DNA 

PLU Series 

31 AUGUST 

United States Atmospheric We Tests 

Nuclear Test Review 

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SHOT SMOKY, A TEST OF THE SERIES, Technical Report 31 AUGUST 1957 6. PERFORMING ORG. REPORT NUMBER 

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P.S. Harris, C. Lowery, A.G. Nelson, 

S. Obermiller, W.J. Ozeroff, E. Weary DNA 001-78-C-0311 

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SUPPLEMENTARY NOTES 

This work sponsored by the Defense Nuclear Agency under RDT&E RMSS Code 

B350078464 H25900. For sale by the National Technical 

Information Service, Springfield, Virginia 22161 

SMOKY Ionizing Radiation Infantry Troop Test 

AEC AFSWC 

GALILEO AFSWP Fallout 

Task Force WARRIOR Desert Rock Decontamination 

Radioactivity Radiation Exposure Atmospheric Nuclear Tests 

Describes the activities of DOD participants in the atmospheric nuclear 

test, SMOKY, conducted on 31 August 1957 as part of the series, 

The various levels at which DOD personnel participated within the Nevada 

Test Organization and Desert Rock projects are described. Those projects 

related to DOD mission activities are described as to purpose, agency, 

results, operation, and radiological safety aspects. 

OF 66 IS UNCLASSIFIED 

OF 
 

UNCLASSIFIED 

OF THIS 

18. SUPPLEMENTARY NOTES (Cont.) 

The Defense Nuclear Agency Officer, Major H.L. Reese, USAF, under whom this 

work was done, wishes to acknowledge the research and editing contribution 

of numerous reviewers in the Military Services and other organizations in 

addition to those writers listed in block 7. 

UNCLASSIFIED 

SECURITY CL ASSI FICATION OF THIS 
PREFACE 

This volume describes the activities of shot SMOKY, an atmospheric 

nuclear weapon test of the series conducted at the Nevada Test Site on 31 

August 1957. As a document it is not intended to stand alone, but to be used in 

conjunction with the overall report of the test series PLUMBBOB. 

The larger, more extensive report concerning the series 

describes : 

Historical and political prospectives 

l The general geographic, physical, and administrative settings 

l Activities of DOD personnel both in the Desert 

Rock maneuvers and the Nevada Test Organization 

Scientific, diagnostic, technical, and training projects common to all shots in 

Overall radiological safety standards direcprecautions, operations, and results 

Statistical analyses of available radiological 

exposure data for test series participants. 

This report is intended to address only the specifics of the SMOKY 

nuclear test and those aspects unique to the detonation and personnel involved. 

Particular emphasis has been placed on the radiological environment and an 

analysis of radiation exposures has been included. 

No single, standardized set of linear dimensions is used in this report. 

While altitudes are generally given in feet, other distances may be in yards, 

meters, or variations of either. This is because the data is taken from original 

sources and used exactly as researched. For those who desire to change any 

distance to another form, the following are conversion factors: 

1 foot = 0.3048 meters 1 meter = 3.2808 feet 

1 yard = 0.9144 meters 1 meter = 1.0936 yards 1 mile = 1.609 kilometers 1 kilometer = 0.621 miles 

1 

 

 

 

- * -

TABLE OF CONTENTS 

PAGE 

PREFACE. . , . . . , . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 

LIST OF ILLUSTRATIONS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5 

LIST OF TABLES , . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6 

ABBREVIATIONS AND ACRONYMS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7 

CHAPTER 1 INTRODUCTION. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 

1.1 The Setting for SMOKY . . . . . . . . . . . . 10 

1.2 Overview of Department of Defense Participation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13 

1.3 Exercise’ Desert Rock Activities . . . . . . . . 16 

Troop Tests . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 16 

1.3.2 Troop Observer Indoctrination 

Program . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 17 

1.3.3 Radiological Monitoring Training . . . . 17 

1.3.4 Technical Service Test Projects. . . . . 17 

1.4 DOD Involvement in Activities . . . . . . 17 

CHAPTER 2 EXERCISE DESERT ROCK OPERATIONS . . . . . ‘25 

2.1 Desert Rock Projects . . . . . . . . . . . . . 25 

2.1.1 Task Force BIG BANG, the 

Project. 25 

2.1.2 Task 26 

2.1.3 Troop-Observer Indoctrination 

Program (Project 50.2) . . . . . . . . . 38 

2.1.4 Technical Service Projects . . . . . . . 40 

............... 42 

2.3 Support Activities .............. 43 

CHAPTER 3 NEVADA TEST ORGANIZATION OPERATIONS. . . 45 

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . 45 

3.1.1 FC/AFSWP Military Effects Program at 

, . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 46 

3.2 Department of Defense Participation in the 

Los Scientific Laboratory Test Group . . . . . . . . . . . . 

3.3 Department of Defense Participation in the 

University of California Radiation Laboratory 

Test Group Projects . . . . 

3 
PAGE 

3.4 Department of Defense Participation in 

Civil Effects Test Group Projects. . . . . . . . 

3.5 Air Operational Training Projects. . . . . . . . 

3.6 AFSWC: Cloud Sampling and Tracking . . . . . 76 

3.7 Joint AEC/DOD Visitor’s Bureau . . . . . . . . 79 

CHAPTER 4 RADIATION EXPOSURE ANALYSIS . . . . . . . . . 81 

4.1 Introduction .................. 81 

4.2 The Expected Radiological Environment ..... 81 

4.3 Post-Firing Radiological Data .......... 82 

4.4 SMOKY Radiological Environment ........ 88 

4.4.1 Initial Radiation . . . . . . , . . . . . . 88 

4.4.2 Neutron-Induced Activity . . , . . . . . 96 

4.4.3 Fallout . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 98 

4.5 Exercise Desert Rock Radiological Safety . . . . 101 

4.6 Radiological Safety . . . . . , . . . . . . 108 

4.7 Radiological Safety . . . . . . . . . . . 109 

Sampling Aircraft ............ 110 

4.7.2 Helicopters ............... 111 

4.7.3 Other Aircraft. ............. 112 

4.8 General Personnel Groupings . . . . . . . . . . 112 

4.8.1 Before the Detonation .......... 112 

4.8.2 Detonation Time ............ 113 

4.8.3 After the Detonation. .......... 114 

4.9 Analysis of Exposures, Desert Rock Personnel . 

4.10 Task Force WARRIOR Analysis . . . . . . . . . 

APPENDIX A SCHEDULE OF EVENTS, SHOT SMOKY . . . . , 

, . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 131 

4 
 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

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*

’ *

’

’

-

-

__ 

LIST OF ILLUSTRATIONS 

FIGURE PAGE 

1 Shot SMOKY, 31 August 1957 . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2 

l-l Nevada Test Site . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11 

2-l Task Force Warrior Organization . . . . . . . . . . . 28 

2-2 Phase I Defensive Positions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 29 

2-3 Situation Map, Task Force WARRIOR Troop Maneuver . 31 

2-4 Project 50.1 Combat Team Exercise (Infantry Battle 

Group Test) Shot SMOKY . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 34 

2-5 Third Transportation Battalion Organization . . . . . . 35 

3-l Layout for Blast Lines and Vehicles . . . . . . . . . . 49 

3-2 Topographic View of Project 2.3 Station Locations, 

Shot SMOKY 51 

3-3 Station Locations for’ Area 53 

3-4 Planned Flight Pattern for Aircraft Participating 

at SMOKY. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 56 

3-5 Projected Position Time of FJ-4 Aircraft 

Relative to Ground Zero. . 57 

3-6 Exposure Technique for Specimens; Shot’ 65 

3-7 Test Aircraft Unit Organization . . . . . . . . . . . . 

4-l 85 

4-2 86 

4-3 86 

4-4 86 

4-5 SMOKY, 86 

4-6 Topographical ‘View ‘Locations . 

SMOKY 90 

4-7 Profile of ‘the . Shot SMOKY 91 

4-8 Profile of Station ‘the ‘Line’ 

for Shot SMOKY. 91 

4-9 Neutron Threshold* 

Line for Shot SMOKY 93 

4-10 Neutron Threshold 

Line for Shot SMOKY 93 

4-11 Neutron Threshold 

Line for Shot SMOKY 93 

4-12 Neutron Threshold 

Shot SMOKY Under Actual Atmospheric Conditions . . . 95 

4-13 Neutron Threshold Detector Dose-Versus-Distance 

for Shot SMOKY Under Actual Atmospheric Conditions 95 

4-14 Neutron Threshold Detector Dose-Distance-Squared 

Versus Distance for Shot SMOKY 95 

4-15 Corrected-Uncorrected Gamma-Dose-Times-Slant-* 

Range-Squared Versus Slant Range for Shot SMOKY. . 97 

4-16 Fallout Particle Distribution for Shot . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 99 

4-17 Particle Size Distribution for Shot SMOKY . . . . . . 100 

5 
FIGURE PAGE

4-18

4-19

Desert Rock Radiological Safety Procedures for SMOKY . 102

Onsite Dose Rate Contours in R/h at H+l hour for

Shot SMOKY. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 104

4-20 Hodographs for Shot SMOKY . . s . . - . . . . . s . . 105

4-21 Shot SMOKY Offsite Contours . . . . - 0 . . . . * . . 106

LIST OF TABLES

TABLE

l-l Radiological Safety Criteria. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 15

2-1

3-l

3-2

3-3

3-4

3-5

3-6

3-7

3-8

3-9

3-10

3-11

3-12

3-13

3-14

3-15

3-16

4-l

4-2

4-3

4-4

4-5

4-6

4-7

4-8

4-9

Exercise Desert Rock VII and VIII Projects, Shot

SMOKY......................... 2 6

AFSWP Programs at, Shot SMOKY . . . - . . . . f . .

Gauges Fielded for Project 1.8 . . . - . . . . . . .

Position of FJ-4 at Time of Burst and Shock Arrival .

Atmospheric Conditions at Shot Time for FJ-4 . . . .

Flight Conditions for FJ-4 at Time of Burst and Shock

Arrival . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Gamma Ray Measured and Calculated Dose at Four

Positions in the Test Aircraft. . . . . - . . - . . . .

A4D-1 Position at Time of Detonation . . . . . . . . .

A4D-1 Position at Time of Shock Arrival . . . . . - .

Flight and Environmental Parameters at Time of Shock

Arrival at A4D-1. . . . . , . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Nuclear Radiation Data Recorded on A4D-1 . . . . . -

The Position of the F-89D at Shot Time and Shock

Arrival Time. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Project 8.3b Specimen Information . . . . . . . . . .

LASL, UCRL and Sandia Projects at Shot SMOKY. . .

CETG Projects Conducted at Shot SMOKY. . . . . . .

Air Operational Training Projects. . . . . . . . . . .

AFSWC Air Mission Support, Shot SMOKY. . . . . . .

. 47

. 48

. 5 5

. 5 7

. 58

. 58

. 59

. 60

. 60

. 61

. 62

. 66

. 68

. 7 1

. 7 4

. 7 7

Detector Locations for Shot SMOKY. . . . . . . . . . . 89

Neutron Threshold Detectors . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 92

Neutron Threshold Detector Measurements for Shot

SMOKY . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 92

Actual Meteorological Conditions for Shot SMOKY . . . . 94

Neutron Dose Under Actual and Standard Conditions for

Shot SMOKY. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 94

Initial Gamma Dose Data for Shot SMOKY . . . . . . . . 97

Nevada Wind Data for Shot SMOKY . . . . . . . . . . . 103

Tabulation of Units Versus the Values of Nt, N,&

and u . , . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . , . . . 117

Person-rem and Mean mremlperson for Desert Rock

Personnel . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 118

6
ABBREVIATIONS AND ACRONYMS USED IN THIS VOLUME

ACWL

AEC

AFSWC

AFSWP

BJY

BRL

CDC

CETG

CONUS

DASA

DBM

D MA

DNA

DOD

DOE

D+l

EDR

EG&G

FCIAFSWP

FCDA

FCWT

G Z

HumRRO

II+1

JTO

KT

LASL

LZ

MSL

NAS

NM

NOL

NRDL

NT0

NTPR

NTS

Radex

Rad-safe

REE Co

R/h

R-hour

RSS

SAC

UCRL

VA

Army Chemical Warfare Laboratory

Atomic Energy Commission

Air Force Special Weapons Center

Armed Forces Special Weapons Project

Buster Jangle Y (junction at continuation of

Mercury highway and road to Area 7)

Ballistic Research Laboratories

Center for Disease Control, Atlanta, GA

Civil Effects Test Group

Continental United States

Defense Atomic Support Agency (formerly AFSWP, now

DNA)

Division of Biology and Medicine, AEC

Division of Military Application, AEC

Defense Nuclear Agency (originally AFSWP, later

DASA)

Department of Defense

Department of Energy

Day after detonation

Exercise Desert Rock

Edgerton, Germeshausen and Grier

Field Command/Armed Forces Special Weapons Project

Federal Civil Defense Administration

Field Command Weapons Test

Ground Zero

Human Resources Research Office

One hour after detonation

Joint Test Organization

kiloton

Los Alamos Scientific Laboratory

Landing Zone

Mean Sea Level

National Academy of Sciences

Nautical Miles

Naval Ordnance Laboratory

Navy Radiological Defense Laboratory

Nevada Test Organization

Nuclear Test Personnel Review

Nevada Test Site

Radiological exclusion

Radiological safety

Reynolds Electrical and Engineering Company

Roentgens-per-hour

Time of commencement of post-shot recovery operatons

Radiological Safety Support

Strategic Air Command

University of California Radiation Laboratory

Veterans Administration
SMOKY SHOT SYNOPSIS

AEC TEST SERIES:

DOD EXERCISES:

DATE/TIME:

LOCATION:

YIELD

SITE ELEVATION:

HEIGHT OF BURST:

PLUMBBOB

DESERT ROCK VII AND VIII

0530 hours, August 31, 1957

37' 11'14"'N; 116' 04'04" W

43.8 + 2 KT

4,479 feet

700 feet (tower shot)

DOD

AEC Objectives:

DOD Objectives:

Weather at Shot

Time:

Radiation Exposure

History:

AEC Participants:

DOD Participants:

PARTICIPANTS: 17,000 (est.)

Weapons development related to devices

scheduled for entry into the DOD stockpile.

(1) AFSWP technical experiments related to

effects of nuclear weapons on the environment, material, etc.

(2) Desert Rock activities to provide orientation, indoctrinate selected observers,

develop and test maneuver procedures, train

radiological monitoring personnel, and conduct technical effects tests on military

equipment.

No precipitation, temperature 14O C, relative

humidity 31%, pressure 856 mbar, wind calm up

to 5,000 ft., from north at 8 mph between

5,000-15,000 ft., from west up to 35 mph at

higher elevations.

All personnel were at least eight miles from

GZ; therefore exposure to prompt radiation

was negligible. Fallout was relatively heavy

southeast of GZ. Troop maneuvers were not in

the major fallout pattern.

Test Manager's Organization, LASL, UCRL,

Sandia, Contractors

AFSWP, AFSWC, Exercise Desert Rock Troops and

supporting units (This included an infantry

airlanded maneuver conducted by a reinforced

infantry company. Helicopter transportation

and aerial resupply supported this maneuver.)

8
CHAPTER 1

INTRODUCTION

Shot SMOKY, the 15th atmospheric nuclear weapons test in the Atomic

Energy Commission’s Operation PLUMBBOB, was detonated atop a 700-foot steel tower

on August 31, 1957, at the Nevada Test Site.* The primary objectives of shot

SMOKY were to provide an improved nuclear device and to determine both military

and civilian effects.

The three main participating Federal agencies at SMOKY were the AEC,

which played the leading role through its two weapons laboratories, Los Alamos

Scientific Laboratory (LASL) and University of California Radiation Laboratory,

(UCRL); the Federal Civil Defense Administration (FCDA), whose work was performed

by the Civil Effects Test Group (CETG); and the Department of Defense (DOD), which

was represented for most test programs by the Armed Forces Special Weapons Project

(AFSWP). Their participation was as follows:

a The AEC had direct authority to conduct nuclear

weapons development tests at the NTS and

provided the control staff for detonating SMOKY.

The AEC weapons laboratories conducted 16

separate scientific and diagnostic experiments;

they were assisted by a few DOD personnel.

l The FCDA measured weapons effects important to

the safety of civilians in the United States in

the event of nuclear war. Some 23 separate

projects were undertaken, but only a limited

number of DOD personnel participated in these

tests.

l AFSWP, in cooperation with the AEC, measured

weapons effects of military importance. AFSWP

fielded 10 different projects. It was a DOD

organization.

Although the AFSWP projects represented the principal DOD research effort during

Operation PLUMBBOB, two other defense agencies were prominent at SMOKY: the Air

*The Nevada Test Site (NTS) was originally and until 1955 called the Nevada

Proving Ground. It covers about 1,350 square miles of the Nevada desert and-is

located in Nye County, about 65 miles northwest of Las Vegas. The test site was

operated by the Atomic Energy Commission (AEC) for the specific purpose of

testing nuclear weapons. Functions of the AEC are now within the Department of

Energy.

9
Force Special Weapons Center (AFSWC) and Exercise Desert Rock (EDR). AFSWC

personnel flew the radioactive cloud sampling and tracking missions and were

responsible for controlling air operations; EDR conducted troop tests to develop

tactics for the nuclear battlefield.

THE SETTING FOR SMOKY*

In the early Saturday hours of 31 August 1957, several thousand men

gathered at various observation and control points in the Nevada Test Site.t At

0445 the decision was made to detonate shot SMOKY at 0530 hours. The shot had

been delayed three days by weather unfavorable to fallout. The latest

meteorological data had been evaluated, advice from participating agencies had

been considered, and all factors were deemed favorable. The Nevada Test Site had

been secured and cleared of all unauthorized personnel. The nearest personnel

were eight miles from the SMOKY test location and security guards manned stations

and barricades on access roads to prevent unauthorized entry. Military and

civilian observers, who had received training on procedures for observing the

detonation, were ready at their respective observation posts. Survey teams were

standing by to determine the extent of radioactive contamination as soon after the

detonation as possible. Scientific project personnel were prepared to enter test

areas and recover experiments. Military troops were ready to embark upon a

tactical maneuver subsequent to the shot. (The situation is displayed graphically

in Figure 1-l). The center of interest was the tower at the northern edge of the

Nevada Test Site where the SMOKY nuclear device would be detonated.

The weeks preceding SMOKY had seen both preparation and delay. Originally planned for 19 August, SMOKY was not ready for firing until August 28, and

then had been postponed twice due to weather conditions and the environmental

effects of preceding nuclear tests. Even as late as 0445 on 31 August, the shot

was postponed from 0500 to 0530 to provide time for collecting the weather data

essential to predict fallout and to conduct supporting aircraft operations.

*The University of California Radiation Laboratory, which provided the nuclear

device, chose to name its tests after mountains and mountain ranges.

tGeneral description of the test site is drawn from reference 2. (All sources

cited in the text are listed alphabetically by author and numbered in the

Reference List, appended to this volume. The number given in the citation in the

text is the number of the source document in the Reference List.)

10
/----.

\-----/’ \

\

1 OFFENSIVE OBJECTIVE AREA

(AFSW' EXPERIMENTS

WERE DEPLOYED

AROUND GZ WITH

DOD DISPLAY AREA

JUST SDUTH OF GZ

-C-lSMOKY TRENCHES

DECONTAMINATION

--_----

-_--

LCbTHROP WELLS

CAMP DESERT

NEVADA TEST SITE

Figure l-l. NEVADA TEST SITE, SHOWING SMOKY GROUND ZERO.

1 1
At the time of the test, approximately 5,800 men occupied two

settlements at the Nevada Test Site (Camp Mercury and Camp Desert Rock). An

estimated 2,800 men were present at Camp Mercury, a permanent installation located

at the southern boundary of the NTS (Area 231, set up by the AEC in 1951 to

provide office and living quarters for its temporary and permanent personnel

participating in test activities (see Figure 1-l). Personnel at Camp Mercury were

responsible for performing the AEC and DOD’s Armed Forces Special Weapons Project

activities at the Nevada Test Site.

Another 3,000 military men occupied Camp Desert Rock, a temporary

encampment which was maintained by a small garrison (9). Sixth Army troops from

Camp Irwin, California, reopened and resupplied Camp Desert Rock to accommodate

exercise troops during the various weapons tests (see Figure 1-l). Personnel at

Camp Desert Rock were responsible for conducting military maneuvers, training, and

a few technical projects in an area set aside for them by the AEC Test Manager so

as not to interfere with other test activities. In the weeks and hours preceding

the detonation, certain of these troops prepared for the maneuvers they would

conduct immediately after the shot.

At the shot tower, pre-shot preparations were completed well in advance

of the firing. In order to record the effects within the fireball, AFSWP

personnel had extended cables from the top of the tower to distant points on the

ground; they had also installed ground cables running from the base of the tower

like the spokes of a wheel. These cables were instrumented to measure such

phenomena as blast effects over uneven terrain and neutron flux during initial

radiation. Military equipment and field emplacements were located at varying

distances around the tower so that nuclear effects on these items could be

studied. In the hours after the detonation, when the levels of radiation

permitted, scientific project teams re-entered these areas to retrieve and read

the instruments. At test time, however, all areas out to a radius of about eight

miles were cleared of personnel.

The shot was to be fired from the control center (CP-1) in Area 6, about

15 miles from the SMOKY tower. The control board in this center could avert the

12
firing of the device up to the last moment. Even after a weapon was armed and

readied for firing, and the automatic sequence for the firing was in progress, the

instrumentation at the control board could stop the shot. The control center

building (Figure l-1) had a strategic location, on a rise with a view of Yucca

Lake to the north and Frenchman Lake to the south. A landing strip on the dry bed

of Yucca Lake made the control center readily accessible by air, and the nearby

Mercury highway made it accessible by ground vehicle. In addition, CP-1 provided

storage maintenance and supply facilities and was a safe area for operations.

SMOKY was fired at 0530 hours. While the predicted yield for shot SMOKY

was 45 kilotons, the output as actually measured was 43.8 kilotons. After the

firing, the first step was the radiological safety survey to map contaminated

areas around ground zero. Then the scientific and military teams could begin

their planned activities. The succeeding portions of this report will specify

those agencies present, their goals and responsibilities, and will describe the

post-shot activities.

1.2 OVERVIEW OF DEPARTMENT OF DEFENSE PARTICIPATION

DOD was actively involved in two organizations -- the Nevada Test

Organization (NTO) and Exercise Desert Rock (EDR) -- which had been set up at the

Nevada Test Site to execute the plans for Operation PLUMBBOB.

The Nevada Test Organization was a joint AEC/DOD organization headed by

an AEC Test Manager and containing elements of the AEC, DOD/AFSWP, and the FCDA.

Functions of the NT0 were to fire the planned shots and to perform the scientific

weapons-development tests, military effects tests, and civilian tests. DOD

personnel were involved at almost every level in the NTO. Military and scientific

personnel were assigned to staff activities essential to testing the nuclear

device itself and were included in NT0 staff offices which coordinated various DOD

operations. The AEC, FCDA, and AFSWP technical projects were accomplished by

technical groups from various laboratories or organizations, both civilian and

military. These technical group activities were coordinated by the Test Director,

who was a member of the Test Manager’s NT0 staff. Other primary support elements

included the following :

13
l The AEC Support Director operated Camp Mercury,

the AEC base, and coordinated contractor support

activities (such as radiological safety).

l The DOD Support Director was concerned mainly

with assistance to AFSWP.

l The Armed Forces Special Weapons Center

provided all air support for both AEC and DOD

projects at the NTS. In addition, AFSWC flew

cloud tracking and sampling missions, security

sweeps, and aerial surveys. Finally, AFSWC

provided courier and sample return service, and

conducted air operational training projects.

This group also provided air transport of

radioactive samples associated with the tests.

l The DOD Operations Coordination Group was the

single point of contact between two major

organizations at PLUMBBOB: the NT0 and the EDR

commander. This group was essential since

direct liaison between Exercise Desert Rock and

the AEC was not authorized. Activities

coordinated by this group included DOD

operational training , observer training and

indoctrination, technical service projects and

Exercise Desert Rock maneuvers.

The second organization, Exercise Desert Rock, was wholly composed of

DOD personnel. It contained military units from various parts of the United

States stationed at Camp Desert Rock to participate in Desert Rock VII and VIII.

The purpose of these exercises was to conduct the Army’s planned program of troop

training maneuvers, indoctrination, and observation. For the Desert Rock

exercises, the overall responsibility for supervising the Army, Navy and Air Force

participants belonged to the Desert Rock Exercise Director. The Commanding

General, Sixth U.S. Army, was designated to fill this role. His chief aide, the

Deputy Exercise Director and Camp Commander of Camp Desert Rock, was directly

responsible for conducting the exercises. This position was filled by the

Commanding General, Camp Irwin, California.

The Nevada Test Organization and Exercise Desert Rock operated independently of each other for the most part. Exercise Desert Rock operations in the

test areas were not to interfere with NT0 operations. All Desert Rock operations

within the Nevada Test Site were coordinated with the NT0 AEC Test Manager through

14
his Deputy for Military Matters; this latter position was occupied by the Deputy,

Chief of Staff, Weapons Effects Tests, AFSWP.

The NT0 and EDR had separate but similar radiological safety programs.*

The AEC program was in operation at all times. EDR’s radiological safety program,

however, was primarily in effect during execution of a specified Desert Rock

exercise. At other times, Desert Rock personnel in the forward test areas were

subject to the procedures established for the NT0 program. Both NT0 and EDR

established procedures to keep exposures of their personnel within the limits

shown in Table l-l.

Tabk l-1. RADIOLOGICAL SAFETY CRITERIA (9;28) .

.-

AEC

Onsite : 3 R/13 weeks--gamma and beta

or

5 R/year--gamma and beta

10,000 units per any 13-week periodt(alpha)

Offsite : 3.9 R/13 weeks

DOD

AFSWP: 3 R/13 weeks-gamma and beta

or

5 R/year-gamma and beta

10,000 units per any 13-week periodt(alpha)

AFSWC: 3 R/13 weeks--gamma and beta

or

5 R/year--gamma and beta

10,000 units per any 13-week periodt(alpha)

Desert Rock : 5 R, of which no more than 2 R are prompt or

5 R/6 months§

*AFSWP’s and AFSWC’s radiological safety procedures were part of the NTO’s Radsafe program. Both the NT0 and EDR Rad-safe programs are detailed in the

PLUMBBOB series volume.

tA unit is defined as the alpha disintegrations per minute per cubic meter

multiplied by the hours of exposure when no protective respiratory equipment is

worn.

SParticipants normally not at NTS longer than six months.

15
The Exercise Desert Rock criteria for gamma exposure differed slightly

from that of the NTO. For each individual, Desert Rock operations permitted 5

roentgens per test and no more than 5 roentgens per six-month period. This

increased exposure was permitted because, unlike the NT0 personnel, EDR personnel

were not expected to remain more than six months and were not usually engaged in

activities where they would be exposed after their short stay at the test site.

The limitation did not represent an increase over the NT0 limits, but allowed

accumulation over a shorter time period to permit greater flexibility in the

employment of maneuver forces.

1.3 EXERCISE DESERT ROCK ACTIVITIES

DOD involvement under EDR covered four separate activities: troop tests,

troop observer indoctrination programs, training projects, and technical service

test projects.

1.3.1 Troop Tests

Two troop tests were planned for SMOKY. First, a U.S. Army Human

Resources Research Office (HumRRO) team was to test two aspects of soldiers’

performance : their accomplishment of typical military tasks after observing a

nuclear detonation, and their probable reactions to operating during nuclear war.

Owing to the unfavorable wind conditions, fallout from SMOKY was predicted to

contaminate the trench area, and the HumRRO test unit was not deployed. Instead,

the test unit (a provisional company from the 82nd Airborne Division) operated

during shot GALILEO on 2 September 1957. The other troop test, designated Project

50.1, was an airlanded attack and resupply maneuver. Its initial phase, conducted

two weeks prior to the actual firing, included preparation of defensive positions

north and west of SMOKY ground zero. These positions were not to be occupied

during the test, only to be inspected after the shot. The troops, a reinforced

Infantry Company (Task Force WARRIOR), first observed the shot from assembly areas

some eight miles from GZ. A Pathfinder unit, trained to enter air assault sites

prior to arrival of the main body of troops, flew into the objective area (northwest of the GZ shown on the map, Figure 1-l). It was accompanied by radiological

monitors who determined it radiologically safe to enter the objective area.

Assault elements were then flown by helicopter to their objectives where the attack began. Helicopter flights continued until all assault elements of the task

16
force had been brought into the objective area. The exercise was ended at 0945

hours on 31 August 1957 when the assault reached limits established by the

radiological safety personnel. Figure l-l shows the location for observation,

offensive maneuver, and the prepared defensive positions.

1.3.2 Troop Observer Indoctrination Program

The Troop Observer Indoctrination Program provided an orientation for

military and civilian personnel. Participants in this program at SMOKY were

originally scheduled to observe the shot from trenches located 4,400 yards

southeast of GZ (shown in Figure 1-1). However, because weather conditions led to

a prediction for heavy fallout on these trenches, the observers watched from the

vicinity of News Nob, some 18 miles from GZ.

1.3.3 Radiological Monitoring Training

Exercise Desert Rock operated a radiological monitoring training program

in conjunction with shot SMOKY. Personnel from Task Force WARRIOR were trained as

monitors as part of this program. Other Exercise Desert Rock radiological safety

personnel were also trained in this program and participated in the radiological

safety portions of shot SMOKY.

1.3.4 Technical Service Test Projects

During SMOKY, the U.S. Army operated three technical service test

projects :

l To examine the capability of current radar

equipment to detect the nuclear cloud

l To test fallout prediction methods

l To determine effects of nuclear blast on

ordnance equipment placed near the detonation.

1.4 DOD INVOLVEMENT IN NT0 ACTIVITIES

The Washington-level authorities responsible for fulfilling the major

objectives of Operation PLUMBBOB were the AEC, DOD, and FCDA. Their programs were

carried out through the AEC Test Manager’s Nevada Test Organization. The AEC Test

17
Manager, therefore, was charged with actually implementing the objectives of all

three sponsoring agencies. This meant, in effect, directing the efforts of the

various participating units and ensuring that the job was done safely.

The AEC Test Manager was aided by the Advisory Panel, which helped make

the shoot/no shoot decision for this event. Technical advice and information for

such decisions were provided by the Test Manager’s technical staff and by the

Fallout Prediction, Weather Prediction, and Blast Prediction Units. Coordination

of the decisions with the test participants was managed through the DOD Operations

Coordination Unit, FCDA Operations, and the Air Support Group. Air support for

AEC and DOD projects was provided by the 4950th Test Group (Nuclear), a unit under

command of the Air Force Special Weapons Center. The 4950th Test Group operated

the Air Support Group as part of the AEC Test Manager’s Organization. As the

focus of all air activity at SMOKY, the 4950th carried out cloud sampling and

tracking, in addition to coordinating air operations. * In Chapters 2 and 3,

activities for each unit are discussed relative to project or program

participation.

The Test Director% organization was a major component of the NTO; it

contained the five test groups who conducted the weapons development and other

technical programs and who actually prepared and fired the nuclear shots. These

were: LASL, UCRL, Sandia, Field Command Weapons Test and CETG. AEC-sponsored

work was performed by LASL, UCRL, and Sandia. Theextensive DOD-sponsored program

on weapons effects (AFSWP programs l-9) was performed by the Field Command Weapons

Test group, supported by the Field Command Support Unit which provided such

services as supply, transportation, and communications. FCDA-sponsored work was

done by the CETG, whose purpose was to examine weapons effects relative to civil

defense.

In addition to these five test groups, three technical support groups

under the Test Director provided the necessary scientific support to all test

groups :

*A detailed discussion of the organizational relationships for units under the

4950th Test Group is provided in the PLUMBBOB series volume. These relationships

remained in effect during shot SMOKY.

18
l The EGQG (Edgerton, Germeshausen, and Grier, an

AEC contractor) Support Group furnished precise

timing and firing signals to the experimental

programs.

l The Assembly and Arming Support Group supervised the handling and storing of the nuclear

devices and the final preparations for firing.

l The Sandia Support Group supplied some technical

weapons support.

The AEC and FCDA/CETG projects at SMOKY included a small number of DOD

personnel. The AEC projects were mainly those necessary to emplace, arm, and fire

the nuclear device, and to measure the outputs needed for evaluating device

performance. The FCDA projects were those involving measurement of effects

related to the safety of the civilian populace. This group (as well as

AEC-sponsored test groups) was supported by the AEC Support Director in the Nevada

Test Organization. The AEC support group used contractors extensively.

Overall, 58 projects were conducted at shot SMOKY. Department of

Defense personnel took part in the projects listed below. Best estimates of the

numbers of DOD participants are:

l 228 onsite DOD personnel were involved in the

ten projects conducted by AFSWP Field Command

Military Effects Group, NTO.

l Probably less than 25 DOD personnel assisted in

five of the 16 scientific, diagnostic, and

technical projects conducted by the three AEC

test groups of the NTO.

a Approximately 61 DOD personnel participated in

15 of 22 projects conducted by the Civil Effects

Test Group.

l 17 DOD personnel took part in the five operational training projects conducted by the Air

Force, Navy, and Marine Corps under the NTO.

l 930 airmen and ground personnel of the AFSWC

provided requisite air support to the NT0 Test

Manager and to projects of the NT0 and EDR.

0 1,144 soldiers took part in the Army’s

demonstration test of the armored task force

(Task Force WARRIOR) conducted under Exercise

Desert Rock.

19
l 1,040 armed services personnel participated as

exercise troops or observers in the remaining

four projects conducted under Exercise Desert

Rock.

l 30 DOD personnel from the NT0 and Camp Desert

Rock, (soldiers from the First Radiological

Safety Support Unit) provided essential support

services during SMOKY and the subsequent

recovery operations.

The Los Alamos Scientific Laboratory Test Group conducted four diagnostic projects at SMOKY. DOD personnel took part in two of these projects:

l Project 11.2 Radiochemistry Sampling

l Project 16.2 Temperature Measurements-Portable

Recorder

The University of California Radiation Laboratory Test Group conducted

12 projects, and DOD personnel from AFSWC assisted in two of them:

l Project 21.2 Radiochemistry Sampling

l Project 21.3 Rocket Sampling

The Civil Effects Test Group conducted 22 projects at SMOKY. DOD

personnel assisted in 15 of these projects, sometimes providing advice and

consultation in the planning stages, and sometimes taking an active part in

fielding project equipment and collecting information at the Nevada Test Site.

The 15 projects in which DOD advisors or staff were involved were:

l Project 30.5 Shelter and Structure Blast Instrumentation

l Project 33.2 Missiles Secondary to Nuclear Blast

l Project 33.3 Displacement Potential of Blast

l Project 34.2 Comparison Tests of Reinforcing

Steels

l Project 34.3 Comparative Responses of Static

and Dynamic Loadings

l Project 37.2 Biological Aspects of Fallout Phenomenology

20
Project 37.2a

Project 37.4

Project 37.5

Project 37.6

Project 39.1

Project 39. la

Project 39. lb

Project 39.5

Project 39.9

Identification and Documentation

- Physical Aspects of Fallout

Measurement of Fast Neutron Doses

by Germanium Dosimeters

Measurement of Ionizing Radiation

by Chemical Methods

Application of Radio-Ecological

Techniques

Gamma and Neutron Radiation Measurements

Gamma Dosimetry by Film-Badge

Techniques

Neutron Dosimetry by the Threshold-Detector Technique

Radiation Dosimetry for Human

Exposures

Remote Radiological Monitoring

AFSWP technical experimentation comprised a major DOD involvement at the

nuclear tests in PLUMBBOB.

0 Project 1.8

0 Project 1.9

l Project 2.3

0 Project 4.3

0 Project 5.3

0 Project 5.4

0 Project 5.5

Ten AFSWP technical projects were active in SMOKY:

Effects of Rough and Sloping Terrain on Airblast Phenomena

Spectra of Ground Shocks Produced

by Nuclear Detonations

Neutron Flux from Selected Nuclear

Devices

Secondary Missiles Generated by

Nuclear-produced Blast Waves

(This project administrated by

CETG as Project 33.2)

In-flight Structural Response of

the FJ-4 Aircraft to a Nuclear

Detonation

In-flight Structural Response of

the Model A4D-1 Aircraft to a

Nuclear Detonation

In-flight Structural Response of

an F-89D Aircraft to a Nuclear

Detonation

21
l Project 6.4 Accuracy and Reliability of the

Short-baseline NAROL System

l Project 8.3b Instrumentation for Measuring

Effects Phenomena Inside the

Fireball

0 Project 9.1 Support Photography

Some of these projects entailed entry into forward areas both before and after the

detonation. Projects 5.3, 5.4, 5.5 and 9.1 required aircraft to fly over the

forward area of operations in conformance with the NT0 radiological safety

criteria and procedures. The location of the AFSWP experiments at SMOKY is indicated in Figure l-l. The remaining DOD involvement, as indicated earlier, was

divided between AFSWC and EDR.

The Air Force, Navy, and Marine Corps conducted five operational

training projects around the SMOKY detonation. Some of these projects required

only that aircrews fly their aircraft over southeastern Nevada at the time of the

detonation to observe the fireball and the rise of the resulting nuclear cloud.

Others required Armed Services personnel to monitor the electro-magnetic pulse

produced by the detonation from stations located several hundred kilometers away

from the test site. The five operational training projects included:

l Project 51.3 Navy Heavy Attack Indoctrination

(AJ/A3D)

l Project 53.1 Aerial Sampling Mission

l Project 53.7 Indirect Bomb Damage Assessment

l Project 53.8 Indirect Bomb Damage Assessment

l Project 53.9 Photographic Reconnaissance Training.

Finally, AFSWC provided air support to test activities at NTS. Air

Force personnel flew cloud tracking and sampling missions directly related to

weapon diagnostics, and AFSWC squadrons provided air base support for the AFSWP

projects which used aircraft. In addition, AFSWC-supported Air Force units

conducted operational training exercises in conjunction with the nuclear testing.

22
AFSWC provided air support to 14 projects at SMOKY: 5.3, 5.4, 5.5, 9.1,

11.2, 21.2, 21.3, 50.1, 50.8, 51.3, 53.1, 53.7, 53.8, and 53.9 (all listed on

previous pages), and supplied radio relay assistance to Program 37.

23

CHAPTER 2

EXERCISE DESERT ROCK OPERATIONS

2.1 DESERT ROCK PROJECTS

The DOD participation at SMOKY under the Desert Rock Organization

included troop maneuvers, observer programs, technical service projects, some

training projects, and support activities (see Table 2-l). These efforts were not

to interfere with the AEC or other DOD activities at the test site. The following

project summaries provide information from such sources as the Desert Rock VII and

VIII Final Report (9); The Report of Test, Infantry Troop Test, Exercise Desert

Rock VII and VIII (27); Operation Order 17, SMOKY, Desert Rock VII and VIII (23);

and After-Action Reports by Technical Service Chiefs, Operation PLUMBBOB (32a).

In most -&es, the available documentation provides adequate descriptions of

technical results achieved but incomplete detail as to personnel activities with

associated potential for radioactive exposure.

2.1.1 Task Force BIG BANG, the HumRRO Project

This involved a research team from HumRRO, a Department of the Army

contractor, and a provisional company from the 82nd Airborne Division, Fort Bragg,

North Carolina. The HumRRO project was to compare soldiers’ performance of

several basic military tasks before and immediately after they observed a nuclear

detonation. The tasks included disassembling and reassembling a rifle, throwing a

hand grenade, and traversing an infiltration course. In addition, the test was to

include observing the men’s reaction to crawling through an area which they

thought was contaminated with fallout while traversing the infiltration course.

Although the HumRRO team and soldiers completed their preparation for the SMOKY

shot, the predicted fallout pattern caused their participation to be cancelled the

preceding evening. Consequently, they observed the firing from News Nob (located

in Yucca Pass, 18 miles from ground zero), along with other observers.*

*The HumRRO test was rescheduled and completed during the GALILEO shot on 2

September 1957. A detailed discussion of this project is included in the

GALILEO shot volume.

2 5
Table 2-l. EXERCISE DESERT ROCK VII AND VIII PROJECTS, SHOT SMOKY.

Program Type

Troop Test

Troop

Observers

Technical

Service

Projects

Project

50.1

59.2

50.3

59.7

50.8

Title

Infantry Troop Tests U.S. Army Continental

(Task Force Warrior) Command

Troop Observers (includes

Canadian Army Observers)

U.S. Army Continental

Command

Evaluation of Medium

Range DetonationDetection and Cloud

Tracking Systems

U.S. Army Signal Research and

Development Laboratories

Test of Ordnance

Material

Chief of Ordnance U.S. Army;

Ballistic Research Laboratories;

Aberdeen Proving Grounds

Detection of Atomic

Burst and Radioactive

Fallout

Conducted by

.--

U.S. Army Artillery and Guided

Missile School; U.S. Army Air

Defense Board; Air Weather

Service

DOD

Personnel*

1,144+

5055

25

100 (est.)

557

* Numbers obtained from Reference 9 (except for Project 50.7); not in

agreement with Reference 10.

t Includes Canadian participants.

5 Includes 51 Camp Desert Rock Personnel.

2.1.2 Task Force WARRIOR (Project 50.1)

This was a provisional unit established to test and, to a lesser extent,

develop infantry airlanded tactics and techniques for the atomic battlefield. The

exercise was originally conceived to employ an infantry battalion. Along with

other Army units in the late 195Os, however, the parent unit of the task force

(1st Battle Group, 12th Infantry Regiment, 4th Infantry Division, Fort Lewis,

Washington) was restructured under a concept known as ROCID (Reorganization of

Current Infantry Divisions). Conceived because of the existing international

situation, the ROCID concept directed the Army to restructure its fighting forces

primarily for nuclear-weapons-supported warfare on the plains of Europe. Thus,

shot SMOKY provided the Army with a unique opportunity to exercise a ROCID

26
unit in the environment of a nuclear weapon detonation. As the planning

progressed, the scope of the exercise was reduced and the participating maneuver

task force eventually became the size of a reinforced infantry company (Company C,

of the 1st Battle Group, 12th Infantry Regiment). Figure 2-l shows the Task Force

WARRIOR Organization. The Task Force WARRIOR project is sufficiently documented

so that it is convenient to divide the activities into pre-shot, shot, and

post-shot operations.

Pre-S hot Operations. The task force and helicopter units assigned to

support the maneuver arrived in late July. At that time, they trained in

airlanded operations. Together, the task force and helicopter units progressed

from the basic tasks of loading men and equipment, to the larger task of fully

rehearsing several plans for the tactical maneuver. In accordance with the

scheduled shot date of 19 August, the soldiers prepared approximately 115

defensive positions on 12 and 13 August. Communications equipment, vehicles, and

weapons were installed in and around the positions. The items were to be examined

after the shot to determine how effectively the positions protected the equipment.

Figure 2-2 shows the locations of these positions, which range from 820 to about

1,850 meters to the west and north of ground zero. The men spent a total of 7.5

hours digging the positions (trenches) using only tools and equipment organic to

the military units. Because the soil was rocky, only about 60 percent of the

positions were completed ; the digging was difficult and the progress was slow

(27) l The troops finished all pre-shot operations by Friday 16 August, in

preparation for the shot scheduled to follow on Monday. For various reasons,

including contamination from shot SHASTA (fired 18 August 1957) SMOKY was

postponed to a date at least 10 days after SHASTA. In the interval between

pre-shot operations and shot SMOKY the task force observed shot DOPPLER (23

August 1957) from trenches 2,850 yards from DOPPLER GZ.

Shot Operations. Shot SMOKY was fired at 0530 on 31 August 1957 (Figure

2-3). Although trenches for Task Force WARRIOR had been prepared 4400 yards

southeast of the SMOKY tower, the predicted fallout pattern for 31 August, based

upon available weather data, called for heavy fallout to blanket the prepared

trenches and the HumRRO test site. As can be seen from the fallout plot in Figure

2-3, these areas were heavily contaminated and would have posed serious

2 7
o-2 E-10

I

E-35

PLAT

HO

o-1 E-12

I

E-4

I0

E-5

E-376

RIFLE

PLATOONS

O-1 E-2 E-l 1 E!!l

RIFLE SQUADS RIFLE SECTIONS

E-l 1 E-l 1

CANADIAN

PLATOON

(ml

I

MEDICAL COMMO

DET DET

ENG SQUAD O-l E-l 6 E-l 6

E-7

I I

I

HQ THREAT EVAC

DET DET HQ WIRE RADIODET

o-1 E% E-l E-7 E% o-5 E-21

MECH

PLATOON

E-7

Figure 2- 1. TASK FORCE WARRIOR ORGANIZATION.
'I 5 IO

MILES

NEVADA TEST SITE~--

Figure 2-2. PHASE I DEFENSIVE POSITIONS.

29




radiological control problems if used. As a result, the original operating plan,

Plan A, had to be abandoned for the alternative plan, Plan B. The overlay showing

troop locations for Plans A and B is reproduced in Figure 2-4.* According to Plan

B, the task force and other observers witnessed the shot from an area off Pahute

Mesa Road (Figure 2-31, approximately eight miles southwest of GZ. (Coordinates

for the observation area were 766053. See the situation map, Figure 2-3). On the

day of the shot, the main body of troops left Camp Desert Rock by 0100 hours and

were in the observer area by 0330. The 3rd Transportation Battalion (Helicopter),

which provided airlift support and Pathfinder functions for Task Force WARRIOR

(Figure 2-51, was positioned in the helicopter assembly area on the south side of

the saddle between Yucca Flat and Frenchman Flat, approximately 20 miles south of

GZ and about two miles south of News Nob. Task Force BIG BANG (the HumRRO

Project), consisting of the Provisional Company of the 82nd Airborne Division,

observed the shot from News Nob.

Post-Shot Operations. Fifteen minutes after the shot, the Pathfinders

boarded the helicopters for airlift from the Task Force WARRIOR observation points

to the primary objective area. Flying in a northerly direction, the Pathfinders,

accompanied by radiological safety personnel, landed in the objective area at

0617, after conducting a preliminary aerial radiological reconnaissance. The

Pathfinders executed their mission of delineating safe landing sites for the main

body of the airlift to follow. Rad-safe monitoring showed the maneuver area to be

safe, and the Pathfinder team leaders relayed this information to the Task Force

WARRIOR commander.

At 0550 hours, Task Force WARRIOR began moving overland from the

observation point to the loading area (Figure 2-31, arriving there at 0605.

Between 0621 and 0627, the troop-lift aircraft left the helicopter assembly area;

they landed in the intermediate landing zone 20 minutes later. After a 15 minute

hold, the helicopters began flying toward the troop loading area, arriving there

between 0700 and 0711. The first airlift (fourteen H-34 and eight H-21

helicopters) carried three rifle platoons and the weapons platoon. It left the

loading area beginning at 0704 and reached the landing zones beginning at 0715

*This figure is not to scale and is provided only to show the relative locations

of Plan A to Plan B sites; Plan B sites are essentially southwest of those in

Plan A. This figure should not be used to follow the maneuver scenario.

33
OBJECTIVE AREA PLAN A & B

HELICOPTER LANDING ZONES

9

LZ HOTEL

LZ FOXTROT

FORWARD OBSERVER

VSIVE

ION

TRENCH

AREA TROOP & VIP OBSERVER

AREA PLAN “A”

VIP OBSERVER 8 1 TROOP

AREA PLAN “B”

(CLOSE H-2 HR

PLAN “A” INTERMEDIATE

ASS’Y AREA (GC 020-050)

HELICOPTERS CLOSE MIKE

HOUR PLUS 15 MIN IF DUST

HELICOPTER PRECLUDES MOVEMENT

LOADING ZONE

HELICO

LE PARKING

LANDIN E H-1:45 HRS)

INTEkMEDlATE ASS’Y AREA

PLAN “B” HELICOPTERS CLOSE

MIKE HOUR PLUS 15 MIN IF

DUST PRECLUDES EARLY AEC CHECK PT ir4-

ANNEX B (OPERATION OVERLAY)

TO OPERATION ORDER NO. 17 JIG

EMERGENCY EVACUATION BY SAME ROUTES AS

TAKEN INTO AREAS OUTTO MERCURY HWY THEN

SOUTH TO C.D.R.

9 1

+

84

“=LlCOPTER

RKING AREA

*

PRIORITY TO SOUTHBOUND TRAFFIC. ;i

MOVEMENT

NEWS NOB AIR TRAFFIC CONTROL POINT

DIV SUPPLY

POINT

MERCURY HIGHWAY

--A

Figure 2-4. PROJECT 50.1 COWAT TEAM EXERCISE (INFANTRY

BATTLE GROUP TEST) SHOT SMOKY.

34
3D TRANSPORTATION

- KTL:%FER,

O-9 WO-3 E-48

I

31 ST 8TH 506TH

w ;I$%, - E-%

PATHFINDER

TEAM

O-l 2 WO-35 E-l 00 (H-34) O-12 WO-35 E-100 ‘H-21’

I I:

1330 TRANS 140TH TRANS

CARGO HCPTR CARGO HCPTR

FLD MAINT DET FLD MAINT DET

O-l E-54 o-1 E-54

Figure 2-5. THIRD TRANSPORTATION BATTALION ORGANIZATION.

(Figure 2-3). Task force activities proceeded as follows (paraphrased from

reference 11) :

At 0715, the 2nd platoon with an attached 81 mm mortar squad,

arrived at landing zone (LZ) VICTOR. They secured the high

ground (altitude of 5,055 feet) of Objective P4 by 0720.

(Objective P4 was 4,100 meters west of SMOKY GZ). At that

time, the 2nd platoon prepared for the final ground assault

on Objective 2B, a shoulder of Quartzite Ridge.

At 0716, the 3rd platoon landed at LZ ECHO. It secured the

high ground (5,303 feet) of Objective P3 by 0740. (Objective

P3 was 4,700 meters northwest of SMOKY GZ). At that time, the

3rd platoon prepared for the final ground assault on Objective

2A, the southern end of Quartzite Ridge.

At 0718, the 1st platoon arrived at the airhead. One element

landed on the high ground of Objective P2 (5,100 feet),

3 5
overlooking Whiterock Spring. A second element landed on the

high ground of Objective Pl (4,955 feet), which was 1,200

meters to the south. The objectives were secure by 0723. The

entire platoon remained at these locations, 5,200 and 5,600

meters west of SMOKY GZ, until exercise termination at 0945.

Two increments of the Weapons Platoon arrived at LZ ECHO. The

first increment landed at 0723 and the second increment landed

at 0732.

At 0740, these three platoons were in position on the four

objectives - P4, P3, P2, and Pl (Figure 2-3).

The second lift carried the remainder of the task force. Seventeen H-34

and eleven H -21 helicopters, including some from the first airlift, participated.

It began leaving the loading area at 0731. Task force activities proceeded as

follows :

At 0740, the Canadian Army Platoon landed at LZ HOTEL, which

was 6,000 meters west-northwest of ground zero. At 0800, it

occupied Objective QUEEN, about 500 meters to the north, and

the reconnaissance and security positions on or near Twin

Peaks, 1,000-l, 500 meters to the north (Figure 2-2). It

remained in these positions, 6,000-6,600 meters northwest of

GZ until the exercise was over.

At 0745, the Reconnaissance Platoon, the engineer squad, and

the two patrols landed some elements on or near the road west

of Whiterock Spring. These units secured the road and

occupied two southern reconnaissance security points

overlooking the road, 6,500 meters west of GZ, until exercise

termination (Figure 2-2).

At 0746, the 4th platoon and the medical detachment landed at

LZ ECHO. At 0805, the 4th platoon split into two increments

to relieve the 3rd platoon on Objective P3 and the 2nd platoon

on Objective P4. The relief was complete by 0818. The 4th

platoon remained at these positions while the 2nd and 3rd

platoons assaulted Objective 2 on Quartzite Ridge.

At 0757, four of the seven aircraft carrying the Mortar

Platoon landed at LZ ECHO. The other three helicopters

reached ECHO at 0815 after first landing by mistake at HOTEL.

By 0826, the mortar platoon was in position.

At 0814, task force headquarters and the communications

detachment landed at LZ ECHO. Until exercise termination at

0945, task force operations were controlled from the command

post 9 which had been established on the northern side of the

landing zone, 5,000 mctnrs from ground zero.

36
With the exception of the mislanded mortar platoon squads and

one aircraft picking up the weapons that platoon soldiers left

in the loading area, this landing completed the troop lift.

Several VIP observers, who were with Task Force WARRIOR at shot time,

flew to the objective area early in the airlift to observe the landing operations

and the securing of the airhead.

With the completion of the airlift, the ground maneuvers began. At

0830, the task force commander ordered his 2nd and 3rd platoons (then located

Objectives P3 and P4) to seize Objectives 2A and 2B. The platoons began moving

immediately; meanwhile, the 4th platoon had already moved from the reserve

assembly area at landing zone ECHO to replace these platoons on Objectives P3 and

P4. At 0915, the task force commander reported that his 2nd and 3rd platoons had

advanced to the points permitted by Rad-safe personnel and had been halted prior

to seizure of Objective 2. The exact location and the radiation level for this

halt is not specified in the troop test report (27). Thereafter, with the

exception of resupply and evacuation helicopter flights which had been underway

since the first landings, no further troop movement occurred until the exercise

was terminated at 0945. It has not been determined how and when the troops were

moved out of the area following the exercise. The Operation Order for SMOKY (23)

indicates that, if the alternate objective was used, troops were to be airlifted

from their objectives when the problem ended, to a truck convoy loading area near

coordinates 87160 (Figure 2-3) .*

Based on the pre-exercise decision to limit the size of the

participating unit to that of a reinforced rifle company, the task force was

resupplied by helicopters operating from a simulated division distributing point.

This Aerial Supply Distributing Point, with an adjacent helicopter loading site,

was established to effect the aerial supply. The supplies accompanying the task

were provided by its normal ground vehicles. Follow-up supplies were transported

by truck to the Aerial Supply Distributing Point where they were held until the

helicopters arrived. As each helicopter landed, a truck moved the appropriate

*No documentation of such a move was found; this location is within a fallout

area which had not been cleared for entry at 0915. In addition, responses to

Army questionnaires indicate that the troops walked to LZ ECHO and were taken

from there by truck.

37
load to the aircraft. The loading detail then either placed the boxes into the

helicopter or rigged a sling load, as appropriate.

The Aerial Supply Distributing Point contained 27 tons of supplies

for distribution to the task force. Of these supplies, 2.5 tons (three sling

loads) were automatic resupply, delivered on a schedule established by the

maneuver headquarters. They were, in fact, delivered between 0757 and 0818 hours.

The remaining 24.5 tons were prepared for delivery as on-call supplies. Of these,

six tons were delivered between 0829 and 0940 at the request of the task force

commander. All of the supplies, except water, were simulated by sand-filled boxes

tagged to show their weight and content. Water was supplied in 5-gallon cans.

Only water and simulated ammunition were flown to the task force before the

exercise terminated. Once the additional six tons of supplies requested by the

task force commander were delivered, all additional requests were denied in

anticipation of the termination of the exercise.

2.1.3 The Troop-Observer Indoctrination Program (Project 50.2)

The objective of this project was to acquaint representatives from the

Armed Forces with the effects of nuclear weapons and to allow them to observe a

nuclear detonation. Personnel selected to participate in this program would

normally include the following :

l Troop, aircraft, and ship commanders

l Staff officers whose duties would require familiarity with the employment of nuclear

weapons

l Members of fire support units who would plan the

employment of nuclear weapons.

American civilian and Canadian military observers also participated in SMOKY. The

Canadians did not have security clearances for all of the information presented

and so were briefed separately. The following project 50.2 personnel observed

SMOKY (9):

38
Army 384

Navy 3

Air Force 15

Marine Corps 9

Civilian 3

Canadian 43

Camp Desert Rock 51-

TOTAL 508

Visitors processed by the Desert Rock Visitor’s Bureau, although not a part of the

observer project, are included in these figures.

The observers began arriving three days before the date scheduled for

SMOKY. Because unfavorable weather delayed the firing for three days, some

observers waited as many as six days to observe the shot. Pre-shot activities

included orientation classes and visits to equipment display areas.* The Project

50.2 equipment displays for SMOKY included 120 items of military field equipment,

arrayed on a line running due south from ground zero for a distance of about 3,000

yards (Figure 2-4).

The observers were originally scheduled to occupy the trenches prepared

for Task Force WARRIOR. When the decision was made to follow Plan B, the

observers were rescheduled to watch the shot from News Nob, 18 miles south of

ground zero.

During the post-shot phase, entry into the display area to observe the

weapons effects would have meant entering a radiological exclusion area (Radex);

this is an area for which entry is controlled by a Rad-safe station. (The

location of the displays relative to the radiation pattern is shown in Figure

2-3.) Such a move would have required monitoring and protective clothing. While

there is no documentation to indicate that any of the observers were allowed

into the display area, it is certain that photographers did enter at some time

after the burst, since photographs of the weapons effects appear in reference 9.

*These activities are discussed in the PLUMBBOB series volume.

39
2.1.4 Technical Service Projects*

During Desert Rock Exercise VII and VIII, the Army Technical Services

conducted several projects which were directly related to the missions which those

services would conduct in nuclear warfare. These projects also concerned determining the effects of nuclear weapons on standard Army equipment items. The

Desert Rock Exercise Director was responsible for overall supervisory

coordination, as well as general administrative and logistical support of the

tests. The Technical Services appointed Project Officers to direct the test

operations. At SMOKY, only three Technical Service Projects were activated:

a Evaluation of Medium Range Detonation-Detection

and Cloud Tracking Systems (Project 50.3)

l Test of Ordnance Material (Project 50.7)

l Detection of Atomic Burst and Radioactive

Fallout (Project 50.8).

Project 50.3 : _--~---~---(Evaluation of Medium Range Detonation-Detection and - -~

Cloud Tracking Systems). Experimentation for this project was designed to test -Ithe Army’s capability to evaluate nuclear detonations, to track radioactive

clouds, and to test the fallout prediction methods and instruments developed by

the U.S. -Army Signal Laboratory at Ft. Monmouth, NJ. This project was, in fact,

sponsored by the Signal Corps, U.S. Army, and 25 of their personnel participated

(9). The project report shows that only two radar sites provided data for SMOKY

(3). One, manned by Project 50.3 personnel, was located near Hiko Village, which

is off the Nevada Test Site and approximately 41 miles northwest of GZ. The other

site, known as Angel’s Peak Number 1, was operated by the Air Force as part of the

Control and Warning System for Norton Air Force Base, California. Project

personnel did not operate this radar but were permitted to photograph the scope

display during SMOKY. In addition to the personnel at these two radar sites,

fallout prediction personnel were located in a mobile van at Camp Mercury, 42

miles south of GZ . Meteorological personnel were located near Alamo, Nevada,

situated to the northeast of the NTS. The Desert Rock Rad-safe Section provided

film badges for the project personnel. Since travel to the sites may have

--

*The entire series of Technical Service Projects (Projects 50.3-50.8) is discussed

in the PLUMBBOB series volume.

40
required crossing the NTS forward areas, the AEC Rad-safe and security procedures

for travel to and from these sites would apply, particularly, for the fallout

prediction group at Camp Mercury.

Project 50.7: (Test of Ordnance Material). This project, sponsored by

the Ordnance Corps, U.S. Army, tested blast, thermal, and radioactive effects of

nuclear explosions on ordnance equipment. Project 50.7 was directly related to

AFSWP Projects 1.8 and 2.4.* These tests had several objectives:

l Evaluating the shielding provided by armored

vehicles and shielding materials in order to

determine the protective value of placing such

vehicles and materials over foxholes

l Examining the effects of neutron radiation on

fuses

l Collecting data on blast damage to armored

vehicles.

The SMOKY section of Project 50.7 was concerned specifically with collecting data

on blast damage to armored vehicles while AFSWP Project 2.4 was concerned with the

other two objectives. Apparently only one person participated in Project 50.7 at

SMOKY (9). As stated above, Project 50.7 was also related to AFSWP Project 1.8

(this program is discussed in Chapter 3). At SMOKY, two unmanned M-48 tanks were

tested which were common to both Projects 50.7 and 1.8. Blast damage tests

consisted of placing tanks at strategic locations and then examining the damage

resulting from the blast. One M-48 tank was placed 1,231 feet from ground zero

and another was placed in a gully, 2,800 feet from ground zero (Figure 3-l). The

tank closest to ground zero was rolled over onto its top and suffered extensive

damage while the tank furthest from the blast was essentially undamaged. Figure

3-1, in conjunction. with Figure 2-3, shows the relationship of the experiment to

the contaminated area. Project 50.7 did have a tank recovery vehicle which could

have been used after the blast to remove the tanks from the area.t

--

*Project 2.4 was not active at SMOKY.

tTo recover and photograph the tanks soon after the blast would have necessitated

entry into a radiological exclusion area, requiring subsequent decontamination of

personnel and equipment. While such a recovery effort was certainly probable,

it has not been documented.

41
Project 50.8: (Detection of Atomic Burst and Radioactive Fallout).

This project was sponsored by the Artillery and Guided Missile Center, U.S. Army.

Other participating agencies included the Chemical Corps, the Air Defense Board,

the Artillery Board, and the Air Weather Service. The purpose of Project 50.8 was

to determine how effectively Army units could predict fallout and locate and

estimate the yield of nuclear weapons. In this connection, secondary objectives

included determining the appropriate organization, equipment, and input data

necessary to perform these tasks.* Desert Rock provided Rad-safe support for this

project.

The Desert Rock VII and VIII Final Report lists 557 participants for

Project 50.8 (9). This total is suspect, however, since records of personnel with

film badges issued as of 31 August 1957 include only 130 Project 50.8 personnel.

For the period including 31 August 1957, the film badge readings for these

personnel were in the O-400 mR range. It appears unlikely, therefore, that any of

these personnel entered or had any extended stay in a radiological exclusion area.

The Air Support Group Air Mission Summary Report for SMOKY shows that four H19

helicopters and one L20 light aircraft flew in support of Project 50.8 (11) .t

2.2 TRAINING PROJECTS

Nuclear testing at the Nevada Test Site provided an excellent

opportunity to train individuals in the use of various radiological monitoring

techniques and how to conduct surveys of radiologically contaminated areas. For

PLUMBBOB, the military services usually operated three radiological training

projects, but for SMOKY, only the Army Camp Desert Rock Rad-safe school was in

operation. During the pre-shot period, the Pathfinder Teams assigned to Task

Force WARRIOR were trained in the procedures necessary for radiological

monitoring. Pathfinders are specially trained personnel who go into landing areas

before the arrival of airlifted or air-dropped units to evaluate selected landing

zones and mark appropriate areas so that the incoming pilots can recognize them.

As a result of the monitoring training, the Pathfinders were able to determine,

*The PLUMBBOB series volume includes a discussion of this project.

tWhile not documented, it would be reasonable to conclude from this report that a

portion of the 130 persons participated in aerial surveys that were conducted to

provide the data necessary to compare the various fallout prediction techniques

under consideration at that time.

42
within some established safety limit, that the selected landing zones were safe

for whatever landing was to be made. How often this training occurred in

contaminated areas is not specifically known. However, use of the previous shot

areas for such training was not unusual. Desert Rock Rad-safe personnel provided

the training and film badging and, in addition, accompanied the Pathfinders into

the landing zones during the troop exercises. Activities of the Pathfinders in

relation to Task Force WARRIOR have been more specifically covered in section

2.1.2.

2.3 SUPPORT ACTIVITIES

Camp Desert Rock support personnel may have been exposed to some

ionizing radiation during pre-shot and post-shot activities. A variety of types

of support troops and personnel were involved at SMOKY, e.g., engineers, military

police, quartermasters, transportation, and signal companies. While most unit

activities were not documented, functions of the important units were outlined in

the Operation Order for SMOKY (23):

l The 50th Chemical Platoon provided five

motorized ; radio-equipped, Rad-safe monitor

teams to SMOKY; two teams were assigned the

ridge at 753042, two teams were sent to the

helicopter landing zones for the alternate troop

maneuver, and one team was assigned to the field

decontamination station near News Nob (Yucca

Pass). In addition, the 50th Chemical Platoon

provided one monitor per Pathfinder helicopter.

The remaining personnel of the 50th Chemical

Platoon opera ted the field decontamination

station near News Nob.

l The 8th Field Hospital provided five ambulances

and medical personnel to administer field

medical treatment and to evacuate Camp Desert

Rock personnel, observers, and project personnel. Ambulances were located at both Task Force

WARRIOR and News Nob observer sites.

l The 293rd Military Police Company provided 27

traffic control points and two parking details.

These provisions enabled the staff and observers

to move to the observer area, and for Task Force

WARRIOR to move to the observation and

helicopter assembly area.

l The 232nd Signal Company and attached signal

teams provided all Desert Rock radio and wire

43
communication services. (These services were

coordinated with the Department of Defense staff

personnel at Camp Mercury.) The 2nd Signal

Platoon pictorially documented the before,

during, and after-shot activities. Equipment

was installed and adjusted to transmit video

scenes to the troops at News Nob. However, when

the change to Plan B was made, insufficient time

remained to relocate and adjust the equipment.

Therefore, no televised scenes were transmitted.

The photo-dosimetry team processed the film

badges issued to all Desert Rock participants.

l The 26th Transportation Battalion provided three

vehicle march units which transported personnel

to and from Camp Desert rock and the observer

areas. The three units consisted of tactical

Army vehicles, large-capacity buses, and mediumcapacity buses.
CHAPTER 3

NEVADA TEST ORGANIZATION OPERATIONS

While the primary purpose of shot SMOKY was to test a particular design

for a nuclear device, it also provided the opportunity to perform tests and

activities of interest to the DOD’s national defense program. DOD programs were

coordinated at the Nevada Test Site by the Field Command Armed Forces Special

Weapons Project representative, who was the Deputy of the AEC Test Manager for

Military Matters. There were three major types of DOD activities within the

Nevada Test Organization (NTO) :

l The Field Command Weapons Test (FCWT) group in

the Nevada Test Organization performed extensive

experimental work on the military effects of

nuclear weapons.

l The Air Support Group from Air Force Special

Weapons Center coordinated air sampling, cloud

tracking, and air security programs.

l The Visitors Bureau was a joint AEC/DOD activity

under the AEC Test Manager.

DOD personnel participated in both DOD-sponsored projects and in

projects not sponsored by the DOD, such as those conducted by the AEC and the

Federal Civil Defense Administration. For example, 38 military personnel were

provided from the U.S. Army First Radiological Safety Support Unit, Fort

McClellan, Alabama. These personnel trained on-the-job as monitors in the

Rad-safe Division of REECo, the Rad-safe contractor to NTO. Other military

personnel were assigned to the Los Alamos Scientific Laboratory and University of

California Radiation Laboratory test groups.

3.1 DOD/AEC PROJECTS

Most AEC programs at SMOKY were executed by laboratories and contractors

such as LASL, UCRL, Sandia, and Edgerton, Germeshausen, and Grier (EG&G). In

addition, the Civil Effects Test Group (CETG) conducted programs under the

auspices of the AEC for the Federal Civil Defense Administration. These programs

involved a small number of DOD personnel. This section describes the Military

Effects Program at SMOKY and emphasizes those activities which may have placed

personnel in a position to receive some dose of ionizing radiation.

45
3.1.1 FClAFSWP Military Effects Program at SMOKY. The Armed Forces Special

Weapons Project through the Director, Weapons Effects Testing, Field Command/

AFSWP, was responsible for the military weapons effects test projects which were

conducted during SMOKY. AFSWP projects active in shot SMOKY are listed in Table

3-1, including the organizations under AFSWP responsible for each project.

From one shot to another, project personnel and supervisory AFSWP staff

personnel worked at various tasks throughout the Nevada Test Site. In doing their

work--layout, construction, installation, dry run, operation, and recovery of data

or instruments--personnel could have passed through or worked in areas with

measurable low-level radiation from previous events which had only incidental

relationship to SMOKY. A detailed scenario of DOD personnel activities in the

presence of radioactive contamination has not been found which will permit

allocation of dose readings on individual film badges entirely to any particular

shot. * Since AFSWP functioned as part of the NTO, all Rad-safe services were

provided by REECo, and all activities in the forward areas were subject to NT0

Rad-safe and security procedures. AFSWC (4926th Test Squadron) provided Rad-safe

support for AFSWP aircraft used in these activities. The following subsections

describe the specific AFSWP technical projects which were conducted during SMOKY

and were carried out by the Field Command Weapons Test group.

Project 1.8 (Effects of Rough and Sloping Terrain on Airblast

Phenomena). This was conducted solely at SMOKY and had three objectives:

l To investigate the blast damage sustained by

drag-sensitive targets

l To determine the effect of rolling, steep slopes

and rough terrain on nuclear blast wave

parameters

l To provide blast wave measurements.

The responsibility for actually accomplishing Project 1.8 rested with

the U.S. Army’s Ballistic Research Laboratories and the Stanford Research

Institute (5;6). Its objectives required personnel to place vehicles and

*A name-by-name analysis of REECo dosimetry records can provide some of this

information.

46
Table 3-l. AFSWP PROGRAMS AT SHOT SMOKY.

IJroject Title Conducted By

1 .a Effects of Rough and Sloping Terrain on Airblast Ballistic Research Laboratories (BRLI; Stanford BRL: 69

Phenomena Research Institute (SRI) SRI: 19

1.9 Spectra of Ground Shocks Produced by Nuclear Air Research and Development Command;

Detonations Ramo-Woolridge Corp.

2.3

4.3

Neutron Flux from Selected Nuclear Devices AFSWP/U.S. Army Chemical Warfare Laboratories 9

Secondary Missiles Generated by Nuclear-produced Lovelace Foundation for Medical Education and

Blast Waves Research; CETG Project 33.2 Personnel

5.3 In-flight Structural Response of the FJ-4 Aircraft to a U.S. Navy Bureau of Aeronautics; North American

Nuclear Detonation Aviation, Inc.

5.4 In-flight Structural Response of the A4D-1 Aircraft to a Douglas Aircraft Company; U.S. Navy Bureau of

Nuclear Detonation Aeronautics

5.5 In-flight Structural Response of the F-89D Aircraft to a Wright Air Development Center (WADC); Northrop

Nuclear Detonation Aircraft, Inc.

6.4 Accuracy and Reliability of the Short-baseline NAROL

System

8.3b Instrumentation for Measuring Effects Phenomena WADC; University of Dayton Research Institute,

Inside the Fireball Allied Research Associates

9.1 Support Photography

Air Force Cambridge Research Center 2

Military Air Transport System, AFSWC;

AFSWP Photographers

Estimated

DOD

Personnel

1 0

1 4

1

2

2

WADC. 82;

Univ. of

Dayton, 8;

Allied

Research, 2

8

47
instruments at various locations around ground zero, as shown in Figure 3-l.

Fifty-one jeeps and two M-48 tanks were placed at various locations in order to

accomplish the first objective, that of investigating the blast damage sustained

by drag-sensitive targets. This project was related to Desert Rock Project 50.7,

which, at SMOKY, involved only the M-48 tanks. (Project 50.7 was discussed in

Chapter Two. > In order to accomplish further objectives, personnel placed

self-recording, electronic gauges along five blast lines. Figure 3-l shows the

layout of the lines relative to vehicle placement and ground zero. Table 3-2

shows how many of the various types of gauges were used along the blast lines and

on the jeeps. Post-shot project personnel made an evaluation which consisted of

an inspection of the damages sustained by each vehicle and the recording of the

vehicle displacement and orientation. The vehicles and gauges were then removed.

Table 3-2. GAUGES FIELDED FOR PROJECT 1.8.

Gauges Blast Line No.

1 2 3 4 5 Jeeps Totals

Pressure-Time 38 16 12 16 20 18 120

Dynamic Pressure 10 18 12 18 - 2 6 0

Pitch 6 - 8 0 0 0 1 4

Total 54 34 32 34 20 20 194

Project 1.9 (Spectra of Ground Shocks Produced by Nuclear Detonations). - - - -

The project objective was to obtain the displacement, velocity, and

acceleration-shock spectra of ground shocks produced by nuclear devices (13).

The measured data on ground shocks were to be used in the design of missile bases

and operational equipment which could withstand a nuclear environment. The

responsibility for accomplishing Project 1.9 rested with the Air Force Ballistic

Missile Division. * For shot SMOKY, five shock gauges and protecting canisters

*Since Project 1.9 was conducted at other PLUMBBOB shots in addition to SMOKY, an

account of the activities required to install the gauges for this project, as

well as a description of the gauges themselves, is given in the PLUMBBOB series

volume.

48
LINE 5

\

1

PRESSURE

4000 FT TIME GAUGES

I

LINE 4

RAVINE

\ /

HILL’

BACK OF HILL

m ARTIFICIAL REVETMENT

GZ GROUND ZERO

t

LINE 1

Fire 3-1. LAYOUT FOR BLAST LINES AND VEHICLES.

49
were used. The gauges were placed at locations predicted to receive 116 pounds

per-square-inch overpressure. Three gauges were placed directly on the ground

while the other two were affixed by means of anchor bolts to the floor of a

German-designed field shelter. These sheltered gauges were further protected by a

layer of at least three thicknesses of sandbags. The records were recovered

post-shot, and the canisters and gauges were removed for use on other events.

Project 2.3 (Neutron Flux From Selected Nuclear Devices) (29). The

objectives of Project 2.3 were as follows:

l To measure the neutron flux versus ground range

for a nuclear device

l To determine the effect of terrain on the

neutron flux.

The responsibility for accomplishing Project 2.3 rested with the U.S.

Army Chemical Warfare Laboratories, who cooperated with the Civil Effects Test

Group for SMOKY. Instrumentation was installed along three cable lines at various

azimuths (see Figure 3-2)*:

l One line south from ground zero along level

terrain

l One line north from ground zero and over a 500-

foot hill

l One line northeast from ground zero and over

hilly terrain.

For SMOKY, 300 of these detectors were placed at 39 different locations

on the three cable lines. Because of the high fallout contamination, personnel

were unable to recover some of the detectors until H+72 hours. At that time,

gamma decay measurements taken for each sample were extrapolated to H+20 hours by

superimposing these curves onto a calibration curve. The neutron flux, spectra,

and dose data obtained along the three lines were inconclusive because of the

unknown effects of the complex shielding surrounding the device. Following the

shot, the three cables were pulled out of the surrounding high radiation field by

*The three lines were instrumented with the various neutron detectors described

in detail in the PLUMBBOB series volume.

50
\

9

1400

\

t

1500

b 1600

5

loo 200 300 400 500

SCALE IN YARDS

CONTOUR INTERVAL 25 FEET

Figure 3-2. TOPOGRAPHIC VIEW OF PROJECT 2.3 STATION LOCATIONS. SHOT SMOKY.

5 1
tractor and truck while personnel were unfastening the detectors from the cables.

The detectors were then returned to the laboratory trailer, which was located near

CP-1, where the samples were removed from the holders and evaluated. REECo

mentions two cable recovery operations which followed shot SMOKY (7). Entry into

the forward area for both operations began at H+5 minutes, and activities

continued there about 1 l/2 hours. Both recovery operations used tractor and

truck drivers. One of the operations consisted of a party of four individuals,

including one REECo laborer who went to an area 3,400 feet east of ground zero.

The second party, made up of five persons including two REECo laborers, went to an

area 4,000 feet northeast of ground zero. Pocket dosimeter readings of 1,245,

395, and 270 mR are shown for three of the individuals who participated in these

operations. (Further details about the results of Project 2.3 are given in

Chapter 4 under the section on radiological environment.)

.-

Project 4.3 (Secondary Missiles Generated by Nuclear-Produced Blast

Waves)(4) .* This project was partially funded and coordinated with the Department

of Defense. It was administered by the Civil Effects Test Group and is documented

as CETG Project 33.2 (23a). Participation in shot SMOKY was to determine the

effects of hill-and-dale terrain on the blast-produced missiles which would be of

value in assessing secondary (those due to hazards caused by blast overpressure,

winds, or ground shock) type blast injuries. For example, a secondary blast

injury is caused by flying objects such as rocks, building materials, or tree

limbs.

In shot SMOKY, the translation of native (or natural) stones, steel

spheres, and military debris was made in open areas at ranges of 2,548 to 5,680

feet, where the measured overpressures varied from about 13 to 5 psi. Locations

of the nine stations used in this shot are shown in Figure 3-3; two are on flat

terrain on the south blast line, three on hills and three in dales on the

northeast line, and one in a dale on the north line. Two trap bases were

installed at each station, one base for a single trap and the other for two traps.

A total of 405 steel spheres with diameters of 7/ 16, l/ 2, and 9/ 16 inches was

placed at various distances in front of the traps. In addition, about 3,850

*Because this project was also conducted on PRISCILLA and GALILEO, the PLUMBBOB

series volume contains a general description of this project.

52
N -1

Station Location

\ Smoky Shot \

1 -I

‘\. -- \ ”

5s (3722 f?) 0,\*

I

@J,e

\

e

\

/i

8 (4980 (1)‘\

\$ \ \

it---A 0% >(7s (4115 111. ‘, \

i ! I

////

/

Figure 3-3. STATION LOCATIONS FOR SHOT $MOKY IN AREA 2C, NTS.

53
pieces of military debris whose masses varied from approximately 1 to 1,000 grams

were set out. The spheres were placed a short distance above ground level in a

shallow trough supported by l/8-inch steel rods. Three traps were placed at each

of nine stations located on three blast lines. The station nearest to ground zero

(1s) had a measured overpressure of about 13 psi and the most distant one (9s) had

a measured overpressure of about 5 psi.

Hill-and-dale effects were studied at six stations on the northeast

blast line and at one station on the north line. In general, the hill stations

(lS, 35, and 7s) produced missiles with velocities that were higher than those

predicted, and the dale stations (2S, 5S, 6S, and SS>, lower than predicted. The

effect was particularly noticeable at the dale station (5s) on the north line.

Two stations were placed on the south blast line where the terrain was

flat. The blast wave incident at the 3,406-foot station (4s) was significantly

modified by surface thermal effects which resulted in higher dynamic pressures and

higher missile velocities than expected for an ideal wave. The blast wave that

reached the second station on the south line (9s at 5,680 ft> was almost ideal in

form, producing natural-stone velocities in good agreement with those predicted.

A total 2,876 natural-stone missiles were caught by the 27 traps used in this

shot: 34 percent was caught by the lower (a) traps at the installations where the

traps were stacked, 41 percent by the upper (b) traps, and only 25 percent by the

traps not stacked. About 550 pieces of military debris were placed in front of

the traps at each of eight stations. A total of 405 steel spheres (l/16-, l/2-,

and 9/16-inch-diameter steel) was placed at four stations. Only two pieces of

military debris and five spheres were recovered.

Project 5.3 (In-flight Structural Respnse of the FJ-4 Aircraft to a -- ----

Nuclear Detonation) (16) .* This project, conducted by the U.S. Navy Bureau of

Aeronautics and North American Aviation, inc., had three objectives:

*Because Project 5.3 was conducted throughout PLUMBBOB rather than solely at

SMOKY, the PLUMBBOB series volume contains details about instrumentation for

SMOKY. Some details about SMOKY are given here, however, in order to determine

whether personnel were exposed to radiation.

54
l To measure thermal and blast response of the

FJ-4 aircraft to the effects of a nuclear

explosion

8 To correlate the experimental response data with

analytic predictions in order to confirm the

delivery capability of the FJ-4 aircraft

l To obtain data to help improve the methods for

predicting the blast response of swept wing

aircraft.

The planned flight patterns are shown in Figure 3-4. Two identically

instrumented FJ-4 aircraft (one pilot each) participated in shot SMOKY. One of

the aircraft was forced to abort when the M-33 radar van used for the project lost

the radar lock-on. At the time of the blast, the second aircraft was positioned

in a level flight with the tail facing the blast. Figure 3-5 projects the

position at shot-time of the aircraft relative to ground zero. Table 3-3 gives

the actual position of the FJ-4 at the time of detonation and shock arrival.

Table 3-4 gives the atmospheric conditions at shot time, and Table 3-5 gives the

flight conditions at the time of detonation and shock arrival.

The nuclear radiation data recorded during Project 5.3 consisted of

gamma ray dose measurements, as deduced from the film badges located at four

positions in the test aircraft. Table 3-6 shows these measurements, as well as

post-shot calculated doses.

Table 3-3. POSITION OF FJ-4 AT TIME OF BURST AND SHOCK ARRIVAL.

Altitude Horizontal

Above Burst Distance

(ftl (ft)

Slant Range

(ft)

Angle of Incidence

Above Horizontal

(deg)

Time of Burst: 9,992 +7,513 12,502 53.05

Time of Shock Arrival: 10,024 +20,436 22,762 26.13

+Beyond Ground Zero

55
SCALE lNMl

EVENT SMOKY 0

SITE 2C I--L-LO

PROJECT TYPEA CALT

I

45

40

F89D

53 7 SAMPLERS

- - ,41 B57

121 F 84 i3,

141 733

30

25

CLOUDTRACKEH

TAC ANG

5 5 B -4

29

R F 84F 22

F89D 21

20

5 4 121 A40 16

5 3 FJ4 c

15

CLOUDTHACKER f325-

51 3

53 8

131 F9F3 (-r

,4

(21 847 11 I 53 8

1c

so 8 (41 H 19 -c 6

5

CLOUD THACKFR

53 7

F 890

NORTH

I:-(

Figure 3-4. PLANNED FLIGHT PATTERN FOR AIRCRAFT PARTICIPATING AT SMOKY.
AIRCRAFT

POSITION

PROJECTED ON GROUND

LANNED AIRCRAFT

--I/

I

a’

TRACK

--b

Figure 3-5. PROJECTED POSITKIN AT SHOT TIME OF FJ-4 AIRCRAFT

RELATIVE TO GROUND ZERO.

Table 3-4. ATMOSPHERIC CONDITIONS AT SHOT TIME FOR FJ-4.

Pressure at Ground Zero, mbar 856

Pressure at Flight Altitude, mbar 580

Temperature at Ground Zero, OF 57

Temperature at Flight Altitude, OF 20

Density at Flight Altitude, slugs/ft3 0.001469

Speed of Sound at Flight Altitude, ft/sec 1074

Humidity at Ground Zero, pet 3 1

Humidity at Flight Altitude, pet NA”

Low Clouds, Coverage Type None

Medium Clouds, Coverage Type None

High Clouds, Coverage Type

* Data not available.

None

5 7
Table 3-5. FLIGHT CONDITIONS FOR FJ-4 AT TIME OF BURST AND

SHOCK ARRIUAL.

r

True

Airspeed

(ft/sec)

Mach Number

Angie of

Pitch

(deg)

Gross Weight

(lb)

Angle of

Attack

(deg)

Time of Burst: 733 0.679 -1.5 - -

Time of Shock Arrival: 739 0.682 -

18,609 NA”

* Data not available.

Table 3-6. GAMMA RAY MEASURED AND CALCULATED DOSE AT FOUR

POSITIONS IN THE TEST AIRCRAFT.

Measured Gamma Dose Post-Shot Post-Shot

Cockpit Cockpit Right Ammo Wheel Calculated Calculated Shielding

+ t Wing Tank Bay Well Gamma Dose Total Dose of Shot

R R R R R R rem R

0.7 1 0.35 1.30 1.30 1 .oo* 1.15 1.25 None

* Left side of pilot’s seat.

t Aft of pilot’s right shoulder.

# Externally mounted on left tank.

58
The aircraft were staged out of Indian Springs Air Force Base, 15 to 20

road miles from the Nevada Test Site. The 4926th Test Squadron provided Rad-safe

support for all aircraft based at Indian Springs (16).

Project 5.4 (In-flight Structural Response of the Model A4D-1 Aircraft

to a Nuclear Detonation)(36). This was conducted by Douglas Aircraft Company and

had three objectives :

l To measure the thermal and blast gust response

of the A4D-1 aircraft to the effects of a

nuclear detonation.

l To obtain data to improve the methods of

predicting the blast gust response of aircraft

with triangular wings

l To correlate the experimental response data for

the A4D-1 with analytical methods in order to

determine the aircraft% nuclear weapon delivery

capability.

Although the A4D-1 (one pilot each) aircraft were instrumented for

SMOKY, only one participated; the other aircraft was kept in reserve in case of

engine failure in the first.* The planned flight pattern is shown in Figure 3-4.

For shot SMOKY, the A4D-1 was flown on a straight and level course directly over

ground zero. Positioned outside the triple-point path from the detonation, the

aircraft received the gust from the detonation at an angle of 31 degrees to the

fuselage reference line. Tables 3-7 through 3-10 provide specifics on this A4D-1

project.

Table 3-7. A4D-1 POSITION AT TIME OF DETONATION.

t

Airplane Number 137831

Slant Range 11,858 feet

Horizontal Range 5,156 feet

Altitude kbove Burst 10,678 feet

Altitude Above Terrain 11,378 feet

Altitude Above Mean Sea Level 15,857 feet

*The PLUMBBOB series volume contains details about the instrumentation.

59
Time of First Shock Wave

Slant Range

Horizontal Range

Altitude Above Burst

Altitude Above Terrain

Altitude Above Mean Sea Level

X Distance

Y Distance

Time of Second Shock Wave

Slant Range

Table 3-8. A4D-1 POSITION AT TIME OF SHOCK ARRIVAL.

15.70 seconds

20,386 feet

17,404 feet

IO.61 5 feet

11,315 feet

15,784 feet

*

x

t

* Data not available.

t Airplane beyond triple-point path

Since the aircraft was staged out of Indian Springs Air Force Base, the 4926th

Test Squadron provided Rad-safe support and decontamination.

Table 3-9. FLIGHT AND ENVIRONMENTAL PARAMETERS

AT TIME OF SHOCK ARRIVAL AT A4D-1.

Pressure Altitude 15,400 feet

Ambient Air Temperature 482” R

True Airspeed 421 knots

True Airspeed 711 ft/sec

Mach Number 0.661

Ambient Pressure 1,175 psf

Ambient Speed of Sound 1,075 ft/sec

Density x1o-3 slugs/f?

Airplane Weight 12,300 lb

Data apply to arrival of first, second, and third shock wave. After

first shock wave pressure-sensitive instruments are unreliable.

60
Table 3-10. NUCLEAR RADIATION DATA RECORDED ON A4D-1.

Nuclear Radiation Data (rem) *

Cockpit dosimeters Dose (rem) Cockpit film badges

t

t

1.5

1.1

1.0

Airplane dosimeters Dose (rem) Airplane film badges

6 t

7 t

8 1.6

9 1.7

1 0 1.7

7

8

9

1 0

* Calculated dose based on a&craft film badges equals 2.85 rem.

t Data not measured.

61
Project 5.5 (In-flight Structural Response of an F-89D Aircraft to a --~~ -

Nuclear Detonation)(l). This project was conducted by Northrop Aircraft, Inc. and

Wright Air Development Center. The primary objective of this project was to

determine the structural response of the F-89D aircraft in flight to the blast and

thermal effects of a nuclear detonation. A secondary objective was providing

basic research data for use in the design of future United States Air Force

aircraft. The planned flight pattern is shown in Figure 3-4. For shot SMOKY,

this project employed an F-89D aircraft (with two crew members) as the test

vehicle. * The aircraft approached ground zero at an airspeed of Mach 0.85. At

shock arrival, it was flying in a steady-state l.Og level flight condition. Table

3-11 gives the position of the F-89D at both shot time and shock arrival time.

Table 3-l 1. THE POSITION OF THE F-89D AT SHOT TIME AND SHOCK

ARRIVAL TIME.

Altitude

True

Horizontal Offset

+ = Right

- = Left

Slant Range

Wing Angle of Angle Between

Attack Nose- Horizontal Receiver

up, Degrees and Line to Burst

from

Desired Measured Desired Measured Desired Measured Desired Measured Horizontal Predicted Measured

(ftl (fib (h)

Alrcraft Posltm at Time Zero:

(ftl lftt) (ft) (deg) (deg) (deg)

20,000 20,100 - 48.520 -48.820 0 750 50,730 51,050 1.10 17.0 17.0

Aircraft Posltion at Shock Arrival:

20,000 20,100 - 26,330 -26,510 0 +750 30,120 30,430 1.10 29.3 29.4

For the aircrew participating at SMOKY, the radiation exposure limit was 5 rem (as

approved by the AEC Test Manager). In this project, neither the pilot nor the

observer received radiation exposure at SMOKY, and the aircraft was not

contaminated.

*The details of the instrumentation are given in the PLUMBBOB series volume.

6 2
Project 6.4 (Accuracy and Reliability of the Short-baseline NAROL - - ---

. * System)(l5) Air Force Cambridge Research Center conducted this project whose

objectives were :

l To determine the position and yield of a nuclear

detonation as a function of distance from ground

zero

l To investigate methods for isolating the

electromagnetic pulse of a nuclear detonation

from lightning transients

l To collect data on the nature of bomb pulse

distortion which results from overland

propagation.

For shot SMOKY specifically, an area gating system was incorporated into the

equipment. This system alerted its operators to analyze any electromagnetic pulse

originating within a specific target area. The NAROL nets were located 500 and

850 miles from the Nevada Test Site. Since Project 6.4 personnel were so far from

the NTS, no one participating in this project received measurable radiation

exposures.

Project 8.3b (Instrumentation for Measuring Effects Phenomena Inside the - - ---

Fireball) ~___(8). This project involved three groups: Wright Air Development Center,

University of Dayton Research Institute, and Allied Research Associates, Inc. Its

objectives were :

0

0

0

0

0

To instrument tests for future use in making

measurements within the fireballs resulting from

nuclear detonations

To increase the information available regarding

the thermonuclear effects of a nuclear detonation

To measure the time history of the pressure,

acceleration, and temperature of a nuclear

detonation

To determine peak velocities by means of

mechanical velocity--distance impact gauges

To supplement ablation data obtained in previous

tests.

*The PLUMBBOB series volume contains the general description of instrumentation

for Project 6.4.

63
Project 8.3b was active only during shot PRISCILLA and shot SMOKY.

During SMOKY, 23 specimens were exposed within the fireball, and one at a greater

range was exposed to neutron bombardment only. The cable supporting system is

shown in Figure 3-6. Three specimens contained electrical instrumentation.

Twenty specimens were located at the desired slant ranges by suspending them from

cables extending from the floor of the cab to deadman anchors in the ground. Two

specimens were mounted on the shot tower, and a graphite sphere was located on the

ground. After the detonations, the specimens were recovered and analyzed to

determine the degree and type of damage. The instrumentation used to record the

data for the experiments of Project 8.3b is shown in Table 3-12.

The experiments themselves consisted of electrical, mechanical, and

passive-instrumented specimens. The electrically instrumented specimens were

designed in an attempt to measure (1) the specimen velocity as a function of

distance traveled, (2) the peak overpressure, and (3) the peak temperature. In

addition, an experimental electrical-mechanical scratch gauge was used in an

attempt to measure how far the specimen traveled as a function of time. The

passive specimens were exposed during this operation in order to supplement

ablation data obtained from previous tests and to study the physical phenomena

associated with the ablation of different materials. The passive specimens

included eight solid spheres of different materials and six items containing

inserts of different materials.

The activities for Project 8.3b at SMOKY began on 15 August 1957. At

that time, all cables with specimens or with weights simulating the specimens were

raised into position in order to check the effects on instrumentation in the

cab. Accidental slippage of specimens necessitated some unplanned operations in

the area to restructure the experiments. As a result of these accidents, safety

slings were made and installed on most of the specimens. Two days before the

shot, project personnel had to re-enter the area to examine a zinc sphere found

lying on the ground. Because of a lack of time, the sphere was not replaced on

the cable. Recovery attempts on 3 and 6 September were unsuccessful because of

the high radiation levels. During a preliminary recovery effort, from 8 to 13

October, eight spheres and the electrically-instrumented steel cylinder were

recovered, and the locations of the specimens were staked. All of the recovered

specimens were moved to the storage area for radioactive materials because their

surface readings were from 300 to 1,600 mR/h. From 8 to 10 January 1958, five

64
Cable No. 3

D

Deadman

NOTE: Numbers refer to nominal

slant ranges in feet.

,/\800 Ft. Radius

0

I Ft.

\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\

Figure 3-6. EXPOSURE TECHNIQUE FOR SPECIMENS, SHOT SMOKY.
Table 3-12. PROJECT 8.3b SPECIMEN INFORMATtON.

Specimen

MI Steel Sphere (Type 2)

Insert Sphere

MI Sphere (Type 20)

El Cylinder

El Steel Sphere (Type 2)

Ml Steel Sphere (Type 3)

Insert Sphere

MI Bowling Ball

iron Sphere

Zinc Insert Sphere

Titanium Sphere

Molybdenum Sphere

Stainless Steel Sphere

Copper Sphere

Plastic Sphere 91 LD

El Steel Sphere (Type 3)

Ml Steel Sphere (Type 4)

Insert Sphere

Zinc Sphere

Zinc Insert Sphere

Ml Bowling Ball

Insert Cylinder

MI Sphere (Type 50)

Graphite Sphere

13.44 247

1 3 318

13.44 321

5 4

1 0 149

1 0 135

8 44

8 99

8 74

8 87

8 1 7

13.44 247

1 3 318

13.44 320

1 0 135

10 133

5 4

8 366

(40 inches long)

13.44 38

8 1 7

‘1

Diameter Weight

(inches) (pounds

1 3 318

13.44 320

13.44 230

1 5 2,300

(7 feet long)

Instrumentation

Peak pressure, inserts and

intensity gauges

Inserts and intensity gauges

Velocity-distance

Two tape recorders peak

pressure and velocitydistance

One tape recorder and

velocity-distance

Peak pressure-inserts and

intensity gauges

Inserts and intensity gauges

Intensity gauge and inserts

--

One tape recorder and

velocity-distance

Peak pressure, inserts and

intensity gauges

Inserts and intensity gauges

- -

l ntensity gauge and inserts

Inserts

Velocity-distance

- -

Location

Cable 2

Cable 2

Cable 2

Tower

Cable 4

Cable 4

Cable 4

Cable 1

Cable 5

Cable 5

Cable 5

Cable 2

Cable 1

Cable 5

Cable 3

Cable 1

Cable 1

Cable 1

Cable 5

Cable 5

Cable 5

Tower

Cable 1

Ground

6 6
additional specimens were located. These specimens were staked, but no attempt

was made to remove them from the area. On 24 January, after the level of

radiation in the general impact area had decayed to approximately 400 mR/h,

project personnel returned to the test site and attempted to recover the remaining

specimens. On subsequent days, personnel found the insert cylinder, graphite

sphere, and several pieces of the plastic sphere. Except for the graphite sphere,

which was buried, all these specimens were on top of the ground. The specimen and

crater locations were surveyed with respect to the shot tower. Recovery

operations ended on 1 February 1958.

~- Project 9.1 (Support Photography). This program was primarily of a

support nature and consisted of the following tasks (33):

l To support technical photographs of the military

effects programs

l To document the overall program and produce a

military effects motion picture

l To document the detonations for release through

the Joint Office of Test Information

l To provide general photographic support of the

Department of Defense (DOD) projects for

historical purposes.

For purposes of technical photographic support, Program 9.1 provided

camera instrumentation for Project 1.8. Both color coverage and black-and-white

coverage of the SMOKY detonation were done from an airborne camera station and a

forward-area manned camera station. This coverage consisted of still and

motion picture photography. The aerial photography aircraft, a C-47 from Orlando

AFB, was provided by the Military Air Transport System. The aircraft was staged

out of Indian Springs AFB and received Rad-safe support from the 4926th Test

Squadron (23).

3.2 DEPARTMENT OF DEFENSE PARTICIPATION IN LOS ALAMOS SCIENTIFIC

LABORATORY TEST GROUP PROJECTS

The Los Alamos Scientific Laboratory (LASL) performed four projects at

shot SMOKY, although only two involved DOD personnel. Table 3-13 lists DOD

participants, as well as sponsor and DOD agency associated with each project.

67
Table 3-13. LASL, UCRL AND SANDIA PROJECTS AT SHOT SMOKY.

Project

11.1

11.2

16.2

17.1

21.1

21.2

21.3

22.1

22.2

22.3

22.4

23.1

23.3

Title

Radiochemistry Analysis

Radiochemistry Sampling

Temperature MeasurementsPortable Recorder

Electromagnetic Measurements

Radiochemistry Analysis

Radiochemistry Sampling

Rocket Sampling

Nuclear Radiation Measurements

Remote Technique Development

Telemetry

Development Experiments

Flow and Capacity

Ball of Fire and Bhangmeter

Conducted

BY

LASL

LASL

LASLI

EG&G

LASL

UCRL

UCRL

UCRL

UCRL

UCRL

UCRL

UCRL

UCRL

UCRL/

EG&G

UCRLI

EGLG

Estimated

DOD

Personnel

None

2

5+

None

None

10

3

None

None

None

None

None

None

DOD Agency

4926th Test

Squadron, AFSWC

AFSWC

AFSWC

23.4 Cloud Photography None

64.2 High Time Resolution Telemetry Sandia None

64.3 Neutron Sources Sandia None

l Onsite.

NOTE: Bold Print Indicates Projects with DOD Participation.
Project 11.2, (Radiochemistry Sampling), was sponsored jointly by LASL

and The University of California Radiation Laboratory (UCRL). AFSWC’s 4926th Test

Squadron performed cloud sampling for UCRL and Project 53.1 personnel; U.S.

National Guard aircraft on training missions collected samples for LASL. Analyses

were done at both UCRL and LASL for yield determination. The 4926th Test Squadron

maintained a Nuclear Applications Section, whose primary function was to

instrument and prepare aircraft for nuclear cloud sampling. This section was also

responsible for removing the cloud samples from the aircraft and preparing them

for analysis. In addition, the Nuclear Applications Section operated

decontamination and personnel dosimetry facilities (See Chapter 4, Section 4.7.1

for a description of AFSWC sampling facilities).

Project 16.2 (Portable Recorder-Temperature Measurements), was performed

for LASL by EC&G, according to the LASL J-16 letter reports. Information was

obtained from the EG&G bhangmeter station at the CP, which recorded at all events.

Additionally, station locations varied from the CP to Kingman, Arizona; Los

Alamos, New Mexico; and other remote areas. Personnel participating in Project

16.2 operating the telemetry equipment were military, but the total number of DOD

participants is unknown.

3.3 DEPARTMENT OF DEFENSE PARTICIPATION IN THE UNIVERSITY OF

CALIFORNIA RADIATION LABORATORY TEST GROUP PROJECTS

The UCRL Test Group conducted twelve projects at shot SMOKY, either as

the sole sponsor or in conjunction with another agency. Only Program 21 involved

DOD participants. All projects are listed in Table 3-13.

Program 21 consisted of two projects involving DOD personnel: 21.2 and

21.3 (Radiochemistry Sampling and Rocket Sampling). This program had the same

objective as the LASL Program 11, which was to determine the yield of the device.

The procedures in Project 21.2 were exactly the same as for LASL, except that

sample measurements were done at UCRL, rather than at LASL. Program 21 required

no ground recovery near ground zero.

69
3.4 DEPARTMENT OF DEFENSE PARTICIPATION IN CIVIL EFFECTS TEST GROUP

PROJECTS

This section describes DOD involvement in Civil Effects Test Group Projects at

SMOKY, some of which were conducted in conjunction with the Federal

Civil Defense Administration, the Lovelace Foundation for Medical Education and

Research, and the Sandia Corporation. The CETG conducted 22 projects at SMOKY,

which are shown in Table 3-14. Those projects involving DOD participation are

summarized below.

Project 30.5 (Shelter and Structure Blast Instrumentation). The

objective of this project was to provide electronic and self-recording instrumentation for shock loading and response measurements for various structures of

Programs 30 and 31. It specifically provided loading and response for Projects

30.6 and 30.7. Project 30.5 involved Ballistics Research Laboratory participation.

Project 33.2 (Missiles Secondary to Nuclear Blast 1 was designed to

determine the size, weight, and velocity of artificial and natural objects (steel

fragments, gravel, etc.) that could be propelled by the blast wave from a nuclear

detonation. It was partially funded, however, by the Field Command Weapons

Effects Test Group as its Project 4.3 (Secondary Missiles Generated by a Nuclear

Detonation. > Field Command also provided minor logistical support to the Civil

Effects Test Group for this project. No DOD personnel appear to have taken part

in project activities in the forward area.

Project 33.3 (Displacement Potential of Blast). The objective of this

project was to observe, by means of high-speed photography, the displacement of

human-like dummies and spheres across a stabilized area suitably marked as a

reference grid and to extrapolate these data to blast phenomena which can translate large bodies from a static to dynamic state. Pressured readings were

obtained from Project 33.2. Cameras with a time reference covered the stabilized

area.

70
Table 3-14. CETG PROJECTS CONDUCTED AT SHOT SMOKY.

Estimated

DOD

Project Title Conducted By Personnel Performing Agency

xl.5 Shelter and Structure Blast Instrumentation FCDA 6 BRL

36.6 Structural Test-French Shelters FCDA/French Govt. None Amman and Whitney

30.7 Structural Test-German Shelters FCDA/West German None Amman and Whitney

Govt.

31.1 Thermal Activated Air-Zero Locators FCDA None FCDA; National Bureau of

Standards (NBS);

Eastman Kodak

33.2 Missiles Secondary to Nuclear Blast DBMJAFSWPI

FCDA

1 4 Lovelace Foundation

33.3

34.2

34.3

35.2

35.3

36.1

37.1

Displacement Potential of Blast DBMJFCDA 1 4 Lovelace Foundation

Comparison Tests of Reinforcing Steels AEC 1 Sandia Corporation

Comparative Responses of Static and AEC 1 Sandia Corporation;

Dynamic Loadings Holmes and Narver

Decontamination Procedures in Residential Areas FCDA None FCDA

Radiological Defense Monitoring Techniques DBM None FCDA

Field Radiological Defense Technical Operations FCDA None FCDA

Biological Accumulation of Fission Products Fallout DBM None Atomic Energy Project/

Univ. of CA Los Angeles

(AEPIUCLA)

37.2 Biophysical Aspects of Fallout

Phenomonology

DBM 3 AEP/ UCLA

37% Identification and Documentation-Physical AEC 3 AEPIUCLA

Aspects of Fallout

37.4 Measurement of Fast Neutron Doses by

Germanium Dosimeters

DBM 6 AEP/ UCLA

37.5 Measurement of Ionizing Radiation by

Chemical Methods

DBM 6 AEPlUClA

37.6 Application of Radio-Ecological Techniques DBM 9 Oak Ridge Institute of

Nuclear Studies; Dept.

of Agriculture:

AEP: DOD

39.1 Gamma and Neutron Radiation Measurements DBM 22 NBS; AEC

39.la Gamma Dosimetry by Film-Badge Techniques DBM 22 NBS; AEC

39.lb Neutron Dosimetry by the Threshold-Detector DBM 22 NBS; AEC

Technique

39.5 Radiation Dosimetry for Human Exposures DBM 22 Oak Ridge National

Lab; USAF School

of Medicine

39.9 Remote Radiological Monitoring

NOTE: Bold Print indicates Projects with DOD Participation.

AEC 22 AEC; USAF School

of Medicine

71
Project 34.2 (Comparison Tests of Reinforcing Steels). The objective of

- - - -

this project was to determine the relative merits of rail- and intermediate-grade

steel as reinforcement for concrete beams subjected to the blast loading.

Project 34.3 (Comparative Responses of Stat& and Dynamic Loadi=).

The objective of this project was to obtain data on the resistance of buried

corrugated metal pipe to high overpressure.

PrqgramloutNuclear included seven

projects, six of them (as shown in Table 3-14) fielded at shot SMOKY. These

projects were designed to assess the biological hazards associated with

radioactive fallout from nuclear detonations. Although DOD participation in

several of these projects has been documented and limited participation in all has

been suggested, the exact nature and precise levels of participation have not been

determined.

Projects 37.2/37.2a (Biophysical Aspects of Fallout Phenomenology; and - - -

Identification and Documentation Physical Aspects of Fallout) concerned the __

delineation and characterization of fallout patterns during the shot. Project

37.2 was conducted by approximately 30 people. Certain specific fission-product

analyses were conducted by the Chemical Analysis Group of the Atomic Energy

Project, University of California at Los Angeles. The personnel of Project 37.2a

consisted of as many as 15 two-person teams responsible for installation,

operation, and recovery of sampling and monitoring equipment; it is likely that

some DOD personnel may have assisted in these activities. The only documented DOD

participation in Projects 37.2 and 37.2a is AFSWC radio-relay support.

Project 37.4 (Measurement of Fast Neutron Doses by Germanium Dosimeters)

required laboratory and field tests to determine whether improved knowledge of the

characteristics of Germanium dosimeters could be used to increase the accuracy and

sensitivity of fast neutron dosage measurements obtained near nuclear detonations.

Information is presently unavailable on the number of participants, although it is

known that DOD personnel were used for transport activities in Projects 37.4 and

37.5.

.

Project 37.5 (Measurement of Ionizing Radiation by Chemical Methods).

The objective of this project was to study prompt, residual, and fallout radiation

72
by chemical, film, and threshold detector methods. Special emphasis was placed on

determining 1) gamma-ray contamination in mixed neutron-gamma fields; 2) neutron

components in mixed residual gamma radiations including shielding components; 3)

prompt residual gamma radiations including spectral components; 4) beta-gamma or

gamma radiations from fallout to provide integrated exposure values with respect

to time and to possibly obtain more data on beta-gamma ratios by employing

aqueous , energy-independent tissue-equivalent chemical dosimeters and film packs,

and; 5) a reevaluation of prompt neutron and gamma data.

Project 37.6 (Application of Radio-Ecological Techniques). The

objective of this project was to train veterinarians in radio-ecological

techniques and in field applications of these techniques. Participants were also

trained in methods of field-sample collection, laboratory analyses, and the

evaluation of data on fallout material collected after several nuclear

detonations. Time of arrival and particle size distribution vs. various physical

factors were investigated. Nine DBM veterinarians participated in this project at

SMOKY.

Project 39.1 (Gamma and Neutron Radiation Measurements). The objective - - - -

of this program was to utilize film dosimetry techniques for the measurement of

gamma radiation from a nuclear detonation. Film dosimeters obtained from EG&G

were placed at loo-yard internals from approximately 500-1500 yards from GZ.

Specially designed holders protected the film dosimeters from thermal and blast

effects accompanying the gamma radiation.

Project 39. la (Gamma Dosimetry by Film-Badge Techniques). The objective

was to ensure that the various CETG projects obtained and documented adequate

radiation measurements. This was accomplished by measuring the integrated gamma

dose at points along the ground and at various locations in selected structures.

In addition, fallout measurements and other special data were supplied to some

non-CETG projects.

Project 39. lb (Neutron Dosimetry by the Threshold-Detector Technique)

was to furnish neutron dose measurements for other CETG projects in several

events. Personnel carrying out this effort were the same as those engaged in work

of Project 39.5

73
The objective of Project 39.5 (Remote Dosimetry for Human Exposures). ~-

this project was to make a basic study of the angular distribution of fast neutron

and gamma rays to determine the shielding afforded by light frame houses and

similar structures. About two weeks prior to the shot, shielding stations (120

collimators and 36 sets of goal posts) and physical dosimetry were set up.

Threshold detectors and chemical dosimetry were used.

Project 39.9 (Remote ~-

utilized telemetering - - Radiological Monitori=)

techniques for recording radiation data as a supplement to offsite and onsite

Rad-safe. The former provided coverage in areas not usually covered by Rad-safe,

and the latter provided information needed for early recovery parties.

3.5 AIR OPERATIONAL TRAINING PROJECTS

A number of Air Operational Training Projects were conducted during

SMOKY. These tests were staged from Indian Springs AFB and other staging areas.

(See Table below).

Table 3-15. AIR OPERATIONAL TRAINING PROJECTS (11).

No. of

Tvpe No. DOD

Project Title Conducted B y Aircraft Aircraft Staging Base Personnel

51.3 Navy Heavy Attack U.S. Navy Pacific F9F-3’ 3 Nas San Diego, CA 3

Indoctrination (AJ/A3D) Command NAS Whidby Is, WA

53.1 Aerial Sampling Missions Air National Guard/USAF T-33 4 Indian Springs AFB 8

53.7 Indirect Bomb Damage Wright Air Development F89D 1 Indian Springs AFB 1

Assessment (IBDA) Command

53.8 Indirect Bomb Damage Strategic Air Command B-47 2 Indian Springs AFB 4

Assessment (IBDA)

53.9 Photographic

Reconnaissance

Training

* See following paragraph.

Tactical Air Command; Air RF-84F 2 Tennessee Air National 2

National Guard Tactical Guard, George AFB,

Reconnaissance Units C A

Project 51.3 (Navy Heavy Attack Indoctrination (AJIASD). The U.S. Navy - -

conducted this project, which provided AJ and A3D combat aircraft crews the

opportunity to observe an atomic detonation in the near vicinity of a burst.

Aircraft flew on a simulated bomb run, offset from the actual GZ. They then

performed an escape maneuver to arrive at a position five miles from GZ, heading

180° true at H-hour. The planned flight pattern was shown in Figure 3-4.

74
earlier in the PLUMBBOB series, aircraft were staged from the Naval Air Stations

at San Diego, California and Whidby Island, Washington. According to the AEC Test

Manager’s Report three F9F-3 aircraft (one pilot each) were substituted at SMOKY

(28) for the AJ2 and A3D aircraft which had flown on shot PRISCILLA. The 4950th

Test Group (Nuclear) Final Report lists call signs I and altitude assignments for

three F9F aircraft at SMOKY (11); these aircraft are included in the Air Mission

Summary for shot SMOKY which is part of that report. If the aircraft had staged

through Indian Springs AFB, the 4926th Squadron would have provided radiological

support, including film badging, monitoring, and decontamination. Conflicting

documentation and subsequent interviews with participating pilots indicate these

missions may not have been flown.

Project 53.1 (Aerial Sampling Mission). This was a project set up to

indoctrinate and train Air National Guard pilots. In conjunction with their

training activities, they were assigned to collect samples for radiochemical

analysis by LASL and UCRL. Four T-33% were used for the cloud sampling.

Project 53.5 (Air Crew Indoctrination--Early Cloud Penetration) .* This

project was established to provide an opportunity for Air Defense Command aircrew

members and aircraft commanders to observe an atomic detonation in the near

vicinity of the burst and to penetrate the nuclear cloud. At SMOKY, five T-33

aircraft were scheduled to participate. However, it was decided to discontinue

this project prior to SMOKY execution. Therefore, none of the aircraft actually

took part in the shot.

Project 53.7 (Indirect Bomb Damage Assessment--1BDA). This project was

intended to evaluate IBDA equipment installed in an F89H aircraft staged at Indian

Springs AFB. The planned flight pattern for the single F89H (one pilot)

participating in SMOKY is shown in Figure 3-4. The aircraft was about 89 nautical

miles from the burst and did not fly through the visible cloud. Radiological

safety support for this project was provided by the 4926th Squadron, Indian

Springs AFB.

Project 53.8 (Indirect Bomb Damage Assessment--1BDA). Two B-47 aircraft

(two crew members each) participated in SMOKY. This project was established to

*A general discussion of this project is in the PLUMBBOB series volume.

7 5
test the suitability of IBDA equipment and techniques under simulated bomb drop

and actual burst conditions. The aircraft were to be at a heading of 3600, 35

nautical miles short of GZ at H-hour. The planned flight patterns are shown in

Figure 3-5. Radiological safety support was provided by the 4926th Squadron,

Indian Springs AFB. The aircraft did not fly through the visible cloud.

Project 53.9 (Photographic Reconnaissance Training). This project was ---

established to provide an opportunity for Air National Guard Tactical Crews to

observe a nuclear detonation in the near vicinity of a burst and to make a damage

assessment photo run over the target. At SMOKY, two RF84F aircraft from the

Tennessee Air National Guard participated. Project aircraft were staged out of

George AFB, California. The planned flight pattern is shown in Figure 3-4. The

pass over GZ was planned to be made at H+lO minutes, at an altitude of 10,000 feet

at mean sea level. According to Air Force interviews with participating pilots,

the aircraft took off from George AFB and flew to the vicinity of Lathrop Wells

(Figure 3-4). There, the aircraft orbited at 20-30,000 feet at MSL. After the

detonation, the pilots flew under the mushroom cloud at 3-4,000 feet MSL, at

approximately 440 knots, and made one photo-reconnaissance pass, spending only a

few minutes in the area of the cloud. Upon return to George AFB, they would taxi

to a remote area and be monitored by ground personnel. If no contamination was

found, the aircraft would taxi back to the usual parking area. If contamination

was discovered, the aircraft would be left in the remote area until repeated

monitoring showed the level of contamination to be safe, below 7 mR/h. There is

no indication of any film badging for these airmen. One of the pilots interviewed

indicated that DT-60 dosimeters were worn as part of the required flight

equipment. However, these are high range dosimeters and the readings would

probably not be significant. No dose readings have been found for these pilots.

3.6 AFSWC: CLOUD SAMPLING AND TRACKING

In addition to those aircraft necessary to support the numbered projects

under Camp Desert Rock, Air Force aircraft also participated in projects designed

to sample and track the particulate and gaseous radioactive material in the

nuclear cloud. (Table 3-16 shows AFSWC Air Mission Support at SMOKY).* These two

--

*The PLUMBBOB series volume describes the Air Force support which was provided

both to AEC and DOD-sponsored projects.

76
Table 3-16. AFSWC AIR MISSION SUPPORT, SHOT SMOKY (11).

Estimated

Program/ Number of DOD

Project Mission Type Aircraft Aircraft Personnel

5.3 Effects FJ-4 1 1

5.4 Effects A4-D 2 1 per aircraft

5.5 Effects F89-D 1 2

Program 9 Photography c-47 1 3+ Lookout Mt.

personnel

Program

1 1 Cloud Sampling F-84G 2 1 per aircraft

Program

2 1 Cloud Sampling B-57 5 2 per aircraft

Program

3 7 Fallout Studies c-47 1 3 military + civilians

56.1 Transport for Task Force Helicopter 4 4 2 per aircraft +

WARRIOR Security Sweep troops ferried

56.8 Atomic Burst Detection L-20 1 2

(H-19) Helicopter 4 2-4 per aircraft

50.8a Atomic Burst Detection B-26 1 2

51.3 Navy Air Crew F9F-3 3 2 per aircraft

indoctrination

53.1 Cloud Sampling, Training T-33 4 2 per aircraft

53.7 IBDA F-89D 1 1

53.8 IBDA B-47 2 2 per aircraft

53.9 IBDA RF-84F 2 1 per aircraft

Sample Courier Return c-47 3 3 per aircraft +

civilian courier

Security Sweep Liaison L-20 2 1 per aircraft +

civilian security

personnel

Cloud Trackers B-25 1 3 + monitors (B-25)

B-29 1 5 + monitors (B-29)

7 7
efforts were included among the diagnostic projects sponsored by the Wright Air

Development Command and the AEC design laboratories. Figure 3-4 shows the planned

orbit positions for these aircraft prior to the detonation. AFSWC participation

in SMOKY was discussed in sections 3.1 and 3.5.

In the cloud sampling effort, Air Force support included elements of the

4926th Sampler Squadron, which was under the control of the Test Aircraft Unit

(Figure 3-7). In addition, elements of fourteen Air National Guard units, which

had secondary sampling missions, were placed on active duty for two weeks to

receive training and to participate in the sampling activities.

I

TEST AIRCRAFT UNIT

I

TACTICAL ELEMENT

HELICOPTERS

,qJ z - yr;

-

(LOW ALTITUDE)

WADC = WRIGHT AIR DEVELOPMENT CENTER

NASWF = NAVAL AIR SPECIAL WEAPONS FACILITY

Fiie 3-7. TEST AIRCRAFT UNIT ORGANIZATION.

The cloud tracking effort involved a high-level flight (24,000 feet) and

a low-level flight (15,000 feet). Flight patterns were not predetermined but

depend upon the detonation configuration and the winds. Generally, however,

aircraft were to approach the nuclear cloud until the radiacmeter within the

aircraft reached a reading between 5 and 10 m/Rh (11). They were to then turn out

to avoid contact with the visible cloud. For each data point (between 5 and 10

mR/ h), personnel were to record time, altitude, position, and radiacmeter reading.

At SMOKY, one B-25 aircraft flew the low-level mission while one B-29 aircraft

flew the high-level. The B-25 was provided by the Air Training Command, and was

78
based at Indian Springs AFB, while the B-29 was provided by the Air Research and

Development Command, and was based at Kirtland AFB. Each crew member had a film

badge. When the aircraft returned to their home bases, both crew and aircraft

were monitored. These multi-engine aircraft were not expected to become

contaminated; therefore, no special procedures for decontamination were

established.

3.7 JOINT AEC/DOD VISITOR’S BUREAU

The Visitor’s Bureau was a joint AEC/DOD activity directly under the AEC

Test Manager. Activities of this office did not include the Desert Rock Visitor’s

Bureau, which was established to serve the needs of that activity. However, the

two offices were complementary.* For shot SMOKY, the FCDA and the news media

invited 67 official visitors to observe the shot from a separate FCDA observation

area near News Nob. In addition, 42 news media observers viewed SMOKY from the

media observation area on News Nob at Yucca Pass. Also, some news media personnel

accompanied the First Battle Group troops. The AEC provided radiological safety

support and security badging for these observers (24).

*A more detailed description of Visitor’s Bureau activities may be found in the

PLUMBBOB series volume.

79
80
CHAPTER 4

RADIATION EXPOSURE ANALYSIS

4.1 INTRODUCTION

While the preceding chapters discuss such necessary background material

as troop and test programs, these primarily set the stage for the most important

question : “What was the radiological exposure of the DOD personnel who were

present?” In order to answer that question in this chapter, it is necessary to

first consider the radiological safety aspects plus the radiological readings and

analysis of the radiological environment. This chapter then identifies those

units containing DOD personnel which had the opportunity for exposure to ionizing

radiation. It should be noted that, although film badge data are generally

available for the PLUMBBOB series, it is difficult to assign definite portions of

those exposures to SMOKY exclusively. However, preliminary exposure data for

Desert Rock personnel are available and an analysis is provided herein. In

addition, a dose estimation calculation for Task Force WARRIOR is also included

(10).

4.2 THE EXPECTED RADIOLOGICAL ENVIRONMENT

Since SMOKY was a tower shot (700 ft.> with a yield of about 44

kilotons, radioactive debris was expected in the immediate area around GZ, in

addition to onsite and offsite. The AEC Test Manager’s Fallout Prediction Unit

estimated that a total of 1900 megacuries of activity would fall out in an

elongated leaf-shaped pattern and would travel generally southwest. The predicted

fallout caused some changes in Desert Rock plans for after-shot maneuvers. Due to

these changes, all personnel involved were stationed at least eight miles away at

H-hour. At this distance the initial radiation from the shot would present no

hazard to personnel. The after-shot radiological environment that maneuver troops

and recovery teams would be expected to encounter should then consist of the

neutron-induced soil activity around GZ and the activity falling out from the

radioactive cloud.

81
4.3 POST-FIRING RADIOLOGICAL DATA

After the detonation of the shot, a variety of radiological readings

were taken by REECo (25). The aerial survey team from the General Monitoring

Branch departed at 0600 hours. Results obtained from this survey were as

follows :

c

Intensity(mR/h) Location* Altitudecft) Time

2 BJY 50 0828

4 0 9-300 5 0 0831

1 Gate 385 5 0 0837

Subsequent aerial resurveys indicated the following readings :

Intensity(R/h) Location*

20.0

0.15

0.9

200.0

0.2

5.0

0.1

15.0

50.5

Area 7b GZ 50

9-356 50

Area 9 GZ 50

Area 2c GZ 500

Area 9 GZ 25

Area 7b GZ 2 5

9-356 25

Area 2c GZ 500

Area 2c GZ 300

Altitudetft) Time Resurvey

1314 D-day

1315 D-day

1317 D-day

1323 D-day

0657 D+l

0652 D+l

0653 D+l

0700 D+l

0701 D+l

*These locations have not been definitely established. Location BJY was the

y-shaped junction of Mercury Highway and the road to Area 7. Locations 9-300 and

9-356 are buildings in Area 9. The GZs listed are shot GZs in Areas 2 and 9.

Location 2c is SMOKY GZ.

82
Results of the ground survey of non-shot areas were as follows:

Intensity(mR/h) Location Time Area

Background

Background

360

160

150

42

580

600

6 0

BJY

Well 3

Junction, Area

2 and Area

12 Roads

BJY

BJY

CETG Shelters

Station 353

Station 52

Junction, Area

3 Access Road

and Mercury

Highway

Area 3B GZ

0551 Yucca Flat

0558 Yucca Flat

0615 Yucca Flat

0711 Yucca Flat

0729 Yucca Flat

0705 2

0715 Yucca Flat

0716 Yucca Flat

0805

0808

A check station to control access into the contaminated areas was

established at BJY. Two monitors were provided for projects and REECo support.

Resurveys of the shot area were made as follows:

Date

Aug 31

Sept 1

Resurvey Midtime

Days Hours

D+1/3 1309

D+l 0628

83
Results of the surveys were plotted for display at various locations

by the Plotting and Briefing Branch. (These are shown in Figures 4-l through

4-5.) Briefings were conducted and area access permits were certified for each

party as follows:

.

Date

Aug 31

Sept 1

TOTALS

Scheduled Projects Personnel

Parties Involved Involved

34 12 148

-

18 -13 47

52 25 195

At CP-5, 48 vehicles and two bulldozers were decontaminated by the

Decontamination Branch.

The Special Assignment Branch detected no increase in beta-gamma

activity in Area 13 and Mercury following the detonation. Surface contamination

intensities obtained in the CP-2 area indicated a maximum of 11 mR/h at H+4

hours. Airborne radioactivity (D-day averages) were as follows :

Air samples :

Location

Warehouse 6

Well 5B

CP-2

Gate 385

Area 13

Gate 120

Shot Area (Average)

Long-Lived alpha (d/min per m3)

Background

Background

0.1

Background

0.1

Background

16.0

Fallout trays :

Long-Lived alpha (d/min per ft2)

Background

Well 5B

CP-2

Gate 385

Area 13

Gate 120

Shot Area (Average)

Background

Background

Background

Background

Background

16.0

84
-, - ‘-- 6 - _ _ ”

I

_~ .-_ - - a -- --
DITE 9 1-57 3 \

SHOT SMOKI

SURYEY ix+, \ ‘i

0

,.I ‘

Figure 4-2. SMOKY, D+l .Figure 4-3. SMOKY, D+2.

Figure 4-4. SMOKY, D+3.

86

Figure 4-5. SMOKY, D+5.
No increase in radioactivity was noted in well water and drinking water

samples. Radiation surveys in “clean working and living areas” in Mercury and the

.

CP area were negative. The following samples were analyzed in the laboratory:

I Type Number

- -

Air Samples 46

Nasal Swabs 20

Fallout Trays 97

Surface Swipes 21

TOT AL 184

The following dosimetry services were provided by the Personnel

Dosimetry Branch :

Film badges :

Date Issued Processed and Recorded*

Aug 31

Sept 1

137

457 - -

594

328

442

TOTALS

Dosimeters :

Date Issued Received

Aug 31

Sept 1

102

55

TOTALS 157 157

The Logistics Branch laundry processed 1,254 anticontamination

items. Anticontamination clothing, materials and supplies were issued to 296

770

people as follows :

Item Number

Coveralls 233

Shoe Covers (pairs) 313

Respirators 124

Other items 375

*The number of film badges issued does not necessarily correlate with the number

processed and recorded, since some personnel may have turned in badges and

departed instead of drawing new badges.

87
4.4 SMOKY RADIOLOGICAL ENVIRONMENT

It should be recognized that the location and times of concern regarding

personnel ranged from several miles from GZ at detonation to within 2,000 yards of

GZ about 100 hours after detonation. Therefore, the main sources for the

radiological environment at SMOKY were neutron-induced soil activity and fallout.

However, data are presented here on all three sources (initial, neutron-induced

and fallout) to assist the reader in reconstructing the total radiological

environment.

4.4.1 Initial Radiation

Neutrons. Information about neutron flux and dose measurements for a number of

shots, including SMOKY, is reported in references 14, 21 and 29. Some of the

figures and tables in this section summarize that information for SMOKY in terms

of methodology and effects. On the methodology side, Table 4-l for example, lists

the locations of the various detector stations where the measurements were taken.

These locations are shown in Figure 4-6. The terrain profiles along two azimuthal

lines from GZ , the 580 line, and the 353O line, are shown in Figures 4-7 and

4-8, respectively. (The view along the 167 o line was not plotted but can be

computed from Table 4-1.) Table 4-2 lists the different types of neutron

threshold detectors used in SMOKY.

In terms of effects, the flux data collected for SMOKY are presented in

Table 4-3 while plots of the data are presented in Figures 4-9, 4-10 and 4-11.

The neutron dose data are given in terms of two different atmospheric conditions:

actual, that is, the atmosphere as measured at shot time, and standard, an

atmosphere with a pressure of 1.013 bars and a temperature of 15O C. Actual

meteorological conditions for the SMOKY shot are presented in Table 4-4. Reducing

dose data to the standard atmosphere provides a common framework for comparing

neutron doses from various sources and different environments. In this study, the

germane values of fluxes and doses are those corresponding to actual weather

conditions at and near shot time.

The neutron dose measurements are tabulated in Table 4-5 for both the

actual and standard atmospheres. The plots of these data are presented in Figures

4-12, 4-13 and 4-14. The variation of dose along the different directions can be

88
Table 4- 1. DETECTOR LOCATIONS FOR SHOT SMOKY.

Station Azimuth Radial Distance Elevation with Slant Instrumenting

Number ided

from Ground Respect to Range

Zero I yd) Ground Zero (ft) (vd)

Description Agency

400 s 167 400

600 S 167 600

800 S 167 800

1,000 s 167 1,000

1,200 s 167 1,200

1,400 s 167 1,400

1,500 s 167 1,500

1,600s 167 1,600

1,700 s 167 1,700

1,800 S 167 1,800

1,900 s 167 1,900

2,000 s 167 2,000

450 N 353 450

600 N 353 600

700 N 353 700

825 N 353 825

900 N 353 900

930 N 353 930

1,000 N 353 1,000

1,100 N 353 1,100

400 E 58 400

500 E 58 500

565 E 58 565

610 E 58 610

660 E 58 660

725 E 58 725

780 E 58 780

810 E 58 810

860 E 58 860

955 E 58 955

965 E 58 965

975 E 58 975

1,020 E 58 1,020

1,080 E 58 1,080

1,140 E 58 1,140

1,250 E 58 1,250

1,400 E 58 1,400

1,600 E 58 1,600

1,800 E 58 1,800

-20

-60

-80

-95

-105

-120

-120

-125

-125

-130

-130

-135

+60

+130

+210

+360

+480

+520

+470

+350

+30

+45

+38

t21

t44

t56

t46

t36

t48

t41

t30

+16

+12

+21

+2

-20

-36

-30

-20

466 Au, Pu, Np, U , NBS-F.a GDb Project 2.3

649 Au, Pu, Np, U , NBS-F, GD. CD’ Project 2.3

841 Au, Pu, Np, U , NBS-F, GD. CD Project 2.3

1,034 Au, Pu, Np, U , NBS-F, GD, CD Project 2.3

1,229 Au, Pu, Np. U , NBS-F, GD, CD Project 2.3

1,426 Au, Pu, Np, U , NBS-F, GD, CD Project 2.3

1,525 Au, Pu, Np, U , NBS-F, GD, CD Project 39.5

1,623 Au, Pu, NP, U , NBS-F, GD, CD Project 39.5

1,722 Au, Pu, Np, U , NBS-F, GD, CD Project 39.5

1,821 Au, Pu, Np, U , NBS-F, GD. CD Project 39.5

1,920 Au, Pu, Np. U , NBS-F, GD. CD Project 39.5

2,019 Au, Pu, Np. U , NBS-F, GD, CD Project 39.5

498 Au, Pu, Np, U , NBS-F, GD. CD Project 2.3

629 Au, Pu, Np, U , NBS-F, GD. CD Project 2.3

719 Au, Pu, Np, U , NBS-F, GD. CD Project 2.3

833 Au, Pu, Np. U , NBS-F, GD. CD Project 2.3

903 Au, Pu, Np, U , NBS-F, GD, CD Project 2.3

933 Au, Pu, Np. U , NBS-F, GD, CD Project 2.3

1,003 Au. Pus NP. U , NBS-F, GD. CD Project 39.5

1,106 Au. Pus NP. U , NBS-F, GD, CD Project 39.5

458 Au, Pu, Np. U , SB-100d Project 2.3

545 Au, Pu, Np. U , SB-100d Project 2.3

607 Au, Pu, Np, U , SB-100 Project 2.3

651 Au. Pu. NP. U. SB-100, CD Project 2.3

691 Au, Pu, Np, U. SB-100, CD Project 2.3

756 Au, Pu, Np, U , NBS-F, GD, CD, SB-100 Project 2.3

810 Au. Pu,Np, U , NBS-F, GD, CD,SB-100 Project 2.3

841 Au, Pu, Np, U. NBS-F,GD,CD, SB-100 Project 2.3

887 Au,Pu, Np, U , NBS-F,GD,CD,SB-100 Project 39.5

980 Au, Pu. NP. U , NBS-F, GD, CD, 58-100 Project 39.5

990 Au. Pu, Np, U. NBS-F, GD, CD Project 39.5

1,001 Au. Pu, Np, U. NBS-F, GD, CD Project 39.5

1,045 Au, Pu, Np, U , NBS-F, GD, CD, SB-100 Project 39.5

1,098 Au. Pu, Np, U. NBS-F, GD, CD, SB-100 Project 39.5

1,164 Au, Pu, Np, U. NBS-F, GD, CD Project 39.5

1,268 Au, Pu, Np, U , NBS-F, GD, CD Project 39.5

1,421 Au. Pu, Np, U , NBS-F, GD, CD Project 39.5

1,618 NBS-F, GD Project 39.5

1.816 NBS-F, GD Project 39.5

aNational Bureau of Standards film packet.

b Germanium dosrmeters.

‘Chemrcal dosrmeters.

d

Punch-through voltage transrstor dosimeter.

89
\I

SCALE IN YARDS

’ Note: This figure shows the 58”, 167”, and 353” lines

The lines are measured clockwise from due

north. Elevations are measured in feet.

CONTOUR INTERVAL 25 FEET

Figure 4-6. TOPOGRAPHICAL VIEW OF STATION LOCATIONS

FOR SHOT SMOKY.

9 0
b 4650 I I I I\ I h I\AI \I. I

4400. ’

I I I I I I I I I I I I

0 100 200 300 400 500 600 700 800 900 1000 1100 1200 1

DISTANCE FROM GZ, YARDS

Figma 4-7. PROFU OF STATION LOCATIONS ON THE S8-DEoRE LNE FOR SHOT SMOKY.

5500

I I I I I I I I I I I I I I

- !OP dF TOiER

I/

0 100 200 300 400 500 600 700 800 900 1000 1100 1200 1300 1400

DISTANCE FROM POINT “A”, YARDS

m-68. PROFUOFSTATONLoCATloNsONTkE~ uNEH#SHOTIMoKY.

9 1
Table 4-2. NEUTRON THRESHOLD DETECTORS.

Detector Threshold Energy Reaction

a

Gold

P”239

NP237

$38

Thermal to 0.3 ev

10 kev (with 8” shield)

0.63 Mev

1.5 tvlev

Aulg7 (n,?) Aulg8

Fission

Fission

Fission

SHOT SMOKY.

Measured Flux

Station Distance from Slant

Number Ground Zero (ydsj Range (ydsl Au (n/cm* I Pu (n/cm*1 Np (n/cm2 I U (n/cm21

400 s 400 466 2.18 x lOI 7.46 x lOI 4.99 x 1013

600 S 600 649 2.16 x lOI 1.22 x lOI 1.95 x lOI

800 S 800 841 1.59 x lOI 5.90 x lOI 5.52 x 10”

1,000 s 1,000 1,034 4.85 x 10” 2.31 x 10’2 1.11 x 10”

1,200 s 1,200 1,229 1.69 x 10” 7.14 x IO”

1,400 s 1,400 1,426 6.07 x 10”

450 N 450 498 4.75 x 10’” 8.23 x lOI 6.74 x lOI 9.26 x IO’*

600N 600 629 1.54x lOL3 4.08 x lOI 3.35 x lOL3 4.85 x lo’*

700 N 700 719 6.80 x lOI 2.23 x lOI 1.66X lOI 2.95 x lOI2

825 N 825 833 1.67 x 10” 1.31 x 10’” 9.89 x lOI 1.47 x lo’*

900 N 900 903 2.15 x lOI 9.37 x lOI 8.53 x 10”

930 N 930 933 1.64 x lo’* 6.51 x IO”

400 E 400 458 6.73 x lOI 9.90 x 10’” 8.87 X 10’~ 1.72 x 10’”

500 E 500 545 2.38 x lOI 4.79 x 1 o13 4.16 x lOI 6.16X lOI2

565 E 565 607 1.42 x 10’” 4.06 x 1013 3.60 x lOI 4.91 x lOI

605 E 605 651 8.31 x 10” 2.96 x lOI 2.51 x lOI 3.62 x lo’*

660 E 660 691 6.25 x 10” 2.03 x lOI 1.48 x lOI 2.79 x IO’”

725 E 725 756 3.69 x 10” 1.31 x lOI 8.88 x lOI 1.72 x lo’*

780 E 780 810 2.75 x IO” 9.64 x 10” 8.26 x 10” 1.19 x lOI2

810 E 810 841 7.41 x lOI 6.92 x 1 O’* 9.84 x 10”

Table 4-3. NEUTRON THRESHOLD DETECTOR MEASUREMENTS FOR

Pu = Plutonium

Np = Neptunium

U = Uranium

Au = Gold

92
T
Table 4-4. ACTUAL METEOROLOGICAL CONDITIONS FOR SHOT SMOKY.

Height Above Sea Level (ft) Pressure (nIbI Temperature (“C) Relative Humidity (%)

4479.2 856 14.0 3 1

4938.0 850 15.5 32

5000.0 848 15.4 32

5179.0 844 15.2 32

6000.0 817 13.8 32

Table 4-5. NEUTRON DOSE UNDER ACTUAL AND STANDARD

CONDITIONS FOR SHOT SMOKY.

Station Distance from Azimuth p= 0.83 p= 1.0

Number Ground Zero (ydsl (deg) Slant Range (yds) Dose (rep) Slant Range (ydsb Dose (rep)

400 s 400

600s 600

800 S 800

1,000s 1,000

1,200s 1,200

1,400 s 1,400

450 N 450

600N 600

700 N 700

825 N 825

900 N 900

930 N 930

400 E 400

500 E 500

565E 565

605 E 605

660 E 660

725 E 725

780 E 780

810 E 810

167

-

-

353

-

-

58

-

-

-

-

466

649

841

1,034

1,229

1,426

498

629

719

833

903

933

458

545

607

657

691

756

810

841

1.55 x lo5

4.17 x lo4

1.15 x lo4

4.13 x 1 o3

1.56 x lo3

1.12 x lo3

1.92 x 10’

9.57 x lo4

5.00 x lo4

2.93 x lo4

2.04 x lo4

1.74 x lo4

2.47 x 10’

1.16 x 10’

9.92 x lo4

7.09 x lo4

4.52 x lo4

2.82 x lo4

2.32 x lo4

1.88 x lo4

387

539

698

858

1,020

1,184

413

522

597

691

749

774

380

452

504

545

573

627

672

698

2.24 x 10’

6.04 x lo4

1.67 x lo4

5.99 x lo3

2.26 x lo3

1.62 x lo3

2.78 x 10’

1.39 x los

7.25 x lo4

4.25 x lo4

2.96 x lo4

2.52 x lo4

3.58 x 10’

1.68 x los

1.44 x los

1.03 x los

6.55 x lo4

4.09 x lo4

3.36 x 1 O4

2.73 x lo4

*Under actual conditions, the mean density was approximately 0.83 of that of the standard atmosphere.

Partial pressure of water vapor is neglected.

94
+-

\

-L-

\

cl

12w

I

\

LlK.30 -L

Fieure 4- 12. NEUTRON TI-RESHOU) DETECTOR DOSE VS. DISTANCE Fw 4- 13. NEUTRON THRESI-OD DEIECTOR DOSE

FOR SHOT SMOKY lJNDEF# ACTUAL ATMOSPHERK;

CoNDmoNs.

VSDBTANCE~SHOTSMXY~

ACTUAL ATMOSPHERIC coNDmoNs.

2

P

\

P

\ a

\ \

\

\

\

0

\

Figwe 4-14. NEUTRON TI-RESHOLD DETECTOR DOSE-DBTANCE SQUARED VS. DISTANCE FOR SHOT SMOKY.

95
attributed to at least three factors: different terrains, anisotropic emission of

neutrons from the detonating device, and the substantial shield in the cab floor.

Gamma Rays. Data related to initial gamma ray production in the SMOKY test are

given in references 12, 30 and 31. References 30 and 31 are of particular

interest as sources of initial gamma ray data for all weapon tests through 1962

and for Operation PLUMBBOB (including shot SMOKY). Reference 12 also contains

gamma dose measurements taken in a variety of shelters and experimental

structures. Reference 30 discusses the response of various chemical systems to

ionizing radiation. For example, chloroform responds to gamma radiation by

producing water soluble acids which are then used as a measure of dose.

Calibrated films in special holders were the primary means of detecting

gamma ray dose (12; 30). Although the film data were corrected for the effect of

the initial neutrons on the film, they did contain the contribution from

neutron-induced soil activity. At 650 yards from GZ, the soil contributed

approximately 7 percent to the reported dose (1) and at 800 yards, approximately

5.5 percent (35). The accuracy of the gamma ray dose was + 25 to 35 percent -

(30).

Table 4-6 lists corrected and uncorrected gamma ray dose data for shot

SMOKY. These data are plotted in Figure 4-15 as a function of slant range.

4.4.2 Neutron-Induced Activity

In shot SMOKY, as in the other shots at Operation PLUMBBOB, the primary

isotopes responsible for soil-induced activity were sodium-24, manganese-56, and

aluminum-26. Neutron-induced activity appeared after the prompt neutron

irradiation and decayed with time. For the type of soil at the Nevada Test Site,

approximately a tenfold decrease occurred in the first 10 hours. As the

shorter-lived isotopes, such as manganese-56 and aluminum-26, disappeared from the

soil, the rate of decay declined. Consequently, in the next 40 hours, the soil

activity again declined by a factor of ten.

96
Table 4-6. INITIAL GAMMA DOSE DATA FOR SHOT SMOKY.

i

651 a b 47.000 8.31 x 10’2 2.96X10” 2~ilXlO’~ 36XlO’2 d d 239 0 239 0 46.800 1 05 49.100 3.600

691 a b 37.000 6.26 x lOI 2.03 X IO’? 148 X 10” 27x10’~ d d 1800 1800 36.800 1 05 38.600 2.490

750 a b 25.000 3.69 X IO” 1.31 X 10” 889X 10” 17X IO” d d 1060 1060 24.900 1 05 26.100 1,520

810 a b 19.000 2 75 x 10’2 9.64 x 10” 8 26X 10” 1 1 x 10” d d 079 2 079 2 18.900 1 05 19.200 1.110

841 a b 13.500 7.41 x lOI 692X lOI 98X lOi* d d --- 105 - -

887 a b 15.500 c c c c d d --- 105 - -

980 a b 9.804 c c c c d d --__ 105 - -

990 a b 4.300 c c c c d d --- 105 - -

1.001 a b 5.400 c c c c d d --- 105 - -

1.026 a b 6.000 c c c c d d --__ 105 - -

I.093 a b 5.700 c c c c d d --- 105 - -

1.164 a b 4.300 c c c c d d --- 105 - -

1.268 a b 2,575 c c c c d d --- 105 - -

1.421 a b 1.175 c c c c d d --- 105 - -

1.618 a b 580 c c c c d d --__ 105 - -

1.816 a b 230 c c c c d d --~ 105 - -

\

u-

-

0

h

-

0

\

0

I

1

0

\

-

1

97
Measurements of neutron soil activity were made throughout Operation

PLUMBBOB, including shot SMOKY. For shots where fallout in the immediate vicinity

of ground zero was negligible, the neutron-induced soil activity could be measured

directly. For shots like SMOKY, where the local fallout was heavy, calculations

of neutron-induced soil activity and dose could be improved by basing them on the

overall measurements made during PLUMBBOB. At SMOKY, the fraction of the dose

received from soil activity was small in comparison to that of the fallout. (At

H+l hour, the soil contributed only a few percent to the total dose. 1 In any

case, the dose received from the neutron activation as well as from the fallout is

included in the isodose rate contours that were measured by Rad-safe monitors and

used to control personnel movement in the area.

4.4.3 Fallout

The fallout activity at SMOKY consisted primarily of beta and gamma

radiation from the fission products and from the neutron-activated material (17,

19, 20, 25). An alpha radiation component was also present as a result of

unfissioned bomb material.

Using the AN/PDR 39 and AN/PDR 43 ionization chambers, REECo monitors

surveyed the ground at the SMOKY site, measuring along eight radial roads

extending from SMOKY ground zero and other specific locations. The surveys were

first made at H+8 hours and again at D+l day, D+3 days, and D+5 days. The survey

measurements were plotted as isodose rate maps, which were then used to determine

the size and location for SMOKY Radex areas. These isodose rate maps (Figures 4-l

through 4-5) indicate the total dose rates from all sources of radiation at the

times of measurement indicated. Rad-safe personnel used the maps to determine how

long personnel could stay in contaminated areas to perform post-shot operations.

Studies made during PLUMBBOB Project 37 (17) provide more detailed

information on the local fallout. Although this project dealt primarily with

offsite fallout, the data nevertheless help explain the nature of the local

fallout (on site, near surface ground zero>. Figure 4-16 shows dose rate contours

at H+12 hours, as well as arrival times and predominant particle size along

certain arcs. Figure 4-17 shows additional information on particle sizes. These

data show that the local fallout consisted predominantly of particle sizes larger

than ten microns.

98
SHOT SMOKY

H-HR: 0530 31 AUGUST 1957

PROGRAM 37 CETG

RESIDUAL SURFACE INTENSITIES

MRIHR AT H+12 HOURS

LEGEND

DOSE RATE CONTOURS, MEASURED

---- DOSE RATE CONTOURS, ESTIMATED

--- 0.0 M TIME OF ARRIVAL, MEASURED, H+HOURS

-.- 0.0 E TIME OF ARRIVAL, ESTIMATED, HtHOURS

1~~1~~0 ELEVATION CONTOUR OF 5.000 FT

ELEVATION CONTOUR OF 7,000 FT

w ELEVATION CONTOUR OF 9,000 FT

BACKGROUND RADIATION RECORDER

__C__ RADIATION ARRIVAL DETECTOR

-0 MICRONS PARTICLE SIZE PREDOMINANT AT ARC SHOWN

m FALLOUT PERSISTENCE STATION

l-l BIOLOGIC COLLECTION LOCATION

ASE MAP-SECTIONAL AERONAUTICAL CHARTS, 3BRD

EDITION, 1956

AREAS OF CONTAMINATION

> 1000 MRIHR 26 SO MILES

506-1600 MRIHR 121 SQ MILES

lOO- 500 MRIHR 321 SQ Ml LES

50- 100 MRIHR 283 SQ Ml LES

lo- 50 MRIHR 2267 SQ Ml LES

5- 1OMRlHR 1645 SO MILES

l- 5 MRIHR 4234 SQ MILES

ACALIENTE ! , 1

\\ 044 MICRONS

Figure 4-16. FALLOUT PARTICLE DISTRIBUTION FOR SHOT SMOKY.

99
0

?!A

9

2” b
Additional data on SMOKY fallout appear in Table 4-7 and Figure 4-19

(19). The table shows wind data, and the figure shows isodose rate contours

extrapolated to H+l hour. Expression of dose rates extrapolated to H+l hours does

not represent the actual dose rate on the ground at that time, since fallout for

shot SMOKY was not yet complete. However, this expression did provide the basis

for computing dose rates at some time after fallout was completed. At shot SMOKY,

the initial survey was at H+8 hours so the normalized (H+l) dose rate contours

would not be valid prior to that time.

The wind data are further elaborated in the wind vector diagrams of

Figure 4-20. A particle originating at some altitude over ground zero and falling

at a given rate in the wind distribution shown in Table 4-7 would reach the ground

at a determinable location. Such locations for a fall rate of 5,000 ft/hr are

shown in the hodographs of Figure 4-20. Each leg of the hodograph represents the

direction and horizontal distance traveled by an average particle when falling

through successive wind layers from cloud top to the earth. Thus, the point at

52.5 miles represents an average particle which started at cloud top, and the

intermediate lines are loci for average particles falling from other altitudes

within the cloud. Figure 4-21 displays the predicted SMOKY offsite contours.

In summary, the measured total fallout was slightly more than the

predicted value, and the bearing of the pattern, which had been based on the wind

pattern at H-2 hours, was more to the southeast than the prediction. The total

SMOKY fallout activity exceeded that of any other shot at PLUMBBOB; a typical

value for a PLUMBBOB shot was about l/10 to l/20 that of SMOKY.

4.5 EXERCISE DESERT ROCK RADIOLOGICAL SAFETY

The Exercise Desert Rock Rad-safe section operated under procedures

published as a part of the exercise operations order (23). This delineated the

radiological safety procedures used to implement the Exercise Desert Rock PLUMBBOB

procedures for SMOKY (See Figure 4-18).

Although the specified procedures were, in many cases, the same as those

used by the AEC, some applications were tailored to the needs of the Exercise

Desert Rock Rad-safe program. On D-l (day before the shot) entry into all

101
DESERT ROCK RADIOLOGICAL SAFETY

PROCEDURES FOR SMOKY

The following procedures have been paraphrased from the Operations Order

for SMOKY (23). They are provided as a basis for evaluation of the radiological

safety activities. Since these procedures were written prior to the decision not

to occupy trenches, the instructions for such activities are not pertinent and

have been deleted.

One motorized, radio-equipped radiological monitoring team (Rad-safe

Section) was to monitor the ridge along points marked R & S (reconnaissance and

security), as shown on the map in Figure 2-3 (map coordinates 753042). One

monitor from the Rad-safe Section was to accompany each Pathfinder helicopter.

Pathfinder teams were to monitor their assigned areas of operation and report the

initial dose rate reading as well as changes in dose rate at 10 mR/h intervals.

Evacuation from operation areas, if required, was to be at the direction of the

Rad-safe Officer.

All patrols operating during the Infantry Troop Tests were to include a

qualified radiological monitor as a member of the patrol. Reports were to be as

indicated for Pathfinders (above). Two monitoring teams from the Rad-safe Section

were to monitor the equipment display area and erect yellow cones to mark the 20

mR/h line and red cones to mark the 5 R/h line. A military police (MP) checkpoint

was to be established where the 20 mR/h line crossed the access road. The teams

were then to survey the sector approaching ground zero. It was assumed this would

be roughly semicircular south of GZ since there were no access roads to the north.

The 5 R/h line was to be marked every 30 yards with a red cone. The cones then

were to be connected with white engineer tape. The teams then would each survey

half of the sector for hot spots (areas of high intensity). If found, such spots

were to be marked with engineer tape and red cones.

All personnel were to fit and test their protective masks before going

to the forward area. Masks were to be donned if dust was excessive or if

personnel were ordered to do SO.* Observers were to close their eyes, cover

their faces with their arms, and face away 180 degrees from the detonation point

from the time ordered to do so until 5 seconds after the detonation. Personnel

visiting the display area were to refrain from touching demonstration equipment or

picking up and keeping any objects for souvenirs. Safety regulations published by

Camp Desert Rock Headquarters were to be complied with by all personnel assigned

or attached to Camp Desert Rock for participation in shot SMOKY. Drivers trained

as monitors were to draw the necessary radiac instruments and act as the personnel

and vehicle monitors for their vehicles. Personnel vehicles were not to enter

areas with intensities of 20 mR/h or greater. All personnel were to evacuate the

equipment display area and return to their transportation if at any time they saw

red smoke.

*This instruction was directed at personnel in the trenches. Though the

trenches were not occupied, it can be assumed that a similar precaution might be

applicable to others entering the display/trench area after the burst.

Figure 4-18. DESERT ROCK RADIOLOGICAL SAFETY PROCEDURES FOR SMOKY.

102
Table 4-7. NEVADA WWD DATA FQf3 SHOT SMOKY.

Altitude

(ft MSL)

H-Hour H+3 Hours

Dir SP-J Dir Speed

(degreesl (mph) (degrees) (mph)

H-Hour H+3 Hours

Altitude

(fi MSL) Dir Speed Dir Speed

(degrees) (mph) (degrees) (mph)

Surface Calm Calm Calm Calm 29,000 280 3 6 - -

5,000 Calm Calm 330 0 5 30,000 280 37 300 3 3

5,179 Calm IBH) Calm - - 31,000 280 3 3 - -

6,000 340 0 6 350 0 5 32,000 280 3 6 - -

7,000 010 07 060 0 7 33,000 270 38 - -

8,000 010 07 080 0 9 34,000 270 37 - -

9,000 010 10 040 0 6 35,000 270 37 300 35

10,000 360 12 360 0 6 36,000 270 4 0 - -

11,000 360 0 9 - - 37.000 270 4 4 - -

12,000 360 07 360 0 5 38.000 270 43 - -

13,000 360 0 7 - - 39.000 270 3 9 - -

14,000 020 07 280 0 6 40,000 270 35 250 3 3

15.000 340 0 9 1280) (09) 41,000 270 32 - -

16,000 290 13 280 13 42.000 270 3 6 - -

17,000 280 18 - - 43,000 260 38 - -

18,000 290 22 290 2 0 44,000 260 35 - -

19,000 290 21 - - 45,000 250 38 250 39

20,000 280 2 4 300 2 3 46.000 230 4 5 - -

21,000 280 2 9 - - 47,000 250 4 0 - -

22,000 280 2 9 - - 48,000 260 36 - -

23.000 280 3 0 280 31 49,000 250 35 - -

24,000 270 35 - - 50,000 240 31 240 25

25,000 270 36 280 38

26,000 280 3 6 - -

27,000 270 33 - -

28,000 270 31 - -

NOTES:

a. Numbers in parentheses are estimated values.

b. Tropopause height was 35,000 ft MSL at H-hour.

c. Wind data were obtained from the Yucca weather station.

d . At H-hour the air pressure was 856 mb, the temperature 14OC. the dew point -3.6’C,

and the relative humidity 31 percent.

103
I\ Y \ \I\\ I \ I Y5 to

5000

I

I

\I

I\

aI \ I\ 7

6000 .

. I I I I I -l

L

8000 r \1 \ I \,

1

4000 3000 2000 1000 0 1000 2000 3000 4000 5000 6000 7000 8000 9000

DISTANCE FROM GZ, YARDS

f=b- 4-19. ONSITE DOSE RATE CONTOURS IN R/H AT Ii+1 HOUR FOR SHOT SMOKY.

104
) 22.5

SCALE

LI I

00 10 20 30

MILES

FALL RATE: 5000 FT/HR

.5

FALL

$34479 FTt, 75 St4479 FT)

H-HOUR H+3 HOURS

Figure 4-20. HODOGRAPHS FOR SHOT SMOKY.

105
TA: time of arrival in hours

OH: one hour dose rate

DTA: dose rate at time of arrival

TD: total dose

260

220

60

/(

0' OH: 0.1 R/h

1-1 DTA: 0.003 R/h

un;

DTA:

TD:

OH: 2 R/h

DTA: 0.9 R/h

. I

120 100 80 60 40 20 0 20 40

DISTANCE FROM GZ (STATUTE MILES)

Figure 4-2 1. SHOT SMOKY OFFSITE CONTOURS.

106

30
forward areas was prohibited except as authorized by the AEC Test Director. After

the shot, the Exercise Desert Rock Rad-safe Section maintained radiological

situation maps, as did the AEC, showing isodose rate lines of 10 mR/h, 100 mR/h,

and 1 R/h. Information plotted was provided by Desert Rock monitors and by AEC

radiological safety personnel. For Exercise Desert Rock, however, the maps were

located in the Rad-safe building at Camp Desert Rock, the 50th Chemical Platoon

Decontamination Station at Yucca Pass, and the 50th Chemical Platoon Orderly room

at Camp Desert Rock. In addition to their survey tasks, Desert Rock personnel

used several means to limit exposure to the radiation. One method was to mark off

restricted areas according to contamination measured. Desert Rock survey teams

placed red cones connected by white engineer tape to mark the 5 R/h line. This

area was strictly off limits to all Desert Rock personnel. The teams then

surveyed to the 20 mR/h line and marked this area with yellow cones and engineer

tape. Military police traffic control teams were posted to ensure that no buses

or other ground vehicles passed beyond this 20 mR/h line (9;23).

In addition, Desert Rock Rad-safe survey teams monitored Camp Desert

Rock on shot days to warn of impending fallout and to ensure that the cantonment

area could be protected if wind shifts carried fallout in the camp’s direction.

Any areas with dose rate values greater than 100 mR/h were called full

radiological exclusion areas and were controlled. Entry into these areas required

an access permit from the Rad-safe section. Check-points were established on

access roads and were moved as the radioactivity decayed.

Radiological survey teams monitored the exposure of observers.

Regardless of whether trenches or open observation areas were used, monitors

watched the radiological situation and recommended moving, if necessary, to ensure

the safety of participants. However, the trenches were not occupied. Observers

later moved forward and reviewed the equipment which had been subjected to the

effects of the weapon. To protect them, the monitor teams in jeeps first surveyed

the routes and the display area to mark safe limits.

Pathfinder personnel also conducted radiological surveys; their efforts

supported the troop maneuvers performed in connection with SMOKY. The Pathfinder

teams, accompanied by a monitor from the Exercise Desert Rock Radiological Safety

Section, flew into the maneuver area to determine whether the area was

107
radiologically safe. Radiological safety personnel stayed with the maneuver

elements. The maneuver ended when the advancing troops reached points on the

ground designated by the radiological safety personnel.

Desert Rock personnel wore regular uniforms during the Task Force

WARRIOR Exercise (23). No specialized protective clothing was issued. Each man

wore a field uniform and film badge and carried a protective mask. Some observers

had dust respirators rather than a military protective mask. News media personnel

were provided helmets, dust masks, and canteens. Because the observers at News

Nob were 18 miles from the detonation, and Task Force WARRIOR personnel were at

least eight miles from the detonation, protective masks were not required at

detonation time.

4.6 NT0 RADIOLOGICAL SAFETY

The Nevada Test Organization aerial and ground survey teams began taking

measurements at about 0600 hours, one-half hour after the burst. The aerial

survey team began to sweep toward the GZ area where they observed heavy fallout,

starting about 2 miles from SMOKY GZ. The team observed large dust clouds in the

ground zero area, which persisted for several hours. At the same time, the ground

survey teams also began their measurements by proceeding along the radial roads

leading to ground zero. As they neared ground zero, readings were unstable, and,

as expected, showed increased amounts of contamination. The instability was due

to fallout still coming down. Not until about 0900 hours were stable measurements

made on some of the eight radial roads leading into GZ. Until then, readings were

of no value since they changed minute by minute, and the contamination made the

instruments unreliable. In addition, such exposure would have needlessly

contaminated the monitors. Toward noon of D-day, the dust clouds subsided and the

instrument readings became more stable. By approximately 1300 hours, the teams

had completed their survey and had relayed information for the production of the

initial radiation survey map showing isodose rate lines. The map (Figure 4-l) was

used to establish a radiological exclusion area. Mid-time of the map is 1309

hours (H+8). (The mid-time of a radiation survey map is usually the halfway point

between the starting time of the measurement and the completion time).

Personnel with access permits from the Test Director did not have to

wait for isodose rate lines to be established before entering the ground zero

108
area. These personnel were equipped with anticontamination clothing and pocket

dosimeters. Using the fragmentary and incomplete measurements already obtained in

the aerial survey, they could roughly estimate the likely exposure they would

receive in performing their recovery operation. By watching their pocket

dosimeters, they could tell how closely their exposure was approaching the allowed

limit. Thus, they were able to complete their recovery within safe limits or give

it up and leave the area if it became clear they would exceed safe limits by

continuing with their activities. After an isodose rate map became available, it

was possible to make a much better estimate of exposure for a given mission in

advance, and thereby make success of the mission relatively certain.

On D-day, a total of 34 parties consisting of 148 personnel were issued

access permits which allowed them to enter forward areas (25). The number of

anti-contamination items and dosimeters that were issued on 31 August and 1

September 1957, indicates extensive personnel activity in the forward areas. See

Logistics Branch Activities, Section 4.3 (25).

In addition to surveying the shot area, the Rad-safe teams also surveyed

the non-shot areas. They found no extensive fallout contamination at the normally

used locations and traveled roads. In fact, on D-day, the air samples and fallout

trays at most of these locations indicated a normal background. S ee Special

Assignments Branch Activities, Section 4.3.

4.7 AFSWC RADIOLOGICAL SAFETY

AFSWC was subject to the AEC criteria for radiological safety (11).

Because AFSWC air activities were based away from the NTS, REECo provided only

advisory Rad-safe support, in addition to supplying film badges and reporting

results. The organizational relationships for radiological safety among the

various air groups are shown in Figure 4-2. Details about the primary Rad-safety

and decontamination activities for each AFSWC project have not been found in any

of the references cited. However, a personal communication with the former

Executive Officer at Indian Springs Air Force Base provided information about some

aircraft staging from that air base. The following sections detail that information.

109
4.7.1 Sampling Aircraft

In preparation for the sampling effort, the sampling equipment in four

T-33, two F-84, and four B-57 sampling aircraft was loaded with filter paper.

Pilots were briefed about flight paths prior to the shot, expected height of the

radioactive cloud, penetration times into the radioactive cloud, and other

aircraft they might encounter. The pilots took off early enough before the shot

so that the planes were in position at H-l hour. Relying on dosimeter readings,

the pilots determined how many passes were necessary to obtain an adequate sample

for use in radiochemistry tests. All pilots were on full internal oxygen before,

during, and after cloud penetration. Pressure in the cockpits was normal, and no

special filters were added to the air intakes. Upon completion of the sampling

mission, the aircraft landed, taxied to the east taxi-strip, which was furthest

from the operations area, and parked in a predetermined area. Although engines

were shut down, the pilots remained on full oxygen, and the canopy remained closed

and latched until the samples were removed from the aircraft. A sample removal

team and radiological safety monitors then proceeded to the aircraft to remove

samples and eventually to remove pilots from the aircraft. The sample removal

teams first removed the filter paper from the aircraft, then placed these samples

in shielded sample boxes. This entire operation was conducted with a forklift.

After the oxygen was shut down and the canopies opened, the pilots were lifted out

of the aircraft by forklift to ensure that they would not touch the outside of the

aircraft. They were lifted into a pickup truck, which took them to the

decontamination area. The truck then returned to pick up the samples and transfer

them to sample return aircraft, which took the samples and couriers to Kirtland

Air Force Base and other involved agencies such as the LASL, and UCRL

laboratories.

Decontamination for both pilots and aircraft proceeded as follows: The

pilots were monitored at the decontamination facility and then went through a

complete decontamination (strip down, shower, etc.), even if no contamination was

indicated. The clothing, a normal flight suit, was handled as necessary. The

aircraft were decontaminated at the initial parking location. With the canopy

closed, decontamination crews washed the aircraft externally with water from a

firehose. The engines were started and firehose water was allowed to enter the

engines. Waste water was allowed to soak into the desert off the taxi strip.

Engines were shut down and the cockpit was wiped down internally, if necessary.

110
The aircraft was then returned to the flight line for maintenance in preparation

for the next flight.

4.7.2 Helicopters

The following radiological safety procedures were used for helicopters

which were expected to be flown through contaminated air space or landed on

contaminated ground space. The interior of the helicopter was lined with plastic

and masking tape at Indian Springs AFB primarily to avoid serious contamination of

the aircraft by passengers who recovered materials and instruments on the ground

in test areas during the mission. Plastic also was used to separate the pilot and

passenger compartments and avoid contamination of the pilots and instrument panel.

Otherwise, due to the complex and open nature of the helicopter’s interior,

decontamination, if necessary, would take two days to complete. Helicopter pilots

and passengers participating in official reentries authorized by access permits

were briefed at the NTS Control Point area area by REECo Rad-safe, just as other

reentry parties were briefed prior to each test event. Passengers were instructed

regarding anticontamination clothing and equipment to be worn. Prior to actual

reentry, helicopters landed in the Control Point area and picked up a radiological

safety monitor who assisted passengers in donning anticontamination clothing and

who accompanied the mission. Pilots remained in regular flight attire and

remained in the aircraft throughout the mission. During initial radiation surveys

after each test event, helicopters did not land in test areas. Thus,

contamination during these missions usually was slight and was on external parts

of the aircraft.*

Helicopters landed at the Control Point area after their missions.

Personnel then removed anticontamination clothing, were monitored, decontaminated

(if necessary) at CP-2, and film badges were exchanged if doses greater than 100

mR were anticipated. The helicopters were monitored and washed down externally,

if necessary. Plastic was removed from internal compartments only if monitoring

indicated the need for decontamination to achieve the Nevada Test Site release

limit of 7 mR/h beta plus gamma for fresh fission products.

--

*This description provided by REECo participants.

111
4.7.3 Other Aircraft

Security sweep aircraft and helicopters which were not expected to

penetrate contaminated air space used no special procedures other than film

badging the pilots, crew, and passengers. Multi-engine aircraft operating from

Kirtland AFB also had no special procedures except film badging.

4.8 GENERAL PERSONNEL GROUPINGS

Regardless of the organization to which an individual was

administratively assigned, his possible exposure depended on the capacity in which

he was physically operating at the time. For the purpose of this section, it is

appropriate to discuss these activities as they relate to the three general

groupings which follow:

0 Scientific project personnel. This group

includes personnel concerned with the placement,

recovery and evaluation of experimentation

conducted at SMOKY. Personnel involved were

those assigned to the AEC design laboratories

(UCRL, LASL, and Sandia), AFSWP personnel, and

those Desert Rock personnel who were involved in

the Technical Service and Air 0 perational

Training Projects.

l Maneuver elements. This group includes the

units conducting planned troop maneuver

activities, and the transportation used in the

assault; the requisite field support elements

such as communications, military police, etc.,

to accompany the maneuver troops; and whatever

observers, controllers, evaluators and Rad-safe

personnel were required during maneuver

activities in the NTS operational areas.

a Support Elements. This group includes all other

personnel who were necessary to support the

test, but were not required to go into the

operational areas with the project personnel or

maneuver elements.

4.8.1 Before the Detonation

l Scientific project personnel were involved in

the layout, construction, equipment placement,

112
installation and dry runs for the scientific

projects detailed in Chapters 2 and 3, and could

have been exposed to ionizing radiation prior to

shot SMOKY. Areas of the NTS were already

contaminated by prior nuclear detonations and by

earlier PLUMBBOB experiments. Although entry to

Radex areas was controlled, residual radiation

in non-Radex areas (less than 10 mR/ h) could

also have contributed to exposure over a period

of time.

l Maneuver elements at SMOKY, which included Task

Force WARRIOR and the HumRRO exercise (Task

Force BIG BANG), required entry into operational

areas at NTS for orientation, training and

rehearsal purposes. Although these activities

did not involve entry into any Radex area, there

was an opportunity for exposure to low-level

radiation from previous nuclear tests. Even

though the HumRRO test was cancelled, rehearsals

provided the opportunity for exposure prior to

SMOKY. It should be noted that the troops needed

to support the maneuver units during rehearsals

included some personnel who were not a part of

the actual maneuver itself, such as those

necessary to support the digging of the

defensive positions northwest of the surface

ground zero.

l Support elements at Camp Desert Rock who did not

go into the operational areas with either the

maneuver elements or scientific project

personnel had no opportunity for exposure to

ionizing radiation other than background.

However, some construction, transportation,

communication and other logis tical support

personnel (who set up the facilities needed for

the shot) entered the operational areas apart

from the training or maneuver activities.

Therefore, they had occasion for exposure.

4.8.2 Detonation Time

l Scientific project personnel on the ground were

located outside a radius of eight miles from

surface ground zero. None were exposed to

initial radiation from the burst. Aircraft

involved in air operational training and AFSWP

projects were closer to the burst. Cloud sampler

aircraft were 45-50 nautical miles (NM) east of

ground zero, cloud tracker aircraft were about

50 NM southeast of ground zero, and Air National

Guard aircraft were 30 NM south southwest of

ground zero. None of the cloud sampler, cloud

113
tracker or National Guard crews were exposed to

initial radiation from the burst.

l Maneuver elements were located outside a radius

of eight miles from surface ground zero. None

were exposed to initial radiation from the

burst. Helicopter support aircraft were 25 NM

south southwest of GZ.

l Support elements were all outside the eight-mile

radius from surface ground zero. None were

exposed to initial radiation from the burst.

4.8.3 After the Detonation

All the numbered operational areas around ground zero were closed until

it was determined that controlled access to the shot-area could be re-established

(R-hour). However, at SMOKY no specific R-hour was noted. Notes from LASL

operational logs indicate that by H+7 hours, Areas 1,2,4 and 12 were open. Areas

3 and 7 were closed for the remainder of D-day and Area 9 was closed until 3

September 1957.

l Scientific Project Personnel. The LASL notes

state that by H+7 hours the UCRL (diagnostic)

data had been recovered, which indicates that

there was some limited entry into the shot area.

However, closure of Areas 3,7 and 9 means that

there were no other entries to those areas on

D-Day. Subsequent to D-Day, the scientific

project personnel had recurrent opportunities

for exposure to ionizing radiation depending on

the number of entries required to gather data or

recover equipment.

l Maneuver Elements. The Pathfinder Unit from

Task Force WARRIOR was in the maneuver objective

area by H+7 minutes. At H+1.75 hours, the first

elements of Task Force WARRIOR arrived at

assault positions. Although these troops did

not enter the downwind fallout areas, exposure

to upwind fallout was possible in addition to

exposure to contamination from previous tests.

When the Rad-safe monitors who accompanied the

troops determined that each maneuver element had

advanced to its limit (according to the

radiological situation at 0915 hours), the

exercise was terminated. It is probable that

the radiological limits were those for a limited

Radex area (10 mR/h.) Entry into such areas

required protective clothing. Troops from the

114
maneuver elements were also involved in

subsequent entries into the area to recover

equipment, inspect defensive positions and visit

the display areas ; these entries provided

recurrent opportunity for exposure.

l Support Elements. These personnel did not enter

the downwind fallout areas (3,7 and 9) on D-Day

although activities associated with the maneuver

elements and scientific project personnel did

require exposure of some of the support elements

in other operational areas. One example was the

ground transportation required to remove

maneuver elements following the exercise. After

D-Day, such support elements as construction

engineers and signal personnel had recurring

opportunity for exposure when they entered the

Nevada Test Site areas to recover support

equipment.

4.9 ANALYSIS OF EXPOSURES, DESERT ROCK PERSONNEL

Examination of two preliminary compilations, the Department of the Army

(18) and REECo (26) shows the listing of the members of many military units at

Desert Rock by unit and by their radiological dose (as recorded by the film badge

worn). With this information, the mean dose and its standard deviation can be

determined for each unit. Because the individuals involved were issued several

film badges, one at a time, to cover their total stay at Desert Rock, the

approximate time periods during which the doses were received can be determined.

The time picture is only approximate because badges were not necessarily issued on

the same day to all members of a given unit, nor were they turned in on the same

day. Bearing this imprecision in mind, one may determine mean unit doses for

three periods of time as follows:

l Period I: Before SMOKY - All film badges

with final dates before or on

August 30, 1957.

l Period II: During SMOKY - All film badges

with initial dates before August

31, 1957 and final dates after

August 31, 1957 (to include

badges with 31 August 1957 as

both initial and final date).

115
l Period III: After SMOKY - All film badges

with initial dates on or after

September 1, 1957.

The results for 42 Desert Rock military units are shown in Table 4-8. For each

unit during the periods of time defined above, the Table gives the number of

personnel in the unit with a significant recorded dose*, N, the mean dose for the

personnel, /l and the standard deviation Q of the dose. For Period II, during

SMOKY, we show in addition the total number of personnel in the unit during this

period, Nt.

Column I in Table 4-8 denotes information deduced from film badges with

final dates prior to 30 August 1957. Column II signifies information deduced from

film badges with dose readings covering 31 August 1957; and Column III indicates

information derived from film badges with starting dates on, or subsequent to, 1

September 1957. (Note that Nt is actually determined for Column II only).

Examination of the mean doses in Table 4-8 leads to two conclusions

(explained below) regarding the distribution of doses in the group of individuals

who made up the 42 Desert Rock military units being considered. This group

totaled some 3000 persons during Period I, a comparable number for Period II, and

substantially less for Period III, since many left after SMOKY.

The first conclusion is that during Period I, Desert Rock personnel

received a dose comparable to the dose received during Periods II and III

combined. This is clear from Table 4-9 which shows the total person-rem

accumulated and then overall rem/person for the periods.

*In calculating mean doses and standard deviation of doses, only doses greater

than 100 mR have been considered to be significant. This definition of a

“significant recorded dose” as being above 100 mR is somewhat arbitrary. It is

intended to exclude badge data which indicate either no exposure or minimal

exposure in the forward areas. Also, there are uncertainties regarding exposure

to natural and other low sources of radiation not related to weapons testing,

uncertainties in film quality, and the like.

116
.Table 4-8. TABULATION OF UNITS VS. THE VALUES OF NV N. p, AND 0

N (COMEAN Imr) STAND. DEVIATION (mrl(

UNIT N* I II III I II Ill I II III

EXERCISE DIRECTORS’ STAFF

FINANCE 7 1 - - 108 - - - - -

S-2 SECTION 4 1 - - 143 - - - - -

S-3 SECTION 13 6 9 1 1139 593 295 698 316 -

s-4 SECTI ON 27 5 2 - 655 202 - 620 10 -

INSTRUCTION GROUP 6 3 4 3 1463 345 916 384 411 955

EXERCISE AVIATION SUPPORT

3RD TRANS 8N (HELICOPTER) 38 5 8 - 124 286 -

16 278 -

31ST TRANS CO (HELICOPTER) 128 1 40 1 600 535 106 - 603 -

TECHNICAL PROJECTS

PROJECT 50.3 29 1 3 5 330 226 283 - 152 226

PROJECT 50.8 130 103 94 9 1185 240 674 855 114 1324

HUMRR0182D ABN PROV. CO

PROV CO 820ABN 175 5 150 2 1683 1456 638 1250 844 7

HUMRRO 6 - 5 - 1754 - - 1470 -

CAMP DESERT ROCK EVAL GRP. 19 10 13 - 249 243 -

83 130

SPECIAL STAFF

HO CMDT 93 8 19 2 714 432 272 771 344 106

37TH MED DET 1 - 1 - - 220 - - - -

S-l STAFF JUDGE ADVOCATE 4 1 2 - 361 220 - - 220 -

AG SECTION 17 10 2 - 217 120 - 160 7

-

PUBLIC INFORMATION OFFICE 13 1 2 - 145 150 - - 64 -

SPECIAL SERVICES 5 5 - - 133 - - 11 - -

PROVOST MARSHALL 8 3 - - 120 - - 14 - -

POST SIGNAL 12 1 1 - 100 133 - - -

CAMP OUARTERMASTER a 3 - - 132 - - 29 - -

CAMP ENGINEER 10 2 1 - 142 170 - 59 - -

MANEUVER UNITS

1ST BATTLE GRP, 12TH INF 554 466 414 - 409 279 - 141 291 -

PATHFINDER TEAM 14 14 13 - I394 309 - 501 259 -

PROJ 50.1 170 32 39 - 120 569 - 26 1061 -

OBSERVERS/VISITORS

VISITORS BUREAU 270 1 122 - 271 290 - 176 -

SUPPORT TROOPS

US ARMY GARRISON, DET 3 69 26 4 - 173 123 - 115 10 -

POSTAL 5 4 - - 134 - - 22 - -

CO 8 84TH ENGR 8N 79 28 7 - 359 632 - 425 313 -

1ST HOSP UNIT18Tl-l FLD HOSP 52 20 12 - 412 531 - 293 514 -

293RD MP CO 91 48 27 - 419 236 - - -

232D SIGNAL CO 351 161 86 3 244 697 150 250 1580 87

2ND SIGNAL PHOTO PLATOON 21 2 9 7 372 297 1442 140 162 810

DOSIMETRY TEAM 4 1 1 - 1260 140 - - - -

50TH CHEMICAL PLATOON 76 69 28 16 975 474 674 959 712 398

26TH TRANS 8~ (TRUCK) 61 15 12 - 623 260 - 578 396 -

38TH TRANS CO (S&P) 92 70 34 4 415 233 425 278 207 228

2D TRANS CO IMED TRK) 86 64 8 1 344 138 250 267 25 -

531sT TRANS co IMED) 103 46 9 - 274 257 - 210 310

53RD OM DETACH (SUB SPTI 52 11 1 - 133 100 - 48 - -

PROV AVN DETAC H (AVN SEC ) 25 9 3 - 176 133 - 63 27 -

526TH ORD CO (HAM) 120 35 5 18 603 195 1095 610 42 543

Nt = TOTAL NUMBER OF PERSONNEL IN AUNIT ISSUED FILM BADGES COVERING 31 AUGUST 1957

N = NUMBER OF PERSONNEL WITH A DOSE ACCUMULATION GREATER THAN OR EQUAL TO 100 mr

(fi) MEAN lmrl = MEAN ACCUMULATED DOSE IN mr FOR DOSES GREATER THAN OR EQUAL TO 100 mr

(o)STANDARD DEVIATION lmrl = STANDARD DEVIATION OF ACCUMULATED DOSE IN mr FOR DOSES GREATER THAN

OR EOUAL TO 100 mr

117
Table 4-9. PERSON-REM AND MEAN MREMIPERSON FOR DESERT ROCK PERSONNEL

Period

N

Total person-rem

Mean mrem/ person

I I I III

- -

1297 1187 7 2

625 582 56

482 490 778

I

In summary, the total dose for Task Force Warrior (1st Battle Group)

prior to SMOKY was larger than that during and after SMOKY. (See Table 4-8 for

the 1st Battle Group.)

The second conclusion from Table 4-8 is that the exposures to the

persons in a given unit (at this organizational level) are not homogeneous. If a

group of people entered a contaminated area and if they spent substantially the

same time at various locations, then the resulting doses would be expected to

distribute in the familiar bell-shaped normal distribution about the mean dose.

Examination of the dose distribution* within groups shows, however, that these

distributions are far from normal. The same fact is illustrated by the large

values of the standard deviations relative to the averages in Table 4-8. Thus,

the individuals within a unit seem to have widely scattered exposure histories for

these three periods. Exposures also may not be homogeneous because individuals

performed separate functions in groupings smaller than the units listed in Table

4-8.

4.10 TASK FORCE WARRIOR ANALYSIS

The radiation exposures to Task Force WARRIOR, the major troop element

at shot SMOKY, were reconciled through analytical techniques (10). The analysis

includes the refinement of existing fallout con tours, estimation of all

*Dose distributions were plotted for each unit. These are not reproduced here

since, other than the qualitative feature of non-normality, they are of limited

interest.

118
significant troop activities in the forward area, calculation of incremental and

total exposures from both initial and residual radiation, and a conversion of

exposures to film badge equivalence in order to compare them with dosimetry data.

Uncertainties are determined for a31 the variables in order to establish overall

confidence limits.

The activities of Task Force WARRIOR, a reinforced infantry company from

the 1st Battle Group, 12th Infantry, are traced from rehearsals and other pre-shot

activities in early August (including observation of other shots), through the

full-scale operation on 31 August and the subsequent operational tasks. The

scenario thus developed provides the time-dependent position data required for an

exposure analysis. Where available data are insufficient to determine precise

times and durations of activities, reasonable assumptions are used to establish a

complete and logical scenario, based in some instances on standard Army practices.

Uncertainties in spatial or time-dependent data are factored into the error

analysis. Significant troop activities of Task Force WARRIOR were determined to

be the following:

1. Rehearsals of the troop maneuver plan, including alternate plans

developed to consider various fallout contingencies for shot SMOKY.

2. Preparation of defensive positions near SMOKY ground zero to provide experience factors for Army planning and doctrine purposes. Positions would not be occupied, but would be inspected after the shot to

assess the damage.

3. Observation of shot DOPPLER from trenches located about 2850 meters

from ground zero, beyond the minimum safe distance established by the

Continental Army Command.

4. Helicopter movement of a landing force to an objective area and

subsequent ground assault of a terrain objective immediately following

the SMOKY detonation. Concurrent with the ground assault, the task

force was resupplied utilizing helicopter transport of consumables. The

entire exercise was planned to demonstrate the ability of the task force

to operate on an atomic battlefield.

The initial and residual radiation from all shots to which the task

force was exposed is calculated or derived from available intensity measurements.

The synthesis of intensity and decay rate data for fallout fields permits the dose

119
rate to be determined for any position and for any time. Applying the time and

space factors to the radiation environment results in dose estimates for each of

the activities conducted by the task force. A rigorous uncertainty analysis for

all parameters provides confidence limits for the dose estimates, while providing

a sound basis for summing the doses from each activity. The calculated free-field

doses are then adjusted to reflect the dose that a film badge, as usually worn,

would record in the same environment.

Concurrently, film badge data for Task Force WARRIOR was obtained by

direct examination of Army records. Although there were some badges that are not

included in the statistical analysis because of inconsistencies or lack of

uniformity in the badge issue periods, more than 90 percent of the film badges are

used to evaluate badge readings relative to their period of issue. The statistics

indicate that most of the task force engaged in similar activities during its

six-week stay at the test site. A small, discrete group of 20 men, however,

accrued an appreciably larger film badge dose (average of 1.1 rem) than the

remainder of the unit in the period that includes the SMOKY shot itself. Excluding this group, the mean film badge reading determined from the original data was

less than 0.6 rem. The calculated free-field troop doses, adjusted to reflect

film badge equivalence, are compared with the analyzed film badge data for the

major badge issue periods. The correlation is quite high for troop activities in

residual radiation fields. Correlation of calculated and film badge doses for

initial radiation exposures is not conclusive because the film badges were

insensitive to the neutrons from shot DOPPLER and because the film badges were

shielded by troops as they crouched in the trenches. The major conclusions of the

analysis are as follows:

l The sources of radiation exposure to the troops

of Task Force WARRIOR were primarily from shots

preceding SMOKY. The sources of residual

radiation were from the fallout of several shots

conducted in Yucca Flat. The source of initial

radiation was shot DOPPLER, which the task force

observed on 23 August.

l Integrated film badge doses, as calculated from

the troop scenario and the reconstructed

radiation environment, are 480 + 135 mrem. This

dose correlates with the actus mean total film

badge reading of 575 mrem as determined from the

complete original film badge data.

120
l The total mean free-in-air dose to troops,

considering all radiation sources, was 970 + 270

mrem. This value is larger than film badge

readings primarily because of shot DOPPLER,

where troop neutron exposure was not recorded on

the film badges and where film badges were

body-shielded. The total dose, in the unit as

summed above, is not correlated with specific

biological effect.

a The spatial and temporal distribution of troop

activities leads to a distribution of calculated

doses. This distribution displays an upper dose

limit of over twice the mean calculated dose.

Excluding a small group whose film badge dose of

approximately 1100 mrem during a five-day period

indicated a unique activity, the calculated

upper limit exceeds the actual film badge

readings in almost all cases. This demonstrates

the consistency of troop activities with

resultant film badge doses and provides a

reasonable limit of 1100 mrem (film badge

equivalence) for overall assessment of the

radiation exposure.

121
122
APPENDIX A

August 24, 1957

SCHEDULE OF EVENTS (34)*

D-l Day

ITEM

NO. HOUR AGENCY EVENT

1 0930 Test Group Test Group Directors will make final

reports of readiness status of their

programs to the Test Director,

including considerations for execution or postponement of this event.

2 1100 Manned

3 1600

Program Directors will furnish Plans

and Operations (S-3) names of persons

to be at manned stations at H-Hour

and information on communications and

safety arrangements.

1700 34.2

1830 33.2, 33.3

33.5

1900

1900

Test Manager Weather briefing for Test Manager,

Scientific Advisor, Advisory Panel,

Test Director, and others who have

been invited to attend by Test

Manager, will be conducted in

Mercury, Bldg. 101.

Security

2.3, 39.5

Contractor will close each sta.

chamber, sandbag sta. entrance

9 men, 4 veh.

Accomplish placement and button-up

activities at Program 33 stas. located on the N, N42O E and South

blast lines.

Begin muster badge issue and logging

of personnel through Gate 4 (Mercury

Hwy. and Yucca Lake Road) into

forward area.

3 men, 1 veh.

Proceed to Area 2c to complete

installation of instrumentation.

8 2100 34.2 Button-up Stas, 8-34.2-8017.01 and

8-34.2-8017.02

9 2100 34.3 Button-up Stas. 8-34.3-8018.01 and

8-34.3-8018.02

* This schedule for the SMOKY event is extracted from the operation

order containing all schedules for PLUMBBOB events. It was prepared

prior to SMOKY but reports indicate it was carried out as planned.

123
APPENDIX A

(Continued)

August 24, 1957

SCHEDULE OF EVENTS

D-l Day

ITEM

NO. HOUR AGENCY EVENT

10 2130 8.3b 2 men, 1 veh.

Proceed to Smoky Tower to connect

timing wires.

11 2200 Test

Manager

Weather outlook meeting in Conference

Room. Bldg. 101, by Staff Weather

Officer, Test Manager, Scientific

Advisor, Advisory Panel, Test

Director, and invitees.

12 2200 Security Security sweep detail will depart

Gate and begin final sweep of test

area. Clear area by 0230.

13 2200 2.3, 39.5 Party clear area.

14 2400 Security No private vehicles will be allowed

to pass through Gate 2 into the test

area until H+5 min.

15 2400 33.2. 33.3

33.5

Party clear area.

124
APPENDIX A

(Continued)

August 24, 1957

SCHEDULE OF EVENTS

D-Day

ITEM

NO. HOUR AGENCY EVENT

1 H-5 hrs 9.1 8 men, Net #l,

Hilltop 21 & 83, Phone 8135.

Establish manned photo sta. at the

“Y”, BM 4076.

2 H-5 hrs 64.2

3

4

H-5 hrs Arming

1 man, 1 veh.

Check telemetering package and

set up for remote operations at

shot cab. Will then proceed to

Sta. 311 reporting to A-3 upon

arrival.

10 men, 5 veh. Net #6.

Arming and EG &G representatives

leave CP for Sta. 353, arriving at

0100, (balance of party proceeds

directly to T-2c or have previously

arrived 1. Leave Sta. 353 at 0115

and arrive T-2c at 0130. Arming

complete by 0245. Salvage started

by 0300. Salvage complete and

depart depart T-2c at 0315. Arming

and EG&G representatives arrive at

Sta. 353 by 0330, (balance of party

proceeds directly to Gate 4 or other

destinations). Arming and EG&G

representatives arrive CP by 0400.

H-3 hrs BPU and 3 men, 2 veh. Two HE shots, 1.2

Micro- tons areas 4-247a and 4-247b, 6 mi.

baragraph SW of GZ.

H-2 l/2 64.2 10 men, 4 veh. Net #8, Phone 8367.

Proceed to Sta. 311 and man through

shot time and all next working day

if permitted by Rad-Safe.

H-2 hrs Security Security will report to Test Manager

and Test Director that the test area

north of Gate 4 is clear of all

personnel except those in approved

manned stations.

125
APPENDIX A

(Continued)

SCHEDULE OF EVENTS

D-Day

August 24, 1957

ITEM

NO. HOUR AGENCY EVENT

7 H-2 hrs Test Final weather briefing for Test

Manager Manager, Test Director, Scientific

Advisor, Advisory Panel, and others

who have been invited to attend by

Test Manager, will be conducted at CP

.

1.

8

9

1 0

1 1 H-l hr ALL

12 H-l hr 9

13 H-30 min ALL

1 4 H-30 min 17.1

H-2 hrs Desert

Rock

H-2 hrs 21.3

H-l l/2 LASL

hrs

650 troops will clear Gate 4 and

proceed to trenches (E851-N128) and

remain through shot time.

8 men. Depart Project 21.3 launching

pad for CP.

10 men, Net #5, Phone 8363. Proceed

to Sta. 311 to man through shot

time.

Gate 2 (check station 2 mi. north of

Mercury) will be closed to all

northbound traffic except emergency

traffic which will be cleared with

the Test Director’s s-3 section

(phone 8281) for approval to pass

through Gate 2. Gate 2 will be

opened to northbound traffic after

shot upon notification from Test

Director’s office

Documentary aircraft will orbit at

9000’ MSL, 11 nautical miles S of

GZ, in a right hand pattern. Will

be on a heading of 90oT at H-Hour.

Loudspeaker announcement of H-30 min.

All unnecessary electrical equipment

will be turned off including razors

and vehicle ignitions.

3 men, 2 veh. Net #5. Man Sta.

G-17-5002 on East Shore of Yucca Lake

through shot time.

126
APPENDIX A

(Continued)

August 24, 1957

SCHEDULE OF EVENTS

ITEM

NO. HOUR AGENCY

15 H-15 min ALL

16 H-10 min ALL

17

18

19 H-l min ALL

20 H-Hour

21 H+5 min

22 H+5 min REECo

23 H+5 min 39.5

H-10 min ALL

H-5 min ALL

ALL

REECo

Rad-Safe

D-Day

EVENT

All radio transmitters, automobile

motors, electric shavers, and other

sources of radio interference will be

shut off until after H-Hour except

for radio frequencies authorized in

this annex. Electric shavers should

not be used in the CP area until at

least 2 hours after the shot, and it

is preferred that they not be used at

any time on D-Day.

Siren on CP Bldg. will be turned on

for 30 sec.

Red lights on CP Bldg. will be turned

on until after H-Hour.

Loudspeaker announcement that it is

now H-Hour minus 5 min. All persons

without density fivwz~es will be

warned to turn their backs to the

blast and not turn around until after

initial flash.

PA announcement of H-l min and

reminder to put on density goggles or

face away from the blast.

Zero time for detonation.

6 men, 3 veh. Initial survey party

for areas, 1,2,3,4,7,9, and 12.

Check areas other than shot areas for

contamination.

14 men, 7 veh. Initial survey party

and Rad-safe check sta. personnel.

Area T-2c and north run of Mercury

Hwy to Area 13.

7 men. Recover neutron and gamma

ray detectors from 3000’ cable

running south from GZ.

127
APPENDIX A

(Continued)

August 24, 1957

SCHEDULE OF EVENTS

D-Day

ITEM

,NO. HOUR AGENCY EVENT

2 4 H+5 min 2.3 5 men, 1 veh. Proceed to point 4000'

from GZ to pull instrument cable and

remove instruments.

2 5 H+5 min 2.3

2 6 H+15 min REECo

2 7

2 8

2 9

H+30 min 9.1

H+l hr 23.1

H+l hr 2 2

3 0 H+l hr 22.1

3 1 H+l hr 21.3

3 2 H+l hr 21.3

3 3

3 4

H+l hr 39.5

H+l hr 30.6

4 men, 1 veh. Proceed to point

3400' from GZ to pull out instrument

cable and remove instruments.

3 men. Initial airborne

radiological survey of Area T2c, and

other areas. Flight will cover test

points designated by the Test

Director and sweep other areas.

Party clear area.

6 men, 2 veh. Recover film at Sta.

2-380, 25000' SW of GZ.

7 men, 2 veh. Recover film at Sta.

2-300, 4.5 mi. SW of GZ.

5 men, 2 veh. Open doors at Sta.

2-300, 4.5 mi. SW of GZ.

3 men. Depart in L-20 to NE of Area

2c to locate rocket nose cone.

3 men. Depart via helicopter to NE

of Area 2c to recover rocket nose

cone

4 men. Helicopter recovery of

neutron detectors 1700 yds N of GZ.

5 men, 2 veh. 30.7 Initial cursory

damage survey of various stas. for

H+6 hr. report. Time in area 30

min.

128
APPENDIX A

(Continued)

SCHEDULE OF EVENTS

D-Day

August 24, 1957

ITEM

NO. HOUR AGENCY EVENT

35 H+l hr CETG 4 men, 1 veh. Proceed to T-2c access

Director road to inspect damage to structures

and CETG stas. located on either side

of road. Time in area 30 minutes.

36

37

38 R-Hour

39 H+3 hrs 35.2

40

41

42 H+4 hrs. 35.3

43

44

H+l hr 35.4 4 men, 1 veh. Proceed to series of

stas. along Fallout path to measure

gamma intensity. Time in area 1

hour.

R-Hour ALL

EG&G

H+3 hrs 35.3

H+3 hrs 35.3

H+5 hrs 35.3

H+5 hrs 35.3

Test Director will announce that

recovery operations may begin as

scheduled. Test personnel and

security branch will be informed.

2 men, 1 veh. Film recovery at

various stas.

4 men, 2 veh. Two decontamination

teams to Brock Houses outside 3 mi.

range from GZ.

2 men. Helicopter flight over

pre-selected survey range area T-2c.

2 men, 1 veh. Radiation survey of

area around T-2c. Time in area 1

hr.

2 men, 1 veh. Vehicle radiological

survey at speeds of 5, 10, 20, and 40

mph if possible. Time in area 2

hrs.

2 men. Helicopter flight over

pre-selected survey range area T-2c.

2 men, 1 veh. Radiation survey of

range near area T-2c. Time in area 1

hr.

129
ITEM

NO.

4 5

HOUR

H+6 hrs

46 H+8 hrs

4 8 H+9 hrs

4 9 H+9 hrs

APPENDIX A

(Continued)

SCHEDULE OF EVENTS

D-Day

August 24, 1957

AGENCY EVENT

REECo 3 men. Airborne radiological

resurvey of area T-2c and other

areas. Flight will cover test points

designated by the Test Director and

sweep other areas.

33.1,33.2,

33.3

14 men, 4 veh. Photography,

post-shot button-up of equipment and

recovery of data at Program 33 stas.

located on the S, N42oE, and N

Blast Lines.

35.3

35.3

2 men, 1 veh. Radiation survey of

range near area T-2c. Time in area 1

hr.

2 men. Helicopter flight over preselected survey range area T-2c.

Time in area 2 hrs.

130
REFERENCE LIST

The following list of references represents only those documents cited in the SMOKY volume. A complete list of all documents

consulted during the preparation of the PLUMBBOB shot volumes is

contained in the PLUMBBOB series volume.

AVAILABILITY INFORMATION

An availability statement has been included at the end of the

reference citation for those readers who wish to read or obtain

copies of source documents. The following addresses are being

provided for that purpose.

Source documents, bearing an availability statement of DOE

CIC, may be reviewed at the following address:

Department of Energy

Coordination and Information Center

(Operated by Reynolds Electrical g, Engineering Co., Inc.)

ATTN : Mr. Richard V. Nutley

2753 S. Highland

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132
1 .

3I.

3 .

4.

5 .

6 .

7 .

8 .

9.

10.

11.

12.

REFERENCES

“A Prediction System for the Neutron-Induced Activity Contribution to Fallout

Exposure Rates,” NRDL-TR-1056, Naval Radiological Defense Laboratory, CA,

October 1956. AD 639 446.*

“Background Information of Nevada Nuclear Tests,” Office of Test Information,

Las Vegas, NV, 15 July 1957.“”

Bastian, C. W. and R. L. Robbiani, “Radar Detection and Observation of Nuclear

Clouds,” USASRDL-TR-2077, U.S. Army Signal Research and Development

Laboratory, Ft. Monmouth, NJ, 2 November 1959. AD 344 156.*

Bowen, Gerald I., et al., “Secondary Missiles Generated by Nuclear-Produced Blast

Waves,” WT-1468, Lovelace Foundation for Medical Education and Research,

Albuquerque, NM, February 1962. AD 436 39 1 .*

Bryant, E. J. and J. D. Day, “Effects of Rough Terrain on Drag-Sensitive Targets,

Operation PLUMBBOB, Project 1.8b, Weapon Test Report,” 1959.***

Bryant, E. J., et al., “Effects of Rough and Sloping Terrain on Airblast Phenomena,

Operation PLUMBBOB,” WT-1407, Ballistic Research Laboratories, Aberdeen

Proving Grounds, MD, Stanford Research Institute, Menlo Park, CA, 5 July 1962.

AD 344 935.*

“Continent and Pacific Historical Records 1957,” Reynolds Electrical and Engineering

Company microfilmed records, Rolls 16, 17, and 19 (Boxes 40-44 and 47) Reynolds

Electrical and Engineering Co., Inc., Nevada Test Site, Mercury, NV, 1957.***

Cosenza, C. J., et al., “Instrumentation for Measuring Effects Phenomena Inside the

Fireball, Operation PLUMBBOB, Project 8.3b,” 1961.***

“Exercise Desert Rock VII and VIII Final Report of Operations,” AG-5-9531,

Headquarters, Sixth U.S. Army, Presidio of San Francisco, CA, 9 January 1958.

AD/A 078 561.”

Final Report “Analysis of Radiation Exposure for Task Force Warrior, Shot SMOKY,”

Science Applications, Inc. (SAI), McLean, VA, 3 1 May 1979. AD/A 070 239.*

“4950th Test Group (Nuclear) Final Report, Operation PLUMBBOB,” Air Force

Special Weapons Center, Kirtland AFB, NM, Indian Springs AFB, NV, 28 October

1957. AD/A 995 031.”

“Gamma Dosimetry by Film-Badge Techniques,” 1959.

* Available from NTIS; order number appears before the asterisk.

** Available at DOE CIC.

*** Not Available.

133
13. Halsey, J. F. and M. V. Barton, “Spectra of Ground Shocks Produced by Nuclear

Detonations, Operation PLUMBBOB, Nevada Test Site, May-October 1957, Project

1.9,” WT-1487, Air Force/Air Research and Development Command, Inglewood, CA,

17 August 1959. AD 491 31 l.*

14. Hulburt, C. W., “Report on Shielding Utilized in PLUMBBOB and HARDTACK Test

Devices.” 1959.***

15. Houghten, R. A. and R. B. Harvey, “Accuracy and Reliability of a Short-baseline Narol

System, Operation PLUMBBOB, Project 6.4,” 1958.

16. Julian, A. N., “In-flight Structural Response of the FJ-4 Aircraft to Nuclear Detonations, Operation PLUMBBOB, Project 5.3,” 1960.

17. Larson, K. H., et al., “Distribution, Characteristics, and Biotic Availability of Fallout,

Operation PLUMBBOB,” WT-1488, Projects 37.1, 37.2, 37.2A, 37.3, and 37.6,

26 July 1966. AD A077 509.*

18. “List of SMOKY Participants,” Department of Army (undated).** *

19. “Local Fallout from Nuclear Test Detonations,” in Transport and Distribution of

Local (Early) Fallout from Nuclear Weapon Tests, 1965.***

20. “Local Fallout from Nuclear Test Detonations, PLUMBBOB through HARDTACK,”

Part 2, in Compilation of Fallout Patterns and Related Test Data, 1963.***

21. McNeilly, J. H., et al., “External Neutron Measurements, 1952 through 1958,”

1960.***

22. “Military Participation in Operation PLUMBBOB, Department of Defense,” OTI-57-3

through OTI-57-l 14, Office of Public Information, Washington, D.C., May 1957.

23. “Operation Order 17, SMOKY, Desert Rock VII and VIII,” Camp Desert Rock, NV,

23 August 1957. AD/A 995 039.*

23a. Operation PLUMBBOB, Civil Effects Test Group Project Summaries, 1957.

AD/B 951 587.*

24. “Operation PLUMBBOB, Operational Summary,” 1960.

25. “PLUMBBOB On-Site Rad-Safety Report,” OTO-57-2, Reynolds Electrical and

Engineering Co., Inc., Nevada Test Site, Mercury, NV, undated. AD 077 488.*

26. REECo Dosimetry Records, 31 August 1957 and 1 August-31 August 1957, Reynolds

Electrical and Engineering Co., Mercury, NV.***

27. “Report of Test, Infantry Troop Test, Exercise Desert Rock VII and VIII,” AMCDRS-3, Headquarters, Sixth U.S. Army, Presidio of San Francisco, CA, 11 December

1957. AD/A 075 358.*

134
28.

29.

30.

31.

32.

32a.

33.

34.

“Report of the Test Manager, AEC/NTO, Operation PLUMBBOB,” Nevada Test Site,

December 1957. AD 995 083.*

Rigotti, D. L., “Neutron Flux From Selected Nuclear Devices, Operation PLUMBBOB,

Project 2.3,” 1960.

Sigoloff, S. C., et al., “Radiation Measurements Utilizing the USAF Chemical

Dosimeters, Operation PLUMBBOB, Project 39.1, Weapon Test Report,” 1960.

Smith, R. J., et al., “Initial Gamma Data from Nuclear Weapon Tests 1940-1962,”

1965.***

Stalk, G., et al., “In-flight Structural Response of an F-89D Aircraft to a Nuclear

Detonation, Operation PLUMBBOB, Project 5.5, Weapon Test Report,” 1960.

Technical Service Chiefs, After-Action Reports Operation PLUMBBOB, CDR VII

& VIII, Headquarters Camp Desert Rock, Las Vegas, NV, 1957.**

“Technical Summary of Military Effects, Programs l-9,” 1962.

“Test Director’s Report on Operation PLUMBBOB,” UCRL-5 166. AD/A 995 021.*

35. Tomnovec, F. M., “Review of Neutron-Induced Activity Studies,” NRDL-TR-860,

Naval Radiological Defense Laboratory, CA, October 1965.***

36. Walls, J. H., “In-flight Structural Response of the Model A4D-1 Aircraft to a Nuclear

Explosion, Operation PLUMBBOB, Project 5.4,” 1960.

135
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ATTN: Fed Depository Co11

University of Guam

ATTN: Librn

Gustavus Adolphus College

ATTN: Librn

South Dakota University

ATTN: Librn

Hardin-Simmons University Library

ATTN: Librn

Hartford Public Library

ATTN: Librn

Harvard College Library

ATTN: Dir of Lib

Harvard College Library

ATTN: Serials Ret Div

University of Hawaii Library

ATTN: Gov Dots Co11

Hawaii State Library

ATTN: Fed Dots Unit

University of Hawaii at Monoa

ATTN: Dif of Libraries (Reg)

University of Hawaii

Hilo Campus Library

ATTN: Librn

Haydon Burns Library

ATTN: Librn

Hennepin County Library

ATTN: Gov Dots

Henry Ford Community College Library

ATTN: Librn

DEPARTMENT OF DEFENSE CONTRACTORS (Continued)

Herbert H. Lehman College

ATTN: Lib Dots Div

Hofstra University Library

ATTN: Dots Dept

Hollins College

ATTN: Librn

Hopkinsville Community College

ATTN: Librn

Wagner College

ATTN: Librn

Universitv of Houston Library

ATTL: Dots Div

Houston Public Library

ATTN: Librn

Tulane University

ATTN: Dots Dept

Hoyt Public Library

ATTN: Librn

Humboldt State College

ATTN: Dots Dept

Library

Huntington Park Library

ATTN: Librn

Hutchinson Public Library

ATTN: Librn

Idaho Public Library & Information Center

ATTN: Librn

Idaho State Library

ATTN: Librn

Idaho State University Library

ATTN: Dots Dept

University of Idaho

ATTN: Dir of Libraries (Reg)

ATTN: Dots Set

University of Illinois Library

ATTN: Dots Set

Illinois State Library (Reg)

ATTN: Gov Dots Br

Illinois University at Urbana-Champaign

ATTN: P. Watson Dots Lib

Illinois Valley Community College

ATTN: Library

Illinois State University

ATTN: Librn

Indiana State Library (Reg)

ATTN: Serial Set

Indiana State University

ATTN: Dots Library

145
DEPARTMENT OF DEFENSE CONTRACTORS (Continued)

Indiana University Library

ATTN: Dots Dept

Indianapolis Marion County Public Library

ATTN: Social Science Div

Iowa State University Library

ATTN: Gov Dots Dept

Iowa University Library

ATTN: Gov Dots Dept

Butler University

ATTN: Librn

Isaac Delchdo College

ATTN: Librn

James Madison University

ATTN: Librn

JAYCOR

10 cy ATTN: Health & Environment Div

Jefferson County Public Library

Lakewood Regional Library

ATTN: Librn

Jersey City State College

ATTN: F. A. Irwin Library Periodicals

Dot Set

John Hopkins University

ATTN: Dots Library

La Roche College

ATTN: Librn

Johnson Free Public Library

ATTN: Librn

JRB Associates

4 cy ATTN: L. Novotney

Kalamazoo Public Library

ATTN: Librn

Kaman Tempo

ATTN: DASIAC

ATTN: E. Martin

Kaman Tempo

ATTN: R. Miller

Kaman Tempo

ATTN: C. Jones

Kansas City Public Library

ATTN: Dots Div

Kansas State Library

ATTN: Librn

Kansas State University Library

ATTN: Dots Dept

University of Kansas

ATTN: Dir of Library (Reg)

DEPARTMENT OF DEFENSE CONTRACTORS (Continued)

Kent State University Library

ATTN: Dots Div

Kentucky Dept of Library & Archives

ATTN: Dots Set

University of Kentucky

ATTN: Gov Pub Dept

ATTN: Dir of Lib (Reg)

Kenyon College Library

ATTN: Librn

Lake Forest College

ATTN: Librn

Lake Sumter Community College Library

ATTN: Librn

Lakeland Public Library

ATTN: Librn

Lancaster Regional Library

ATTN: Librn

Lawrence University

ATTN: Dots Dept

Brigham Young University

ATTN: Dots & Map Set

Lewis University Library

ATTN: Librn

Library and Statutory Dist & Svc

2 cy ATTN: Librn

Earlham College

ATTN: Librn

Little Rock Public Library

ATTN: Librn

Long Beach Public Library

ATTN: Librn

Los Angeles Public Library

ATTN: Serials Div U.S. Dots

Louisiana State University

ATTN: Gov Dot Dept

ATTN: Dir of Libraries (Reg)

Louisville Free Public Library

ATTN: Librn

Louisville University Library

ATTN: Librn

University of Texas

ATTN: Lyndon B. Johnson School of Public

Affairs Library

Maine Maritime Academy

ATTN: Librn

University of Maine

ATTN: Librn

146
DEPARTMENT OF DEFENSE CONTRACTORS (Continued)

Manchester City Library

ATTN: Librn

Mankato State College

ATTN: Gov Pubs

University of Maine at Farmington

ATTN: Dir of Libraries

Marathon County Public Library

ATTN: Librn

Principia College

ATTN: Librn

University of Maryland

ATTN: McKeldin Library Dots Div

University of Maryland

ATTN: Librn

University of Massachusetts

ATTN: Gov Dots Co11

Maui Public Library

Kahuley Branch

ATTN: Librn

McNeese State University

ATTN: Librn

Memphis & Shelby County Public Library &

Information Center

ATTN: Librn

Memphis & Shelby County Public Library &

Information Center

ATTN: Librn

Memphis State University

ATTN: Librn

Mercer University

ATTN: Librn

Mesa C;;t$y Public Library

: Librn

Miami Dade Community College

ATTN: Librn

University of Miami Library

ATTN: Gov Pubs

Miami Public Library

ATTN: Lbcs Div

Miami University Library

ATTN: Dots Dept

University of Santa Clara

ATTN: Dots Div

Michig;yT;tate Library

: Librn

Michigan State University Library

AT-i-N: Librn

DEPARTMENT OF DEFENSE CONTRACTORS (Continued)

Michigan Tech University

ATTN: Lib Dots Dept

University of Michigan

ATTN: Acq Set Dots Unit

Middlebury College Library

ATTN: Librn

Millersville State College

ATTN: Librn

State University of New York

ATTN: Dots Librn

Milwaukee Public Library

ATTN: Librn

Minneapolis Public Library

ATTN: Librn

University of Minnesota

ATTN: Dir of Libraries (Reg)

Minot State College

ATTN: Librn

Mississippi State University

ATTN: Librn

University of Mississippi

ATTN: Dir of Libraries

Missouri University at Kansas City General

ATTN: Librn

University of Missouri Library

ATTN: Gov Dots

M.I.T. Libraries

ATTN: Librn

Mobile Public Library

ATTN: Gov Info

Midwestern University

ATTN: Librn

Montana State Library

ATTN: Librn

Div

Montana State University Library

ATTN: Librn

University of Montana

ATTN: Dir of Libraries (Reg)

Montebello Library

ATTN: Librn

Morhead State College

ATTN: Library

Mt Prospect Public Library

ATTN: Cov't Info Ctr

Murray State University Library

ATTN: Lib

147
DEPARTMENT OF DEFENSE CONTRACTORS (Continued)

Nassau Library System

ATTN: Librn

National Academy of Sciences

ATTN: C. Robinette

ATTN: Medical Follow-Up Agency

ATTN: Nat1 Materials Advisory Board

Natrona County Public Library

ATTN: Librn

Nebraska Library Community

Nebraska Public Clearinghouse

ATTN: Librn

University of Nebraska at Omaha

ATTN: Univ Lib Dots

Nebraska Western College Library

ATTN: Librn

University of Nebraska

ATTN: Dir of Libraries (Reg)

University of Nebraska Library

ATTN: Acquisitions Dept

University of Nevada Library

ATTN: Gov Pubs Dept

University of Nevada at Las Vegas

ATTN: Dir of Libraries

New Hampshire University Library

ATTN: Librn

New Hanover County Public Library

ATTN: Librn

New Mexico State Library

ATTN: Librn

New Mexico State University

ATTN: Lib Dots Div

University of New Mexico

ATTN: Dir of Libraries (Reg)

University of New Orleans Library

ATTN: Gov Oocs Div

New Orleans Public Library

ATTN: Librn

New York Public Library

ATTN: Librn

New York State Library

ATTN: Dots Control Cultural Ed Ctr

State University of New York at Stony Brook

ATTN: Main Lib Dots Set

State University of New York City Memorial Library

at Cortland

ATTN: Librn

State University of New York

ATTN: Lib Dots Set

DEPARTMENT OF DEFENSE CONTRACTORS (Continued)

State University of New York

ATTN: Librn

New York State University

ATTN: Dots Ctr

State University of New York

ATTN: Dots Dept

New York University Library

ATTN: Dots Dept

Newark Free Library

ATTN: Librn

Newark Public Library

ATTN: Librn

Niagara Falls Public Library

ATTN: Librn

Nicholls State University Library

ATTN: Dots Div

Nieves M. Flores Memorial Library

ATTN: Librn

Norfolk Public Library

ATTN: R. Parker

North Carolina Agricultural & Tech State

University

ATTN: Librn

University of North Carolina at Charlotte

ATTN: Atkins Lib Dot Dept

University Library of North Carolina at Greensboro

ATTN: Librn

University of North Carolina at Wilmington

ATTN: Librn

North Carolina Central University

ATTN: Librn

North Carolina State University

ATTN: Librn

University of North Carolina at Wilmington

ATTN: Librn

University of North Carolina

ATTN: BA SS Div Dots

North Dakota State University Library

ATTN: Dots Librn

University of North Dakota

ATTN: Librn

University of North Dakota

ATTN: Dir of Libraries

North Georgia College

ATTN: Librn

North Texas State University Library

ATTN: Librn

148
DEPARTMENT OF DEFENSE CONTRACTORS (Continued)

Northeast Missouri State Univeristy

ATTN: Librn

Northeastern Oklahoma State University

ATTN: Librn

Northeastern University

ATTN: Dodge Library

Northern Arizona University Library

ATTN: Gov Dots Dept

Northern Illinois University

ATTN: Librn

Northern Michigan University

ATTN: Dots

Northern Montana College Library

ATTN: Librn

Northwestern Michigan College

ATTN: Librn

Northwestern State University

ATTN: Librn

Northwestern State University Library

ATTN: Librn

Northwestern University Library

ATTN: Gov Pubs Dept

Norwalk Public Library

ATTN: Librn

Northeastern Illinois University

ATTN: Library

University of Notre Dame

ATTN: Dot Ctr

Oakland Community College

ATTN: Librn

Oakland Public Library

ATTN: Librn

Oberlin College Library

ATTN: Librn

Ocean County College

ATTN: Librn

Ohio State Library

ATTN: Librn

Ohio State University

ATTN: Lib Dots Div

Ohio University Library

ATTN: Dots Dept

Oklahoma City University Library

ATTN: Librn

Oklahoma City University Library

ATTN: Librn

DEPARTMENT OF DEFENSE CONTRACTORS (Continued)

Oklahoma Department of Libraries

ATTN: U.S. Gov Dots

University of Oklahoma

ATTN: Dots Div

Old Dominion University

ATTN: Dot Dept Univ Lib

Olivet College Library

ATTN: Librn

Omaha Public Library Clark Branch

ATTN: Librn

Onondaga County Public Library

ATTN: Gov Dots Set

Oregon State Library

ATTN: Librn

University of Oregon

ATTN: Dots Set

Ouachita Baptist University

ATTN: Librn

Pacific-Sierra Research Corp

ATTN: H. Brode

Pan American University Library

ATTN: Librn

Passaic Public Library

ATTN: Librn

Queens College

ATTN: Dots Dept

Pennsylvania State Library

ATTN: Gov Pubs Set

Pennsylvania State University

ATTN: Lib Dot Set

University of Pennsylvania

ATTN: Dir of Libraries

University of Denver

ATTN: Penrose Library

Peoria Public Library

ATTN: Business, Science & Tech Dept

Free Library of Philadelphia

ATTN: Gov Pubs Dept

Philipsburg Free Public Library

ATTN: Library

Phoenix Public Library

ATTN: Librn

University of Pittsburgh

ATTN: Dots Office, G8

Plainfield Public Library

ATTN: Librn

149
DEPARTMENT OF DEFENSE CONTRACTORS (Continued)

Popular Creek Public Library District

ATTN: Librn

Association of Portland Library

ATTN: Librn

Portland Public Library

ATTN: Librn

Portland State University Library

ATTN: Librn

Pratt Institute Library

ATTN: Librn

Louisiana Tech University

ATTN: Librn

Princeton University Library

ATTN: Dots Div

Providence College

ATTN: Librn

Providence Public Library

ATTN: Librn

Public Library Cincinnati & Hamilton County

ATTN: Librn

Public Library of Nashville and Davidson County

ATTN: Librn

University of Puerto Rico

ATTN: Dot & Maps Room

Purdue University Library

ATTN: Librn

Quinebaug Valley Community College

ATTN: Librn

Auburn University

ATTN: Microforms & Dots Dept

Rapid City Public Library

ATTN: Librn

Reading Public Library

ATTN: Librn

Reed College Library

ATTN: Librn

Augusta College

ATTN: Librn

University of Rhode Island Library

ATTN: Gov Pubs Oft

University of Rhode Island

ATTN: Dir of Libraries

Rice University

ATTN: Dir of Libraries

Louisiana College

ATTN: Librn

DEPARTMENT OF DEFENSE CONTRACTORS (Continued)

Richland County Public Library

ATTN: Librn

Riverside Public Library

ATTN: Librn

University of Rochester Library

ATTN: Dots Set

University of Rutgers Camden Library

ATTN: Librn

State University of Rutgers

ATTN: Librn

Rutgers University

ATTN: Dir of Libraries (Reg)

Rutgers University Law Library

ATTN: Fed Dots Dept

Salem College Library

ATTN: Librn

Samford University

ATTN: Librn

San Antonio Public Library

ATTN: Bus Science & Tech Dept

San Diego County Library

ATTN: C. Jones, Acquisitions

San Diego Public Library

ATTN: Librn

San Diego State University Library

ATTN: Gov Pubs Dept

San Francisco Public Library

ATTN: Gov Dots Dept

San Francisco State College

ATTN: Gov Pubs Co11

San Jose State College Library

ATTN: Dots Dept

San Luis Obispo City-County Library

ATTN: Librn

Savannah Public & Effingham Liberty Regional

Library

ATTN: Librn

Science Applications, Inc

ATTN: Tech Library

Scottsbluff Public Library

ATTN: Librn

Scranton Public Librarv

ATTN: Librn

Seattle Public Librarv

ATTN: Ref Dots Asst

150
DEPARTMENT OF DEFENSE CONTRACTORS (Continued)

Selby Public Library

ATTN: Librn

Shawnee Library System

ATTN: Librn

Shreve Memorial Library

ATTN: Librn

Silas Bronson Public Library

ATTN: Librn

Sioux City Public Library

ATTN: Librn

Skidmore College

ATTN: Librn

Slippery Rock State College Library

ATTN: Librn

South Carolina State Library

ATTN: Librn

University of South Carolina

ATTN: Librn

University of South Carolina

ATTN: Gov Dots

South Dakota School of Mines & Technical Library

ATTN: Librn

South Dakota State Library

ATTN: Fed Dots Dept

University of South Dakota

ATTN: Dots Librn

South Florida University Library

ATTN: Librn

Southeast Missouri State University

ATTN: Librn

Southeastern Massachusetts University Library

ATTN: Dots Set

University of Southern Alabama

ATTN: Librn

Southern California University Library

ATTN: Dots Dept

Southern Connecticut State College

ATTN: Library

Southern Illinois University

ATTN: Librn

Southern Illinois University

ATTN: Dots Ctr

Southern Methodist University

ATTN: Librn

University of Southern Mississippi

ATTN: Library

DEPARTMENT OF DEFENSE CONTRACTORS (Continued)

Southern Oregon College

ATTN: Library

Southern University in New Orleans Library

ATTN: Librn

Southern Utah State College Library

ATTN: Dots Dept

Southwest Missouri State College

ATTN: Library

University of Southwestern Louisiana Libraries

ATTN: Librn

Southwestern University

ATTN: Librn

Spokane Public Library

ATTN: Ref Dept

Springfield City Library

ATTN: Dots Set

St Bonaventure University

ATTN: Librn

St Johns River Junior College

ATTN: Library

St Joseph Public Library

ATTN: Librn

St Lawrence University

ATTN: Librn

St Louis Public Library

ATTN: Librn

St Paul Public Library

ATTN: Librn

Stanford University Library

ATTN: Gov Dots Dept

State Historical Sot Library

ATTN: Dots Serials Set

State Library of Massachusetts

ATTN: Librn

State University of New York

ATTN: Librn

Stetson University

ATTN: Librn

University of Steubenville

ATTN: Librn

Stockton & San Joaquin Public Library

ATTN: Librn

Stockton State College Library

ATTN: Librn

Albion College

ATTN: Gov Dots Librn

151
DEPARTMENT OF DEFENSE CONTRACTORS (Continued)

Superior Public Library

ATTN: Librn

Swarthmore College Library

ATTN: Ref Dept

Syracuse University Library

ATTN: Dots Div

Tacoma Public Library

ATTN: Librn

Hillsborough County Public Library at Tampa

ATTN: Librn

Temple University

ATTN: Librn

Tennessee Technological University

ATTN: Librn

University of Tennessee

ATTN: Dir of Libraries

College of Idaho

ATTN: Librn

Texas A & M University Library

ATTN: Librn

University of Texas at Arlington

ATTN: Library Dots

University of Texas at San Antonio

ATTN: Library

Texas Christian University

ATTN: Librn

Texas State Library

ATTN: U.S. Dots Set

Texas Tech University Library

ATTN: Gov Dots Dept

Texas University at Austin

ATTN: Dots Co11

University of Toledo Library

ATTN: Librn

Toledo Public Library

ATTN: Social Science Dept

Torrance Civic Center Library

ATTN: Librn

Traverse City Public Library

ATTN: Librn

Trenton Free Public Library

ATTN: Librn

Trinity College Library

ATTN: Librn

Trinity University Library

ATTN: Dots Co11

DEPARTMENT OF DEFENSE CONTRACTORS (Continued)

Tufts University Library

ATTN: Dots Dept

University of Tulsa

ATTN: Librn

UCLA Research Library

ATTN: Pub Affairs Svc/U.S. Dots

Uniformed Services University of the Health

Sciences

ATTN: LRC Library

University Libraries

ATTN: Dir of Lib

University of Maine at Oreno

ATTN: Librn

University of Northern Iowa

ATTN: Library

Upper Iowa College

ATTN: Dots Co11

Utah State University

ATTN: Librn

University of Utah

ATTN: Special Collections

University of Utah

ATTN: Dir of Library

Utica Public Library

ATTN: Librn

Valencia Library

ATTN: Librn

Valparaiso University

ATTN: Librn

Vanderbilt University Library

ATTN: Gov Dots Set

University of Vermont

ATTN: Dir of Libraries

Virginia Commonwealth University

ATTN: Librn

Virginia Military Institute

ATTN: Librn

Virginia Polytechnic Institute Library

ATTN: Dots Dept

Virginia State Library

ATTN: Serials Set

University of Virginia

ATTN: Pub Dots

Volusia County Public Library

ATTN: Librn

152
DEPARTMENT OF DEFENSE CONTRACTORS (Continued)

Washington State Library

ATTN: Dots Set

Washington State University

ATTN: Lib Dots Set

Washington University Libraries

ATTN: Dir of Lib

University of Washington

ATTN: Dots Div

Wayne State University Library

ATTN: Librn

Wayne State University Law Library

ATTN: Dots Dept

Weber State College Library

ATTN: Librn

Wesleyan University

ATTN: Dots Librn

West Chester State College

ATTN: Dots Dept

West Covina Library

ATTN: Librn

Univeristv of West Florida

West

West

West

West

ATTN: Librn

Georgia College

ATTN: Librn

Hills Community College

ATTN: Library

Texas State University

ATTN: Library

Virginia College of Grad Studies Library

ATTN: Librn

University of West Virginia

ATTN: Dir of Libraries (Reg)

Westerly Public Library

ATTN: Librn

Western Carolina University

ATTN: Librn

Western Illinois University Library

ATTN: Librn

Western Washington University

ATTN: Librn

Western Wyoming Comnunity College Library

ATTN: Librn

Westmoreland City Community College

ATTN: Learning Resource Ctr

DEPARTMENT OF DEFENSE CONTRACTORS (Continued)

Whitman College

ATTN: Librn

Wichita State University Library

ATTN: Librn

Williams & Mary College

ATTN: Dots Dept

Emporia Kansas State College

ATTN: Gov Dots Div

William College Library

ATTN: Librn

Williamantic Public Library

ATTN: Librn

Winthrop College

ATTN: Dots Dept

University of Wisconsin at Whitewater

ATTN: Gov Dots Lib

University of Wisconsin at Milwaukee

ATTN: Lib Dots

University of Wisconsin at Oshkosh

ATTN: Librn

University of Wisconsin at Platteville

ATTN: Dot Unit Lib

University of Wisconsin at Stevens Point

ATTN: Dots Set

University of Wisconsin

ATTN: Gov Pubs Dept

University of Wisconsin

ATTN: Acquisitions Dept

Worcester Public Library

ATTN: Librn

Wright State University Library

ATTN: Gov Dots Librn

Wyoming State Library

ATTN: Librn

University of Wyoming

ATTN: Dots Div

Yale University

ATTN: Dir of Libraries

Yeshiva University

ATTN: Librn

Yuma City County Library

ATTN: Librn

153