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SHOTS ESS THROUGH MET AND SHOT ZUCCHINI 

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9 KEY WORDS on by block number) 

HA AFSWP 

ESS 

TEAPOT 

POST 

MET HADR 

ZUCCHINI APPLE 1 

Exercise Desert Rock VI 

by block 

This report describes the activities of DOD personnel, both military and civilian, in Shots ESS, HADR, APPLE 1, WASP PRIME, HA, POST, MET, and ZUCCHINI, the 

latter eight events of the TEAPOT atmospheric nuclear weapons test series. Sho 

APPLE 2, the next to the last TEAPOT test event, is described in a separate 

volume. These tests were conducted from March 23 to May 15, 1955 and involved 

participants from Exercise Desert Rock VI, AFSWP, AFSWC, AEC nuclear weapons 

development laboratories, and the Civil Effects Test Group. This volume also 

describes the radiological activities undertaken at each shot. 

1473 EDITION OF NOV OBSOLETE UNCLASSIFIED 

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USAF, under this work was done, wishes to the research and editing contribution of numerous in the military

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in 7. 

UNCLASSIFIED SECURITY CLASSIFICA T ION O F THIS 
PREFACE 

Between 1945 and 1962, the United States Government, through 

the Manhattan Engineer District and its successor agency, the 

Atomic Energy Commission (AEC), conducted 235 atmospheric nuclear 

weapons tests at sites in the southwestern U.S. and in the 

Pacific and Atlantic Oceans. In all, an estimated 220,000 

Department of Defense (DOD) participants, both military and 

civilian, were present at the tests. Approximately 90,000 of 

these participants were present at the nuclear weapons tests 

conducted at the Nevada Test Site (NTS), northwest of Las Vegas, 

Nevada. 

In 1977, 15 vears after the last above-ground weapons test, 

the Center for Disease Control* noted a possible leukemia cluster 

among a small group of soldiers present at Shot SMOKY, the 15th 

weapons-related test of Operation PLUMBBOB, the series of 

atmospheric nuclear weapons tests conducted in 1957. Since that 

initial report the Center for Disease Control, the Veterans 

Administration has received a number of claims for medical 

benefits from former military personnel who believe their health 

may have been affected by their participation in the atmospheric 

nuclear weapons tests. 

In late 1977, DOD began a study that provided data to both 

the Center for Disease Control and the Veterans Administration on 

possible exposures to ionizing radiation among its military and 

civilian personnel who participated in the atmospheric nuclear 

weapons tests 15 to 30 years earlier. The Department of Defense 

organized an effort to: 

• Identify DOD personnel who had taken part in the

atmospheric nuclear weapons tests 

*The Center for Disease Control, part of the U.S. Department 

of Health and Human Services (formerlv the U.S. Department

of Health, Education, and Welfare). 

1 
Determine the extent of the participants' exposure

to ionizing radiation 

• Provide public disclosure of information concerning 

participation by DOD personnel in the atmospheric

nuclear weapons tests. 

This report on seven nuclear tests of Operation TEAPOT is 

based on the historical record of military and technical 

documents associated with each of the nuclear weapons tests. 

These reports provide a public record of the activities and 

possible radiation exposure of DOD personnel, for ongoing public 

health research and policy analvsis. 

Many of the documents pertaining to DOD 

involvement during these seven shots of Operation TEAPOT were 

found in the Defense Nuclear Technical Library, the 

National Federal Archives Record Center, the Department of Energy 

Nevada Operations Office, the Los National Laboratory* 

Technical Library, and the Modern Military Branch of the National 

Archives. 

Commonly, the surviving historical documentation of 

activities conducted at Shots ESS, APPLE 1, WASP PRIME, HA, POST, 

MET, and ZUCCHINI addresses test specifications and technical 

information, rather than the personnel data critical to the studv 

undertaken bv the Defense Nuclear Agency. Moreover, instances 

have arisen in which available historical documentation has 

revealed inconsistencies in vital factual data, such as the 

number of DOD participants in a certain project at a given shot 

or their locations and assignments at a given time. These inconsistencies in data usually occur between two or more documents, 

but appear within the same document. Efforts have 

been made to resolve these data inconsistencies wherever possible, or to otherwise bring them to the attention of the reader. 

the Los Scientific Laboratory (LASL) 

2 
An important example of such discrepancies is the documentation dealing with air operations at Operation TEAPOT. Several 

and post-series documents were analyzed to determine the 

nature and extent of these air activities, including Parsons' 

Operational Summary (WT-1158) and Fackler's Technical Air 

Operations (WT-1206). The Operational Summary provides an 

overview of all activities conducted during the testing, 

primarily those of AFSWP. Technical Air Operations, however, is 

a more specific document, chronicling in detail the air operations of DOD personnel. Discrepancies as to numbers of aircraft 

actually participating in any single event exist between these 

two documents and other TEAPOT documents. When possible, these 

discrepancies were resolved through additional research. In 

those cases for which further research failed to resolve the 

problem, the Technical Air Operations report, WT-1206, was used 

because it deals specifically with air operations at TEAPOT and 

therefore is considered the more reliable document for determining the extent and nature of air operations. 

For several of the Desert Rock VI and Joint Test Organization (JTO) projects discussed in the TEAPOT volumes, the only 

historical documents available are the Sixth Army's Desert Rock 

VI Operations Orders and the Test Director's schedule of events 

from "Operation Order l-55." These sources detail the plans 

developed DOD and AEC personnel prior to the TEAPOT Series; 

they do not describe the projects as conducted at the NTS. 

After-action documents, such as the "Final Report of Operations 

for Exercise Desert Rock and the Weapons Tests Reports for 

AFSWP, summarize the projects performed during the TEAPOT Series, 

but do not always supply shot-specific information. Therefore, 

it is not known if all of the pro.jects addressed in the planning 

documents and discussed in this volume were conducted as 

planned. 
ORGANIZATION AND CONTENT OF TEAPOT SERIES REPORTS 

This volume details participation by DOD personnel in seven 

of the last eight events of the Operation TEAPOT nuclear weapons 

testing series. Four other publications address DOD activities 

during the TEAPOT Series: 

• Series Volume: Operation TEAPOT, Atmospheric

Nuclear Weapons Tests, 1955 

Multi-shot 

Volume: 

Shots WASP to HORNET, the First

Five TEAPOT Tests 

Shot Volume: Shot BEE 

Shot Volume: Shot APPLE 2. 

The volumes addressing the test events of Operation TEAPOT have 

been designed for use with one another. The Series volume 

contains information that applies to those dimensions of Operation TEAPOT that transcend specific events, such as historical 

background, organizational relationships, and radiological safety 

procedures. In addition, the TEAPOT Series volume contains a 

bibliography of works consulted in the preparation of all five 

Operation TEAPOT reports. The two single-shot volumes describe 

DOD participation in Shots BEE and APPLE 2. These two events 

have been bound separately because they included significant 

Exercise Desert Rock maneuvers involving large numbers of DOD 

personnel. Each multi-shot volume combines shot-specific 

descriptions for several nuclear events. The shot and multi-shot 

volumes contain reference lists only of the sources referenced in 

each text. Descriptions of activities concerning any particular 

shot in the TEAPOT Series, whether the shot is addressed in a 

single-shot volume or in a multi-shot volume, should be supplemented by the general, organizational, and radiological safety 

information contained in the TEAPOT Series volume. 

The information in these reports is supplemented by the 

Reference Manual: Background Materials for the Volumes, 

which contains summary information on radiation physics, 

4 
radiation health concepts, exposure criteria, and measurement 

techniques, as well as a list of acronyms and a glossary of terms 

used in the Nuclear Test Personnel Review reports addressing test 

events in the continental U.S. 

5 
TABLE OF CONTENTS 

Chapter Page 

PREFACE .......................... 1 

LIST OF ILLUSTRATIONS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10 

LIST OF TABLES. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12 

LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS AND ACRONYMS. . . . . . . . . . . . . 13 

INTRODUCTION 

1.1 Department of Defense Involvement in Joint

Test Organization Activities at the

Final TEAPOT Events . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 18 

1.2 Exercise Desert Rock VI Activities at 

the Final Seven TEAPOT Events . . . . . . . . . . . 20 

1.3 Organization of the Shots ESS to MET and 

Shot ZUCCHINI Volume. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 21 

SHOT ESS 

Shot ESS Svnopsis. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 23 

2.1 Exercise Desert Rock VI Operations 

at Shot ESS .................... 25 

2.1.1 Troop Orientation and

Indoctrination Projects . . . . . . . . . . 27 

2.1.2 Troop Tests. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 29 

2.1.3 Technical Service . . . . . . . . . 31 

2.2 Department of Defense Participation in

Military Effects, Scientific, Operational 

Training, and Support Activities at Shot ESS. . . . 35 

2.2.1 Department of Defense Participation in 

Military Effects Group . . . . . . 2.2.2 Department of Defense 

in CETG . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 51 

2.2.3 Department of Defense Operational

Training Projects. . . . . . . . . . . . . . 52 

2.2.4 Air Force Special Weapons Center

Activities . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 53 

2.3 Radiation Protection at Shot ESS. . . . . . . . . . 55 
TABLE OF CONTENTS (Continued) 

Chapter Page 

3 SHOT APPLE 1 

Shot APPLE 1 Synopsis. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 62 

3.1 Exercise Desert Rock VI Operations 

at Shot APPLE 1 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 63 

3.1.1 Troop Orientation and 

Indoctrination . . . . . . 66 

3.1.2 Troop Test . . . . . . . . . . . . . 66 

3.1.3 Technical Service . . . . . 68 

3.2 Department of Defense Participation in 

Military Effects, Scientific, Operational 

Training, and Support Activities at

Shot APPLE 1. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 70 

3.2.1 Department of Defense

Participation in Military 

Effects Group . . . . . . . 70 

3.2.2 Department of Defense Participation

in LASL and UCRL Test Group

Projects . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 83 

3.2.3 Department of Defense Participation

in CETG Projects . . . . . . . . . . 84 

3.2.4 Department of Defense 

Operational Training . . . 85 

3.2.5 Air Force Special Weapons Center

Activities . . . . . . . . . . . . . 87 

3.3 Radiation Protection at Shot APPLE 1. . . . 90 

4 SHOT WASP PRIME 

Shot WASP PRIME Svnopsis . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 98 

4.1 Exercise Desert Rock VI Operations at

Shot WASP PRIME . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 100 

4.1.1 Troop Test ................. 100 

4.1.2 Technical Service Projects ......... 101 

4.2 Department of Defense Participation in

Military Effects, Scientific, Operational 

Training, and Support Activities at

Shot WASP PRIME . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 102 

7 
TABLE OF CONTENTS (Continued) 

Chapter Page 

4.2.1 Department of Defense Participation in 

Military Effects Group . . . . . . . 102 

4.2.2 Department of Defense Participation

in LASL Test Group Projects. . . . . . . . . 109 

4.2.3 Department of Defense Participation

in CETG . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 109 

4.2.4 Department of Defense

Operational Training Projects. . . . . . . . 110 

4.2.5 Air Force Weapons

Center Activities. . . . . . . . . . . . . . 111 

4.3 Radiation Protection at Shot WASP PRIME . . . . . . 114 

5 SHOT HA 

Shot HA Synopsis . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 120 

5.1 Department of Defense Participation in

Military Effects, Scientific, Operational

Training, and Support Activities at Shot HA . . . . 123 

5.1.1 Department of Defense Participation in 

Military Effects Group . . . . . . . 123 

5.1.2 Department of Defense Participation

in LASL Test Group . . . . . . . . . 131 

5.1.3 Department of Defense Participation 

in CETG Projects . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 132 

5.1.4 Department of Defense Operational

Training . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 132 

5.1.5 Air Force Special Weapons Center

Activities . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 134 

5.2 Radiation Protection at Shot HA . . . . . . . . . . 136 

6 SHOT POST 

Shot POST Synopsis . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 139 

6.1 Exercise Desert Rock VI Operations

at Shot POST. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 140 

6.2 Department of Defense Participation in

Military Effects, Scientific, Operational

Training, and Support Activities

at Shot POST. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 141 
TABLE OF CONTENTS (Continued) 

Chapter 

6.2.1 Department of Defense Participation in 

Military Effects Group Projects. . . . . . . 

6.2.2 Department of Defense Participation

in LASL and UCKL Test Group Projects . . . .

6.2.3 Department of Defense Participation

in CETG Projects . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

6.2.4 Department of Defense Operational

Training Projects. . . . . . . . . . . . . . 

6.2.5 Air Force Special Weapons Center

Activities . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 

Page 

142 

149 

149 

150 

151 

6.3 Radiation Protection at Shot POST . . . . . . . . . 154 

7 SHOT MET 

Shot MET Svnopsis. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 160 

7.1 Exercise Desert Rock VI Operations at

161 

7.1.1 

7.1.2 

7.1.3 

Troop Orientation and Indoctrination

Program. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 

Troop Test . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Technical Service Projects . . . . . . . . . 

164 

164 

166 

7.2 Department of Defense Participation in

Military Effects, Scientific, Operational

Training, and Support Activities 

at 169 

7.2.1 Department of Defense Participation in

Military Effects Group Projects. . . . . . . 

7.2.2 Department of Defense Participation

in LASL and LJCRL Test Group Projects . . . . 

7.2.3 Department of Defense Participation

in CETG . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7.2.4 Department of Defense Operational 

Training Projects. . . . . . . . . . . . . . 

7.2.5 Air Force Special Weapons Center

Activities . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 

170 

193 

193 

194 

196 

7.3 Radiation Protection at Shot MET. . . . . . . . . . 199 

9 
TARLE OF CONTENTS (Continued) 

Chapter Page 

8 SHOT ZUCCHINI 

Shot ZUCCHINI Svnopsis . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 207 

8.1 Department of Defense Participation in

Military Effects, Scientific, Operational

Training, and Support Activities at

Shot ZUCCHINI . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 208 

8.1.1 Department of Defense Participation in 

Military Effects Group Projects. . . . . . . 209 

8.1.2 Department of Defense Participation

in LASL Test . . . . . . . . . . . . 213 

8.1.3 Department of Defense 

Operational Training Projects . . . . . . . 213 

8.1.4 Air Force Special Weapons Center

Activities . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 215 

8.2 Radiation Protection at Shot ZUCCHINI . . . . . . . 218 

REFERENCE LIST. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 223 

LIST OF ILLUSTRATIONS 

Figure Page 

l-l Location of Shots ESS, HADR, APPLE 1, WASP PRIME, 

POST, MET, and ZUCCHINI in the Nevada 

Test Site in Relation to Other Shots in the 

TEAPOT Series. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 17 

2-l Forward Positions of DOD Personnel at Shot-time 

........................ 26 

2-2 Desert Rock Observers Watch ESS Detonation 8,230 

Meters from Ground Zero. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 28 

2-3 Project 2.6 Personnel Place Mannequins to Collect

Data on Radiation and its Contribution to Body Dose. . 46 

2-4 Initial Survey for Shot ESS, 23 March 1955, 

1310 to 1450 Hours . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 57 
LIST OF ILLUSTRATIONS (Continued) 

Figure Page 

2-5 Resurveys for Shot ESS ................ 59 

3-l Forward Positions of DOD Personnel at Shot-time 

3-3 Radiological Safety Personnel of the 50th Chemical 

4-l Initial for Shot WASP PRIME, 29 March 1955, 

6-1 Initial Survey for Shot POST, 9 April 1955, 

7-1 Forward Positions of DOD Personnel at 

7-2 Desert Rock Personnel Observe MET Detonation 

Initial Survey for Shot ZUCCHINI, 15 Mav 1955, 

8-2 Resurvey for Shot ZUCCHINI, 16 May 1955, 

.. .................... 64 

3-2 Army Observers Examine Damaged Vehicle after APPLE 1 . 67 

Service Platoon Measures the Radioactivity of a

Piece of Metal from the APPLE 1 Tower. ........ 91 

3-4 Initial Survey for Shot APPLE 1, 29 March 1955,

0527 to 0640 Hours .................. 94 

3-5 Resurveys for Shot APPLE 1 .............. 95 

1033 to 1110 Hours .................. 116 

4-2 Resurveys for Shot WASP PRIME. ............ 117 

0455 to 0600 Hours ................ . 156 

6-2 Resurveys for Shot POST. ............... 158 

Shot-time for MET. .................. 162 

in Frenchman Flat. .................. 165 

7-3 Initial Survey for Shot MET, 15 April 1955,

1150 to 1305 Hours .................. 204 

7-4 Resurveys FOR SHOT MET ................ 205 

0528 to 0617 Hours .................. 220 

0832 to 0922 Hours .................. 221 

11 
LIST OF TABLES 

Table Page 

Summary of the Final Operation TEAPOT Events . . . . . 16 

2-1 Exercise Desert Rock VI Projects, Shot ESS 

2-3 Test Group Projects with Department of Defense 

. . . . . . 27 

2-2 Units and Agencies in Desert Rock 40.9 . . . . 32 

Participation, Shot ESS. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 37 

3-l Exercise Desert Rock VI Projects, Shot APPLE 1 . . . . 65 

3-2 Test Group with Department of Defense

Participation, Shot APPLE 1. . . . . . . . . . . . . . 71 

4-l Exercise Desert Rock VI Projects, Shot WASP PRIME. . . 100 

4-2 Test Group Projects with Department of Defense

Participation, Shot WASP PRIME . . . . . . . . . . . . 103 

5-l Test Group Projects with Department of Defense

Participation, Shot HA . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 124 

6-l Test Group Projects with Department of Defense

Participation, Shot POST . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 143 

7-l Exercise Desert Rock VI Projects, Shot MET . . . . . . 163 

7-2 Test Group Projects with Department of Defense

Participation, Shot MET. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 171 

Test Group Projects with Department of Defense

Participation, Shot ZUCCHINI . . . . . . . . . . . . . 210 

12 
LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS AND ACRONYMS 

The following abbreviations and acronyms are used in this volume: 

AEC 

AFB 

Atomic Energy Commission 

Air Force Base 

AFSWC 

AFSWP 

BJY 

CETG 

Air Force Special Weapons Center 

Armed Forces Special Weapons Project

Buster-Jangle

Civil Effects Test Group

Continental United States 

DOD 

DWET 

EG and 

FCDA 

G 

Department of Defense

Directorate Weapons Effects Tests 

Edgerton, Germeshausen, and Grier

Federal Civil Defense Administration 

IBDA 

GZ 

Indirect Bomb Damage Assessment

Ground Zero 

JTO 

LASL 

NTS 

Joint Test Organization

Los Scientific Laboratory 

Nevada Test Site 

OCAFF 

UCRL 

USAF 

Office, Chief of Army Field Forces

Reynolds Electrical and Engineering Company

Roentgens per hour

University of California Radiation Laboratory

United States Air Force 

UTM Universal Transverse Mercator 

13 
CHAPTER 1 

INTRODUCTION 

Shots ESS, APPLE 1, WASP PRIME, HA, POST, MET, and ZUCCHINI 

were tests of nuclear devices conducted between 23 March and 15 

May 1955 at the Nevada Test Site (NTS), the U.S. Atomic Energy 

Commission (AEC) continental nuclear test site located northwest 

of Las Vegas. These were seven of the last eight nuclear test 

events of Operation TEAPOT,* a series of 14 nuclear weapons tests 

and one non-nuclear test performed between 18 February and 15 May 

1955. Shot HADR was a non-nuclear dry run for the HA (High Altitude) detonation. HADR is discussed with Shot HA in chapter 5. 

The devices detonated at Shots APPLE 1, WASP PRIME, POST, 

and ZUCCHINI, were tests sponsored by the Los Scientific 

Laboratory (LASL) or the University of California Radiation 

Laboratory (UCRL), the two AEC nuclear weapons development 

laboratories. The remaining three nuclear devices, detonated at 

Shots ESS, HA, MET, were weapons previously developed and 

tested by the weapons laboratories and drawn from the nuclear 

arsenal. These events were sponsored by the Department of 

Defense (DOD). ESS and HA were used to test specific militarv 

applications and MET, as the acronym implies, was a "military 

effects test." The primarv objective of the seven nuclear tests 

was to evaluate the nuclear yield and the blast, thermal, and 

radiation phenomena produced by the devices. To fulfill this 

objective, LASL and UCRL test groups conducted scientific 

experiments to measure the physical characteristics of the detonations. The Armed Forces Special Weapons Project 

*Shot APPLE 2 was conducted within this same time span, on 5 May, 

1955, between Shot MET and Shot ZUCCHINI. However, because of 

the large number of DOD participants, more than 2,000 individuals, Shot APPLE 2 is discussed in a separate shot volume. 

14 
(AFSWP) Field Command Military Effects Group conducted projects 

to evaluate the utility of the four developmental devices for 

military applications, and to investigate additional requirements 

for future nuclear weapons development at all seven test events. 

A number of other activities related to the conditions and 

phenomena produced by a nuclear detonation were also conducted at 

the tests. DOD conducted operational training projects to test 

service tactics and equipment and to train personnel in the 

effects of a nuclear detonation. The Federal Civil Defense 

Administration (FCDA) Civil Effects Test Group (CETG) conducted 

projects to assess the effects of nuclear detonations on civilian 

populations, products, and food supplies, and to evaluate Civil 

Defense emergency preparedness plans. The armed services also 

fielded projects to evaluate military equipment and tactics as 

part of Exercise Desert Rock VI, the Army technical testing and 

training program at Operation TEAPOT. 

Table summarizes the last nine tests of the TEAPOT 

Series, including the non-nuclear Shot HADR, and Shot APPLE 2, 

which is discussed in a separate volume. The table provides 

information such as dates of shots, the UTM coordinates* of the 

points of detonation, the heights of burst+ and the explosive 

yields. Figure l-l displays a map of the NTS in 1955, with the 

positions of each of the TEAPOT tests. 

*Universal Transverse Mercator (UTM) coordinates are used in this 

report. The first three digits refer to a point on an east-west

axis, and the second three refer to a point on a north-south 

axis. The point so designated is the southwest corner of an 

area meters square. 

are measured from mean sea level while heights are

measured from the ground. All vertical distances are given in

feet. Yucca Flat, the area of the NTS where six of the nuclear 

events were tested, is about 4,000 feet above sea level. 

Frenchman Flat, the location of the MET detonation, is about 

3,000 feet above sea level. 

15 
1955 

Table l-l: SUMMARY OF THE FINAL OPERATION TEAPOT EVENTS 

 

 

 

 

- -

4 a aI 

8 

38,000t 300 500 

22 29 

16 
‘2 

News Nob 

North 

TESLA 

POST 

I ZUCCHINI 

WASP 

WASP PRIME

 MOTH 

HORNET 

MET 

Camp Mercury 

-

1

-

-

-

-

-

TURK 

APPLE 1 

APPLE 2 

HA . I - HADR f 

Figure l-l: LOCATION OF SHOTS ESS, HADR, APPLE 1, WASP HA, POST, 

MET, AND ZUCCHINI IN THE NEVADA TEST SITE 

17 
1.1 DEPARTMENT OF DEFENSE INVOLVEMENT IN JOINT TEST ORGANIZATION 

ACTIVITIES AT THE FINAL TEAPOT EVENTS 

The Joint Test Organization was established for 

planning, coordinating, and conducting all nuclear weapons tests 

during Operation TEAPOT. All activities were under the control 

of an AEC-appointed Test Manager assisted bv the Test Director. 

The JTO was composed of personnel from AEC, DOD, and FCDA. These 

personnel were assigned to four test groups: the AFSWP 

Militarv Effects Group, the LASL Test Group, the UCRL Test Group, 

and the FCDA Civil Effects Test Group. In addition to the 

of the test groups, the DOD conducted operational training 

and support activities. Two areas of support for in 

which DOD personnel were active were the 1st Radiological 

Support of Ft. McClellan, Alabama, with 112 soldiers 

providing radiological safetv monitoring, and AFSWC air 

and ground personnel, providing air traffic control and air 

support. 

Overall, the most extensive DOD participation in the 

test groups was in the Militarv Effects Group, designed to 

vield and weapons effects characteristics in order to understand 

the militarilv useful effects of nuclear weapons for offensive 

and defensive deplovmcnt. Personnel from DOD agencies and the 

four armed services also assisted in the experiments conducted hv 

LASL, UCRL, and CETG, but participation was limited and difficult 

to determine. The portion of DOD participation in these 

experiments was performed the AFSWC 4926th Test Squadron 

(Sampling) in LASL and radiochemistrv cloud sampling 

The DOD operational training designed to test 

service tactics and equipment and to train militarv personnel in 

nuclear detonation effects, were conducted at each of the seven 

shots. Most of the projects were conducted bv the Air Force, 

although the Navv and the Marine Corps also conducted operational 

training projects. 

18 
 

 

The Air Force Special Weapons Center (AFSWC), at Kirtland 

Air Force Base New Mexico, exercised operational control 

of militarv aircraft in the area of the NTS during 

TEAPOT and provided air support to the Test Manager and to 

test group AFSWC was composed of units of the 4925th 

Test Group (Atomic), including the 4926th Test Squadron 

(Sampling) and the 4935th Air Base Squadron. These units 

operated out of Indian Springs AFB, kilometers southeast of 

the NTS, and were supported the 4900th Air Base Group* 

stationed at Kirtland AFB. In all, about AFSWC air and 

ground personnel provided air support to projects, conducting 

cloud-sampling and cloud-tracking missions; performing the airdrops for WASP PRIME, HA, and the non-nuclear High Altitude Dress 

Rehearsal test events; and providing courier, and 

transportation services. 

Radiation protection procedures established the are 

detailed in the TEAPOT Series volume. These safetv procedures 

were designed to minimize exposure to ionizing radiation bv 

limiting anv exposures to no more than 3.9 roentgens of 

whole-bodv gamma for period and 15 roentgens 

annuallv. To implement these criteria, the 1st Radiological 

Safety Support controlled access to radiation areas within 

the after each detonation. personnel recovering 

test instruments from highly radioactive areas were accompanied 

radiological monitors. These monitors 

the radiation intensity in the area and alerted 

the project leaders if intensities were too high or the length of 

time in the area was too long. To monitor cumulative exposures, 

personnel were issued film badges to wear at all times 

when in the shot areas. These film collected, 

*Prior to Mav the 4900th Air Base Group was called the 

Air Base Wing. Because the ended the Series as the 

it will be called the Air Base Group throughout

the volume. 
developed, and evaluated at certain intervals. Any individual 

whose accumulated dose approached or exceeded the established 

limits was barred from further access to the forward test area. 

The 1st Radiological Safetv Support also implemented 

personnel decontamination procedures and developed 

evacuation plans for all test events, although none were 

(12; 

The radiation protection procedures for AFSWC included the 

same exposure limits for and ground crew personnel as 

those established for JTO personnel, with the special exception 

of the of These AFSWC personnel were 

authorized the AEC Test Manager to receive a cumulative 

of 15 roentgens of gamma radiation throughout the TEAPOT 

Series Complete decontamination, including removal of 

protective clothing and showers, was required of all aircrew 

after each project mission, regardless of the exposure 

received on the flight. Aircraft were decontaminated by washing 

or were isolated radiation intensities had decayed to 

levels (35; 

1.2 EXERCISE DESERT ROCK VI ACTIVITIES AT THE FINAL SEVEN TEAPOT 

EVENTS 

Most of the DOD personnel involved in Shots ESS, APPLE 1, 

WASP PRIME, POST, and MET were participants in the 

fielded bv Exercise Desert Rock VI, the Armv testing and training 

program conducted during Operation TEAPOT. No Desert Rock 

exercises were conducted at Shots HA and ZUCCHINI. The projects 

included troop orientation and indoctrination troop 

tests, and technical service 

All sources cited in the text are listed and 

numbered in the Reference List, appended to this volume. The 

given in the citation in the text is of the 

source document in the Reference List. 
In addition to the Desert Rock exercise troops, Camp Desert 

Rock troops from various Army units provided communication, 

transportation, traffic control, and radiological safetv 

monitoring for Desert Rock projects at the five shots. The 

soldiers from the Chemical Service Platoon provided radiological safety monitoring for Desert Rock personnel in the shot 

areas following each detonation (54). 

Radiation protection procedures for Exercise Desert Rock VI, 

like those for the are detailed in the TEAPOT 

Series volume. Procedures were designed to minimize potential 

exposure to ionizing radiation while allowing participants to 

accomplish their objectives. Camp Desert Rock personnel 

and exercise participants were limited to no more than six 

roentgens of whole-bodv gamma radiation during six-month 

period. The radiation protection procedures of Exercise Desert 

Rock VI included provisions for: 

Maintaining minimum distances from nuclear 

detonations 

protective procedures personnel observing

the detonations 

Controlling access to radiation areas 

Monitoring individuals working in radiation areas 

Film badging and monitoring the cumulative exposure of

Desert Rock personnel 

Decontaminating all equipment and personnel leaving the

shot area after each detonation. 

1.3 ORGANIZATION OF THE SHOTS ESS TO MET AND SHOT ZUCCHINI 

This chapter has addressed the setting and general 

characteristics of the final seven TEAPOT test events, with the 

exception of APPLE 2, and introduced the Desert Rock 

maneuvers and those activities in which DOD personnel 

participated. 

21 
The remaining seven chapters address each of the TEAPOT 

tests in turn. Each chapter describes the specific setting and 

characteristics of one detonation, details DOD personnel 

activities in the militarv effects, scientific, training, and 

support activities performed bv Exercise Desert Rock VI, JTO, and 

AFSWC, and discusses the radiation protection procedures 

implemented to minimize the potential for unauthorized exposures 

to ionizing radiation. Details of the overall radiation 

protection program at Operation TEAPOT are provided in the Series 
ESS 

SHOT SYNOPSIS 

AEC TEST SERIES: TEAPOT 

DOD EXERCISES: Desert Rock VI 

DATE/TIME: 

YIELD: 

23 March 1955, 1230 Hours 

1 kiloton 

HEIGHT OF BURST: -67 feet (subsurface) 

Purpose of Test: To test a nuclear weapon for possible

inclusion in the nuclear arsenal as an atomic 

demolition munition (ADM). 

Objectives: (1) To emplace and test the atomic demolition

munition. 

(2) To allow DOD personnel to observe a test

of an atomic demolition munition. 

Weather: At shot-time, the surface temperature was at 

c.; pressure at 883 millibars; winds from 

the northwest at 10 knots at the surface 

gradually increasing to about 25 knots

northwest at 10,000 feet. 

Radiation Data: During the initial survey, taken from 1310 to

1450 hours on shot-day, fallout greater 

than 0.01 R/h occurred mainly east-southeast

of ground zero, but extended up to 2,500

meters southwest of ground zero. 

Participants: Atomic Energy Commission, Exercise Desert Rock

participants, Armed Forces Special Weapons

Project, Air Force Special Weapons Center and 

other Air Force personnel, Federal Civil

Defense Administration, contractors, DOD

laboratories. 

23 
CHAPTER 2 

SHOT ESS 

Shot ESS, the seventh nuclear test of Operation TEAPOT, was 

the onlv nuclear device of the Series to be detonated underground. Originallv planned for 15 March 1955, the detonation was 

postponed until 0900 hours on 23 March because of technical and 

weather delays. Changing wind directions caused a final of 

three and one half hours, until 1230 hours. The ESS event, 

sponsored by the Department of Defense (DOD), was an operational 

test of an atomic demolition munition (ADM) and was detonated 67 

feet underground in Area 10 of Yucca Flat, at UTM coordinates 

849138. The yield of the device was one kiloton (30). The cloud 

top reached a maximum height of 12,000 feet. The nuclear cloud 

and subsequent fallout drifted in an easterly Fallout 

was detected as far as 225 kilometers * from ground zero (35; 41; 

Because the ADM was buried underground, the detonation blew 

tons of earth upward, creating a crater meters in diameter and 

96 feet deep. Ten minutes after the blast, monitoring of the ESS 

crater indicated a radiation intensitv of R/h. Radiation 

levels in the fallout pattern included some residual radiation 

from Shot BEE, detonated one day earlier, on 22 March in Area 7. 

No aircraft except survey helicopters were allowed a 

radius of the crater for three days after the 

detonation (35; 69). 

At shot-time, more than 300 military personnel from the 

Army, Marine Corps, and Air Force were positioned in the 

*Throughout this report, surface distances are given in metric

units. The metric conversion factors include: 1 meter = 

feet; 1 meter = 1.09 vards; and 1 kilometer = 0.62 miles. 

24 
open 8,230 meters southwest of ground zero to observe. An 

estimated 168 Navy personnel were also present to perform a 

Passive Defense Training project. In addition, Army personnel 

from a task unit of the 271st Engineer Combat Battalion had 

prepared the shaft for the test, and an eight-man team from 

Company B, 10th Ordnance Battalion (Special Weapons Support) 

Weapons Assembly Team had helped with delivering and assembling 

the device. Additional Army personnel from Battery C (-),* 532nd 

Field Artillerv (Observation) Battalion occupied ten instrumented 

bunker stations between 11 and 20 kilometers south of ground zero 

to determine the location and yield of the detonation. Other DOD 

personnel in the shot area included those performing radiological 

safety functions, Military Effects Group projects, and one 

operational training project. The Air Force used ESS to simulate 

a nuclear bomb drop from a low altitude. To perform this 

simulation, a jet fighter flew due north over the BUSTER-JANGLE 

(BJY) and toward ground zero at a very low altitude, probably 

less than 5,000 feet, seconds before the detonation. The 

aircraft climbed straight up before the device was fired in an 

escape maneuver. Figure 2-1 indicates the location of DOD 

personnel in the shot area at the time of the detonation. 

DOD participants at Shot ESS took part in Exercise Desert 

Rock activities, scientific and military effects experiments, and 

support missions, as described in this chapter. An account of 

the radiological situation created by Shot ESS, along with the 

procedures used to minimize the exposure of DOD participants to 

ionizing radiation, is summarized at the end of the chapter. 

2.1 EXERCISE DESERT ROCK VI OPERATIONS AT SHOT ESS 

Almost 800 Desert Rock exercise and support troops took part 

in three troop orientation and indoctrination projects, two troop 

*Some subordinate units were not present. 

25 
74 75 76 77 78 79 8 1 82 83 84 85 86 87 88 89 91 92 93 73 

I I 1 1 I 1 I 1 1 I I I 

ESS 

N 

DESERT ROCK VI 

Observers 

BJY 

•

•

•

 15 

14 

13 

12

 11

 10 

-09 

06 

05 

-04

 03

 02 

01 

-00

 99

 98

 97 

SHOT ESS AREA 10 

23 MARCH 1955 

• Project 40.18 Project 9.1 

Project 

Project 6.3 

Radiation Safety 

 Project 40.3 

94 

93 

92 

91 

90 

Figure Z-l: FORWARD POSITIONS OF DOD PERSONNEL AT SHOT-TIME FOR ESS 

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

•• •
tests, and two technical service projects. Camp Desert Rock 

personnel were also present to observe the shot, but they were 

not part of a numbered project. Table 2-l lists Desert Rock VI 

activities at ESS, including the numbers and titles of the programs and projects, the project sponsors, the estimated numbers 

of DOD participants, and the service units involved in the 

projects. 

Table 2-1: EXERCISE DESERT ROCK VI PROJECTS, SHOT ESS 

and 

Artillery (Observation) Battalion 

40.21 Ordnance Research Laboratones; 

Equipment Test 573rd Ordnance Company; 

Detroit Arsenal: 

Warfare 

Unknown 

2.1.1 Troop Orientation and Indoctrination Projects 

Three troop orientation and indoctrination groups 

and group of Camp Desert Rock support troops watched the ESS 

detonation in open terrain 8,230 meters southwest of the ESS 

surface zero, at UTM coordinates 773104. In addition, participants in the Navy Passive Defense Training observed the 

shot from this location (54; 56; 58; 88). Figure 2-2 shows the 

observers watching the ESS detonation. All observers took part 

27 

in the same orientation and training activities prior to the 

event. 

The observers proceeded through the Camp Mercury security 

gate on shot-day and traveled north on Mercury Highway, reaching 

the observation site at about 0800 hours, one hour before the 

scheduled shot-time. At some point before 0900 hours, it was 

announced that the shot was delayed. The troops remained at the 

observer location. Following preshot checks and orientation, 

they waited through the countdown to the detonation at 1230 

hours. Twenty minutes after the shot, the observers boarded 

buses for the return trip to Camp Desert Rock (43; 54; 56; 58; 

88). 

2.1.2 Troop Tests 

Two troop tests were conducted to provide data on military 

tactics and doctrine, and to train command and staff personnel in 

planning and conducting combat operations under the anticipated 

conditions of a nuclear battlefield. 

40.16, Army Test of Atomic Demolition Munitions, was 

the task of placing and testing the atomic demolition munition 

detonated at the ESS event. The project was conducted by a task 

unit of ten officers and 200 enlisted men from the 271st Engineer 

Combat Battalion. The task unit included eight men from Company 

B, 10th Ordnance Battalion (SWS), * who comprised the Forward 

Assembly Team. Between 1 and 20 November 1954, the unit trained 

at the Army's Engineer School, Fort Belvoir, Virginia. 

On 6 January 1955, the engineer task unit from the 271st 

Engineer Combat Battalion arrived at Camp Desert Rock, and was 

joined on 24 January by the Forward Assembly Team, the arming and 

*Special Weapons Section 

29 
firing segment of the project team. On February 1, combined 

troop training with an eight-man Forward Assembly Team began at 

Camp Desert Rock. When training was completed, the engineer 

task unit moved to the designated shot area of the NTS and began 

excavating a shaft 70 feet deep and 10.5 feet in diameter. This 

task took several weeks to complete. At 0100 hours on 23 March, 

the assemblv party, consisting of nine military personnel from 

the engineer task unit and the team of special weapons personnel, 

proceeded to Area 10 to place the ESS device. This task was 

expected to take approximatelv two hours. At 0330 hours, the 

arming party left the Control Point and traveled to Area 10 to 

arm the weapon. In addition to the arming party, 36 men of the 

task unit were present in the shot area to finish backfilling the 

shaft. By 0600 hours, or dawn on shot-day, the arming party and 

the task unit personnel probably completed their work and 

proceeded to the Desert Rock observation area, to await the 

detonation. They returned to Camp Desert Rock with the observers 

shortlv after the detonation (4; 54; 58; 60; 88). 

Project 40.18, Location of Atomic Bursts, performed by 

Battery C 532nd Field Artillery (Observation) Battalion, 

examined the suitability of conventional military equipment, 

procedures, and techniques developed by The Artillery School for 

locating nuclear bursts. 

The project required 53 personnel to establish and occupy 

ten observation stations during the detonation. Their mission 

was to establish a three-dimensional location of the detonation 

by monitoring AN/TVS-l cameras, MK-11 Bhangmeters, 

radar sets and microphones. The ten stations were at the 

following locations (54; 58; 88): 

30 
STATION UTM COORDINATES 

Flash Control Point 794964 

Station 834945 

Station 824953 

Station 810961 

Station 789969 

Station 775976 

Station 758985 

Sound Control Point 1 862014 

Sound Control Point 2 810030 

Radar 800912 

These stations were positioned to approximate the standard 

deployment of an observation battery under tactical conditions. 

Thev were located several kilometers apart, along a northwest to 

southeast line 11 to 20 kilometers south of ground zero. 

The ten stations were to be occupied from about 1630 hours 

on the dav before the event until just after the detonation. 

During the event, project personnel attempted to identify the 

position of the detonation on a three-dimensional grid and to 

assess the yield of the device. Following the test, project 

personnel returned to Camp Desert Rock (54; 58; 

2.1.3 Technical Service Projects 

TWO technical service were conducted to train 

personnel in the effects of nuclear detonations on vehicles and 

to determine how to establish safe working conditions in and near 

radiation areas. 

Project 40.9, Navy Passive Defense Training, was conducted 

by the of Ships, with technical direction provided by the 

Naval Radiological Defense Laboratory. The project at ESS was 

used to train 168 Navy civilian shipyard and laboratory personnel 

in establishing safe working conditions close to a nuclear detonation. These men were stationed at Camp Desert Rock from 16 to 

30 March to participate in this exercise. Table 2-2 indicates 

the agencies participating in Project 40.9 (31; 

31 
Table 2-2: UNITS AND AGENCIES IN DESERT ROCK PROJECT 40.9 

Boston Naval Shipyard 

Bureau of Medicine and Surgery 

Bureau of Ships 

Bureau of Supplies and Accounts 

Bureau of Yards and Docks 

Charleston Naval Shipyard 

Chief of Naval Operations 

David Taylor Model Basin 

Long Beach Naval Shipyard 

Mare Island Naval Shipyard 

Naval Electronics Laboratory 

Naval Engineer Experimentation Station 

Naval Gun Factory 

Naval Radiological Defense Laboratory 

Naval Repair 

Navy Mine Countermeasures Station 

New York Naval Shipyard and Materiel Laboratory 

Norfolk Naval Shipyard 

Pearl Harbor Naval Shipyard 

Philadelphia Naval Shipyard 

Portsmouth Naval Shipyard 

Puget Sound Naval Shipyard 

San Francisco Naval Shipyard 

Underwater Sound Naval Laboratory 

9th Naval District, Chicago 

32 
Upon arrival at Camp Desert Rock, project participants were 

assigned to six emergency recovery units. In addition to 

trainees, each unit, organized according to the Navy Passive 

Defense Manual, included a commander, a personnel officer, an 

electronics officer, a dosimetry officer, a transportation 

officer, and an operations officer for each day's field activities. These positions were filled by personnel from within the 

training unit. In addition, each unit was assigned two instructors from the Naval Radiological Defense Laboratory. 

Each unit was assigned one truck and four jeeps, one of 

which was equipped with a radio. Personnel were issued trousers, 

jackets, field shoes, parkas, and gloves. Protective clothing, 

such as booties, high-density goggles, coveralls, caps, and 

respirators, was distributed as required. Each unit was issued 

equipment for monitoring radiation levels encountered in 

the field, portable communications equipment, dosimeters, and 

film badges. 

The emergency recovery units spent 18 March in orientation 

briefings and processing, and attended a series of courses on 

radiation and dosimetry techniques and procedures on 19 March. 

On 20 March, the units participated in field training exercises 

designed to familiarize personnel with the area in which their 

activities would be conducted. The units spent 21 March at 

briefings. The schedule for 22 March, the day before shot-day, 

was arranged to permit personnel to watch the BEE detonation 

planned for that morning. All units, at full strength, observed 

Shot BEE and then returned to Camp Desert Rock. The training 

program continued with a project meeting, consisting of a preview 

of shot-day activities and a discussion of plans for the day 

following shot-day. On 23 March, shot-day, all units left in a 

vehicle at 0530 hours for the observation area to observe 

the ESS detonation (31; 110). 

33 
At 1250 hours, 20 minutes after the detonation, the project 

commander issued orders, on the approval of the Test Manager, for 

the Navy Passive Defense Teams to move into the field to conduct 

monitoring operations. The teams proceeded to six stations at 

the following locations (54; 58; 88; 105): 

STATION UTM COORDINATES 

Station 832159 

Station 855099 

Station 826152 

Station 855097 

Station 834141 

Station 851089 

The purpose of this monitoring operation was to train shore 

personnel to perform monitoring operations in a radiation area, 

to test equipment under field conditions, and to develop a 

more effective passive defense organization. 

At 1450 hours, when the Test Manager considered the area 

safe for test activities, Navy Passive Defense Teams left their 

stations to identify the 0.25 and 2.5 R/h isointensity territory 

in the shot area. Project personnel remained in this area for an 

undetermined time and then returned to Camp Desert Rock. 

On 24 March, the day after the detonation, project personnel 

assembled equipment for a field exercise in rescue techniques. 

In the afternoon, personnel traveled by truck convoy to Area 10 

where emergency rescue units were dispatched to predetermined 

locations to recover mannequins that had been placed in the area 

before the detonation. The objective of this operation was to 

determine the general condition of mannequins sub.jetted to a 

detonation. 

Project personnel spent 25 March at Camp Desert Rock, preparing equipment for the next day's field exercises. On 26 March 

exercises consisted of monitoring and rescue operations similar 

to those conducted on the 24th. The of these 

34 
operations was to provide information on radioactive decay in 

areas previously monitored. The time project personnel spent in 

the area is not known. On 27 March, project personnel departed 

for their permanent duty stations (54; 56; 58; 88; 105; 110). 

Project 40.21, Ordnance Vehicular Equipment Test, was conducted by the Ballistic Research Laboratories. The principal 

participants were from the 573rd Ordnance Company, who placed the 

equipment with the assistance of the Detroit Arsenal. Ballistic 

Research Laboratories personnel from Military Effects Group 

Project 3.1 recorded blast pressure from gauges located on or 

near the test equipment, and Army Chemical Warfare Laboratory 

personnel from Military Effects Group Project 2.7 took radiation 

measurements. The objectives were to determine the effect of 

roll-over safety bars in minimizing damage to wheeled vehicles, 

to obtain experimental design data for the future development of 

ordnance equipment, and to investigate the shielding effect of 

armor against gamma radiation. The equipment was placed at 

various positions in the display area. The vehicles included 

three tanks, one M59 armored personnel carrier, one 

self-propelled gun, six trucks, twelve cargo 

trucks, and four 5-ton M54 trucks (102; 105). 

2.2 DEPARTMENT OF DEFENSE PARTICIPATION IN MILITARY EFFECTS, 

SCIENTIFIC, OPERATIONAL TRAINING, AND SUPPORT ACTIVITIES 

AT SHOT ESS 

In addition to the Exercise Desert Rock activities described 

in the previous section, Department of Defense personnel 

performed a variety of tasks during Shot ESS that required them 

to enter the forward area before, during, or after the shot. At 

1450, two hours and 20 minutes after the detonation, the Test 

Manager declared the area safe to conduct recovery operations. 

DOD personnel performed the 19 projects sponsored by the 

Field Command Military Effects Group and assisted in another two 

35 
test group projects sponsored by the Civil Effects Test Group 

(CETG). The Air Force conducted two operational training 

projects. In addition, support activities accounted for a number 

of DOD participants at Shot ESS. The Air Force Special Weapons 

Center (AFSWC) flew missions for the test groups and the Test 

Manager. 

2.2.1 Department of Defense Participation in Military Effects

Group 

The Military Effects Group conducted 19 projects at Shot 

ESS, as listed in table 2-3. Because in most cases, many of the 

same project personnel performed both pre- and 

activities, estimates reflect the maximum number of DOD personnel 

who would have been involved in one aspect of the For 

example, if the project description states that 15 individuals 

performed preshot activities and five performed 

recovery, the estimate listed in the table would be 15. 

Project 1.2, Shock Wave Photography was fielded by the Naval 

Ordnance Laboratory. Two camera stations were located about 

3,130 meters west and 4,380 meters southeast of ground zero to 

photograph the development and progress of the base surge 

produced by an underground nuclear detonation. Project personnel 

entered the area several after the shot to recover film from 

the cameras (39; 75; 78; 88; 103). 

Project 1.6, Crater Measurements, determined the physical 

characteristics, such as size and length, of the crater and lip 

formed bv the underground nuclear detonation. A further 

objective was to define the extent of the "apparent crater" and 

"true crater." 

In preparation for this shot, project personnel placed 21 

vertical shafts of colored sand along one diameter through ground 

36 
 

Table 2-3: TEST GROUP PROJECTS WITH DEPARTMENT OF DEFENSE PARTICIPATION, 

SHOT ESS 

Estimated 

Project Participants Personnel

Military Effects Group 

12 Shock Wave Photography 

16 Crater Measurements 

17 Underground Effects 

21 Gamma Exposure versus Drstance 

Neutron-Induced Isotopes 

Gamma Fields Above Fallout 

Contaminated Ground 

24 Gamma Dose Rate versus Trme and Distance 

2.5 1 Fallout 

252 and Intensity of Fallout from the 

Underground Shot 

26 Energy Absorbed by Human Phantoms 

a Frssron Fallout 

27 

3.3.1 Flexible Measuring Devices and Inspection of Operation 

JANGLE Structures 

3.3 2 Behavior of Underground Structures Subjected to an 

Underground Explosron 

6.1 la of 

612 Accuracy of Radracs 

63 Detonation Locator 

64 Test of Equipment 

91 Photography 

94 Cloud Growth Study 

Naval Ordnance Laboratory 9 

Ballistic Research Laboratones; Engrneer 

Research and Development Laboratory 

Stanford Research lnstrtute 6 

Army Signal Corps Laboratones 

Naval Radiological Defense Laboratory 6 

Naval Radiological Defense Laboratory 6 

Evans Laboratory 

Chemical Warfare Laboratory; Army Center 44 

Naval Defense Laboratory 6 

Naval Medical Research Institute 12 

Chemical Warfare Laboratory, Army Chemrcal 

Center; Bureau of Yards and Docks; AFSWP 

Bureau of Yards and Docks 7 

Office, of Engineers 3 

Army Signal Corps Engineering Laboratones 

Naval Radiological Defense Laboratory 6 

Army Corps Engineering Laboratones 2 

Wright Arr Development Center 12 

Lookout Mountain Laboratory, AFSWC; Arr Force 21 

Missile Test Center, EG and G 

Air Force Research Center, U S Weather 

Bureau, EG and G 

Civil Effects Test Group 

372 Phenomenology of Fallout at Near Drstance Air Force Special Weapons Center

396 Measurement of Residual Radiations by Army Signal Corps Engineering Laboratories

Chemrcal Methods 
zero. In October 1955, when the residual contamination had 

decreased to an acceptable level, excavation work began to 

uncover the colored-sand columns. The top of the central column, 

when uncovered, was 128 feet below the original ground level, or 

61 feet below the center of gravity of the charge. This point 

defined the depth of the true crater, the crater before the 

material fell back in. The radius of the true crater was 

determined to be 50 meters. The apparent crater, the crater 

after the material fell back, was measured in considerable detail 

by aerial mapping techniques, using previously placed aerial 

markers. A bulldozer was used in the excavation to 

uncover the sand columns (75; 78; 88; 94). 

Project 1.7, Underground Explosion Effects, was designed to 

measure shock forces produced by an underground detonation. The 

experiment measured how much pressure was exerted on the soil, 

how much soil was moved, and how fast the soil moved. 

Before the shot, six personnel spent approximately 

two weeks installing 76 channels of instrumentation. 

recovery of data and gauges, which began when the residual contamination had decreased to an acceptable level, probably took 

three participants nine weeks (39; 75; 78; 88; 115). 

2.1, Gamma Exposure versus Distance, was designed to 

evaluate the gamma-radiation exposure potential at various 

distances from a nuclear detonation. The project involved the 

placement of 156 dosimeter stations in the shot area located 270 

meters to farthest 16.2 kilometers from ground zero. Project 

2.5.1 personnel worked with Project 2.1 personnel in placing and 

recovering the dosimeters. Recovery was to take place five to 

eight days after the detonation (46; 75; 88). 

Project 2.3, Gamma Ray Spectral Measurements, consisted of 

two parts: Project Neutron-induced ive Isotopes in 
Soils, and Project Gamma Radiation Fields above Contaminated Ground. The primary objective of Project 2.3 was to 

distinguish between the contribution to residual gamma radiation 

produced by neutron-induced radioactivity in the soil surrounding 

a nuclear detonation and radioactivity resulting from fallout. 

Project Neutron-induced Radioactive Isotopes in Soils, 

studied the secondary gamma radiation induced in the surrounding 

soil by neutrons produced from the nuclear detonation. Project 

personnel included two recovery teams, each consisting of two 

personnel from Project 2.5.2 and a monitor furnished by the 

radiological safety support unit. After the detonation, when the 

Test Manager declared the area open for recovery operations, the 

teams, traveling in separate vehicles, went to stations south and 

east of ground zero to recover soil samples for Project 

The recovery parties obtained two soil samples, one from the 

base-surge region and the other from the fallout region. The 

estimated work-time at each station was between one and two 

minutes. After the samples were collected, they were sent to 

Project personnel for analysis (39; 68; 75; 78; 88). 

Project Gamma Radiation Fields above Fallout 

Contaminated Ground, was designed to study gamma radiation 

resulting from fallout on the soil surface surrounding a nuclear 

detonation. Data were obtained by project participants measuring 

radiation levels near the point of detonation. 

A project team from the Naval Radiological Defense 

Laboratory conducted Project nine days after the detonation. 

The team traveled in a military truck from Camp Mercury to the 

vicinity of the crater to measure the radiation intensity. They 

entered the shot area on the main access road, where they stopped 

to examine two soil samples taken from the base-surge and fallout 

regions of the crater as part of Then the truck 

39 
continued to a maih road southeast of ground zero until a handheld survey meter indicated a radiation intensity of 0.3 R/h 

about 2,300 meters southeast of the crater. Project 

personnel chose this location as the most suitable area for 

measuring radiation intensities. They positioned the truck so 

that they could survey terrain free of sagebrush. 

The team spent about one hour assembling their instruments 

for radiation field measurements. They were joined in their 

activities by another project participant who was given 

permission to enter the shot area to operate a spectrometer. The 

team began taking data readings at about 1335 hours on 1 April 

and finished at approximately 1720 hours. It is estimated that 

the dismantling process took an additional hour, after which the 

personnel returned to Camp Mercury. For the duration of their 

stay in the shot area, personnel wore full protective clothing, 

including gloves and respirators. The team was accompanied by 

two monitors from the 1st Radiological Safety Support Unit (39; 

75; 78; 88; 99). 

Project 2.4, Gamma Dose Rate versus Time and Distance, 

evaluated the neutron-induced gamma radiation hazard at various 

times after the detonation. Before the detonation, 

personnel placed instruments at locations around ground zero 

where they would provide maximum information on the predicted 

downwind portion of the fallout field. They established two main 

instrument lines east and south of ground zero to cover the main 

axis of the predicted fallout pattern. In addition, they 

assembled several stations southwest and west to give a more 

complete picture of the fallout pattern. The station positions 

ranged from 270 meters to 5,500 meters from ground zero. The 

instruments were recovered as the radiation field decayed to 

lower intensities (45; 75; 78; 88). 

40 
Project 2.5.1, Fallout Studies, was conducted to study the 

radiation hazard posed by fallout. To accomplish the project 

personnel documented the radioactivity associated 

with base-surge fallout, cloud fallout, and the crater-lip areas 

following the detonation. Radiation fallout measurements were 

obtained by using four survey activities: 

• Base-surge fallout and cloud-fallout sampling 

• Aerial surveys 

Ground surveys 

Crater and crater-lip sampling. 

For base-surge fallout and cloud-fallout sampling 

activities, Project 2.5.1 personnel used various land and 

above-ground aerial survey instruments to record radiation 

intensities in the areas around ground zero. In addition, air 

samplers were placed to establish the amount of airborne 

contamination around ground zero after the detonation. 

Before the shot, project personnel positioned 21 fallout 

collectors at distances of 270 to 9,900 meters northeast to 

southwest of ground zero. They also installed air-sampling 

instruments at two locations more than 630 meters southwest and 

southeast of ground zero. 

The expected base-surge area for the detonation extended 

about 1,450 meters from ground zero. Consequently, the fallout 

collectors situated on trailers within 1,450 meters of ground 

zero were attached to long cables to facilitate early sample 

recovery in highlv radioactive areas. Following the detonation, 

when recovery operations were permitted, teams of three 

personnel drove vehicles to recover the trailers holding the 

fallout collectors. The teams traveled to the end of the trailer 

cable lines, attached the cables to their vehicles, and pulled 

the trailers into areas of lower radioactivity, where recovery 

41 
parties removed the samples from the fallout collectors. Project 

personnel retrieved 15 of the fallout collectors within six hours 

of the detonation and the remaining instruments on the day after 

the detonation. 

Aerial survey activities began two hours after the 

detonation when helicopters with aerial radiation survey 

instruments measured the radiation intensity in the crater, in 

the lip, and in the fallout area. Two and three hours after the 

detonation, two H-19 helicopters, each carrying a crew of four 

project personnel and a radiological safety monitor, began 

surveying radiation intensities in the fallout areas around the 

crater. Each helicopter team surveyed about 75 preselected 

locations. These aerial surveys were accomplished by using a 

survey probe suspended slightly above the ground from the end of 

a cable. The radiation measurement was then recorded. Before 

moving to the next point, the operator in the hovering helicopter 

reeled in a few feet of cable. The probe was again lowered to 

take a reading at the next location. Another gamma radiation 

survey meter monitored the radiation inside the helicopter. 

These aerial surveys were conducted from an altitude of 

500 to BOO feet above the ground depending upon the radiation 

intensity within the aircraft. This method of locating dose-rate 

contours on the ground was developed to cover large areas in 

minimal time and reduce the radiation exposure to project personnel. In general, aerial surveys were planned for those areas 

where the ground intensity was greater than 10 R/h. 

In addition to the project personnel described above, 

another helicopter survey party was scheduled to fly about 1,000 

feet above the crater and lower a recording-type survey meter 

into the center of the crater by means of a rope. Also, a sample 

of the crater was to be taken in a pail suspended at the end of a 

370-meter line. The soil sample was to be carried to the 

42 
radiological safety checkpoint and transferred to a vehicle. 

However, it is believed that this additional aerial survey was 

canceled because of high radiation levels at the crater following 

the detonation (39; 75; 78; 88; 118). 

Ground surveys of radiation-intensity levels were conducted 

in separate portions of the expected fallout area two hours after 

the detonation. After orientation by Project 2.5.1 personnel, 

seven survey crews from the 50th Chemical Service Platoon of Camp 

Desert Rock were assigned sections of the station array. One 

crew was directed to begin the survey on the 160-degree azimuth 

at the most distant station from ground zero, to proceed toward 

ground zero until an exposure of 0.3 roentgens had been 

accumulated, and then to return. In like manner, crews were 

assigned to stations on the 60, 80, 100, 120, and 

azimuths. The seventh crew was directed to upwind and crosswind 

stations; beginning with those stations 3,250 meters from ground 

zero, that crew then moved in toward ground zero. 

To record background radiation levels in the area and become 

familiar with the terrain, the crews began practice surveys six 

days before the detonation and completed three surveys before the 

shot. Each partv of two to four project personnel operated two 

calibrated gamma-radiation survey instruments from a jeep. The 

crew stopped at each station location, left their vehicle, and 

made two radiation-intensity readings three feet above the 

ground. Extra personnel were assigned to each crew to ensure 

that replacements would be familiar with the route. Before the 

surveys began, each station was marked with two colored flags and 

a painted and numbered sign to ensure that the survey crews would 

record the correct station on their data sheets. 

Additional ground-survey data were obtained by recovery 

teams who entered the area at intervals of two and 24 hours after 

the detonation to recover samples and instrument records. These 

43 
 

recovery teams used survey meters to make gamma-radiation 

measurements at the instrument stations. 

For crater and crater-lip sampling, Project 2.5.1 personnel 

remained at the NTS after the detonation to recover surface and 

core samples from the lip of the crater. Three project personnel 

wearing protective clothing and respirators took samples on 31 

, 1 April, and 27 June. These participants used core 

samplers, each consisting of two pieces of telescoping tubing 

1.2 meters long. A sharp steel point was attached 

to the bottom of the outside of the tubing to facilitate ground 

penetration (39; 78; 88; 118). 

Project 2.5.2, Distribution and Intensity of Fallout from 

the Underground Shot, had two The first was to 

determine how the material and radioactive debris thrown up by 

the underground detonation were distributed around ground zero. 

The second objective was to investigate and evaluate the 

intensity of fallout from the event by sampling the fallout at 

ground level. personnel associated with 2.5.2 

coordinated their work with Except for some soil 

samples taken after the event, fallout samples were taken by 

capturing debris and materials as they fell to the ground 

immediately after the detonation. 

Most samples were collected in steel buckets installed in 

the field singly, in pairs, or in multiple arrays. The multiple 

arrays were placed southeast of ground zero. The shot was 

delayed until it was certain that fallout would go in that 

direction. A second type of fallout collector, gummed paper, was 

mounted next to these collectors at all locations. A third type 

of sampling instrument, called incremental collectors, had a 

number of compartments that opened and closed in sequence and at 

measured intervals of time. These collectors provided 

information on the particulate nature and the arrival rate of 

fallout after a detonation. 

44 
One month before the test, project personnel installed the 

instruments used in this experiment. They activated the instruments within 48 hours before shot-time. Three and one half hours 

after the detonation, two teams in vehicles recovered samples at 

two stations located along the and 180-degree azimuths 

at unknown distances from ground zero. Each recovery team, consisting of two project personnel and one radiological safety 

monitor, spent approximately one minute at each station. They 

delivered one sample from each location to Project 2.3 personnel 

for analysis. The other two samples were flown to the Naval 

Radiological Defense Laboratory within ten hours of the detonation for decay and radiochemical studies. 

Remaining samples or sampler instruments were recovered 

during the seven days following the detonation. Times and dates 

of all recoveries and conditions of sampling duties were 

recorded. These samples were shipped by the earliest available 

aircraft to the Naval Radiological Defense Laboratory for 

measurement and study (39; 75; 78; 88; 121). 

Project 2.6, Radiation Energy Absorbed by Human Phantoms in 

a Fission Fallout Field, measured radiation intensities of 

fallout by placing masonite mannequins instrumented with 

radiation detectors at various stations within the fallout field 

at various times following detonation. 

At 1450 hours on 23 March, the time designated by the Test 

Manager for recovery operations to begin, two teams, each consisting of four project personnel and a radiological safety 

monitor in two vehicles, placed mannequins at two stations 

located 2,790 meters southeast of the crater near the 0.5 K/h 

line, as shown in figure 2-3. It is estimated that the teams 

spent 10 to 15 minutes in the fallout field. each of the next 

three days, personnel made three separate trips the 

area to check instrumentation and collect data. 

45 

On 24 March, personnel established two more mannequin stations at locations 570 and 630 meters south of the 

crater. The gamma radiation intensity readings at these two 

locations were 2.3 and 2.4 R/h, respectively. On 25 March, a 

fourth station was established at a distance of 470 meters south 

of ground zero, where the gamma radiation intensity was 2.3 R/h 

(65; 75; 78; 88; 97). 

Project 2.7, Shielding Studies, was designed to evaluate the 

effectiveness of structures and equipment in reducing gamma and 

neutron radiation hazards. Reinforced concrete shelters and 

underground shelters were tested in the ESS shot area. Project 

personnel instrumented all of these shelters before the shot with 

gamma-radiation film detectors. In addition to the shelters, 

they instrumented two foxholes, located 1,500 meters southeast of 

ground zero, for combined initial and residual gamma-radiation 

measurements. Project personnel recovered records from various 

structures and field fortifications two days after ESS. In 

addition, both foxholes were monitored at various depths and on 

top of the ground a few days after the detonation (29; 39; 75; 

78; 88; 133). 

3.3.1, Flexible Measuring Devices and Inspection of 

Operation JANGLE Structures, was performed to studv the effects 

of the underground detonation on above-ground steel and concrete 

structures. The data were used to assess the destructive 

potential of the blast and shock loading created by the demolition munition on the buildings. To perform this experiment, 15 

steel and concrete structures were built in an arc at a range of 

90 meters around ground zero and instrumented by 

personnel. Several structures remaining from the 1951 

JANGLE Series located within 310 meters of ground zero were also 

instrumented and inspected before and after the detonation to 

determine the damage caused by blast and shock loading. 

47 
Preshot preparations for Pro.ject 3.3.1 probablv took six 

participants two weeks. recovery of data probably took 

four personnel, including a bulldozer operator, one week 

sometime after the area was declared open for recovery 

operations. 

The inspection of the Operation BUSTER-JANGLE 

structures probably took five individuals, including a 

motion-picture photographer and a still photographer, four days 

(32; 39; 75; 78; 88). 

Project 3.3.2, Behavior of Underground Structures Subjected 

to an Underground Explosion, studied the effects of shock loading 

produced an underground detonation on buried structures by 

measuring earth pressure and movement produced by the shock wave. 

Results were correlated with data obtained from previous tests of 

conventional high-explosive charges and from Shot UNCLE, an 

underground nuclear event in Operation BUSTER-JANGLE; conducted at 

the NTS in late 1951. 

Two reinforced concrete structures were built below ground 

for this Three project personnel spent about one week 

completing the instrumentation. Aerial observation soon after 

the detonation disclosed that the Project 3.3.2 structures were 

completely covered by base-surge from the crater and could not be 

located. Primarily because of residual radioactivity, 

examination of the structures was not conducted until October 

1955, seven months after the shot, when radiation levels had 

decayed substantially (75; 78; 88; 120). 

Project Evaluation of Military Equipment, 

field-tested six models of radiation detection instruments at 

Shot ESS. Personnel tested two of the instruments comparing 

the new instruments with instruments currently in use to check 

their accuracy (15; 75; 78; 88). 

48 
Project 6.1.2, Accuracy of Military was designed to 

measure the accuracy of standard military radiation detection 

equipment. A second objective was to measure the directional 

properties of radiation fluences following a nuclear 

detonation. 

Five participants and a radiological safety monitor were 

stationed at BJY from three hours before shot-time to 30 minutes 

after the detonation, when they proceeded in three vehicles north 

to the 4 R/h line and spent an estimated ten minutes placing 

directional radiation instruments on an automatic scan. 

made three five-minute trips to the area later on shot-day, 

apparently to read the radiation instruments. 

With the prior authorization of the Test Manager, other 

project personnel entered fallout areas as early as 40 minutes 

after shot-time. Their entry was followed by other entries into 

the fallout area at one, two, and five hours after the 

detonation. On the first trip, project personnel followed the 

initial radiological survey team to an area registering 3 R/h, 

where they stopped to conduct readings on 25 instruments of five 

different types. 

At all times when crews were carrying out operations in 

radiation areas, extra vehicles were provided. Team operations 

were observed from outside the radiation area through field 

glasses, so that assistance could be provided in any emergency 

(39; 75; 78; 88; 129). 

Project 6.3, Missile Detonation Locator, was designed to 

test the feasibility of a tactical range detonation-locator 

system. The system was designed to locate the point of a nuclear 

detonation by detection and analysis of the electromagnetic 

radiation emitted. 

49 
The detonation locator consisted of broad-band receivers set 

up on baselines in California, approximately 110 and 320 kilometers southwest of the NTS. Radio links between the stations 

provided the time comparisons necessary to determine relative 

times of arrival of the electromagnetic pulse at each station. 

Crystal clocks were used for accurate time-of-arrival analysis. 

Four hours before the detonation, two project participants 

proceeded to a station located and approximately two 

kilometers north of the Control Point, at UTM coordinates 830901. 

They operated the station through shot-time, obtaining baseline 

data on the time of arrival of the electromagnetic pulse. The 

time of their return to the Control Point area is not known, 

although it was estimated to have been little more than an hour 

after the detonation (39; 75; 78; 88; 101). 

Project 6.4, Test of IBDA Equipment, was designed to gather 

engineering evaluation data for an Indirect Bomb Damage (IBDA) 

system installed in a B-50D aircraft. The IBDA system consisted 

of standard radar set, a bomb-damage evaluation group, 

AN/APA-106 (XA-1); a light and time recording set, AN/ASH-4 

(XA-1); and a K-17 aerial camera. 

The B-50D staged out of Kirtland Air Force Base (AFB) and 

normally had a crew of ten. Since engineering evaluation tests 

were being conducted, one additional engineer and one technician 

accompanied the crew to monitor and ensure the operation of the 

IBDA system. The which was positioned by radar navigation, simulated an aircraft delivering a nuclear bomb. At 

time, the B-50D was located at an altitude of 25,000 feet, from 

seven to 13 kilometers from ground zero (28; 35; 39; 75; 78; 88). 

Project 9.1, Technical Photography, was designed to provide 

photographs of the detonation. The involved 

both a ground-photography mission and an air-photography mission. 

50 
To conduct the ground-photography mission, project personnel 

arrived at three camera stations, located at UTM coordinates 

780959, 755042, and 768057, at 0600 hours on shot-day, six hours 

before the detonation. Five individuals occupied each of the 

three stations, remaining there through shot-time. Current 

research indicates that they returned to the Control Point area 

about one hour after the detonation. 

In conducting the air-photography mission, Project 9.1 personnel took documentary photographs of the detonation from an 

RC-47 aircraft that took off from Indian Springs AFB. This 

RC-47, which was provided by the Air Photographic and Charting 

Service, flew at an altitude of 8,000 to 10,000 feet, 10 to 16 

kilometers southeast of ground zero. The RC-47 had a crew of 

three, plus an estimated two or three photographers. The 

aircraft also conducted cloud growth photography for Project 9.4 

(33; 35; 75; 78; 88). 

Project 9.4, Atomic Cloud Growth Study, was designed to 

study the development of the cloud produced by a nuclear 

detonation. Data on the rate of cloud rise and maximum cloud 

height were obtained from instruments located at the Control 

Point (35; 48; 75; 78; 88). 

2.2.2 Department of Defense Participation in CETG Projects 

The CETG conducted several projects at ESS, but only two 

involved DOD personnel, as shown in table 2-3. 

Project 37.2, Phenomenology of Fallout at Near Distance, 

studied the downwind concentrations of airborne and fallout 

activity in relation to distance from ground zero. DOD 

involvement in the project consisted of an AFSWC aircrew flying a 

C-47 aircraft, which provided an airborne radio relay. The 

aircraft flew in a pattern 15 to 95 kilometers downwind from the 

51 
NTS between five hours before shot-time and three hours after the 

detonation. The aircrew provided radio communications with 

ground personnel of Project 37.2, who were performing fallout 

studies at locations about 15, 30, and 55 kilometers east of the 

NTS. This aircraft was one of two terrain-survey aircraft 

discussed in the AFSWC section of this chapter, section 2.2.4 

35; 75; 88). 

Project 39.6, Measurement of Initial Residual Radiations by 

Chemical Methods, was designed to obtain dosimetric data at 

stations where various biological investigations were being 

conducted. The positioning of stations at ESS is not known. 

Project personnel were scheduled to place dosimetric instruments 

the day after the shot and recover them 24 hours later (21; 75; 

88; 123). 

2.2.3 Department of Defense Operational Training Projects 

Two operational training projects were conducted at Shot 

ESS: 

Project 40.3, Crew Indoctrination 

• 40.6, Calibration of Electromagnetic Effects. 

Project 40.3, Crew Indoctrination, was developed to train 

Tactical Air Command in the effects of a nuclear detonation while flying simulated tactical delivery techniques and 

flyby maneuvers. Eight F-84 aircraft, each with one pilot, 

participated in this project, These aircraft, operating out of 

George AFB, California, flew simulated low altitude bombing 

exercises and dive bombing maneuvers over the NTS at the time of 

the detonation. The aircraft performed these maneuvers two miles 

from the nuclear cloud. They could not approach the cloud any 

closer because of high radiation intensities within the cloud. 

About ten minutes after the detonation, at 1240 hours, the 

aircraft began their return to George AFB. 

52 
At 0615 hours, ten personnel in two vehicles occupied four 

positions in Yucca Flat, about eight kilometers north of the 

Control Point, at LJTM coordinates 806960, 823960, 838960, and 

862960. From 20 minutes before until five minutes after the 

detonation, they fired smoke grenades and smoke generators to 

serve as guide markers for Project 40.3 aircraft (7; 8; 35; 36; 

37; 38; 88; 105; 122). 

Project 40.6, Calibration of Electromagnetic Effects, was 

designed to measure the characteristics of the electromagnetic 

pulse created by the detonation. Project personnel were required 

to occupy several permanent stations at various distances from 

ground zero during the detonation. At 0900 hours on the day 

before the shot, three men flew in a helicopter to station 

on Yucca Lake, 24 kilometers south of ground zero. In about four 

hours, had serviced eight sets of unmanned recording 

equipment. On shot-day, five participants operated equipment at 

station during the detonation and for two hours after 

time. Project personnel then recovered data from within their 

station and left for Camp Mercury to evaluate project results 

106). 

In addition to these two operational training projects, a 

B-17 aircraft with an estimated crew of ten was used to carry 

official observers who witnessed the shot from the air. This 

aircraft was not part of any official operational training 

project (3; 35; 88; 105). 

2.2.4 Air Force Special Weapons Center Activities 

AFSWC support consisted of a cloud-tracking mission, courier 

flights of soil samples, and an aerial survey of terrain. No 

cloud samples were taken following the ESS detonation. 

Experience had indicated that internal damage to the engines of 

sampler aircraft could result if the aircraft had flown through 

the dirt and debris produced by a subsurface detonation (35). 

53 
Cloud Tracking 

Immediately after the detonation, a B-25 aircraft from 

Indian Springs AFB flew a cloud-tracking mission. The aircraft, 

with an estimated crew of five, flew at 17,000 feet in a 

east-southeasterly direction north of U.S. Route 95. The B-25 

tracked the cloud to a point north of Glendale, Nevada. Visual 

tracking of the cloud was easv, because it contained a large 

amount of soil debris (35; 38). 

Courier Service 

After the ESS event, four aircraft transported soil samples 

to various for delivery to laboratories for 

analvsis. The first courier aircraft, a C-119, left Indian 

Springs AFB at 1920 hours on 23 March for Hamilton AFB, 

California, with samples for the Naval Radiological Defense 

Laboratory. A C-47 left Indian Springs AFB at 0020 hours on 24 

March for Friendship International Airport, Maryland, with 

samples for the Chemical Warfare Laboratory and 2.5, 

Fallout Studies. A B-25 left Indian Springs AFB at 1207 hours on 

25 March 1955, for McClellan AFB, California, with samples for 

the Air Force. At 1231 hours on 25 March, a C-47 left Indian 

Springs AFB for Friendship International Airport with samples for 

the Chemical Warfare Laboratories (35; 38). 

Aerial Surveys of Terrain 

As directed by the Test Manager and Test Director, four 

AFSWC H-19 helicopters and two AFSWC C-47 aircraft flew radiological safety and aerial surveys of terrain following the ESS 

detonation to assess detonation damage and record radiation 

intensities. At an unknown time after the detonation, one C-47 

performed a low-level survey, flying at an altitude of 300 to 500 

feet. The second C-47 served as a relay station for ground 

radiological surveys conducted by personnel of CETG 37.2, 

Phenomenology of Fallout at Near Distances. The survey aircraft 

followed the same route as the cloud-tracking aircraft (35; 38). 

54 
-

2.3 RADIATION PROTECTION AT SHOT ESS 

The purpose of the various radiation protection procedures 

developed for Operation TEAPOT was to ensure that individual 

exposure to ionizing radiation was as low as possible, while 

allowing participants to accomplish the operational requirements 

of each activity. Some of the procedures described in the Series 

volume resulted in records, such as film-badge listings and 

isointensity plots, which enabled Exercise Desert Rock, the Joint 

Test Organization (JTO), and AFSWC to evaluate the effectiveness 

of their procedures. Such records for ESS have been located only 

for the JTO. The JTO Radiological Safety Organization was 

staffed by the Army 1st Radiological Safety Support Unit, from 

Ft. McClellan, Alabama, and was managed by AFSWP. The JTO 

information presented in this section includes film-badge data, 

logistical data on radiological safety equipment, survey results 

and records, isointensity maps, and decontamination records. 

Other than the Final Dosage Report, no indication of Exercise 

Desert Rock VI or AFSWC radiological safety activities have been 

located. 

Dosimetry Records 

From 23 March to 27 March 1955, 871 Film badges and 471 

pocket dosimeters were issued. Film badge readings indicate that 

the end of this period, 34 personnel received cumulative 

exposures between 2.0 and 3.9 roentgens. An additional three 

individuals accumulated exposures greater than the JTO-authorized 

limit of 3.9 roentgens, and were excluded from into 

radiation areas for the remainder of Operation TEAPOT (16; 19). 

One of the three individuals was a member of the 644th Troop 

Carrier Squadron, a helicopter pilot with the Test Aircraft 

Branch at Indian Springs AFB. This individual, whose activities 

are not known, received an exposure of 3.97 roentgens at Shot 

ESS, which resulted in a total exposure of 4.02 roentgens for 

Operation TEAPOT (17; 18). 

55 
The second individual, who was a member of the Chemical and 

Radiological Laboratory, participated in Program 2 at ESS. He 

had a total exposure of 4.50 roentgens by the end of shot-day 

(16; 18). This man operated the radiation-detecting probe used 

in the radiological safety helicopter survey of ground zero. 

The third individual with an exposure greater than 3.9 

roentgens was a civilian from Evans Signal Laboratory who 

received an exposure of 1.7 roentgens at Shot ESS, which resulted 

in a total exposure of 4.3 roentgens (17; 18). The specific 

activities of this third individual are not known. 

Logistical Data for Radiological Safety Equipment 

For Shot ESS, the General Supplv Section issued 1,812 pieces 

of protective clothing and 301 respirators. In addition, the 

Instrument Repair Section issued 382 (19). 

Monitoring Activities 

At 0730 hours on shot-day, the initial survey teams, road 

patrols, and checkpoint personnel left the Control Point, assembling at BJY to await the planned 0900 ESS detonation. After 

numerous delays in shot firing, the teams returned to the Control 

Point, but reassembled at the intersection at 1110 hours. 

Immediately after the detonation at 1230 hours, nine teams of two 

men each, left the Control Point for each of the nine stake 

lines. 1300 hours, all checkpoints were established, and the 

initial survey crew had posted warning signs. The main checkpoint was located at BJY. The survey was delayed until 

hours because of the dust thrown into the air by the detonation. 

1450 hours, the initial survev was completed. 

A copy of the initial isointensity map is shown in figure 

2-4. The map shows an irregularity of the 0.01 and 0.1 R/h areas 

to the southwest caused by residual radiation from Shot TESLA, 

detonated on 1 March. Resurveys of the crater and surrounding 

56 
*

Stake 

Roads 

. . . . . . . . . . . 0.01 

0 

I 

------ 0.1 R/h 

1 

Meters 10.0 

Figure 2-4: INITIAL SURVEY FOR SHOT ESS, 23 MARCH 

1310 TO 1450 HOURS 
areas were conducted on 24, 26, and 30 March, on 6, 12, and 21 

April, and on 4 May. Copies of the isointensity maps generated 

from the resurveys of 24, 26, and 30 March and 21 April are shown 

in figure 2-5. The average exposures received by personnel of 

the survey teams entering the shot area on the initial survey and 

first resurvey were 0.82 and 0.48 roentgens, respectively (19). 

Two five-man helicopter crews were also trained for radiological surveys at ESS. The first crew, which left the pad near 

the Control Point ten minutes after the detonation, conducted a 

low-altitude survey in the northern and western portions of the 

shot area. Using a probe and cable system, the crew determined 

that fallout did not occur to the north and west of the test 

site, but that it formed a pattern in the mountainous terrain to 

the southeast of ground zero. The highest reading encountered 

during the survey was 70 R/h, about 2,290 meters southeast of 

ground zero. The height at which this reading was taken not 

known. 

After circling the test area, this helicopter proceeded to 

the BJY intersection, where a second crew took over to survey 

ground zero. This survey started about two kilometers northwest 

of ground zero, at 1425 hours. As the probe from the helicopter 

reached a point about 800 meters from ground zero and 300 feet 

above the ground, the reading was 200 R/h. With the probe 300 

feet above the crater, the intensity was 1,000 R/h at 1428 hours. 

Readings were also taken at other locations in and around the 

crater. About 25 feet above the west end of the crater, the 

intensity was 2,000 R/h at 1437 hours. 

In addition to its survey work, the Monitoring Section 

provided monitors to a number of conducting recovery 

operations on shot-day. The assignments of these radiological 

safetv monitors are summarized below (19). 

58 
 . . . . .

0 

I 

Meters 

24 March 1955, 0630 to 0830 Hours 

0 2ooo 

1 I 

Meters 

30 March 1955, 

0 2ooo 

I I 

Meters 

26 March 1955, 0645 to 0800 Hours 

N 

. . . .

. . 

. . 

. . . . . . . . . . . . 

0 2ooo 

I J 

Meters 

21 April 1955 

Stake Lines 

Roads 

. . . . . . . . . . . . 0.01 

- - -- 0.1 R/h 

1.0 

10.0 

Figure 2-5: RESURVEYS FOR SHOT ESS 
PROJECT NUMBER OF MONITORS 

2.3 2 

2.5.1 3 

2.5.2 2 

2.7 1 

6.1.2 1 

30.3 1 

The Monitoring Section also provided one monitor for a security 

party. 

Recovery and Re-entry Procedures 

The Plotting and Briefing Section cleared 14 parties for 

entry into the shot area on 23 March. On the days following Shot 

ESS, parties entered the shot area as follows (19; 75). 

DATE NUMBEK 

24 March 17 

25 March 14 

26 March 9 

27 March 2 

28 March 7 

29 March 2 

30 March 7 

31 March 8 

1 April 1 

2 April 4 

4 April 3 

5 April 2 

6 April 1 

7 April 2 

60 
Decontamination 

During the period covering Shot ESS, 23 March to 27 March, 

105 project participants were sent to the personnel decontamination station after being monitored at the main checkpoint. Of 

these, 70 were considered contaminated, and 42 required decontamination by showering. For the latter, the most frequent locations of contamination were at exposed parts of the body, such as 

the nostrils, sideburns, and necks of these 42 participants. The 

other 28 individuals were decontaminated by removing contaminated 

clothing, washing, and applying masking tape to localized 

contaminated skin areas (19). 

During the same period, 23 to 27 March, members of the 

Vehicle and Equipment Decontamination Section decontaminated 

101 vehicles and 115 pieces of equipment. To allow the 

contamination to decay, they placed an additional 21 items of 

equipment in the hot park, an isolated area set aside for 

contaminated equipment (19). 

The large number of individuals and equipment requiring 

decontamination was probably caused the high concentration of 

radioactive material in the dirt-laden base surge that was 

produced by the subsurface detonation. 

61 
APPLE 1 

SHOT SYNOPSIS 

AEC TEST SERIES: TEAPOT 

DOD EXERCISE: Desert Rock VI 

DATE/TIME: 29 March 1955, 0455 hours 

YIELD: 14 kilotons 

HEIGHT OF BURST: 500 feet (tower shot) 

Purpose of Test: To test a nuclear weapon for possible

inclusion in the nuclear arsenal. 

DOD Objectives: To study the effects of a nuclear weapon

on military equipment

To allow DOD personnel to observe a 

nuclear detonation. 

Weather: At shot-time, the temperature at shot height

was 9.30 C.; pressure at 852 millibars; 

surface winds were calm; 19 knots from the

south at 10,000 feet; 34 knots from the west 

at 20,000 feet; and 46 knots from the west at 

30,000 feet. 

Radiation Data: fallout of 10.0 R/h was detected during

the initial survey, taken from 0527 to 0640 

hours. The fallout was detected around ground 

zero and extended northeast. 

Participants: Atomic Energv Commission, Exercise Desert Rock

participants, Armed Forces Special Weapons

Air Force Special Weapons Center and

other Air Force personnel, Los

Scientific Laboratory, University of 

California, Federal Civil Defense 

Administration, contractors, DOD laboratories. 

62 
CHAPTER 3 

SHOT APPLE 1 

Shot APPLE 1, the eighth nuclear test of Operation TEAPOT, 

was detonated on 29 March 1955 at 0455 hours in Area 4 of the 

Nevada Test Site (NTS), at UTM coordinates 797056. A developmental device designed by the Los Scientific Laboratory, 

APPLE 1 was fired from a cab at the top of a 500-foot steel 

tower, and had a yield of 14 kilotons (30). The nuclear cloud 

top rose to an altitude of about 32,000 feet and proceeded 

east-northeast from the point of detonation. fallout was 

generally to the northeast of ground zero. The detonation lofted 

base-surge dust that obscured the shot area and persisted for 

three hours, until about 0800 hours (41; 70). 

Department of Defense participants at Shot APPLE 1 took part 

in Exercise Desert Rock activities, scientific and military 

effects experiments, and support missions, as described in this 

chapter. Figure 3-l depicts the location of DOD project personnel in the forward positions at shot time. An account of the 

radiological situation after Shot APPLE 1, along with the 

procedures used to minimize the exposure of DOD participants to 

ionizing radiation, is summarized at the end of the chapter. 

3.1 EXERCISE DESERT ROCK VI OPERATIONS AT SHOT APPLE 1 

Desert Rock exercise and support troops took part in three 

troop orientation and indoctrination projects, one troop test, 

and three technical service projects. Camp Desert Rock personnel 

also observed the shot, but they were not part of a numbered 

project. Table 3-l lists Desert Rock VI activities at APPLE 1, 

presenting the numbers and titles of the programs and projects, 

the project sponsors, the numbers of DOD participants, and the 

service units involved in the projects. 

63 
1.7----T:

-

/

APPLE 1

Ground Zero 

Desert Rock VI 

Observer Trenches 

(3,200 

0•

0

Project 40.18 Project 5.1 

Project 6.3 Project 1.1 

• Project 9.1 Project 8.1 

BJY 

0•

0

A•

0 

I I 

Meters 

Figure FORWARD POSITIONS OF DOD PERSONNEL AT SHOT-TIME FOR APPLE 1 

74 75 76 77 78 79 81 82 83 84 85 86 87 88 89 90 91 92 93 94 

99 

98 

97 

96 

95 

94 

93 

92 

91 

90 

89 

88 

87 

86 

85 

84 

83 
-

-

Table 3-l: EXERCISE DESERT ROCK VI PROJECTS, SHOT APPLE 1 

Program Type Project Participants 

Estimated 

DOD 

Personnel 

Troop and 41 3 Army Observers Army 13 

41 4 Navy Observers 2 

4011 Observers Corps 28 

Camp Desert Rock Observers Camp Desert Rock Support Troops 550 

Troop Test 40 18 of Bursts Battery C 532nd 

Battalion 

40.19 

40 21 

Army CBR Defense 

Team 

Ordnance Vehicular 

Equipment Test 

Damage Effects Evaluation 

Army 

Ballistic Research Laboratories, 

573rd Ordnance Company; 

Detroit Arsenal; Chemical 

Warfare Laboratory 

Camp Desert Rock Support Troops 

24 

*Unknown 
3.1.1 Troop Orientation and Indoctrination Projects 

Three troop orientation and indoctrination groups and a 

group of Camp Desert Rock support troops, not assigned to a 

numbered project, took part in the Troop Orientation and 

Indoctrination Program at APPLE 1. All observers took part in 

the same orientation and training activities for the event. 

The observers visited the shot area the day before the detonation, to conduct a preshot inspection of the equipment display. 

On shot-day, the observers arrived at the shot area at 0325 

hours, about 90 minutes before the detonation. The preshot 

activities included an orientation and checks for safety, communications, and security. At 0355 hours, one hour before the 

detonation, the participants entered the observer trenches 

located about 3,200 meters south-southwest of the shot-tower. 

About 20 minutes after the detonation, the observers the 

tour of the equipment displav area situated between 2,250 and 900 

meters southwest of ground zero. After inspecting the equipment 

damage, as shown in figure 3-2, the observers returned to the 

loading area located about 1,800 meters from the APPLE 1 ground 

zero. They boarded buses at 0615 hours to return to Camp Desert 

Rock (43; 54; 55; 57). 

3.1.2 Troop Test 

One troop test, Project 40.18, Location of Atomic Bursts, 

was conducted at Shot APPLE 1. The project, which was sponsored 

The Artillery School, employed 49 participants from Battery 

Field Artillery (Observation) Battalion. The 

tives were to test equipment and train troops in locating and 

determining the yield of a nuclear detonation. To perform the 

participants conducted field surveys using AN/TVS-l 

cameras, MK-11 Bhangmeters, radar sets, and sound 

microphones. personnel manned nine survey stations 

approximating the deployment of an observation batterv 

66 

under tactical conditions. The stations were at the following 

locations (83): 

STATIONS UTM COORDINATES 

Station [Location 73 800915 

Station Location 6 782951 

Station Location 5 798951 

Flash Control Point 812946 

Station Location 4 812954 

Station Location 3 824953 

Station Location 2 838952 

Station Location 1 851956 

Sound Control Point 907006 

All nine stations were to be manned from 1630 hours on 28 March, 

about 12 hours before the detonation, until after the shot when 

data collection had been completed (54; 57; 83). 

3.1.3 Technical Service Projects 

Three technical service projects were conducted to train 

personnel in the effects of nuclear detonations on vehicles and 

to train defense survey teams under radiological conditions. 

Project 40.19, Sixth Army CBR Defense Team Training, was 

designed to evaluate the capabilities of Chemical, Biological, 

and Radiological (CBR) defense survey teams under radiological 

conditions. The project also tested equipment provided by the 

Army for these defense teams. 

On 30 March, one day after the APPLE 1 detonation, two CBR 

defense teams, totaling 24 individuals, established a control 

point east of ground zero at the 0.1 R/h line. Five survey 

parties then established the 1.0 and the 5.0 R/h lines, approaching to within 100 meters of ground zero. This survey, which 

lasted 25 minutes, involved some communications delays and 

disabled jeeps. There is no record of any additional time spent 

in the radiation area because of these factors. Some incorrect 

68 
readings were taken and survey parties had to monitor the area 

again. The time required and the area remonitored are not known. 

The next day, the two CBR defense teams resurveyed the APPLE 1 

area, establishing the 1.0, 5.0, and 10.0 lines. They came 

within 55 meters of ground zero and also surveyed the area around 

the WASP PRIME ground zero (61). 

Project 40.21, Ordnance Vehicular Equipment Test, was 

conducted by Ballistic Research Laboratories. The objectives 

were to determine the effect of roll-over safety bars in minimizing damage to wheeled vehicles, to obtain experimental design 

data for the future development of ordnance equipment, and to 

investigate the shielding effect of armor against gamma radiation. The equipment was placed at various positions in the 

display area. The vehicles included M48 tanks, M59 armored 

personnel carriers, T97 self-propelled guns, trucks, 

cargo trucks, and 5-ton trucks. 

The principal participant in the project was the 573rd 

Ordnance Company, which fielded the test equipment. Detroit 

Arsenal personnel also assisted in the fielding of the test 

vehicles. Ballistic Research Laboratories personnel from 

Military Effects Group Project 3.1, recorded blast pressures from 

gauges located near the test equipment, while Army personnel from 

the Chemical Warfare Laboratory conducting Project 2.7, took 

radiation measurements. After the detonation, Desert Rock VI 

troop observers inspected the vehicles. Dosimetry data were 

recovered from the vehicles when the Test Manager declared the 

area open for recovery activities (102). 

As part of the technical service program, Camp Desert Rock 

personnel assessed the damage to items in the equipment display 

area. This damage effects evaluation was not part of a numbered 

project. 

69 
3.2 DEPARTMENT OF. DEFENSE PARTICIPATION IN MILITARY EFFECTS, 

SCIENTIFIC, OPERATIONAL TRAINING, AND SUPPORT ACTIVITIES AT 

SHOT APPLE 1 

In addition to the Exercise Desert Rock activities described 

in the previous section, Department of Defense personnel 

performed a variety of tests during Shot APPLE 1 that required 

them to enter the forward area before, during, or after the shot. 

At 1118 hours, about one and one-half hours after the detonation, 

the Test Manager declared the area radiologically safe for 

recovery operations. 

DOD personnel performed the 24 projects sponsored by the 

Field Command Military Effects Group and assisted in another four 

sponsored by the LASL test group, and four by the Civil Effects 

Tests Group. The Air Force, Navy, and Marine Corps also 

conducted six operational training projects. In addition, 

support activities accounted for a number of DOD participants at 

Shot APPLE 1. The Air Force Special Weapons Center (AFSWC) flew 

missions for the test groups and the Test Manager. 

3.2.1 Department of Defense Participation in Military Effects

Group 

The Military Effects Group conducted 24 projects at Shot 

APPLE 1, as shown in table 3-2. Table 3-2 lists the test group 

projects numbers and title and identifies the fielding 

agencies and the estimated number of DOD participants. Because 

in most cases, many of the same project personnel performed both 

pre- and activities, estimates reflect the maximum 

number of DOD participants who would have been involved in one 

aspect of the project. For example, if the project description 

states that 15 individuals performed preshot activities and five 

performed recovery, the estimate listed in the table 

would be 15. The Test Manager allowed recovery operations to 

begin at 1118 hours. For several projects however, as indicated 

below, the Test Manger allowed participants to enter the area 

early. 

70 
Table 3-2: TEST GROUP PROJECTS WITH DEPARTMENT OF DEFENSE PARTICIPATION, 

SHOT APPLE 1 

Title Participants 

Estimated 

Personnel 

Military Effects Group 

1 1 Heasurement of Free Blast Pressures Force Cambridge Research Center 12 

1.2 Shock Wave Photography Naval Ordnance Laboratory 3 

15 Preshock Sound Near the Ground the 

of an Atomic Explosion 

Electronics Laboratory 10 

of Air-blast Phenomena with 

Self-recording Gauges 

Research Laboratories 6 

2.1 3amma Exposure versus Army Signal Corps Engineering Laboratones 4 

2.2 Flux Measurements Research Laboratory 5 

2.6 Energy Absorbed by Human Phantoms in a 

Fallout Field 

Research Institute 10 

2.7 Studies Chemical Warfare Laboratory, Army Chemical Center 

Radiation Hazard Associated Force Special Weapons Center 5 

Penetration of Clouds Force Special Weapons Center 4 

31 of Drag-type Targets the 

Zone 

Research Laboratories 28 

5.1 Loads on Aircraft in Flight 

on Fighter Aircraft Flight 

Nright Air Development Center; Air Proving Ground 

Development Center 

59 

6 

6 of Military Equipment Signal Corps Engineering Laboratories 3 

Evaluation of a Radiological Defense Warning System Army Corps Laboratories 14 

6.1.2 Accuracy of Military Naval Radiological Defense 

6.2 Effects on Components and Systems Army Signal Corps Engineering Laboratories 3 

6.3 Locator Army Corps Laboratories 

6.4 Test of Equipment Wright Development Center 40 

6.5 Test of Airborne Naval Radars for Bureau of Aeronautics 6 

8.1 Measurement of Direct and Ground-reflected Thermal 

at Altitude 

Bureau of Aeronautics 9 

Unknown 

71 
Table 3-2: TEST GROUP PROJECTS WITH DEPARTMENT OF DEFENSE PARTICIPATION, 

SHOT APPLE 1 (Continued) 

Project 

91 

94 

112 

181 

183 

184 

331 

34.1 b 

34.3 

39.7 

Title Participants 

Military Effects Group 

Spectrometer Measurements Naval Defense Laboratory 

Photography Lookout Laboratory, AFSWC, Force 

Test Center; EG and G 

Cloud Growth Studv Arr Force Research Center; Strategic Air 

Command, U S Weather Bureau; EG and G 

Los Scientific Laboratory Test Group 

Effects of Pressure Phenomena AEC. of Biology and Medicine; 

Inside Protective Shelters Following a Nuclear Research Laboratory 

Detonation 

Evaluation of Indoor Home Shelters Exposed to Chemical Warfare Laboratory 

Nuclear Effects 

Structural Behavior of Group Shelters Under Various Chemical Warfare Laboratory 

Blast Loads 

Measurement of Neutron and Gamma Air Force School of 

Dose from Neutron Weapons 

and of Dose with Effects 

Estimated 

Personnel 

J 

1 

1 

Sampling 4926th Test Squadron (Sampling) 17 

Temperature Measurements Naval Research Laboratory 

Interval Measurements Naval Research Laboratory

spectroscopy Naval Research Laboratory 

Civil Effects Test Group 

Unknown 

72 

1 
Project 1.1, Measurement of Free Air Atomic Blast Pressures, 

used parachute-borne instrument canisters dropped from a B-29 

aircraft to obtain data on the blast wave produced by the nuclear 

detonation. At 2400 hours on the day before the APPLE 1 test, 

two individuals traveled in one vehicle to a location 3.5 kilometers east of the shot-tower to complete servicing stations. 

Four hours before shot-time, 12 project personnel traveled in 

three vehicles to the Project 1.1 telemetering station located 

about 17 kilometers southeast of the shot-tower, at UTM coordinates 835892, to operate and record data through shot-time and 

until 45 minutes after the detonation. Because there is no 

record of radiological safety monitors having been assigned to 

this project on shot-day, it appears that recovery of the airdropped instrument canisters was made some time after shot-day, 

when two individuals probably spent two hours retrieving 

equipment (51; 75; 77; 83). 

Project 1.2, Shock Wave Photography, was conducted to evaluate the progression of the blast-wave produced by the nuclear 

detonation. personnel created a series of smoke trails 

in the air beyond the detonation to aid in photographic detection 

and measurement of blast wave effects. 

At 2230 hours on the day before the test, three individuals 

traveled to a line located 1,040 meters due east of the 

tower to load 16 rocket launchers with 16 live rounds. They then 

returned to Camp Mercury. Three hours before the shot, three 

individuals traveled in one vehicle to the Project 9.1 station in 

the Yucca Lake area. Their responsibility was to take a still 

photograph of the smoke rockets at shot-time to determine if all 

16 rockets had fired. At shot-time, the 16 smoke rockets were 

fired to form a line pattern beyond the detonation. 

One camera station with four cameras, which was probably 

unmanned, was located 4,100 meters west of the shot and outside 

73 
the 0.01 R/h Two or three project personnel probably spent 

one hour, late on shot-day, recovering film from this station 

(75; 77; 83; 103). 

Project 1.5, Preshock Sound Velocities near the Ground in 

the Vicinity of an Atomic Explosion, was designed to measure 

changes in the transmission of sound waves caused by changes in 

air pressure. Before the detonation, ten men probably worked 

five days to assemble the instrumentation at five stations in the 

shot area. At 2200 hours on the day before the shot, three men 

completed work at stations located about 825 and 1,500 meters 

north of ground zero. 

The radiological safety report indicates that personnel from 

Project 1.5, accompanied by a radiological safety monitor, 

re-entered the area on shot-day to recover data and instruments. 

The recovery probably took three people two hours. Five men 

probably spent two days cleaning up the site (75; 77; 83; 100). 

Project Measurements of Air-blast Phenomena with 

Self-recording Gauges, was fielded to measure air-pressure variations produced by a nuclear detonation. Self-recording pressure 

gauges and pressure-time instruments were placed on two lines 

extending from the shot-tower. One extended due north with one 

station located 820 meters from ground zero. The other line 

extended southwest with stations located at distances ranging 

from 310 to 1,800 meters from ground zero. 

Preshot surveying, construction of instrumentation mounts, 

installation, and checking of gauges probably took six participants two weeks. After the shot, two men probably spent four 

hours recovering data at the most distant station. Recovery of 

the data from the remaining stations closer to ground zero was 

probably accomplished in two days by three individuals, when 

radiation intensities had decayed (75; 77; 83; 132). 

74 
Project 2.1, Gamma Exposure versus Distance, was designed 

to evaluate the gamma radiation exposure potential at various 

distances from a nuclear detonation. The project involved the 

location of film dosimeters, each loaded with two film packets, 

at 18 stations between 285 meters and 1,700 meters from the 

tower. At 1218 hours, one hour after the Test Manager had 

declared that recovery operations could begin, three persons in a 

weapons carrier started collecting the film dosimeters located 

along the main access road. The recovery team began at the 

farthest station and worked toward ground zero as far as radiation levels permitted. One radiological safety monitor accompanied the recovery team, which spent an estimated 15 minutes 

conducting their activities (46; 75; 77; 83). 

Project 2.2, Neutron Flux Measurements, was designed to 

evaluate neutron radiation at various distances from a nuclear 

detonation. Neutron detectors were arranged between 90 and 1,300 

meters from the shot-tower. The neutron detectors closest to 

ground zero were attached to a long cable, while the remaining 

detectors were placed in canisters mounted on posts. 

Since neutron detectors had to be analyzed as soon after 

exposure as possible, the Project 2.2 recovery team was permitted 

to follow the initial radiological survey team into the shot area 

at 0527 hours, about 32 minutes after the detonation. At that 

time, five individuals, including one radiological safety 

monitor, entered the area in one vehicle to pull in the detectors 

attached to the cables and to recover the canisters mounted on 

posts. It is estimated that these project personnel spent 30 

minutes performing recovery activities (49; 75; 77; 83). 

Project 2.6, Radiation Energy Absorbed by Human Phantoms in 

a Fission Fallout Field, involved measuring radiation intensities 

of fallout by placing masonite mannequins instrumented with 

radiation detectors at various stations within the fallout field 

after the detonation. 

75 
After recovery operations were initiated on shot-day, two 

teams, each consisting of four recovery personnel and one radiological safety monitor, entered the shot area in one vehicle and 

established two mannequin stations 2,340 meters due north of 

ground zero. At that point, the gamma radiation reading three 

feet above the ground was 1.6 R/h. This activity required an 

estimated ten minutes to complete. On the three days following 

the detonation, project personnel made three separate trips each 

day into the area to check instruments installed at the mannequin 

stations (65; 75; 77; 83; 97). 

Project 2.7, Shielding Studies, was designed to evaluate the 

effectiveness of structures and equipment in reducing gamma and 

neutron radiation hazards. Before the shot, project personnel 

placed an M59 personnel carrier, a T97 self-propelled 155mm gun, 

and an M48 tank at various distances from the shot-tower. Project personnel placed gamma-radiation film badges on the equipment 

and recovered the film badges after the detonation when the Test 

Manager permitted re-entry into the shot area (29; 75; 77; 83; 133). 

Project Contact Radiation Hazard Associated with 

Contaminated Aircraft, required approximately five individuals to 

survey the surface of the T-33 aircraft used in Project as 

well as the surfaces of some of the AFSWC cloud-sampling aircraft. Their was to determine how the degree of 

contamination varied as a function of time in the nuclear cloud. 

Each aircraft survey took approximately two hours. Because 

available documentation indicates that this project was conducted 

in the same manner at all shots at which it took place, the 

specific description of project procedures appears in the TEAPOT 

Series volume (13; 26; 35; 75; 77; 83). 

Manned Penetrations of Atomic Clouds, required 

two T-33 aircraft from Indian Springs AFB to penetrate the 

76 
nuclear cloud at an altitude of 29,000 feet about 30 minutes 

after the detonation. Each aircraft was manned by a pilot and 

technical observer and spent about 16 seconds within the cloud. 

The aircraft then returned directly to Indian Springs AFB, 

landing about 15 minutes after takeoff (35; 75; 77; 83; 131). 

Project 3.1, Response of Drag-type Equipment Targets in the 

Precursor Zone, was to determine the ability of vehicles to withstand the precursor-enhanced blast effects of a nuclear detonation. Six trucks, three M48 tanks, an M59 armored 

personnel carrier, and a T97 self-propelled gun were positioned 

about 610 to 1,350 meters southwest of the shot-tower. In addition, four Desert Rock vehicles were placed in the same area to 

obtain further damage data. 

At 2400 hours on the day before the detonation, three 

project personnel activated gauges at the vehicle and equipment 

stations. At 1718 hours, six hours after the Test Manager 

declared the area accessible for recovery operations, an estimated 23 personnel in five vehicles returned to the vehicle and 

equipment stations to perform recovery operations and to photograph the damage. Five monitors furnished by 1.3 and the 

Radiological Safety Support Unit accompanied the recovery 

team (9; 75; 77; 83). 

Project 5.1, Destructive Loads on Aircraft in Flight, was 

designed to determine the structural responses and progression of 

damage to aircraft structures when subjected to the destructive 

blast forces produced by a nuclear detonation. Participation in 

this project at Shot APPLE 1 was in preparation for Shot MET, 

which was to test three QF-80K drone aircraft. Accurate 

positioning of these radio-controlled drone aircraft was 

essential to the success of the project. Therefore, the drones 

had been tested at Shot BEE on 22 March, with additional DT-33 

aircraft controllers assisting in the effort. At APPLE 1, 

77 
 

however, no drone aircraft were flown, and Project 5.1 

controllers used their instruments for practice purposes only. 

No drone aircraft were launched at this shot. 

Between 2300 and 2330 hours on 28 March, four teams 

left Camp Mercury for radar, telemetering, and communications control stations. They reached the stations about midnight 

and remained there until several hours after the detonation. A 

total of 59 personnel operated the four stations, located at 

distances of 24 to 27 kilometers south and southeast of the shot 

tower. The personnel at these stations also monitored 

Project 5.2 aircraft in flight (35; 75; 77; 83; 111). 

5.2, Effects on Fighter Type Aircraft in Flight, was 

designed to evaluate the structural dynamics of the F-84F aircraft when exposed during flight to the effects of a nuclear 

detonation. The involved both air and ground operations. 

Two aircraft participated in the The first was in 

level-flight, oriented tail-on to the blast wave at a slant range 

of 4,410 meters and an altitude of about 13,330 feet above ground 

zero. The second aircraft was in level-flight, oriented side-on 

to the blast wave at a slant range of 8,090 meters and an altitude of about 6,470 feet above ground zero. Both aircraft 

returned to Indian Springs AFB following the maneuver. 

The ground operations began at 2100 hours on 28 March, when 

two individuals in two vehicles left the main station 

near the Control Point and proceeded north to another station 

located 17 kilometers northeast of the shot-tower. They checked 

equipment installed in the station and then returned to 

the main project station near the Control Point, about five hours 

before the detonation. 

78 
At 1318 hours, 29 March, two hours after the Test Manager 

declared the shot area accessible, one participant proceeded to 

the station located 17 kilometers northeast of ground zero to 

turn off equipment. This trip to and from the area took an estimated two hours. A second participant proceeded to another 

station 25 kilometers southeast of ground zero to turn off equipment. Two radiological safety monitors accompanied these two 

personnel on their missions (35; 75; 77; 83; 112). 

Project Evaluation of Military Equipment, 

evaluated radiation detecting instruments. Dosimeters in tubes 

were placed at 12 locations between 900 and 2,700 meters from the 

shot-tower. They were retrieved by three individuals, including 

a radiological safety monitor, approximately two hours after 

recovery operations were permitted by the Test Manager (15; 75; 

77; 83). 

Project Evaluation of a Radiological Defense Warning 

System (also known as Project CLOUDBURST), was conducted to evaluate components of a radiological defense warning system. The 

system was located about 16, 72, and 89 kilometers south of the 

shot-tower. Three personnel spent about two days before 

the detonation selecting the site locations, mounting the 

detectors, and checking equipment. recovery of the 

detector systems was probably accomplished by three individuals 

in one day. 

activities also involved an evaluation of dose-rate 

meters. Nine project personnel tested dose-rate meters in radiation fields for an estimated 30 minutes. Beginning their activities at 1218 hours, one hour after the Test Manager permitted 

operations, the individuals spent no more than 15 

minutes beyond the 5 R/h line and no time in the 10 R/h field. 

Five hours after recovery operations were initiated, two 

participants placed equipment in the residual radiation 

79 
field. The equipment was recovered 24 hours later. Two 

radiological safety monitors accompanied project personnel in 

these activities (75; 77; 83; 107). 

Project 6.1.2, of Military was designed to 

measure the accuracy of standard military radiation-detection 

equipment and to measure the directional properties of gamma 

radiation emitted from fallout fields. 

With the prior authorization of the Test Manager, personnel 

entered fallout areas as early as 0530 hours, 35 minutes after 

the detonation. These initial entries were followed by others at 

1218, 1318, and 1618 hours. In the first entry, personnel followed directly behind the initial radiological safety 

survey team, proceeding to an area of approximately 3 R/h, where 

they stopped to carry out readings on 25 instruments of five 

different types. Two other project personnel spent five minutes 

setting up a directional radiation detector and preparing the 

equipment for automatic scan. 

At all times when crews were carrying out operations in 

radiation areas, extra vehicles were provided. Team operations 

were observed through field glasses, so that assistance could be 

provided in an emergency (75; 77; 83; 129). 

Project 6.2, Effects on Selected Components and Systems, was 

conducted to evaluate the radiation effects of a nuclear 

detonation on the reliability of electronics equipment either in 

use or in storage at the time of a nuclear detonation. The 

components tested included electron tubes, crystal units, and 

radar beacons, both in operating and in storage conditions. 

Before the detonation, an estimated three personnel 

and two AEC contractor personnel worked two days placing the test 

80 
equipment at positions between 400 and 500 meters from the 

tower. Recovery operations were accomplished in the days following the test event. Because the yield at this shot was lower 

than had been anticipated, the decision was made to conduct 

Project 6.2 again at Shot MET on 15 April (47; 75; 77; 83). 

Project 6.3, Missile Detonation Locator, tested a radar 

system for possible use in determining the location of a nuclear 

detonation. The detonation locator consisted of broad-band 

receivers set up in California on baselines approximately 110 and 

320 kilometers southwest of the NTS. Radio lines between the 

stations provided the time comparisons necessary to determine the 

relative times of arrival of the electromagentic pulse at each 

station (75; 77; 83; 101). 

Project 6.4, Test of IBDA Equipment, was designed to gather 

engineering data for an Indirect Bomb Damage Assessment system 

installed in a B-50D aircraft. The maximum operating range of 

the yield-measuring component of the system received primary 

emphasis. 

The B-50D IBDA system consisted of the standard radar set, 

AN/APO-24; a bomb-damage evaluation group (XA-1); a 

recording set, light and time, AN/ASH-4 (XA-1); and a K-17 aerial 

camera. To determine the maximum operating range of the system, 

two F-94 aircraft, each probablv manned bv two crewmen, were 

instrumented with one ASH-4 recording set and one A-4 

spotting camera. At this event, three B-50 aircraft were used 

while the two F-94s were positioned about 145 and 200 kilometers 

from ground zero at the time of detonation (28). 

The which staged out of Kirtland AFB, had a 

crew of ten. Since engineering evaluation tests were being 

conducted, one additional engineer and one technician accompanied 

the crew to monitor and ensure the operation of the IBDA system 

(28; 83). 
Project 6.5, Test of Airborne Naval Radars for IBDA, was 

conducted to test the suitability of unmodified operational Navy 

radars for Indirect Bomb Damage Assessment and to provide fleet 

personnel with experience in the analysis of IBDA data. Two AJ-2 

aircraft with crews of three, flew at altitudes of 30,000 feet on 

an eastbound heading and were located 11 kilometers west of 

ground zero at the time of detonation. The aircraft continued on 

this course for about 30 seconds and then returned to San Diego 

(75; 77; 83; 130). 

8.1, Measurement of Direct and Ground-reflected 

Thermal Radiation at Altitude, was designed to study how the heat 

reflected from the earth surface contributed to the total heat 

received by aircraft in the vicinity of a nuclear detonation. At 

the time of detonation, an AD-4B aircraft was at a slant range of 

about 4,830 meters and an altitude of 11,190 feet above ground 

zero. An AD-5 aircraft was at a slant range of 4,940 meters and 

an altitude of 11,690 feet above ground zero. A third aircraft, 

an AD-6, was at a slant range of 6,225 meters and an altitude of 

14,190 feet above ground zero. Following the detonation, these 

three aircraft returned directly to their staging base (75; 77; 

83; 93). 

Project Spectrometer Measurements, was designed to 

measure changes in the thermal radiation produced by a nuclear 

detonation. The recording instruments in Building 410 near the 

Control Point were not used during APPLE 1 because a higher 

priority for measurements was placed on WASP PRIME, detonated 

later in the day. A single ground station located 7.5 kilometers 

from ground zero was used to record thermal measurements (75; 77; 

83; 109). 

9.1, Technical Photography, was designed to provide 

documentary photographs of the detonation. The involved 

both a ground-photographv mission and an air-photographv 

82 
Three hours before the shot, three individuals involved in 

the ground-photography mission traveled in one vehicle to a 

camera station 1.6 kilometers east of Yucca Lake at UTM coordinates 900890. They remained at the station until after 

time, photographing the detonation. Meanwhile, an RC-47 aircraft 

with a crew of three and an estimated three cameramen, photographed the detonation at an altitude of 8,000 to 10,000 feet, 

to 16 kilometers southeast of ground zero (33; 35; 75; 77; 

Project 9.4, Atomic Cloud Growth Study, was designed to 

study the development of the cloud produced by a nuclear detonation. Data on the rate of cloud rise and maximum cloud height 

were obtained from instruments located at the Control Point. 

Other data were obtained by the crews of two RB-47 aircraft, who 

photographed the detonation. At shot-time, one of the aircraft 

was at an altitude of 42,000 feet heading southeast at a horizontal range of 3.7 kilometers from ground zero. The second 

RB-47 flew at 43,000 feet, 25.8 kilometers from ground zero. 

Both aircraft, each of which were flown by three crewmen from the 

Strategic Air Command, returned to their home station, March AFB 

California, upon completion of their mission (35; 48; 75; 77; 

83). 

3.2.2 Department of Defense Participation in LASL and UCRL Test

Group Projects 

The Los Scientific Laboratory (LASL) conducted 

at APPLE 1, but only four included DOD personnel, as 

shown in table 3-2. 

Project 11.2, Radiochemistry Sampling, was performed by 

sampling pilots from AFSWC and is addressed in section 3.2.5 of 

this chapter. 

83 
Project 18.1, High Temperature Measurements, Project 18.3, 

Time Interval Measurements, and Project 18.4, were 

performed for LASL by the Naval Research Laboratory. Little is 

known about these projects, except that they involved photographing the APPLE 1 burst from unmanned camera stations located 19 

kilometers from ground zero (14). 

The University of California Radiation Laboratory (UCRL) 

Test Group conducted two projects at the APPLE 1 test event. 

However, there is no documentation of DOD participation in either 

3.2.3 Department of Defense Participation in CETG Projects 

The Civil Effects Test Group conducted several at 

APPLE 1, but only four involved DOD personnel, as shown in 

table 3-2. 

Project 33.1, Biological Effects of Pressure Phenomena 

Occurring inside Protective Shelters Following a Nuclear Detonation, tested the effects of a nuclear blast on dogs, rats, and 

mice which were sealed in and below-ground instrumented 

shelters during the detonation. The data were used to check the 

biological effects of changes in pressures occurring in 

protective shelters following nuclear detonations. The only 

recorded DOD participant in this project, which was conducted 

bv the AEC Division of Biologv and Medicine in conjunction with 

the Biomedical Research Laboratory, was a single Air 

Force officer who assisted in a consultant capacity, but was not 

required to take part in fielding operations in the test area 

126). 

Evaluation of Indoor Home Shelters Exposed to 

Nuclear Effects, and 34.3, Structural Behavior of Group 

Shelters under Various Blast Loads, evaluated the protection 

84 
against nuclear detonations provided by buried shelters. In 

these projects, DOD participants of the Army's Chemical Warfare 

Laboratory served as consultants, but did not take part in 

fielding operations in the shot area at the NTS (20; 75; 125). 

Project 39.7, Physical Measurement of Neutron and Gamma 

Radiation Dose from High Neutron Yield Weapons and Correlation of 

Dose with Biological Effects, correlated radiation instrument 

measurements with biological effects in animals. Among the known 

project personnel was a DOD participant from the Air Force School 

of Aviation Medicine. Whether he worked in the field or served 

the project in a consultant capacity has not been documented (20; 

50). 

3.2.4 Department of Defense Operational Training Projects 

Six operational training projects were conducted at Shot 

APPLE 1: 

Project 40.1, Evaluation of IBDA Equipments

and Techniques 

• 40.3, Crew Indoctrination 

• Project 40.6, Calibration of Electromagnetic

Effects 

• Project 40.8, Calibration of Bomb Debris 

• Project 40.10, Delivery Crew Indoctrination 

• Project 40.13, Tactical Indoctrination for a 

Marine Aircrew. 

Project 40.6 was a ground experiment, while the other five projects were air operations. 

Project 40.1, Evaluation of Indirect Bomb Damage Assessment 

Equipment and Techniques, involved three Strategic Air Command 

RB-47 aircraft performing a training exercise of Indirect Bomb 

Damage Assessment techniques. At shot-time, these aircraft 

85 
simulated a horizontal delivery at 30,000 to 40,000 feet. Two 

minutes after the detonation, the aircraft left the area to 

return to March AFB, California (1; 3; 35; 105). 

Project 40.3, Crew Indoctrination, involved 13 F-84s operating from George AFB, California. The project was to 

train Tactical Air Command in the effects of a nuclear 

detonation while flying simulated missions. The aircraft entered 

the shot area at 28,000 feet and were positioned by radar on an 

east-west pattern 32 kilometers northeast of ground zero. The 

aircraft descended to 18,000 feet, eight kilometers north of 

ground zero, then turned right and flew out of the shot area at 

the time of the detonation. 

Ground personnel were scheduled to assist in this project. 

Two hours and 45 minutes before shot-time, ten individuals were 

scheduled to proceed to the radar station located 44 kilometers from the APPLE 1 shot-tower at UTM coordinates 928626. 

They were to remain at the station through shot-time (1; 3; 35; 

83; 105; 122). 

40.6, Calibration of Electromagnetic Effects, was 

performed by Air Force personnel who measured the characteristics 

of the electromagnetic pulse created by the detonation. Some 

personnel were required to occupy several permanent stations at 

various distances from ground zero during the detonation. On the 

day before the shot, three project personnel and a pilot traveled 

in a helicopter to station on Yucca Lake to service 

recording equipment located ten to 20 kilometers from ground 

zero. These individuals left the area before sunset. At 0315 

hours on shot-day, about 90 minutes before the detonation, five 

project personnel arrived at station on Yucca Lake to 

operate equipment. They remained at their station until after 

the detonation, when the Test Manager permitted recovery operations to begin (3; 83; 106). 

86 
Project 40.8, Calibration of Bomb Debris, was also performed 

by Air Force personnel. This project analyzed airborne fission 

products and gases from the radioactive nuclear cloud. 

Collection of these samples was performed by the AFSWC 4926th 

Test Squadron (Sampling) aircraft at the same time that the 

aircraft collected nuclear cloud samples for LASL Project 11.2. 

This activity is discussed under AFSWC operations, in section 

3.2.5 of this chapter (3; 35). 

Project 40.10, Delivery Crew Indoctrination, involved eight 

AD aircraft and two AJ aircraft staging from San Diego, California. 

All aircraft were positioned by radar at altitudes of about 24,000 

to 33,000 feet and locations about nine kilometers northeast of 

ground zero. These aircraft were abeam of ground zero 30 seconds 

before the detonation on a straight-in run. After the detonation, 

the aircraft made a righthand breakaway turn and returned to San 

Diego (1; 3; 35; 83; 105). 

Project 40.13, Tactical Indoctrination for a Marine Aircrew, 

was performed by one AD aircraft, one aircraft, and four 

aircraft staging out of the Marine Corps Auxiliary Air Station, 

California. These Marine Corps aircraft maintained a holding 

pattern 46 kilometers southwest of ground zero on an east-west 

orientation. The aircraft left the area about ten minutes after 

the detonation and returned to their staging base (1; 3; 35; 83; 

105). 

3.2.5 Air Force Special Weapons Center Activities 

Air Force Special Weapons Center (AFSWC) support consisted 

of nuclear cloud-sampling missions, sample courier missions, 

cloud-tracking missions, and aerial surveys of terrain. Cloud 

sampling was conducted for LASL Project 11.2 and for Air Force 

Project 40.8. 

87 
Cloud Sampling 

Shots APPLE 1 and WASP PRIME were detonated within five 

hours of each other on 29 March. The same cloud-sampling pilots 

flew missions at both shots, and the B-50 sampler control 

aircraft remained continuously airborne for the two tests. 

At APPLE 1, six F-84G aircraft, each with a pilot, and one 

B-57A aircraft, with a pilot and an observer, collected 

particulate and gaseous samples of the nuclear cloud for LASL 

Project 11.2, Radiochemistry Sampling, and Air Force Project 

40.8, Calibration of Bomb Debris. This was the first time a 

B-57A was involved as a sampling aircraft during a nuclear test. 

A B-50 aircraft, with a crew of nine, acted as the sampler 

control aircraft. The six F-84Gs and the B-57A collected samples 

at altitudes between 21,000 and 31,000 feet, with the first 

aircraft beginning sampling two hours after the detonation and 

the last aircraft beginning the mission four hours and 45 minutes 

after the detonation. The following listing presents information 

on the sampling mission of the seven aircraft (35): 

NUMBER OF TOTAL TIME HIGHEST 

AIRCRAFT PENETRATIONS IN CLOUD INTENSITY 

(minutes:

seconds) 

F-84G 2 2:oo 32 

F-84G 2 35 

F-84G 2 2 

F-84G 1 l:oo 3 

F-84G 4 7:oo 10 

F-84G 4 7:oo 9 

B-57A 2 3 

per hour 

88 
-

Courier Service 

Five aircraft left Indian Springs AFB to transport 

to various for analysis by the laboratories of the 

projects involved. These courier missions were conducted by the 

4900th Air Base Group from Kirtland AFB. Two C-119 aircraft left 

Indian Springs AFB at 1032 hours and 1035 hours for Kirtland AFB 

with samples for LASL. One C-119 aircraft left Indian Springs at 

1050 hours for Oakland Municipal Airport and McClellan AFB, 

California, with a sample for Project 40.8, Calibration of Bomb 

Debris. A C-47 left Indian Springs at 1145 hours for Bolling AFB 

with samples for the Naval Research Laboratory. On 30 March, the 

day after APPLE 1, a C-45 aircraft left Indian Springs AFB at 

1400 hours for Kirtland AFB with samples for LASL (35). 

Cloud Tracking 

Immediately after the APPLE 1 detonation, two aircraft, a 

B-50 from Kirtland AFB and a B-25 from Indian Springs AFB, flew 

cloud-tracking missions over and beyond the NTS. The B-50 flew 

at an altitude of 30,000 feet, while the B-25 flew at 12,000 

feet. The aircraft followed the cloud for four hours and ten 

minutes due east as far as Kanab, Utah (35 37). 

Aerial Surveys of Terrain 

Aerial surveying was conducted after each TEAPOT event. 

After Shot APPLE 1, one C-47 aircraft operating from Indian 

Springs AFB conducted low-level surveying of the NTS and to the 

east as far as Cedar City, Utah, at 300 to 500 feet. The 

aircraft and crew belonged to AFSWC, but the radiological safety 

monitor was a member of the 1st Radiological Safety Support Unit, 

working with the JTO. A second C-47 participated as a relay 

aircraft for Project 37. Since WASP PRIME was also conducted the 

same day, the terrain-survey flights for both shots were combined 

(35; 38). 

89 
3.3 RADIATION PROTECTION AT SHOT APPLE 1 

The purpose of the various radiation protection procedures 

developed for Operation TEAPOT was to ensure that individual 

exposure to ionizing radiation was as low as possible, while 

allowing participants to accomplish the operational requirements 

of their missions. Some of the procedures described in the Series 

volume resulted in records which enabled Exercise Desert Rock, 

the Joint Test Organization, and AFSWC to evaluate the 

effectiveness of the procedures. Such records for APPLE 1, 

including film-badge data, have been located only for the Joint 

Test Organization. The JTO Radiological Safety 

Organization was staffed by the Army's 1st Radiological Safety 

Support Unit, from Ft. McClellan, Alabama, and was managed by 

AFSWP. The JTO information which will be presented in this 

section, includes film-badge data, logistical data on radiological safety equipment, survey results and records, isointensity 

plots, and decontamination records. Apparently, monitors from 

the 50th Chemical Service Platoon were present at Shot APPLE 1, 

as evidenced by the photograph in figure 3-3. 

APPLE 1 and WASP PRIME were both detonated on 29 

March, most of the information on dosimetry, logistics, and 

decontamination is common to both shots. This section presents 

that common information, as well as the data specific to APPLE 1. 

Dosimetry Records 

From 28 March to 4 April 1955, which covers the 29 March 

detonation of APPLE 1 and WASP PRIME, the Dosimetry and Records 

Section of the JTO issued 2,562 film badges and 590 pocket 

dosimeters. Film-badge readings indicate that through this 

period, 52 individuals had cumulative exposures between 2.0 and 

3.9 roentgens. An additional ten individuals accumulated 

90 

total exposures greater than 3.9 roentgens, the JTO-authorized 

exposure limit, and were excluded from entry into radiation areas 

for the remainder of Operation TEAPOT (19). 

One individual from the USAF Test Unit who participated in 

CETG Project 39.7 recorded a film-badge reading of 1.15 roentgens 

on shot-day, making his total exposure 4.2 roentgens for the 

TEAPOT Series. One individual from the Naval Radiological 

Defense Laboratory received an exposure of 0.5 roentgens as a 

result of soil sampling activities conducted after Shots APPLE 1 

and WASP PRIME, making his total for the series 4.1 roentgens. 

An individual from the 1st Radiological Safety Support Unit 

received a total gamma exposure of 4.45 roentgens by 29 March 

(17; 19). 

Two personnel from the Chemical and Radiological Laboratory 

had cumulative gamma exposures of 4.1 and 4.2 roentgens after 

participating in APPLE 1 and possibly WASP PRIME. Three Air 

Force personnel, two from the 3083rd and one from the 3084th 

Aviation Depot Groups, received total gamma exposures of 5.07, 

4.11 and 3.97 roentgens, respectively, up through shot day. 

Another individual from the Air Force, a member of Headquarters, 

312th Fighter Bomber Group, had a cumulative gamma exposure of 

4.4 roentgens after participating in APPLE 1 or WASP PRIME. An 

AFSWC pilot who conducted cloud sampling missions on 29 March 

received an exposure of 0.8 roentgens on shot day, making his 

total exposure 4.2 roentgens (17; 18; 19). 

Logistical Data for Radiological Safety Equipment 

For Shots APPLE 1 and WASP PRIME, the General Supply Section 

issued 1,936 pieces of protective clothing and 309 respirators. 

In addition, the Instrument Repair Section issued 378 

92 
Monitoring Activities 

At Shot APPLE 1, the initial survey party, consisting of 

four or five two-man teams, road patrols, and checkpoint 

personnel, left the Control Point at 0500 hours, five minutes 

after the detonation, and began its survey of Area 4 at 0527 

hours. The road patrol found that the area north on Mercury 

Highway from the Control Point to BJY and south on Mercury 

Highway to Frenchman Flat was free of radioactivity. Because the 

direction of fallout prevented the initial team from reaching 

stake line 1 to the northeast, it was necessary to complete the 

survey in this area using stake lines from Area 2. In addition, 

fallout caused the team assigned to stake line 8, which was due 

north, to approach from the west, rather than from the east as 

originally planned. The main check points were established by 

0520 hours, and the initial survey was completed by 0640 hours. 

A copy of the initial isointensity map is shown in figure 3-4. 

In addition to the ground survey, three H-19 aircraft, each 

with a crew of about five, performed an aerial radiological 

survey of the APPLE 1 ground zero area immediately after the 

detonation. 

Resurveys of the area were made on 30 March and on 1, 12 

and 20 April. Copies of the isointensity maps generated from the 

resurveys are shown in figure 3-5. The average exposures for the 

initial and first resurvey teams were 0.48 and 0.22 roentgens, 

In addition to its survey work, the Monitoring Section 

provided monitors to a number of projects conducting recovery 

operations on shot-day. The assignment of these radiological 

safetv monitors is summarized on the next page (19): 

93 
 

Stake Lines 

Roads . . . . . . . . . . . . 0.01 0 

I ------ 0.1 R/h

Meters 

10.0 R/h 

Figure 3-4: INITIAL SURVEY FOR SHOT APPLE MARCH 1955, 

0527 TO 0640 HOURS 
 

Meters 

30 March 1955, 0545 to 0745 Hours 

Meters 

12 April 1955, 0830 to 0915 

0 . Meters 

1 April 1955, 1122 to 1430 Hours 

0

1 

Meters 

20 April 1955, 1500 to 1528 Hours 

Stake Lines 

Roads . . . . . . . . . . . 0.01 R/h 

-- 0.1 

1.0 

10.0 

Figure 3-5: RESURVEYS FOR SHOT APPLE 1 
PROJECT NUMBER 

1.5 1 

3.0 1 

6.1.2 1 

15.1 1 

15.3 2 

15.4 2 

16 1 

30.3 1 

33 3 

34.3 1 

37.3 1 

38.1 4 

39.4 3 

1 

The Monitoring Section also provided three monitors to the 

Reynolds Electrical and Engineering Company and two 

monitors to Edgerton, Germeshausen, and Grier, Inc. 

Recovery and Re-entry Procedures 

The Plotting and Briefing Section cleared 25 parties for 

entry into Area 4 on shot-day (19; 75). 

The Test Manager announced a limited recovery hour for 

parties of Projects 2.2, 3.1, 6.1.2, 13.3, Program 18, and for 

parties of Edgerton, Germeshausen, and Grier and The 

announcement included the stipulation that they would clear the 

shot area by 0800 hours, two hours before the scheduled 

detonation of WASP PRIME. Normal recovery operations were 

resumed at 1118 hours, the declaration of recovery hour for both 

Shot APPLE 1 and Shot WASP PRIME (19). 

Decontamination 

During the period covering APPLE 1 and WASP PRIME, members 

of the Vehicle and Equipment Decontamination Section decontaminated 73 vehicles and seven trailers. of the trailers and 

one of the vehicles had been placed in the hot park to allow 

contamination to decay prior to decontamination. An additional 

96 
53 items of equipment were placed in the hot park. Most of the 

equipment decontaminated during this period had been used in the 

ESS shot area (19). 

97 
WASP PRIME 

SHOT SYNOPSIS 

Purpose of Test: 

AEC TEST SERIES: TEAPOT 

DOD EXERCISE: Desert Rock VI 

DATE/TIME: 29 March 1955, 1000 hours 

YIELD: 3 kilotons 

HEIGHT OF BURST: 737 feet (airdrop) 

To test a new nuclear device for possible 

inclusion in the nuclear arsenal. 

DOD To study the effects of a nuclear weapon 

on military equipment

To allow DOD personnel to observe a 

nuclear detonation. 

Weather: At shot-time, the temperature at shot height

was 12.4" C.; pressure at 845 millibars;

surface winds up to shot height from the

south-southwest at 16 knots, increasing to 25

knots from the southwest at 10,000 feet; 45 

knots from the west-southwest at 20,000 feet; 

63 knots from the west-southwest at 30,000

feet. 

Radiation Data: Intensities around ground zero were the result 

of neutron-induced activity. Intensities 

greater than 0.1 R/h were confined to a

relatively circular area extending about 2,500

meters out from ground zero. 

Participants: Atomic Energy Commission, Exercise Desert Rock

participants, Armed Forces Special Weapons 

Project, Air Force Special Weapons Center and

other Air Force personnel, Los

Scientific Laboratory, Federal Civil Defense

Administration, contractors, DOD laboratories. 

98 
CHAPTER 4 

SHOT WASP PRIME 

Shot WASP PRIME, the ninth nuclear test of Operation TEAPOT, 

was detonated on 29 March 1955 at hours in Area 7 of the 

Nevada Test Site (NTS) at UTM coordinates 869047. The yield of 

the device was three kilotons (30). The firing of WASP PRIME 

five hours after the detonation of APPLE 1 marked the first time 

in the history of the nuclear test program that two nuclear 

devices were detonated on the same day. 

A developmental device designed by the Los Scientific 

Laboratory (LASL), the WASP PRIME device was nearly identical to 

the WASP device detonated on 18 February 1955, the first test 

event of the TEAPOT Series. Like WASP, WASP PRIME was airdropped from a B-36 aircraft. The B-36 entered the testing area 

at 0755 hours and completed six practice runs prior to the 

bombing run, which began at hours. At bomb release, the 

aircraft was on a heading of 260 degrees at 240 knots and at an 

altitude of 20,000 feet, where the winds were from the west at 

about 45 knots. The bomb was detonated at an altitude of 

approximatelv 740 feet above the surface of Yucca Flat (41; 70). 

Department of Defense (DOD) participants at Shot WASP PRIME 

took part in Exercise Desert Rock activities, scientific and 

military effects experiments, and support missions, as described 

in this chapter. An account of the radiological situation 

created by Shot WASP PRIME, along with the procedures used to 

minimize the exposure of DOD participants to ionizing radiation, 

is summarized at the end of the chapter. 

99 
4.1 EXERCISE DESERT ROCK VI OPERATIONS AT SHOT WASP PRIME 

Fewer than 100 Desert Rock exercise troops took part in one 

troop test and one technical service project at WASP PRIME. 

Table 4-l displays Desert Rock VI activities at the shot. 

Table 4-l: EXERCISE DESERT ROCK VI PROJECTS, SHOT WASP PRIME 

Program Type Project Title 

Troop Test 40.18 Location of Bursts 

21 Ordnance 

Estimated 

Personnel I Participants 

Battery C 532nd 

Research 

573rd Ordnance Company, 

Arsenal; Chemical 

Warfare Laboratory 

Unknown 

4.1.1 Troop Test 

Project 40.18, Location of Atomic Bursts, was conducted by 

The Artillery School and employed 49 participants from Battery C 

Field Artillery (Observation) Battalion. The 

of the project were to test equipment and train troops 

in locating and determining the yield of a nuclear detonation. 

To perform the participants conducted field surveys 

using AN/TVS-l cameras, MK-11 Bhangmeters, radar sets, 

and sound microphones. According to the Operation Order for WASP 

PRIME, personnel were to man nine survey stations. They were 

deployed to approximate an observation battery under tactical 

conditions. The locations of the stations are listed below (90): 
UTM COORDINATES 

Flash Control Point 794964 

Station Location 1 a34945 

Station Location 2 824953 

Station Location 3 810961 

Station Location 4 794969 

Station Location 5 775975 

Station location 6 754985 

Sound Control Point 796984 

Radar 800912 

All nine stations were manned at 1600 hours on 28 March, 16 hours 

before the WASP PRIME detonation. After the shot and the completion of their data collection, project personnel returned to Camp 

Desert Rock (54; 90; 105). 

4.1.2 Technical Service Projects 

As listed in table 4-1, one technical service project was 

conducted to train personnel in monitoring radiation and in the 

effects of a nuclear detonation on military vehicles. 

Project 40.21, Ordnance Vehicular Equipment Test, was 

conducted by the Ballistic Research Laboratories. The objectives 

were to determine the effect of roll-over safety bars in 

minimizing damage to wheeled vehicles, to obtain experimental 

design data for the future development of ordnance equipment, and 

to investigate the shielding effect of armor against gamma 

radiation. The equipment was placed in various positions in the 

display area. The vehicles included three M48 tanks, one M59 

armored personnel carrier, one T97 self-propelled gun, six 

trucks, six 2 cargo trucks, six cargo trucks, and 

four 5-ton trucks. 

The principal participants in the project were from the 

573rd Ordnance Companv, which fielded the test equipment with the 

assistance of personnel from the Detroit Arsenal. Ballistic 

Research Laboratories personnel from the Armed Forces Special 

101 
Weapons (AFSWP) Military Effects Group Project 3.1 

recorded blast pressures from gauges located near the Project 

40.21 test equipment, while Chemical Warfare Laboratories 

personnel from Military Effects Group Project 2.7 took radiation 

measurements (54; 102). 

4.2 DEPARTMENT OF DEFENSE PARTICIPATION IN MILITARY EFFECTS, 

SCIENTIFIC, OPERATIONAL TRAINING, AND SUPPORT ACTIVITIES AT

SHOT WASP PRIME 

In addition to the Exercise Desert Rock activities described 

in the previous section, Department of Defense personnel 

performed a variety of tasks during WASP PRIME that required them 

to enter the forward area before, during, or after the shot. The 

Test Manager declared the area safe for recovery operations at 

1118 hours, one hour and 18 minutes after the detonation. 

DOD personnel performed the 14 projects sponsored by the 

Field Command Military Effects Group and assisted in three 

sponsored by the LASL test group and one by the Civil Effects 

Test Group. 

DOD personnel also performed three operational training 

and the Air Force Special Weapons Center (AFSWC) 

provided support to the test groups and to the Test Manager. 

4.2.1 Department of Defense Participation in Military

Effects Group Projects 

The Militarv Effects Group of AFSWP Field Command conducted 

14 projects at Shot WASP PRIME, as listed in table 4-2. Table 

4-2 lists the test group projects by number and title, and 

identifies the fielding agencies and the numbers of DOD 

pants. Recause in most cases many of the same personnel 

performed both pre- and activities, estimates reflect 

the maximum number of DOD personnel who would have been involved 

102 
Table 4-2: TEST GROUP PROJECTS WITH DEPARTMENT OF DEFENSE PARTICIPATION 

SHOT WASP PRIME 

Project 

12 

21 

22 

24 

2 8a 

31 

63 

64 

91 

94 

11 2 

182 

184 

39 7 

Title Participants 

Military Effects Group 

Shock Wave Photography Naval Ordnance Laboratory 

Gamma Exposure versus Army Signal Laboratones 

Neutron Flux Measurements Naval Research Laboratory 

Gamma Dose Rate versus and Evans Signal Laboratory, Army Center 

Contact Hazard Force Special Weapons Center 

Response of Drag-type Equipment Targets Research Laboratones 

the Precursor Zone 

Detonation Locator Army Signal Laboratories 

Test of Equipment Development Center 

Thermal Measurements from Fixed Ground Naval Defense Laboratory 

Installations 

Radiant Energy Delivered Prior to the First Naval Radiological Defense Laboratory 

Spectrometer Measurements Naval Defense Laboratory 

Bolometer Measurements Naval Radiological Defense Laboratory 

Technical Photography Lookout Mountain Laboratory, AFSWC, Force 

Test Center, EG and G 

Atomic Cloud Growth Study Force Cambridge Research Center, U S Weather 

Bureau; EG and G 

Los Scientific Laboratory Test Group 

Sampling 4926th Test Squadron (Sampling) 

Altitude Measurements Naval Research Laboratory 

Spectroscopy Naval Research Laboratory 

Civil Effects Test Group 

Physical Measurement of Neutron and Gamma Force School of 

Radiation Dose from Neutron Weapons 

and of Dose Biological Effects 

Estimated 

Personnel 

2 

3 

7 

5 

6 

4 

16 

3 

6 

15 

1 

Unknown 
in one aspect of the project. For example, if the project 

description states that 15 individuals performed preshot 

activities and five performed recovery, the estimate 

listed in the table would be 15. 

Project 1.2, Shock Wave Photography, was conducted to 

evaluate the progression of the blast wave produced by the 

nuclear detonation. Three cameras were operated at a station 

located approximatelv 3,100 meters from ground zero. The 

station, which was unmanned at shot-time, was just outside the 

0.01 R/h line determined by the radiological safety surveys 

following the detonation. Two project personnel probably spent 

one hour recovering film from the camera station late on shot-day 

(82; 90; 103). 

Project 2.1, Gamma Exposure versus Distance, was designed to 

evaluate the gamma radiation hazard at various distances from a 

nuclear detonation. The project involved the location of canisters with film packets in the predicted upwind sector of the shot 

area. Before the shot, personnel established 22 canister 

stations located from 250 meters to 1,660 meters from ground 

zero. At 1218 hours, approximately one hour after the Test 

Manager had declared that recovery operations could begin, two 

project personnel in a vehicle, with a team of Project 39.6 

personnel, started recovering the dosimeters. The participants, 

who were accompanied bv a radiological safety monitor from the 

Army Signal Engineer Laboratories, spent an estimated 15 minutes 

in recovery activities (46; 82; 90). 

Project 2.2, Neutron Flux Measurements, was designed to 

evaluate the neutron radiation hazard at various distances from a 

nuclear detonation. personnel placed 15 canisters of 

neutron detectors at intervals within an area 180 to 720 meters 

south-southwest of ground zero. They also attached neutron 

detectors to a cable laid 90 to 720 meters south-southwest of 

ground zero. 

104 
Neutron detectors had to be analyzed as soon after exposure 

as possible. Therefore, the Test Manager allowed two recovery 

teams, each consisting of three individuals in one vehicle, to 

enter the test area to recover the neutron detectors and 

canisters behind the initial radiological survey team at 1033 

hours, about 33 minutes after the detonation. One party pulled 

in the detector cable from its position 720 meters 

southwest of ground zero. The other party recovered canisters at 

locations 180, 360, 540, and 720 meters from ground zero. One 

radiological safety monitor accompanied the six project personnel 

in their activities (49; 82; 90). 

Project 2.4, Gamma Dose Rate versus Time and Distance, 

was performed to evaluate the gamma radiation hazard at various 

times after the detonation. The project involved the placement 

of three instrument stations at distances of 400, 410, and 590 

meters from ground zero. The first station was located 

northwest, the second south-southwest, and the third southeast of 

ground zero. The instruments were recovered by personnel 

after the detonation (45; 82; 90). 

Project Contact Radiation Hazard Associated with 

Contaminated Aircraft, was designed to study the exposure 

potential presented by ground-crew contact with an aircraft that 

had flown through a nuclear cloud. Standard gamma-survey meters 

were held near the contaminated components of two AFSWC 

sampling aircraft to determine their radiation intensities. 

Several types of meters were used and their readings were 

compared. After the aircraft had landed, as many as five 

individuals took part in the survey, which took about two hours. 

Decay studies were conducted up to 24 hours after the detonation. 

Because available documentation indicates that this project was 

conducted in the same way at all shots at which it took place, 

the specific description of project procedures appears in the 

TEAPOT Series volume (26; 82; 90). 

105 
Project 3.1, Response of Drag-type Equipment Targets in the 

Precursor Zone, was to determine the ability of vehicles to 

withstand the precursor-enhanced blast effects of a nuclear 

detonation. Seven trucks, which had sustained light 

damage during their use in 3.1 at Shot were positioned in the shot area. Three trucks were placed near the 

intended ground zero, and the four remaining trucks were placed 

along a line from about 100 to 300 meters southwest of the 

intended ground zero. 

It is estimated that four individuals took one day each to 

place and instrument the vehicles before the detonation. After 

the shot, an estimated four personnel, including a crane 

operator, took one day to clear the area after radiation 

intensities were declared acceptable for recovery operations. In 

addition, two photographers spent a day each photographing the damage (9; 82; 90). 

6.3, Missile Detonation Locator, tested the feasibility of a tactical range detonation-locator system designed to 

detect and analyze the electromagnetic pulse emitted by the 

detonation. The detonation locator consisted of broad-band 

receivers set up in California on baselines approximately 110 and 

320 kilometers southwest of the NTS. Radio links between the 

stations provided the time comparisons necessary to determine 

relative times of arrival of the electromagnetic pulse at each 

station. 

According to the Operation Order for WASP PRIME, two project 

teams, each consisting of two individuals, were scheduled to 

arrive at two stations located on the NTS at UTM coordinates 

830901 and 892868 the day before the test. These personnel were 

to operate the stations until one hour after the shot to obtain 

essential baseline data on the time of arrival of the electromagnetic pulse in the test area. After the project, they were to 

return to the Control Point 90; 101). 

106 
Project 6.4, of IBDA Equipment, was designed to gather 

engineering evaluation data for a complete IBDA system installed 

in a B-50D aircraft and to determine the maximum operating range 

of the yield-measuring component of the system. The B-50D IBDA 

system consisted of the standard radar set, a 

damage evaluation group, AN/APA-106 (XA-1); a recording set, 

light and time, AN/ASH-4 (XA-1); and a K-17 aerial camera. Two 

F-94 aircraft, each with one ASH-4 recording set and an A-4 

spotting camera, were instrumented to determine the maximum 

operating range of the system. 

The B-50D staged out of Kirtland AFB and normally had a crew 

of ten. Since engineer evaluation tests were being conducted, 

one additional engineer and one technician accompanied the crew 

to monitor and ensure the operation of the IBDA system. The 

F-94s were staged out of Indian Springs AFB, and probably had a 

crew of two. The B-50D was positioned by radar from three to 

seven nautical miles from ground zero, and simulated a 

deliverv mission. The F-94s were positioned by the Air Operations Center at locations 35 to 153 nautical miles from ground 

zero. At least one crew member of each aircraft wore a film 

badge (28; 35; 82; 90). 

Project Thermal Measurements from Fixed Ground Installations, was designed to measure and characterize the heat 

produced by a nuclear detonation at ranges where thermal radiation caused damage to military equipment. Thermal radiation was 

measured at stations 460 and 910 meters from ground zero. 

Preshot selection of sites and placement of instrumentation 

probably took two participants four hours. recovery of 

data was accomplished by two project personnel and a 

radiological safety monitor in one hour late on shot-day (62; 82; 

90). 

107 
Project Thermal Measurements Prior to the First 

Minimum, studied characteristics of the thermal radiation 

produced by a nuclear detonation. Measurements of thermal 

radiation were made by high-sensitivity equipment installed in 

Building 410, located near the Control Point in Yucca Pass (63; 

82; 90). 

Project Spectrometer Measurements, was designed to 

measure changes in the thermal radiation produced by a nuclear 

detonation. As with Project the recording instruments were 

located in Building 410 near the Control Point Area (82; 90; 

109). 

Project Bolometer Measurements, measured changes in 

the amount of heat produced at various times after a nuclear 

detonation. All data were taken from Building 410, as they were 

for Projects and (67; 82; 90; 108). 

Project 9.1, Technical Photography, was designed to provide 

documentary photographs of the detonation. For Shot WASP PRIME, 

Project 9.1 personnel performed ground photography for Project 

1.2, Shock Wave Photography. During Shot WASP PRIME, only the 

air-photography mission was conducted. One RC-47 aircraft, which 

probably carried a flight crew of three persons and an estimated 

three photographers, was positioned between 10 and 16 kilometers 

southeast of ground zero at an altitude of 8,000 to 10,000 feet 

at shot-time. The KC-47, which returned to Indian Springs AFB 

after personnel had photographed the nuclear 

cloud, was manned personnel from AFSWC and the Air Force 

Missile Test Center (33; 35; 82; 

Project 9.4, Atomic Cloud Growth Studv, was designed to 

study the development of the cloud produced by a nuclear 

detonation. Data on the rate of cloud rise and maximum cloud 

were obtained from instruments located at the Control 

Point (35; 82; 

108 
4.2.2 Department of Defense Participation in LASL Test Group

Projects 

The Los Scientific Laboratory was the only AEC 

nuclear weapons development laboratory participating at Shot WASP 

PRIME. Along with developing the WASP PRIME nuclear device, the 

LASL Test Group conducted a number of projects at the shot, but 

only three included DOD participation. Table 4-2 lists DOD 

participation in these LASL projects. 

Project 11.2, Radiochemistry Sampling, was performed by 

sampling pilots from AFSWC and is addressed in section 4.2.5 of 

this chapter. 

Projects 18.2, High Altitude Measurements, and 18.4, 

Spectroscopy, were performed for LASL by the Naval Research 

Laboratory. Little is known about the activities associated with 

Program 18 in general or these two projects in particular (14). 

4.2.3 Department of Defense Participation in CETG Projects 

The Civil Effects Test Group conducted about seven projects 

at WASP PRIME. Of those seven projects, only one involved DOD 

personnel, as shown in table 4-2. 

Project 39.7, Physical Measurement of Neutron and Gamma 

Radiation Dose from High Neutron Yield Weapons and Correlation of 

Dose with Biological Effects, correlated radiation instrument 

measurements with biological effects in animals. Among the 

known project personnel was a DOD participant from the Air Force 

School of Aviation Medicine. 

According to the Test Director's schedule of events for WASP 

PRIME, Project 39.7 personnel were scheduled to complete 

placement of dosimeters and animals at stations located 90 to 

1,100 meters east-northeast of ground zero by 2400 hours on the 

day before the shot. 

109 
Ten minutes after the shot, four recovery teams, each consisting of four FCDA project personnel and a radiological safety 

monitor, entered the shot area in one vehicle to recover equipment and animals. Available documents do not indicate the length 

of time spent by the recovery teams in the shot area, or whether 

the DOD participant served as a consultant or took part in the 

effort (20; 50; 90). 

4.2.4 Department of Defense Operational Training Projects 

The Air Force conducted three operational training projects 

during Shot WASP PRIME: 

• Project 40.3, Crew Indoctrination 

Project 40.6, Calibration of Electromagnetic Effects 

Project 40.8, Calibration of Bomb Debris. 

40.3, Crew Indoctrination, was intended to train 

Tactical Air Command in the effects of a nuclear detonation while flying simulated tactical delivery techniques and 

flyby maneuvers. Thirteen F-84 aircraft, staging from George 

AFB, California, conducted a flyby maneuver. These aircraft, 

each of which carried one pilot, performed their maneuver eight 

kilometers north of ground zero at altitudes of about 18,000 to 

22,000 feet. At the time of the detonation, they broke away 

quickly to the north and then returned to George AFB. 

The aircraft were positioned by radar and other 

electronic devices located on the NTS and operated by project 

personnel before, during, and shortlv after shot-time. Two hours 

before the detonation, ten airmen, six officers, and one civilian 

proceeded to the radar station situated at UTM coordinates 

930626, which was about 43 kilometers south of ground zero (1; 3; 

35; 105; 106; 122). 

110 
Project 40.6, Calibration of Electromagnetic Effects, was 

performed by Air Force personnel, who measured the characteristics of the electromagnetic pulse created by the detonation. 

Part of the project required personnel to occupy several 

permanent stations at various distances from surface zero during 

the detonation. At 1300 hours on the day before the shot, two 

individuals flew in a helicopter to station on Yucca Lake, 

15 kilometers south of ground zero. They serviced eight sets of 

unmanned recording equipment at distances of 10 to 20 kilometers 

from surface zero. These individuals were in the shot area about 

four hours. At hours on shot-day, about two hours before 

the detonation, three individuals arrived at station on 

Yucca Lake to operate equipment while two project personnel 

operated experimental equipment at station on Angel's Peak. 

Participants remained at their stations until about SO minutes 

after the detonation when the Test Manager permitted recovery 

operations to begin (3; 90; 106). 

Project 40.8, Calibration of Bomb Debris, was also conducted 

by Air Force personnel. The project objective was to 

airborne fission products and gases from the radioactive nuclear 

cloud. Collection of these samples was performed by AFSWC 4926th 

Test Squadron (Sampling) aircraft at the same time that the 

pilots collected cloud samples for LASL 11.2. This 

activity is discussed under AFSWC operations, in the following 

section (3; 35). 

4.2.5 Air Force Special Weapons Center Activities 

Air Force Special Weapons Center support consisted of 

nuclear cloud-sampling missions, sample courier flights, 

tracking missions, and an aerial survey of terrain. 

111 
Cloud Sampling 

Six F-84G aircraft, each carrying a pilot, collected 

particulate and gaseous samples of the nuclear cloud for LASL 

Project 11.2, Radiochemistry Sampling, and Air Force Headquarters 

Project 40.8, Calibration of Bomb Debris. A B-50 aircraft, 

carrying a crew of ten, acted as the sampler control airplane. 

The F-84G aircraft collected samples at altitudes between 21,500 

and 35,000 feet, with the first aircraft beginning cloud penetration one hour after the detonation and the final two aircraft 

entering the cloud two hours and 35 minutes after the detonation. 

The following listing presents information on the missions of the 

six sampling aircraft (35; 38): 

NUMBER OF TOTAL TIME HIGHEST 

AIRCRAFT PENETRATIONS IN CLOUD INTENSITY 

minutes: 

seconds 

F-84G 2 40 

F-84G 1 20 

F-84G 1 24:00 5 

F-84G 1 24:00 6 

F-84G 1 7:oo 9 

F-84G 1 7:oo 8 

Since APPLE 1 had been fired five hours before WASP PRIME, 

the B-50 sampler control plane remained airborne for both shots 

and the same sampler pilots flew both the APPLE 1 and WASP PRIME 

sampling missions. Because of a shortage of radiac instruments, 

it was necessary to decontaminate one of the sampler aircraft 

used at APPLE 1 and to transfer its radiac instruments to the 

aircraft used for WASP PRIME (35; 38). 

112 
 -

Courier Service 

After the sampling missions had been completed, four aircraft left Indian Springs AFB on shot-day to transport samples 

to various for by the project laboratories. 

These courier missions were conducted by the 4900th Air Base 

Group from Kirtland AFB. At 1300 hours on 29 March, a B-25 left 

Indian Springs AFB for Bolling AFB with samples for Naval 

Research Laboratory 2.2. At 1337 hours, a second B-25 

left Indian Springs AFB for Kirtland AFB with samples for LASL. 

At 1350 hours, a third B-25 left Indian Springs AFB for Kirtland 

AFB with another load of cloud samples for LASL. At 1405 hours 

on 29 March, a C-47 left Indian Springs AFB for McClellan AFB 

with samples for Air Force 40.8 (35; 

Cloud Tracking 

The B-25 cloud tracker used at APPLE 1 had also been 

scheduled for cloud tracking at WASP PRIME. Because the B-25 was 

contaminated while performing its mission at APPLE 1, a C-45 was 

readied for cloud tracking 18 minutes after the WASP PRIME detonation. This C-45, which carried the B-25 radiological safety 

monitor from the APPLE 1 event, experienced engine trouble and 

forced to abort after takeoff. Forty-five 

minutes after the WASP PRIME detonation, a second C-45 from the 

drone group attempted the cloud-tracking mission. This second 

C-45, however, was not able to find the cloud and, consequently, 

returned to Indian Springs AFB. All other cloud tracking at WASP 

PRIME was performed in with the APPLE 1 event and is 

discussed in the APPLE 1 chapter of this book, chapter 3, section 

3.2.5 

Aerial Surveys of Terrain 

Because WASP PRIME and APPLE 1 were fired on the same dav, 

the aerial survey flights for the two shots were combined. 

113 
C-47 aircraft operating from Indian Springs AFB conducted 

altitude surveying of the NTS and the area to the east at 

an altitude of 300 to 500 feet (35; 38). 

4.3 RADIATION PROTECTION AT SHOT WASP PRIME 

The purpose of the various radiation protection procedures 

developed for Operation TEAPOT was to ensure that individual 

exposure to ionizing radiation was as low as possible, while 

allowing participants to accomplish the operational requirements 

of their missions. Some of the procedures described in the 

Series volume resulted in such records as film-badge data which 

enabled Exercise Desert Rock, the Joint Test Organization (JTO), 

and AFSWC to evaluate the of their procedures. 

Records for WASP PRIME have been located for the Joint Test 

Organization only. The JTO Radiological Safety Organization was staffed by the Army personnel of the 1st Radiological 

Safety Support Unit from Ft. McClellan, Alabama, and was managed 

AFSWP. The JTO information which has been found includes 

film-badge data, logistical data on radiological safety 

equipment, survey results and records, copies of isointensitv 

and decontamination records. Other than the Final Dosage 

Report, no indication of Exercise Desert Rock VI or AFSWC 

radiological safety activities have been located. 

Since WASP PRIME and APPLE 1 were detonated on the same dav, 

29 March, most of the information on dosimetrv, logistics, and 

decontamination is not distinguished by shot, but relates to 

personnel and equipment associated with both tests. The 

information common to the two shots is given in chapter 3 of this 

volume, which discusses APPLE 1. For the most part, the data on 

monitoring and on plotting and briefing is separated by shot and 

is thus presented in the appropriate chapter. 

114 
Dosimetry Records 

Dosimetry information for Shot WASP PRIME is the same as 

that for Shot APPLE 1 since both shots were detonated the same 

day. That information is presented in chapter 3, section 3.3, of 

this volume. 

Logistical Data for Radiological Safety Equipment 

The information on logistics is common to both Shots WASP 

PRIME and APPLE 1, and is given in the APPLE 1 chapter of this 

report, in section 3.3 of chapter 3. 

Monitoring Activities 

At WASP PRIME, the initial survey party, checkpoint teams, 

and road patrols left the Control Point at 1002 hours, two 

minutes after the detonation. Road patrols found the area on 

Mercury Highway from the Control Point south to Frenchman Flat 

and the area on Mercury Highway north to BJY clear of radioactivity. The initial survey teams began their survey of Area 7 

at 1033. The survey was routine, and the teams were able to 

reach their stake lines on routes originally planned. The survey 

was completed by 1110 hours. A copy of the initial isointensity 

map is shown in figure 4-l. The helicopter began at 1020 

hours and concluded at hours. Resurveys were conducted on 

30 March and 2 April. Copies of the isointensity maps generated 

from the resurveys are shown in figure 4-2. The average exposures for the initial survey and first resurvey teams were 0.58 

and 0.40 roentgens, respectively. 

In addition to its survey work, the Monitoring Section provided monitors on shot-day and on the seven davs after the 

detonation. The Monitoring Section met all requests for monitors, even though some monitors made two or three trips into the 

test area to meet project requirements. 

115 
Stake Lines 

Roads 

. . . . . . . . . . . . 0.01 

0.1 0 1000 .-.-. - 1.0 I 

Meters 10.0

I 

Figure INITIAL SURVEY FOR SHOT WASP PRIME, MARCH 

1033 TO 1110 HOURS 
 

 

0 1000 

Meters 

30 March 1955, 0645 to 0728 Hours 

0 

Meters 

1 April 1955 

Stake Lines 

Roads 

. . . . . . . . . . . . 0.01 

-- 0.10 

10.00 R/h 

Figure 4-2: RESURVEYS FOR SHOT WASP PRIME 

117 
On shot-day, monitors were provided to the following 

projects (19): 

PROJECT NUMBER 

2.3 5 

30.3 1 

1 

39.7 4 

On the days after the detonation, until 5 April, monitors 

were provided as follows (19): 

PROJECT NUMBER 

1.1 1 

1.9 1 

2.2 1 

2.3 5 

2.5.1 2 

2.5.2 1 

2.7.1 5 

3.1 7 

6.1.1 1 

8.4 1 

13.1 1 

15.4 1 

33.4 2 

34.3 4 

2 

39.5 2 

39.7 7 

LASL J-12 Division 1 

Recovery and Re-entry Procedures 

The Test Manager declared recovery operations could begin 

for both APPLE 1 and WASP PRIWE at 1118 hours. He authorized 

five Project 39.7 parties, and an unknown number of Oak Ridge 

National Laboratory personnel to enter areas with radiation 

intensities exceeding R/h. 

The Plotting and Briefing Section cleared 26 parties for entrv 

into the WASP PRIME test area on shot-dav and the following numbers 

118 
of parties for entry into the test area on subsequent (19; 

75): 

DATE NUMBER 

30 March 73 

31 March 25 

1 April 21 

2 April 13 

3 April 3 

4 April 12 

5 April 5 

6 April 5 

7 April 4 

8 April 6 

Decontamination 

The information on decontamination is common to both Shots 

APPLE 1 and WASP PRIME and is given in section 3.3 of chapter 3, 

which discusses radiation protection at APPLE 1 (19). 

119 
Purpose of Test: 

DOD Objectives: 

Weather: 

Radiation 

HA 

SHOT SYNOPSIS 

TEST SERIES: 

EXERCISES: None 

DATE/TIME:

YIELD: 

April hours 

kilotons 

HEIGHT OF 36,620 feet YSL (airdrop) 

To determine the militarv of a 

nuclear detonation. 

To the phenomena associated with high 

altitude nuclear detonation. 

At shot-time, the temperature at shot height

was -47.7' C; pressure at 222 millibars; winds

were from the northwest at 27 knots at 

increasing to 28 knots from the west at

feet, at the top of the cloud. 

the device was detonated some 33,000

above Yucca there was no 

significant fallout. 

Atomic Commission, Armed Forces Special 

Weapons 4ir Force Weapons

Center other Air personnel, Los

Scientific Federal Civil 

Defense contractors, 

laboratories. 
CHAPTER 5 

SHOT HA 

Shot HA, an abbreviation for High Altitude, the tenth 

nuclear test of the TEAPOT Series, was detonated on 6 April 1955 

at 1000 hours. The HA test event was preceded by a non-nuclear 

dress rehearsal, Shot HADR, exploded on 25 March at 0900 hours. 

Shot HADR, an abbreviation for High Altitude Dry Run, was the 

eighth test of the TEAPOT Series and the only non-nuclear test 

conducted during Operation TEAPOT. The device used at HADR was a 

conventional high-explosive weapon designed by the Los 

Scientific Laboratory (LASL). 

Shots HA and HADR were sponsored by the Department of 

Defense (DOD), whose tactical and strategic planners had long 

considered the military applications and effects of a 

high-altitude nuclear detonation. In October 1953, after 

studying the concept of using nuclear warheads for anti-aircraft 

rockets, the Armed Forces Special Weapons (AFSWP) 

recommended the scheduling of a high-altitude nuclear test to 

gather air defense information. AFSWP asked the Air Force 

Special Weapons Center (AFSWC) to study the feasibility of such a 

test. On 25 February 1955, Shot HADR was conducted to evaluate 

the final preparations for Shot HA, to be detonated on 6 April 

• The HA device, developed by LASL, was detonated at an 

altitude of 36,620 feet, with a yield of three kilotons (30). 

Because of the high altitude of the detonation, the typical 

mushroom-shaped cloud did not form. Instead, a high, billowy 

smoke ring developed which thinned out and disappeared in a very 

short time (41; 71; 72). 

AFSWC instrumented a B-36 aircraft for the airdrop mission. 

For the effects of the HA test to be recorded, the aircraft was 

121 
-

fitted with canisters to be dropped with the device to record 

pressure and nuclear radiation data. In addition, thermal radiation measurement equipment was installed in the tail of the 

aircraft the Naval Radiological Defense Laboratory, and two 

personnel accompanied the AFSWC crew of 12 on the 

flight. 

The HA airdrop was first planned for 4 March 1955, but 

mechanical difficulties delayed takeoff of the delivery aircraft 

and bad weather later in the day precluded maintaining the 

planned schedule. The test event was consequently rescheduled 

for 6 April 1955 (35; 41; 42; 53; 76). 

A primary bombing altitude of 48,000 feet and an alternate 

altitude of 46,000 feet were established on 5 April. At 0800 

hours on 6 April, the B-36 entered the shot area. While in the 

area, the B-36 experienced a power loss in one engine. 

quentlv, the alternate of 46,000 feet was established as the 

bombing altitude. The B-36 completed four practice runs before 

the run, which began at 0954 hours. When the 

parachute-borne device was released at 46,000 feet, the aircraft 

was on a west-northwest heading over Area 1 of the NTS. When the 

device detonated at 36,620 feet, the B-36 was at a slant range of 

6,300 meters from the point of detonation (35; 40 42; 52). 

Eight other aircraft participated in the airdrop mission. 

Before release of the device, a B-47 with a crew of three, and 

seven F-86 smoke-trail aircraft each with one pilot, produced a 

smoke series of smoke trails. The smoke trails, which provided a 

means for measuring the effects of HA, were used for Military 

Effects Group 1.2. The smoke-laying aircraft passed 

below the B-36 delivery aircraft just prior to bomb release, 

moving out of range while the device fell (35; 41; 42). 

122 
No Exercise Desert Rock VI projects were conducted at HA. 

Department of Defense participants took part in the scientific 

and military effects projects, operational training and 

support missions described in this chapter. An account of the 

radiological situation created by the HA detonation, along with 

the procedures used to minimize the exposure of DOD participants 

to ionizing radiation, is summarized at the end of this chapter. 

5.1 DEPARTMENT OF DEFENSE PARTICIPATION IN MILITARY EFFECTS, 

SCIENTIFIC, OPERATIONAL TRAINING, AND SUPPORT ACTIVITIES AT

SHOT HA 

DOD personnel performed a variety of tasks during Shot HA 

that required them to enter the forward area before, during, and 

after the detonation. Because HA was a high-altitude shot and 

radiation was subsequently light, it was unnecessary to establish 

a definite recovery hour, as was done in other shots of this 

series. Seventeen of the projects in which DOD personnel took 

part were sponsored the Military Effects Group, and two were 

conducted by the LASL test group. In addition, DOD personnel 

were active in four operational training projects, and various 

AFSWC support missions for the test groups and the Test Manager. 

Table 5-l lists the Military Effects Group, LASL, and Civil 

Effects Test Group (CETG) projects by number and title, and 

identifies the fielding agencies and the estimated numbers of DOD 

participants involved. 

5.1.1 Department of Defense Participation in Military Effects

Group Projects 

The Military Effects Group conducted 17 projects at Shot HA, 

as listed in table 5-l. Because in most cases, many of the same 

personnel performed both and activities, estimates 

reflect the maximum number of DOD personnel who would have been 

involved in one aspect of the For example, if the 

project description states that 15 individuals performed preshot 

123 
 

Table 5-1: TEST GROUP PROJECTS WITH DEPARTMENT OF DEFENSE PARTICIPATION, 

SHOT HA 

Title Participants 

Estimated 

Personnel 

Military Effects Group 

Measurement of Free Air Atomic Blast Pressures Force Research Center 29 

1.2 Shock Wave Photography Naval Ordnance Laboratory 16 

13 Pressure Measurements at 

Ground Level from Altrtude Shot 

Laboratory 5 

19 Material Measurements of a 

Shot 

Laboratory 

21 Gamma Exposure versus Army Laboratones 10 

22 Neutron Flux Measurements Naval Research Laboratory 10 

28a Contact Hazard Associated 

Contaminated Aircraft 

Force Weapons Center 5 

51 Destructive Loads on Air Development Center, Air Ground 

63 Detonation Locator Army Signal Engmeenng Laboratones 2 

64 Test of Equipment Development Center 

84a Thermal Measurements from Aircraft Flight Naval Defense Laboratory 14 

84b Thermal Measurements from Fixed Ground Naval Defense Laboratory 3 

Thermal Measurements to the Naval Defense Laboratory 

84d Spectrometer Measurements Naval Defense Laboratory 

8 4f Bolometer Measurements Naval Defense Laboratory 

91 Technical Photography Lookout Mountain Laboratory, AFSWC, Force 

Test Center, EG and G 

34 

94 Cloud Growth Study Force Cambridge Research Center, Army Map 

Service, U S Weather Bureau, EG and G 

26 

Los Scientific Laboratory Test Group 

11 2 

18.2 

Sampling 

Altitude Measurements 

4926th Test Squadron 

Naval Research Laboratory 

17 

Unknown 
activities and five performed recovery, the estimate 

listed in the table would be 15 (53; 76). 

1.1, Measurement of Free Air Atomic Blast Pressures, 

used parachute-borne instruments dropped from aircraft to obtain 

data on the blast wave produced in the atmosphere by nuclear 

detonations. For the high-altitude detonation, 15 

borne canisters with crystal-controlled transmitters were 

released from the B-36 delivery aircraft seconds before the 

nuclear device was released. Canister recovery teams were 

briefed on shot-day concerning radiological safety procedures and 

entered the shot area to recover the canisters after the Test 

Manager declared that recovery operations could begin. It is 

estimated that two teams of six each spent two hours recovering 

the canisters. 

Seventeen project personnel participated in Project 1.1. 

About four hours prior to shot-time, they proceeded to the 

Project 1.1 Telemetering Station, located nine kilometers south 

of surface zero, at UTM coordinates 835892, which was one kilometer west of News Nob. These project personnel operated the 

station and recorded data through shot-time and during the next 

45 minutes, after which time they recovered their data and 

returned to the Control Point (51; 79; 84; 87; 98). 

1.2, Shock Wave Photography, was designed to produce 

a series of smoke trails to make blast waves from the detonation 

visible for photography. Eight aircraft, one B-47 and seven 

created smoke trails above and beyond air zero from 70 

seconds before the detonation and continued until 20 seconds 

before the device was dropped. Two ground camera stations, each 

with two cameras, were operated for this shot. The stations, the 

locations of which are not yet known, were probably each manned 

bv three individuals. The camera personnel probably remained at 

the camera station for about one hour after the shot (79; 84; 87; 

125 
Project 1.3, Microbarographic Pressure Measurements at 

Ground Level from High-altitude Shot, measured air pressure 

changes near the ground produced as a result of the high-altitude 

nuclear detonation. In order to obtain data from this experiment, personnel placed millibarographs and microbarographs before 

the shot at ground stations in a line from the intended ground 

zero south to Camp Mercury. Instrument distances ranged from 

about 3.6 kilometers south of ground zero to a spot near Camp 

Mercury, over 40 kilometers south of ground zero. In addition, 

Ballistic Research Laboratories provided self-recording pressure 

gauges placed at various distances north, southeast, and west of 

ground zero. 

After the detonation on shot-day, five project personnel in 

two vehicles performed recovery operations, which included 

obtaining film records from self-recording pressure gauges at 

stations 360 meters and 720 meters south of ground zero and at a 

station 320 meters west of ground zero (79; 84; 87; 114). 

Project 1.9, Material Velocity Measurements of a High-altitude Shot, was similar to Project 1.2, Shock Wave Photography, 

except that it was performed at a higher altitude. A number of 

smoke trails were produced in the air just before the detonation. 

A series of rapid time-lapse photographs were taken as the detonation occurred and its subsequent shock wave spread. These 

photographs were analyzed to show the displacement of the smoke 

particles in the air as they were affected by the shock wave from 

the high-altitude detonation (79; 84; 87; 113). 

Project 2.1, Gamma Exposure versus Distance, was designed to 

evaluate the gamma radiation exposure potential at various 

distances from a nuclear detonation. National Bureau of 

Standards film dosimeters were placed in 15 steel canisters and 

released from the delivery aircraft at the same time the device 

was dropped. In addition, 12 ground dosimeter stations were 

126 
placed along a line 280 meters to 3,800 meters from surface zero. 

These canisters were probably recovered by ground crews from 

2.2, who were assisted by two helicopters carrying 

Project 2.2 personnel. These helicopters located the canisters 

and directed ground crews to their locations. Two trucks, each 

with four personnel from Project 2.2, recovered the canisters. 

Two monitors furnished by Project 2.1 accompanied this recovery 

team. Recovery was probably accomplished shortlv after the Test 

Manager declared recovery hour (46; 79; 84; 87). 

Project 2.2, Neutron Flux Measurements, was designed to 

evaluate neutron radiation using Project 1.1 neutron detector 

canisters dropped from the delivery aircraft at the same time 

that it dropped the HA device. 

Since neutron detectors had to be analyzed about 15 minutes 

after the HA detonation, two helicopters with AFSWC pilots and 

Project 2.2 personnel aboard set out to locate the Project 1.1 

canisters and direct ground crew personnel to their locations. 

The recovery of these canisters and the ground detectors was 

performed by eight personnel in two trucks. Two 

radiological safety monitors furnished by Project 2.1 accompanied 

the recovery team. One of the canisters was missing for several 

and the Test Director issued notices to all personnel 

to be alert for the missing canister (49; 79; 84; 87). 

Project Contact Radiation Hazard Associated with 

Contaminated Aircraft, was to evaluate the radiation exposure 

potential to ground crews working on aircraft that had flown 

through a nuclear cloud. Radiation rates indicated by standard 

gamma survey meters held near the contaminated components of the 

aircraft were compared. As many as five personnel monitored the 

B-36 delivery aircraft and probablv two of the AFSWC 

sampling aircraft used at the event. The monitoring, which began 

immediately after the aircraft returned to Indian Springs AFB, 

127 
took about two hours. The general procedures used in conducting 

the project are discussed in the TEAPOT Series volume (26; 79; 

84; 87). 

Project 5.1, Destructive Loads on Aircraft in Flight, was 

designed to assess how the overall structure of jet-fighter 

aircraft responded to the destructive blast forces produced by a 

nuclear explosion. It was supervised by personnel from the 

Wright Air Development Center, and the Air Proving Ground 

maintained and operated the aircraft participating in the 

project. Drone aircraft were tested at HA. In addition, project 

personnel operated Radar, telemetering, and communications 

control stations to track the HA delivery aircraft on its bombing 

run. Personnel left the stations after the detonation and 

returned to Camp Mercury (79; 84; 87; 111). 

Project 6.3, Missile Detonation Locator, was fielded to 

evaluate a tactical radar system used to determine the location 

of a nuclear detonation from the characteristic electromagnetic 

pulse emitted. The detonation locator consisted of broad-band 

receivers set up on baselines approximately 110 and 320 kilometers southwest of the NTS, in California. Radio links between 

the stations provided the time comparisons necessary to determine 

relative time-of-arrival of the electromagnetic pulse at each 

station. 

The only station for this project was located at UTM 

coordinates 918622, which was about four kilometers north of Camp 

Mercury. Two men operated the station from one hour before to 

one hour after the detonation, obtaining essential baseline data 

on the time-of-arrival of the electromagnetic pulse in the shot 

area (79; 84; 87; 101). 

Project 6.4, Test of IBDA Equipment, was designed to gather 

engineering evaluation data for a complete IHDA installed 

128 
in a B-50D aircraft. The second was to determine the 

maximum operating range of the yield-measuring component of the 

system. 

The B-50D IBDA system consisted of the standard radar set, 

a bomb-damage evaluation group, AN/APA-106 (XA-1); a 

light and time recording set, AN/ASH-4 (XA-1); and a K-17 aerial 

camera. To accomplish the second objective, two F-94 aircraft 

were each instrumented with one ASH-4 recording set and one A-4 

bomb-spotting camera. 

The B-50D staged out of Kirtland AFB and normally had a crew 

of ten. Since engineering evaluation tests were being conducted, 

one additional engineer and one technician went along to monitor 

and ensure the operation of the IBDA system. The each 

with two crewmen, staged out of Indian Springs AFB. The 

which was positioned radar navigation, simulated an aircraft 

delivering a nuclear bomb. At shot-time, the B-50D was located 

from four to 11 kilometers from ground zero. The F-94s were 

positioned by the Air Operations Center between 110 

kilometers from ground zero. At least one crew member of each 

aircraft wore a film badge (28; 35; 79; 84; 87). 

Project Thermal Measurements from Aircraft in Flight, 

measured the thermal radiation produced by a high-altitude 

nuclear detonation. Radiant energy measurements were taken from 

the delivery aircraft employing calorimeters, 

Honeywell thermopiles, and thin-foil calorimeters. The delivery 

aircraft probably carried two project personnel in addition to 

the flight crew of 12 AFSWC personnel (27; 79; 84; 87). 

Project Thermal Measurements from Fixed Ground 

Installations, was designed to measure the thermal radiation from 

TEAPOT nuclear detonations. Standard thermal radiation 

measurements were made from ground installations located about 

610 and 10,500 meters from surface zero. 

129 
Preshot selection of the sites and placement of the instruments probablv took two individuals four hours. 

recovery of data was probably accomplished by two project 

personnel and a radiological safety monitor in one hour on 

shot-day, after the Test Manager declared the shot area open for 

recovery operations (62; 79; 84; 87). 

Project Thermal Measurements Prior to the First 

Minimum, was designed to study characteristics of the thermal 

radiation produced by a nuclear detonation. Measurements of 

thermal energy were made by high-sensitivity equipment installed 

in Building 410, near the Control Point area in Yucca Pass (63; 

79; 84; 87). 

Project Spectrometer Measurements, was designed to 

measure thermal radiation characteristics of nuclear detonations 

by measuring the spectral distribution of radiant energy as a 

function of time. As with Project the recording spectrometer used in this project was located in Building 410 near the 

Control Point area (79; 84; 87; 

Project Bolometer Measurements, measured changes in 

the amount of heat produced at various times after a nuclear 

detonation. As with Projects and all data were taken 

from Building 410 (67; 79; 84; 87; 108). 

Project 9.1, Technical Photography, which provided technical 

and photographs and motion pictures of the detonation, involved both a ground-photography mission and an 

photographv mission. 

The high-altitude event was filmed from two ground stations, 

one located at Lookout Peak and the other at the Frenchman Flat 

observation area. Each station was operated by a team of five 

project personnel, who arrived at the station three hours before 

130 
shot-time. The length of time that the teams remained at the two 

stations is not precisely known. However, since the 

altitude detonation produced a cloud that rapidly dissipated, 

project personnel probably left the stations within 30 minutes 

after shot-time. 

One B-50 aircraft, with an AFSWC crew of nine plus about 

three photographers, staged from Indian Springs AFB, and 

performed the air-photography mission. Following the mission, 

the B-50 aircraft returned to Indian Springs AFB (33; 35; 79; 84; 

87). 

Project 9.4, Atomic Cloud Growth Study, was designed to 

study the development of the cloud produced by the nuclear 

detonation. Army Map Service personnel set up three camera 

stations for this project located 10 kilometers southeast, 11.6 

kilometers southwest, and 12 kilometers southwest of the HA 

surface zero. Two project personnel went to the first station 

(10 kilometers southeast of the shot) three hours before the 

detonation and returned to the Control Point one hour before the 

detonation. Only one station was manned during the shot. It was 

probably the station 11.6 kilometers southwest of the shot, which 

was 1.6 kilometers west of the Control Point. Data on the rate 

of cloud rise and maximum cloud height were obtained from 

instruments located at the Control Point (35; 48; 79; 84; 87). 

5.1.2 Department of Defense Participation in LASL Test Group

Projects 

The Los Scientific Laboratory was the only AEC 

nuclear weapons design laboratory active at Shot HA. The LASL 

Test Group conducted ten projects at this shot. Only Project 

11.2, Radiochemistry Sampling, and 18.2, High Altitude 

Measurements, had DOD personnel involvement, as indicated in 

table 5-l. 

131 
Project 11.2, Radiochemistry Sampling, was performed by 

sampling pilots from the AFSWC 4926th Test Squadron (Sampling) 

and is discussed under AFSWC participation in section 5.1.5 of 

this chapter. 

Project 18.2, High Altitude Measurements, was performed for 

LASL the Naval Research Laboratory. Little is known about the 

activities associated with Program 18 in general, or Project 18.2 

in particular. 

5.1.3 Department of Defense Participation in CETG Projects 

The Civil Effects Test Group conducted two at Shot 

HA. While available documents indicate DOD involvement in 

fielding operations at some shots, they do not specify such 

participation at Shot HA (22). 

5.1.4 Department of Defense Operational Training Projects 

Air Force personnel conducted four operational training 

projects at Shot HA: 

40.2, Crew Indoctrination 

• Project 40.6, Calibration of Electromagnetic

Effects 

Project 40.8, Calibration of Bomb Debris 

Project 40.23, Crew Indoctrination. 

Projects 40.2, 40.8, and 40.23 were air operational activities, 

while Project 40.6 was a ground operational training project. 

Project 40.2, Crew Indoctrination, was to enable Strategic 

Air Command to observe a nuclear detonation while flying 

at medium altitudes in the immediate vicinity of the shot area. 

One KC-97 aircraft flew in a holding pattern about ten miles 

132 
south of air zero. After the crew of the KC-97 witnessed the 

detonation of HA, the aircraft returned to its staging area, 

AFB (3; 35). 

Project 40.6, Calibration of Electromagnetic Effects, was 

performed by Air Force personnel, who measured the characteristics of the electromagnetic pulse created by the detonation. 

Part of the required personnel to occupy several 

permanent stations located at various distances from ground zero 

during the detonation. At 0900 hours on the day before the shot, 

three individuals flew in a helicopter to station on Yucca 

Lake, 9.6 kilometers south of surface zero, to service eight sets 

of unmanned recording equipment originally located ten and 20 

kilometers from surface zero. The three personnel relocated the 

equipment one kilometer from ground zero. These participants 

were in the shot area about six hours. 

About two hours before the scheduled detonation, three other 

project personnel arrived at station to operate equipment 

until two hours after the detonation. About the same time, 

another party of two individuals arrived at station at 

Angel's Peak in the Spring Mountain Range to operate equipment 

until one hour after the detonation (84; 87; 105; 106). 

Project 40.8, Calibration of Bomb Debris, was performed by 

the Air Force. The project objective was to analyze airborne 

fission products and gases from the radioactive nuclear cloud. 

Collection of these samples was performed AFSWC 4926th Test 

Squadron (Sampling) aircraft and two Strategic Air Command (SAC) 

aircraft at the same time that the pilots collected cloud samples 

for LASL Project 11.2. This activity is discussed under AFSWC 

operations, in section 5.1.5 of this chapter (3; 35; 

Project 40.23, Crew Indoctrination, familiarized Air Defense 

Command with the effects of a nuclear detonation. Nine 

133 
T-33 aircraft, each with a crew of two and staging from George 

AFB, participated in this The aircraft flew in a 

northeast to southwest holding pattern about 25 kilometers 

southeast of air zero for about 15 minutes. Shortly after 

observing the detonation, the Air Defense Command personnel flew 

back to George AFB (3; 35; 84; 105). 

5.1.5 Air Force Special Weapons Center Activities 

Air Force Special Weapons Center support at Shot HA 

consisted of nuclear cloud-sampling missions, sample courier 

missions, cloud-tracking missions, and 'aerial surveys of terrain. 

Cloud sampling was conducted for LASL 11.2 and for Air 

Force Project 40.8. The listing on the next page the 

AFSWC missions flown at Shot HA and lists the types and numbers 

of aircraft and the estimated numbers of DOD personnel 

participating in the activities (35). 

PROGRAM/ TYPE OF NUMBER OF DOD 

PROJECT MISSION AIRCRAFT AIRCRAFT PERSONNEL 

Prop Aircraft

Cloud Sampling

Sample Control 

Sampler

Sampler

Sampler

Courier Service 

Cloud Tracking 

Aerial 

of Terrain 

B-36 1 12 

B-50 9 

F-84G 4 

B-57A 4 

B-36 24 

c-119 12 

B-25 5 

F-84G 2 

c-47 3 

H-19 

Cloud Sampling 

Nine aircraft were scheduled to collect particulate samples 

of the nuclear cloud for LASL 11.2, Radiochemistry 

134 
-- - ---

Sampling, and Air Force Project 40.8, Calibration of Bomb Debris. 

The six sampler aircraft flown by pilots of the 4926th Test 

Squadron (Sampling) included four F-84Gs and two B-57As. Two 

B-36 aircraft, flown by Strategic Air Command aircrews, were also 

scheduled to perform sampling missions: three of the four F-84Gs 

and one of the B-36s were unable to collect particulate samples 

because of the height of the nuclear cloud. The sampler pilots 

reported that the HA cloud dissipated rapidly and was difficult 

to see. The aircraft that did succeed in their missions 

collected samples at altitudes ranging from 44,000 to 53,000 

feet. The first sampler began collecting 36 minutes after the 

detonation, and the final aircraft began 50 minutes after 

time. The listing on the next page presents information on the 

sampling missions conducted by two of the F-84G aircraft, two 

and one B-36 aircraft (35; 38). 

AIRCRAFT 

NUMBER OF 

PENETRATIONS 

TOTAL TIME 

IN CLOUD 

(minutes:

seconds) 

HIGHEST 

INTENSITY 

F-84G 2 10 

F-84G 

B-57A 

B-57A 

2 

1 

1 

l:oo 

2:oo 

3:oo 

15 

100 

50 

B-36 2 0.6 

Cloud Tracking 

A new technique of tracking fallout was performed at Shot 

HA. Two F-84G aircraft and a support C-47 aircraft conducted 

long-range tracking of fallout from HA eastward across the U.S. 

The aircraft, staging from Andrews AFB, first followed the fallout on a course to Knoxville, Tennessee; Evansville, Indiana; 

Dyersburg, Tennessee; and Nashville, Tennessee; landing at 

135 
-

AFB, Tennessee for refueling. The aircraft then tracked the 

fallout from Nashville to Columbia, South Carolina; 

North Carolina; and Norfolk, Virginia to Andrews AFB, Maryland. 

The last mission was flown form Andrews to Myrtle Beach AFB, 

South Carolina, and back. All pilots from the tracking missions 

phoned information gained during their flights to the Operations 

Center at Air Force Headquarters. The information was used to 

plot the fallout path (35 38). 

Courier Service 

The 4900th Air Base Group conducted several courier missions 

on shot-day. In all, four aircraft transported samples to 

various for delivery to agencies and projects throughout 

the U.S. A C-119 aircraft left Indian Springs AFB at 1303 hours 

for Kirtland AFB with samples for LASL. A C-119 departed from 

Indian Springs AFB at 1307 hours for Kirtland AFB also with 

samples for LASL. At 1312 hours, a C-119 flew from Indian 

Springs AFB for McClellan AFB with a load of samples for Air 

Force Headquarters Project 40.8. The last aircraft to leave 

Indian Springs AFB with samples was a B-25, which left at 1757 

hours on shot-day for the Naval Research Laboratory (35; 38). 

Aerial Surveys of Terrain 

Since the HA device was detonated at 36,620 feet mean sea 

level, there were no earth or tower materials drawn into the 

cloud and, therefore, no significant fallout was detected. 

no low-altitude terrain surveys were performed 

following this shot. Two H-19 helicopters were, however, used to 

conduct a survey of an undisclosed area following the detonation 

(35; 38). 

5.2 RADIATION PROTECTION AT SHOT HA 

The purpose of the various radiation protection procedures 

developed for Operation TEAPOT was to ensure that individual 

136 
exposure to ionizing radiation was as low as possible, while 

allowing participants to accomplish their operational requirements. Because the HA device was detonated at 36,620 feet mean 

sea level, ground-based radiological safety support was minimal. 

These support activities were limited to dosimetry, monitoring, 

plotting and briefing, and decontamination. 

Dosimetry Records 

From 5 April to 7 April 1955, which covers the 6 April 

detonation of Shot HA, the Dosimetry and Records Section of the 

JTO issued 1,111 film badges and 172 pocket dosimeters (19). 

Available film-badge readings indicate that during this 

time, ten persons accumulated exposures for the TEAPOT Series 

between 2.0 and 3.9 roentgens. Another individual accumulated an 

exposure greater than 3.9 roentgens during this period. This 

individual was a civilian who, before Shot HA, had worked with 

CETG Project 39.7. During Shot HA, he participated in Military 

Effects Group Project 2.2 and received an exposure of 0.7 

roentgens. His total exposure became 4.3 roentgens and, 

therefore, he was not permitted to enter radiation areas during 

the remainder of the TEAPOT Series (17; 18). 

Film-badge readings are available for seven AFSWC pilots who 

participated in activities at Shot HA. The six cloud-sampling 

pilots had film-badge readings that ranged from 0.1 to 0.8 

gens of gamma radiation exposure. The pilot of the B-36 delivery 

aircraft had a film-badge reading of 0.8 roentgens (35). 

Monitoring Activities 

Shot HA was a high-altitude event with no significant 

fallout occurring. As a result, ground surveys were 

unnecessary, and no protective clothing or radiation survey 

meters were issued. Two radiological safety monitors were 

provided to accompany 2.1 and 2.2 personnel, and one 

137 
provided to accompany Project personnel in recovering the 

dosimetry canisters used in these projects (19; 75). 

Recovery and Re-entry Procedures 

The only conducted for Shot HA were for the three 

parties recovering airdropped dosimetry canisters in the test 

site area (19). 

Decontamination Activities 

During the period covering Shot HA, 5 April to 7 April, 

members of the Vehicle and Equipment Decontamination Section 

placed 21 canisters and seven cargo-tvpe parachutes containing 

instrumentation for Projects 2.1, 2.2, and 39.4 in the hot park 

after project personnel had removed the instruments from the 

equipment. In addition, members of the Vehicle and Equipment 

Decontamination Section decontaminated 18 vehicles which had been 

used in other test areas (19). 

138 
POST 

SHOT SYNOPSIS 

AEC TEST SERIES: TEAPOT 

DOD EXERCISE: Desert Rock VI 

DATE/TIME:

YIELD: 

9 April 1955, 0430 hours

2 kilotons 

HEIGHT OF BURST: 300 feet (tower shot) 

Purpose of Test: To test a nuclear device for possible

inclusion in the nuclear arsenal. 

DOD (1) To study the effects of a nuclear weapon

on military equipment

(2) To allow DOD personnel to observe

nuclear detonation. 

Weather: At shot-time, the temperature at shot-height

was 4.5' C; 867 millibars; wind calm up to 

13,000 feet, with winds 14,000 to 16,000 feet 

from the north-northwest at about 7 knots. 

Radiation Data: During the initial survey, taken from 0455 to

0600 hours on shot-day, fallout of 10.0 

R/h was detected around ground zero, extending

south. fallout greater than 0.01 R/h

occurred south and east of ground zero and

extended up to eight kilometers southwest of 

ground zero. 

Participants: Atomic Energy Commission, Exercise Desert Rock 

participants, Armed Forces Special Weapons

Project, Air Force Special Weapons Center and

other Air Force personnel, Los

Scientific Laboratory, University of

California Radiation Laboratory, Federal Civil

Defense Administration, contractors, DOD 

laboratories. 

139 
CHAPTER 6 

SHOT POST 

Shot POST, the eleventh nuclear test of the TEAPOT Series, 

was detonated on 9 April 1955 at 0430 hours in Area 9 of the 

Nevada Test Site (NTS), at UTM coordinates 860086. Detonated from 

a 300-foot tower, POST produced a nuclear yield of two kilotons 

The device was sponsored, designed, and developed by the 

University of California Radiation Laboratory (UCRL). 

The nuclear cloud top reached a height of 15,500 feet. Most 

of the fallout was scattered over the NTS and adjoining areas 

with fallout also spreading to the southeast, causing some 

concern that it would affect the Indian Springs Air Force Base 

(AFB) area and require the evacuation of personnel and aircraft; 

however, radiation levels proved to be low and evacuation was not 

necessary (41; 73). 

Department of Defense (DOD) participants at Shot POST took 

part in Exercise Desert Rock activities, scientific and military 

effects experiments, and support missions, as described in this 

chapter. An account of the radiological situation created by 

Shot POST, along with the procedures used to minimize the 

exposure of DOD participants to ionizing radiation, is summarized 

at end of the chapter. 

6.1 EXERCISE DESERT ROCK VI OPERATIONS AT SHOT POST 

Fewer than fifty Desert Rock exercise troops took part in 

the one troop test conducted at Shot POST. 

Project 40.18, Location of Atomic Bursts, was conducted by 

Battery C of the 532nd Field Artillery (Observation) 

140 
Battalion. The objectives of the were to test equipment 

and train troops to locate and determine the yield of the nuclear 

detonation on a three-dimensional grid. The surveys were carried 

out with AN/TVS-l cameras, MK-11 Bhangmeters, AN/MPQ-21X radar 

sets, and sound microphones. An estimated 46 project personnel 

manned nine survey stations approximating the positions of an 

observation battery under tactical conditions. The stations were 

at the following locations (86). 

STATION UTM COORDINATES 

Flash Control Point 794964 

Station Location 1 834945 

Station Location 2 824953 

Station Location 3 810961 

Station Location 4 794968 

Station Location 5 775976 

Station Location 6 758985 

Sound Control Point 796983 

Radar 800912 

Project personnel arrived at their positions at 1630 on 8 April 

and stayed through the detonation. The coordinates place the 

troops and equipment on a northwest to southeast line stretching 

from Area 1 north of the Control Point and west of Mercury 

Highway, an average distance of about 16 kilometers southwest of 

the shot-tower (54; 86; 105). 

6.2 DEPARTMENT OF DEFENSE PARTICIPATION IN MILITARY EFFECTS, 

SCIENTIFIC, OPERATIONAL TRAINING, AND SUPPORT ACTIVITIES AT 

SHOT POST 

The test groups and units of the Joint Test Organization 

conducted 38 military effects, scientific, and operational 

training projects during the POST event. DOD personnel performed 

a number of tasks in the forward area before, during, and after 

the detonation. At 0615 hours, one hour and 45 minutes after the 

detonation, the Test Manager declared the area safe for recovery 

operations. The Military Effects Group conducted 13 and 

DOD personnel supported one scientific sponsored by the 

141 
Los Scientific Laboratory (LASL) Test Group, one sponsored 

by the UCRL Test Group, and one sponsored by the Civil Effects 

Test Group (CETG). Table 6-1 lists the test group projects with 

DOD participation, including the fielding agency and the estimated numbers of DOD personnel. In addition, three operational 

training projects were conducted by the armed services. Air 

support was also provided to the JTO and the test groups by the 

Air Force Special Weapons Center (AFSWC). 

6.2.1 Department of Defense Participation in Military Effects

Group Projects 

The Effects Group performed 13 projects at Shot 

POST, as listed in table 6-l. Because in most cases many of the 

same participants performed both pre- and activities, 

estimates reflect the maximum number of DOD personnel who would 

have been involved in one aspect of the project. For example, if 

the project description states that 15 participants performed 

preshot activities and five performed recovery, the 

estimate listed in the table would be 

Project 1.2, Shock Wave Photography, was fielded by the 

Naval Ordnance Laboratory. Two camera stations were used to 

photograph the development and progress of the shock wave 

produced by the nuclear detonation (81; 86; 103). 

The objective of Project Measurements of Air-blast 

Phenomena with Self-recording Gauges, was to measure blast forces 

produced by a nuclear detonation. Instruments were placed on two 

blast lines, one extending south of the shot-tower with instruments at distances ranging from 200 to 670 meters, and the other 

extending southwest of the shot-tower with instruments at 

distances ranging from about 900 to 1,350 meters (132). 

142 
-- - --

Table 6-l: TEST GROUP PROJECTS WITH DEPARTMENT OF DEFENSE PARTICIPATION, 

SHOT POST 

Project Title Participants 

Estimated 

Personnel 

Military Effects Group 

1.2 Shock Wave Photography Naval Ordnance 

1 14b Measurements of Phenomena 

Self-recording Gauges 

Research Laboratories 6 

2.1 Gamma Exposure versus Army Signal Laboratories 4 

2.2 Neutron Flux Measurements Naval Research Laboratory 6 

Gamma Above Fallout 

Contaminated Ground 

Naval Defense Laboratory 4 

2.7 Shielding Chemical Warfare Laboratory, Army Chemical Center 7 

28a Contact Radiation Hazard Associated with Air Force Weapons Center 5 

31 Response of Drag-type Equipment Targets the 

Precursor Zone 

Research Laboratories 

6.3 Detonation Locator Army Signal Engineering Laboratories 

6.4 Test of Equipment Wright Air Development Center 16 

84d Spectrometer Measurements Naval Radiological Defense Laboratory 

Bolometer Measurements Naval Defense Laboratory 

9.4 Cloud Growth Study Air Force Cambridge Research Center, Army Map 

Service, Weather Bureau, EG and G 

4 

Los Scientific Laboratory Test Group 

4828th Test Squadron 12 

University of California Radiation Laboratory Test Group 

21 2 Sample Collecting 4826th Test Squadron (Sampling) 3 I 

Civil Effects Test Group 

38.6 Measurement of and Residual by 

Chemical Methods 

Army Signal Laboratories 5 
Preshot surveving, construction of instrumentation mounts, 

and installation and checking of gauges for Shot POST 

took six personnel two weeks. recovery of data 

was probablv accomplished on shot-day at the stations farthest 

from ground zero, where radiation intensities were negligible, by 

two individuals in four hours. Recovery of the data from the 

stations closest to ground zero was probably accomplished by 

three individuals in the two days following the detonation, when 

the area was declared radiologically safe (81; 86; 132). 

2.1, Gamma Exposure versus Distance, was performed 

to evaluate the neutron-induced gamma radiation exposure 

potential at various distances from the nuclear detonation. Film 

packets were located at 29 stations along a line in the predicted 

upwind sector of the shot area. The closest station was 920 

meters from the shot-tower, and the farthest was 3,290 meters 

from the shot-tower. At 0715 hours, one hour after the Test 

Manager declared that recovery operations could begin, a party of 

about three project personnel, in coordination with 2.2 

and CETG 39.6, began to collect dosimeter packets from 

the instrument line. One radiological safety monitor was 

furnished by Army Signal Corps Engineering Laboratories to 

panv the recovery team (46; 81; 86). 

2.2, Neutron Flux Measurements, was designed to 

evaluate the neutron radiation at various distances from a 

nuclear detonation. To accomplish this a team of 

five, traveling in one vehicle, arrayed neutron detectors on 

three lines running west, south, and southwest of the shot-tower 

to a distance of 1,100 meters. Following this activity, which 

would have taken one or two hours, the personnel probably 

returned to Camp Mercury. 

Because neutron detectors had to be analyzed as soon after 

exposure as possible, the Test Manager permitted Project 2.2 

144 
recovery teams to enter the shot area behind the initial radiological survey team at 0455 hours, 25 minutes after the detonation. Two two-man teams, each accompanied by a radiological 

safety monitor, were scheduled to recover the detectors. After 

completing this activity, which would have taken about one hour, 

project personnel returned immediatelv to Camp Mercury with their 

detectors (49; 81; 86). 

Project Gamma Radiation Fields Above Fallout-contaminated Ground, appears to have been conducted at Shot POST. The 

Test Director's schedule of events stated that at 0900 hours on 

the day prior to the event, three project personnel in a Navy 

spectrometer van were to study the residual gamma-ray spectrum in 

the vicinity of the northeast-southwest access road to Area 9. 

One individual in a separate vehicle was to accompany the van and 

reenter the area as required to maintain the spectrometer in 

operating condition. Project personnel were to return to the 

Control Point area by 1630 hours (81; 86; 99). 

Project 2.7, Shielding Studies, was conducted to investigate 

the shielding afforded against gamma and neutron radiation by 

foxholes, an M48 tank, and field fortifications located around 

the shot-tower. 

On the day before the shot, four project personnel in one 

vehicle were scheduled to spend about 90 minutes assembling the 

project stations while another team of three individuals 

instrumented six foxholes with gamma and neutron detectors. The 

one-man and two-man foxholes were positioned 270, 540, and 900 

meters in a line southwest of the shot-tower. The project 

personnel placed three film badges in each foxhole and posted 

gamma and neutron radiation detectors three feet above ground at 

these locations to record radiation intensities outside the 

foxholes. This task probably took about 90 minutes to complete. 

145 
At 0715 hours on shot-day, one hour after recovery operations were permitted, a team of three individuals in one vehicle 

were scheduled to recover the radiation detectors located in the 

foxholes. A radiological safety monitor provided by Project 

2.7.1 accompanied this recovery partv, which spent about 90 

minutes recovering film badges. Film badges were also recovered 

from the field fortifications after the detonation. 

In addition to the foxhole shielding studies, studies were 

made on an M48 tank which was instrumented with National Bureau 

of Standards/Evans Signal Laboratory film badges prior to the 

shot and subsequently retrieved by personnel after the 

detonation. Neither the location of the tank nor the number of 

personnel who recovered the film badges is known (29; 81; 86 

133). 

Contact Radiation Hazard Associated with 

Contaminated Aircraft, was designed to determine the 

radiation exposure potential associated with working on aircraft 

that had flown through a nuclear cloud. Standard gamma survey 

meters were held near the contaminated components of the aircraft 

to record radiation dose rates. As many as'five project 

personnel took part in the radiological surveys, which were 

conducted immediately after the AFSWC cloud-sampling aircraft had 

returned to Indian Springs AFB and continued up to 24 hours 

thereafter. A description of project procedures appears in the 

TEAPOT Series volume (13; 26; 81; 86). 

Project 3.1, Response of Drag-type Equipment Targets in the 

Precursor Zone, was designed to test the capability of vehicles 

to withstand the destructive pressures present in the precursor 

zone of the blast front created by a nuclear detonation. Instead 

of vehicle targets, gauges and pressure-time gauges were used 

at Shot POST. Before the shot, personnel placed the 

gauges near the shot-tower to obtain data on blast pressure. The 

146 
gauges were retrieved over a period of several days after the 

shot (9; 81; 86). 

Project 6.3, Missile Detonation Locator, evaluated a 

tactical-range radar system used to determine the location of a 

nuclear detonation by analysis of the characteristic electromagnetic pulse emitted. The detonation locator consisted of 

broad-band receivers set up in California on baselines approximately 110 and 320 kilometers southwest of the NTS. Radio links 

between the stations provided the time comparisons necessary to 

determine relative time of arrival at each station. No 

fielding activities have been indicated in available documentation for this shot, although project personnel typically gathered 

baseline data from a station located near the control point 

during other test events (81; 86; 101). 

The objective of Project 6.4, Test of IBDA Equipment, was to 

gather engineering evaluation data for an Indirect Bomb Damage 

Assessment (IBDA) system installed in a B-50D aircraft. The 

system consisted of the standard radar set, AN/APQ-24; an 

experimental radar set, AN/APA-106 (XA-1); a light and time 

recording set, AN/ASH-4 (A-l); and a K-17 aerial camera. A 

second was to determine the maximum operating range of 

the AN/ASH-4 recording set, the yield-measuring component of the 

system. This was accomplished by placing one recording set and 

one A-4 bomb-spotting camera in each of two F94 aircraft. 

The B-50D staged out of Kirtland AFB and probably had a crew 

of ten. Since engineering evaluation tests were being conducted, 

one additional engineer and one technician accompanied the crew 

to monitor and ensure the operation of the IBDA system. The 

simulating a weapons-deliverv mission, was positioned by 

radar navigation between three and seven nautical miles from 

ground zero at the time of the detonation. The two each 

147 
with a crew of two, staged out of Indian Springs AFB. Radio 

navigational aids of the Air Operations Center positioned the 

aircraft about 140 and 180 kilometers from ground zero, at 

altitudes of 30,000 and 35,000 feet, respectively. At least one 

crew member of each aircraft wore a film badge (28; 35; 81; 86). 

Project Spectrometer Measurements, was designed to 

measure changes in the thermal radiation produced a nuclear 

detonation. The recording spectrometer and personnel 

were in Building 410, situated near the Control Point at Yucca 

Pass (81; 86; 

Project Bolometer Measurements, was designed to 

determine the distribution of thermal radiation as a function of 

time during a nuclear detonation. As with Project all 

project activities were performed at Building 410 (67; 86; 

108). 

Project 9.1, Technical Photography, was not performed at 

Shot POST. One C-47 aircraft usually photographed the detonation 

from the air. Since this aircraft was also scheduled to 

photograph the MET detonation, which was being considered for 

firing at 0900 hours later on the same day, the aircraft could 

not flv both missions. Air photography of the POST event was 

thus cancelled (33; 35). 

Project 9.4, Atomic Cloud Growth Studies, photographed the 

development of the nuclear cloud. The project was conducted from 

a manned camera station, probably located 21 kilometers 

southeast of ground zero. The two-man team that occupied this 

camera station entered the shot area two hours before the 

detonation, and was scheduled to remain at the station through 

the shot and leave the area no later than one hour after the 

detonation (35; 48; 81; 86). 

148 
6.2.2 Department of Defense Participation in LASL and UCRL Test

Group Projects 

Two AEC nuclear weapons development laboratories participated in Shot POST. The LASL Test Group conducted nine projects, 

and the UCRL Test Group conducted eight. 

Of the LASL projects, DOD personnel participated only in 

Project 11.2, Radiochemistry Sampling. Of the eight UCRL 

projects, DOD personnel participated in 21.2, Sample 

Collecting. LASL Project 11.2 and UCRL Project 21.2 were 

performed by aircraft of the AFSWC 4926th Test Squadron 

(Sampling). These projects are discussed in section 6.2.5 of 

this chapter. 

6.2.3 Department of Defense Participation in CETG Projects 

CETG conducted four projects at Shot POST. As shown in 

table 6-1, onlv one of these projects, Project 39.6, Measurement 

of Initial and Residual Radiations bv Chemical Methods, included 

DOD involvement. The objectives of Project 39.6 were to compare 

data on various methods of gamma radiation measurement, and to 

obtain dosimetric data at stations where various biological 

investigations were being conducted. Project 39.6 personnel 

assisted in Military Effects Group Projects 2.1 and 2.2 by 

recovering dosimeters from stations located 360 to 1,100 meters 

northeast of ground zero. At hour, three project 

personnel drove to Area 9 to recover the dosimeters, which would 

have taken about one hour. A radiological safety monitor was 

provided by 39.6 to this recovery team. DOD 

participation included five personnel from the Evans 

Signal Laboratorv of the Army Signal Engineering Laboratories, 

but it is not clear whether these DOD personnel took part in 

field operations at Shot POST (24; 123). 

149 
6.2.4 Department of Defense Operational Training Projects 

The Air Force conducted two operational training projects at 

Shot POST, and the Navy conducted one: 

Project 40.6, Calibration of Electromagnetic Effects 

Project 40.8, Calibration of Bomb Debris 

• Project 40.10, Delivery Crew Indoctrination. 

Project 40.6, Calibration of Electromagnetic Effects, was 

conducted by Air Force personnel. Its objective was to expand 

existing information on the characteristics of the electromagnetic pulse emitted by a nuclear detonation. At 0900 hours on the 

dav before the detonation, two individuals in a helicopter left 

station on Yucca Lake, 19 kilometers south of ground zero, 

to service eight sets of unmanned recording equipment located 10 

to 20 kilometers from the shot-tower. This activity required 

about four to six hours to complete. At 0130 hours on shot-day, 

two individuals arrived at station about 11 kilometers 

west of ground zero, at UTM coordinates 755109, to operate 

equipment until one hour after the detonation. In addition, a 

three-man team was positioned at station to operate 

equipment until two hours after the shot (3; 86; 105; 106). 

Project 40.8, Calibration of Bomb Debris, which was also 

conducted Air Force personnel, was designed to determine the 

relative yields of nuclear products and residues for use in 

characterizing nuclear weapons. participation was 

integrated with the AFSWC sampling missions sponsored by UCRL 

Project 21.2, and is discussed in the following section of this 

chapter (35; 105; 106). 

Project 40.10, Delivery Crew Indoctrination, was conducted 

by the Navy. Fourteen F-84 aircraft were scheduled to participate in this event, although eight did not fly the mission as 

planned. The other six aircraft performed a flyby maneuver near 

ground zero at shot-time, and then returned to their staging base 

150 
at San Diego, California. Each F-84 had one pilot (3; 35; 105; 

106). 

6.2.5 Air Force Special Weapons Center Activities 

AFSWC supervised air activities through its Air Operations 

Center, which exercised operational control of all aircraft 

participating in the tests at the NTS. In addition, AFSWC 

personnel conducted cloud-sampling missions, courier service 

activities, cloud-tracking missions, and aerial surveys of 

terrain. 

Cloud sampling, which was conducted for LASL Project 11.2, 

UCRL Project 21.2, and Air Force Project 40.8, enabled AEC and 

DOD scientists to obtain and analyze samples of the nuclear 

cloud. AFSWC courier services involved the deliverv of the 

samples to the nuclear weapons development laboratories and 

military research and development laboratories. Cloud tracking 

not only allowed the Test Manager to plot the course of the 

nuclear cloud, but also helped the Civil Aeronautics 

Administration to divert commercial aircraft from the cloud path. 

Terrain surveying allowed the Test Manager to monitor the test 

areas exposed to cloud fallout. 

Listed on the following page are the types and numbers of 

aircraft and estimated numbers of AFSWC aircrew personnel 

involved in air missions at Shot POST (35). With the exception 

of the B-50 cloud-tracking aircraft, which staged out of Kirtland 

AFB, AFSWC aircraft originated from Indian Springs AFB. 

151 
PROJECT TITLE 

TYPE OF 

AIRCRAFT 

NUMBER OF 

AIRCRAFT 

NUMBER OF 

PERSONNEL 

40.8 

Sampling 

Sampler Control 

Sampler 

B-50 

F-84G 

1 

6 

9 

6 

Courier Service c-119 

c-47 

2 

2 

8 

6 

Cloud Tracking B-25 1 5 

Aerial Surveys

of Terrain 

c-47 

H-19 

1 

3 

3 

15 

Cloud Sampling 

In conjunction with LASL Project 11.2, UCRL Project 21.2, 

and Air Force 40.8, six F-84G aircraft, with one pilot 

each, performed cloud sampling at Shot POST. One B-50, with a 

UCRL technical advisor and a crew of eight, served as sampler 

control. In all, the samplers collected a dozen filter paper 

samples. The operation was routine for the most part, although 

one sampler aircraft sustained a tire blowout on landing at 

Indian Springs AFB. No damage to the aircraft resulted. 

During the mission, the F-84Gs collected samples at 

altitudes between 6,000 and 14,000 feet. The first sampler began 

cloud penetration one hour after the detonation, and the last 

began two hours and 28 minutes after the detonation. The 

following listing summarizes the six sampling missions. 

152 
NUMBER OF TOTAL TIME HIGHEST 

AIRCRAFT PENETRATIONS IN CLOUD INTENSITY 

(minutes:

seconds) 

F-84G 3 70 

F-84G 5 25 

F-84G 4 2:oo 15 

F-84G 5 11 

F-84G 3 15 

F-84G 2 * 

*Unknown 

The B-50 sampler control aircraft landed soon after the last 

sampler aircraft at Indian Springs (35; 38). 

Courier Service 

After the POST event, four aircraft were used to transport 

samples to agencies and laboratories throughout the U.S. One 

C-119 left Indian Springs AFB with samples for Oakland Municipal 

Airport, and subsequent delivery to UCRL. A second C-119 left 

Indian Springs AFB at 1106 hours for McClellan AFB with samples 

destined for analysis as part of Air Force 40.8. A C-47 

left Indian Springs at 1125 hours for Kirtland AFB with samples 

for LASL. The final aircraft, a C-47, left Indian Springs AFB at 

1214 hours with a load to Bolling AFB. This last 

aircraft carried soil samples for Naval Research Laboratory 

Project 2.2 (35; 38). 

Cloud Tracking 

Due to the low altitude of the top of the POST cloud, 15,000 

feet, the B-25 conducting the cloud-tracking mission flew between 

153 
-

13,000 and 15,000 feet. The aircraft tracked the nuclear cloud 

south to a point approximately 27 kilometers southwest of Indian 

Springs AFB (35 38). 

Since wind shear was nonexistent and wind velocity was low, 

breakup of the cloud did not occur and the tracker aircraft crew 

was able to maintain visual contact throughout the mission 

Aerial Survevs of Terrain 

A routine low-level terrain survey mission was performed by 

a C-47 aircraft flying 300 to 500 feet'above the ground. Three 

H-19 helicopters also assisted in the survey. No increase above 

background radiation was detected (35; 38). 

6.3 RADIATION PROTECTION AT SHOT POST 

The purpose of the various radiation protection procedures 

developed for Operation TEAPOT was to ensure that personnel 

sure to ionizing radiation was as low as possible, while allowing 

participants to complete their tasks. Some of the procedures 

described in the Series volume resulted in records which enabled 

Exercise Desert Rock, the JTO, and AFSWC to evaluate the 

effectiveness of their procedures. Such records for Shot POST 

have been located only for the JTO. The JTO Radiological 

Safety Organization was staffed by the Army 1st Radiological 

Safety Support Unit, from Ft. McClellan, Alabama, and was managed 

by the Armed Forces Special Weapons Project (AFSWP). The 

following descriptions detail these activities, including 

dosimetrv, use of radiological safety equipment, survey methods, 

isointensity plots, and decontamination records. Other than the 

Final Dosage Report, no records of Exercise Desert Rock VI or 

AFSWC radiological safety activities have been located. 

154 
Dosimetry Records 

From 8 through 13 April 1955, the period including Shot POST 

on 9 April, the Dosimetry and Records Section issued 592 film 

badges and 146 pocket dosimeters. Film-badge readings indicate 

that during this time 12 individuals accumulated gamma-radiation 

exposures which resulted in cumulative exposures greater than 2.0 

roentgens but less than the JTO-authorized limit of 3.9 roentgens 

Six AFSWC pilots flew F-84G aircraft for cloud sampling 

during Shot POST. Film-badge readings for these individuals 

ranged from 0.3 to 0.6 roentgens of gamma radiation for the POST 

sampling missions (35). 

Logistical Data for Radiological Safety Equipment 

The General Supply Division of the Logistics Section issued 

308 pieces of protective clothing and 20 respirators during the 

period of Shot POST. In addition, the Instrument Repair Section 

issued 205 radiological survey meters during Shot POST (19). 

Monitoring Activities 

On shot-day at 0432 hours, two minutes after detonation, the 

initial survey party, probably consisting of four or five 

man teams, checkpoint parties, and road patrols left the Control 

Point at Yucca Pass. They began their surveys at 0455 hours, 25 

minutes after detonation. The initial survey was completed by 

0600 hours. A copy of the initial isointensity map is shown in 

figure 6-1. Because the winds were calm to 13,000 feet, local 

fallout deposition was probably not complete by the time the 

initial survey was performed (19). 

It was necessary to locate the checkpoint, which was established at 0445 hours, south of Areas 1 and 3 because of fallout 

in areas near BJY. Thirty minutes after detonation, the north 

155 
 

N 

•••

Stake Lines 

Roads 

0 

I 

Meters 

. . . . . . . . . . . . 0.01 R/h 

------ 0.1 

10.0 R/h 

Figure 6-1: INITIAL SURVEY FOR SHOT POST, 9 APRIL 1966, 

0466 TO 0600 HOURS 
-

road patrol reported an intensity of over 0.2 R/h at At 

this time, a monitor was dispatched to the main access road at 

Yucca Airstrip to report periodic intensitv readings, which 

showed no radiation above background. Signs were posted on all 

access roads by 1030 hours. Resurveys of the test area were 

conducted on 11, 12, and 21 April, and 4 May. Copies of the 

isointensity maps generated from the resurveys are shown in 

figure 6-2. The average exposures for the initial survey and 

first resurvey teams were 0.64 and 0.21 roentgens, respectively 

In addition to the ground survey, three H-19 helicopters, 

each with a crew of five, conducted aerial surveys of the POST 

ground zero area. 

and Re-entry Procedures 

Because a new tower was being constructed near BJY and Area 

7 for Shot ZUCCHINI, frequent intensity readings were furnished 

to the Test Director. The reading at BJY rose as high as 0.2 

and intensities rose as high as 2.0 R/h in Area 7. As a 

result, construction in Area 7 was discontinued from POST 

dav until 11 April, when the radiation level had dropped to 0.03 

R/h. 

The following parties were cleared for entry into radiation 

areas during Shot POST (19; 75). 

DATE NUMBER 

9 April

10 April

11 April

12 April

13 April

14 April 

2 

3 

10 

4 

TOTAL 38 

157 
11 April 1955, 0615 to 0650 Hours 12 April 1955, 0930 to 1050 Hours 

0 I 

Meters Meters 

21 1955, 0930 to 1050 Hours 4 May 1955, 0935 to 1030 Hours 

Stake Lines 

Roads . . . . . . . . . . . . 0.01 

------ 0.1 R/h 

-.- .----- 1.0 R/h 

10.0 R/h 

Figure 6-2: RESURVEYS FOR SHOT POST 
Decontamination 

During the period including Shot POST, through 13 April 

1955, 31 vehicles and 50 other items of equipment required 

decontamination. In addition, four vehicles and 17 other items 

of equipment were placed in the "hot park" until radiation intensities decayed to acceptable levels (19). 

159 
DOD 

Weather: 

Radiation Data: 

Participants: 

MET 

SHOT SYNOPSIS 

AEC TEST SERIES: TEAPOT 

DOD EXERCISES: Desert Rock VI 

DATE/TIME: 15 April 1955, 1115 hours

YIELD: 22 kilotons 

HEIGHT OF HURST: 400 feet (tower shot) 

To study the effects of a nuclear weapon

on military equipment

To allow DOD personnel to observe a 

nuclear detonation. 

At shot-time, temperature at shot height was 

18.5' C; pressure at 880 millibars; winds from

the south-southwest, 14 knots at the surface, 

32 knots west-southwest at 20,000 feet, and 73 

knots west-southwest at 40,000 feet. 

fallout greater than 0.01 R/h occurred 

primarily northeast of ground zero, extending

no farther than 1,500 meters southwest of 

ground zero. During the initial taken 

between 1150 and 1305 hours, fallout of 

10.0 R/h was detected around ground zero.

Fallout of 0.01 R/h and greater extended 

northeast of the shot. 

Atomic Energv Commission, Exercise Desert Rock 

participants, Armed Forces Special Weapons

Project, Air Force Special Weapons Center and

other Air Force personnel, Los 

Scientific Laboratory, Federal Civil Defense

Administration, contractors, DOD laboratories. 
CHAPTER 7 

SHOT MET 

Shot MET, the twelfth nuclear test of Operation TEAPOT, was 

detonated on 15 April 1955 at 1115 hours in Frenchman Flat, 

located in the southeastern part of the Nevada Test Site (NTS), 

at UTM coordinates 956728. Shot MET was the only event in the 

TEAPOT Series that was not detonated in Yucca Flat. Sponsored 

and developed jointly by the Los Scientific Laboratory 

(LASL) and the Armed Forces Special Weapons Project (AFSWP), MET 

was detonated from a 400-foot tower and produced a nuclear yield 

of 22 kilotons. The MET nuclear cloud top reached a height of 

40,300 feet. Fallout was deposited in a narrow band northeast of 

the point of detonation (30; 41). 

Shot MET, an abbreviation for Military Effects Test, had the 

largest number of Military Effects Group projects of the TEAPOT 

Series. Department of Defense (DOD) participants also took part 

in Exercise Desert Rock activities, scientific experiments of 

other test groups, and support missions, as described in this 

chapter. Figure 7-l displays the location of DOD personnel in 

the shot area at the time of the detonation. An account of the 

radiological situation created by Shot MET, along with the 

procedures used to minimize the exposure of DOD participants to 

ionizing radiation, is summarized at the end of the chapter. 

7.1 EXERCISE DESERT ROCK VI OPERATIONS AT SHOT MET 

Desert Rock exercise troops took part in one troop test and 

seven technical service projects at Shot MET. In addition, Camp 

Desert Rock support troops observed the MET detonation as part of 

the Desert Rock Troop Orientation and Indoctrination Program. 

Table 7-l lists Desert Rock VI activities at MET, presenting the 

161 
1

QQ 93 94 95 96 97 98 99 00 01 

SHOT MET AREA FRENCHMAN LAKE 

15 APRIL 1955 

Project 40.18 

Project 6.3 

•• Project 9.1 

Project 9.4 

Meters 

II 956728) 

Observer Trenches 

Figure 7-l: FORWARD POSITIONS OF DOD PERSONNEL AT SHOT-TIME FOR MET 

85 

84 

83 

82 

81 

80 

79 

78 

77 

76 

75 

74 

73 

72 

71 

70 

69 

68 

67 

66 

65 

64 

63 

62 

61 

60 
-

-

Table 7-1: EXERCISE DESERT ROCK VI PROJECTS, SHOT MET 

Program Type Project Title 

Estimated 

Personnel Participants 

Troop 

and 

Camp Desert Rock Observers 183 Camp Desert Rock 

Support Troops 

Troop Test 40 18 Location of Bursts 48 Battery C 532nd 

Artillery 

Battalion 

14 Chemical, Biological, and 

Radiological Defense 

Shelters Test 

Warfare 

Laboratory; Engineer 

Research and Development 

Laboratory 

40.15 Engineer Field Fortifications 

and Equipment Test 

Engineer Research and 

Development Laboratory 

Heavy Equipment 

Test 

Research and 

Development Laboratory 

40 17 Effects on Steel Transporters 

or Containers 

3 Army Transportation Research 

and Development Command 

40.19 Army CBR Defense 

Team Training 

22 Army 

40.20 Clothmg Test Thermal 

Protection Afforded by 

Land Forces’ 

and Gas Protective Clothmg 

Quartermaster Research 

and Development Center 

21 Ordnance Vehicular 

Equipment Test 

Research Laboratories, 

573rd Ordnance Company, 

Detroit Arsenal 

Unknown 
numbers and titles of the programs and the project 

sponsors, the estimated numbers of DOD participants, and the 

service units involved in the projects. 

7.1.1 Troop Orientation and Indoctrination Program 

A significant observer program had been planned for MET. 

Military observers received a preshot tour of the equipment 

display area on 10 April 1955, almost a week before the shot. 

However, because of the potential hazard presented by the use 

a drone aircraft in the vicinity of the MET shot-tower, the 

extensive observer plans for MET were canceled (43; 54). 

The only observer group to participate during MET was an 

estimated 163 support troops from Camp Desert Rock, who witnessed 

the shot about 9.5 kilometers southwest of the shot-tower. 

Figure 7-2 shows Desert Rock personnel observing the MET detonation. Following the detonation, the observers boarded trucks 

and returned to Camp Desert Rock, kilometers south of the 

observer location (43; 54). 

7.1.2 Troop Test 

Only one troop test, Project 40.18, Location of Atomic 

Bursts, was conducted at Shot MET. The Artillery School conducted the project, which employed an estimated 48 participants 

from Batterv C 532nd Field Artillery (Observation) 

Battalion. The objectives of the project were to test equipment 

and train troops to locate and determine the yield of a nuclear 

detonation. The surveys were carried out with AN/TVS-l cameras, 

MK-11 Bhangmeters, AN/MPQ-21X radar sets, and sound microphones. 

personnel manned nine survey stations arrayed at various 

distances from ground zero to approximate the standard deployment 

164 

of an observation battery under tactical conditions. The nine 

stations were at the following locations (85): 

STATION UTM Coordinates 

Sound Control Point 2 805565 

Station Location 6 901686 

Station Location 5 905671 

Station Location 4 916664 

Station Location 3 927658 

Flash Control Point 928657 

Sound Control Point 1 928657 

Station Location 2 940656 

Station Location 1 945657 

Documentation does not indicate when personnel assumed or left 

their positions at the station. During most previous shots, 

however, the stations were occupied at 1630 hours on the dav 

before the shot (54; 59). 

7.1.3 Technical Service Projects 

As indicated in table 7-1, seven technical service projects 

were conducted at Shot MET, the most extensive participation of 

the Desert Rock Technical Service Program during Operation 

TEAPOT. 

Project 40.14, Chemical, Biological, and Radiological 

Defense Shelters Test, was conducted by the Chemical Warfare 

Laboratories and the Engineer Research and Development 

Laboratories. The was to evaluate the effects of the 

blast wave on developmental chemical, biological, and 

radiological (CBR) defense techniques used with field bunkers and 

foxholes. The unmanned bunkers were located 420 meters from the 

shot-tower, while the foxholes, also unmanned, were situated 

head-on and side-on at distances from 450 to 1,800 meters from 

the shot-tower. 

166 
The number of personnel involved in Project 40.14 has not 

been documented. Although their specific activities and the time 

spent in the forward area also have not been documented, project 

personnel were most likely responsible for preparing and retrieving instruments and for inspecting the bunkers and foxholes (54). 

Projects 40.15, Engineer Field Fortifications and Equipment 

Test, and Engineer Heavv Equipment Test, were 

sponsored bv the Engineer Research and Development Laboratories. 

The of 40.15 was to determine the protection 

afforded against nuclear weapons by new field fortifications 

designed for conventional warfare. Project was to test 

the degree of protection from nuclear weapons provided bv 

ground emplacement of engineer equipment. The total number of 

personnel who took part in these two projects has not 

been documented. Company A, augmented by one platoon from C 

95th Engineer Combat Battalion, did the construction 

work for the projects (54). 

Project 40.15, Engineer Field Fortifications and Equipment 

Test, required that structures be built 345, and 420 

meters from the shot-tower. The structures included nine wooden 

gun emplacements, seven timber shelters, two metal bunkers, and 

two prefabricated plywood domes. Project Engineer Heavy 

Equipment Test, required that engineer equipment be positioned in 

trenches 480, 630, and 810 meters from the shot-tower. The heavy 

equipment included tractors, graders, truck-mounted air 

compressors, truck-mounted cranes, and generators. All the 

equipment positions in Projects 40.15 and were unmanned at 

the time of the detonation. The exact activities of 

personnel before, during, and after the MET detonation have not 

been documented (54). 

40.17, Effects on Steel Transporters or Containers, 

was conducted bv the Armv Transportation Research and Development 

167 
Command. The of the project was to determine the 

amount of protection afforded to cargo shipments during a nuclear 

detonation by a varietv of transporters or containers. The 

following types of cargo shipments were placed at various 

distances from ground zero: 

Transporter with cargo in wooden boxes 

Transporter with domestic packaged cargo in fiberboard boxes 

Wooden boxes on standard pallets 

Loose cargo in wooden boxes covered by canvas

paulines. 

Six display stations were set up. Each station included two 

sets of the cargo shipments listed above. The stations were 

situated from about 1,020 to 2,510 meters from the shot-tower. 

On the day of the MET detonation, 15 April, three individuals were scheduled to drive to station 4, which was about 1,580 

meters from the shot-tower, to make a final check of instruments 

and to connect some electrical equipment. This assignment took 

about four hours and was completed about two hours before the 

detonation. Recovery operations have not been documented, but 

probably took place in the davs following the test event, when 

radioactive contamination had to low levels (54; 85). 

40.19, Sixth Army CRR Defense Team Training, was 

designed to train Sixth Army personnel in radiological defense 

monitoring. Available documentation on Project 40.19 at MET 

indicates onlv that the conducted an aerial survey involving 

an L-20 aircraft, a radiological safety monitor, and a pilot, and 

that 22 militarv personnel participated in the project (61). 

40.20, Clothing Test-- Thermal Protection Afforded by 

Land Forces Environmental and Gas Protective Clothing, was 

fielded bv the Quartermaster Research and Development Center. 
The number of militarv personnel involved is not known. The 

purpose of Project 40.20 was to test the ability of American, 

Soviet, and Communist Chinese military uniforms and protective 

clothing to withstand thermal radiation emitted by a nuclear 

detonation. Three stations were established 1,800, 2,700, and 

3,300 meters from the shot-tower. Nine mannequins fitted with 

uniforms, gas capes, reflective barriers, and standard ponchos, 

were placed at each station. After recovery operations were 

permitted, personnel assessed the thermal damage to the 

stations and retrieved remnants of the uniforms (54). 

Project 40.21, Ordnance Vehicular Equipment Test, was 

conducted the Ballistic Research Laboratories. The objectives 

of Project 40.21 were to determine the effect of roll-over safety 

bars in minimizing damage to wheeled vehicles, to obtain experimental design data for the future development of ordnance equipment, and to investigate the shielding effect of armor against 

gamma radiation. The equipment was placed at various positions 

in the display area. The ordnance vehicles included tanks, 

armored infantrv vehicles, self-propelled guns, trucks, 

cargo trucks, and 5-ton trucks. The principal participant in the project was the 573rd Ordnance Company, which fielded 

the test equipment. Detroit Arsenal personnel also assisted in 

the fielding of the test vehicles. data were recovered 

from the vehicles when the Test Manager declared the area open 

for activities. The number of military personnel 

involved in 40.21 is not known (54; 102). 

7.2 DEPARTMENT OF DEFENSE PARTICIPATION IN MILITARY EFFECTS, 

SCIENTIFIC, OPERATIONAL TRAINING, AND SUPPORT ACTIVITIES AT

SHOT MET 

In addition to the Exercise Desert Rock projects described 

in the previous section, Department of Defense personnel performed a variety of tasks during Shot MET that required them to 

enter the forward area before, during, or after the shot. The 

169 
Test Manager declared the area safe for recovery operations at 

1245 hours, one and one-half hours after the detonation. 

Department of Defense personnel performed the 38 

sponsored hv the Military Effects Group. DOD personnel also 

assisted in one conducted by the LASL Test Group and 

three projects performed hy the Civil Effects Test Group. In 

addition, the Air Force conducted five operational training 

projects at Shot MET and the Navv and Marine Corps each conducted 

one. The Air Force Special Weapons Center (AFSWC) flew support 

missions for the test groups and for the Test Manager. 

Table 7-2 lists the Military Effects, LASL, and Civil 

Effects Test Group projects by numbers and titles, and identifies 

the fielding agencies and the numbers of DOD participants. 

7.2.1 Department of Defense Participation in Militarv Effects 

Group Projects 

The Military Effects Group conducted 38 projects at Shot 

MET, as listed in table 7-2. Because in most cases, many of the 

same individuals performed both and activities, 

estimates reflect the maximum number of DOD people who would have 

been involved in one aspect of the project. For example, if the 

description states that 15 project personnel performed 

preshot activities and five performed recovery, the 

estimate listed in the table would be 15. 

Project 1.2, Shock Wave Photography, was designed to evaluate the progression of the blast wave produced the nuclear 

detonation. A series of smoke trails was created bv firing 16 

smoke rockets about meters beyond the shot-tower. Five 

unmanned camera stations were placed at distances ranging between 

2.4 meters and 20 kilometers from ground zero. All but one of 

the cameras were outside the 0.01 R/h line established by the 

170 
 

Table 7-2: TEST GROUP PROJECTS WITH DEPARTMENT OF DEFENSE PARTICIPATION, 

SHOT MET 

Project Title Participants 

Estimated 

Personnel 

Military Effects Group 

1.2 Shock Wave Photography Naval Ordnance Laboratory 4 

1.5 Preshock Sound Near the Ground the 

of an 

Naval Laboratory 2 

1.10 Overpressure and Pressure versus 

and Dtstance 

Stanford Research Institute 20 

1.11 Special Measurements of Dynamic Pressure versus 

Time and Dtstance 

Laboratory 8 

1.12 Drag Force Measurements Naval Ordnance Laboratory 5 

1 13 Dust versus and Distance the 

Shock Wave 

Chemical Warfare Laboratory 18 

Drag on Models Research Laboratones 26 

1 14b Measurements of Air-blast Phenomena with 

Self-recording Gauges 

Research Laboratones 10 

2.1 Gamma Exposure versus Dtstance Army Engineering Laboratones 

2.2 Neutron Flux Naval Research Laboratory 

2.6 Radiation Energy Absorbed by Human Phantoms a 

Fallout Field 

Naval Medical Research Institute 8 

27 Chemical Warfare Laboratory 15 

Contact Hazard Associated 

Contaminated Aircraft 

Air Force Special Weapons Center 5 

Manned Penetration of Clouds Air Force Special Weapons Center 3 

31 Response of Drag-type Equipment Targets the 

Precursor Zone 

Research Laboratories 

3.2 Study of Drag Loading of Structures the Precursor 

Zone 

Development Center 10 

3.4 Blast Effects on Underground Structures Office of the of Engineers, 

Research Laboratories 

5 

3.6 of Earth Cover as Protection to 

ground Structures 

Bureau of Yards and Docks 6 

37 Effect of Positive Phase Length of Blast on Drag-type 

Structural Buildings 

AFSWC, Wright Development Center 5 

3.8 Test of Concrete Panels Bureau of Yards and Docks 2 

39 Response of Small Petroleum Products Storage Tanks Air Development Center 5 

3.10 Structures Instrumentation Research Laboratories 4 

5.1 Destructive Loads on Aircraft Flight Wright Development Center; Proving Ground 

52 Effects on Fighter-type Aircraft Wright Development Center 2 

54 Evaluation of Basic 

Structures 

Air Development Center 14 

Unknown 
Table 7-2: TEST GROUP PROJECTS WITH DEPARTMENT OF DEFENSE PARTICIPATION, 

SHOT MET (Continued) 

Project Title Participants 

Estimated 

Personnel 

Military Effects Group 

Effects of Nuclear on 

Components 

Development Center, of Dayton 11 

Response of an Aluminum Box Beam Development Center, of Dayton 4 

61 la of Equipment Army Corps Laboratories 3 

612 Accuracy of Naval Radiological Defense Laboratory 7 

6.2 Effects on Selected Components and Systems Army Corps Laboratories 3 

63 Detonation Locator Army Corps Laboratories 3 

64 Test of Equipment Development Center 16 

65 lest of Airborne Naval Radars for Bureau of Aeronautics 6 

81 Measurement of Direct and Ground-reflected Thermal 

at Altitude 

Bureau of Aeronautics 9 

8 4b Thermal Measurements from Ground 

Installations 

Naval Defense Laboratory 3 

84e Temperature Measurements Naval Radiological Defense Laboratory 8 

91 Technical Photography Lookout Laboratory: AFSWC. Force 

Test Center, EG and G 

6 

94 Cloud Growth Study Force Cambridge Research Center, 

Command, U S Weather Bureau, EG and G 

4 

Los Scientific Laboratory Test Group 

11 2 Force Special Weapons Center 17 

I 

Civil Effects Test Group 

37 1 Factors Influencing the Fate and 

of Fallout 

Force Special Weapons Center 3 

37 2 Phenomenology of Fallout at Near Distance Force Special Weapons Center 3 

396 Measurement of and Residual Radiations by 

Methods 

Army Signal Engineering Laboratories 5 

Unknown 

172 
initial radiological survey team on shot-day. Film was probably 

recovered on shot-day in three hours by four project personnel 

85; 103). 

The objective of 1.5, Preshock Sound Velocities near 

the Ground in the Vicinity of an Atomic Explosion, was to measure 

the changes in the transmission of sound waves due to changes in 

air pressure associated with a nuclear detonation. Sonic 

velocities were measured over asphalt, water, concrete, and plant 

material. Reports furnished by the radiological safety monitors 

indicate that, following the detonation, project personnel 

entered the shot area on shot-day and on four other occasions 

over the next ten days to recover data and instruments. This 

work probably took two individuals two hours on shot-day, and 

four hours on each of the other four days 85; 100). 

Project 1.10, Overpressure and Pressure versus Time 

and Distance, was designed to determine the increase in air 

pressure produced by a nuclear detonation over three surfaces: 

water, asphalt, and desert. One hundred twenty-three channels of 

instrumentation were placed at 52 stations and recording shelters 

ranged between 600 and 1,200 meters north and south of the 

tower. Measurements of side-on and dynamic pressure were taken 

using a tube gauge at three- and ten-foot elevations above 

the surface. Side-on pressure was also measured at ground level 

and ten feet above ground level, using a baffle mount. 

Before the shot, it is estimated that project personnel 

spent 15 days building the instrumentation shelters and installing the instrumentation. When recovery operations were permitted by the Test Manager, a team of three personnel, 

accompanied by a radiological safety monitor, reentered the area 

to recover some data. This took approximately four hours. 

Later, six personnel probably spent a week completing the data 

recovery and removing the instruments and towers 85; 116). 

173 
 

Project 1.11, Special Measurements of Dynamic Pressure 

versus Time and Distance, was conducted to measure pressure 

variations produced by a nuclear detonation over water, asphalt, 

and desert. Three blast lines were instrumented to measure 

after-flow direction, air and dust contributions to dynamic 

pressure, the effect of obstacle size on pressure, and 

density and velocity of air and suspended dust. On each of the 

instrument lines, twin three-foot towers were located at 

distances of 600 and 750 meters from the shot-tower. In addition, 61 gauges were positioned at ten stations ranging from 400 

to 2,400 meters from the shot-tower. Before the shot, it is 

estimated that eight individuals worked for two weeks to survey 

the sites and to install the gauges. After the radiation levels 

in the area decreased sufficiently, five persons probably spent 

two davs recovering the data and removing the instruments and 

towers (6; 80; 85). 

Project 1.12, Drag Force Measurements, was designed to 

measure blast forces of the winds produced by a nuclear detonation. Spheres containing gauges capable of measuring the force 

of the blast in all directions were mounted three feet above the 

ground surface. Surveys, excavation, pouring of slabs, and 

installation of gauges probably took five personnel one week. 

The gauges and instrumentation were positioned between 600 meters 

and 1,350 meters south of the shot-tower. It is estimated that 

three individuals recovered the data three hours after the shot 

(80; 85; 92). 

The objective of Project 1.13, Dust Density versus Time and 

Distance in the Shock Wave, was to determine pressure effects at 

various distances from a nuclear detonation over desert and 

asphalt. Beta densitometers were located 760 and 910 meters from 

the shot-tower on the desert and asphalt instrument lines. At 

each station, the detector units were housed within a streamlined 

concrete bunker. Dust-sampler equipment was placed on the 

asphalt surface at and stations. 

174 
Before the shot, construction of the bunkers and instrumentation shelters, and installation of the gauges at the five 

stations probably took 15 project personnel two weeks. On 

three radiological safety monitors were assigned to personnel from this project. A monitor and two personnel 

probablv went to each of the five stations for two hours to 

recover data. After recovery hour had been declared, six persons 

probably spent two days cleaning up the site (44; SO; 85). 

Transient Drag Characteristics on Spherical 

Models, was very similar to Project 1.12 but was conducted by 

Ballistic Research Laboratories instead. of the Naval Ordnance 

Laboratory. The project was designed to measure blast forces 

caused bv a nuclear detonation, and project activities were 

similar to those of Project 1.12. It is estimated that before 

the shot 15 personnel were involved in construction activities 

for two weeks and ten individuals were involved in gauge installation, recording, and check procedures for one week. From one 

to ten days after the shot, the services of a radiological safety 

monitor were furnished to Project probably for eight 

hours, so that technicians could recover their data and instruments. After recovery hour was declared, six individuals 

probably spent two days cleaning up the project area (10; 80; 

85). 

Project Measurements of Air-blast Phenomena with 

recording Gauges, measured pressure variations at one ground 

range along an arc using mechanical pressure-time gauges. 

recording pressure-time gauges were installed 750 meters southwest of the shot-tower. Preshot surveying, construction of 

instrumentation mounts, installation, and checking of gauges 

probablv took ten persons two weeks. On shot-day, four radiological safety monitors accompanied four project personnel for 

four hours while they recovered data. The remaining data and 

gauges were probably recovered by two persons within two days, 

after radiation intensities had decreased (80; 85; 132). 

175 
Project 2.1, Gamma Exposure versus Distance, measured 

initial gamma intensities at various distances from a nuclear 

detonation. The data obtained from these measurements could be 

used to predict and evaluate the gamma radiation hazard posed 

certain nuclear devices. Measurements obtained from each shot 

were compared with measurements from devices detonated under 

similar circumstances, such as WASP and WASP PRIME. 

At MET, gamma measurements were obtained using National 

Bureau of Standards (NBS) film dosimeters, each loaded with two 

film packets, which were placed on posts at a range of 460 to 

2,730 meters from the point of detonation. Dosimeters were 

recovered as soon after the detonation as possible, so that the 

initial gamma radiation produced by the detonation of the device 

was the principal contributor to the badge reading and not 

augmented gamma radiation from fallout or from radioactivity 

induced in the soil by the detonation (46; 85). 

2.2, Neutron Flux Measurements, measured neutron 

radiation as a function of distance from a nuclear detonation. 

The data from this experiment were to be used to predict 

and evaluate the hazard posed neutron emissions during nuclear 

detonations. As in 2.1, measurements were compared with 

devices detonated under similar conditions. 

At MET the detectors used to measure neutron intensities 

were placed in the field, either on stakes in the ground or 

attached to steel cables laid out in a line from ground zero. 

Earlv recovery was a for accurate evaluation of 

neutron For measurements close to ground zero, the 

instruments were attached to a cable so that promptlv after the 

shot the cable could be pulled out of regions of high radioactivity into areas of lower intensity, where samples could be 

removed and sent to the laboratorv for For measurement 

176 
stations farther from the point of detonation, the instruments 

were placed on stakes. Following recovery, the detectors from 

this project were taken to Indian Springs AFB, where waiting 

AFSWC courier aircraft flew the samples to the Naval Research 

Laboratorv for analysis (49; 80; 85). 

Project 2.6, Radiation Energy Absorbed by Human Phantoms in 

a Fission Fallout Field, involved measuring radiation intensities 

of the fallout by placing masonite mannequins instrumented with 

radiation detectors at various stations within the fallout field 

following the detonation. 

At 1245 hours on 15 April, the time designated the Test 

Manager for recovery operations to begin, two teams, each consisting of four project personnel in two vehicles, entered the 

shot area and placed two mannequins near the 0.5 R/h line. It is 

estimated that the teams each spent about ten minutes in the 

fallout field. It is not known precisely when the teams returned 

to recover the mannequins for analvsis. However, in light of 

standard operating procedures for this project at other nuclear 

events, it is likelv that they made three separate trips into the 

shot area each day for three days after the detonation to record 

data, and recovered the equipment at the end of the third day, 

when radiation intensities had decreased substantially (65; 80; 

85; 97). 

2.7, Shielding Studies, was designed to evaluate the 

effectiveness of structures and equipment in reducing gamma and 

neutron exposure potential. Field fortifications, corrugated 

steel structures, foxholes, vehicles, and other equipment were 

tested. 

The project made use of 14 field fortifications which had 

been constructed by the Corps of Engineers for 

and during Operation UPSHOT-KNOTHOLE in 1953, and nine 

177 
corrugated steel shelters. The fortifications and shelters were 

instrumented with gamma dosimeters and neutron detectors in 

various locations to measure the amounts of shielding provided 

against radiation exposure. The fortifications and shelters 

varied in construction and size and were located 300, 345, 

420, and 570 meters southwest of the shot-tower. 

Project personnel also instrumented 12 foxholes of varving 

sizes and orientations with gamma and neutron detectors placed at 

various depths. The foxholes were located 440, 675, 1,350, 

and 2,700 meters southwest of the shot-tower (133). 

Vehicles and equipment were also tested as part of Project 

2.7. An M59 armored personnel carrier, located about 430 meters 

west of the shot-tower, was instrumented with film badges after 

the detonation. Dose-rate measurements were taken project 

personnel from inside and outside the vehicle while it was still 

in a residual radiation field to determine the shielding afforded 

against residual radiation. A T97 self-propelled gun and 

three M48 tanks, probably placed near the M59 armored personnel 

carrier, were instrumented with film badges. Project personnel 

also took measurements after the shot to determine residual 

radiation levels and shielding effects. 

Finally, project personnel instrumented three vehicle 

emplacement trenches with gamma-radiation and neutron detectors. 

One trench, probablv located 480 meters southwest of the 

tower, contained a tractor, a bulldozer, and a grader. A second 

trench, located about 630 meters southwest of the shot-tower, 

contained a tractor, a bulldozer, a grader, a truck-mounted 

crane, a generator, and a truck-mounted air-compressor. In 

the third trench, located about 810 meters southwest of the 

shot-tower, were placed a truck-mounted crane, a truck-mounted 

air compressor, and a generator. Before the shot, personnel placed gamma and neutron detectors in the center of the 

178 
trenches located 480 and 630 meters from ground zero; the trench 

at 810 meters was instrumented with gamma-radiation detectors. 

One hour after operations were permitted, at 1345 

hours, three teams, each consisting of four individuals in three 

vehicles, set out to recover the film badges and neutron detectors from the bunkers and foxholes southwest, from the armored 

vehicles 435 meters west, and from the vehicle trenches 480, 630, 

and 810 meters southwest of ground zero. The working time in the 

area is estimated to have been about 30 minutes. One radiological safety monitor accompanied each team. At the same time, 

three personnel recovered dosimeters from the foxholes located 

440, 675, 810, 1,350, and 2,700 meters from ground zero (29; 80; 

85; 133). 

Project consisted of two separate but related experiments: Contact Radiation Hazard Associated with 

Contaminated Aircraft, and Project Manned Penetration of 

Atomic Clouds. 

Project Contact Radiation Hazard Associated with 

Contaminated Aircraft, was performed to assess the exposure 

potential presented by ground crew contact with an aircraft that 

had flown through a nuclear cloud. Standard gamma-survey meters 

were held near the contaminated components of the aircraft used 

in to determine the radiation intensities of the 

aircraft. Several different types of meters were used and their 

readings were compared. Radiation-decay studies were conducted 

up to 24 hours after the detonation. The general procedures 

followed in conducting this project are described in the TEAPOT 

Series volume (26; 80; 85). 

Manned Penetration of Atomic Clouds, was to 

measure the radiation dose received by Air Force personnel and 

179 
aircraft flying near and into the nuclear cloud. Specific information was sought by the Air Force on radiation dose rates inside 

the cloud, the total dose received during passage through the 

cloud, and the dose received on the return flight. Two T-33 

aircraft instrumented with automatic recording dose rate meters, 

meters, and film packets penetrated the cloud a number of 

times to record radiation levels. They then landed at Indian 

Springs AFB (13; 85; 131). 

Project 3.1, Response of Drag-type Equipment Targets in the 

Precursor Zone, was designed to determine the ability of vehicles 

to withstand the precursor-enhanced blast effects of a nuclear 

detonation. In the MET test area, blast lines were established 

down the centerline of asphalt, water, and desert surfaces. 

It was expected that a different type of blast wave would be 

noted over each surface due to the different precursor 

formations. 

Vehicle targets were positioned on the surfaces at various 

distances from ground zero to compare the extent of damage. 

Thirty trucks, some of which had sustained light damage 

from Project 3.1 activities at other shots, were exposed to the 

detonation. Twenty-four other vehicles were also exposed. In 

addition, a truck was placed behind a bunker of sand to 

determine the ability of the sand to reduce blast damage. A 

similar test was conducted with a truck placed side-on to 

the detonation with sand bags banked with dirt on either side. 

The vehicles were placed at locations ranging from to 

meters from the shot-tower. The vehicles exposed on asphalt were 

south, the vehicles exposed on water were north, and those on 

desert terrain were west of the shot-tower. The activities of 

project personnel in the vicinity of ground zero were limited to 

placing and retrieving vehicles and instruments (9; 80; 85). 

180 
When recovery operations were permitted at 1245 hours, two 

project personnel from Project 3.1 and one radiological safety 

monitor in one vehicle spent about 30 minutes recovering gamma 

radiation film badges 460 meters southwest of ground zero. This 

task was accomplished in conjunction with 2.7 recovery 

procedures (9; 80; 85). 

The objective of 3.2, Studv of Drag Loading of 

Structures in the Precursor Zone, was to determine the ability of 

concrete buildings to withstand the precursor-enhanced blast 

effects of a nuclear detonation. In preparing for the shot, ten 

project personnel probably spent two weeks instrumenting the test 

concrete buildings, located between 1,200 and 1,800 meters south 

of the shot-tower. recovery of data was probably 

accomplished by two or three individuals in one day sometime 

after recovery hour. Specific activities have not been 

documented for this project (80; 85; 117). 

Project 3.4, Air Blast Effects on Underground Structures, 

was to assess the damage caused to underground concrete and steel 

structures by an aboveground nuclear detonation. The three identical structures tested had been used in 3.8 of the 1953 

UPSHOT-KNOTHOLE Series. The test structures were 

concrete boxes with a large number of simply supported steel 

beams serving as roof supports. The structures were positioned 

close together on an arc 270 meters from the shot tower, and 

covered with earth to depths of about one, four, and eight feet. 

Access to the structures was provided through vertical shafts 

extending to horizontal passages which lead into the structures. 

Ballistic Research Laboratories personnel placed a total of 42 

electronic instruments, including accelerometers, deflection 

pressure gauges, and strain gauges, in these structures. 

Personnel from this project did not reenter the shot area on 

shot-day. After the radiation levels decayed enough that no 

181 
protective clothing was an estimated five 

personnel probably spent three days surveying and recovering data 

from the structures. Five AEC contractor personnel with 

bulldozers probably spent an additional two days cleaning up the 

area after this project (80; 85; 128). 

Project 3.6, Evaluation of Earth Cover as Protection to 

Underground Structures, was designed to determine the effectiveness of covering shelters with dirt as shielding against the 

blast and radiation effects of a nuclear detonation. 

The main structure tested was a by 

arch ammunition shelter. Another structure which had been 

constructed for UPSHOT-KNOTHOLE Project 3.15 was also tested. 

This building was also a by steel-arch structure. 

In addition to the two full-scale structures, six models were 

also tested. All of these were scaled to approximately 

quarter the size of the main test building and were constructed 

of corrugated sheet metal. Three of the models were steel and 

three were aluminum. Two models were located 460 meters from the 

shot-tower, two more were located meters from the shot-tower, 

and the remaining four buildings were located 430, 700, 760, and 

910 meters from the shot-tower. Nine self-recording air-pressure 

seven scratch gauges, and three types of radiation detectors were installed at two locations in each of the eight 

buildings. 

Project participants did not reenter the area on shot-day. 

After the radiation levels decreased to a level requiring no 

special precautions, an estimated six project participants 

probablv spent two days surveying and recovering data from the 

project. Ten AEC contractor employees probably spent a week 

cleaning up the area after the test (80; 85; 124). 

182 
Project 3.7, Effect of Positive Phase Length of Blast on 

Drag-type Structural Buildings, was conducted to determine the 

ability of differently constructed buildings to withstand the 

pressure and blast effects of a nuclear detonation. 

The structures used in Project 3.7 were of two types. 

Structures were steel frames 6.1 meters high, 12.2 meters 

wide, and 24.4 meters long, covered with siding and roofing. 

These structures were located 1,100 meters and 1,330 meters south 

of the shot-tower. Structures had the same steel frames and 

roofing as structures but were covered with a 

resistant concrete siding. These structures also had a window 

equal to approximately 30 percent of the full wall area. Structures were located 1,520 meters and 1,750 meters south of 

the shot-tower. 

Project personnel did not reenter the area on shot-day. 

When radiation levels had decreased, an estimated four project 

participants and a photographer probably spent three days 

surveying and recovering data from test structures (80; 85; 119). 

Project 3.8, Test of Concrete Panels, was designed to determine the ability of reinforced concrete buildings to withstand 

the pressure and blast forces of a nuclear detonation. Ribbed 

and solid panels were positioned 1,070 and 1,480 meters from the 

shot-tower. Measurements were made of the pressure, deflection, 

acceleration, and strain sustained by the panels during the 

detonation. 

Project participants did not enter the area on shot-day. 

When radiation levels permitted activity in the vicinity of 

ground zero, an estimated two project personnel probably spent 

two days surveying and recovering data from the test panels (2; 

183 
Project of Small Petroleum Products Storage 

Tanks, was to determine the ability of containers used to store 

petroleum products to withstand the pressure and blast effects of 

a nuclear detonation. 

Four tanks available from Operation UPSHOT-KNOTHOLE, which 

were essentially undamaged, were relocated at various distances 

from the shot-tower and filled to SO percent capacity with water. 

No roofs were provided for three of the tanks that were of welded 

construction. The fourth tank, of bolted construction, was 

complete with the original UPSHOT-KNOTHOLE roof. 

Project participants were not scheduled to reenter area 

on shot-day. After the shot, when radiation levels permitted, an 

estimated four project personnel accompanied a photographer 

surveyed and photographed the damage over an eight-hour period 

(80; 85; 104). 

Project 3.10, Structures Instrumentation, was conducted to 

determine the loading and response of a blast wave on test structures bv measuring pressures, accelerations, displacements, and 

strains. The was to determine the response of above- and 

below-ground test structures to the blast and shock forces caused 

by a nuclear detonation. 

Sixteen test structures were designed and built by participants from Projects 3.2, 3.4, 3.7, and 3.8 of Operation TEAPOT. 

Most structures were located between 1,000 and 1,800 meters south 

of the shot-tower. Instrumentation was provided by 3.10 

personnel. 

Project participants did not enter the area on shot-day. 

Later, when the radiation levels had decreased, an estimated four 

participants spent three days surveying and 

recovering data from the test structures (80; 85; 96). 

184 
Project 5.1, Destructive Loads on Aircraft in Flight, was 

conducted to determine the ability of various aircraft structures 

to survive the gust loading produced by a nuclear detonation. 

Equipment used to record data for this experiment was tested at 

Shot BEE on 22 March. The full experiment was performed at Shot 

MET with three drone aircraft. Accurate positioning of 

the three drone aircraft for this shot was one of the major 

operational problems. During the test participation flights at 

Shot BEE, on 22 March, each drone was controlled by a DT-33 

director aircraft with a crew of two. A second DT-33 aircraft 

was assigned to each drone as a spare. The same configuration 

was probablv used for the drone aircraft during the MET event. 

At MET, each drone was flown independently in a left-hand 

holding pattern. At blast-wave arrival, the first drone aircraft 

was at an altitude of 8,860 feet. The second drone was at an 

altitude of 8,015 feet and a slant range of 1,380 meters from the 

point of detonation. The third aircraft was at an altitude of 

7,330 feet and a slant range of 1,170 meters from the detonation. 

The presence of these three radio-controlled drones in the air 

and the uncertainties concerning their behavior following the 

detonation and blast-arrival was the principal reason for the 

cancellation of the large Desert Rock observer program that had 

been planned for the MET event (54; 80; 85; 111). 

Project 5.2, Effects on Fighter Type Aircraft in Flight, was 

designed to determine the ability of jet-fighter aircraft to 

survive the blast forces produced a nuclear detonation. Two 

F-84 aircraft flew set patterns at two different altitudes. The 

first aircraft was oriented in a level flight altitude, tail-on 

to the blast. At detonation, it was at a slant range of 4,030 

meters and at an altitude of 9,960 feet. The second aircraft was 

positioned in a level flight altitude to receive symmetrical and 

asymmetrical side-on inputs from the blast. At detonation, it 

was at a slant range of 5,400 meters and at an altitude of 7,850 

185 
feet. Additional details concerning project activities, which 

were similar at several test events, are included in the TEAPOT 

Series volume (80; 85; 112). 

Project 5.4, Evaluation of Fireball Lethality Using Basic 

Missile Structures, was conducted to determine the ability of 

various missile shapes and materials to survive the high temperatures produced by a nuclear detonation. Eight project participants probablv spent five weeks before the scheduled event 

erecting the towers that were to be used as test structures. 

Construction and installation of other test materials probably 

required two weeks of effort by six personnel. The towers and 

other test materials were positioned from two to four kilometers 

northeast of the shot-tower. 

On shot-day, two radiological safety monitors were assigned 

to the recovery crew. It is estimated that four project personnel required five hours each to rope off and examine the areas 

around their experiments. After recovery hour was declared by 

the Test Manager, four personnel probably spent two days 

each examining the recovery area (SO; 85; 91). 

Project Effects of Nuclear Explosions on Fighter Aircraft Components, was designed to determine the structural 

response of fighter aircraft stabilizers and structural components to the blast forces produced by a nuclear detonation. In 

preparation for this project, a number of personnel spent 

several weeks in Frenchman Flat performing a variety of tasks. 

Five individuals spent two weeks surveying the locations, pouring 

concrete slabs, and mounting aircraft stabilizers and baffle 

plates at these locations. An additional five individuals spent 

an estimated two weeks building mounts and installing 

graphs and other instrumentation, and placing 25 tons of lead 

shielding. Finally, four individuals probably spent four days 

constructing and installing cameras on three camera mounts. 

186 
On shot-day, two radiological safety monitors were assigned 

to personnel of Project to allow them to recover their film 

and data from the recording oscillographs. This recovery operation probablv took four project personnel two hours to complete. 

After radiation intensities in the area were surveyed and 

recorded, six personnel probably spent two days photographing and 

measuring the damage to the test items (80; 85; 127). 

Project Thermoelxstic Response of an Aluminum Box 

Beam, was conducted to determine the ability of aluminum aircraft 

components to survive the blast forces and high temperatures produced a nuclear detonation. Before,the shot, construction of 

an underground unmanned recording bunker, installation of 

recording equipment, and installation of the box-beam test item 

probablv required a three-week effort from four participants. 

After the shot, data were probably recovered in one hour on 

shot-dav, by two project personnel and a radiological safety 

monitor. After radiation intensities in the area were 

determined, three individuals probably spent one day removing the 

box beam and the recording equipment (64; 80; 85). 

Project Evaluation of Military Equipment, was 

to evaluate new radiation detecting instruments. To carry out 

this experiment, personnel placed dosimeters in tubes in 16 locations between 900 and 2,700 meters from the shot-tower. The 

dosimeters were recovered by three participants, including a 

radiological safety monitor, approximately two hours after 

recovery operations were permitted by the Test Manager, or about 

three hours and 30 minutes after the detonaton. 

To obtain residual fallout measurements, about four hours 

after the detonation three individuals placed additional 

eters in a radiation field sufficient to give from 200 to 

roentgens the time thev were recovered 24 hours later. Three 

187 
project spent one hour recovering the dosimeters one 

day later (15; 80; 85). 

Project 6.1.2, Accuracy of Military was designed to 

measure the error factor of standard military instruments 

by comparing them, under field conditions, with laboratory 

ray standards. A second objective was to measure the directional 

properties of gamma radiation emitted from a fallout field. 

Through close coordination with the Joint Test Organization (JTO) 

Radiological Safety Support Unit and with prior approval 

of the Test Manager, project participants were permitted to enter 

fallout areas as early as 1150 hours, 35 minutes after the detonation and almost one hour before the Test Manager permitted 

standard recovery operations for other projects. These initial 

entries were followed by others at 1215, also before recovery 

hour, and at 1315 and 1615 hours. In the first entry, a team of 

four project personnel followed directly behind the initial 

radiological safety survey party and proceeded to an area with 

radiation levels of approximatelv 3.0 R/h, stopping there to take 

readings on 25 instruments of five different types. The accompanying radiological safety monitor assisted project participants 

as the fifth member of the team. 

In addition to the radiac-reading crews, two other personnel 

set up a directional radiation detector, and the detector for automatic scan. Because earlv entries were made with 

this detector, the total setup time was reduced to less than five 

minutes. 

At all times when crews were working in radiation areas, 

extra evacuation vehicles were provided. Team operations were 

observed through field glasses from outside the radiation area, 

so that assistance could be provided in anv emergency (80; 85; 

129). 

188 
Project 6.2, Effects on Selected Components and Systems, was 

fielded to evaluate radiation effects on electronics equipment in 

both operating and storage conditions. The components investigated included electron tubes, crystal units, and radar beacons. 

The equipment was first tested at the APPLE 1 event, at 405 and 

495 meters from ground zero. The yield on this event was somewhat lower than had been anticipated, requiring the crystals and 

electron tubes to be re-exposed at a later event. Accordingly, 

the project was again fielded at MET (80). 

Some components were exposed 405 meters from the shot, and 

others 495 meters from the shot. It is estimated that before 

MET, three project personnel and two AEC contractor employees 

worked a total of two days to prepare the revetments and secure 

the component containers to the ground. Recovery operations were 

conducted in the days following the nuclear test, when radiation 

intensities had decayed to low levels (47; 80; 85). 

Project 6.3, Missile Detonation Locator, was designed to 

evaluate a tactical-range radar system used to determine the 

location of a nuclear detonation from analysis of the characteristic electromagnetic pulse emitted. The detonation locator 

consisted of broad-band receivers, which were set up on baselines 

approximately 110 and 320 kilometers southwest of the NTS, in 

California. It is estimated that three personnel manned the 

detonation locators from three hours before to two hours after 

the detonation. Although, during other shots, project personnel 

typically gathered some data from a station located near the 

Control Point, no or fielding activities were 

required at the NTS for this event (80; 85; 

Project 6.4, Test of IBDA Equipment, was designed to gather 

engineering evaluation data for an Indirect Bomb Damage 

Assessment (IBDA) system installed in a B-50D aircraft. The 

second objective was to determine the maximum operating range of 

the yield-measuring component of the system. 

189 
The B-50D IBDA system consisted of the standard radar set, 

an experimental radar set, AN/APA-107 (XA-1); a 

recording set, light and time, AN/ASH-4 (XA-1); and a K-17 aerial 

camera. To accomplish the second objective, personnel instrumented each of two F-94 aircraft with one ASH-4 recording set and 

one A-4 bomb-spotting camera. 

The R-50D staged out of Kirtland AFB and normally had a crew 

of ten. Since engineering evaluation tests were being conducted, 

one additional engineer and one technician accompanied the crew 

to monitor and ensure the operation of the IBDA svstem. The 

F-94s staged out of Indian Springs AFB with two crewmen each. 

The which was positioned by radar navigation, simulated an 

aircraft delivering a nuclear bomb. At shot-time, the B-50D was 

located from three to seven nautical miles from the shot-tower. 

The F-94s were positioned by the Air Operations Center at about 

64 and 290 kilometers miles from ground zero. At least one crew 

member of each aircraft wore a film badge (28; 80; 85). 

Project 6.5, Test of Airborne Naval Radars for IRDA, was 

designed to test the suitability of unmodified operational Navy 

radars for IBDA and to provide fleet personnel with experience in 

the analysis of data. 

Two aircraft were flown in simulated attack configurations. 

The aircraft were with a crew of three and one ASB-1 radar 

bombing on board. At the time of detonation, the aircraft 

were on inbound headings approximately 11 kilometers from ground 

zero. Standard radarscope photography was used to record the 

presentations from the time of detonation until about ten seconds 

afterward. Following the detonation, the aircraft returned 

directly to their staging base in San Diego (80; 85; 130). 

Project 8.1, Measurement of Direct and Ground-reflected 

Thermal Radiation at Altitude, was conducted to determine the 

190 
ability of Navy aircraft to withstand the thermal radiation 

produced bv a nuclear detonation. An AD-5, an and an AD-6 

flew in the vicinity of the detonation to record thermal radiation levels. At the time of detonation, the AD-5 aircraft was at 

a slant range of 4,500 meters and an altitude of 12,020 feet. 

The AD-4R was at a slant range of 4,470 meters from the burst and 

a height of 11,520 feet above the ground. The AD-6 aircraft, 

which flew in formation with the other aircraft, was positioned 

with radar at a slant range of 6,840 meters and an altitude of 

12,020 feet. Following the detonation, the aircraft returned 

to their staging base (80; 85; 93). 

Project Thermal Measurements from Fixed Ground Installations, was designed to measure and characterize the thermal 

radiation produced by a nuclear detonation at ranges that can 

cause damage to military equipment. The ground installations 

were located 60, 305, 610, and 760 meters from the shot-tower. 

Preshot selection of the sites and placement of the instrumentation probably took two personnel four hours. recovery 

of data was probably accomplished bv two personnel and a 

radiological safety monitor in one hour on shot-day. Recovery 

personnel working close to ground zero were suited in protective 

clothing and wore air-purification respirators (62; 80; 85). 

The objective of Project Air Temperature Measurements, 

was to measure changes in air temperature during a nuclear 

detonation. In addition, the project measured radiant energy and 

irradiance as a function of time at three air-temperature instrumentation stations, located 300 meters south, west, and north of 

the shot-tower. 

Before the shot, contractor personnel and about eight 

project personnel spent five and four weeks, respectively, 

surveying the locations, constructing recording shelters, towers, 

and various plots, and installing and checking the instrumentation of recording equipment. 

191 
Records indicate that a radiological safety monitor was 

assigned to on shot-day, probably to accompany two 

project personnel for a period of four hours while data were 

recovered. Recovery of remaining data and site cleanup were 

accomplished after radiation in the shot area had decayed to 

negligible levels (66; 80; 85). 

Project 9.1, Technical Photography, was designed to provide 

photographs of the detonation. 

Air participation for Project 9.1 included one RC-47 aircraft, which flew a six-minute holding pattern oriented from ten 

to 16 kilometers southeast of the shot-tower at an altitude of 

8,000 to 10,000 feet. The RC-47, with a crew of three from AFSWC 

and about three photgraphers, was operated for the Lookout 

Mountain Laboratory by the Air Force and the Air Force Missile 

Test Center (33; 35; 80; 85). 

9.4, Atomic Cloud Growth included DOD personnel in both ground and air operations. The was to 

study the development of the cloud produced by a nuclear detonation. The Army Map Service operated two camera stations for 

Project 9.4, one manned and the other unmanned. The stations 

were located 9.1 kilometers southeast and southwest of ground 

zero. Measurements on the rate of cloud rise and maximum cloud 

height were also taken at MET. 

Air participation in Project 9.4 was performed by the Strategic Air Command (SAC), using two RB-47s. SAC was entrusted 

with an aerial photography mission sponsored by the Air Force 

Cambridge Research Center. SAC involvement in 9.4 was 

included as part of Project 40.5, and is detailed in Section 

7.2.4 (35; 48; 80; 85). 

192 
7.2.2 Department of Defense Participation in LASL and UCRL Test

Group Projects 

Both the Los Scientific Laboratory (LASL) and the 

University of California Radiation Laboratory (UCRL) conducted 

experiments at Shot MET. Along with its contribution to the 

design of the MET nuclear device, the LASL Test Group conducted 

12 projects at the shot. Of these projects, only Project 11.2, 

Radiochemistry Sampling, included DOD participants. Project 

11.2, which was performed by sampling pilots of the AFSWC 4926th 

Test Squadron (Sampling), is discussed in section 7.2.5 of this 

chapter. DOD personnel did not participate in the one project 

performed by the UCRL Test Group at Shot MET. 

7.2.3 Department of Defense Participation in CETG Projects 

The Civil Effects Test Group (CETG) conducted eight projects 

at MET. Of these eight projects, three involved DOD personnel, 

as shown in table 7-2. AFSWC flew radio-relay missions for two 

CETG projects at Shot MET, as discussed in section 7.2.5 of this 

chapter (95). 

Project 39.6, Measurement of Initial and Residual Radiations 

bv Chemical Methods, was the third CETG project with DOD involvement at MET. This project was conducted in part by the Evans 

Signal Laboratory of the Army Signal Corps Engineer Laboratories. 

The objective of the project was to obtain dosimetric data at 

stations where various biological investigations were being 

conducted. 

DOD participation in the project included five personnel 

from the Army Signal Engineer Laboratories, which supplied 

shot data of use in determining the optimum locations for placing 

instruments to obtain the desired levels of gamma radiation exposure. DOD personnel also assisted in the field operations of 

station placement and and further aided by making 

193 
available a Cobalt-60 source for pre- and instrument 

calibration (23; 123). 

7.2.4 Department of Defense Operational Training Projects 

Seven operational training projects were conducted at Shot 

MET (5): 

Project 40.1, Evaluation of IBDA Equipment

and Techniques 

40.4, Gust Effects on B-36 Aircraft 

Project 40.5, Reconnaissance Crew Indoctrination 

Project 40.6, Calibration of Electromagnetic Effects 

Project 40.8, Calibration of Bomb Debris 

Project 40.10, Delivery Crew Indoctrination 

Project 40.13, Tactical Indoctrination for a 

Marine Aircrew. 

These were designed to test service tactics and equipment, and to train military personnel in the effects of nuclear 

detonations. 

Project 40.1, Evaluation of IBDA Equipment and Techniques, 

trained SAC crews in aerial war tactics by simulating nuclear 

bomb delivery missions. Each of the four B-47s from 

AFB made a pass over ground zero at altitudes ranging 

from 34,000 to 39,000 feet. The aircraft entered the NTS at 1112 

hours, three minutes before the detonation, flew its mission from 

1112 to 1117 hours, and left the area at 1118 hours. The 

aircraft had a crew of four: a pilot, a co-pilot, a 

navigator/bombardier, and a radiological safety monitor (1; 3; 

35; 105). 

194 
Project 40.4, Gust Effects on B-36 Aircraft, required the 

use of one B-36 aircraft operating from AFB. 

objective was to test the data on gust effects stated in the 

Strategic Air Command delivery capability handbook for the B-36 

aircraft. Flying at 23,000 feet, the B-36 established a 

to fifteen-minute east-west holding pattern over ground zero at 

the time of detonation. The orbit was timed so that the aircraft 

was above ground zero when the blast wave arrived. 

After the passing of the blast wave, the aircraft returned to its 

home base. The plane probably carried a crew of 11 and a 

radiological safety monitor (1; 3; 35; 105). 

Project 40.5, Reconnaissance Crew Indoctrination, provided 

photographic support for the Military Effects Group Project 9.4, 

while familiarizing Strategic Air Command crews with the effects 

of a nuclear detonation. Two B-47 aircraft, each with a pilot, a 

co-pilot, and a navigator/bombardier, flew directly over ground 

zero. One aircraft flew at 47,000 feet and the other at 43,000 

feet. The aircraft, operating out of Forbes AFB, arrived in the 

NTS area at 1112 hours, took photographs from 1115 to 1117 hours, 

and left the area at 1118 hours (1; 3; 35; 105). 

Project 40.6, Calibration of Electromagnetic Effects, was 

sponsored by the Air Force to obtain a greater understanding of 

the electromagnetic pulse emitted by nuclear detonations. 

According to the Test Director's Operation Plan 1-55 for MET, 

five men were scheduled to travel to a station on Yucca 18 

kilometers northwest of ground zero to set up project equipment 

at 0900 hours on 14 April, the day before the MET detonation. 

The men left before 1800 hours. At hours on shot-day, five 

men were to return to operate the station until one hour after 

the MET detonation at 1115 (1; 3; 35; 85; 105; 

Project 40.8, Calibration of Bomb Debris, was conducted by 

Air Force personnel to determine the relative yields of all 

195 
pertinent nuclear products and residues for use in characterizing 

nuclear weapons. Project participation was integrated with the 

AFSWC sampling missions conducted for LASL Project 11.2, which 

are discussed in section 7.2.5 of this chapter (1; 3; 35; 105). 

Project 40.10, Delivery Crew Indoctrination, was designed to 

familiarize Navy personnel in the effects of a nuclear detonation 

on Navy aircraft. Eight AD aircraft, seven F-2H aircraft, two TV 

aircraft, and two AJ aircraft operating from San Diego, California, performed simulated weapons-delivery maneuvers at altitudes 

ranging from 24,000 to 34,000 feet. Their flight pattern consisted of establishing a holding pattern over Indian Springs AFB, 

and then passing over ground zero at 30 seconds before the detonation. The airplanes then turned to the right at the arrival of 

the blast wave. After the blast, they returned to their base at 

San Diego, California. Each AD, and TV aircraft had a crew 

of two, while each AJ had a crew of three (1; 3; 35; 105). 

Project 40.13, Tactical Indoctrination for a Marine Aircrew, 

allowed Marine Corps to experience the effects of a 

nuclear detonation. The project involved one AD aircraft, one 

R-5D aircraft, three F-3D aircraft, and two aircraft staging 

from the Marine Corps Air Station, El Toro, California. The 

aircraft circled at altitudes ranging from 15,000 feet to 24,000 

feet and at locations between Lathrop Wells, Nevada, and Camp 

Desert Rock. The aircraft arrived in the NTS area at 1120 hours 

3; 35; 105). 

7.2.5 Air Force Special Weapons Center Activities 

AFSWC support to the JTO consisted of aircraft operational 

control, nuclear cloud-sampling missions, sample courier flights, 

cloud-tracking missions, and aerial surveys of terrain. 

196 
-

The following listing indicates the the mission, 

the types and numbers of aircraft, and the estimated numbers of 

AFSWC aircrew personnel flying support missions at MET (35 37): 

TYPE NUMBER OF DOD AIRCREW 

PROJECT MISSION AIRCRAFT AIRCRAFT PERSONNEL 

Cloud Sampling

Sampler Control B-50 

Sampler F-84G 

B-57 

Courier Service c-119 

c-47 

B-25 

Cloud Tracking B-50 24 

B-25 5 

Aerial Surveys c-47 6 

of Terrain H-19 15 

Cloud Sampling 

Six F-84G aircraft and one RB-57 collected particulate and 

gaseous samples of the nuclear cloud for LASL 11.2, 

Radiochemistry Sampling, and Air Force Project 40.8, Calibration 

of Bomb Debris. A B-50 aircraft acted as the sampler control. A 

few difficulties occurred, including three faulty wing-tip ion 

chambers and a leak in the Integron radiation-detection equipment 

of one aircraft. One F-84G aircraft aborted its flight, but was 

replaced with a spare aircraft. The altitudes of the sampler 

aircraft ranged from 21,000 to 40,500 feet. The first sampler 

began collecting samples two hours and seven minutes after the 

detonation. The final three samplers began sample collection 

three hours after the detonation. The following listing presents 

information on the sampling missions of the F-84Gs (35; 38): 

197 
AIRCRAFT 

NUMBER OF 

PENETRATIONS 

TOTAL TIME 

IN CLOUD 

(minutes:

seconds) 

HIGHEST 

INTENSITY 

F-84G 

F-84G 

2 

3 

3: 25 

25:00 

25 

5 

F-84G 1 12 

F-84G 1 

F-84G 

F-84G 

1 

3 

00 

25: 00 

0.7 

11 

B-57 4 2: 40 32 

Courier Service 

Within seven hours after detonation, four aircraft left 

Indian Springs AFB to deliver samples. A C-119 departed for 

Kirtland AFB with samples for LASL. Another C-119 left for 

Oakland Municipal Airport with samples for UCRL. A C-47 departed 

for Kirtland AFB with materials for LASL, and a B-25 flew to 

Bolling AFB with soil samples for Naval Research Laboratory 

2.2. Two days later, on 17 April, a C-47 flew to 

Friendship International Airport, Baltimore, Maryland, with 

additional material for the Naval Research Laboratory (35; 38). 

Cloud Tracking 

After the MET detonation, three cloud-trackers flew missions 

over and off the NTS. A B-50, probably with a crew of 12, flew 

at 28,000 feet; another B-50 also with a crew of 12, flew at 

23,000 feet; and a B-25 with a crew of five, flew at 13,000 feet. 

The two B-50s were based at Kirtland AFB while the B-25 operated 

out of Indian Springs AFB. The aircraft followed the cloud 

198 
northeastward into Utah to a point approximately midway between 

Marysvale and Ferron, Utah (35; 38). 

Aerial Surveys of Terrain 

The aerial survey of terrain was accomplished by a C-47 

aircraft at about 13,500 feet. This aircraft also performed a preshot ground-air relay mission for CETG Projects 37.1 

and 37.2, as a communication link between the various project 

stations. A second C-47 conducted a low-altitude aerial survey 

three hours after detonation, at 1415 hours (95). Each plane 

operated out of Indian Springs AFB. Three H-19 helicopters were 

also involved in the surveying; they carried radiological safetv 

monitors to areas which required radiological surveying (35; 38). 

7.3 RADIATION PROTECTION AT SHOT MET 

The purpose of the various radiation protection procedures 

developed for Operation TEAPOT was to ensure that individual 

exposure to ionizing radiation was as low as possible while 

allowing participants to accomplish the operational requirements 

of each activity or mission. Some of the procedures described in 

the Series volume resulted in records which enabled Exercise 

Desert Rock, the JTO, and AFSWC to evaluate the effectiveness of 

the procedures. Such records for MET have been located only for 

the JTO. The JTO Radiological Safety Organization, 

staffed the Army 1st Radiological Safety Support Unit from Ft. 

McClellan, Alabama, was managed by AFSWP. The available JTO 

information, which will be presented in this section, includes 

film-badge data, logistical data on radiological safety equipment, survey results and records, isointensity pilots, and 

decontamination records. Other than the Final Dosage Report, no 

record of Exercise Desert Rock VI or AFSWC radiological safety 

activities has been located. 

199 
Dosimetry Records 

From 14 April to 3 May 1955, which covers the 15 April 

detonation of MET, the Dosimetry and Records Section of the JTO 

issued 1,604 film badges and 796 pocket dosimeters (19). 

Available film-badge readings indicate that during this 

time, for 55 personnel, the cumulative exposure exceeded two 

roentgens but was less than the JTO-authorized limit of 3.9 

roentgens. Another 11 individuals had cumulative exposures 

exceeding 3.9 roentgens (19). Documentation for ten of these 

individuals has been found. 

Three of the excessive exposures were received military 

personnel involved in Project 2.7, Shielding Studies. Two 

individuals from the Chemical and Radiological Laboratory 

received exposures of 3.58 and 6.3 roentgens on shot-day, 

resulting in total exposures of 4.37 and 6.5 roentgens, 

The other individual, from the 2nd Chemical 

Weapons Battalion, received an exposure of 6.8 roentgens on 

bringing his total exposure to 7.1 roentgens. These three 

participants were engaged in recovering fission neutron detectors 

from field fortifications located 345 and 420 meters from ground 

zero (18; 134). 

Two civilians and two military personnel received excessive 

exposures during their work in Project 8.4. The two civilians 

were employees of the Naval Radiological Defense Laboratory, and 

thev received exposures of 3.9 and 4.1 roentgens on shot-day, 

making their series total exposures 4.0 and 4.2 roentgens, 

respectively (16). The other two personnel were helicopter 

pilots, members of the 345th Troop Carrier Squadron. When these 

two pilots conducted a recovery mission for Project 8.4, they 

received about four roentgens of exposure. Upon completion of 

this mission, the Radiological Safety Officer directed them not 

to flv future missions over radiation areas. However, because no 

200 
other pilots or aircraft were available, the Radiological Safety 

Officer permitted them to fly an additional photographic mission 

for Program 1. The two pilots then had total exposures of 5.3 

and 5.6 roentgens. These pilots were then prevented from 

participation in activities that would expose them to additional 

radiation (16; 18). 

An officer from the Directorate of Weapons Effects Tests 

involved in Programs 2 and 8 received an exposure on shot-day of 

3.7 roentgens, for a total of four roentgens (16). An individual 

from the 3080th Aviation Depot Group received a gammma exposure 

of 3.98 roentgens while participating at MET (16). 

Finally, a member of the 1st Radiological Safety Support 

Unit accumulated a total exposure of 4.42 roentgens of 

radiation during his activities at Shot MET (16). 

Logistical Data for Radiological Safety Equipment 

The Logistics Section operated an issue station at the 

of the main access road to Frenchman Flat and Mercury 

Highway from 15 April through 25 April. The General Supply 

Section issued 1,692 pieces of protective clothing and 108 

respirators during this period. In addition, the Instrument 

Repair Section issued 376 radiation survey instruments during 

this period (19). 

Recovery and Re-entry Procedures 

For Shot MET, an auxiliary plotting and briefing station was 

established at the intersection of the Frenchman Flat access road 

and Mercury Highway. This station was used to regulate access 

into the area bv the people involved in the many effects 

This station was in position and functioning at 1135 

hours, when the Test Director opened Mercury Highway to traffic. 

The Test Manager declared recovery operations could commence at 

1245. 

201 
The Auxiliary Plotting and Briefing Section remained in 

operation from shot-day through April. After that, the 

participation of parties decreased so that it was not 

considered worthwhile to maintain a separate station. All 

parties entering the test area after 21 April were cleared at the 

Control Point (19). 

The Plotting and Briefing Section cleared the following 

numbers of parties for entry into the MET test area (19; 75): 

DATE NUMBER OF PARTIES 

15 April 25 

16 April 37 

17 April 22 

April 35 

19 April 35 

20 April 33 

21 April 17 

22 April 5 

23 April 2 

24 April 2 

25 April 5 

26 April 2 

27 April 1 

In addition, 29 parties were cleared for entry into Yucca F

areas during this same period 

Monitoring Activities 

For Shot MET the initial survey and checkpoint teams were 

split into groups. One group consisted of an area access 

checkpoint team and four monitoring teams that surveyed the 

northern stake lines 1, 2, 7, and 8. These groups left the 

Control Point at 1117 hours, two minutes after the detonation, 

proceeding south towards the MET test area in Frenchman Flat. 

The other group consisted of monitoring teams for stake lines 5 

and 6, an area access team and a main checkpoint team, and a team 

to perform the auxiliary plotting and briefing and operate the 

auxiliary Dosimetrv and Records Section. This second group left 

the control point area at the junction of Mercury Highway and the 

202 
Shot-Pole Road at 1117 hours, proceeding north towards the main 

access road to Frenchman Flat. The third group, consisting of a 

team monitoring stake lines 3 and 4 and the south area access 

checkpoint, also left the control point areas at 1117 hours, 

proceeding north (19). 

All of the initial survey teams started at predesignated 

positions and awaited final instructions before beginning their 

surveys. The checkpoints were established by 1200, and the sign 

detail began positioning signs on access roads at 1300 hours. 

The Radiological Safety Officer began releasing from the 

auxiliary checkpoint the teams at 115Q hours, and the entire 

survey was completed at 1305 hours. A copy of the initial 

isointensity map is shown in figure 7-3. 

Resurveys of the test area were conducted on 16, 18, and 

26 April. Copies of the isointensity maps generated from these 

surveys are shown in figure 7-4. Average exposures for the 

initial survey and first resurvey teams were 0.44 and 0.24 

respectively. In addition to the ground surveys, three 

H-19 helicopters, each with a crew of five, were used to conduct 

aerial surveys of the ground zero area after the detonation. 

In addition to the survey activities, monitors were provided 

to accompany project personnel into radiation areas. On 

radiological safety monitors were provided for the following 

projects (19): 

PROJECT NUMBER 

1.10 

1.12 

1.13 

1.5 

2.2 

2.7.1 

3.1 

3.8 

3.10.1 

5.4 

203 
I

I

N 

Stake Lines 

. . . . . . . . . . . . 0.01 

0 ----- - 0.1 

1 R/h 

Meters 10.0 R/h 

I 

Figure 7-3: INITIAL SURVEY FOR SHOT MET, 15 APRIL 1955, 

1150 TO 1305 HOURS 

204 
 

*

0 

I I 

Meters 

16 April 1955, 0520 to 0615 Hours 

0 

I 

Meters 

18 April to 0745 Hours 

0 2000 

I 

Meters 

April 1955, 1015 to 1056 Hours 

0 

I 

Meters 

26 April 1955, 0910 to 0935 Hours 

Stake Lines 

Roads 

. . . . . . . . 0.01 

-- 0.1 R/h 

1.0 

Figure 7-4: RESURVEYS FOR SHOT MET 10.0 R/h 
PROJECT NUMBER 

6.1.1 

6.1.2 

8.4 

9 

13.1 

Projects 

During 16 to 26 April, the following radiological safety 

monitors were provided (19): 

PROJECT NUMBER 

1.5 4 

1.11 1 

2.1 1 

2.5.2 1 

2.6 1 

3 1 

3.7 1 

5.4 2 

5.5 4 

6.1.2 1 

8.4 1 

9 3 

9.1 15 

In addition, two monitors were provided for 

and one each to the Test Director, the Director of Weapons 

Effects Tests, and the DOD Motor Pool. 

Decontamination Activities 

From recovery hour on shot-day until two days after detonation, a decontamination truck was stationed at the main access 

road to Frenchman Flat. This auxiliary station decontaminated 

and cleared seven vehicles for removal to Camp Mercury. In 

addition, 63 vehicles and 49 pieces of equipment were decontaminated at the decontamination station. An additional 13 items of 

equipment were placed in the "hot park" until radiation 

intensities decreased to predetermined acceptable levels (19). 

206 
 

 

ZUCCHINI 

SHOT SYNOPSIS 

AEC TEST SERIES: TEAPOT 

DOD EXERCISES: None 

DATE/TIME: hours 

YIELD: 28 kilotons 

HEIGHT OF feet shot) 

Purpose of Test: To test nuclear device for 

inclusion in the nuclear arsenal. 

To effects of a nuclear 

militarv equipment. 

Weather: At shot-time, the at shot height

2.1" c.; pressure at millibars; wind 

from the northwest at 11 knots at 10,000 

and up to knots from the west at 40,000 

Radiation fallout greater than R/h was 

Exposure History: detected southeast of ground during the 

initial taken between 

on shot-dav. At that time, intensities 

of 10.0 R/h or greater were restricted to a

circular around ground zero. 

Participants: Atomic Commission, Armed Forces Special 

Weapons Air Force Special Weapons 

Center and other Air Force personnel, Los

Scientific contractors, DOD

laboratories. 

207 
CHAPTER 8 

SHOT ZUCCHINI 

Shot ZUCCHINI, the fourteenth and final nuclear test of the 

TEAPOT Series, originallv planned for 1 April 1955, was detonated 

on 15 May at hours, ten davs after Shot APPLE 2. ZUCCHINI 

was detonated atop a 500-foot tower in Area 7 of the Nevada 

Test Site (NTS) at UTM coordinates 867056, and produced a nuclear 

yield of 28 kilotons. The ZUCCHINI nuclear cloud reached a 

height of 40,000 feet. Fallout began to appear southeastward 

toward Arizona, but southwesterly winds at higher 

caused a sharp turn in the fallout pattern northeastward into 

Utah (30; 41; 74). 

Department of Defense (DOD) participants at Shot ZUCCHINI 

took part in scientific and military effects experiments, 

operational training projects, and support missions, as described 

in this chapter. Desert Rock exercises were not conducted at the 

shot. An account of the radiological situation created by Shot 

ZUCCHINI, along with the procedures used to minimize the exposure 

of DOD participants to ionizing radiation, is summarized at the 

end of the chapter. 

8.1 DEPARTMENT OF DEFENSE PARTICIPATION IN MILITARY EFFECTS, 

SCIENTIFIC, OPERATIONAL TRAINING, AND SUPPORT ACTIVITIES AT 

SHOT ZUCCHINI 

DOD personnel performed a variety of tasks during Shot 

ZUCCHINI that required them to enter the forward area before, 

during, or after the shot. The Test Manager declared the area 

safe for recovery operations at 0625, one hour and 25 minutes 

after the detonation. DOD personnel took part in six projects 

sponsored by the Military Effects Group, and two projects 

208 
sponsored by the Los Scientific Laboratory (LASL) Test 

Group. The University of California Radiation Laboratory (UCRL) 

Test Group performed one at Shot ZUCCHINI, but this 

project did not involve DOD field participation. The Civil 

Effects Test Group also conducted four projects at Shot ZUCCHINI 

According to the available documentation, DOD participation was not included in these projects. Originally the FCDA 

planned to make ZUCCHINI an open shot for the press and FCDA 

observers; however, this activity was rescheduled for APPLE 2 

Table 8-l lists the test group projects hy numbers and 

titles, and identifies the fielding agencies and the estimated 

numbers of DOD participants. In addition, DOD personnel 

conducted six operational training projects. The Air Force 

Special Weapons Center (AFSWC) provided air support to the test 

groups and to the Test Manager. 

8.1.1 Department of Defense Participation in Military 

Effects Group Projects 

The Militarv Effects Group conducted six at Shot 

ZUCCHINI, as listed in table 8-l. Because, in most cases, many 

of the same project personnel performed both pre- and 

activities, estimates reflect the maximum number of DOD 

participants that would have been involved in one aspect of the 

project. If 15 persons performed preshot activities and five 

performed recovery, the estimate listed in the table 

would be 15. 

Project Measurements of Air-blast Phenomena with 

Self-recording Gauges, was designed to measure air-pressure 

variations produced bv a nuclear detonation. Self-recording 

pressure gauges and pressure-time instruments were placed along a 

line extending north-northeast of the shot-tower from 180 to 

1,350 meters. Preshot surveying, construction of instrumentation 

mounts, installation, and checking of gauges probably took two 

209 
Table 8-l: TEST GROUP PROJECTS WITH DEPARTMENT OF DEFENSE PARTICIPATION, 

SHOT ZUCCHINI 

Project Title 

Estimated 

DOD 

Personnel 

Military Effects Group 

1 14b 

28a 

28b 

64 

65 

94 

Measurements of Phenomena 

Gauges 

Contact Hazards 

Contaminated Aircraft 

Manned of Clouds 

Test of 

Test of Naval Radars for 

Cloud Growth 

Research Laboratones 

Force Special Weapons Center 

Force Weapons Center 

Development Center 

Bureau of 

Force Cambridge Research Center, 

US Weather Bureau, EG and G 

2 

4 

16 

Los Scientific Laboratory Test Group 

11 2 

183 Interval Measurements 

4926th Test Squadron (Sampling), AFSWC 

Naval Research Laboratory 

15 

Unknown 

210 
weeks. recovery of data was probably accomplished on 

shot-dav at the farthest station, where radiation intensities 

were negligible, by two personnel in four hours. of the 

data from the remaining stations closer to ground zero was 

probablv accomplished in two days by three personnel (89; 132). 

The of Project Contact Radiation Hazard 

Associated with Contaminated Aircraft, was to assess the hazard 

presented by ground crew contact with an aircraft which had flown 

through a nuclear cloud. Approximately five ground personnel 

held several different tvpes of gamma radiation survey meters 

near the contaminated components of the T-33 aircraft used in 

Project Manned Penetrations of Atomic Clouds, to determine 

radiation intensities. Radiation-decay studies were conducted up 

to 24 hours after the detonation. The general procedures 

followed in conducting this project are described in the TEAPOT 

Series volume. Available documents do not provide information 

about the project specific to the ZUCCHINI event (26; 89). 

Manned Penetration of Atomic Clouds, was 

conducted to measure the radiation dosage and dose rate received 

bv Air Force personnel and aircraft flving near and into the 

nuclear cloud. Specific information was sought the Air Force 

on radiation dose rates inside the cloud, the total dose received 

during passage through the cloud, and the dose received on the 

return flight. Two T-33 aircraft instrumented with automatic 

recording dose-rate meters, meters, and film packets penetrated the cloud a number of times to record radiation levels. 

The general procedures followed during this are described 

in the TEAPOT Series volume. Available documents do not provide 

information specific to the ZUCCHINI event (13; 35; 89; 131). 

Project 6.4, Test of IBDA Equipment, was designed to gather 

engineering evaluation data for an Indirect Bomb Damage 

211 
Assessment system installed in a B-50D aircraft. The 

second was to determine the maximum operating range of 

the vield-measuring component of the svstem. The B-50D IBDA 

system consisted of the standard radar set, a 

developmental radar set, AN/APA-106 (XA-1); a light and time 

recording set, AN/ASH-4 (XA-1); and a K-17 aerial camera. To 

accomplish the second objective, two F-94 aircraft were each 

instrumented with one ASH-4 recording set and one A-4 

spotting camera. 

The staging out of Kirtland AFB, had a crew 

of ten. Since engineering evaluation tests were being conducted, 

one additional engineer and one technician accompanied the crew 

to monitor and ensure the operation of the IBDA system. The 

F-94s staged out of Indian Springs AFB with a crew of two each. 

The which was positioned by radar navigation, simulated an 

aircraft delivering a nuclear bomb. At shot-time, the B-50D was 

located from six to kilometers from ground zero. The F-94s 

were positioned the Air Operations Center about 60 to 280 

kilometers from ground zero. At least one crew member of each 

aircraft wore a film badge (28; 35; 89). 

Project 6.5, Test of Airborne Naval Radars for IBDA, 

evaluated the suitability of using radar to determine the 

location, height of burst, and yield of a nuclear detonation. 

Project 6.5 tested standard Navy radars, unlike Project 6.4, 

which tested developmental radars. Supervised by the Navy 

of Aeronautics, Project 6.5 involved two AJ and one R-4D Navy 

aircraft. The aircraft flew in parallel patterns at altitudes of 

about 30,000 feet on a heading inbound. At the time of 

detonation, were located 11 kilometers west of ground zero. 

The aircraft maintained the inbound heading until seconds 

after the arrival of the blast front. The aircraft then returned 

to their staging base in San Diego (35; 130). 

212 
Project 9.4, Atomic Cloud Growth Studv, required project 

personnel to take theodolite measurements on the rate of cloud 

rise and maximum cloud height. The theodolite was located at the 

north fence of Control Point Building 1 (33; 35; 48; 89). 

8.1.2 Department of Defense Participation in LASL Test Group

Projects 

Although the LASL Test Group performed 14 projects at Shot 

ZUCCHINI, only two of these included DOD participation, 

as shown in table 8-1. Project 11.2, Radiochemistrv Sampling, 

was performed sampling pilots of the AFSWC 4926th Test 

Squadron (Sampling). The activities of the project are discussed 

in section 8.1.4 of this chapter. 18.3, Time Interval 

Measurements, was conducted for LASL by the Naval Research 

Laboratory (14). Little is known about the activities associated 

with Program in general, or Project 18.3 in particular. 

8.1.3 Department of Defense Operational Training Projects 

The Air Force conducted five operational training projects 

at Shot ZUCCHINI and the Navy conducted one. These projects were 

designed to test service tactics and equipment and to train 

military personnel in the effects of nuclear detonations. 

Project 40.1, Evaluation of IBDA Equipment and Techniques 

was carried out bv three Strategic Air Command (SAC) B-47 aircraft operating from Davis-Monthan AFB. The objective was to 

train SAC crews in the tactics to be used during a nuclear 

detonation. The three aircraft flew over the NTS three minutes 

before the detonation. Two of the B-47s made passes over ground 

zero at altitudes ranging from 34,500 feet to 39,000 feet. The 

third B-47 flew over ground zero at 40,000 feet, leaving 

the NTS three minutes after the detonation (3; 35; 105). 

213 
Project 40.3, Crew Indoctrination, was designed to train 

Tactical Air Command in the effects of a nuclear detonation while flying simulated weapons-delivery and flyby maneuvers. 

Four aircraft, staging from George AFB, performed a flyby 

maneuver for this The planes established their 

positions by orbiting 110 to 130 kilometers northeast of the 

shot-tower. Two minutes before detonation, the aircraft ascended 

to altitudes ranging from 26,000 to 19,000 feet, and flew toward 

the shot area. Within eight kilometers of ground zero, the 

planes swung to the north until arrival of the blast wave. After 

blast arrival, the four aircraft returned to their staging base 

(3; 35; 105; 122). 

40.6, Calibration of Electromagnetic Effects, was 

conducted by Air Force personnel to expand existing information 

on the characteristics of the electromagnetic pulse emitted bv a 

nuclear detonation. At hours on the day before the 

detonation, two men in a helicopter left station on Yucca 

Lake, 16 kilometers from ground zero, to service eight sets of 

recording equipment, which were located on a circular perimeter 

around the shot-tower at distances between 10 and 20 kilometers. 

This activity required about six hours to complete. Two hours 

before the detonation, four men in two vehicles arrived at 

station After recovery operations began, these men 

retrieved data from their recording equipment and returned to 

Camp Mercury to analvze project results (89; 105; 106). 

Project Calibration of Bomb Debris, which was also 

conducted by Air Force personnel, was to determine the relative 

yields of nuclear products and residues for use in characterizing 

nuclear weapons. Project participation was integrated with the 

AFSWC sampling missions sponsored LASL 11.2, and is 

discussed in the following section of this chapter (3; 35). 

214 
Project 40.10, Delivery Crew Indoctrination, was sponsored 

and conducted by the Navy. Its objective was to familiarize 

crewmen with the effects of a nuclear detonation on Navy aircraft. Six AD aircraft and seven aircraft performed 

weapons-deliverv maneuvers at altitudes ranging from 24,000 to 

34,000 feet. The aircraft established a holding pattern over 

Indian Springs AFB and passed over ground zero 30 seconds before 

detonation. The aircraft then turned sharply to the right to 

receive the blast wave tail-on, after which they returned to 

their base at San Diego, California (3; 35; 105). 

40.24, Crew Indoctrination, was sponsored bv the Air 

Force Air Research and Development Command. This project 

consisted of a flyby maneuver bv two F-100 aircraft at altitudes 

of 50,000 feet. These aircraft passed over ground zero at the 

time of detonation. On completion of this pass, the aircraft 

returned to their staging base (3; 

8.1.4 Air Force Special Weapons Center Activities 

AFSWC exercised operational control of all aircraft 

participating in the TEAPOT Series through its Air Operations 

Center. In addition, AFSWC personnel conducted cloud-sampling 

missions, courier service, cloud-tracking missions, and aerial 

surveys of terrain (35; 38). 

Cloud sampling, which was conducted for LASL 11.2 

and Air Force enabled AEC and DOD scientists to 

obtain and analvze samples of the nuclear cloud. AFSWC courier 

services involved the delivery of the samples to the nuclear 

weapons design laboratories and military research and development 

laboratories. Cloud tracking not only allowed the Test Manager 

to plot the course of the nuclear cloud, but also helped the 

Civil Aviation Administration divert commercial aircraft from the 

cloud path. Terrain surveying allowed the Test Manager to 

monitor the test areas exposed to fallout. 

215 
Listed below are the types and numbers of aircraft, and the 

estimated numbers of AFSWC involved in air missions at 

Shot ZUCCHINI. With the exception of the B-50 cloud-tracking 

aircraft, which staged out of Kirtland AFB, AFSWC aircraft 

originated at Indian Springs AFB (35; 38). 

TYPE OF NUMBER OF NUMBER OF 

PROJECT TITLE AIRCRAFT AIRCRAFT PERSONNEL 

40.8 

Sampling

Sampler Control 

Sampler 

Courier Service 

B-50 

F-84G 

1 

6 

4 

9 

6 

* 

Cloud Tracking B-50 

B-25 

2 

1 

24 

5 

Aerial Survevs 

of Terrain 

c-47 

H-19 

1 

2 

3 

10 

*Unknown 

Cloud Sampling 

In connection with LASL Project 11.2, Radiochemistry 

Sampling, and Air Force Project 40.8, Calibration of Bomb Debris, 

six F-84G aircraft performed cloud sampling, with one B-50 

serving as sampler control. One sampler aircraft, aborting 

before takeoff because of radio failure, was replaced by a spare 

aircraft. The F-84G aircraft collected samples at altitudes 

between 27,500 and 34,500 feet. The first sampler began cloud 

penetration two hours after the detonation. The B-50 probably 

had a crew of nine, and the F-84Gs had one pilot each. The 

following listing summarizes information on the six sampling 

missions (35; 38). 

216 
AIRCRAFT 

NUMBER OF 

PENETRATIONS 

TOTAL TIME 

IN CLOUD 

(minutes: 

seconds) 

HIGHEST 

INTENSITY 

F-84G 3 30 

F-84G 1 20 

F-84G 1 40 

F-84G 1 5:oo 30 

F-84G 1 5:oo 15 

F-84G 1 17 

Courier Service 

Four AFSWC aircraft provided courier service following Shot 

ZUCCHINI. Two aircraft left for Kirtland AFB seven hours after 

detonation to deliver samples for LASL. The next aircraft 

departed for McClellan AFB with samples for UCRL, and the last 

plane left for AFB with samples for the Air Force. 

Available documentation does not list the types of aircraft 

performing these courier services. However, if AFSWC followed 

the pattern established at previous shots, the aircraft were 

probably or B-25s (35; 38). 

Cloud Tracking 

Cloud tracking at Shot ZUCCHINI was divided into two parts. 

Two B-50s from Kirtland AFB, flying at 28,000 and 23,000 feet, 

tracked the nuclear cloud northeastward until they 

reached Minersville, Utah. Tracking time for the which 

probably each had a crew of 12, was three hours and 50 minutes. 

A B-25 from Indian Springs AFB followed the cloud to a point 

southeast of Lake Mead (35; 38). 

217 
Aerial Surveys of Terrain 

The terrain-survey mission was performed by two H-19 helicopters flying to feet above ground. Each helicopter 

probably carried a pilot, a co-pilot, and a radiological safety 

monitor. Terrain surveying was also conducted by a C-47 

aircraft, which had three crewmen. The survey began at 1000 

hours, five hours after detonation (35; 38). 

8.2 RADIATION PROTECTION AT SHOT ZUCCHINI 

The purpose of the various radiation protection procedures 

developed for Operation TEAPOT was to ensure that personnel 

exposure to ionizing radiation was as low as possible, while 

allowing participants to accomplish their tasks. Some of the 

procedures described in the Series volume resulted in records 

which enabled Exercise Desert Rock, the Joint Test Organization 

and AFSWC to evaluate the effectiveness of their procedures. For Shot ZUCCHINI, such records including film-badge data 

have been located only for the JTO. The JTO Radiological 

Safetv Organization was managed by AFSWP and staffed by the Army 

1st Radiological Safety Support Unit, from Ft. McClellan, 

Alabama. The following descriptions detail the radiation 

protection activities at Shot ZUCCHINI, including dosimetrv, use 

of radiological safety equipment, survey methods, isointensity 

plots, and decontamination records. Other than the Final Dosage 

Report, no record of Exercise Desert Rock VI or AFSWC radiological safety activities was located. 

Dosimetrv 

From through 16 May 1955, the period including Shot 

ZUCCHINI on 15 Mav, 222 film badges and 167 pocket dosimeters 

were issued. Film badge readings indicate that 16 personnel 

accumulated gamma radiation exposures greater than 2.0 roentgens 

but less than the JTO-authorized limit of 3.9 roentgens. No 

218 
participant exceeded the established 3.9 roentgen limit during 

Shot ZUCCHINI (19). 

Six AFSWC pilots flew six aircraft for cloud sampling 

during Shot ZUCCHINI. Film-badge readings for these individuals 

ranged from 0.6 to 0.9 roentgens of gamma-radiation for the 

ZUCCHINI sampling mission. Film-badge data are also available 

for two officers involved in Project 2.8, who received exposures 

of 3.3 and 3.6 roentgens of gamma-radiation (26; 35). 

Logistical Data for Radiological Safety Equipment 

The General Supply Division of the Logistics Section issued 

686 pieces of protective clothing and 160 respirators during the 

period including Shot ZUCCHINI. In addition, the Instrument 

Repair Section issued 218 radiation survey meters during the test 

period (19). 

Monitoring Activities 

On shot-day at 0502 hours, two minutes after detonation, the 

initial survey party, checkpoint teams, and north patrol left the 

Control Point at Yucca Pass to proceed to their assemblv area. 

The road patrols found Mercury Highway free of contamination. 

The initial survey was routine and was completed at 0617 hours. 

A copy of the initial isointensity map is shown in figure 8-l. 

Helicopters were not used for the initial survev, although 

were used for resurveys. Checkpoints were established at 0515 

hours, and signs were posted on the main access roads bv OS30 

hours. The area was resurveyed on 16 A copy of the 

isointensity map generated from this resurvey is shown in figure 

S-2. Average exposures for the initial survev and first 

teams were 0.61 and 0.37 roentgens, respectively. In addition to 

the ground survey, two H-19 helicopters were used to perform 

radiation surveys of the shot area after the shot. Each H-19 had 

a crew of five. 

219 
Stake 

Roads 

. . . . . . . . . . . . 0 01 

0 

0.1 

I I 

Meters 10.0 

BJY 

Figure 8-1: INITIAL SURVEY FOR SHOT ZUCCHINI, 15 MAY 1955, 

0528 TO 0617 HOURS 
N 

BJY 

Stake Lines 

Roads 

Meters 

I 1 

. . . . . . . . . . . . 0.01 

----- - 0.1 R/h 

0 1000 10.0 R/h 

Figure 8-2: RESURVEY FOR SHOT ZUCCHINI, 

16 MAY TO 0922 HOURS 
In addition to its survey work, the Monitoring Section 

provided monitors for the following projects (19): 

PROJECT NUMBER 

16.1 1 

13.3 1 

In addition, one monitor each was provided to security, 

and the Director of Weapons Effects Tests. From 10 to 16 May, 

two monitors were furnished for and one monitor was 

furnished for Project 34.3 (19). 

Plotting and Briefing 

The Test Manager declared recovery hour at 0625 hours, and 

recovery parties began their operations. Before recovery hour, 

Project 15.3 personnel were released because it was evident that 

their area was well outside radiation areas. Fallout 

was heavy to the southeast, with the 10 R/h area extending 

beyond accessible terrain. 

On shot-day, the Plotting and Briefing Section cleared ten 

parties for access into the shot area. The next dav, seven 

parties received briefings for access into the test area (19; 

75). 

Decontamination 

During the period covering Shot ZUCCHINI, 10 to 16 Mav, 

members of the Vehicle and Equipment Decontamination Section 

decontaminated one truck (19). 

222 
SHOTS THROUGH MET AND ZUCCHINI 

REFERENCE LIST 

The following list of references represents

onlv those documents cited in the ESS through

MET and ZUCCHINI volume. When a DASA-WT 

document is followed an EX, the latest 

version has been cited. A complete list of

documents reviewed during the preparation of

the TEAPOT Series volumes is contained in the 

Operation TEAPOT volume. 

223 
AVAILABILITY INFORMATION 

An availabilitv statement has been included at the end of 

the reference citation for those readers who wish to read or 

obtain copies of source documents. Availability statements were 

correct at the time the bibliography was prepared. It is 

anticipated that manv of the documents marked unavailable mav

become available during the declassification review process. The 

Coordination and Information Center (CIC) and the National

Technical Information Service (NTIS) will be provided future 

DNA-WT documents bearing an EX after the report number. 

Source documents bearing an availability statement of CIC 

may be reviewed at the following address: 

Department of Energv 

Coordination and Information Center 

(Operated Reynolds Electrical Engineering Co., Inc.)

ATTN: Mr. Richard V. Nutley

2753 S. Highland 

Box 14100 Phone: (702) 734-3194 

Las Vegas, Nevada 89114 FTS: 598-3194 

Source documents bearing an availability statement of NTIS

may be purchased from the National Technical Information Service.

When ordering mail or phone, please include both the price

code and the NTIS number. The price code appears in parentheses

before the NTIS order number. 

National Technical Information Service 

5285 Port Roval Road Phone: 487-4650 

Springfield, Virginia 22161 (Sales Office) 

Additional ordering information or assistance may be obtained

writing to the NTIS, Attention: Customer Service, or bv calling

(703) 487-4660. 

224 
REFERENCE LIST 

SHOTS ESS TO MET AND ZUCCHINI 

1. Air Force Special Weapons Center, Field Test Group 

"Operation Plan l-54 for Operation TEAPOT."

Kirtland AFB, NM.: AFSWC. 200 Pages.*** 

2. J.; Shaw, W. "Test of Concrete Panels." 

Albuquerque, NM.: Field Command, AFSWP. WT-1130. 

Pages. (A05) AD 224 

Armed Forces Special Weapons Field Command WET. 

[Reports File. Operational Training

Status Report; Monthly Status Reports.1

Albuquerque, NM.: Field Command, AFSWP.

Pages.** 

4. Armv Engineer School. "Full Scale Test Atomic Demolition 

Munition, 40.16, Operation TEAPOT." Fort 

VA.: Army Engineer School. 

24 Pages.*** 

5. Atomic Energv Commission. Operational 

Training." Washington, DC.: Atomic Energv

Commission. Undated. 98 Pages. (Box 548 in

National Archives.) 

6. Banister, J.; Shelton, F. "Special Measurements of

Dynamic Pressure versus Time and Distance, 

1.11." A lbuquerque, NM.: Field Command, AFSWP.

WT-1110. Pages. (A04) AD 617 

7. Bridgman, L., Ed . Jane's All the World's Aircraft,

1955-1956. New York.: McGraw-Hill. 

Bridgman, L., Ed . Jane's All the World's Aircraft, 

1956-1957. New York.: McGraw-Hill. 

9. Bryant, Ethridge, N.; Johnson, M. Response of Drag

Equipment Targets in the Precursor Zone, ect 

3.1. Albuquerque, NM.: Field Command, DASA. 

WT-1123. Pages.

AD 

*Available from NTIS; order number appears before the asterisk. 

**Available at CIC. 

***Not available, see Availability Information page. 

 Requests to Act restrictions. 

225 
-

 H. Transient Drag Characteristics of a Spherical

Model, Albuquerque, NM.: Field 

Command, DASA. WT-1114. Pages. 

AD 617 

11. Civil Effects Test Group. "Locations for Field Exercise 

Open Shot (ZUCCHINI)." CETG, FCDA.

Pages.**  

12. Clark, J. C. Annex D: Radiological Safetv Plan, Test

Director's Operation Order l-55. Los NM.: 

LASL. Pages.**** 

13. Clark, J. C., Test Director. [Memoranda Authorizing

Overexposure of 2.8 Personnel.1 Mercurv, 

NV. 2 Pages.*** 

14. Clark, J. C. Report of the Test Director, Operation 

TEAPOT. Los NM.: LASL. LA-1966. 

254 Pages.*** 

15. Cohen, A.; Jachter, M.; Murphy, H. "Evaluation of 

Military Equipment,

Albuquerque, NM.: Field Command, AFSWP. WT-1137. 

Pages. AD 460 

16. Collison, T. D., LTC, USA. [Addenda to Final Dosage 

Report. 1 Mercurv, NV.: Atomic Energy Commission.

21 Pages.  

17. Collison, T. D., LTC, IJSA. [Memoranda Describing

Overexposure of Personnel.] Mercury, NV.: Atomic 

Commission. 23 Pages.** ** 

18. Collison, T. D., LTC, USA. Memoranda for the Test 

Director, Subject: of 

Personnel, 7 March April 1955. [Mercurv, NV.

12 Pages.**** 

19. Collison, T. LTC, IJSA. Radiological Safetv.

Albuquerque, NM.: Field Command, AFSWP. WT-1166. 

184 Pages. AD 465 

*Available from NTIS; order number appears before the asterisk. 

**Available at CIC. 

***Not available, see Availxbilitv Information page. 

 Requests to Act restrictions. 

226 
20. Corsbie, R. L., Director, Civil Effects Test Group.

Memorandum for J. C. Clark, CETG Summarv 

Reports for Shots APPLE and WASP PRIME--D+l, 

Hours; Nevada Test Site, NV.

6 Pages.**  

21. Corsbie, R. L., Director, Civil Effects Test Group.

Memorandum for J. C. Clark, Subject: CETG Summary

Report for Shot 1200 Hours. Nevada Test 

Site, NV. 2 Pages.** 

22. Corsbie, R. L., Director, Civil Effects Test Group.

Memorandum for J. C. Clark, Subject: CETG Summary

Report for Shot 1200 Hours. Nevada Test 

Site, NV. 1 Page.** 

23. Corsbie, R. L., Director, Civil Effects Test Group.

Memorandum for J. C. Clark, CETG Summary 

Reports for Shot MET--D+l, 1200 Hours. Nevada Test 

Site, NV. 2 Pages.** 

24. Corsbie, R. L., Director, Civil Effects Test Group.

Memorandum for J. C. Clark, Subject: CETG Summarv 

Report for Shot 1200 Hours. Nevada Test 

Site, NV. 2 Pages.** 

25. Corsbie, R. L., Director, Civil Effects Test Group.

Memorandum for J. C. Clark, CETG Summary

Reports for Shot 1200 Hours; w/encl.

Nevada Test Site, NV. 2 Pages.** 

26. Crumley, P.; Dick, J.; Kaericher, K. "Contact Radiation 

Hazard Associated with Contaminated Aircraft, 

Albuquerque, NM.: Field Command, AFSWP. 

WT-1122. 34 Pages. AD 617 

27. Day, R.; Guthrie, A. "Thermal Measurements from Aircraft 

in Flight, Albuquerque, NM.: Field 

Command, AFSWP. WT-1145. 34 Pages. 

AD 339 

28. Deegan, T., Capt., USAF; Nickel, W., USAF. "Test 

of IRDA Equipment, 6.4." Albuquerque, NM.:

Field Command, AFSWP. WT-1141. 

39 Pages. AD 341 

*Available from NTIS; order number appears before the asterisk. 

**Available at CIC. 

***Not available, see Availabilitv Information page. 

 Requests to Act restrictions. 

227 
 

 

29. Defense Atomic Support Technical Summary of

Military Effects, Programs, l-9. Albuquerque, NM.: 

Field Command, DASA. WT-1153. 

235 Pages.** * 

30. Department of Office of Public Affairs; Los 

Scientific Laboratorv; Lawrence Livermore Laboratorv;

Sandia Laboratories. "Announced United States 

Nuclear Tests, Julv 1945 through 1979."

NV. 1: Nevada Operations Office. NVO-209. 

38 Pages.** 

31. Department of the Navy, Bureau of Ships. Passive Defense 

Operation Training;

Washington, D.C. 25 Pages. 

32. Dohrenwend, C.; Mills, L.; J.; et al. Flexible 

Measuring Devices and Inspection of Operation JANGLE

Structures, 3 . . 1 Albuquerque, NM.: Field 

Command, AFSWP. 

124 Pages. AD 

33. Edgerton, Germeshausen, and Grier, Inc. "Technical 

Photography. 9.1." Albuquerque, NM.:

Field Command, AFSWP. WT-1151. 

18 Pages. AD 617 

34. DELETED 

35. Fackler, P. H., Col., USAF. Technical Air Operations.

Kirtland AFB, NM.: AFSWC 

278 Pages. 

36. Fackler, P. H. "Interview with Colonel Paul Fackler, USAF 

(Retired)." 

37. Fackler, P. H. [Telephone Conversation with Col. Paul

Fackler, USAF 2 Pages.*** 

Fackler, P. H. [Taped Interview with Col. Paul H.

Fackler, USAF (Ret.), Former Air Operations Officer, 

4925th Test Group, Tests.1 McLean,

VA. 

*Available from NTIS; order number appears before the asterisk. 

**Available at CIC. 

***Not available, see Availability Information page. 

 Requests to Act restrictions. 

228 
Field Command, Armed Forces Special Weapons

Memorandum to Distribution, Master Station 

Locator for ESS Shot, Operation TEAPOT. 

Albuquerque, NM. FCWET 54-2295-2. 

2 Pages.**  

40. Field Command, Armed Forces Special Weapons DWET. 

1st Indorsement, Overexposure of Drop

Aircrew on HA Shot. Sandia Base, NM. 

1 Page. 

41. General Electric Company--TEMPO. Compilation of Local 

Fallout Data from Test Detonations 1945-1962. 

Vol. I: "Continental U.S. Tests." Washington, 

D.C.: Defense Nuclear Agency. DNA 

619 Pages. AD/A079 

42. Gerster, M. The Special Weapons Center and Atomic

Testing. Kirtland AFB, NM.: AFSWC. 

-K242.04. 305 Pages.*** 

43. J.; Kaul, D.; Klemm, J.; et al. of 

Radiation Exposure for Troop Observers Exercise 

Desert Rock Operation TEAPOT. Washington, D.C.: 

Defense Nuclear Agency. 54F. 

86 Pages.** 

44. Gordon, M.; J.; Francis, A. "Dust Densitv versus 

Time and Distance in the Shock Wave, 1.13." 

Albuquerque, NM.: Field Command, AFSWP. WT-1113. 

52 Pages. AD/B951 675." 

45. Graham, J. "Gamma Dose Rate versus Time and Distance, 

2.4." Albuquerque, NM.: Field Command, 

DASA. 59 Pages. 

AD/A995 

46. Graham, J. B.; Larrick, R. J.; Johnson, 0. E. "Gamma 

Exposure versus Distance, 2.1." 

Albuquerque, NM.: Field Command, DASA. WT-1115. 

46 Pages. AD/A995 

47. Graham, J., CPT, USA; Biggerstaff, J. Radiation 

Effects on Selected Components and Materials,

6.2." Albuquerque, NM.: Field Command, AFSWP. 

WT-1139. 21 Pages. AD 617 

*Available from NTIS; order number appears before the asterisk. 

**Available at CIC. 

***Not available, see Information page. 

 Requests to Act restrictions. 

229 
48. Grossman, B.; Machta, L.; Quenneville, L. R. Atomic Cloud 

Growth Project 9.4. Albuquerque, NM.: Field 

Command, AFSWP. WT-1152. 

136 Pages. AD 426 

49. Hanscome, T.; Willet, D. "Neutron Flux Measurements 

Operation TEAPOT, Project 2.2." Albuquerque, NM.:

Field Command, AFSWP. 

44 Pages. AD/A995 

so. Harris, P. "Physical Measurement of Neutron and Gamma

Radiation Dose from High Neutron Yield Weapons and 

Correlation, 39.7." Los NM.: LASL. 

ITR-1167. 106 Pages.** * 

51. N.; J.; Burbaker, R. "Measurement of Free 

Air Atomic Blast Pressures, 1.1." 

Albuquerque, NM.: Field Command, AFSWP. WT-1101. 

Pages. AD 460 

52. Headquarters, 4925th Test Group (Atomic). Letter to 

Commanding General, Field Command, AFSWP,

Overexposure of Drop Aircrew on HA Shot. Kirtland 

AFB, NM. 1 Page.**** 

Headquarters, 4925th Test Group (Atomic). Memorandum for 

Test Director, Subject: Effects Envelopes for High 

Altitude Shot of Operation TEAPOT. Kirtland AFB, 

NM. 1 Page. 

54. Headquarters, Exercise Desert Rock. Final Report of

Operations of the Exercise Director, Exercise Desert

Rock VI; A Troop Indoctrination and Orientation and

Troop Test Program Involving Department of Defense

Agencies. (Short Title: DESERT ROCK IV, Final 

Report.) Presidio of San Francisco, CA.: Sixth US 

Armv. 101 Pages.* 

55. Headquarters, Exercise Desert Rock. Letter to CG, Sixth 

Armv, Plan for APPLE w/Annex A.

Las Vegas, NV. AMCDR-S-3 354.51. 

3 Pages.** 

56. Headquarters, Exercise Desert Rock. Letter to CG, Sixth 

Armv, Safetv Plan for ESS w/Annex A.

Las Vegas, NV. Pages.** 

*Available from NTIS; order number appears before the asterisk. 

**Available at CIC. 

***Not available, see Availability Information page. 

****Requests to Privacy Act restrictions. 

230 
 

57. Headquarters, Exercise Desert Rock. Operation Order

Number 5, Desert Rock VI, APPLE I. Camp Desert

Rock, NV.: Camp Desert Rock. 

Pages. AD/A080 

58. Headquarters, Exercise Desert Rock. 

Number 7, Desert Rock VI, ESS.

NV.: Camp Desert Rock.

AD/A080 

59. Headquarters, Exercise Desert Rock. 

Number 8, Desert Rock VI, MET. 

NV.: Camp Desert Rock. 

Operation Order 

Camp Desert Rock,

10 Pages. 

Operation Order 

Camp Desert Rock,

10 Pages. 

60. [Headquarters, Exercise Desert Rock]. Operational

Schedule Full Scale Test--Atomic Demolition Munition 

Project 40.16 [Shot ESS]. [Las Vegas, NV.] 

7 Pages. 

61. Headquarters, Sixth Army, Chemical Section. "CBR Defense 

Team Training, Project 40.19." Presidio of San 

Francisco: Sixth US Army. 51 Pages. 

AD/A995 

62. Hillendahl, R.; Laughridge, F. Basic Thermal-Radiation 

Measurements, Project Albuquerque, NM.: 

Field Command, DASA. WT-1146. 

96 Pages. AD 339 

63. R.; Plum, W. "Radiant Energv Delivered Prior to

the First Minimum, Project Albuquerque, NM.: 

Field Command, AFSWP. WT-1147. 

16 Pages. AD 357 

64. Hovev, W. Response of an Aluminum Box 

Beam, Pro.ject Albuquerque, NM.: Field 

Command, AFSWP. WT-1136. 68 Pages.

AD 341 

65. Imrie, G.; Sharp, R. "Radiation Energv Absorbed by Human

Phantoms in a Fission Fallout Field, 2.6." 

Albuquerque, NM.: Field Command, AFSWP. WT-1120. 

Pages. AD 244 

*Available from NTIS; order number appears before the asterisk. 

**Available at CIC. 

***Not available, see Availability Information page. 

 Requests subject to Privacy Act restrictions. 

231 
66. Inn, E. C. Y. "Air Temperature Measurements over Several

Surfaces, Project Albuquerque, NM.: Field 

Command, AFSWP. WT-1149. 42 Pages. 

AD 

67. Jenkins, R.; R.; Plum, W. "Irradiance Measurements 

with High Time Resolution, Project

Albuquerque, NM.: Field Command, AFSWP. WT-1150. 

26 Pages. AD 341 

68. Johnson, R. F., LTJG, USN; Cook, C.; Webb, L.; et al. 

"Neutron Induced Radioactive Isotopes in Soils,

Albuquerque, NM.: Field Command,

AFSWP. WT-1117. 53 Pages.

AD 617 

69. Joint Office of Test Information. [General Press

Releases.1 Las Vegas, NV.: 

23 Pages.**  

70. Joint Office of Test Information. (Press Releases for 

Shots APPLE and WASP PRIME.1 Las Vegas, NV.:

8 Pages.** 

71. Joint Office of Test Information. Releases 

Regarding Shot HA.1 Las Vegas, NV.:

6 Pages.** 

72. Joint Office of Test Information. [Press Releases 

Regarding Shot Las Vegas, NV.:

Pages.** 

73. Joint Office of Test Information. [Press Releases 

Regarding Shot POST.] Las Vegas, NV.:

2 Pages.** 

74. Joint Office of Test Information. [Press Release for Shot

ZUCCHINI.1 Las Vegas, NV.:

1 Page.** 

75. Joint Test Organization, Office of Test Director. 

: Access Lists bv for Each Shot.] 

NV. 48 Pages.*** 

*Available from NTIS; order number appears before the asterisk. 

**Available at CIC. 

***Not available, see Availabilitv Information page. 

 Requests to Act restrictions. 

232 
76. Joint Test Organization, Military Effects Group.

Memorandum for Test Director, Subject: Operational

Requirements for HA. Nevada Test Site, NV. FCNTS 

55-741-O. 3 Pages.**  

77. Joint Test Organization, Military Effects Group.

Memorandum for Test Director, Post Shot 

Report--APPLE. Nevada Test Site, NV. 

FCNTS 55-756-O. 5 Pages.** 

78. Joint Test Organization, Military Effects Group. 

Memorandum for Test Director, Post Shot 

Report--ESS. Nevada Test Site, NV. FCNTS 

55-731-O. 5 Pages.** 

79. Joint Test Organization, Military Effects Group.

Memorandum for Test Director, Subject: Post Shot 

Report--HA. Nevada Test Site, NV. FCNTS 55-844-O. 

5 Pages.** 

80. Joint Test Organization, Military Effects Group. 

Memorandum for Test Director, Subject: Post Shot 

Report--MET. Nevada Test Site, NV. FCNTS 

55-943-o. 12 Pages.** 

Joint Test Organization, Military Effects Group. 

Memorandum for Test Director, Post Shot 

Report--POST. Nevada Test Site, NV.

FCNTS 55-877-O. 3 Pages.** 

82. Joint Test Organization, Military Effects Group.

Memorandum for Test Director, Post Shot 

Report--WASP PRIME. Nevada Test Site, NV. 

FCNTS. 2 Pages.** 

Joint Test Organization, Office of Test Director. 

Operation Order No. l-55 (TEAPOT); Annex G--Special

Instructions, APPLE. Mercury, NV.: AEC, JTO. 

21 Pages.** 

84. Joint Test Organization, Office of Test Director.

Operation Order No. (TEAPOT); Annex J--Special 

Instructions, HADR. Mercury, NV.: AEC, JTO.

10 Pages.** 

*Available from NTIS; order number appears before the asterisk. 

**Available at CIC. 

***Not available, see Availability Information page. 

 Requests to Privacy Act restrictions. 

233 
Joint Test Organization, Office of Test Director. 

Operation Order No. l-55 (TEAPOT); Annex K--Special

Instructions, MET. Mercury, NV.: AEC, JTO. 

23 Pages.**  

86. Joint Test Organization, Office of Test Director. 

Operation Order No. l-55 (TEAPOT); Annex L--Special

Instructions, POST. Mercury, NV.: AEC, JTO. 

15 Pages.** 

87. Joint Test Organization, Office of Test Director. 

Operation Order No. l-55 (TEAPOT); Annex M--Special

Instructions, HA. Mercury, NV.: AEC, JTO. 

88. Joint Test Organization, Office of Test Director. 

Operation Order No. 1-55 (TEAPOT); Annex O--Special 

Instructions, ESS. NV.: AEC, JTO. 

15 Pages.** 

89. Joint Test Organization, Office of Test Director. 

Operation Order No. l-55 (TEAPOT); Annex Q--Special

Instructions, ZUCCHINI. Mercury, NV.: AEC, JTO. 

7 Pages.** 

90. Joint Test Organization, Office of Test Director. 

Operation Order No. l-55 (TEAPOT); Annex S--Special

Instructions, WASP PRIME. Mercury, NV.: AEC, JTO.

14 Pages.** 

91. Kester, J.; Ferguson, R., Capt., USAF. 5.4 

Evaluation of Fireball Lethality Using Basic Missile

Structures. Albuquerque, NM.: Field Command, 

AFSWP. WT-1134. 129 Pages.

(A07) AD 340 

92. Kornhauser, M.; Petes, J. Drag Force Measurements,

1.12. Albuquerque, NM.: Field Command,

AFSWP. WT-1111. 170 Pages. 

(A08) AD 

93. Kviljord, A. "Measurement of Direct and Ground-reflected 

Thermal Radiation at Altitude, 8.1." 

Albuquerque, NM.: Field Command, AFSWP. WT-1143. 

Pages. AD 339 

*Available from NTIS; order number appears before the asterisk. 

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234 
94. Lewis, J. Crater Measurements, Project 1.6.

Albuquerque, NM.: Field Command, AFSWP. WT-1105. 

80 Pages. (A05) AD 491 

95. Lindberg, R.; Romney, E.; J.; et al. Factors 

Influencing the Biological Fate and Persistence of

Radioactive Fallout, Project 37.1. Los Angeles,

CA.: UCLA. WT-1177. 78 Pages. 

96. Lorrian, P.; Schwartz, E. "Structures Instrumentation, 

3.10." Albuquerque, NM.: Field Command, 

AFSWP. WT-1107. 32 Pages. 

(A03) AD 465 

97. Los Scientific Laboratory, J-Division. Memorandum 

for J. C. Clark, Subject: [Concerning

Statement Regarding Requested Overexposures for 

Project 2.61. Los NM. 1 Page. 

98. B. [Contamination Warnings -- Missing Cannisters 

and Shot ESS Area.] Mercury, NV.: Atomic Energy 

Commission. 3 Pages.** * 

99. R.; Johnson, R.; Tomnovec, F.; Cook, C. Gamma 

Radiation Field above Fallout Contaminated Ground,

Project Albuquerque, NM.: Field Command,

DASA. WT-1225. 98 Pages. 

(A05) AD 460 

100. R. Preshock Sound Velocities near the Ground 

in the Vicinity of an Atomic Explosion, Project 1.5.

Albuquerque, NM.: Field Command, AFSWP . WT-1104 . 

76 Pages. (A05) AD 224 

101. Miller, M.; Lisman, H.; D.; et al. Missile 

Detonation Locator, Project 6.3. Albuquerque, NM.: 

Field Command, AFSWP. WT-1140. 114 Pages. (A06) AD 341 

102. Montgomery, C. D. "Report on Tests of Combat Vehicles in

Operation TEAPOT." Aberdeen, MD.: Ballistic 

Research Laboratories. 12 Pages. 

103. Moulton, J.; Walthall, E. Shockwave Photography, Project

1.2. Albuaueraue. NM.: Field Command. AFSWP. 

WT-1102. 116 Pages. (A06) AD 611

253.1' 

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235 
104. O'Brien, B. "Response of Small Petroleum Products Tanks,

Project 3.9." Albuquerque, NM.: Field Command, 

AFSWP. WT-1131. 26 Pages.

AD 340 

105. Parsons, H., Col., USAF. Operation TEAPOT, Operational 

Summary. Albuquerque, NM.: Field Command, AFSWP.

EX. 93 Pages.

(AO5) AD/B951 

106. Parsons, USAF. Operational Training Projects 

Manned Stations for TEAPOT. Albuquerque, NM.:

AFSWP. 2 Pages.**  

107. Petriken, T. "Evaluation of a Radiological Defense

Warning Svstem CLOUDBURST), Project

Albuquerque, NM.: Field Command, AFSWP. WT-1112. 

16 Pages. (A02) AD 617 

108. Plum, W.; Jenkins, R.; R. "Irradiance 

Measurements with Time Resolution, Project 

Albuquerque, NM.: Field Command, AFSWP. WT-1229. 

16 Pages. (AO2) AD/A995 

Plum, W.; Parker, W. "Spectrometer Measurements, Project

Albuquerque, NM.: Field Command, AFSWP. 

WT-1148. 26 Pages. (A03) AD 617 

110. Portsmouth Naval Shipvard. "Passive Defensive Operations

Training: Report of Training Experience." [Project

40.9.1 Portsmouth, VA.: Portsmouth Naval Shipyard.

4 Pages.** 

111. Purkev, G.; Lounsbery, W., Capt., USAF. Destructive Loads 

on Aircraft in Flight, Project 5.1. Albuquerque,

NM.: Field Command, AFSWP. WT-1132. 

92 Pages. (A05) AD 357 

112. Purkey, G.; Mitchell, R., Lt., USAF. Structural Response 

of F-84 Aircraft in Flight, 5.2. 

Albuquerque, NM.: Field Command, AFSWP. WT-1133. 

97 Pages. (A05) AD 362 

113. Reed, J.; Banister, J.; Beyeler, J,; et al. "Material 

Velocity Measurements of High Altitude Shot, Project 

1.9." Albuquerque, NM.: Field Command, AFSWP.

WT-1108. 26 Pages. AD 611 

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236 
114. Reed, J.; Banister, J.; Shelton, F. "Ground Level 

Microbarographic Pressure Measurements from a High 

Altitude Shot, Project 1.3." Albuquerque, NM.:

Field Command, AFSWP. WT-1103. 

36 Pages. (A03) AD 611 

115. Sachs, D.; Swift, L. Underground Explosion Effects,

1.7. Albuquerque, NM.: Field Command, AFSWP. WT-1106. 120 Pages.

AD 617 

116. Sachs, D.; Swift, L.; Sauer, F. Overpressure and 

Dynamic Pressure over Various Surfaces, 1.10. 

Albuquerque, NM.: Field Command, AFSWP . WT-1109. . 

194 Pages. AD 617 

117. Schmidt, L. Studv of Drag Loading of Structures in the

Precursor Zone, Project 3.2. Albuquerque, NM.:

Field Command, AFSWP. WT-1124. 

174 Pages. AD 617 

Schmuchyk, M.; E. Fallout Studies, Project 2.5.1.

Albuquerque, NM.: AFSWP. WT-1119. 

133 Pages. (A07) AD 449 

119. Sinnamon, G.; Haltiwanger, J.; Matsuda, F.; et al. Effect 

of Positive Phase Length of Blast on Drag and

in Industrial Buildings Part 1, Project 3.7.

Albuquerque, NM.: Field Command, AFSWP. WT-1129. 

122 Pages. (A06) AD 617 

120. Sinnamon, G.; Woodring, R.; N.; et al. "Behavior 

of Underground Structures to an Underground 

Explosion, 3.3.2." Albuquerque, NM.: Field 

Command, AFSWP. WT-1126. 54 Pages.

(A03) AD 617 

121. Stetson, R.; Shirasawa, T.; Sandomire, M.; et al. 

Distribution and Intensity of Fallout from the

Underground Shot, Project 2.5.2. Albuquerque, NM.: 

Field Command, AFSWP. WT-1154. 

92 Pages. (A05) AD 617 

122. Stickle, G.; Brake, N. Participation in TEAPOT." 

Langlev AFB, VA.: USAF, TAC. Memo No. 88. 

50 Pages.**  

*Available from NTIS; order number appears before the asterisk. 

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237 
123. Taplin, G.; MacDonald, N.; McFarland, S.; et al.

Measurement of Initial and Residual Radiations by 

Chemical Methods, Project 39.6. Oak Ridge, TN.: 

AEC, TIS. ITR-1171. 76 Pages.

(A05) AD/A995 

124. Vaile, R.; Mills, L., LTJG., USN. "Evaluation of Earth 

Cover as Protection to above Ground Structures,

Project 3.6." Albuquerque, NM.: Field Command, 

AFSWP. WT-1128. 66 Pages.

AD 617 

125. Vortman, L. "Effects of an Atomic Explosion on Group and

Family Type Shelters, 34.1 and 34.3." 

Battle Creek, MI.: FCDA. WT-1161. 

192 Pages. 

126. White, C.; Chiffelle, T.; Richmond, D.; et al. Biological 

Effects of Pressure Phenomena Occurring inside

Protective Shelters Following a Nuclear Detonation, 

Project 33.1. Albuquerque, NM.:

Foundation. WT-1179. 219 Pages.

AD 611 

127. Whitford, D. Effects of Nuclear Explosions on Fighter

Aircraft Components,

NM.: Field Command, AFSWP. WT-1135. 

94 Pages. AD 362 

128. Woodring, R.; Sinnamon, G.; N. Air Blast Effects 

on Underground Structures, Project 3.4.

Albuquerque, NM.: Command, AFSWP. WT-1127. 

84 Pages. (A05) AD 617 

129. Work, G. A. of Militarv 

Albuquerque, NM.: AFSWP. WT-1138. 

56 Pages. (A04) AD 420 

130. Zirkind, R. "Test of Airborne Naval Radars for IBDA, 

Project 6.5." Albuquerque, NM.: Field Command, 

AFSWP. WT-1142. 15 Pages.

(A02) AD 339 

131. Banks, J. E. "Manned Penetrations of Atomic Clouds,

Project Washington, D. C.: DNA. 

19 Pages.

(A02) AD/A995 

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238 
132. Bryant, E. J.; Ethridge, N. H.; Keefer, J. H. Measurements of Air-Blast Phenomena with Self-Recording 

Gages, Report to the Test Director, Project 

Aberdeen, MD.: Ballistic Research Laboratories. 

WT-1155. 216 Pages.

AD 617 

133. Hendrickson, J. R. Shielding Studies, Operation TEAPOT,

Project 2.7. Washington, D.C.: DNA. WT-1121-EX. 

122 Pages. (AO6) AD/A995 

134. Joint Test Organization, Military Effects Group.

Correspondence File, Subject: Projects 2.2 and 2.7.1

Concerning Overexposure of Project Personnel for

TESLA and MET. Mercury, NV.

11 Pages.** ** 

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ATTN: Librn 

Georgia Institute of Technology 

Dickinson ATTN: Llbrn 

ATTN. Depository Dept Georgia Southern College 

Florida A M ATTN: Llbrn 

ATTN Librn Georgia Southwestern College 

Florida Atlantic Library ATTN. of Libraries 

ATTN. of Pub Georgia State University 

ATTN. Librn 
 (Continued) 

University 

ATTN 

of Georgia 

Dir of Libraries (Reg) 

Glassboro State College 

ATTN: Librn 

Library 

ATTN: Librn 

Graceland College 

ATTN: Librn 

Grand Forks 

ATTN: 

Public 

Librn 

City-County Library 

Grand Rapids 

ATTN. 

Public Library 

Dir of Lib 

Greenville County 

ATTN: Librn 

Library 

College Library 

ATTN: Librn 

Guam RFK Memorial University Library 

ATTN: Fed Depository 

University of Guam 

ATTN: Librn 

College 

ATTN Librn 

South Dakota University 

ATTN: Librn 

University Library 

ATTN: Librn 

Hartford Public Library 

ATTN: Librn 

Harvard College Library 

ATTN: Dir of Lib 

Harvard College Library 

ATTN: Serials 

University of Hawaii Library 

ATTN: Gov 

Hawaii State Library 

ATTN: Fed Unit 

University of Hawaii at 

ATTN: Dir of Libraries 

University of Hawaii 

Campus Library 

ATTN: Librn 

Burns Library 

ATTN. Librn 

County Library 

ATTN. Gov 

Henry Ford Community College Library 

ATTN: Librn 

OTHER (Continued) 

Herbert H. Lehman College 

ATTN: Lib Div 

Hofstra University Library 

ATTN: Dept 

Hollins College 

ATTN. Librn 

Hopkinsville 

ATTN: Librn 

College 

Wagner College 

ATTN. Librn 

University of Houston Library 

ATTN: Div 

Houston Public Library 

ATTN. Librn 

Tulane University 

ATTN: Dept 

Hoyt Public Library 

ATTN: Librn 

Humboldt State College Library 

ATTN: Dept 

Huntington Park Library 

ATTN: Librn 

Hutchinson Public Library 

ATTN: Librn 

Idaho Public Library Information Center 

ATTN: Librn 

Idaho State Library 

ATTN: Librn 

Idaho State University Library 

ATTN. 

University of Idaho 

ATTN: Dir of Libraries (Reg) 

ATTN: 

University of Illinois Library 

ATTN: 

Illinois State Library (Reg) 

ATTN: Gov Br 

Illinois University at Urbana-Champaign 

ATTN. P. Watson Lib 

Illinois Valley Community College 

ATTN: Library 

Illinois State University 

ATTN: Librn 

Indiana State Library 

ATTN: Serial 

Indiana State University 

ATTN: Library 
 

 

OTHER __ (Continued)

Indiana University Library 

ATTN: Dept 

Indianapolis Marion County Public Library 

ATTN: Science 

Iowa State University Library 

ATTN. Gov Dept 

Iowa University Library 

ATTN: Gov Uocs 

Butler University 

ATTN. 

Isaac Delchdo College 

Librn 

James Madison University 

ATTN. Llbrn 

Jefferson County Public Library 

Regional Library 

ATTN Librn 

Jersey City State College 

ATTN Library Periodicals 

Johns 

ATTN: Library 

La College 

Librn 

Johnson Free Public Library 

ATTN Librn 

Kalamazoo Public Library 

ATTN Librn 

Kansas City Public Library 

ATTN: 

Kansas State Library 

ATTN Librn 

Kansas State University Library 

ATTN. 

University of Kansas 

ATTN: of Library (Reg) 

University of Texas 

ATTN. Lyndon B. Johnson School of Public 

Affairs Library 

Maine Maritime Academy 

ATTN. Librn 

of Maine 

ATTN. Librn 

OTHER (Continued) 

Kent State University Library 

ATTN: 

Kentucky Dept of Library Archives 

ATTN: 

University of Kentucky 

ATTN: Pub Oept 

ATTN: of Lib (Reg) 

Kenyon College Library 

ATTN: Llbrn 

Lake Forest College 

ATTN. Llbrn 

Lake Sumter College Library 

ATTN: Llbrn 

Public Library 

ATTN. Librn 

Lancaster Regional Library 

ATTN: Librn 

Lawrence University 

Dept 

Brigham Young University 

ATTN: & Map 

Lewis University Library 

ATTN. Librn 

Library and Statutory Svc 

2 cy ATTN: Librn 

College 

ATTN Librn 

Little Rock Public Library 

ATTN: Librn 

Long Beach Public Library 

ATTN. Librn 

Los Angeles Public Library 

ATTN: Serials Div 

Louisiana State University 

ATTN. Gov Dept 

ATTN: Dir of Libraries (Reg) 

Free Public 

ATTN Librn 

University Library 

ATTN. Librn 

Hoover 

Gingham 
OTHER (Continued) (Continued) 

Manchester City Library Michigan Tech University 

ATTN: Librn ATTN: Lib Dept 

Mankato State College University of Michigan 

ATTN: Gov Pubs ATTN. Acq Unit 

University of Maine at Farmington Middlebury College Library 

ATTN. Dir of Libraries ATTN: Librn 

Marathon County Public Library State College 

ATTN: Librn ATTN: Librn 

Principia College State University of New York 

ATTN. Librn ATTN: Librn 

University of Maryland Milwaukee Public Library 

ATTN: Library ATTN: Librn 

University of Maryland Minneapolis Public Library 

Librn ATTN: Librn 

University of Massachusetts 

ATTN: Gov 

University of Minnesota 

ATTN: Dir of Libraries 

Maui Public Library State College 

Kahului Branch ATTN Librn 

ATTN. Librn 

Mississippi State University 

State University ATTN: Librn 

ATTN: Librn 

University of Mississippi 

Memphis Shelby County Public Library ATTN: Dir of Libraries 

Information Center 

ATTN: Librn Missouri University at Kansas City 

ATTN: Librn 

Memphis State University 

ATTN: Librn University of Missouri Library 

ATTN: Gov 

University 

ATTN: Librn M.I.T. Libraries 

ATTN: Librn 

Mesa County Public Library 

ATTN. Librn Mobile Public Library 

ATTN: Gov Info 

Miami Dade Community College 

ATTN: Librn Midwestern University 

ATTN. Librn 

University of Miami Library 

ATTN: Gov Pubs Montana State Library 

ATTN. Librn 

Miami Public Library 

ATTN. Div Montana State University Library 

ATTN Librn 

Miami University Library 

ATTN: Dept University of Montana 

ATTN: Dir of Libraries (Reg) 

University of Santa Clara 

ATTN: Div Montebello Library 

ATTN: Librn 

Michigan State Library 

ATTN: Librn State College 

Michigan State University Library 

ATTN: Library 

ATTN: Librn Mt Prospect Public Library 

ATTN: Info Ctr 

University Library 

Lib 

General 
 

 

 

 

 

OTHER(Continued) 

Nassau Library System 

ATTN: Llbrn 

Natrona County Library 

ATTN: 

Nebraska Library Community 

Nebraska Clearinghouse 

ATTN Librn 

of Nebraska at Omaha 

ATTH 

Nebraska Western College Library 

ATTN Llbrn 

University of Nebraska 

ATTN of Libraries (Reg) 

Unlverslty of Nebraska Library 

Dept 

of Nevada Library 

ATTN: Gov Pubs Dept 

University of Nevada at Las Vegas 

ATTN of Libraries 

New Hampshire University Library 

ATTN Llbrn 

New Hanover County Library 

ATTN: Llbrn 

New State 

ATTN 

New Mexico State 

ATTN 

University of New Mexico 

ATTN: Dir of Libraries (Reg) 

of New Orleans Library 

Gov 

New Orleans Public 

ATTN Llbrn 

New York Library 

ATTN. Llbrn 

New York State Library 

ATTN Control Cultural Ed Ctr 

State University of New York at Stony Brook 

Main 

State University of New York Memorial Lib 

at Cortland 

ATTN. Llbrn 

State of New York 

ATT:: 

North Texas State Unlverslty Library 

Llbrn 

R (Continued) 

State University of New York 

ATTN. Librn 

New York State University 

ATTN. Ctr 

State of New York 

ATTN Dept 

New York University Library 

ATTN: Dept 

Newark Free Library 

ATTN. Llbrn 

Newark Library 

ATTN. Librn 

Niagara Falls Library 

ATTN Llbrn 

Nicholls State 

ATTN. 

M Memorial 

ATTN. Llbrn 

Norfolk 

ATTN R. Parker 

North Carolina Tech State 

University 

ATTN Llbrn 

Unlverslty of North at Charlotte 

ATTN. Atkins Oept 

Unlverslty Library of North Carolina at Greensboro 

ATTN: 

Unlverslty of North Carolina at Wilmington 

ATTN Llbrn 

North Carolina Central 

ATTN 

North Carolina State University 

ATTN. Llbrn 

of North Carolina 

BA SS Div 

North Dakota State Library 

University of Dakota 

Llbrn 

North Georgia College 

ATTN. Librn 

Minnesota Div cf Emergency 

ATTN Librn 
 

 

 

OTHER (Continued)

Northeast Missouri State University 

ATTN: Librn 

Northeastern Oklahoma State University 

ATTN: Llbrn 

Northeastern University 

ATTN: Dodge Library 

Northern Library 

ATTN. Gov 

Northern Illinois University 

ATTN: Librn 

Northern Michigan 

ATTN. 

Northern Montana College Library 

ATTN. Llbrn 

Northwestern Michigan College 

ATTN Llbrn 

Northwestern State University 

ATTN. Llbrn 

Northwestern State 

ATTN: Librn 

Northwestern University Library 

ATTN: Gov Pubs Dept 

Norwalk Library 

ATTN: Librn 

Northeastern 

ATTN: Library 

University of Notre Dame 

ATTN: Ctr 

Oakland Community College 

ATTN: Librn 

Oakland Library 

ATTN: Llbrn 

Oberlin College Library 

ATTN: Librn 

Ocean County College 

ATTN: Llbrn 

State Library 

ATTN. Librn 

Ohio State 

ATTN. 

Library 

ATTN: 

Oklahoma University Library 

Llbrn 

Oklahoma City University Library 

ATTN: Librn 

OTHER 

Oklahoma Department of Libraries 

ATTN: U.S. Gov 

University of Oklahoma 

Div 

Old Dominion University 

ATTN: Dept Lib 

College Library 

ATTN: Librn 

Omaha Public Library Clark Branch 

ATTN: Librn 

Onondaga County Library 

ATTN: Gov 

Oregon State Library 

ATTN: Librn 

University of Oregon 

ATTN: 

ATTN. Librn 

Pan American Library 

ATTN: Llbrn 

Passaic Public Library 

ATTN: Llbrn 

Queens College 

ATTN: Dept 

Pennsylvania State Library 

ATTN. Gov Pubs 

Pennsylvanla State 

ATTN: Lib 

University of Pennsylvanla 

ATTN. Dir of Libraries 

University of Denver 

ATTN: Penrose Library 

Peoria Public Library 

ATTN. Business, Science Tech Dept 

Free Library of Philadelphia 

ATTN: Gov Pubs Dept 

Philipsburg Free Library 

ATTN: Library 

Phoenix Library 

ATTN. Librn 

of Pittsburgh 

Office, G8 

Public Library 

ATTN. Llbrn 
 

OTHER (Continued) 

Popular Creek Public Library District 

ATTN 

Association of Portland Library 

ATTN 

Portland Public Library 

ATTN 

Portland State 

ATTN. 

Pratt Institute Library 

ATTN 

Louisiana Tech University 

ATTN. 

Princeton 

ATTN. 

College 

ATTN. 

Library 

ATTN: 

Public Library & County 

ATTN 

of and Davidson County 

ATTN 

University of Puerto 

ATTN. Room 

Purdue University 

ATTN Librn 

Valley College 

ATTN 

Auburn 

ATTN. Microforms Dept 

Rapid Public Library 

ATTN: 

Reading Public Library 

ATTN Librn 

Reed College Library 

ATTN: 

Augusta College 

ATTN. 

of Rhode Island Library 

Gov Pubs 

University of Rhode Island 

ATTN Dir of 

University 

Dir of Libraries 

Louisiana College 

ATTN. 

ER 

County Public Library 

ATTN: 

Riverside 

ATTN Librn 

of Rochester Library 

ATTN: 

University of Rutgers Camden Library 

ATTN: Librn 

State University of Rutgers 

ATTN. 

Rutgers University 

ATTN Dir of Libraries (Reg) 

Rutgers University Law Library 

ATTN. Fed Dept 

Salem College Library 

ATTN. Librn 

University 

ATTN: 

San Antonio Public Library 

ATTN Bus Science Tech Dept 

San County Library 

ATTN C. Jones, Acquisitions 

San Diego Public Library 

ATTN. 

San Diego State University Library 

ATTN. Gov Pubs Dept 

San Francisco Library 

ATTN Gov Dept 

San Francisco State College 

Gov Pubs 

San Jose State College Library 

ATTN. Dept 

San City-County 

ATTN 

Savannah Public Effingham Liberty 

Library 

ATTN. 

Scottsbluff Public 

ATTN 

Scranton Public 

ATTN: 

Seattle Public 

ATTN. Ref Asst 
 

(Continued) OTHER 

Selby Public Library 

ATTN: Librn 

Shawnee Library System 

ATTN: Llbrn 

Shreve Memorial Library 

ATTN Librn 

Silas Bronson Public Library 

ATTN: Llbrn 

SIOUX Public Library 

ATTN. Llbrn 

College 

ATTN Librn 

Rock State College Library 

ATTN: Librn 

South Carolina State Library 

ATTN 

of South Carolina 

ATTN: Librn 

University of South 

ATTN Gov 

South Dakota School of Library 

ATTN: Llbrn 

South Dakota State 

ATTN: Fed 

of South Dakota 

ATTN Librn 

South 

ATTN: Librn 

Southeast State 

ATTN. Llbrn 

Southeastern Massachusetts 

ATTN: 

of Southern Alabama 

ATTN. Librn 

Southern 

ATTN: Dept 

Southern Connecticut State College 

ATTN: Library 

Southern University 

ATTN Llbrn 

Southern 

ATTN Ctr 

Southern Methodist 

ATTN. Librn 

University of Southern 

ATTN Library 

OTHER (Continued) 

Southern Oregon College 

ATTN: Library 

Southern New Orleans Library 

ATTN. Llbrn 

Southern Utah State College Library 

ATTN 

Southwest Missouri State College 

ATTN: Library 

University of Southwestern Libraries 

ATTN: Llbrn 

Southwestern University 

ATTN Librn 

Spokane Library 

ATTN. Ref Dept 

Springfield City 

ATTN: 

St Bonaventure University 

ATTN: Llbrn 

St Johns River College 

ATTN: Library 

St Joseph Library 

ATTN Llbrn 

St Lawrence University 

ATTN 

St Louis Public Library 

ATTN. Llbrn 

St Paul Library 

ATTN Llbrn 

Stanford University Library 

ATTN: Gov Dept 

State Library 

ATTN. Serials 

State Library of Massachusetts 

ATTN Llbrn 

State University of New York 

ATTN: Llbrn 

Stetson 

ATTN. Llbrn 

University of 

ATTN Librn 

Stockton San Library 

ATTN. Llbrn 

Stockton State College Library 

ATTN: Llbrn 

College 

ATTN Gov Librn 
 

 

OTHER

Superior Public Library 

ATTN. Llbrn 

Tufts University Library 

ATTN: Dept 

Swarthmore College Library 

Ref Dept 

University of Tulsa 

ATTN Llbrn 

Syracuse University Library UCLA Research 

ATTN: ATTN. Pub Affairs 

Tacoma Library 

ATTN. 

Uniformed Services University of the Health 

Sciences 

ATTN. LRC Library 

Hillsborough County Library at Tampa 

ATTN: Dir of Lib 

Temple University 

ATTN. University of Maine at 

ATTN. Llbrn 

Tennessee Technological University 

ATTN: Librn of Northern Iowa 

ATTN Library 

University of Tennessee 

of Libraries Upper Iowa College 

ATTN 

College of Idaho 

Utah State University 

ATTN: 

Texas A University Library 

ATTN. University of Utah 

ATTN Special Collections 

University of Texas at Arlington 

ATTN. Library of Utah 

ATTN: Dir of Library 

of Texas at San Antonio 

Utica Public Library 

Librn 

Texas Christian University 

ATTN. Library 

ATTN Librn 

Texas State Library 

U Valparaiso University 

ATTN Llbrn 

Texas Tech University Library 

ATTN. Gov Dept Vanderbilt University Library 

ATTN Gov 

Texas University at Austin 

University of Vermont 

Dir of Libraries 

University of Toledo Library 

Virginia Commonwealth University 

ATTN. 

Toledo Public 

ATTN. Science 

ATTN Llbrn 

Torrance Center 

ATTN. Polytechnic Institute 

ATTN Dept 

Traverse Public Library 

ATTN State Library 

ATTN Serials 

Trenton Free Public Library 

ATTN Librn of Virginia 

ATTN Pub 

Trinity College Library 

County Public Library 

ATTN. 

Library 

ATTN: 
OTHER (Continued) OTHER 

Washington State Library 

ATTN: 

Whitman College 

ATTN Llbrn 

Washington State University 

ATTN: Lib 

State University Library 

ATTN. Librn 

Washington University Libraries 

ATTN: Dir of 

Williams Mary College 

ATTN: Dept 

University of Washington 

ATTN: Div 

Emporia Kansas State College 

ATTN: Gov Div 

Wayne State University Library 

ATTN: 

William College Library 

ATTN. Llbrn 

Wayne State University Law Library 

ATTN: Dept 

Library 

ATTN: Librn 

Weber State College Library 

ATTN: Librn 

Winthrop College 

ATTN: Dept 

Wesleyan 

Llbrn 

University of at Whitewater 

AT-TN: Gov 

West Chester State College 

ATTN: Dept 

University of Wisconsin at Milwaukee 

ATTN: 

West Library 

ATTN. Librn 

University of at Oshkosh 

ATTN: Librn 

University of West Florida 

Llbrn 

University of Wisconsin at Platteville 

ATTN: Unit Lib 

West Georgia College 

ATTN: Llbrn 

University of Wisconsin at Stevens Point 

ATTN: 

West Hills Community College 

ATTN: Library 

University of Wisconsin 

ATTN. Gov Pubs Dept 

West Texas State University 

ATTN: Library 

University of 

ATTN. Acquisitions Dept 

West Virginia College of Grad Studies Library 

ATTN: Librn 

Worcester Library 

ATTN: Librn 

of West Virginia 

ATTN: Dir of (Reg) 

State Library 

ATTN: Gov Llbrn 

Westerly 

ATTN: Llbrn 

State 

ATTN: Llbrn 

Western Carolina University 

ATTN: Llbrn 

University of Wyoming 

ATTN: 

Western Illinois University Library 

ATTN. Llbrn 

Yale University 

ATTN: Dir of 

Western Washington University 

ATTN. 

Yeshiva University 

ATTN. Llbrn 

Western Wyoming College Library 

ATTN: Librn 

Yuma County Library 

ATTN. Librn 

Westmoreland College 

ATTN: Learning Resource 

Simon Mem Lib, Columbus 

ATTN. 
 

 

 

DEPARTMENT OF DEFENSE CONTRACTORS -~ DEPARTMENT OF DEFENSE CONTRACTORS (Continued) 

Research Applications Corp Kaman Tempo 

ATTN H. Lee ATTN: C. Jones 

National Academy of Sciences 

ATTN. A. Nelson ATTN: C. Robinette 

2 cy ATTN Health & Environment ATTN. Med Follow-up Agency 

ATTN. Nat Mat Advisory Bd 

DASIAC Pacific-Sierra Research Corp 

ATTN. E. Martin ATTN: H. Brode 

Science Applications, Inc 

ATTN: Tech Lib 

Applications, Associates 

Associates ATTN: P. 

cy L. Novotney