose, can be written in the form 

-584-

Dose IO X DT, 

where ::: = initial rate of ingestion of a IO 

radionuclide, pCi /day 

and 

= the integrated dose from DT 

t = 0 to t = T (day) per unit 

rate of ingestion of activity 

rem/pCiJday. 

Dosages for each island group integrated over 5, 10, 30, and 70 yr were 

estimated using rates of ingestion computed from the concentrations of Table 193. 

It is of interest to consider the two basic 

diets shown in Table 139 in the chapter 0n 

dietary and living patterns, one the expected diet at the time of return, and the 

other the expected diet 10 yr after return. 

The 5- and IO-yr integral doses were calculated assuming the diet at the time of 

return. This diet contains only foods 

that are available on islands of the group 

at the time of return, i. e., domestic 

meat, birds, bird eggs, coconut crabs, 

and only in the case of the southern islands, 

coconut meat and coconut milk. The initial 

rates of ingestion of radionuclides for 

each island group assuming the diet at the 

time of return are listed in Table 194. 

These values were compounded according 

to the post-return diet described in 

Table 139 from the concentrations listed 

in the left side of Table 193 under the date 

of return, January 1, 1974. The lo-yr 

integral dose also includes a 2-yr contribution from the edible plants that become 

available for the first time 8 yr after 

return. The initial rates of ingestion 0f 

these foods were calculated according t0 

the lo-yr post-return diet described in 

, Table 

Food i. 

A. Is1 

! Pork a 

Wild b 

Bird c: 

Total 

B. IS1 

Pork 3 

Total 

C. IS1 

Pork a 

Wild b 

Bird c 

Total 

D. Is1 

Pork a 

Wild b 

Bird c 

Coconl 

Total 

E. Isi 

Pork ; 

Wild b 

Bird e 1 

. C0cor-r j 

’ Cocon 

t Cocon 

i 

Total 
1ngest:on rate, pc‘i day 

1:oc,d 1tcm ‘3 pi .‘5Fe GO co ilOSr 13iC. 239, ‘30Pu 

A. Island group 

Pork and chicken 

ALICE-IRENE 

185 3100 

l,\lild birds 

Bird ~~2s 

“83 

RF! 

G. 31 

LO. 2!1 

1.21 

0.45 

c2.4 

-0.24 

0.143 

0.0074 

Total 1050 6.35 187 3100 0.150 

13. Island group 

Pork and c!ltcken 

13ET.l .F 

302 GOGO 

193. 

ic 

on 

Total 

c. Island group 

Pork and chicken 

J_%XET 

302 

108 

6960 

2320 

he 

!I-Il. 

:alWild 

Bird 

Total 

birds 

eggs 

1800 

171 

1970 

7.70 

co. 39 

7.89 

0.29 

0.97 

109 

2.5 

0.6 

2320 

0.100 

0.074 

0.174 

f D. Island 

Pork and 

group 

chicken 

KATE-WILMA, LEROY 

47.4 858 

up 

3 

ands, 

litial 

the 

Wild birds 

Bird eggs 

Coconut crabs 

Total 

E. Island qroun 

Pork and chicken 

Wild birds 

0.480 

0.480 

AL\‘IS-KEITH 

1800 

113 

1900 

1700 

7.70 

CO. 28 

1.03 

8. 87 

6.41 

0.29 

0.02 

1.96 

49.7 

6. 18 

0.37 

2.50 

CO. 25 

7.59 

868 

50.9 

2. 55 

0.100 

0.077 

0.0035 

0.180 

0.704 

Bird eggs 

Coconut 2;). 3 

131 

<23 

co. 

c2.9 

35 0.02 

3.35 

co. 35 

68.7 

0.003 

CO. 259 

ted 

Aate 

” 

Coconut 

Coconut 

Total 

milk 

crabs 

14.9 

2.91 

47.1 

Cl1 

1850 

cl.42 

4.23 

13.7 

0.17 

2. 58 

12.7 

3.44 

9.31 

135 

co. 129 

0.023 

0.99 

rime 

3f 

to 

1 

-585-
Table i39 from the concentrations listed 

in the right side of Table 193. The basis 

of this procedure is described more fully 

below. 

The 30- and ‘iO-yr integral doses were 

calculated assuming the lo-yr post-return 

diet. In addition to the foods that are 

available at the time of return, the lo-yr 

post-return diet includes pandanus fruit, 

breadfruit, arrowroot, and for islands 

other than the southern islands, coconut 

meat and coconut milk. The initial rates 

of ingestion for each island group assuming the IO-yr post-return diet are listed 

in Table 195. These values were compounded according to the lo-yr postreturn diet described in Table 139 and 

are presented in two parts. The rates 

of ingestion for the foods immediately 

available were calculated using the concentrations listed on the left side of 

Table 193, and are presented on the left 

side of Table 195 under January 1, 1974, 

the date of return. The rates of ingestion 

for the foods that are to become available 

8 yr after return were calculated using 

the concentrations on the right side of 

Table 193. These rates of ingestion are 

presented on the right side of Table 195 

under the 8-yr post-return date, January 1, 

1982. In essence, the foods immediately 

available are assumed to contribute to the 

diet beginning January 1, 1974, and the 

edible plants that are yet to be established 

are assumed to contribute to the diet 

beginning January 1, 1982. 

The values of the dose per.unit rate of 

ingestion DT that were used to calculate 

the 5-, lo-, 30-, and 70-yr doses are 

listed in Table 196. The doses from 

9OS, and 239, 240 Pu, which can be regarded as bone-seekers, were calcul 

to bone. The dosage from the other 

nuclides were calculated to the whole 

The dose per unit rate of ingestion D, 

been calculated assuming that the rat 

nuclide is removed from food and the 

vironment solely by radioactive deca: 

The origin of DT is fully discussed ir 

chapter on dose estimates for the ma 

environment. Table 196 can be seen 

include 2-, 22-, and 62-yr values of 

These values are used to estimate th 

lo-, 30-, and 70-yr dosages from in 

tion of the foods that do not contribut 

the diet until 8 yr after return. 

Prediction of the Dosage from 

Terrestrial Foods by Island Grou 

Estimated Dosage Assuming Diet 

Time of Return - Table 197 presen 

5- and lo-yr integral doses calculat 

assuming the diet at the time of ret1 

(see Table 139). These dosage esti 

combine the rates of ingestion of Ta 

194 and 195 and 2-, 5-, and IO-yr x 

of the dose per unit rate of ingestioi 

listed in Table 196. The 5- and lodosages are useful for examining tt 

situation for the first few years fol: 

return. The total whole-body dose 

been computed as the sum of the wl 

body dosages from the non-bone se 

The total bone dose has been compl 

the sum of the total whole-body do: 

the bone doses from “Sr and 23g* 

Terrestrial food from BELLE v 

contribute the greatest dosages, fc 

from the southern islands ALVINwould contribute the least. Stront 

accounts for more than 99.9% of t! 

-586-
.? 

he 

I3 

d 

0 

es L? 

-ng 

es 

s 

N 

m 

?--S. 

as 

one 

TH 

d 

PU. 

nd 

587-

-90 
-588-
: 

s 

i 

i 

. 

I 
Table 197. Prediction of the dosage from ingestion of terrestrial foods assuming diet at the time of return. 

5-yr dose, rem lo-yr dose, rem 

Isotope Whole body Bone Whole body Bone 

3H 2.7(-6) 

55Fe 2. 5(-4Ja 4.4(-4) 

G°CO 1.9(-4) 4.5(-4) 

9’Sr 2.02 10. 1 

l 37cs 0.298 1.25 

239, 240pu 1.4(-6) 3.4(-5) 

Subtotal 0. 298 2.02 1.25 10. 1 

Total 5-yr whole-body dose 0.30 rem Total lo-yr whole-body dose 1. 25 rem 

Total 5-yr bone dose 2.32 rem Total lo-yr bone dose 11.3 rem 

B. Island group BELLE 

55Fe 1.9(-7) 

6Oco 1.7(-5) 

9OSr 3.26 1G. 3 

137cs 0.669 2. 81 

239, 240Pu 1.3(-5) 

Subtotal 0.67 3.26 2.81 16. 3 

Total 5-yr whole-body dose 0.67 rem Total lo-yr whole- bcody dose 2.81 rem 

Total 5-yr bone dose 3.93 rem Total IO-yr bone dose 19.2 rem 
‘3 

. . 

rf cu d 

d 

-591-
- A 

0 * * 

m I , 

- _ r: d+ - . . 

-3 v d 

-592-
; :: 7 

2ose from the bone-seekers, and CS 

accounts for greater than 917, of the total 

i: hole- body dose. Table 198 presents the 

reiative contributions of the terrestrial 

foods to the integral 5- and lo-yr dosages 

from 9OSr and 137CS. Table 198 indicates 

[hat for island group XLVIS-KEITIl, 

domestic meat \vould contribute about 50? 

!!O 

of the j-yr bone dose from Sr, and coconut and coconut crabs ;vould together conTribute about 4 5%. Edible plants are still 

absent in the remainin,g island groups at 

the time of return, and for these tslands 

meat is estimated to contribute 95”:. or 

‘IO more of the 5-yr bone dose from St-. 

It should be mentioned that meat has not 

been noted to be an effective agent for the 

transfer of 9’ Sr to man and that prediction of the 9’ Sr in meat from that in soil 

is associated with considerable uncertainty, 

particularly when the concentration in 

soil is low. 

Assessment of the dosage from ingestion of domestic meat has been made con90

sidering only the transfer of Sr and 

137 Cs via muscle. Although liver is 

consumed in the diet as well as muscle, 

it has not been considered in the predictive approach for meat. Exclusion of 

liver from consideration does not affect 

the go Sr bone dose assessment. Although 

the go Sr concentration is more frequently 

greater in rat liver than in rat muscle, 

the go Sr concentrations in the two organs 

are statistically indistinguishable by the 

Wilcoxen matched-pairs signed-rank 

testll. As far as the bone dose from 

239, 24OPu

other nuclides is concerned, 

would not be expected to contribute significantlv to the bone dose. If the measured 

239, 240

concentration of Pu in muscle or 

li\-er L: rzt (.:ee ‘I‘abli-.- ;; and 72 in the 

chaptt1:. -52 the ter-rest:-:al biota survey) 

whichever 1~ greater, ‘. r’l‘t’ xsrd to represent the : oncentratic)n .:; !:lez.t, the 

239, ‘40 Pu in meat \\,oc?cl Increase the 

total bone dose by less than 0. 171. 

Cesium- 137 accounts for 955 or more 

of the 3--.-r v:hole-hod\. dosages (see 

Table 1 ?7 1. For the ;oluthern islands 

(AL\‘IS- KEtTII) coconl;t I:-ouid contribute 

about 50‘ of the total L-\-r .:.-hole-body 

dosage and meat about -lo’ ,#. l.‘or the remaining !jland groups domestic meat 

would :;ntribure o\‘cr “5’;. oi the 5-yr 

\:~holc-:::?il\~ doses. i‘ocunut crabs would 

contribute about l”;, of the .i-yr whole-body 

dose for KATE-\VILI\I_~ 4 LEROY and 

about ‘i- of the 5-yr Ivholc-body dose for 

ALVIS- KEITH. Since the concentrations 

of 137 Cs in muscle and liver can be cxpetted to be similar, exclusion of liver 

from consideration as meat does not substantiailv influence the prediction of the 

whole-body dose from meat. The concen137 trations of Cs in rat muscle are significantly greater than those in rat liver 

(P = 0. 02 by the Wilcosen matched-pairs 

signed-rank test), but the conversion 

factor relating the concentrations in the 

two tissues differs only- slightly from 

unity (see Tables 71 and 72 in the 

chapter on the terrestrial biota survey). 

60 Both 55Fe and Co are more concentrated 

in liver than in muscle. If the measured 

concentrations of these nuclides in rat 

liver were used to represent the concen- c_ 60 tration in meat, the a3Fe and Co in 

meat \vould increase the total whole-body 

dose only by 0. 1% or less. 

Table 197 indicates that for the northern 

island groups, the lo-yr integral doses 

-593-
-=. 131ai,u 5’ “UiJ -‘-AL* -LIIA.+_.L 

Domestic meat 

Pandanus fruit 

Breadiruit 

\!‘ild birds 

Gird tggs 

_Arro\f.root 

Coconut meat 

Coconut milk 

B. Island group BELLE 

Domestic meat 

Pandanus fruit 

Breadfruit 

Arro\vroot 

Coconut meat 

Coconut milk 

C. Island group JANET 

Domestic meat 

Pandanus fruit 

Breadfruit 

Wild birds 

Bird eggs 

Arrowroot 

Coconut meat 

Coconut milk 

i D. Island group KATE-WILMA 

Domestic meat 

Pandanus fruit 

, Breadfruit 

Wild birds 

Bird eggs 

98. 9 

0. 65 

0. 21 

100 

a). 08 

,‘a). 008 

43. 9 

26. 8 

23. 1 

0. 29 

0. 11 

1. 3 

3. 9 

0. 57 

46. 9 

24. 7 

21. 1 

0. 04 

0. 004 

0. 20 

6. 2 

0. 93 

100 100 44. 2 

‘7. 0 

23. 2 

1. 4 

3. 9 

0. 58 

47. 1 

24. 6 

21. 1 

0. 20 

6. 2 

0. 92 

99. 1 

0. 27 

0. 89 

100 

0. 11 

0. 03 

43. 9 

26. 9 

22. 9 

0. 12 

0. 39 

1. 4 

3. 9 

0. 59 

47.0 

24. 8 

20. 8 

0. 05 

0. 01 

0. 20 

6. 2 

0. 93 

+ LEROY 

95. 4 

0. 58 

0. 04 

98. 8 

0. 29 

al. 03 

43. 1 

26. 4 

22. 7 

0. 26 

0. 02 

46. 3 

24. 7 

21. 1 

0. 14 

0. 01 

-594-
Table 198 (continued) 

Food item 

~I 

(continueti) 

Arrowroot 

Coconut meat 

Coconut miik 

Coconut crabs 

E. Island group _AL\‘IN-KEII’II 

Domestic meat 

Pandanus t’ruit 

Breadfruit 

Wild birds 

Bird eggs 

_Arrowroot 

Coconut meat 

Coconut milk 

Coconut crabs 

Percentage 

90 Sr dose 

to bone 

3. 9 

48.7 

2. 9 

0. 2 

26. -l 

1. 4 

20. 3 

of total 5-yr 

137Cs dose 

whole body 

0. 87 

37. 7 

1. 9 

a. 26 

50. 9 

2. 5 

6. 9 

Percentage of total lo-yr 

90 137 Sr dose Cs dose 

to bone whole body 

1. 3 0. 20 

3. 8 6. 2 

0. 57 0. 93 

2. 4 0. 41 

41. 7 30. 9 

7.6 9. 6 

6. 5 8. 2 

2. 5 1. 5 

0. 13 0. 21 

0. 38 0. 08 

22. 6 41. 8 

1. 1 2. 1 

17. 4 5. 6 

exceed the 5-yr integral doses by greater 

than a factor of four. The increase is 

more than twice the increase in the period 

of integration. As Table 198 indicates, 

the pronounced increase in the dosages is 

primarily due to the 2-yr contribution 

from pandanus and breadfruit; coconut and 

arrowroot make smaller contributions to 

the lo-yr dose. As a consequence, 

pandanus and breadfruit collectively, and 

domestic meat each contribute 40-500/o of 

the lo-yr bone dose from “Sr and 40-5070 

of the lo-yr whole-body dose from 137CS 

for the northern island groups. For the 

southern islands ALVIN- KEITH, the lo-yr 

integral dosages are two to three times 

greater than the 5-yr integral dosages, 

and pandanus and breadfruit contribute 

about 15-20% of the lo-yr bone and whole90 body dosages from Sr and 137Cs. 

Estimated Dosage Assuming lo-yr 

Post-Return Diet - Table 199 presents 

the 30- and 70-yr integral doses calculated 

assuming the lo-yr post-return diet. 

These dosages relate primarily to the 

conditions that will prevail when normal 

living patterns have become established. 

-595-
The estimates incorporate the rates of 

ingestion of Table 195 and the dose factors (DT) of Table 196. The 30- and 

70-yr dose factors of Table 196 combine 

with the rates of ingestion on the left side 

of Table 195 to yield the estimated 30- and 

70-yr doses for the foods available at the 

time of return. These estimates are 

listed on the left side of Table 199. The 

22- and 62-yr dose factors of Table 196 

combine with the rates of ingestion in the 

right side of Table 195 to yield the estimated 22- and 62-yr doses for the foods 

that are available beginning 8 yr after 

return. These estimates are listed on 

the right side of Table 199. The 22- and 

30-yr doses are summed to give the total 

30-yr dose, and the 62- and 70-yr doses 

are summed to give the total 70-yr dose. 

Total whole-body and total bone dosages 

are compounded in the same manner as 

for the 5- and IO-yr integral doses, and 

the total doses are listed at the bottom of 

the table. 

As in the case of the 5- and IO-yr 

dosages, the greatest total 30- and 70-yr 

doses are associated with BELLE and the 

least with the island group ALVIN137 KEITH. Also, Cs accounts for 99% or 

more of the total whole-body dose and 

“Sr accounts for 99% or more of the 

total bone dose from bone-seeking nucli&. 

Table 200 presents the relative contributions of the terrestrial foods to the integral 30- and 70-yr dosages. Except for 

the southern islands, only a small fraction 

of the total bone and whole-body dosages 

is attributable to foods that are available 

at the time of return. A major fraction 

of the total dosages, up to 75%, is attributable to pandanus and breadfruit, which 

would not begin to enter the diet until 

several ;:ears after return. For the SO,,~I,_ 

ern islands ALVIN-KEITH, pandanus and 

breadfruit would contribute about 45% of 

the total bone dose from 9’Sr and about 

45oj of the total whole-body dose from 

137cs. 

Interpretation of the Dosage Estimates _ 

Table 201 is a summary which combines 

the dose predictions of Tables 197 and 

199. It indicates that only the average 

dose rates for the southern island group 

(ALVIN-KEITH) are less than the 

100 mrem/yr normal exposure due to 

internal and external irradiation from 

natural sources. From Table 200, it is 

clear that the dosages from foods obtained 

on the other island groups could be reduced 

substantially if the diet were restricted to 

food items available at the time of return. 

Table 202 lists the contributions of 

each food to the predicted 30-yr dose 

(shown in Table 199). The table also 

shows the contributions and the reduced 

total dosages that could result if steps are 

taken to modify the diet. The following 

two examples have been considered: 

(1) Locally grown pandanus and breadfruit 

are replaced with pandanus and breadfruit 

grown on the southern islands, and (2) all 

foods derived from locally grown plants 

are replaced with their counterparts 

grown on the southern islands. Substantial 

reductions in the total whole-body and 

bone dosages would be experienced if 

pandanus and breadfruit are excluded from 

cultivation on the northern islands and are 

brought in from the southern islands. 

Further -reductions are possible if the remaining edible plants are also excluded 

-596-
Table 199. Prediction of the dosage from ingestion of terrestrial foods assuming lo-yr post-r-etrlrn diet. __.___--_ __--.- ____._____~~_~ _~__ __ _ -

Isotope 

Ingestion rate, 

pCi/day 

January 1, 1974 

Jo_-y-t_ dose -- _J_ , ‘I-L-n_l 

Whole body Bone 

70zr dose - __A-__ 

Whole body 

rem 

Bone 

Ing’“t Loll I~,ltl!, 

pCi/day 

.January 1, 1’184 

2’2.yr cI,rsc*, 

\Vholr hod) 

rc,,,_ 

Rc)ne 

f;z-yI‘ ‘llJ~;~~~,_‘:“!~l 

Whole body 13onc 

A. Island group 

ALICE-IRENE 

3 

I-I 5!J. 3 I. X-5) 5(-i,) 

55Fe 231 1.0(-4ja l.O(-4) 683 0.0003 0 0003 

6oco 1.31 8.3(-5) 8.5(-5) 12.4 0.0008 0 0008 

90sr 308 19.5 31.5 1950 !,7. 3 190 

137cs 5170 2.44 3.93 19,000 7.11 1 :I 

239, 240pu 0.0323 l.O(-5) 5. l(-5) 19 0.003 0.024 

Subtotal 2.44 19.5 3. !13 31.5 7.11 !)7. 3 I :I 7 1 !I0 

Total 30-yr whole-body dose 9. 55 rem Total 70-yr \vh~Ile-l,lIll,v (11)5<. 17. 7 I’(‘111 

Total 30-yr bone dose 126 rem Total 70-y“ bone dose, 23!) rem 

B. Island group 

BELLE 

55Fe 2.50 1. 1(-(i) 1.1(-S) 

GO CO 1.35 II. 2(-S) 1i. 7(-1,) 

9OSr 504 31.9 51.4 3180 1 50 3O!J 

137cs 1 1,600 5.46 8.8 3 42,700 16.0 30. H 

239, 240pu 8. a 1.5(-3) 1 . U- 2) 

Subtotal 5.46 31.9 8.83 51.4 16.0 159 30.8 30!1 

Total 30-yr whole-body dose 21.4 rem Total 70-yr whole-body dose 39. G rem 

Total 30-yr bone dose 212 rem Total 70-yr bone dost% 4Oll *‘on, 
Table 199 (continued). 

Isotone 

Ingestion rate, 

pCi/day 

January 1. 1974 

30-v 

Whole 

dose, 

body 

rem 

Bone 

70-yr dose, 

Whole body 

rem 

Bone 

Ingestion rate, 

pCi/day 

January 1, 1984 

22-yr dose . ..&m rem

Whole body Bone 

62-yr 

Whole 

dose. 

body 

rem 

Bone 

C. Island group 

JANET 

55Fe 445 1.9(-4) 1.9(-4 ) 14.5 6. 2(-6) 6. 2(-6) 

6Oco 1.64 l.O(-4) l.l(-4 ) 3. 22 2.0(-4) 2. l(-4) 

“Sr 181 1.4 18. 4 1140 56.9 111 

137cs 3870 1.82 2.95 14,100 5. 28 10.2 

239, 240Bu 0.057 1.8(-5 ) 9. l(-5) 0.806 1.4(-4) I a- 3 

I Subtotal 1.82 11.4 2.95 18.4 5.28 56.9 10.2 111 

g

01I 

Total 

Total 

30-yr 

30-yr 

whole-body 

bone dose 

dose 7.10 

75.4 

rem 

rem 

Total 

Total 

70-yr 

70-yr 

whole-body 

bone dose: 

dose 13.1 rem 

142 rem 

D. Island group 

KATE-WILMA + LEROY 

3H 0.480 2(-7) 2.0(-7) 47.5 1.5(-5) 2.0(-5) 

55Fe 416 1. 8(-4) 1. 8(-4) 215 9.2(-5) 9.3(-S) 

6Oco 2.59 1.6(-4) 1.7(-4) 14.4 8. 8(-4) 9.3(-4) 

“Sr 81. 0 5. 13 8.26 500 24.9 48 5 

137cs 1440 0.677 1.09 5330 1 !I 9 3.85 

239, 240Bu 0.062 2.0(-5) 9. 8(-5) 4.96 8.7(-4) 6. x- 3) 

Subtotal 0.677 5. 13 1.09 8. 26 1 . !)!I 24.9 3.85 -111. 5 

Total 30-yr whole-body dose 2.67 rem Total 70-yr whole-body dose 4. 94 rem 

Total 30-yr bone dose 32.7 rem Total 70-yr bone dose 61.7 rem 
I 
Table 200. Relative contributions of terrestrial foods to the integral dose assuming lo-,yr post-return diet. 

Percentage of total 30-yr dose Percentage of total 70-yr dose 

“Sr dose to 137Cs dose to “Sr dose to 137 Cs dose to 

bone whole body bone whole body 

Commencement date Commencement date Commencement date Commencement date 

Food item l/1/74 l/1/82 l/1/74 l/1/82 l/1/74 l/1/82 l/1/74 l/1/82 

A. Island group AI,ICX-IRENE 

Domestic meat 16.7 25. 5 14.2 22.3 

Pandanus fruit 40.2 34.7 41.4 36.2 

Breadfruit 34.5 29.6 35.5 31.0 

Wild birds 0.01 co. 002 0.01 co. 002 

Bird eggs 0.01 co, 0005 0.01 co. 004 

I Arrowroot 2.0 0.28 2. 1 0.29 

0” 

0 Coconut meat 5.8 8.7 5.9 9.1 

Coconut milk 0.85 1.3 0.88 ~ 1.4 ___ 

Subtotal 17 83 26 74 14 86 22 78 

B. Island group BELLE 

Domestic meat 16.7 25.4 14.3 22.3 

Pandanus fruit 40.2 34.5 41.5 36. 1 

Breadfruit 34.5 29.6 35.6 31.0 

Arrowroot 2.0 0. 27 2. 1 0.29 

Coconut meat 5.8 a.7 6.0 9.0 

Coconut milk 0.86 1.3 0. 89 - 1.4 -

Subtotal 17 83 25 75 14 86 22 78 

c 
0 0 0 0 0 

d d cc N d d d c\l cv 

0 0 

9, m + -‘ ^ N -Ir 0 r w . . . . . . . . . . 

/ LQ N In 0 c Ian ml LT. 0 

z Gm Iw 2: 

SE 

nb. 

a; 

+g LS 0 0 

rn 0 c; 0 

a 

02 

co m WC- CJ r- m . . . . 

v -0 0 cc’ A- cl 

WC\] WCJ 

ZO 

N 

ZE 00 m 0 0 

d d W lr4 d d @I cu 

cc 

w 9 owa3 Or-g . . . . 

OJ v c-i ln- d CT) N ln d M m cc 

o”ln s: I 00 GO 

d d P- d d ,-I 

-601-
CD l.fl 

cu i0 A. 

d d N 

c3 

D. 

C. 

B. 

m r- m E. . . 

@I ,-

SC-4 m 

0 

N m m NO 

. . fro d 00 

m 

bul 

edi 

ori 

m an1

d 

,-I 

Wk 

thf 

C-D the m - 0 

fo. m d d m 

di 

th 

if 

cu te . 

4 

Sf 

m 

d d 

20 

-602-
Tabie 201. Su::lmar~ of prebicted integral dosages from ingestion of terrestrial foods. 

Integral dose, rem 

Island group 3 1-r 10 yr 2C yr 70 yr 

LVh 01 e \Vhole Whole Whole 

body Bone body Bone body Bone body Bone 

A. ALICE-IRENE 0. 30 2. 32 1. 25 11. 3 9. 55 126 17.7 239 

B. BELLE 0. 6-i 3. 93 2. 81 19. 2 21. i 212 39. 6 400 

C. .J<ASET 0. 22 1. io 0. 93 6. 82 7. 10 7 5.4 13. 1 142 

D. KATE-MIL1IA 0. 03-l 0. 62 0. 35 2. 97 2. 67 3 2.7 4. 9-l 6 1.7 

- LEROY 

E. _-IL_\-IN-KEITH 0. 013 0. 15 0. 032 0. 39 0. li 2.11 0. 25 3.71 

from cultivation in the north and have to 

originate in the south. If locally grown 

edible plants are excluded from the diet, 

but livestock is permitted to graze freely 

and provide meat, domestic meat becomes 

the most significant contributor to the 

whole-body and bone dosages. Thus further substantial reductions in the dosages 

for the northern islands would be possible 

if meat and poultry are also excluded from 

the diet. The implications of these predicted dosages to the projected living patterns are discussed in the summary 

section of this chapter. 

Comparison with Other Locations 

90 Table 203 presents data on Sr and 

137 Cs concentrations in soil and terrestrial foods from selected locations for 

which the levels generally can be attributed 

solely to world-wide fallout. The table 

provides a means for gaining perspective 

on the current levels of 90Sr and 137Cs in 

Enewetak soils and foods, particularly on 

those from the southern islands. 

As Table 203 suggests, the “Sr concentrations in soil from the southern 

islands of Enewetak are greater than those 

in soils from Midway, Livermore, and 

Argonne. The concentrations exceed 

those from Argonne, which better typifies 

the United States than Livermore, by about 

a factor of two. The concentrations of 

137 Cs in soils from the southern islands 

compare well with those from Ujilang and 

Livermore and are a factor of four lower 

than those from Brownsville, Nebraska. 

Thus the go Sr in soils from the southern 

islands is enhanced over the levels that 

would be expected from world-wide fallout 

137 alone, and Cs at present levels in soil 

is indistinguishable from that attributable 

to world-wide fallout. The concentrations 

of go Sr and 137 Cs in Bikini soils far exceed those in soils from the southern 

islands of Enewetak. 

90 The predicted concentration of Sr in 

meat and poultry from the southern islands 

ALVIN-KEITH, is 0. 10 pCi/g, a value 

comparable within a factor of two to the 

average concentration measured in COCOnut crabs, to the peak levels measured in 

meat and whole-grain products from 

New York, and to the peak levels measured 

-603 -
I 

1 

Table 202. Contributions of terrestrial foods to the predicted 30-yr integral dose, 

Integral 30-vr dose, rem 

Food item Vnmodiiied diet Modified diet Ia SIodified diet IIb 

LVhole Whole \fihole 

body - Bone body Bone body Bone 

_A. Island group ALICE -1RETE 

Domestic meat 2. -1 21. 9 2. 4 21. 9 2. 3 21. 9 

Pandanus fruit :j. 3 50. 3 0. 032 0. 50 0. 032 0. 50 

Breadfruit 2. i: 43. 1 0. 027 0. 33 0. 027 0. 43 

Wild birds co. 0002 0. 015 co. 0002 0.015 co. 0002 0.015 

Bird eggs 0. 0000.5 0.01-l =o. 00005 0. 014 (0. 00005 0. 014 

Arrowroot 0. 027 2. 1 0. 027 2. 4 0. 0003 0. 024 

Coconut meat 0. 83 7. 5 0. 83 7. 5 0. 032 0. 24 

Coconut milk 0. 12 1. 1 0. 12 1. 1 0. 005 0. 037 

Total 9. 5 126. 3. 4 33. 9 2. 5 23. 2 

B. Island group BELLE 

Domestic meat 5. 6 37. 5 5. 6 37. 5 5. 6 37. 5 

Pandanus fruit 7. -l 84. 2 0. 032 0. 50 0. 032 0. 50 

Breadfruit 6. 4 72. 3 0. 027 0. 43 0. 027 0. 43 

Arrowroot 0. 060 3. 9 0. 060 3. 9 0. 0003 0. 024 

Coconut meat 1. 9 12. 9 1. 9 12. 9 0. 032 0. 24 

Coconut milk 0. 28 2. 0 L 0 28 2. 0 0. 005 0. 037 

Total ZL 4 212. 7. 9 57. 2 5. 7 38. 7 

C. Island group JANET 

Domestic meat 1. 8 13. 2 1. 8 13.2 1. 8 13. 2 

Pandanus fruit 2. 5 29. 9 0. 032 0. 50 0. 032 0. 50 

Breadfruit 2. 1 25. 6 0. 027 0. 43 0. 027 0. 43 

Wild birds 0. 0002 0.004 0. 0002 0. 004 0. 0002 0. 004 

Bird eggs 0.0001 0.031 0. 0001 0. 03 1 0.0001 0.031 

Arrowroot 0. 020 1. 4 0. 020 1. 4 0. 0003 0. 024 

Coconut meat 0. 62 4. 5 0. 62 4. 5 0. 032 0. 24 

Coconut milk 0. 093 0. 69 0. 093 0. 69 0. 005 0. 037 

Total 7. 1 75. 4 2. 6 20. 8 1. 9 14. 8 

-604-

I 
! 

t 

1 

Table ?OL? !cs::iirlUed) 

Integral 30-vr dose, rem 

l.‘:,o:: item Unmodified die: 1Iodified diet Ia Alodified diet IIb 

15hole \\hole \Vhole 

body Bone body Bone bodv Bone 

D. Island group KATE-WILMA + LEROY 

Domestic meat 0. 67 5. 7 0. 6i 5. i 0. Gi 5. 7 

l’anuanus fruit 0. 93 12. ? 0. 032 0. 50 0. 032 0. 50 

Breadfruit 0. 59 11. 1 0. 02i 0. -l3 0. 027 0. 43 

1Vild birds 0. 0002 13. 00-1 0. 0002 0. 00-1 0. 0002 0. 003 

Bird eggs co. 00006 0. 0006<0. 00006 0. 0006 <iJ 00006 0. 0006 

Arro?vroot 0. 0075 0. 60 0. 0075 0. 60 0. 0003 0. 024 

Cocoiiut meat 0. 23 :. 3 0. 23 1. 9 0. 032 0. 24 

Coconut milk 0. 035 0. 30 0.035 0. 30 0. 005 0. 037 

Coconut crabs 0. 0036 0. 12 0.0036 0. 12 0. 0036 0. 12 

Total 2. 0 32. 7 1. 0 9. 6 0. 77 7. 1 

E. Island group ALVIN-KEITH 

Domestic meat 0. 040 0. 69 Same as Same as 

0. 05 unmodified unmodified Pandanus fruit 0. 032 diet diet 

Breadfruit 0. 027 0. 43 

\Vild birds 0. 0002 0.005 

Bird eggs CO. 00008 0.0001 

Arrowroot 0. 0003 0. 024 

Coconut meat 0. 032 0. 24 

Coconut milk 0. 005 0. 037 

Coconut crabs 0. 004 0. 16 

Total 0. 14 2. 1 

aIn modified diet I, pandanus fruit and breadfruit are replaced with pandanus and 

breadfruit grown on the southern islands. 

bin modified diet II, all edible plants, i. e., pandanus, breadfruit, tacca, and 

coconut are replaced with foods grown on the southern islands. 

in caribou flesh from Alaska. The levels from ALVIN-KEITH (and from the other 

are comparable to the concentrations islands of the Atoll) are lower by an order 

measured in birds from Bikini in 1967 and of magnitude or more, and the concentraare well below the 19 pCi/g measured in tions in bird eggs are lower still. The 

coconut crab from Bikini. 137 predicted concentration of Cs in meat 

90 The concentrations of Sr in birds and poultry from ALVIN-KEITH is two to 

i

! -605-

_A_ -~-
I 

Table 203. Comparison of 90 Sr and 137 Cs concentrations in soils and terrestrial 

foods from Enewetak and other 

Soil sample Location 

Soil 

Top 15 cm Brownsville, Nebr., 1973 

Top 15 cm -Argonne, Ill., 1973 

Top 15 cm Livermore, Calif., 1972 

Top 15 cm _qLVIN-KEITH, Enewetak, 

1972-1973 

Top 15 cm Ujilang Is. , Vj ilang, 

1972-1973 

Top 15 cm Midway Is., 1972-1973 

Top 15 cm Bikini Is., Bikini, 1969 

Terrestrial 

foods Bample Location 

Animal flesh 

Meat Chicago, Ill. , Nov. 1963 

Meat Chicago, Ill., 1972 (av) 

Meat Sew York, N. Y. , May 

1965 

Meat New York, N. Y., 1972(av) 

Caribou flesh Alaska, May 1966 

Meat and ALVIN-KEITH, 1974 

poultry (prediction) 

Coconut crab Bikini, 1967 

ALVIN-KEITH, Enewetak, 

1972-1973 

Poultry Chicago, Ill., April 1964 

Poultry Chicago, Ill., 1972(av) 

Poultry New York, N. Y., 1972(av) 

Wild birds Bikini, 1967 

Wild birds ALVIN-KEITH, Enewetak, 

1972-1973 

Eggs Chicago, Ill., Jan. 1964 

Chicago. Ill. , 1972(av) 

New York, N. Y., 1963(av) 

Bird eggs ALVIN-KEITH, Enewetak, 

1972-1973 

locations. 

Concentration, pCi/g dry soil 

“Sr 137CS Reference 

0. 63(71a 34 

0. 28b 18 

0. 09(26)C’d 0. lfFzd 35 

0.50 0.15 This study 

0. 18(4) This study 

0. ll(8) This study 

12f 4ob,e 7 

Concentration, pCi/g fresh weight 

9OSr 137cs Reference 

0.27 18 

0.017 18 

0.0558 18 

0. 0004g 18 

0.077 56 36 

0. 10 0.85 This study 

19 72 9 

0.10 0.38 This study 

0.12 18 

0.014 18 

0.0005 18 

0. 13 26 9 

0.0036 0.026 This study 

0.045 18 

0.005 18 

0.011 18 

0.0009 0.032 This study 

-606-
Table 203 (continued) 

Concentration, pCi/g fresh weight 

Terrestrial 90 137 foods samole Location Sr CS Reference 

Fruit 

Fresh fruit Chicago, Ill., Oct. 1962 0.11 18 

Chicago, Ill., 1972(av) 0.006 18 

Chicago, IX. , Jan. 1965 0.020 18 

New York, X. Y., 1963(av) 0.016 18 

New York, S. Y. , 1972(av) 0.010 18 

Pandanus Bikini, 1967 19 52 9 

Pandanu s Bikini Is., Bikini, 1969 28 130 7 

Enyu Is., Bikini, 1969 87 7 

Pandanus KEITH, Enewetak, 1972-

1973 2.6 0.17 This study 

Pandanus ALVIN-KEITH 

1982 (prediction) 0.047 0.43 This study 

Breadfruit ALVIN-KEITH 

1982 (prediction) 0.071 0.64 This study 

Coconut meat Bikini, 1967 0.19 110 9 

ALVIN-KEITH, 1972-1973 co.034 0.65 This study 

ALVIN-KEITH, 

1974 (prediction) 0.017 0.34 This study 

Bikini Is., Bikini, 1969 0.31 120 7 

Enyu Is., Bikini, 1969 0.08 21 7 

Coconut milk Bikini Is., Bikini, 1969 130 7 

Enyu Is., Bikini, 1969 23 7 

DAVID, 1972-1973 CO. 024 1.2 This study 

AF,VIN-KEITH 

1974 (prediction) 0.017 0.34 This study 

Arrowrooth Bikini Is., Bikini, 19tid 2.4 0.6 7 

Enyu Is., Bikini, 1969 0.4 0.7 7 

ALVIN-KEITH, 

I 

1982 (prediction) 0. 012i 0. 018i This study 

Vegetables 

Root vegetables Chicago, Ill. , July 1962 0.089 18 

1 Root vegetables Chicago, Ill. , 1972(av) 0.004 18 

Fresh 

vegetables New York, N. Y., 1967(av) 0.024 18 

New York, N. Y., 1972(av) 0.014 18 

607 -
Table 203 (continued) Ackno

The a Concentration, PCi/g fresh weight Terrestrial Seymour 137 foods sample Location 9OSr cs Reference Radiation 

Grains Washing.

Whole-wheat 

bread Chicago, Ill. , April 1964 0.61 18 

Chicago, Ill., 1972(av) 0.028 18 

Whole-grain 

products New York, N. Y., Feb. 

1964 0.10 18 

New York, N. I’. , 

1972(av) 0.011 18 

aThe number within parentheses is the number of samples. 

bThe cumulative deposit was assumed to be confined to the top 15 cm. Soil density 

was assumed to be 1.6 g/cm3. 

CEstimated from concentrations in profiles extending to 25 cm. 

dMedian value. 

eEstimated by the method of Beck, DeCampo, and Gogolak 37 from the mean exposure 

rate at proposed village area. The relaxation length in soil+vas assumed to be 

and the entire exposure rate was attributed to 137Cs 

concentration was assumed to be 30% of the 137Cs c’oncentration7. 

gcomposite of meat, fish, poultry, shellfish, and eggs. 

hprocessed Marshallese style. 

1 Dry-wt concentration. 

Referei 

three times greater than the concentration the United States. The predicted “Sr 

measured in coconut crab and the maximum concentrations are less than the maximum 1. w. 

concentration reported for meat from measured in whole grain, and the pre- Bo 

Chicago. On the other hand, the predicted dicted 137 Cs concentrations are less than 2. G. 

137 Cs concentrations in domestic meat or comparable to the maximum measured sit 

are 10 to 100 times lower than the con- in whole-wheat bread. The “Sr and PP 

centrations reported in coconut crab and 137Cs concentrations measured in pan- 3. M. 

wild birds from Bikini and the maximum danus from Bikini are 100 times greater raconcentration in caribou flesh from Alaska. than those predicted in pandanus from 69 

The predicted 0.85 pCi/g concentration of VAN-KEITH, and the 137 Cs concentra- 4. A. 

137 Cs in meat and poultry is comparable tions measured in coconut from Bikini stu 

to the 0.61 pCi/g measured in whole- are 100 times greater than those measured Re 

wheat bread from Chicago, the maximum or predicted in coconut from VAN-ALVIN. 5. w. 

measured in the U. S. foods, except for The concentration of 90Sr in the pandarius of 

caribou. fruit sample from KEITH is inexplicably Pr 

The predicted concentrations of “Sr high. Unfortunately, the aliquot of the 6. E 

and 137Cs in edible plants from the south- pandanus leaves sample taken for “Sr P 

ern islands are greater than the maximum analysis was lost during analysis. 7. P 

measured in fruits and vegetables from 1 

-608-
-- - - 

Acknowledgements vlding unpublished data on their radioThe authors wish to thar.k Drs. h H. logical surveys at Rongelap :\toll, The> 

ymour and E. E. Held, Laboratory of are also grateful to Dr. Dan H. 1Ioore 

.diation Ecology, University of ior his guidance in performing the statisishington, for their cooperation in pro- tical analysis. 

ceferences 

1. W. J. Dixon and F. J. Massey, Introduction to Statistical Analysis (McGraw-Will 

Book Company, Inc., New York, 1957), Chap. 11, pp. 189-200. 

2. G. W. Snedecor and W. G. Cochran, Statistical Methods (The Iowa State University Press, Ames, Iowa, 1967), 6th ed., Chaps. 6 and 7, pp. 135-198: Chap. 14, 

pp. 432-438. 

3. M. W. Fall, A. B. Medina, and W. B. Jackson, “Feeding Patterns of Rattus 

rattus and Rattus exulans on Eniwetok Atoll, Marshall Islands, ” J. Mammal. 52, 

69 (1971). 

4. A. D. Welander et, Bikini-Eniwetok Studies, 1964. Part II. Radiobiological 

Studies, University of Washington Applied Fisheries Laboratory, Seattle, 

Rept. UWFL-93, Pt. II (1967). 

5. w. 0. Caster, J. Poncelet, A. B. Simon, and W. D. Armstrong, “Tissue Weights 

of the Rat. I. Xormal Values Determined by Dissection and Chemical Methods, ” 

AProc z. Exp. Biol. w 91, 122 (1956). 

6. B. I<. Watt and A. L. Merrill, Composition of Foods (U. S. Department of 

Agriculture, Washington, D. C. ), revised 1963. 

7. A. E. Smith and W. E. Moore, Report of the Radiological Clean-up of Bikini 

Atoll, Western Environmental Research Laboratory, Rept. SWRHL-lllr (1972). 

-609-

W. T. \Yu Leung and M. Florrs, Tabla de Composition de Alimentos Para Use 23. 

en America Latina (Instituto de S::1 ricion de Centro America y Panama, 

Guatemala, C. -1. , 1961). 

“4. A. D. Welander et al., Bikini-Eniwetok Studies, 1964 Part I. Ecological 

Observations, Cniversity of Washington Applied Fisheries Laboratory, Seattle, 

Rept. UWFL-90, Pt. I (1966). 

25. M. !?UJita, J. Iwamoto, and M. Kondo, “Comparative Metabolism of Cesium and 

Potassium in Mammals - Interspecies Correlation Betwen Body Weight and 

Equilibrium Level, ” Health P& 2, 1237 (1966). 

56. C. L. Comar, “Radioactive Materials in Animals -. Entry and Metabolism, ” in 

Radioactivity and Human Diet, R. S. Russell, ed. (Pergamon Press, New York, 

1966), pp. 127-157. 

27. US NAS-NRC Subcommittee on Livestock Damage, Damage to Livestock from 

Radioactive Fallout in Event of Nuclear War, U. S. National Research Council, 

Rept. NAS-NRC/ PUB-1078 (1963). 

28. P. D. Sturkie, Avian Physiology (Cornstock Publishing Associates, Ithaca, 

New York, 1965), pp. 272-311. 

29. J. E. Ballou and R. C. Thompson, “Metabolism of Cesium-137 in the Rat: 

Comparison of Acute and Chronic Administration Experiments,” Health P=. 

1 85 (1958). -1 

30. C. R. Richmond, Retention and Excretion oi Radionuclides of the Alkali Metals by 

Five Mammalian Species, Los Alamos Scientific Laboratory, New Mexico, Rept, 

LA-2207 (1958). 

31. A. R. Twardock and W. C. Crackel, “Cesium-137 Retention by Cattle, Sheep 

and Swine, ” Health Phys 16, 315 (1969). 

32. M. Goldman et al “The Comparative Metabolism of Strontium, Calcium and -2’ 

Cesium in Deer and Sheep,” Health Phys. 11, 1415 (1965). 

33. L. Ekman, “Distribution and Excretion of Radio-Cesium in Goats, Pigs and 

Hens, ” Acta Vet Stand. Suppl. 2, 1 (1961). i 

34. R. C. Ragaini, Lawrence Livermore Laboratory, private communication (1973). 

35. P. H. Gudiksen, C. L. Lindeken, J. W. Meadows, and K. 0. Hamby, Environmental Levels of Radioactivity in the Vicinity of the Lawrence Livermore 

Laboratory 1972, Annual Report, Lawrence Livermore Laboratory, Rept. UCRL51333 (1973). 

36. W. C. Hanson, “Fallout Radionuclides in Northern Alaskan Ecosystems, ” Arch. 

Environ. Health 17, 639 (1968). 

37. H. L. Beck, J. DeCamp, and C. Gogolak, In Situ Ge(Li) and NaI(t1) Gamma-ray 

Spectrornetry, U. S. Atomic Energy Commission IIzalth and Safety Laboratory, 

New York Operations Office, Rept. HASL-258 (1972). 

-611-
Summary of Dose Assessment 

W. L. Robison 

Lawrence Livermore Laboratory, 

Livermore, California 

The anticipated population doses for 

six living patterns are determined as the 

sum of the contributions from four exposure pathways (inhalation, external 

gamma-rays, marine foods, and 

terrestrial foods). 

Six living patterns were chosen in 

order to evaluate the range of predicted 

doses from plausible cases of island 

habitation. Of the six, two patterns of 

habitation are most probable (living 

patterns I and III), while one pattern 

was chosen to be representative of an 

upper-limit unmodified environment 

(living pattern IV). A diet based upon 

past native habits is included in the dose 

assessment via the food chains. If an 

imported diet is adopted by the returning 

population, the total doses listed in this 

report are significantly overestimated. 

Dose Assessment 

The total 30yr integral dose predicted 

for whole body and for bone for the six 

living patterns is listed in Table 204. 

This table includes the contributions from 

each pathway and, for the external dose 

assessment, is based upon the unmodified 

conditions for the village island. The 

largest contribution to the whole body and 

bone doses comes from the terrestrial 

food chain; the external dose pathway is 

the next highest contributor, while the 

marine food chain and inhalation pathway 

contribute the least. 

The whole-body and bone doses range 

from 1. 0 and 3. 8 rem, respectively for 

living patter5 I (where the village is o,, 

Enelvetak-Parry, and agriculture ls 

conducted on southern islands), to 11 t.t’,,, 

whole bodb and 80 rem bone for living 

pattern III (n-here the village and agric”l_ 

ture are on JANET), to 31 rem whole 

body and 220 rem bone for living patter” 

IV (where the village and agriculture arc, 

confined to BELLE). The latter living 

pattern is not one the people have used iI1 

the past nor that they have requested upor, 

return; however, it represents a possible 

extreme exposure situation and is included for comparative purposes, 

In general, living on JANET, visiting 

northern islands, and maintaining 

agriculture on northern islands (living 

patterns III, V, and VI) lead to significantly higher doses than if the village 

and agriculture are located on islands in 

the southern half of the Atoll (living 

pattern I). Doses for the same living 

patterns and con/bitions have also been 

calculated for 5, 10, and ‘70 yr and are 

shown in Table 205. 

Table 206 shows the effect of plowing 

the village island and graveling the 

village area, i. e. , the “modified” case. 

For example, for living pattern III 

where the village is on JANET, the 30 Yr 

integrated external exposure is reduced 

from 4. 0 to 1. 7 rem. This comparison 

indicates that modifying the village island 

and village area by plowing and graveling 

does produce a significant reduction in 

the external exposure dose. The effect 

on the 5-, lo-, and 70-yr doses from 

modifying the village island is shown in 

Table 207. 

The most significant contribution via 

the terrestrial food chain is the dose to 

-612-
Table 204. The 30-yr integral dose for the six living patterns assuming unmodified conditions.

-

30-yr integral 

Unmodified 

dose, rem 

conditions 

Living 

pattern Bone 

Inhalation 

Lung Liver 

Jcxternal 

Bone, a 

W. B. 

Terrcstrialb 

W. B. Bone w. 13. Boric W. 13. Bone 

u-2 

r 

w

I 

I 

II 

III 

IV 

V 

VI 

7(-4) 

0.029 

0.10 

0.47 

0.11 

0.090 

9(-4) 

0.036 

0.13 

0.59 

0.13 

0.11 

4(-4) 

0.016 

0. 056 

0. 25 

0.058 

0.049 

0.83 

1.6 

4.0 

10 

2.9 

4.4 

0. 14 

2.7 

7.1 

21 

2.7 

9.6 

2. 1 

33 

75 

210 

33 

130 

0.053 

0.053 

0.053 

0.053 

0.053 

0.053 

0. 84 

0.84 

0 . 84 

0. 84 

0. 84 

0. 84 

1.0 

4.4 

11 

31 

5. 7 

14 

3. 8 

3 5 

I’, 0 

220 

3 7 

135 

Living pattern Village island Agriculture Visitation 

I Enewctak- I’arry 

II Enewetak- Parry KATE-WILMA + LEROY Northern Is. 

III JANET JANET Northern Is. 

IV BELLE BELLE Northern Is, 

V JANET KATE-WILMA + LEROY Northctrn Is. 

VI JANET ALICE-IRENE Northern Is. 

aTaken from the chapter on external dose estimates, Table 22. 

bBased upon diet 10 yr after return, as described in the dietary and living patterns chapter. 
Table 205. The 5-, lo-, 30-, and 70-yr doses for the six living patterns 

assuming unmodified conditions. 

Total integral dose, rem 

Unmodified conditions” 

3 yr 

b 

Living 10 yrb 30 yrC 70 yr’ 

pattern WE. . ti one . . Bone W. B. Bone W. B. Bone 

I 0. 17 0. 58 0. 35 1. 4 1. 0 3. 8 2. 3 8. 5 

II 0.43 1.3 1. 1 -I. 3 4. 4 35 8.0 68 

III 1. 2 2. 6 7 ‘i 9. 2 11 80 -. 20 150 

IV 3.4 6.9 7. 6 25 31 220 56 420 

V 0. 81 1. 6 1. 7 4. 9 5.7 37 10 71 

VI 1.3 3.8 3. 3 14 14 135 25 250 

aTaken from discussion on external dose estimates Table 22. 

bBased upon diet at time of return described in the ‘dietary and living patterns chapter. 

CBased upon diet 10 yr after return described in the dietary and living patterns chapter, 

90 bone resulting from Sr uptake via 

pandanus fruit, breadfruit, and coconut. 

For living pattern III (Table 206) for 

example, the total bone dose is 75 rem, 

of which 80% is derived from the estima ted intake of breadfruit, pandanus, 

and coconut. It is important to note, 

however, that the large contribution to 

the bone dose via these fruits only occurs 

when they are grown on northern islands. 

Pandanus, breadfruit, and coconut grown 

on the less contaminated southern islands 

lead to much lower dose commitments. 

A comparison of the dose contribution via 

pandanus, breadfruit, and coconut from 

the northern and southern half of the Atoll 

is shown in Table 208; predicted doses 

via consumption of these food items are 

higher by a factor of 50 when they are 

grown in the northern half of the Atoll. 

Table 209 shows the 30-yr integral dose 

for the six living patterns for the 

modified condition and with pandanus, 

breadfruit, and coconut grown on the 

southern islands; the effect of the combination of these preventive measures 

reduces the dose for living pattern III 

from 11 to 3. 7 rem for the whole body 

and from 80 to 18 rem for bone (compare 

Tables 204 and 209). If all agriculture 

is confined to the southern islands then 

the whole-body dose is further reduced 

to 1. 9 rem and the bone dose is 4.7 rem 

(see Table 2 10 and compare with Table 

204). 

A comparison of the 30-yr integral 

dose for living patterns I and LU relative to the average United States external background aose over 30 yr is shown 

in Table 211. In living pattern I for 

whole-body exposure the integrated 

30-yr dose from all pathways is less 

than that resulting from external U. S. 

background. The bone dose would be 

only slightly higher than U. S. background 

doses. For the modified case for living 
Table 206. The 30-yr integral dose for the six living patterns assuming modifi(Dd conditions. 

30-yr integral dose, 5er-n 

Modified conditions 

Inhalation External Terrestrial” Marine’ Total 

Living 

pattern Bone Lung Liver Bone,b W.B. W.B. Bone W. B. Bone W. B. Bone 

f

;:2 I 3(-4) 4(-4) 2(-4) 0. 83 0.14 2.1 0.053 0. 84 1.0 3. ii 

2 II 0.012 0.015 6. 6(-3) 1. 1 2.7 33 0.053 0. 84 3. 9 35 

1 III 0.045 0.056 0. 024 1.7 7.1 75 0.053 0.84 8 . 5) 7 li 

1 IV 0.092 0.11 0.050 3.3 21 210 0.053 0. 114 24 215 

b

F v 0.045 0.056 0.024 1. 6 2.7 33 0.053 0. 84 4.4 35 

VI 0.058 0.072 0.031 3. 1 9. 6 130 0.053 0.84 13 135 

aMr>dified by graveling the village area and by plowkg the village island. 

bTaken from chapter on external dose estimates, Table 22. 

‘Based upon diet 10 yr after return described in the dietary and living patterns chapter. 

m 
Tablo ‘07. The O-, IO-, 30-, and 70-yr doses for the six living patterns 

zssummg modified conditions. 

Total integral dose, rem 

Modified conditions3 

b c

Living 5 yr 10 >rb 30 yrC 70 yr

pattern W. B. Bone W. B. Bone W. B. Bone W. B. Bone 

I 0. 17 0. 58 0. 35 1. 4 1. 0 3.8 .2.3 8.5 

II 0. 48 1. 3 1. 1 -1. 3 3 . ‘? 35 8.0 68 

III 0. 60 2. 1 1. 7 8. 2 8.9 78 16 150 

IV 1. 5 5. 0 4. 3 22 24 215 46 410 

1’ 0. -lG 1. 3 1. 0 4. 3 3. i 35 8.0 68 

VI 1. 1 3. 4 2.7 13 13 135 23 250 

aTaken from discussion on external dose estimates, Table 22. 

bBased upon diet at time of return described in the dietary and living patterns chapter. 

“Based upon diet 10 yr after return described in the dietary and living patterns chapter. 

90 Table 208. Bone dose from Sr via pandanus, breadfruit, and coconut. 

30-yr integral dose, rema 

Location Intake of pandanus, breadfruit, 

and coconut. 

Southern islands 1. 2 

Northern islandsb 63 

aBased upon diet 10 yr after return discussed in dietary and living patterns chapter. 

bAverage of northern island groups I, II, and III. 

pattern III, with agriculture conducted on Of the three pathways contributing to 

northern islands, the 30-yr integrated whole body-exposure, the marine pathdose from all pathways is higher than way contributes the least. Tables 204 

U. S. background by a factor of three and 206 indicate the relative importance. 

for whole body and by nearly a factor of As was mentioned in the discussion of 

26 for bone. However, if for living the marine pathway dose assessment, 

pattern III the modified case is considered the fish from the island group ALICE 

and agriculture is confined to southern through IRENE have a higher concen137 

islands, then the whole body dose is 1. 9 tration of Cs and 6o Co than fish 

rem, less than U. S. background, and from the rest of the Atoll, but the men 

the bone dose in 4. 7 rem, which is would not fish exclusively off these 

approximately 1. 5 times the U. S. exter- islands. However, if such a practice 

nal background dose. were adopted, the whole-body dose via 

616-
‘rable 209. The 3()-yr integral dose for tllc: six living patterns assuming tl1u(lil’ic,tl c~orlclitiotls a1lt1 agric~tlltllr(~ 011 t II(’ 

southern islands. 

30-yr integral dose, rem 

a Mo(lil’icd conditions and 1):L111lan~ls, I)l’(:;l(lft.llit, c,c)c,onllt, ;intl taC,(,;l j:“““” 011 :;IIII~II~,I,II isl;lrlcl:; 

~_I_.-._.__~. _ .~_ .~ 

Inhalation External Terrestrial“ Marine” ‘I’Otal 

b 

none, I,ivlng 

pattern Bone Lung Liver W. B. W. B. Bone w. B. 13lJllC w. 13. I %onr: 

I 3(-4) 4(-4) 2(-4) 0.83 0. 14 2. 1 0.053 0. 8-l 1. 0 :i . iI 

I II 0.012 0.015 0.0066 1. 1 0.77 7. 1 0.053 0. 84 1. !I !I. 1 

c, $ III 0.045 0.056 0.024 1.7 1. 9 15 0.053 0. &I 3. 7 1 i: 

, IV 0.092 0.11 0.050 3.3 5. 7 39 0.053 0.84 9. 1 -1 3 

V 0.045 0.056 0. 024 1. G 0.77 7.1 0.053 0. 8-1 2.4 !I. fi 

VI 0.058 0.072 0.031 3. 1 2. 5 23 0.053 0.84 5.7 27 

aModified by graveling the village area and by plowing the village island. 

bTaken from chapter on external dose estimates, Table 22. 

CBased upon diet 10 yr after return described in dietary and living patterns chapter, 
Table 210. The 30-yr 

southern 

integral dose 

islands, 

Modified 

for the six living patterns assuming modified conditions 

3&i!-yr integral dose, rem 

conditions and agriculture on southern islands 

and agriculture on the 

Living 

pattern Bone 

Inhalation 

Lung Liver 

External 

b Bone, 

W. B. 

TerrestrialC 

W. B. Bone 

MarineC 

W. B. Bone w. 

Total 

R. I3one 

b 

F 

coI 

I 

II 

III 

3(-41 

0.012 

0.045 

4(-4) 

0.015 

0.056 

2(-4) 

0.0066 

0.024 

0. 83 

1.1 

1.7 

0. 14 

0. 14 

0. 14 

2.1 

2. 1 

2. 1 

0.053 

0.053 

0.053 

0. 84 

0. 84 

0. 84 

1.0 

1.3 

1.9 

3. 8 

4.1 

4.7 

IV 0.092 0.11 0.050 3. 3 0. 14 2.1 0.053 0. 84 3.5 6.3 

V 0.045 0.056 0.024 1. 6 0. 14 2.1 0.053 0.84 1. 8 4.6 

VI 0.058 0.072 0.031 3.1 0. 14 2. 1 0 . 0 5 3 0 . 84 3 . 3 fi. 1 

aModified by graveling the village area and by plowing the village 

bTaken from chapter on external dose estimates, Table 22. 

CBased upon diet 10 yr after return described in dietary and living 

island. 

patterns chapter. 
Table 2 1 i . The :jO-yr lntfcr6. .ic>st- from all pathna_-; compnred to 1;. S. esterna! 

background dose. 

30-\.:- integral dose, a rem 

i-nmodified case Modified case 

Location it’hole body Bone Whole body Bone 

Enewetak _%toll 

Living pattern I i. 0 

Enenetak -Atoll 

Living pattern III 11 

Enewetak Atoll 

Living pattern III, agriculture 

confined to southern islands T. ’ 7-

U. S. background oniyb 3. 0 

aSum of all pathways for the Enewetak lir-ing 

marine, and terrestrial). b Based upon background of 100 mrem:yr at 

the marine pathway would increase by 

nearly a factor of five, while the bone 

dose would increase by nearly a factor 

of two. This would still make the \I.-nolebody dose contributions via the marine 

pathway much less significant than the 

external and the terrestrial pathways. 

The maJor concern via the inhalation 

pathway is the absorption oi plutonium 

into the lung and subsequentl>- into the 

liver and bone. The lung, bone, and 

liver doses for the six living patterns are 

listed in Table 204 for the unmodified 

case and in Table 206 for modified conditions. This pathway contributes the 

least of all path\vays to the bone dose. 

For living pattern I and unmodified 

conditions, the 30-yr integral dose to 

the lung is less than 1 mrem. The lung, 

bone, and liver doses via the inhalation 

pathway increase if residence, agriculture, and visitation occur primarily on 

the northern islands. For living pattern 

III, for example, the lung, bone, and 

3 8 1.0 3. 8 

so 8. 9 78 

7 0 1.9 4.7 

3 0 3.0 3.0 

patterns (i. e. , external, inhalation, 

sea levei. 

liver, 30-yr integral doses are 0. 13, 

0. 10, and 0. 056 rem, respectively. 

For the modified case, shown in 

Table 206, the northern islands still 

predominate over the southern islands 

as potential contributors via the inhalation pathway; however, for living pattern 

III the 30-yr doses are nearly an order 

of magnitude lower than in the unmodified 

case (lung = 0. 056 rem, bone = 0. 045 rem, 

and liver - 0. 024 rem). 

Plutonium isotopes, because of their 

long half -life, will still be present when 

the other major isotopes observed at the 

Atoll have decayed away. Therefore, 

Tables 212 and 213 are included to show 

the predicted doses from plutonium to 

the three major receptor organs (lung, 

liver and bone) via the three relevant 

exposure pathways. It is clear, accepting 

the assumptions made in assessing the 

pathways, that the potential dose from 

plutonium is low via all pathways. 
Discussion 

It is appropriate to briefly examine 

the rnaJor components oi most significance to the radiological dose assessment of the Atoll. They are: 

e The significant radionuclides. 

• The relative importance of 

each pathway. 

• The ensemble of living patterns. 

0 Remedial action. 

Significant Radionuclides - While 

there are a large number of radionuclides 

present in the Enewetak environment. 

four radionuclides (‘OS,, 137Cs, 6oCo, 

and 23g Pu contribute nearly all of the 

population dose. This is the result of the 

combination of long half-life, large inventory, and relative importance of the 

radionuclides in the four pathways. 

137 Cs and 6o Co are the major contributions to the external gamma dose, 

but both also contribute to the total dose 

via the food chains. The 5-, lo-, 30-

and 70-yr doses via all pathways are 

calculated assuming that disappearance 

of the nuclides from the Atoll environment is by radioactive decay only. The 

possibility of the rate of removal being 

more rapid due to other processes such 

as penetration of the soil surface with 

time and runoff into the lagoon and ocean 

is not accounted for in the dose codes. 

Thus, to the extent that such time-dependent processes are important in 

increasing the rate disappearance of 

radionuclides from the environment, the 

dose estimates are upper limits. 

90 Sr is of major importance in the 

food chains. In particular, it contributes 

the major portion of the bone dose via 

the terrestrial and marine food chains 

and is the limiting isotope for the 

terrestrial food chain and the Atoll. 

Observations from both soil data and 

marine data collected during the survey 

indicate that 90 Sr is turning over more 

slowly in the Atoll environment than is 

137c_ b. 

Plutonium is present in substantial 

amounts in the northern part of the Atoll 

and in the lagoon. In the southern half 

of the Atoll the concentration levels are 

essentially that of world-wide background. 

23gPu is the dominant nuclide, with 

238 Pu accounting for 10% of the total 

plutonium. The major pathway for 

plutonium is the inhalation pathway for 

living patterns involving northern islands, 

while for the southern islands plutonium 

contributes similarly through all pathways. Over 70 yr, however, the dose 

contribution from plutonium is very 

small relative to “Sr , 6oCo > and 137 cs. 

Relative Importance of Pathways -The 

relative ranking of the pathways in their 

contribution to the total dose for most 

living patterns is as follows: 

(1) Terrestrial food chain 

(2) External gamma 

(3) Marine food chain 

! 

(4) Inhalation 

The terrestrial food chain can potentially 

contribute far greater doses than the i

I 

other three pathways. 

The Ensemble of Living Patternsliving patterns (I and II) have been Tw@ 

;

, 

requested by the returning population. 

For living pattern I (village and agriculture on the southern islands) the 30-Yr 

-620- I 
*‘“oyo

-AI I 

co 

‘_V“==-

0 &PI 0 - 0 

. . . . . . ,-llnulo-0 

-621-
Table 213. The plutonium 30-yr integral dose to bone, liver, and lung via tllc three c:s~)~~sII~~~i)athways. '1‘111!3 tLil)l(' 

assumes unmodified conditions on the village island. ____ _~._ ..- __-_--- - -- _.~_~__. ..-- .-

Plutonium 30-yr integral dose, rem 

Unmodified conditions 

Marine Terrestriala Inhalation Total Living 

pattern Bone Liver Lung Bone Liver Lung Bone Liver LLlng Bone Liver I,ung 

I

z I 0.018 0.047 - 5.0(-5) l.U(-4) - 7(-4) 4(-4) !)( -4 ) 0.018 0.04I1 !I(_‘[) 

t3 II 0.018 0.047 - 1.5(-3) 5.0(-3) - 0.029 0.016 0.036 0.049 0 . 06 il 0 . u 3 6 I 

III 0.018 0.047 - 6. 9(-3) 5. 3(-3) - 0.10 0.056 0.13 0.12 0.11 0. 1:j 

IV 0.018 0.047 - 3.0(-3) 0.010 - 0.47 0. 25 0. 5!1 0.49 0.31 0 . 5’1 

V 0.018 0.047 - 5.0(-5) 1. 8(-4) - 0.11 0.058 0. 13 0. 13 0.11 0 . 1 :3 

VI 0.018 0.047 - 3.0(-3) 0.010 - 0.090 0.04!) 0. 11 0. 11 0.11 0. 11 

-_ 

aBased upon diet 10 yr after return discussed in chapter. on dietary and living llatterns. 
integral T.i:hole-body and bone doses :rom 

all pathivays are 1. 0 and 3. 8 rem respectively, comparable to average United 

States 30-yr integral external background 

doses for 3 rem. For living pattern III 

(village on Engebi and agriculture on 

northern islands) bvithout any modification, 

the 30-yr integral whole-body dose is 11 

rem and the bone dose 80 rem. Other 

living patterns involving northern islands 

and without modification have 30-yr, 

whole-body doses ranging from -l to 30 

rem and bone doses ranging from 35 to 

220 rem. 

Remedial Action 

Terrestrial Food Chain -The doses 

estimated for the various living patterns 

indicate that careful assessment and 

design of anagricultural plan must be an 

integral part of the program plan for 

returning people to the Atoll. For 

example, the southern half of the Atoll 

has sufficient land area to supply pandanus, 

breadfruit, and coconut for the entire 

returning oooulation; therefore, even 

if people were to live on Engebi, the dose 

commitment could be greatly reduced by 

confining agriculture to the southern half 

of the Atoll. This one restriction, 

expecially for pandanus, breadfruit, and 

coconut would be the single most effective preventive measure for reducing the 

dose commitment. The combination of 

modifying the village island and living 

area and, confining the agriculture to the 

southern islands, both relatively easy to 

implement, have a very large impact on 

reducing the dose (compare Tables 204 

and 210). 

There arc, Of course, other options 

for reducing the dose via the terrestrial 

pathway. One option \vould be to dig large 

area pits on all islands which would be 

filled with “clean” soil from another 

source; pandanus, breadfruit, coconut 

and other plants could then be grown and 

harvested from these “clean” soil areas 

througbut the Atoll. The subsequent 

reduction in dose would lead to doses 

90 

from Sr equivalent to or less than 

those predicted for the southern islands. 

Another option would include removing 

the surface layer of soil (O-20 cm) from 

the northern islands and replacing it with 

uncontaminated topsoil. This approach 

should also lead to doses equal to or 

less than those predicted for the southern 

islands. This form of remedial action 

would in the process reduce the dose via 

the inhalation pathway. This alternative, 

of course, requires the removal and 

disposition of an enormous amount of 

soil, and ocean dumping, which would 

provide the large reservoir needed and 

minimize the potential man-rem, 

would probably be the best and easiest 

method of disposal. This approach is 

certainly not one of the easier alternatives. 

Efforts to maintain a high calcium diet 

could also be implemented to reduce the 

90 uptake of Sr; however, remedial 

measures to reduce the uptake in the 

plants or food product would be more 

effective and desirable as the primary 

preventive measure. 

Of course, the dose commitment 

would be largely eliminated if no pandanus, 

breadfruit, or coconut were planted on 

the Atoll for another 20 to 30 yr and if 

the diet were to consist of predominantly 

1 -623-

i -_- -pIF_~*-7-Plf~;iX#V “iT---.-.= “,,-c-;;X-‘.- I..,.. .>....-.*.r_ . . 
imported food. As was discussed in the 

chapter on dietary and living patterns, 

imported foods are very likely to form a 

significant fraction of the diet (possibly 

85% or more) and, if so, a plan to control the production of pandanus and 

breadfruit, or at least the location of 

production, could essentially reduce dose 

commitments to levels near U. S. external background. 

External Dose - The integral 30 yr 

external dose is reduced between 30 and 

70% for living patterns III, IV; V, and 

VI as a result of plowing the village 

island and graveling the village area 

where people will spend a majority of 

their time. These procedures are fairly 

straightforward, relatively easy to 

implement, and lead to the largest percentage reduction in external dose. An 

additional reduction in external dose of 

approximately 16% could be attained if 

all islands were plowed; however, 

implementing such a program in order 

to achieve the additional slight reduction 

is certainly another order-of -magnitude 

problem. In any case, any plan to plow 

all islands would have to receive careful 

scrutiny to determine the possible effects 

upon the island and Atoll ecology. 

Marine Food Chain - The marine food 

chain would appear to require no remedial 

action (see marine food chain chapter ). 

The marine pathway contribution to the 

30yr integral dose for the modified case 

and for agriculture on southern islands 

(Table 2 10) is less than 4% for whole 

unmodified conditions the percentaS<. !s 

far less than these. The concentr3tio,, (,, S’ 

radionuclides in fish muscle is higher i,, cc 

fish around the -ALICE -to-IRENE conlplrl a 

but even if the fishing were confined to a. 

these islands, a completely Unrealistic 

fc 

fishing pattern, the resulting 30-yr, IT 

whole-body and bone doses would still n 

be less significant than the other pathways ” 

and less than the 30 yr integral U. S. a 

background dose. 

Inhalation Pathway - The dose 

commitment via the inhalation pathway 

is due to the presence of plutonium 

throughout the soil in all of the northern 

islands. It is not generally localized 

sufficiently to consider “spot” cleanup. 

Anything short of removing the top layer 

of soil and replacing it with uncontaminated 

soil, or of simply covering existing soil 

with new soil, or of restricting living on 

northern islands will have little effect 

on the dose commitments via the inhalation pathway presented in this chapter. 

However, it should be noted that the 

plutonium concentrations on the southern 

islands are world-wide background levels, 

and the corresponding dose via the 

inhalation pathway is less than 1 mrem 

over 30 yr. This is the same level of 

exposure one would expect if new soil 

were brought in to the northern islands. 

The doses via inhalation on the northern 

islands is also insignificant relative to 

other pathways, where remedial action 

would be far more productive. Gee 

Tables 204 and 206). 

-624- I 
Summary of Remedial .Xction - In 

summary, the greatest reduction in dose 

commitment can be reai:zed by developing 

3 carefully designed agr:cultural plan 

and limiting the dose \-ia the terrestrial 

food chains. The next most effective 

measure would be directed at the external dose commitment by plowing the 

village island and graveling the village 

area. Other remedial measures for 

reducing the dose commitment via the 

different pathways are possible but reduce 

the potential dose commitment by far 

lesser amounts. 

YVONNE (Runit) -- The island of 

YVONNE (Runit) is a unique situation 

among all of the Atoll islands. “Hot 

spots” of nearly pure plutonium exist 

throughout the northern part of the 

island; milligram-size plutonium particles are present and presumably 

inhalable micron-size particles are also 

present. The potential health hazard via 

the inhalation pathway due to the large 

plutonium inventory is sufficiently great 

to dictate two basic alternatives for 

remedial action for this island: (1) make 

the entire island an exclusion area - off 1 

limits to all people, or (2) conduct a 

cleanup campaign which will eliminate 

I the “hot-spot” plutonium problem and 

remove whatever amount of soil is 

necessary to reduce the soil plutonium 

concentration to a level comparable to 

the southern half of the island which has 

soil concentrations similar to other 

northern islands. If the latter action 

were takeq the island could be considered 

in the overall design for remedial action 

for the northern islands. 

Dose Estimates for Other Assumed 

Living Patterns --- The tables in each 

section of this chapter describing the 

dose via a specific pathway (i. e. , external, terrestrial, and marine) are presented in a manner in which any combination of living pattern, time distribution, 

diet, and agricultural pattern can be 

assumed, and the corresponding dose 

predicted. We have chosen for dose 

assessment and presentation in this 

report the most likely living patterns 

(I, II, III, V), the most likely distribution 

of time, the most likely use of islands 

for agriculture, and the most likely 

fishing practices. We have also presented 

two living patterns which represent more 

extreme possibilities (living patterns IV 

and VI), although neither has been used 

in the past nor requested presently by 

the potential returning population. 

However, any other desired combination 

of living pattern and living habits could 

be assessed from data presented in the 

report. 
IV. Summary of Findings 

W. Nervik, Lazrence Livermore Laboratory, Livermore, California 

INTRODUCTION cu RRENT RADIOLOGICAL CONDITION 

OF THE ATOLL 

It has been the purpose of this survey External Gamma Radiation Levels 

to gain a sufficient understanding of the Three independent techniques were 

total radiological environment of Enewetak used to measure external gamma radia-

_4toll to permit judgments as to whether tion levels on the Atoll: 

or not all or any part of the Atoll can LiF and CaF2 thermoluminescent 

safely be reinhabited and, if so, what dosimeters (TLDs) were exposed 

preliminary steps toward cleanup should for 3$ months on seven of the 

be taken and what post-rehabilitation con- northern islands. 

straints must be imposed. A measurement using a BairdEnewetak Atoll has an extremely Atomic survey instrument was 

broad range of radiological conditions in made at each soil-sampling locaa small land mass. To gain an undertion on each island. 

standing of the details of this range of 

An aerial survey with NaI detectors conditions, it has been necessary to obtain 

was conducted over the entire and analyze a very large number of samsurface area of every island. ples ‘from all components of the environment. To gain an equivalent understand- All three techniques yield results 

ing of the implications of this range of which agree to within about 10%. 6oco 

conditions for rehabilitation of the and 137 Cs contribute most of the total 

Enewetak people, it has been necessary external gamma radiation, with the 

to postulate population distributions, life remainder due to small amounts of other 

styles, and dietary habits - an endeavor gamma emitters such as 125Sb, 155Eu, 

60 fraught with uncertainties under the best and 241Am. The amount of Co relaof circumstances,. but particularly so for tive to 137 Cs varies throughout the Atoll, 

the current, rapidly changing Marshallese with a range of values from about 0.5 on 

culture. JANET to greater than 14 on JAMES. 

This section is a summary of the data Average values for each isotope on each 

obtained from the Survey, the postulates island are given in Table 214. For refused, and the population dose assessments erence, a map of the Atoll is shown in 

derived from data plus postulates. The Fig. 146. 

reader is cautioned against expecting or Southern islands (SAM to KEITH) are 

using a “simple” description of the radio- characterized by low and more or less 

logical condition of Enewetak Atoll, be- uniformly distributed gamma-radiation 

cause no single value of any component of levels over the area of each island. As 

the radiological condition is applicable to exposure levels increase, exposure gradthe entire Atoll without being misleading. ients become severe, with beaches 

-626- I 
Table 214. Summary of average exposure rates for islands in Enewetak Atoll. 

Island 137cs 

Average exposure 

6oco 

rate, I_tR/hr at 1 md . lotal y 

(O-3 MeV) Rangeb 

ALICE 42 36 81 4-170 

BELLE 61 50 115 5-200 

CLARA 20 19 -12 5-100 

DAISY 6.8 14.4 21.3 5-140 

EDNA 2.8 2.4 6 5-8 

IRENE 14 63 80 3-560 

JANET ‘5 13 40 2-150 

KATE 11 7 19 3-22 

LUCY 6 7 14 l-20 

‘, PERCY 2 3 2-11 

IvIARY 5.5 4 10 2-12 

NANCY 6 5 12 l-50 

OLIVE 6.5 -1.5 11 1-15 

PEARL 12 45 70 l-400 

RUBY ‘1 12 14 l-42 

SALLY 3 7 3-l 10 

TILDA 2 6 2-11 

URSlJLA 1 .:i 5 l-7 

VERA :! 5 l-6 

WII,MA I ‘1 l-3 

YVONIiI: ‘,‘>- . . 4 33 l-750 

SA M C0.G (0.11) 10.9 o-1 

TOnI <O . G (0 . I::) <:0.!? o-1 

URIAII <O.G (O.-l:<) CO.9 o-1 

VAN <O.G (0.25) .‘0.9 o-1 

ALVIN <O.G (0.25) ‘0.9 o-1 

BRUCE 0 .:; (0.34) 1.2 o-1 

CLYI)I~: CO.6 (0.11) c’O.9 o-1 

DAVII) N. I>. (0.10) ‘co.9 o-5 

REX CO.6 (0.25) cr0.9 o-1 

ELMFIR N. I). (0.12) co.09 o-2 

WALT <O.G (0.10) (0.9 o-1 

FRI:I) N. I). (0.12) ,:0.0 o-1 

GLENN CO.6 (0.20) .:0.9 o-1 

fT1:N 11). <r).G (0.20) ‘rO.9 o-1 

IRWIP\: CO.6 (0.46) .:0.9 o-1 

.JAMl:S 2. Ii 3.0 o-5 

KI’ITII CO.6 (0.4!)) <O.!l o-2 

i,I.:ROY 4.8 7.6 3-8 

“Average close> ratc>s given arc clc>rlvcd from aerial survey data. On islands where activity 

levels arcs at the, lower limit 01’ sensitivity of the aerial survey cquipmcnt, dose rates derived 

from thta soii sarnp~c data arc given in parrnthrsrs. 

11AS nl(sasurc‘(l \vith the lk~~rcl-/~t~~m~r instrument. 

-627-
NlJZIN8AAIKU(K 

(BELLE) GOGOYBOG 

(ALICE) BOGALLUA 

PIIRAAI (WILMA1 

RUNIT (YVONNE) 

(LEROY) RiGlLI 

(KEITH ~GIRIINIAN 

(JAMEG)RIBAI 

ENIWETOK ATOLL ENIWETOK ( FREO) NAUTICAL WILES 

Fig. 146. Islands (those circled) requested as village locations by the Enewetak people. 

generally at or very near expected back- Radioactivity Levels in Enewetak 

Soil ground levels; the highest levels are 

found in heavy vegetation at island centers Approximately 3000 samples of 

or near ground zero sites. “Average” Enewetak soil were analyzed by germanivalues for islands with relatively high um gamma-spectroscopic (GeLi) and 

dose levels include a broad range of values wet-chemistry techniques to determine 

for specific areas and should therefore be the distribution of radioactive species on 

used with caution. islands in the Atoll. Samples were taken 

-628-
on every island, but emphasis was given 

to - and proportionately larger numbers 

of samples taken on - those Islands which 

were known to have been sites for nuclear 

testing activity or to have been subjected 

to large amounts of fallout from such 

activity. 

Two types of soil samples were taken 

on each island: “surface” and “profile.” 

_4t ” surface” sampling locations, two 

samples were taken - one a 30-cm 2x 15-

cm-deep core, and the second a composite 

2 of two 30-cm X 5-cm-deep cores. At 

“profile” sampling locations, loo-cm2 

samples were taken from the side wall 

of a trench dug for the purpose. Nominal 

depth increments for the profile samples 

were 0 to 2, 2 to 5, 5 to 10, 10 to 15, 15 

to 25, and 25 to 35 cm, and at lo-cm 

increments to total depth. Total depth 

for profile samples varied from 35 to 

185 cm, depending on the distribution expected from the testing history of the 

island being sampled. 

In general, the predominant species 

found in the soil samples are “Sr, 137cs, 

239 Pu, and 6oCo. 4oK, 55Fe, lolRh, 

102mRh 125Sb 133H, 134Cs 152Eu 

154Eu i55Eu ‘207Hi i26Ra i35U ’ 

238 pu; and 24’1 ’ ’ ‘. Am are also present in 

some or all of the samples. As was the 

e. case for external gamma levels, small 

amounts of radioactive species on the 

southern islands (SAM to KEITH) are 

distributed more or less uniformly over 

the entire land area. On islands where 

larger amounts of activity are present, 

the highest levels of all species are found 

at the island centers or in proximity to 

ground-zero sites, usually related in a 

direct way to the vegetation density in the 

n immediate area. As an example of the 

kind of data obtained for each of the predominant isotopes on each of the islands, 

90Sr values for O-15 cm core samples on 

JANET are plotted in Fig. 147. 

Table 215 presents geometric mean 

values and ranges for the four predominant 

radionuclides on islands from ALICE 

through WILMA. On islands where there 

are significant differences in activity 

levels between densely and sparsely 

vegetated areas, data for both are given. 

Similar data for groups of southern islands 

are shown in Table 216. 

“Profile” samples showed a wide range 

of activity distributions as a function of 

depth on different parts of the Atoll. Examples of the types found are given in 

Figs. 148-151. Although generalizations 

in this area are not very meaningful, 

Fig. 148 shows the profile distribution 

normally found on the southern islands. 

Here the activity levels are usually low 

through the full range of depths sampled. 

Some sampling locations show concentrations decreasing somewhat from the surface through the first 10 or 20 cm of soil. 

Figure 149 shows the type of distribution 

often found inland on islands subjected 

to fallout but not to construction or other 

ground-zero earthmoving activities - i. e., 

a rapid and fairly steady decrease of 

activity levels from the surface to total 

depth. Figure 150 shows the distribution 

found on beaches and exposed areas on 

these same islands - i. e., uniform or 

slowly decreasing activity levels from 

the surface to total depth. Figure 151 

shows a distribution pattern found occasionally on islands which have been the sites 

for tests or have been subjected to construction and earthmoving activities 

(primarily IRENE, JANET, PEARL, 

-629-
P 

0 

P 

N 

M 

L 

K 

Jf 

IF 

E 

T 

S 

R 

-630-
-- 

Tab!t- ‘15. Enewetak soil data, “northern islands” (pCi/g in top 15 cm). 

g”Sr 137cs 23gPu 6oC0 

Mean Range Mean Range Mean Range Mean Range 

ALICE 80 l-2-430 36 5.6-141 12 3.9-68 5.9 1.4-33 

BELLE Dense 123 14-670 48 14-170 26 7.2-130 10 3.1-30 

sparse -14 35- 130 8.6 3.3-44 11 5.8-26 4.6 2.4-9.6 

CLARA 65 13-310 26 5.6-110 22 3.5-88 6.4 0.91-20 

DAISY Dense 190 loo-380 11 3.4-33 41 22-98 11 6.4-26 

Sparse 32 16-120 3.8 0.86-9.0 15 3.8-33 0.85 0.37-7.4 

EDNA -16 30-220 4.2 2.7-6.4 18 13-24 0.43 0.33-0.63 

IRENE 30 5.9-570 3.2 0.22-41 11 2.4-280 5.4 0.12-5i0 

JANET -14 1.6-630 16 0.57-180 8.5 0.08-170 1.9 0.02-33 

KATE Dense 67 37-200 24 18-37 17 8.6-50 2.7 1.6-5.8 

Sparse 11 1.6-49 4.8 1.8-16 2.3 0.17-14 0.46 0.03-3.5 

LIT CY 32 lo-83 11 2.2-25 7.7 2.4-22 1.5 0.26-3.8 

MARY 29 11-140 9.9 5.6-26 8.0 2.0-35 1.5 O-74-4.8 

NANCY 36 16-110 12 6.0-28 9.1 2.3-28 1.6 O-56-5.3 

PERCY 13 3.6-73 0.94 0.12-17 3.5 1.5-23 0.47 0.08-2.9 

OLIVE Dense 22 4.6-70 8.5 3.5-28 7.7 2.2-30 1.5 O-65-4.1 

Sparse 4.5 2.0-11 0.16 0.07-11 2.8 1.9-4.1 0.11 0.05-0.31 

PEARL Hot spot 62 35-140 19 7.4-55 51 15-530 12 3.6-70 

Remainder 17 3.2-61 7.6 1.2-34 11 0.85-100 4.1 0.49-49 

RUBY 12 7.1-63 1.4 0.71-7.2 7.3 3.0-24 0.93 0.29-16 

SALLY 8.4 0.87-140 3.0 0.03-30 4.3 0.21-130 0.54 0.05-69 

TILDA Dense 27 17-54 8.4 3.5-20 7.6 1.4-17 1.2 0.61-1.9 

Sparse 8.7 2.2-47 1.0 0.04-5.3 2.5 1.1-34 0.37 0.21-1.7 

URSULA 6.8 2.0-19 1.7 O-13-7.8 1.3 0.26-7.3 0.31 0.05-l-7 

VERA 6.3 1.1-68 2.0 0.03-12 2.5 O-60-25 0.30 o-02-2.2 

WILMA 3.3 0.26-13 1.3 0.31-7.2 1.1 0.1-5.3 0.12 0.01-0.7 

Southern 

YVONNE 1.7 0.09-20 0.40 0.02-3.6 3.2 0.02-50 0.64 0.01-20 

Northern 

Beaches 6.4 1.2-30 0.30 0.03-9.0 2.7 O-34-18 0.13 O-03-1.6 

YVONNE - Because of the complex distribution of activities on Northern YVONNE no 

single mean value for an isotope can be used for the island as a whole without being misleading. Readers should consult the YVONNE discussion in 

this section and the detailed data in Appendix II for information pertinent to 

:helr interests. 

SALLY, and YVONNE). In these locations, bution” can be formulated which is 

activity levels below ground level are applicable to the Atoll as a whole. 

significantly higher than at the surface. The land area which has the most 

Because of the observed variety of profile severely nonuniform distribution of 

distributions, no “average vertical distri- radioactive species on the Atoll is that 

-631-
1 I 

Table 216. Enewetak soil data, southern islands (pCi/g in top 15 cm). 

23gF” g”Sr 137cs 6oco 

Mean Range Mean Range Mean Range Mean Range 

Group A 

(DAVID, 

ELMER, 

FRED) 0.41 O-02-4.8 0.21 0.01-2.1 0.04 0.004-0.31 0.03 0.01-0.15 

Group B 

(All others 

except 

LEROY)a 0.52 0.03-3.9 0.14 0.004-1.8 0.07 0.004-1.1 0.06 0.007-63 

Group C 

(LEROY) 11 1.6-34 3.2 0.5-10 0.63 0.02-2.0 0.58 0.04- 5.0 

aSAM, TOM, URIAH, VAN, ALVIN, BRUCE, CLYDE, REX, WALT, GLENN, 

HENRY, IRWIN, JAMES and KEITH. 

part of YVONNE which lies north of the In an effort to obtain a reasonable 

tower (Sta. 1310). This area includes estimate of the three-dimensional distrithe highest external gamma levels found bution of radioactive material in this area, 

on the Atoll, with levels of 500-750 pR/hr 45 profile locations (shown in Fig. 152) 

found over a five-acre site just south of were sampled to 150-cm depths. Plutonithe CACTUS crater. In addition, pieces um data for the profiles along the center 

of plutonium metal weighing as much as of the island, and across the island at the 

several milligrams are randomly position of the plutonium-bearing layer, 

scattered on or near the ground surface are shown in Figs. 153-156. Data from 

over most of the area from CACTUS all of the profile samples lead to the 

crater to a line drawn across the island, following observations: 

about 60 m north of the tower. Construc- • There were no large plutonium 

tion and earthmoving activities during the particles analyzed in any of these 

testing period, for which we have no samples since the maximum 

reliable record, served to redistribute the specific activity found was -800 

radioactivity in such a way that it is pCi/g. 

essentially impossible to get an accurate, • Except for the area in the general 

detailed, three-dimensional survey of vicinity of the exposed plutonium 

radioactive species present in this area layer, there were few profile 

now. Four hundred meters north of the sampling locations where plutonium 

tower, for about 100 m along the ocean- concentrations exceeded 100 pCi/g 

side embankment, for example, there is at any depth. Of the four that did, 

a visible layer of dark soil roughly 20 cm two had the high concentration in 

thick, 10 to 20 cm below the surface, the top 10 cm of soil. Profile 

which contains high concentrations of sampling locations where plutonium 

plutonium (3200 pCi/g in one sample). concentrations greater than 100 

hig 

OPP 

lim 

acr 

Pl” 

Pl” 

the 

ant 

cot 

die 

frc 

lin 

PlL 

the 

Pli 

su 

Fi 

de 

di 

of 

th 

es 

la 

R 

z

-

tt 

a’ 

S 

tc 

0 

C 

P 

rI 

I 

-632-
pCi/g were found at any depth are 

enclosed in cross-hatched areas in 

Fig. 152. 

Thus it seems likely that soil bearing 

high concentrations of plutonium - as 

opposed to 

limited to 

across the 

plutonium 

plutonium 

the ocean 

pieces of plutonium - is largely 

a band roughly 350 m wide 

island, centered on the visible 

soil layer. Within this band, 

concentrations are greatest on 

side, less on the lagoon side, 

and least in the island center - a finding 

consistent with historical data which indicate that debris was bulldozed away 

from the 

lines after 

plutonium 

Except 

shot point toward both shorethe event which produced these 

particles. 

for this band across the island, 

there is no evidence which indicates that 

plutonium particles on or near the ground 

surface in the larger area shown in 

Fig. 152 are also found at any significant 

depth below the surface. Because of the 

discrete nature and random distribution 

of these particles, of course, the only way 

that their distribution could be further 

established would be by analysis of very 

large volumes of soil. 

Radioactivity Levels in Enewetak 

Lagoon 

Approximately 858 samples taken from 

the Enewetak lagoon environment were 

i 

analyzed by germanium gammaspectroscopic (GeLi) and wet-chemistry 

techniques to determine the distribution 

of radioactive species in the lagoon, including 345 sediment and bottom cores, 

82 seawater and seawater filters, 21 algae, 

i plankton, or coral, and 410 fish samples. I 

Figure 157 shows the major sampling 

( locations for this marine program. 

_Analysis of the sediment and core 

samples indicates the presence of -loK , 

6’Co, “Sr; lolRh, 102mRh, lo6Ru, 

127Sb, 137Cs, 152Eu, 154Eu, 155Eu, 

207Bi 235u 238Pu 239,240Pu and > 

241’ ’ ’ Am in some, but not necessarily all 

of the samples. Each nuclide is nonuniformly distributed over the lagoon 

floor, with the highest levels generally 

found in the northwest part of the lagoon, 

2-3 km southeast of the islands ALICE 

through IRENE; the next highest levels are 

found in the area southwest of YVONNE; 

and the lowest levels are found south of a 

line extending across the lagoon from the 

Southwest Passage to TOM. Figure 158, 

for example, shows the distribution pattern for 

prepared 

species 

Many 

90Sr. Similar figures have been 

for each of the predominant 

found. 

of the radionuclides found in the 

marine sediment and core samples were 

not detected in the water samples, in102mRh 106Ru 125Sb 152Eu eluding 

and 235U. ’ ’ ’ ’ In only 15 samples from the 

northern part of the lagoon were 6oco 

155Eu , 207Bi . and 241Am detected . ’ 

137cs and 239,240 Pu were positively 

identified in all samples. Table 217 gives 

the mean surface water concentration of 

137 Cs and 23g,240 Pu in the four quadrants 

of the lagoon, in the ocean close to the 

east side of the lagoon, and for several 

areas in other parts of the world for 

comparative purposes. 

In the plankton samples, the most 

abundant isotopes observed were “Sr 

207Bi (av 0.86 pCi/g, wet wt) and 

(0.83 pCi/g), followed in decreasing order 

of abundance by 6oCo (0.68 pCi/g), 

23gJ240Pu (0.39 pCi/g), 155Eu (0.24 

pCi/g), 241 Am (0.23 pCi/g), and 137cs 

-633- 1 

x 

2 

> 

._ 

01 

,001 

40 60 80 100 

0001 

120. 

Depth - cm 

Fig. 148. Activities of selected radionuclides as a function of soil (

depth. 

-635-
E 
00 

.l 

.Ol 

Depth - cm 

Fig . 149. Activities of selected radionuclides as a function of soil depth. 

-637-

m- __.-.._ - - .__-_ _-.. --w1C~--*-?-.--o-.- -----..-.~~~-*l-~-~_~~-~,--~ _..-... _. ..___. _, “, 
! 

1 

I 
A 6oco0 9osr 

0 ’37CS ii 

0 239P” 1 

I 10 

0 

i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i I i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i ilTtTl 

10 20 

Depth - cm 

i i i i i IO.1 

30 

Fig. 150. Activities of selected radionuclides as a function of soil depth. 

-639-

--. .r .,- “.d.( - ,. . . _._- --.*- ,.- -*“y,, . ..- -_- ._ ..---I. _.- ___ . _ _. - -..rmy--x. 

0.1 

0 10 20 30 40 50 60 

Depth - cm 

Fig . 151. Activities of selected radionuclides as a function of soil depth. 

-641-

,- --- -. .-._ _ - -w--w __ ._-*-..---W.-“-_-m- ---_l___l*_.___._.c_rr, b_-_-- -

-643-

,: -___--. ____-.--_ ____._ ._- ..-__-___ _ ----m.___C1_ -rl__----__l_- ---- PII _. 1 
-- 

- - 

Depth -

cm 

100 100 10 

o.JG9 0.68 

0.008 0.4 

0.01 0x7 .Y” 

O-T-Cl 0.08 \ 9.6 v 0.05 033 0.02 0x8 0.02 

0x2 0x1 0.22 07% 0% 0.05 

0x8 OTC2 TO.04 0.04 031 038 0.03 

1201 -0.003 0x2 031 2.9 - 0x5 - 0.07 O-iil .“I - -

,30- - - - - - - - _ 

140- - - - - - - - _ 

150 I I I I I I I I I 

129 124 119 114 109 105 103 102 101 

Profile location number 

Fig. 153. Plutonium profile data, Locations 101-103, 105, 109, 114, 119, 24, and 

129, YVONNE. 

Depth -

cm 10 10 10 10 10 

\ 

81.4 118 1’4 414 

: 1 &3 \ 5.4 278 ,; 5 1032 0.03 0.30 1 2.8 

.9!? O" I/0.1359 2.1 3.8 1.7 1.2 2.3 0.01 1.4 I 0.007 0.023 0% I

. 

. IL” I w_---____- 130- -Il40__-_- --- - - - -

I I I 1 I I I I I I 150 142 141 140 139 138 137 136 135 134 133 132 

Profilelocation number 

Fig. 154. Plutonium profile data, Locations 132-142, YVONNE. 

(0.07 pCi/g). Comparison of these data lagoon with mean residence half-times 

with similar data obtained in 1984 indi- of 3.3 and 4.1 yr, respectively, while 

207 cates that, in addition to physical decay, Bi appears to be decreasing at apProXi60 Co and 137 CS are being lost from the mately its radioactive decay rate. “Sr, 

-644-
Depth, 

cm 

Surface 

101 

20 z;‘Jv 

30 170 

0.75 0.46 0.05 

0 2 16 2-L 9 0008 2 

- - -

LJ Id” 

112 113 114 115 116 

Ocean Profile location number Lagoon 

Fig. 155. Plutonium profile data, Locations 112- 116, YVONNE. 

Depth, 

cm 

10 

\ 

100 

\ 

100 

, 10 10 

\ \,20 / 11 /9 \ Rh 

20 - 100 

45 

14 -100 

23 

55 .lO 

22- / / 0.008 \ 7.7 

47 0.007 

, ;;;;+2> ‘IQ A0 - oz2 

130 

140 

-

-

-

-

-

-

1 -

- 1- -

I I I I 

"' 142 143 144 145 146 

CACTUS Crater Profile location number Lagoon 

F,ig. 156. Plutonium profile data, Locations 142-146, YVONNE. 

23g,240pU155Eu and , I 241Am were not this survey were chosen for one or more 

reported in 1964. of the following reasons: (1) They are 

Of the more than 700 species of fish at commonly eaten by the Marshallese; (2) 

Enewetak Atoll, the species selected for they are relatively abundant at most of the 

-645-

- ..-____ _--__ __-.___ . . - - --_______-.__ ___.. -- - ------ -_L__.__l____ pm*-
Fig. 15’7. Enewetak marine 

collection sites; (3) they are representative 

of a feeding habit; or (4) there is previous 

relevant radiometric information about 

the species. The species of reef fishes 

selected as being representative of feeding 

habits include the mullet (a plankton and 

Sample types 

• Sediment and cores 

+ Reef species 

&Plankton 

0 Water 

Deep 

Passage 

Wide 

Passage 

4 

program sampling locations. 

detritus ;‘ feeder), convict surgeon (a 

grazing herbivore), goatfish (a bottomfeeding carnivore), and parrotfish (a Coral r. 

i 

eater). The tunas, jacks, and dolphins -

pelagic fish - and the snappers and 

groupers - benthic fish - which were also 

-646-
Fig. 158. Activity levels of 90Sr deposited 

collected are carnivores of high order in 

the food chain leading to man. 

The number and kind of marine organisms collected at near-shore sites at 

Enewetak Atoll and at Kwajalein Atoll, 

where “control” samples were taken, are 

shown in Table 218. Similar information 

for the carnivorous fish is given in 

Table 219. 

40K 55 

9 Fe, and ” Co were the predominant radioactive nuclides found in all 

fish, although 65Zn, “Sr, lolRh, 102mKh, 

108m 

Ag, 125Sb, 137Cs, 152Eu, 155Eu,

207Bi 239, 240Pu, and 241 

f Am were also 

present in some or all samples. 

TRANCE 

WI6E \- PASS 

in the sediments of Enewetak Lagoon. 

137 Table 217. Concentration of Cs and 

23gPu in comparative, surface water samples. 

Concentration, 

fCi/ltter 

Location l3’Cs 239P” 

Enewetak Lagoon 

SE quadrant 226 9.1 

NE quadrant 334 42.6 

NW quadrant 579 33.4 

SW quadrant 332 21.6 

Ocean, east of Enewetak Atoll 89 0.3 

Lake Michigan (197 1) 88 1.1 

Humboldt Bay, Calif. (1973) 300 

14oN 18O”W (1972) 143 0.44 

12ON 170”E (1972) 170 0.35 

Windscale vicinity (1969) 105,000 

Mean surface, Atlantic 

O-3 1”N (1968) 0.7 

-647-

Column legend 

A 55Fe - eviscerated whole fish 

B 55Fe - viscera 

c 6o Co - viscera 

100 

D 6oCo - eviscerated whole fish 

50 

30 /-Mean 4oK concentration 

10 

5 

3 

1 .o 

0.5 

L Ill D

rNE’ TU 1 FRED ( ;LE \( HENR\r 

Collection site 

40K 55Fe 60 Fig. 159. Average Co concentration in convict surgeon from Enewetak 

Atoll, OctobGr to December, 1972. The 4OK value is the mean for all convict surgeon samples. 

Table 220. Comparison of 60Co and 207 BL. . in the viscera of convict surgeon collected 

in 1964 and 1972. 

60 207 Co in pCi/g, dry Bi in pCi/g, dry 

Fraction Fraction 

Island 1964 1972 remaining 1964 1972 remaining 

BELLE 120 16 0.13 8.0 2.0 0.25 

JANET 8.3 0.96 0.12 1.2 0.2 0.17 

GLENN 19 3.3 0.17 2.6 0.7 0.27 

LEROY 56 3.4 0.06 5.2 3.1 0.59 

YVONNE 64 5.2 0.08 - -

Average 0.11 0.32 

-649-
I- /

Mean 4oK concentration 

--------------_ .A 

IU 1 Column legend 

\” 

A ‘37Cs - entire fish u, 5 

B ‘55Eu - eviscerated whole fish 

I 3 i- C ‘55Eu - viscera J 

2 

._ D *07Bi - viscera 

E *07Bi _ eviscerated whole fish -0t- l.O- L 

.f 

C 

._0 0.5 -

? 

; 0.3 -

: 

5 

I! O.lT 

.5 0.05 - -0 

s 0.03 -

1 nE

0.01 -

BELLE IRENE JANET URSULA YVONNE DAVID FRED HENRY LERl 

Collection site 

137CS, 155Eu, and 207 

Fig. 160. Average RI concentration in ;snvict surgeon ‘rom 

Enewetak Atoll, October to December, 1972. The %“K value is the mean for 

all convict surgeon samples. 

F 

60 levels (av 15 pCi/g). No 6oCo, 207Bi, Co and 207Bi data for the two collection 

or 155 Eu were observed, but 55Fe, 137Cs, periods. The effective half-life of 2.7 yr 

90Sr, and 23g’240 Pu were found in some for ‘O Co (radioactive decay half-life 

or all of the samples, usually at levels 5.24 yr) and 5.1 yr for 207Bi (radioactive 

comparable to the lower values found at decay half-life 30 yr) implies an effective i r 

Enewetak. half-life in the ecosystem for both isotopes F 

As with the plankton, comparison of of about 5-6 yr. t 

data obtained from this survey with similar Of the marine invertebrates present at I 

data from samples taken in 1964 indicates Enewetak, tridacna clams, sea cucum- 1 

that, for some nuclides at least, there are bers, spiny lobster, and top snails were 

processes operating to reduce concentra- collected and analyzed. In the tridacna, 

60 tions in the lagoon faster than is expected Co was the most abundant radioisotope 

from radioactive decay alone. Table 220, found, and it was present in higher 

for example, presents a comparison of amounts in the kidney than in the viscera, 

-650-
1 

40 

Mean K concentmtion 

i -_ -- i --------- -1 

10 -

Column legend 

\” 

q 5- A 9oSr - eviscemted whole fish 

B 9oSr - viscera 

I 3- C 239,240pu _ eviscerated whole fish 

? 

D 239,240pu E.- - viscem 

L-

-a l- C

.-

.-: 

% 0.5 -

k 

2: 0.3 -

8 

4.-

3

1 0.1 -

: 

2 0.05 -

0.03 -

D AE IC c 

% 

BELLE IRENE JANET A ’ 

nn

ID FFIED 

n

GLENN LEROY 

Collecrion site 

239, 240pu Fig. 161. .Iverage 9’S, and concentration in convict surgeon from Enewetak 

AAtoll, October to December, 1972. The 4oK value is the mean for all convict surgeon samples. 

mantle, or muscle. Figures 163-165 Radioactivity Levels in Enewetak 

Terrestrial Biota 

present the average radionuclide concentrations of these tissues for the Enewetak The terrestrial biota survey had as its 

locations at which tridacna samples were objective the collection and analysis of all 

taken. available terrestrial vegetation and 

Radionuclide distributions for sea animal species which could be used as a 

cucumbers, spiny lobsters, and top snails basis for estimating population doses 

were similar to those found for the through dietary pathways. Not all vegetridacna, except that high concentrations table and animal components of the 

were not observed in the kidney. Enewetakese diet are currently available 

-651-

q--_-__- __. ._----- -_ _ _7_r._-_F_ .I --.---__ .-._.__-___*__ ~. -----_._- -Y_1_..-. _ .- _-_- _ ._. ..____ 
--- 

500 

300 

Column legend 

A Light muscle 

B Dark muscle 

C Liver 

100 

50 

30 

40 

Average K concentration . 

(all tissues) /- -- _----------

10 

5 

3 

1 

0.5 

0.3 

0.1 

207Bi 

Fig. 162, Average concentration of seven radionuclides in the light muscle (iz), dark 

muscle (B), and liver (C) of three skipjack from Enewetak Atoll, October 

to December, 1972. 

-652-
- - 

3000 r 

Column legend ,-Mean 4o K concentmtion 

A 55Fe 

B 6oco 

_ 207Bi 

1000 

L 

500 

300 

100 

50 

30 

10 - -- -

5 

3 

1 

Collection site 

40K 55Fe 60Co and 207 Fig. 163. Average Bi concentration in the kidney of Tridacna 

clams collecied at l&ewe&k Atoll, October to December, 1972. The 4oK 

value is the mean of all Tridacna samples. 

-653-

--_____--_ -.-. ---_ ~Cl--.----.-- .“-c_rc_--___-___31 wmv--_I---. 
300 [ 

Coi umn legend 

l( 

A 55Fe - -wntle pI”s muscle 

B 55Fe - viscera ,^ &&an 4o K concentration 

c 6uco- viscera 

n 6oCo - mantle plus muscle / 

KA7 ‘E W 

)CD 

RO’I 

Collection site 

Fig. 164. 1kverage 4oK 55Fe and 6oCo concentration in the viscera, mantle, and

muscle of Tr’idacna’clams collected at Enewetak Atoll, October to 

13ecember, 1972. The 4OK value is the mean of all Tridacna samples. 

0. 

0 

on the Atoll; of those that are, not all are 

available on every island. 

A total of 1103 specimens were collected in the field as part of the terrestrial 

biota survey, distributed as follows: 

Soils 42 

Plants 208 

Birds 116 

Eggs 217

Rats 249 

Crabs 271 

Total 1103 

The geographical distribution of 

specimen collection sites is shown in 

Fig. 166 and the types of edible sample 

collected on each island are listed in 

Table 221. 

137 “Sr and Cs were observed in 

essentially all of the plant, rat, and crab 

samples and in many of the bird and egg 

60;. and 239,240pu samples. 55Fe, , 

were observed less frequently, and 

isotopes such as 207Bi, 152Eu, and 

.51 - Sm were observed occasionally. 

! 

i 

-654-
Mean 4oK concentration 

10 [I---- J ----- -- --- -_ 1

Column legend 

5 

A 9oSr - mantle plus muscle 

B 9oS r - viscera 3 

C 239,240Pu _ mantle plus muscle \” 

D 239,240pw is - viscera a 

I 

2 1.0 

.zz 

x 

0’ 

05 0.5 

2.-

3 0.3 

‘r 

z 

5 

-8.-

-j 0.1 

._ S 

-a 

2 

0.05 

0.03 IAE c

0.01 

BE W i HE RC 

Collection site 

90Sr and 239,240 Fig. 165. Avt,rage Pu concentration in the viscera, mantle, and 

muscle of Tridacna clams collected at Enewetak -Atoll, October to 

December, 1972. The 4oK value is the mean for all Tridacna samples. 

-655-
Table 221. Terrestrial biota survey. Edible plants and edible animals sampled. 

Island Coconut Coconut Pandanus Pandanus Tacca Bird Coconut 

No. Island meat milk fruit leavesa corm Birds eggs crab Ratb 

1. ALICE X 

2. BELLE x :i 

4. DAISY X X 

9. IRENE X x X 

10. JANET X X x x X 

12. LUCY X 

14. MARY X X X 

15. NANCY X X 

16. OLIVE x 

17. PEARL X X 

19. SALLY X X X 

20. TILDA x 

2 1. URSULA X 

22. VERA X x 

24. YVONNE X X X 

29. VAN X 

30. ALVIN X 

31. BRUCE X X X 

32. CLYDE X X 

X X x X X X

33. DAVID 

34. REX X 

35. ELMER X X X 

37. FRED X X 

38. GLENN X x X 

39. HENRY X 

40. IRWIN X X 

41. JAMES X 

42. KEITH X X X X X 

43. LEROY X X X X 

a 

aPandanus leaves are not eaten but serve as indicators for pandanus fruit. 

bRats are not eaten but serve as indicators for poultry and swine. 

nut 

1 wi. 

on 

co 

I lot 

-656-
Sample type 

• Birds 

ACmbs 

0 Mammals 

* Vegetation 

Fig. 166. Terrestrial biota program sampling locations. 

For a given sample type, the radio- Fig. 167 and it is apparent that concennuclide content generally corresponded trations are significantly higher on the 

with levels of soil contamination found northern islands (islands l-24) than on 

on the Atoll. Data for “Sr and 137Cs in those on the southern part of the Atoll. 

coconut meat versus island sampling Since the main vegetation components 

location, for example, are plotted in in the human diet (coconut, pandanus, 

-657-
10 

and breadfruit) are not growing now on I I I I 

all of the northern islands, the ubiquitous 

A 13’cs >lesserschmidia and Scaevola were 

0 9osr sampled and analyzed extensively \%,ith the 

intent that they be used as “indicator A 

species” for estimating doses from the 

edible plants should they become available. The correspondence between 

137 Cs activity in coconut meat and 

hlesserschmidia and/or Scaevola from the 

same location is shown in Fig. 168. 

To increase accuracy, dose estimates 

to the human population through the 

terrestrial \-egetation pathway should be 

b 

based on the geographical distribution of 0 

v 

radionuclides. In order to do this, how- ‘;5C.- 0 ever, a correlation between nuclide I I I 01 I c 0.01 I .-

5 10 15 20 25 30 35 content of vegetation and nuclide content 

.-s

Island number of soil must be established. As an ex- e 

ample of the correlations that have been c,

al 

90 0

Sr 137 Fig. 167. Concentrations of and 137Cs developed, data for Cs in E 

in coconut meat. U Messerschmidia and Scaevola vs 137cs 

in soil are shown in Fig. 169. 

Similarly, data obtained from rats -

the only mammals now found on the Atoll -

were found to correlate with the vegetation radionuclide levels. For example, 

137 correlations for Cs in rat muscle vs 100 I I 10 A 

6 Messerschmidia Messerschmidia/Scaevola are shown in 

Fig. 170, and for go Sr in rat bone vs 

10 Messerschmidia/Scaevola are shown in 

Fig. 171. 

Fi Three classes of data obtained from II 

1 .o the terrestrial biota survey, therefore, 

._ 

6 have been used to estimate potential 0 

human doses through the terrestrial food : 011 

5 . 0.1 1.0 10 100 1000 pathway: z 

U Concentration in indicator plant - • Data obtained from the edible 

pCi/g, dry organisms where they were available. Fig. 168. tatistical correlation between s 37Cs in coconut meat and • Data obtained from the correlation 137Cs in Messerchmidia and 

Scaevola. between edible plants - indicator 

-658-
1000 r 

A :.‘esserschmidia 

0 Sc3evola 

A 

100 0 

c 

A 

z 

a 

0 0 

10 

‘3 A 

0. ‘5 

0 ‘3 

A 

0 00 

0 

1 .c 

0 

A 

I I 0.1 

0.1 1.0 10 101 

Concentration in soil - pCi/g, dry 

Fig. 169. between 137Cs in Messerschmidia and Scaevola and 

plants - soil and applied to the plant Radioactivity- Levels in Enewetak Air 

component of the diet. 

• Data obtained from the correlation A total of 32 samples of airborne 

between rats - indicator plants - Enewetak particulate debris have been 

soil and applied to the meat com- analyzed to determine inhalation exposures 

ponent of the diet. likely to be encountered by residents of 

-659-

A ___._ 
1000 / I 

A Messerschmidia 

0 Scaevola 

100 

10 

1 .o 

_“O.l 1.0 10 100 1000 

Concentration 

pCi 

in ind

/g, 

icator plant -

dry 

Fig. 170. Statistical correla

9OSr in rat bone 

Messerschmidia 

tion between 

and gOSr in 

and Scaevola. 

the Atoll. Samples were taken using the 

following three types of equipment: 

• Ultra High-Volume Air Sampler 

(UHVS) - Used to sample large 

volumes of air in short time intervals. Typical samples were taken 

at a rate of 2000 m3/hr for a continuous 24-hr period. 

• Low-Volume Air Sampler (VCS) -

Used to sample for extended periods. 

Typical samples were taken at a 

rate between 8 and 20 m3/hr for a 

continuous ‘I-day period. 

• Anderson Cascade Impactors (ACI)-

Used to obtain data on the particlesize distribution of airborne radioactivity. These samplers operated 

at a throughput rate of 34 m3/hr, 

sampled for 7- to lo-day periods, 

and separated each sample into the 

following particle-size ranges: 

0.1-1.1, l-1-2.0, 2.0-3.3, 3.3-7.0, 

and >7 pm. 

+ 1 9 i:,ooo I I 

3 A Messerschm id i3 

. 0 Scaevola 0) 

\. 

u, : ,000 -

I 

0 

u 100 -

; 

E 

F! 

c

.-

:

.-

0 

.k 

c 

Q) 

2 

: 0.1. ,’ I I 

0.1 1.0 10 100 1,000 1 300 

Concentration in indicator 

plant - pCi/g, dry 

Fig. 17 1. Statistical correlation between 

137Cs in rat muscle and 137Cs 

in Messerschmidia and 

Scaevola. 

-Air samples were taken on FRED, 

DAT-ID, SALLY, JANET, and YVONNE, 

which are islands that include the full 

range of airborne activity levels likely to 

be found on the Atoll. 

A number of radionuclides were de7 tected in the surface air, including Be 

(53 day), 4oK (1.26 X 10’ yr), 54Mn 

(303 day), g5Zr (65 day), lo3Ru (39.6 

day), lo6Ru (1.0 yr), 125Sb (2.7 yr), 

137Cs (30 yr), 144Ce (285 day), 23gPu 

(2.4 X lo4 yr). 238Pu (86 yr), and 

241Am (458 yr). 7Be and 4oK are 

naturally occurring activities. 54Mn 9 

g5Zr, lo3Ru, lo6Ru, 125Sb, and 144Ce 

are intermediate-life activation and 

fission products found in current worldwide fallout, but present in Enewetak 

soils in only very reduced quantities due 

to radioactive decay in the long interval 

since testing ended. Longer-life 137cs t 

-660-
Table 222. Comparison of radionuclides in surface air (fCiim3) on Enewetak, 

Livermore, California, and Balboa, Panama. 

Remainder of Livermore, Balboa, Panama, 

Enewetak Calif. , O”N 79”W, 

Nuclide Y VONNE Atoll 1972 1972-1973 

7 

Be* < 49-193 < 6-116 go-250 43-143c 

54Mn < 0.6-2. 1 co. 14-4.0 

g5Zr <0.4-0.4a 0.03-O. 3 0.005-O. 4 < 0. 9-8. 5 

lo3Ru < 5.5-5. 5a NDETb 0, 29-3.4 

125Sb < 0. 27-O. 27” NDET 0.04-O. 23 

lo6Ru < 0.9-2.6 =0.2-1.6 0. 14-2.9 

137 cs < 0.49-o. 82 < o-04-2. 5 0.63-3. 2 0.09-l. 7 

144Ce < 2.5-3.7 < 0.22-l. 9 0. 24-3. 1 0.7-11.2 

239, 240Pu <0.03-2.6 < 0.001-o. 025 0.01-O. 05 < 0.001-0.030 

2381,u < 0.04-O. 13 < 0.0028-o. 008 0.001-0.005 < 0.001-0.003 

241 Am < 0.3-O. 3oa NDET NDET NDET 

“Detected only one sample. 

bNot detected. 

‘Oct. -Dec. 1972 range. 

238Pu, 23gPu, and 241Am in air could be taken between November 28 and December 

from either local resuspension or from 19, 1972. Wind speeds were almost 

worldwide fallout. A comparison of always greater than 10 knots and often 

activity levels at Enewetak with those ob- greater than 20 knots at all sampling 

served at Livermore, California, and locations. In addition, frequent light 

Balboa, Panama is shown in Table 222. rain showers served to keep the ground 

It appears that, with the exception of the surface damp. Table 223 presents 

single sample on which 5.5 fCi/m’ of climatological data which have been pub103 Ru was observed, the only airborne lished for Enewetak and Kwajalein. It is 

radionuclides present at levels consist- apparent that December represents a 

ently higher than those at the other two fairly average month as far as total rainlocations were the Pu-Am species on fall and rainfall frequency are concerned, 

YVONNE, a result not too surprising, while average windspeeds are higher than 

considering the known soil contamination those observed most of the year. 

levels on that island. 

Of the 32 air samples, four were Radioactive Scrap and Buried Debris 

taken in October 1972 before typhoon Holmes and Narver, Inc., as part of 

Olga struck, and the remainder were the engineering survey they conducted 

-661-

- __~__. _. _..^ .-- --
1 I 

Table 223. Climatological data for Kwajalein and Enewetak.a 

Percentage of total time at each wind-speed interval 

Jan --- Feb Mar Apr May

--- June July Aug Sept----_ Ott Sov Dee AV 

IVind speed, knotsb 

o-3 1 1 1 0 1 1 6 10 16 9 3 1 4.2 

4-10 15 12 22 20 27 27 49 60 59 63 42 20 34.7 

11-21 68 80 70 75 69 70 44 29 24 28 53 70 56. 7 

22-33 15 7 7 5 3 2 1 1 1 0 2 9 4.4 

233 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 

Prevailing wind 

direction and NE NE NE NE YE NE E,‘XE 1;: NE NE SE NE --

frequencyb 86% 87% 81% 775 67% 64% 36”‘” 31”’ 27% 33% 55% 745, --

each 

Yr. of 

PrecipitationC Yr -- record 

Av. amount, in. 1.02 1.84 1.86 1.28 4.57 3.37 6.45 6.81 6.24 9.09 6.30 2.63 51.46 30 

Greatest amount, 1.95 10.21 7.33 3.86 8.38 7.03 15,35 14.41 13.17 18.07 17.38 9.18 69.86 13 

in,. 

Least amount, in_ 0.12 0.40 0.37 0.49 0.37 1.33 1.36 4.22 1.53 2.60 1.94 0.86 24.42 13 

Mean number of 

days, 0.01 in. or 11 10 13 13 16 16 21 21 20 21 21 16 198 10 

aU. S. Hydrographic Office, Sailing Directions for the Pacific Islands, H. 0. Pub. No. 82, 

Vol. 1, Second Edition (1964). updated to Dec. 5, 1970. 

b . Wmd data for Kwaialein. 

‘Precipitation data for Enewetak. 

for DNA,” estimated that there were on the other northern islands (KATE, 

approximately 7200 yd3 of contaminated LUCY, MARY, NANCY, OLIVE, 

metal and concrete present on Enewetak URSULA, VERA, and WILMA), even 

Atoll in December 1972. AEC radiation though none of them contains ground-zero 

monitors accompanied the H&N crews in sites, and neither the aerial radiological 

order to identify the radioactive material. survey nor the ground survey parties 

Table 224 shows the distribution of this detected this type of debris. 

debris on islands where this type of On the southern islands, there were 

survey was conducted. The amounts of four locations where radioactive scrap 

material listed should be taken only as material was found: 

an approximate lower limit, particularly • On the north end of ELMER (in the 

on islands such as PEARL, where very “C” level area of Fig. B.37.1.b in 

heavy underbrush prevented the survey Appendix II) there are several 

party from covering all parts of the pieces of scrap iron with activity 

island. In addition, it is conceivable that levels above local background. 

radioactive scrap material may be found • In the central part of ELMER (the 

large “E” level area of Fig. 

Engineering Study for a Cleanup Plan, B.39.l.b) a partially shielded 6oco 

Enewetak Atoll- Marshall Islands, source was found in a small storage Holmes and Narver, Repts. HN-1348.1 

and HN-1348.2 (1973). building. 

-662-

0 
Table 23-1. Contaminated metal and concrste scrap on Enewetak Atoll. 

_\pproximate scrap 

Island quantities 

A4LICE 10 yd3 

BELLE Small 

(i 10 yd3i 

CLARA Small 

(’ 10 yd3) 

DAISY Small 

(\ 10 yd3) 

EDNA None 

IRENE Moderatea 

<JANET 568 yd3 

PEARL 317 yd3 

RUBY 196 yd3 

SALLY 2106 yd3 

TILDA 1 yd3 

YVONNE 4064 yd3 

Total 7262 yd3 

aReference does not identify volume. 

• In the south-central part of ELMER 

(the small “E” level area of 

Fig. B-39.1-b) there appears to be 

scrap metal or other radioactive 

debris on, or just below, the ground 

surface in heavy underbrush. 

• On the north-central shore of 

GLENN (the “C” area of Fig. 

B.48.1.b) there is a derelict barge 

which is contaminated with detectable amounts of 207Bi. 

~. __- ._-._-.- -. -- t 

Remarks 

Background is up to 170 pR!hr. An RI-boat 

wreck on beach reads 8 mR!hr. 

Background up to 250 ctR!hr. 

Background up to 100 PRihr. 

Background up to 140 ,uR/hr. 

Sandbar 

Up to 1.2 mr,‘hr. 

Activated scrap metal in all sizes can be 

found in piles or individual pieces scattered 

over the island at levels up to 8 mr/hr. 

Confined to SGZ area. Levels up to 5 mr/hr. 

Scrap-metal activity levels up to 0.12 mr/hr. 

Al ha levels on concrete surfaces up to 

103 dpm/50 cm2. 

Activity levels up to 60 mr/hr. 

Because of the extremely low ambient 

radiation levels on the southern islands 

and the sensitivity of the aerial survey 

equipment, we can be reasonably confident that we have found all material 

above ground with activity levels greater 

than a few microroentgens per hour. On 

FRED, for example, the highest radiation 

level found (the I’D” area in Fig. B-46.1-b) 

proved to be coming from barrels of fly 

ash stored in a warehouse intended to be 

663-

.-.. 
Table 225. Living patterns describing the geographical locations for activities 

involved in daily living. 

Pattern I Pattern II 

Residence FRED, ELMER, or DAVID FRED, ELMER, or DAVID 

Agriculture ALVIN through KEITH KATE through WILMA + LEROY 

Fishing Entire Atoll Entire Atoll 

Pattern III Pattern IV 

Residence JANET BELLE 

Agriculture JANET BELLE 

Fishing Entire Atoll Entire Atoll 

Pattern V Pattern VI 

Residence JANET JANET 

Agriculture KATE through WILMA + LEROY ALICE through IRENE 

Fishing Entire Atoll Entire Atoll 

used for PACE drilling operations. 

Similarly, the nearby “C” level area 

60 proved to be a Co source stored in a 

lead container in a locked building properly 

labeled, but of which we were unaware before the survey started. 

POPULATION DOSE ASSESSMENT 

The total radiation dose to the 

Enewetak people returning to Enewetak 

Atoll is determined by the sum of the contributions of each of the exposure pathways; i. e., 

Dose = D +D inhalation external gamma 

+ Dmarine food chain 

+ Dterrestrial food chain 

The contribution of each pathway to the 

total dose for an individual depends on 

living patterns and diet. Six living patterns, shown in Tables 225 and 226, have 

been selected for the dose assessment on 

the basis of statements made by the 

Enewetak people as to how and where 

they would like to live after they return. 

Similarly, the diets shown in Table 227 

have been selected on the basis of the 

best current information on the dietary 

habits of the Enewetak people, the current 

distribution of edible species on the Atoll, 

and growth periods before harvest for 

edible species which will have to be 

established after return. In addition, 

these assessments assume that the 

Enewetak people will continue their current practice of using catchment rainwater for drinking and that underground 

-664-
Table 226a. Estimated time distribution (in percent) for men, women, children, 

and infants, with emphasis on residence island. Pattern A. 

Village area Beaches Interior Lagoon Other islands 

Men 50 5 15 10 20 

Women 60 10 10 0 20 

Children 55 10 15 5 15 

Infants 85 5 0 0 10 

lens water, where available, will not be a samples, inhalation doses to bone, liver, 

significant part of the diet. and lung for each of the six living patterns 

have been estimated and are shown in 

Tables 228-230. “inhalation 

239,240 Pu has been found to be the The “unmodified” cases represent 

239,240 only significant contributor to inhalation calculations based on the Pu condoses on Enewetak Atoll. Airborne tent of the top 2 cm of soil, while the 

radioactive species observed during the “modified” cases represent calculations 

23 9,240 

survey, however, were identified as based on the average Pu content 

originating almost entirely from world- of the top 15 cm of soil. The latter 

wide fallout or cosmic-ray activity. In condition would obtain if the soils were 

order to make a conservative estimate plowed or mixed during the replanting 

of inhalation dosages, it has been operations. 

assumed that the returning population will 

be exposed to air with an average dust 

D external gamma 

loading of 100 @g/m3, with the same Using gamma levels obtained from 

23 9,240 Pu content as the local soil, all the aerial survey, estimates of the ex0.4 pm in diameter and low in solubility. ternal gamma dose associated with each 

Using these assumptions of the living patterns have been calculated 

concentrations obtained from the soil (Table 23 1). In this table the “unmodified” 

Table 226b. Estimated time distribution (in percent) for men, women, children, 

and infants with emphasis on additional time spent on nonresidence 

islands. Pattern B. 

Village area Beaches Interior Lagoon Other islands 

Men 40 5 20 10 25 

Women 50 5 15 5 25 

Children 50 5 15 10 20 

Infants 70 5 5 0 20 

-665-
Table 227. Postulated diet for the returning adult Enewetak population for, time of 

return and for 10 yr after initial return. 

Diet, g day 

Food item At time of return, 10 yr after return 

Fish 600 600 

Domestic meat 60 100 

Pandanus fruit 0 200 

Breadfruit 0 150 

Wild birds 100 20 

Bird eggs 20 10 

Arrowroot 0 40 

Coconut 100 100 

Coconut milk 100 300 

Coconut crabs 25 25 

Clams 25 25 

Garden vegetables 0 0 

Imports 200-1000 200- 1000 

1030 plus imports 1570 plus imports 

239,240 Table 228. Cumulative rems to organs from PU via inhalation pathway, bone. 

PC I/G 

LIVING PATTERN IN SOIL 5 YRS 

I. WODIFIED 0.05 0.0000 

UNMJDIFIED 0.12 0.0000 

I I. MODIFIED 2.00 111.01301 

lJNllODIFIED 4.70 n .0003 

III. ITDIFIED 7.30 0.0004 

UNRODIFIED 17.@0 

IV. rU)DIFIED 15.00 

IJNWODIF IED 77.00 

V. MODIFIED -I . 30 

UNtX3DIFIED 17.60 

VI: MODIFIED 9.50 0.0006 

UNMODIFIED 14.70 
339, ‘40 Table 22”li. Cumuiari:-e rems to organs from P:: via inhalation uathway, liver. 

case represents the current conditions; 

“village graveled” shows the effect of 

placing a S-cm gravel layer in the village 

area; and ” plowed” indicates 

the effect of thoroughly mixing the top 

30 cm of soil in the specified area. 

Dmarine food chain 

Doses via the marine and terrestrial 

food chains were estimated using the 

following differential equation to describe 

the intake and retention by man: 

dC rf man man C _ x C (3) dt = M man man 

where 

C = concentration of nuclide in man 

man, pCi/g 

I = food intake, g/day, 

f man= fraction of nuclide ingested 

reaching the organ of 

reference, 

C = concentration of nuclide in 

food product, pCi/g, (i. e., 

fish, shellfish, coconut, land 

crab, etc.), 

M = mass of the organ of reference, (g), 

and 

x = effective elimination rate of man -1 nuclide from man, (day 1. 

(X =X +X man biological radioactive 

The concentration C in the food products 

is calculated assuming that the nuclide 

-667 -

1 
I 1 

4 

233.~2-0 Table 230. C..i::lz!ative rems to organs from Pu via inhalation pathway, lune 

disappears only by radioactive decay, t 

i. e., that no other processes are in Dose ( rem) = KE Cman dt I operation which reduce the nuclide avail- 0 

ability in the food chain. Therefore 

C = CoeSkrt, where Co is the concentration observed at the time of the survey 

and Xr is the radioactive decay constant. 

The concentration in man at any time t -Art -Amant 

-e dt, (5) after initial consumption of the food is: > 3 

where K is a conversion constant from If c man 0 C pCi/g to rem and equals 5.1 X 10e5 man =“(Aman-Xr) disin<egrations. g. rem and E is the dis_ 

pCi. MeV. day 

integration energy of the nuclide in MeV, 

(

-Art -Aman t 

X e -e )t PCi/g. (4) including a factor for relative biological 

effectiveness (RBE). The final dose is 

The dose at any time t after initial con- then determined from the integration of 

su mption is the equation, i. e., 

-668-
KE I Eman co statistically significant differences for 

Dose = M (h x dose estimation purposes between samples man- I‘) 

taken in different parts of the lagoon. 

-x 

mant The radionuclide concentration, Co, used 

l-e (6) --T-&-' rem. in the marine food chain dose assessment, 

1 

therefore, is the average value for all 

Table 232 lists the fman (FMAN), fish from the entire Atoll determined from 

x the survey and is listed in Tables 233 and radioactive (LR), Xman (LMAN), and 

disintegration energy (E) values for all 234 for each nuclide. The average values 

of the isotopes in the dose calculations. for radionuclide concentrations listed in 

Fish and marine organism data from the tables are in pCi per gram dry weight, 

the survey have been found not to have any with data corrected to pCi per gram wet 

Table 231. Estimated integral external free-air gamma doses. 

Gamma dose, rad 

Time interval, yr 

Case Living pattern 5’ 10 30 70 

I Village: FRED/ELMER/ DAVID 

Visits to ALVIN-KEITH 

Time distribution: Table 137 

Unmodified 0.14 0.28 0.83 1.92’ 

II Village: FRED/ELMER/DAVID 

Visits to ALICE-WILMA 

Time distribution: Table 137 

Unmodified 0.38 0.68 1.59 2.97 

3. Northern islands plowed (0.22) (0.41) (1.08) (2. 26) 

III Village: JANET 

No visits to other islands 

Time distribution: Table 137 with “other 

islands” time spent in interior of JANET 

Unmodified 0.94 1.71 3.95 6.66 

1. Village graveled (0.82) (1.49) (3.48) (5.96) 

2. JANET plowed (0. 36) (0.68) (1.70) (3.24) 

IV Village: BELLE 

Visits to ALICE-WILMA 

Time distribution: Table 137 

Unmodified 2.72 4.78 10.06 15. 50 

1. Village graveled (1.78) (3. 14) (6.69) (10. 53) 

2. Plus BELLE plowed (0.83) (1.47) (3.26) (5.47) 

3. Plus Northern islands plowed (0.68) (1.23) (2.77) (4.76) 

-669-

-_ - _______._. - _ 
Table 231 (continued). 

v Village: JASET 

Visits to KATE-WILMA 

Time distribution: Table 137 

Unmodified 0.71 1. 28 2.94 5. 06 

1. Village graveled (0. 59) (1.07) (2.48) (4. 36) 

2. Plus JANET plowed (0.36) (0.66) (1. 59) (3.02) 

3. Plus KATE- WILMA plowed (0.29) (0. 54) (1.36) (2.71) 

Gamma dose, rad 

Time interval, yr 

Case Living pattern 5 10 30 70 

VI Village: JANET 

Visits to ALICE-IRENE 

Time distribution: Table 137 

Unmodified 1.15 2.03 4.39 7.13 

1. Village graveled (1.02) (1.81) (3.93) (6.43) 

2. Plus JANET plowed (0.80) (1.41) (3.05) (5.09) 

3. Plus ALICE-IRENE plowed (0.43) (0.78) (1.85) (3.39) ~~ ~~~~ 

Via Village: JANET 

Visits to ALICE-WILMA 

Time distribution: Table 136 

Unmodified 0.76 1.37 3.12 5.33 

1. Village graveled (0.62) (1. 12) (2. 58) (4.51) 

2. Plus JANET plowed (0.41) (0.75) (1.77) (3.27) 

3. Plus Northern islands plowed (0.30) (0. 56) (1.40) (2.76) 

VIb Village: JANET 

Visits to ALVIN-KEITH 

Time distribution: Table 136 

Unmodified 0.60 1. 10 2.60 4.60 

1. Village graveled (0.48) (0.88) (2. 14) (3.90) 

2. Plus JANET plowed (0.25) (0.48) (1.26) (2.56) 

1 

Mean population, dose 

(Average of Cases I, II, III, V, and VI) 

Unmodified 0.66 1.20 2.74 4.75 

1. Village graveled (0. 59) (1.07) (2.46) (4.33) 

2. Plus JANET plowed (0.41) (0.74) (1.75) (3.25) 

3. Plus All Northern islands plowed (0.29) (0. 54) (1.36) (2.70) t 

Sea level, U. S. A. 

(80 mrad/yr) Typical 0.40 0.80 2.40 5.60 

I 

3 

-670-
Table 232. The disintegration energy E and the radioactive half-life LR are listed for each 

radionuclide. The effective biological half-time LMan and the fraction of 

ingested isotope reaching the organ of reference FMan are listed for three 

receptor organs, bone, liver, and whole body. 

1 BONE IIFISS - 5. IIORE+OJ L IVER IlriTS :. 1 . Z; O Cl E. t I.l : l,Ji II lLL[l! l[l ,’ t lit;‘,. ;.111111; III.1 

NUCL IDE E Li? -Ltwtl- -FtlFItI- -LMRN- -FIlktt- -Lrtd- -FriAtI55FE 

60CO 

63N I 

90SR 

106RU 

102RH 

113CD 

12556 

129 I 

133BFl 

137cs 

144CE 

147PM 

151Sr-l 

152ElJ 

155EU 

2078 I 

235 U 

238PU 

239PU 

240PU 

241RM 

6.287E-03 1.543E-04 9. 100E-02 

6.087E-02 3.313E-07 

6.540E-03 7 I? 3 7 E - b>“4 

8.740E-01 3: 60YE-04 

1.780E-02 

5,500E+00 

1,400E+00 

1.000E+00 

1.800E-01 

3.600E-01 

7.686E-02 

3.940E-01 

5.Y00E-01 

3.754E+00 

2.297E+00 

1.523E-03 

6.600E--0 1 

1.600E-Ol 

1.000E+00 

4.600E+0O 

4.600E+0 1 

5.300E+01 

5.300E+01 

5.700E+Bl 
Table 233. Average concentration, number of samples in the average, standard deviation, and 

high and low of the range for all fish in the entire Enewetak Atoll. 

NO. OF, HVERRGE STFINDHRD RRNGE FCI/GRRM F(VERFIGE LOGNORMQL 

NUCLIDE TISSUE SfWlFLES PC I/GRWl* DEVIQTICN HIGH LOW PC I ~‘I;RRM~t:~ MED IHtl PC I/GF’fiM 

81003 MUSCLE 3.955E-01 1.517E-01 7.189E-01 l.S4SE-01 3.95SE-01 3.71-7E-01 

19040 MUSCLE 11: l.l89E+O 1 5.277E+00 2.697E+01 2.982E+OO 1 . 1 GsE-I-0 1 1.0;5E+O 1 

26055 MUSCLE 123 1.574E+01 4.108E+U 1 3.833E+02 1.577E-01 1.56~E+Ol 5.06YE+iIIO 

27060 MIJSCLE 128 2.005E+a0 S. 37;E+00 

38890 MIJSCLE 125 1. S62E-a 1 2.460E-Ol 

44106 MlJSCLE Ra 8.08SE-01 3.558E-01 

45102 MUSCLE 128 9.044E-02 6.6U lE--02 

48113 MUSCLE 1 2.63SE-01 0. 

5112s MIJSCLE 128 2.449E-01 2.SBlE-01 

55137 MIJSCLE 128 3.837E-01 7.940E-‘3 1 

56133 MUSCLE 104 1.431E-01 1 .205E-4 1 

58144 MIJSCLE 4 

63152 MUSCLE 128 

63155 MIJSCLE 128 

83287 MUSCLE 128 

9223s MUSCLE 122 

94000 MIJSCLE i23 

94238 MlJSCLE 64 

95241 MUSCLE 128 

*AVERAGE I IF NON-DETECTED, COfICEt!TPUTION SET EOIJI’I_ TO DETECTIO’I L IrllT: PC I ‘i;“Al‘l 

**QVERAGE I IF NON-DETECTED, CONCENTRATION SET E~IJW. TO ZEFI;I FI: I;l;RR!l 
Table 231. Radionuclide concentrations in fish (January 1972). 

Concentration, pCi/g dry weight 

Nuclide Sample So. of Samples -Average High Low 

137Cs All fish” 128 

6oco All fisha 128 

“Sr All fisha 125 

“Sr Eviscerated 74 

whole fish 

“Sr Fish muscle 51 

only 

aA4ll fish includes eviscerated whole fish 

separated from bone and only the muscle 

weight for use in the dose code by dividing 

by 3.5, the average wet-to-dry ratio for 

fish from the Atoll. 

Integral doses calculated from the 

marine survey data are listed in Table 

235 for the whole body and bone for 5, 

10, 30 and 70 yr. The major contribution 

to the whole-body dose comes from 137cs 

and Co, while the bone dose comes 

137 fro:“90 Sr, as well as from Cs and 

6oco. The third line of the table gives 

the summation of the dose to each organ 

from the three isotopes. The bottom entry 

in the table lists the dose from all radionuclides listed in the Table 235 footnote. 

Dterrestrial food chain 

Evaluation of the potential dose to the 

returning population via the terrestrial 

food chain has been structured on the 

basis of the living patterns in Table 225. 

The quantity of radionuclides ingested via 

terrestrial foods was computed from the 

measured and predicted concentration of 

activities according to the expected daily 

diets listed in Table 227. Except for 

coconut and arrowroot, the daily intake 

of the food items listed in this table refers 

0. 39 6. 8 0. 026 

2. 0 38 0.041 

0. 16 1.5 0.0010 

0.21 --_ -__ 

0.075 --- ---

and those fish where muscle was 

was analyzed. 

to g/day of fresh food. The g/day intakes 

listed for coconut and arrowroot refer 

to the dry weight intake of coconut meat 

(copra) and processed arrowroot starch. 

Inferred initial ingestion rates assuming 

the diet at time of return are shown in 

Table 236. This diet contains only foods 

that are available on islands of the group 

at the time of return, i. e., domestic 

meat, birds, bird eggs, coconut crabs, 

and, in the case of the southern islands, 

coconut meat and coconut milk. 

The 30- and 70-yr integral doses were 

calculated assuming the lo-yr postreturn diet. In addition to the foods that 

are available at the time of return, the 

lo-yr post-return diet includes pandanus 

fruit, breadfruit, arrowroot, coconut 

meat, and coconut milk for all islands. 

The initial rates of ingestion for each 

island group assuming the lo-yr postreturn diet are listed in Table 237. These 

values are presented in two parts; the rates 

of ingestion for the foods immediately 

available are presented on the left side of 

Table 237 under January 1, 1974, while 

the rates of ingestion for the foods that 

are to become available 8 yr after return 

-673-

hi---_.--___ ._ .-- .__.._~ _-..___ 
1 

Table 

Table 235. Integral dosea for 5, 10, 30, and 70 yr from the marine food chain, 

Integral dose, remb 

10 yr 30 yr 70 yr 5 yr Food 

Nuclide W. B. Bone W. B. Bone W. B. Bone W. B. Bone 

A. I 

137cs 0.006 1 0. 0061 0. 012 0.012 0.030 0.030 0.049 0.049 

Pork 

Wild 

6oco 0. 0078 0. 0078 0.012 0.012 0. 017 0.017 0.017 0.017 Bird 

Tota 

9QS, -_- 0.13 --- 0.31 --- 0.77 -- 1. 3 

B. 

Sum 0.014 0. 14 0. 024 0. 33 0.047 0. 82 0.066 1.4 Porl 

All Tot: 

nuclidesC 0. 016 0. 14 0.028 0. 34 0.053 0. 84 0.089 1.6 

C. aThe dose is based upon the average concentration for iish from the entire 

Atoll and upon a dietary fish intake of 600 g/day. These doses apply to all Par 

six living patterns. Wilt bThe concentration data were corrected to January 1974, the earliest possible 

return date to the Atoll; all integral doses are calculated for periods which Birl 

begin on January 1974. Tot. 

‘Isotopes included in the “All nuclides” calculation: 

D. 

’ 13Cd 

PO1 

Wil 

Bir 

cot 

To1 

are presented on the right side of In computing the bone dose, the whole- E. 

137 Table 237 under the 8-yr post-return date, body dose from Cs and the other non- PO 

January 1, 1982. In essence, the foods bone seekers has been added to the bone Wi 

immediately available are assumed to dose from 90Sr and 23gJ240Pu. The Bi 

contribute to the diet beginning January 1, whole-body dose has been computed as the co 

1974, and the edible plants that are yet to sum of the whole-body dosages from the cc 

be established are assumed to contribute non-bone seekers. : cc

to the diet beginning January 1, 1982. Similarly, integral 30- and 70-yr Tc 

Using doses have been calculated assuming the these data, plus the integrated -

dose per unit lo-yr post-return diet (Table 240). rate of ingestion to whole 

body and bone shown in Table 238, the Total Dose 

integral 5- and lo-yr doses shown in The total 30-yr integral dose preTable 239 have been calculated. The dicted for whole body and for bone for 

5- and lo-yr dosages particularly relate the six iiving patterns are listed in 

to the situation during the initial few Table 241. This table includes the conyears following return. tributions from each pathway and, for 

-674-
Table 236. Rate of ingestion of radionuclides from terrestrial foods assuming diet 

at time of return (Jan. 1, 1974). 

Ingestion rate, pCi/day 

Food item 3H 55Fe 6oco 9OSr 137cs 239,240 Pu 

A. Island 

Pork and 

Wild birds 

Bird eggs 

Total 

group 

chicken 

ALICE-IRENE 

984 

69 

1050 

6.21 

co. 29 

6.35 

185 

1.21 

0.45 

187 

3100 

c2.4 

CO. 24 

3100 

0.143 

0.0074 

0.150 

B. Island 

Pork and 

Total 

group 

chicken 

BELLE 

302 

302 

6960 

6960 

C. Island 

Pork and 

Wild birds 

Bird eggs 

Total 

group 

chicken 

JANET 

1800 

171 

1970 

7.70 

co. 39 

7.89 

108 

0.29 

0.97 

109 

2320 

2.5 

0.6 

2320 

0.100 

0.074 

0.174 

D. Island group 

Pork and chicken 

Wild birds 

Bird eggs 

Coconut crabs 

Total 

KATE-WILMA, 

0.480 

0.480 

LEROY 

1800 

113 

1900 

7.70 

CO. 28 

1.03 

8.87 

47.4 

0.29 

0.02 

1.96 

49.7 

858 

2.50 

CO. 25 

7.59 

868 

0.100 

0.077 

0.0035 

0.180 

E. Island group 

Pork and chicken 

Wild birds 

Bird eggs 

Coconut 

Coconut milk 

Coconut crabs 

Total 

ALVIN-KEITH 

29.3 

14.9 

2.91 

47.1 

1700 

131 

<23 

Cl1 

1850 

6.41 

co. 35 

c2.9 

cl.42 

4.23 

13.7 

6. 18 

0.37 

0.02 

3.35 

0.17 

2. 58 

12.7 

50.9 

2.55 

co. 35 

68.7 

3.44 

9.31 

135 

0.704 

0.003 

co. 259 

co. 129 

0.023 

0.99 

-675-

t‘----- -____-_ __ __-_____ - - -. -. -.------.-- -_-_- --- ~..___. . . .- __ -.-- - ___. 
Table 237. Rate of ingestion of radionuclides from terrestrial foods assuming lo-yr post-return diet. 

---

Ingestion rate, pCi/day 

January 1, 1974 January 1, 1982 

Food item 3H 55Fe 6oCo “Sr 137Cs 239,240P” 3H 55Fe 6OCo 9OSr 137Cs 239, 240Pu 

A. Island group ALICE-IRENE 

Domestic meat 308 5170 

Pandanus fruit 94 1 8840 

Breadfruit 807 7570 

Wild birds 197 1.24 0. 242 CO. 5 0.0286 

Bird eggs 34.5 co. 14 0.226 co. 1 0.0037 

Arrowroot 47 71 

Coconut meat 23.7 664 c16.3 135 2210 18.1 

Coconut milk 35.6 <37 <8. 5 20 331 Cl.7 

Total 231 1.31 308 5170 0.0323 59.3 683 12.4 1950 19000 19 

b B. Island group BELLE 

,” Domestic meat 504 11600 I 

Pandanus fruit 1.34 cl.46 1540 19800 <n. 5 

Breadfruit 1.15 cl.25 1320 17000 <8. 1 

Arrowroot 77 159 

-Coconut meat 221 4960 

Coconut milk 33 743 

Total 504 11600 2.50 1.35 3180 42700 8.8 

C. Island group JANET 

Domestic meat 180 3870 

Pandanus fruit 7.12 cl.25 550 6610 0.082 

Breadfruit 6. 10 Cl.07 471 5560 0.071 

Wild birds 360 1.54 0.058 0.50 0.020 

Bird eggs 85.5 CO.19 0.482 0.29 0.037 

Arrowroot 28 53 

Coconut meat cl.85 79 1650 

Coconut milk c2.54 c2.27 12 248 Cl. 31 

Total 445 1.64 181 3870 0.057 14.5 3.22 1140 14 100 0. 81 
Table 237 (Continued). 

Ingestion rate, pCi/day 

January 1, 1974 .January 1, l!ltj2 

Food item 3H 55Fe G°Co “Sr 137cs239, 2401>u 3rl 

5 5 1: c ii 0 (. ,) !I0

s L’ I 37(.s 2:(‘1, 2.1 0, ,,, 

-

D. Island group KATE-WILMA 6 LEROY 

Domestic meat 79 1430 

Pandanus fruit 3.94 ~.13.8 24 1 2.1 00 0. 3 1 ii 

Breadfruit 3.38 ,i Il. 8 207 2120 0. 271 

Wild birds 3FO 1.54 0.058 0.50 0.020 

Bird eggs 5G co. 14 0.01 co. 12 0.039 

Arrowroot I ‘2 2 I) 

Coconut meat l!l. 0 204 ‘-1.05 34.7 fi 1 !f II.ii-I 

Coconut milk 28.5 CG.44 <2. 27 5.2 93 i 0 . 3 H 

Coconut crabs 0.480 1.03 I.96 7.59 0.003 

Total 0.480 416 2.59 81 1440 0.062 47.5 215 14.4 500 5330 5.0 

b 

4 

4 E. Island group ALVIN-KEITH 

Domestic meat 10.3 84. 9 

Pandanus fruit 1.33 CO. 65 9.44 85.4 0. 1 vi 

Breadfruit 1.14 co. 5G 8. on 73. 2 0.134 

Wild birds 340 I. 20 0.073 0.51 0.141 

Bird eggs 65 -0. 17 0.009 co. 17 0.002 

Arrowroot Not available 0.47 0. fiH 

Coconut meat 29.3 c 2 3 c2.9 3.35 68.7 co. 259 

Coconut milk 44.6 <33 c4.2 0.50 10.3 CO. 386 

Coconut crabs 2.91 4.23 2. 58 9.3 0.023 

Total 76.8 433 9.17 16.8 174 0.488 2.48 0.60 18.0 159 0. 290 

- .- -._ __ -- __ _ .___ II 
Table 238. Integrated dose per unit rate of ingestion to whole body and bone. 

DT, rem/pCi/day 

Period of integration 

Nuclide Organ 10 yr 22 yr 30 yr 62 yr 70 yr 2 yr 5 yr 

3H Whole body 4. 51k8ja 1.05(-7) 1. 85(-7) 3.05(-7) 3.51(-7) 4.17(-7) 4. 23(-7) 

55Fe Whole body 7. 50(-8) 2.35(-7) 3.73(-7) 4.29(-7) 4. 32(-7) 4. 32(-7) 4.32(-7) 

6oco Whole body 1. 27(-5) 2.96(-5) 4. G5(-5) 6.09(-5) F. 33(-r,) 6.4fi-5) 6.46(-r,) 

“Sr Bone 2.87(-3) 1. 08(-2) 2.39(-2) 4.99(-2) 6. 33(-2) 9,70(-2) 1.02(-l) 

137cs Whole body 3.49(-5) 9.62(-5) 1.89(-4) 3.74(-4) 4. 71(-4) 7. 22(-4) 7. Gl(-4) 

239, 240pu Bone 1. 51(-6) 9. 39(-6) 3.71(-5) 1.75(-4) 3.19(-4) 1. 27(-3) 1. 59(-3) 

-

9 aThe number within parentheses denotes the power of 10. Thus, 4. 51(-8) is a contraction of 4. 51 X 10s8 rem/pCi/day. 

03 
Table 239. Prediction of the dosage from ingestion of terrestrial foods assuming diet at the time of return. 

Isotope 

5-yr tlosc, 

Whole body 

rem 

Bone 

! (I-yr closc~, r<~tn 

Wl~ole body 13onc 

A. Island group ALICE-IRENE 

55Fe 2. 5(-4Ja 4.4(-4) 

6Oco 

“Sr 

1.9(-4) 

2.02 

4.5(-4) 

10. 1 

137cs 0.298 1. 25 

B. Island group BELLE 

239, 240pu 

Subtotal 

Total 5-yr 

Total 5-yr 

55Fe 

0.298 

whole-body dose 

bone dose 

1.4(-6) 

2.02 

0.30 rem 

2.32 rem 

1. 25 

Total lo-yr 

Total lo-yr 

1.9(-7) 

3.4(-5) 

10. 1 

whcjlc-botly dosct 1. 25 

hone dose 11.3 

rct11 

rem 

6oco 1.7(-5) 

“Sr 3.2G 16.3 

137cs 0.669 2. 81 

239, 240pu 

Subtotal 

Total 5-yr 

Total 5-yr 

0.67 

whole-body 

bone dose 

dose 

3. 26 

0.67 rem 

3.93 rem 

2.81 

Total lo-yr 

Total lo-yr 

1.3(-5) 

16.3 

whole-body dose 

bone dose 

2. 81 rem 

19. 2 rem 
Table 239 (Continued). 

Isotope 

5-yr dose, 

Whole body 

rem 

Bone 

lo-yr 

Whole 

dose, 

body 

rem 

Bone 

C. Island group JANET 

55Fe 4.6(-4) 7.4(-4) 

6oco 2.3(-4) 4. l(-4) 

“Sr 1. 18 5.88 

137cs 0.223 0.831 

b 

0 

I 

D. Island group KATE-WILMA 

239, 240pu 

Subtotal 

Total 5-yr 

Total 5-yr 

+ LEROY 

3H 

55 Fe 

0.224 

whole-body dose 

bone dose 

5.0(-8) 

4.5(-4) 

1.6(-6) 

1. 18 

0.22 rem 

1.40 rem 

0. 932 

Total lo-yr 

Total lo-yr 

2.2(-6) 

7.X(-.1) 

7.6(-6) 

5. 88 

whole-body dose 

bone dose 

0.93 

6.82 

rem 

rem 

6oco 2.6(-4) 6.0(-4) 

“Sr 0.536 2.62 

137cs 0.0835 0.350 

239, 240pu 

Subtotal 

Total 5-yr 

Total 5--yr 

0.0842 

whole-body dose 

bone dose 

1.7(-61 

0. 536 

0.084 rem 

0.620 rem 

0.351 

Total IO-yr 

Total lo-yr 

1.4(-5) 

2.62 

whole-body dose 

bone dose 

0. 351 

2. 97 

rem 

rem 

“d 

.-
c 

c 

C? 

C 

-681-
Table 240. Prediction of the dosage from ingestion of terrestrial foods assuming IO-yr post-return diet. 

Isotope 

Ingestion rate, 

pCi/day 

January 1, 1974 

3$_-yr ___-_ dose

Whole body 

r_e_n_l 

Bone 

703’ -

Whole 

dose, __~ 

body 

rem 

Bone 

Ingestion 

pG/day 

#January 1, 

rate, 

1384 

22-yr dose, 

~Vholc body 

rclm 

none 

62-yr 

Wholr 

.dosc> 

body 

rc’!z 

13ont, 

A. Island group 

ALICE-IRENE 

3H 51). 3 1.8(-5) 2. 5(-S) 

55Fe 231 1.0(-4Ja l.O(-4) 683 0. 0003 0. 0oo:i 

6OCo 1.31 8.3(-5) m. 5(-5) 12.4 0, 00011 0. 00011 

90 Sr 3011 19. 5 31.5 1950 !l7. 3 1 ‘IO 

137 Cs 5170 2.44 3.93 19,000 7.11 13.7 

1 

z 

N 

I 

239, 2401,,, 0.0323 

Subtotal 

Total 30-yr whole-body dose 

Total 30-yr bone dose 

B. Island group 

BELLE 

2.44 

9.55 rem 

126 rem 

l.O(-5) 

19.5 3.93 

5. 1(-S) 

31.5 

19 

Total 70-yr 

Total 70-yr 

7.11 

whole-body 

bone dose 

dose 

Il. 003 

!)7. 3 

17.7 rem 

239 rem 

13.7 

0 

I !I0 

02.1 

551-n 2.50 1. 1(-G) 1. 1(-G) 

60Co 1.35 8. 2(-r,) 8. ‘/l-i,) 

9OSr 504 31.9 51.4 3180 

Is70 I 1,600 5.46 8. 83 42,700 16.0 

239, 240pu 

Subtotal 

Total 30-yr 

Total 30-yr 

whole-body 

bone dose 

dose 

5.46 

21.4 rem 

212 rem 

31.9 8.83 51.4 

Total 

Total 

8. 8 

70-yr 

70-yr 

16.0 

whole-body 

bone dose 

dose 

1. 5(-3) 

1 i,!J 

39. 6 rem 

400 rem 

3 0. t1 

1. I(- 2) 

:30!) 
683 -
Table 240 (Continued). 

Ingestion rate, 

pCi/day 

Isotope January 1, 1974 

30-yr 

Whole 

dose, 

body 

rem 

Bone 

70-yr 

Whole 

dose, 

body 

rem. 

Bone 

Ingestion rate, 

pCi/day 

January 1, 1984 

22-yr 

Whole 

dose, 

body 

rem 

Bone 

_62-yr 

Whole 

dose. 

body 

rem 

Bont 

I?. Island group 

ALVIN-KEITII 

3H 76. 8 1.3(-5) 3.3(-5) 

55Fe 433 1.9(-4) l.O(-4) 2.48 1. 1(-G) 1. 1(-(i) 

6Oco 

!JOSr 

9.17 

16.8 

5. at-41 

1.07 

5.9(-4) 

1.72 

0.60 

18.0 

3.7(-5) 

0. 898 

3. !I(-5) 

1.75 

137cs 174 0.0819 0.132 159 0. 05116 0.115 

b 

m 

239, 240pu 

Subtotal 

Total 30-yr 

Total 30-yr 

0.49 

whole-body 

bone dose 

dose 

0.0826 

0. 142 rem 

2.11 rem 

1.6(-4) 

1.07 0. 133 

7. at-41 

1.72 

Total 

Total 

0. 2!JO 

0. 05!J6 

70-yr whole-body dose 

70-yr bone dose 

I. tit-4) 

0 . II !I u 0.115 

0.248 rem 

3.71 rem 

I . :I(- :B 

1.71, 

aThe number within parentheses denotes the power of 10; thus, l.O(-4) is a contraction of 1.0 >( 10e4. 
Table 241. The 30-yr integral dose for the six living patterns assuming unmodified conditions. 

30-yr integral 

Unmodified 

dose, rem 

conditions 

Living 

pattern Bone 

Inhalation 

Lung Liver 

External 

Bone, a 

W. B. 

Terrestrialb 

W. B. Bone 

Marineb 

W.B. Bone 

Total 

W. B. Bone 

m 1

03

u1 

I 

II 

III 

IV 

V 

VI 

7(-4) 

0.029 

0.10 

0.47 

0.11 

0.090 

9(-4) 

0.036 

0.13 

0.59 

0.13 

0.11 

4(-4) 

0.016 

0.056 

0. 25 

0.058 

0.049 

0. 83 

1. 6 

4.0 

10 

2.9 

4.4 

0.14 

2.7 

7.1 

21 

2.7 

9. 6 

2. 1 

33 

75 

210 

33 

130 

0.053 

0.053 

0.053 

0.053 

0.053 

0.053 

0. 84 

0. 84 

0.84 

0. 84 

0. 84 

0. 84 

1.0 

4.4 

11 

31 

5. 7 

14 

3. 8 

35 

8 0 

220 

37 

135 

Living pattern Village island Agriculture Visitation 

I 

II 

III 

IV 

V 

VI 

Enewetak- Parry 

Encwetak-Parry 

JANET 

BELLE 

JANET 

JANET 

ALVIN-KEITH 

KATE-WILMA + LERO1 

JANET 

BELLE 

KATE-WILMA t LEROY 

ALICE-IRENE 

Southern 

Northern 

Nortllcrn 

Northern 

Nortllcr~n 

Northern 

Is. 

Is, 

Is. 

Is. 

Is. 

Is. 

aTaken 

bBased 

from 

upon 

the 

diet 

chapter on 

10 yr after 

external 

return, 

dose estimates, Table 22 . 

as described in the dietary and living patterns chapter. 

_ _ _a 
the external dose assessment, is based 

upon the unmodified conditions for the 

village island. The largest contribution 

to the whole-body and bone doses comes 

from the terrestrial food chain, the external dose pathway is the next highest 

contributor, and the marine food chain 

and inhalation pathway contribute the 

least.“’ The relative contributions of each 

diet component to the terrestrial pathway 

dose is shown in Tables 242 and 243. 

In general, living on JANET, visiting 

northern islands, and maintaining 

agriculture on northern islands (living 

patterns III, V, and VI) lead to significantly higher doses than if the village and 

agriculture are located on islands in the 

southern half of the Atoll (living pattern 

I). Doses for these same patterns have 

been calculated for 5, 10, and 70 yr and 

are shown in Table 244. 

The most significant contribution via 

the terrestrial food chain is the dose to 

90 bone resulting from Sr uptake via 

‘;As indicated earlier, these dose calculations assume that the Enewetak people will continue their current practice of 

using catchment rain water for drinking 

and that the underground lens water supply will not be a part of their diet. An 

indication of doses that are to be expected 

from lens water may be obtained from 

four water samples taken on JANET in 

July 1971. These samples, two each 

from each of two 2.5-m-deep holes about 

100 m from the lagoon shore, gave avera e concentrations of 130 pCi liter for 

98Sr, and 400 pCi/liter for 1I 7Cs. 23gPu 

concentrations were scattered (~0.03, 21, 

~0.03, and 17 pCi/liter) but, for our current purpose, we will assume an average 

value of 20 pCi/liter. 

Using these concentrations, and 

assuming an average daily intake of 

100 ml of lens water, the resultin 30-yr 

doses would be 0.83 rem due to g&+ 

0.019 rem due to 137Cs, and 0.0008i rem 

due to 23gPu. 

pandanus fruit and breadfruit. For living 

pattern III, for example, the total 

terrestrial bone dose 1s ‘i5 rem, of which 

74% is derived from the intake of breadfruit and pandanus. It is important to note, 

how el-e r, that the large contribution to 

the bone dose via these fruits occurs only 

when they are grown on northern islands. 

Pandanus and breadfruit grown on the less 

contaminated southern islands lead to 

much lower dose commitments. 

Table 245 shows the 30-yr integral 

dose for the six living patterns for the 

modified soil condition, i. e., where the 

village area has 5 cm of gravel and the 

village island is plowed. Table 246 

shows the 5-, lo-, 30-, and 70-yr dose 

estimates for the same conditions. 

Table 247 shows the additional effect 

on the 30-yr integral dose of limiting 

growth of pandanus, breadfruit, coconut, 

and tacca to the southern islands, while 

Table 248 shows the effect of limiting all 

terrestrial foods to the southern islands. 

The effect of the combination of these preventive measures reduces the dose for 

living pattern III from 11 rem to 1.9 rem 

for whole body and from 80 to 4.7 rem 

for bone. 

A comparison of the 30-yr integral dose 

for living patterns I and III relative to the 

average United States external background 

dose over 30 yr is shown in Table 249. 

Plutonium isotopes, because of their 

long half-lives, will still be present 

when the other major isotopes observed 

at the Atoll have decayed away; therefore, 

Tables 250 and 251 are included to show 

the predicted doses from plutonium to 

the three major receptor organs (lung, 

liver, and bone) via the three relevant 

exposure pathways. 

-686-
The Island of \TIYOSNE presents a T!le potential health hazard \*ia the 

unique hazard on Enewetak Atoll. Pure plu- inhalation pathway is sufficiently great

to dictate two basic alternatives for tonium particles are present on or close to 

remedial action for this island: (1) Ilake the ground surface, randomly scattered in 

the entire island an exclusion area - off “hot spots” over most of the area from the 

tower to CACTUS crater. Examination of limits to all people, or (2) conduct a

cleanup campaign which will eliminate these “hot spots” has revealed the presence 

of occasional milligram-size pieces of plu- the “hot-spot” plutonium problem and

tonium metal, as well as smaller pieces remove whatever amount of soil is 

which are physically indistinguishable in necessary to reduce the soil plutonium

size from the surrounding coral matrix. concentration to a level comparable to 

Given these current conditions, it must be other northern islands. As an indication 

assumed that pure plutonium particles of of the volumes of soil involved, removal 

respirable size are now also present onthe of a lo-cm-thick layer of topsoil in the 

surface or may be present in the future as area in which “hot spots” have been 

weathering effects oxidize and break down detected involves approximately 17,000 

the larger particles. Lung dose assess- m 3 of material. Further removal of soil 

ments for this area, therefore, must be to reduce the maximum plutonium conbased on inhalation of pure plutonium tamination levels to 50 pCi/g or less 

particles involves an additional 25,000 m3 of rather than those having the average plutonium content of the soil. material. 

Table 242. Relative contributions of terrestrial foods to the integral dose assuming 

diet at time of return. 

Percentage of total 5-yr Percentage of total lo-yr 

Food item 90 Sr dose 137Cs dose 90 Sr dose 137Cs dose 

to bone whole body to bone whole body 

A. Island group ALICE-IRENE 

Domestic meat 98. 9 100 -43. 9 46. 9 

Pandanus fruit 26. 8 24. 7 

Breadfruit 23. 1 21. 1 

Wild birds 0. 65 ~0. 08 0. 29 0. 04 

Bird eggs 0. 24 ~0. 008 0. 11 0. 004 

Arrowroot 1. 3 0. 20 

Coconut meat ’ 3. 9 6. 2 

Coconut milk 0. 57 0. 93 

B. Island group BELLE 

Domestic meat 100 100 4-l. 2 47. I 

Pandanus fruit 27. 0 24. G 

Breadfruit 23. 2 21. 1 

Arrowroot 1. -I 0. 20 

Coconut meat 3. 9 G. 2 

Coconut milk 0. 58 0. 92 

-687-

I-
1 I 

Table 242 (continued) 

Food item 

C. Island group JANET 

Domestic meat 

Pandanus fruit 

Breadfruit 

Wild birds 

Bird eggs 

Arrowroot 

Coconut meat 

Coconut milk 

D. Island group KATE-WILMA 

Domestic meat 

Pandanus fruit 

Breadfruit 

Wild birds 

Bird eggs 

Arrowroot 

Coconut meat 

Coconut milk 

Coconut crabs 

E. Island group ALVIN-KEITH 

Domestic meat 

Pandanus fruit 

Breadfruit 

Wild birds 

Bird eggs 

Arrowroot 

Coconut meat 

Coconut milk 

Coconut crabs 

Percentage 

90 Sr dose 

to bone 

99. 1 

0. 27 

0. 89 

+ LEROY 

95. 4 

0. 58 

0. 04 

3. 9 

48.7 

2. 9 

0. 2 

26. 4 

1. 4 

20. 3 

of toral 5-yr 

137 Ca dose 

whoie body 

100 

0. 11 

0. 03 

98. 8 

0. 29 

co. 03 

0. 8’i 

37.7 

1. 9 

~0. 26 

50. 9 

2. 5 

6. 9 

Percentage 

90 Sr dose 

to bone 

43. 9 

26. 9 

22. 9 

0. 12 

0. 39 

1. 4 

3. 9 

0. 59 

43. 1 

26. 4 

22. 7 

0. 26 

0. 02 

1. 3 

3. 8 

0. 57 

2. 4 

41. 7 

7. 6 

6. 5 

2. 5 

0. 13 

0. 38 

22. 6 

1. 1 

17.4 

of total 10-vr 

137 

Cs dose 

whole bodv 

47. 0 

24. 8 

20. 8 

0. 05 

0. 01 

0. 20 

6. 2 

0. 93 

46. 3 

24. 7 

21. 1 

0. 14 

0. 01 

0. 20 

6. 2 

0. 93 

0. 41 

30. 9 

9. 6 

8. 2 

1. 5 

0. 21 

0. 08 

41. 8 

2. 1 

5. 6 
h) v \/ cu CJ 

LOW”OZ 

. . . . . 

N w 0

;mLo 

0 

d 4 

c m . . . 

00 d+ v 4 

r- w 

00 

In 00 * . . 

m 0 d Lo 

v v cv L? @J 

ul 

OCOCQ m L’) OCOZ 

. . . . .

oi In- d m owNmoc 

co WM a 

I 

d d 

00 

4 4 

_ 

c 

1 

i 

1 

; 

, 

. 

a 

, 

I 

I 

, 

/ 

-689-
-- 

I _-_ -._-- ____-

Table 243 (Continued). 

Percentage 

90 Sr dose to 

bone 

Commencement 

Food item l/1/74 l/1/82 

C. Island group JANET 

Domestic meat 16.7 

Pandanus fruit 39.6 

Breadfruit 34.4 

Wild birds 0.,005 

Bird eggs 0.05 

Arrowroot 2.0 cl-a 

0” Coconut meat 5. 8 I 

Coconut milk 0.88 

Subtotal 17 83 

D. Island group KATE-WILMA + LEROY 

Domestic meat 16.6 

Pandanus fruit 39.8 

Breadfruit 34.2 

Wild birds 0.01 

Bird eggs 0.002 

Arrowroot 2.0 

Coconut meat 5.7 

Coconut milk 0.86 

Coconut crabs 0.41 

Subtotal 17 83 

of total 30-yr dose 

137 Cs dose to 

whole body 

date Commencement date 

l/1/74 l/1/82 

25. 7 

34.8 

29.3 

0.003 

0.002 

0.28 

8.7 

1.3 

26 74 

25. 2 

34.8 

29.7 

0.009 

0.003 

0.28 

8.7 

1.3 

0. 13 

25 75 

Percentage of 

90 Sr dose to 

bone 

Commencement date 

l/1/74 l/1/82 

14.2 

41.2 

35.3 

0.005 

0.04 

2.1 

5.9 

0.90 

14 86 

14.2 

41.2 

35.4 

0.01 

0.002 

2.0 

5.9 

0. 89 

0.35 

15 85 

total 70-yr dose 

137 Cs dose to 

whole body 

Commencement date 

l/1/74 l/l/82 

22.6 

3 G . fi 

30.7 

0.003 

0.002 

0.29 

9. 1 

1.4 - ___ 

23 77 

22.0 

36. 2 

30. !) 

0.008 

0.002 

0.29 

9.0 

1.4 

0.12 

22 78 
c .I .

Table 243 (Continued). 

Percentage of total 30-yr dose Percentage of total 70-yr doses 

90 Sr dose to 137 Cs dose to 

90 Sr dose to 137 cs dose to 

bone whole body bone 

Commencement date Commencement date Commencement date Commencement clatv 

Food item l/1/74 l/1/82 l/1/74 l/1/82 1 /l/74 l/1/82 l/1/74 l/1/82 

E. Island group ALVIN-KEITH 

Domestic meat 33.3 28. 3 30.3 26.2 

Pandanus fruit 24. 1 22.5 26.5 ‘5.0 

Dreadfruit 20.6 19.4 22.7 ‘1.4 

Wild birds 0. 24 0. 17 0.22 0.16 

13irtf eggs 0.03 0. O(i 0. 03 0.05 

d, Arrowroot 1.2 0. 18 1 . 3 0. ‘0 

cc Coconut meat 10. 8 22.9 !I. 9 21.2 

Coconut milk 1.6 3.4 1.5 3.2 

Coconut crabs 8. 3 3. 1 7. 6 2. 9 ~ --__. 

Subtotal 54 46 58 42 50 50 54 4 li 
Table 244. The 5-, lo-, 30-, and 70-yr doses for the six living patterns assuming 

unmodified conditions. 

Total integral dose, rem 

Unmodified conditions 

_ __-. - -._ __ ~_- ----_-_. 

5 yr 10 yr 30 yr 70 yr Living 

pattern . . Bone . . Bone . . Bone W. B. Bone 

I 0. 17 0. 58 0. 35 1. 4 1. 0 3. 8 2. 3 8. 5 

II 0.48 1.3 1. 1 4. 3 4.4 35 8.0 68 

III 1.2 2.6 2. 7 9. 2 11 80 20 150 

IV 3.4 6.9 7. 6 25 31 220 56 420 

V 0.81 1.6 1. 7 4. 9 5.7 37 10 71 

VI 1.5 3.8 3. 3 14 14 135 25 250 

Table 245. The 30-yr integral dose for the six living patterns assuming modified conditions. 

30-yr inte ral dose, sern 

Modifie c? conditions 

-

Inhalation External Terrestrial Marine Total 

Living 

pattern Bone Lung Liver Bone, W.B. W.B. Bone W. B. Bone W. B. Bone 

I 3 (-4) 4(-4) 2(-4) 0. 83 0. 14 2. 1 0.053 0.84 1.0 3.8 

II 0 012 0.015 6.6(-3) 1. 1 2.7 33 0.053 0.84 3.9 35 

III 0 045 0.056 0. 024 1.7 7.1 75 0.053 0. 84 8. 9 78 

IV 0.092 0.11 0.050 3.3 21 210 0.053 0. 84 24 215 

V 0.045 0.056 0. 024 1. 6 2.7 33 0.053 0. 84 4.4 35 

VI 0.058 0.072 0.031 3.1 9.6 130 0.053 0. 84 13 135 

aModified by graveling the village area and by plowing the village island. 
Table 246. The 5-. 

modified 

lo-, 30-, 

conditions. 

and 70-yr doses for the six living patterns assuming 

Total integral dose, 

Modified conditions 

rzm 

Living 

pattern 

5 Yr 

W. B. Bone 

10 yr 

W. B. Bone 

30 yr 

W. B. Bone w. 

70 

B. 

yr 

Bone 

I 0. 17 0. 58 0.35 1.4 1. 0 3. a 2. 3 a.5 

II 0.48 1.3 1. 1 4. 3 3. 9 35 8. 0 68 

III 0. 60 2. 1 1. 7 8. 2 8. 9 78 16 150 

IV 1.5 5.0 4.3 22 24 215 46 410 

V 0.46 1.3 1. 0 4. 3 4.4 35 a.0 68 

VI 1. 1 3.4 2.7 13 13 135 23 250 

aModified by gravelling the village area and plowing the village island. 

Table 247. The 30-yr integral dose for the six living patterns assulning modified conditions and agriculture on the 

southern islands. 

30-yr integral dose, rem 

Modified conditionsa and pandanus, breadfruit, coconut, and tacca grown on southern islands 

Inhalation External TerrestrialC Marine Total 

Bone, Living 

pattern Bone Lung Liver W. B. W. B. Bone W. B. Bone W.B. Bone 

I 3(-4) 4(-4) 2(-4) 0. 83 0.14 2.1 0.053 0. 84 1.0 3. 8 

II 0.012 0.015 0.0066 1.1 0.77 7.1 0.053 0. 84 1.9 9.1 

III 0.045 0.056 0.024 1.7 1.9 15 0.053 0. 84 3.7 ia 

IV 0.092 0.11 0.050 3.3 5.7 39 0.053 0. a4 9.1 43 

V 0.045 0.056 0.024 1.6 0.77 7.1 0.053 0. a4 2.4 9.6 

VI 0.058 0.072 0.031 3. 1 2. 5 23 0.053 0. a4 5.7 27 

aModified by graveling the village area and by plowing the village island, 
Table 248. The 30-yr integral dose for the six living patterns assuming modified conditions and agriculture on the 

southern islands. -

32-y’ integral dose, rem 

Modified conditions and agriculture on southern islands 

Inhalation External Terrestrial Marine Total 

Bone, Living 

pattern Bone Lung Liver W. B. W. B. Bone W. B. Bone W. B. Bone 

I 3(-4) 4(-4) 2(-4) 0.83 0. 14 2.1 0.053 0. 84 1.0 3.8 

II 0.012 0.015 0.0066 1. 1 0. 14 2.1 0.053 0. 84 1.3 4.1 

III 0.045 0.056 0.024 1.7 0. 14 2.1 0.053 0. 84 1. 9 4.7 

IV 0.092 0.11 0.050 3. 3 0. 14 2. 1 0.053 0.84 3. 5 6 . 3 

V 0.045 0.056 0.024 1.6 0. 14 2. 1 0.053 0.84 1. 8 4 . 6 

VI 0.058 0.072 0.031 3.1 0. 14 2. 1 0.053 0.84 3.3 f;. 1 

I aModified by graveling the village area and by plowing the village island. 

z

A

! 

Table 249. The 30-yr integral dose from all pathways compared to U. S. external 

backpround dose. 

30-yr integral dose, a rem 

llnmodified cast Modific(l cast 

Location Whole body Bone Whole body Bone 

Enewetak Atoll 

Living pattern I 1.0 3. 8 1.0 3. 8 

Enewetak Atoll 

I,iving pattern III 11 80 8. n 78 

Enewetak Atoll 

Living pattern III, agriculture 

confined to southern islands 4.2 7.0 1 . !I 4.7 

U. S. background onlyb 3.0 3.0 3.0 3.0 

aSum of all pathways for the Enewetak living patterns (i. e. , external, inhalation, 

bmarine, and terrestrial). 

Based upon background of 100 mrcm/yr at sea level. 

4 

This table and lung via the three exposure pathways. T,l-l^ 9Kf-l -rhe nlrltnnil)m SO-vr intepral dose to bone, liver, 
. . . . . . 

000000 

~%~Z~~ 

4mlno-40 

. . .

d 0 0 d 0 d 
Appendix I 

Planning and Operations Directive 

(NVO-121) - 1972 Enewetak Atoll Precleanup Radiological Survey 

I. BACKGROUND 

A. History and Purpose 

The Enewetak Atoll was extensively 

used during the 1950’s for atmospheric 

nuclear testing, necessitating displacement of individuals living there. 

Since the United States Government 

is prepared to release legally the 

entire atoll to the trust territory 

government at the end of 1973, subject 

to retention of some minor residual 

rights, rehabilitation of the atoll has 

been proposed. In anticipation of 

possible rehabilitation, a preliminary 

survey of the Enewetak Atoll was conducted by NV during May 1972 to 

facilitate comprehensive survey planning. This survey established partial 

information on the extent of radioactive material on the Atoll, but the 

information was not sufficiently 

comprehensive to permit careful 

assessment of the radiological implications of test debris remaining on the 

atoll or of cleanup costs for material 

that must be removed before the native 

population can return. A comprehensive 

survey is required in order that these 

assessments may be made. The AEC 

has accepted responsibility for conducting this survey and has assigned it 

for Headquarters coordination to DMA 

and has directed NV to implement the 

program. 

The purpose of this Planning and 

Operations Directive is to provide 

guidance and to define responsibilites 

for the conduct of this survey. 

B. Political Considerations and 

Interagency Arrangements 

Within the AEC the Assistant 

General Manager for Military Application is responsible for coordination 

with the Department of the Interior 

(including Trust Territories Administration), the Department of Defense, the 

Environmental Protection Agency, and 

all other Washington level agencies 

and officials. There has been established an interagency Washington level 

coordinating group charged with definition of overall Enewetak Atoll objectives, 

with one member each from the 

Department of Interior, Department of 

Defense, and AEC. 

C. Objectives of the Survey 

Specific objectives of the Enewetak 

Atoll pre-cleanup radiological survey 

are as follows: 

1. To locate and identify contaminated 

and activated test debris. 

2. To locate and evaluate any significant radiological hazards which may 

complicate cleanup activities. 

3. To identify sources of direct radiation and food chain-to-man paths 

having radiological implications. 

1: 

-696-
D. Survey Plan 

The Radiological Survey Plan, which 

describes the manner in which the 

technical objectives are to be achieved, 

is attached as Xppendix A. 

II. AUTHORITIES AND 

RESPONSIBILITIES 

Authorization and guidance for the 

Enewetak Atoll pre-cleanup radiological 

survey was furnished NV per teletype 

from AEC Headquarters dated September 

13, 1972, attached as Appendix B. 

The Division of Military Application 

will provide overall Washington direction and will coordinate AEC policy 

relating to the conduct of the survey 

itself. Standards and requirements 

for the survey have been defined by the 

Division of Operational Safety and Biomedical and Environmental Research, 

and are incorporated in the Survey Plan. 

Within the Nevada Operations Office, 

the Assistant Manager for Operations 

will be responsible to the Manager for 

successful accomplishment of the objectives of the Enewetak Atoll radiological survey, laboratory analysis 

effort and for preparation of the required survey and study reports. He 

will be supported by a Technical Director who shall have full authority and 

responsibility for the technical conduct 

and execution of the survey plan. The 

Assistant Manager for Operations will 

be assisted, to the extent required by 

the Assistant Manager for Engineering 

and Logistics, and the Director, 

Pacific Area Support Office, in matters 

of field support. Within this framework, 

NV’s responsibilities are as follows: 

-697-

1. To prepare a plan for the conduct 

of the field survey and for the analysis of samples obtained, utilizing 

necessary laboratory and contractor 

support. 

2. To select personnel to conduct the 

field survey. 

3. To select laboratories and personnel to accomplish the laboratory 

analysis work. This task includes 

the establishment of procedures, 

standards and methods for the correlation of data between laboratories. 

4. To support AEC Headquarters 

activities required for pathway and 

dose assessment. 

5. To arrange for necessary logistical 

support. 

6. To maintain direct liaison with DNA 

for field support and to keep AEC 

Headquarters Divisions cognizant 

of field activities. 

7. Pending further guidance, to 

address priority considerations in 

planning for sample analysis and 

for the biological pathway and dose 

assessment portions of this task. 

8. To develop the appropriate survey 

reports and submit them to AEC 

Headquarters. 

III. ORGANIZATION 

The organization for the Enewetak 

Atoll radiological survey program is 

incorporated in Appendix A. 

IV. SURVEY EXECUTION 

The survey will be conducted over 

a period of about eight weeks starting 

on or about October 13, 1972. 
The field party performing this surx:e? is expected to include representa1il:es of: 

1. Division of Operational Safety, 

(DOS), HQ 

2. Office of the Assistant Manager 

for Operations (AMO), NV 

3. National Environmental Research 

Center (EPA/NERC), Las Vegas, 

Nev. 

4. Laboratory of Radiation Ecology 

(LRE), University of Washington 

5. Lawrence Livermore Laboratory 

(LLL) 

6. Holmes and Narver, Inc. (H&N) 

7. Eberline Instrument Corporation 

(EIC) 

The Laboratory effort will continue 

for some months following the survey 

and is described in detail in Appendix 

A. 

Initial deployment of equipment and 

personnel will be via military special 

air mission from Travis Air Force 

Base to Enewetak. Personnel rotation 

and sample shipments will be handled 

by normal military and commercial 

aircraft. A schedule of field survey 

personnel is attached as Appendix C. 

V. PROGRAM FUNDING 

Funds in the amount of $314,000 

have been made available for this survey. Of this, $100,000 was provided 

by DOS and $214,000 by DMA. 

Costs will be reported by contractors 

in category 03-30-01-02 (on-contingent 

technical support). The Finance 

Division will record costs as necessary 

to account for the various funding 

sources. 

Contractors will be provided funding in financial plans in the above 

category. 

LLL internal effort associated with 

this survey will be costed within LLL 

program funding. 

APPENDIX A 

Enewetak Radiological Survey Plan 

29 September 1972 

W. E. Nervik, Technical Director 

I. INTRODUCTION 

Purpose: AEC Headquarters has 

accepted responsibility for conducting 

a comprehensive radiological survey 

of the Enewetak Atoll. DMA has been 

given responsibility within Headquarters 

for the survey and they, in turn, have 

delegated the responsibility to NVOO. 

In the wording of the 13 September 

197 2 implementing directive from 

DMA to NVOO: 

“It is the overall AEC purpose to 

gain a sufficient understanding of 

the total radiological environment 

of ‘Eniwetok Atoll to permit judgments as to whether all or any part 

of the atoll can safely be reinhabited 

-698-
and, if so, what steps toward cleanup should be taken beforehand and 

what post-rehabilitation constraints 

must be imposed. It is necessary 

to thoroughly examine and evaluate 

radiological conditions on all islands 

of the atoll and in the local marine 

environment prior to commencement of cleanup activities in order 

to obtain sufficient radiological 

intelligence to develop an appropriate cleanup program. 

Specifically, it is necessary: 

l- To locate and identify contaminated and activated test debris, 

2- To locate and evaluate any 

significant radiological hazards 

which may complicate cleanup 

activities, and 

3- To identify sources of direct 

radiation and food chain-to-man 

paths having radiological 

implications. 

You are directed to plan, organize, 

and conduct a radiological field survey to develop sufficient data on the 

total radiological environment of 

Eniwetok Atoll to permit the assessments on which the judgments 

described above can be made. This 

survey should be accomplished as 

soon as possible upon completion 

of the necessary planning and coordinat ion. It should consider the 

total environment pertinent to rehabilitation including both external 

radiation dosage and biological foodchain considerations. It is anticipated that technical standards and 

requirements will be provided by 

responsible divisions within AEC 

Headquarters.” 

Organization: The organization of the 

field survey, the analytical work, and 

the interpretive effort associated with 

:he Enewetak Program has largely 

been determined by the following 

considerations: 

1. At the Headquarters level the 

Division of Biology and Environmental 

Research (DBER) will have responsibility for assessing the radiological 

implications of sources of direct 

radiation and food-chain-‘to-man paths. 

DBER will provide guidance as to the 

data needed from the field to conduct 

the assessment. 

2. The Division of Operational 

Safety (DOS) will share responsibility 

for planning the survey and will provide the coordination of these plans 

and their extension during the survey 

with the Assistant General Manager 

for Environmental Safety (AGMES). 

DOS will also provide information on 

the survey to EPA staff at the Washington level upon request. DOS will 

review and evaluate all data and 

assessments relevant to the feasibility 

of various cleanup methods and methods for disposal of hazardous materials, and will make recommendations 

on requirements, guidelines, and 

environmental and health protection 

standards to be employed during 

cleanup operations. 

3. The Enewetak Atoll is currently 

under the jurisdiction of the Air Force 

(SAMTEC), and contractor field 

operations people are on the atoll supporting the PACE experiments. DOD 

(DNA) has agreed that these people will 

support the survey program also. The 

PACE experiments are now standing 

-699-
--------- 

- Dept. of interior 

I EFF (OASD) ( ISA) 

(+ EPA Collaboration) -

AEC ___-_ --- AEC _____ AEC 

DOS 

(Deal) (ET) 

(Cleanup (Wolff) 

criteria ) I 

i NV00 I -- (Ray) 

Tech. Dir. 

( Nervik ) 

I 

Measurements group 

I I 

Externa I 

dose and 

soi I survey 

(Gudiksen) 

Fig. A. 1. Organization of the 

down, and the PACE people are off the 

Atoll pending approval of the appropriate environmental statements. In order 

that we do not put an undue strain on 

the support capabilities, the radiological survey should be completed before 

the PACE people return. Their return 

is now scheduled for January 1, 1973. 

4. The Radiological Survey is a 

fairly large effort superimposed on 

technical organizations which already 

have made commitments for their 

people for FY 73. The number of 

qualified organizations able and willing 

to respond is therefore limited. 

5. Since no compromise on the 

quality or comprehensiveness of the 

survey will be acceptable, participants 

are being chosen on the basis of their 

DBER 

(Barr) 

i 

Radiological assessment 

review group 

I 

Data evaluation group 

(Wilson) 

I

Evaluation 

(Robison ) 

Enewetak Survey Program. 

being able to do the necessary highquality work in the time frame in which 

it is needed. 

With these considerations in mind, 

an organizational chart of the Enewetak 

Survey Program is shown in Fig. A.l. 

NV00 is the primary organization for 

implementing the survey, interacting 

with DMA, DBER, 

headquarters level. 

and the interpretive 

with it, have been 

and DOS at the 

The survey itself, 

effort associated 

divided into eight 

categories: the Radiological Assessment Review Group appointed by DBER; 

Field Operations Coordination at 

NVOO; measurements involving the 

Cleanup Survey; External Dose and 

Soil Survey; Air, Biota, and Potable 

Water Survey; Marine Survey; and 

-7oo-
Sample Analysis; and Data EL-alu at ions. and rJRER, plus organizations not yet 

Authors of detailed plans for each of identified involved in the Radiological 

the last six categories are indicated on Assessment Review Group. 

the chart. It is now expected that the For orientation purposes a map of 

program will involve personnel from Enen-etak -Itoll is shown in Fig. 4. 2. 

the following organizations: NVOO, Previous surveys in May and July of 

NERC (EPA), LLL, LASL, MCL, this year indicate that radiological conUniv. of Wash., H_4SL, Eberline Inst. tamination levels vary from light 

co., TTPI, Univ. of Hawaii, DOS, (l-10 uR/hr at 3 ft) for islands on the 

North Pacific Ocean 

OSCAR 

_/ 

Coral Head 0 

(MACK) 

@~fiOiNN@&(t(tLT 

Wide Passage 

Fig. A. 2. Radiological contamination levels on Enewetak Atoll. Least contaminated, 

1; lightly contaminated , 2 (already surveyed): believed lightly contaminated, 

3 (not surveyed); moderate contamination, 4: and heavy contamination, 5. 

-701-

i 
4 I 

southern half of the Atoll to heavy II. RADIOL~IC-1.L STATUS -AND 

(>lOOO pR/hr at 3 ft) on Runit, with 

islands on the northern half of the Atoll 

in intermediate categories. As can be 

seen from Fig. A. 2, no survey data 

are available for at least 10 of the 

islands. Data on radiological levels in 

the marine environment and in air are 

particularly scarce. Our intent is t0 

obtain samples and data from the least 

contaminated islands first, then move 

to the more highly contaminated islands, 

and end on Runit. The marine work 

will run concurrently with the 

terrestrial survey. This is not, however, meant to imply that the least 

contaminated land areas have the 

least contaminated adjacent marine 

environment. Currents and other 

processes in the lagoon have probably redistributed the initial inventories of radionuclides to the extent 

that any attempt to predict relative 

contamination levels in the marine 

area near each island is presently 

impossible. 

In this survey, we will design and 

carry out our field studies in the Atoll 

with sensitivity to preservation of the 

natural environment. This means that 

we will make an effort to utilize the 

literature, outside experts, and our 

own experience in order to sample 

living populations and soils so as not 

to generate imbalances. Special care 

will be taken to avoid the addition of 

persistent toxic material, wastes, 

and refuse, and to leave the environment of the Atoll in at least 

as good a condition as when we 

entered it. 

DOSE EVALUATION 

The Data Evaluation Group is an 

integral part of the program plan for 

Enewetak, and this Group has been involved since the inception of the study 

in the development of a measurement 

and evaluation plan which optimizes 

the return of information aimed at the 

objectives. The design of the program 

has been formulated after considering 

the following requirements: 

1. Program focus. That the program 

plan be developed in response to a 

well-defined charter and objectives, 

as stated and discussed in the first 

section of this report. 

2. Use of existing data. That past 

studies and data be brought to bear 

on the measurement and evaluation 

program design, including survey 

data from Enewetak and Bikini and 

the more general literature on 

radioactivity in food chains in the 

Atoll. Such data have provided 

guidance for developing measurement plans which will give comprehensive information for assessing 

radiological aspects of future 

habitability and the feasibility of 

cleanup prior to rehabilitation. 

3. Integrated program structure. That 

information and materials flow 

through a system of sample collection, identification, analysis, and 

interpretation which provides for 

the best utilization of time and resources, minimizes errors and 

losses, and allows for rapid feedback and long-term access to 

samples, raw data, and logic 

-702-
sequences which lead to results and 

interpretations. 

4. Technical resources for evaluation. 

That the evaluation of data for 

radiological assessment be approached 

in a way which utilizes the very 

latest understanding of radioactive 

transport in the environment and of 

mechanisms and parameters affecting the dose to man. This principle 

is to be implemented by drawing on 

resources and capabilities in a 

number of institutions, including 

LLL, LASL, HASL, and the University of Washington. In addition, information on projected living patterns 

of future inhabitants which might 

influence a radiological assessment 

will be evaluated with the assistance 

of experienced individuals. Contact 

is being made with Dr. John Tobin, 

an anthropologist very familiar with 

the living habits of the native population in this matter, and we will 

also draw on scientific investigators 

of long experience in the Atoll, such 

as Drs. Held and Seymour of the 

University of Washington. Additional 

key participants and consultants are 

listed in Table A. 1. 

5. Communication of results. Finally, 

that the evaulation, as it proceeds 

in time, will be in close communication with the Division of Bio-Medical 

and Environmental Research (DBER) 

through a review committee headed 

by Dr. Nathaniel Barr (see Fig. A-1). 

The advantages to such a communication are twofold: 

a. For maintaining point-in-time 

cognizance of our activities, 

methods, and results, which 

Table A. 1. ;~~qor participants in the 

data Evaluations Group. 

Group leader: D. Wilson (LLI,) 

Data handline and W. Martin, 

computations: w. Phillips (LLL) 

Calculations: II. Ng (LLL), 

B. Bennett (HASL), 

B. Rich (LLL) 

Evaluations and W. Robison (LLL), 

applications: B. Rich (LLL), 

C. Richmond (LASL), 

D. Wilson (LLL) 

Consultants: J. Tobin (TTPI), 

E. Held (AEC), 

A. Seymour (U. of 

Wash.), 

P. Gustafson (ANL), 

M. McLaughlin 

(HASL). 

P. Conarh, M. D. 

(BNL) 

will enable DBER to review the 

final product more intelligently 

and more effectively under time 

constraints, and 

b. For providing guidance during 

the progress of the survey and 

to serve as a point of contact 

for information available across 

the whole research program in 

the AEC on environmental radioactivity, including AEC experience in DBER and DOS regarding 

radiological assessment and 

rehabilitation on Bikini. 

The “Radiological Report on Bikini 

Atoll,” April 1968, by Dr. P. F. 

;ustafson, then of DBM/AEC and now 

of ANL, provides an excellent backdrop against which to view the current 

Enewetak evaluation program. Comparison and contrast of the two situations (Bikini and Enewetak) regarding 

radiological aspects provide a number 

-703 
of facts useful in developing a program plan. Most relevant to the 

Enewetak program is to emphasize 

the similarity in the environments 

and the expected lifestyles of the 

future inhabitants. One could elaborate on second-order differences 

as they exist or as they are to be 

expected, but it is most important 

to point out two major considerations: 

1. Regarding the major pathways, 

evaluation can be based primarily 

upon the expected similarity which 

will exist in lifetstyle and habits 

between the returning Bikinians and 

Enewetakese. The predominant 

protein source will be from marine 

fish, but, where possible, coconuts, 

pandanus, and arrowroot will be 

cultivated for food. A diet can be 

constructed on the basis of the 

Rongalese diet, as was done by 

Gustafson for Bikinians, and adjusted 

as indicated by information gained 

on the specifics of Enewetak Atoll. 

2. Serious contrast can be made, however, between Enewetak Atoll and 

Bikini Atoll as regards the base 

radiological contamination, which is 

both larger for Enewetak and compounded by the larger amounts of 

239 Pu and other transuranics. Thus, 

while we cannot yet speak of the 

relative importance of long-lived 

fission products, activation products, 

or alpha radioactive elements, it 

will be necessary to provide comprehensive assessment of the latter 

class of radionuclides in order to 

put these in perspective to the others. 

This will include assessment of both 

the inhalation and ingestion pathways. 

In brief, the assessment is organized around a pathway-dose twodimensional matrix. Radionuclide corn__ 

position of dose transfer media suchas 

foods, air, and water will be Coupled 

with existing models of intake and 

metabolism to calculate potential 

dosages, taking into consideration the 

projected patterns of living of the 

future inhabitants. 

The major pathways under consideration are: 

1. External radiation 

2. Internal radiation 

a. Terrestrial foods 

b. Marine foods 

C. Water 

3. Inhalation, submersion 

An understanding of the data base to 

be generated for these assessments 

can be obtained in the following sections 

of this program plan. It is our goal to 

provide all the data needed to order the 

relative importance of radionuclides 

and pathways on the overall picture of 

radiological assessment for habitability 

at this time, and to provide data and 

interpretations which will guide cleanup assessment. These data, however, 

will not, in all cases, be sufficient to 

predict potential dosages over the 

long term. This point is made to 

emphasize that limitations in the data 

base may exist which will not allow 

detailed pathway modeling and projection of infinite future dosages in all 

cases. 

Previous studies at Enewetak provide a basis for developing a list of 

radionuclide species to be encountered 

in the measurements program (see 

-704-
Table A. 2. Radionuclides to be expected in the Enewetak environment. 

Energy, MeV 

Isotope TPhYs li2 days ’ TEff’rdavs l/2 _ Emission Critical orgaRb CEF (RBE) n 

3H 4.5 x lo3 12 i-y- W. B. 0.0063 

14c 2 x lo6 12 B- Sol. fat 0.054 

10 Submersion W. B. 0.054 

55Fe 1.1 x lo3 600 E(X ray) Sol. spleen 0.0065 

3.2 X lo3 Insot. lung 0.0065 

Insol. GI 0.0065 

6oco 1.9 x lo3 9.5 13,7 Sol. W.B. 1.5 

Sol. GI 0.44 

Insol. lung 0.72 

Insol. Gt 0.44 

63Yi 2.9 x lo4 800 B Sot. bone 0.11 

Insol. lung 0.021 

Insol. GI 0.021 

goS, lo4 6.4 X lo3 P Sot. bone 1.1 

Insol. lung 1.1 

Insot. GI 1.1 

lo2Rh 1.06 X lo3 10.4 E(X ray) W. B. 1.2 

lo2Rh 206 10.4 8-,@+ W.B. 0.39 

125Sb 876 38 8, Y Sol. W. B. 0.34 

100 Sol. bone 0.69 

Sol. GI 

100 Sol. Lung 0.23 

100 Insot. lung 0.26 

Lnsol. GI 

137CS 1.1 x lo4 70 7,B Sol. W.B. 0.59 

138 Insol. lung 0.41 

Insol. GI 0.34 

147Pm 920 570 B Sol. bone 0.35 

SOL., insol. GI 0.069 

Insol. Lung 0.069 

151Srn 3.7 x lo4 1.4 x lo3 B Sol. bone 0.13 

Sol., insol. GI 0.041 

Insol. lung 0.042 

152Eu 4.7 x lo3 559 B,r Sol. GI 0.65 

1.1 x lo3 Sol. kidney 0.71 

Insol. lung 0.71 

154Eu 5.8 X lo3 8- ,E, 7 Sol. GI 0.20 

1.2 x lo3 Sol. kidney 0.25 

-705-

i 
. 

Table A-2. (Continued). 

-

Tphys TEff.a

l,2 , days ,days Isotope l/2 

1.2 x lo3 

621 314 

438 

439 

2.9 x lo3 5 

6 

2.6 x loll 100 

1.7 x 1012 100 

15 

3.3 x lo4 2.3 X lo4 

8.9 X lo6 7.2 X lo4 

2.4 X lo6 7.1 x lo4 

1.7 x lo5 2.3 X lo4 

5.1 x lo4 

aHalf-life in man following uptake 

bAbbreviations: GI (Gastrointestinal 

Emission 

B,r 

7 

a,P,r 

a, 7 

a, 7 

a, 7 

a, 7 

a, 7 

in tissue. 

tract): 

Crittcal organb 

Sol. bone 

Insot. lung 

Sot. GI 

Sol. kidney 

Sol. bone 

Insol. Lung 

Sot. GI 

Sol. kidney 

Insol. lung 

Sol. GI 

Sol. kidney 

Sol. bone 

Insol. lung 

Sol. GI 

Sol. kidney 

Insol. lung 

Sol. bone 

Insol. lung 

Sol. bone 

tnsol. Lung 

Sol. bone 

Insol. lung 

Sol. kidney 

Sol. bone 

Insol. lung 

W. B. (Whole body). 

Energy, hIeV 

CEF (RBE)n 

0.045 

0.86 

0.075 

0.083 

0.28 

0.095 

0.24 

0.33 

0.45 

46 

46 

230 

46 

0.43 

43 

43 

280 

57 

270 

53 

270 

53 

57 

280 

57 

Table A. 2). This list may not be complete, and the study may turn up other 

induced activities. Nevertheless, it 

is most probable that a small number 

of radionuclide species will lead to 

the majority of significant dosages as 

was found for Bikini. In addition to 

the transuranics, we expect “Sr, 

137Cs 60 55 

9 Co, and perhaps Fe to be 

major contributors to dosage, depending on the pathway considered and the 

circumstances. 

Most of this work of assessment 

will be straightforward and will consist 

of applying food-chain and dosimetric 

data well in hand in the literature and 

available in such sources as ICRP 

No. 2. However, we recognize the 

-706-

III 
importance of the results of the measurement program in generating new 

information on the transport and fate 

of the heavy elements and also recognize our reliance on other current research and evaluation activities in the 

areas of heavy-element biological 

distribution and dosimetry in man. 

We plan to work closely with DBER 

and groups such as the NV00 Applied 

Ecology Group and the AIBS Advisory 

Committee on Plutonium, particularly 

to interpret the significance of 

plutonium in the context of habitability 

and cleanup. 

III. EXTERNAL DOSE AND SOIL SURVEY 

This soil survey plan is based 

largely on the draft plan dated 

31 August 1972 developed through consultation among the following individuals: Drs. Seymour, Held, Nelson, 

Welanda, and Schell (Univ. of Wash.), 

Drs. Eberhart and Gilbert (BNW), 

Mr. McGraw (DOS), and Mr. Lynch 

(NVOO). 

The survey has been divided into 

four phases. Phase I is designed to 

identify any unsuspected radiological 

problems on the least contaminated 

islands. Phase II includes islands 

which have been subjected to fallout to 

various degrees (minor to somewhat 

severe) and construction activities 

which could have modified the distributton of radionuclides. Phase III 

deals with islands which have been 

sites for, or very near to, surface 

ground zeros and/or extensive test 

activities. Contamination exists in 

the form of activated metal debris, 

radioactive-waste disposal areas, distributed fallout, and localized plutonium contamination. The survey will 

also include an estimate of the extent 

of radioactive scrap metal situated on 

these islands. Finally, Phase IV 

addresses Runit (YVONNE), the most 

heavily contaminated island. 

The selection process for survey 

priorities is based upon insult determination of each island from examination of historical records and current 

radiologtcal data provided by preliminary surveys of Eniwetok Atoll in 

July 1971, May 1972, and of Runit in 

July 1972. 

Field Meter Survev 

The survey includes a very detailed 

examination of the geographical 

variability of the gamma exposure 

rate in air on each island due to the 

gamma rays of greater than 100 keV 

emitted by radionuclides deposited in 

the soil. These nuclides are primarily 

fission and neutron activation products. 

The Baird-Atomic scintillation instrument, which utilizes a 1 X l-in. 

NaI crystal, will be used to make these 

measurements. Similarly, the flux 

of gamma rays of energies less than 

100 keV due to 23gPu and 241Am will 

be measured by the FIDLER. This 

instrument consists of a l/8-in.-thick 

X 5-in.-diam NaI crystal connected to 

a rate meter. The geographical variation of these measurements will enable 

the survey teams to locate the areas 

contaminated with radioactivity where 

soil samples may be collected for 

laboratory analysis to determine the 

707-
I 

concentrations of specific radionuclides 

present. 

Aerial Radiological Measurements 

This method has been used by EG&G, 

Inc. for several years for rapidly and 

economically surveying large land 

areas for radioactive deposition and 

for the location of lost radioactive 

sources. The data provided by such 

a survey will be extremely valuable 

in guiding the field survey teams in 

the conduct of their surveys. It will 

greatly reduce the possibility of the 

survey teams missing contaminated 

areas and at the same time increase 

their efficiency by eliminating their 

need to extensively survey uncontaminated areas. 

The EG&G airborne radiation 

detection system that we propose to 

utilize consists of two pods mounted on 

a helicopter or light aircraft. Each 

pod contains 20 5 X 2-in. NaI crystals. 

The signals from these detectors are 

summed and submitted to a dataacquisition system. The output is 

monitored by eight single-channel 

analyzers and a multichannel analyzer 

for gamma spectral analysis. Also 

included in the system is an inertial 

navigation system whose output is 

recorded simultaneously with the 

radiation data on magnetic tape. 

If the system were mounted on a 

helicopter traveling at 100 ft/sec, the 

241 spatial resolution for Am on the 

surface is approximately 100 ft when 

using the single-channel mode of operation. High-energy gamma emitters may 

be located with a spatial resolution of 

about 50 ft, based upon the accuracy of 

the Lnertial navigatton system. The 

minimum limits of detection for 6oco 

and 13’ Cs is about 1 pR/hr and 

approximately 1 pCi/m2 for 241Am_ 

The system may also be flown satisfactorily on small fixed-wing aircraft, 

but the spatial resolution is directly 

related to airspeed. 

The total weight of the system is 

1400 lb and requires three people to 

operate. It would take approximately 

l-3 weeks to complete the survey, 

depending upon meteorological conditions. 

Aerial photographs of the islands 

may also be taken with a separate 

EG&.G system which incorporates four 

Hasselblad cameras equipped with 

80-mm lenses. High-resolution 

photographs obtained with this system 

are a necessity in order to accurately 

identify locations where soil samples 

and survey meter readings were obtained, as well as to assist in assessing the amount of cleanup that will be 

required. 

Soil-Sampling Program 

The soil-sampling program of the 

survey will be conducted in a manner 

that will insure statistically meaningful results. Several types of soil 

samples will be collected for analysis: 

(1) A sample consisting of two 15-cmdeep cores of 30-cm2 area each; 

(2) a surface soil sample collected by 

a “cookie cutter” of 30-cm2 area to a 

depth of 5.0 cm; and (3) a profile 

collection based upon sidewall sampling 

in a trench in which complete samples 

of fixed horizontal area are taken to 

selected depths. The increments of 

-708-
depth are chosen according to pre- 4. The exact location of the sample 

dicted, suspected, or known radio- collection is to be the center of 

isotope concentration vs depth relation- the area chosen by the randomships and also according to any soil number technique described in 

horizons present at the sample location. No. 3 above. It is realized that 

Nominal depth increments in centimeters the determination of such a point 

will be: O-2, 2-5, 5-10, 10-15, 15-25, with any great precision or 

and 25-35 and at 15-cm intervals below accuracy in the field is technically 

35 cm. If a soil horizon is encountered, impractical in most cases. It is 

the interface lines will be chosen as most important, however, that 

the tncrements from the horizon rather the sample collector make every 

than the fixed nominal increments from reasonable effort to locate the 

the surface. position as closely as possible. 

Locations for the collection of soil In particular, the sample should 

samples will be chosen on the basis of come from within a 10 X lo-ft 

(1) random selection and (2) ground or area defined as the center area 

aerial survey meter readings. These of the grid point. Ideally, the 

are described below: sample will come from the exact 

center of this limited area as 

A. Samples collected on the basis just stated. In the field the locof random selection ation will be identified as 

1. Each island will be divided by a indicated on the map but will be 

narrow grid, (i.e., approximately located probably by pacing or 

2500 points or 50 X 50-ft grid, other field direction. The spot 

whichever is smaller). All so determined by such pacing 

areas defined by such a grid will will be the actual spot at the end 

be numbered. of the designated number of 

2. If stratification is desired and 

in order, the strata will be 

chosen and indicated on the grid 

paces, and no other. If there 

is some obstacle to sampling at 

this specified location (e.g., a 

concrete pad), then that fact 

network. 

should be recorded in the field 

3. Individual sample areas will and no sample taken. 

then be chosen within each strati- 5. Each sample will be bagged and 

fication or grid by selection of marked with an appropriate 

the appropriate coordinate number, identification code. 

utilizing random-number tables. 

The number of samples per B. Samples collected on the basis 

island or group has been preof survey meter readings. 

viously determined through con- 1. Additional samples will be 

sideration of desired goals and collected from locations where 

statistical significance. abnormally high readings were 

-709-
obtatned from either the BairdAtomic scintillator or the 

FIDLER. 

2. Each sample will be bagged and 

marked with an appropriate 

identification code. 

Field Analysis 

A radiation counting laboratory will 

be established on Enewetak Island. This 

laboratory will contain a 3 X 3-in. NaI 

detector and an intrinsic Ge detector, 

plus associated electronics. These 

detectors will allow 

samples for gammaand neutron-activation 

well as for 241Am. 

scanning of the 

emitting fission 

products, as 

The data obtained 

by this scanning process should provide 

information which may influence the 

collection of additional samples from 

contaminated areas. This information 

will also be valuable in determining 

future analyses to be performed on the 

samples after their arrival on the continent 

Phase I Number of 

Approx 

area, 

Preliminary Soil- Sampling PhSchedule 

As mentioned earlier, the survey 

will address the least contaminated IS1 

islands first and proceed to the AI 

more heavily contaminated islands. Bl! 

The following is a more detailed CI 

listing of the islands within each of Df 

the four phases. Also included is a EI 

preliminary estimate of the number Kf 

and types of soil samples to be 

lected from each island. The 

of O-5 cm and O-15 cm samples 

arrived at on the basis of one 

col- LI 

number M 

is Ni 

of each 01 

for approximately lo5 ft2 of surface PI 

area and the number of O-35 cm TI 

(profile) samples on the basis of one Ul 

per 8 X lo5 ft2 of area or a mini- V’ 

mum of two per island. The other W 

(profile) samples are for special 

?;

situations, such as decontamination 

pads or areas in which field 

activities have disturbed the original Psoil. 

I: 

- samples . 

J. 

S Island (lo5 ft2) O-5 cm O-15 cm O-35 cm (profile) Other (profile) -

? GLENN 25 25 25 3 

HENRY 13 13 13 2 

IRWIN 7.5 8 8 2 

JAMES 4.8 5 5 2 

KEITH 11 11 11 2 

LEROY 7 7 7 2 

REX 2 3 3 2 

BRUCE 9 9 9 2 

DAVID 48 48 48 6 (4 ft) 

ELMER 80 96 96 4 10 (4 ft) 

FRED 140 58 58 7 (4 ft) 

Total 283 283 21 23 

-710-

11 
Phase II Number of samples 

rlpprox 

area, 

Island (103 i‘ 2 It ) O-5 cm O-15 cm O-35 cm (profile) Other (profile) 

ALICE 10 20 20 

BELLE 20 30 30 

CLARA 2 8 8 

DAISY 1 8 8 

EDNA 0.3 5 5 

KATE 3 20 20 2 (2 ft) 

LUCY 10.5 20 20 3 (2 ft) 

X’LARY 6 20 20 2 

NANCY 9 20 20 3 

OLIVE 14 21 21 3 

PEARL 27 41 41 3 

TILDA 15 30 30 3 

URSULA 12 24 24 3 

VERA 10 20 20 2 

WILMA 7 20 20 - 2 (2 ft) 

Total 307 307 28 7 

Phase III Number of samples 

Approx 

area, 

Island (lo5 ft2) O-5 cm O-15 cm O-35 cm (profile) Other (profile) 

IRENE 20 30 30 6 4 (6 ft) 

JANET 120 150 150 15 (6 ft) 

SALLY 37 4oa 4oa 1oa 6 (6 ft) 

Total 220 220 16 

aWill be influenced by the extent of PACE activities on this island. 

Phase IV will be to obtain survey data on at least 

The only island included in this as small a grid pattern as is obtained 

phase is YVONNE, which to our know- for the other islands. Similarly, a 

ledge is the most contaminated island number of soil samples will be collected 

in the Atoll. Field surveys will be in selected locations for purposes of 

conducted with the FIDLER and the evaluating the extent of cleanup reBaird-Atomic scintillator in order to quired to rehabilitate the island. The 

supplement data obtained during pre- extent of which additional data can be 

vious surveys. The objective here obtained by the survey group which 

-711-
speak to either the radiologtcal hazard 

on Runit or to the engineermg aspects 

of the cleanup operation is not clear at 

this time. The kind and amount of such 

additional data will be deterrr.tned in 

the field by the survey team. 

Thermolumtnescent Dosimetr) 

?rogram 

Since the energy response ot'the 

Baird-Atomic NaI scintillator is nonlinear, the measurements made by this 

instrument may not be a true measure 

of the external dose rate produced by 

the gamma-emitting radionuclides 

deposited in the soil. To overcome 

this deficiency we plan to incorporate 

a thermolumtnescent dosimetry (TLD) 

program which will provide a correlation between the Nat scintillator 

measurements and the actual does rate 

measured by the TLDs. 

This program will utilize a combination of LiF and CaF2:Dy TLD 

packets. Approximately 40 packets 

will be placed at selected locations in 

such a manner that a broad range of 

dose rates from 2 pR/hr to 200 pR/hr 

will be measured for the correlation 

study. In order to eliminate exposure 

during transit time, the dosimeters 

will be annealed at Enewetak Island 

just prior to their placement in the 

field. After having been exposed for 

one month or more in the field, the 

TLD packets will be recovered and 

read out at Enewetak Island. 

IV. AIR, BIOTA, AND POTABLE 

WATER SURVEY 

The objectives of the terrestrial 

air, biota, and potable water sampling 

program are: 

(a) To collect representative samples 

of edible plants and antmals for 

radionuclide analysis and subsequent estimation of food-chain 

transfer of radionuclides to future 

inhabitants. 

(b) To measure airborne radioactivity 

for assessment of the tnhalation 

pathway of exposure, particularly 

for 23gPu . The air-sampling 

program will address this exposure 

route at the numerous “clean 

islands” and also in the more contaminated areas such as the environment on Runit (YVONNE). 

(c) To correlate the food-chain 

sampling program with the field 

gamma measurements and soilsampling program in order to 

maximize the information available 

to quantify rates and mechanisms 

of transfer of radionuclides from 

soil to man through food chains. 

The field survey team will obtain 

plant samples wherever possible 

from the soil-sampling sites; the 

terrestrial food-chain team will 

obtain some soil samples, where 

necessary, in the areas where they 

sample edible plants such as 

pandanus and arrowroot. 

1. Air Sampling 

Airborne particulates will be 

sampled by means of three types of 

samplers: 

a. Ultra-high volume (UHV) 

samplers- Two calibrated UHV 

samplers will be operated at a 

rate of 1000 cfm. One such 

-712-
sampler wttl be operated continuously on Enewetak Island 

(FRED). The other sampler will 

be transported from island to 

island for measurements. Meas -

urements will be made also at 

selected offshore sites on the 

LCU. Both samplers wtll be 

supported by gross meteorologLcat 

measurement of wind speed and 

direction to aid in the interpretation of sources of detected radioactivity. 

b. Low-volume (LV) samplers-A 

large number of calibrated 

5-cfm LV samplers will be 

fielded and operated on a semicontinuous basis. Banks of these 

samplers will operate continuously 

on board the Palumbo and the LCU 

used in marine sampling and 

transportation. Others will be 

fielded strategically to investigate radionuclide levels in air 

downwind from contaminated areas. 

c. Anderson cascade impactors -

Two ZO-cfm, five-stage cascade 

impactors will be used to obtain 

long-term samples of air for 

investigation of the size distribution of airborne radioactive 

particles. 

This combination of air 

samplers will be utilized to 

address the question of potential 

exposure to future inhabitants 

through inhalation of airborne 

radioactive particles. The 

initial plan will provide sufficient 

data to ascertain whether or not 

239 Pu exists in the air at levels 

in excess of worldwide fallout 

background and to define the 

Locations and ctrcumstances of 

any such elevated Levels. These 

samples will be analyzed on a 

priority basis so that results 

can be reviewed by the Data 

Evaluations Group early in the 

study. These evaluations wtll be 

used to decide on any adjustments 

in the air-sampling program 

design and scope which can be 

proposed to the Technical Director 

for Implementation. 

2. Biota Sampling 

The terrestrial food-chain team will 

focus their effort on obtaining samples 

of arrowroot, pandanus, coconut, crabs, 

birds, and such other plant and animal 

organisms as may constitute the diet 

of future inhabitants. The edible 

vegetation samples will be collected as 

available and in conjunction with 

appropriate soil samples. Edible 

animal species will be collected as 

available by trapping or shooting. 

Inedible plant species to be used as 

indicators for soil-root-plant pathways 

will be collected with the soil survey 

group. At least two or three species 

that occur on all islands will be used 

for this purpose in order to obtain 

comparative data. Samples of these 

will be collected on the lagoon side, 

ocean side, and in the central parts of 

each island at points where soil samples 

are collected. These will be returned 

to the Enewetak laboratory for identification and processing. 

Rats, which are not considered to 

be a part of the human food chain, are 

the only mammals existing on the 

-713-
tslands and ms:. be considered as a~ 

indicator spec:es. These wtll be 

trapped and spectfic organs will be 

analyzed for rsdtoactlvity. Collection 

sites for all specimens will be tdentified 

on the radiological survey maps for 

later correlation. 

3. Potable Lf.ater 

The only potable water on the Atoll 

is derived either from rain water or 

the distillation plant on Enewetak. 

Samples of these will be collected for 

radiochemical analysis, along with 

sludge samples from the distillation 

plant. In addition, a marginal lens 

exists on Engebi which we plan to 

sample. 

4. Onsite Laboratory at Enewetak 

An onsite laboratory will be 

established on Enewetak for processing 

samples obtained by the biota field 

teams. This will include: forced draft 

ovens for drying plant material for 

shipment, dissecting equipment for 

separating organs from animal species, 

and counting-equipment screening of 

specimens before they are returned to 

LLL. The principal equipment to be 

used will consist of a pair of 4 X 4-in. 

NaI detectors and two single-channel 

analyzers. A few selected samples 

will also be screened with a Ge(Li) 

system in order to determine their 

radionuclide content. 

The Data Evaluations Group 

will be in charge of coordinating 

collection of data and samples, 

sample coding preparation, counting 

and other activities in this onsite 

laboratory. 

The mission of the aquatic survey 

wlli be to define the contributing radioactivities in the lagoon and reef areas 

of the Atoll to assess exposure pathways to individuals utilizing the aquatic 

environment. Sources and levels of 

activity in the lagoon and reef will be 

defined using indicator organisms, 

in situ detectors, sediment, and water 

analyses. Samples of edible marine 

vertebrates and invertebrates will be 

collected and analyzed for specific 

radionuclides. Many species will be 

collected from the reef and lagoon areas 

that were surveyed in 1964. Changes 

in activities levels noted over the 8-yr 

period will be assessed. Several 

methods of assessing the residence 

time of specific radionuclides in the 

lagoon environment will be employed. 

The types and quantities of samples 

required will be discussed in the next 

sections. The entire program, covering both survey and food-chain sampling, 

will be integrated in order to best use 

our available sampling facilities. 

Program Implementation 

The development of the aquatic 

program in the Enewetak lagoon was 

originally designed to take advantage 

of facilities offered by the research 

vessel, R. V. Palumbo from the 

Puerto Rico Nuclear Center. The 

Palumbo left Puerto Rico on August 20 

enroute to San Diego, Hawaii, Kwajalein, 

Bikini, and Enewetak. The mission of 

I the vessel is in support of a DBERfunded program involving individuals 

from the University of Washington, 

-714-
Lawrence Ltvermore Laboratory, and 

Puerto Rico Nuclear Center tnvestigating the biogeochemical kehavlor 

of the transuranium elemer,ts in a 

labelled marine environment. Due to 

mechanical failures and other operational problems, the Palumbo has been 

in the San Diego Naval Shipyard since 

September 9 undergoing extensive 

repairs. The vessel left San Diego on 

September 28. If no further delays are 

encountered enroute, the Palumbo’s 

present schedule would delay its 

arrival time in Enewetak by 16 days. 

The ship will therefore be available in 

the Enewetak area no earlier than 

November 18. Although it will be very 

useful to utilize the Palumbo in the 

Enewetak lagoon survey we are unable 

to plan on its availability. In order to 

conduct a meaningful program early 

in the survey, additional vessels are 

being readied for the lagoon work. 

They include: 

(1) LLL Boston Whaler - 17-ft length 

Equipped with bottom depth indicator; 

65-hp Mercury outboard and 7.5-hp 

auxilliary motor; davit for over the 

side work with approximately 500 ft of 

3/32-in. steel cable on a hand-operated 

winch. The vessel will be available for 

coring, water sampling, dredging, 

plankton tows, and in situ detection 

measurements. The ship will be used 

principally to support near shore and 

reef work. 

(2) An “A” frame is presently under 

construction to mount on the LCU now 

enroute to Enewetak. A portable 

gasoline engine-powered winch containing 1000 ft of 3/32-in. stainless 

steel hydrographic cable will also be 

mounted on the vessel. The LCU will 

have the capability to conduct all phases 

of marine sampling and would be used 

principally to sample the offshore 

region of the lagoon. 

(3) Other ships of opportunity would 

be used to ferry personnel and gear to 

reef areas and, when practical, to 

assist in plankton tows. 

If and when the Patumbo arrives in 

Enewetak, its facilities will be employed 

to supplement the ongoing program. 

If, however, the two facilities (Boston 

Whaler and the LCU) are the only 

ships available, a complete program 

addressing all the survey goals could 

be conducted in lo-12 wk without the 

Palumbo. This estimate is based on 

having perfect weather the entire 

period for 8-10 hr/day, 6-7 daysjwk. 

A network of buoys will be placed 

in the lagoon as fixed reference points 

during the survey. All personnel 

operating the whaler and sampling from 

the LCU will be trained and knowledgeable in all sampling techniques. All 

samples gathered will be properly 

coded and sample locations plotted on 

charts. Locations will be determined 

by using sighting compasses and 

estimates based on running time and 

speed from fixed reference points. 

The whaler will contain all necessary 

safety equipment and tow a spare sixman raft. The raft will be a means 

of transport to shallow reef areas. 

The aquatic program, independent 

of the Palumbo, will require five 

personnel. Two people will operate the 

whaler and three will sample from the 

LCU. 

-715-
The sampling program ~~11 proceed Aquatic Survey Goals and Methods 

from less contaminated areas of the Purpose: To define the activity levels in 

lagoon to the more highly contaminated the lagoon and reef environment in order 

areas in order to lessen the probability to assess levels of external exposure and 

of sample contamination. the degree of aerial contamination. 

Objective Method 

A. To assess 

Only reef 

water will 

surface exposure 

covered with less 

be assayed. 

over the reef. 

than 3 ft of 

Personnel operating from rafts or 

foot utilizing 8-7 survey meters. 

on 

B. Immersion dose in offshore beaches. _Analysis of water and sediment 

samples and in situ detection methods 

using the Boston Whaler. 

C. Definition 

and major 

of activity levels in the lagoon 

outflow areas over the reefs. 

1. Assessment of sediment concentration levels. 

(a) Shore to lo-fathom terrace in 

lagoon. 

(b) Terrace to deep basin of lagoon. 

(c) Deep basin. 

(d) Craters. 

Using the Whaler and LCU, sediment 

cores, grab samples, suspended 

material, and bottom water will be 

collected and analyzed. An in situ 

detector will be used to definitive 

activity levels of the bottom. A 

detailed bottom survey using an in situ 

NaI detector will be conducted off 

Runit, followed by extensive sediment 

sampling. 

The device used to obtain a bottom 

sample in any area will depend 

entirely on the composition of the 

sediment. The sediment in the lagoon 

varies from fine sand to coral and 

algae. The percent of each type of 

bottom material depends on location, 

although, in general, a higher percentage of fine material is found closer 

to shore where a corer may be used. 

In the deeper area of the lagoon higher 

percentages of formanifera and 

nolimecia debris dominate. In these 

areas dredging and grab 

be more successful. 

sampling will 

2. Water concentration. Surface-to-bottom profiles will be 

obtained by pumping 55-titer water 

samples. Samples will be obtained 

from 18 stations in the lagoon and 18 

stations over the reef. Both the 

Whaler and LCU will be utilized. 

Fifty 5-gal bottom water samples 

and suspended sediment will be obtained in the Runit area. 

-716-
3. Additional supplementary data _A variety of indicator organisms will 

requtred to assess relative con- be obtained by dredgmg the sediment 

centration levels in the lagoon. and coral knolls in the lagoon from the 

LCU and UFhaler. Daily plankton 

collections and invertebrates will 

complement this effort. Species of 

algae will be obtained from reef areas 

for analysis. 

Miscellaneous activities 

The desalination plant will be studied, wtth emphasis on the fate of the sludge 

discharged from the plant. 

Samples to meet survey requirements 

Water 

48 55-liter water samples from the open lagoon and reef. 

50 5-gal bottom samples from the Runit area and craters. 

Sediment 

100 core samples, 2- and 3-in. diam Detailed vertical profiles of radionuclide concentrations in 20 selected 200 grab samples cores will be determined. All other 

100 dredge samples samples will be rapidly scanned for 

relative activity levels and selected 50 suspended sediment samples samples quantitatively analyzed. 

50 Runit cores Activity levels in vertical sections 

Runit cores will be determined in 

about 50 samples. 

Biota 

(1) 200 plankton samples If similar areas are sampled, many 

individual tows will be combined for 

analysis, especially if the plankton 

yield is low. All samples will be 

rapidly scanned in the field and a 

selected number quantitatively analyze 

on the continent. 

(2) Invertebrates, including: 

Sponges Specimens will be collected from all 

accessable reef areas. 400-500 Urchins individual samples are anticipated 

Sea cucumber and all will be surveyed for relative 

activity levels. A selected number, Clams probably no more than 200, will be 

Coral quantitatively analyzed. Included in 

the latter estimate are all species Starfish used in the diet. Some selected shells 

Langusta and coral will be carefully analyzed 

and correlated with growth rates and 

concentrations, as indicators of 

changes in the environment as a function of time. 

-717-
I 

(3) Gut contents of bottom-feedtng fish 

collected in different areas ~111 be 

analyzed to assess concentration levels 

Ln lagoon areas. 

Comparison of the activity levels 

in each of the above sample types will 

be used to contour activity levels Ln the 

lagoon and reef. Data from many 

sample types, especially edible 

organisms, will be used for dose 

assessment. Field recommendations 

~111 be forwarded to the laboratory for 

gutdance in sample preparation and 

analysis. 

Food-chain dose assessment requirements 

Purpose: To provide samples in order 

to determine the activity levels in all 

edible marine species. The data are 

required to assess dose from aquatic 

food sources. 

There will be close coordination 

with the radiological assessment team 

who will generate the information regarding Marshallese diet and define 

the percentage of each marine trophic 

level in the diet. This information is 

necessary to determine the sample 

size of a species needed, type of 

species, and post-treatment method of 

the sample. Assessment of the levels 

of activity in carnivores, bottomfeeding carnivores, omnivores, 

herbivores, and all invertebrates will 

be made. Dietary habits of the 

Marshallese people will be considered 

in the treatment of samples. Some 

species may be consumed whole. The 

analysis on these defined specimens 

will be made on the entire fish. For 

those species where only the flesh or 

other organs are consumed, the sampl 

will be dissected and the tissue analyz 

The variability in activity levels in 

similar species from different areas 

will be determmed. Sampling sites w 

include those areas visited by the 1964 

survey team. Fishing methods will in 

elude trawls, gill nets, long lines, 

traps, rod and reel, and spearing. 

Although the fishing will be operationally defined, 200 to 300 samples 

are anticipated for quantitative analys 

of all detectable radionuclides. 

VI. RADIOCHEMICAL ANALYSES 

Required analytical measurements 

on samples recovered in the survey o 

Enewetak Atoll are summarized in 

this document. The information is 

presented in tabular form, beginning 

with a description of various sample 

types (Table A. 3) and estimated 

quantities to be recovered. In 

Table A.4 we summarize how sample 

will be handled, including treatment 

at Enewetak, form in which the material will be shipped, and necessary 

initial treatment required before 

samples are ready for routine analys 

In Table A. 5 we summarize the 

kinds of analyses expected to be 

necessary, including a list of nuclide 

which have been detected in Enewetab 

samples taken in earlier years. MOE 

of the samples will be GeLi gamma 

counted as a routine matter. The 

question as to how many samples will 

require dissolution and wet chemical 

analyses can be answered accurately 

only as the planning and sample recove 

progress. We need an assessment 

-718-
Table A. 3. Sample type, quantity. 

I. Soil survey program 

A. Soil profiles, 200 X 6 = 1200 

3-k. diam, O-1, l-2, 2-3, 3-6, 6-9, 9-12 

115 cc/in., 170 g/in. 

B. Six-in. deep cores 800 

3 -in. diam, O-6-in. two adjacent (2 kg) 

c. Two-in. deep cores 800 

3-in. diam, O-2-in. 300 g each 

II. Aquatic sampling program 

A. Plankton 

B. Sediment 

c. Seawater 

48 (55-titer), 50 (18-liter) 

D. Coral - Selected samples for use 

as indicator organisms 

E. Invertebrates 

Sea cucumbers 

Tridacna 

Spider snail 

Spiney lobster ! 

F. Vertebrates 

Edible reef fish and indicator > 

species 

Larger lagoon fish (sharks, albacore, 

tuna, grouper, etc. 1 

III. Biota samples 

A. Vegetation - nonedible 

- edible 

B. Terrestrial animals (including dissected parts) 

C. Potable water 

IV. Air samples 

A. High-volume samplers 

B. Low -volume samplers 

C. Anderson cascade impactors 

Predicted total 

200 

100 + selected samples 

100 

200 

200-300 

300 

50-100 

150 

15 

100 

80 

80 

of the importance of 90 Sr analyses; difficult 55Fe and 63Ni analysis will 

we expect to infer Pu content from be performed only on selected samples, 

241 Am measurements in some SampleS principally from the aquatic food chain. 

where more precise Pu analytical In’TableA.6 we list the laboratories 

measurement by wet chemistry is not and their capabilities which will be used 

requ ired. We anticipate that the more to perform analytical measurements. 

-719-
I. Soils 

II. Aquatic samples 

A. Plankton 

B. Sed lment 

1. Grab samples 

2. Cores 

c. 

D. 

E. 

Sea water 

Coral 

invertebrates 

F. Vertebrates 

III. B iota samples 

A. Vegetation 

B. Terrestrial 

Animals 

IV. 

c. 

Air 

Potable 

samples 

water 

Table A. 4. 

Treatment 

Enemetak 

Package 

Freeze 

Freeze 

Freeze 

Acidify 

Freeze 

Freeze 

Freeze 

(filet?) 

Dry 

Freeze 

Acidify 

Package 

inttlal sample processing. 

at Shipptng 

form 

As recovered 

Frozen 

Frozen 

Frozen 

As water 

Frozen 

Frozen 

Frozen 

Dry 

Frozen 

As water 

As recovered 

tnitial treatment 

Dry, grand (ball mill), 

wetgh, package, Nat co 

Dry ash 

Dry, grind, weigh, 

analyze. 

Section (volume, wet wt 

thaw, dry, grind, weigh 

analyze. 

Analysis 

See soils. 

Weigh, thaw, (dissect ?) 

dry, (dry ash), weight, 

analyze. 

Same as item E. 

Dry, grind, homogenizr 

analyze. 

Weigh, thaw, (dissect?) 

dry, (dry ash), weigh, 

analyze. 

Analyze 

Analyze 

VII. CLEANUP ASSESSMENT PLAN 

During the field survey of the Islands 

in the Enewetak Atoll, an attempt will 

be made to evaluate possible cleanup 

mechanisms and provide data for 

future engineering estimates of the 

decontamination operation. This decontamination assessment is anticipated 

to take the following form: 

1. An estimate of the quantity 

activated materials and debris fn 

previous tests will be made. Spe 

attention will be made to record, 

preliminary sense, location, amc 

and radiation levels of the debris 

should be removed before reoccu: 

2.. An attempt will be made tc 

evaluate the feasibility of collecti 

single particles or “hot spots” by 

-720-
Table _A. 5. I<ir.~!s of analyses requtr-ed. 

1. Gamma countmg 

A . in general, no dissolution nor chemical se?aratLor, will be required prior to 

gamma spectrometrb-. There could be occasLona1 exceptions to Ihis rule, 

e.g., sea water will require processing. 

B. It is expected that essentiaily all samples ~.~;lll be gamma counted. In man? 

cases, this may be the only analysis required. 

c. Suclides which are expected to be obser\,ed and which can be quantitatively 

measured by gamma spectrometry: 

-1OK 60Co 106Ru !37Cs 132,154,155E[! ;>31_qm_ 125Sb 20TEi 108m > > 9 , > ’ > xg, 

6sZn, 102 Rh, U and Th chain daughters. 

II. Dissolution of sample 

A. Plutonium analyses 

238,239+240pu 1. Alpha counting 

239,240,241,242 2. Mass spectroscopy Pu where warranted 

90 90 

B. Sr-beta counting of Y daughter 

63Ni, 1’7Pm, ‘5’Sm, ‘4C c. Other nucl ides : 55Fe, 

Soft-radiation emitters will require specific chemical separation. 

III. Tritium 

Table A. 6. Laboratory analytical capability. 

Laboratory Kind of analytical work Sample rates 

LLL Initial sample preparation, soils 400 samples/month 

Initial sample preparation, biota (including for initial sample 

dissolution of all marine samples) preparation of soils 

Complete analytical treatment, sea water 

Gamma analysis, all types of samples 

MCL Gamma analysis 

Soil dissolution, chemical analyses for Pu, 

9OSr 

Complete analytical treatment, air filters 

55 uw Fe analysis Not established 

90 Sr analysis 

t Contract Gamma analysis 

analyses 

Soil dissolution, chemical 200-500 samples/month 

t analyses for Pu, “Sr 

on. NERC(EPA) Chemical analysis for Pu Not established 

-721-
simpie excavation techniques or 

siev-ing. \-arious sized screens 

be taken to evaluate the feasibility 

separating contaminated debris 

than removal of all contaminated 

and,or coral. The character of 

contamination in various areas 

will 

of 

rather 

soil 

the 

~~11 be 

evaluated in terms of the feasibility of 

removing localized hot spots in 

preference to whole-scale excavation. 

An attempt will also be made to locate 

localized hot areas which will require 

total excavation. 

3. A literature search is presently 

underway and will be continued to 

evaluate the applicability of modifying 

existing techniques, other than wholescale bulldozing, in decontaminating 

large contaminated areas. 

4. Through evaluation of field 

survey data, the extent of contaminated 

areas will be mapped, and contamination profiles folded into the data in 

order to estimate the total area re1972 

Sept 

ib*is 

I i: Assessment Group planning and !i 

evaluation of survey data as they become 

I 

II 

Written Program Plan Completion 

reports of Field -Monthly 

Survey 

li I 

Review Field DEER 

meetings Survey Review 

Fig. A. 3. Schedule for the Enewetak 

-722 -

qutring cleanup. 

L-III . SCHEDULES 

A schematic diagram of the schedule 

for the Enewetak Radiological Survey 

Program is shown in Fig. A. 3. 

It::e now expect tha.t the field survey 

group will depart for Enewetak on or 

about October 12, 1972 and that the 

work on Enewetak will take approximately eight weeks. Samples taken 

in the field 

Livermore 

Processing 

soon as the 

LLL. 

The first 

be available 

are to be returned to 

on weekly scheduled flights. 

and analysis will begin as 

first samples arrive at 

data that are expected to 

are those taken in the 

field (sample types and locations, 

survey instrument readings, etc.). 

These should be in reportable form by 

January 1, at which time a review 

1973 

available 

t 

Draft 

Final 

Report 

progress 

I/ 

‘DBER ’ DBER DBER 

Review Review Final Report 

Review 

Radiological Survey Program. 
meeting may be scheduled to discuss 

the status of *he program. 

Considering all available lsboratory 

capabilities, sample preparation and 

analysis will certainly take a number 

of months to complete. Samples will 

be processed on a priority basis 

according to the needs of the 

Radiological Assessment Group, SO 

that the DBER assessment and review 

can proceed on a continuous schedule 

rather than wait for all data to become 

final. The DBER review schedule 

shown in Fig. A. 3 is a very tentative 

one. Every attempt will be made to 

speed up the process, without compromising on quality or completeness, 

of course, but no one should be 

under the impression that gathering 

this much experimental data and 

interpreting it will be accomplished 

overnight. 

-723-
APPENDIX B 

R 1321552 SEPT 72 

FM USAEC FRANK A CAMM WASHDC 

TO: USAEC M E GATES LAS VEGAS NEV 

INFO: LT GEN C H DUNN DNA WASHDC 

UNCLAS SUBJECT: RADlOLOGlCAL SURVEY OF ENIWETOK 

PARA. AS A RESULT OF COMMITMENTS MADE BY AMBASSADOR WILLIAMS AND 

INITIAL AGREEMENTS REACHED DURING AN INTERAGENCY MEETING HELD ON 

SEPTEMBER 7, 1972, IT IS THE OVERALL AEC PURPOSE TO GAIN A SUFFICIENT 

UNDERSTANDING OF THE TOTAL RADIOLOGICAL ENVIRONMENT OF ENtWETOK 

ATOLL TO PERMIT JUDGMENTS AS TO WHETHER ALL OR ANY PART OF THE 

ATOLL CAN SAFELY BE REINHABITED AND, IF SO, WHAT STEPS TOWARD 

CLEANUP SHOULD BE TAKEN BEFOREHAND AND WHAT POST-REHABILITATION 

CONSTRAINTS MUST BE IMPOSED. IT IS NECESSARY TO THOROUGHLY EXAMINE 

AND EVALUATE RADIOLOGICAL CONDITIONS ON ALL ISLANDS OF THE ATOLL 

AND IN THE LOCAL MARINE ENVIRONMENT PRIOR TO COMMENCEMENT OF 

CLEANUP ACTIVITIES IN ORDER TO OBTAIN SUFFICIENT RADIOLOGICAL 

INTELLIGENCE TO DEVELOP AN APPROPRLATE CLEANUP PROGRAM. 

SPECIFICALLY, IT IS NECESSARY: 

1. TO LOCATE AND IDENTIFY CONTAMINATED AND ACTIVATED TEST DEBRIS, 

2. TO LOCATE AND EVALUATE ANY SIGNIFICANT R.ADIOLOGICAL HAZARADS 

WHICH MAY COMPLICATE CLEANUP ACTIVITIES, AND 

3. TO IDENTIFY SOURCES OF DIRECT RADIATION AND FOOD CHACN-TO-MAN 

PATHS HAVING RADIOLOGICAL IMPLICATIONS. 

PARA. YOU ARE DIRECTED TO PLAN, ORGANIZE, AND CONDUCT A RADIOLOGICAL 

FIELD SURVEY TO DEVELOP SUFFICIENT DATA ON THE TOTAL RADIOLOGICAL 

ENVIRONMENT OF ENIWETOK ATOLL TO PERMIT THE ASSESSMENTS ON WHICH 

THE JUDGMENTS DESCRIBED ABOVE CAN BE MADE. THIS SURVEY SHOULD BE 

ACCOMPLISHED AS SOON AS POSSIBLE UPON COMPLETION OF THE NECESSARY 

PLANNING AND COORDINATION. IT SHOULD CONSIDER THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 

PERTINENT TO REHABILITATION INCLUDING BOTH EXTERNAL RADIATION 

DOSAGE AND BIOLOGICAL FOOD-CHAIN CONSIDERATIONS. IT IS ANTICIPATED 

THAT TECHNICAL STANDARDS AND REQUIREMENTS WILL BE PROVIDED BY 

RESPONSIBLE DIVISIONS WITHIN AEC HEADQUARTERS. IT IS UNDERSTOOD THAT 

PLANNING HAS BEEN INITIATED BY DOS AND DBER IN COOPERATION WITH FIELD 

ORGANIZATIONS AND SUCH PLANNING WILL SERVE AS THE BASIS FOR A COMPREHENSIVE SURVEY PLAN. 

-724-
PARA. IN 11IPLEi22ENTATISG THE -ABOVE OBJECTIVE Y-OU ARE DIRECTED TO: 

1. PREPARE A PLAN FOR THE CONDUCT OF RADIOLOGICAL FIELD SURVEY 

AND ANALYSIS OF SAMPLES OBTAINED UTILIZING SECESSARY LABORATORY 

AND COSTRACTOR SUPPORT. 

2. SELECT PERSONNEL NECESSARY TO CONDUCT THE FIELD SURVEY. 

3. SELECT LABORATORIES AND PERSONNEL TO ACCOMPLISH THE NECESSARY 

LABORATORY WORK FOR ANALYSIS OF SAMPLES. THtS TASK INCLUDES 

ESTABLISHMENT OF PROCEDURES, STANDARDS, AND METHODS FOR 

CORRELATION OF DATA BETWEEN LABORATORIES. IN THIS CONTEXT YOU 

SHOULD PROVIDE FOR REVIEW AND REPORTING OF DATA. 

4. SUPPORT PATHWAY AND DOSE ASSESSMENT ACTIONS WHICH WILL COME 

UNDER OVERALL TECHNICAL DIRECTION OF THE DBER, SUPPORTED BY 

THE DOS. 

5. ARRANGE FOR NECESSARY LOGISTIC SUPPORT. 

6. COORDINATE LOGISTIC SUPPORT REQUIREMENTS LVI’IH THOSE OF THE 

ENGINEERING SURVEY TO BE CONDUCTED CONCURRENTLY BY DNA. 

7. DIRECT LIAISON WITH DNA IS AUTHORIZED, AS REQUIRED, KEEPING 

COGNtZANT AEC HEADQUARTERS DIVISIONS ADVISED. 

8. PENDING FURTHER GUIDANCE YOU ARE DIRECTED TO ADDRESS CONSIDERATIONS OF PRIORITY IN PLANNING FOR SAMPLE ANALYSIS AND FOR 

BIOLOGICAL PATHWAY AND DOSE ASSESSMENT PORTIONS OF THIS TASK. 

IT IS ANTICIPATED THAT A REVIEW OF THE SURVEY WILL BE CONDUCTED 

UPON COMPLETION OF THE FIELD EFFORT AND BY THAT TIME MORE 

DEFINITIVE GUIDANCE WILL BE FORTHCOMING ON PRIORITIES IN THE 

AR.EAS OF ANALYSIS AND ASSESSMENT. 

PARA. YOU ARE AUTHORIZED TO EXPEND $150 K IN THE INITIAL PLANNING AND 

ORGANIZATION OF THIS SURVEY. INITIALLY THE COST OF PERFORMING THIS 

EFFORT SHOULD BE CHARGED TO THE ON-CONTINENT PROGRAM. FOR YOUR 

INFORMATION, THE GENERAL MANAGER HAS APPROVED ALTERNATIVE 2 OUTLINED IN THE CONTROLLER’S MEMORANDUM DATED AUGUST 28, 1972, AND WE 

CURRENTLY WORKING OUT FUNDING ARRANGEMENTS FOR THE ENTIRE SURVEY. 

YOU WILL BE KEPT ADVISED. 

MA:T:WWG:265-1. 

-725-
APPESDIX C 

Tenetative Schedule for Field Survey Personnel: 

SAM 

10/12 10118 10125 11/l 11/8 11/15 11/22 llj29 1216 F”:; 

FIELD MANAGER 

Nervik (L) 

Ray (NV) 

McGraw (SEC-DOS) 

Held (AEC-Reg) 

2 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 

SOIL SURVEY 

Gudiksen (L) 

Rich (L) 

Myers (L) 

Chew (L) 

Lynch (NV) 

Moore (EPA) 

Costa (EPA) 

Martin (EPA) 

RozeLL (EPA) 

Vandervoort (EPA) 

Peer (EPA) 

Lambdin (EPA) 

Horton (EPA) 

Phillips (EIC) 

Parker (EIC) 

Price (EIC) 

Young (EIC) 

Sammons (H&N) 

Chambers U-I&N) 

13 13 13 13 12 12 11 9 9 9 

-726-
S-A A1 RTX 

10/12 :0!18 10125 11,‘l 11 8 il 15 il 22 : ! ,zi 12 G FLT _I-----__ 

Noshkin (L) 

Nelson (U W) 

Seymour (UW) 

Eagle (UW) 

Johnson (U W ) 

Fowler (L) 

Hotladay (1,) 

Schell CUW) 

Dawson (L) 

Lusk (UW, 

< 

Palumbo 

Paiumbo 

Patumbo 

6 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 2 1 

BIOTA AND AIR 

Potter (L) 

Koranda (L) 

McIntyre (L) 

Thompson (L) 

Stuart (L) 

J. Martin (L) 

Clegg (L) 

4 4 4 7 3 3 3 3 

ELECTRONICS 

Newbold (L) 

Bishop (L) 

Breshears (L) 

Jones (L) 

Hoeger (LI 

Cate tL) 

Thratl (EPA) 

Lawson (EPA) 

5 3 3 3 3 2 2 2 

-727 -
s-4 11 

:O i? IO 18 ------- 1023 111 :12 !l! ::32 1129 12,‘F 

RTS 

FLT 

CLE_1SUP 

TECHSIQUE -4SSESSAIETT 

yoder tL, 

1 1 1 1 1 

SAKIPLE PREPARATIOS 

\I’. AIartln CL) 

Qualhetm (L) 

nIendoza 1 I_) 

\Vilson (L) 

Schwelgher (L) 

Landrum tL) 

IHoff (I.. )” 

3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 

FIELD OPERATIONS 

Steward cSV) 

Lease (N,;V) 

Warren (L) 

Button (L) 

2 2 3 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 

DOCUMENTARY 

PHOTOGRAPHY 

Wilson 

Tyner 

(I_) ? 

( Pan Am) 

2 2 

EC&G 

NaI Detector Survey 

Total + EG&G 36 31 32 37 31 29 28 23 17 29 

Average 

-728-
-APPEND= D 

Enewetak Precleanup Survey YVONNE 

Island Program Radiological Safety Plan 

I. PURPOSE :he test operations. This contamination consists of aged fission products, 

The purpose of this plan is: activated or contaminated scrap metal, 

To provide appropriate procedures and considerable quantities of finely 

for the radiological safety of individ- divided plutonium on the surface and 

uals, equipment and data involved in buried underground. Evaluation of the 

the sampling program to be conducted extent of this contamination for cleanon YVONNE Island, Enewetak Atoll; up considerations, requires a respectTo minimize or prevent any unnec- able soil sampling program be accomessary exposure, internal or external, plished. The most important problem 

to personnel; faced by the sampling effort is how to 

To control radioactive contamina- safely dig into and remove from this 

tion of personnel and equipment; and contaminated soil suitable samples for 

To control and prevent radioactive analysis. 

cross-contamination of samples taken A considerable area, from the 

from YVONNE Island. “Tower Bunker” Hardtack Station 13 10, 

north about 3000 ft contains extensive 

11. THE PROBLEM plutonium contamination, on the surface (levels of around 2 X lo5 dpm/ 

YVONNE (Runit) Island, lying mid- 100 cm2), as well as beneath the surway on the windward side of Enewetak face (3 X lo3 pCi/g soil at 2-3 ft 

Atoll was the site of a number of nu- depth). 

clear test detonations. These nuclear Other areas, the Cactus Crater lip, 

events occurred on the surface, in the for example, also have plutonium conair, and on the water near the island, tamination on the surface and at depth. 

contaminating the immediate vicinity There is also evidence, through reto various extents (see Fig. A.4). ports, notes, etc., that various deThrough literature searches and pressions “craters” were utilized for 

actual surveys, the present condition the burial of contaminated test debris. 

of the northern half of the island is No specific contamination levels for 

determined to be a heterogeneous con- these burials have been found in the 

glomeration of radioactive contamina- reports. 

tion from the surface to some consid- It is evident that any soil-disturbing 

erable depth, mixed and churned into activities within the areas indicated 

the soil from various construction and above will probably increase the possiearth-moving activities in support of bility of resuspension of plutonium 

-729-
North Pacific Ocean 

OSCAR 

/ 

Caral Head 0 

(MACK) 

REX 

b 

Wide Passage 

Fig. A. 4. Enewetak Atoll. 

particulates, and most certainly, the III. ACCESS CONTROLS 

possibility of contamination of personnel and equipment engaged in the col- The Island of YVONNE is accessilection of samples. The dryness of ble only by boat from Enewetak Island. 

the soil, due to the onset of the dry Landings are made at a personnel pier, 

season, and the strong northeasterly located about mid-island. A small 

tradewinds also increase the resuspen- concrete ramp exists immediately 

sion hazard. north of and adjacent to the pier for 

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the offloading of heavy equipment by 

barge, LCU, or LCM. Since access 

to the island is confined to a relatively 

small area, the actual physical problem of access control is simplified. 

For the purpose of this sur:-ey, a 

RADEX area will be established from 

a point just north of the personnel 

pier/ramp area, north to the Cactus 

Crater. Complete rad-safe control 

will be in effect within this RADEX 

area. A decontamination pad ~~11 be 

set up for equipment on the lagoon 

side of this RADEX area, immediately 

adjacent to the ramp. A personnel 

decontamination facility and hot line 

will be established next to the decon 

pad and will be the sole access route 

for personnel to the survey area (see 

Fig. A.5). 

The hot line, decon pad, and 

RADEX area southern boundary will 

be marked with tape and signs. 

No personnel will be allowed into 

the RADEX area without appropriate 

rad-safe personnel protective clothing 

and respiratory devices, a personnel-, 

monitoring TLD badge, instrumentation, etc., unless deviation is approved 

by the health physicist in charge, as 

set forth in the procedures below. 

IV. MONITORING 

Although the principal radiological 

hazard on YVONNE Island can be 

239 attributed to Pu, an alpha emitter, 

the presence of undetermined amounts 

of aged fission products and activation 

products provides a significant amount 

of beta-gamma emitters to be of additional concern. 

It is intended to monitor all personnel, equipment, and areas for surface 

and airborne radioactive contamination emitting alpha, beta, and gamma 

radiation. 

A. Air Monitoring 

It is intended to sample for airborne contamination continuously in 

the immediate downwind area from the 

Fig. A. 5. Soil sampling RADEX area, YVONNE. 

-731-
soil-disturbing activities to detect and 

evaluate any resuspension of radioactivity. There are presently six StaQleX high-volume air samplers (22 Cfm 

with a Millipore filter, loaded) in 

storage on Enewetak. Two 1.5-kW 

Homelight gasoline-powered portable 

generators, appropriate transformers, 

and power cable are also on hand. 

Three units will be placed in the 

downwind area. The other three will 

remain as backup. Samples will be 

changed at the end of each workday. 

Although it is planned to operate the 

samplers only during working hours, 

it is possible to allow them complete 

24-hr operation if necessary. Additionally, two lapel-type, low-volume 

air samplers will be brought and will 

be placed one on the backhoe operator 

and one on a profile monitor for more 

realistic evaluation of breathing zone 

concentrations. Four small, lowvolume (3 cfm) portable air samplers 

will also be available and used where 

appropriate. 

Samples will be counted at Enewetak at the end of the day for gross 

activity and forwarded to LLL for further analysis. Daily results will be 

available to the sampling team leaders. 

B. Portable Survey Instruments 

Portable survey instrumentation, 

capable of detection of alpha, beta, 

and gamma radiations will be utilized. 

1. Alpha Monitoring 

Field alpha emitter detection 

will be done using an LLL modification of the PAC-1A alpha survey 

meter. This modification, termed 

the “LLL Blue 

more sensitive 

contamination 

used PAC -lS, 

creased probe 

Alphameter,” is 

to uniform surface 

than the previously 

partly due to inarea and partly due 

to decreased probe-to-surface distance. Since the instrument is a 

proportional air chamber probe, 

rather than a scintillating surface, 

it is not light-sensitive when 

punctured. 

Twelve LLL PAC-1A survey instruments with spare probes will 

be provided. It is also intended to 

have, as a backup, several PAC-1S 

survey instruments. 

2. Gamma Monitoring 

The basic instrument utilized by 

the survey for gamma detection is 

the low-range Baird-Atomic scintillator. The instrument, calibrated on 13’Cs is very rugged and 

has given excellent service in the 

field. It has sufficient range 

(o-3000 pR/hr) to be useful on most 

of YVONNE. Twelve Baird-Atomic 

Instruments are available on 

Enewetak. 

3. Beta-Gamma 

For higher 

rates and for 

tion capability, 

vey instrument 

Monitoring 

gamma exposure 

beta-emitter detecthe E500B G-M surwill be utilized. 

Four E500B instruments are available on Enewetak. 

4. Plutonium-Americium Monitoring 

Monitoring for 23gPu/24 ‘Am will 

be done with the FIDLER probe. 

This instrument can also be used to 

-732-
locate hot spots which may or may sary, portable battery-powered swipe 

not be plutonium or activated scrap counters are available on Enewetak. 

metal. Nine FIDLER instruments 

are available on Enewetak. V. COSTAMINATION CONTROLS 

C. Personnel Xlonitoring 

Personnel monitoring for external 

exposure to beta-gamma radiation will 

be accomplished utilizing the LLL 

TLD system. All individuals leaving 

Enewetak Island, engaged in AEC survey activities are issued an LLL TLD 

packet. This packet is worn on the 

upper body in the same manner as a 

film badge. All personnel landing on 

YVONNE will be required to wear 

their TLD packet. 

The TLD packets are turned in to 

the AEC Operations Coordinator prior 

to leaving Enewetak Atoll. The packets are then forwarded to LLL for 

reading and evaluation. 

A bioassay program to evaluate and 

document internal contamination and 

exposure will be conducted. This program is indicated in Part VII. 

D. Swipe Tests 

Swipe tests using disks of filter 

paper will be used to evaluate and 

detect removable surface contamination on equipment and area surfaces. 

A routine swipe program is presently 

in effect on Enewetak Island to detect 

contamination in Buildings 11 and 15. 

Equipment used on YVONNE will be 

swipe-tested and decontaminated, if 

necessary, prior to its leaving 

YVONNE. 

Swipes may be counted both in the 

field and at Enewetak. For both alpha 

and beta-gamma activity, as necesA. Personnel Contamination Controls 

Every effort will be made to prevent radioactive contamination of personnel. Initially, all personnel entering the YVONNE RADEX area or 

working at the hot line will be suited 

out in full anti-C clothing consisting of 

one pair of coveralls, totes, cotton 

gloves, and cloth hood. All seams 

will be taped. Those personnel collecting soil samples, displacing soil, 

or downwind from soil-displacing 

activities will wear an Acme full-face 

mask equipped with an Acme OAPR 

282 high-efficiency canister. Upon 

evaluation of the hazards and the effectiveness of contamination controls, the 

requirement for certain anti-C apparel 

may be waived by the health physicist 

in charge of the activity. 

All personnel exiting the hot-line 

area will do so through the hot-line 

station and will be monitored for alpha 

and beta-gamma contamination prior 

to, during, and after removing anti-C 

gear. Nose swipes will be taken after 

all anti-C gear is removed. Decontamination capability will be available 

at the hot line. Smoking and eating will 

not be permitted in the RADEX area. 

All contaminated anti-C gear will 

be removed and suitably packaged at 

the hot line. Contaminated waste produced by the survey effort will be collected, bagged, and stored on YVONNE 

until cleanup activities start, when 

such material may be disposed of. 

-733 
B. Equipment Contamination Controls 

All equipment utilized in the RADEX 

area will be monitored with portable 

survey instruments and swipe-tested. 

It will be decontaminated if necessary. 

C. Sample Contamination Controls 

Levels of radioactive contamination 

in soil samples taken from YVONNE 

Island’s northern portion can have considerable amounts of radioisotopes 

239 with high Pu levels not uncommon. 

Therefore, caution must be exercised 

to prevent not only cross-contamination 

between individual samples but also 

contamination of personnel, equipment, 

and storage areas utilized in the recovery and processing of these 

samples. 

1. Sample Collection 

Profile samples will be collected 

from pits dug into the sandy soil of 

YVONNE Island by backhoe ( 3- to 

4-ft profiles) and by hand (shallow 

l- to 2-ft profiles and surface coring). Samples will be carefully 

removed from the sidewalls of the 

pits with special sidewall sampling 

tools in approximately lo-cm 

increments. 

Each individual sample will be 

bagged at collection in a plastic bag 

and numbered. The sample will 

then be bagged twice more in heavy 

plastic bags to insure no breakage 

of bags and leakage of material. 

All samples from a single profile 

location will again be bagged in a 

single large plastic bag to keep all 

contents together for transfer to 

Enewetak. 

To reduce airborne contamination during this wmdy, dry season, 

all soil collection areas will be wet 

down with salt water prior to any 

soil disturbance activities. If necessary, additionalwatering may be performed if the soil dries out too much. 

2. Sample Monitorins 

All samples passing over the hot 

line on YVONNE will be monitored 

for external alpha contamination. 

Samples thus found contaminated 

will be bagged again and marked as 

having surface contamination on the 

inner bags. Every effort will be 

made to prevent contamination by 

soil samples. 

3. Segregation and Storage 

Soil samples from the northern 

portion of YVONNE will be segregated from samples taken from 

other locations and kept in a specially prepared, locked facility. 

The floors of the special storage 

area will be covered with a plastic 

sheet to provide for easy removal 

of contamination in case of leakage. 

4. Counting 

Selected samples removed from 

YVONNE may be counted for americium gamma activity. Care will 

be taken in transfer of these samples from the storage area to the 

counting room and return. It will 

not be necessary to open any individual sample bag and thus none 

are to be opened. Unless from bag 

breakage, no contamination should 

result from counting activities. 

-734-
1 

5. Sample Shipping 

The samples collected from the 

northern half of YVONNE Island 

may very well have specific activities high enough to be classified 

DOT Type A quantity, Group I shipments. All samples will be shipped 

to the Mainland (LLL) according to 

current DOT and USAF regulations. 

Appropriate shipping containers 

(DOT-approve’d paper tigers) will 

be utilized to accomplish this shipping effort. All labels, monitoring 

certificates, shipping documents, 

etc., will conform with all applicable regulations. 

VI. DECONTAMINATION 

A. Personnel Decontamination 

A personnel decontamination facility will be provided at the hot line. A 

salt-water shower and wash stand will 

be set up. Soap and scrub brushes, 

etc., will be available. Personnel will 

be monitored crossing the hot line and 

will be decontaminated as necessary. 

A freshwater shower and washing 

facilities will be available in the clean 

area. These facilities, an airconditioned rest area, and hot lunch 

facility will be available on the LCU 

tied to the personnel pier during the 

survey activity. 

B. Equipment Decontamination 

An equipment decontamination pad 

will be set up adjacent to the concrete 

landing ramp. A salt-water pump and 

washdown capability will be provided. 

All equipment will be monitored as it 

comes out of the RADEX area through 

the decon pad (see Section IX). If contaminated, :he equipment will be deconned at the pad. Effluent will flow 

back into the ground. 

VII. BIOASSAIAlthough every effort will be made 

to prevent personnel contamination, a 

comprehensive bioassay program will 

be followed to ascertain any internal 

contamination and document its absence 

or presence for the record and as an 

evaluation of the effectiveness of control measures. 

1. Nose Swipes 

Nose swipes will be taken from 

all personnel working in the area of 

airborne contamination immediately 

after the end of the work period 

when they remove their anti-C apparel. The swipes will be counted 

on Enewetak that evening. 

2. Urine Analysis 

A 24-hr collection sample of 

urine will be submitted by each 

YVONNE survey participant at the 

completion of the survey effort. 

These samples will be forwarded 

to the U. S. for analysis. 

3. Fecal Analysis 

Fecal samples will be submitted 

by personnel suspected of having 

internal plutonium contamination 

and others as required by the health 

physicist. These samples will be 

analyzed by counting with a FIDLER 

instrument in a fixed geometry on 

Enewetak Island. 

-735 
4. Whole-Body Counting 

Selected individuals known to be 

involved in the YVONNE sampling 

effort have already had baseline 

whole-body (lung) counts prior to 

their arrival on Enewetak. These 

individuals will be whole-body 

counted again upon the completion 

of the survey to evaluate any internal deposition acquired due to the 

sur;.ey effort. 

VIII. SAMPLING TEAM COMPOSITION 

In order to provide maximum 

safety and efficiency in the limited 

time available to the survey, and because of the difficulty of having men 

work in full anti-C gear, two full 

teams will be fielded each day, working alternate 2-hr shifts, if possible. 

These teams will consist of the following capabilities : 

1. Backhoe operator 

2. Backhoe monitor 

3. Sampler, profile (two each) 

4. Sampler, shallow profile and 

surface (two each) 

5. Health physicist 

Additionally, a single full-time hotline operator and an instrument technician will be required. A total of 16 

personnel will be involved in sampling 

operations on YVONNE. 

IX. CONTAMINATION CRITERIA 

For the purpose of this survey, no 

detectable radioactive contamination, 

fixed or removable, will be allowed on 

any personnel or equipment leaving 

YVONNE Island. “Iletectable ” means 

detectable on a portable instrument 

designed to measure that type of radiation, i.e., GM, PAC, CP, etc. 

-736-