IN THE COURT OF APPEALS OF THE STATE OF WASHINGTON

DIVISION ONE

STATE OF WASHINGTON,

Respondent,

v.

KENNETH FRANKLIN MILLER,

Appellant.

No. 68574-1-

ORDER WITHDRAWING AND

SUBSTITUTING OPINION

On September 3, 2014, the Washington Supreme Courtentered an order

granting the petition for review filed by the State ofWashington and remanded to

this court in light ofthe decision in State v. Johnson, 180Wn.2d 295, 325 P.3d

135 (2014). The panel has determined that the opinion filed on October 28, 2013

should be withdrawn and a substitute opinion filed affirming the conviction. Now,

therefore, it is hereby

ORDERED that the opinion filed on October 28, 2013 shall be withdrawn

and a substitute unpublished opinion affirming the conviction shall be filed.

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IN THE COURT OF APPEALS OF THE STATE OF WASHINGTON

STATE OF WASHINGTON,

Respondent,

v.

KENNETH FRANKLIN MILLER,

Appellant.

No. 68574-1-1

DIVISION ONE

UNPUBLISHED OPINION

FILED: February 9, 2015

Schindler, J. — Kenneth Franklin Miller appeals his conviction of assault in the

second degree. Miller asserts the jury instructions misstate the law and relieve the

State of its burden of proof by stating the jury need only find that he disregarded a

"wrongful act" rather than "substantial bodily harm." Adhering to our decision in State v.

Johnson. 172 Wn. App. 112, 297 P.3d 710 (2012), we reversed. State v. Miller, 177

Wn. App. 1019, 2013 WL 5800748. In State v. Johnson. 180 Wn.2d 295, 307-08, 325

P.3d 135 (2014), the Washington Supreme Court held that the instruction defining

"reckless" need not include the specific statutory language where the to-convict

instruction properly set forth the elements of the crime. The court granted the petition

for review in this case and remanded for reconsideration in light of Johnson. Consistent

with the Supreme Court decision in Johnson, we affirm the conviction.
No. 68574-1-1/2

United Parcel Service (UPS) driver Randall Rasar delivered packages to

Kenneth Franklin Miller's house in Bellevue approximately once every other month for

10 to 15 years.

On November 6, 2009, UPS notified Millerthat he needed to sign for the delivery

scheduled that evening. At approximately 6:00 p.m., Rasar parked the UPS truck at the

end of the sloping driveway leading to Miller's house and walked up the driveway to the

front porch.

Miller said that Rasar rang the doorbell "several times" and "pound[ed]" on the

door with his flashlight. Miller said that after Rasar walked down the stairs of the front

porch, he turned around and told Miller, "[Ejnjoy your package jerk." According to

Rasar, he rang the doorbell only once and "tapped" on Miller's door with his flashlight.

Rasar admitted that as he was leaving, he muttered, "What a jerk, under [his] breath."

Rasar testified that he was only a few feet from the truck when Miller grabbed

him from behind, shoved him into the side of the truck, and began punching him in the

back of his head and body. Rasar suffered a broken nose and abrasions on his face,

arms, knees, and hip.

The State charged Miller with assault in the second degree of Rasar. The State

alleged that Miller intentionally assaulted Rasar and recklessly inflicted substantial

bodily harm. Miller asserted he used lawful force to defend himself.

The State called a number of witnesses to testify at trial. Miller testified and

denied hitting Rasar. Miller said that he pushed Rasar down the driveway after Rasar

hit him. A doctor testified that Miller had a number of contusions and bruises on his

"right cheek, left forearm, [and] right elbow."
No. 68574-1-1/3

The court instructed the jury on self-defense. The court refused to give an

instruction proposed by the defense that defines "reckless" to mean acting "with the

intent to cause substantial bodily harm"1 and an instruction on battery. The jury

convicted Miller of assault in the second degree.

On appeal, Miller argued the jury instructions misstated the law by incorrectly

defining "reckless" as "a wrongful act," thereby relieving the State of its burden of

proving an essential element of assault in the second degree.2 We adhered to our

decision in Johnson and reversed.

In Johnson. 172 Wn. App. at 112, we addressed whether a jury instruction

defining "reckless" as "a wrongful act" lowered the State's burden of proof. In Johnson,

the State charged the defendant with three counts of assault in the second degree.

Johnson. 172 Wn. App. at 118. The to-convict instruction properly required the State to

prove that the defendant" 'recklessly inflicted substantial bodily harm.'" Johnson. 172

Wn. App. at 129-30.3 But the instruction defining "reckless" required the State to

1The defense instruction defining "reckless" states:

A person is reckless or acts recklessly when he knows of and disregards a

substantial risk that substantial bodily injury may occur and disregarding this risk is a

gross deviation from conduct that a reasonable person would exercise in the same

situation.

A person also recklessly causes substantial bodily harm if he acted with the

intent to cause substantial bodily harm.

2 RCW 9A.36.021 defines the crime of assault in the second degree, in pertinent part:

(1) A person is guilty of assault in the second degree if he or she, under circumstances

not amounting to assault in the first degree:

(a) Intentionally assaults another and thereby recklessly inflicts substantial bodily

harm.

RCW 9A.08.010(1)(c) defines "reckless" as follows:

A person is reckless or acts recklessly when he or she knows of and disregards a

substantial risk that a wrongful act may occur and his or her disregard of such substantial

risk is a gross deviation from conduct that a reasonable person would exercise in the

same situation.

3 Emphasis omitted.
No. 68574-1-1/4

prove the defendant disregarded the risk of" 'a wrongful act.'" Johnson. 172 Wn. App.

at 130.4 We reversed and held the jury instruction defining "reckless" should have used

the specific statutory language for assault in the second degree of "substantial bodily

harm" rather than "wrongful act." Johnson. 172 Wn. App. at 132-33.

The Washington State Supreme Court reversed. State v. Johnson. 180 Wn.2d

295, 307-08, 325 P.3d 135 (2014). The court held that where the to-convict instruction

properly set forth the elements of the crime, the instruction defining "reckless" need not

include the specific statutory language. Johnson. 180 Wn.2d at 306. The court also

held the instruction defining "reckless" did not relieve the State of its burden of proof

because the to-convict instruction properly laid out the essential elements of the crime

of assault in the second degree. Johnson. 180 Wn.2d at 306. Because the " 'to convict'

instruction!,] the primary 'yardstick' the jury uses to measure culpability," was accurate,

"[t]aken in their entirety," the instructions were sufficient. Johnson. 180 Wn.2d at 306.

It is not error to instruct the jury on the generic definition of "reckless" as

long as the jury is also given a "to convict" instruction that lists every

element of the crime the State needs to prove in order to convict the

defendant, including the charge-specific language for "reckless."

Johnson. 180 Wn.2d at 298.

Here, as in Johnson, although the definition of "reckless" defines "a substantial

risk" as "a wrongful act," the to-convict jury instruction correctly states that the State

must prove beyond a reasonable doubt that Miller recklessly inflicted substantial bodily

4 Emphasis in original.
No. 68574-1-1/5

harm.5 The to-convict jury instruction states:

To convict the defendant of the crime of assault in the second

degree, each of the following elements of the crime must be proved

beyond a reasonable doubt:

(1) That on or about the 6th day of November, 2009, the defendant

intentionally assaulted Randall Rasar;

(2) That the defendant thereby recklessly inflicted substantial

bodily harm on Randall Rasar;

(3) That the defendant was not acting in self-defense; and

(4) That the acts occurred in the State of Washington.

Ifyou find from the evidence that each of these elements has been

proved beyond a reasonable doubt, then it will be your duty to return a

verdict of guilty.

On the other hand, if, after weighing all of the evidence, you have a

reasonable doubt as to any one of these elements, then it will be your duty

to return a verdict of not guilty.

Miller also argues the court erred by refusing to give the instruction the defense

proposed on battery. We disagree. "Assault by battery does not require specific intent

to inflict harm or cause apprehension; rather, battery requires intent to do the physical

act constituting assault." State v. Hall. 104 Wn. App. 56, 62, 14 P.3d 884 (2000). The

court did not err in refusing to give the defense instruction on battery.

Miller contends the court violated his right to present a defense by refusing to

give his proposed jury instruction on "defense of property."

A defendant is entitled to have the court instruct the jury on its theory of the case

ifevidence supports the instruction. State v. Hughes. 106 Wn.2d 176, 191, 721 P.2d

902 (1986); see also State v. Walden. 131 Wn.2d 469, 473, 932 P.2d 1237 (1997) ("To

5The jury instruction defining "reckless" states:

A person is reckless or acts recklessly when he or she knows of and disregards a

substantial risk that a wrongful act or result may occur and this disregard is a gross

deviation from conduct that a reasonable person would exercise in the same situation.

When recklessness is required to establish an element of a crime, the element is

also established ifa person acts intentionally or knowingly as to that fact or result.

Miller objected to the court's instructions"to the extent these instructions are not the same as

what I offered."
No. 68574-1-1/6

be entitled to a jury instruction on self-defense, the defendant must produce some

evidence demonstrating self-defense."). A defendant is not entitled to an instruction that

is not supported by the evidence. State v. Ager. 128 Wn.2d 85, 93, 904 P.2d 715

(1995). The court reviews the denial of a proposed instruction based on the evidence at

trial for abuse of discretion. State v. Walker. 136 Wn.2d 767, 771-72, 966 P.2d 883

(1998). To determine ifthe evidence supports giving the proposed jury instruction, the

court views the evidence in the light most favorable to the defendant. State v.

Fernandez-Medina. 141 Wn.2d 448, 455-56, 6 P.3d 1150 (2000).

It is a defense to the charge of assault that the force used was lawful. See State

v. McCullum. 98 Wn.2d 484, 494, 656 P.2d 1064 (1983) (self-defense negates the

intent element of a crime).

Use of force is lawful when used by a party "in preventing or attempting to

prevent... a malicious trespass, or other malicious interference with real or personal

property lawfully in his or her possession," so long as the force "is not more than is

necessary." RCW 9A.16.020(3). RCW 9A.16.020 states, in pertinent part:

The use, attempt, or offer to use force upon or toward the person of

another is not unlawful in the following cases:

(3) Whenever used by a party about to be injured, or by another

lawfully aiding him or her, in preventing or attempting to prevent an

offense against his or her person, or a malicious trespass, or other

malicious interference with real or personal property lawfully in his or her

possession, in case the force is not more than is necessary.^

Viewed in the light most favorable to Miller, sufficient evidence did not support

giving a jury instruction on defense of property. The defense theory at trial was that

Miller was acting in self-defense, not defense of his property. During cross6 Emphasis added.
No. 68574-1-1/7

examination, Miller specifically denied he was acting in defense of his property.

Q: When this incident happened, when Mr. Rasar ended up on the

side of that truck, you were not defending your property.

A: I was defending my person.

Q: Okay. I asked you, were you defending your property?

A: No.

On redirect, Millertestified he was acting in self-defense.

Q: So when you said you were not defending your property when you

pushed him down the driveway, did you mean because you were

not responding to the damage to your door. Is that correct?

A: He had struck me and Iwas, yeah, trying not to get, excuse me, hit

again and soQ: So why did you push him all the way down the driveway?

A: Because I wanted him off my property.

Q: In that sense you were defending your property?

A: Iwas struck in the face and Iwas trying not to get struck again, so I

figured Ishould be safe on my own property.

The court instructed the jury on self-defense but, based on Miller's testimony that

he was "not acting in defense of his property," refused to give the proposed instruction

on defense of property. The court did not err in refusing to instruct the jury on defense

of property.

State v. Bland. 128 Wn. App. 511, 116 P.3d 428 (2005), is distinguishable. In

Bland, the elderly defendant chased a guest around his house and into a bedroom with

a gun after the guest threatened him and refused to leave. Bland. 128 Wn. App. at 516-

17. The court instructed the jury on the defense of property, and the jury convicted the

defendant of assault in the second degree. Bland. 128 Wn. App. at 513. This court

reversed, holding that the instruction given was erroneous because it "could be

understood to require a finding that a defendant reasonably believed that he was about

to be injured in preventing a malicious trespass." Bland. 128 Wn. App. at 514. Because
No. 68574-1-1/8

such belief is not a requirement of defense of property, the court held that the instruction

confused the distinction between self-defense and defense of property. Bland. 128 Wn.

App. at 515-16.

Miller also contends the court erred in instructing the jury that if itfinds each

element of assault in the second degree, "then it will be your duty to return a verdict of

guilty." In State v. Meggyesv. 90 Wn. App. 693, 958 P.2d 319 (1998), we squarely

addressed and rejected the same argument. See Meggyesv. 90 Wn. App. at 699-701

(a court does not err by instructing a jury that it has a duty to convict if it finds all of the

elements of the crime proven beyond a reasonable doubt), abrogated on other grounds

bv State v. Recuenco. 154Wn.2d 156, 110P.3d 188(2005).

We affirm the jury conviction of assault in the second degree.

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WE CONCUR:

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