Defense Nuclear Agency 

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DNA-TR-88-260 

Low Level Internal Dose Screen-Oceanic Tests 

Nuclear Test Personnel Review 

J. Goetz, et al. 

Science Applications International Corporation 

P.O. Box 1303 

McLean, VA 221 02-1303 

October 1991 

Technical Report 

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Low L e v e lI n t e r n a l Dose Screen-OceanicTests 

NuclearTestPersonnelReview C - DNA 001-87-C-0004 

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TA - T J. Goetz, J. Klemm, W. McRaney and M. Barrett WU - DH018560 

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13. ABSTRACT (Maximum200 words) 

A methodology is developed in DNA-TR-85-317 whereby DoD participantsinthe CONUS 

atmosphericnucleartestsarescreenedtodeterminewhetherornottheyreceived 

a bonedosecommitment lessthan150milliremfrominternallydepositedradionuclides. The a l g o r i t h m st h a tw e r ed e v e l o p e dt or e l a t et h ei n t e r n a ld o s ec o m m i t -

ment toexternal doseparametersareexpandedtocoveruniqueexposureconditions 

pertinenttooceanicoperationssuch as long-termexposureresultingfromfallout 

on r e s i d e n c ei s l a n d so rs h i p s .A p p l i c a t i o no ft h em e t h o d o l o g y shows t h a tm o s t 

oceanictestparticipantsreceived bonedosecommitments lessthan 150 millirem. 

14. SUBJECT TERMS 15. NUMBER OF PAGES 

Internal Radiation Dose ScreenNuclear OceanicTests 120

NuclearTestPersonnelReview (NTPR) 16. PRICECODE 

Dose Equivalent Commitment 

17. SECURITY CLASSIFICATION 18. SECURITY CLASSIFICATION 19. SECURITYCLASSIFICATION 20. UMlTATlON OF 

OF REPORT OF THIS PAGE OF ABSTRACT ABSTRACT 

UNCLASSIFIED UNCLASSIFIED UNCLASSIFIED SAR 

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CLASSIFIED BY 

N/A sinceUnclassified 

DECLASSIFY ON: N/A sinceUnclassified 

b SECURITY CIASSIFICA~ONOF THIS PAG 

UNCLASSIFIED ii 
SUMMARY 

The results of the internal dose screen of the DoD participants in oceanic nuclear testing 

are summarized as follows: 

Most participants received a 50-year bone dose commitment less than 

the screen threshold of 150 millirem. 

The late-time secondary fallout produced by HARDTACK I FirKoa on 

the residence islands and ships resulted in potential forinternal dose in 

excess of the screen threshold for a number of participants. 

The potential for a significant internal dose was minimal for DoD 

participants at WIGWAM and DOMINIC I, and zero at ARGUS. 

Most scientific project personnel are not addressed in this screen due to 

complex exposure scenarios and some missing radiochemistry data. 

Such cases should be handled separately. 

iii 
TABLE OF CONTENTS 

Section Page 

... SUMMARY ......................................................................... 1u 

LISTOFTABLES .................................................................. v 

1 INTRODUCTION .................................................................. 1 

1.1 BACKGROUND ............................................................ 1 

1.2 OCEANICESTSCREENMETHODOLOGY ......................... 2 

1.3 INGESTIONDOSE CONSIDERATIONS ............................... 9 

2 PERSONNELWITH BONE DOSE COMMITMENTLESSTHAN 

150MILLIREM ..................................................................... 11 

3 100LIST OF REFERENCES .......................................................... 

Appendix LISTOF ABBREVIATIONS ..................................................... 103 

iv 
LIST OF TABLES 

Table 

1 External film badge dose (rem) equivalent to internal bone dose 

commitment of 150 millirem.......................................................... 

2 Operation CROSSROADS, Task Group 1.1 (Technical Group) participants 

with bone dose commitment less than 150millirem ............................... 

3 Operation CROSSROADS, Task Group 1.2 (Target Vessel Group) 

participants with bonedose commitment lessthan 150 millirem .................. 

4 Operation CROSSROADS, Task Group 1.3 (Transport Group) participants 

with bone dose commitment less than 150 millirem................................. 

5 Operation CROSSROADS, Task Group 1.4(Army Ground Group) 

participants with bone dose commitment less than150millirem ................... 

6 Operation CROSSROADS, Task Group 1.5 (ArmyAir Group) participants 

with bone dose commitment less than 150 millirem................................. 

7 Operation CROSSROADS, Task Group 1.6 (Navy Air Group) participants 

with bone dose commitment less than 150millirem.. ................................ 

8 Operation CROSSROADS, Task Group1.7 (Destroyer Surface Patrol Group) 

participants with bonedose commitment less than 150 millirem................... 

9 Operation CROSSROADS, Task Group 1.8 (Service Group) participants 

with bone dose commitment less than 150 millirem ................................. 

10 Operation SANDSTONE, Task Group 7.2 (Army) participants with bone 

dose commitment lessthan 150 millirem.............................................. 

11 Operation SANDSTONE, Task Group7.3 (predominantly Navy) 

participants with bonedose commitment lessthan 150 millirem ................... 

12 Operation SANDSTONE, Task Group 7.4(Air Force) participants with 

bone dose commitment lessthan 150millirem ....................................... 

13 Operation SANDSTONE, Task Group 7.5 (Joint Security) participants 

with bone dose commitment lessthan 150 millirem ................................. 

14 Operation SANDSTONE, Task Group 7.6 (Joint Radiological Safety) 

participants with bone dose commitment lessthan 150millirem ................... 

15 Operation SANDSTONE, Task Group7.7 (Kwajalein Island Command) 

participants with bonedose commitment less than 150 millirem ................... 

Page 

3 

13 

14 

31 

32 

33 

35 

37 

38 

45 

47 

51 

54 

55 

56 

V 
LIST OF TABLES (Continued) 

Table Page 

16 Operation GREENHOUSE, Task Group 3.2 (Army)participants with 

bonedosecommitmentlessthan 150 millirem ....................................... 57 

17 Operation GREENHOUSE, Task Group 3.3 (Navy) participants with 

bone dose commitmentlessthan150millirem ....................................... 59 

18 Operation GREENHOUSE, Task Group 3.4 (AirForce) participants with 

bone dosecommitmentless than 150 millirem ....................................... 60 

19 Operation IVY, Task Group 132.2 (Army) participants with bone dose 

commitmentless than 150 millirem .................................................... 62 

20 Operation IVY, Task Group 132.3 (Navy) participants with bone dose 

commitmentlessthan 150 millirem .................................................... 63 

21 Operation IVY, Task Group 132.4 (Air Force) participants with bone 

dose commitment lessthan 150 millirem ............................................. 65 

22 Operation CASTLE, Task Group7.2 (Army) participants with bone dose 

commitment less than 150 mdlirem .................................................... 67 

23 Operation CASTLE, Task Group7.3 (Navy) participants with bonedose 

commitment less than 150 millirem .................................................... 68 

24 Operation CASTLE, Task Group 7.4 (Air Force) participants with bone 

dose commitment lessthan150millirem ............................................. 72 

25 Operation WIGWAM, Task Group 7.3 (predominantly Navy) participants 

with bonedosecommitmentlessthan150millirem ................................. 75 

26 Operation REDWING, Task Group7.2 (Amy) participants with bone 

dosecommitmentlessthan 150 millirem ............................................. 78 

27 Operation REDWING, Task Group7.3 (Navy) participants with bone 

dosecommitmentlessthan150millirem ............................................. 79 

28 Operation REDWING, Task Group7.4 (Air Force) participants with bone 

dose commitment lessthan150millirem ............................................. 81 

29 Operation HARDTACKI, Task Group 7.3 (Navy) participants with bone 

dose commitment lessthan150millirem ............................................. 83 

30 Operation HARDTACKI, Task Group 7.4 (Air Force) participants with 

bone dose commitmentlessthan150millirem ....................................... 86 

vi 
LIST OF TABLES (Continued) 

Table Page 

31 Operation ARGUS, scientific project participants withbone dose 

commitmentlessthan 150 millirem .................................................... 87 

32 Operation ARGUS, Task Force 88 (predominantly Navy) participants 

withbonedosecommitmentlessthan150millirem ................................. 88 

33 Operation DOMINIC I, Joint Task Group8.3 (Navy) participants with 

bone dose commitment less than 150 millirem ....................................... 90 

34 Operation DOMINICI, Joint Task Group8.4 (Air Force) participants 

withbonedosecommitmentlessthan150millirem ................................. 92 

35 Operation DOMINIC I, Joint Task Group8.6 (Johnston Island Base 

Command) participants with bone dose commitment less than150millirem.. .... 94 

36 Operation DOMINIC I, Joint Task Group 8.7 (Christmas Island Base 

Command) participants with bone dose commitment less than 150 millirem ..... 95 

37 Operation DOMINICI, Joint Task Group8.8 (Frigate Bird) participants 

with bone dose commitment less than 150millirem ................................. 96 

38 Operation DOMINICI, Joint TaskGroup 8.9 (Swordfish) participants 

withbonedosecommitmentlessthan150millirem ................................. 98 

vii 

SECTION 1 

INTRODUCTION 

1.1 BACKGROUND. 

A primary objective of the Nuclear Test Personnel Review (NTPR) program is to 

determine the radiation doses, including "internal" doses resulting from inhalationor ingestion of 

radionuclides, for all DoD nuclear test participants. Since there were few attempts to assess 

internal doses during the test period, such doses must be calculated using available information 

regarding the radiological environment and exposure conditions. Detailed calculation of the 

internal dose for each test participant would be an overwhelming task; therefore, a method is 

needed to screen groups of participants quickly who were exposed to similar radiological 

conditions and to identify those who most likely did not receive a significant internal dose. 

Reference 1 describes the methodology used to screen participants at continental United 

States (CONUS) nuclear tests. A committed dose equivalent (50-year) of 150 millirem to the 

bone was selected as the screen threshold. This dose is 1 percent of the radiation protection 

guideline (annual limit) for occupational exposure recommended by the National Council on 

Radiation Protection and Measurements(NCRP)at the timethat Reference 1 was developed. The 

methodology is based on the calculationof limiting radiological parameters (external gammadose, 

gamma radiation intensity, etc.) that canbe related to a bone dose of 150 millirem for a variety of 

exposure conditions. By comparing the exposure scenario and radiological parameters applicable 

to any participant with the calculated data sets, those with bone dose commitments below the 

selected threshold maybe identified. 

Combinations of such limiting radiological parameters and exposure conditions 

corresponding to a bone dose commitment of 150 millirem are codified in Section 3 of 

Reference 1. The codes are derived from weapon-specific calculations considering all CONUS 

tests and represent a "worst-case" compositewith a few cited exceptions. These codes areused to 

document the rationale for determining that a particular participant passed the screen, Le., received 

an internal bone dose commitment of less than 150 millirem. Test participant groups, by 

operation andunit or project, who passthe screen are listedin the body of the report. 

The choice of bone as a screening organ isnot intended to implythat the doseto bone is 

necessarily greater than that to other organs. Rather, bone is useful because the ratio of otherorgan doseto bone dose hasa relatively predictable maximum for nuclear devicedebris, whereas 

1 
the converse is not true. Certain actinide radionuclides, which have a highly shot-specific 

abundance relative to fission product radionuclides, increase the dose to bone (including its 

constituent red marrow and bone surface tissues)in greater proportionthan to other organs. 

It should be noted that if red bone marrow, the critical organ for leukemia induction, 

were chosen as the indicator organ for the screen, the results wouldbe essentially the same. Bone 

doses are calculated using a fallout composite dose conversion factor (rem per curie inhaled) 

derived from Reference2. Comparable red marrow doses are determined from a composite dose 

conversion factor derived from either Reference2 or Reference3. 

1.2 OCEANIC TEST SCREENMETHODOLOGY. 

The same basic methodology used to screenCONUS test participants is applied to the 

oceanic test participants. For consistency with Reference1, limiting radiological parametersthat 

can be related to a bone dose commitmentof 150 millirem for a variety of exposure conditions are 

calculated using oceanic shot-specific radiochemistry. The shot-specific radiochemical data were 

provided by the late Dr. Harry Hicks, formerly of the Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, 

the Nuclear Chemistry Section ofLos Alamos National Laboratory, andthe Air Force Technical 

Applications Center. 

The dose from internal emitters commonly bears a quantitative relationship to external 

dose. For instance, while resuspended fallout is being inhaled, gamma radiation dose is 

concurrently accrued from exposure to the same fallout field. Table 1 presents the calculated 

external dose accrued if sufficient resuspended contamination is inhaled for an internal bone dose 

commitment of 150 mrem. Because the results are time-dependent, values are given for selected 

times after the detonation. Asin Reference 1, a resuspension factor (K) of 1.0 x 10-5 m-1, a 

breathing rate of 1.2m3/hr, and dose conversion factors (redcurie inhaled) for aerosols with an 

Activity Median Aerodynamic Diameter (AMAD) of 1.0micrometer are usedin the calculation. 

The radionuclides are assumedto be oxides for lung clearance classification purposes. 

In general, the oceanic shot-specific results shown in table 1 are similar to those of the 

CONUS tests; therefore, the codes developed in Reference 1, based on a "worst-case" composite, 

are applicableto all oceanic tests listed in the table with the exception of REDWING Shots Yuma, 

Blackfoot, and Kickapoo and HARDTACKI Shots Sequoia andFig. The codes must be adjusted 

accordingly for dose assessments involving these shots. 

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Some oceanic tests are missing from table 1. In each case, the specific radiochemical 

data necessaryto perform these calculations have not been made available. Fortunately, due to the 

nature (location, height of burst, etc.) of these tests, they did not contribute to significant 

contamination of residence islands or support ships. Therefore, this data gap does not prevent 

dose assessments for the vast majority of oceanic test participants. The units included in this 

report were not exposed to fallout from those shots for which radiochemical data are lacking. 

Some variations in the application of codes are necessary to accommodate exposure 

conditions specificto oceanic tests. For example, residenceof participants in contaminated areas 

was unique to oceanic tests; hence, the codes are expanded to consider exposure durations up to 

2500 hours (approximately 3.5 months). Whereas the fallout on land areas could remain 

resuspendable for months, it would not remain so on ships. All naval ships are routinely 

washedkrubbed by the crewregardless of the presence of radiologicalcontamination. 

Consequently, it is likely that any fallout on a ship, if not removed within a few days, would be 

strongly bound to surface materials. Therefore, for purposes of this screen, resuspension of 

fallout during routine activity on a ship is considered to be insignificant four days after the 

contaminating event. 

Thecodesapplicable to inhalation of resuspendedfalloutmaterialconsider 

resuspension factors that were derived primarily from experiments in desert terrain. Shipboard 

activities, such as wet mopping, hosinga contaminated deck, or simply walking across a deck that 

has been so decontaminated, do not generate significant concentrations of respirable radioactive 

dust; therefore, a lowerresuspension factor of 1 x m-1hasbeen included in the codes to 

cover such exposure conditions (see Reference 4). The expanded codes used to screen the 

oceanic nuclear test participants are shown below. 

CODE RATIONALE 

Blank Stated participation does not apply to given shot, or non-participant in (and not 

impacted by) shot. 

IA Participated in shot activities before, during, or after shot, but not exposed to airborne 

radioactivity. 

IB Exposed or potentially exposedto airborne activity but providedwith absolute (positive 

pressure) respiratory protection. 

5 
I1 Exposedtoresuspendedfalloutbutreceived an externalfilmbadgedose (rem) less than 

that indicated for the conditions characterized by the mamx below: 

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 

A 4.2 1.3 0.44 0.20 0.10 0.059 0.028 0.011 0.0042 

B 42 13 4.4 2.0 1.0 0.59 0.28 0.11 0.042 

C N/A N/A 44 20 10 5.9 2.8 1.1 0.42 

D N/A N/A N/A NfA N/A 59 28 11 4.2 

Where: A= Resuspension Factor(K) of 1x10-3m-1 

B= Resuspension Factor (K) of 1x104m-1 

c= Resuspension Factor(K) of l~lO-~m-l 

D= Resuspension Factor (K) of lxlO-h-* 

1= Up to 4 hours after the detonation 

2 = Up to 9 hours after the detonation 

3 = Up to 1 day after the detonation 

4 = Up to 2 days afterthe detonation 

5= Up to 4 days after the detonation 

6= Up to 1 week after the detonation 

7= Up to 2 weeks after the detonation 

8= Up to 1 month afterthe detonation 

9= Up to 2 months after the detonation. 

For example, Code IIB2 indicates that the participant was exposedto moderately high 

levels of resuspended fallout (K = 1x104m-l) no later than9 hours after the detonation. 

An external film badge dose of less than 13 rem equates to an internal bone dose 

commitment of less than 150 mrem. When this code is applied, the actual or 

reconstructed film badge dose from residual radiation received by the projecthit is 

entered under "D~;B"in the table. In those cases where the actual external dose is 

unknown but the other parameters are known, the maximum permissible dose limitfor 

the operation is applied. If further research indicates that external doses exceeded the 

limit, the corresponding bone dose commitment mustbe reconsidered. 

6 
Note: Since maximum permissible doses are used as "upper limits" 

in some cases and activity-specific film badgedoses are used in others, 

jhisdocument should not be used as a source of external dose 

information. 

I1 Exposed to resuspended falloutin areas where the H+l hour gamma radiation intensity 

(R/hr), extrapolated from survey measurements taken approximately 3 feet above the 

contaminated surface, was less than that indicated for the exposure parameters listed 

below: 

b a e C d 

A 32 3.2 N/A N/A N/A 

B 290 29 2.9 NIA N/A 

C 4000 400 40 4 1.6 

D NIA 3700 370 37 15 

Where: A= Resuspension Factor(K) of 1x10-3m-1 

B= Resuspension Factor(K) of 1x104m-1 

c = Resuspension Factor(K) of l~lO-~m-1 

D= Resuspension Factor(K) of 1x10-h-1 

a = Exposure duration of up to 1hour 

b = Exposure duration of up to 10 hours 

c = Exposure durationof up to 100 hours 

d = Exposure durationof up to 10oO hours 

e = Exposure duration of up to 2500 hours. 

For example, Code IIAb indicates that the participant operated up to 10 hours inan area 

where the H+l hour intensity was less than 3.2 R/hr and the level of resuspended 

material was extremely high(K = 1x10-3m-l). Such exposure conditions would result 

in an internal bone dose commitment of less than 150 mrem. Note that film badge dose 

information is not required for assignment of these codes; however, useof this code is 

limited by combinations of duration and intensity that wouldnot lead to exceeding the 

operational dose limit. 

I11 Exposed to suspended neutron-activated material in the absence of a fallout field. 

Justification for this code is based on scoping calculations made for the inhalation of 

7 
suspendedneutron-activated Nevada Test Site (NTS) soil(seeSection 2.3 of 

Reference 1). Similar calculations for Pacific Proving Grounds (PPG) soils or other 

neutron-activated surfaces have not been made; however, the need for such a code for 

the oceanic assessments herein did not surface. Code IA is used for activities aboard 

the neutron-activated target vessels after CROSSROADS Able since the lofting of 

neutron-activated ship constituentsis unlikely. 

IV Exposed to nuclear cloud debris while in flight but received an external film badge dose 

(rem) less than that indicated for the conditions characterized by the matrix below: 

1 2 3 4 

~ 

5.0 2.4 1.1 0.5 

Where: 1 = Up to 0.5 hoursafter the detonation 

2 = Up to 1hour after the detonation 

3 = Up to 2 hours after the detonation 

4 = Up to 4 hours after the detonation. 

Note: Exposures more than 4 hours after the detonation mustbe evaluated on 

a case-by-case basis. 

For example, Code IV2 indicates that the participantflew through the nuclear cloud or 

fallout within the first hour after the detonation and received an external film badge dose 

of 2.4 rem or less for the duration of his immersion in the cloud. His exposure to 

airborne contaminants may have persisted until he exited the aircraft. No personal 

protective gear is assumed. Such exposure conditions would result in an internal bone 

dose commitmentof less than 150mrem. 

V Exposed to descending fallout from a nuclear cloud where the H+l hour radiation 

intensity (R/hr), extrapolated from survey measurements taken approximately 3 feet 

above the contaminated surface and correspondingto completed fallout deposition on 

the surface, was less than that indicatedfor the conditions listed below: 

8 
1 2 3 4 5 

30 15 7.5 3 1.5 

Where: 1 = Up to 10hoursafterthedetonation 

2 = Up to 20 hours afterthedetonation 

3 = Up to 40 hoursafterthedetonation 

4 = Up to 100 hours after the detonation 

5 = Up to 200 hours afterthedetonation. 

For example, Code V2 indicates that fallout from the nuclear cloud reached the 

participant's site and attained a peak radiation intensity within 20 hours after the 

detonation. Negligible fallout deposition occurred after that time. The peak intensity, 

adjusted to H+l hour accordingto t-1-2, was less than 15R/hr. Under these conditions 

the participant, even if unprotected, would have received an internal bone dose 

commitment of less than 150 mrem. 

1.3 INGESTION DOSE CONSIDERATIONS. 

The codes described in Section 1.2 are applicable only to the inhalation pathway for 

assessment of internal dose. Possible ingestion dose commitments have been calculated for the 

servicemen on Rongerik Atollwho were exposed to fallout fromCASTLE Bravo (Reference 5). 

It was determined that the ingestion pathway accounted for the bulk of the body burden evidenced 

by urinalysis. If the entire calculated intake (about 6 millicuries of fission products) had been 

ingested, the resulting 50-year dose commitment to the bone would have been 600 mrem, as 

derived from Reference6 (fission products rather than actinides were th dominant contributorto 

bone dose from early Bravo fallout). For application to other possible episodes of ingestion of 

contaminants, it is useful to note that the ingested amount corresponded roughly to the activity that 

would have fallen on a plate of food during a meal. This was possible during the deposition of 

fine fallout particles because of screened buildings that facilitated ventilation--accumulation of 

fallout was noted indoors at Rongerik. 

For other major instances of fallout on ships or residence islands, the duration of the 

principal deposition was comparableto that at Rongerik and typically would have coincided with 

one meal. Despite the long residence of personnel at the PPG, meals subsequent to fallout 

deposition would not have affordedmuch potential for additional dose commitment. Sealed food 

stores would have prevented primary contamination of foodstuff, and routine mess hall cleaning 

9 
would have precluded repeated exposures at the initial level. Contamination, once on the ground, 

is ingested only if it enters the food chain. Since routine meals were prepared from imported 

foodstuff and drinking water--even that from wells on the residence islands was distilled--such 

contamination is not considered to be a significant source of internal dose. Thus, the level of 

activity ingested at Rongerik shouldbe indicativeof the potential in other residence situations, for 

corresponding levels of fallout contamination. 

Because long-lived emitters are major contributors to the bone dose commitment 

resulting from ingestion of fallout, other contaminating events, regardless of when exposure 

began, may be compared to the Rongerik episode by normalizing late-time survey readings to 

H+l intensities. The Rongerik extrapolated H+l hour intensity was 140 R/hr; other instances 

were far less. For the shots contributing most significantly to internal dose that had this potential 

for an ingestion dose (GREENHOUSE Item, CASTLE Bravo and Romeo, REDWING Tewa, 

and HARDTACK I FirKoa), the H+l hour intensity did not exceed 3.5 R/hr (except on USS 

PATAPSCO after CASTLE Bravo). Thus, the associated ingestion dose commitments to bone 

are less than 600mrem x 33140 = 15 mrem. At less than 10 percent of the 150 mrem level used 

in the internal dose screen, ingestion dose does not warrant a case-by-case consideration in 

determination of each unit's passageor failure of the screen. 

10 
SECTION 2 

PERSONNEL WITH BONE DOSE COMMITMENT LESS THAN 150 MILLIREM 

Application of the methodology discussed in Section1 results in calculated bone dose 

commitments (50-year) of less than 150 millirem for personnel assigned to the units included in 

tables 2 through 38. The assessments cover the exposure periods specified below and are based 

on unit activity information and radiological data contained in the references listed. 

OPERATION EXPOSURE PERIOD REFERENCES 

CROSSROADS 1 Jul - 31 Aug 1946 4, 7, 8 

SANDSTONE 15 Apr - 28 May 1948 9, 10 

GREENHOUSE 8 Apr - 20 Jun 1951 11,12 

IVY 1 Nov - 3 1 Dec 1952 13,14 

CASTLE 1 Mar- 31 May 1954 15, 16 

WIGWAM 14-15 May 1955 17 

REDWING 5 May - 6 Aug 1956 18, 19 

HARDTACK I 28 Apr - 31 Oct 1958 20,21 

ARGUS 27 Aug - 10 Sep 1958 22 

DOMINIC I 25 Apr - 31 Dec 1962 23 

It mustbe emphasized that the assessments are based on the conditions reflected by the 

codes and stated activity. For example, the activity stated for the typical crewmember of most 

participating ships is "Routine crew duties aboard ship." This includes command, navigation, 

communications, electronics, messing, power plant operation, etc.Thisdoes include 

activities on contaminated shot islands, small boats, or other vessels; or work on contaminated 

items (helicopters, watercraft, buoys, etc.) brought on board the vessel under consideration. 

Such complex exposure scenarios must be considered separately. If additional information 

surfaces to indicate that the exposure conditions are not fully or accurately portrayed (e.g., if the 

unit was exposed at a later time than that indicated, such as for post-operational garrison forces), 

the dose must be re-evaluated. 

It should be noted that, in most cases, oceanic test participants were exposed to both 

descending and resuspended fallout. Both sources are evaluated in eachase and the combination 

is considered inthe pass/fail determination. For unitsthat pass the screen, the leading contributor 

to the dose is indicated by the choice of code (e.g.,I1vs V) used in the following tables. 

11 
It also should be noted that personnel in unlisted units did not necessarily receive a 

bone dose commitment greater than150millirem. In many cases, units are excludedfrom the list 

because scenario or exposure conditions havenot been adequately identified. This is particularly 

true for participants in scientific projects; consequently, few scientific project personnel are 

included in this report. Also, in some cases, the upper-limiting inherent in the application of code 

definitions may suggest doses greater than150 millirem, whereas more detailed analysis would 

qualify them for inclusionin these tables. 

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SECTION 3 

LIST OF REFERENCES 

1. "Low Level Internal Dose Screen--CONUS Tests," DNA-TR-85-317,22 December 1986, 

114 p. (A06)ADIA182 563. 

2. "Estimates of Internal Dose Equivalent to 22 Target Organs for Radionuclides Occurring in 

RoutineReleasesfromNuclearFuel-CycleFacilities,"Vols. I and 11, ORNL/NUREG/

TM-190-1&2,Oak Ridge National Laboratory,Oak Ridge, TN, June 1978 and November 

1979. 

3. "LimitsforIntakes of Radionuclides by Workers,"InternationalCommission on 

Radiological Protection, ICRP Publication 30, 3 parts, Pergamon Press, New York, 1978, 

1980, 1981. 

4. "Internal Dose Assessment, Operation CROSSROADS," DNA-TR-84-119, 30 October 

1985,90 p. (A05) AD/A168 803. 

5. "Analysis of Radiation Exposure, Service Personnel on Rongerik Atoll, Operation 

CASTLE, Shot Bravo," DNA-TR-86-120,9 July 1987,48 p. (A03) AD/A193 520. 

6. "FIIDOS--A Computer Code forthe Computation of Fallout Inhalation and Ingestion Dose 

to Organs," DNA-TR-84-375, December 1985, 172 p. (A08) AD/A168 148. 

7. "Operation CROSSROADS, 1946," DNA-6032F7May 1984,568 p. 

(A24) AD/A146 562. 

8. "Analysis of Radiation Exposure for Naval Units of Operation CROSSROADS," 

Vol 1: Basic Report, DNA-TR-82-05-V17 March 1982,168 p. (AO8) AD/A152 702. 

Vol2: Appendix A, Target Ships, DNA-TR-82-05-V2, March 1982,196 p. 

(A09) AD/B090 882. 

Vol3: Appendix B, Support Ships, DNA-TR-82-05-V3, March 1982,450 p.

(A19) ADD3090 883. 

9. "Operation SANDSTONE, 1948," DNA-6033F, December1983,222 p. 

(A10) AD/A139 151. 

10. "Analysis of Radiation Exposure for Naval Personnel at Operation SANDSTONE," 

DNA-TR-83-13,August 1983,50 p. (A03)AD/A152 188. 

11. "operation GREENHOUSE, 1951," DNA-6034F7 June 1983,334 p. 

(A15) AD/A134 735. 

12. "Analysis of Radiation Exposure for Naval Personnel at Operation GREENHOUSE," 

DNA-TR-82- 15, July 1982, 130 p. (A07) AD/A 15 1 621. 

13. "Operation IVY, 1952," DNA-6036F7 December 1982,364 p. (A16) AD/A128 082. 

100 
14. "Analysis of RadiationExposureforNavalPersonnelatOperationIVY," 

DNA-TR-82-98, March 1983,74 p. (A04)AD/A152190. 

15. "CASTLE Series, 1954," DNA-6035F, April 1982,530 p. (A23) AD/A117 574. 

16. "Analysis of Radiation Exposurefor Naval Personnel at OperationCASTLE," 

DNA-TR-84-6,January 1984,178 p. (A09)AD/A166033. 

17. "Operation WIGWAM (Series Volume)," DNA-6000F, September1981,262 p. 

(A12) ADA/lO5 685. 

18. "Operation REDWING, 1956," DNA-6037F, August 1982,442 p. (A19) AD/A134 795. 

19. Memo for File, Subject: Calculated Radiation Doses for Personnel on the Residence 

Islands of Enewetak Atoll During Operation REDWING--Revised Memoof 6 July 1984, 

SAIC, 22 July 1985. 

20. "Operation HARDTACK I, 1958," DNA-6038F, December 1982,474 p. 

(A20) AD/A 136819. 

21. Memo for File,Subject: Dose Estimates for Land-BasedPersonnel, Operation

HARDTACK I, SAIC, Rev. 16 July 1985. 

22. "Operation ARGUS, 1958," DNA-6039F, April 1982,138 p. (A07)AD/A122341. 

23. "Operation DOMINICI, 1962," DNA-6040F, February 1983,436 p. 

(A19) AD/A136 820. 

24. Memo for File, Subject: Assessed Radiation Dose, LCT Group 15 and LCT Group 21, 

Operation CROSSROADS, SAIC, 3 May 1988. 

101 
102 
APPENDIX 

LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS 

1. OPERATIONS 

X - CROSSROADS 

S - SANDSTONE 

G - GREENHOUSE 

I - IVY 

C - CASTLE 

R - REDWING 

H - HARDTACK 

D - DOMINIC 

11. SHOTS 

Omration CASTLE &ration HARDTACK I 

B - BRAVO Ca - CACTUS 

R - ROMEO Fr - FIR 

K - KOON BU - BU?TERNUT 

U - UNION KO - KOA 

Y - YANKEE wh- WAHOO 

N - NECTAR HO - HOLLY 

NU - NUTMEG 

Ye - YELLOWWOOD 

ODeration REDWING Mg - MAGNOLIA 

TO - TOBACCO 

z -ZUNI Sy - SYCAMORE 

Y - WMA Urn - UMBRELLA 

E - ERIE Mp - MAF'LE 

S - SEMINOLE AS - ASPEN 

F - FLATHEAD Wn - WALNUT 

K - KICKAPOO Li - LINDEN 

0 - OSAGE Re - REDWOOD 

I - INCA El - ELDER 

D - DAKOTA aa - OAK 

M - MOHAWK Hi - HICKORY 

A - APACHE Sq - SEQUOIA

N - NAVAJO Ce - CEDAR 

T - TEWA Do - DOGWOOD 

H - HURON Po - POPLAR 

SC - SCAEVOLA 

Pi - PISONIA 

JU - JUNIPER 

01 - OLIVE 

Pn - PINE 

Te - TEAK 

QU - QUINCE 

Or - ORANGE 

Fg - FIG 

103 

DISTRIBUTION LIST 

DEPARTMENT OF DEFENSE 

ARMED FORCES RADIOBIOLOGY RSCH INST 

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